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ME HRERHR: H H
:
EBRH Hv popnncn 11.04.54 r. a ockae, rpe n
npoxnaae1. 1959-1972 rr. xnn a r. annnnnrpape (6. ennrc6epre).
konunn qnnonornueckn qakynL1e1 (1977), kanpnpa1 qnnonornuecknx nayk.
nen oksa nn1epa1opoa occnn, cecnaannckoro coksa xypnannc1oa, ccounaunn
nckycc1aoaepoa, oksa xypnannc1oa occnn. nanason npoqeccn: o1 pasnopa6ouero
n rpysunka - po c1apuero pepak1opa 6n6nno1ekn nH. . . ennna n o1 cnecapn 5
paspnpa - po npenopaaa1enn aysa. 1997-1999 rr. saa. 1penoH kpannm n pmHa,
sa1eH saH. pnpek1opa no nayke nc1n1y1a c1pan .
xypnannc1nke - c 1971 ropa, ny6nnkoaancn a uen1panLno npecce: esaancnHan
rase1a (6onee 30 ny6nnkaun), n1epa1ypnan rase1a, paapa, oae1ckan
occnn, enL, aa1pa n pp., xypnanax onpocm nn1epa1ypm, ayka n xnsnL
n Hn. pp. nm1nm nn1epa1op n cnnupa1ep.
a1op Hnorocepnnoro nayuno-nonynnpnoro qnnLHa, Hnornx knnr, a 1oH uncne:
"aunonan-kann1annsH (., 1995), "aunonan-peHokpa1nn (., 1996), epeapm
eaponecko nnnkc1paunn (1996), ero o1 nac xo1n1 eapen (., 2000), 1orn
aeka pnn occnn (., 2000), ycckan npen, aek XXI- (., 2002), co1en ny6nnkaun
a xypnanax n rase1ax. oc1aan1enL n pepak1op c6opnnkoa: 6Han aeka. okyHen1m n
Ha1epnanm k npo6neHe pa1nqnkaunn oroaopa o ppyx6e, co1pypnnuec1ae n
nap1nepc1ae Hexpy occne n kpanno (., 1999); a ny1n k aoccoepnnennk
occnn n enopyccnn (., 1999); ycckn naunonannsH, ero ppysLn n aparn. msoa
1pe1Lero 1mcnuene1nn (., 2001); . nponoa. 6 o1nouennn pyccknx k kopennmH
napopaH occnn; . eaac1Lnnoa. s6yunme nc1nnm naunonannsHa (., 2002); m -
pnn naunn, naunn - pnn 1e6n. s6pannme c1a1Ln ns aunonanLno rase1m. 1995 -
2002 rr. (., 2002).
ena1, uec1epo pe1e.
2
pycckoH panxennn kak npeonor c 1991 r. (ny6nnkaunn ycckne n kann1annsH a
xypnane on), kak ak1nanc1 - c 1995 r. 1997 r. rnaanm pepak1op "aunonanLno
rase1m. ykoaopn1enL cekpe1apna1a epepanLno pyccko naunonanLno-kynL1ypno
aa1onoHnn occnn. pesnpen1 nrn saun1m naunonanLnoro poc1onnnn. 1999 r.
ampanrancn a peny1a1m ocypapc1aenno yHm no qepepanLnoHy cnncky panxennn
nac. 24 qeapann 2002 r. na upepn1enLnoH cLespe aunonanLno-epxaano
nap1nn occnn ns6pan conpepcepa1eneH nap1nn n copepak1opoH nap1nno rase1m
ycckn pon1.
2003 r. npnnnn yuac1ne a am6opax ry6epna1opa oaropopcko o6nac1n (1pe1Le
Hec1o ns ceHn kanpnpa1oa, yc1ynna nnuL pec1aykueHy ry6epna1opy n
HynL1nHnnnnonepy ns 6). 1pa1ernk n 1ak1nky kaHnannn pe6k1an1 aen
caHoc1on1enLno.
oaa1op sakononpoek1oa pycckoH napope (kak oqnunanLnoro - a kauec1ae
yuac1nnka pa6oue rpynnm oHn1e1a no penaH naunonanLnoc1e ocypapc1aenno
yHm, 1ak n anL1epna1nanoro, ampa6o1annoro pyccknHn oprannsaunnHn),
paspenennoH nonoxennn pyccko naunn n ee npaae na aoccoepnnenne, a 1akxe
noaoro npoek1a onc1n1yunn occnn (1998). 6expennm pycckn naunonan-na1pno1.
r:
1peHn1enLnm poc1 pycckoro naunonanLnoro caHocosnannn, o1HeuaeHm
counonoraHn, o1paxae1 nnuL poc1 naunonanLnmx nnc1nnk1oa a o6uec1ae. accypok
xe cnerka o1c1ae1 o1 nnc1nnk1a, 1eope1nueckoe oqopHnenne ko1oporo nano
sapepxanocL. 1o neypnan1enLno, nockonLky pycckne a nc1opnn nnkorpa ne
o6LepnnnnncL no naunonanLnoHy npnsnaky. Hec1o a1oro uno o6Lepnnenne no
npnnunny rocypapc1aennoro cnyxennn, konqeccnonanLno npnnapnexnoc1n, npnnn1nn
nsmka n kynL1ypm, u1o coo1ae1c1aoaano nepnopy pasan1nn naunn n nHnepckoro
c1pon1enLc1aa.
naun pnn, korpa aek1op pasan1nn occnn, kasaauncn aeunmH, cHennncn na npnHo
npo1naononoxnm, a nepep pyccknHn ac1ann ne6maanme, cHep1enLno onacnme yrposm,
nnc1nnk1 caHocoxpanennn pyccko naunn amsaan k xnsnn pycckn a1nnueckn
naunonannsH. 1o1 pxnnn, cnoco6nm Houno paspyua1L n Houno cosnpa1L, yxe
amnopxnyn ns 6y1mnkn, n o6pa1no ero ne sannxny1L.
3
ISBN 5-699-07534-8
3HHRHHK H HHHRH3M
(v n r ! m n
22 2004 r.)
Q BYQE K
ny1eH nope1 occnn? - ao1 aonpoc, nap ko1opmH 6ecnnopno pasHmunne1
Hnoxec1ao nonn1onoroa naunx pne. ecnnopno, no1oHy u1o nn y koro ne xaa1ae1
cHenoc1n cHo1pe1L na aeun npnHo n anpe1L 1o u1o ec1L, a ne 1o, u1o npnamknn nnn
u1o xo1enocL 6m. papnunn (npaaocnaano-Honapxnueckne, counannc1nueckne,
nn6epanLno-peHokpa1nueckne, xpnc1nancko-ryHannc1nueckne, eapasnckne,
eapeckne n 1.p.) nrpak1 ponL uop, o1 konx 6onLunnc1ao ne Hoxe1 n ne xoue1 -
c1ecnne1cn! - ocao6opn1Lcn.
o uopm xopoun nnuL 1orpa, korpa amue sauopennoro cyuec1aa cnpn1 spnun
noronunk, o6napakun nonnmH o6sopoH n Horyun cypn1L o aepnoc1n nanpaanennn
espm. occnn 1aknx noronunkoa u1o-1o ne anpa1L, naun noronunkn, yam, sauopenm
ne Henee, ueH naun nonn1onorn, n epaa nn ne 6onee, ueH o6uec1ao a uenoH.
pepnaraeHan un1a1enk knnra - nonm1ka cnn1L uopm c o6uec1aennoro cosnannn n
npepnoxn1L eHy nenpepasn1m asrnnp na aeun. na nocn1 noaa1opckn pnn occnn
xapak1ep n paanoypanena o1 acex 1papnun. ockonLky snxpe1cn na co6c1aennmx
counonornuecknx n nonn1onornuecknx paspa6o1kax aa1opa.
pnaxpm a1n paspa6o1kn yxe npnnecnn aa1opy 1aopueckn ycnex. oue1cn aepn1L,
u1o 1ak ono 6ype1 n na a1o1 pas.
HHE, KE BmRB
4
npo1n am6opm a ocpyHy-2003, kak a poccnckoH oqnunose nonannacL
orpoHnan anann1nueckan c1a1Ln nop nasaanneH peHn aceanac1nn (occnckan
rase1a 11.12.03). a1op ee - 6maun rnaanm pepak1op esaancnHo rase1m
, opnn ns nan6onee nnqopHnpoaannmx a occnn nkpe,
axopnun epaa nn ne a nn1pky naunx nyuunx nonn1onoroa, - nnue1:
oxno ckasa1L, u1o ace ue1mpe nap1nn, npouepune a yHy, - a1o pepxaannueckne
nap1nn... - 6esmpenoe pepxaannuec1ao: pepxaaa (nHnepnn) nepanuna -
akonoHnueckn 6asnc nk6o. "pnnan occnn" - pepxaannuec1ao nnkc naua anac1L
nnkc nau kann1annsH (1oxe ne cnnukoH npeno). - pepxaannuec1ao nnkc
counannc1nueckn kann1annsH (coae1ckoro 1nna). "opnna" - naunonan-kann1annsH
(1o ec1L kann1annsH ne 1pancnaunonanLnmx kopnopaun, a naunx, o1euec1aennmx, a
no1oHy n counanLno-o1ae1c1aennmx). peonornn naunonanLnoro kann1annsHa ne
uyxpa n "pnnan occnn", npoc1o 1aH nens6exno npeaannpye1 akuen1 na coxpanenne
caoe anac1n.
, 1994 -
u, n u "H-
", A Cun. K
n.
pe1Lnkoa no caonH y6expennnH o1nkpL ne 6nnsok k pyccknH naunonan-na1pno1aH,
ckopee k n 6noky. oxno ce6e npepc1aan1L, uero c1onno eHy npnsnanne
npaao1m nsaec1noro pycckoro naunonannc1a! o on kak yHnm, Hnoroe snakun n
nopnpounm uenoaek ne c1an kpnan1L pyuo.
pnako ao1 ne Henee aaxnan nosnunn uenoaeka ns coaceH npo1naononoxno 1oukn
nonn1nueckoro npoc1panc1aa. onn1onor n akonoHnc1 3 ny6nnkye1
opnoapeHenno c pe1LnkoamH, no ne rpe-nn6ypL, a a aa1pa (N1/2004) - epaa nn
ne rnaano rase1e neao onnosnunn - cneunanLnyk c1a1Lk: eu1m o ny1nnckoH
rockann1annsHe (rockann1annsH - eue 1ounee, rocnap1kann1annsH - a1o n ec1L
pacunqpoaka nonn1nn naunonan-kann1annsH, pannan Hnok a 1994 ropy). a a1o
c1a1Le, a neao, n 6m paxe ckasan, kpane neao rase1e yn1anoa 1oxe nnue1 o 1oH,
u1o occnn neo1apa1nHo amuna na py6ex rockann1annsHa, apac1ae1 a a1o1 noam
c1po.
oxno aoo6pasn1L, c kaknH uyac1aoH y1aepxpan ny6nnkaunk kpacnm poxanoa,
ko1opoHy rny6oko npe1n1 caHo a1o nonn1ne! o poxanoa, kak 6m k neHy nn
o1nocn1Lcn, - pmuapL, yHekun npnsnaaa1L nopaxenne n 6m1L o6Lek1nanmH.
1ak, ns aa1opn1e1nmx nc1ounnkoa o6onx narepe - npaaoro n neaoro - nposayuano a
1o nnn nno qopHe nop1aepxpenne Hoe npaao1m, necHo1pn na 1o, u1o opnnx 1ounn1
o1 cnoaa naunonan, ppyrnx - o1 cnoaa kann1annsH.
ounn1, no npaao1y Hok npnsnak1! asnnua Hexpy naHn nnuL a 1oH, u1o Hne kak
nc1opnky, counonory n nonn1onory 6mno ncno eu pecn1L ne1 nasap, kakoa 6ype1
pesynL1a1 pasan1nn occnn, a onn yanpenn ero aoounk 1onLko ceropnn.
a Hoe naHn1n a1o epnnc1aennm c1onL ponrocpounm nonn1nueckn npornos,
ko1opm c6mncn c 1ako 1ounoc1Lk[1].
nn 1oro, u1o6m un1a1enL acnoHnnn, o ueH npe1 peuL, n npnaepy specL a
koncnek1nanoH anpe caon c1a1Ln aunonan-kann1annsH n aunonan-kann1annsH-
2, ony6nnkoaannme a konue 1994 ropa.
5
HHHR-KHHRH3M
("H r" 11.10.94 17.12.94.)
. 1917 r. na cHeny 1papnunonnoHy qeopannsHy npnuen a occnn
rocnap1qeopannsH. ak nasmaaeHan ennkan ounannc1nueckan peaonkunn okasanacL
na noaepky qeopanLno-6kpokpa1nuecko kon1ppeaonkune, nanpaanenno npo1na
6ypxyasno-peHokpa1nuecko eapanLcko peaonkunn, npo1na 6onLunx, no
nenpounmx ycnexoa kann1annsHa a occnn.
aunnan c a1oro HoHen1a n po npnxopa op6aueaa a c1pane nopaannnocL ace, na u1o
Hoxno 6mno nanoxn1L npnmk "6ypxyasnoc1n". o penLrn - cyuec1aoaann.
yuec1aoaan, nyc1L 1eneao, neoqnunanLnm, no c1aaun a 80-e rr. aceoxaa1nmH
pmnok 1oaapoa n ycnyr. snaun1 c nens6exnoc1Lk anoaL n anoaL a occnn
noaceHec1no aospoxpanncL poc1kn kann1annsHa. mpocune a 1enn, onn 6mnn, 1eH ne
Henee, nac1onunHn. "epec1poka" cnnna 1a6y. ypxyasno-peHokpa1nueckan
peaonkunn a occnn, nepopenannan a 1917 r., caepunnacL. <.>
ocnepnnn npeppeaonkunonnan nepenncL nacenennn pae1 1akyk kap1nny: camue 80%
- kpec1Lnne, 2,7% - nkpn yHc1aennoro 1pypa, a 1oH uncne rocannapa1, npnHepno
c1onLko xe - npepnpnnnHa1enn, oc1anLnme - pa6oune n Haprnnanm. ako coc1aa
nacenennn coo1ae1c1aye1 ne kann1annc1nueckoHy c1pok, a qeopanLnoHy. ann1annsHy
ne nyxno c1onLko kpec1Lnn: a coapeHennmx pasan1mx c1panax a cenLckoH xosnc1ae
pa6o1ae1 acero 3-5% nacenennn. ann1annsH ne Hoxe1 cyuec1aoaa1L 6es
snaun1enLnoro cnon nkpe yHc1aennoro 1pypa: ceropnn a c1panax aponm n Hepnkn
nn1ennnrenunn coc1aanne1 30-40 % nacenennn. akoneu, 10-12 % npoHmunennmx
pa6ounx - a1o 1oxe eue ne kann1annsH. nn 1oro, u1o6m kann1annsH no6epnn a
occnn neo6pa1nHo, neo6xopnHm 6mnn kauec1aenno-konnuec1aennme npeo6pasoaannn
nacenennn c1panm. <.>
o1 counanLnm pesynL1a1 70-ne1nero nepnopa: a cenLckoH xosnc1ae a cepepnne 80-
x 6mno sann1o 12% nacenennn, yHc1aennmH 1pypoH - okono 30, a npoHmunennoH
nponsaopc1ae - neHnornH Henee 60%. 6uec1aennan c1pyk1ypa c1panm, a1o
oueanpno, cospena pnn kann1annsHa. Henno a1o o6c1on1enLc1ao n o1kpmno aopo1a
"nepec1poke", cpenano neaosHoxnmH aosapa1 k "counannsHy".
nac ne 6mno aosHoxnoc1n am6npa1L Hexpy "counannsHoH" n kann1annsHoH.
ann1annsH a occnn Hor n ponxen 6mn y1aeppn1Lcn, on ec1L yxe, n on 6ype1 ponro.
oxe1 6m1L, aeuno.
yHa1L nnaue - snaun1 nnuero ne nonnHa1L nn a nc1opnn, nn a nponcxopnueH y nac
ceropnn. oaopn1L nnaue - o6Hanmaa1L ce6n n ppyrnx.
o ao1 ppyran aosHoxnoc1L am6opa y nac - 6mna. m1L nn a occnn, nocne
rocnap1qeopannsHa - rocnap1kann1annsHy, no o6pasuy n1an n Le1naHa? nn y nac
aouapn1cn kann1annsH npnHn1nanoro, kononnanLnoro 1nna?
oc1a1ouno 6ernoro asrnnpa na c1pyk1ypy ceropnnunero akcnop1a-nHnop1a occnn,
u1o6m yanpe1L c nonno ncnoc1Lk: a1a c1pyk1ypa - knaccnueckan pnn kononnanLno
c1panm. <.>
ak xe nonyunnocL, u1o c1pana c amcouaue c1enenLk o6o6uec1anennn
nponsaopc1aa, c pasan1o nayko, c 6ora1o nnqpac1pyk1ypo, c rn6ko,
acenponnkakue cnc1eHo ynpaanennn () - 1ak c1peHn1enLno no1epnna nnuo,
cka1nnacL a "1pe1n Hnp"?
6
1o c1anoan1cn nonn1nmH, korpa Hm anoaL aocnoHnnH o 1oH, u1o nc1opnk penak1
nkpn. occnn pospena po kann1annsHa no aceH counanLnmH napaHe1paH, kpoHe
opnoro: knacca nkpe, ynpaannkunx nponsaopc1aoH no-kann1annc1nueckn, y nac ne
6mno. onknya c1pany no ny1n peaonkunonnoro pasan1nn, aHec1o aaonkunonnoro,
op6auea n npeponpepennnn kononnanLnm a1an neokann1annsHa a occnn. nLunn
n a1o1 a1an sakpennnn. 6o pa6o1a1L no-c1apoHy ceropnn nkpn yxe ne Hory1, a no-
noaoHy eue ne yHek1. <.>
1ckpa - aceanac1ne nmneunnx koHnpapopoa, nHekunx aosHoxnoc1L ncnonLsoaa1L
aekoao onm1 kann1annc1nuecknx o1nouenn, sapy6exnm kann1an n aa1opn1e1.
ronc1nueckne cnkHnny1nme nn1epecm npaanue 6kpokpa1nn npekpacno cornacyk1cn
c yc1peHnennnHn koHnpapopoa.
1o cnoaeuko - "koHnpapopm" - knkueaoe pnn nonnHannn xapak1epa nonn1nuecko n
akonoHnuecko cn1yaunn a ceropnnune occnn. 1o n xapak1epno pnn kononnn. <.>
nk1a1ypa naunonanLnoro kann1ana... a aepL a1o nHenno 1o, u1o neo6xopnHo occnn,
kak xne6, kak aospyx. aunonanLnoro, a ne nn1epnaunonanLnoro, kak ceropnn! akan
pnk1a1ypa a kauec1ae peakunn na nmneunee nonoxenne pen aosnnkne1 nenpeHenno,
kak 1onLko naunonanLnm kann1an okpenne1 n cnno1n1cn, kak 1onLko naun
npoHmunennnkn, 1oproaum n qnnancnc1m okonua1enLno noHy1, u1o a caoe c1pane
Hoxno n nyxno 6m1L xosnnnoH, a ne nakeeH. a a1o ype1 okono pecn1n ne1.
ne snak, kakyk Hacky opene1, kakoe snaHn nopnnHe1 noaoe o6uec1aennoe
panxenne: aosLHe1 nn c1apoe nasaanne - qaunsH, naunonan-counannsH - nnn
npnpyHae1 u1o-nn6ypL ppyroe. o n snak, u1o cyunoc1L ero 6ype1 opna: -
. <.>
c1L 1onLko pae peanLnmx, nopnnnnmx cnnm a coapeHennoH Hnpe: a1o penLrn n
o6uec1aennoe Hnenne. H nokopne1cn 1onna - oprannsoaannan n pnkan, aoopyxennan
n 6esopyxnan.
1n cnnm - a pykax kann1annc1oa n nn1ennnrenunn. ac1onuee n 6ypyuee saancn1 o1
nnx - n 1onLko o1 nnx. cnn a1n pae rpynnm o6Lepnnn1cn o6unHn sapauaHn, o6ue
nporpaHHo, 1o xnsnL o6uec1aa npnHe1 1e kon1ypm, ko1opme onn npepnnuy1.
osHoxno nn, u1o6m a occnn 6nnxaunx ne1 naunonanLnan 6ypxyasnn n
naunonanLnan nn1ennnrenunn o6LepnnnnncL aokpyr nosynra "naunonan-kann1annsH"?
osHoxno n nens6exno. <.>
an6onee nponnua1enLnme ns coapeHennmx nonn1nkoa - rapapoaum[2] - o1kpm1o
o6Lnannn caok c1aaky na amuenasaannme pae ka1eropnn. nn nponnua1enLnm, no
nepanLnoanpnm. y nnx nnuero ne ampe1. 1o qopHyne, ko1opyk xpe1 ceropnn
c1pana - "opnpok, o6c1aennoc1L, 1euec1ao" - onn, kak nn nmxa1cn, ne Hory1
amroaopn1L nocnepnkk uac1L. aano n naacerpa apap n ero ppyxkn - aen,
osmpea, y6ac n - sakneHnenm a o6uec1aennoH Hnennn kak nap1nn
koHnpapopoa. 1o6m no6epn1L, nH nyxno cHenn1L ne 1onLko amaecky n nosynrn, no n
a1n nnua, snakoHme n nenaanc1nme ace occnn. epL 6ypyuee - ne npoc1o sa
nn1ennnrenune n 6ypxyasne, a nHenno sa naunonanLnmH coksoH a1nx cnn. a1o
nnuae1 rapapoauea nepcnek1nam n o6pekae1 na 6eccnnne. <.>
yHak, u1o nn opno o6uec1aennoe panxenne peHokpa1oa, ne 1onLko rapapoaum,
aoo6ue ne nHee1 uancoa na ycnex a nepcnek1nae naunonan-kann1annsHa. <.>
c1L neaan rpynna nonn1nkoa, ko1opme, na cnoaax o1kpeunaancL o1 "peHokpa1nn",
aosnarak1, opnako, napexpm na am6op napopa n ero nonn1nueckyk ak1nanoc1L.
7
ce onn penak1 c1aaky nHenno na qnsnueckyk ak1nanoc1L napopnmx Hacc, na aennkne
counanLnme no1pncennn, anno1L po noao counannc1nuecko peaonkunn. ne anpn1,
u1o nx apeHn 6esaosapa1no yuno. apop 6onee ne 1aopeu nc1opnn - a1a qynkunn
nepeuna k nn1ennnrenunn n 6ypxya. napopnmx Hacc ne1 nn 6mno cnnm, nn
caHoo1aepxennoc1n, nn cnnouennoc1n, nn coapeHenno rpaHo1noc1n - nnuero, kpoHe
xenannn cnokono xn1L a o1nocn1enLnoH poc1a1ke. accm yxe ne peuak1 acero n ne
6ypy1 peua1L nnuero. pnpyun naunonan-kann1annsH pac1 nH pa6o1y n o1pmx, kpoa,
opexpy n nnuy, no a nonn1nky ne nyc1n1 nnkorpa. <.>
ako c1pano, kak occnn, ne Hoxe1 npaan1L epnnonnuno nnkako uenoaek, nn
Honapx, nn npesnpen1, 6ypL on xo1L ceHn nnpe ao n6y. nnukoH aennka n
npo1nxenna ona, cnnukoH pnnnna uenouka, aepyuan o1 aepxoanoro pacnopnpn1enn k
pnpoaoHy ncnonnn1enk, cnnukoH Hnoro anac1n sa6pann ce6e rnaam cy6Lek1oa
qepepaunn, cnnukoH cna6m c1nHynm, pmuarn, ko1opmHn Hoxe1 aospec1aoaa1L na nnx
npesnpen1. <.>
c1opnn nokasmaae1, u1o naunonanLnoHy kann1any a nepnop ero 6ypnoro c1anoanennn
neo6xopnHa cnnLnan, cnaxennan rocypapc1aennan noppepxka: acnoHnnH epHannk
1933-39 rr., acnoHnnH nocneaoennyk nonnk, asrnnneH na coapeHennm n1a.
cno, u1o n naua orpoHnan c1pana ne Hoxe1 ne ynpaann1Lcn, ponxna ynpaann1Lcn. o
k1o n kak cHoxe1 a1o pena1L? o o1ae1: 1onLko nap1nn. <.>
exannsH anac1n a c1pane cnepye1 cospaaa1L sanoao. on no neo6xopnHoc1n Hoxe1
6m1L 1onLko nap1nnmH.
ne snak, kak ona c1ane1 nasmaa1Lcn - nap1nn, ampaxakuan nn1epecm
o1euec1aennoro kann1ana n o1euec1aenno nn1ennnrenunn. ype1 nn na ee snaHenn
nanncano o1kpoaennoe "aunonan-kann1annsH" nnn cHnruennoe "o6c1aennoc1L,
opnpok, 1euec1ao". o ona 6ype1 cospana: 1akoaa yxe ceropnn o6uec1aennan
no1pe6noc1L noHep opnn.
e npesnpen1 co caoe apHnnnc1paune, a aoxpL, onnpakuncn na nap1nk: ao1
kakoaa saa1paunnn anac1L a occnn. <.>
cnoHnnH apkca n nrenLca: a1n aa1opn1e1m nonarann, u1o counannsH naune1 caoe
no6epnoe uec1ane c nan6onee pasan1o c1panm. 6o rpe nan6onee pasan1
kann1annsH, 1aH nan6onee ampaxenm n ero npo1naopeunn. onkpe1no, onn cun1ann,
u1o Hnpoaan peaonkunn naune1cn a nrnnn kak caHo nepepoao c1pane. ennn
1oxe cun1an, u1o nepaonauanLnan no6epa counannsHa aosHoxna a opno c1pane,
"cna6oH saene a uenn nHnepnannsHa". ue a nauane 1917 r. on 6mn coaepuenno
y6expen, u1o a1o nponsope1 a anapno apone, a nHenno - a amcokopasan1o
aeuapnn. eaonkunn a occnn 6mna pnn nero nonno neoxnpannoc1Lk. na
nokasana, u1o knaccnkn uypoanuno oun6nncL.
o neoxnpannoc1n ne konunnncL poccncko peaonkune. ocHo1pn1e, u1o sa c1panm
nonann acnep sa naHn a "counannsH"? onronnn, n1a, eaepnan open, Le1naH,
oc1ounan apona, npnn, c1panm qpnkn n a1nncko Hepnkn. nmHn cnoaaHn,
c1panm o1nkpL ne nan6onee, a nanHenee pasan1me, nan6onee kpec1Lnnckne, nanHenee
nnpyc1pnanLnme, nanHenee unannnsoaannme, c akonoHnko nsnauanLno cna6o nnn
ocna6nenno, o16pouenno nasap, paspyuenno aono, nexaue a pynnax.
o xopy pena a a1nx c1panax 6mnn peuenm cnepykune ocnoanme nc1opnueckne
sapaun:
1) saHena cnoco6a ynpaanennn: 6ecnap1nno-apHnnnc1pa1nanoro na nap1nnm;
8
2) cospanne o1nocn1enLno saHkny1oro pmnka;
3) nnpyc1pnannsaunn;
4) packpec1Lnnnaanne;
5) o6o6uec1anenne nponsaopc1aa (ne ny1a1L c naunonannsaune).
1He1nH, u1o o6o6uec1anenne uno , ko1opan
o1pnuanacL nonn1akonoHne a1nx c1pan.
y, a 1e c1panm, ko1opme ycnenn a caoeH pasan1nn npopanny1Lcn panLue, yxe
peunaune, xo1n 6m o1uac1n, nocnepnne 1pn npo6neHm, npockounaune a a1oH
neko1opyk kpn1nueckyk 1ouky, nonann a "qaunsH": epHannn, 1annn, cnannn,
enrpnn. aepenne nap1nnoro cnoco6a ynpaanennn a a1nx c1panax 1akxe okasanocL
o6nsa1enLnmH, no... o uac1nan co6c1aennoc1L ne o1pnuanacL, a c1aannacL na cnyx6y
rocypapc1ay a o6Hen na ero nonnyk noppepxky. o ec1L, o6o6uec1annnacL ne "no-
counannc1nueckn", a "no-kann1annc1nueckn". ocne aonm ananornunm ny1L npounn
neko1opme ppyrne rocypapc1aa, a uac1noc1n, nonnn.
1ak, ne ncno nn, u1o a nepamx c1panax, rpe no6epnn "counannsH", nponsouna na
pene qeopanLnan peakunn, cnoHaauan nenpounm n ne coo1ae1c1aykun a uenoH
ypoank pasan1nn a1nx c1pan kann1annsH. o-a1opmx xe c1panax, rpe no6epnn
"qaunsH", nponsouno npeoponenne oc1a1ounoro qeopannsHa nocpepc1aoH naunonan-
kann1annsHa. onneuan ycnoanoc1L 1epHnnoa "counannsH" n "qaunsH" ne ponxna
sacnonn1L o1 nac nx nopnnnnyk cyunoc1L. eno ne a nasaannnx. <.>
o, cnpocn1 Henn, ecnn qasa naunonan-kann1annsHa 1ak yx pnn acex o6nsa1enLna, 1o
kak xe 6m1L c 1aknHn c1panaHn, kak nrnnn, ? 1o, 1aH 1oxe 6mn naunonan-
kann1annsH, "qaunsH"?
a, 6mn. apo noHnn1L 1onLko, u1o nrnnn, nauaauan packpec1Lnnnaanne eue a XIII
aeke, ac1ynnna na a1o1 ny1L panLue ppyrnx n una no neHy ponLue ppyrnx. 1akxe,
u1o a 1o apeHn eue ne cyuec1aoaann caHoc1on1enLno, a 6mnn anrnncko
kononne n pasanaann anrnnckyk nc1opnk. o a oc1anLnoH 1aH a XVII-XVIII aa.
nponcxopnno ace 1o xe: n nnpyc1pnannsaunn, n xec1ouaun npo1ekunonnsH, n paxe
opnonap1nnan cnc1eHa. o ec1L, qopHanLno, aneune, ona amrnnpena, kak
payxnap1nnan, no na pene 6es Hanoro c1o ne1 (c 1689 no 1780-e rr.), c
ue1mpexne1nnH nnuL nepepmaoH, y anac1n HonononLno npe6maana opna-
epnnc1aennan nap1nn anroa, npepc1aannkuan nn1epecm naunonanLno 6ypxyasnn.
paxe 1ako neo6nsa1enLnm, no nepepkn npnsnak naunonan-kann1annsHa, kak
yrne1enne ppyrnx napopoa, 1oxe nHen y anrnnuan Hec1o no o1nouennk k nnpeuaH,
nerpaH n nnpycaH. asa naunonan-kann1annsHa sannna y anrnnuan 6onLue apeHenn,
ueH, ckaxeH, y nnonuea, npo1ekana a nnyk anoxy, nHena pnp caoeo6pasnmx npnHe1,
no ona - 6mna. 1o qak1. <.>
yHHnpyn ckasannoe, n saknkuak: occnn a 1euenne npnHepno c1a ne1 ocyuec1anne1
nepexop o1 qeopannsHa k kann1annsHy. 1o nponcxopn1 noa1anno. epam a1an:
npoHmunennm nepeaopo1 1890-x, nauano packpec1Lnnnaannn, ak1nanoe, yckopennoe
qopHnpoaanne kann1annc1nueckoro yknapa xosnc1aa. 1opo a1an: qeopanLno-
6kpokpa1nueckan peakunn, rocnap1qeopannsH nop nasaanneH "counannsH". pe1n
a1an: noc1enennoe pasHmaanne rocnap1qeopanLno cnc1eHm xosnc1aoaannn
c1nxnnmH pmnkoH; kynLHnnaunn - "nepec1poka", apeHennoe sacnnne koHnpapopoa.
e1aep1m a1an, eue ne nac1ynnaun, anpn1cn Hne kak nens6exnoc1L: a1o
rocnap1kann1annsH nnn "naunonan-kann1annsH".
9
HHHR-KHHRH3M - K HHHR-QEMKHH
, n napekcL, y6epnncn un1a1enL, ncnan n nonn1nan nc1opnueckan
konuenunn, nsnoxennan amue, pec1an1enLno aonnouae1cn a naun pnn anno1L po
pe1ane. npnsnanne a1oro qak1a ne ceropnn-saa1pa c1ane1 6ananLnoc1Lk.
expy 1eH, sa a1n npoc1me nc1nnm Hne cpasy c1ann rposn1L kpn6eprcknH
1pn6ynanoH, a ockoackn an1nqaunc1ckn uen1p - .. poueuknn - o1He1nncn
paxe ponocoH a ocropnpokypa1ypy (6ecnnopnmH). yHak, an1nqaunc1aHn panran
npn a1oH xnao1nm c1pax o1 nopcosna1enLnoro uyac1aa Hoe npaao1m, o1
npepuyac1ann, c6maakuerocn pnecL.
pnako peno aepL ne a 1oH, u1o6m ypoane1aopn1Lcn cosnanneH co6c1aenno
rennanLnoc1n n noun1L na naapax, a a 1oH, u1o6m y6epn1L npnnn1L ppyrnx ne 1onLko
Hok konuenunk, no n am1ekakuyk ns nee nnnnk nonn1nueckoro noaepennn. naue
uena HoeHy npepanpennk - nonL. 1o sapaua ne ns npoc1mx. ecn1L ne1 nasap xop
co6m1n npepanpen c 1ounoc1Lk po ropa n opnn; ceropnn ero anpn1 yxe Hnorne, no po
Hacc nc1nna poxopn1, kak npaanno, ponrne ropm cnyc1n, n nonnHak1 onn e ne
ronoao, a ppyrnH Hec1oH.
amaop ns konc1a1aunn npnxopa - a occnn - epnnc1aennm
n opnosnaunm: na 1akoH o6uec1aennoH 6asnce aosHoxno nponspac1anne 1onLko
opno-epnnc1aenno o6uec1aenno napc1pokn: -. o ec1L -
peHokpa1nn, orpannuenno no naunonanLnoHy npnsnaky.
o1n1e nponrpa1L - nnman1e npo1na 1euennn, o1aepran pec1an1enLnyk
sakonoHepnoc1L, ko1opan aaH ne npaan1cn, o1 ko1opo aac 1ounn1. o1n1e
amnrpa1L - ncxopn1e ns xapak1epnc1nkn aocxopnue nc1opnuecko 1enpenunn.
noHnn1e: nc1opnn ne npnsnae1 cocnara1enLnoro naknonennn.
- rope no6expnnmH.
eropnn, ecnn Hm xo1nH anpe1L nepcnek1nay no6epm, naH cnepye1 o1kpm1o npnnn1L n
npoaosrnacn1L a kauec1ae uenn - u
. e 6onLue, ne HenLue. Henno a1o uenn
npnnapnexn1 6nnxauee 6ypyuee occnn: 1akoao Hoe n1oroaoe nayunoe
npepckasanne. paan1cn ono koHy-1o nnn ne1.
cn knnra, npepnaraeHan un1a1enk, nocanuena o1ae1y na aonpoc, noueHy a1o
neo6xopnHo, noueHy a1o aosHoxno n kak a1o cpena1L.
na npepc1aanne1 co6o uepnoank pok1pnnm, nHn ko1opo pycckn naunonannsH.
* * *
c1one1nnHn apaxpe6nme naueHy napopy cnnm n o6c1on1enLc1aa
am1paannaann ns pycckoro o6uec1aennoro cosnannn naunonannsH - nnc1nnk1
caHocoxpanennn naunn - n aecLHa npeycnenn a a1oH. ac1onLko, u1o paxe nnaHennan
n amcokonn1ennek1yanLnan nponoaepL naunonannsHa, ko1opyk neyc1anno aen a
1euenne uec1napua1n ne1 a nauane aeka nau npnHo npep1eua, aennkn pycckn
Hmcnn1enL n ny6nnunc1 nxann cnnoanu enLunkoa, ne aosmHena cnnm, ne
oanapena HaccaHn. 6o nn1ennek1 y Hacc cna6 n neaocnpnnHuna k nc1nnaH, a nx
10
naunonanLnm nnc1nnk1 cnan rny6oknH cnoH, y6akkannm nHnepcknH
6naropenc1aneH.
1nnune nauero apeHenn o1 HenLunkoackoro a 1oH, u1o pycckn napop, nakoneu,
nouyac1aoaan cHep1enLnyk onacnoc1L, naancuyk nap nnH. xo1n nn1ennek1yanLnm
pycckn naunonannc1nueckn pnckypc eue 1onLko qopHnpye1cn, no naunonanLnm
nnc1nnk1 y pyccknx, rpy6o pas6yxennm a ropnny no1pncenn, yxe npocnyncn n
pacnpnHnne1cn ao aecL poc1, nyran npepy6expennmx counonoroa. on sapaua kak
npeonora - aoopyxn1L a1o1 cnacn1enLnm nnc1nnk1 neno6epnHo 1eopne. eopne
pycckoro naunonannsHa.
eropnn pycckoe naunonanLnoe cosnanne - tabula rasa: npak1nueckn unc1an poueuka,
nenaxannoe none, 6enan c1ena. neH uapn1 xaoc, ncnonnennm npo1naopeun.
on knnra coc1on1 ns qparHen1oa, kaxpm ns ko1opmx sakpmaae1 opno sa ppyrnH
6enme nn1na na c1ene pycckoro o6uec1aennoro cosnannn[3]. aosnnkae1 uenLnan,
xo1n n Hosanunan kap1nna. e Hne cypn1L o ee kpaco1e, no sa ee nenpo1naopeunaoc1L
n coo1ae1c1ane pec1an1enLnoc1n n pyuakcL.
akpmaae1 nn npepnaraeHan un1a1enk knnra 6enme nn1na pycckoro
naunonanLnoro caHocosnannn? e1, no 6nLuyk n rnaaneuyk uac1L. osna1enLno
amaepena sa paHkn knnrn 1eHa pennrnn - cnnukoH o6LeHnan, u1o6m aHec1n1Lcn a
c6opnnk, n cnnukoH konqnnk1nan, u1o6m coo1ae1c1aoaa1L sapaue konconnpaunn
naunn. o, kak nokasmaae1 npak1nka, pnn ny6nnunoro nonn1nka, pnn o6uec1aennoro
pen1enn (a Hon knnra npepnasnauena, a nepayk ouepepL, nHenno nH) nyuue n ne
kaca1Lcn nanpnHyk pennrnosno 1eHm, a1o ne cynn1 ycnexa. oa1oHy n pyHak, u1o
Hon knnra a nac1onueH ee anpe anonne ropn1cn a kauec1ae pykoaopc1aa k pec1ank.
ycckn naunonannsH - noaan napapnrHa na poccncko nonn1nuecko apene, rpe
1papnunonno camue c1a ne1 nHenn cnny 1onLko nap1nn n panxennn, cansannme c
knaccaHn-an1aronnc1aHn: pa6ounHn nnn kann1annc1aHn. aH n ceropnn caepxy, ns
peHnn, nm1ak1cn cnno naansa1L nHenno 1akyk, npaao-neayk c1pyk1ypy
nonn1nueckoro npoc1panc1aa. ak ecnn 6m occnn ne 6mna HononaunonanLno
c1pano c epnnc1aennmH snaunHmH 6onLunnc1aoH a anpe pycckoro napopa.
peHne, koneuno xe, nonnHak1, u1o a pec1an1enLnoc1n naunonanLnm qak1op
cyuec1aye1 n o6napae1 orpoHnmH paspyun1enLnmH n cosnpa1enLnmH Horyuec1aoH.
Henno noa1oHy sakon nonn1nuecknx nap1nnx (c1.9, n.3) npnHo sanpeuae1
nap1nnoe c1pon1enLc1ao no naunonanLnoHy npnsnaky. peHnL nannueckn 6on1cn
amnyc1n1L ns 6y1mnkn pxnnna naunonannsHa, n6o snae1, u1o a1o1 pxnnn eHy
nenopkon1ponen.
o a xnsnn ec1L aeun, ne saancnune o1 aonn peHnn. eH 1yxe peHnL sa1nne1
npyxnny npo1naoec1ec1aennoro sanpe1a, 1eH cnnLnee ona xnonne1 ero no n6y, korpa
ampae1cn n pacnpnHn1cn. a1o cnyun1cn nenpeHenno. epL pycckn naunonannsH -
un - yxe amuen na aaancueny
nc1opnn, eHy npnnapnexn1 6ypyuee.
ne xo1enocL 6m 6m1L ycnmuannmH n nonn1mH. e papn ce6n, a papn 1oro, u1o6m Hm
npounn npepnasnauennm naH ny1L cosna1enLno, c nanHenLunHn no1epnHn, c
nanHenLue kpoaLk. o ecnn Henn n ne ycnmua1, n ace paano o6nsan ckasa1L 1o, u1o
snak. m1L accanppo nenerko, no ne 6m1L e (ecnn 1m n anpnHL accanppo
popnncn) - neaosHoxno.
1ak, un1a1e, noc1nra1e, npnc1yna1e k peny.
11
[1] ouno npepckasan 6mn paxe cpok, o1nyuennm nc1opne na 1akyk
1pancqopHaunk: okono pecn1n ne1. 1o 6mno ony6nnkoaano ocenLk 1994 ropa!
[2] coapeHenno 1panckpnnunn - n .
[3] 1a1Ln o 1poqenx, am6naakunecn, na nepam asrnnp, ns 1eHm, na pene aepy1
aaxneuyk noneHnky c nonynnpno Hnqonorne noxno nonn1oro pacnsHa.
HHHRBHR HQER H EMEHHM 3HE
(Q Kr H-Qxx 22 q
2003 r. n 4 N3, 2003)
noHnnH, kak neckonLko ne1 nasap nLunn sakasan poccncknH yuenmH
ckonc1pynpoaa1L naunonanLnyk npek. s a1o sa1en nnuero, kpoHe konqysa, ne
amuno. o1oHy u1o apa1L a rnasa napopy yuenme ne saxo1enn, a roaopn1L npaapy a
nnuo pexnHy - ne nocHenn. ak Hm n xnaeH 6es oqnunanLno npnsnanno
naunonanLno npen. naun1 nn a1o, u1o caHa sapaua ne nHee1 peuennn? oneuno, ne1!
H ?
1o 1akan npen, ko1opan sapae1 on1nHanLnoe nanpaanenne pasan1nk c1panm n naunn
na o6ospnHyk nepcnek1nay. cnn 1akan npen ec1L, 1o o6uec1ao c1anoan1cn xosnnnoH
caoe cypL6m, ono uenenanpaanenno c1pon1 ee. a paHkax a1oro c1pon1enLc1aa
o6pe1ae1 caok ocHmcnennyk cypL6y kaxpan o1penLnan nnunoc1L.
o ecnn 1ako npen ne1, o6uec1ao pec1pyk1ypnpye1cn, ono npe6maae1 a aHopqnoH,
a1oHnsnpoaannoH coc1onnnn, rpe kaxpm uenoaeuek-a1oH npepoc1aanen nnuL caHoHy
ce6e n caoe yuac1n, a c1pana n naunn a uenoH okasmaak1cn nnuenm ocHmcnennoro
noaepennn n nepec1ak1 nnannpoaa1L nyuuee 6ypyuee n po6naa1Lcn ero. 1o Hm n
anpnH a occnn nocnepnnx nony1opa pecn1nne1n.
K x ?
-, ona ponxna 6m1L noao. m xnaeH a HennkueHcn Hnpe. enLsn np1n
anepep c ronoao, noaepny1o nasap. enLsn c1pon1L 6ypyuee no uep1exaH
npounoro, paxe ouenL npnaneka1enLnmH. onLko noaoe, kak saHe1nn eue erenL,
o6napae1 caoc1aoH neoponnHoc1n, 1onLko eHy npnnapnexn1 nepcnek1naa.
-, ona ponxna 6m1L nepepoao. 1o snaun1, ona ponxna coo1ae1c1aoaa1L
aocxopnunH 1enpenunnH pasan1nn uenoaeuec1aa a cqepe 1exnnkn, akonoHnkn,
nonn1nkn n kynL1ypm.
-, ona ponxna 6m1L konc1pyk1nano, cosnpa1enLno. na ponxna onnpa1Lcn
ne 1onLko na nera1na - na snanne, uero ne xoue1 o6uec1ao, no a 6onLue c1enenn na
nosn1na - na snanne 1oro, uero o6uec1ao xoue1. 1a npen ponxna ne 1onLko
12
paspyun1L ace, u1o Heuae1 naunn poc1ono xn1L, no n cospa1L peanLnme ycnoann pnn
ee npouae1annn. esynL1a1oH ee ocyuec1anennn ponxen c1a1L poc1 6narococ1onnnn n
saunuennoc1n nkpe, poc1 c1a6nnLnoc1n a o6uec1ae.
akoneu, -, naunonanLnan npen ne Hoxe1 6m1L 6esnaunonanLno. 1o
snaun1, ona ponxna ncxopn1L ns nn1epecoa, no1pe6noc1e n sapa1koa 1o - n 1onLko
1o! - naunn, na nouae ko1opo nponspac1ae1.
B ?
a, n ne opna. mna npen, ampaxennan qopHyno an1an ycL; 6mna npen
npaaocnaano xpnc1nancko nHnepnn, ampaxennan qopHyno ockaa - 1pe1n
nH; 6mna npen Hnpoao peaonkunn n aceHnpnoro koHHynnsHa (xo1n ee cnepye1
cun1a1L, a 1o xe apeHn, napnaunonanLno); 6mna npen noc1poennn koHHynnsHa a
opno o1penLno asn1o c1pane; 6mna, nakoneu, npen coae1cko nHnepnn. ce onn
cHennnn a cao cpok ppyr ppyra, ace onn co apeHeneH 1epnnn caok ponL snaHenn,
npeonornueckoro nokoHo1naa o6uec1aa, nepec1aaann cnyxn1L c1nHynoH nnuno n
o6uec1aenno pen1enLnoc1n. a1eH ao a1opo nonoanne 1980-x rr. na kakoe-1o apeHn
no6epnna npen nn6epanLno peHokpa1nn sanapnoro o6pasua. o ona ouenL 6mc1po n
nosopno o6ankpo1nnacL, o6napyxna caok an1nnapopnyk cyunoc1L.
eropnn ace a1n npen - yxe a npounoH. n opna ns nnx ne cnoco6na o6Lepnnn1L
a6conk1noe 6onLunnc1ao nauero o6uec1aa, noaec1n ero sa co6o. ce na6nkpa1enn
npnsnak1, u1o nocne kpyuennn coae1cko anac1n n 1o1anLno caHopnckpepn1aunn
nn6epanLno-peHokpa1nueckoro pexnHa a o6nac1n npeonornn cnoxnncn aakyyH.
1o1 aakyyH ceropnn yaepenno n nac1yna1enLno sanonnne1 npeonornn
, a ko1opo Haccm nuy1 o1ae1 na Hyuakune nx aonpocm, nuy1 c1nHyn
pen1enLnoc1n n saun1y o1 pasnoo6pasnmx yrpos. o pesynL1a1aH counonornuecknx
onpocoa, ceropnn pe1nnr naunonannc1oa poc1nrae1 20% - n a1n npouen1m ec1L
nan6onee ak1nanan, cnnouennan, y6expennan n ueneyc1peHnennan uac1L nauero
o6uec1aa[1].
oxno y1aepxpa1L co ace onpepenennoc1Lk: un n
n - s . onLko a1a noaan pnn occnn, nepepoaan n
konc1pyk1nanan npen o6napae1 aceHn neo6xopnHmHn kauec1aaHn nac1onue n
nnopo1aopno naunonanLno npen. onLko e npnnapnexn1 6ypyuee. onLko nop
snaHeneH naunonannsHa ceropnn Hoxno no6epn1L. onLko naunonannsH npnnece1
naue c1pane n naueHy napopy npouae1anne n Horyuec1ao.
H ?
npnaepy o6a onpepenennn, ko1opme kaxy1cn Hne nannyuunHn n nan6onee aepnmHn:
1) aunonannsH - a1o nk6oaL k caoe naunn n sa6o1a o ne (1o ec1L - ne npoc1o
nk6oaL, a nk6oaL pen1enLnan, ak1nanan); 2) aunonannsH - nnc1nnk1
caHocoxpanennn napopa; a1o1 nnc1nnk1 cnn1, korpa naunn nnu1o ne yrpoxae1, no
npocmnae1cn a pokoayk ropnny ncnm1ann. epaoe (nk6oaL n sa6o1a) aepno a
o1nouennn o1penLno nnunoc1n, a1opoe (nnc1nnk1 caHocoxpanennn) - a o1nouennn
Hacc.
13
Hv r?
o1oHy u1o ceropnn anepame sa ack nc1opnk caoero cyuec1aoaannn pycckan naunn,
coc1aannkuan a6conk1noe 6onLunnc1ao nacenennn occnn, okasanacL nop yrposo
ncuesnoaennn. no1oHy u1o anepame sa ack nauy nc1opnk y nac nonanncn apar,
ko1opm xoue1 ne npoc1o nopa6o1n1L nnn orpa6n1L nac, no ynnu1oxn1L, caec1n c nnua
naue caHo 6ora1o a Hnpe seHnn. 1o1 uenoaekonenaanc1nnueckn, pycoqo6ckn
nnan ne pas 6mn o1kpm1o osayuen naunHn aparaHn, yxe nopcun1aaunHn, u1o na
1eppn1opnn occnn ponxno oc1a1Lcn acero nnuL o1 15 po 50 Hnn. uenoaek (no pasnmH
aapnan1aH) pnn o6cnyxnaannn po6mun npnpopnmx pecypcoa. o ec1L, kak HnnnHyH
pae 1pe1n nauero nacenennn yxe o6peueno aceHnpnmHn c1pa1eraHn na amHnpanne.
aknH o6pasoH, naunonannsH, o6Lepnnnkun ack naunk noaepx knaccoamx 6apLepoa
a 6opL6e sa naunonanLnoe amxnaanne, aoc1pe6oaan ceropnn o6uec1aoH a kauec1ae
cnacn1enLno upesamuano Hepm a upesamuanmx ycnoannx.
poHe 1oro, pycckn naunonannsH pasanncn a kauec1ae nenocpepc1aenno peakunn na
1ekyune co6m1nn. ak aneunenonn1nueckne (peskoe nac1ynnenne aren1oa
rno6annsHa, a1nrnaanne occnn a ry6n1enLnm npo1naoec1ec1aennm coks c Hepnko
n spanneH), 1ak n any1pnnonn1nueckne (ueuenckan aona, c1peHn1enLnm nannma
Hnrpan1oa ns c1pan aakasa, snn n qpnkn, ynnsn1enLnan saancnHoc1L occnn o1
aneunnx cnn n o1 aceanac1nn nnopopuea n koHnpapopoa).
akoneu, nocne pacnapa Hm okasanncL a HononaunonanLno c1pane - occnn,
rpe 82% nacenennn npnnapnexn1 k opno pyccko naunn. c1a1n, nocnepnnn
nepenncL, no npepaapn1enLnmH pannmH, nop1aeppnna a1y unqpy. 82% - a1o ouenL
Hnoro. 1o 6onLue, ueH eapeea a spanne, 6onLue, ueH ykpannuea na kpanne,
na1mue a a1ann, kasaxoa a asaxc1ane. occnn okono 170 napopoa, napopnoc1e
n nneHen, no naunn 1onLko opna - pycckan. akon n nopnpok a naue c1pane ponxnm
6m1L npnaepenm a coo1ae1c1ane c a1nH qak1oH.
e amsoae1 nn o1kpm1oe npoaosrnauenne npeonornn pycckoro naunonannsHa - c1paxa
n npo1naopec1ann co c1oponm ppyrnx napopoa occnn?
e1, ne amsoae1, nockonLky ace pasyHnme napopm occnn nonnHak1: ecnn pycckne
cyHek1 saun1n1L, c6epeuL, coxpann1L ce6n - a1o npnnece1 6naro aceH. occnn - a1o
rocypapc1aenno-nonn1nueckan nnoc1acL pycckoro napopa. 1o xopouo pnn pyccknx -
1o xopouo n pnn occnn. ao1 ecnn ne c1ane1 pyccknx - ne c1ane1 n occnn. 1orpa
ne ypac1cn coxpann1Lcn ne 1onLko HanouncnennmH, no paxe n 6onee kpynnmH
napopaH, xnayunH a occnn na seHnnx caonx npepkoa. nn aepL 1oxe ne nyxnm
neokononnsa1opaH.
c1L 1onLko opnn napop, y ko1oporo nonm1ka pyccknx cnno1n1Lcn n sanan1L o caonx
npaaax n nn1epecax amsmaae1 noueHy-1o sno6nyk nc1epnky n 6euenme nanapkn na
nac, pyccknx naunonannc1oa. e 6ypy nasmaa1L a1o1 napop, npepnoxy nnuL asrnnny1L
na c1pannum npeccm n na akpanm , rpe nonm1kn uenLHoaa1L aunonanLno-
epxaanyk nap1nk occnn ncxopn1, kak na rpex, o1 npepc1aan1ene 1onLko opno
naunonanLnoc1n. y, anpno, kak roaopn1 pycckan nocnoanua, uye1 kouka, uLe Hnco
cLena.
v r
r? H r ?
euenne ero ocnoanmx npo6neH.
14
K ?
x ycnoano Hoxno noppaspenn1L na counanLno-akonoHnueckne n a1nononn1nueckne.
nepamx roaopn1L oco6o neuero, nx n 1ak ace snak1. 80% nacenennn ne xnae1, a nnuL
c 1pypoH caopn1 konum c konuaHn. k1o-1o n caec1n ne Hoxe1, 1nxo amHnpae1 o1
ronopa n xonopa.
o ec1L cneunqnueckne s npo6neHm pycckoro napopa, o ko1opmx y
nac pyHa1L n roaopn1L ne npnamknn. nnH o1nocn1cn, a nepayk ouepepL, cnepykune:
1) npnsnanne, a coo1ae1c1ann c HexpynapopnmHn c1anpap1aHn, occnn -
HononaunonanLno c1pano pycckoro napopa, coc1aannkuero a6conk1noe
6onLunnc1ao ee nacenennn;
2) npnsnanne n sakonopa1enLnoe y1aepxpenne nc1opnuecko ponn n qak1nueckoro
snauennn pycckoro napopa ne 1onLko kak kopennoro n 1n1ynLnoro (ack occnk
nasaann no naueHy nHenn), no n kak epnnc1aenno rocypapc1aoo6pasykue naunn
occnn. ycckne - ne 1onLko cospa1enn occnn, no n epnnc1aennan (!) naunn, 6es
ko1opo occnn ne Horna 6m cyuec1aoaa1L a anpe epnnoro rocypapc1aa a ee
nac1onunx rpannuax; pycckne - epnnc1aennm ueHen1, ckpennnkun epnnc1ao
c1panm o1 annnnnrpapa po napnaoc1oka;
3) npnsnanne npaaa pycckoro napopa na naunonanLno-nponopunonanLnoe
npepc1aan1enLc1ao ao acex opranax rocypapc1aenno anac1n n Hec1noro
caHoynpaanennn occnn;
4) npnsnanne npaaa na aoccoepnnenne epnno pyccko naunn, okasaauecn a
paspenennoH nonoxennn;
5) npnsnanne qak1a a1nopeHorpaqnuecko ka1ac1poqm pycckoro napopa n
sakonopa1enLnoe y1aepxpenne Hep, a 1oH uncne upesamuanmx, nanpaanennmx npo1na
penonynnunn ero kak rocypapc1aoo6pasykue naunn, npo1na cnnxennn ero ypenLnoro
aeca a coc1aae nacenennn occnn;
6) coxpanenne n ykpennenne a1nnueckoro epnnc1aa pycckoro napopa n acex
nc1opnuecknx n kynL1ypno-nsmkoamx qak1opoa, cnoco6c1aykunx a1oHy;
7) sanpeuenne pycoqo6nn ao acex ee nponanennnx, saun1a uenoaeuecknx n
rpaxpancknx npaa pyccknx nkpe a nk6o 1ouke seHnoro uapa;
8) npnsnanne qak1a renounpa pycckoro napopa n npeoponenne ero nocnepc1an.
K n r - rm?
esycnoano, caHan rnaanan npo6neHa pnn nac, pyccknx, papn peuennn ko1opo
neo6xopnHo asn1L anac1L, - a1o npeyHnoxenne nauero ypenLnoro aeca a coc1aae
nacenennn c1panm. 1opan, 6m1L Hoxe1, ne Henee aaxnan sapaua - coxpanenne
amcoko c1enenn 6nonornuecko opnopopnoc1n pyccko naunn, o1HeuaeHo yuenmHn-
an1pononoraHn.
e cnyuano naun ocnoanme, cHep1enLnme any1pennne aparn - npaame nn6epan-
peHokpa1m - co caoe c1oponm anpn1 caoe rnaano sapaue aceHepnoe yHenLuenne
nponopunn pyccknx a occnn. e k1o nno kak rop apap osayunn a1y HmcnL na
cLespe oksa npaamx cnn 22 peka6pn 2002 r.: yxna ppyran Hnrpaunonnan
15
nonn1nka. aH nyxen ppyro sakon o rpaxpanc1ae, naH nyxna rocypapc1aennan
nporpaHHa Hnrpaunn, napo, nakoneu, aaopn1L cnc1eHy rpnn-kapp. H u,
XXI n x , u
n. Hu n,
u, u (c1enorpaHHa,
ampeneno Hno. - A.C.). rase1e pryHen1m n qak1m sa 2002 r. nekoe nnuo
eapecko naunonanLnoc1n cqopHynnpoaano 1y xe HmcnL a eHkoH aqopnsHe: 1o
xopouo pnn pyccknx - 1o pnn occnn cHep1L.
ne cnyuano penak akuen1 ne na a6conk1no uncnennoc1n, a na ypenLnoH aece
pyccknx. orpa Hm cospaaann orpoHnyk occnckyk nHnepnk, no pasHepy kypa
6onLue nmneune occnn, nac uncnenno 6mno ropaspo HenLue, ueH ceropnn. konue
XVIII aeka - acero okono 50 Hnn. uenoaek, a konue XIX - okono 100 Hnn. nnuero -
cnpaannnncL! ao1 korpa a ypenLnm aec pyccknx ynan nnxe ponyc1nHo
nnankn, aosnnknn o1pnua1enLnme pnn nac peHorpaqnueckn 6ananc n
peHorpaqnueckn npornos, cypL6a c1panm okasanacL 1parnueckn o6peuena. m ne
xo1nH, u1o6m naua occnn noa1opnna a1y cypL6y.
M nr vx, xx x . H
xv. 3v - s v . xv -
vr . v x ? vr nn
m ?
1a caepxsapaua, ane amnonnennn ko1opo 6eccHmcnen nk6o pasroaop o aneune n
any1penne nonn1nke n o kakoH-nn6o 6ypyueH aoo6ue, 1akoaa:
u u n
xn mx .
1o m ponxno 6m1L nopunneno kaxpoe naunnanne
pyccknx kak na aneune- 1ak n na any1pnnonn1nuecko apene. k6o npean n nosynr
ycckoro panxennn ponxen ouennaa1Lcn c nosnunn ocyuec1anennn a1o sapaun.
H , v .
nayuno 1oukn spennn, npnnn1o ao Hnornx c1panax n a occnn, naunn - ec1L 1akan
qasa pasan1nn a1noca, a ko1opo a1noc cospae1 caok nonnouennyk
rocypapc1aennoc1L.
o a xn1eckoH n HopanLnoH cHmcne cnoaa naunn - a1o nonpoc1y 6onLuan ceHLn,
cnannnan o6unH nponcxoxpenneH, o6unHn kopnnHn, o6ue nc1opne. o acex
pyccknx nkpnx 1eue1 pycckan kpoaL, y acex nac a paapua1L 1pe1LeH nokonennn 6mnn
o6une npepkn. m ace o1 opnoro kopnn. m ace nopopnenm Hexpy co6o, xo1n HoxeH
n ne cosnaaa1L n ne ncuncnn1L a1oro popc1aa.
x . H x r
?
e ckaxy sa acex naunonannc1oa, no oqnunanLnan konuenunn , k npnHepy,
1akoaa: Hm saunuaeH nn1epecm acex kopennmx napopoa occnn. a1o coaepuenno
npaannLno. o npn a1oH Hm, koneuno xe, oco6o ampenneH pycckn napop kak napop
16
rocypapc1aoo6pasykun, o1 qnsnueckoro, counanLnoro n HopanLno-ncnxonornueckoro
caHouyac1ann ko1oporo saancn1 cypL6a ace occnn, a snaun1 n acex oc1anLnmx
napopoa, ee nacennkunx. 1nH ao HnoroH (xo1n, koneuno, paneko ne 1onLko a1nH)
o6Lncnne1cn naue npnopn1e1noe annHanne k pycckoHy napopy.
Hec1e c 1eH, ncno n nonn1no: neaosHoxno o1nocn1Lcn ko aceH naunH nc1opnuecknH
cocepnH opnnakoao. 1o 6mno 6m n nenayuno, n necnpaaepnnao.
o-nepamx, neo6xopnHo o1nnua1L pnn nac, pyccknx, napopm o1
x (yHnnea), nesaancnHo o1 nx ykopennennoc1n a occnn. cnn c
nepamHn y nac na npo1nxennn Hnornx aekoa cknapmaanncL nopHanLnme o1nouennn
(Hapnum, Hoppaa, uyaaun, 6ypn1m, pa 1enepL yxe n 1a1apm n pp.), a c neko1opmHn
ns nnx paxe c1pa1ernueckne coksm (nanpnHep, oce1nnm, aaenkn), 1o c ppyrnHn a1n
o1nouennn acerpa 6mnn npo6neHnmHn (eapen, ueuenum n pp.). 1y1 ace ponxno
c1pon1Lcn na npnnunne o6okpnoc1n n cnpaaepnnaoc1n: kak am k naH, 1ak n Hm k aaH.
o-a1opmx, cnepye1 paspenn1L napopm occnn na 1pn ka1eropnn:
m (a1o 1onLko pycckne; nn opnn ppyro ne Hoxe1 no
o6Lek1nanmH kpn1epnnH npe1enpoaa1L na a1o saanne); , y
ko1opmx ne1 caoe rocypapc1aennoc1n ane npepenoa occnn (1e xe uyaaun, Hoppaa,
1a1apm, nky1m n pp.), n u um, y ko1opmx 1akan
rocypapc1aennoc1L ec1L (apHnne, asep6apxanum, aqranum, 1apxnkn, eapen, kn1aum
n pp.). o-uenoaeueckn nonn1no, u1o o1nouenne k pannmH ka1eropnnH ne Hoxe1 n ne
ponxno 6m1L paanouenno.
e o6annn1 nn nac npn a1oH a neunannnsoaannoH nopxope k npo6neHe, a napyuennn
o6uenpnsnannmx Hexpynapopnmx npaann n nopH?
e1, ne o6annn1. c1L neHano unannnsoaannmx n anonne peHokpa1nuecknx c1pan a
Hnpe n paxe a 6maunx pecny6nnkax oae1ckoro oksa, rpe npnnunnm a1nokpa1nn
y1aepxpenm na amcueH sakonopa1enLnoH ypoane, n a1o nnckonLko ne npenn1c1aye1
axoxpennk pannmx c1pan a aecLHa pecnek1a6enLnme nonn1nueckne, akonoHnueckne n
aoennme () coksm. e roaopk yx o a1ann n c1onnn, rpe uapn1 nonnoc1Lk
ysakonennm anap1enp, ne roaopk o6 a1nokpa1nueckoH rocypapc1ae spannL, no
aosLHeH 1akoe eaponeckoe rocypapc1ao, kak kpanna (ko1opan, Hexpy npounH, c1on1
na 1pe1LeH Hec1e nocne spannn n rnn1a no qnnancoao noHoun ). ackpoeH
ykpannckyk onc1n1yunk n npou1eH: Cun 11. F
m , n,
u, m s, u, n
x x ux
um Y. npn1e, nannuo ue1koe paspenenne: ec1L
- rocypapc1aoo6pasykun napop c ero nc1opnuecknH cosnanneH, 1papnunnHn n
kynL1ypo, a ec1L napnpy c nnH 1akxe n kpannm, n
m. a1o - a onc1n1yunn cocepnero, caHoro 6nnskoro
rocypapc1aa, c ko1opmH Hm aekaHn xnnn aHec1e, xnnn opnnHn npeanaHn n
1papnunnHn, opno aepo, o6ue nc1opne. oueHy xe y nnx - 1ak, a y nac, pyccknx,
nnaue, noueHy y nac ne1 1ako noc1anoakn aonpoca? epL kpanna ne Henee
nonna1nnueckan c1pana, ueH occnn, a ne 1oxe xnae1 6onee c1a napopoa,
napopnoc1e n nneHen. o nn y koro ne noaopaunaae1cn nsmk (pa nnk1o n ne
ocHennaae1cn, n6o a1o npoc1o nesakonno, npo1naopeun1 onc1n1yunn kpannm)
nasaa1L ee HnoronaunonanLno!
anee, 1aH xe: Cun 13. 3n, , q x,
, xnn x Y,
u muq, mu
() s nnmn z
Y . O Y
17
nm
n x, x n K.
K uun z
. m nonnnn? axpm
xopnun no ykpanncko seHne - xopn1 no seHne, npnnapnexaue ykpannckoHy
napopy. axpm pmuaun aospyxoH na kpanne - pmun1 aospyxoH, npnnapnexaunH
ykpannckoHy napopy. ace ponxnm o6 a1oH sna1L n noHnn1L, u1o nonLsoaa1Lcn a1nHn
npnpopnmHn papaHn Hoxe1 nnuL rpaxpannn kpannm, a nerpaxpanaH a1oro
konc1n1yunonnoro npaaa ne pano!
npnaen a1o1 npnHep, u1o6m ace anpenn, kak c1aan1 aonpoc napop, ko1opm snae1,
nk6n1 n yaaxae1 ce6n, noHnn1 o caonx npaaax, no1pe6noc1nx n nn1epecax, sa6o1n1cn
o caonx pe1nx n anykax, o caoeH 6ypyueH. apop, y ko1oporo ec1L ueHy noyun1Lcn.
apop, ko1opm cnoco6en n ppyrnx sac1aan1L yaaxa1L caon npaaa n nn1epecm.
asae 1ak o6c1on1 peno y nac, y pycckoro napopa? aepL Hm naHnoro 6onee
Hnorouncnennm, nexenn ykpannckn napop. a coc1aae nacenennn caoe c1panm Hm
sannHaeH ne okono 56%, kak ykpannum, a 82-85%. m Hornn 6m 1pe6oaa1L ne Henee
yaaxn1enLnoro o1nouennn k ce6e.
sna anac1L, Hm, ane acnkoro coHnennn, aocnonLsyeHcn ypokaHn, npenopannmHn naH
HnornHn napopaHn 6mauero , ne 1onLko ykpanncknH. nnk1o a Hnpe ne 6pocn1
naH a nnuo ynpek sa a1o. 6o paonan HopanL neponyc1nHa.
1o nyxno, u1o6m ycneuno peun1L ace noc1aanennme amue sapaun, nacyunme pnn
pycckoro napopa, pnn acex kopennmx napopoa occnn n pnn naue c1panm a uenoH?
yxno, u1o6m anac1L a occnn nepeuna k pyccknH naunonannc1aH. yxno, u1o6m
occnn npeo6pasnnacL a ycckoe naunonanLnoe rocypapc1ao.
18
x s v sr x?
a, aosHoxno. 1o Hm nHenn eue coaceH nepaano? 1986 r., no onpocaH, nnuL 15%
pyccknx ocosnaaann ce6n kak pycckne n eue 7% - ne snann, kak onpepenn1Lcn,
Hexpy 1eH kak 78% cun1ann ce6n coae1cknHn. akoaa 6mna nosopnan c1enenL
penaunonannsaunn pyccknx, 1aknH 6mno uypoanunoe npeno-nonn1nueckoe nacnepne
coae1cko anoxn! m 6oponncL c a1nH nacnepneH ace nc1ekune ropm. ao1 pesynL1a1:
ceropnn yxe 45% pyccknx cun1ak1 ce6n pyccknHn (sa nn1napua1L ne1 a1o1 npouen1
ampoc na 30 nynk1oa!), 1onLko 28% - poccnnnaHn n nnuL 16% - coae1cknHn
nkpLHn (napenne na 62 nynk1a!).
ao1 unqpm, ornauennme na ack c1pany nan6onee aa1opn1e1no counonornuecko
cnyx6o a anpene 2002 ropa: n n x!
1998 . 43%, 2000 - 49%, 2002 - 58%!
pnueH, u1o ouenL aaxno, ecnn a 1998 r. a1o1 nosynr xapak1epnsoaann HakcnHanLno
o1pnua1enLno 30%, 1o ceropnn - nnuL 20% nacenennn, 1.e. npnHepno c1onLko,
ckonLko a occnn aoo6ue nepyccknx. a1o snaun1, u1o pnn acex pyccknx on ecnn n ne
anonne npneHneH (npneHnk1 nonnoc1Lk yxe 72,5% pyccknx), 1o ace xe npneHneH c
oroaopkaHn.
1o rpanpnosnan, neaepon1nan no6epa! onoccanLnm cpanr! asan1ne pycckoro
caHocosnannn c1peHn1enLno npe1 no rnnep6one. pe1 o1uac1n cnon1anno,
amnyxpaeHoe o6Lek1nano okpyxakue peanLnoc1Lk, no 6onee 1oro pasanaae1cn
naHn - pyccknHn naunonannc1aHn, ak1nanc1aHn pycckoro panxennn: npeonoraHn,
pepak1opaHn, nspa1ennHn, arn1a1opaHn n nponaranpnc1aHn. asae a1n ycnexn ne
aneua1nnk1? onLko cneno nx ne anpn1, 1onLko pypak - ne yun1maae1, n 1onLko
nopneu nm1ae1cn nx onopoun1L.
m snaeH: ace peaonkunn anauane coaepuak1cn a cosnannn nkpe, n 1onLko no1oH
amnnecknaak1cn na nnouapn n ynnum. epep naHn kak pas - nac1onuan peaonkunn a
cosnannn Hacc! ue neHnoro, n npen pycckoro naunonannsHa npeapa1n1cn, kak yunnn
knaccnkn nc1Ha1a, a Ha1epnanLnyk cnny, ao acecokpyuakuyk n acecospakuyk
ocnoanyk cnny coapeHennoc1n!
Hv x , x n m
n?
o ue1mpeH npnunnaH. o-nepamx, po nepaanero apeHenn ne 6mno c1pono
konuenunn pycckoro naunonannsHa. a ee cospanne Hm no1pa1nnn ne opnn rop. o-
a1opmx, nnpepckne aH6nunn, npoknn1an 6onesnL qkpepnsHa. -1pe1Lnx, pycckoe
panxenne 6mno pac1aueno noHnny1mHn nnpepaHn no o1penLnmH npeno-
nonn1nuecknH n pennrnosnmH u1a6-kaap1npaH. -ue1aep1mx, pycckoe panxenne ne
nHeno nopHanLnoro qnnancnpoaannn, u1o ec1ec1aenno a cae1e 1pex npepmpyunx
o6c1on1enLc1a.
ouy o1He1n1L, u1o nepame paa npenn1c1ann ycneuno npeoponenm a .
peoponeaae1cn 1pe1Le - no Hepe 1oro, kak ponL n snauenne naue nap1nn c1anoan1cn
oueanpnmHn pnn acex. snaun1, 6ype1 npeoponeno n ue1aep1oe.
nr m?
19
a. epL u1o 1akoe peaonkunn? 1o kopennme npeo6pasoaannn xnsnn. aua c1pana
ro1oaa k kopennmH nsHenennnH a caoe xnsnn, ona xpe1 nx, ona xaxpe1 nepeHen.
Hmcnnx Hnnnnonoa nkpe a1n nepeHenm yxe nponcxopn1 na naunx rnasax. paapa, n
nnuno pyHak, u1o a1a peaonkunn o6ope1cn 6es 6appnkap n aockoamx onepaun, ona
6ype1 ponro, 6eckpoano, xonopno, kako 6mna pe1Ln Hnpoaan aona nnn
6ypxyasno-peHokpa1nueckan peaonkunn 1991-1993 rr. o ona 6ype1, 1eH ne Henee,
ao aceH coo1ae1c1aoaa1L qnnocoqcko cy1n acex peaonkun: kopennoHy
npeo6pasoaannk xnsnn.
cerpa n aespe, ao aceH Hnpe, naunonanLnme peaonkunn npnxopnnn na cHeny
peaonkunnH 6ypxyasno-peHokpa1nuecknH. ocne uero naunnancn nopnnnnm pacuae1
naunonanLnmx rocypapc1a. akoa sakon nc1opnn. ak 6ype1 n a occnn.
K x r m?
eropnn a onnosnunn pexnHy naxopn1cn n ne npnnnHae1 ero nonn1akonoHnuecknx
peqopH a6conk1noe 6onLunnc1ao nacenennn, npak1nueckn ace ero cnon, kpoHe 1.n.
6onLuoro 6nsneca (a ko1opoH pyccknx Hano), npnkopHnenno aepxyukn apHnn n
n neko1oporo konnuec1aa o6nackanno anac1Lk ryHann1apno nn1ennnrenunn.
nnosnunn penn1cn na paa ocnoanmx cek1opa: ycnoano roaopn, koHHynnc1nueckn
(neam) n nekoHHynnc1nueckn. neaoH cek1ope nepayk ckpnnky nrpae1 , a
nekoHHynnc1nueckoH - Hm, naunonannc1m. 1nnune cek1opoa a 1oH, u1o a nepaoH
npeaannpyk1 nkpn qnsnueckoro 1pypa, ao a1opoH - nn1ennnrenunn: nnxenepm,
oqnuepm, yun1enn, apaun, npenopaaa1enn aysoa. aH noka ne xaa1ae1 yuac1nn
anpnmx pyccknx pen1ene naykn n kynL1ypm, no Hm noka eue n ne naunnann cpepn
nnx caok arn1aunk.
o nyxno nonnHa1L n anpe1L eue opno: 6es noppepxkn kopnopaunn pyccknx
npoHmunennnkoa n 1oproauea (a ona yxe ec1L pe-qak1o, xo1n noka nepoc1a1ouno
cosnae1 sapaun caoero epnnc1aa n caon kopnopa1nanme nn1epecm) naH ne po6n1Lcn
xenaeHmx npeo6pasoaann. m ponxnm npnaneuL a1y cnny a cao narepL. Hm a1o
cpenaeH.
c1nnnan cy1L naunonannsHa n coc1on1 kak pas a 1oH, u1o6m cnenn1L ns pasnmx, a 1oH
uncne an1aronnc1nuecknx, knaccoa caoero napopa - epnnyk naunk, cnannnyk o6unH
nn1epecoH. aunn - a1o ne 1onLko nn1ennnrenunn n npepnpnnnHa1enn, no a1o n ne
1onLko pa6oune, kpec1Lnne n o1c1aanme oqnuepm. Hn - s . m
ponxnm nayun1Lcn conpnra1L nn1epecm pyccknx nkpe, paxe ecnn onn o1nocn1cn k
pasnnunmH o6uec1aennmH nonkcaH. nc1opnn sanapnmx c1pan 1oHy ec1L aceH
nsaec1nme 6nec1nune npnHepm. ceropnn pnn peannsaunn a1o c1pa1ernn a occnn
cospen nc1opnueckn HoHen1.
HK, - s .
s x m m v xx
m rnv.
s n!
20
[1] m6opm a ocpyHy 2003 ropa c a6conk1no 1ounoc1Lk nop1aeppnnn nasaannyk
unqpy: cyHHa ronocoa opnnm n , ysypnnpoaaaunx nnuy naunonan-
na1pno1nsHa, nHenno 1akoaa.
HH XX EK QRR HH
En, : srqv snv
n
Optimum versus Pessimum
, ko1opm a ckpm1oH anpe copepxn1cn a sarnaann, amsmaae1 y pncky1an1oa,
kak npaanno, opny o6uyk konc1a1aunk n paa npnnunnnanLno pasnnunmx npornosa:
on1nHnc1nueckn n neccnHnc1nueckn.
6uan konc1a1aunn coc1on1 a 1oH, u1o occnn a 1euenne 80 ne1 (1917-1993 rr.)
npouna uepes paa necnmxannmx no1pncennn nnn paxe pae ka1ac1poqm, ko1opme o6a
pasa konuanncL He1aqnsnuecko (no 1akxe anonne qnsnuecko) cHep1Lk
cnoxnauerocn c1pon. o ec1L - co6c1aenno occnn a npncyueH e na 1o1 HoHen1
nc1opnueckoH o6nnuLe occncko Hnepnn nnn .
pornos on1nHnc1nueckn amrnnpn1 npnHepno 1ak: occnn npouna pycnoH
neo6mknoaennmx ncnm1ann n, kak Hnapeneu, sakanennm a apcko peke 1nkc,
amuna ns a1oro pycna k noao xnsnn - o6noanennan, Hnoroo6euakuan, nonnan
nensaepannmx pas6yxennmx cnn. na nakoneu-1o c1ynnna na 1opnyk popory
uenoaeuec1aa n nanpaanne1cn a c1opony nn1encnanoro pasan1nn n npouae1annn. aknH
o6pasoH, a pesynL1a1e c1papann n xnsnennmx kpyuenn neckonLknx yuepunx nnn
yxopnunx nokonenn, npno6pe1ena aosHoxnoc1L poc1ono xnsnn pnn nokonenn
noamx. m poporo ueno kynnnn ce6e npaao ckasa1L: Hm ne xyxe ppyrnx n
poc1onm ne xypue yuac1n, - roaopn1 on1nHnc1.
pornos neccnHnc1nueckn sayun1 nnaue. occnn, sapec1aoaaa poronnkuyk HopenL
pasan1nn, sanna1nna nenoHepnyk ueny sa 1o, u1o6m a pesynL1a1e cpaann1Lcn c 1ak
nasmaaeHmHn nepepoamHn c1panaHn no caonH nepcnek1naaH. o ace peno a 1oH, u1o
a1n nepcnek1nam nocn1 o1ue1nnao anokannn1nueckn xapak1ep. oneu aeka
nokasan, u1o occnn pec1an1enLno pornana apony a nnane o6ue pnn 6enmx
xpnc1nancknx napopoa cypL6m n aHec1e co aceHn nnHn ac1ana na nocnepneH py6exe,
sa ko1opmH aosHoxno nonnoe ncuesnoaenne ceaepoapncko unannnsaunn. aknH
o6pasoH, npopn uepes paoekpa1nyk annsopnueckyk rn6enL, occnn amc1papana,
sacnyxnna ce6e nnuL npaao. norn6ny1L okonua1enLno n paxe, 6m1L Hoxe1, a
nepaoouepepnoH, akcnepnHen1anLnoH, 1ak ckasa1L, nopnpke.
pexpe, ueH pa1L ouenky a1nH npornosaH, neo6xopnHo noc1ynnpoaa1L npnnunnm, na
ko1opmx c1pon1cn Hon nc1opnocoqnn. oroaopnHcn c un1a1ennHn o 1epHnnax, u1o6m
ns6exa1L nepopasyHenn.

HEBOE, o ueH n o6nsan npepaapn1enLno ckasa1L: a He1oponornn n npnpepxnaakcL
nopxopoa pnanek1nueckoro n nc1opnueckoro Ha1epnannsHa. a Ho asrnnp, a1o 1o1
21
pe6enok, ko1oporo ceropnn neko1opme pe1name Hmcnn1enn nm1ak1cn - coaepuenno
necnpaaepnnao - amnnecny1L ns He1oponornueckoro kopm1a aHec1e c aopo
nayunoro koHHynnsHa. ( nocnepneH ne xanek.) ne npepc1aannk ce6e cnoco6a
Hmunennn n pokasa1enLc1a ane npaann pnanek1nkn n nck
Mkc r, ncMr c MnM.
c1opnocoqm, nopo6no eppneay, 1pak1ykune seHnyk nc1opnk kak o1paxenne
nc1opnn ne6ecno, naxopn1cn ane 1o 1papnunn, k ko1opo n o1nouycL. ypL6a
napopoa, na Ho asrnnp, ne cyuec1aye1 kak neu1o ponxnoe n ne Hoxe1
1ec1npoaa1Lcn na coo1ae1c1ane a1oHy 1pancuepen1noHy ponxnoHy. aknH o6pasoH,
1pak1oaa1L nekne n1orn poccnckoro pasan1nn c 1oukn spennn nx coo1ae1c1ann
6oxec1aennoHy npoHmcny ne npepc1aanne1cn pnn Henn aosHoxnmH. ypn1L n pnpn1L o
npoHmcne ora - saypnpnan narnoc1L neaexpm.
B am1ekae1 ns nepaoro. naanm aonpoc nc1opnocoqnn - o cy6Lek1e nc1opnn -
n peuak pnn ce6n a 1papnunn nc1Ha1a. c1opnk 1aopn1 ne 6orn, a nkpn. Henno
m (ao acex c1pa1ax o6uec1aa) nn x
, a 1oH uncne Hnpoamx. oa1oHy n
n, ko1opyk n o1aeprak uennkoH, n
(rno6anLnoro nnn nokanLnoro, nnn uenoukn saroaopoa),
ko1opyk n npnnnHak c 1aknHn orpannuennnHn, ko1opme ee nou1n ynnu1oxak1,
m x x n H.
epaan konuenunn a npnnunne neaepnqnunpyeHa (nenpoaepneHa) n no1oHy npoc1o ne
poc1ona cepLesnoro o6cyxpennn.
1opan konuenunn aosapauae1 nac k 1esncy o6 onpepennkue ponn uenoaeueckoro
Ha1epnana, ero konnuec1aennmx n kauec1aennmx xapak1epnc1nk, aknkuan ckpa kak
rpynnm saroaopunkoa (sakynncnmx pykoaopn1ene, Hannnynn1opoa), 1ak n rpynnm
qnsnuecknx pen1ene (aonLnmx nnn neaonLnmx ncnonnn1ene, HannnynnpyeHmx). 1a
1eopnn nn1epecna, ona onepnpye1 6ora1o qak1ypo n cnoco6na yaneuL, no ne
nosaonne1 ackpm1L pec1an1enLnme nc1opnueckne sakonoHepnoc1n n oc1aanne1
6onLue aonpocoa, ueH o1ae1oa. aroaop - nnuL opna ns npnunn co6m1n, npn1oH
nan6onee noaepxnoc1nan. oxno ckasa1L, u1o
m , no no6expak1
n c6maak1cn 1onLko 1e ns nnx, ko1opme ncxopn1 ns nan6onee n
z u , ne roaopn yx
o 1ex cnyuanx, korpa 6nnc1a1enLnme saHmcnm cpmaak1cn ns-sa peqek1noro
uenoaeueckoro Ha1epnana. aknH o6pasoH, counanLnme nnxenepm n konc1pyk1opm
(ecnn 1ak, pnn cpaanennn, nasaa1L saroaopunkoa) aceueno saancn1 o1 counanLnoro
Ha1epnana n counanLnoro conpoHa1a, 1.e. o6Lek1nanmx caoc1a o6uec1aa. nn
1oro, u1o6m nonn1L, noueHy ypae1cn nHenno 1o1, a ne nno saroaop, kak n pnn 1oro,
u1o6m caHnH ckonc1pynpoaa1L ycneunm saroaop, Hm ponxnm nponnkny1L a cy1L 1ex
pannoc1e n sakonoa, na ko1opme on onnpae1cn. 6o nHenno a nnx - nepanunan
ocnoaa co6m1n. a nepayk ouepepL, neo6xopnHo paccnepoaa1L counonornueckyk
kap1nny o6uec1aa a ee pnnaHnke. a1oH - knku.
aknH o6pasoH, n nonarak, u1o cn c yn cnk -
cMcn n (M n c), cknk n c-
cck kMc, kak nosnannmx, 1ak n nenosnannmx, ko1opme
nponannk1cn kak cyHHa pen1enLnoc1n nkpcknx epnnnu n Hacc.
Tu. eropnn a Hope 1ak nasmaaeHm reononn1nueckn n 1ak nasmaaeHm
unannnsaunonnm nopxopm k nonn1nuecko nc1opnn, npouno n coapeHenno.
naue c1pane onn npnunn na cHeny knaccoaoHy nopxopy, ponro npeaannpoaaaueHy a
nayunoH coo6uec1ae. e o1aepran aoo6ue knaccoam nopxop, n, opnako, ns6pan pnn
22
ce6n nno yron spennn n cHo1pk na nonn1nky n nc1opnk c nosnun s,
cun1an nx 6onee ak1yanLnmHn a naunx ycnoannx n nan6onee nepanunmHn ns acex.
onL ckopo nc1opnk uenoaeuec1aa 1aopn1 nkpn, paaa1e asrnnneH na nan6onee
1nnoame Ho1nam nx noaepennn. ncxoxy ns 1oro, u1o nk6o uenoaek poxpae1cn n
npoxnaae1 xnsnL x x x: u u.
1n kooppnna1m naxopn1cn Hexpy co6o a cnoxnmx pnanek1nuecknx o1nouennnx,
o1pnuan opna ppyryk n nonnoc1Lk yknapmaancL a konuenunk pnanek1nueckoro
epnnc1aa n 6opL6m npo1naononoxnoc1e. a Ho asrnnp, nHenno onn - aHec1e n
noposnL - nexa1 a ocnoae pasan1nn counanLno xnsnn uenoaeuec1aa. uac1noc1n,
annHa1enLnm asrnnp acerpa nerko pasrnnpn1 sa cnnya1oH reononn1nuecknx c1pa1ern
- a1nononn1nueckne nn1epecm, y6epnauncL 1eH caHmH a nx nepanunoc1n. epL ropm
ne aokk1 ppyr c ppyroH, n okeanm ne npepLnannk1 ppyr ppyry npe1ensn. okk1 n
npepLnannk1 npe1ensnn - nkpn, oprannsoaannme nsnauanLno, nepanuno
npnpopo a a1nocm n pacm, a a1opnuno, counanLno npnpopo - a knaccm.
ak n reononn1nueckan HopenL, unannnsaunonnan HopenL nc1opnocoqnn npn
6nnxaueH paccHo1pennn 1ak xe okasmaae1cn nponsaopno o1 a1nnueckoro nnn
pacoaoro poHnnan1noro ncnxo1nna.
H. onxen o6pa1n1L annHanne un1a1enn na 1o, u1o n,
ko1opoe c 1ako nerkoc1Lk yno1pe6nnk1 co acex 1pn6yn,
n. axe reorpaqnueckoro, n6o ouenL neHnoro
nape1cn nkpe, cun1akunx nmneunne rpannum naue c1panm cnpaaepnnamHn,
pasyHnmHn n nepyunHmHn. po nc1opnueckn acnek1 nonn1nn occnn n roaopn1L ne
npnxopn1cn: nsaec1no, u1o y pasnmx napopoa, nacennkunx occnk, coaepuenno
pasnme asrnnpm paxe na xpononornk poccncko nc1opnn. e1, pasyHee1cn, epnnc1aa
n a aonpoce o He1aqnsnueckoH snauennn occnn - nonnron npepc1aanenn na a1o1
cue1 nonc1nne 6espasHepen: o1 poHena oropopnum po Hnpoao na6opa1opnn
counanLno-nonn1nuecknx akcnepnHen1oa, 1eppn1opnn aonm ncnaHa c ua1anoH
nnn nonpoc1y knapoao nonesnmx nckonaeHmx.
oa1oHy neo6xopnHo noncnn1L: pnn Henn n u
, u, - . onLko a 1akoH
kauec1ae ona npepc1aanne1 pnn Henn nekyk uennoc1L n cHmcn. any1penne ro1oa
o6cyxpa1L poccnckyk npo6neHa1nky (a 1oH uncne n reorpaqnueckyk, n
xpononornueckyk), 1onLko ncxopn ns 1akoro noc1yna1a. occnn caHa no ce6e, 6es
ykasannoro coaepuenno konkpe1noro nanonnennn, pnn Henn - qan1oH, nyc1o sayk,
6eccopepxa1enLnm 1epHnn. ypL6a occnn, 1aknH o6pasoH, pnn Henn cnnonnHnuna
cypL6e pycckoro napopa. cosnak cy6Lek1nanoc1L a1oro nopxopa, no ropxycL nH n
napekcL ac1pe1n1L a 6onLunnc1ae un1a1ene connpapnoc1L. 1aknH o6pasoH ero
o6Lek1nansnpoaa1L.
nonne, k coxanennk, nerko aoo6pasn1L, u1o nc1opnn nekoe 1eppn1opnn nop nHeneH
occnn c neknH ee nacenenneH Hoxe1 pnn1Lcn n nocne 1oro, kak (ponyc1nH) pycckn
napop cope1 c nc1opnuecko cuenm, nnn pac1aopn1cn a npecnoay1oH nacenennn,
nnn saHe1 a uenoH nonoxenne 6ecnpaanoro a6opnrena. o nopo6nan rnno1e1nueckan
cypL6a occnn nonnoc1Lk anenonoxna HoeHy cosnannk, ona ne Hoxe1 pnn Henn
npepc1aann1L npepHe1 o6cyxpennn. na aoo6ue ne c1on1 kaknx 6m 1o nn 6mno Honx
ycnnn.
1ak, nponsnocn nnn nnuyun: occnn, n nop a1nH cnoaoH nHek a anpy nHenno Ho
pycckn napop, k ko1opoHy npnnapnexy no o6ue kpoan n nc1opnn. oa1oHy cHmcn
sarnaann nac1onue pa6o1m cnepye1 papn 1ounoc1n nepeaec1n 1ak: XX
n . ako nopxop noHoxe1
onpepenn1Lcn n a o1nouennn o6ue konc1a1aunn, n a o1nouennn npornosoa na
6ypyuee, c ko1opmx n nauan.
23
24
un q
amue noc1yna1m opnosnauno opnen1npyk1 nac ncknkun1enLno na
counonoro-peHorpaqnueckn nopxop k sananenno 1eHe. 1ak, asrnnneH na
pe1pocnek1nay n nepcnek1nay occnn c a1o 1oukn spennn.
kaxy cpasy, u1o nc1opnk occnn nenLsn paccHa1pnaa1L a o1pmae o1 nc1opnn ppyrnx
c1pan n o6unx nc1opnuecknx sakonoHepnoc1e. nnkanLnan a pe1annx, ona, opnako,
anonne Hoxe1 6m1L ynoxena a pycno a1nx sakonoHepnoc1e.
Fn x - u unn kak ycnoann axoxpennn
c1panm a nnpyc1pnanLnoe o6uec1ao n kann1annc1nueckn c1po. np ppyrnx
sakonoHepnoc1e, ampaxakunxcn a counanLnmx n peHorpaqnuecknx (a 1oH uncne, u1o
oco6enno aaxno, a1nopeHorpaqnuecknx) npoueccax, o ko1opmx peuL nope1 nnxe,
nannk1cn nponsaopnmHn o1 amuenasaanno rnaano.
epes packpec1Lnnnaanne a 1o nnn nno qopHe n a 1e nnn nnme cpokn npounn ace
c1panm, o1nocnunecn k uncny 1ak nasmaaeHmx pasan1mx. eropnn uepes nero
npoxopn1 pnp ppyrnx c1pan, naxopnaunxcn, ecnn Hoxno 1ak ckasa1L, a nonoxennn
6nnxne nepnqepnn nporpecca (nanpnHep, n1a, Le1naH, eunn, aH6opxa,
nnn n pp.). a nopore qopcnpoaannoro packpec1Lnnnaannn c1on1 npnn, eaepnan
open, ypunn, neko1opme ppyrne c1panm a1nncko Hepnkn, snn n qpnkn.
1o xe a1o sa nc1opnueckn npouecc: packpec1Lnnnaanne? akoam ero npepnocmnkn
n nocnepc1ann?
ACKECTBRHHBAHHE - u n u n
u .
ackpec1Lnnnaanne 6maae1 payx 1nnoa: 1) n akMck (M: ,
yM), 2) n akMck, cx ycnn cn
knM. norpa a1n 1nnm asanHno pononnnk1 ppyr ppyra. ackpec1Lnnnaanne
nepaoro 1nna cyuec1aoaano acerpa, nesaancnHo o1 o6uec1aennoro c1pon. pnHep -
ynnu1oxenne, caepenne nop kopenL ceHepmx ppeannx cenLckoxosnc1aennmx napopoa
a xope saaoeaannn eapenHn o6e1oaanno seHnn. o nac 6onLue nn1epecye1 specL
packpec1Lnnnaanne a1oporo 1nna, ko1opoe, co6c1aenno, n 6ypeH nasmaa1L a1nH
1epHnnoH. aHe1nH 1onLko, u1o packpec1Lnnnaanne aneakonoHnueckoe anno1L po
aeka nHeno xapak1ep o6pa1nHm, a packpec1Lnnnaanne akonoHnueckoe, nanpo1na,
ponmne acerpa 6mno neo6pa1nHmH.
pepnocmnko packpec1Lnnnaannn a1oporo 1nna nanne1cn ns6m1ok xnao cnnm a
pepeane, aosnnkakun a nk6oH 1papnunonnoH o6uec1ae na onpepenennoH a1ane
aaonkunn. o ueH onpepenne1cn caH qak1op ns6m1ounoc1n? oueHy snaun1enLnan
uac1L nacenennn pepeaenL appyr c1anoan1cn nnune n amnyxpena 6maae1 noknpa1L
o6xn1me Hec1a n seHnk - aekoao nc1ounnk cyuec1aoaannn, ckn1a1Lcn a nonckax
nnun n pa6o1m? e1pypno yanpe1L, u1o a1o o6ycnoaneno ypoaneH pasan1nn
nponsaopn1enLnmx cnn n xapak1epoH nponsaopc1aennmx o1nouenn. cnn a cpepnne
aeka opnn eaponeckn kpec1Lnnnn Hor npokopHn1L o1 cnnm pecn1L-paapua1L
uenoaek, 1o ceropnn on a coc1onnnn npokopHn1L camue aocLHnpecn1n: ao1 yxe
o6Lek1nanan aosHoxnoc1L pnn cokpauennn cenLckoro nacenennn kak HnnnHyH a
ue1mpe pasa, kak HakcnHyH - a aoceHL n 6onee. (expy npounH, a occnn c 1913 no
1989 rr. nponsouno cokpauenne kpec1Lnnckoro knacca nHenno a ceHL c nnunnH pas.)
eropnn a na noc1onnno ocnoae cenLcknH 1pypoH sannHae1cn acero 3%
nacenennn, a (po aoccoepnnennn c ) - 5%. occnn, rpe nponsaopn1enLnoc1L
1pypa cyuec1aenno nnxe, - okono 12%.
25
asan1ne kann1annc1nuecknx o1nouenn a pepeane, npyuee acnep sa aaonkune
nponsaopn1enLnmx cnn, npnaopn1 k noamH seHenLnmH o1nouennnH n k 1oHy, u1o
c1aaune, nopo anesanno, ns6m1ounmHn uenoaeueckne pecypcm am1ecnnk1cn, a 1o
paxe n am6pacmaak1cn ns pepeann, a 1o apeHn kak ropop paneko ne acerpa ro1oa nx
npnnn1L. pesynL1a1e a c1pane, rpe npe1 packpec1Lnnnaanne a1oporo 1nna, sauac1yk
nakannnaae1cn Hnoxec1ao nkpe, ne nyxnmx nn ropopy, nn pepeane, -
aspmaoonacnm kon1nnren1, poc1aannkun anac1nH orpoHnyk ronoanyk 6onL. nune,
ronopnme n nnkoHy ne nyxnme Haccm napnea npepc1aannk1 co6o 6asy pnn
counanLnmx no1pncenn, peaonkun, no 1akxe n npeanLnoe uenoaeueckoe cmpLe pnn
aon, a 1oH uncne kononnanLnmx, a 1akxe pmnok caHo peueao pa6oue cnnm,
c1nHynnpykun nnpyc1pnannsaunk n pasan1ne kann1annsHa a ropope. H
x, sx x x x x, -
n , u
mn, n. (pecnoay1m nHnepnannsH - cnepc1ane nHenno
akonoHnueckoro kann1annc1nueckoro packpec1Lnnnaannn. 1o pec1an1enLno
nocnepnnn c1apnn, no ne sarnnaakuero kann1annsHa, a - naunonanLnoro
pacuae1a; cuac1nnaan 1pancqopHaunn packpec1Lnnnaannn napopa.) ce saancn1 o1
1oro, cyHee1 nn anac1L asn1L nop kon1ponL konoccanLnyk counanLnyk aneprnk,
amcao6oxpakuykcn npn packpec1Lnnnaannn, - n kypa nHenno ee nanpaan1. oa1oHy
akonoHnueckoe packpec1Lnnnaanne 1ak uac1o conpoaoxpae1cn aneakonoHnuecknH,
Hoxno ckasa1L, ampaxae1cn a neH qnsnueckn, kak copepxanne a qopHe, - a anpe
aon n nonnuecknx penpeccn (caexne npnHepm - eunn, aH6opxa, qrannc1an,
apxnknc1an n pp.).
asLncnnH qenoHen packpec1Lnnnaannn na ampasn1enLnmx sanapnoeaponecknx
npnHepax.
H npnHep npepc1aanne1 co6o nc1opnn nrnnn. pecL
packpec1Lnnnaanne, -, nponcxopnno ne appyr, a c caHo 6onLuo
nc1opnuecko paccpouko - a 1euenne uec1n c1one1n, nauaauncL c oropaxnaannn
a XIII aeke. 1900 ropy 70% nacenennn yxe xnno a ropopax. -, aneprnn
packpec1Lnnnaannn 6mna ne 1onLko nc1pauena na rpaxpanckne aonm (aona no n
eno pos, nokopenne o1nanpnn n anLca, 6ypxyasnan peaonkunn n aona
poHaenn npo1na apna I), no n kanannsnpoaana npeanLnmH o6pasoH na cospanne
caHoro Hounoro a Hnpe qno1a n saaoeaanne kononn - pnanpnn (II-VII aa.),
panunn (XIV-XV aa.), Hepnkn, c1-npnn, ec1-npnn, ac1pannn, oao enanpnn
n 1.p. anno1L po onknenpcknx oc1poaoa n anranLnkn. Henno 6naropapn
nenpepmanoHy, no noc1enennoHy packpec1Lnnnaannk nrnnn c1ana anapmunue
Hope. apapokc, opnako, saknkuae1cn a 1oH, u1o kpynneune anrnnckne kononnn
o6penn co apeHeneH cyaepenn1e1, a nx anrno-cakconckoe nacenenne, npespea caon
kopnn, o6peno noayk naunonanLnyk npen1nunoc1L n yxe ne nHenye1 ce6n
anrnnuanaHn n ne coo1nocn1 ce6n c Ha1epnncko naune, a caok cypL6y - c cypL6o
nrnnn. aknH o6pasoH, anrnnckan naunn, necHo1pn na qak1 paccennnn, mn
k cn qM cycn. ounm am6poc uenoaeueckoro Ha1epnana,
ko1opmH nrnnn nopasnna Hnp a XVII-XIX aa., a n1ore ne ycnnnn, a cokpyun1enLno
ocna6nn naunk. eropnn, pasHnoxnauncL n paccpepo1ounauncL, kasanocL 6m, no
aceHy Hnpy, no a pec1an1enLnoc1n ckmc ccmc a caoe
Ha1epnncko c1pane - nrnnn, anrnnuane ncnm1maak1 o6pa1nm npouecc: nx caHnx
kononnsnpyk1 Hnnnnonm neanrnnuan - xn1enn 6maunx kononn, pa n ne 1onLko.
pounoe a pannoH cnyuae amrnnpn1 y1eun1enLno, no 6ypyuee c1paun1.
H npnHep Hm na6nkpaeH a epHannn. pecL 6ypxyasnme o1nouennn
6ypno pasanaanncL a 1euenne XV-XVI aekoa, packpec1Lnnnaanne nocnno aspmano
xapak1ep n nponsouno aecLHa papnkanLno a xope anauane - ennko pec1Lnncko, a
sa1eH - xec1ouaue pnpua1nne1ne aonm (1618-1648), korpa 6mno am6n1o
aoo6ue 85% neHeuknx Hyxunn. pouecc okasancn saHkny1 a rpannuax caHo
epHannn, aaxneue npnunno uero 6mna ka1ac1poqa ea1onckoro oppena nop
26
pknaanLpoH (1410), npekpa1nauan 6ypnyk po1one kononnsa1opckyk akcnancnk
neHuea. a 1o, u1o counanLnm aspma, o6ycnoanennm packpec1LnnnaanneH,
okasancn nanpaanen nonnoc1Lk any1pL, a ne aoane c1panm, neHeukan naunn
pacnna1nnacL payHn c nonoanno c1one1nnHn rny6okoro akonoHnueckoro n
nonn1nueckoro ynapka, o6esnkpea n sac1ma a qeopanLno pasppo6nennoc1n.
(uac1nnaoe ncknkuenne cpepn neHeuknx seHenL - pyccnn, ynoxnauan ns6m1ok
caonx kpec1Lnn ne a rpaxpancknx, a a saaoeaa1enLnmx n o6Lepnnn1enLnmx aonax
orenuonnepnoa XVIII -XIX aa.).
o, kak yxe roaopnnocL, aneakonoHnueckoe packpec1Lnnnaanne nannnocL po nauero
c1one1nn o6pa1nHmH. 1870 r. nacenenne o6Lepnnenno epHancko nHnepnn
c1peHn1enLno pocno n yaennunnocL k 1925 r. na uenmx 23 Hnn. uenoaek, coc1aana 63
Hnn., ns ko1opmx 70% k 1939 ropy yxe nepeHec1nnocL a ropop. eHum cyHenn ne
1onLko aocc1anoan1L nonynnunk, no n ac1a1L (a nnue o6Lepnnenno, nHnepcko
epHannn) na nopore noaoro packpec1Lnnnaannn, uepes ko1opm onn nepaonauanLno
nepeuarnynn a 1914 ropy, a okonua1enLno - a 1939. eunHoc1L 6mc1po
pasHnoxaaunxcn neHuea aoeaa1L 6mna o6ycnoanena no 6onLue uac1n nHenno 1eH,
u1o Hnp k 1oHy apeHenn yxe 6mn a ocnoanoH nopenen, n neaoennmH o6pasoH nonyun1L
noame seHnn pnn o11oka Hnnnnonoa nkpe, packpec1Lnnennmx a xope kann1annsaunn
c1panm (epHannn ocyuec1anna npoHmunennm nepeaopo1 k 1880-Hy ropy), c1ano
neaosHoxno. asep, Heu1aaue o caHo 6onLuo apHnn a Hnpe, cneunanLno
sanpe1nn neHuaH aHnrpnpoaa1L, noa1opna no cy1n cn1yaunk XVI aeka. spma
neHeukoro peHorpaqnueckoro ko1na c1an nens6exen. n1nep cHo1pen a caHm kopenL
npo6neHm, korpa eue a an kaHnq sanannn: ac, neHuea, npoxnaae1 no 150
uenoaek na kaappa1nm knnoHe1p: pasae a1o cnpaaepnnao? pnako napopm aponm
ne counncL c neHeuknH napopoH ao asrnnpax na cnpaaepnnaoc1L, a pesynL1a1e uero
neHum no1epnnn sa 1939-1945 rr. npnHepno 15% caoe uncnennoc1n (koe-k1o eue
yexan a Kxnyk Hepnky), n npo6neHa nnunnx nkpe y1pa1nna a epHannn
ak1yanLnoc1L. ospnee a nepec1aaue poxa1L c1pane aosnnkna npo6neHa, o6pa1nan
no snauennk: Hnnnnonm rac1ap6a1epoa. eropnn a epHannn xnae1 okono 8 Hnn.
nHHnrpan1oa, n a1o konnuec1ao pac1e1. y1koe npounoe, c1paunoe 6ypyuee.
1oxe nnoxo npnHep pnn noppaxannn. na o1c1aaana a pasan1nn
kann1annsHa n o1 nrnnn, n o1 epHannn, ponro oc1aaancL qeopanLno a uenoH
c1pano. 6Lek1nanme npoueccm akonoHnueckoro packpec1Lnnnaannn sa1ponynn,
pasyHee1cn, n ee, u1o ampasnnocL a kononnanLno nonn1nke qpanuyscko koponm
(apn6ckne oc1poaa, anapa n pp.) n pnn1enLnmx, kpoaonponn1nmx aonax kpoanka
XIV, nm1aauerocn nepekpon1L kap1y aponm. pnako qpanuysckn a6conk1nsH
nepapoH 6mn cnHaonoH kpenoc1n qeopanLnmx o1nouenn n paopnnc1aa kak knacca.
Henno kocnoc1Lk qpanuysckoro qeopannsHa n o6Lncnne1cn 1o1 qak1, u1o
packpec1Lnnnaanne panunn acepLes nauanocL nnuL c 6ypxyasno-peHokpa1nuecko
peaonkunn 1789 ropa. ocnauee, kak n a epHannn, aspmano xapak1ep, ono
nonauany okasanocL o6paueno aoany1pL c1panm (u1o npnaeno, a uac1noc1n, k
qnsnueckoHy ynnu1oxennk ueno kpec1Lnncko o6nac1n - anpen), no sa1eH, uepes
a1an o6oponn1enLnmx aon, npeo6pasoaanocL a aonm saaoeaa1enLnme,
nanoneonoackne. ackpec1Lnnnaanne c1panm uno nocpepc1aoH a1nx aon, n pesynL1a1
6mn nac1onLko papnkanen, u1o a 6n1ae nop a1epnoo onanap1 6mn amnyxpen
amc1aan1L na none cpaxennn 15-ne1nnx HanLunuek: qpanuysckoe kpec1Lnnc1ao 6mno
nonnoc1Lk am6n1o, o6eckpoaneno n ne Horno 6onee noc1aann1L nyueunoe Hnco.
1 1akoro upesHepnoro kpoaonyckannn naunn yxe nnkorpa ne onpaannacL. panunn a
1euenne uenoro c1one1nn nm1anacL aocc1anoan1L npexnn uenoaeueckn no1enunan
(no uac1L a1oro no1enunana 6mna nspacxopoaana na npno6pe1enne kononn a qpnke
n rpanpnosnyk nepec1poky apnxa, cpaannHyk 1onLko c coae1cknHn c1pokaHn
aeka). cnn, necHo1pn na nanoneonoackne aonm, qpanuysaH ace xe ypanocL sa
1801-1851 rr. yaennun1L caok uncnennoc1L na 8,3 Hnn. uenoaek, 1o a panLneueH, no
Hepe o11oka cenLckoro nacenennn a ropop, na6nkpae1cn neyknonnoe cnnxenne
27
poxpaeHoc1n. 1nH, a uac1noc1n, o6Lncnne1cn nopaxenne panunn ao panko-
pyccko aone. 1900 r. a a1o c1pane 6mn o1Heuen yxe Hnnycoao npnpoc1
nacenennn - Hnnyc 26 1mc. uenoaek; a 1911 r. - Hnnyc 33 1mc. ecnn cpaann1L
nacenenne panunn sa 1870 (37,5 Hnn.) n 1926 (38 Hnn.) ropm, 1o Hm yanpnH, u1o, a
o1nnune o1 epHannn, ampocue a non1opa pasa, ona nou1n ne yaennunna sa a1o1
nepnop caoe naunonanLnoe (6es nHHnrpan1oa) nacenenne.
konua1enLnoe packpec1Lnnnaanne c1panm nponsouno a xope epao Hnpoao aonm.
panuysaH ueno neaepon1nmx uenoaeuecknx xep1a (c noHouLk nrnnn, n
occnn) ypanocL asn1L peaanu y neHuea, no a1o 6mn nx nocnepnn a nc1opnn pmaok.
6n1mHn n 6es aec1n nponaaunHn onn no1epnnn 1.354 1mc. uenoaek (ne cun1an
oqnuepoa); nckaneuennmHn n 1nxenopanennmHn - 1.490 1mc.; npeamuenne
cHep1noc1n ns-sa ronopa n annpeHn nap poxpaeHoc1Lk a a1n xe ropm coc1aanno
1.500 1mc. 1o 6mn koneu. xe a caHoH ckopoH apeHenn - a 1940 ropy y qpanuysoa ne
okasanocL nnkaknx cnn pnn conpo1nanennn aepHax1y, u1o nerko n nenpnnyxpenno
npnaeno k neHeuko okkynaunn a n1ore c1panno aonm, pnnauecn acero c 10 Han
no 24 nknn. epexnan, 1aknH o6pasoH, sa kakne-1o non1opac1a ne1 uenm kackap
onyc1oun1enLnmx aon, qpanuysckan naunn packpec1LnnnnacL, nc1ounna caon
pe1opopnme cnnm n ac1ana y kpan nponac1n.
kononnnHn npnunocL pacc1a1Lcn - nekoHy c1ano nx ypepxnaa1L. 1aH c
nens6exnoc1Lk nocnepoaan, kak n a cnyuae c nrnne, npouecc o6pa1no
kononnsaunn. a nocneaoennme ropm Hnorne na6nkpa1enn o1Heuak1 c1peHn1enLnoe
pacoaoe ampoxpenne n penonynnunk qpanuysoa. eropnn a apnxe n caH na6nkpan
nou1n nonnoc1Lk nerpn1nnckne n HycycnLHanckne paonm n paxe 6enyk ryaepnan1ky
npn uepnmx pe1nx. o apeHn nepaane am6opno kaHnannn a nxnpe camue 600.000
apa6oa ac1ann no ace panunn a ouepepn k ns6npa1enLnmH ypnaH; apa6m, nHekune
qpanuysckoe, a ne anxnpckoe rpaxpanc1ao (a 1aknx a c1pane ceropnn eue 6onLue), a
a1nx ouepepnx, ec1ec1aenno, ne o1HeuanncL.
ue a 1928 ropy 6maun npeHLep-Hnnnc1p panunn pypap ppno nncan a
npepncnoann k knnre . aH6epa panunn n nnoc1panum: pncy1c1ane na naue
seHne 1pex Hnnnnonoa neqpanuysoa. c1aan1 npo6neHy, o1 peuennn ko1opo a
6onLuo Hepe saancn1 cHep1L nnn xnsnL. 1ex npo6neHa, o ko1opo roaopnn ppno,
yam, peunnacL. pe1L acex npnunmx 1pypnunxcn aponm pa6o1ae1 nHenno ao
panunn, a ecnn cocun1a1L nx no caHmH kpynnmH c1panaH-pa6o1opa1ennH, 1o -
nonoanna.
pounoe qpanuysoa n npekpacno, n yxacno, no 6ypyuero y nnx npoc1o ne1.
un
nosnae1cn a cpaanennn. npoH c nepeuncnennmHn c1panaHn occnn, nepexnauan
caon yxacnme ka1ac1poqm aeka, aoace ne amrnnpn1 neuanLnmH ncknkuenneH,
ampopkoH a ceHLe npnnnunmx napopoa. na a uenoH nosxe Hnornx ppyrnx ac1ynnna
na ny1L kann1annsaunn pepeann (nocne ennko eqopHm 1861 ropa), no nouna no
neHy 6mc1pmHn uaraHn. poHmunennm nepeaopo1 coc1onncn yxe a 1890 r., acero na
pecn1L ne1 nosxe repHanckoro. opopa n aecn nopeqopHenno occnn c1ann
nanonnn1Lcn nkpLHn, nnuero ne nHekunHn n nnkoHy ne nyxnmHn, 6ocnkaHn; 1pyp
n caHan xnsnL uenoaeka peaanLanpoaann na rnasax; no cenLckoxosnc1aennmH
paonaH npoka1nncn ronop; 1kpLHm n ka1opra nepenonnnnncL; c1pana c1peHn1enLno
none1ena k peaonkunn. n1yaunn ycyry6nnnacL ne6maanmH poc1oH poxpaeHoc1n: c
1890 no 1913 rr. nacenenne occnn yaennunnocL co 100 po 150 Hnn. uenoaek. 1o
neypnan1enLno, nockonLky nauanLnm a1an packpec1Lnnnaannn acerpa pae1 acnneck
poxpaeHoc1n, o6ycnoanennm coxpanenneH 1papnun Hnorope1noc1n npn ynyuuennn
28
Hepnunnckoro o6cnyxnaannn a ceHLnx, nepecennaunxcn a ropop. enpenunn
coxpannnacL n a nepame pecn1nne1nn oae1cko anac1n: a 1929 ropy o6ronnn no
1eHnaH npnpoc1a nacenennn panunk - a 22 pasa, nrnnk - a 5,5, epHannk - a 3,6.
nrnnckn akonoHnc1 x. enc a knnre konoHnueckne nocnepc1ann epcanLckoro
Hnpa (1920) nposopnnao saHe1nn a cansn c a1nH: eo6mknoaenno c1peHn1enLnm
poc1 nacenennn occnn npepc1aanne1cn opnnH ns nan6onee cyuec1aennmx qak1opoa
nocnepnnx ne1. oryuec1ao ns6m1ouno nnopoan1oc1n Horno cmrpa1L 6nLuyk ponL
a paspyuennn yc1oea o6uec1aa, ueH cnna npe nnn oun6kn caHopepxaann.
eqopHm 1onmnnna yckopnnn knaccoaoe paccnoenne pepeann, eue nopxnec1nynn
npouecc packpec1Lnnnaannn. porpaHHa sacenennn n6npn kpec1LnnaHn ns
uen1panLnmx ry6epnn 1parnueckn sanospana n ne coo1ae1c1aoaana Hacu1a6y n
ckopoc1n pannoro npouecca. onm1kn uapnsHa npnpa1L packpec1Lnnnaannk
rocypapc1aennm cHmcn n y1nnnsnpoaa1L ns6m1ounoe pepeaenckoe nacenenne a
ypkec1ancknx, ankancknx, noncko n epHancko aonax 6mnn any1penne
o1aeprny1m napopoH, nnuero pnn ce6n ne xpaaunH n ne nonyuaaunH nn a ypkec1ane,
nn na ankanax, nn a nonnn, nn a epHannn (a o1nnune, ckaxeH, o1 anrnnuan a
npnn, Hepnke, ac1pannn nnn Kxno qpnke nnn o1 1ex xe pyccknx, no - a
n6npn). apckan anac1L okasanacL necnoco6na n 6eccnnLna asn1L nop kon1ponL,
o6yspa1L c1nxnnoe, ec1ec1aenno-nc1opnueckoe panxenne packpec1Lnnnaannn,
oxaa1nauee 150-Hnnnnonnm napop, na 86% coc1onaun ns kpec1Lnnc1aa no
nepenncn 1913 r. apnsH ne cyHen npnpa1L a1oHy panxennk nosn1nanoe,
cosnpa1enLnoe nanpaanenne n, 1aknH o6pasoH, - onpaapa1L ero n npepynpepn1L
aspmano xapak1ep pasan1nn co6m1n. oa1oHy o6Lek1nanoe npo1naopeune c
npnnunnaHn xpnc1nanckoro ryHannsHa, ko1opoe aoo6ue caoc1aenno
kann1annc1nueckoHy packpec1Lnnnaannk kak 1akoaoHy, 1pancqopHnpoaanocL a
poccnckoH o6uec1ae a nenpnn1ne ne 1onLko kann1annsHa, no n uapnsHa. apop ne
xo1en, 6onncn nepaoro n xec1oko pasouapoaancn ao a1opoH. ounanLnm aspma,
nanpaanennm opnoapeHenno npo1na uapn n npo1na kann1annc1nueckoro pasan1nn
c1panm c1an nens6exen.
Cn mn n
u- m nu, ,
qu u
u , m
u - q un, m
x x qx. B u s
n mn, - qun mn,
n, n -
4u m mn u
.
apapokc pexe1 asrnnp: panxyue cnno a1o an1n6ypxyasno qeopanLno peakunn
(ona xe ennkan k1n6pLckan counannc1nueckan peaonkunn) nannncL aoace ne
aepxnne knaccm qeopanLnoro o6uec1aa, kak Hoxno 6mno 6m oxnpa1L, - paopnnc1ao,
unnoannuec1ao, nn1ennnrenunn, a nHenno nnxnn knacc: kpec1Lnnc1ao (nanoHnk, u1o
a pacno pHnn a 1917-1921 rr. cnyxnno a o6ue cnoxnoc1n 5 Hnn. kpec1Lnn, ne
roaopn o nap1nsanax)[1]. aopnnc1ao xe n aoo6ue an pycckoro o6uec1aa,
nanpo1na, okasanncL panxyue cnno 6ypxyasno-peHokpa1nuecko peaonkunn n
sa1eH 6enoro panxennn, nosynraHn ko1oporo 6mnn aoace ne koncepaa1nanme,
Honapxnueckne, no - nporpeccnanme, 1nnnuno 6ypxyasnme 1pe6oaannn:
onc1n1yunn n upepn1enLnoe co6panne. a1nHn nosynraHn unn na kpacnmx n
onuak, n ennknn, n panrenL...
ycckan ann1a no1epnena cokpyun1enLnoe nopaxenne a rpaxpancko aone n 6mna
npak1nueckn nonnoc1Lk ynnu1oxena n saHenena noao ann1o nn6o nnopopueckoro
(rnaanmH o6pasoH, eapeckoro) nponcxoxpennn, nn6o 1.n. ampanxenuaHn ns uncna
29
noaepxnoc1no o6pasoaannmx npepc1aan1ene 1pypnunxcn Hacc. c1pane nop anpoH
counannsHa yc1anoanncn qeopanLno-6kpokpa1nueckn pexnH, ko1opm cnepye1
1ounee nasmaa1L, c yue1oH ero cneunqnuecko cyunoc1n, rocnap1qeopannsHoH nnn
counan-qeopannsHoH. 3 um u-
n.
pyccknx xnsne, npnnecennmx na an1apL epao Hnpoao aonm,
peaonkunn n paxpancko aonm, ne o6pa1nnn acnn1L nc1opnk. c1anoana (no
aneune anpnHoc1n) kann1annc1nueckoe pasan1ne occnn, 6onLueankn, opnako,
q unn. eno a 1oH, u1o, xo1n
coae1ckan anac1L, ynnu1oxna kynauec1ao kak knacc, po6nnacL npekpauennn
counanLnoro paccnoennn pepeann, npekpa1n1L o6Lek1nanme nc1opnueckne npoueccm
pasan1nn nponsaopn1enLnmx cnn ona ne Horna, paxe ecnn 6m xo1ena. osapa1a k
ponnpyc1pnanLnoHy o6uec1ay pnn occnn, ac1ynnaue a xec1okoe copeanoaanne c
aepyunHn eaponecknHn c1panaHn, upeaa1oe cHep1enLno cxaa1ko, yxe ne 6mno.
anpo1na, nauanacL qopcnpoaannan nnpyc1pnannsaunn. nepoaa1enLno, coxpann1L
pepeank, kak a1o ypanocL kononnanLnmH c1panaH, rpe pasan1ne npoHmunennoc1n n
yp6annsaunn nckycc1aenno sa1opHaxnaanocL, 6mno neaosHoxno. 1annn, co apeHeneH
ocosnaaun yrposm yckopennoro n neo6pa1nHoro packpec1Lnnnaannn, nm1ancn
npn1opHosn1L a1o1 npouecc n sakoncepanpoaa1L pepeank, npepnpnnnHan pnn a1oro
onpepenennme Hepm (a uac1noc1n, o1nnn nacnop1a y kpec1Lnn), no c ero cHep1Lk ace
1opHosa cnoHanncL.
u (no cpaanennk c apono - npnHo-1akn aspmanoe)
un nocnno Hnoroo6pasnme, a 1oH uncne ne6maanme
qopHm: a1o nnpyc1pnannsaunn, aennkne c1pokn counannsHa, ocaoenne panero
eaepa, anLnero oc1oka, n6npn, okkynaunn oc1ouno aponm, eaponensaunn
naunonanLnmx okpann (ypkec1ana, asaxc1ana, aakasa n akaakasLn), no a1o 1akxe
n paspyuenne c1apo occnn c ee 1papnunnHn n kynL1ypo, a1o packynaunaanne,
penpeccnn n ka1opra a, reka1oH6m xep1a. norne Hnnnnonm kpec1Lnncknx
xnsne 6mnn nerko o1panm sa ennkyk o6epy, aepL uena uenoaeuecko xnsnn
o6Lek1nano ynana po nnxnero npepena. rpoHnyk ponL a o11oke nkpe ns pepeann
cmrpana c1peHn1enLnan yp6annsaunn, conpoaoxpaauan poc1 nayunoro n kynL1ypnoro
no1enunana c1panm. oo6ue, c1anoanenne noaoro c1pon, noaoro rocypapc1aa
Ho6nnnsoaano necHe1noe konnuec1ao kpec1Lnncknx cype6; poc1a1ouno osnakoHn1Lcn c
6norpaqnnHn coae1cknx aoenauanLnnkoa, nap1nnmx n coae1cknx pa6o1nnkoa, yuenmx
- kpec1Lnncknx pe1e - u1o6m a a1oH y6epn1Lcn. norne Hnnnnonm kpec1Lnn npounn
uepes npoq1exyunnnua, ukonm pa6oue Honopexn, pa6qakn n aysm, u1o6m
nononnn1L pnpm pa6ouero knacca n nn1ennnrenunn.
n1ore, ecnn a nauane aeka sann1oe nacenenne occnn coc1onno na 86% ns kpec1Lnn,
na 2,7% ns nn1ennnrenunn n na 9% ns pa6ounx, 1o k 1990-H rr. ypenLnm aec
pa6ounx a aospoc nou1n a 7 pas, nn1ennnrenunn - 6onee ueH a 10 pas, a
kpec1Lnnc1aa, kak yxe roaopnnocL, ynan a 7 c nnunnH pas. apo npnsna1L, u1o
u u , n :
sn unn n u
x, um , , ,
. a1o ace sa kakne-1o ceHLpecn1 ne1 - ne6maanm a nc1opnn cnyua,
o1nnuakun nac a nyuuyk c1opony o1 ppyrnx napopoa. pnako npn a1oH, k
coxanennk, kpec1Lnnc1ao occnn (a o1nnune o1 eaponeckoro) nnunnocL ne 1onLko
caoero konnuec1aa, no n kauec1aa. ae1 kpec1Lnnc1aa 6mn nnkanpnpoaan a coc1aae
ace pyccko ann1m aoo6ue - a cnny, ao-nepamx, rocnopc1aa a eapeea a ropm
caHoro kpy1oro nepenoHa konua 1920-x n, ao-a1opmx, nckycc1aenno, npeno-
npeapa1no counannc1nuecko cyunoc1n acero npoek1a.
(enLsn nony1no ne ampasn1L aocxnuennn nepep Hyxec1aoH n xnsnec1okoc1Lk
pycckoro napopa. po1n 1ako orpoHnm ny1L a 1akne cxa1me cpokn, c1onkny1Lcn co
30
c1onLknHn cnnLneunHn aparaHn n no6epn1L, c1onLko npe1epne1L - n ne no1epn1L nn
aonn k xnsnn, nn npnpopno nenpn1nsa1enLnoc1n, nn napexpm na nyuuee 6ypyuee.)
, Hoxno coxane1L o 1oH, u1o occnn - ne nrnnn, no npn a1oH papoaa1Lcn, u1o
ona - ne epHannn, n 1.p. oxno cnopn1L o 1oH, kako cnoco6 packpec1Lnnnaannn
nyuue, cosnpa1enLnee, nnn nao6opo1, xyxe, paspyun1enLnee - kann1annc1nueckn
nnn counannc1nueckn. pnako no caonH neo6pa1nHmH nera1nanmH nocnepc1annH
onn, k coxanennk, opnnakoam. K sn u ,
un, x un
, , n, nn
u um[2].
O un?
roaopnnocL, u1o neko1opme o1penLnme c1panm (nanpnHep, epHannn) ycnenn ne
opnn pas nakonn1L n pac1pa1n1L naunonanLnm pecypc pepeaencknx xn1ene. H pano
6mno kak HnnnHyH paaxpm sa caok nc1opnk yno1pe6n1L konoccanLnyk aneprnk
akonoHnueckoro packpec1Lnnnaannn. o pnn 1ex c1pan, ko1opmH a1o ace npnunocL
npoxopn1L a aeke nnn 1onLko npepc1on1 npo1n, ycnoann nrpm okasanncL yxe
ppyrnHn. H aosHoxnoc1n, npepoc1aanneHme packpec1LnnnaanneH, panm nnuL
opnaxpm.
oueHy nocnepc1ann akonoHnueckoro packpec1Lnnnaannn c1ann neo6pa1nHmHn
ceropnn?
B-x, no1oHy u1o neaosHoxno aoo6pasn1L ce6e ycnoann, kpoHe nnane1apno
ka1ac1poqm, ko1opme Hornn 6m o1apa1n1L n o1opaa1L yp6annsnpoaannoe nacenenne o1
ropopcko unannnsaunn n aepny1L ero a nono cenLcko xnsnn n na1ypanLnoro
xosnc1aa. pnnnunme ncknkuennn nnuL nop1aepxpak1 a1o npaanno. ak sarna1L
o6pa1no a pepeank 40% nacenennn, sann1oro yHc1aennmH 1pypoH (nHenno 1akoa ero
npouen1 a )? nn xo1n 6m 30% (a occnn na 1989 r.; unqpa npnHepnan, 1ounmx
pannmx sa nocnepnne ropm ne1)? ak npoHmunennmx pa6ounx saaep6oaa1L pnn
cenLckoro 1pypa? aepL nx - 6onee 50% nacenennn pasan1mx c1pan. 1o ouenL
1pypno.
B-x, no1oHy u1o a pepeane nonpoc1y ne1 6onLue pa6ounx Hec1. e1 nnkakoro
akonoHnueckoro cHmcna aocc1anaannaa1L pepeaenckn kon1nnren1 na ypoane, ckaxeH,
konua XIX aeka. ayuno-1exnnueckn nporpecc naunx pne a o6nac1n cenLckoro
xosnc1aa (senenan peaonkunn) 1ouno 1ak xe o6ecuennn 1pyp kpec1Lnn,
pa6o1akunx no c1apnnke, kak 1kaukn c1anok - kyc1apnm 1pyp 1kaue a XVII aeke.
ako kpec1Lnnnn yxe ne cHoxe1 nponsaopn1L 1oaapnm npopyk1, konkypnpyn c
coapeHenno n1nueqa6pnko nnn cannoqepHo, HonokosaaopoH n 1.p. aueH
sannHa1L c1o uenoaek na pa6o1e, c ko1opo cnpaannk1cn nn1epo? oneuno, pnp
amcokopasan1mx rocypapc1a (nonnn, n neko1opme ppyrne) 1pa1n1 orpoHnme
cpepc1aa na noppepxanne sann1oc1n a caoeH cenLckoH xosnc1ae. o a1o Hory1
nosaonn1L ce6e 1onLko nepepoankn kann1annc1nueckoro nponsaopc1aa, npouepune
na 6onee panneH a1ane 6esxanoc1nyk paunonannsaunk a1oro caHoro nponsaopc1aa,
o6ornaaune sa cue1 a1oro ppyrnx n 1pa1nune 1enepL na counanLnyk nonn1nky penLrn,
nonyuennme o1 akcnnya1aunn 6onee cna6mx, Henee pasan1mx c1pan. cnn xop
nporpecca npeapa1nn, ponyc1nH, 86% nacenennn (cennn) - a 12% nnn 3%, ecnn cnpoc
na pepeaenckn 1pyp ynan po 1ako c1enenn, 1o kak pasaepny1L a1o1 npouecc, a1n
pesynL1a1m acnn1L? 1kasa1Lcn o1 poc1nxenn naykn? 1o nenpoc1o.
B-ux, no1oHy u1o kann1annc1nueckoe xosnc1ao, kak anpno, aoo6ue ne
nyxpae1cn a 6onLuoH konnuec1ae kpec1Lnn, anonne ypoane1aopnncL nannuneH
31
cesonnmx cenLxospa6ounx. o cy1n pena, kpec1Lnnc1ao ns knacca npeapauae1cn a
noc1nnpyc1pnanLnoH o6uec1ae a counanLnyk pnacnopy, noa1opnn a c1poro o6pa1noH
nopnpke ny1L npone1apna1a n nn1ennnrenunn, npeapa1naunxcn ns counanLno
pnacnopm a knacc. ounanLnme nponopunn coapeHennmx pasan1mx c1pan, rpe
kpec1Lnnc1ao sannHae1 ckpoHnme 3-5%, npone1apna1 50-60%, a nn1ennnrenunn 35-
40%, kpacnopeunao o6 a1oH roaopn1. 1nxenm n HanoonnaunaaeHm qnsnueckn
1pyp, ko1opm 1onLko n penae1 pen1a6enLnmH nponsaopc1ao Hnornx
cenLckoxosnc1aennmx kynL1yp (nanpnHep, pnca, uan, 1a6aka n Hn.pp.) aoo6ue
c1anoan1cn nepoc1ynen pasan1mH c1panaH. epapoH onn ace ycnnnn npnnarak1 k 1oHy,
u1o6m sakpenn1L sa Henee pasan1mHn c1panaHn ponL caoero arpapnoro npnpa1ka,
noc1aaunka nopo6nmx npopyk1oa.
B-x, poxpaeHoc1L ao acex 6es ncknkuennn c1panax, npouepunx
packpec1Lnnnaanne, 1akoaa, u1o ne oc1aanne1 napexp na c1a6nnLnoe nononnenne
kakoro-nn6o knacca aoo6ue (nnxe o6 a1oH 6ype1 ckasano noppo6nee).
noaoH, ns6aan1Lcn o1 kpec1Lnnc1aa kak knacca nenerko, a aocc1anoan1L ero - n aoace
epaa nn aosHoxno. oka, ao acnkoH cnyuae, 1aknx npnHepoa ne 6mno.
annoe o6c1on1enLc1ao aneue1 sa co6o aecLHa cepLesnme a1nopeHorpaqnueckne
nocnepc1ann.
F 3 X um
O/HA cM nm mk cM crq nnr (
xM a mk cycy knn cy nk)
cc M, cck kMc nc
n c, cnxM cM MM mnM, akcny
m Mn.
Tk n - k y, - ccyx ck nnr, M cn cM
. H yy M, n M - M, c n
cM cM nkck .
T, k cn M k mMy M cck nr,
cm ky mky. O n, XX n
u F 3 X, cm 3Mn c , kk
xy n.
B Fn 3k X c xcn cn: B. E.
Hm.
E x. Tk rn c, cny, Mnn n - a
n . H crn k ck nn. H x nM , nc
n: Yx x.
H s n .
HM Fnr 3k X, mm cck x ck
c nx M yM, xnnM 3Mn, cnn -
My cM mn yy nc, c c,
ck mn nk.
32
un q
nn kocnynocL a1o nsHenenne naanoro akona nsnn? e1. oka u1o
u u x , m s
un. pnxopn1cn pyHa1L, u1o nHenno a1o1 qak1op, a ne kako-1o
ppyro, amsaan peHorpaqnueckyk ka1ac1poqy nepepoamx naun. c1anLnme
napopm noka ncnpaano npoponxak1 poxa1L pe1e nop pasroaopm 6enmx nkpe o
nepenacenennoc1n eHnn.
a1oH coc1on1 napapokc n nponnn noaeue nc1opnn. enme aHepnkanum n
eaponeum co apeHen anL1yca n aprape1 anrep npnnarak1 rnran1ckne ycnnnn,
u1o6m yc1anoan1L a caonx c1panax n na seHnoH uape a uenoH amropnme pnn nnx
counanLnme n pacoame nponopunn nacenennn. o po6nnncL noka npnHo
npo1naononoxnmx pesynL1a1oa. ce kaHnannn no orpannuennk poxpaeHoc1n,
nanpaanennme npo1na npenHyuec1aennoro pasHnoxennn anauane naynepoa, a sa1eH
aqpo-asna1oa n na1nnoaHepnkanuea, ace yxnupennn Hepnunnm, nso6pe1ennme c a1o
uenLk, npnaenn noka nnuL k cokpauennk ypenLnoro aeca 6eno pacm a Hnpe. , xo1n
coapeHennme cpepc1aa kon1pauenunn nponsaenn necnmxannyk an1n-an1anLnyk
peaonkunk, no nonLsyk1cn ee nnopaHn ne ace, a a ocnoanoH pasan1me (un1a:
packpec1Lnnennme) naunn. 1o noanekno sa co6o eue opny nonc1nne rno6anLnyk
peaonkunk a xnsnn uenoaeuecknx pac n napopoa.
o1n pasnnunme yuenme, kak npaanno, ampanrak1 na nepam nnan coaceH ppyrne
o6Lncnennn penonynnunn 6enmx apncknx napopoa, o1 ypoann Ha1epnanLnoro
6narococ1onnnn po pennrnosnmx 1papnun, no onn ne y6expak1.
nocnepoaa1enLno pasouapoaancn ao acex a1nx o6Lncnennnx.
neyHnoe n nnueHepnoe ns nnx, pasyHee1cn, a1o o6Lncnenne peHorpaqnueckoro
ynapka cnnxenneH Ha1epnanLnoro 6narococ1onnnn. o 1ako nornke nanamcuan
poxpaeHoc1L ponxna 6m1L a c1panax c nanamcunH 6narococ1onnneH rpaxpan
(nanpnHep, a aeunn, opaernn n np.) - n nanpo1na, nnxaun ypoaenL
poxpaeHoc1n ponxen 6m1L a c1panax c nnxaunH ypoaneH 6nar na pyuy nacenennn
(nanpnHep, a n1ae, npnn n np.). H n x, kk c, c c kk
. o ace 6narononyuno apone (ecnn asn1L cpepnkk unqpy no epHannn,
ac1pnn, enLrnn, annn, cnannn, nnnnnpnn, panunn, peunn, pnanpnn, 1annn,
kkceH6ypry, npepnanpaH, op1yrannn, ennko6pn1annn) eue a 1950-1960-e ropm
6mno 26 pe1e na 10 ceHe, a k 2000 ropy c1ano acero 14. paapa, peskoe cnnxenne
poxpaeHoc1n a pesynL1a1e uokoao 1epannn n Haccoaoro o6nnuannn a occnn - a1o
Hepnunnckn qak1, nosaonnkun npnsna1L ncknkun1enLnoc1L nauero nonoxennn. o
1akoaa, anpnHo, oco6ennoc1L nc1opnueckoro HoHen1a. A u
um -
nn, n.
n pennrnosno-6m1oaan konuenunn peHorpaqnueckoro ynapka. oHnk, kak n
yxacnyncn a 1980-e rr., ysnaa, u1o a occnn na opny ceHLk npnxopn1cn 1,65 pe6enka
- nou1n a paa pasa HenLue, ueH nyxno pnn npoc1oro aocnponsaopc1aa naunn. o1
nspepxkn a1enc1nueckoro aocnn1annn! - nopyHan n. - ora sa6mnn, sanoaepn
napyuak1 cnnouL n pnpoH, norpnsnn a aronsHe, ne 6on1cn kapm sa pe1oy6nc1ao.
oneuno, kasanocL Hne 1orpa, nacnnLc1aenno o6es6oxennan 6onLueankaHn occnn
c1on1 a xpnc1nanckoH Hnpe na oco6oH nonoxennn. epapoH y nac npnxopn1cn paa
a6op1a na opnoro noaopoxpennoro, u1o npko canpe1enLc1aye1 o nonnoH o1cy1c1ann
pennrnosnoro cosnannn aoo6ue, o6 o1cy1c1ann kaknx 6m 1o nn 6mno npepc1aanenn
nacue1 pennrnosno cyunoc1n saua1nn n pe1opoxpennn. pnako, korpa Hne coo6unnn,
ckonLko nonek-ka1onnuek (a a onLue 95% nacenennn o1nocn1 ce6n k aepykunH
xpnc1nanaH) npnesxae1 exeropno a epHannk, exnk, pn6an1nky, enopyccnk n
annnnnrpapckyk o6nac1L c uenLk npoonepnpoaa1Lcn, n ycoHnnncn a 1ako
1pak1oake. no1oH n ysnan, u1o a ka1onnuecko cnannn unqpa poxpaeHoc1n eue
33
HenLue, ueH y nac: 1,28 pe6enka na ceHLk. a ka1onnuneue 1annn, rpe
npoxnaae1 naHec1nnk ora na eHne, caH nana pnHckn, npnsnannm ao aceH Hnpe
6opeu c a6op1aHn n kon1pauenune, - ax 1,24 pe6enka na ceHLk!
naacerpa 6mn npoc1o uoknpoaan a1nHn unqpaHn.
, ace peno a pace, - peunn n 1orpa. - kynL1ypno-unannnsaunonnmx
oco6ennoc1nx n yc1anoakax, a Hen1ann1e1e 6enmx eaponeuea-xpnc1nan. 1
xpnc1nanc1aa po pasnoxenueckoro, ampoxpenueckoro peHoxpnc1nanc1aa - opnn uar, a
1aH yx pyko nopa1L po nonnoro pasryna qeHnnnsHa n roHocekcyannsHa, po
cHeuannmx 6pakoa, ynpouennmx pasaopoa, Ha1epe-opnnouek, 6pouennmx pe1e-
cnpo1 n npounx, ne cnoco6c1aykunx peHorpaqnueckoHy poc1y npenec1e. nuero
a1oro ne1, ckaxeH, a c1panax ncnaHa. y, n no1oH eaponeum cnnukoH npopannynncL
a nporpecce, a ypoane1aopennn acex n acnuecknx no1pe6noc1e, pas6anoaanncL,
y1onnn a koHqop1e, a asna1m, aqpnkanum - nens6anoaannm n ne norpnsun a
nounoH ce6nnk6nn n cn6apn1c1ae napop. pnako sa1eH n c ypnanenneH ysnan, u1o a
cnn1onc1cko-6yppncko nonnn, a 1akxe nnranype n onkonre pena o6c1on1 ne
nyuue. ncno pe1e y nnonok, cnnranypok n ronkonrok (ronkonxnu?) cokpauae1cn
coaepuenno opnnakoao c neHkaHn nnn kanapkaHn. o HenLue Hepe 30% nnonok
npn6erak1 k nckycc1aennoHy npepmaannk 6epeHennoc1n - a6op1aH. 3,
, x x nx.
asyHee1cn, onpepenennme pennrnosno-6m1oame 1papnunn nHek1 6onLuoe, paxe
orpoHnoe snauenne. k6oHy npocaeuennoHy n nenpepasn1oHy un1a1enk ncno, u1o
cnepoaanne npaannaH apna1a nnn pycckoro oHoc1pon ykpennne1, coaepuenc1aye1
ceHLk, a o1aepxenne a1nx npaann, cnepoaanne npaannaH nn6epanLno peHokpa1nn -
paspyuae1, ypopye1 ee. 1nouennn Hyxa n xenm, popn1ene n pe1e 1epnn1
nenonpaanHm yuep6 a nko6m npocaeuennmx, a na pene - rny6oko
perpapnpoaaaunx, ampoxpakunxcn c1panax.
m snaeH, k npnHepy, u1o nk6me, paxe Hanme o1knonennn a o6nac1n cekcyanLno
xnsnn (nnuec1, nsnacnnoaanne, Hyxenoxec1ao, cko1onoxec1ao, npenk6opennne n
paxe onannsH) aekaHn kapanncL y nypeea - n ne kak-nn6ypL, a cM k
kMnM - npn 1oH, u1o Hnoroxenc1ao paspeuanocL. akoam 6mnn
nHenno pennrnosnme yc1anoanennn a1oro napopa. aoo6ue, acn kynL1ypa eapecko
ceHLn 6mna nanpaanena na yaennuenne no1oHc1aa, na rapHonnsaunk ceHenmx n
nokonenuecknx o1nouenn. 6expen, u1o nHenno 6naropapn a1o, cyry6o
6nonornuecko, an1anLno a caoe ocnoae, c1poroc1n npaaoa eapen coxpannnncL kak
naunn a aekax n paxe a 1mcnuene1nnx. o ao1 aepL kakoe peno: apa6ckne c1panm, ne
npouepune noka uepes akonoHnueckoe packpec1Lnnnaanne, no-npexneHy coxpannk1 n
pennrnosnme yc1on, n amcokn ypoaenL poxpaeHoc1n. cocepc1aykun c nnHn
nnpyc1pnanLnm n yp6annsnpoaannm spannL - ne1, xo1n paaanna1 oqnunanLno
nanne1cn opnnH ns rnaanmx c1onnoa o6uec1aa n rocypapc1aa, a opa n anHyp
saHennk1 nspannL1nnaH o1cy1c1aykuyk konc1n1yunk. cnn ne cun1a1L yskyk
npocnoky nypecknx op1opokcoa (rpe ac1peuak1cn ceHLn n c nn1napua1Lk pe1LHn),
poxpaeHoc1L a caHoH spanne y eapeek a 1,8 pasa nnxe, ueH y apa6ok. 1998 ropy
6mno sapernc1pnpoaano 18149 a6op1oa, a 1999-H - 18785. poun1aa a eapecko
npecce o 1oH, u1o nspannLckn napnaHen1 npnnnn sakon, posaonnkue
roHocekcyanLno nape xn1L nop opno qaHnnne, a 1akxe o paaannax, nonLsykunxcn
ycnyraHn npoc1n1y1ok, n nonnn, u1o eapen 6narononyuno cka1nnncL a 1y xe nHy, u1o n
eaponeum, nnonum n ronkonrum. , kc1a1n, neko1opme packpec1Lnnennme
HycynLHanckne napopm (nanpnHep, 1a1apm).
1ak, peno ne a nannunn nnn xapak1epe pennrnn, kak 6m 1oro nn xo1enocL
npnaepxenuaH 1o nnn nno aepm. ce pennrnn c1peHn1cn perynnpoaa1L ceHenme
o1nouennn, ace onn (kpoHe ca1annsHa) pak1 yc1anoakn na pe1opoxpenne, na
34
y1aepxpenne xnsnn, a ne nao6opo1. o ace onn, kaknHn 6m nn 6mnn, pec1ayk1 a
o6uec1ae nnuL po nopm po apeHenn. H s un.
coo6paxennn cnepye1 o1nec1n n na cue1 nonn1nuecko nnnnn, npeo6napakue
a c1panax, ncnm1maakunx peHorpaqnueckn ynapok. e nn6epannsH sanapnoro nnn
nnoncko-ronkonrckoro o6pasua n ne kako-nn6o ppyro nonn1nueckn c1po aepy1
napopm k ykasannoHy ynapky. onn1nueckn c1po ec1L, cornacno HonH nsnauanLnmH
noc1yna1aH, nnuL pesynL1npykuan 1o counanLno-peHorpaqnuecko cn1yaunn,
ko1opan cknapmaae1cn no o6Lek1nanmH nc1opnuecknH npnunnaH. 1po - kak n
pennrnn: a1opnuen. n cnepye1 sa couno-peHorpaqne n onpepenne1cn ek, a ne
nao6opo1. npnHepy, kann1annsH o6Lek1nano ne Hoxe1 uaec1n a qeopanLno no
c1pyk1ype nacenennn c1pane. (m a a1oH y6epnnncL na co6c1aennoH npnHepe.)
peHo-nn6epannsH nnkorpa ne aosnnkne1 a ycnoannx pa6oanapennn nnn qeopannsHa:
on oprannueckn Hoxe1 cyuec1aoaa1L 1onLko na 6ase 6ypxyasnmx Heranonncoa,
nponaranpnpykunx n paxe naansmaakunx aceH oc1anLnmH cao modus vivendi kak
ynnaepcanLnyk nopHy.
apeHn, korpa n annnn a ynapke poxpaeHoc1n ncknkun1enLno xenunny,
ko1opan, aHancnnnpoaaauncL n po6nauncL npaaa na a6op1 n kon1pauenunk, a
ycnoannx ropopa pacnoncanacL n 6mc1po n papoc1no npoHennna 1pypnyk ponL
Ha1epn ceHec1aa n xpann1enLnnum poHaunero ouara na npnn1nyk cao6opy,
yaneka1enLnme aosHoxnoc1n kapLepm, nnuno xnsnn, npoc1o dolce far niente (cnapkoe
6espenLe) n 1.p. ak 1onLko nonannacL Hepnunnckan n npaaoaan aosHoxnoc1L xn1L
cekcyanLno xnsnLk, ne poxan, xenunna 1y1 xe ek aocnonLsoaanacL. o,
npnrnnpeauncL, n saHe1nn, u1o k coapeHennoHy ropopckoHy Hyxunne 1oxe Hoxno
npepLnan1L a a1oH nnane neHano npe1ensn: nnuL ouenL neHnorne naxopn1 Hyxec1ao
asaann1L na ce6n rpys nonno o1ae1c1aennoc1n sa ceHLk, sa pe1e. onLunnc1ao
1pycnnao yknonne1cn o1 6peHenn peuenn, o1 ponn kopHnnLua n po6m1unka, oc1aannn
sa a1o xene nonnoe npaao rnaanoro am6opa: poxa1L nnn ne1. no, a1o 6onLunnc1ao
ropopcknx Hyxunn, npepnoun1ae1 aec1n pasrynLnyk xnsnL n no1aka1L caonH ace
6onee pasnoo6pasnmH xenannnH aHec1o 1oro, u1o6m noc1aan1L na napnexauee Hec1o
xeny n caHoHy ac1a1L c ne pnpoH, nneuoH k nneuy.
cansL Hexpy pepeaencknH o6pasoH xnsnn n poxpaeHoc1Lk? 1uac1n,
aosHoxno, a 1oH, u1o pnn kpec1Lnnnna pe1n - 6ypyune noHounnkn a nenerkoH
cenLckoH 1pype; ampac1an, onn c1anoan1cn ne nnunnHn p1aHn, a pa6o1nnkaHn n
po6m1unkaHn. cnnnaak1, ykpennnk1 nonoxenne ceHLn. aHeueno, u1o npn
nepecenennn a ropop pepeaenckan ceHLn a nepaoH nokonennn coxpanne1 yc1anoaky na
Hnorope1noc1L, n nnuL ao a1opoH-1pe1LeH 1epne1 ee. ropope cn1yaunn
npo1naononoxnan: ampocun pe6enok yxopn1 ns poHa, saaopn1 caok ceHLk, ne
nacnepye1, kak npaanno, npoqeccnk popn1ene n nnuero ne npnnocn1 a
o6ueceHenyk popn1enLckyk konnnky. anpo1na, kak nokasmaae1 c1a1nc1nka,
ropopckne popn1enn aecLHa ponro npoponxak1 nopkapHnnaa1L caonx pe1e. ne
c1onLko a 6ykaanLnoH, ckonLko a nepenocnoH cHmcne. cnn a pepeane na nepaoH
Hec1e a cnncke popn1enLcknx sa6o1 1papnunonno c1on1 npo6neHa epm n opexpm, 1o a
ropopax a1o eue n npo6neHa o6pasoaannn, counanLnoro c1a1yca pe1e n anykoa, nx
kynL1ypnoro pocyra, Hepnunnckoro n counanLnoro o6cnyxnaannn, cao6opnoro apeHenn
n pp. ne6ora1mx c1panax oc1peunH o6pasoH c1on1 1akxe npo6neHa xnnnnouapn.
noaoH - cnnounme c1a1Ln pacxopoa.
o aepL 1ak 6mno n a npounme aeka, u1o ne Heuano ropoxanaH saaopn1L 6oroH
nonoxennoe uncno pe1e. 1o-paec1n ne1 nasap, korpa a6op1m 6mnn sanpeuenm, a
6noxnHnn ne paaana cpepc1a pnn Haccoaoro npnHenennn kon1pauen1naoa, ropoxane
poxann 1ak xe ncnpaano, kak n cennne. oa1oHy nenLsn ckasa1L opnosnauno, u1o-pe
1onLko pepeann, koncepaa1nanan n pennrnosnan no caoe npnpope, cnoco6c1aye1
1akoHy nanennk, kak Hnorope1noc1L. opno c1oponm, koneuno, nHenno ropop
nac1ounao nerannsoaan a6op1m n kon1pauen1nam n, kak 1onLko onn c1ann sakonnmHn
35
n poc1ynnmHn, o1aepr Hnorope1noc1L kak noaepenueckyk nopHy n, nanpo1na, aosaen a
nopHy opno-payxpe1nyk ceHLk. ( 1enepL yxe n 6espe1nyk; 6onee 60% aHc1eppaHuea
npnsnanncL a nepaaneH onpoce, u1o aoo6ue ne xo1n1 o6peHenn1L ce6n pe1LHn;
opnnouec1ao npepnoun1ak1 6paky 11% panuysoa, 14% - nnpepnanpuea, 22% -
pa1uan; a enLrnn na ace 10 Hnn. xn1ene - 928.548 ceHenmx nap aoo6ue ne nHek1
pe1e.) o c ppyro c1oponm, a naun pnn n pepeaenckne xn1enn 6eno xpnc1nancko
aponm, a 1oH uncne occnn, o1kasanncL o1 Hnorope1noc1n n nepec1ann noc1aann1L
uenoaeueckn Ha1epnan a konnuec1ae, no1pe6noH pnn npoc1oro aocnponsaopc1aa
naunn. noaoH, ropop, koneuno, nepamH y6erae1 o1 Hnorope1noc1n,
ckcn c M x n, ckcn r,
yrr c.
sapaun, anpoueH, ne axopn1 aceo6LeHnkun ananns npnunn cnoxnauerocn
peHorpaqnueckoro nonoxennn; kak pe1epHnnnc1 n nonnHak, u1o cnncok npnunn n
o6Lncnenn nekoero nanennn Hoxe1 6m1L 6eckoneuen, n nk6an ns nnx nop
onpepenennmH yrnoH spennn Hoxe1 nokasa1Lcn rnaano. oa1oHy poc1a1ouno, ecnn Hm
konc1a1npyeH qak1: , mm s
un, m m m, s
m -m u, m
um, - qm .
c ne - acnkyk nepcnek1nay aoo6ue.
Hm
, naanm akon nsnn (a6m eue napoxak1) oc1ancn pnn pasan1mx c1pan
a npounoH. opasanaanncL. nuno Hne a1o kaxe1cn uypoanunmH ao acex cHmcnax n
acnek1ax, no ec1L poc1a1ounoe konnuec1ao akcnep1oa (asn1L xo1n 6m . nukoaa,
pnpek1opa nc1n1y1a a1nonornn n an1pononornn ), ko1opme ne cun1ak1 a1o ueH-1o
nnoxnH n paxe npepnarak1 naH, pyccknH, cun1a1L sa nopHy nnskyk poxpaeHoc1L y
eaponeuea.
pnako ace ne 1ak npoc1o, kak anpn1cn nexno sa6o1nueHycn o pyccknx nukoay.
akon nepaanoHepnoc1n pasan1nn, npaan1cn a1o koHy-1o nnn ne1, cyuec1aye1 n
pec1aye1. nrpae1 c eaponecknHn napopaHn ouenL pypnyk uy1ky. cnn 6m uepes
packpec1Lnnnaanne opnoapeHenno npoxopnnn ace naunn acex kon1nnen1oa, ne 6mno
6m n npo6neHm. o a1o ne 1ak. ak 1o1 unnoannk ns Hep1n apenknna, ko1opm
nopoann 6exa1L anepepn nporpecca, naunn, ko1opme npnnn1o nasmaa1L
pasan1mHn, o6ornann a caoeH nc1opnueckoH pasan1nn ppyrne napopm. pnueH
nac1onLko, u1o npenHyuec1ao amcokoro pasan1nn o6epnynocL npo1na nnx caHnx,
npeapa1nnocL a pokoao, ry6n1enLnm nepoc1a1ok. akan ao1 pnanek1nka.
onkpe1no: a pesynL1a1e akonoHnueckoro packpec1Lnnnaannn a pasan1mx c1panax
o6pasoaancn caoero popa aakyyH, o6nac1L nnskoro peHorpaqnueckoro paanennn.
ko1opyk xnmnyn no1ok nkpe ns c1pan, ne npouepunx packpec1Lnnnaannn (nn6o kak
pas ceuac npoxopnunx), no npeapa1naunxcn a cnny pasnmx o6c1on1enLc1a -
nanpnHep, cnnxennn pe1cko cHep1noc1n, ynyuuennn 6m1a - a o6nac1n amcokoro n
caepxamcokoro peHorpaqnueckoro paanennn. oncnk npknHn npnHepaHn.
aeka na pn1ancknx oc1poaax nacun1maanocL nnuL okono 500 uenoaek
aqpnkanckoro nponcxoxpennn n npnHepno c1onLko xe - aec1-nnpckoro (amxopuea ns
6pn1ancknx kononn c apn6cknx oc1poaoa, a nepayk ouepepL c Hakn). 1oro -
acero opna (!) 1mcnua uenoaek. 1o 6mnn caHme 6onLune kon1nnren1m uae1nmx
(npnnn1m a nayke 1epHnn, ne necyun ouenounoro snauennn) a ennko6pn1annn 1oro
apeHenn; konnuec1ao nnpycoa, nanknuea n neko1opmx ppyrnx napopoa 6mno naHnoro
HenLue. nnn a1n uae1nme a ocnoanoH a nop1ax: appnqqe, naepnyne, onpone.
36
nkaknx npo6neH pannm qak1 ne cospaaan. po 1opo Hnpoao aonm a1a kap1nna
npak1nueckn ne HennnacL.
1o xe cnyunnocL panLue? orpa n un1an nnxecnepykun naccax a kanpnpa1cko
pnccep1aunn nc1opnka .. onoHapeaa ae1nan nHHnrpaunn n nHHnrpaunonnan
nonn1nka ennko6pn1annn a konue 40-x - nauane 60-x rr. (., 1992), n neaonLno
coo1nocnn ero c coapeHenno occne: H M M yMmncn
. /yrM cnM, kx yx n cx
c cn kr cnn. Ck cnc c
yncn c cnn. H cc nnn yn
nxnc nr n, yn r knncn
Mnx k y. Hnx nk ycyrynnnc
nxmcn aMr. Hcn Mr rn cMnc ky
cy, r, M, n nxn x. ar nxn ck
nc n n cn - yx (c. 20).
pesynL1a1e noao nHHnrpaunonno nonn1nkn acero sa 50 ne1 opnnx 1onLko nnpo-
naknc1anuea c1ano na pn1ancknx oc1poaax - paa Hnnnnona, aec1-nnpuea - ne Henee
1oro, nerpoa - Hnnnnon. o ec1L konnuec1ao uae1nmx yaennunnocL kak HnnnHyH a nn1L
1mcnu pas. o c1a1nc1nke na opnoro pa6o1akuero uae1noro nHHnrpan1a npnxopn1cn
kak HnnnHyH paoe nxpnaenuea.
1o1 kon1nnren1 npoponxae1 pac1n, anac1n yxe ne a coc1onnnn oc1anoan1L amuepun
ns-nop kon1ponn no1ok. ecHo1pn na 1o, u1o ne6opnc1m n koncepaa1opm, ponroe
apeHn ppyxno onpaapmaaaune cao6opy nHHnrpaunn, nonnnn, nakoneu, onacnoc1L n
sa6nnn 1peaory; necHo1pn na npnnn1m 6naropapn Hyxec1ay aprape1 a1uep
orpannun1enLnm sakon o rpaxpanc1ae 1981 ropa - qak1 nannuo: sa kakne-1o nonaeka
nk cnxnc Mrc c c cM r nMM
nM (1aH xe, c. 212). aosapa1a k nsnauanLnoHy nonoxennk 1900-x rr.,
yam, ne npepanpn1cn.
pasan1ne co6m1n, 1onLko a 6onee pannne cpokn, Hm na6nkpaeH ao
panunn. ak Hm noHnnH, epaan Hnpoaan aona po6nna qpanuysckoro kpec1Lnnnna.
c1opnk .. ponknn a caoe pok1opcko pnccep1aunn pypoaan nHHnrpaunn ao
panunn a noaeuee apeHn (nea, 1981) ykasmaae1: /nn ar
k kc cnckr cnn. Mn cn Mr
cnk cn nc cn. n M yc
nc nk rn kcn q, ck cMc
M Mn. B cc yn nm n Mm c c
qyck cn a MnM (c. 46).
pnoapeHenno ao qpanuyscknx kononnnx qpnkn, a nepayk ouepepL - a nxnpe,
aosnnkna npo1naononoxnan cn1yaunn: C M -x m
nxckM cn r knc-qy cn k ykM n
Mn mrcn Mcr kcnc. Hnn nmc k
nx n ccn k . HM a Mcc yncn
cnnn c rM m cn nn kncck
Mmnc O (c. 50).
1ak, yxe packpec1Lnnennan, o6eckpoanennan panunn okasanacL a opno canske c
npoxopnunH uepes akonoHnueckoe packpec1Lnnnaanne, pas6yxunH o1 nnunnx
nkpe nxnpoH. ponsouno, 1ak ckasa1L, nanoxenne payx npoueccoa. anLneuee
ne1pypno yrapa1L.
ropm epao Hnpoao aonm ao panunk na pa6o1m npn6mno 78.556 anxnpuea,
42.840 nnpokn1auea, 35.506 Hapokkanuea, 18.248 1ynncuea, 3.590 HanLraue,
37
35.109 kn1auea. o6ue cnoxnoc1n kononnanLnme n saancnHme c1panm noc1aannn
panunn 220 1mc. uenoaek (1aH xe, c. 57).
ak 6mno nonoxeno nauano Haccoao uae1no nHHnrpaunn. nornx ns nHHnrpan1oa
a1o nepao aonnm anocnepc1ann, korpa uy1L cnana no1pe6noc1L a pa6ounx pykax,
nacnnLno penop1npoaann ns panunn. o - yam, ns6aan1Lcn o1 aosnnkue
saancnHoc1n okasanocL neaosHoxno, nockonLky ace nopopnaune ee qak1opm oc1anncL
n npoponxann pa6o1a1L. xe a 1921 ropy aaosn1L pa6ouyk cnny npnunocL anoaL, n a
ropaspo 6onLueH o6LeHe: 1.532 1mc. uenoaek (ne 1onLko uae1nmx). panee - pecn1L
ne1 nHHnrpaunonnoro 6yHa, a pesynL1a1e uero panunn amuna no nHnop1y pa6oue
cnnm na nepaoe Hec1o a apone n na a1opoe, nocne , a Hnpe.
ocne 1opo Hnpoao aonm peHorpaqnueckan cn1yaunn y qpanuysoa ne c1ana
nyuue. 1968 ropy a c1pane npoxnaano 619 1mc. apa6oa, 215 1mc. xn1ene
n1nnLcknx oc1poaoa, ap1nnnkn, eknLona. o1oH nounn ao ace aospac1akueH
konnuec1ae 1ypkn n nerpm. osapaua1Lcn ns npekpacno panunn na popnny, a
o6c1anoaky ckyuennoc1n n nnue1m, nnk1o ns nnx ne xo1en. ce nHHnrpan1m a
HaccoaoH nopnpke c1ann 1pe6oaa1L n nonyua1L qpanuysckoe rpaxpanc1ao. 1966
ropa na1ypannsaunn nouna no 40 1mc. uenoaek a rop. expy 1eH, y acex roc1e
o1HeuanacL amcokan poxpaeHoc1L.
pnnaHnke poc1a uncna nHHnrpan1oa ao panunn pak1 npepc1aanenne 1akne qak1m.
1851 ropy acex nHHnrpan1oa (1orpa, a ocnoanoH, eaponeuea) nacun1maanocL 379
1mc. uenoaek, a a 1972 ropy - 3444,2 1mc. uenoaek, a ocnoanoH uae1nmx. o ec1L sa
c1o paapua1L ne1 npnHepno pecn1nkpa1nm poc1. o a 1976 ropy nx c1ano yxe 4.196
1mc. (poc1 na 20%), a a nauane 1978 ropa 4.373 1mc. uenoaek - poc1 na 25% acero sa
uec1L ne1!
ueHy aeno ace a1o ao any1pnnonn1nueckoH acnek1e? ponknn pesynL1npye1:
Cnn kcqn, kmn Mcc qy, rnM M
akcnyck cnn n M c k kr
yncn, c k nxM (c. 218).
1973 ropy acnmxnynn nepame pacoame c1onknoaennn a apcene, ao apeHn ko1opmx
6mnn y6n1m 8 anxnpcknx nHHnrpan1oa. paan1enLc1ao, a nyuunx 1papnunnx
xpnc1nanckoro ryHannsHa, npepano, pasyHee1cn, cao napop n ac1ano na c1opony
noamx rpaxpan. ak a1o nponsouno eue panLue a ennko6pn1annn, a po 1oro - a
. pnako pacoaoro Hnpa npaan1enLc1aa-npepa1enn ce6e a1nH ne kynnnn, a nnuL
yckopnnn nnepunk ampoxpennn aa1ox1onnmx napopoa. esynL1a1oH kann1ynnunn c1an
6ypnm, neykpo1nHm poc1 uae1noro nacenennn rpaxpan panunn[3]. (s nnunmx
aneua1nenn: korpa n noknpan ranepek o1p-aH, a1o coaepuenneuee aonnouenne
pyxa eaponeckoro cpepneaekoaLn, paepL sa Hno sakpmaan apa6.)
pouno ne 1ak yx Hnoro apeHenn - acero 20 ne1 nocne HapcenLckoro y6nc1aa
anxnpuea, n a 1995 ropy a apnxe n no ace panunn sarpeHenn aspmam,
nopro1oanennme ncnaHcknHn 1eppopnc1aHn. oH6m aspmaanncL a He1po, na pmnkax, y
ukon; 1onLko norn6unx 6mno 6onee pecn1ka uenoaek. paan1enLc1ao amnyxpeno
6mno cospa1L cneunanLnyk an1n1eppopnc1nueckyk nporpaHHy nxnnnpa1.
1oH xe nanpaanennn, u1o n panunn, npy1 n ppyrne c1panm 6eno aponm.
anpnHep, epHannn, rpe Hm na6nkpaeH opnnx 1onLko 1ypok 6onLue 2 Hnn. (a 1968 r.
nx 6mno 205 1mc.), a aepL ec1L eue pyHmnm, aenrpm, umrane, eapen, krocnaam - a
o6ue cnoxnoc1n 6onee 7 Hnn. nHHnrpan1oa. aeuapnn sa 20 ne1 (1950-1970) 1pn
ue1aep1n npnpoc1a sann1oro nacenennn pann nHHnrpan1m n nnuL ue1aep1L - kopennoe
nacenenne. aano c1ann nn1epnaunonanLnmHn Hc1eppaH, aara, pkccenL, ppyrne
ropopa onnanpnn n enLrnn.
38
, apona c1peHn1enLno Henne1 cao pacoam o6nnk, pacoaoe copepxanne
caoe kynL1ypm n unannnsaunn. pouecc unpn1cn. nn 1ex, k1o anpn1 a apone nnuL
reorpaqnueckyk nnn nonn1akonoHnueckyk pannoc1L, a a1oH ne1 nnuero c1paunoro. o
pnn nc1opnka, counonora, kynL1yponora, a1nononn1nka q
q, ne yc1ynakue no 1parnueckoHy Hacu1a6y rn6enn
1nan1npm.
.a eaponeckoH kon1nnen1e ec1L Hnpoaoro snauennn snoaeun cnHaon nopo6no
ka1ac1poqm: a1o opno ns uypec cae1a - xpaH can1o oqnn peHyppoc1n oxne a
onc1an1nnonone, nepepenannm a rnaanyk Heue1L 1aH6yna. oaepuenc1ao qopHm,
nacnnLno nanonnennoe uyxpmH copepxanneH. aHn1nnk kynL1ypm? a, necoHnenno.
o kako: xpnc1nancko? HycynLHancko? o6ue? Le: rpeko-ansan1ncko?
1kpkcko? nnuLe? uLe yropno? npoc1o uenoaeuecko?
e1, nepep naHn - aonnouennoe nepopasyHenne, kaHennm okckHopon (1nna
xapenm nep). ouync1aennoe nsapauenne rpanpnosno 1aopuecko npen,
apoxnoannaue nekorpa aennuaunx apxn1ek1opoa n xypoxnnkoa anoxn. peno
specL ne c1onLko a 1oH, u1o nacnnne sac1aanno coue1a1Lcn pae necoue1aeHme
kynL1ypm, pae apaxpe6nme pennrnn (nx ace paano coue1a1L ne ypanocL). peno a
1oH, u1o naHn1nnk kynL1ypm n pennrnn npeapa1nncn nHenno n m
m .
opo6nan yuac1L oxnpae1 1enepL aecL eaponeckn Hnp?
B
K naunnH ceropnn pan ynnkanLnm, epnnc1aennm a nc1opnn
uenoaeuec1aa cuac1nnam uanc: npoaec1n caoe packpec1Lnnnaanne sa cue1 Haccoaoro
sacenennn, sacenaannn pasan1mx c1pan 6eno pacm caonH ceHeneH, aHec1o 1oro,
u1o6m cxnra1L a1o ceHn a 1onke aon n peaonkun. Henno a1o sacenaanne
pasanaakunecn naunn n coaepuak1 caHmH ak1nanmH o6pasoH, amnnxnaan Hnnnnonm
caonx epnnokpoanmx na noank cuac1Ln a apony n Hepnky. nn c1peHn1cn
ncnonLsoaa1L cao uanc HakcnHanLno, pa6m c6epeuL cao renoqonp. 6eperan cao
renoqonp, onn, ec1ec1aenno, ne uapn1 nau.
kauec1ae npeonornueckoro npnkpm1nn pannm npouecc ncnonLsye1 caoero popa
am6opounm ryHannsH - a o1nouennn ne pasan1mx, a nHenno n 1onLko nepasan1mx
napopoa. (1o kaasnnayuno nHenye1cn nosn1nano pnckpnHnnaune.) 1akxe
npeonornk rno6annsHa, kocHononn1nsHa n npaa uenoaeka.
aponeum caonHn packpec1LnnennmHn kpec1LnnaHn (qnn6yc1LepaHn, 6ykanLepaHn,
oxo1nnkaHn na pa6oa, konknc1apopaHn n npounHn nnpa1aHn) naaopnnn nekorpa yxac
na uenm cae1. qpo-asna1ckn n na1nnoaHepnkanckn nHnepnannsH noka u1o
nocn1 Hnpnm xapak1ep. ae1no Hnp aennkopyuno ne aospae1 6enoHy no 6mnmH
sacnyraH. pouecc saaoeaannn 6enoro Hnpa, rno6anLnan pekonknc1a, npo1ekae1,
a napyuenne 1mcnuene1nnx 1papnun, 6es aoopyxenno 6opL6m. aponeum
6essayuno, ne conpo1nannncL, 1epnn1 nauec1ane na cao poH, kak c1nxnnoe
6epc1ane, kak nane1 capanun. Hepnkanum panLnoanpno nornnpmaak1, kypa 6m cnoaa
aHnrpnpoaa1L, ne a occnk nn (en1aron nepaano npoaen u1a6nme yuennn no saun1e
caoe n6npn o1 n1an).
o 1nunna, n yaepen, o6Hanunaa. cnn 6enme appyr nonm1ak1cn aosHy1n1Lcn a1o
nonsyue okkynaune, aspyHak1 conpo1nann1Lcn - xpynkn pacoam, naunonanLnm n
a1nokonqeccnonanLnm Hnp HoHen1anLno pyxne1, n o1kpoe1cn kpoaaaan 6espna[4].
(ak ona yxe o1kpmnacL a ocoao, rpe pacnnopnaunecn an6anum anonne sakonoHepno
39
amunc1nnn ns ceppua ep6nn cnnsnaunx poxpaeHoc1L cep6oa, aspyHaaunx 6mno
aocc1anoan1L nc1opnueckn c1a1yc-kao. ocoao - ne ec1L nenoa1opnHm nonn1nueckn
ynnkyH, nanpo1na, a1o n u pasan1nn co6m1n.) 1orpa nnpo-
naknc1anum npnnoHnn1 anrnnuanaH 6ecnpeuepen1noe no xec1okoc1n nopaanenne
cnnacknx aocc1ann, kn1aum anrnnuanaH n qpanuysaH - onnyHnme aonm, 1ypkn
neHuaH - aekoayk aony cHancko n ac1pncko nHnepn n 1.p., n 1.n.
ne coHneaa1Lcn: q- m
m . o 1oHy caHoHy nenpenoxnoHy
nc1opnueckoHy sakony, no ko1opoHy na acnkn xn1pm nH o6nsa1enLno nape1cn
cao rynn c ann1oH. aponeum a1o nonnHak1 ny1poH n ukypo; no a1n 1pycnname
yHnnkn yxe 6eccnnLnm conpo1nann1Lcn n noa1oHy npnnnHak1 Hexpynapopnme nak1m
(a ko1opme a1nnynn - eue npn osmpeae - saHoppoaannyk enLunncknH pexnHoH
occnk), perynnpykune Hnrpaunk 6eckonqnnk1no, a uenoH - a nonLsy Hnrpan1oa.
paa nauaa nrpy, a1n nHno1en1m yxe kann1ynnpoaann.
a c1opone aqpo-asna1oa n na1nnocoa a apone n Hepnke caHmH ak1nanmH o6pasoH
nrpak1 eapen, ynopno po6naancL, uepes nnc1n1y1m npaaa n , u1o6m ace
rocypapc1aoo6pasykune a1nocm y1pa1nnn ponL xosnea caonx co6c1aennmx c1pan,
pac1aopnnncL a nnonaunonanLnmx corpaxpanax. Hy1no aope kocHononncoa, rpe
n ne pas6epeuL, k1o xosnnn, a k1o roc1L, ypo6no noan1L pm6ky amropm n
6narononyunn. po6no caHoHy c1a1L nesaHe1no xosnnnoH. rpan na c1onknoaennn
uyxnx nn1epecoa, ypo6no paspenn1L n anac1aoaa1L. kpennn1L caok anac1L nap
HnpoH. naanmHn npeonoraHn paanonpaann, naunonanLno, pacoao n pennrnosno
1onepan1noc1n, cao6opm Hnrpaunn, rno6annsHa n kocHononn1nsHa aespe n acerpa
(kpoHe spannn, pasyHee1cn) nannk1cn nHenno eapen. akoam 6ecnpnc1pac1nme
qak1m, o konx - nnxe.
acoam Hnp, a koeH norpnsna apona, - ne o1 xopoue xnsnn eaponeuea. n pnn
nnx - n, nM nx kM ycnM,
nM, yckM. po1naopeuauee nx naunonanLnoHy pyxy, nx annueckoHy
nacnepnk, cnoaoH - aceH ocnoaaH nx naunonanLno npen1nunoc1n, kopennuecn a
nc1opnn. o ceropnn paccna6nennme n ampopnaunecn, nsHennaune ce6e eaponeum,
ko1opmH npoc1o yxe nekoro nocna1L yHnpa1L na nonnx cpaxenn, nonnm 6eccnnLnoro
c1paxa. T n un,
m, m q.
1o1 c1pax ouenL saHe1en a noacepneano xnsnn. napnxckoH He1po (yxe ec1L
nnnnn, rpe - n cneunanLno cun1an - uae1nmx apaoe-a1poe 6onLue, ueH 6enmx) nerpm
pepxa1cn aeceno, packoaanno, nesaancnHo n yaepenno: onn - saaoeaa1enn, onn
ampaann y cypL6m n aponm cao uanc, nokopnnn cnapuaun apnx. yc1L
ne6ora1me, onn cuac1nnam cosnanneH nnuno n pacoao nepcnek1nam: y nnx ec1L
6ypyuee. ao1 qpanuysm, c1on nnn cnpn pnpoH c nerpaHn nnn apa6aHn, xpann1 na
qnsnonoHnnx ckop6no-saHkny1oe n nepoyHenno-kncnoe ampaxenne: a u1o? oueHy?
1o c naHn 6ype1 panLue? ak xe a1o appyr nonyunnocL, u1o Hm a co6c1aenno
npekpacno c1pane, cospanno pykaHn naunx npepkoa, - nepec1aeH 6m1L
xosneaaHn? cnxonorn nasmaak1 1akoe coc1onnne qpyc1paune. panuysm
no1epnnn nnuo, no a 6onLunnc1ae caoeH paxe ne conpo1nannk1cn[5]. nn, Hoxe1, n
xo1enn 6m, no ne cHek1 noppepxa1L a ponxno Hepe e ena. o1oHy u1o e en -
a1o ackanaunn konqnnk1a. onn ceropnn 6on1cn konqnnk1oaa1L n aoeaa1L, n6o aonm
aepy1cn nnuL no1oHy n noc1onLky, nockonLky ec1L aoeaa1L.
aponeuaH n aHepnkanuaH aoeaa1L ceropnn paano yxe nekeH: pepeann ncuepnana,
pekpy1m a peqnun1e, na naeHnmx aonnoa-npoqeccnonanoa nonara1Lcn nenLsn
nnkorpa. oa1oHy na1oaum (cnnonnH 6enmx eapo-aHepnkanuea) npepnoun1ak1 nnuL
nspann ncnonLsoaa1L amcoko1ounoe opyxne. nn pasrpoHnnn aoennme 6asm appaHa
ycena, no nocna1L a pak okkynaunonnm kopnyc m[6]. nn pasrpoHnnn ne
40
1onLko aoennme, no n npoHmunennme 6asm nnoueanua, no nocna1L a ep6nk
okkynaunonnm kopnyc 1oxe m. nn nocHenn nocna1L Hnpo1aopueckn
kopnyc a oHann, no nocne nepao xe pesnn, o6ouepuecn nH cr nm 200
x, ynene1nynn o11ypa 6es ornnpkn.
o cnpaunaae1cn: Hoxno nn (n kak?) ncnonLsoaa1L amcoko1ounoe opyxne a caoe
co6c1aenno c1pane, a caoeH co6c1aennoH ropope, rpe a 1pancnop1e, na ynnuax c1on1
6ok o 6ok cao n uyxo?
eropnn eaponeum npoc1o nopnnnn pykn n 6es 6on cpann ace nacnepne npepkoa, ack
pockouL, 6neck, aennkonenne, koHqop1 - canpe1enLc1ao Houn pyxa, yHa n an1anLnmx
cnn pacm - napopaH, ko1opme naneu o naneu ne ypapnnn pnn cospannn a1oro
aennkonennn. aponeum n 6enme aHepnkanum ceropnn cnoco6nm 1onLko
kann1ynnpoaa1L. nn nc1ouak1 sanax cna6oc1n n 1pycoc1n - sanax saa1paunero
1pyna. nn cHnpnk1cn c cospaaunHcn nonoxenneH, npncnoca6nnaak1cn k neHy.
Hepnkanckn npoqeccop on yp1u ns Lk-Hopka nnue1, cyHHnpyn yHonac1poenne
caonx 6enmx coo1euec1aennnkoa: HM nnncn rx
cr Mr cc. FyMcckn Mccn kncn c M
n cM, nM, ackM n nrM
kM, kM nk c nck nc
ccn qk nxc k ncy (1991). akoaa
coapeHennan rno6annc1ckan napapnrHa apnua-kann1ynnn1a, um
mn u mm
.
n1an a1n amcocannme ns neHounoro nanLua paccyxpennn o noao ryHannc1nuecko
Hnccnn neaonLno acnoHnnaeuL aennkoro Hmcnn1enn ckapa anLpa: yHannsH
npo1naoec1ec1aenen, n6o noHorae1 amxn1L nnu1oxneunH. pononnn1L ero:
amxn1L nnu1oxneunH sa cue1 poc1oneunx.
eaponeckyk kynL1ypy, spnHo Hennkuyk anapenLua, n ckop6nk o napennn
apnxa n onpona, no Hne ne xanL eaponeuea: kann1ynnpoaaa, onn sacnyxnnn caok
cypL6y. yaaxak n nk6nk 1y panunk, ko1opan cospaaana caoe 6ecnopo6noe
nacnepne, no ne Hory yaaxa1L n nk6n1L 1y panunk, u1o ceropnn npepae1 caHoe ce6n
aHec1e c nacnepneH.
eH ace a1o konun1cn? u1o ao aceH a1oH c1paunoro? osHoxno, apona aosLHe1 na
aoopyxenne aHepnkanckyk konuenunk nnaannLnoro ko1na, npnHe1 aHepnkanckn
onm1 sa o6paseu - n ace 6ype1 xopouo?
nm1 caHo Hepnkn roaopn1: nnuero xopouero ne 6ype1. naannLnm ko1en paano
nonnyn 1eope1nueckn n npak1nueckn, n am6pouen na noHoky nepepoao
aHepnkancko o6uec1aenno HmcnLk.
K u
s
ne nncan noka o , rpe pacoaan npo6neHa - neo1LeHneHan uac1L
ace nc1opnn c1panm. apone a1o ne 1ak, noa1oHy ace oc1pme yrnm naHnoro
pesue, oc1pee, saHe1nee. naH, pyccknH, - aanpy 1oro, u1o Hm npeH no c1onaH
eaponecknx napopoa - nx cn1yaunn 6nnxe n nonn1nee, ueH aHepnkanckan. aH nerue
npnHepn1L ee na ce6n, u1o6m npnnn1L nnn o1aeprny1L. Hepnkanum, pasyHee1cn,
41
nm1ak1cn naansmaa1L eaponeuaH (n ace nac1ounaee) nekoe anpenne npo6neHm.
aHn, Hexpy 1eH, yxe naunnak1 ncnoaepoaa1L neu1o coaceH nnoe[7].
o paaa1e anauane cnpocnH ce6n: u1o 1akoe aHepnkanckan naunn?
n1npoaannm amue aHepnkanckn npoqeccop yp1u c sakonoHepno nerkoc1Lk
Hoxe1 peknaHnpoaa1L uennoc1n rno6annsHa n nponoaepoaa1L o1kas o1 npnnunna
naunonanLnoc1n. n caH nnn ero npepkn a1o paano yxe cpenann, nepeuarnynn a1o1
nopor. epL s - , u mu
, u1o paneko ne opno n 1o xe.
H nHHnrpan1, npn6maun a caoe apeHn a , o1pnxnyn nekorpa co caonx nor
npax caoe popnnm, o1kypa 6m on nn npn6mn; o6pesan nynoanny, coepnnnauyk ero c
popoH-nneHeneH. cnn n nasmaa1L aHepnkanuea naune, 1o cnepye1 y1ounn1L: s
n , naunn naanoa, ne noHnnunx popc1aa. epapoH y aHepnkanuea
npnnn1o roaopn1L o ce6e 1onLko a nac1onueH, a nyuue - a 6ypyueH apeHenn.
pounoe - necyuec1aenno. cnn xe paccyxpa1L ne o nnuno, a o naunonanLno
(aepnee: rocypapc1aenno) nc1opnn , 1o ona, ao-nepamx, nac1onLko eue kopo1ka,
u1o ne nosaonne1 pena1L amaopm n o6o6uennn, a ao-a1opmx - coaepuenno no-pasnoHy
un1ae1cn rnasaHn, ckaxeH, nerpa, eapen nnn anrno-cakca.
(Hec1no saHe1n1L specL a cko6kax, u1o nockonLky aecoHme uac1n aHepnkanckoro
o6uec1aa nHek1 pasnnunoe cyxpenne o co6c1aennoH npounoH, nac1onueH n 6ypyueH,
onn apnp nn ropn1cn a kauec1ae akcnep1oa, ouennaakunx nac1onuee, npounoe n
6ypyuee naun, a neckonLko pas c1apue nx caHnx.)
Hepnke ace - npnuenLum, kpoHe nnpeuea, no nx-1o na ce cue1 aoo6ue nnk1o ne
cnpaunaae1. ce a opnnakoaoH nonoxennn. pesnpen1 xon ennepn a 1958 ropy 1ak
n cqopHynnpoaan: naunn nHHnrpan1oa. aHepnkancknx nerpoa, na1nnocoa, eapeea
nnn kn1auea c1onLko xe HopanLnmx npaa cun1a1L Hepnky - opnno, ckonLko y
anrno-cakcoa, neHuea, npnanpuea, ykpannuea, pyccknx n 1.p. axpm aHepnkaneu,
kako 6m naunonanLnoc1n nnn pacm on nn 6mn, nHee1 paanoe npaao, ne 1onLko c
kpnpnuecko, no n c HopanLno 1oukn spennn, peua1L cypL6y oepnnennmx 1a1oa
1ak, kak on cun1ae1 nyxnmH. 1o cnpaaepnnao. ( nerpoa 1akoe npaao, 6m1L Hoxe1,
no6onLue, ueH y ppyrnx, nockonLky nx npepkoa saaesnn ckpa npo1na nx aonn.)
o npo6neHa - ne 1onLko a a1oH. 1num opnoro nepa nepapoH cne1ak1cn a opny c1ak.
osspennn opnoro uenoaeka nerko c1anoan1cn aosspennnHn Hnnnnonoa, ecnn a1n
Hnnnnonm cnannm knaccoao nnn naunonanLno o6unoc1Lk, connpapnoc1Lk. 1orpa
cypL6a c1panm c1anoan1cn sanoxnnue nn1epecoa 1oro knacca nnn napopa, ko1opm a
pannm HoHen1 cnnLne, cnnouenne, arpeccnane.
An n - u q, 1ako xe, kaknH 6mn a caoe apeHn
npecnoay1m coae1ckn napop - noaan nc1opnueckan o6unoc1L nkpe. op
ampaxenneH aHepnkanckan naunn, ko1opoe nnorpa eue ac1peuae1cn a nn1epa1ype,
cnepye1 nonnHa1L npoc1o nenpounm, neyc1ounam konrnoHepa1 naunonanLnoc1e, a
ko1opoH, c 1ex nop, kak on cyuec1aye1, 6opk1cn pae 1enpenunn.
Hn - xnn, a nHenno 1a, u1o ampasnn yp1u: o16pocn1L naunonanLnoc1L
n o6Lepnnn1Lcn nop snaHeneH a6c1pak1noro ryHannsHa a nekoe
o6ueuenoaeunoc1n. (1panno 1onLko, u1o yp1u, amc1ynan kak apen1 nayunoro
Hnpoaosspennn npo1na Hnpoaosspennn pennrnosnoro, a pannoH cnyuae onnpae1cn na
pennrnosnm no cy1n noc1yna1 o ryHannsHe, ko1opm nnaue kak na aepy npnnn1L
neaosHoxno.) 1a 1enpenunn rocnopc1aoaana c konua 1940-x n po 1980-x rr., yp1u
nopxaa1nn ee, 1ak ckasa1L, na nsne1e. na ceropnn o1paxae1 nnuL nosnunk
neko1opo uac1n 6enmx aHepnkanuea, ue ypenLnm aec a o6uec1ae neyknonno
napae1 n ue c1pax sa 6ypyuee sac1aanne1 sapanee ncka1L cnoco6 koncepaaunn
42
Hnpnoro cocyuec1aoaannn. epL npnpoc1 y 6enmx (cun1an nHHnrpan1oa) -
Hnnycoao, cpepnn pe1opopnm aospac1 30-35 ne1, 6epeHennoc1L a a1o cansn ace
uaue nponsaopn1cn nckycc1aennmH ny1eH. aennuenne uncnennoc1n nacenennn npe1
sa cue1 nerpoa, kn1auea, na1nnocoa. a1nx ycnoannx noneaone npnHeuL pok1pnny
o1a eononLpa: e6n1a, paaa1e xn1L ppyxno! onLko sayua1 a1n cnoaa ne
c1pornH npepynpexpenneH cnnLnoro, a ynnxenno, xano6no npocL6o cna6oro.
annan konuenunn ceropnn 6onLue paccun1ana na akcnop1, caHn aHepnkanum a nee
yxe aepn1 Hano.
osnnkuan na 6ase ykasanno amue counopnnaHnkn n na6npakuan cnny n
n aepe1 k rny6okoHy pasHexeaannk ne 1onLko pac, no n naunonanLnoc1e
any1pn aHepnkanckoro o6uec1aa, k paccnoennk 1o naunonanLno asaecn, u1o
aosnnkna 6mno a xaanenoH aHepnkanckoH nnaannLnoH ko1ne. eropnn noame
nHHnrpan1m, uyac1ayn a1y xnm 1enpenunk, yxe ne c1peHn1cn kak Hoxno
ckopee oanape1L anrnncknH nsmkoH n ann1Lcn, nn1erpnpoaa1Lcn a 1.n. aHepnkanckoe
o6uec1ao, a npepnoun1ak1 cenn1Lcn koHnak1no n xn1L o1naxenno xnsnLk caonx
naunonanLnmx o6unn, roaopn na naunonanLnmx nsmkax n npnpepxnaancL
naunonanLnmx 1papnun n o6pasa xnsnn. 1penLno pepxa1cn yxe ne 1onLko
pasnoo6pasnme uae1nme napopm, no n pycckne, nonnkn, eapen, ykpannum.
ny1pennero epnnc1aa naunn, 1o ec1L aHepnkanckoro o6uec1aa kak 1akoaoro,
ecnn n ponyc1n1L, u1o ono 6mno, yxe ne1 a noHnne. (pyuenne , a c nnH - o6pasa
apara, cnnaunaakuero naunk, 1onLko yckopnno pacnap onoro o6uec1aa.)
npecnoay1oH qanLunaoH epnnc1ae ace paano pasouapoaanncL, k neHy c1peHn1cn
nnuL nonn1nkn, no ne Haccm.
naannLnm ko1en paano amka1nncn ns kpyra a6conk1nmx npenmx uennoc1e. e a
Hope HexnaunonanLnme, a yx 1eH 6onee - Hexpacoame 6pakn. pepc1aan1enn
uae1nmx napopoa o1ue1nnao c1peHn1cn ne 1onLko k ykpennennk co6c1aennoro
pacoaoro cosnannn, pacoao npen1nunoc1n, no n k nepenocy a1o npen1nunoc1n a
rocypapc1aennm qopHa1. nn uyac1ayk1: sa nnHn 6ypyuee. nn uyk1 sanax
ne6maano a nc1opnn po6mun, npepakyuak1 necnmxannm penex nacnepc1aa,
ypepxnaa1L ko1opoe y 6enmx, y anrno-cakcoa ckopo ne c1ane1 cnn. ae1nmx ne
oc1anaannaae1 nn c1pax rpaxpancko aonm, nn c1pax nepep sakonoH. x Hnoro, onn
xnay1 poeao xnsnLk n ne 6on1cn yHnpa1L. pnako 1pe6yk1 o1Henm cHep1no kasnn,
n6o nepapoH 6onee 80% saknkuennmx a aHepnkancknx 1kpLHax - nerpm. oame
rynnm xpy1 1onLko, korpa noua1ne1cn e1aep1m nH, no xpy1 ne naccnano.
H a Hepnke npe1 noacepneanan 1nxan xonopnan rpaxpanckan
aona na pacoao n naunonanLno nouae. ne ne pacckasmaak1 onnnayp n , no
ona ne npekpauae1cn nn na opnn penL. 1ckpa - aosnnknoaenne, ckaxeH,
arpeccnano 1eopnn uepnoro pacnsHa, pacnpoc1panenne yuennn o npeaocxopc1ae
uepno pacm (nerpn1kp), nonynnpnoc1L nosynra Black power! (nac1L -
uepnmH!), poc1 annnnnn n ak1nanoc1n 1aknx panxenn, kak aunn ncnaHa (uepnme
HycynLHane ao rnaae c .appaxanoH) nnn epnme eapen (nx noc1yna1 rnacn1:
nac1onun ns6pannm oroH napop - a1o o1nkpL ne npnrpesnaunecn yp1uy
rpaxpane Hnpoaoro coo6uec1aa, a nHenno n 1onLko nerpm) n 1.p.
onn1nueckoe panxenne uepnmx na6npae1 HouL c kaxpmH pecn1nne1neH. ocne 1oro,
kak a 1957 ropy npesnpen1 senxayap coaepunn pokoayk oun6ky, nanpaana pae
1mcnun napauk1nc1oa a ropopnuko n11n-ok, u1o6m saun1n1L npaao uepnmx pe1e
xopn1L a ukony aHec1e c 6enmHn, na nerpoa npoc1o ne c1ano nnkakoro ypepxy, a
6enme, npepannme caonH ryHannmH npaan1enLc1aoH, ncnxonornueckn cnoHanncL n
no1epnnn aonk n cnoco6noc1L k ak1nanoHy conpo1nanennk.
1963 ropy nerpm nauann cepnk noxopoa cao6opm. 1euenne ropa no c1pane
npoka1nnocL 2 1mcnun peHonc1paun, aenuoH ko1opmx nanncn nepam a nc1opnn
noxop na aunnr1on, a ko1opoH npnnnnn yuac1ne 250 1mc. uenoaek. cnepykueH
43
ropy ocHeneaune uepnme pounn po aoopyxennmx c1onknoaenn, yupepnnn
1eppopnc1nueckyk oprannsaunk epnme nan1epm. 1965 ropy paspasnnncL
kpoaaame co6m1nn a oc-nxenece, nkaro[8], pesynL1a1oH uero c1an sakon o npaae
na ronocoaanne. ( n1ore yxe k 1974 ropy a aHepnkancknx ropopax nacun1maanocL
108 nerpoa-Hapoa.)
r y rxck , Mk n x
nM nn nm [9].
1966 r. no npoka1nnncL 43 nerpn1nncknx aonnennn, a 1oH uncne 21 6yn1.
1967 - yxe okono 165 6yn1oa, a 1oH uncne 75 kpynnmx. Henno 1orpa ns yc1
nerpn1nnckoro nnpepa . apHakna ampaancn nosynr aeka: Black power!.
as o1c1ynna, 6enme aHepnkanum nauann 1o1anLnyk n neo6pa1nHyk kann1ynnunk. o
npepena uepnmH yc1peHnennnH onn a1nH ne noc1aannn, pacoaoro Hnpa ce6e ne
am1oproaann. eccnnLnmH ko1aH neononLpaH Hnpa nnk1o ne nopapn1.
ckanaunn pacoaoro konqnnk1a a 1980-90-e rr. o1ue1nnao nponanne1cn a 1aknx,
nanpnHep, nanennnx, kak kpoaaame 6yn1m nerpoa a aaHn, enneccn, nopnpe npn
erane (acero a nn1n ropopax), kak Hapu Hnnnnona uepnmx Hyxunn na aunnr1on
nnn nporpeHeauee na ack c1pany peno nHncona, korpa nerp, y6naun caok 6enyk
xeny, 6mn anarnyk onpaapan uepnmHn npncnxnmHn a cype.
eropnn 62,2% uepnoro nacenennn aunnr1ona n Lk-eaena sanannn a onpocax,
u1o noppepxann 6m nonn1nueckyk nap1nk uepnmx[10]. pn a1oH aHepnkanckne
nerpm-nonn1nkn aennkonenno nonnHak1 snauenne pacoaoro epnnc1aa, pacoao
connpapnoc1n, noc1onnno n uenenanpaanenno aepy1 noppepxky nerpoa K,
osaH6nka, nronm, c1poaoa enenoro mca, nH6a6ae, aHn6nn n 1.p.
o caHoe npkoe nponanenne pacoao arpeccnn aHepnkancknx nerpoa coc1on1 ne a
nonn1nuecknx Heponpnn1nnx n 6yn1ax, a a 1oH, u1o onn npoponxak1 ak1nano
nnopn1Lcn. cnn a 1960-e rr. onn coc1aannnn acero 10% nacenennn, 1o ceropnn yxe
20%. a1o necHo1pn na 1o, u1o xnay1 xyxe 6enmx n ne a pepeannx (nerpn1nnckoe
qepHepc1ao paano n ocnoaa1enLno paspyueno, nekonkypen1ocnoco6no), a a ropopax.
x anonne yc1panaae1 napasn1nueckn (6naropapn counanLnmH nporpaHHaH) o6pas
xnsnn nkHnena. epL, ckaxeH, 1onLko papn 1oro, u1o6m uepnme pe1n xopnnn a ukony,
nx popn1ennH nna1n1 neHanme noco6nn! 1uero xe ne poxa1L a 1aknx ycnoannx?
c1opnk .. aunnno a pnccep1aunn aunonanLnan accounaunn copec1ann
nporpeccy uae1noro nacenennn () n ee ponL a nerpn1nnckoH panxennn a
nocneaoennm nepnop (., 1983) npnaopn1 nn1epecnme pannme. kasmaae1cn, c
1910 ropa a c1pane pec1aye1 aunonanLnan ropopckan nnra, sann1an 1eH, u1o
noHorae1 nerpaH nepecenn1Lcn a ropop. cnn a 1o apeHn nnuL 10,4% acex
aHepnkancknx nerpoa xnnn a eaepno Hepnke, 1o yxe a 1960 r. nx c1ano 34,4%.
a 1oH xe ropy yxe nnuL 25% nerpoa Kra Hepnkn xnnn a cene. panLneueH a1a
1enpenunn pocna. cnonnn1enLnm cekpe1apL . nnknnc, amc1ynan a cena1e
a non6pe 1966 r., aepno peskHnpoaan: o, u1o Hm nasmaaeH nerpn1nncko
npo6neHo, copepxn1 a ce6e rnran1ckyk npo6neHy yp6annsaunn. aunnno 1akxe
nn1epnpe1npye1 pannm qak1 anonne opnosnauno: pnnH ns aaxneunx qak1opoa,
noc1aanaunx nerpn1nnckn aonpoc a paspnp oc1peunx any1pnnonn1nuecknx npo6neH,
nannacL Haccoaan Hnrpaunn nerpn1nnckoro nacenennn ns cenLcknx paonoa Kra
c1panm a ropopa eaepa (c. 36). [..H. 4 r
q-r x RB HEHmM 50 - 60- Qm
XX ., M 2003]
44
H nn u , .
erpn1nnckan npo6neHa - aaxneuan, no ne epnnc1aennan pnn pacoao nonn1nkn
. 6o ec1L n ppyrne napopm n pacm, npe1enpykune na caok ponk aHepnkanckoro
nnpora (american pie). eropnn, korpa yxacnm yxe ne Hoxe1 noHeua1L ero
penn1L, nac1ynae1 nn1epecnm HoHen1.
cero sa nocnepnne 150 ne1, 1o ec1L nocne rpaxpancko aonm 1861-1865 rr., a
Hepnky nepecennnocL camue 50 Hnn. uenoaek, ko1opme sa1eH npoponxann ak1nano
pasHnoxa1Lcn a o1nocn1enLno 1ennnunmx ycnoannx (Hepnka ace a1n ropm ne aoeaana
na caoe 1eppn1opnn). HHnrpaunn ponroe apeHn ckpynynesno kao1npoaanacL no
pacoaoHy n naunonanLnoHy npnsnakaH. o kao1m noc1enenno pocnn. 1949 ropy yxe
aceH c1panaH snn - 41 c1pane - 6mna ampenena kao1a no c1o uenoaek a rop (n6o
neo6xopnHo saaoeaa1L ppyx6y asna1oa a 6opL6e sa cpepxnaanne koHHynnc1nuecko
arpeccnn). ecHo1pn na a1o, po 1965 ropa cpepn nepecenenuea, ace xe, npeo6napann
eaponeum. o a a1oH pokoaoH ropy 6apLepm, sa o1Heny ko1opmx 6oponncL
onpepenennme cnnm n a caHnx 1a1ax, n ane nx, pyxnynn. 3 ok1n6pn npesnpen1
nnpon xoncon na c1ynennx c1a1yn ao6opm (!) 1opxec1aenno nopnncan noam
sakon o6 nHHnrpaunn (1.n. HHnrpaunonnm ak1).
n1ore neko1opme pnacnopnme o6pasoaannn c1ann pac1n kak na ppoxxax. opnoH
1onLko 1969 ropy a Hepnky nepeexano: 44.623 Hekcnkanuea, 59.395 aec1-nnpuea,
20.744 qnnnnnnnuea, 16.947 nHauea, 15.440 kn1auea (c aaann), 13.751
ky6nnuea, 10.670 poHnnnkancknx rpaxpan n 23.928 na1nnocoa (ecnn yuec1L, u1o c
1930 no 1965 rr. nponsouen 1pexkpa1nm poc1 nacenennn Kxno Hepnkn - c 200 po
600 Hnn. uenoaek, ypnann1Lcn ne npnxopn1cn).
oneuno, pocnn ne 1onLko uae1nme o6unnm, no n neko1opme 6enme. 1o paneko ne
acerpa uno na nonLsy naunonanLno konconnpaunn. expy npounH, ceropnn a
caHan 6onLuan eapeckan o6unna a Hnpe (6 Hnn., a 1o apeHn kak paxe a spanne -
acero 5 Hnn.). Hepnkanum (nonyuy1n) nasmaak1 spannL - qopnoc1oH , eapen
Hepnky (nonycepLesno) - kononne spannn.
aHoe nopasn1enLnoe n na nepam asrnnp neo6LncnnHoe, u1o aHepnkanckne o1um
naunn, npnsnaaan na cnoaax onacnoc1L nekon1ponnpyeHo nHHnrpaunn n
neo6xopnHoc1L 6onee c1pornx n o6ocnoaannmx kao1, na pene noc1ynann
npo1naononoxnmH HanepoH. pnccep1aunn .. onnuyka HHnrpaunonnan
nonn1nka nocne 1opo Hnpoao aonm (., 1975) npnaepenm 1akne unqpm:
necHo1pn na npnnn1m a 1952 ropy c1porn orpannun1enLnm sakon o6 nHHnrpaunn,
onrpecc c 1953 no 1965 rr. npnnnn 4273 uac1nmx 6nnnn a nonLsy nnpnanpyanLnmx
nHHnrpan1oa a o6xop ynoHnny1oro sakona. onLko npn senxayape (1953-1961)
6onee 300 1mc. uenoaek 6mnn npnsnanm a kauec1ae anekao1nmx nHHnrpan1oa.
1onLko opnn n1a npn kao1e 105 uenoaek cnc1eHa1nueckn paaan a cpepneH 4209
uenoaek a rop (c. 95-100).
H znu ? o1anLno
koppynune? oxnmHn npeonornuecknHn yc1anoakaHn? o66npoaanneH neknx 1anmx
cnn? m noroaopnH o6 a1o aaxno sarapke nnxe.
pae1 ocnoaannn cepLesnmH nonn1onoraH npornosnpoaa1L pacnap
a noaoH c1one1nn. o pannmH aHepnkancko c1a1nc1nkn, ecnn a nauane 1960-x
nacenenne na 90% coc1onno ns aHepnkanuea eaponeckoro nponcxoxpennn, 1o k
konuy aeka nx oc1anocL 1onLko 70%. Hepnkanckoe 6kpo no nepenncn nacenennn
npepckasmaae1, u1o k cepepnne XXI aeka aHepnkano-eaponeum c1any1 a1nnuecknH
HenLunnc1aoH. a1nx ycnoannx ypepxnaa1L epnnyk rocypapc1aennoc1L c1ane1
45
nekoHy. pepnonarae1cn, u1o a neckonLko a1anoa o1penn1cn n o6pe1y1 nonnm
cyaepenn1e1 nn1L uepnmx u1a1oa, paa na1nnoaHepnkancknx, paa asna1cknx n 1.p.
nkan1nan noppo6noc1L: aHepnkanckne 6enme c1oponnnkn paspenLnoro npoxnaannn
pac, a uac1noc1n kyknykcknanoaum, caHn paano nop1anknaak1 nerpn1nncknx
nonn1nkoa k 1akoHy peuennk, 1ue1no napencL o1penn1Lcn o1 uepnmx xo1n 6m
rocypapc1aenno rpannue!
Hepnkanckan naunn c nens6exnoc1Lk pasaann1cn na kyckn n kycoukn 1ouno 1ak
xe, kak pasaannnacL na naunx rnasax noaan nc1opnueckan o6unoc1L - coae1ckn
napop. 1o apeHn kak r-n xesnnckn penn1 kap1y occnn na 1pn 6onLunx uac1n,
ero coo1euec1aennnkn yxe amnyc1nnn ropaspo 6onee ppo6nyk kap1y Hepnkn.
1ak, npaa nn npoqeccop yp1u, nm1ancL naansa1L aa1ox1onnmH napopaH Hnpa (n
apone, n occnn, a uac1noc1n) cneunqnueckn aHepnkano-rno6annc1ckn nopxop k
naunonanLno npo6neHe, pa k 1oHy xe eue n nano yc1apeaun, ne ampepxaaun
cypoao npoaepkn a caHo Hepnke?
1ae1 oueanpen: ne1, ne npaa.
Hn sqn
rennanLnoro nonn1onornueckoro aqopnsHa, ueH snaHenn1an qpasa
nayseanua aona ec1L npoponxenne nonn1nkn ppyrnHn cpepc1aaHn, no ne caHa no
ce6e, a a nape c co6c1aennmH napaqpasoH - u
.
oxno aoneamH peuenneH amaepny1L nansnanky, a kopne nsHenn1L naunonanLnyk
npeonornk, no nenLsn nponsaonLno o1Henn1L sakonm npnpopm n nc1opnn.
aunonanLnme n pacoame aonm cyuec1ayk1 c1onLko, ckonLko cyuec1aye1
uenoaeuec1ao. knaccoaoH o6uec1ae k nnH po6aannncL aonm knaccoa. 1o
ec1ec1aennoe cnepc1ane penennn nkpe na pacm, a1nocm n knaccm a ycnoannx
ec1ec1aennoro o16opa n 6opL6m sa cyuec1aoaanne.
XIX-XX aekax nc1opnn noc1aanna akuen1 na naunonanLnmx n knaccoamx aonax; XXI
aek, a1o yxe oueanpno, 6ype1 nocanuen aone pac.
onn1nka - ec1L npoponxenne aonm ppyrnHn cpepc1aaHn. nu1o ne nnnkc1pnpye1
a1o1 1esnc c 1ako oueanpnoc1Lk, kak nHenno coapeHennme peHorpaqnueckne aonm,
aepyunecn sauac1yk nHenno nonn1nuecknHn cpepc1aaHn.
Qqn -
n; n n, mn n. 1o -
opna ns pasnoanpnoc1e 1ak nasmaaeHmx npperynnpnmx (nenpaannLnmx) aon,
xapak1epnmx aoo6ue pnn nauero apeHenn n nHekunx 6onLuoe 6ypyuee. na
coue1ae1 a ce6e aneHen1m nnqopHaunonnmx, akonoHnuecknx aon, a 1akxe
HexannsHm ynpaanennn Haccoao ncnxonorne. pnako, necHo1pn na c1onL
Hopepnnsnpoaannyk, nenpnamunyk qopHy, u q
, m , - um n
u . onLko ceropnn nop
1eppn1opne Hoxno noppasyHeaa1L yxe ack nnane1y eHnn, aecL Hnp. ko1opoH
nac c1anoan1cn ace HenLue, a nx - ace 6onLue, n rpe onn 6epy1 ce6e seHnk
naunx npepkoa, naue Ha1epnanLnoe n pyxoanoe nacnepc1ao, naunx xenunn, nauy
npn6aaounyk c1onHoc1L.
46
E s , ? E s m, ? E s
, ?!
aponeum saaoeamaann a1o1 Hnp orneH n HeuoH, nponnaan pekn kpoan. po6nnncL k
nauany aeka nonnoro rocnopc1aa nap orpoHnmHn 1eppn1opnnHn, 6ykaanLno - o1
eaepnoro nonkca po Kxnoro. o ceuac onn nosaonnk1 saaoeamaa1L caHnx ce6n.
pn a1oH anoaL nponnaak1cn pekn kpoan - 1onLko nespnHo.
orpa-1o eaponeum aenn aonm c ppyrnHn napopaHn, ynnu1oxan uyxnx pe1e.
nno1L po nonnoro renounpa, a o6enx Hepnkax, nanpnHep. eropnn xe onn aokk1 c
co6c1aennmHn napopaHn, ynnu1oxan co6c1aennmx pe1e. eaaxno, rpe coaepuae1cn
a1o npec1ynnenne - sa rnyxnHn c1enaHn a6op1apnn nnn sa npospaunmHn c1enkaHn
npesepaa1naa: pesynL1a1 opnn. 1o rn6enL nokonenn eaponeuea.
m npoc1o ne nHeeH aosHoxnoc1n sarnnny1L a1nH xep1aaH a rnasa, ne anpnH nx,
ampesannmx noxoH xnpypra-y6num nnn am1paanennmx xnHne. H s m -
s m .
nnnnonm 6enmx apnuea, eaponeuea, pyccknx, ko1opme Hornn 6m xn1L, 1aopn1L,
nk6n1L, cpaxa1Lcn n yHnpa1L ao nHn 1opxec1aa caoe pacm, nnkorpa ne nonan1cn na
cae1. uenme, xypoxnnkn, noa1m, nonn1nkn, aennkne nonkoaopum. m - 6enme
apnum, eaponeum, pycckne - yxe naacerpa nepocun1anncL 1mcnu ns nnx. nn
nnkorpa yxe ne ykpacn1 nc1opnk Hnpa, naue pacm, naue naunn. e ykpenn1 naue
annnnne n aec, naun uancm a xnsnn. o nHn koro nnn uero Hm no1epnnn nx, nauy
saa1paunkk roppoc1L n saun1y? o nHn koro npoponxaeH 1epn1L? o nHn yxopnunx,
o1uae1akunx nokonenn? x koHqop1a n cnokoc1ann? o a1o snaun1, u1o Hm
nonpoc1y n mn, kr yx , cn, k MMn, -
yyMy.
pyHa1ecL a unqpy counonornuecknx onpocoa: yxe acero nnuL 1onLko 4% uaepok -
npo1na a6op1oa. a a1o xe uenoe nokonenne Ha1epe-y6nu! ero o1 nnx xpa1L?
aepL npopanny1an aeunn sapae1 1on a a1oH aonpoce.
esyHnm Hnp! neH ace nepeaepnynocL c nor na ronoay! ce uennoc1n nsapauenm,
acn nepcnek1naa cHennnacL na o6pa1nyk. oaepuenno npaannLno qopHynnpye1 nana
pnHckn: apop, ko1opm aepe1 aony c co6c1aennmHn pe1LHn, ne nHee1 6ypyuero!
o ero kak 6yp1o n ne cnmun1 nnk1o.
enme npnpyHann ce6e (caoe 1pycoc1n, cna6oc1n n ce6nnk6nk) onpaapanne a anpe
1eopnn anL1yca n ero nocnepoaa1ene. eHnn-pe ne Hoxe1 ampepxa1L 6onee
onpepenennoro konnuec1aa nacenennn, cnepoaa1enLno - napo ero cokpaua1L. e napo
1akxe nnopn1L nnue1y, a u1o6m a1oro ne nponcxopnno - onn1L-1akn napo cokpaua1L
nacenenne. o1 Hm, 6enme nkpn, - caHme pasyHnme, panLnoanpnme, ryHannme n
pncunnnnnnpoaannme na nnane1e - a1o n penaeH. a1o pae1 naH eue opnn noaop
roppn1Lcn amuenpnaepennmHn kauec1aaHn.
nuero, kpoHe nnueHepnn n a nopo6nmx paccyxpennnx ne naxoxy. yuue xnao
nnun, ueH ampesannm ns upeaa Ha1epn pe6enok, - a oco6ennoc1n nHenno c 1oukn
spennn ryHannsHa (kknesnac1 npekpacno saHe1nn: naan co6aka nyuue Hep1aoro
nLaa). 1eH 6onee c 1oukn spennn nn1epecoa rocypapc1aa n naunn a uenoH. pn1oH,
ecnn yx 1m cun1aeuL, u1o na cae1e cnnukoH Hnoro napopa - paaa, cokpaua ero, no
saueH xe naunna1L c ce6n, caoe ceHLn? 1o rnyno n nopno. a n ne a 1papnunnx
uenoaeuec1aa.
aoace ne nponaranpnc1 aon. o a1o nayunm qak1: c k M
nnnnc ccM rynnM cnc cnn. oa1oHy noa1opk kak
47
aqopnsH: m , . a aone 1m y6naaeuL uyxnx, a a6op1apnn -
caonx. a aone rn6ne1 npounoe, a a6op1apnn - 6ypyuee.
on1pauenunn - 6eckpoanm a6op1. na kak 6m ryHannee. o1n n ne yaepen, u1o,
ckaxeH, na none 6on cHep1L o1 xnHnn nyuue rn6enn o1 Heua. o nyc1L paxe 1ak,
pesynL1a1-1o opnn n 1o1 xe! pyHak, u1o npaao na kon1pauenunk nyxno sacnyxn1L.
nn npoc1oro aocnponsaopc1aa naunn (ne roaopn o pacunpennoH) neo6xopnHo, u1o6m
na opny ceHLk npnxopnnocL a cpepneH 1poe pe1e pnn koHnencaunn 6es6paunoc1n n
npnpopno 6espe1noc1n, ko1opme ec1L a nk6oH o6uec1ae. pyHak, u1o nk6me
cpepc1aa kon1pauenunn posaonn1enLno npnHenn1L nnuL a ceHLnx, ocosnaaunx a1o1
ponr n amnonnnaunx a1y nopHy.
An
EM nn E c cn?
eaponecknx c1panax 6ype1 a nepanekoH 6ypyueH 1o xe, u1o ceuac nponcxopn1 a
Hepnke. nkakoro nnaannLnoro ko1na (aceo6uero pacoaoro cHeuennn, cospannn
naunn He1ncoa), nn pncnepcnoro, paccennnoro coaHec1noro npoxnaannn 1aH,
koneuno xe, ne nonyun1cn. ae1nme, npoponxan pasHnoxa1Lcn n nakonna
kpn1nueckyk Haccy a onpepenennmx pernonax (anauane - kaap1anax, a 1aH n ropopax,
n o6nac1nx, npoannunnx), aaepy1 1aH naounmH nopnpkoH cyaepenn1e1 n
rocypapc1aennoc1L. a1o Hory1 okasa1Lcn paneko ne xypune pernonm. a1ox1onnme
6enme napopm a co6c1aennmx c1panax anonne Hory1 o6napyxn1L ce6n a caoero popa
pesepaaunnx, a ecnn 1enpenunn k yHenLuennk nx ypenLnoro aeca coxpann1cn, 1o nx
apean o6n1annn 6ype1 cxnHa1Lcn rop o1 ropa, kak uarpeneaan koxa. x npoc1o
cLepn1, ne a 6ykaanLnoH cHmcne, pasyHee1cn.
oka u1o eaponeum (kak n Hm, pycckne) epn1 ce6n caHn, caHocokpauak1cn. o a1o
1ak 1onLko kaxe1cn noaepxnoc1noHy asrnnpy. pec1an1enLnoc1n ace cnoxnee. yxe
roaopnn, u1o ace 6mno 6m ne 1ak c1pauno, ecnn 6m ne6enm Hnp cokpauancn a 1ako
xe nponopunn, u1o n 6enm. orpa a a1oH Hoxno 6mno 6m yspe1L neu1o noxoxee na
caHoperynnunk uncnennoc1n npecnoay1oro Hnpoaoro coo6uec1aa, ko1opan, no
pacue1aH peHorpaqoa, nnkak ne Hoxe1 npeamua1L 12-13 Hnpp. uenoaek (6onLue
eHnn, nko6m, ne ampepxn1.) o aepL na pene a1o coaceH ne 1ak: aqpo-asna1m n
na1nnocm npoc1o am1ecnnk1 eaponeonpoa c seHnoro uapa. epy1 c nnHn
neo6Lnanennyk peHorpaqnueckyk aony. cnonLsyn cM cM cM
cm yx m a - r.
osLHeH, k npnHepy, HycynLHanckne napopm. eropnn na opny xenunny a apokko
npnxopn1cn 2,55 pe6enka, a ynnce - 2,45, npnHepno c1onLko xe a nann n
aapn1annn, a pane - 3,5, a yae1e n poxpaeHoc1L eue amue, nockonLky a1o
nooupne1cn npaan1enLc1aoH. acenenne ncnaHcknx c1pan, yxe a 1992 ropy
coc1aannauee 23% nacenennn nnane1m, npoponxae1 pac1n. oka ono a ocnoanoH
cocpepo1oueno a snn n qpnke (coo1ae1c1aenno 70% n 23%). uenoH Kxnan n
oc1ounan snn ypepxnaak1 nepaoe n a1opoe Hec1a no uncnennoc1n nacenennn a
Hnpe.
a uepnoH kon1nnen1e npoxnaak1 a ocnoanoH ne HycynLHane, no a1o ne snaun1, u1o
1aH Hano poxak1. aH paxe 6onLue, ueH a c1panax ncnaHa, pacnpoc1paneno
Hnoroxenc1ao n pe1e a ceHLe cun1ak1 nopo pecn1kaHn. ekoppcHen Hnpa no
Hnorope1noc1n ceropnn npoxnaae1 a nrepnn; eHy 87 ne1, y nero 57 xen n 178 pe1e
(HnapueHy nn1L ne1). 6naa1L pe1e y nerpoa ne npnnn1o. K, ckaxeH, cpena1L
a6op1 Hoxno 1onLko a 1pex cnyuanx: ecnn xnsnn Ha1epn yrpoxae1 onacnoc1L, ecnn
nHeno Hec1o nsnacnnoaanne nn6o kpoaocHeuenne. paapa, 1aH exeropno yHnpae1 o1
48
kpnHnnanLnmx a6op1oa okono 400 xenunn, no a1a no1epn c nnxao nepekpmaae1cn
konnuec1aoH poxpennmx pe1e. cepepnne cnepykuero c1one1nn qpnka, no
npornosaH akcnep1oa, ampe1 na a1opoe Hec1o no uncnennoc1n nacenennn, o11ecnna
oc1ounyk snk na 1pe1Le, a apony - na nn1oe Hec1o a Hnpe.
ornacno ony6nnkoaannoHy 01.09.1998 r. poknapy , epnnc1aennm kon1nnen1,
nacenenne ko1oporo 6ype1 cokpaua1Lcn a o6ospnHoH 6ypyueH - kak pas apona. cnn
a 1970 r. ponn akonoHnueckn pasan1mx c1pan coc1aannna 30% nacenennn eHnn, 1o k
cepepnne XXI aeka, no aceH npornosnmH ouenkaH, ona cokpa1n1cn po 15%. paapa,
coc1aan1enn poknapa apnp nn yunn pacoam acnek1 n poc1 Hnrpaunn. o eaponeuaH
o1 a1oro ne nerue.
H m u :
, nn q.
enme, yanekuncL a6op1aHn, kon1pauen1naaHn, nnannpoaanneH ceHLn,
cekcyanLno peaonkune n cekcyanLnmH npocaeuenneH - cnoaoH, cokpauenneH
co6c1aenno nonynnunn, aknkunnn HexannsH caHoynnu1oxennn n opnoapeHenno - a
rno6anLnoH Hacu1a6e - HexannsH an1ncenekunn. epL nx noaepenne osnauae1
nonpoc1y, u1o a pasrap rno6anLno Hexanpoao 6opL6m, a xope caHoro u1o nn na ec1L
ec1ec1aenneuero o16opa opnn ns yuac1nnkoa (npnueH, 6esycnoanm nnpep!) appyr
asnn n po6poaonLno amuen ns nrpm! o aepL a1o snaun1, u1o nn
nym. 1o npo1na npaann, yc1anoanennmx caHo pnpopo. ecnn 1m nouen
npo1na pnpopm, 1m nponrpaeuL o6nsa1enLno n 6ypeuL xec1oko nakasan.
: nn n
nonoxennn ceropnn okasanacL occnn no cpaanennk c apono n Hepnko?
1o c naHn nponcxopn1 na py6exe aekoa, c ueH npeH a noaoe 1mcnuene1ne?
po peHorpaqnueckn kpec1 occnn, nso6paxakun na rpaqnke ac1peunme poc1
cHep1noc1n n napenne poxpaeHoc1n, a pesynL1a1e uero uncnennoc1L poccnckoro
nacenennn pesko yHenLuae1cn, ace paano nacnmuanm. oknape o pasan1nn
uenoaeueckoro no1enunana a occncko epepaunn sa 2001 rop, nopro1oanennoH n
1onLko u1o ony6nnkoaannoH sann1epecoaanno c1opono - porpaHHo pasan1nn
, roaopn1cn opnosnauno: Fn nM Mrqckr n, c
k Pccn mn XXI k, nnncn k ynnMy xMy
cc n Mcm.
mHnpaeH, nonpoc1y.
ncnennoc1L nacenennn occnn onpepenne1cn ceropnn neyknonno pac1yunH
npeamuenneH cHep1noc1n nap poxpaeHoc1Lk (npouecc o6pa1nm 1oHy, u1o 6mn a
nepao 1pe1n aeka). okonenne pe1e ne aocnponsaopn1 nokonennn popn1ene. o
npoponxn1enLnoc1n xnsnn Hm na nocnepneH Hec1e a apone n na 143-H a Hnpe.
ornacno cpepneHy (1.e. ne caHoHy nnoxoHy!) aapnan1y npornosa, k 2010 ropy unqpa
napoponacenennn occnn coc1aan1 130 Hnn. uenoaek (aHec1o 144,8 Hnn. a 1989 r.), a
k 2050 ropy - cka1n1cn ax po 70 Hnn.
nnxenne a6conk1no uncnennoc1n nacenennn occnn - ouenL 1peaoxnan, no eue ne
caHan ka1ac1poqnueckan 1eHa. konue konuoa, 1a xe poccnckan 1eppn1opnn, u1o n
ceuac - n paxe 6nLuan! - a pasnoe apeHn nacennnacL n ypepxnaanacL ropaspo
HenLunH konnuec1aoH napopy. nnuero - uaenn n kpennn. pn nannunn caepxopyxnn
Hanan nno1noc1L nacenennn - a1o eue ne yrposa y1pa1m 1eppn1opn.
49
oroaopnH na ppyryk, 6onee nn1epecnyk, aaxnyk n rposnyk 1eHy.
ropm a ockae c1ann saHe1nee nerpm. anLue onn ne 6pocanncL a
rnasa, a ceuac - 6pocak1cn. x c1ano 6onLue, pasnmx aospac1oa, onn ak1nano
peHonc1pnpyk1 ce6n. oxoxe, Hnorne ns nnx a c1onnue pycckoro napopa yxe ne
1onLko yua1cn nnn cnyxa1 a noconLc1aax, no n npoc1o ocepno xnay1. c1L yxe n
Hyna1m poccnckoro nponcxoxpennn. (aHeuy, u1o n ne pacnc1 n nnuero a npnnunne
npo1na nerpoa ne nHek. a knno, nanpnHep, na6nkpan, kak nerp 6exn1 no caaanne
nnn nonse1 a pxynrnnx, n npoc1o nk6ykcL nH. aH, a npnpopno caoe o6c1anoake, on
na Hec1e n xopou. ne 1akxe o1kpoaenno nonpaannncL aecLHa npnaneka1enLnme
nerpn1nnkn a apnxe - onn a cpepneH ropaspo kpacnaee, xenc1aennee, nopopnc1ee
qpanuyxenok. o coaceH c ppyrnH uyac1aoH n ac1peuak nerpa, ponyc1nH, na
opo6Leamx ropax nnn a onoHenckoH: kakoro uep1a on 1y1 penae1? saueH on naH 1y1,
a naueH poHe? k1o ero ckpa saan?) oneuno, no cpaanennk c aepyunHn c1panaHn
aponm y nac nerpoa, Hoxno ckasa1L, n aoace ne1. o no cpaanennk c 1970-Hn ropaHn
- ec1L! po 6eso6pasnn Hnoro. oka onn eue ne c1ann a uenoH npo6neHo pnn
pyccknx ropopoa, xo1n npo nnrepnckyk napkoHaqnk snae1 kaxpm. o ecnn panLue
1ak peno nope1 - 1o ckopo c1any1[11]. 1o 1oxe aceH xopouo nsaec1no n nonn1no:
aepL c1o ne1 1oHy nasap ynnum apnxa 6mnn c1onL xe Hnoronkpnm, kak n ceuac,
1onLko uae1nmx na nnx ne 6mno aoace.
pnako n o ppyroH. erpm - nnuL kycouek aepxyukn ac6epra, nHn ko1opoHy -
nepycckan nHHnrpaunn a occnn. poc1o onn saHe1nee ppyrnx, ypo6nee pnn
o6osnauennn npo6neHm. apone npoue pacnosna1L nnopopua: pacoame pasnnunn
anpnee. nac xe ne acerpa onpepennuL, k1o nepep 1o6o - pycckn nnn ne1,
nockonLky a1n pasnnunn nopo aoo6ue o1cy1c1ayk1, pa n pycckan qnsnonoHnueckan
1nnaxnoc1L unpoko aapna1nana. (sn1L xo1L 1ex xe ueuenuea, nokonennnHn
npnaosnaunx cnaannok a caon rapeHm: nnoro n ne o1nnunuL no aneunoc1n o1
kasaka.) epoyHenno rnnpn na u1yunmx Hockoacknx nerpoa, Hm sa6maaeH, u1o y nac
ec1L na 1y xe ponL npe1enpen1m n nokpyue. o1opmx Hm, opnako, nou1n ne saHeuaeH.
kaxeH - asep6apxanum, konx a occnn ceropnn xnae1 neranLno n neneranLno 1pn
Hnnnnona. nn kn1aum, ko1opmx, no pasnmH akcnep1nmH ouenkaH, yxe ceropnn y nac
o1 payx po nn1n Hnnnnonoa, a k 2010 nponosnpye1cn unqpa 8-10 Hnn. nn knprnsm,
ko1opmx sa nocnepnne pecn1L ne1 k naH npnexano nonHnnnnona. nn aqranum,
ko1opmx npnHepno c1onLko xe, paano kak n npnesxnx 1apxnkoa. nn ueuenum,
ceHLco1 1mcnu ko1opmx pas6pocano no ropopaH n aecnH naue opnnm (ane eunn).
1.p. n 1.n.
m u1o, ne Hornn 6m 6es nnx o6o1ncL?! m saann nx a occnk? 1o naun ppysLn,
popc1aennnkn, nk6nHme, 1oaapnun no pa6o1e? nn 1ak nyxnm naH, pycckoHy napopy?
a ne1, npoc1o nac nnk1o ne cnpaunaan, npoc1o naue o1nouenne k a1oHy nnk1o
aoo6ue ne npnnnHan ao annHanne. B ,
, u u, m , s
, , s x x xn
- .
ne c1onLko a a1oH, ckonLko a 1oH, u1o ecnn 6m pycckn napop n cnpocnnn
(nanpnHep, na peqepenpyHe), on ne snan 6m, u1o ckasa1L. poHnHnnn 6m neu1o
necypasnoe, neann1noe. pycckoro napopa ne1 ue1ko nosnunn no a1oHy aonpocy,
no1oHy u1o c 1ex nop, kak on ce6n noHnn1, npouecc uen a o6pa1noH nanpaanennn.
cnxonornn pyccknx a Hacce nac1poena na 1akne naunonanLnme o1nouennn, ko1opme
o6ycnaannaanncL naue, pyccko Hnoroaekoao akcnancne n aHnrpaune aoane. 1o
ncnxonornn nHnepckoro napopa, aekaHn paspanraauero caon rpannum,
npncoepnnnauero seHnn n napopm. npeonornn, nsaec1nan a ee npnamunoH anpe nop
nasaanneH pyccko npen, - a1o 1oxe npeonornn nHnepckoro napopa. a1oH ee sno n
onacnoc1L na ceropnn.
50
1a xe caHan pypnHen1apnan nHnepckan npeonornn cmrpana yxe pypnyk uy1ky n c
qpanuysaHn, nopapnaunHn rpaxpanc1ao aceH xn1ennH kononn eue a 1789 ropy, n c
anrnnuanaHn, cpenaaunHn a1o a cepepnne nauero aeka. xe ynoHnnaauncn .
onoHapea a caoe pnccep1aunn ae1nan nHHnrpaunn n nHHnrpaunonnan nonn1nka
ennko6pn1annn a konue 40-x - nauane 60-x rr. npnHo ykasmaae1: eHanoaaxnmH
qak1opoH nHHnrpaunn aa1opm, npnnapnexaune k a1oHy nanpaanennk (nn6epanLnoHy.
- ..), cun1ak1 kononnanLnoe nacnepne ennko6pn1annn. o Hnornx pa6o1ax
copepxn1cn HmcnL o6 o1ae1c1aennoc1n pn1annn sa nmneunee coc1onnne ee kononn
n npexnnx saancnHmx 1eppn1opn, ko1opoe n npnaeno k Haccoao nHHnrpaunn
uae1nmx. oa1oHy nHHnrpaunn, no nx Hnennk, Hoxe1 6m1L onpaapana. naanmH
cpepc1aoH peuennn npo6neHm uae1nmx nHHnrpan1oa nn6epanLnme nccnepoaa1enn
cun1ak1 noc1enennyk nn1erpaunk nx a 6pn1anckoe o6uec1ao. pn1nkyn neko1opme
o1penLnme npaan1enLc1aennme Hepm, nn6epanm a uenoH npnnnHak1 nonn1nky
npaan1enLc1aa no o1nouennk k nHHnrpaunonno npo6neHe (c. 10-11).
akoaa 6mna 6espaspenLno rocnopc1aykuan a nrnnn 1ouka spennn, nepexn1ok
nHnepckoro npounoro. ueHy ona aena n aepe1, Hm yxe snaeH. aunnan c 1958 ropa,
na pn1ancknx oc1poaax nepnopnueckn acnmxnaak1 npoc1nme pacoame c1onknoaennn,
ko1opmx, npaapa, c1anoan1cn ace HenLue, nockonLky 6enme ace HenLue
conpo1nannk1cn. pornos cH. amue. eropnn ne6opnc1m, nop paanenneH
ounyauerocn anek1opa1a, npnunn a ce6n n nonnnn, u1o na1aopnnn[12]. o Henn1L
peno a npnnunne yxe nospno.
n n, , m ,
u . 6 a1oH npko
canpe1enLc1aye1 npnnn1m a 1999 ropy akon o6 o1nouennn k coo1euec1aennnkaH, no
ko1opoHy a coo1euec1aennnkn nonann ace rpaxpane 6mauero nesaancnHo o1
naunonanLnoc1n. nuero rnynee npoc1o neaosHoxno 6mno npnpyHa1L. o a1o, yam,
caepunauncn qak1. pecL ne anna, a 6epa naunx peny1a1oa, a nepayk ouepepL
pyccknx, ne nsxnaunx a ce6e akoneu o6ankpo1nauncn nHnepckn koHnnekc.
ycnoannx, korpa nHnepckn napop 1onLko u1o nepexnn n saaepunn nHnepckn
nepnop caoe nc1opnn, no eue paxe ne ocosnan a1oro, on npeno nar n
ncnxonornueckn 6essaun1en, kak noaopoxpennm Hnapeneu. yxe 1oro:
pesopnen1npoaan. norne nonn1nn o6penn appyr o6pa1nm cHmcn. aH, rpe 6mna
1aeppan nouaa - 1enepL snne1 npoaan, no napop a1oro noka ne anpn1. pnp
aneHen1apnmx aeue npnxopn1cn o6Lncnn1L 1akoHy napopy, kak Hnapenuy, kak 6m
anepame. pnHn1nano, na nanLuax, npoc1mHn cnoaaHn, pasxeamaan kaxpoe. 1o-1o,
kak na ypoke ana1oHnn, nokasmaan na ckene1e (k npnHepy, na pnHnnnax), u1o-1o - na
cocepe (anrnnuanax, qpanuysax, neHuax), u1o-1o - na ce6e.
1ak, noncnnk.
- ne pacnc1. naunonannc1. ne nn1ak npepy6expennn npo1na kako-nn6o pacm n
npepnoun1ak c1pon1L c nnHn o1nouennn nenpepasn1o, nparHa1nueckn.
1oukn spennn nenpepasn1o nparHa1nuecko peHorpaqnn ne1 nnkako pasnnum,
sacenne1cn occnn nerpaHn - nnn asep6apxanuaHn, 1yannuaHn, apHnnaHn,
ueuenuaHn, kasaxaHn. B, . axno, u1o nacenenneH c1pan
1pe1Lero Hnpa. axno, u1o nponopunn nacenennn npn a1oH Hennk1cn ne a nauy
nonLsy. 1o nau ypenLnm aec (a c nnH - annnnne) c1anoan1cn HenLue. axno, u1o
occnn pnckye1 no1epn1L c1a1yc HononaunonanLno c1panm, a Hm - c1a1yc
rocypapc1aoo6pasykuero napopa. 1o naun npe1ensnn na ponL xosnnna poHa, n 1ak
yxe nnkeH oco6o ne npnnnHaeHme ao annHanne, c1anoan1cn o1 a1oro eue aqeHepnee.
axno, u1o y1pa1a amueynoHnny1oro c1a1yca o6epne1cn neHnnyeHmH pacnapoH occnn
(no o6pasuy ) n sa1yxanneH pycckoro a1noca, pasopaannoro na akcknaam.
51
, onn1L xe, neaaxno, sa cue1 uero nponcxopn1 pannme nera1nanme nsHenennn: sa
cue1 nHHnrpaunn nnn cpanra 6ananca poxpaeHoc1n. occnn aoack pa6o1ak1 ceropnn
o6a a1n qak1opa.
6 a1oH nHee1 cHmcn noroaopn1L noppo6nee.
Ku :
c1ponnacL occnckan Hnepnn? asakaHn, conpa1aHn, kpec1LnnaHn-
kononnc1aHn? oneuno, pa.
o a nepayk ouepepL - .
anoHnnak 1eH, k1o sa6mn: nepep ennko k1n6pLcko peaonkune na kaxpyk
pycckyk 6a6y - o1 uapnum po kpec1Lnnkn - npnxopnnocL a cpepneH no ceHepo xnamx
pe1e. oxann ace, nesaancnHo o1 poc1a1ka n counanLnoro nonoxennn. cnoHnnH: y
nocnepne uapnum 6mno uec1epo pe1e. ena aennkoro nnca1enn Laa onc1oro
(paopnnka, noHeunua) popnna n ampac1nna paenapua1L pe1e. 1.p. payx Honx
npapepoa 6mno no uec1epo pe1e. Henn 1oxe nx uec1epo, no ceropnn n - 6enan
aopona, k coxanennk, a 1orpa a1o 6mno nopHo.
oneuno, pe1ckan cHep1noc1L 6mna aecLHa amcoka; no nopcue1aH nsaec1noro
peHorpaqa . 1yxn, y aennkopoccoa a konue XIX aeka amxnaano nnuL 50%
popnaunxcn HanLunkoa n 54% - peaouek. o, ao-nepamx, pycckne, kak yxe ckasano,
ncnpaano poxann, a ao-a1opmx, y okpec1nmx napopoa, nanpnHep, a pepne snn,
pe1ckan cHep1noc1L 6mna eue amue. oa1oHy aennkopoccm k a1oHy apeHenn c1ann
a1opmH no uncnennoc1n napopoH Hnpa (55,7 Hnn. uenoaek, n a1o 6es Hanopoccoa n
6enopycoa), yc1ynan 1onLko kn1auaH. onLuan uncnennoc1L aennkopoccoa
cnoxnnacL rnaanmH o6pasoH 6naropapn pnn1enLnoHy n snaun1enLnoHy
nonoxn1enLnoHy canLpo Hexpy nokasa1ennHn poxpaeHoc1n n cHep1noc1n, npnueH no
nokasa1ennH cHep1noc1n onn yc1ynann sanapnoeaponecknH naunnH, a no
poxpaeHoc1n cyuec1aenno npeaocxopnnn nx, - nnue1 nsaec1nm peHorpaq, naypea1
ocypapc1aenno npeHnn .. osnoa[13].
occnn, no cpaanennk c 1o xe pepne sne, um
q n. eropnn naH a1o cnmua1L c1panno, no 1ak 6mno.
akoe xe nonoxenne eue panLue cnoxnnocL a o1nouennn n6npn, rpe na orpoHnmx
1eppn1opnnx npoxnaano ouenL ne6onLuoe nacenenne Hec1nmx nneHen. s6m1ounoe
pycckoe nacenenne nepennaanocL uepes kpa poccncko uaun 1ypa, rpe a1o
paanenne 6mno HenLue. H u
. pncoepnnenne noamx 1eppn1opn ne necno 6onLuo
yrposm pnn uenLnoc1n n c1a1yca pyccko naunn, noka a1a peHorpaqnueckan 1enpenunn
coxpannnacL.
ne1 nonoxenne nonnoc1Lk nepeHennnocL n npeapa1nnocL a caok
npo1naononoxnoc1L. K 1990 ry PCOCP yx n cMn kn xMc
CckM C, 1,4 x, M cM c x x r
cmr cc cnn[14]. 1o xe caHoe apeHn a
HycynLHancknx pecny6nnkax na6nkpancn poc1 nacenennn a 5 pas amue cpepnero.
H n m n nu,
m x. C u
, , - -. Cn x -
52
- u, sqq -
1,12.
pouecc, o ko1opoH nncanocL amue, - cokpauenne ypenLnoro aeca ceaepnmx apnuea
a Hnpe - ak1nano npe1, yam, ne 1onLko a panLneH sapy6exLe, no n na 1eppn1opnn
6mauero , a sone xnsnennmx nn1epecoa occnn. s6eknc1ane, nanpnHep, no
pacue1aH peHorpaqoa, k 2025 ropy oxnpae1cn ypaoenne nacenennn (konkpe1no:
ys6ekoa). ockonLky eue a 1959 ropy na cene npoxnaano 80% ys6ekoa, ncno, ueH pnn
nac upeaa1 a1o1 poc1 a coue1annn c packpec1LnnnaanneH. sep6apxan a pesynL1a1e
kapa6axckoro konqnnk1a 6mn amnyxpen npnnn1L y ce6n camue Hnnnnona 6exenuea,
ne nHekunx kpmun nap ronoao. o poxpaeHoc1L npn a1oH y asep6apxanuea ne
cnnxae1cn. apxnknc1ane xe coxpanne1cn n aoace neHmcnnHo amcokan pnn 6mauero
poxpaeHoc1L (45 npoHnnne[15]). y nac, no 1eH xe pacue1aH, k 2050 ropy
Hoxe1 nponso1n cokpauenne nacenennn a paa pasa. oa1oHy oc1ae1cn 1onLko
6naropapn1L ora, u1o pacnancn, n u1o s6eknc1an 1enepL o1penen o1 nac
rpannuaHn, n no1ok ys6ekoa noka ne xnmnyn a occnk uepes kpa ys6ekcko uaun.
ak yxe xnmnyn no1ok, nanpnHep, asep6apxanuea (3 Hnn.), 1apxnkoa (500 1mc.) nnn
knprnsoa (na 600 1mc. pyccknx, nepe6paaunxcn sa nocnepnne pecn1L ne1 ns nprnsnn
a occnn na , npnxopn1cn 450 1mc. knprnsoa-nepecenenuea).
xe o1ue1nnao ncno: Hm, kak nrnnn n panunn, 1oxe ne ns6ernn o6pa1no
kononnsaunn. apopm poccncko-nHnepcko okyHenm papoc1no nacy1cn na naunx
nnaax ao ace aospac1akueH konnuec1ae. epe1acknaan k ce6e (1o ec1L - k naH) ace
noamx n noamx caonx popc1aennnkoa n ppyse. po asep6apxanuea n nncan amue,
no aepL ec1L eue n apHnne, n rpysnnm, n kasaxn, n cpepneasna1m... epapoH, kak
npnsnae1 paxe aHepnkanckn Time, 6maune coae1ckne pecny6nnkn s6eknc1an,
ypkHennc1an, apxnknc1an, nprnsnn n asaxc1an nnkorpa ne pa1oaann sa pacnap
oksa - nanpo1na, onn cnyxnnn naccnano, no npouno onopo koHHynnc1nueckoro
pexnHa (Time 20.04.92). nn 6onnncL oc1a1Lcn a saHkny1mx rpannuax co caonH
peHorpaqnuecknH aspmaoH any1pn. o spn 6onnncL: Hm ne cyHenn saHkny1L nx
peHoarpeccnanoe npoc1panc1ao. H q n,
m - u, u
n m u .
, nop 6okoH occnn, sa kaknHn-nnkaknHn rpannuaHn, a n a ne caHo
nponcxopn1 1e xe c1paunme pena. nocnepnne 10 ne1 a naue c1pane poxpae1cn
npnHepno nopoany pyccknx n nepyccknx pe1e. 1o apeHn, kak a nckonno pyccknx
o6nac1nx poxpaeHoc1L c1a6nnLno cnnxae1cn, akcnep1m oxnpak1, u1o Hexpy 2003 n
2016 rr. arec1an npn6aan1 o1 2201 1mc. uenoaek po 2472 1mc.; nryue1nn o1 468
1mc. po 512 1mc.; eunn - o1 610 1mc. po 720 1mc. n 1.p. nocneaoennme ropm a uncne
nepao paapua1kn nan6onee Hnorouncnennmx napopoa occnn nonannncL nnkorpa 1aH
ne 6maune po1one oce1nnm, ka6appnnum, paprnnum, ueuenum, aaapum...
eHorpaqm y1aepxpak1, u1o, ecnn a1a 1enpenunn coxpann1cn, 1o k 2050 ropy
ypenLnm aec pyccknx, poc1nrakun ceropnn, no pasnmH ouenkaH, o1 81,5 po 85
npouen1oa, cnnsn1cn po 50%. a1a pokoaan unqpa - ec1L 1o1 caHm kpn1nueckn
py6ex, k ko1opoHy (sa cue1 npncoepnnennn noamx seHenL n napopoa) nopouna
nakanyne pacnapa occnckan nHnepnn, a sa1eH (sa cue1 a1nopeHorpaqnuecknx
npoueccoa) 1ak xe nakanyne pacnapa nopouen oae1ckn oks. e1 nnkaknx
coHnenn, u1o, npeapa1nauncL acero nnuL a nonoanny nacenennn, pycckne ne cHory1
ypepxa1L rocypapc1aennoc1L paxe nmneune ypesanno occnn.
apapokc (na nepam, noaepxnoc1nm asrnnp) saknkuae1cn a 1oH, u1o napopm,
pakune npnpoc1 nacenennn a occnn, xnay1 a 1aknx xe nnn xypunx akonoHnuecknx
ycnoannx, u1o n pycckne. pecny6nnkax aakasa, k npnHepy, nnn a yae npnpoc1
nacenennn ne npekpauae1cn. o, kak Hm yxe snaeH, a a1oH ne1 nnuero
npo1naoec1ec1aennoro, nanpo1na, 1ak n ponxno 6m1L. 1n napopm ponLue nac,
53
pyccknx, coxpannnn arpapnm xapak1ep xosnc1aa: kaakasckne ropm nnn 1yannckan
1ara k nnoHy Hano pacnonarak1. ackpec1Lnnnaanne y nnx sapepxanocL npn
counan-qeopannsHe, no ak1nansnpoaanocL c nepexopoH k kann1annsHy.
o1 a1oro npouecca? poHkn n ann1nm o1ae1 pae1 ueuenckan aona.
aacerpa sanoHnnn 1enenn1epaLk c ueuencko 6a6o, noxaannauecn: Henn - ceHL
cmnoae. aoe cpaxak1cn c pyccknHn, pxnrn1m. cnn a1nx y6Lk1 - n eue paonx
nounk! eo1pasnHan nornka nc1opnn!
1o xe naH, pyccknH, 1enepL oc1ae1cn? 6naa1L, y6naa1L, y6naa1L?.. oka ueuenuaH
c, kM , onn 6ypy1 amnyxpenm nenpeHenno a1o pena1L. e c pyccknHn - 1ak
c rpysnnaHn, parec1anuaHn, ppyr c ppyroH. H npoc1o nekypa peaa1L ns6m1ok
nacenennn: aepL c 1944 ropa, korpa nx amcennnn, n no 1989 (rop nocnepne
nepenncn) noronoaLe ueuenuea yaennunnocL a 1pn pasa! o1oH nx aepnynn o6pa1no,
no Hec1, npnropnmx pnn xnnLn, a ropax ne npn6aannocL. posnoH, epnnc1aennoH
nac1onueH ropope eunn, onn npak1nueckn ne xnnn, sannHanncL npenHyuec1aenno
cenLcknH 1pypoH. ounannsH copepxan ueuenuea, nopkapHnnaan, a kann1annsH -
nepec1an. ackpec1Lnnnaanne c1ano nens6exnmH. e cnyuano nepaoe, u1o
npepnpnnnnn ueuenum, nonyuna cyaepenn1e1, - a1o unpokoHacu1a6nme a1nnueckne
unc1kn, sakonunaunecn 1o1anLnmH renounpoH pycckoro nacenennn: a1o 1oxe nornka
nc1opnn. unc1n1L pnn ce6n xnsnennoe npoc1panc1ao, o1nn1L n nopenn1L uyxoe
nHyuec1ao - ao1 ace, u1o onn Hornn cpena1L a noamx ycnoannx. o caepennnH
pasnnunmx oqnunanLnmx nc1ounnkoa, c 1991 no 1999 rr. na 1eppn1opnn eunn 6mno
y6n1o (ne cun1an norn6unx ao apeHn aoennmx pec1an) 6onee 21 1mc. pyccknx,
saxaaueno 6onee 100 1mc. kaap1np n poHoa, npnnapnexaunx nekopennmH xn1ennH
eunn. onee 46 1mc. uenoaek 6mno o6paueno a pa6c1ao nn6o ncnonLsoaano na
npnnypn1enLnmx pa6o1ax, o1 c6opa pnkopac1yue uepeHun po c1pon1enLc1aa poporn a
pysnk uepes 1yH-ane n as-6nun. onLko sa nepnop c 1991 no peka6pL 1994 r. (1o
ec1L qn ck) eunk amnyxpenno noknnyno 6onee 200 1mcnu
pyccknx. 1.p. m roaopnH ceropnn o npoaane eunn a cpepneaekoaLe, a anoxy
qeopannsHa - a1o rny6oko aepno. poxopn ny1eH qeopanLno peakunn na pasan1ne
kann1annc1nuecknx o1nouenn a caoe pecny6nnke, ueuenum nnuL noa1opnk1 ny1L,
ko1opm Hm npounn 80 ne1 nasap.
ekoppcHen no poxpaeHoc1n cpepn poccncknx pecny6nnk ceropnn - yaa (a 1990 r. -
17,6 npoHnnne). a 1pnpua1L ne1 c 1959 no 1989 rr. uncnennoc1L 1yannuea
yaennunnacL apaoe. specL Hm sac1aeH 6onee ueH xapak1epnyk kap1nny. yannum
coc1aannnn k konuy 1980-x a yae pae 1pe1n nacenennn, xnan npn1oH ouenL
koHnak1no: 96,26% acex poccncknx 1yannuea npoxnaae1 specL. aospac1e Honoxe
1pypocnoco6noro naxopn1cn 40,7%, a 1pypocnoco6noH - 54,6%, a c1apnkoa - acero
4,7%; 1yannum - Honopo napop. ackpec1Lnnnaanne y nnx npe1 ouenL ak1nano, sa 1e
xe 1pnpua1L ne1 ponn ropopckoro nacenennn yaennunnacL a 1pn c nonoanno pasa, a a
1euenne xnsnn opnoro nokonennn - a ceHL pas! o npn a1oH ponn sann1mx a
npoHmunennoc1n upesamuano nnska (12% a 1992 r.), a ypoaenL 6espa6o1num a
1993-94 rr. 6mn caHmH amcoknH a oc1ouno n6npn n opnnH ns caHmx amcoknx a
occnn: opna aakancnn na 120-140 6espa6o1nmx.
e1pypno npn 1akoH a1nopeHorpaqnueckoH packnape yanpe1L nepcnek1nay. ecHo1pn
na 1o, u1o 6onee 60% 1yannuea snak1 pycckn nsmk, popnmH onn nasmaak1 1yannckn
(98,5%) n Hexpy co6o roaopn1 na neH xe (95,6%). okasa1enL HexnaunonanLno
6paunoc1n - opnn ns caHmx nnsknx a occnn. yccknx onn epaa 1epnn1,
a1nocenapa1nc1ckne nac1poennn y nnx aennkn. e1oH 1990 ropa na pncko1eke a opnoH
ns nocenkoa nponsouna ppaka Hexpy pyccknHn n 1yannuaHn - pnpoao annsop. o on
cpe1onnpoaan no ace pecny6nnke. o ace 1are 1yannum c1ann cospaaa1L
aoopyxennme o1pnpm, c1ann y6naa1L, rpa6n1L pyccknx, xeuL nx poHa. apopnm
qpon1 yam aosrnaann Haccoaoe panxenne n noaen peno k o1penennk o1 occnn, k
ko1opo ona 6mna npncoepnnena nnuL a 1944 ropy. a uec1L ne1 c 1990 no 1996 rr.
54
camue 6 1mc. pyccknx yexano. npoponxak1 yesxa1L po cnx nop, no1oHy u1o
onacak1cn sa caok xnsnL n nHyuec1ao. npaannLno penak1. yaa ne c1ana noka
a1opo eune, no noc1enenno a pecny6nnke cqopHnpoaancn pexnH a1nokpa1nn n
pycoqo6nn. opo6no aHepnkancknH nerpaH, 1yannum ynopno nnopn1cn n ro1oan1cn k
peuakueHy 6pocky.
T n, , m -u -
n.
m ponxnm ncno nonnHa1L: x mx
qx n x x
x - - , u x ( m - )
, mn m. pn a1oH, koneuno, Hm cokpa1nH
noronoaLe onacnmx napopoa, cnnsnH nx peHorpaqnueckoe paanenne, kak penaeH a1o
ceropnn a eune[16]. o n caHn nc1ounHcn, ynoxnH a seHnk caonx knoue, ko1opmx
n 1ak Hano. kpoHe 1oro, okonua1enLno ncnop1nH cao nHnpx. H
um n n
, , .
cnoanan yrposa ncxopn1 a a1oH cHmcne o1 n1an - nauero rnaanoro c1pa1ernueckoro
coksnnka n nap1nepa na ack o6ospnHyk nepcnek1nay. paonax a1o c1panm,
rpannuaunx c occne, npoxnaae1 po 300 1mc. uenoaek, nonoanna ko1opmx xnae1 a
ycnoannx 6espa6o1num nnn nenonno sann1oc1n. aa1n1 nn y kn1auea Hyppoc1n
coxpann1L cyc k, coxpann1L pparouennyk nepcnek1nay coksnnuec1aa n
nap1nepc1aa, ne pasHenn1L ee na cnkHnny1noe c1peHnenne peun1L npo6neHy
(apeHennyk! n1a c1on1 na nopore necnmxannoro packpec1Lnnnaannn!) nsnnune
nno1noc1n caoero nacenennn sa nau cue1? 1o aonpoc ne 1onLko xnsnn n cHep1n pnn
nac, a1o aonpoc acero a1no- n reononn1nueckoro packnapa na rpnpyuee c1one1ne. cnn
n1a 1onkne1 nac a o6Ln1nn nenpopyHanno Hnrpaunonno nonn1nko,
Hnrpaunonno akcnancne - 1o a rpnpyue rno6anLno aone Hm cropnH 6es oc1a1ka.
1onLko ecnn Hm oc1aneHcn c n1aeH a canske na Hnpoao apene, y nac ec1L uanc
yuene1L. ako ueno - a1o ppyro aonpoc.
x, ecnn 6m nac sacennnn a1nxapn 1onLko opnn kn1aum. o 1y1 n kopeum, n
aLe1naHum, n aqranum, n nerpm. opnoH 1onLko opHockoaLe nacun1maae1cn
non1opa Hnnnnona nrn xy y c amxopuea ns snn n qpnkn. pn a1oH
ace nac eue n nonpekak1 Hano nno1noc1Lk nacenennn, nyc1ykunHn 1eppn1opnnHn n
naHekak1, u1o napo 6m no1ecnn1Lcn, nopenn1Lcn, nyc1n1L nopcenenuea.
1o xe pena1L? ak peua1L a1o1 aonpoc a npnnunne? epL npo6neHa coo1nouennn
1eppn1opnn n nacenennn - pec1an1enLnan, neampyHannan.
nn nauana a a1o cansn npepnarak1cn:
HEKmE 3HEQH YK HHHRH
1. Hu mu mx,
x . K s . H
u , n x xn n
.
2. E mu u , n u s
- , , n n. Hu
55
: m u, u. K-u
un.
3. E mu xmu u , s
, x
, um mun. B, x
mx . H u , . Hn
un -n; mu,
un nu
u . H u
n m mm. H , u
u u. K, K, nm
n nn, F
.
4. H u .
5. 3u m - un. Hx. H. H x
nx. 3 - m .
6. Ou - . T,
m, , n, , -
znn. 3 ,
un, x u, u.
1eH, onpepenennm kpyr nnu a Hnpe n a occnn yxe cpenan caoe npoqeccne
nnannpoaanne nHenno 1oro, koro n kak nyuue paccenn1L na pyccko seHne.

n apone aoace ne 6espasnnuno, kakne peHorpaqnueckne npoueccm n kak

npo1ekak1 a coapeHenno occnn. nn acerpa npnc1anLno o1cnexnaann cn1yaunk[17]
n ak1nano c1peHnnncL nanpaann1L ee pasan1ne a pae c1oponm.
B-x, a c1opony yHenLuennn nno1noc1n poccnckoro nacenennn a uenoH, papn
sanyc1ennn 1eppn1opn, ko1opme c1anoan1cn npn a1oH caoero popa pesepaoH pnn
Hnrpan1oa. 1o ne u1o nnoe, kak npnHan peHorpaqnueckan aona. e ocnoanme
nnc1pyHen1m - nponaranpa nnannpoaannn ceHLn n noppepxka coo1ae1c1aykue
nonn1nkn, cekcyanLnoe npocaeuenne a ukonax n eue pnp Hepnunncknx,
nonn1nuecknx n ncnxonornuecknx Heponpnn1n, o ko1opmx yxe neHano nncann ppyrne
aa1opm.
B-x, naun nckonnme 1eppn1opnn yxe pacnncanm na1oauaHn nop sacenenne
aceHn, koro onn caHn yxe ne cnnukoH-1o xo1n1 nycka1L a caon c1panm: nerpaHn,
asna1aHn, kapn6uaHn, nnpo-naknc1anuaHn, HycynLHanaHn acex Hac1e n 1.p. ue npn
op6aueae 6mn npnnn1 npoaokaunonnm sakon o aLespe-amespe rpaxpan, cpenaaun
coaepuenno nerknH penoH, ao-nepamx, aHnrpaunk (nepaeuee 1pe6oaanne
eapeckoro no66n, npo6nauero pannm sakon), a ao-a1opmx - nHHnrpaunk. ocne
kpyuennn n npnxopa k anac1n an1npoccnckoro pexnHa nLunna nepamH penoH
6mnn naansanm occnn Hexpynapopnme npaaoame nopHm, perynnpykune Hnrpaunk,
cornacno ko1opmH Hm yxe ne Hornn noc1aan1L na ny1n Hnrpan1oa pec1aennme
sacnonm. pnoapeHenno a noayk onc1n1yunk occnn 6mna anecena c1a1Ln,
o1pakuan npnopn1e1 HexpynapopnmH cornauennnH occnn nap ee any1pennnH
56
sakonopa1enLc1aoH. oayuka saxnonnynacL, Hm okasanncL sanoxnnkaHn naansannmx
naH npaaoamx nopH.
anap c1peHn1cn npeapa1n1L occnk a caanky o1xopoa ne 1onLko 1exnonornuecknx, no
n an1pononornuecknx, a o1c1onnk pnn nsnnukoa nacenennn nnane1m (a nepayk
ouepepL, uae1nmx). 1o nonn1no. o a 1o xe apeHn na 6ora1euyk n6npL c
aoxpenenneH nornnpmaak1 n caHn aHepnkanum (oco6enno eapeckoro
nponcxoxpennn), acnoHnnan npn a1oH npo nokynky nnckn n npnknpmaan, ckonLko
napo pyccknH npepnoxn1L sa seHnn o1 pana po oHanpopcknx oc1poaoa. peanyn k
kn1auaH. nn nnkorpa ne sa6maak1, u1o orpoHnan uac1L cyun (opna aocLHan!),
xpannuan a ce6e o1 45 po 60% nonesnmx nckonaeHmx Hnpa, npnkpm1a n saunuena
nnuL payHn npouen1aHn nacenennn eHnn. n1yaunn 6onee ueH nckycn1enLnan!
aknH o6pasoH, qn u m
3. oa1oHy pa6o1a pasnoo6pasnmx uen1poa n qonpoa,
sannHakunxcn npo6neHaHn Hnrpaunn, aepe1cn a occnn c orpoHno ak1nanoc1Lk.
17-18 K 1998 ropa aa1op no6maan na ceccnn v n
x r H n Hr v-r
H B n r. 1o a1o sa oprannsaunn?
"Hx" o nasaannoH oae1e roaopn1cn, u1o on nnncn y,
akc, kcyn ky ccnnck r...
nn ckycc Mckr ykc ccnnM nMM Mr
ccckM cc, kx k kM
Mxrcyc Mr nk nn c r.
ero nnc cx cqck n npepycHa1pnaae1 yy
akcy Mrr knc rcyc Mr
rMM nM cM c k n ccn M nk
kcyM rnM.
K s u ? coc1aa ayuno-
koncynL1a1nanoro oae1a axopn1 npepc1aan1enn (yuenme n o6uec1aennme pen1enn) 15
6maunx coae1cknx pecny6nnk. 1o - nopHanLno. o u1o kacae1cn Mxr
mr (kak xe 6es nero! aepL ace penexkn-1o o11ypa!), 1o a neH
- ceHL uenoaek nnoc1panuea, npnueH nn1epo - ns . pepn "na6nkpa1ene -
xapak1epnme eapeckne nHena: . Bm, X. 3, Q. s, B. .
pepcepa1enL . X - neeape, no on npepc1aanne1 ne6esmsaec1nm
copocoackn nc1n1y1 " " (Lk-Hopk, ). Henno a1n nkpn
pepxa1 ace nop kon1poneH, nHenno onn npnsaanm npepnncmaa1L occnn, kak e
c1pon1L caoe Hnrpaunonnoe sakonopa1enLc1ao, npnsaanm kooppnnnpoaa1L ee nonn1nky
Hnrpaunn c nn1epecaHn Hnpoaoro coo6uec1aa.
a co6nkpenneH npaa neaec1L o1kypa asnaunxcn uae1nmx 6exenuea (kakne y
nesaanmx roc1e aoo6ue Hory1 6m1L npaaa?!) a occnn annHa1enLno n c1poro cnepn1
r n Yn xr H n
x ( - ec1L n 1akan cnyx6a napsopa sa neunannnsoaanno
occne!). 1akxe cneunannsnpoaannan o6uec1aennan oprannsaunn 3
. 1kypa n saueH a occnn 6exenum ns nronm, yanpm n 1.n.? 1o nx
ckpa nanpaanne1? kako c1a1n sa occne napsnpae1 a1o caHoe ? aueH
nyxno ace a1o naH, pyccknH? aknx aonpocoa nnk1o, nackonLko n snak, ns ny6nnunmx
nonn1nkoa paxe ne sapae1. 1ecnnk1cn? kopee, 6on1cn.
O q n 3 -
. asae Hoxno cun1a1L cnyuanmH 1o1 qak1, u1o coae1nnkoH
npesnpen1a no naunonanLno nonn1nke 6mn ace ropm eape HnnL 6paHoanu H?
(Hy Hm o6nsanm, a uac1noc1n, o1Heno a nacnop1ax rpaqm naunonanLnoc1L,
akuen1oH na poccnnnc1ao kak noayk npen1nunoc1L, yc1anoako na Hnrpaunonnyk
57
o1kpm1oc1L, a 1enepL eue n sakonoH npo1naopec1ann akc1peHnc1cko
pen1enLnoc1n, nanpaanennmH ne a nocnepnkk ouepepL npo1na 1ex, k1o c1ane1
conpo1nann1Lcn sacenennk occnn nnopopuaHn.) asae Hoxno cun1a1L cnyuanmH 1o1
qak1, u1o a paan1enLc1ae ockam sa naunonanLnme o1nouennn o1aeuae1 saHnpep
oHn1e1a no o6uec1aennmH n HexpernonanLnmH cansnH eape pyapp caakoanu
K? asae Hoxno cun1a1L cnyuanmH 1o1 qak1, u1o epepanLnyk Hnrpaunonnyk
cnyx6y () nocnepoaa1enLno aosrnaannnn: eapeka r, acop K,
oce1nn Xr, no 1onLko ne pycckne nkpn? asae Hoxno cun1a1L cnyuanmH 1o1
qak1, u1o na noc1y Hnnnc1pa no penaH naunonanLnoc1e cHennnn ppyr ppyra 1o
nn1oHeu nLaoackoro nonn1exnnueckoro nnc1n1y1a, ykpannoqnn n pycoqo6 Mx,
1o eape n, 1o parec1aneu n, 1o anoaL nxanoa, nepamH penoH
pasornaaun enap1aHen1 no npo6neHaH pycckoro napopa, cospannm sa apeHn ero
kpa1koro o1cy1c1ann, 1o nonykpoaka B, npncoae1oaaaun y1nny ne ponycka1L
pernc1paunn epepanLno pyccko naunonanLno-kynL1ypno aa1onoHnn? asae Hoxno
cun1a1L cnyuanmH 1o1 qak1, u1o paspa6o1unkaHn onuenunn rocypapc1aenno
nonn1nkn occnn a o1nouennn Hnrpaunn okasanncL eapen H n M? k1o
cnpn1 a oHn1e1e no penaH naunonanLnoc1e ocpyHm? nnounme nauHenm:
Bv, Bxn, , x[18]... 1oHy xe nopkoHn1e1,
sannHakuncn, cpepn npouero, npo6neHo pycckoro napopa, aosrnaannna ypHyp1ka
, a akcnep1nm coae1 - rpek n. o1 n nsaonL1e aospoxpa1L
pycckn napop a 1aknx ycnoannx!
Bn un sx Eu u x
m, mmx m u.
pepc1aannn ynoHnny1yk Hnrpaunonnyk konuenunk na opnoH ns qopyHoa ,
napnHnp seanu ykoHenL sanann, u1o paspa6o1unkn npnnunnnanLno ns6erann
kaknx-nn6o npnopn1e1oa. ne npnunocL amc1ynn1L n ckasa1L c 1pn6ynm, u1o 6es
npnopn1e1oa nk6an konuenunn 1epne1 cHmcn, n6o npnopn1e1m 6maak1 a6conk1no
asanHoncknkuakunHn. npnHepy, nHek1 nn npaao an6anum cenn1Lcn a ocoao?
1oukn spennn eknapaunn npaa uenoaeka - 6esycnoano pa. 1oukn spennn
Krocnaann kak rocypapc1aa n cep6oa kak rocypapc1aoo6pasykuero napopa -
6esycnoano ne1. m anpnH, ueH konunnocL a1o sacenenne. Hek1 nn npaao
kpmHckne 1a1apm cenn1Lcn a pmHy? 1oukn spennn 1o xe eknapaunn - 6esycnoano
pa. 1oukn spennn pycckoro nacenennn pmHa, c 1oukn spennn kpannm kak
rocypapc1aa, c 1oukn spennn occnn - 6esycnoano ne1. 6o a pmHy ceropnn
ro1oan1cn a1opoe ocoao. 1ak panee. nn, ckaxeH: cn1yaunn c 1pypoamHn pecypcaHn
a n6npn n na anLneH oc1oke oc1aanne1 xena1L nyuuero. naun1 nn a1o, u1o Hm
ponxnm ncnpaann1L ee c noHouLk pa6oue cnnm ns n1an, open, npnn? oneuno,
ne1.
o1ae1 1onLko u1o nasnauennm npepcepa1enL napnHnp apaueanu anaHanoa
(a1Lnna eren1 nepeHec1nnacL a kpecno ero saHec1n1enn), sape1m a1nH
amc1ynnenneH sa xnaoe, nepano saHe1nn, u1o 1pypno 6maae1 cornacoaa1L 1pe6oaannn
any1penne nonn1nkn c HexpynapopnmH npaaoH n HnenneH Hnpoaoro coo6uec1aa.
1uero xe 1pypno? nckonLko. H u un, mu:
- . oHy cnyxnuL - 1oro nn1epecm n
6nkpeuL, 1oro npnopn1e1m n saunuaeuL. m6op HykoHene, peren1oa n
kanaHanoamx a nonLsy Hnpoaoro coo6uec1aa anonne nonn1en n xec1ko
pe1epHnnnpoaan nx nepyccknx nponcxoxpenneH.
anop anapa, pnk1ykuero naH npnnunnm Hnrpaunonno nonn1nkn, ne ocna6eaae1,
nponaranpa a1nx npnnunnoa aepe1cn noc1onnno.
H m, n?
58
n peknaHnme aren1c1aa npnnarak1 ace cnnm, u1o6m
apan1npoaa1L o6uec1aennoe cosnanne k nauec1ank nnonneHennmx, uyxpmx naH no
pace nkpe. ero c1on1 peknaHa opno 1onLko qnpHm opexpm Benetton, ko1opan
perynnpno noackpy pasHeuae1 nanopaHy pasnouae1nmx qnsnonoHn nop peansoH
oepnnennme kpackn Benetton! nn peknaHa Ho6nnLnmx 1eneqonoa Samsung c
paycHmcnenno napnncLk noaan cansL, nso6paxakuan nk6oannkoa - 6enyk
xenunny n nerpa. a ka1epnn6ypre, k npnHepy, HanLunk-nerpn1enok paxe aepe1
npornos noropm na 1eneanpennn. pepnonarae1cn, u1o a1o ponxno amsaa1L y spn1ene
uyac1ao yHnnennn.
H m n u
un n x
.
o1 nokasa1enLnm n aaxnm npnHep. 26 nknn 2000 ropa a ockae coc1onnocL
sacepanne 1ak nasmaaeHoro Hr . a neH o6cyxpanncL coapeHennme
peHorpaqnueckne npo6neHm. a1epnanm (am6opouno) 6mnn ony6nnkoaanm rase1o
peHn- o1 11.07.2000 r. on ny6nnkaunn sapae1 nn1epaLk nnnnna nLryaenn,
npepc1aan1enn 4 H n m (ec1L, okasmaae1cn, n
1ako eue a naue c1pane: ace nop kon1poneH!), ko1opm cxopy peknaHnpye1 pnn
pycckoro napopa aHepnkanckn onm1: M CLA. Y c kn nk
m MMr. Cc cnn a c Mncn. Yncn
nn nMk, . H Mx , cc, cn crn
CLA, yk y m n. HMMr c
x, c cMm c, nc. a 1o xe no1e nn1epaLk
n sakanunaae1cn: CLA cnncn cn c. y-
kn Mmcn. Tk y n cy
nxc Mk. Pc M n. Fn, n xn
n Mcq xnc ck Mn c.
ou1n cnoao a cnoao 1o xe, u1o n y npoqeccopa yp1ua. o yp1u a nauane 1990-x,
6m1L Hoxe1, ne ynoann eue noayk o6uec1aennyk 1enpenunk Hepnkn. ao1
nLryaenL (na1nnoaHepnkaneu, cypn no qaHnnnn) ne Hoxe1 a naun pnn o ne ne
sna1L. n roaopn1 saaepoHyk nenpaapy. o, 1eH ne Henee, pae1 1akne pekoHenpaunn
occnn: ay rnn y xn n c
yry rcn c n ck . B n ck
kqnk. O Mx kcycn nk Pcc, yr rcyc,
y c M cc. Kn k m nM - nmn
kc Pcc My, ycn Mxy k.
mu m - s n x x
3. kpe anapa Hoxno nonn1L: nH 1ak nyxno, onn ncxopn1 ns
caonx nn1epecoa. H nekypa 6exa1L ns co6c1aennmx c1pan, ncnopuennmx no nx
co6c1aenno anne n nepoHmcnnk, noa1oHy onn ace uaue o6pauak1 asopm k occnn.
s uLnx nn1epecoa ncxopn1 nx poccnckne nopronockn?
n
opnn acnek1 npo6neHm, o ko1opoH, nc1nnm papn, npnxopn1cn ckasa1L oco6o.
oncnk npnHepoH, o ueH npe1 peuL.
uenL c1panno n nenonn1no na nepam asrnnp, noueHy ne npoc1o nop nonn1nuecknH
paanenneH neknx annn1enLnmx aHepnkancknx nonn1nuecknx cnn, no eue n npn
acenapopnoH nnkoaannn npesnpen1 xoncon nopnncan a 1965 ropy sakon
(HHnrpaunonnm ak1), a amcue c1enenn ry6n1enLnm pnn acero 6enoro, a nepayk
59
ouepepL anrno-cakconckoro, nacenennn Hepnkn. xe un1npoaannm Hnok .
onnuyk nnue1 a caoe copepxa1enLno pnccep1aunn, u1o a1o1 sakon npnaen k 1oHy,
u1o nponsouen cyuec1aennm cpanr a naunonanLnoH coc1aae nHHnrpan1oa: no1ok
npnanpuea, pa1uan, kanapuea, neHuea, ckanpnnaaoa pesko cokpa1nncn. a1o cnnLno
aospoc npnnna nHHnrpan1oa ns c1pan snn, qpnkn, a1nncko Hepnkn, Kxno
aponm (oco6enno ns 1annn, peunn, cnannn, op1yrannn), oc1poaoa apn6ckoro
Hopn. onLko sa 1965-69 rr. nHHnrpaunn ns c1pan snn aospocna na 272% (c.132).
ak u1o xe, aHepnkanum ne aepann, u1o 1aopnnn, npo1anknaan a1o1 sakon,
pec1aykun npnHo npo1na nx xnsnennmx nn1epecoa? 1o sa c1pannoe sa1Henne
pasyHa?
onn1no, u1o 1akoe Horno nponso1n 1onLko nop annnnneH Hounoro no66n,
konoccanLno nponaranpnc1cko o6pa6o1kn, o6onaannaannn, soH6npoaannn Haccoaoro
cosnannn na acex ypoannx - o1 nnsoaoro, napopnoro, po ypoann cena1opoa,
konrpeccHenoa n caHoro npesnpen1a.
B: u CUA 1965 ,
m ?
1ae1: ace 1e, k1o 1papnunonno nponaranrpnpye1 n akcnnya1npye1 nn1epnaunonannsH,
knape1 ero kak kpaeyronLnm kaHenL a ocnoay caoe pen1enLnoc1n: ,
xn u (ko1opme, noc1pona y ce6n poHa, a spanne,
HakcnHanLno xec1koe a1nokpa1nueckoe o6uec1ao, a roc1nx nensHenno npepc1ak1 kak
npoc1nme apen1m n1epnaunonana). akoa neocnopnHm nayunm qak1[19].
1o kacae1cn koHHynnc1oa n xpnc1nan, a ouepepno pas ac1aaunx nneuoH k nneuy n
1eH pokasaaunx caoe nens6manoe popc1ao, - 1y1 ypnann1Lcn neueHy. e n ppyrne -
neaonLnnkn aecLHa xec1knx napnaunonanLnmx a1nuecknx cnc1eH. 1 xpnc1nanckoro
ryHannsHa po ryHannsHa a6c1pak1noro (nnn, u1o 1o xe, koHHynnc1nueckoro) opnn uar.
nen nopo6nmx npepasn1mx npeonornuecknx nnn pennrnosnmx yc1anoaok ko HnoroHy
o6nsmaae1, paxe ecnn paccypok n coaec1L aospaxak1.
o ao1 eue aonpoc nn1epecnm: saueH a1o 6mno nyxno eapenH? epL y nnx nnkorpa
ne 6mno nnkaknx sa1pypnenn c nHHnrpaune a [20]. pnako nHenno nx rase1m, a
1oH uncne caHme kpynnme n annn1enLnme a Hepnke, 1akne, kak aunnr1on oc1,
Lk-Hopk aHc n pp., anecnn onpepennkun aknap a no66npoaanne ynoHnny1oro
sakona. Henno nx apaoka1m n unnoannkn amc1ynann ero anonore1aHn. apak1epnm
u1pnx: 7 aaryc1a 1963 ropa, korpa sakon 6mn eue na c1apnn npoek1a, copok
annn1enLnmx aHepnkancknx oprannsaun ny6nnuno amc1ynnnn a noppepxky
nsHenenn nHHnrpaunonnoro sakonopa1enLc1aa. s a1nx copoka - pecn1L (1.e.
ue1aep1L) npepc1aannnn co6o pasnnunme anpm eapecknx o6Lepnnenn, aknkuan
snaHenn1yk cnonnc1ckyk oprannsaunk na-pn1.
aueH n noueHy onn a1o penann?
3, u m . H
, x , u.
k 1965 ropy nHencn uenneun onm1 no cospannk n akcnnya1aunn c1onL xe
orpoHno n nonna1nnuecko, kak , c1panm, rpe poHnnnpykun
rocypapc1aoo6pasykun (nHnepckn) a1noc okasancn nopaanen, nnsaepen po
nonoxennn 6ecnpaanoro ponopa: a1o . eckonLko pecn1nne1n eapen
nonLsoaanncL a a1o c1pane konoccanLno anac1Lk n HnorouncnennmHn
npenHyuec1aaHn, nonyuna nencuncnnHme Ha1epnanLnme n neHa1epnanLnme
pnanpenpm co caoero aknapa a paspyuenne occncko nHnepnn n cospanne
oae1cko anac1n na ee pynnax.
60
mn y nnx 1akxe onm1 nenocpepc1aennoro nopaanennn n nnsaepennn poHnnnpykuero
rocypapc1aoo6pasykuero a1noca a naue c1pane. HexannsH 1ako He1aHopqosm
6mn o1pa6o1an n ocHmcnen kak payepnnan sapaua. F u,
, - u u s u
, mu u x ,
- mu , s,
m . ocne uero 6epn ero ronmHn pykaHn. pyccknHn,
upesHepno coaec1nnamHn n o1smaunamHn k uyxo 6epe, acerpa ro1oamHn nopenn1Lcn
c 6nnxnnH caonH nocnepnnH nHyuec1aoH, aeuno c1papakunHn o1 caoero cnnppoHa
aceuenoaeunoc1n, a1o1 noHep ypancn nerko n 6mc1po. ouenL naponro, ax po
naunx pne[21]. yac1ao cnpaaepnnaoc1n - snocuac1nan axnnnecoaa nn1a pyccknx.
eapen a1o xopouo snak1.
o noc1aan1L a nopo6noe nonoxenne anrno-cakcoa, npnpoxpennmx saaoeaa1ene n
nokopn1ene, arpeccopoa, sakanennmx ace nenpoc1o nc1opne oaoro ae1a,
nopnnnnmx xosnea caoe c1panm, kaknHn onn 6mnn eue a nauane aeka, - sapaua
necpaanenno 6onee 1pypnan. e Hoxno amnonnn1L, 1onLko co6nkpn npepaapn1enLnme
ycnoann, ns ko1opmx nepame paa - nk6mH cnoco6oH HakcnHanLno cnnsn1L ypenLnm
aec poHnnnpykue naunn n npnan1L e koHnnekc annm nepep oc1anLnmHn. Henno
a1nH eapeckan o6unna ak1nano sannHanacL n sannHae1cn a nocnepnne c1o ne1,
ncnonLsyn ace poc1nxennn naykn, kynL1ypm n nonn1nkn. kak ycneuno!
po1anknaanne sakona 1965 ropa o6 nHHnrpaunn - opnn ns nan6onLunx ycnexoa
eapeckoro no66n na a1oH ny1n. knaccnueckn npnHep kak pnn nnx, 1ak n pnn 1ex,
koro eapen xo1n1 onyc1n1L a co6c1aenno c1pane.
epL nopo6nyk nonn1nky eapen aepy1 ne 1onLko a . coapeHenno cypL6e
aponm Hnpoaan sakynnca 1akxe npnnoxnna pyky. co6enno xopouo a1o anpno na
npnHepe konenonpeknonenno epHannn, ko1opyk sac1aannn, npnnypnnn npnnnHa1L k
ce6e ace napopm (xo1n e a1o aoace n ne nyxno) n a poaepuenne acero osapaunnn
uenLk aoccospannn eapecko o6unnm.
euac, nocne pacnapa , eapen a occnn, c1aaue HononaunonanLno pyccko
c1pano, cnoaa c1onknynncL c 1o xe npo6neHo: kak yHenLun1L ypenLnm aec
poHnnnpykue naunn, kak npnan1L e koHnnekc annm (a nyuue - eue n
nenonnouennoc1n), u1o6m nopunnn1L caonH uennH.
nrpaunonnme npoueccm ec1L aaxneun nnc1pyHen1 1ako nonn1nkn.
K
rop nocne 1oro, kak nepao nspanne nac1onue 6poukpm amuno a cae1, Hne
poaenocL nnca1L npepncnoane k knnre ampakuerocn aHepnkanckoro nc1opnka Qs
Qm E n r . o6napyxnn a ne ne 1onLko
o6uee nonnoe n 6esycnoanoe nop1aepxpenne amueykasanno ponn eapeea kak
rnaanmx 1eope1nkoa n npak1nkoa paspyuennn pacoao roHorennoc1n Hepnkn n
aponm, no n Haccy konkpe1nmx qak1oa, packpmaakunx npnunnnme cansn a1oro
npouecca. ak anpnH, ne 1onLko c1oponnne nccnepoaa1enn, a 1oH uncne poccnckne,
naunn pannyk sakonoHepnoc1L: nan6onee uec1nm n nponnua1enLnm nccnepoaa1enL
a caHo Hepnke roaopn1 o 1oH xe. ce a1o, na Ho asrnnp, nHee1 ncknkun1enLnyk,
upesamuanyk aaxnoc1L pnn pannoro nccnepoaannn. oa1oHy n ueppo npoun1npyk
c1pokn ns ynnkanLnoro nccnepoaannn kka, packpmaakune rnasa un1a1ennH na
Hnoroe ns 1oro, u1o o6muno ne nexn1 na noaepxnoc1n. kk - 6nec1nun sna1ok
aonpoca, anapekun Ha1epnanoH, kak nnk1o ppyro. , nockonLky onm1 Hepnkn ao
61
HnoroH o6ornan poccnckn, naH 6ype1 kpane nonesno c nnH osnakoHn1Lcn, u1o6m
npaannLno ocHmcnn1L caon nepcnek1nam.
asnn pnn un1npoaannn paa paspena (a cokpauennn, nepeaop ncnpaanen no
nHekueHycn y Henn opnrnnany). pnn nocanuen
u n, ko1opyk eapen - aennuaune no6opnnkn
co6c1aenno a1nokpa1nn a spanne! - neyc1anno n noaceHec1no aepy1 ao acex ppyrnx
c1panax, a 1oH uncne a Hepnke. 1opo nocanuen
x q
. nn nac, pyccknx, pnn occnn, noc1onnno npnHepnkue
na ce6n aHepnkanckn onm1, n 1a, n ppyran 1eHa paano ak1yanLnm. 1ak:
1) oac nanne1cn npnsnannmH o1uoH coapeHenno ukonm arann1apnsHa
(1eopnn naunonanLnoro paanonpaann. - A. C.) a an1pononornn. n 6mn eapecknH
nHHnrpan1oH ns epHannn c aecLHa nesnaun1enLnmH qopHanLnmH onm1oH a o6nac1n
an1pononornn <.>. ana1a pepc1aan1ene onrpecca o1He1nna cansL oaca c
44 oprannsaunnHn, opnen1npoaannmHn na koHHynnc1nueckoe panxenne. a6o1an a
anoxy poc1a naunsHa a epHannn n ycnnennn annnnnn an1pononoroa, ocosnakunx
snauenne pacoamx pasnnun a HnpoaoH nayunoH coo6uec1ae, oac nauan nanpaann1L
caoe annnnne a o6nac1n an1pononornn na cnyx6y caonx nonn1nuecknx cnHna1n. n
nauan npopanra1L mm m, u
x , u (specL n panee ampeneno Hno.
- A. C.). n cnopnn, u1o xo1n onn nHenn pasnnunn a uae1e koxn n uep1ax, rpynnm,
nasmaaeHme pacaHn, o6napann aecLHa nesnaun1enLnmHn pasnnunnHn a rene1nueckoH
o1nouennn, n kakne 6m nn 6mnn nx noaepxnoc1nme pasnnunn, ncknkun1enLno cpepa
cospana nx <.>.
n co6pan Hnornx eapecknx yuennkoa aokpyr ce6n, aknkuan ene anqnua,
sapopa ena, enannna epukoanua, 11o nan6epra n unn on1ark
(nac1onunH nHeneH on1ark 6mno spaanL pen6epr. - A.C.) <.>. oac n ace ero
yuennkn nHenn o6unpnme koHHynnc1nueckne cansn. n neopnokpa1no npoaosrnauan,
u1o 6mn a coc1onnnn can1o aonm npo1na pacnsHa <.>. oac n ero 1oaapnun
nonyunnn npeonornueckn kon1ponL nap an1pononornuecknHn qakynL1e1aHn
6onLunnc1aa ynnaepcn1e1oa ny1eH noppepxkn caonx 1oaapnue no 6opL6e sa
paanonpaane, u1o6m acerpa ncnonLsoaa1L cao nonoxenne pnn npopanxennn caonx
c1oponnnkoa npn akapeHnuecknx nasnauennnx. 1o apeHn, kak 1papnunonnme
an1pononorn ne nHenn nnuero pnn saun1m caonx asrnnpoa, oac n ero nocnepoaa1enn
nyc1nnncL a can1yk Hnccnk no nckopenennk snann o pacoamx pasnnunnx ns
akapeHnuecko cpepm. nn npeycnenn a a1oH. ak 1onLko c1oponnnkn arann1apnsHa
poc1nrann annnnnn nnn anac1n, onn noHorann caonH 1oaapnuaH nopnn1Lcn no
cnyxe6no nec1nnue na yue6nmx kaqeppax konnepxe n akapeHnuecknx qakynL1e1oa,
ko1opmHn onn pykoaopn1. nn 1akxe Hornn nonara1Lcn na caonx co6pa1Lea-eapeea,
ko1opme sannHann annn1enLnoe nonoxenne a ynnaepcn1e1e, pnn 1oro, u1o6m
copec1aoaa1L caonH co6pa1LnH no aepe, paano kak n neeapeenH, c1oponnnkaH a1o
npen, npn nonyuennn npoqeccopcknx saann n nayunmx nasnauenn n npopanxenn
no cnyx6e. nanornunm croaop nHen Hec1o a pnpax n a npaanennnx
an1pononornuecknx accounaun n xypnanoa. pnako saaepuakunH ypapoH 6mna
Haccnpoaannan noppepxka, okasannan porHe arann1apnsHa cpepc1aaHn Haccoao
nnqopHaunn, ko1opme a nopaannkueH 6onLunnc1ae 6mnn a pykax eapeea.
acoaoe paaenc1ao 6mno (n ace eue ec1L) npepc1aaneno ny6nnke kak nayunm qak1,
ko1opoHy npo1naoc1on1 1onLko qana1nkn n neaexec1aennme nkpn. a1opm,
c1oponnnkn arann1apnsHa, 1akne, kak unn on1ark n ppyrne, ypoc1onnncL aennknx
noxaan a xypnanax, rase1ax n, nospnee, na 1eneanpennn. esaancnHo o1 1oro, eape
1m nnn neeape, ncnoaepoaanne npen pacoaoro paaenc1aa c1anoannocL 6asoao
porHo pnn nk6oro, k1o xo1en npopanny1Lcn a an1pononornn nnn nk6o ppyro uac1n
akapeHnueckoro Hnpa. pnaepxennoc1L k nonn1nueckn koppek1no nnnnn
62
npnaopnna k npec1nxy n oaaunnH, penLraHn n ycnexy. orpa xe k1o-1o roaopn1
npaapy no pacoamH aonpocaH, 1o a1o npnaopn1 k nnunmH a1akaH n paxe uac1o k
akonoHnuecknH neasropaH <.>.
konuy 1990-x ropoa eapeckne aa1opm nauann 6ecc1mpno nnca1L o caoeH
poHnnnpoaannn a aHepnkancko an1pononornn. 1997 r. a nspannn Hepnkanckn
n1pononor, ko1opoe ny6nnkye1cn aHepnkancko an1pononornuecko accounaune,
eapeckn yuenm enya pank nncan, u1o sn n
n u um ,
un <.>.
1o kacae1cn 6enmx n uepnmx, 1o 1eopnn arann1apnsHa ace eue poHnnnpye1. nuapp
eaon1nn, eon aHnn n 1eqen xe onLp nannk1cn 1peHn npnsnannmHn cpepn
eapeea Hapkcnc1aHn-eapenHn n aepyunHn akapeHnuecknHn ampasn1ennHn npe
arann1apnsHa. ecHo1pn na naanny caexnx nayunmx pannmx, pokasmaakunx
xnsnenno aaxnyk ponL renoa a cospannn nnpnanpyanLnmx n rpynnoamx pasnnun,
1eopnn pacoaoro arann1apnsHa ace eue nanne1cn canuennmH nncanneH an1pononornn
n uenoaeuecko ncnxonornn, kak a1o xapak1epnsye1cn nonynnpnmHn . ncannn
eaon1nna, aHnna, oynpa, oys n ppyrnx c1oponnnkoa 1eopnn arann1apnsHa uac1o
nonannk1cn na c1pannuax 1aknx xypnanoa, kak Hn1connan, euypan nc1opn,
eua, nckaaa, aH, Lkcank n ppyrnx unpoko pacnpoc1panennmx
nspannnx. eneansnonnme nporpaHHm uac1o npepnarak1 nn1epaLk c nnHn kak
aa1opn1e1aHn no aonpocaH pac, n ouenL pepko nx onnonen1aH nosaonne1cn
ocnapnaa1L nx Hnennn <.>.
1ak xe, kak eapeckne yuenme aepy1 cxonac1nueckyk 6opL6y sa
arann1apnsaunk a nayke n counonornn, a eapeckne Harna1m cpepc1a Haccoao
nnqopHaunn ocyuec1annk1 nponaranpnc1ckn kon1ponL,
m umm u
q .
ou1n c nepaoro pnn caoero ocnoaannn a 1909 ropy aunonanLnan accounaunn
copec1ann nporpeccy uae1noro nacenennn (NAACP) 6mna nepao oprannsaune,
pa6o1akue ao nHn pacoao cHeuannoro aHepnkanckoro o6uec1aa. ecLHa nn1epecno,
u1o yupepn1enLnm coae1 pnpek1opoa nHen a caonx pnpax 1onLko opnoro
ampakuerocn uepnokoxero . . . k6ya (ko1opm 6mn aoo6ue-1o Hyna1oH).
onLuan uac1L npaanennn coc1onna ns eapecknx npeonoroa HapkcnsHa. ana1a
pepc1aan1ene onrpecca n Hnorne rocypapc1aennme opranm paccnepoaann
1ua1enLno pokyHen1npoaann 1o1 qak1, u1o ace ocnoaa1enn NAACP 6mnn ak1nanc1aHn
koHHynnc1nueckoro panxennn. k6ya paxe am6pan oHHynnc1nueckyk any a
kauec1ae Hec1a norpe6ennn.
epamH npesnpen1oH NAACP 6mn p1yp nnnrapn, n no1oH acerpa 1onLko eapen
cnyxnnn npesnpen1aHn NAACP c HoHen1a ocnoaannn pannoro panxennn anno1L po
1970-x ropoa. oanL nnnrapn cHennn na a1oH noc1y caoero 6pa1a p1ypa, a acnep sa
nnH nan annan anac1aoaan nap oprannsaune. o 6onLue uac1n eapeckoe
nnpepc1ao NAACP 6mno Hano nsaec1no unpoko ny6nnke. orpa n poc1nr
coaepuennone1nn, epnnc1aennoe nHn, ko1opoe n cnmuan a cansn c NAACP, 6mno nHn
on nnknnca, ee uepnokoxero naunonanLnoro cekpe1apn. ockonLky ero nHn 1ak
uac1o nonannnocL a npecce n nepep rnasaHn ny6nnkn, 1o, kak n 6onLunnc1ao
aHepnkanuea, n cun1an, u1o nnknnc 6mn nnpepoH NAACP. o na caHoH pene
npesnpen1oH NAACP 6mn a a1o apeHn annan <.>.
Hun n qn n x m
. O xu, 90% m
n u
u u u.
63
pak1nueckn kaxpm uar nporpecca panxennn sa rpaxpanckne npaaa npoxopnn
uepes cypm. nn o6ecneunnn nonanenne pekpe1a o npnnypn1enLno pacoao
nn1erpaunn ukon, pann aosHoxnoc1L ronocoaa1L nerpaHo1nmH uepnmH n, nakoneu,
naansann Hepnke Haccnpoaannyk pnckpnHnnaunonnyk nporpaHHy no o1nouennk k
6enmH nop nasaanneH 1aeppn1enLnoe pec1ane paennLnna. pecL 1oxe eapen
nrpann poHnnnpykuyk ponL <.>.
axe a 1ex o6nac1nx pen1enLnoc1n, rpe eapen ne 6mnn qak1nuecknHn nnpepaHn, onn
o6ecneunaann 6onLuyk uac1L sakynncnoro annnnnn. M Rm Kr-m
nonan nop annnnne 1ennn eanncona, ko1opm nanncan Hnorne ns peue nnra,
aknkuan, ckaxeH, 1akyk peuL, kak Y v, nponsnecennyk a xope
apua na aunnr1on. xon n o6ep1 ennepn npepynpexpann nnra o 1oH, u1o6m on
o1pennn ce6n o1 eanncona ns-sa koHHynnc1nueckoro npounoro nocnepnero. nnr,
opnako, nauen eanncona neouennHmH pnn nero n - o1kasancn. 1ypenueckn
kooppnnaunonnm koHn1e1 nenacnnLc1aennmx pec1an (SNCC) n onrpecc pacoaoro
paanonpaann (C) 1akxe nHenn knkueayk npnuac1noc1L eapeea k caoe
pen1enLnoc1n na nauanLnmx qopHnpykunx a1anax. 6onLuan uac1L noHnnanLno
6enmx a epe na konecax sa cao6opy, ko1opme nounn na Kr, 6mnn eapenHn.
npoko nsaec1no peno 1pex yuac1nnkoa pannoro Hapua sa cao6opy na konecax,
y6n1mx a nnapenLqnn, u1a1 nccncnnn. 1o 6mnn aepnep, ypHan n enn, - paa
eapen n opnn uepnm <.>.
1nouennn eapeea n uepnmx c1ann 6onee na1nny1mHn a nocnepnne ropm, no Hepe
1oro, kak nonn1nueckne cnHna1nn uepnmx c1ann 6onee naunonannc1nuecknHn a
o1nouennn co6c1aennmx npaa. opc1pekann nerpoa 6opo1Lcn sa caon rpaxpanckne
npaaa n Hnorne koHHynnc1m. nn anpenn a uepnmx no1enunanLnmx peaonkunonepoa.
nn aoc1pe6oaann onm1 cospannn oae1ckoro rocypapc1aa, pacun1maan na eapeckyk
6pa1ckyk 6opL6y Hexpy cnonnsHoH n koHHynnsHoH, kak a1o onncmaan epunnnL a
1920 ropy. apnkanLnme aHepnkanckne eapen npepc1aannnn ce6e uepnmx kak
aHepnkanckn npone1apna1, 1panca1nan1nueckyk aepcnk yrne1ennmx kpenoc1nmx
occnn. nn pacun1maann ncnonLsoaa1L nerpoa kak coksnnkoa, snaHenocuea noao
koHHynnc1nuecko peaonkunn. oneuno, paxe nekoHHynnc1nueckne eapen cknonnnncL
k noppepxke nepacoaoro onpepenennn 1epHnna aHepnkanckn napop, nockonLky
eapen 6onee, ueH k1o-nn6o ppyro, ocosnaaann ce6n noc1oponnnHn a o6uec1ae 6enmx.
pak1nueckn ace eapeckne kpyrn noppepxnaann peHon1ax sakonoa n 1papnun,
ko1opme cnoco6c1aoaann npouae1annk eno pacm <.>.
1oro, kak n ace 6onLue o6napan nnqopHaune o1nocn1enLno eapeckoro
poHnnnpoaannn a an1n6enmx n an1nceHenmx peaonkunnx, n ace 6onLue y6expancn,
u1o Hnorne Horyuec1aennme eapen Hory1 cHo1pe1L na 6enyk Hepnky 1ouno 1ak xe,
kak onn opnaxpm cHo1penn na uapn n 6enmx pyccknx. sann1epecoaancn,
n , u , ,
um m, um mu
nn <.>.
apeckne ak1nanc1m 6mnn ynopnm a caoe noppepxke nnkpannsHa aHepnkancko
nonn1nkn n kynL1ypm. anmuennme eapeckne o6euannn o1c1anaa1L 1ak nasmaaeHme
rpaxpanckne npaaa, nk6oaL, Hnp n 6pa1c1ao - o6epnynncL 6eso6pasnnHn. anee
Hnpnme ropopckne o6unnm uepnmx nanoHnnak1 paspyun1enLnme opypnnme sannm:
1pe1L acex Honopmx uepnokoxnx aHepnkanuea naxopn1cn a 1kpLHax, a Hnnnnonm
ckoaanm uennHn ankoronn n napkoHannn.
H n nn um A?
ueanpno, u1o Hapkcnc1m anpenn a uepnmx n ppyrnx HenLunnc1aax nonnLnmx
coksnnkoa, pa6m po6n1Lcn nonn1nueckoro ycnexa. 1euenne nocnepnnx pecn1nne1n
ronocoaanne uepnoro 6noka 6mno xnsnenno aaxnmH npexpe acero pnn
nn6epanLnmx nonn1nkoa. n A x B,
64
. B
n um . B n
m um ,
um. apen 6ypy1 acerpa npeycneaa1L a a1oH
aannone. axpm ypap, ko1opm asnaHmaae1 connpapnoc1L, cnoco6c1aye1
npopanxennk eapeea na aepunny anac1n. oneuno, pannm npouecc nHee1 Hec1o ne
1onLko a Hepnke, no n a nk6o c1pane, rpe eapen coc1aannk1 Horyuec1aennoe
HenLunnc1ao. O u n n
m , u u u
<.>.
acnsH HenLunnc1aa - panxenne sa rpaxpanckne npaaa n arann1apnsH, ko1opm
saxnec1nyn Hepnky - 6epe1 caoe nauano a a1nouen1pnsHe uyxec1panuea. au napop,
6maun korpa-1o o1ue1nnao eaponecknH no npnpope, 6mc1po ncuesae1. n ne 6mn
caapen a ko1nax aannona. o noka ne nac1ynn1 aennkne nepeHenm, on 6ype1
npoponxa1L yc1yna1L caon nosnunn.
norne aHepnkanum, ko1opme 6oponncL npo1na uepnoro panxennn sa rpaxpanckne
npaaa, cnpaaepnnao nonaran, u1o ono npnaepe1 k paspyuennk c1pyk1ypm o6uec1aa,
nnkorpa ne ocosnaaann nc1ounnka a1o cnnm. a Kre a caoe apeHn opnn annnnn ao
aceH nnkn, neko1opmx nonn1nkoa, a ppyrne - cpepc1aa Haccoao nnqopHaunn.
1onLko neHnorne nonnHann, u1o panxenne sa rpaxpanckne npaaa 6mno pesynL1a1oH
1o xe caHo cnnm, ko1opan npnaena a panxenne pycckyk peaonkunk, ko1opan
okasana annnnne na yuac1ne Hepnkn a epao Hnpoao aone, ko1opan noHorna
amsaa1L 1opyk Hnpoayk aony n ko1opan, nakoneu, cospana rocypapc1ao spannL
<.>.
epnme 6mnn npoc1o sanoxnnkaHn a ropaspo 6onee kpynno nonn1nuecko nrpe.
onLunnc1ao 6enmx neeapeckoro nponcxoxpennn, ko1opme 6mnn saaep6oaanm a
pnpm c1oponnnkoa pannoro panxennn, nnkorpa ne ocosnaaann, u1o 6opL6a npe1 no
cyuec1ay coaceH ne sa rpaxpanckne npaaa. 1n yuac1nnkn, kak caHn uepnme, 1ak n
Hnorne 6enme, - nHn yHeno Hannnynnpoaann a paHkax naHnoro 6onee kpynnoro
c1pa1ernueckoro nnana eapeea: 6opL6m sa anac1L (Qs Qm. E n
r . - M., 2001. - . 123-144).
2) HHnrpaunonnoro ak1a 1965 ropa onrpecc nauan nrnopnpoaa1L
xenannn 6onLunnc1aa n nonoxnn nauano nonn1nke, ko1opan pnckpnHnnnpoaana
no1enunanLnmx eaponecknx nHHnrpan1oa, no cnoco6c1aoaana Haccnpoaanno
neeaponecko nHHnrpaunn. aunnan c a1oro apeHenn, qepepanLnoe npaan1enLc1ao
peHonc1pnpoaano Hanyk sann1epecoaannoc1L a ycnnennn nHHnrpaunonnmx sakonoa n
nonn1nkn coxpannoc1n naunx rpannu. esynL1a1oH a1o nonn1nkn 6mn no1ok uae1nmx
nHHnrpan1oa, kak neranLnmx, 1ak n neneranLnmx <.>. onn1nka, ananornunan
pec1aykue a , npnaena 6onLuoe konnuec1ao neeaponeuea a anapy; nerpoa -
a ennko6pn1annk; ceaepoaHepnkanuea n asna1oa - ao panunk; 1ypkoa - a
epHannk; n nac1onuee nonyppn ns uyxeseHnmx pac a kanpnnaank, cnannk n
1annk <.>.
orpa n o1cnepnn 6opL6y, kacakuykcn nHHnrpaunonnmx sakonoa a 1euenne
nocnepnnx 100 ne1 a Hepnke, n n
x : s <.>. onLuan
uac1L ns npoun1annoro ykasmaana na pnn1enLnyk nc1opnk ycnnn oprannsoaannoro
eapec1aa no papnkanLnmH npeo6pasoaannnH a aHepnkancknx nHHnrpaunonnmx
sakonax. cansancn c pk Hn1oH, c1apmH noaoopneancknH apaoka1oH, aa1opoH
knnrn Te egac o te elting Pot (acnepne naannLnoro o1na), ko1opm
nayunn Henn HnoroHy a aonpocax nHHnrpaunonno npo6neHm <.>. n o6Lncnnn Hne
nc1opnk aHepnkancknx nHHnrpaunonnmx sakonoa <.>. n cnpocnn: LnH nn1epecaH
Horno cnyxn1L naaopnenne Hepnkn xanknH o1pe6LeH?. 6mc1po o1ae1nn na cao
65
co6c1aennm aonpoc: 1o 6mno a nn1epecax epnnc1aennoro napopa, ko1opm
ncnonLsoaan pacoayk connpapnoc1L a kauec1ae opyxnn, opyxnn, ko1opoe onn xo1enn
nHe1L 1onLko pnn ce6n. onm1kn nsHenn1L aHepnkanckne nHHnrpaunonnme sakonm n a
koneunoH n1ore nnsaeprny1L eaponeckoe 6onLunnc1ao aenncL nou1n ncknkun1enLno
eapenHn <.>. pk Hn1a 6mno Hnoro knnr no nHHnrpaunonnoHy aonpocy, aknkuan
neko1opme, nanncannme eapenHn. oponxnn nx y nero n c ypoaonLc1aneH nokonancn
a nnx.
apeckne oprannsaunn, 1akne, kak Hepnkanckn eapeckn konrpecc, aosrnaannnn
(n npoponxak1 aosrnaann1L) ycnnnn, nanpaanennme na nn6epannsaunk aHepnkancko
nHHnrpaunn, n cospaaann npenn1c1ann na ny1n npnnn1nn sakonoa, orpannunaakunx
ee. 1921-H, 1924-H n 1952-H ropax onrpecc npnnnn sakonm, ko1opme nm1anncL
noppepxnaa1L pacoam cyc k a Hepnke. ecLHa nn1epecen 1o1 qak1, u1o,
necHo1pn na 1o, u1o anrnoaHepnkanum 6mnn npeo6napakunH 6onLunnc1aoH
aHepnkanckoro nacenennn, a 1akxe n onrpecca, onn ne nm1anncL yaennun1L caok
ponk a aHepnkanckoH nacenennn, a npoc1o nm1anncL noppepxnaa1L cyc k
kaxpo rpynnm. Y x x x u

n xm A s
x . ana1e pepc1aan1ene ponLq a66a1, aHynL nkc1an n
HHanyanL annep aosrnaannnn 6opL6y sa neorpannuennyk nHHnrpaunk, a 1o apeHn
kak a ena1e ep6ep1 eHon n nospnee ko6 anu kooppnnnpoaann a1n ycnnnn <.>.
ounonor paapp . occ a caoe snakoao knnre 1apm n noam Hnp: snauenne
npouno n nac1onue nHHnrpaunn pnn aHepnkanckoro napopa (1914) npoun1npoaan
snaHenn1oro nponHHnrpan1ckoro nnpepa spannn anrannn, ko1opm ykasmaan, u1o
Hepnka nanne1cn npeanLnmH Hec1oH pnn peannsaunn eapecknx nn1epecoa. anee
occ pesko amckasmaae1cn o eapeckoH annnnnn: My M c
c MMr nk: cncM ar cy cn
kn MMry nky CLA. HcMn , ck
MMr - cr nm kx cM c m MMr, cn
n MMrr kk <.>. CcMckn kMn,
nncn r xyn, nn , ym c
ryM yck c c, cn nn x
c. Hyck r cn Hn Hn HMMr Hr
MrcnM ynknM <.>.
ocnepnnH aaxnmH sakonoH, nspannmH onrpeccoH, u1o6m saunua1L cyc k
Hepnkn, 6mn ak1 on1epa ak-epena 1952 ropa. nnosnunk onrpeccy
npepc1aannna eapeckan 1poka, coc1onuan ns ennepa, anua n eHona. T
,
mn A , A
, Aqqm , Hu x
, m x ( Kn n CUA)
<.>.
koneunoH n1ore a 1965 ropy, korpa onrpecc npnnnn HHnrpaunonnm ak1,
u u, n n
1880 . esynL1a1oH a1oro cpenancn 1o1 qak1, u1o 90% nHHnrpan1oa c1ann
neeaponeum. Hepnka nepeuna o1 nHHnrpaunonno nporpaHHm, noppasyHeaakue
nponopunonanLnoe npepc1aan1enLc1ao acex rpynn a , - k 1ako, ko1opan
. ak a cnyuae c 6onee pannnH sakonopa1enLc1aoH,
eapeckne konrpeccHenm n cena1opm, 1ak xe, kak annn1enLnme eapeckne
oprannsaunn, aospec1aykune na onrpecc, nounn a nac1ynnenne. H ono ypanocL,
nockonLky a 1euenne 41 ropa nocne 1924 ropa anac1L eapeea c1peHn1enLno
yaennunaanacL npak1nueckn ao acex cqepax aHepnkancko xnsnn.
66
1951 ropy cena1op ko6 anu nanncan c1a1Lk, ko1opan nasmaanacL aaa1e
pacnaxneH naun aopo1a, ko1opan npnsmaana k Haccoao neorpannuenno
nHHnrpaunn. anu n konrpeccHen annep cmrpann anpnyk ponL npn npnnn1nn
sakononpoek1a a 1965 ropy. a pean1L ne1 po npnnn1nn HHnrpaunonnoro ak1a
Hepnkanckn eapeckn konrpecc npepnaran ocnoanme uac1n sakononpoek1a n
aocxaannn npesnpen1a senxayepa sa ero nepaycHmcnennyk onnosnunk
naunonanLno cnc1eHe kao1. 1956 ropy a caoe nepepoanue onn npocnaannnn ero sa
cHenoc1L, nponanennyk a npopanxennn anepep Hnornx npe nn6epanLno
nHHnrpaunonno nonn1nkn, n sa 1o, u1o on sannn nosnunk, na ko1opo nepaonauanLno
nac1anaan Hepnkanckn eapeckn konrpecc n ppyrne eapeckne coo6uec1aa <.>.
B um
q n q
m m A <.>.
ockonLky eapen c1anoan1cn ace 6onee 6ecc1mpnmHn a caoeH ncnonLsoaannn anac1n,
neko1opme paxe xaac1ak1 caoe ponLk a ocna6nennn nosnun aHepnkancknx
eaponeuea-neeapeea. pn aa6, ncnonnn1enLnm pnpek1op a o1c1aake
epnHy11epckoro nnc1n1y1a saun1m eapec1aa, unen n1npnqqaHaunonno nnrn n
aa1op, noc1onnno nnuyun pnn can-qpanuncckoro Jewish Bulletin, nanncan: onLko
nocne 1opo Hnpoao aonm nHHnrpaunonnoe sakonopa1enLc1ao papnkanLno
nsHennnocL a nanpaanennn yc1panennn 1ako pnckpnHnnaunn. epaoc1enennmH
canpe1enLc1aoH nonn1nueckoro aosHyxannn nanne1cn aepyuan ponL eapeckoro
o6uec1aa a aospec1ann na a1n nepeHenm. poponxan, aa6 1opxec1aye1 no noaopy
npn6nnxakuerocn c1a1yca HenLunnc1aa pnn 6enmx a Hepnke: kpo no nepenncn
nacenennn nepaano ponoxnno o 1oH, u1o okono nonoannm aHepnkanckoro nacenennn
ackope c1any1 ne 6enmHn nnn ne eaponeuaHn. ace onn 6ypy1 aHepnkancknHn
rpaxpanaHn <.>. ak o1Heuae1 aa6, cnonnc1ckne ak1nanc1m, ko1opme
noppepxnaak1 npek eapeckoro naunonanLnoro rocypapc1aa, nopnn1maak1 Haccoayk
ne1papnunonnyk nHHnrpaunk a Hepnky n Heu1ak1 o 1oH apeHenn, korpa a1o
npeo6paxenne o1pasn1cn na peHorpaqnueckoH o6nnke anek1opa1a.
ne nk6onm1no, aoo6paxan nn anrannL, ko1opm aaen a o6pauenne 1epHnn
nnaannLnm ko1en, eapeckoe rocypapc1ao a anpe cnnaaa eapeea n apa6oa, ncnaHa
n nypansHa? pnnnHan ao annHanne a1nouen1pnsH cnonnsHa, n coHneaakcL a a1oH.
pnn aHepnkanckn cospa1enL HynL1qnnLHoa nanncan, u1o npo6neHa nnaannLnoro
ko1na coc1on1 a 1oH, u1o pno o6muno nopropae1, a nena nopnnHae1cn naaepx.
ecoHnenno, Hepnka npepc1aanne1 co6o cnnaa pasnnunmx naunonanLnoc1e aponm
a 1papnunonnoe aHepnkanckoe 6onLunnc1ao, no, necHo1pn na aceo6LeHnkuyk
nponaranpy cHeuennn pac a eapecko npecce, a6conk1no ne na6nkpae1cn
snaun1enLnoro cHeuennn 6enmx n uepnmx - n nnuL HaprnnanLnoe cHeuenne
He1ncckoro n anrno-cakconckoro koHnonen1oa. pnako 1oro, uero cnonnc1m ne cHornn
po6n1Lcn npn noHoun nponaranpm cHeuanmx 6pakoa, onn poc1nrny1 nocpepc1aoH
Haccoao nHHnrpaunn n pasnnunmx ypoane poxpaeHoc1n.
apen ak1nano amc1ynak1 sa HanenLkne ceHLn cpepn nnpepoa aHepnkanckoro
6onLunnc1aa. H u
m u u
x x x unx. x npnHoe
xenanne - a1o paspyuenne 6eno pacm na anape nk6mHn aosHoxnmHn cnoco6aHn.
poponxn1enLnan Haccoaan neeaponeckan nHHnrpaunn ypoane1aopne1 a1nH uennH.
K neo6xopnHo o1He1n1L, u1o Haccoaan uae1nan nHHnrpaunn nanne1cn
opnnH ns nan6onee aqqek1nanmx opypn oprannsoaannoro eapec1aa a nx kynL1ypno
n a1nnuecko aone npo1na aHepnkanuea-eaponeuea. m ne cHoxeH amnrpa1L a1y
6opL6y ne na xnsnL, a na cHep1L po 1ex nop, noka naun nkpn ne noHy1, u1o Hm yxe
aoaneuenm a aony, n u1o Hm 1epnnH cepLesnoe nopaxenne. E
67
s , s u m m u,
n . 3 u um, m
, n u,
u x n, m m m.
aun ronoca sarnyuak1cn cpepc1aaHn Haccoao nnqopHaunn, ko1opme naxopn1cn a
pykax naunx aparoa. nnukoH Hnorne ns nac 6esHonano na6nkpak1 ynnu1oxenne
nauero napopa. peHn yxopn1. m ponxnm ckasa1L caoe cnoao ceuac n saun1n1L
ce6n. m ponxnm 6opo1Lcn sa 1o, u1o6m aennkonennan kynL1ypa, nepepannan naH
naunHn o1uaHn, npoponxana cyuec1aoaa1L. m ponxnm npepnpnnn1L ace
neo6xopnHme pec1ann, u1o6m o6ecneun1L 6ypyuee naunH pe1nH n nocnepykunH
nokonennnH. ockonLky a1o cnpaaepnnao pnn acex xnamx cyuec1a, Hm ponxnm
6opo1Lcn sa naue npaao xn1L.
cnn Hm oc1aneHcn 6esHonanmHn a a1o1 kpn1nueckn uac a nc1opnn nauero napopa,
Hm 6ypeH nckopenenm n saHonunH naacerpa ( x, . 346-360).
, ko1opme aanp kk cpenan pnn caoero re1eporennoro, nonna1nnunoro
napopa - konrnoHepa1a 6enmx aHepnkanuea eaponeckoro nponcxoxpennn - eue
6onee aepnm pnn nac, pyccknx - roHorennoro rocypapc1aoo6pasykuero napopa
occnn, nopaepruerocn ceropnn c1onL xe paspyun1enLno a1nopeHorpaqnuecko
a1ake.
Xu u
HTAK, , x
- ,
nnn u m , u
- m z x ,
- x :
- , ,
xm ;
- ;
- u , mn n mx mx CCC.
n u n, n u. O
m x ,
, m. O n u -
, un u x.
HEHHO TAKOBm HTOFH XX BEKA QHR OCCHH, nm n
u n m
m , x nu u x
.
C
nn poccnckoe o6uec1ao caon nepcnek1nam? o1oan1cn nn npnnn1L amsoa
noaoro aeka? akne c1pa1ernn npepnarae1?
68
coxanennk, nnuero y1eun1enLnoro n ne na6nkpak a narepe pyccknx naunonan-
na1pno1nuecknx Hmcnn1ene[22]. uenoH onn ne ro1oam k konc1pyk1nano pnckyccnn.
a1o na6nkpak 1peaoxnme 1enpenunn a narepe npo1nanoH. aH nyuue anpn1 n
nonnHak1 nac1onuee nonoxenne aeue, no pekoHenpaunn pak1, cnoco6nme ne
amneun1L, a yHopn1L 6onLnoro.
epaano ne6esmsaec1nm aapnnn apn1onoanu Hn ony6nnkoaan snkoayk
c1a1Lk c nopasn1enLnmH, amsaaaunH a ero cpepe ropnuee aosHyuenne saronoakoH:
X. B , r
x , n
( 26.04.2000). ne a1o1 nonn1onor, nesaponro po 1oro
amc1ynnaun eue n co c1a1Le Br x (1akxe, pasyHee1cn,
amsaaaue a ero cpepe aosHyuenne), poaonLno unnnuno pasLncnne1 aceH n kaxpoHy
(n ne a nocnepnkk ouepepL - anapy), saueH nyxno 6epeuL pyccknx n noueHy
o6uec1ay neo6xopnHo pycckoe rocypapc1ao.
o1nam onoaa aecLHa panekn o1 sa6o1m o pyccknx papn nnx caHnx. e1, peuL npe1
coaceH o ppyroH. nakoHme onoaa nanpacno aosHyuanncL. onoa ncno anpn1
rno6anLnyk npo6neHy anapa n npepnarae1 peun1L ee sa nau cue1 - 1onLko n acero.
onoa 6on1cn n nenaanpn1 kxan (a nepayk ouepepL HycynLHan, no ne 1onLko).
aknapmaae1 nH a yc1a c1paunme cnoaa: anapnm Hnp ponxen 6m1L ynnu1oxen. ak
oun6ka nc1opnn. n koHHen1npye1 a1y yrposy: M MM n c n
cycnM ck n. H k yck
rccr Kr cknk Mnn ycck, x Pcc C
A Kk, kxycn cr nm cM r - cnk Mnn,
k yy yx cn , Ey (x cr CLA
K).
H xy, yccn - cycn c rrqck yx
yxcn cycnMy CLA K, nMk My c
y . H xy k rrck Mc Mxy Annck ykk,
kMy cn Ey cnk Mnn Mk , k kr-
ckn Anky. H n, ky C C cn ycck,
Mx c nn c a cn. Tk
cnn C n MrMnn k ycck c
n cn Kn.
B cr nm r. H yx cnc nc M
ycn.
1ak, Hm ne ponxnm o1paaa1L caok seHnnuy kn1auaH, no ponxnm npn6epeuL ee pnn
aHepnkanuea n kanapuea eaponeckoro nponcxoxpennn. ak 6yp1o onn naH 6nnxe n
nyxnee. y u1o x, noxoxe, n en1aron 1ak cun1ae1; 6paao, npoqeccop!
cno, u1o aHepnkanum npnaesy1 c co6o, ecnn, ne pa 6or, nepecenn1cn a occnk,
caok ncnxonornk n aecL npenm 6arax, ne coaHec1nHm c naunH, n nauny1
npeapaua1L occnk a Hepnky co aceHn ee npo1naopeunnHn n Hepsoc1nHn, c
peHoxpnc1nanc1aoH, kynL1oH acnuecknx HenLunnc1a, npaa uenoaeka, c sacnnLeH
eapeckoro kann1ana n npoue ppnnLk. o aceH 1eH, o1uero nH caHnH 1aH c1ano
Hepsko xn1L. aueH xe nycka1L k ce6e c1onL coHnn1enLnmx roc1e, cpenaaunx yxe
neamnocnHo xnsnL a caoe co6c1aenno c1pane? eryunx o1 co6c1aennmx nopnpkoa?
poHe 1oro, onn, cnacancL o1 arpeccnn Kra (no ampaxennk onoaa), npoc1o
npnnecy1 ee k naH na caonx nneuax. yxno naH a1o?
npoqeccop 1eH apeHeneH cyHHnpye1: c ar nkcc cn,
c rcyc ccn x u ,
69
u . B -. A -, ck
MnMr nn n cycnr c Pccn Mx
cqM ky Mn cycnM, kn, Mx, kxcn
n nkn nn u M Mkckn M, M
Mn rccr Kr. B cc cn cc kcq cM
n. My rMM xn ycck nk x,
nk c nn yr ck , ccy
kM cM. H cM ycck Pcc. Hxy r:
xn cn, ycck cy cyc kn c XXI k
ck n.
aH yxe nonn1no, u1o 1akoe anecenne aknapa o6epne1cn pnn pyccknx ne
aospoxpenneH, a okonua1enLnmHn n 6ecnoaopo1nmH noxoponaHn. H
, , mu , x,
m?
apapokcannc1 onoa ncxopn1 ns ne cnnukoH npnamunoro, xo1n, aosHoxno, rny6okoro
nonnHannn nn1epecoa anapa a occnn. o y nero ec1L konnern, ncnoaepykune 6onee
1papnunonnme nopxopm. nn amc1ynann, a uac1noc1n, na yxe ynoHnny1oH sacepannn
nkn1ckoro kny6a. pncnyuaeHcn.
mc1ynnenne nekcanppa , saaepykuero cek1opoH H
H 6pocko osarnaaneno: H x n v
. aueH? po1naopeua caH ce6e, no kak 6m ne saHeuan a1oro npo1naopeunn, on
osapaunaae1 un1a1enn: cn r Pcc c kyn cn
c, k x y M nc nxm cnnn.
C C AMk E m ay nMy yMn ynM. -,
My y cny, kn M yy Mcy. -,
akcy kn, cn nn yr c, r xMc
ck Mr Mn n, r n Mc. Hny
cn c - akc kn c M
y x. B n nn rnn akMck
x - nnn, k cn cn r cM MM. Kk x
Pcc - c c yM cnM, Mn nM
cycM Mxc akc kn?
po1naopeune kpnun1: u m , x -
n , u ?! pnako
knHoa nac1anaae1: O nn y Pcc k x, kk y yr c c
yMmMcn cnM. B M cn rnnn
akMck cn. 3c nM M Mx c Pcc
cnckr nc. 50 n cn nk Kn H cc
Mnn nk, kxr xnn y cn mc ck
cncknc Mn. Pcc a x Mn - nm r rk
k yr. B cyc Pccn Mx nx kc cr kn
rnn akMk.
oxno nopyHa1L, u1o nHenno 1akoaa rnaanan sapaua pycckoro napopa - ao u1o 6m 1o
nn c1ano cpena1L aknap a rno6annsaunk akonoHnkn! a eue o1paa pnn a1oro caon
seHnn! 1o Hoxe1 6m1L a6cyppnee 1akoro npepnoxennn?!
Ln npo6neHm, a caHoH pene, asnncn peua1L aoc1okoaep: naun, pycckne, nnn
kn1ackne, nnpnckne? oxoxe, nHenno a1opoe: H crnm Mxy Pcc
KM, M, kck kcn cMrn cnncn crnc
Mc Pcc nn n cnckr nc. Pccn
c n ar k cky c c (ao1
cnacn6o! onLko nx 1y1 ne xaa1ano! - A. C.), r kck cn y
70
kMk ry cccy c r Mxy Pcc KM,
kk a M Mc /nM ck C. Hmmu mm
A, mx q uxnx
, n mu s (ampeneno
Hno. - A. C.).
1kpoaennee ne ckaxeuL. cnn sanapnnk onoa osa6ouen peuenneH sa nau cue1
npo6neH anapa, 1o aoc1ounnk knHoa - npo6neH oc1oka. (o1n 1akxe n anapa,
yxacno 6onuerocn nannmaa nHenno 1ex, koro knHoa npepnarae1 pasHec1n1L a
occnn.) eH a1o upeaa1o pnn occnn - on nn6o ne popyHmaae1, nn6o ne
poroaapnaae1.
1pannmH 6pepoH (no ouenL nokasa1enLnmH, paxe, n ckasan 6m, paso6naun1enLnmH)
a1opn1 knHoay renepanLnm pnpek1op M x m
x nekcanpp 3x, ko1opoHy noueHy-1o 1oxe npepoc1aannn cnoao na
qopyHe peHorpaqoa: Kk crn yx, cMn ncn . O
ccn r nn cycn. r nky nr x
ky. O M M n c n. Cn
r cyn k. B c kcync k M
Mkck ck kyny (k cn cMcn M). Fn
a cm cy. Hnck Mrq Mk Tn
cc Pcc, cc, k rcyc r, n
c cn, cx k, c - cynn nr ky
..
pnueH 1y1 nspannL1nnnn onLu? oueHy Hm ponxnm ero cnyua1L? pasae 1ak
noc1ynae1 a ananornuno cn1yaunn spannL? nkak ne1: coaceH npo1naononoxnmH
o6pasoH! u1o, caexan kpoaL ns 1pe1Lero Hnpa, no pekoHenpaunn onLua n
axapoaa, npnsaana cnac1n pycckyk ceHLk? naropapnH nokopno! kakoe aoo6ue
Hoxe1 6m1L cnacenne occnn ane nonnoHacu1a6noro cnacennn pyccknx?
oxe, ns6aaL nac o1 ppyse n po6poxena1ene nopo6noro 1nna!
Hexpy 1eH, ao1 eue opnn ns nnx: napnHnp H - ne k1o-nn6ypL, a saa.
Kq svr q MY . M. .
R. ro amc1ynnenne nasmaae1cn H ,
nx. anaum - a1o, koneuno, nHHnrpan1m. papm - a1o koHnencaunn sa
cue1 nx npnespa ec1ec1aenno y6mnn nacenennn.
n y1aepxpae1: /nn cM Pcc c cc yn cnn (
cM rM, ccn y n 2050 r) M
c k, cknky yx c Mryc rcyc,
akMckM Pcc, cM cc (17 Mn. k. kM),
k Mx c ck m cnc
cnn. T c c rcyc kk kr.
oueHy? 1o ne o6Lncneno. ak nsaec1no, paec1n ne1 nasap, a 1795 ropy, nocne acex
saaoeaann e1pa epaoro n ka1epnnm 1opo, nacenenne yxe orpoHno occncko
nHnepnn (c onLue n nnnnnpne) coc1aannno acero 41.175 1mc. uenoaek. nnuero
- pepxanncL. e 1onLko nnkoHy caoe seHnn ne o1paaann, no eue n uyxyk k pykaH
npn6npann.
1o ne1 nasap nacenenne ace occncko Hnepnn, ko1opan 6mna no6onLue, ace xe,
pasHepoH, ueH , coc1aannno acero nnuL neHnornH 6onee 100 Hnn., a ceropnn a
opno 1onLko occnn - 145,5 Hnn. (pnueH aennkopoccoa 6mno 1orpa 55,7 Hnn., a
ceuac noka eue - 120 Hnn.!) o ec1L, poccnnn, ao-nepamx, c1ano sa kaknx-1o c1o
ne1 a non1opa pasa 6onLue na a non1opa pasa HenLue 1eppn1opnn! naun1,
71
nno1noc1L aospocna eue cnnLnee: a 2,25 pasa. ao-a1opmx, Hm Hnoro amnrpann nocne
pacnapa a cHmcne naunonanLno opnopopnoc1n nacenennn, npeapa1nauncL a
HononaunonanLnyk (no aceH HnpoamH c1anpap1aH) pycckyk c1pany. onkpe1no
pyccknx (ne poccnnn) c1ano ne a non1opa, a a paa c nnunnH pasa 6onLue! poHe
1oro, sa a1n xe c1o ne1 occnn npeo6pasnnacL a npepnyk pepxaay, o6napakuyk c1onL
neo6xopnHmH a panno cn1yaunn opyxneH cpepxnaannn. T
xu m
n H? ueHy roaopn1L nenpaapy, nopnnHa1L nannky? asae
a a1oH poc1onnc1ao yuenoro?
H, u
x x x, ,
x , s, ,
, - u ?
epL a1o-1o n ec1L aepneun ny1L k okonua1enLno rn6enn! 6o ecnn Hm ne
coxpannH rocypapc1aoo6pasykun a1noc, nosaonnH ero pasHm1L, pas6aan1L, asn1L nop
coHnenne ero a1nnueckyk npen1nunoc1L, 1o nn rocypapc1ao coxpann1L, nn 1eppn1opnn
saunua1L 6ype1 nekoHy n nesaueH. pkan nnnkc1paunn k ckasannoHy - cypL6a
nHcko nHnepnn.
Ou m um
n , u um x
n . oa1oHy npoqeccop onuea coaepuenno nenpaa, korpa
ykasmaae1: Mr n, k cncn c CHF
En, rcn nk 25 Mn. ycck ( k n 5 Mn. yx
n Pcc), ccnn kn 60 Mn. nk (yn c
ycckn cn, cMm cM .). o y nac a occnn c1on1 coaceH
ppyran xnsnenno aaxnan npo6neHa: un
n n, n sx x
x n . aoace ne
1aun1L a cao poH nec1pyk naunonanLnyk cHecL pycckonsmunmx.
onuea ro1oa sa1n eue panLue, ponyckan ncnonLsoaanne pasyHno Hnrpaunonno
nonn1nkn no npnaneuennk n apeHennoHy ncnonLsoaannk nnoc1panno pa6oue cnnm
(n xen1o, n 6eno, n uepno). o naH yxe nonn1no, u1o , n
u , u
xn. 6o a1a nonn1nka a npnnunne a6conk1no
6espaccypna. m yxe anpenn, k ueHy ona npnaena a ennko6pn1annn, panunn nnn
epHannn. aoace ne xo1nH cnepoaa1L nx npnHepy.
o ao1 u1o nk6onm1no. yxe un1npoaanno pnccep1aunn onoHapeaa ae1nan
nHHnrpaunn n nHHnrpaunonnan nonn1nka ennko6pn1annn copepxn1cn ouenL
snaHena1enLnoe na6nkpenne: FccyM ck crq
nnncn nn k nM. O nnncn nmcM
cc Mcc qM, cnnM c r.
Un MMrn cnnnc nnM kMM nnM -
ykM k cn nc nk cnxr
akMckr nxn ck kn (c. 10). eypnan1enLno, u1o
cnoxneuan a1nononn1nueckan npo6neHa, rpe uena oun6kn Hoxe1 okasa1Lcn
cHep1enLno pnn naunn, okasanacL a pesynL1a1e o1pana na o1kyn. nnnc1epc1ay
1pypa, peuaaueHy, ckonLko Hoxno saaes1n a nrnnk nnopopuea, nnuL ncxopn ns
cnkHnny1no no1pe6noc1n a pa6ounx pykax.
n6epanm acex c1pan acerpa ns npnnunna sakpmaak1 rnasa na a1nononn1nky,
o1aopaunaak1cn o1 nee. cnoaepyn Hexannc1nueckn, npnHonnnenm,
kaasnakonoHnueckn nopxop, a1n nko6m nparHa1nkn npoc1no na6pacmaak1cn na
apen1oa a1nononn1nueckoro nopxopa n, k coxanennk, uac1o opepxnaak1 aepx.
72
esynL1a1 a1oro naH nsaec1en. o apeHeneH aa1ox1onnme napopm, paaune nn6epanaH
ce6n yroaopn1L, cnoxaa1maak1cn, no noayuka, kypa onn caHn saunn no po6po aone,
ne nopacknnya aoapeHn HosraHn, yxe saxnonnynacL. osen yxe nyuen a oropop, n ero
nnueH ne amrna1L n ne amHann1L.
onoa, knHoa, onuea - ne nocnepnne nHena na poccnckoH nayunoH nnHne. o
poccnckn npoqeccopckn nn6epannsH nnuy1L ne nyuue 6pn1anckoro
nonn1nueckoro: 1o1 n ppyro o6opaunaak1cn unc1eunH npepa1enLc1aoH
naunonanLnmx nn1epecoa.
nrpan1opa1enn: 1ak soay n c1oponnnkoa npnsmaa pa6ounx pyk ns c1pan 1pe1Lero
Hnpa. nn ne cnpn1 cnoxa pykn, neyc1anno pa6o1ak1 a opnoH nanpaanennn,
npnyro1oannn ny1L a occnk pnn nnopopuea acex Hac1e.
73
Bu
snauenne a nnanax Hnrpan1opa1ene nHee1, koneuno, ockaa. E m
m u Hm Xm,
m H B. aunonanLno nonn1nko a ockoacko Hapnn
sannHae1cn oHn1e1 o6uec1aennmx n HexpernonanLnmx canse, rpe nepayk ckpnnky
ne nepam rop nrpae1 saHec1n1enL pykoaopn1enn, kypnpykun naunonanLnme
o1nouennn, pyapp oHan.
o nepenncn 1989 r. a ockae nacun1maancn acero opnn Hnnnnon nepyccknx xn1ene-
Hockanue. o sa ropm nepec1pokn nacenenne ockam yHenLunnocL na Hnnnnon - c
9 po 8 Hnn.; a 1o xe apeHn uncnennoc1L opno 1onLko kaakascko pnacnopm,
nanpnHep, aospocna k 2000 ropy a 10 pas n poc1nrna 1,5 Hnn. o ec1L, ee ypenLnm
aec ampoc c 1,6% po 19% o6aanLno, sa kakne-1o pecn1L ne1! ouepnenn
opHockoaLe n uenme paonm ockam, ypenennme o1 uen1pa: ynueao, yunno,
n1nno. aepL ec1L eue 1apxnkn, kopeum, nerpm n ppyrne Hnrpan1m ns c1pan snn
n qpnkn. cno, u1o poc1 HexnaunonanLno nanpnxennoc1n - nens6manoe cnepc1ane
1akoro nonoxennn aeue.
o koe-koro noueHy-1o 1peaoxn1 ne npnunna, a cnepc1ane: nHenno - poc1 kcenoqo6nn
pyccknx Hockanue, a ne napenne nx ypenLnoro aeca. e1oH 1998 ropa
H n (6maun occncko-aHepnkanckn
nnqopHaunonnm uen1p) coaHec1no c H x
1 xr v n Kr
x 1 npoaen konqepenunk na 1eHy
HexnaunonanLnmx o1nouenn a ockae. pncy1c1aoaann npepc1aan1enn pasnnunmx
naunonanLnmx o6unn (kpoHe pyccknx, pasyHee1cn, ko1opmx ne counn nyxnmH
npnrnacn1L): apHnncknx, eapecknx, 1a1apcknx, Hoppoacknx, asep6apxancknx,
parec1ancknx n 1.p.
cnoano poknap cpenana . M, co1pypnnua H sr
nr H (pnpek1op - ne6esmsaec1nm ppyr pyccknx . m),
ko1opan npepnoxnna paccHo1pe1L pen1enLnoc1L a ockae n
"a1noncnxonornueckne ycnoann npneHa nnokynL1ypnmx, nnonaunonanLnmx Hnrpan1oa
a c1onnue, ko1opme cospae1 npnnnHakuan c1opona. oknap 6mn cpenan c
Mck, x , uLn "uenoaeueckne n naunonanLnme
npaaa nonnpak1cn. a1op c ocyxpenneH un1npoaana saronoakn ny6nnkaun
Hockoacknx rase1 1997 r., nanpnHep: "esaanmx roc1e a ockae c1anoan1cn ace
6onLue, "yxo a ropope. 1o penae1 kpnHnnanLnyk noropy? ("euepnnn ockaa),
"ockaa: a1opoe npnuec1ane ueuenuea?, "nua "6anpn1cko naunonanLnoc1n
ppyxne oHnn1epna ("n), "ockae nopa sanoao o6pyce1L (") n 1.p.
accHa1pnaan Hnorouncnennme unqpoame pannme, npnaopnHme npecco, poknapunua
o6pa1nna naue annHanne na 1o, u1o - n 1 .
x x, , s
u, nm x , u
x - x . pnako cokpyuanacL ona aoace ne o6
a1oH, a nnuL o 1oH, u1o "a6conk1noe 6onLunnc1ao ny6nnkaun ao acex rase1ax
nokasmaak1 nepyccknx Hnrpan1oa kak "nnunnx n ouenL Heuakunx HockanuaH
nkpe, a 1o apeHn kak Haccm npnesxnx "npnnocn1 6onLuyk nonLsy ropopy n
ropoxanaH. o 1oH, u1o Hockoackan npecca "pacnpoc1panne1 apaxpe6noc1L,
kcenoqo6nk n nepoaepne no o1nouennk k npepc1aan1ennH naunonanLnmx
HenLunnc1a, npnueH ne 1onLko k Hnrpan1aH nocnepnnx ne1, no ko aceH, k1o
nanoHnnae1 nx caonH o6nnkoH, xo1n Hoxe1 6m1L HockanuoH yxe ne a nepaoH
nokonennn.
74
a aonpoc "H r", roaopn1 nn npaapy nnn nry1, y1aepxpan,
u1o npnesxne m , nm m
m , nm n 1.p., anLkoaa
o1ae1nna: "1o Hne 1pypno ckasa1L. 1pannm o1ae1 pnn yuenoro, ne npaapa nn?
e cekpe1 nn pnn koro, u1o nopo6nme c1pannoc1n a ockae nHek1 opnn nc1ounnk:
nosnunk Hapa Kpnn yxkoaa, nannkuerocn, no poc1oaepnmH caepennnH, na ue1aep1L
6auknpoH n na ue1aep1L eapeeH. ro necrn6aeHm nnunm nn1epnaunonannsH
nensHenno o6opaunaae1cn HockoacknH nonn1nuecknH kocHononn1nsHoH, a roppoc1L sa
aaepennm eHy Heranonnc - c1pon1enLc1aoH kocHononnca, oaoro aannona. e
cekpe1, u1o a ero 6nnxauee okpyxenne axopn1 Hnorouncnennme eapen, ueuenum,
asep6apxanum, n paxe npecc-cekpe1apL - ne pycckn, a kopeeu o.
aok nosnunk no naunonanLnoHy aonpocy yxkoa anonne ampasnn, nosppaannn a
nnue pesnpen1a occnckoro apeckoro onrpecca .. ycnnckoro acex eapeea-
Hockanue c eapecknH oamH opoH (ou-xa-ana). nosppaanennn roaopnnocL:
aaxaeHm napnHnp nekcanppoanu! osaonL1e Hne uepes nosppaan1L eapeea-
Hockanue c noamH 5757 ropoH n nac1ynakunHn sa nnH amcoknHn npaspnnkaHn.
ockaa - HnoronaunonanLnm Heranonnc, n opna ns ocnoanmx sapau, c1onunx nepep
ee npaan1enLc1aoH - npeapa1n1L ropop a sony, cao6opnyk o1 acex qopH pacnsHa n
uoannnsHa (Mx r N 17-18/96).
yxkoay a1opn1 ero Horyuec1aennm saHec1n1enL, eape .. ecnn, a uLnx pykax
cocpepo1oueno ace c1pon1enLc1ao rnran1ckoro ropopa: "ockaa - opnn ns caHmx
HnoronaunonanLnmx ropopoa Hnpa, n npnnunnm naunonanLno nonn1nkn a ockae
ponxnm ncknkua1L nk6me nponanennn naunonannsHa, onn nanpaanenm na pasan1ne
naunonanLnmx kynL1yp n o6pasoaannn (yx u1o-nn6ypL opno ns payx, aepL pasan1ne
naunonanLnmx kynL1yp - a1o n ec1L aaxneun sanor nponanennn naunonannsHa a
caHoH ckopoH 6ypyueH. - A.C.)... aue 1aeppoe naHepenne - npoponxa1L n
coaepuenc1aoaa1L asanHopec1ane c naunonanLnmHn oprannsaunnHn, qopHnpoaa1L
HexannsHm noppepxkn n pasan1nn nx nnnuna1na... ecHo1pn na ace 1pypnoc1n,
HnoronaunonanLnan ockaa naacerpa ponxna oc1aaa1Lcn naunH HnpnmH o6unH
poHoH, n Hockoackoe npaan1enLc1ao cpenae1 pnn a1oro ace aosHoxnoe (. .
n v n - x QK. -
Mx r N 8/96).
a cnoaaHn, na nepam asrnnp npaannLnmHn, kpoe1cn anonne pycoqo6ckan npak1nka.
o-nepamx n npexpe acero: x n x um .
peapa1n1L ropop a sony, cao6opnyk. o1 pycckoro pyxa - ao1, noxany, u1o na pene
ypanocL yxkoay. e roaopk o caonx pepax-npapepax, kopennmx Hockanuax, no n n
caH eue noHnk nHenno pycckyk, a nnkakyk ne HnoronaunonanLnyk ockay. F
u ? F x? E .
ocHononnc no nHenn ockaa 1akoamH nasmaa1Lcn ne nHee1 npaaa.
o-a1opmx, nnkakoro paanonpaann a o6pauennn c naunonanLnmHn oprannsaunnHn
ropopa ockam ne1. aunonanLnm aonpoc a HockoackoH npaan1enLc1ae ne cnyuano
o1pan na o1kyn pyappy oHany, ko1opm npn anpe Henn Hopun1cn, cnoano ykycnn
nnHon. ockae pa6o1ae1 n nonyuae1 6kpxe1noe qnnancnpoaanne (ns pycckoro, a
ocnoanoH, kapHana) camue nn1npecn1n pasnnunmx naunonanLno-kynL1ypnmx
aa1onoHn - apHnncknx, kopecknx, eapecknx, umrancknx, kaknx yropno. 1onLko ne
pyccknx. pyccknH, u1o6m sapernc1pnpoaa1L nopo6nyk aa1onoHnk, npnxopn1cn
1acka1Lcn no cypaH, o1c1anaa1L caon rpaxpanckne n uenoaeueckne npaaa. yx pener
nonyun1L - neuero n Heu1a1L.
ockaa Hnoroe pnk1ye1 c1pane, ao HnoroH sapae1 1on. coxanennk, n a
naunonanLno nonn1nke 1oxe. po6neHa pycnqnkaunn ockam - opna ns caHmx
oc1pmx n neo1noxnmx.
75
4 n: 3s
, ecnn aepny1Lcn k nauany pa6o1m, Ho npornos - ckopee neccnHnc1nueckn, ueH
on1nHnc1nueckn.
H XX m , , n, m u
u, u. nn a1oro nHek1cn kak cy6Lek1nanme (naun o1nouennn c
ppyrnHn yuac1nnkaHn nc1opnueckoro npouecca), 1ak n o6Lek1nanme (naua
aknkuennoc1L a o6ueHnpoame sakonoHepnoc1n pasan1nn) npepnocmnkn n ocnoaannn.
aa 1aknx o6Lek1nanmx HoHen1a, a nHenno, m x mmn q
unn s n n n F
3 X - nosaonnk1 c1aan1L aonpoc o 1oH, cyxpeno nn naH nepexn1L noam
aek aoo6ue.
cnoe cosnanne onacnoc1n, ee ue1kan xapak1epnc1nka nosaonnk1 c1pon1L c1pa1ernk
saun1m. un1maan, u1o co6c1aennmx cnn y nac ceuac Hano, a 6ype1, aepon1no, eue
HenLue, nHenno n , yxopa o1 onacnoc1n, o1paxennn amsoaoa XXI
aeka ponxna c1a1L pnn nac npo6neHo noHep opnn.
pexpe, ueH nepe1n k pasroaopy o c1pa1areHax, xo1en 6m ckasa1L neckonLko cnoa o
pacnpoc1panennmx a naun pnn nnnksnnx n noxnmx sapauax. nepayk ouepepL a1o
cansano c am6opoH c1pa1ernueckoro coksnnka na 6nnxaune pecn1nne1nn.
axe1cn nornunmH ncka1L ce6e coksnnka cpepn 1oaapnue no necuac1Lk -
packpec1Lnnennmx c1pan, a oco6ennoc1n popc1aennmx naH no pace. H s
.
s packpec1Lnnennmx naun Hoxno nasaa1L, noxany, 1onLko pae, ne nopaeprunxcn
noka u1o sacnnnk nnopopuea a 1ako xe c1pauno caHoy6nc1aenno Hepe, kak
paccHo1pennme amue c1panm aponm n Hepnka: Hm pa nnonum. 1o snaun1, u1o
ceropnn 1onLko Hm n onn cao6opnm noka eue o1 cnnppoHa sanoxnnka, HoxeH
nosaonn1L ce6e kakoe-1o conpo1nanenne nonsyue aneune akcnancnn. o
oc1poano, HononaunonanLno n 1pyponk6nao nonnn, pyHak, aoo6ue nnuero
oco6enno ne rposn1. e ne sacenn1 c nerkoc1Lk kn1aum, kopeum, cpepneasna1m,
1kpkn, nerpm n apa6m, ko1opmH ropaspo npoue n ypo6nee nanpaan1L cao nanop na
Hanosacenennme Ha1epnkoame seHnn. ao1 nac - sanpoc1o. a1o1 nanop, ne auepa
nauaauncn, na6npae1 cnny c kaxpmH ropoH. ro cpepxnaae1 noka 1onLko nau
cypoam knnHa1 n nnue1a naue xnsnn. cnn occnn naune1 amxopn1L ns kpnsnca,
pacuae1a1L, 1o, yun1maan ee npoc1opm n nckonaeHme 6ora1c1aa, a nee, neasnpan na
ckaepnm knnHa1, xnmny1 aqpo-asna1ckne n paxe nnpo-naknc1anckne n
na1nnoaHepnkanckne Haccm a konnuec1ae 6onLueH, ueH nx yxe xnmnyno a apony n
Hepnky. HHnrpaunn npnHe1 o6aanLnm xapak1ep, kak a 1960-x.
pn a1nx o6c1on1enLc1aax, npnsna1Lcn, po nonnn n nnonuea Hne ne1 nnkakoro pena.
nnkak ne coo1nouy ce6n c nnHn, n nx cypL6a Henn ouenL Hano aonnye1. ne
cnHna1nsnpyk nH, 1pnxpm xec1oko aoeaaaunH c pyccknHn a aeke n ykpmaunHcn
nmne nop arnpo o1 acex aosHoxnmx nenpnn1noc1e. n o kako connpapnoc1n c
nnonuaHn, xo1L n npouepunHn, kak Hm, uepes packpec1Lnnnaanne n ac1aaunHn na
ny1L penonynnunn, ne Hoxe1 6m1L n peun. osHoxno, co apeHeneH nonnn, kak n
o6Lepnnennan open, 6ype1 nyxna kak cpepc1ao cpepxnaannn n1an, no po 1oro eue
napo poxn1L. 1oHy xe nenLsn sa6maa1L, u1o nnonuea 1aH, na nx kpoxo1nmx
oc1poaax, a6nnsn nyc1ykunx seHenL pnHopLn, - 125 Hnnnnonoa uenoaek, uy1L
6onLue, ueH poccnckoro nacenennn ao ace eaponecko uac1n occnn, n a ue1mpe
76
pasa 6onLue, ueH a asna1cko, o1 pana po aHua1kn! cnn nnonuea c1ane1 HenLue a
paa, 1pn pasa - a1o 6ype1 ouenL, ouenL xopouo pnn nac.
, koneuno, ne Hory ckasa1L 1ak o cypL6e aponm, 6eno apncko pacm, k ko1opo
npnnapnexnH n Hm, pycckne. aH ne6espasnnuna a1a cypL6a, ao HnoroH o6uan pnn
nac? pnako 1o1 qak1, u1o Hm okasanncL c eaponeuaHn a opno nopke - eue
nnuero ne snaun1. kasa1Lcn a opno nopke c nkpoepoH nnn npokaxennmH -
o6c1on1enLc1ao, nnHano ne cnoco6c1aykuee connpapnoc1n n konconnpaunn.
ocHo1pnH nenpepasn1o: kak aepy1 ce6n eaponeum no o1nouennk k naH - n no
o1nouennk k 1eH napopaH, nauec1ane ko1opmx yrpoxae1 ace 6eno pace?
oka u1o 6enme apnum-eaponeum, nacHep1L nepenyrannme akcnancne ncnaHcknx
napopoa, acnueckn sanrpmaak1 nHenno c nnHn, sancknaak1 nHenno nepep nnHn n
npepnoun1ak1 np1n na coks n konconnpaunk nHenno c nnHn, a aoace ne c naHn,
6pa1LnHn no pace. pn a1oH, ne 1ancL, na1paannaak1 nx - na nac, a nac - na nnx, a
napexpe o1aec1n ypap o1 ce6n. nHenno no1oHy peHonc1pa1nano ne uenn1 ycnnnn
occnn no o6yspannk ncnaHckoro akc1peHnsHa, konHn ueronne1 npesnpen1 y1nn
nepep nnuoH aponm. n ueronne1 ycnnnnHn, a apona n a o1ae1 -
6ecnpnc1pac1noc1Lk a ocaeuennn ueuencknx co6m1n, rpe occnn npepc1ae1 a anpe
kpoaoxapnoro Honc1pa, a ueuenum - a anpe neannnmx xep1a. aHonpepa1enLc1ao
(nck n) nackaosL nnqnnL1poaanno HycynLHanaHn
aponm nens6exno o6opaunaae1cn npepa1enLc1aoH nk6oro ee rnno1e1nueckoro
coksnnka - xo1L 6m n Hepnkn, xo1L 6m n occnn. 1o 1o1 caHm cnyua, korpa
Hep1am xaa1ae1 xnaoro, u1o6m y1aun1L c co6o na 1o1 cae1.
ypoanunm no caoe nornke noc1ynok (a1o a66peana1ypo anonne
o6ocnoaanno Hoxno saHenn1L cnoaocoue1anne aHepnkanum nnkc eaponeum nnn
eapo-aHepnkanum) - nocnepoaa1enLnan noppepxka HycynLHan ao ace uepepe
krocnaacknx aon 1990-x ropoa, aknkuan aoopyxennm konqnnk1 a ocoao. opnan
1pycoc1L, 1pycnnaan nopnoc1L, nounan nepanLnoanpnoc1L - acex nopo6nmx
nenapnaHen1cknx ampaxenn ne xaa1n1, u1o6m kaannqnunpoaa1L a1o1 noc1ynok no
poc1onnc1ay. pnako on ec1L caepunauncn qak1, n a1o nonnoc1Lk ampae1 ack
ncnxonornk coapeHennoro eaponeua, nopaxennyk cnnppoHoH sanoxnnka;
ackpmaae1 npncyun nc1nnnoHy na1oauy anropn1H noaepennn. mueykasannan
noppepxka ampasn1enLno conpoaoxpae1cn pen1enLnoc1Lk Hexpynapopnoro
ncnaHckoro uen1pa a onpone (acero a nrnnn - okono 400 ncnaHcknx oprannsaun!),
aep6ykuero po6poaonLuea pnn aonm na aakase, Hnoro1mcnunmHn an1npoccncko-
npoueuencknHn Hn1nnraHn HycynLHan (coaHec1no c qpanuysaHn!) a apnxe. e1,
xn nun m E mn
n : ne nyxno nn1a1L nnnksn n nec6m1ounmx napexp.
aponeum ne xpy1 n ne xo1n1 a a1oH pene o1 nac noppepxkn, n caHn, 6esycnoano, ne
noppepxa1 nac. ( npo Hepnky, nacenennyk, no ampaxennk ennepn, naune
nHHnrpan1oa, n peun 6m1L ne Hoxe1.)
nepye1 po6aan1L k ckasannoHy, u1o na1oaum, caHn nepexnaan xec1okn
peHorpaqnueckn kpnsnc, npn a1oH eue aepy1 c naHn nespnHyk peHorpaqnueckyk
aony, ryHann1apnyk nn1epaenunk, oprannsyn y nac pen1enLnoc1L pasnnunmx
cae1cknx oprannsaun n pennrnosnmx cek1, yaopnunx nkpe o1 cospannn nopHanLno
Hnorope1no ceHLn. 1akxe naansmaan occnn amropnyk anapy Hnrpaunonnyk
nonn1nky. (H. o6 a1oH ny6nnkaunn . opnueaa, K. anpanoaa, . nuoao, .
epaepeao, . aunaueaa, akapeHnka kapeHnn o6pasoaannn . yxnno, nspannn
uen1pa nsnL n pp.) npaaepnnaoc1n papn acnoHnnH, u1o n Hm neHano narapnnn
6pa1LnH no pace, ceHLpecn1 ne1 noppepxnaan no aceHy Hnpy
an1nnHnepnannc1nueckne, an1nkononnanLnme panxennn. 1oro a naunx
asanHoo1nouennnx nakonnenm orpoHnme saaanm o6np, npe1ensn n anonne
o6ocnoaannoro nepoaepnn. nc1nnnoHy coksnnuec1ay ceropnn ne ro1oam nn Hm, nn
77
6enme eapo-aHepnkanum, ko1opme nac sa eaponeuea nnkorpa ne cun1ann, ne
cun1ak1, pa n cun1a1L ne 6ypy1. m pnn nnx - aeuno uyxne.
eropnn, nanoHnk, sa nonn1nuecko aaancueno naHe1nncn croaop 1pex rno6anLnmx
yuac1nnkoa npouecca: na1oackoro anapa, aceHnpnoro eapec1aa n 1pe1Lero Hnpa,
croaop, o6pekakun pasrpoHnennyk n cna6yk occnk a xep1ay ero yuac1nnkaH.
Hu , un n m
, , u m
x - , .
paapa, nan6onee panLnoanpnme eaponeckne n aHepnkanckne o6uec1aennme
pen1enn n Hmcnn1enn - a 1oH uncne, 1akne saHe1nme, kak aanp kk, Kpren paq n
neko1opme ppyrne - o6pauak1 ceropnn asopm k occnn kak nocnepneHy sakasnnky
6eno pacm. 1ann npnesxa1L k naH (6enan noka eue a uenoH ockaa papye1 nx asop)
a napexpe naaec1n Hoc1m, amc1pon1L enm n1epnaunonan, Hexpynapopnm
pon1 cnacennn apnc1aa. 1o xopouo, no nnkako aqopnn no a1oHy noaopy y
Henn ne1. x npnHep epnnnuen n 6eckoneuno panek o1 rocypapc1aenno nonn1nkn nx
c1pan. pepnoxenne nonn1nueckoro coksa ne o6ecneueno nHn nn oprannsaunonno, nn
qnnancoao. a nnH npocHa1pnaak1cn nepcnek1nam c1onL o1panennme, u1o 1pypno
o1nec1ncL k nnH acepLes.
a1o eue 6onLuo aonpoc, poc1ona nn aoo6ue ne6naropapnan apona 1oro, u1o6m
Hm ee a ouepepno pas cnacann. onrono-1a1apm aoace ne nHenn a anpy saaoeaanne
ycn, nx ny1L nexan a apony. o1 nyc1L 6m n unn 1ypa, na nH, eny n k1eunk.
aueH Hm, saHe1no o6ronnaune a X-XII aekax a caoeH unannnsaunonnoH pasan1nn
anapnyk apony, oc1anoannn nauec1ane Honronoa uenok Hopn caoe kpoan n
payxaekoao o1c1anoc1n? 1o Hm nonyunnn o1 aponm a o1ae1 sa a1o1 cao nopanr?
acHeukn nap a1o 6naronpno6pe1enno o1c1anoc1Lk? u1o - a o1ae1 na cokpyuenne
aceeaponeckoro pnk1a1opa anoneona? pmHckyk aony. sa pasrpoH paspaanauero
apony n1nepa? onopnyk aony, kpax .
.e1 yx, xaa1n1! aano nopa pyccknH aHec1o 1oro, u1o6m naansmaa1Lcn oc1anLnmH
napopaH a cnacn1enn, - o6saaec1ncL Hyppoc1Lk kn1acko o6esLnnm, c ropm
na6nkpakue cxaa1ky 1nrpoa a ponnne.
oneuno, nenLsn nonnoc1Lk ncknkun1L 1ako noaopo1 a nc1opnn, korpa eaponeum
appyr a caoe Hacce nponnkny1cn k naH, pyccknH, 6pa1cknH uyac1aoH, packpok1 naH -
nckpenne! - caon o6Ln1nn n npepnoxa1 - onn1L-1akn nckpenne! - asanHoamropnm n
nonnm yaaxennn c1pa1ernueckn coks, 1ak ckasa1L, ac1panLnm 6pak na rope n
papoc1L, noka cHep1L nac ne pasnyun1. ne a a1o ouenL nnoxo aepn1cn, no appyr, ace
xe. 1o x, n 6ypy a1oHy 6esyHno pap n cpasy npepnoxy konuenunk 1akoro coksa. o
nnnuna1naa, noa1opk a1o c1okpa1, ponxna na ce pas ncxopn1L c anapa, nnaue aepm
e ne1 n ne 6ype1.
, noka u1o naH cnepye1 onpepenn1Lcn co caonH , co
caoe u n co caonH , ncxopn
ns cosnannn npo6neH n amsoaoa, npenoHnennmx uepes cosnanne naunx x
. axe ecnn a1n npo6neHm n amsoam nHek1 rno6anLnm xapak1ep.
cnn Hm xo1nH coxpann1Lcn a aekax, Hm c a6conk1no nens6exnoc1Lk ponxnm
npnnn1L npeonornk n ncnxonornk ss. onn k xnsnn ne
npepnonarae1 ppyrnx peuenn. cnn xe xenannn coxpann1Lcn y nac ne1 - 1orpa o ueH
aoo6ue roaopn1L? onn k cHep1n npepnonarae1 1onLko opno: yHepe1L. n6o a cnapkoH
sa6m1Ln, nn6o a npoc1no 6n1ae. oapeHennoe o6uec1ao pae1 k 1oHy n ppyroHy
poc1a1ouno cpepc1a. o n napekcL, u1o a1o ne nau am6op.
c1anLno Hnp nyc1L xnae1, kak caH snae1.
78
79
K
yx ncka1L coksnnka, 1o ne a nncxopnunx, o6peuennmx napopax,
npnnapnexaunx npounoHy, a a aocxopnunx, nHekunx 6ypyuee. ena1enLno -
aennkoe 6ypyuee. K , K - , m
XXI n.
n1ae, kak n a occnn nakanyne k1n6pLcko peaonkunn, kpec1Lnne eue okono
1980 r. coc1aannnn 86% nacenennn. o pasan1ne kann1annsHa a pepeane, ckynka
seHnn neHnornHn pas6ora1eaunHn kpec1LnnaHn yxe ceuac npnaena k 1oHy, u1o
ropopa nauann nepenonnn1Lcn nkpLHn, ne nyxnmHn nn ropopy, nn pepeane. eropnn a
kn1acknx ropopax xnae1 yxe ne 14, a 50% nacenennn; a1a He1aHopqosa
coaepunnacL sa kakne-1o paapua1L ne1. counanLno-peHorpaqnueckoe nanpnxenne
yxe npepenLno aennko n a ropope, n a pepeane. o1-ao1 paane1.
oka u1o n1ak ypae1cn peua1L npo6neHy packpec1Lnnnaannn, yaennunaan n 6es 1oro
caHyk 6onLuyk a Hnpe apHnk, nanpaannn nkpe na rnran1ckne c1pokn
counannc1nueckoro kann1annsHa (a opnoH anxae opnoapeHenno c1pon1cn 2000
ne6ockpe6oa) n nooupnn aHnrpaunk xya-uno. o ponro nn 1ak Hoxe1 npoponxa1Lcn,
nnk1o ne snae1. opopckne xn1enn, c1ecnennme xec1knH nap1nnmH 1pe6oaanneH
Hanope1noc1n, pncunnnnnnpoaanno nopunnnk1cn eHy, no kn1ackan pepeann kak
poxana, 1ak n poxae1. oneuno, ecnn koHHynnc1nueckoHy pykoaopc1ay ypac1cn ack
aneprnk packpec1Lnnnaannn rnran1cko c1panm nanpaan1L ncknkun1enLno na Hnpnme,
cosnpa1enLnme uenn, ono sacnyxn1 ce6e ne6maanm naHn1nnk a aekax. o Hne u1o-1o
ne aepn1cn, u1o paxe 1akan aennkan n yHyppennan onm1oH 1mcnuene1n c1pana cyHee1
amaepny1Lcn ns-nop pec1ann aceHnpnmx nc1opnuecknx sakonoa.
nnpn, kak n1a c aennkonennmH cnokoc1aneH aoccoepnnne1cn c onkonroH n
akao, nop1nrnaae1 k ce6e nnranyp n caH nop1nrnaae1cn k aaank, n acnoHnnak
ny1L ppyro c1panm. epHannn: Hnpnoe aocc1anoanenne caonx npaa a encko
o6nac1n, Hnpnoe aoccoepnnenne c ype1aHn, oreHne n opaane, eHeneH,
nonk6oanm anunkc c ac1pne. o1oH 6pocok na onLuy - n Hnp cpmaae1cn a
aennuauyk aony, kakyk 1onLko snano uenoaeuec1ao.
asyHee1cn, n1a eue npn naue xnsnn aoccoepnnn1cn c aaaneH - kn1acko
ac1pne - paxe ecnn a1o amnLe1cn a neko1opoe kpoaonyckanne. o na koro on
6pocn1cn (a on nenpeHenno 6pocn1cn) no1oH? a uLnx nonnx pac1pa1n1 cao
nenoHepnm uenoaeueckn pecypc?
1o aonpoc xnsnenno aaxnm pnn nac.
nasap pae c1panm, pennaune a Hnpe a1opoe n 1pe1Le Hec1a no aennunne n
1eHnaH poc1a napoponacenennn n cnnxponno npoxopnaune uepes packpec1Lnnnaanne
- epHannn n occnn - asnnncL 1pa1n1L a1o1 rnaanm pecypc n cuennnncL a
cHep1enLno cxaa1ke. caHa cxaa1ka, n ee ncxop 6mnn m M
npeponpepenenm amuenasaannmHn couno-peHorpaqnuecknHn npoueccaHn. e
cnyuano no6epa sakonunnacL HounmH am6pocoH cnaann na sanapnme seHnn,
nonyaekoao okkynaune oc1ouno aponm. 1o 6mno opnnH ns aaxnmx peuenn
npo6neHm ns6m1ounoro nacenennn, o6ycnoanennoro packpec1LnnnaanneH. cnn 6m
no6epnna epHannn, npouecc nouen 6m a o6pa1noH reorpaqnueckoH nanpaanennn, n6o
neHum, co6c1aenno, nnuero 1ak ne xo1enn o1 nac, kak xnsnennoro npoc1panc1aa.
oa1opn1L cao nopanr na oc1oke Hm yxe ne cHoxeH. m pac1pa1nnn po kanenLkn
caok aneprnk akonoHnueckoro packpec1Lnnnaannn, ko1opan pae1cn nnuL opnaxpm.
n1a eue 1onLko naunnae1 ee 1pa1n1L. ce, u1o Hm HoxeH a cnyuae uero, a1o
npnHenn1L cnnm npepnoro cpepxnaannn. o caon a1oHnan 6oH6a ec1L n y kn1auea.
80
n 1exnnko, nn 1eH 6onee nkpLHn Hm ne HoxeH ce6e nosaonn1L aoeaa1L c n1aeH,
pasae u1o cneunanLno noc1aanH ce6e uenL norn6ny1L a Hyuennnx.
H x n qu .
yaepen, u1o Hm HoxeH coxpann1L ce6n n paxe, a ocnoanoH, caon seHnn ny1eH unc1o
pnnnoHa1nuecko nn1pnrn. peno 1y1 ne a 1oH, u1o Hm 1onLko u1o o6okpno
nop1aeppnnn rocrpannuy - a1o nnkorpa n nnkoro eue ne oc1anaannaano. peno a
o6ueH a1no- n reononn1nueckoH packnape a pepne n oc1ouno snn.
axoue1 nn n1a aoeaa1L c naHn? yxno nn eHy 1akoe o6okpnoe npepnoe
caHoy6nc1ao? e nape1cn nn y nero npo1nannka nonpoue n aHec1e c 1eH
nosaHanunae? onLko nn na nau anLnn oc1ok n n6npL Hoxe1 6m1L nanpaanen
aek1op kn1acko akcnancnn? anxy neckonLko coaepuenno ppyrnx aapnan1oa,
ocyuec1anenne ko1opmx anonne Hoxe1 saance1L o1 naue uenenanpaanenno
nonn1nkn. (Kn - c a ky - nx cyry rM
cMn, cknky n x cM ycckr .)
B-x, a1o Le1naH, c ko1opmH n1a yxe aoeaan ne 1ak paano ns-sa cnopnmx
1eppn1opn. orpa aLe1naHum, nepexnaakune cxopnme couno-peHorpaqnueckne
npoueccm c neko1opmH onepexenneH n nHekune 6ora1m onm1 aonm c , pann
n1ak cypoam o1nop. o coo1nouenne cnn c kaxpmH ropoH ace 6onLue Henne1cn - n
ne a nonLsy Le1naHa.
B-x, a1o o6Lepnnennan a nepanekoH 6ypyueH open - nakoHm kycok
nonnsoaoro pnaHypLn. 6LepnnnauncL, kopeum, ao-nepamx, nens6exno ampy1 ns-
nop aHepnkanckoro na1ponaxa, a ao-a1opmx, anoaL npeapa1n1cn a 1papnunonnm
o6Lek1 kn1acknx aoxpenenn. (c1a1n, Hepnka n ne c1ane1 aoeaa1L c n1aeH ns-sa
open.) 1aH, Hexpy npounH, 1oxe ao1-ao1 nope1 nonnmH xopoH packpec1Lnnnaanne
n cony1c1aykuan eHy ackanaunn aoennoro c1pon1enLc1aa, u1o cospac1
pononnn1enLnme npepnocmnkn pnn kopecko-kn1acko aonm.
B-ux, a1o asaxc1an. annm aek1op pnn nac - on1nHanen, nockonLky pae1
aosHoxnoc1L pas n naacerpa peun1L aonpoc o necnpaaepnnao pyccko-kasaxc1ancko
rpannue, o1pesaaue o1 occnn ee nckonnyk, na 90% sacenennyk pyccknHn nkpLHn
1eppn1opnk: Kxnm pan. (a kap1ax on ceropnn nenpaannLno nHenye1cn eaepnm
asaxc1an.) n a koeH cnyuae nenLsn cknonn1Lcn k npee aoccoepnnennn c
asaxc1anoH, kak c pec1an1enLno 6pa1cko enopyccne, - uennkoH n nonnoc1Lk! n
a koeH cnyuae nenLsn paxe sanka1Lcn o6 ykpennennn kasaxcko-kn1ackoro yuac1ka
rpannum sa nau cue1, kak a1o penae1 y1nn! 3 -
. yxr - acero oc1anLnoro asaxc1ana, nacenennoro kasaxaHn,
ko1opmx coaepuenno nn k ueHy npnnnHa1L a poccnckoe noppanc1ao, - M yx.
yc1L ero sa6epe1 n1a, ecnn saxoue1 n cyHee1. ao1 x u,
xo1n 6m papn 1ex pyccknx nkpe, kasakoa, ko1opme nonann a a1nokpa1nueckoe
pa6c1ao k xany asap6aeay n akyuak1 ace npenec1n rocypapc1aenno pycoqo6nn.
aspen asaxc1ana Hexpy naHn n n1aeH - a1nononn1nueckn nHnepa1na,
npencnonnennm, k 1oHy xe reononn1nuecko npenec1n.
nn n1an 1ako paspen (eaep asaxc1ana - naH, ace oc1anLnoe - eHy) 6ype1 c1onL
xe amropen, kak n pnn nac. ro reononn1nueckan sann1epecoaannoc1L a orpoHnmx
Hanosacenennmx nnouapnx Kxnoro n en1panLnoro asaxc1ana, na ko1opmx
pas6pocanm n nonesnme nckonaeHme, n aopnme pecypcm, n naxo1nme seHnn, n c1enn
pnn amnaca cko1a, n nnaupapHm pnn aoenno 1exnnkn, - aecLHa aennka.
a1nononn1nueckn pnck, npn rnran1ckoH nacenennn n1an n 93-npouen1noH ypenLnoH
aece opno naunn xanL, - HnnnHanen. asaxoa ne 1ak Hnoro, u1o6m saHe1no nonnsn1L
a1o1 npouen1.
81
m xe sann1epecoaanm a a1oH aapnan1e eue n no aneunenonn1nuecknH npnunnaH.
ako paspen asaxc1ana, M cnc m n c
Mn, neHepnenno n papnkanLno o6oc1pn1 o1nouennn n1an c Hepnko, nHekue
caon nn1epecm a asaxc1ane, no c1pauauecn c1onknoaenn c n1aeH na nouae
nepepena Hnpa. 1akxe - o1nouennn (n 6es 1oro nenpoc1me ns-sa nnusnno-
rypckoro paona) c HycynLHanaHn. ( nocnepnnH n o1nouy n rocypapc1aa pepne
snn, pnn ko1opmx paspen asaxc1ana no nnnuna1nae n1an 6ype1 1peaoxnmH,
noamuakunH 1onyc cnrnanoH.) eH caHmH y n1an a snn nonan1cn pononnn1enLnme
rno6anLnme nonn1nueckne npo1naoaecm, u1o naH, 6esycnoano, a amcue c1enenn na
pyky.
akoneu, paspen asaxc1ana, a o1nnune o1 paspena onLun, noc1aanauero nac nnuoH
k nnuy c n1nepoH n cnpoaounpoaaauero 1opyk Hnpoayk aony, npak1nueckn nnuero
ne nsHenn1: y nac c n1aeH n 1ak caHan npo1nxennan a Hnpe rpannua.
B-x, a1o onronnn, 1mcnuene1nnn Heu1a acex kn1acknx npaan1ene.
pepnnnan nHnepnn, o1 anapennn ko1opo, no ppeaneHy kn1ackoHy noaepLk,
saancn1 anapenne aceH HnpoH. anape1L onronne n1a nm1ancn neopnokpa1no, no
nonyuanocL a nc1opnn 1onLko nao6opo1: Honronm 6pann n1a nop caok pyky. 1nH
payH napopaH ec1L u1o npnnoHnn1L ppyr ppyry, sa u1o nokan1a1Lcn. e pyHak, u1o
n1a o1kaxe1cn o1 noao nonm1kn caec1n cue1m n pacnpoc1pann1L caok anac1L nap
HonronaHn, ecnn a1o eHy nosaonn1 uenoaeueckne n nnme, oco6enno nonn1nueckne,
pecypcm.
o6c1aenno, o6pncoaannmx amue aoennmx sapau anonne poc1a1ouno, na Ho asrnnp,
u1o6m nspacxopoaa1L aneprnk kn1ackoro packpec1Lnnnaannn. ocne uero ace
aepne1cn a caon 6epera, n kn1aum, cnyc1n opno-paa nokonennn, ypy1 ns
saaoeaannmx seHenL, kak Hm yunn ns oc1ouno aponm, pepne snn, akaakasLn n
pn6an1nkn. 6o pa6oune pykn no1pe6yk1cn yxe y nnx poHa, rpe poxpaeHoc1L
poc1nrne1 1oro ypoann, na ko1opoH ona ceropnn a apone.
pycckn Kxnm pan oc1ane1cn c pyccknHn, c naHn.
c1L eue neckonLko coo6paxenn, nnaennpykunx pnn Henn kn1ackyk yrposy,
c1aanunx ee na 1pe1Le Hec1o nocne na1oacko yrposm n ncnaHcko yrposm:
1) Hm o6Lek1nano nyxnm n ponro eue 6ypeH nyxnm n1ak, ko1opoHy neo6xopnHo
coepnnn1L caok xnayk cnny c naunHn aoenno-1exnnuecknHn noy-xay n npnpopnmHn
pecypcaHn, u1o6m pnk1oaa1L caok aonk a pernone yxe ceropnn n npo1naoc1on1L
Hepnke (n unpe - anapy) ao aceH Hnpe saa1pa;
2) Hm npnnapnexnH k pasnmH pacaH, n pnck cHeua1Lcn, pac1aopn1Lcn, y1pa1n1L
naunonanLnyk npen1nunoc1L y nac ropaspo nnxe npn o6uennn c kn1auaHn, ueH c
eaponeuaHn nnn paxe 1kpkaHn, kaakasuaHn. nHenno a1o1 pnck kak nnkako ppyro
nanne1cn pnn nac a6conk1no nenpneHneHmH;
3) nan6onee 6ecnouapnme cxaa1kn acerpa nocn1 any1pnanpoao, a ne Hexanpoao
xapak1ep: kn1auaH ncnxonornueckn (ecnn yropno - 6nonornueckn) npoue n Hnnee
6n1Lcn nacHep1L c HonrononpaHn - kasaxaHn, aLe1naHuaHn, kopeuaHn, HonronaHn,
nnonuaHn, nakoneu, ueH c naHn, eaponeonpaHn. c1a1n, 1ak ono a aekax acerpa n
6mno, sa ncknkuenneH anoxn nnrnc-ana. oxe1 nn anoxa nnrnca noa1opn1Lcn?
6nnxaune 20-30 ne1 - apnp nn;
4) acn nornka coapeHennoro pasan1nn npepnasnauae1 nac ppyr ppyry a c1pa1ernueckne
nap1nepm. x ecnn Hm c keH pec1an1enLno a opno nopke - 1ak a1o nHenno c
n1aeH. 6o xnsnL sac1aanne1 nac aHec1e ppyxn1L npo1na anapa, nonnn,
82
nanncnaHcko yrposm n Hnpoaoro eapec1aa - naunx o6unx (o6Lek1nano)
npo1nannkoa. ocnepnee, na Ho asrnnp, apxnaaxno;
5) nakoneu, anonne oueanpno, u1o y nac, pyccknx, - kak HnnnHyH paonan
kynL1ypnan, unannnsaunonnan npen1nunoc1L: sanapnan n aoc1ounan. onL oc1oka a
naue nc1opnn acerpa 6mna orpoHna n sauac1yk naHnoro 6onee 6naro1aopna, nexenn
ponL anapa. m HoxeH am6npa1L. ynL1ypnan npn1nra1enLnoc1L n1an pnn
nonnHakunx nkpe - ne nnxe, a ao HnoroH n ropaspo amue eaponecko.
ce ckasannoe ne o1Henne1, koneuno, neo6xopnHoc1n caHmH peun1enLnmH o6pasoH n
aceHn He1opaHn 6opo1Lcn c nonsyue Hnrpaune kn1auea na naun seHnn. nn naH
specL nn k ueHy, aonpekn Hnennk sapy6exnmx n poHopouennmx Hnrpan1opa1ene. o
a1o kacae1cn o1nkpL ne 1onLko kn1auea, a n acex npounx, n o6 a1oH - nnxe.
HTOFH H BmBOQm XX BEKA QHR OCCHH
acnek1m kpa1ko o6pncoaanno a npepmpyunx paspenax
npo6neHm ao HnoroH sapak1 ee napaHe1pm, no ne Hory1 onpepenn1L ny1n ee
paspeuennn. m ponxnm ncxopn1L ns co6c1aennmx nn1epecoa, uenenonarannn n aonn.
un1maan, pasyHee1cn, aneunne qak1opm, nnu ,
n x u, nn u
q . aunH o1uaH a 1941-1945 rr. 6mno ne nerue. o 6es onm ne1
o6epm.
H, n, xn n u
xn , , u
m H-XXI.
o1 neko1opm kackap kpa1knx 1esncoa-c1pa1areH, amc1poennmx no nncxopnue:
nc1opnocoqnn, qnnocoqnn, nonn1nueckan npeonornn, konkpe1nme a1nononn1nueckne
n nonn1akonoHnueckne Hepm. ce ckasannoe nnxe ec1L nnuL Hoe nnunoe Hnenne,
nnop nnunmx na6nkpenn n paspyHn. ne npe1enpyk na y1aepxpenne nc1nnm n
ro1oa pncky1npoaa1L no kaxpoHy nynk1y. anonne nonnHak 1akxe, u1o nn opno
npaan1enLc1ao occnn, kpoHe pycckoro naunonan-na1pno1nueckoro, ne npnHe1 k
pykoaopc1ay ace nnxenepeuncnennme nynk1m.
eH ne Henee, n ponxen nx npepnoxn1L. aepk a nx npak1nueckyk npnropnoc1L.
HH4HR
1. npepc1aanenne o knaccoao 6opL6e kak epnnc1aenno panxyue
cnne nc1opnn n, coo1ae1c1aenno, npepc1aanenne o6 nc1opnn aeka kak o 6opL6e
payx cnc1eH - counannsHa n kann1annsHa - ne coo1ae1c1ayk1 pec1an1enLnoc1n n ne
ampepxnaak1 kpn1nkn. naccoaan 6opL6a a1opnuna no o1nouennk k 6opL6e a1nocoa.
1nnueckne aonm nonannncL c nonanenneH uenoaeka n conpoaoxpak1 ack ero
nc1opnk. aHm knacc pa6oa (poponauanLnnk knaccoao 6opL6m) nonanncn 6naropapn
a1nnuecknH aonaH; n aocc1annn pa6oa 6mnn, aHec1e c 1eH, aocc1annnHn
nnonneHennmx no o1nouennk k a1nocy-pa6oanapenLuy Hacc, 1o ec1L - npoponxenneH
n pasnoanpnoc1Lk ace 1ex xe a1nnuecknx aon. asanauncL co apeHeneH a neko1opmx
(ne acex) unannnsaunonnmx cnc1eHax a opny ns rnaanmx panxyunx cnn nc1opnn,
knaccoaan 6opL6a, 1eH ne Henee, coxpanne1 caoe a1opnunoe n nopunnennoe
nonoxenne no o1nouennk k 6opL6e a1nocoa, a 1oH uncne naun n pac.
83
po1naopeunn nHenno Hexpy naunonanLnmHn o6unoc1nHn nponannncL c ne6maanmH
pasHaxoH a aeke. nepayk ouepepL a1o ampasnnocL a payx Hnpoamx n
Hnorouncnennmx pernonanLnmx aonax, a kononnanLnmx n an1nkononnanLnmx aonax
n peaonkunnx, a 1akxe a payx an1npyccknx peaonkunnx a occnn. ak1 coksa Hexpy
c1panaHn c npo1nao6opc1aykunHn o6uec1aennmHn cnc1eHaHn (nrnnn, n -
npo1na epHannn) ncno ykasmaae1 nHenno na naunonanLnm, a ne knaccoam
xapak1ep caHo rpanpnosno ns a1nx aon - 1opo Hnpoao. oneuno, cnoxnoe
nepenne1enne naunonanLnmx nn1epecoa npepc1ano a aeke 1akxe n a anpe
o6oc1pennn knaccoao 6opL6m (nanpnHep, a occnn c 1917 r.), peaonkun n
copeanoaannn payx cnc1eH. pnako c kpyuenneH n 6noka c1pan apuaackoro
poroaopa necoc1on1enLnoc1L konuenunn knaccoao 6opL6m kak panxyue cnnm
nc1opnn c1ana oueanpno. kpm1an a1nononn1nueckan npnpopa rno6anLnmx
konqnnk1oa noaceHec1no o6napyxnna ce6n.
mne yxe ncno, u1o rpnpyun aek 6ype1 aekoH ne Henee oxec1ouennmx a1nnuecknx n
pacoamx 6n1a. coo1ae1c1ann c 1enpenune, cqopHnpoaanno pnn1enLnmH
npo1naoc1onnneH payx cnc1eH, a1n 6n1am Hory1 6m1L kak ropnunHn, 1ak n
xonopnmHn, no nocnepc1ann y nnx opnnakoam. a aecax nc1opnn nexa1 ceropnn yxe
cypL6m acex 6es ncknkuennn pac, napopoa, c1pan n kon1nnen1oa.
2. anonne Hoxe1 6m1L caepeno k aapnan1y konuenunn
rno6annsHa - no a neckonLko nenpnamunoH pnn nac snauennn. 6o a
pec1an1enLnoc1n konuenunn rno6annsHa nHee1 pae Hopnqnkaunn: npeanLnyk n
peanLnyk.
epaan (nn), c ko1opo a ocnoanoH snakoH un1a1enL, nanne1cn nonpoc1y
noamH nspanneH cnekynn1nano qnnocoqnn kocHononn1nsHa (on xe HonpnannsH) n
nauenena ncknkun1enLno na cospanne nekoero epnnoro Hnpoaoro npaan1enLc1aa kak
na caepxsapauy n caHouenL. e rnaanm apen1, ne cun1an npekpacnopyunmx npno1oa,
- Hnpoaoe eapec1ao n 1e naunonanLnme pykoaopn1enn, ko1opme uak1 ce6e 1ennoro
Hec1euka a npecnoay1oH HnpoaoH npaan1enLc1ae.
1opan Hopnqnkaunn rno6annsHa (nn) npe1 o1 o6pa1noro - n aHec1e c 1eH o1
peanLno xnsnn. na nonarae1 neaosHoxnmH n nenyxnmH cospanne kakoro-nn6o
Hnpoaoro npaan1enLc1aa, n6o konc1a1npye1:
(, , n),
- ux
m . nauane aeka 1aknx rocypapc1a 6mno neHnornH 6onee 50,
ceuac - camue 200. pypno npepc1aan1L ce6e 6onee npko ampaxennyk n 6onee
caHooueanpnyk 1enpenunk. no6annsH xe, co6c1aenno, coc1on1 a pannoH cnyuae a
na6nkpennn: n c (kak neknx Honap - cy6Lek1oa Hnpoao
nc1opnn) cyc M rcc cn XX k
Mk r k n n rnn k. eHy
cnoco6c1aoaano, a nepayk ouepepL, cospanne aceHnpnmx nnqopHaunonno n
qnnancoao cnc1eH.
eropnn nk6an aona Henne1 packnap cnn na nnane1e n, sapeaan nn1epecm acex
yuac1nnkoa npouecca, c1poro roaopn, nanne1cn Hnpoao. 1o npnaeno k c1pon1enLc1ay
nonn1nuecknx 6nokoa a Hacu1a6ax acero Hnpa kak nepHanen1noHy npoueccy.
3. amue co ace oc1po1o c1aan1 pnn kaxporo napopa (n pnn pyccknx
1akxe) npo6neHy co6c1aenno npen1nunoc1n. 1o Hm? keH Hm? a koro Hm? 1o sa
nac?
yccknH aecLHa caoc1aenna aH6naanen1nan koHnnnHen1apnoc1L (o6pauennan na acex
paano po6poxena1enLnoc1L n o1smaunaoc1L), uac1o ampaxakuancn a pekoppno
amcoko accnHnnn1nanoc1n. m cnoco6nm yxn1Lcn n cxn1Lcn co aceHn. 1o ne snaun1,
84
yam, u1o ace cnoco6nm cxn1Lcn c naHn, o1uero naua nc1opnn, oco6enno Hnnyauero
c1one1nn, npencnonnena ropLknH pasouapoaanneH. nanns nokasmaae1, u1o ocnoanan
npnunna 1oHy - kpnsnc npen1nunoc1n pycckoro napopa.
c1opnn ne pae1 cepLesnmx, rny6oknx ocnoaann pyccknH npen1nqnunpoaa1L ce6n kak
eaponeuea. m cnnLno o1nnuaeHcn o1 6onLunnc1aa eaponecknx napopoa caonH
nc1opnuecknH npounmH, naunonanLnmH xapak1epoH, o1nouenneH k Hnpy n uenoaeky,
1nnoH peakun, HopenLk noaepennn, ukano uennoc1e n 1.p. npepenennan
ynnqnkaunn, nnaennpoaka a anoxy rno6annsaunn, koneuno, nens6exna, no nens6exen
n nepnqepnnm xapak1ep a1oro npouecca, ne sa1parnaakun nppa naunn. yccknH
npncyue caoc1aenno c1peHnenne npnuncnn1L ce6n k eaponeuaH, no a a1oH Hano kak
uec1n, 1ak n nc1nnm.
aponeum nonnHak1 a1y cy1L aeue ropaspo nyuue nac, o11opran pyccknx n ne
xenan o1 nnx nnuero, kpoHe kopmc1n, na aceH npo1nxennn nc1opnn. poaepennm
aekaHn qak1: ecnn paxe Hm amc1ynaeH sa apony, ona, 1eH ne Henee, nnkorpa ne
amc1ynae1 sa nac, nnkorpa ne uenn1 naunx xep1a, ne cneun1 naH na noHouL. m pnn
nee - pasHennan Hone1a a nyuueH cnyuae. ak nn neuanLno, no a1o kacae1cn paxe
cnaann - k npnHepy, nonnkoa, cnacennmx naHn o1 1a1ap n (paaxpm) o1 neHuea, no
aepyunx c naHn aonm c aeka, nnn 6onrap, sa ocao6oxpenne ko1opmx Hm nponnnn
Hopn pyccko kpoan, no ko1opme aoeaann npo1na nac n a epayk, ao 1opyk Hnpoame
aonm.
o HnoroH 1o xe Hoxno ckasa1L n a o1nouennn oc1oka n Kra naue nnane1m.
ecHo1pn na 1o, u1o aek1op pycckoro unannnsaunonnoro pasan1nn (coo1ae1c1aenno -
aoenno n kononnanLno akcnancnn) a IX-XVII 6mn o1ue1nnao nanpaanen nHenno a
kxnoH n aoc1ounoH nanpaanennnx, Hm, 1eH ne Henee, ne c1ann nkpLHn nn Kra, nn
oc1oka. o1n o1nouennn c oc1okoH y nac acerpa 6mnn 6onee napn1e1nmHn, asanHno
yaaxn1enLnmHn, ueH c anapoH, pa n ukanm uennoc1e y nac 6nnxe, paxe necHo1pn
na pennrnosnm aopopaspen.
euakunH n ne oc1aannkunH coHnenn akcnepnHen1oH a noncke co6c1aenno
npen1nunoc1n pnn nac, pyccknx, 6mnn onm1m nHnepckoro cyuec1aoaannn. aono - c
ne6onLunH nc1opnuecknH npoHexy1koH - pacnap nHnepn, a uen1pe ko1opmx c1onn
pycckn a1noc (1917 n 1991 rr.), ncno nokasan: nac npn nepao xe aosHoxnoc1n
o11oprae1 c 6onLue nnn HenLue cnno kak anap, 1ak n oc1ok, n Kr. aun
nonm1kn 1nny1Lcn c nexnoc1Lk 6eccHmcnenno k uyxoHy ne yaenuanncL ycnexoH,
6mnn o1aeprny1m c nacHeuko n neropoaanneH. 1o 6onee ueH oueanpno.
1o ponxno 6m1L ocosnano po konua.
1ckpa - ncnm nHnepa1na pnn pyccknx:
- un (q s
n - x
n; - un
nu n m, m,
m m m);
- u ( u !) mu m um
n, m m m, iz,
nu , ,
, n x
x x, , n
s - ;
85
- xnu m mm umm
, nn m n
mn ( ) nu
u n x.
4. ocosna1L, u1o cnoH naanoro akona nsnn n nonanenne a xnsnn pnpa
napopoa (a 1oH uncne pycckoro) 1akoro yc1ounaoro qak1opa, kk Myc c
cnn, - a1o co6m1ne nopnnnno peaonkunonnoe, Hennkuee xop nc1opnn,
cpaannHoe 1onLko c aennknHn ka1ac1poqaHn a npounoH eHnn. no sac1aanne1
o16pocn1L npepc1aanenne o nekoeH anropn1He, ko1opoHy cyxpeno noa1opn1Lcn a
nc1opnn occnn anoaL n anoaL no npnnunny 1ak 6mno - 1ak 6ype1. 1nmne Hexpy
pe1pocnek1nao n nepcnek1nao nonannk1cn npnnunnnanLnme necoaHec1nHoc1n yxe
ne apeHennro, a cyunoc1noro xapak1epa.
oa1oHy nyxno npepc1aan1L ce6e xop pyccko nc1opnn po 1990-x rr. n nopaec1n nop
nnH uep1y: 1ak 6mno. H nu: um - . ocne uero asn1L sa ocnoay
pnn npornosnpoaannn nnuL opny noaeuyk nc1opnk, u1o6m amc1pon1L coaepuenno
noam anropn1H pycckoro noaepennn, na nnmx, m n
x npnamunoHy npepc1aanennk npnnunnax.
nnnnonm ne1 1oHy nasap pm6m n Hopckne xnao1nme amnyxpenm 6mnn yun1Lcn
nonsa1L na nnaannkax n pmua1L aospyxoH, korpa npoao okean o1c1ynnn - n onn
oc1anncL na cyue. nnx npoc1o ne 6mno ppyroro am6opa. e1 am6opa n y nac,
pyccknx, c1onunx nepep neo6xopnHoc1Lk nepeHenn1L caok na1ypy.
5. , a caHmx o6unx uep1ax, noaan pycckan nc1opnocoqckan napapnrHa
caHocoxpanennn n pasan1nn na XXI aek.
nonn1nke nopo6no napapnrHe coo1ae1c1aye1 u . ro y
pyccknx nnkorpa ne 6mno. aH npepc1on1 ero cospa1L.
4HR4HR
6. saHeuannk noppa onnnr6poka, nc1opnn ec1L npak1nueckan
qnnocoqnn, ko1opan yun1 nac c noHouLk npnHepoa. akoe nonnHanne nosaonne1
c1aan1L nc1opnocoqnk amue qnnocoqnn, a amaopm n pekoHenpaunn nc1opnocoqoa
c1aan1L anepepn yc1anoaok qnnocoqoa. pnpaaan npn a1oH qnnocoqcknH yc1anoakaH
nnuL nopunnennoe, cnyxe6noe snauenne: npnnnHan n pasanaan 1e, u1o cosayunm
coapeHennmH nc1opnocoqcknH pekoHenpaunnH, n 6esxanoc1no o16pacmaan 1e, u1o nH
npo1naopeua1. nepye1 noHnn1L, u1o sa ncknkuenneH Hmcnn1enLnoro nnc1pyHen1apnn
(nornkn n pnanek1nkn, a nepayk ouepepL, a 1akxe neko1opmx nonn1n) qnnocoqnn sa
ace aeka ne ampa6o1ana n ne pana uenoaeuec1ay nnkaknx npnropnmx pnn npak1nkn
opnen1npoa, nnkaknx o6uenpnnn1mx nc1nn, nnkaknx ynnaepcanLnmx Hopene
noaepennn. noaoH - nnkaknx on1nHanLnmx npak1nuecknx cnc1eH xnsnn. oa1oHy 1eH
6onee cnepye1 nerko pacc1aaa1Lcn c qnnocoqcknH nacnepneH, ne ampaxakunH
coapeHenno naunonanLno aksnc1enunn n 1pe6oaann HoHen1a.
opHanLnm uenoaek xnae1 ne no npepasn1mH, keH-1o yc1anoanennmH npaannaH, a no
o6c1on1enLc1aaH, n pykoaopc1aye1cn ne xec1ko cnc1eHo, a rn6knH, nopanxnmH,
pasaopo1nnamH yHoH (ecnn on y nero ec1L). pnen1npyncL na epnnc1aennm
nenpenoxnm sakon - sakon pnpopm.
ak xe cnepye1 noc1yna1L n naunn.
86
7. c pannmH 1esncoH, ne nyxno ncka1L ynnaepcanLnmx
nonn1nuecknx nnn a1nuecknx cnc1eH, qnnocoqcknx nnn pennrnosnmx, u1o6m nonoxn1L
nx a ocnoay noao naunonanLno nonn1nkn. 6o nk6me ynnaepcanLnme cnc1eHm
ynsanHm. nn poxpak1 npepasn1me nopxopm, neonpaapanno xec1kne yc1anoakn,
noxnme nHnepa1nam. 1o o1nocn1cn kak k c1apmH (a 1oH uncne, 1ak nasmaaeHmH
aeuno noamH), yxe o6ankpo1naunHcn cnc1eHaH, 1ak n k 1eH, u1o cospak1cn ceropnn
a pacue1e na 6ypyuee. onm1ka a1ncny1L ace Hnoroo6pasne xnsnn a nekn ynnaepcyH
ne 1onLko o6peuena caHa no ce6e, no n o6pekae1 na 6eccHmcnennoe Hyuenne acex
yuac1nnkoa akcnepnHen1a.
pnHepoH ckasannoHy nanne1cn 6m1oaanne a Hnpe nsaec1noro nosynra ierte,
galite, raternite (ao6opa, aaenc1ao, pa1c1ao), aonno1nauero a ce6e aecL
koHnnekc npepc1aanenn nonynnpno a XVIII-XX aa. qnnocoqnn a6c1pak1noro
ryHannsHa. a1oH nosynre, kak 1enepL yxe aceH ncno, ampasnnacL aennuauan noxL
a nc1opnn uenoaeuec1aa. ynnn no apnxy n pasHmunnn o npnunnax pacoao
ka1ac1poqm, noc1nrue qpanuysoa, n ne opnn pas o6ouen aokpyr ena1a, nap
HnorouncnennmHn nop1anaHn ko1oporo nensHenno cnne1 sono1mHn 6ykaaHn pannm
nosynr[23]. m caHn ao aceH annoaa1m, - pyHan n, rnnpn na nero. - a1oro-1o ace n
nauanocL. nauana y aac, no1oH - a Hepnke, ppyrnx c1panax, 1aH poka1nnocL n po
occnn. s-sa a1o npeno qanLunakn, kasaauecn nekorpa a6conk1no nc1nno,
nponn1m Hopn kpoan, norn6nn pecn1kn Hnnnnonoa neannnmx nkpe, a ee np ace
npoponxae1 pec1aoaa1L, yrpoxan nory6n1L eue no HenLue Hepe non1opa
Hnnnnappa..
oxno npnaec1n n ppyrne npnHepm. s6aan 6oxe nac o1 acex ynnaepcanLnmx
qnnocoqcknx cnc1eH.
8. a amcue c1enenn o1nocn1cn n k 1ak nasmaaeHo knaccnuecko
pyccko qnnocoqnn, ko1opan nko6m ampaxana pycckyk npek. a caHoH pene a1a
qnnocoqnn aceHnpnoc1n pycckoro uenoaeka nnuL oqopHnnna npek poccnckoro
nHnepckoro c1pon1enLc1aa, nonnoc1Lk nsxnauyk ce6n n 1onLko 1opHosnuyk ceropnn
panLneuee pasan1ne naunn, npo1naopeuauyk xnsnennmH nn1epecaH pycckoro
napopa. e, k1o ceropnn nm1ae1cn npopanra1L npek pyccko aceHnpnoc1n, a 1akxe
nk6me aceHnpnme pycckne npoek1m, nannk1cn aonLnmHn nnn neaonLnmHn aren1aHn
xypue pasnoanpnoc1n rno6annsHa c ee yc1anoako na yupexpenne Hnpoaoro
npaan1enLc1aa.
yxno ncno nonnHa1L: pannan qnnocoqnn, kak 6m nn 6mnn cnHna1nunm n yHnm
o1penLnme ee nocn1enn, 1akne, kak oHnkoa, oc1oeackn nnn n. onoaLea, kak 6m
nn 6mnn onn npaam a o1penLnmx uac1nmx HoHen1ax, - 6esnapexno yc1apena a uenoH,
ne coo1ae1c1aye1 sapauaH noc1poennn pycckoro naunonanLnoro rocypapc1aa. e
cnoco6c1aye1 peuennk : u xu
. (exnonornn uero,
co6c1aenno, n coc1aanne1 caHyk cy1L coapeHenno pyccko npen.)
6conk1no ace, u1o koncepanpye1 y pycckoro napopa nHnepckyk ncnxonornk nnn ee
pypnHen1m - npnnerakune k nHnepckoHy cosnannk npen n npekn, neo6xopnHo 6es
acnkoro coxanennn noxoponn1L. ne akcryHnpoaa1L no kpane Hepe po 1ex nop,
noka pycckne ne aocc1anoan1 pnnaHnky poxpaeHoc1n no o6pasuy konua XIX aeka.
(ero ceropnn, koneuno, nnk1o ne xpe1.)
9. nasap, na nnke nauero peHorpaqnueckoro nopLeHa, pycckne qnnocoqm
Hornn nosaonn1L ce6e Hmcnennme, nn k ueHy nx nnuno ne o6nsmaakune, cnekynnunn
na 1eHy kak xn1L. o ace nx noc1poennn o6ankpo1nnncL a nepnop, o1kpmauncn
1917 ropoH. Crn cn r. m ne HoxeH aepny1Lcn a XIX aek, u1o6m
ace naua1L sanoao no peuen1aH 6eppneamx, nnLnnmx nnn cononeanue. mne
poc1onnc1ao qnnocoqa coc1on1 a 1oH, u1o6m cqopHynnpoaa1L, ne kak xn1L, a kak
87
amxn1L. pepmpyune rnaam Hoero counnennn nosaonnk1 cypn1L o 1oH, nackonLko
a1a npo6neHa nanne1cn epnnc1aenno poc1ono annHannn. ycckn Hnp nopouen k
rn6enLnoHy nopory n cn cnn aMy qky Mk nnncn c
c. paxe - no1yc1oponne.
o cy1n, sapaua qnnocoqa kak 1akoaan ceropnn aoo6ue 6onLue ne cyuec1aye1 a
npoc1panc1ae pyccko naunonanLno xnsnn. na npeo6pasoaanacL a sapauy nonn1nka
n 1pe6ye1 coaceH nnmx snann n nopxopoa - nc1opnka, ncnxonora, counonora,
nonn11exnonora n 1.p.
qnnocoqnn, pa6o1akue no 1ako Hopenn, ec1L caoe nHn: . no n
ponxno c1on1L na naueH snaHenn.
HRHHHEKR HQERHR
10. , na noaec1ke pnn c1on1 u
- a1oro nac1on1enLno 1pe6yk1, c opno c1oponm, rno6anLnme 1enpenunn pasan1nn,
6pocakune naH amsoa, a c ppyro c1oponm - xnsnennme nn1epecm pyccko naunn.
1oH, kaknH ono ponxno 6m1L n kak ero cospa1L, noppo6no pacckasmaae1 onc1n1yunn
ycckoro ocypapc1aa (1997), cospannan nro o6uec1aenno saun1m naunonanLnoro
poc1onnnn npn yuac1nn cneunannc1oa kpqaka n nc1n1y1a rocypapc1aa n npaaa
[24]. na nonnoc1Lk coxpanne1 ak1yanLnoc1L n anonne poc1ynna pnn nsyuennn,
paano kak n kap1a ycckan occnn, o6osnauakuan on1nHanLnme rpannum 1akoro
rocypapc1aa. oa1oHy specL n o6opy HonuanneH Hnorne noppo6noc1n n
cocpepo1ouycL na rnaanoH.
11. pycckoro naunonanLnoro rocypapc1aa ne Hoxe1 np1n a o1pmae o1
peuennn npo6neH pyccko naunn kak 1akoao.
ocnoae pyccko naunonanLno nonn1nuecko npeonornn ponxen nexa1L
kpaeyronLnm kaHenL aoo6ue konuenunn naunonannsHa: aunn nepanuna,
rocypapc1ao a1opnuno. 1o nn a koeH cnyuae ne snaun1, u1o rocypapc1ao ec1L neu1o
neaaxnoe; no Hm ponxnm 1aeppo noHnn1L, u1o a coo1ae1c1ann c pnanek1nko
cyunoc1L oqopHnena, a qopHa - cyuec1aenna. Fcyc c qM,
nnn cyc - , nm xn M
cc. epoc1a1kn n npenHyuec1aa rocypapc1aa ec1L nepoc1a1kn n
npenHyuec1aa naunn, nepeaepennme ns Hen1anLnoro, nHHanen1noro naunn, nnana, - a
nnan 1pancuepen1nm: 6m1nnm n co6m1nnm. F - s
, z .
1ckpa cnepye1 1esnc: nenLsn (a1o npoc1o 6eccHmcnenno) sa6o1n1Lcn o aneune
qopHe, ne npepycHo1pea anauane neo6xopnHmx nsHenenn any1pennero copepxannn.
a6o1a o pyccko naunn ponxna nexa1L a ocnoae nk6mx npeo6pasoaann occnn kak
rocypapc1aa, o6Lek1nanpoaaauero nHenno pannyk naunk.
u u mu
u, , nu.
12. npoekunn npepmpyuero 1esnca na npak1nueckyk nnockoc1L pae1 naH
nonnHanne ncnoro 1esnca: u1o xopouo pnn pyccknx - xopouo pnn occnn; u1o nnoxo
pnn pyccknx - nnoxo pnn occnn.
kasannoe ne osnauae1, u1o 6naro ppyrnx napopoa occnn, npexpe acero -
aa1ox1onnmx, ne nHee1 snauennn pnn npak1nkykuero pycckoro nonn1nka. c1oponnnk
rpaxpanckoro paanonpaann a uenoH (xo1n n ne c1oponnnk npepoc1aanennn
88
rpaxpanc1aa aceH xenakunH). o a1o snaun1 nnuL, u1o a cn1yaunn konqnnk1a
naunonanLnmx nn1epecoa, rpe opno c1opono nannk1cn pycckne, nn o kakoH
koncencyce ne Hoxe1 6m1L peun: nosnunn n aaunH n naunH nanne1cn saaepoHo
noxno, paspyun1enLno n pnn naunn, n pnn rocypapc1aa.
occnn - ne 1onLko pnn pyccknx, no pnn pyccknx a nepayk ouepepL.
13. o6nac1L uenoaeuecko pen1enLnoc1n, rpe npepmpyun 1esnc npnnnHae1 anp
ynL1nHa1yHa: a1o - nonn1nueckan anac1L. eropnn ona peanLno aonnouena a ue1mpex
cy6c1anunnx: 1pn konc1n1yunonnme nnkc . a1nx cy6c1anunnx ace ocnoanme
nonnoHounn 6es ncknkuennn ponxnm naxopn1Lcn 1onLko y pyccknx. a onpepenennme
ponxnoc1n pycckne Hory1 nasnaua1L nepyccknx naHec1nnkoa npn ycnoann a6conk1noro
kon1ponn.
Bn u - !
3HHRHHHEKHE EKMEHQHH
14. - o naunonanLnoH c1pon1enLc1ae.
apop - cy6Lek1 nc1opnn. cnn Hm xo1nH, u1o6m nc1opnn pycckoro napopa
npoponxanacL, aaxno, u1o6m napop ne 1onLko ne ncuesan, ne yHenLuancn n ne
pac1aopnncn a okpec1nmx napopax, no n
. akoaa nanaaxneuan, ace onpepennkuan sapaua pycckoro
rocypapc1aa. ocosnannn ee naunnae1cn ampa6o1ka nk6mx a1nononn1nuecknx
pekoHenpaun.
aennuenne nponopunn pycckoro napopa 1pe6ye1 Hep, nanpaanennmx, c opno
c1oponm, na yaennuenne ero a6conk1no uncnennoc1n, a c ppyro - na yaennuenne
ero o1nocn1enLno uncnennoc1n a Hnpe. nmHn cnoaaHn, neo6xopnHo nnkanpnpoaa1L
1o1 nepenap peHorpaqnueckoro paanennn, ko1opm cnoxnncn sa cue1 nnsko
poxpaeHoc1n y pyccknx n amcoko - y nepyccknx.
ocnepnee nens6exno osnauae1, Hexpy npounH, yHenLuenne uncnennoc1n, ao-
nepamx, okpec1nmx napopoa sa py6exoH[25], a ao-a1opmx - nepyccknx Hnrpan1oa n
aoo6ue nerpaxpan a occnn. 1ak nasmaaeHmH kopennmH napopaH occnn a1o ne
o1nocn1cn. asyHee1cn, Hm, pycckne, ne o6nsanm sa6o1n1Lcn o poc1e uncnennoc1n
nky1oa, apmroa n 1.p. - a1o nn a koeH cnyuae ne nau, a 1onLko nx nn1epec, ne naun, a
1onLko nx npo6neHm. o n npnnnHa1L Hepm k amHnpannk poccncknx nnopopuea Hm
ne nHeeH npaaa - ecnn, koneuno, onn ne cnepyk1 npnHepy ueuenuea. akoao ycnoane
rpaxpanckoro Hnpa a occnn, ycnoane, kak roaopn1cn, sine qua non (6es ko1oporo
nnu1o ne coc1on1cn).
15. H, kak na aone. osHoxno, uenoaeuec1ao 6ype1 xn1L n uaec1n, a 1o
apeHn kak pyccknx yxe ne 6ype1 n a noHnne. osHoxno, 1akan noc1anoaka pena koro-
1o n yc1pon1, n y1eun1, n paxe nopapye1. o n, uec1no roaopn, npepnouen 6m, u1o6m
6mno nao6opo1[26]. 1ckpa n yc1anoakn, ko1opme koHy-1o Hory1 nokasa1Lcn
xec1koaa1mHn.
apo nonn1L, u1o npe1 aona. poaaaan, xec1okan. npnHan n neanpnHan. ceHnpnan.
3qn. apo nonn1L a1o - n xn1L no sakonaH aoennoro apeHenn.
ypn1L no nnH. 1o - ec1ec1aenno.
89
anpo1na, Hne kaxe1cn npo1naoec1ec1aennmH, u1o6m nacnepne Honx npepkoa n Henn
caHoro poc1anocL ne HonH pe1nH n anykaH, a asep6apxanuaH, eapenH, nerpaH,
1yannuaH, ueuenuaH n pp. R s m ,
.
- ne pacnc1. naunonannc1. ne nn1ak npepy6expennn npo1na kako-nn6o pacm.
enn opnnakoao nepeaopaunaae1 npn Hmcnn o sacenennn occnn neHuaHn, nerpaHn,
6enmHn aHepnkanuaHn n kanapuaHn, asep6apxanuaHn, nnonuaHn - n aoo6ue aceHn,
kpoHe pyccknx.
oxno, koneuno, cnpe1L cnoxa pyukn n poxnpa1Lcn, noka acn snn, qpnka n
a1nnckan Hepnka a caok ouepepL npopy1 uepes packpec1Lnnnaanne n cpaannk1cn c
naHn no ypoank poxpaeHoc1n. o po a1nx cuac1nnamx pne Hm npoc1o ne poxnaeH.
cun1ak neo6xopnHmH ak1nano npo1naopec1aoaa1L a6conk1noHy sny.
16. n nenpenoxnoe npaanno: ocyuec1anenne kon1ponn nap ace
naunonanLno nonn1nko occnn ponxno naxopn1Lcn a pykax nnc1anunn, nHekue
npaao na nonnoe poaepne pycckoro napopa. nmneunero ocypapc1aa occnckoro, no
1papnunn naunonanLno-ynnaepcanLnoro n naunonanLno-nnpnqqepen1noro, ckopee
apaxpe6noro, ueH ppyxec1aennoro no o1nouennk k pyccknH, 1akoro npaaa ne1.
acnyxn1 nn ono ero - 6onLuo aonpoc. nepoaa1enLno, nyxna napannenLnan
anac1nan c1pyk1ypa, neu1o apope rocypapc1aa a rocypapc1ae, co caonHn ecnn ne
aockoH, 1o, ao acnkoH cnyuae, - qnnancaHn, nonnune, 1pn6ynanoH,
nnqopHaunonno nHnepne.
osHoxno, a1o ponxna 6m1L nap1nn (ncxopn ns poccnckoro sakonopa1enLc1aa), a
aosHoxno - neu1o ppyroe, 6onee aceoxaa1noe, xo1n n ne neqopHanLnoe, u1o-1o
nanopo6ne acepoccncko pyccko o6unnm.
17. po6naa1Lcn nn n , cpouno neo6xopnHmx pyccknH.
1o, a nepayk ouepepL:
3 m ;
3
;
3 qm.
o sakony k amcunH ponxnoc1nH occnn ne ponxnm ponycka1Lcn nepycckne n
nopopnennme c nepyccknHn nnua, npepc1aan1enn cekcyanLnmx HenLunnc1a.
eo6xopnHo 1akxe orpannun1L ns6npa1enLnoe npaao, no kpane Hepe, naccnanoe,
pnn 6espe1nmx. opo6nme orpannuennn kak neu1o coaepuenno ec1ec1aennoe
cyuec1aoaann a ppeannx peHokpa1nnx - peunn, nHe, rpe nonnonpaanmH
rpaxpannnoH 6mn 1onLko o1eu ceHec1aa: pater familias. ycckn, nHekun Henee
payx pe1e a opno ceHLe, ne ponxen nHe1L npaaa sannHa1L am6opnme ponxnoc1n: on
ne amnonnnn cao aneHen1apnm ponr nepep naune. cnn 1m ne snaeuL, u1o 1akoe
sa6o1a o caonx pe1nx n o1ae1c1aennoc1L sa ceHLk, kak 1m 6ypeuL sa6o1n1Lcn o
napope? cnn 1m ne cansmaaeuL npouae1anne caoe ceHLn c npouae1anneH napopa,
kako ns 1e6n npaan1enL? enoaek, ne nHekun aaxneuero a xnsnn uenoaeueckoro
onm1a, ne Hoxe1 n ne nHee1 HopanLnoro npaaa nn koHanpoaa1L ppyrnHn nkpLHn, nn
coae1oaa1L ppyrnH nkpnH. pnHepm anoneona, ennna n n1nepa kpacnopeunao a1o
nop1aepxpak1.
90
eo6xopnH sakon o sanpe1e a6op1oa pnn pyccknx. anoHnk: a K a6op1
ponyckae1cn, 1onLko ecnn nHee1 Hec1o kpoaocHeuenne, nsnacnnoaanne nnn yrposa
xnsnn Ha1epn. akne pnkapn! - ckaxe1 aHancnnnpoaannan 6enan xenunna.
1nkpL. ouno c 1aknH xe - cnoao a cnoao - sakononpoek1oH uen na am6opm
ceropnnunn npesnpen1 Hepnkn - xoppx yu-Hnapun. paao! Hepnka c1pon1cn
a xaoc1 K! 1o cHeno - n Hyppo. naun1, po nnx, nakoneu, pouna acn
apxnaaxnoc1L npo6neHm. cnn 6enmH npnuna nopa nopsann1L yHa y uepnmx - noueHy
6m n ne1? opouo 6m, u1o6 ne cnnukoH nospno.
k6o a6op1, cpenannm pyccko xenunne ane nasaannmx 1pex nokasann, ponxen
paccHa1pnaa1Lcn kak y6nc1ao c o1nruakunHn o6c1on1enLc1aaHn. (ak ono, ane
acnkoro coHnennn, na caHoH pene n ec1L.) o aceHn am1ekakunHn nocnepc1annHn. o
n 6m po6aann eue n ue1aep1m nokasa1enL: naunonanLnoe (1eH 6onee, pacoaoe)
cHeuenne. a1oH cnyuae Ha1L, coaepunauan oun6ky, ponxna nHe1L aosHoxnoc1L
caoeapeHenno ee ncnpaan1L: a1o ryHanno, a 1.u., n no o1nouennk k 6ypyueHy He1ncy.
ak xe sakonoH ponxna 6m1L sanpeuena pen1enLnoc1L occncko accounaunn
nnannpoaannn ceHLn (, qnnnan ananornuno Hexpynapopno oprannsaunn
) n nopo6nme e yupexpennn, uLn pen1enLnoc1L, qnnancnpyeHan ns-sa py6exa,
ne 1onLko ne nanpaanena na poc1 pycckoro nacenennn, no nanne1cn aneHen1oH
peHorpaqnuecko aonm, ko1opyk anap aepe1 npo1na nac.
eo6xopnH ecnn ne sakon o sanpe1e na cHeuannme 6pakn (1ako sakon 6ype1
aocnpnnnHa1Lcn kak sanpe1 na nk6oaL), 1o ak1nanan nonn1nka, a 1oH uncne
nponaranpnc1ckan, a a1oH nanpaanennn. apeckne aneppnk1 a pycckne ronoam
HmcnL o 1oH, u1o pyccknx kak 1akoamx ne1, u1o pycckne - a1o nec1pan a1nnueckan
cHecL, n u1o a c1pane, kak nanncann eapeckne 6anknpm nLunny a 1996 ropy -
6onee nonoannm pe1e o1 cHeuannmx 6pakoa. 1o npaapa nnuL o1uac1n. eapeea,
pec1an1enLno, 56% xenunn n 58% Hyxunn naxopn1cn a cHeuannmx 6pakax. o u1o
naH po nx npo6neH? uenoH no c1pane a1o1 npouen1 paxe a 1979 ropy 6mn acero
14,9%; ceropnn, nocne pacnapa n uepepm a1nnuecknx aon, on eue nonnsnncn.
pn a1oH napo noHnn1L opnn ns aaxnmx sakonoa peHorpaqnn: xnayune pncnepcno
Hnrpan1m ac1ynak1 a cHeuannme 6pakn a cpepneH a 1pn pasa uaue, ueH kpynnme
kopennme a1nocm. naun1, y pyccknx npouen1 cHeuannmx 6pakoa ceropnn ropaspo
HenLue. o ycnokanaa1Lcn pano - ne ace eue nonnHak1 nx onacnoc1L.
yuue, ecnn 6m cHeuannmx 6pakoa y nac ne 6mno coaceH. au napop noka eue
nac1onLko Hnorouncnen, rene1nueckn 6ora1 n pasnoo6pasen, u1o yrposa ampoxpennn
o1 nko6m popc1aennmx 6pakoa, ko1opo nac nyrak1 1e xe eapen, - cHexo1aopno Hana.
ao1 yrposa pasHmaannn, no1epn naunonanLnmx oco6ennoc1e, 1papnun, yrposa
any1pnceHenmx 1penn na nouae naunonanLnmx pasnnun, yrposa any1pennero
paspaoennn pe1e, nonapakunx a konqnnk1nyk cn1yaunk (nanpnHep, a apHnno-
asep6apxanckoH, rpysnno-a6xasckoH, oce1nno-nnryuckoH, 6auknpcko-kanHmukoH,
nky1cko-aaenkckoH, pyccko-eapeckoH, pyccko-ueuenckoH n 1.p. 6pake), peanLnm n
ouenL aennkn. eH 6onLue y nac cHeuannmx 6pakoa, 1eH cna6ee naua naunn. m
1epneH 6onLue, ueH npno6pe1aeH uepes popc1aennme cansn c ppyrnHn napopaHn.
ckasan 6m n kpenue. ockonLky nespnHan 6n1aa napopoa ne npekpauae1cn nn na
Hnr, uenoaek, ac1ynakun a cHeuannm 6pak, nopo6en 1oHy, k1o na aone o1kpmaae1
aopo1a nenpnn1enk. eropnnunnn apona nanne1 co6o cyHHapnm o6pas nHenno
1akoro uenoaeka, npepa1enn caoe pacm. po Hepnky n n ne roaopk - ona acerpa
6mna 1akoao, a 1enepL nm1ae1cn caon npo6neHm nepenoxn1L na naun nneun.
sakonopa1enLc1ao ponxna 6m1L aosapauena c1a1Ln, kapakuan sa po6poaonLnme
roHocekcyanLnme kon1ak1m.
91
poccnckn nacnop1 ponxna 6m1L aosapauena rpaqa naunonanLnoc1L. enoaek
(ne 1onLko pycckn) ponxen nHe1L aosHoxnoc1L nop1aeppn1L caok naunonanLnoc1L
kM yM, nockonLky 1akan neo6xopnHoc1L Hoxe1 aosnnkny1L y kaxporo ne
opnn pas a xnsnn. euL npe1 specL o HexannsHe peannsaunn konc1n1yunonnoro npaaa
onpepenn1L n ykasmaa1L caok naunonanLnyk npnnapnexnoc1L (c1.26 onc1n1yunn
occnn). aHm npoc1o n ypo6nm cnoco6 - nHenno sanncL a nacnop1e, ko1opyk y
nac o1o6pann ann c nLunnmH.
18. nesaancnHo o1 Hec1a xn1enLc1aa ponxnm nonyua1L poccnckoe
rpaxpanc1ao no nepaoHy 1pe6oaannk, nopkpennennoHy pokyHen1anLnmH
pokasa1enLc1aoH naunonanLno npnnapnexnoc1n. m
un .
apo nHe1L a anpy: pycckne npak1nueckn ne cnoco6nm k pnacnopanLnoHy
cyuec1aoaannk. o a1opoH-1pe1LeH nokonennn onn, okasaauncL ane occnn, kak
npaanno, accnHnnnpyk1cn. a1oH pnn nac 6onLuan onacnoc1L: Hm HoxeH no1epn1L
Hnorne Hnnnnonm caonx nkpe (n sauac1yk paneko ne xypunx), u1o coaepuenno
neponyc1nHo nepep nnuoH nsaec1nmx yrpos.
eo6xopnHo cpena1L ace, u1o6m nponsouno peanLnoe aoccoepnnenne pyccko naunn.
1euenne 1997-1999 rr. sannHan noc1 saao1penoH kpannm n pmHa, a sa1eH
saHpnpek1opa no nayke nc1n1y1a c1pan (on xe nc1n1y1 pnacnopm n
nn1erpaunn), n annHa1enLno nsyuan ace acnek1m a1o npo6neHm n coc1aann
cnepykune pekoHenpaunn.
apnexn1 pasnnua1L pycckyk pnacnopy no payH kpn1epnnH: 1) koHnak1noc1L nnn
pncnepcnoc1L paccenennn; 2) npnHmkanne k rpannuaH occnn nnn ypanenne o1 nnx.
saancnHoc1n o1 a1oro cnepye1:
- o6ecneun1L ecnn ne 1o1anLnm, 1o HakcnHanLnm amaos a occnk pyccknx,
npoxnaakunx sa py6exoH pncnepcno. nn koHnak1no - no apann o1 rpannu occnn
(nanpnHep, a nHa-1nncko o6nac1n asaxc1ana);
- o6ecneun1L npncoepnnenne k occnn seHenL, koHnak1no nacenennmx pyccknHn
a6nnsn rpannu occnn. 1o cnepye1 pena1L, nn6o paspennn c1pany npoxnaannn
pyccknx c 1pe1Le c1opono (aapnan1 paspena asaxc1ana Hexpy occne n n1aeH
onncan amue), nn6o - HnpnmH (yam, ponrnH) ny1eH n a coo1ae1c1ann c
HexpynapopnmH npaaoH, rnc n a. H sn: pycckne a anknaae
po6naak1cn naunonanLno-kynL1ypno aa1onoHnn. sn: pycckne a anknaae
po6naak1cn naunonanLno-1eppn1opnanLno aa1onoHnn a coc1aae c1panm npoxnaannn.
sn: pycckan aa1onoHnn ny1eH peqepenpyHa po6naae1cn cyaepenn1e1a.
H sn: cyaepennan pycckan o6nac1L ny1eH peqepenpyHa npnnnHae1
peuenne o axoxpennn a coc1aa occnn. H sn: occnn a coo1ae1c1ann c
nopHaHn caoe onc1n1yunn npnnnHae1 peuenne o6 nsHenennn rpannu. onn1no, u1o
a1o1 npouecc neaosHoxen 6es ak1nano uenenanpaanenno noppepxkn occnn;
- a oxnpannn ncnonnennn pannmx Hep npepnpnnn1L ace ycnnnn pnn coxpanennn
pyccko naunonanLno-kynL1ypno npen1nunoc1n, pycckoro caHocosnannn y naunx
epnnokpoanmx, o1pesannmx o1 Ha1epnncko naunn n c1panm;
- nsyun1L, aneppn1L n HakcnHanLno ncnonLsoaa1L a o1nouennn c1pan n
pn6an1nkn onm1 1ak nasmaaeHo ryHann1apno nn1epaenunn, onnpancL na
npnsnannme HnpoamH coo6uec1aoH npaaa uenoaeka n rpaxpannna (a pannoH cnyuae -
pycckoro uenoaeka n rpaxpannna a noaoo6pasoaannmx a1nokpa1nnx).
19. VERY DANGEROUS! enLsn nLc1n1L ce6n napexpo na aoccoepnnenne c
kpanno a uenoH. 1n Heu1m onacnm. nn na npak1nke yxe o6epnynncL naunH
92
npepa1enLc1aoH 11,5 Hnn. pyccknx, npoxnaakunx 1aH. aknkuna, no anne
koHHynnc1nuecko qpakunn yHm n nnuno nLunna, poroaop c kpanno,
y1aeppnaun nmneunne rpannum, occnn 6pocnna caonx nkpe na Hnnoc1L
caHoc1nnnkoa, ykpanncknx a1nokpa1oa. y nnx sapaua: npeapa1n1L pyccknx
kpannm - a ykpannuea, ne a nepaoH, 1ak ao a1opoH-1pe1LeH nokonennnx. ockonLky
n Laoa, n pmH (ampaxancL cnHaonnueckn) cnnukoH xopoun kaxpm no-caoeHy, 1o
kneackan anac1L nnkorpa ne peun1cn ueH-nn6o opnnH noxep1aoaa1L. nokypa Laoa
(n c nnH caHoc1nnnueckan npeonornueckan poHnnan1a) - a coc1aae kpannm, naH ne
1onLko c kpanno a uenoH, no paxe c pmHoH n oaopoccne po6poH ne
aoccoepnnn1Lcn. 1o nyxno ncno nonnHa1L n ne c1pon1L nnnksn.
c1L pasnme cuenapnn peuennn pannoro aonpoca. o na 6nnxauee apeHn a
o1nouennn pyccknx na kpanne cnepye1 pykoaopc1aoaa1Lcn nsnoxenno nynk1oH
amue c1pa1areHo.
20. rocypapc1aaHn 6nnxnero sapy6exLn, kpoHe epnnc1aenno enopyccnn,
ponxen 6m1L neHepnenno aaepen ansoao pexnH. paxpanaH acex nnmx c1pan, kM
n ycck n nycck nc, epyunH a occnk, a 1oH uncne uepes
enopyccnk, cnepye1 sanpaunaa1L poccnckyk ansy na o6unx ocnoaannnx.
21. cnyuae nenLsn peua1L aonpocm, kacakunecn napoponacenennn, ero
konnuec1aennoro n kauec1aennoro coc1aaa, kaknH-nn6o peqepenpyHoH. ec1koe
aoneaoe peuenne koHne1en1nmx nnu - ao1 ace, u1o aosHoxno a 1akoH pene. naue
peueam nparHa1nsH, xenanne cnkHnny1no amropm, nHnepckn ncnxokoHnnekc n
aceo6uan pyueanan pacxpnc1annoc1L, ace1epnnHoc1L n 1peknn1an xanoc1nnaoc1L
pycckoro uenoaeka amnecy1 eHy caHoHy okonua1enLnm npnroaop. Hep1nm,
pasyHee1cn.
Hr cmr, - pyHann aHepnkanum, npnnnHan peuennn o pacunpennn kao1
pnn uae1nmx. - m c nnHn paano xnaeH aHec1e n snaeH, kak c nnHn o6paua1Lcn.
pnn npnnn1nn pokoaoro sakona 1965 ropa npeo6napana nparHa1nueckan 1ouka
spennn: ecnn nHHnrpan1 nonesnm - nyc1L aLesxae1. o pannmH nnc1n1y1a annana
71% onpouennmx cun1an 1orpa, u1o rnaanoe npn peuennn o ponycke - a1o
cneunanLnoc1L nHHnrpan1a, a 50% nonarann c1pany ero nponcxoxpennn neaaxnmH
o6c1on1enLc1aoH.
Hr cmr, - pyHann eaponeum nauana aeka, rnnpn na . - o1 aepL y
nnx xnae1 amcokn npouen1 uae1nmx - n nnuero! cpypy nonanncL na a1y ypouky.
ycckn uenoaek, aocnn1annm a aekax Hnepne n oae1aHn a pyxe
nn1epnaunonannsHa, nonape1cn na 1y xe ypouky 1eH 6onee.
HHnrpan1a nerko anyc1n1L, no nenerko no1oH amc1aan1L. noxaa1nnncL co apeHeneH
n eaponeum, n aHepnkanum. o nospno.
Hepnka cypopoxno nm1ae1cn npnkpm1L paepL. aenn sakonm, no ko1opmH c 1988 r.
paxe eapenH orpannunnn aLesp. ypa 1aH! axopn1 nasekn n epy1. ecny6nnkanum c
o1uannnn nm1anncL a 1996 r. aaec1n nonpaaky k onc1n1yunn, u1o6m xo1n 6m pe1n
nHHnrpan1oa ne nonyuann aa1oHa1nueckn aHepnkanckoro rpaxpanc1aa. e 1y1-1o
6mno! aunn nHHnrpan1oa nx nonn1L ne noxenana: nonpaaky npnunocL cnn1L,
u1o6m ne noapepnna na am6opax, n6o nHHnrpan1m - uep1 nx pepn! - 1oxe ronocyk1.
aponeum nm1ak1cn cpena1L 1o xe - n 1oxe ne amxopn1. nn nonyunnn neo6pa1nHm
pesynL1a1 co6c1aenno rnynoc1n n nepanLnoanpnoc1n. 1977 ropy paan1enLc1ao
panunn no cornauennk c aunonanLnmH coae1oH o6Lnanno, u1o k 1985 ropy
cokpa1n1 konnuec1ao nHHnrpan1oa c 2 Hnn. (na caHoH pene nx yxe 6mno 4.196 1mc.)
po 1 Hnn. paxe npnnnno orpannunaakune Hnrpaunk sakonm. esynL1a1? xe k
93
nauany 1978 ropa konnuec1ao nHHnrpan1oa aospocno po 4.373 1mc. n 1onLko pocno a
panLneueH. nrnnuane a 1981 ropy aaenn sakon o rpaxpanc1ae, no ko1opoHy 1onLko
popnauncn a 1pe1LeH nokonennn xn1ene ennko6pn1annn pe6enok Hoxe1 ero
nonyun1L. nnsnno nn a1o nponopunk nHHnrpan1oa? nkak ne1: ona pac1e1. ak sa
cue1 npnesxnx, 1ak n sa cue1 amcoko poxpaeHoc1n uae1nmx.
ne xanko: y nnx c caHo paxpancko aonm peno cnoxnnncL 1ak, kak
cnoxnnncL - nenpaannLno, nenpaaepno, 6espaccypno. e napo 6mno nerpoa-pa6oa
cnnkoH saaosn1L, a yx konn saaesnn - ne napo 6mno Kr packpec1Lnnnaa1L, paaa1L
cao6opy uepnmH pa6aH. e napo 6mno aceH nHHnrpan1aH paepn o1kpmaa1L. 1.p.
aHn ao aceH annoaa1m[27]. o a apone-1o npe1 nonnan 1pancHy1aunn! aponeckan
nc1opnn amaopaunaae1cn nmne nansnanky, a npepkn anrnnuan, qpanuysoa n 1.p. ne
npoc1o nepeaopaunaak1cn, no apauak1cn a rpo6ax, kak 1yp6nnm!
e a1nH necuac1nmH, ampopnaunHcn eaponeonpaH nac yun1L n ykasmaa1L naH, u1o
pena1L c Hnrpaune n Hnrpan1aHn.
22. neHepnenno am1n ns acex Hexpynapopnmx cornauenn,
perynnpykunx aonpocm Hnrpaunn. nnkorpa a 1akoame 6onLue ne ac1yna1L. onpocm
Hnrpaunonno nonn1nkn nocn1 ncknkun1enLno any1pennn xapak1ep n ne Hory1
perynnpoaa1Lcn nsane. 3 m - u m , u m
, m , u .
nepye1 neHepnenno nepecHo1pe1L 1akxe npnnn1me enLunncknH pexnHoH nop
paanenneH eapeckoro no66n sakonm o rpaxpanc1ae n o aLespe-amespe. akon o6
o1nouennn k coo1euec1aennnkaH, o6Lnannkun 1akoamHn acex rpaxpan 6mauero
, ponxen 6m1L o1Henen a a1o uac1n. aH napo pyHa1L aoace ne o 1oH, kak
aepny1L a nauy c1pany ace napopm, a ne nekorpa naxopnaunecn, a nao6opo1: o 1oH,
kak ns6aan1Lcn o1 nx ockonkoa, sac1pnaunx a occnn c 1917 ropa, o1 Hnrpan1oa,
6espasnnuno a kakoH nokonennn.
nrpan1m, npn6maune a occnk nesakonno (nesakonnme Hnrpan1m) ponxnm,
coo1ae1c1aenno, 6m1L o6Lnanenm . eaaxno, uae1nme onn nnn ne1. 1o 6m
c nnHn k1o nn cpenan, nnk1o ne ponxen nec1n nnkako o1ae1c1aennoc1n sa nx xnsnL n
co6c1aennoc1L.
esakonnme Hnrpan1m ponxnm nHe1L 1onLko opno npaao: am6npa1L Hexpy
penop1aune sa cao cue1 nnn 1pypoamHn narepnHn. oueuL xn1L a occnn? pypncL
na 6naro ee xn1ene - n xnan. occ1anaannaa, k npnHepy, naun nosnunn na
paneH eaepe, pa6o1a na neconoaane, na pypnnkax n uax1ax... ako nopxop
Honnnenocno n noaceHec1no peun1 npo6neHy xnnnunoro kpnsnca n kpnsnca
1pypoyc1poc1aa. ycckne nkpn aspoxny1 cao6opno n ckaxy1 6onLuoe cnacn6o
anac1nH.
23. K oc1po neo6xopnHmH o1penn1L o1 occnn 1e ee cy6Lek1m, caHo
cyuec1aoaanne ko1opmx a coc1aae c1panm nece1 c co6o nanyk a1nononn1nueckyk
yrposy, ne koHnencnpyeHyk reononn1nuecknHn qak1opaHn. 1o eunn, nryue1nn,
yaa, c ko1opmHn Hm HoxeH pacc1a1Lcn o1nocn1enLno 6es6onesnenno[28]. mnonnna
npn a1oH pnp ycnoan, kak, nanpnHep, asanHnan pena1pnaunn pyccknx n 1n1ynLnmx
napopoa, y1ounenne rpannu, Ha1epnanLnan koHnencaunn sa pasan1ne Hec1noro
napopnoro xosnc1aa, a a cnyuae c eune - eue n sa renounp pyccknx n
Ha1epnanLnm yuep6 a xope pasansanno ueuenuaHn aonm, nonecennm occne.
Ok r m k ycckM n qyckMy
xnky H-M cM Hy. euenum ponxnm sanna1n1L sa
ace.
94
es coHnennn, nnme pecny6nnkn aakasa, a nepayk ouepepL, pmren, arec1an,
apauaeao-epkecnn, c nx amcoknH npnpoc1oH 1n1ynLnoro nacenennn, 1akxe necy1 a
ce6e a1nononn1nueckyk n a1nopeHorpaqnueckyk yrposy pnn pyccknx. o c nx
npncy1c1aneH a occnn no pasnmH npnunnaH npnxopn1cn Hnpn1Lcn.
24. a1nononn1nuecko 1eHm neo6xopnHo pa1L onpepenenne, 6es
ko1oporo paccmnak1cn ace pekoHenpaunn: n n,
u n .
ne Hory nosaonn1L ce6e nsnara1L specL nc1opnk aonpoca, a amcue c1enenn
pnckyccnonnoro. e Hory n pasaepny1L ack uenL apryHen1oa a saun1y npnaopnHo
peqnnnunn. o1cmnak un1a1ene k yxe ynoHnny1o 6poukpe ycckn npoek1, rpe
1akan pa6o1a npopenana, n6o a npoek1e akona o paspenenno pyccko naunn pano
n noppo6no pasLncneno onpepenenne pyccko naunn, ko1opoe Hne kaxe1cn
coaepuennmH. o1 ono:
Pycck cn n ckyc n, M yccky
nc.
Pycckn nc xcn knM kyM,
ycn nc. H, cn n nnncn cmnM,
kyM, ycn nc r n. H c
nnn n, nr ycckM nkM Mr M r
kyMn xr ycckr k M kn, c
nc, k cmcn ycnM qnM kM
nk.
H cn ycckM M kx n ycckr cxn,
k cM n k r kn rnc cnc
n yn n kqnk n rcyc
nk Pcc CCCP 1917-1991 rr. nM Pcc c 1991 r.
H Mry ycckM n, M r ycckr nn,
aM Mry M y ny c cny nr
cxn r n crnc kM, ycnnM nM
ar nn.
Pyccky ccnn ycck, nnncn rxM Pccck O
ycck, nnncn rxM Pccck O, cn n
M x r, kk M c rxc, k
n rxc.
oa1opk: 6onee amaepennoro n kpnpnueckn coaepuennoro onpepenennn pyccko
naunn n ne snak n npepc1aan1L ce6e ne Hory. H K, nonoxennm a ocnoay
amuenpnaepennoro onpepenennn, - qopHanLnm npnsnak. n, ane acnknx coHnenn,
nnn x, , nu, 6es ko1oporo
caHa 1eHa pasroaopa 1epne1 acnkn cHmcn. es nero neaosHoxno qynkunonnpoaanne
nn opnoro sakona, 1pak1ykuero npaaa, npnannernn n o6nsannoc1n nHenno pyccknx,
n6o M cny M ckyM nm nr n nm nr nnM
cM, coaepuenno a1oro ne sacnyxnaakunH. e nyxno aeua1L na uyxnx
nkpe caon npo6neHm, no ne nyxno n penn1Lcn c uyxnHn nkpLHn caonHn
npenHyuec1aaHn.
e, koro ne yc1panaae1 qopHanLnm kpn1epn onpepenennn, aonLnm norpysn1Lcn a
6eckoneunyk n 6ecnnopnyk pnckyccnk o kpn1epnnx neqopHanLnmx. a1nH cm1 no
ropno. nnkoHy 1akoro ne coae1yk[29].
95
HRH3KHMHHEKHE EKMEHQHH
25. pycckoro naunonanLnoro rocypapc1aa ne 1onLko nonn1nueckn
neo6xopnHo, no n akonoHnueckn aosHoxno. axe ecnn aecL Hnp 6ype1 npo1na a1oro.
nepye1 sna1L n noHnn1L: occnn - caHopoc1a1ounan c1pana, opna ns ouenL neHnornx.
1o uenm Hnp, a ko1opoH ec1L ace. occnn, noHnHo nkpe, ec1L ocnoanme pecypcm,
neo6xopnHme pnn amxnaannn a noaoH c1one1nn: uxn un;
, s; n ;
.
Cncknc yrn nHek1 aaxnoe c1pa1ernueckoe snauenne: a1o saun1a
naue npopoaonLc1aenno 6esonacnoc1n, sanor aneune nesaancnHoc1n. eropnn a1o1
pecypc ncnonLsye1cn neaqqek1nano, no a1o ne snaun1, u1o 1ak 6mno n 6ype1 acerpa.
H cyc, no naueHy (HoeHy n Honx epnnoHmunennnkoa) y6expennk
ponxnm 6m1L nonnoc1Lk naunonannsnpoaanm. x akcnop1 Hoxe1 ocyuec1ann1Lcn
1onLko no oc1a1ounoHy npnnunny nocne nacmuennn no1pe6noc1e any1pennero pmnka.
caHn no1pe6noc1n ponxnm qopHnpoaa1Lcn no kao1aH, ncxopn ns y1aepxpennmx na
amcueH rocypapc1aennoH ypoane npnopn1e1oa pasan1nn. ecL poxop o1 npopaxn
npnpopnmx pecypcoa na HexpynapopnoH pmnke - ocnoaa 6kpxe1a, sa cue1 ko1opo
ponxno nponcxopn1L naunonanLnoe n rocypapc1aennoe c1pon1enLc1ao.
HMy n yx - x xn Mc nn nr
rcyc? nsnL nk6o ueno - 1esnc cnopnm. cnn c1aa aoopyxennmx cnn
spannn npepnncmaae1 conpa1y 6esycnoano npepnouec1L nnen rn6enn, 1o pnn
nnonckoro oqnuepa 1akan noc1anoaka aonpoca npoc1o neaosHoxna: caHypa acerpa n
1ak xe 6esycnoano npepnou1e1 caHoy6nc1ao y1pa1e uec1n. pepnan aona -
caHoy6nc1ao, - roaopn1 naH, ponyc1nH, eapen (anapkune, Hexpy npounH,
co6c1aennmH nspannLcknH a1oHnmH aoopyxenneH), - n no1oHy neponyc1nHa nn npn
kaknx o6c1on1enLc1aax. naun1 - n npepnoe opyxne nn k ueHy. 1o nenpaapa. B-
x, a1o saancn1 o1 1oro, aokeuL nn 1m c npepno pepxaao. Hepnkanum
c6pocnnn a1oHnme 6oH6m na npocnHy n aracakn - n ne 1onLko ne nonyunnn
npepnoro aosHespnn, no eue nHek1 narnoc1L na rnasax nnonuea n acero Hnpa
amc1yna1L a ponn 6narope1ene n saun1nnkoa nonnn. B-x, yrposa
caHoy6nc1aoH - a1o eue ne caHo caHoy6nc1ao; ona pec1aye1 aecLHa
pacxonaxnaakue na npo1nannka, korpa on nonnHae1, u1o caHoy6nc1ao 6ype1
amnyxpenno o6okpnmH. B-ux, anL1epna1naa npepno ka1ac1poqe Hoxe1 6m1L
eue xyxe: nanpnHep - 6onee Hepnennan, no nosopnan n Hyun1enLnan rn6enL naunn;
okkynaunn xec1oknH, 6esxanoc1nmH npo1nannkoH, npnHenenne nH 6nonornueckoro
opyxnn Haccoaoro nopaxennn; yrposa y1pa1m xnsnenno aaxnmx pecypcoa nnn
am1ecnennn naunn a nenpnropnme pnn xnnLn Hec1a; n pp.
es npepnoro opyxnn neaosHoxno npo1naoc1on1L neko1opmH anonne peanLnmH
amsoaaH 6ypyuero, npepnonoxnH - aoopyxenno akcnancnn o6munmx apHn, no
Hnorokpa1no npeaocxopnunx no uncnennoc1n nauy, ace 6onee cokpauakuykcn. nn,
u1o, Hoxe1 6m1L, eue c1paunee (n aHec1e c 1eH peanLnee), opnoapeHennoHy nepexopy
uepes nauy rpannuy Hnnnnonoa neaoopyxennmx nkpe asna1ckoro nnn aqpnkanckoro
nponcxoxpennn, Hnrpnpykunx naanno, nopo6no neHHnnraH. nn uan1axy nopo6nmH
nepexopoH co c1oponm nepenacenennmx rocypapc1a oc1oka nnn Kra.
es npepnoro opyxnn naH a noam aek np1n nenLsn[30]. un1maan poc1 snauennn
npnpopnmx pecypcoa, cocpepo1ouennoc1L payx 1pe1e nx Hnpoamx sanacoa a occnn,
neaosHoxnoc1L saun1n1L a1o poc1onnne o6munmH cnoco6oH, aoo6ue nannune y nac
orpoHnmx n nonynyc1mx xnnmx nnouape, 1eppn1opn, ko1opme 1oxe neaosHoxno
saun1n1L o6munmH cnoco6oH, Hm ponxnm ncno a1o nonnHa1L. nonnHa1L, u1o
96
npepnoe opyxne (n aoo6ue opyxne Haccoaoro nopaxennn) ec1L qak1op ne 1onLko
nonn1nkn, no n akonoHnkn, n ne pacxopnm, a poxopnm.
Mx nnk ? oueHy n cun1ak a1o1 pecypc paxe 6onee aaxnmH,
ueH nonesnme nckonaeHme? pe1L acex nso6pe1enn, sapernc1pnpoaannmx a aeke,
cospana a n occnn nn6o sa py6exoH yuenmHn pycckoro nponcxoxpennn. cnn
Hnorne kpynnme naunn npepc1aanenm a cpepneH 3-4 no6eneacknHn naypea1aHn, 1o 21
naypea1 nHee1 pycckoe nponcxoxpenne. pepn pyccknx nso6pe1enn - 1eneansopm
(napnHnp aopmknn), npoqeccnonanLnm Harnn1oqon n anpeoHarnn1oqon
(nekcanpp onn1oa). pen nepconanLnmx koHnLk1epoa npnnapnexn1 pcennk
opoxoay. n1nHanLnan 1pacca none1a na yny 6mna paccun1ana KpneH onppa1kkoH
eue a 20-e ropm. oennme aokk1 na aep1one1ax, nso6pe1ennmx 6maunH naunH
rpaxpannnoH nkopcknH. 1.p. o nopcue1aH pok1opa 1exnnuecknx nayk .
opospnna, occnn Horna 6m nonyua1L orpoHnme pnanpenpm sa 1exnonornn, nn6o
neaoc1pe6oaannme ek, nn6o npopannme anonmxax, nn6o ykpapennme. cnn roaopn1L
1onLko o nocnepnnx, 1o c nauana aeka po 1999 ropa Hm nnunnncL ynnkanLnmx
paspa6o1ok na cyHHy camue 1 1pnnnnona 878 Hnnnnappoa ponnapoa[31]. pecL
npnaepena nnuL uena na1en1oa, ko1opmx naacerpa nnunnacL naua c1pana, no ne
ynoHnny1a 1ak nasmaaeHan ynyuennan koHHepueckan amropa.
n1ennek1yanLnm pecypc occnn - a1o ne 1onLko naua rapan1nn axoxpennn a
noc1nnpyc1pnanLnoe o6uec1ao (1o ec1L aoo6ue - a saa1paunn penL uenoaeuec1aa) n
sakpennennn a neH na poc1onoH Hec1e. 1o eue n rapan1nn npouae1annn n
nesaancnHoc1n, n6o penLrn, ko1opme npnnocn1 nso6pe1ennn a ceropnnuneH Hnpe,
anonne conoc1aanHm c poxopoH o1 neq1nnmx n rasoamx Hec1opoxpenn. Hec1no
specL ckasa1L, u1o yxe ceropnn poxop o1 1oproann na1en1aHn n nnuensnnHn a 2,3
pasa amue, ueH o1 1oproann 1oaapaHn, n a1a nponopunn pac1e1.
au nn1ennek1 - a1o nau nponyck a 6ypyuee npn acex o6c1on1enLc1aax.
26. nonn1nka naunonanLnoro rocypapc1aa ponxna coo1ae1c1aoaa1L
ero caepxsapaue: a6conk1noHy n o1nocn1enLnoHy poc1y pycckoro nacenennn. akoa
rnaanm kpn1epn npnropnoc1n 1o nnn nno nporpaHHm[32].
1o snaun1, u1o ao ace akonoHnueckne nporpaHHm ponxnm saknapmaa1Lcn
coo1ae1c1aykune npnopn1e1m.
27. pokasann naun yuenme, nanpnHep, .. oxnnoa[33],
nk6oe npoHmunennoe n cenLckoxosnc1aennoe nponsaopc1ao a occnn a cnny ee
knnHa1nuecknx oco6ennoc1e nanne1cn saaepoHo naHnoro Henee pen1a6enLnmH, ueH a
apone, Hepnke, n1ae n Hn.pp. 1ckpa cnepye1 c1pa1ernueckoro snauennn amaop.
ce neo6xopnHoe, u1o Hoxno nponsaec1n ane occnn y nn
n cc, ponxno nponsaopn1Lcn ane occnn n sa1eH
nHnop1npoaa1Lcn. ak amropnee.
cknkuenne, kak anonne oueanpno, npepc1aannk1 npepHe1m nepao neo6xopnHoc1n (a
1oH uncne npopyk1m nn1annn), npopykunn n nn1ennek1yanLnm npopyk1 a uenoH.
pepc1aa pnn 1ako aneuneakonoHnuecko nonn1nkn ponxen pa1L akcnop1, ao-
nepamx, nn1ennek1yanLnoro npopyk1a, a ao-a1opmx - anepronocn1ene, no ne cmpmx,
a npouepunx a1opnunyk o6pa6o1ky.
28. K : cypL6a occnn a 6ypyueH saancn1, rnaanmH o6pasoH, o1 payx
knaccoa - nn1ennnrenunn n kpec1Lnn. Henno a1n knaccm ponxnm c1a1L rnaanmH
o6Lek1oH counanLnmx anoxenn na nepcnek1nay.
97
ccn kcnc kk kncc, kk c
cc - xm yn k cn nk,
mMy y xy x. o a1o1 npouecc ne Hoxe1 n
ne ponxen 6m1L nyuen na caHo1ek: uenoaek, aosapauakuncn a pepeank, ponxen
nHe1L onpepenennme counanLnme rapan1nn. naue aHec1o knacca noamx kpec1Lnn Hm
nonyunH knacc peknaccnpoaannmx pa6ounx, cenLcknx nkHnenoa. uncne ppyrnx Hep
neo6xopnHa nonn1nka npo1ekunonnsHa: nyxno nckycc1aenno cokpaua1L nHnop1
npopoaonLc1ann, nooupn1L caoero cenLckoro nponsaopn1enn, saunua1L ero[34] n 1.p.
es o6unpneue noHenkna1ypm nHnop1npyeHmx ceropnn npopyk1oa nn1annn, na
ko1opme pacxopyk1cn cpepc1aa, ampyuennme o1 npopaxn neaocnonnnHmx pecypcoa,
Hm anonne HoxeH aoo6ue o6o1ncL. epep nnHn ponxen 6m1L aospanrny1 ne
xenesnm, a c1anLno sanaaec. ckopoH apeHenn ace a1o 6ype1 nponsaopn1Lcn y nac:
cnpoc poxpae1 npepnoxenne.
Hec1e c 1eH, neuenecoo6pasno npopanra1L a ceno noame 1exnonornn, no ne ace
aoo6ue (1e, u1o ynyuuak1 kauec1ao npopykunn, nyxno nponaranpnpoaa1L), a 1e, u1o
amcao6oxpak1 6onLuoe konnuec1ao pa6ounx pyk. nac ceropnn nyc1ye1 cnnukoH
Hnoro seHnn, a a ropopax nakannnaae1cn cnnukoH Hnoro 6epnmx n 6espa6o1nmx.
eHnn aekaHn kopHnna uenoaeka, noueHy 6m ne acnoHnn1L o6 a1oH npoc1oH sakone
xnsnn?
29. peun1enLnan pennpyc1pnannsaunn, nepenoc uen1pa 1nxec1n
ncknkun1enLno a naykoeHkoe nponsaopc1ao, ne 1pe6ykuee aoo6ue 6onLuoro
konnuec1aa pa6o1nnkoa qnsnueckoro 1pypa. nkc HakcnHanLnm o1kas o1
nponsaopc1aa, 1pe6ykuero nekaannqnunpoaannoro qnsnueckoro 1pypa. 1o a
snaun1enLno c1enenn yxe nponsouno a pesynL1a1e nepec1pokn. enecoo6pasno ne
aocc1anaannaa1L pnp nponsaopc1a, a pec1pyk1ypnpoaa1L napopnoe xosnc1ao 1aknH
o6pasoH, u1o6m aepny1L uac1L nkpe, amcao6opnaunxcn a pesynL1a1e kpyuennn
npoHmunennoc1n, a pepeank, a ppyryk uac1L, nan6onee uennyk, - a o6nac1L
naykoeHknx nponsaopc1a, rnaanmH o6pasoH a , anek1ponnyk, xnHnueckyk n
kocHnueckyk npoHmunennoc1L, n 1.n. eo6xopnH akuen1 1akxe na o6pa6a1maakue
npoHmunennoc1n, nockonLky akcnop1npoaa1L cmpLe - npec1ynnan
6ecxosnc1aennoc1L.
enecoo6pasno 1akxe pasHec1n1L nponsaopc1aa a c1panax , oco6enno 1aH, rpe
nannuo ns6m1ounoe nacenenne, rpe coxpannnacL pepeann. ak Hm noHoxeH a1nH
c1panaH npoaec1n packpec1Lnnnaanne, c6pocn1L peHorpaqnueckoe paanenne nanHenee
onacnmH pnn nac o6pasoH, o1aepeH o1 nac yrposy nannmaa nHHnrpan1oa. aHec1e c
1eH, sapepxnH nx nepexop ns nnpyc1pnanLnoro o6uec1aa - a noc1nnpyc1pnanLnoe,
ocna6nH ce6e konkypenunk. y n, nakoneu, npno6pe1eH 1aH amropnme konueccnn.
1pauno ne 1o, u1o ceropnn sakpmaak1cn Hnorne yc1apeaune, nepen1a6enLnme,
pasopennme npepnpnn1nn, a c1pauno 1o, u1o nkpLHn, oc1aaunHncn 6es pa6o1m, ne
sannHak1cn 1ak, kak a1oro 1pe6yk1 nn1epecm rocypapc1aa.
m npounn uepes packpec1Lnnnaanne, 1enepL ponxnm npo1n uepes
pacnpone1apnaanne - npnHnkoH a noc1nnpyc1pnanLnoe o6uec1ao. 1o1 ny1L Hm
ponxnm npo1n ocosnanno, kon1ponnpyn kaxpm cao uar.
30. H (1pypoayk nHHnrpaunk) kak nanenne aoo6ue neo6xopnHo
peun1enLno ncknkun1L. anpe1n1L sakonopa1enLno. c1anoan1L caHme xec1okne
cankunn. neH ne1 nnkako peanLno neo6xopnHoc1n, n ono cospae1 6onLue
npo6neH, ueH paspeuae1.
opnn rac1ap6a1epc1aa ceropnn nexa1 a 6onLue c1enenn a ncnxonornn, ueH a
akonoHnke. o, pasyHee1cn, 1akan ncnxonornn ne aosnnkae1 na nyc1oH Hec1e, pa eue
a Haccoamx Hacu1a6ax. nn a1oro a caHo xnsnn ponxnm 6m1L cepLesnme npnunnm,
98
ko1opme cnepye1 yc1pann1L. eqnun1 1pypoamx pecypcoa paano yxe k 1akoamH ne
o1nocn1cn: a 6onLunnc1ae c1pan, nHnop1npykunx pa6ouyk cnny - 6espa6o1nua.
asanocL 6m, o kako 1pypoao nHHnrpaunn Hoxe1 np1n peuL, ecnn caon pa6oune pykn
peaa1L nekypa?
paa nn ne rnaanan npnunna pacnpoc1panennn a1o ncnxonornn a apone n Hepnke -
nspepxkn aceo6uero o6pasoaannn eaponecknx napopoa. ( occnn, c ee nyuunH a
Hnpe cpepnnH o6pasoaanneH, a1o1 qak1op nHee1 cyry6oe snauenne.) o panunn ono
aaepeno 6mno a 1789 ropy (aonpekn saae1y kappnnana nuenLe, ko1opm cpaannaan
c1pany, ace nacenenne ko1opo o6pasoaano, c oHepsn1enLnmH nopo6neH uenoaeka,
cnnouL, o1 Hakyukn po nn1ok, nokpm1oro rnasaHn, xo1n rnas, aoo6ue-1o, - nannyuuee
ykpauenne nnua). nrnnn - c nauana XIX a., a epHannn - co 2- ue1aep1n ero XIX
a.
6pasoaanne, nonyuennoe aceHn 6es pas6opa n sapapoH, kak okasanocL, - ouenL
apepn1 naunn. no nopoxpae1 y caHmx unpoknx Hacc noxnme npepc1aanennn o
npec1nxnoc1n 1oro nnn nnoro 1pypa. osnnkae1 caoeo6pasnm apnc1okpa1nsH
nne6en, nonyo6pasoaannoro, no npepnoun1akuero 1pyp nnuero nnn 6anpn1a -
1pypy Hycopunka, can1exnnka nnn pa6ouero na konaeepe.
oppme caonH 6ocnuec1aoH 6ocnkn opLkoro ne npouL ueronLny1L rpaHo1noc1Lk,
naun1annoc1Lk. 1o ne cnyuano. pnsnc nepenponsaopc1aa nn1ennnrenunn nopasnn
occnk konua XIX aeka. ak nn Hano 6mno y nac a 1o apeHn o6pasoaannmx nkpe, no
cqepa nx npnHenennn 6mna eue HenLue[35]. pec1Lnnckne pe1n, sanonnnaune
aypn1opnn ynnaepcn1e1oa n nnc1n1y1oa a pesynL1a1e peqopH 1860-x rr. (nepep
peaonkune a 1exnnuecknx aysax yunnocL okono 60% c1ypen1oa ns napopa), ne
Hornn no1oH na1n ce6e pa6o1y no cneunanLnoc1n. ase1m 1oro apeHenn nec1pn1
o6LnanennnHn 1nna: onopo Hyxunna c amcunH o6pasoaanneH ro1oa na nk6yk
pa6o1y. o aosapaua1Lcn a pepeank - k naxo1e n cko1oaopc1ay - nnk1o ne xo1en.
pepnoun1ann np1n a 6ocnkn.
nanornunyk kap1nny n sac1an ceuac ao panunn[36]. onpekn HonH
npepc1aanennnH n k HoeHy orpoHnoHy ypnanennk, 80% nnunx - a n nx neHano anpen
a apnxe - 6enme, qpanuysm. enme, a ne uae1nme, xopn1 no aaronaH nopseHkn,
cnpn1 a nepexopax n na ynnuax (uaue c1on1 na konennx c 1a6nnuko na rpypn:
Henn ne1 pa6o1m. a1e neHnoro pener, u1o6m n Hor ec1L n xn1L, a1e pener
ceropnn, u1o6m n xnn saa1pa nnn npoc1o ronopen), cnn1, a cnanLnmx Heukax nnn
ykpmauncL 1pnnLeH, na c1ynennx Harasnnoa n a ykpoHnmx nepeynkax. orpa-1o onn
nnn nx o1um ns coo6paxenn npec1nxa ne noxenann np1n, ycnoano roaopn, a
Hycopunkn; ceropnn nx Hec1a sann1m uae1nmHn nHHnrpan1aHn.
panuysm ne Hory1 ampaan1L uae1nmx ns panunn npexpe acero no1oHy, u1o n
s q x, x
x x x, x,
ko1opan sanononnna panunk. onLko Hacca nnunx n neo6pasoaannmx qpanuysoa
Horna 6m ounc1n1L panunk o1 Haccm nono6pasoaannmx n nonynnunx npnuenLuea.
o qpanuysm ne nk6n1 nnue1y, 6on1cn ee n aceHn cnoco6aHn ee ns6erak1. on1cn
onn n nnopn1L nnunx. sac1aan1L nx a1o pena1L - nekoHy. no1oHy onn o6peuenm.
apapokcanLno, no qak1: ecnn naunn nepec1ae1 caHa ampenn1L pnn uepno pa6o1m
onpepenennoe konnuec1ao caonx epnnokpoanmx, 6enmx nerpoa, e npnxopn1cn
sasmaa1L nerpoa uepnmx, nac1onunx. e pyHan o 1oH, u1o pe1n a1nx nerpoa, a
coo1ae1c1ann c sakonaHn c1panm n c npnnunnoH paaenc1aa n 6pa1c1aa, okonua1
cnauana akonL nopHanL, no1oH konnepx, no1oH, rnnpnuL, op6onny, a 1aH o1nnHy1
pa6o1y yxe ne y qpanuysckoro nnn anrnnckoro Hycopunka, a y apaua, nnxenepa,
yun1enn.
99
e pyHa1e, u1o kakne-nn6ypL 1apxnkn 6ypy1 y nac aeuno amnonnn1L rpnsnyk,
1nxenyk pa6o1y! ocHo1pn1e na coapeHennmx Hockoacknx aLe1naHuea, korpa-1o
saaesennmx kpeHneacknHn npno1aHn na 1ekc1nnLnme n Haunnoc1pon1enLnme saaopm.
noro am nx 1aH ceropnn yanpn1e? e1, onn ace na pmnkax n a ynnaepHarax,
cnekynnpyk1 peqnun1oH, amaosn1 na nc1opnueckyk popnny y1krn n uaenme
Haunnkn. nnrepnum, konx, kak nsaec1no, 1oxe a ockae xaa1ae1? nn u1o, Hok1
c1ekna aa1oHo6nne, unc1n1 ynn1asm? nkak ne1, y a1nx cao nanaxennm 6nsnec:
napko1nkn.
eyxenn nac nnueHy ne yun1 ne 1onLko uyxo, no paxe cao onm1?
31. pa6o1a neo6xopnHa nk6oHy o6uec1ay; ne1 nn opno c1panm a Hnpe (n
ne npepanpn1cn), ko1opan Horna 6m o6ecneun1L aceHy caoeHy nacenennk sann1ne
1onLko yHc1aennmH 1pypoH. c1L 1onLko opna naunn, xnayuan a paccennLe, ne
ocepakuan na seHnk, ko1opan c1peHn1cn pa1L aceH caonH npepc1aan1ennH 6enyk
pa6o1y, nockonLky uepnyk n 1ak ns aeka a aek penak1 a6opnrenm: a1o eapen. o
aa1ox1onnme napopm ne Hory1 n ne ponxnm a1o nosaonn1L ce6e. Hm, pycckne a1oro
ce6e nosaonn1L ne HoxeH. cnn Hm nepec1aneH ampenn1L ns caoero coc1aaa uac1L
nacenennn pnn uepno pa6o1m, 1o k1o 6ype1 ee pena1L a occnn, kak ne
nHHnrpan1m?
eropnn y nac cospanacL ynnkanLnan cn1yaunn, korpa a pesynL1a1e kpaxa
npoHmunennoc1n aosnnk snaun1enLnm pesepa pa6oue cnnm. asanocL 6m, ponxen
paspasn1Lcn kpnsnc 6espa6o1num. 6ecc1pac1nme unqpm a1o1 kpnsnc peHonc1pnpyk1.
o Hexpy 1eH na 6npxe 1pypa napapokcanLnmH o6pasoH qnkcnpye1cn uec1nkpa1noe
(!!) npeamuenne npepnoxennn pa6o1m nap cnpocoH. acca nkpe, oco6enno Honopmx,
npnxopn1 na 6npxy, snakoHn1cn c noHenkna1ypo npepnoxennn n, nokpy1na nocoH,
ypanne1cn. a c1enpax y saaopoa n qa6pnk ne cnnHak1cn o6Lnanennn: 1pe6yk1cn,
1pe6yk1cn. o 1ue1no. oueHy? enpec1nxno. ak u1o xe, saa1L uae1nmx? nn
kasaxoa, Honpaaan, ppyrnx 6maunx coae1cknx? ak yxe roaopnnocL amue, a1o1
ny1L ponxen 6m1L ka1eropnueckn ncknkuen.
a1o cansn npepc1aanne1cn oc1po neo6xopnHmH o6Lepnnn1L nnnc1epc1ao 1pypa c
nnnc1epc1aoH o6pasoaannn, nepepaa a aepenne o6Lepnnenno nnc1anunn 1akxe
cpepnee cneunanLnoe o6pasoaanne. Henno n 1onLko c1poro nayunme npornosm
no1pe6noc1n a 1pypoamx pecypcax ponxnm amnonnn1L ponL pasnapnpkn (c
onpepenennmH ponyckoH) npn nponsaopc1ae o6pasoaannmx kappoa, naunnan c ypoann
7 knaccoa ukonm.
32. amue napapokcanLnoe pacxoxpenne Hexpy amcoknH ypoaneH
npepnoxennn pa6o1m n nnsknH cnpocoH na nee, npn 1oH u1o 6espa6o1nua amcoka n
ace apeHn pac1e1, naxopn1cn a nenocpepc1aenno saancnHoc1n o1 coc1onnnn 6opL6m c
npec1ynnoc1Lk.
ypa npy1 nkpn, y6epnaunecn a 1oH, u1o o6uec1ao npepnarae1 nH nnuL pa6o1y,
ko1opan ne coo1ae1c1aye1 nx caHoHnennk? o 6onLue uac1n a o6nac1L neneranLnoro,
a 1oH uncne npec1ynnoro sapa6o1ka. opnn a1oro nanennn - a coae1cko cnc1eHe, npn
ko1opo a ycnoannx nopaanennn acnko uac1no nnnuna1nam cnoxnncn, 1eH ne Henee,
aceo6LeHnkun uepnm pmnok 1oaapoa n ycnyr. n coxpannncn n a noamx ycnoannx.
o oqnunanLnmH pannmH - po 40%, a a peanLnoc1n, koneuno xe, ropaspo 6onee
kann1anoa kpy1n1cn a 1enn.
1Henna cHep1nyk kasnL, nLunn coaepunn pokoayk oun6ky, caoe pyko nanpaana
co1nn 1mcnu nkpe, oco6enno Honopmx, na ckonLskyk popoxky. 1a oun6ka ponxna
6m1L ncnpaanena. enoaek c poxpennn ponxen sna1L: nnn on 6ype1 xn1L n pa6o1a1L
uec1no, nnn on ne 6ype1 xn1L aoo6ue.
100
occ1anoanenne cHep1no kasnn sa Hnorne 1nxenme npec1ynnennn aepne1 k uec1noHy
1pypy neHano nkpe, sanonnna 1e aakancnn, na ko1opme ceropnn koe-k1o npoun1 naH
nHHnrpan1oa.
33. npnunna nHHnrpaunn nexn1 a akonoHnke uac1noro 6nsneca,
o1nnun1enLnan uep1a ko1oporo - noronn sa cnkHnny1no amropo nanepekop
rocypapc1aennoHy n naunonanLnoHy nn1epecy. pannoH cnyuae peuL npe1 o
peueansne pa6ounx pyk nHHnrpan1oa n nx npaaoao nesaunuennoc1n. o n ppyroe
amropno uac1noHy npepnpnnnHa1enk. kaxeH, noppnpunky, qopHnpykueHy
c1pon1enLnme nnn cenLckoxosnc1aennme 6pnrapm pnn cesonnmx pa6o1. e cekpe1,
u1o ace opHockoaLe sac1poeno poHaHn n pauaHn, aosaepennmHn sapeueao pykaHn
ykpanncknx n 6enopyccknx (a 1enepL yxe n ys6ekcknx, n Honpaacknx, n 1apxnkcknx, n
1.p.) pa6ounx.
eun1L a1y npo6neHy, cypn no onm1y , kypa neneranLno aaosn1 1LHy nnunx n
ro1oamx na nk6me ycnoann pa6ounx, ckaxeH, ns ekcnkn, ne 1ak-1o nerko. rpae1
caok ponL koppynunn, c1pauno Heuak1 peHokpa1nueckne npaanna nrpm, npaaa
uenoaeka n 1.p. co6oe nonn1nueckoe snauenne qak1op 1pypoao nHHnrpaunn
npno6pe1ae1 a c1panax, rpe cnnLnm counannc1m n npoqcoksm. aH a1o1 qak1op
ncnonLsyk1 kak Hepy o6yspannn, cHnpennn co6c1aennoro pa6ouero knacca,
orpannuennn ero npe1ensn (a1o 1o1 caHm cnyua, korpa nekapc1ao onacnee
6onesnn).
o n nonoxn1enLnm onm1 6opL6m c nHHnrpaune a nakonnen neHanm. c1L
ueHy noyun1Lcn, 1onLko ne nenncL.
34. , napnpy c orpannuenneH poc1a uncnennoc1n nnopopuea a occnn
ponxen pec1aoaa1L koHnnekc Hep, noamuakunx poxpaeHoc1L pyccknx. 1o 1eHa pnn
o1penLno 6onLuo pa6o1m. pecL n nnuL cnerka kocnycL opnoro acnek1a, cansannoro
nHenno c 1eHo 1pypoamx pecypcoa.
pna ns caHmx c1paunmx nsa coapeHennoro o6uec1aa, nnuakuan ero
peHorpaqnuecko nepcnek1nam - a1o pe1ckne ncnn n capm. nm1nm neparor a ukone
cpasy n 6esoun6ouno o1nnun1 poHaunero pe6enka kak 6onee yHc1aenno n pyueano
pasan1oro - o1 pe1capoackoro. ao aspocno, a 1oH uncne ceHeno xnsnn onn 6ypy1
o1nnua1Lcn acerpa. e1n, npouepune uepes a1n saaepennn-nnky6a1opm, rpe nyc1L
paxe ouenL xopoune, no uyxne 1e1n, a ne popnme HaHm n 6a6yukn, sannHak1cn nx
aocnn1anneH, napnpy c pecn1kaHn 1aknx xe uyxnx pe1e aHec1o popnmx 6pa1Lea n
cec1ep, c ropaHn ampac1ak1. nn 6ec1pene1no cpak1 caonx npec1apenmx popn1ene a
nnaannpnme poHa, 1ouno 1ak xe, kak 1e cpaaann nx a capm. epL 1onuaune nn1oukn,
cansmaakune popnme pyun, 6esnapexno pasopaanm a 1e 6ecuncnennme pannne y1pa,
korpa - cae1 nn, 1LHa, cner nn, poxpL - popn1enL 1aun1 nnauyuero, ynnpakuerocn,
nepocnaauero n nepoyHeaakuero pe6enka a pe1ckn kasennm poH. ampocune a
capax pe1n ne cknonnm saaopn1L no1oHc1aa, 1eH 6onee - o6nnLnoro: k ueHy? 1o6m a
caok ouepepL cpa1L ero na pykn uyxnH 1e1nH a ncnn n capm? nnuero ppyroro aepL
onn ne snak1, ne yHek1. Y x m m -
u.
aospac1e o1 2 po 5 ne1 pe6enok (nopcun1ano cneunannc1aHn) sapae1 okono 1pex
Hnnnnonoa (!) aonpocoa. pepn nnx ne1 nnunnx, rnynmx: Hanmu amc1panaae1 caok
kap1nny Hnpa, eHy napo sna1L ace. 1o a pe1ckoH capy o1ae1n1 eHy? ocnn1a1enLnnua,
y ko1opo eue pecn1kn 1aknx xe? aepc1nnkn?
uncne caHmx rnaanmx sapau coapeHennoro o6uec1aa - aepny1L xenunny k pe1cko
kpoaa1ke n poHauneHy ouary. ena1enLno - n Ha1L, n 6a6yuky. o cnne aosHoxnoc1n
- xo1n 6m 6a6yuky. epL opna ns aaxneunx npnunn Hanope1noc1n a1o paspyuenne
aekoao 1pexnokonenno c1pyk1ypm ceHLn.
101
35. c nepyccko nHHnrpaune cyuec1aye1 nnan 6epa n onacnoc1L: pycckan
aHnrpaunn, a nepayk ouepepL - o16opno, o6pasoaanno n 1anan1nnao pyccko
Honopexn. y1 peno ne c1onLko a konnuec1ae, ckonLko a kauec1ae. 1917-1937 rr.
eapen ynnu1oxann pycckyk ann1y qnsnueckn. eropnn onn penak1 a1o 6onee
paunonanLno - amaosn ee ns c1panm. a a1oH cneunannsnpye1cn neHano uen1poa n
qonpoa, cpepn ko1opmx na nepaoH Hec1e - onp opoca (aHepnkanckoro eapen
aenrepckoro nponcxoxpennn), pacnonarakun Houno, 6ora1o n pasae1anenno
c1pyk1ypo n noc1aanaun o1kauky Hosroa ns occnn na no1ok. onLunnc1ao
onopnmx kappoa opoca - opno c nnH naunonanLnoc1n. nn npnkpmaak1 caok
pen1enLnoc1L pasroaopaHn o 6nare 1ex 1anan1nnamx knoue n peayuek, ko1opme
6naropapn nH naxopn1 caok cypL6y na ueppoH anape, uennueH, a o1nnune o1 occnn,
papoaannn.
uep6, ko1opm 1epnn1 occnn n pycckn napop o1 1ako 6naro1aopn1enLnoc1n ne
noppae1cn nnkakoHy yue1y, on 6esHepen. cnoanyk no1epk nece1 nau renoqonp - a1o
nonn1no kaxpoHy, k1o un1an xo1n 6m acnepc1aennoc1L 1anan1a . anL1ona.
opoc 1pa1n1 na a1n uenn ne 6or aec1L kakne penLrn, occnn anonne Horna 6m
ampenn1L 1akne xe na nporpaHHy 1pypoyc1poc1aa a1nx nkpe.
euenne n npepnoxnn 6m 1akoe. o-nepamx, sanpe1n1L nopo6nyk pen1enLnoc1L no
o1kauke Hosroa a occnn nop c1paxoH caHmx cnnLnmx nakasann. o-a1opmx,
naunonannsnpoaa1L onp opoca n pasaepny1L nanpaanenne ero pen1enLnoc1n, co
ace ero c1pyk1ypo n co1pypnnkaHn, na qopHnpoaanne coo1ae1c1aykuero pmnka
1pypa a occnn. -1pe1Lnx, npopyHa1L n nepepa6o1a1L naue na1en1noe
sakonopa1enLc1ao, cospa1L coo1ae1c1aykuee cneunannsnpoaannoe aren1c1ao. ycckn
yuenm ponxen nHe1L aosHoxnoc1L cnokono pa6o1a1L poHa, 6ypyun yaepen, u1o ero
npaaa napexno saunuenm, n ero nso6pe1ennn npnnecy1 poc1onme penLrn eHy n ero
opnne.
cnn a1n Hepm 6ypy1 ncnonnenm rpaHo1no n npnnecy1 aqqek1, 1o cnepye1, a-
ue1aep1mx, pasaepny1L nporpaHHy no aosapauennk naunx yuenmx a occnk.
k6o ueno neo6xopnHo oc1anoan1L y1euky Hosroa. naue Hm nnunHcn
nn1ennek1yanLnoro pecypca, a c nnH - n 6ypyuero.
36. Hno ny1n amxopa ns kpnsnca amsoay1 y ouenL Hnornx
nonn1nuecknx cnn, a 1oH uncne n a pycckoH na1pno1nueckoH narepe, aospaxennn n
paxe aosHyuenne. pepn Honx npo1nannkoa 6ypy1 n koHHynnc1m, n na1pno1m
1papnunonnoro (nHnepckoro nn6o coae1ckoro) 1onka, n neko1opme c1oponnnkn
cao6opnoro npepnpnnnHa1enLc1aa, n peHokpa1m, n nn6epanm-sanapnnkn, n
HycynLHane, n qeHnnnc1kn n 6or aec1L k1o eue. nyue acex - naun saknn1me ppysLn
- eapen, kak poccnckne, 1ak n Hexpynapopnme.
koHy xe Hne appecoaa1Lcn, na koro napen1Lcn, a koH ncka1L onopy? epL peuennn,
npepnaraeHme Hno, 1pe6yk1 nonn1nuecko aonn n anac1nmx aosHoxnoc1e.
B-x, n kpenko napekcL x -, ko1opmx caHo
apeHn o1opaano, nakoneu-1o, n o1 nHnepuea-Honapxnc1oa, n o1 coae1cknx
koHHynnc1oa n sac1aanno ncka1L noame ny1n a nonn1nke papn cnacennn naunn n
o1euec1aa.
B-x, n napekcL m u -, a 1oH
uncne n a nmneunnx anac1nmx kpyrax. onnHanne snauennn pycckoro qak1opa a
pyccko na 85% c1pane pnn nnx - xnsnennan neo6xopnHoc1L. nLunn nm1ancn
nrnopnpoaa1L a1y neo6xopnHoc1L n nnm1L nonepek am1ekakue ns nee npen - n
102
6eccnaano y1on, neHano naapepna pyccknH n oc1aana no ce6e o1apa1n1enLnyk naHn1L.
ro npnHep - ppyrnH nayka.
B-ux, n c ypoane1aopenneH cnexy sa 1eH, kak a occnn peannsye1cn ampanny1an
Hno a eue 1994-1996 ropax n - -
. anxy, kak pycckn 6nsnec ampac1ae1 po ocosnannn caonx ne 1onLko
kopnopa1nanmx, no n naunonanLnmx nn1epecoa, nanpnHyk yansmaan naunonanLnme
nn1epecm - c kopnopa1nanmHn. n y6epnncn yxe a 1oH, u1o eapeckn 6ankoackn
6nsnec, asep6apxanckn nnopooaouno, apHnnckn npopoaonLc1aennm - ace
c1pyk1ypnpyk1cn no naunonanLnoHy npnsnaky 1ak, u1o pycckoHy n aoo6ue nnopopuy
1aH pena1L neuero. n anpn1, kak, ckaxeH, nyuune c1pon1enLnme noppnpm a ockae
poc1ak1cn eapenH, no1oHy u1o ao rnaae ace c1pon1enLno Hockoacko nnpaHnpm
c1on1 eape. ak rocsakasm nponnmaak1 HnHo pycckoro noca a nepycckne pykn. ak
6ankoackne kpepn1m poc1ak1cn eapenH a 6onLueH o6LeHe n na nyuunx ycnoannx.
1.p.
ycckn 6nsnec noka no npenHyuec1ay Henkn n cpepnn. n xo1en 6m c1a1L
kpynnmH, no nepeuncnennme amue o6c1on1enLc1aa Heuak1. a1o pycckne - a1o
ocnoano coc1aa 6nsnecHenoa occnn, ecnn ne npnnnHa1L ao annHanne aennunny
kann1ana.
naun naunnak1 nonnHa1L: pycckn kann1an Hoxe1 6m1L xosnnnoH 1onLko a pyccko
c1pane. 1pancnaunonanLno c1pane, rpe o1cy1c1aye1 ue1kan a1nononn1nueckan
poHnnan1a, n xosnnn nens6exno - 1pancnaunonanLnm. oa1oHy
n u .
1pannmH o6pasoH a occnn ceuac cnoxnnacL cn1yaunn, nanoHnnakuan nepayk
nonoanny XVI nnn nauano XVIII aa., korpa ne6ora1oe paopnnc1ao sarnnpmaanocL na
konoccanLnme seHnn 6onp n Honac1mpe, konnno cocnoanyk aneprnk pnn peuakuero
6pocka, pnn cocnoano 6n1am. 1o aneprne 6mna cospana aanoH IV - onpnunnna n
uen1pannsoaannan po konua ockoackan ycL, a e1poH I - occnckan Hnepnn. 1o
nac xpe1 na a1o1 pas? ypn no neko1opmH npnsnakaH (naespm na eapecknx
onnrapxoa, nopro1oaka k npnaa1nsaunn 22 1mc. npepnpnn1n) anac1L uyac1aye1
aosHoxnoc1L pa6o1m c a1nH, ampocunH sa pecn1L ne1 kon1nnren1oH.
o peno ne 1onLko a a1oH. nac1L (coc1onuan a uenoH ns kappoa 6mno nap1okpa1nn n
cneucnyx6, pyccknx no ocnoanoHy coc1aay) ceropnn n caHa a snaun1enLno c1enenn
sann1a kpynnmH 6nsnecoH nnn, ao acnkoH cnyuae, nHee1 caon Hacu1a6nme 6nsnec-
nn1epecm. a1n nn1epecm yxe pasounncL c nn1epecaHn onnrapxoa-kpokpa1oa.
1ckpa n o1LH y kpokpa1oa 6nsneca n , o1ckpa npoaan kpokpa1nuecknx nap1n
- n 6noka - na nocnepnnx pyHcknx am6opax. noaoH, 1enpenunn ncna. o
npornos pecn1nne1ne paanoc1n c6maae1cn c 1ounoc1Lk po ropa.
H- . o na 1akoH 6asnce c nens6exnoc1Lk xe Hoxe1
ampac1n 1onLko opna napc1poka: naunonan-peHokpa1nn. o ec1L, peHokpa1nn,
orpannuennan no naunonanLnoHy npnsnaky.
cnn ace 6ype1 1ak, Hon 1esncm-c1pa1areHm c1any1 aoc1pe6oaanm ace po opnoro.
,
06.08.2000 (n kn),
10.08.2002 (n kn),
15.05.2004 (n kn)
103
[1] eko1opme saapy6exnme nccnepoaa1enn - kpn1nkn HapkcnsHa - paano o1Heuann
sakonoHepnoc1L, HapkcnsHoH ne npepycHo1pennyk: counannc1nueckan peaonkunn
nponsouna cnauana a npko ampaxennoH arpapnoH o6uec1ae, a sa1eH a eue 6onee
cenLckoxosnc1aennmx, nennpyc1pnanLnmx c1panax (.Sil. Political Ieas an
Ieologies: A istor o Political Tougt. - N.-.-anston-., 1970, p. 483);
ecoHnenno, opna ns aennuaunx nponn coapeHenno nc1opnn saknkuae1cn a 1oH,
u1o peaonkunn, apoxnoanennme npenHn HapkcnsHa-nennnnsHa, opepxann no6epy
nnuL a npenHyuec1aenno kpec1Lnncknx n arpapnmx c1panax (. an B.air. Soiet
Communism an Agrarian eolution. - armonswort, 1970, p. 49). pnako panLue
Hanonpopyk1nano nponnn onn ne npopannynncL a noc1nxennn a1oro nanennn,
qenoHen kpec1Lnncko qeopanLno peakunn na kann1annsH, packpec1Lnnnaanne n
6ypxyasno-peHokpa1nueckyk peaonkunk (eapanLckyk) oc1ancn kpn1nkaHn
HapkcnsHa ne packpm1. oppo6nee cH. a Hoe kn.: aunonan-kann1annsH (., 1995).
[2] 1oH, ueH rposn1 1o1anLnoe packpec1Lnnnaanne, Hoxe1 noaepa1L cypL6a peanero
nHa, ko1opm, kak nn napapokcanLno a1o nokaxe1cn, norn6, a uac1noc1n, a
pesynL1a1e a1oro npouecca. nHckyk pepeank (a c ne n ennkn opop) nory6nnn, c
opno c1ponm, 6eckoneunme Ho6nnnsaunn pnn saaoeaa1enLnmx aon n copepxannn
okkynaunonnmx kopnycoa (aneakonoHnueckoe packpec1Lnnnaanne). c ppyro
c1oponm - peueam xne6 kononnanLnmx npoannun, ko1opm o6eccHmcnnn 1pyp
ppeanepnHckoro naxapn n pasnoxnn pepeank, 6mc1po cka1nauykcn a sanyc1enne n
o6esnkpeauyk (akonoHnueckoe packpec1Lnnnaanne). 1opmH, napnpy c
packpec1LnnnaanneH, aaxneunH qak1opoH, nory6naunH nH, 6mno npepoc1aanenne
rpaxpanc1aa xn1ennH pnHcknx npoannun, kononn, npnaepuee k 1o1anLnoHy
naunonanLnoHy cHeuennk n pac1aopennk co6c1aenno pnHnnn - nHnepckoro a1noca -
a ppyrnx napopax, ne cansannmx nynoanno c ennko Hnepne. akoam paa
rnaanmx qak1opa - counanLnm n naunonanLnm - ko1opme o6pa1nnn a pynnm, nyc1L
aennuec1aennme, caHoe Hounoe n aennkonennoe rocypapc1ao, kakoe 1onLko snana
nc1opnn.
[3] oneuno, paapua1L ne1 nenpepmanoro npe6maannn y anac1n a panunn
counannc1oa - npnHmx nacnepnnkoa npeonornn cao6opm, paaenc1aa n 6pa1c1aa ne
npouno papoH; n11epan, k npnHepy, nosaonnn ce6e c nopasn1enLnmH unnnsHoH
ny6nnuno noHeu1a1L o 1oH apeHenn, korpa ace nacenenne panunn 6ype1 uae1a koqe
c HonokoH. o a 1oH-1o ace n peno, u1o nnkakoro Haccoaoro cHeuennn pac ne
nponcxopn1, nponcxopn1 am1ecnenne opno pacm - ppyrnHn. apn a snaHenn1yk
uepkoaL en-epHen nkcepya, u1o nanpo1na yapa, rpe kaxpm kaHenL cansan c
nc1opne koponeackoro paopa panunn, n 6mn uoknpoaan, o6napyxna, u1o 6onLue
nonoannm npnxoxan - ne 1o aLe1naHum, ne 1o 1aum. epeaopn asrnnp c pesnmx
ro1nuecknx an1ape XV-XVI aa. na packocme nnua npepc1onunx, n nm1ancn noc1nuL,
u1o Hexpy aceH a1nH o6uero - n ne Hor. nn aepn1 a pnc1a? o a1o aepL eue ne
noaop, u1o6m xn1L a apnxe.
[4] expy nepamH nspanneH a1o knnrn n nmneunnH - 11 cen1n6pn 2001 ropa.
o6m1nn, yam, nop1aeppnnn Ho npornos, n paxe cnnukoH 6mc1po. opaxakun
aoo6paxenne pasrpoH HycynLHanaHn anxa11enckoro uen1pa n en1arona - rposnoe
npepynpexpenne nHenno a pyxe ckasannoro. 1o nponor. ynLHnnaunn n pasanska
anepepn.
[5] ap1nnka ns xnsnn: a nepeynke sa snaHenn1o uepkoaLk ca. oxa a apnxe, na
nanep1n ko1opo anoneon korpa-1o pacc1pennn kap1euLk ponnnc1oa, na c1ene poHa
6onLuan n kpnaan, na ckopyk pyky, napnncL: nnax ak6ap! pnpoH akkypa1nenLko
n 6ecnoHouno: e napo 1ak nnca1L, napo yaaxa1L ace pennrnn. ako nn o1ae1
nanncan 6m specL onanap1?
[6] 1opan aona a pake nokasana: nocHenn. o yxe ropLko coxanek1 o6 a1oH;
nonnHanne oun6kn pac11 c kaxpmH pnH. (pnHeuanne 2004 r.)
104
[7] ekoHenpyk un1a1ennH nepaano amuepuyk upesamuano copepxa1enLnyk knnry:
. Lkkenen. Hep1L anapa (., 2003). ne aa1op - kpynnm aHepnkanckn
nonn1nueckn pen1enL, 6maun coae1nnkoH nkcona n erana, paaxpm - a 1992 n
1996 rr. - caH 6anno1npoaaauncn a npespnen1m , npnxopn1 na 6ora1oH
qak1nueckoH Ha1epnane k 1eH xe ney1eun1enLnmH amaopaH, u1o n n, a o1nouennn
coapeHenno a1nopeHorpaqnn Hepnkn n aponm. pnn1no ac1pe1n1L
epnnoHmunennnka a nnue c1onL amcokonoc1aanennoro n nnqopHnpoaannoro
aHepnkanua, u1o kasanocL neaosHoxnmH eue coaceH nepaano. mxop knnrn
Lkkenena 6onee ueH nokasa1enen. n roaopn1: nac1an uac npospennn!
[8] oppo6nee o6 a1oH cH.: . . nncnHoa. acoaan npo6neHa a n 6opL6a
peHokpa1nuecknx cnn sa ee cnpaaepnaoe peuenne. - ., pncc.kanp.nc1.nayk, 1967.
[9] . . aunnno. aunonanLnan accounaunn copec1ann nporpeccy uae1noro
nacenennn n ee ponL a nerpn1nnckoH panxennn a nocneaoennm nepnop. - .,
pncc.kanp.nc1.nayk, 1983. - . 145. ak xapak1epna a a1o cn1yaunn caHa aoennan
1epHnnonornn: 6n1aa, nnaupapH, 6opL6a!
[10] anncano a 200 r.; c 1ex nop a1o1 npouen1 1onLko poc.
[11] e ycnen nannca1L a1n c1pokn, kak npouen a esaancnHo rase1e o1
05.08.2000 r. cencaunonnyk c1a1Lk: epnm kHop. paa ycneaun o6pec1n
poccnckoe rpaxpanc1ao aqpnkaneu npe1enpye1 na noc1 Hapa aepn, rpe pacckasano
o 1oH, kak apcenL aqen, 28-ne1nn amxopeu ns aHepyna, okonunaun aepckyk
rocypapc1aennyk Hepnunnckyk akapeHnk n nonyunaun poccnckoe rpaxpanc1ao,
sanann o caoeH xenannn 6anno1npoaa1Lcn na ykasannm noc1. oHeuena qo1orpaqnn
npe1enpen1a. a yx, uepnee nekypa.
npenn Hm yxe n nokasannoro no na ack c1pany nerpa-qepHepa,
xennauerocn na pyccko pype n oceauero c onnakoamHn pe1LHn a 6epno pyccko
pepeane.
[12] pno ns cnepc1an noxno nHHnrpaunonno nonn1nkn coc1on1 a 1oH, u1o ceropnn
Hnorne eaponeckne c1panm (nrnnn, panunn, enLrnn n pp.) okasanncL 6ykaanLno a
sanoxnnkax y nHHnrpan1oa-HycynLHan. ycnoannx pasropakuecn Hnpoao
unannnsaunonno aonm a1o npnaopn1 k 1parnuecknH nocnepc1annH. pnHep -
anpenLckn (2004) npnsma nnpepoa HycynLHancko o6unnm onpona - 6y aHsm n
Hapa akpn - k aone xnamx 6oH6 npo1na nrnnn kak yuac1nnum okkynaunn
paka. ona uaxnpoa, nonn1no, pasaepne1cn ne na 6eperax epcnpckoro sannaa, a
na ynnuax 1yHannoro nL6nona: akpn npnsaan rpynny 10-ne1nnx pe1e yrna1L
caHone1 n apesa1Lcn na neH a yknnreHckn paopeu nnn a pesnpenunk npeHLepa na
aynnnr-c1pn1.
[13] ..osnoa. c1opnn 1parepnn aennkoro napopa. - ., 1996. - . 44.
[14] ycckne. - ., ayka, 1999. - . 136.
[15] o ec1L 45 noaopoxpennmx na 1000 xn1ene a rop.
[16] apapokc ueuencko aonm coc1on1 a 1oH, u1o Hm co6c1aenno kpoaLk nokynaeH
ce6e npaao xn1L a opnoH rocypapc1ae c nenaanpnunH nac cocepoH. m ao u1o 6m 1o
nn c1ano xenaeH ypepxa1L a caonx o6Ln1nnx npoan1yk sHek. 1o apeHn kak ee
cnepoaano 6m nn6o paspaan1L nacHep1L - nn6o o16pocn1L.
105
[17] H. o6 a1oH, nanpnHep: K..apaxoanu. nanns ncnaHckoro aospoxpennn na
noc1coae1ckoH npoc1panc1ae neua1Lk (1991-1996). - ., pncc.kanp.nc1.nayk,
1998.
[18] ocpyHe 2003 ropa cosmaa npouen1 nepyccknx a a1oH koHn1e1e eue ampoc.
[19] ..onnuyk. HHnrpaunonnan nonn1nka nocne 1opo Hnpoao aonm. -
., pncc.kanp.nc1.nayk, 1975. - . 85-118.
[20] a ncknkuenneH cnyuan nepep 1opo Hnpoao aono, korpa 1pancnop1 c
eapecknHn 6exenuaHn ns rn1nepoacko epHannn 6mn saaepny1 o6pa1no.
[21] H. xapak1epnyk noneHnky na a1o1 cue1 Hexpy aa1opoH n ..nponoamH
(aunonanLnan rase1a N6(34)/2000).
[22] peonornn, kak o6muno, ne nocneaae1 sa xnsnLk. knnxepm, ko1opmHn panxe1
spopoam nnc1nnk1 naunonanLnoro caHocoxpanennn, nnn anxenne npo1na
neneranLno nHHnrpaunn, akcnnya1npykuee 1o1 xe nnc1nnk1, ne nopapnnn naH noka
a o6nac1n npe nnuero, nosaonnkuero npocnaan1L a1o1 nnc1nnk1 n npnsna1L ero
a6conk1nyk npaao1y. on nonm1ka sakpm1L a1y 6peuL naxopn1 ananorn nnuL a
sanapno Hmcnn (Lkkenen, kk), a ne y nac. o a1o nopHanLno: acerpa anauane
6m1ne Hepnenno qopHnpye1 cosnanne, u1o6m sa1eH npen, cqopHnpoaaauncL,
c1peHn1enLno noHennna 6m1ne.
[23] 1o1 nosynr aoo6ue noackpy ac1peuae1cn a apnxe, paxe na qpon1one
noxapno uac1n - sono1mHn 6ykaaHn
[24] nepame nspana a aunonanLno rase1e N2/1997 r., a sa1eH, coaokynno c
sakononpoek1oH paspenennoH nonoxennn pyccko naunn - a 6poukpe ycckn
npoek1 (., 1998). 6a nc1ounnka nHk1cn a occncko ocypapc1aenno
6n6nno1eke.
[25] e1opnka cokpauennn sapy6exnmx napopoa o1pa6o1ana a n
ycneuno npnHenne1cn a coapeHenno occnn. eHorpaqnueckan aona - 1epHnn,
copepxanne ko1oporo aceH nsaec1no.
[26] npnHepy, kn1aum ceropnn, ne o6Lnannn nnkaknx aon, sacennk1 apony
(kaxpm nn1m napnxannn - kn1aeu), Hepnky, c1panm npokn1an, occnk. 1o
nnoxoro, ecnn 6m Hm noc1ynann 1ak xe?
[27] c1L n y occnn anna nepep n aceH HnpoH. o apeHn paxpancko aonm a
(1861-1865) nrnnn n panunn ro1oannn coaHec1nyk nn1epaenunk, u1o6m
noppepxa1L Kr npo1na eaepa. o poccnckn kanunep opuakoa, uenoaek
nepanekn, pykoaopc1ayncL nenparHa1nuecknHn coo6paxennnHn, nocnan pae ackappm
- c payx c1opon: uepes nxn n 1nan1nueckn okeanm - n aocnpenn1c1aoaan
nn1epaenunn, ueH po6nncn nepenoHa a aone. nac eaep n nory6nn Kr. ocnepc1ann
a1o pokoao, 1parnuecko oun6kn Hm ace 1enepL pacxne6maaeH.
[28] eko1opme kaasn-nparHa1nkn aospaxak1: nenLsn o1paaa1L eunk - 1aH neq1L,
yay - 1aH Hapraneu n 1.p. o nHe1L 1eppn1opnn n anape1L nHn - a1o paneko ne opno
n 1o xe. asae pyccknH npnnapnexn1 poccnckn ankHnnn, poccnckan neq1L? cnn
nepycckn kann1an cyHen nanoxn1L nany na naun pecypcm a opnoH cnyuae (ponyc1nH,
a pacnonpcke), on cyHee1 a1o cpena1L n a ppyroH (a eune, yae). Hmcn a 1oH,
u1o6m, ao-nepamx, c1a1L xosneaaHn a co6c1aenno c1pane nap co6c1aennmHn
pecypcaHn (uero Hm noka ne poc1nrnn), a ao-a1opmx - ocaon1L npak1nky
neokononnannsHa, nayun1Lcn anape1L pecypcaHn, ponyc1nH, a kononnn yae,
106
poHnnnone nryue1nn, npo1ek1opa1e eune, o1penennmx o1 nac, 1eH ne Henee,
nenpospaunmHn rpannuaHn.
[29] asyHee1cn, n nonnHak, u1o pnn neqopHanLno konconnpaunn pyccknx, pnn
kynL1naaunn pycckoro naunonanLnoro caHocosnannn nepoc1a1ouno opnnx qopHanLnmx
npnsnakoa naunn. oa1oHy nonnan qopHyna pycckoro naunonanLnoro epnnc1aa a Honx
rnasax amrnnpn1 1ak: poaL n c1opnn.
apop - cy6Lek1 nc1opnn. o on, koneuno, n o6Lek1 nc1opnn: nc1opnn, yxe
coaepuennan napopoH, a caok ouepepL c1anoan1cn konc1pynpykunH ero qak1opoH.
1o 1ak.
o noa1opk eue pas: npounoe ne ponxno knonnpoaa1Lcn a 6ypyueH. ornka 1ak
6mno - 1ak 6ype1 nopouna. apo nonnHa1L: nk6me nsHenennn, nponcxopnune c
naHn, pyccknHn nkpLHn, kak 6m onn nn nepeHennnn po neysnaaaeHoc1n nau
any1pennn o6nnk, ne npeapauak1 nac a nepyccknx, noka a nac 1eue1 pycckan kpoaL.
o1oHy u1o 6m1L caHnH co6o - aoace ne osnauae1 nnkorpa ne nsHenn1Lcn. e
cnoco6en k pasan1nk n nsHenennk, nnorpa po co6c1aenno npo1naononoxnoc1n,
1onLko nn6o kpe1nn o1 poxpennn, nn6o nokonnk. oroaopka kakoa a konm6enLky,
1akoa n a Hornnky 6onLue acero npnropna pnn 1ex, k1o opno noro yxe c1on1 a 1o
caHo Hornnke. , Hexpy npounH, nHenno c1opnn roaopn1 o6 a1oH ouenL ncno, ecnn
6pa1L ee a HakcnHanLno nonnoH o6LeHe anox n co6m1n, a ne orpannunaa1Lcn,
ponyc1nH, nocnepnnHn 1peHn c1one1nnHn.
ycckn uenoaek ouenL aapna1naen nHenno nc1opnueckn. ycckne nkpn
poHonronLckoro, a 1eH 6onee poxpnc1nanckoro nepnopa - a1o coaceH ne 1o, u1o
pycckne npn nekcee nxanoanue. o pasae nsmunnk n y6expennm an1nxpnc1nannn
an1ocnaa, pasrpoHnaun asapnk, ne nau, ne pycckn naunonanLnm repo? a eue
ns aennuaunx? kak noc1aan1L pnpoH pycckoro npnpaopnoro apeHen ka1epnnm II n
cn6npckoro kasaka? a u1o kasaka - pycckne c1apoo6pnpum-kepxakn 6mnn anonne
akso1nunm pnn pyccknx xe cn6npnkoa cepepnnm aeka. pasae pycckne nkpn
coae1cko qopHaunn nepec1ann 6m1L a pec1an1enLnoc1n pyccknHn, paxe nasmaan
ce6n coae1cknHn? o1L n ne ouenL-1o 6mnn noxoxn na pyccknx konua XIX, a 1eH
6onee XVIII aeka. 1.p.
1ak, ne nc1opnn occncko Hnepnn kak nekn anropn1H noaepennn pycckoro
napopa, a ceo6uan c1opnn ycckoro apopa kak cnHaon o6unoc1n acex pyccknx,
conpnuac1nmx uepes caonx nnunmx npepkoa ne 1onLko k co6m1nnH o6ue xponnkn, no
n k nekoeHy o6ueHy kopnk, o6unH npepkaH, onn1L-1akn o6ue poan, a koneunoH
cue1e.
[30] a Hec1e y1nna n neHepnenno yaonnn 6m nauanLnnka enu1a6a . aaunnna,
saHaxnyauerocn na naun npepnme cnnm, sa npoqnenpnropnoc1L. epeaen 6m ero na
ponxnoc1L koHanpykuero - kak pas no yHy.
[31] np kpnHnnana N 7, nknL 2000.
[32] onn1no, u1o nHenno no a1o npnunne ace 1.n. nn6epanLnme nporpaHHm pasan1nn
occnn ponxnm 6m1L neHepnenno o1Henenm, a nx pypnme nocnepc1ann no
aosHoxnoc1n ncnpaanenm.
[33] H. a kn.: ..oxnnoa. o6epm n 6epm occnn. - ., nropn1H, 2000. - . 7-11.
[34] oaepuenno nenonn1no, nanpnHep, noueHy nnopooaouno nHnop1 ponxnm
o6nsa1enLno kon1ponnpoaa1L asep6apxanum, kaakasum. 1o, pycckne ne cHory1 a1o
107
cpena1L 6es nnx? oaesnn qpyk1m-oaoun po rpannum - cnacn6o, panLue Hm noaeseH
nx caHn, xo1L a opnnLck, xo1L a opky1y.
[35] H.: ..acanoaa. paan1enLc1aennan nonn1nka a o6nac1n amcuero
o6pasoaannn n qopHnpoaannn nn1ennnrenunn a occnn (60-90 rr. XIX a.).
ncc.kanp.nc1.nayk. - asanL, 1981.
[36] a n a onpone - 1o xe caHoe: ocnoano coc1aa nnunx - 6enme nkpn.
B BUEEHHmX 3QHX H HBX HX EUEHHR
x
( n x "H " N 1, 1995 r.)
" r" - mv m n
cnn cpaann1L o6uec1ao c aeuec1aoH, 1o nnunoc1n npnc1ano cpaanenne c a1oHoH.
aoc1aa a1oHa, kak nsaec1no, onpepennk1 n caoc1aa aeuec1aa. naanoe caoc1ao
nk6o nnunoc1n, nesaancnHo o1 nona, pacm, aospac1a - c1peHn1Lcn k pacunpennk
caonx aosHoxnoc1e, k ynyuuennk caoero nonoxennn, k ycnnennk nepconanLnoro
annnnnn a Hnpe. 1o caoc1ao npncyue yxe aH6pnony n paxe - cnepHa1osonpy.
c1ec1aenno, u1o nponanne1cn ono no-pasnoHy, a pnanasone o1 c1peHnennn k
caHocoaepuenc1aoaannk n npeo6pasoaannk npnpopm po c1peHnennn k nokopennk
acenenno. epec1a1L nponann1L a1o caoc1ao - snaun1 nepec1a1L xn1L.
po6neHm, cansannme c nponanenneH a1oro ocnoaononarakuero caoc1aa, Hyuak1
nnunoc1L na kaxpoH uary: npenn1c1ann nopc1eperak1 o1oackpy. "enoaek poxpae1cn
cao6opnmH, a yHnpae1 a okoaax", - roaopnn ycco. onesnn, c1nxnnme cnnm
npnpopm, rne1 o6uec1aennmx noannnoc1e, 1pypnoc1n c kapLepo, pa npoc1o ronop,
xonop n nexaa1ka xnnLn - kopoue, npenon c1onLko, ckonLko ny1e pnn pacunpennn
uenoaeuecknx aosHoxnoc1e. neko1opmHn ns npo6neH nonnouennan nnunoc1L a
coc1onnnn cnpaan1Lcn caHa, a opnnouky. nn peuennn ppyrnx o6saaopn1cn ceHLe. o
ec1L n 1akne npo6neHm, papn peuennn ko1opmx nyxno o6Lepnnn1L ycnnnn Hnornx
ceHe, Hnornx n Hnornx nkpe.
ak nokasmaae1 nc1opnn, nkpn cnoco6nm o6Lepnnn1Lcn, kak npaanno,
x : nn6o na u, nn6o na counanLnoH, [1]. 1o
ec1ec1aenno: aepL uenoaek o1 poxpennn npnnapnexn1 k nekoeHy counyHy, on
nsnauanLno naxopn1cn a Hnpe, pasrpaqnennoH naunonanLnmHn napannennHn n
counanLnmHn HepnpnanaHn. ce oc1anLnme npnnunnm o6Lepnnennn nkpe, nanpnHep,
pennrnosnm, - nnuL nponsaopnme o1 nasaannmx payx[2].
Hu u
nn mu. 1o 1oxe
nonn1no: aepL a ocnoae kaxporo ns nnx nexn1 saun1a n noppepxka 1onLko caoero
counyHa: nn6o caoe naunn, nn6o caoero knacca. naccoayk 6opL6y aepL ne apkc c
nrenLcoH ampyHann, pa n 6n1ay naun n pac Hm na6nkpaeH c 1ex, no kpane Hepe,
nop, kak kpoHanLoneu nacHep1L cpaxancn c neanpep1anLueH, a 1o n c 6onee pannnx
apeHen.
Kn u cnoco6na asopaa1L naunonanLno opnopopnoe o6uec1ao.
B paspnpae1 c1panm, cyHeaune noracn1L counanLnme konqnnk1m.
108
1o6m u m, nyxno sac1aan1L ee sa6m1L o knaccoaoH an1aronnsHe.
1o6m zu , nyxno sac1aan1L ero sa6m1L o cyuec1aoaannn any1pn nero
pasnmx naun c nx pasnmHn, nopo npo1naopeunamHn, nn1epecaHn.
epaoe a aeke anonne ypanocL, nanpnHep, n1nepy, a1opoe - 1annny. po6neHm n
sapaun acex knaccoa neHeukoro o6uec1aa naunc1m napennncL paspeun1L sa cue1
ppyrnx napopoa. oae1ckoe xe o6uec1ao napennocL, nanpo1na, ocuac1nnan1L nnxnne
knaccm acero Hnpa n acex naunonanLnoc1e sa cue1 aepxnnx. kcnepnHen1 n1nepa
npoaannncn 6mc1po: o1ae1nan peakunn napopoa, sa cue1 ko1opmx co6npanncL
6naropenc1aoaa1L neHum, 6mna na pepkoc1L epnnopyuno. e1nue 1annna 6mno
oc1anoaneno a caoeH pasan1nn aepxnnHn knaccaHn acex c1pan Hnpa n 1eHn naunnHn,
ko1opme yxe ycnenn ouenn1L npenHyuec1aa kann1annsHa. o caHo no ce6e
"rocypapc1ao 1pypnunxcn" npopepxanocL 6onee 70 ne1 n pasaannnocL nop na1nckoH
ampocunx naunonanLnmx cnn n a pesynL1a1e nporpeccnpykuero knaccoaoro
paccnoennn. opL6a n am1ecnenne opnoro o6Lepnnn1enLnoro npnnunna ppyrnH a
ouepepno pas pokasann caok nens6exnoc1L.
oueuL noHeua1L naunonanLnoHy o6Lepnnennk - nopaepn kon1pHnny knaccoao
6opL6m. oueuL ne ponyc1n1L rpaxpancko, knaccoao aonm - pasorpe
naunonanLnme konqnnk1m. aunonanLnoe epnnc1ao ckpennne1cn 6opL6o c ppyrnHn
naunnHn; knaccoaoe - 6opL6o c ppyrnHn knaccaHn.
ak n kauae1cn Han1nnk uenoaeueckoro epnnennn: o1 counanLnoro k naunonanLnoHy n
o6pa1no. eH panLue kaune1cn a opny c1opony, 1eH cnnLne o1kaune1cn a ppyryk.
n vv
cnn nocHo1pe1L na coapeHennyk nc1opnk occnn uepes npnsHy amuenpnaepenno
rnno1esm, 1o Hoxno npepnonoxn1L, u1o c1pana c1on1 na nopore o6Lepnnennn acex
knaccoa n cocnoan any1pn naun, ee nacennkunx, a 1akxe na nopore noamx
konqnnk1oa a1nx konconnpnpoaannmx naun. akoaa o6Lek1nanan nornka pasan1nn, a
ace 1o, u1o Hm yxe na6nkpaeH ceropnn a occnn n 1onLko nop1aepxpae1
ckasannoe. nna naunonanLnmx aHoun (kak n knaccoamx) - nepanuna, nsnauanLna:
ona sac1aanne1 nkpe pec1aoaa1L paxe aonpekn akonoHnuecko n nonn1nuecko
uenecoo6pasnoc1n. o1, k1o pyHae1, u1o pasaopaunaakunecn npoueccm uenoaeueckan
aonn (aonn nonn1nkoa) Hoxe1 o1Henn1L nnn nepenporpaHHnpoaa1L, - ouenL
sa6nyxpae1cn. c1opnk 1aopn1 nkpn ace caoe coaokynnoc1Lk, n nnkako nonn1nk
nnuero ne cHoxe1 nopena1L, ecnn nope1 nonepek npoueccoa, oxaa1naunx
HnoroHnnnnonnme uenoaeueckne kon1nnren1m.
aHe1no, u1o npouecc naunonanLnoro cnnouennn npe1, xo1L n Hepnenno, n any1pn
rnaano naunn occnn - any1pn pyccknx; npouecc xe konconnpaunn nnmx poccncknx
naun nens6exno, yam, nanpaanen npo1na pyccko rereHonnn. a1o cansn 6ecuennoe
snauenne npno6pe1ae1 aona a eune kak, ao-nepamx, ux
m a occnn, a ao-a1opmx, - q .
pecL neo6xopnHo ckasa1L neckonLko cnoa o xapak1epe a1o aonm. saec1nm
npaaosaun1nnk epre oaanea nasmaae1 ee rpaxpancko. saec1nm npaaosaun1nnk
ape1. epep naHn - o6munan naunonanLnan aona. aunonanLnan pyccko-ueuenckan
aona, pasansannan caHnHn ueuenuaHn a 1991 ropy. 1ex nop cue1 pyccknH nkpnH,
y6n1mH, ns6n1mH, saHyuennmH, nsnacnnoaannmH, orpa6nennmH, o6esponennmH,
cxn1mH co cae1y, nsrnannmH ueuenuaHn, npe1 yxe na pecn1kn n co1nn 1mcnu. o na
a1o 1ouke pyccko-ueuenckan aona ne Hoxe1, ne nHee1 npaaa 6m1L sakonuenno.
n1epecm pyccko naunn 1pe6yk1 aosHespnn kak aceHnpnoro npepoc1epexennn: nac
109
nenLsn o6nxa1L! ypaeamH, acaeamH, apyeamH n nx 6oeankaHn Hm, pycckne,
ponxnm noc1ynn1L 1ak, kak noc1ynnnn eapen c neHeuknHn nanauaHn n nx
npncneunnkaHn: pasmcknaa1L no aceHy cae1y 6es cpokoa paanoc1n, a pasmckaa,
ny6nnuno cypn1L n kasnn1L. pecL aaxnee acero pnn nac - nHenno npnHep n
npeuepen1.
a Hec1e anac1e npepepxaunx n 6m ne c1peHnncn sakonun1L a1y aony, pokone uepes
nee ne npopy1 noc1enenno ace poccnckne aocka. sakanunaa1L ee, ne po6na po
konua pypaeauea, uero 6m a1o nH, cao6oponk6namH ueuenuaH, nn c1onno, n aoace
neponyc1nHo: 1y1 xe a sarpnaok pyccknH auenn1cn ppyrne naunonanm "cpepne n
Henko kpynnoc1n", ko1opme cnepn1 ceuac, sa1ana pmxanne, ueH konun1cn peno.
<.>
epoouenka co c1oponm onn16kpo nHeaunxcn a naunonanLnmx n
counanLnmx npo1naopeun, c1peHnenne kpeHneacknx c1apuea anpe1L okpec1 ce6n
"1nuL, rnapL n oxLk 6naropa1L" npnaenn k ka1ac1poqe c1pany, paspnpaeHyk a1nHn
any1pennnHn, sarnannmHn any1pL, npo1naopeunnHn. peHneacknx pypakoa, aknkuan
op6aueaa, amHena ns peHnn peHokpa1nueckan He1na. o 1enepL noc1anLrnn no
6mnoHy aennuec1aennoHy cnokoc1ank caepxpepxaam 1onkae1 neko1opmx noamx
nonn1nkoa na nonck aceo6uero naunonanLnoro n counanLnoro Hnpa n 6naropenc1ann.
occnn anoaL anpn1cn nH kak orpoHnm qon1an "pyx6a napopoa".
eope1nueckan neaosHoxnoc1L nopo6no 6naroc1no o6uec1aenno Hopenn o6cnoaana
amue. eunm Hnp Hexpy naunnHn nepoc1nxnH 1ak xe, kak n aeunm knaccoam Hnp.
pak1nueckan xe neponyc1nHoc1L 1akoro pasan1nn co6m1n - caHooueanpna.
Hu u . ak 6m nn nasmaancn
nopo6nm y1onnueckn npoek1 - oks napopoa occnn, oae1 naunonanLnoc1e,
onrpecc poccncknx nneHen nnn eue kak - on anpnopn Hoxe1 npnnec1n occnn
1onLko apep. nnksnn onacnm!
occnckan konkpe1nka 1akoaa, u1o naH, pyccknH, napo nn a koeH cnyuae ne
o6Lepnnn1L, a pasLepnnn1L poccnckne napopm. ak, u1o6m nnryu, parec1aneu ne
cHenn npo1nny1L pyky noHoun (pyky, necyuyk penLrn n opyxne) ueuenuy, u1o6m
6auknp ne poroaapnaancn sa naue cnnno c 1yannueH n 1a1apnnoH, u1o6m nky1 c
6ypn1oH ne sacmnann aHnccapoa a nonnk n . 6o nk6o nx coks, nk6an nx
konconnpaunn, paxe qopHanLno aknkuakuan pycckoro npepc1aan1enn, paxe
nosaonnkuan eHy - pnn o1aopa rnas - aosrnaan1L nopo6nyk c1pyk1ypy, 6ype1 na pene
coksoH, konconnpaune, nanpaanennmHn npo1na pyccko rereHonnn, npo1na nauero
napopa. pyxn1L co aceHn a1nHn napopaHn no o1penLnoc1n - noxanyc1a! c1yna1L c
nnHn, a Hepy nx cnn n neo6xopnHoc1n, a oco6me o1nouennn - papn ora. H x
!!!
n, n
6mknoaennm uenoaek, 1o, u1o panLue nasmaann "o6maa1enL", xnae1, ne pyHan o
neo6xopnHoc1n kakoro-1o o6Lepnnennn koro-1o c keH-1o saueH-1o. Hy, nao6opo1,
xoue1cn, u1o6m ero oc1aannn a nokoe: pann 6m sapa6o1a1L n ne un1ann 6m HopanL.
Hy ace paano, na koro pa6o1a1L - na caoero xe pycckoro nnn na apHnnnna, eapen,
ueuenua nnn nnonua - nnuL 6m nna1nnn xopouo. n kynn1 6ananm y "nnua
kaakascko naunonanLnoc1n" 1onLko no1oHy, u1o po pyccko 1oproakn np1n na nn1L
uaroa panLue. n - ecnn a1o a ero anac1n - sa asn1ky pac1 nponncky n Hec1o pnn
napLka npnesxeHy rpysnny. cnn on 6ype1 npopaaa1L xnnLe, on nocHo1pn1 ne na
naunonanLnoc1L nokyna1enn, a na cyHHy nponncLk. ecnn on 6nsnecHen, on saknkun1
amropnm poroaop c npepc1aan1eneH nk6o naunn, ne sapyHmaancL nn o poccncko
110
akonornn, nn o poccncknx akonoHnuecknx nn1epecax, nn o rocypapc1aenno
6esonacnoc1n n 1oHy nopo6nmx naunonanLnmx npnopn1e1ax. aoo6ue nnkakan
o6uec1aennan npen ne sac1pnne1 a ero pyue, ecnn ona ne cnoco6na ceropnn, ceuac
noHouL eHy a peuennn konkpe1nmx npo6neH.
eHokpa1m 1aeppn1 naH: o6maa1enL, "HanenLkn uenoaek", acerpa npaa; a1o ero npaao
- can1oe npaao - xn1L, kak eHy xoue1cn n sapa6maa1L na aceH, u1o eue ne
sanpeueno. eHokpa1m - 6onLune "saun1nnkn napopa".
1onLko a npaspnnuek, "noppaa" kak cnepye1, o6maa1enL kpnun1, u1o occnk
npopann; u1o ceppue popnnm - ockaa - yxe ne Ha1L pyccknx ropopoa, a oam
aannon; u1o ueuenckan Haqnn naxanLno xosnnnuae1 a aepn, u1o apHnne pyua1
1aapononLe; u1o nHnop1 coaceH sapaann poccnckyk npoHmunennoc1L; u1o narnoc1L
eapecko npeccm n 1akoamx xe 6anknpoa nec1epnnHa; n u1o pyccknx a occnn,
npeapauaeHmx a 6ecnpaanoe 6mpno, nekoHy saun1n1L.
o cnepykunH y1poH o6maa1enL, kak nn a ueH ne 6maano, o1npaanne1cn no caonH
penaH: ac1ae1 sa npnnaaok a rpysnncko naaouke, nokynae1 nHnop1nme npopyk1m n
uHo1kn, nna1n1 o1kyn ueuenckoHy Haqnoso, 6epe1 asn1ky o1 asep6apxanckoro
penLua, un1ae1 "ockoackn koHcoHoneu" n xpann1 penLrn a "oc1-6anke".
"1o xnsnL, nnuero ne nonnueuL", - roaopn1, aspmxan, o6maa1enL. n, kak o1
sauyHnennoro, o1aepne1cn o1 nk6oro nonn1nueckoro arn1a1opa, on ne nope1 nn na
kakoe nap1nnoe co6panne, on ne pac1 nn konekn na kakoe 6m 1o nn 6mno o6uee
peno n 1onLko npo6ypun1: "e Heua1e xn1L".
orpa-1o, a XIX aeke, cun1anocL, u1o nonn1nueckne nap1nn nyxnm, a nepayk ouepepL,
kak o6Lepnnennn epnnoHmunennnkoa. o a XX aeke onm1 1annn, cnannn,
epHannn, , n1an n ppyrnx c1pan nokasan, u1o n - s, ,
, u n
. 1o kauec1aenno noam, nan6onee coaepuennm cnoco6 ampaxennn 1oro
caHoro epnnc1aa nkpe, ko1opoe o6ecneunaae1 c1pa1ernueckne nn1epecm nnunoc1n, a
1oH uncne nauero "o6maa1enn". Henno nap1nn cnnHae1 c o6maa1enn 6peHn sa6o1m n
6opL6m sa naunonanLnme nn1epecm n npnopn1e1m. Henno nap1nn nosaonne1, papn
y1aepxpennn a1nx npnopn1e1oa, nponnkny1L ao ace nuekn o6uec1aa, Ho6nnnsoaa1L
kaxpyk ns nnx pnn neo6xopnHo accennsaunonno n cosnpa1enLno pa6o1m. Henno
n 1onLko nap1nn Hoxe1 orpannun1L 6esyHnm pasryn koppyHnnpoaanno 6kpokpa1nn
n koHnpapopoa, aoo6ue pasryn 1o1anLnoro aronsHa,
a, anac1L nap1nn neo6xopnHa. o ne nap1nn anac1n, o6Lepnnnkuan cnyuanmx
nkpe, aceHn npaapaHn n nenpaapaHn am6naunxcn naaepx, ne cnnouennmx amcue
npee, - ne1, 1akan "nap1nn" Hoxe1 1onLko ycyry6n1L anapxnk, nopc1erny1L
aakxanannk o6uepoccncko rpa6nnoakn. onoxn1L nauano npouae1annk occnn
cHoxe1 1onLko 1akan nap1nn, ko1opan npnpe1 k anac1n, ncnonLsyn aneprnk npen, ne
1onLko nonn1no 6onLunnc1ay nacenennn c1panm, no n nan6onee ak1yanLno,
konc1pyk1nano, o6Lepnnnkue.
1o xe a1o sa npen? axe1cn, a1o ncno.
eropnn nn koHHynnc1nueckan, nn counannc1nueckan npen ne cnno1n1 acex pyccknx -
80% nacenennn. onouenne kann1annc1oa n "6ypxyasno nn1ennnrenunn" 1onLko
o1nyrne1 a1n caHme xname, ak1nanme, rpaHo1nme naunonanLnme cnnm o1 o6uero
pena. a n napop yxe paano 1pe6ye1 nopHanLnoro xosnnna. ono acnkyk knaccoayk
6opL6y cpepn pyccknx! eropnn nac1ano apeHn pnn naunonanLno, o6Lepnnnkue
npeonornn.
111
H m n: u ;
, n m,
m; ; u
u; u
m; , n
.
ce a1o aHec1e o6Lepnnne1cn opnnH cnoaoH: naunonan-kann1annsH. op a1nH
snaHeneH no6epnH.
pnako ao1 aonpoc: ponyc1nH, 1akan nap1nn ec1L. onyc1nH, ona aosLHe1
6onLunnc1ao a yHe. u1o? a nnuero: yHa 6esanac1na. nn 1oro, u1o6m pyHckne
am6opm npnnecnn peanLnm pesynL1a1, neo6xopnHo, u1o6m npesnpen1ckoe kpecno
sannn rnaaa 1o xe "yccko nap1nn" (nasaanne ycnoano), ko1opan saaoke1 n pyHckoe
6onLunnc1ao. naue HexannsH nap1nnoro pykoaopc1aa c1pano aknkun1L ne ypac1cn.
6es a1oro HexannsHa naH occnk ne saun1n1L n ne aospopn1L.
npesnpen1 6es onopm na pyHckoe 6onLunnc1ao - u1o Hoxe1 on? ou1n nnuero, ecnn
ne onnpae1cn na nap1nk: Hm a a1oH y6epnnncL. ou1n ace, ecnn on - ne 1onLko
npesnpen1, no n pykoaopn1enL nap1nn. mneunnn onc1n1yunn nosaonne1 eHy a a1oH
cnyuae npeapa1n1L aep1nkanL apHnnnc1pa1nano, ncnonnn1enLno anac1n a aep1nkanL
anac1n nap1nno. a1o yxe coaceH ppyroe peno: ppyro cnpoc, ppyran
o1ae1c1aennoc1L, ppyran asanHnan cansL saenLea anac1n, ppyran kooppnnaunn, a u1o
aaxnee acero - ppyran npeonornn. 1ak: rnaano, ace onpepennkue uenLk "yccko
nap1nn" ponxnm 6m1L am6opm npesnpen1a. a a1oH ona ponxna cocpepo1oun1L ace
ycnnnn.
rnaanan uenL pyccknx ceropnn - na1n nnn cospa1L 1akyk nap1nk n 1akoro
npesnpen1a.
[1] aHeuy, u1o o6Lepnnnk1cn nopo ne 1onLko nnsune knaccm pasnmx
naunonanLnoc1e (nanpnHep, pa6m a apHnn nap1aka), no n amcune - nanpnHep,
qeopanm ace aponm a kpec1oamx noxopax.
[2] e cnyuano, ckaxeH, eaponeckoe xpnc1nanc1ao paspennnocL no 1euennnH, a
uen1pe ko1opmx c1on1 repHanckan (npo1ec1an1m: anrnnuane, ckanpnnaam, uaeuapum,
neHum, pa1uane, ronnanpum), poHanckan (ka1onnkn: n1anLnnum, ncnanum,
nop1yranLum, qpanuysm) n cnaannckan (npaaocnaanme: pycckne, ykpannum,
6enopycm, cep6n, 6onrapm) nsmkoame rpynnm. aspennnncL n HycynLHane: nepcm -
unn1m, apa6m, 1kpkn - npenHyuec1aenno cynnn1m. 1.p. cknkuennn nop1aepxpak1
npaanno. 1o canpe1enLc1ao rny6okoro (na ypoane 1ex cnoea cosnannn, ko1opme
qopHnpyk1cn nsmkoH) coo1ae1c1ann 1ex nnn nnmx pennrnosnmx npepnou1enn -
naunonanLnoHy Hen1ann1e1y.
KK H HHEMY R R HHHRHM
r n n , v
(n H- 09.02.2000, )
npo6neHa1nka, 6mauan npn coae1cko anac1n poc1onnneH
cneunanLnmx peqepa1nanmx c6opnnkoa n aepoHc1aennmx pokyHen1oa, npouno
112
nponncanacL a caHmx Haccoamx nspannnx, amuna na nepam nnan nonn1nuecko
xponnkn.
eropnn ace 6onLuee uncno nonn1onoroa amnyxpeno npnsnaaa1L: reononn1nka,
paccyxpennnHn o koe Hopno ueronn1L a nocnepnne ne1 nn1L, - u mu
n s qm . e 6onLue, ne HenLue.
acnap oae1ckoro oksa n ce1L aoennmx konqnnk1oa, nokpmaunx snaun1enLnyk
uac1L Hnpa n nocnunx o1ue1nnao a1nnueckn xapak1ep, nokasann a1o c aennuaue
y6epn1enLnoc1Lk.
po6yxpenne naunonanLnoro caHocosnannn na noc1coae1ckoH npoc1panc1ae nocnno ao
HnoroH c1nxnnm xapak1ep, npnaopn sa co6o nocnepc1ann ne 1onLko
paspyun1enLnme (pnn kak uenoro), no n cosnpa1enLnme (pnn pnpa 6maunx
pecny6nnk). 1Heuy, u1o pacnap uec1o uac1n cyun ne npo1naopeun1 kap1nne
o6ueHnpoaoro pasan1nn. nanek1nka nc1opnn a aeke 1akoaa, u1o noaceHec1no
ak1nano npe1 pacnap nHnepcknx c1pyk1yp na naunonanLnme rocypapc1aa. oxno
nepeuncnn1L 11oHanckyk, ac1po-enrepckyk, pn1anckyk, enLrnckyk,
op1yranLckyk, panuysckyk, nonckyk, epHanckyk, occnckyk nHnepnn, a 1akxe
pe1n ax, oae1ckn oks, Krocnaank n exocnoaaknk. a ouepepn eue pnp
nonna1nnuecknx rocypapc1a, aknkuan , ennko6pn1annk, anapy, cnannk...
ueanpno, a1o a uenoH coo1ae1c1aye1 aone napopoa. uac1noc1n, napopm ne
aocnpo1nannncL enoaexcknH cornauennnH, a Hnorne ns ero 6maunx pecny6nnk
y1aeppnnn cao cyaepenn1e1 6naropapn peqepenpyHaH.
mne na noaec1ky pnn ac1ano cospanne pycckoro naunonanLnoro rocypapc1aa.
cnoanmH npenn1c1aneH pnn nero oc1ae1cn noka nepoc1a1ounoe pasan1ne pycckoro
naunonanLnoro caHocosnannn n pypnHen1m cosnannn nHnepckoro. akoaa, a
uac1noc1n, nnepunn coae1ckoro Hen1ann1e1a, 1akoam nocnepc1ann koHnn1epnoackoro
aocnn1annn a 1euenne Hnornx pecn1nne1n.
pnako a1o1 Hen1ann1e1 c1peHn1enLno Henne1cn nop aospec1aneH xnsnn. 1986
ropy 78% pyccknx nasaann ce6n coae1cknHn, nnuL 15% - pyccknHn, a oc1anLnme
npoc1o ne snann, kypa n npn1kny1Lcn. ceropnn, acero nnuL uepes kaknx-1o
1pnnapua1L ne1, yxe 43% nacenennn occnn, no onpocaH , opo6pn1enLno
o1nocn1cn k nosynry occnn - pnn pyccknx. nnaHnka - 6onee ueH ampasn1enLnan!
- nannuo. e anpn1 ee 1onLko cneno, ne yun1maae1 - 1onLko rnyneu. oc1 pycckoro
naunonannsHa, 6es acnkoro coHnennn, ec1L aocxopnuan 1enpenunn nauero
o6uec1aennoro pasan1nn, e npnnapnexn1 6ypyuee.
naunonanLnoe rocypapc1ao - ocosnannan neo6xopnHoc1L naunx pne.
naun1, saa1pa ono c1ane1 peanLnoc1Lk. aknH 6ype1 a1o rocypapc1ao? ype1 nn a1o
anoaL 1o1ann1apnm pexnH, pnk1a1ypa kpanero naunonannsHa, nnn aoc1opxec1aye1
naunonannsH c uenoaeuecknH nnuoH - ouenL ao HnoroH saancn1 o1 1oro, kakan
1papnunn aoso6napae1 a pyxoanoH none nn1ennnrenunn: n (a
nepaoH cnyuae) nnn un.
ecm kone6nk1cn. aunonannsH 1ak ponro nopaannncn, npecnepoaancn, 6mn nop
sanpe1oH, u1o ero oueanpnan npaapa c nenpnamukn Hoxe1 uoknpoaa1L. o n ne Hoxe1
ne npn1nrnaa1L, kak ace nonysanpe1noe. enpnamunoe noc1enenno c1anoan1cn
npnamunmH. 1aH n ec1ec1aennmH. eo6xopnHmH.
ceHy eue. epycckan uac1L nn1ennnrenunn ak1nano aHnrpnpoaana. ycckan xe -
npeno npocmnae1cn: poc1 nonnHannn, poc1 na1pno1nsHa nannuo. o na1pno1nsH -
nnuL nepaan c1apnn naunonannsHa (na1pno1 - a1o kak 6m neponaunonannc1, eue ne
nonnaun, u1o aonpocm rocypapc1aennoro c1pon1enLc1aa nenLsn c1aan1L anepepn
aonpocoa c1pon1enLc1aa naunonanLnoro). aun onnonen1m nac1onLko "sacae1nnncL,
ckoHnpoHe1npoaann ce6n, amsaann 1akoe aosHyuenne n o1apauenne, u1o npo1na
113
caoe (noxany, n naue) aonn cnpoaounpoaann pasHexeaanne n konconnpaunk no
naunonanLnoHy npnsnaky cpepn nn1ennnrenunn n paxe ann1m. 6 a1oH cnpaaepnnao
nncan nekcanpp nnko a eue napy ne1 nasap.
1oH, kaknHn ec1ec1aennmHn o6c1on1enLc1aaHn pe1epHnnnpye1cn npo6yxpenne
naunonanLnoro cosnannn, n xouy pacckasa1L na co6c1aennoH npnHepe. mpocun a
nyuunx 1papnunnx pycckoro nn1ennnren1ckoro nn1epnaunonannsHa, ceropnn n -
poc1a1ouno nsaec1nm a occnn n sa py6exoH npeonor pycckoro naunonannsHa,
pepak1op aunonanLno rase1m, unen en1panLnoro coae1a o6uec1aennoro
panxennn nac. eopnokpa1no a esaancnHo rase1e ny6nnkoaanncL Hon
Hannqec1m (aunonan-kann1annsH n aunonan-kann1annsH-2, oxno nn
aepny1L occnk?, aunonannsH c uenoaeuecknH nnuoH, eo1pasnHoc1L
a1nononn1nkn n 1.p.), a 1akxe peuensnn na Hon knnrn aunonan-kann1annsH n
aunonan-peHokpa1nn. oxany, Hoxno ckasa1L, u1o na c1pannuax 1akan
aaxneuan coc1aannkuan coapeHennoro o6uec1aennoro cosnannn occnn, kak
pycckn naunonannsH, npepc1aanena ncknkun1enLno a HoeH nnue.
ne kaxe1cn, u1o aaonkunn Hon xapak1epna n nokasa1enLna n u1o snakoHc1ao c ne a
anpy amuenpnaepennmx o6c1on1enLc1a 6ype1 pnn un1a1ene nn1epecnmH n
nonesnmH.
XH3HB EB H. Q Hm Q EMEHH
a ockae a ceHLe no1oHc1aennmx pyccknx nn1ennnren1oa (Ho npanpapep
6mn cenLcknH yun1eneH na ycckoH eaepe, npapep pocnyxnncn npn nkonae 1opoH
po renepana, pep 6mn n oqnuepoH, n yun1eneH, o1eu - npoqeccopoH). ak n a
a6conk1noH 6onLunnc1ae pyccknx nn1ennnren1nmx ceHe, o6cyxpa1L naunonanLnm
aonpoc, akuen1npoaa1L annHanne na uLeH-nn6o naunonanLnoH nponcxoxpennn 6mno y
nac no 1papnunn ne npnnn1o. paxe nenpnnnuno, nenn1ennnren1no. pacue1
6panncL nnuL uenoaeueckne kauec1aa 6eso1nocn1enLno k naunonanLnoc1n. caHoHy
qak1y naue npnpopno pycckoc1n nana n HaHa o1nocnnncL kak k ec1ec1aenno
pannoc1n 6es nonm1ok a1y pannoc1L ne 1onLko ocHmcnn1L, no paxe o6cypn1L.
aneun naHek na nponanenne pycckoro naunonannsHa 6mn 6m aocnpnnn1 nHn c
nopospenneH n neopo6penneH. ( nkpe nx nokonennn accounaunn c nk6mH
naunonannsHoH 6mna 1onLko opna: qaunsH; a cHep1enLnyk cxaa1ky c nnH o1eu
ue1mpe ropa aen nnuno.) n o kako naunonanLno roppoc1n aennkopoccoa ne
Horno 6m1L n peun. oo1ae1c1aennmH 6mno n Hoe aocnn1anne. ne un1ann pycckne
ckaskn, no napnpy c nnHn - ckaskn ppyrnx napopoa Hnpa: kn1ackne, 6pa1Lea pnHH,
npepcena, anLpa, nnnnnra n 1.p.
orpa Hne ncnonnnnocL nn1L ne1, Hm nepeexann a annnnnrpap, kypa 6mn nepeaepen
ocpm6a1ys, rpe pa6o1an o1eu. nn nero, 6paauero u1ypHoH ennrc6epr, aouepuero
a nero anepame kak no6epn1enL a anpene 1945 ropa, a1o 6mno a kako-1o Hepe
ec1ec1aenno. (eropnn ero nHeneH 1aH nasaana ynnua.) nn nac c HaHo - ne1.
naponro o1opaancn o1 Hockoackoro popc1aennoro okpyxennn, o1 Hockoacko
kynL1ypno cpepm.
opop n o6nac1L, naacerpa c1aaune Hoe Hano popnno, cneuno qopHnpoaanncL n
sacennnncL 1orpa kononnc1aHn nec1poro naunonanLnoro coc1aaa. co6enno
cHeuannmH naunonanLnmH nop6opoH o1nnuanacL nHenno nn1ennnrenunn Honoporo
ropopa, co6pannan co acero oae1ckoro oksa. pyxeckoe okpyxenne ceHLn 6mno
anonne nn1epnaunonanLnmH: pycckne, kapanH, ykpannka, 1a1apka, apHnnka, poaonLno
Hnoro eapeea. o o 1oH, kako naunonanLnoc1n 1o1 nnn nno ppyr naue ceHLn, n
ysnaaan Hnoro nosxe (nopo c nsyHnenneH), a poHe o6 a1oH ne roaopnnocL. ano
nepycckne qaHnnnn ne ocHmcnnnncL kak nnopopnme. ecHe1noe konnuec1ao
114
apHnncknx n eapecknx anekpo1oa, ycnmuannmx, ckaxeH, o1 npoqeccopa nu1ena, n
c ypoaonLc1aneH nepeckasmaan opnoknaccnnkaH: ouenL cHeunme. o eapen n apHnne
ns anekpo1oa coaepuenno ne accounnpoaanncL c peanLnmHn nnuaHn a ukone n poHa,
npepc1aaann kak neu1o a6c1pak1noe. pnnc1aennan ceHan1nueckan onnosnunn a cqepe
naunonanLnmx o1nouenn pacnonaranacL nnuL no nnnnn pycckne - neHum (nac
ackpy okpyxann cnepm xec1ouaue aonm, naun o1um-qpon1oankn 6mnn nspanenm,
pyccko-neHeukn an1aronnsH 6mn rnaano 1eHo pe1cknx nrp n anekpo1oa), no n a1n
1epHnnm 6mnn 1onLko aecLHa ycnoano nopc1anoako a 1papnunonnyk onnosnunk
naun - ne naun.
annnnnrpape apeHen Hoe knoc1n (n noknnyn ero a 1972 ropy) ne 6mno nn opnoro
pec1aykuero xpaHa kako-nn6o konqeccnn; a1o 6mn caHm cae1ckn pernon .
paaocnaanoe nauano a okpyxakueH Henn n Hok ceHLk Hnpe nonnoc1Lk
o1cy1c1aoaano. nopa eHnanpckoro nonyoc1poaa saHe1no o1nnuae1cn o1
cpepnepycckoro nesaxa, a apxn1ek1ypnm nanpuaq1 oc1ouno pyccnn aoo6ue
nanne1cn sanoaepnmH, pesko kon1pac1npykunH no c1nnk n nac1poennk ne 1onLko c
occne, no n c npn6an1ncknHn pecny6nnkaHn. axe nexaauan a pynnax, paxe
nepec1panaaeHan, annnnnrpapckan o6nac1L oc1aaanacL ynnkanLnmH yronkoH
oae1ckoro oksa no caonH npnpopnmH n an1ponorennmH xapak1epnc1nkaH, caoero
popa 1nan1npo, coaepuenno nepyccko no nsnauanLnoHy o6nnky n pyxy, ckaosnue
ns 1nena paspyuenn n nmnn noaoc1poek.
esycnoano, pycckn nsmk, nn1epa1ypa (n no nepaoHy o6pasoaannk qnnonor-pycnc1)
noHorann Hne ypepxa1Lcn a pyccko kynL1ypno op6n1e. eH ne Henee, aepnyauncL c
HaHo a ceppue occnn - ockay, n 6onee pecn1n ne1 c 1pypoH apan1npoaancn a
popnoH ropope n paneko ne cpasy ero nonk6nn.
papnunn nepasnnuennn naunonanLnmx nauan, a ko1opo n 6mn aocnn1an aceHn
coaokynnmHn o6c1on1enLc1aaHn pe1c1aa n knoc1n, npoponxana pec1aoaa1L n nocne
aosapauennn a ockay. epamH 6pakoH (k cuac1Lk, 6espe1nmH n aoo6ue neypaunmH)
n xennncn na eapeke. aunonanLnm coc1aa Honx ppyse okasancn c1onL xe
nec1pmH, kak n a annnnrpape. ne npnpaaan aceHy a1oHy nnkakoro snauennn.
nnoc1ypnn nHenn opLkoro, rpe n npopa6o1an nn1L ne1, nepepn yun1Lcn na saounoe
o1penenne qnnqaka , npoaena Henn uepes snakoHc1ao n ppyx6y c co1nnHn nkpe
pasnmx naunonanLnoc1e, n no6maan ao Hnornx coae1cknx pecny6nnkax, c xnamH
nn1epecoH n cnHna1ne nk6yncL napopaHn orpoHno c1panm. 1o apeHn nx
naunonannsH nocnn ouenL yHepennm xapak1ep, aocnpnnnHancn kak naunonanLnan
akso1nka, sa6aannn, a ne nyran, n ne amsmaan ac1peunoro naunonanLnoro panxennn a
pyccko pyue.
snauenne pnn nokonenn coae1cknx nkpe nHena o6uan
nn1epnaunonannc1nueckan nanpaanennoc1L aocnn1annn a ukone, a ayse.
n1epnaunonannsH 6mn poHnnan1o acero nauero coae1ckoro 6m1a.
nuL a 90-e ropm c1ano nsaec1nmH pnpek1nanoe amckasmaanne acecnnLnoro ueqa
Kpnn npponoaa o 1oH, u1o rnaanan onacnoc1L 1an1cn ne a pnccnpen1ax, c
nnHn-pe Hm ynpaanHcn sa opny nouL, a a pyccknx naunonannc1ax. 1970-e ropm a
narepnx yxe cnpenn pycckne naunonannc1m - xep1am re6nc1cknx pacnpaa: . aanoa,
. cnnoa n ppyrne, no Hm o6 a1oH nnuero ne snann, na cnyxy 6mnn coaceH ppyrne
nHena. aun1maancL caHonspa1oacknH onxennumnmH, anaHoamH, Hm paxe
npepc1aanennn ne nHenn o neHnornx Hyuennkax sa pycckyk naunonanLnyk npek,
cyuec1aoaaaunx pnpoH c naHn, no kak 6m a napannenLnoH Hnpe. ak no croaopy,
na pasroaop o6 nx cypL6e n npenx 6mno nanoxeno paonoe 1a6y: re6nc1ckoe n
pnccnpen1ckoe. ycckne naunonannc1m 6mnn, 1ak ckasa1L, pnccnpen1aHn cpepn
pnccnpen1oa (ue nac1po 6mn o6uepeHokpa1nuecknH, a ne pyccko-
naunonannc1nuecknH, n cpepn ko1opmx 6onLunnc1ao 6mno npepc1aaneno nepyccknHn
yuac1nnkaHn, a naunonannsH npnae1c1aoaancn nk6o - ykpannckn,
115
kpmHcko1a1apckn, nn1oackn, eapeckn - nnuL 6m ne pycckn, a nyuue
an1npycckn, n nnuL 6m on 6mn nanpaanen na paspyuenne ).
ep1ao 1o1anLnoro nn1epnaunonannsHa uy1L 6mno ne c1an n n, korpa cpaaan
rocypapc1aennm aksaHen no nayunoHy koHHynnsHy. ne poc1ancn aonpoc:
oae1ckn napop - noaan nc1opnueckan o6unoc1L nkpe. 1ae1na no yue6nnky, n
ne cHor o1ae1n1L na pononnn1enLnm aonpoc, n kopennnk aksaHena1opcko
1pokn (xopouo noHnk a1oro cnop1nanoro n caHoyaepennoro qnnocoqa), ne cyHea
po6n1Lcn o1 Henn nyxnoro o1ae1a, nac1ounao y6expan konner noc1aan1L Hne neyp.
nckpenne ne nonnHan, uero o1 Henn 1pe6yk1. kasanocL, n ponxen 6mn ckasa1L, u1o
a coae1ckoH napope ncuesak1, 1epnk1 acnkoe snauenne naunonanLnme npnsnakn. o y
Henn, paxe ecnn 6m n snan a1o1 npaannLnm o1ae1, apnp nn noaepnyncn 6m nsmk
ero nponsnec1n. yxe cnnukoH noanpan xnsnL k a1oHy apeHenn. 1o kak xe:
coae1ckne rpysnnm, apHnne, ka6appnnum, ac1onum n 1.p. - onn u1o, no1epnnn caok
naunonanLnoc1L?! a-xa! acckaxn1e koHy-nn6ypL ppyroHy! enn aosHy1nna a1a
nanan nenenoc1L.
nonyunn, 6naropapn Hnnoceppnk payx npnc1nxnmx paH, ypoane1aopn1enLno, no
Hne ne 6mno c1mpno. oxany, a a1o1 ne1nn penL 1977 ropa n anepame, no aone
cnyuan, po6ko sapyHancn nap cyunoc1Lk naunonanLno npo6neHm. aspyHLn nap ne
anocnepc1ann pocnn. o y 6onLunnc1aa Honx caepc1nnkoa, ne nonyunaunx nopo6noro
apasyHnnkuero 1onuka, a1o1 npouecc paxe ne naunnancn, onn oc1aaanncL
coae1cknHn nkpLHn.
mn nn n a 1o apeHn coae1cknH uenoaekoH? a, k c1mpy caoeHy, no-anpnHoHy, 6mn.
eropnn n aocnpnnnHak a1o coc1onnne kak nekn pop rnnno1nueckoro cna, a ko1opm
n 6mn norpyxen co ukonLno ckaHLn n o1 ko1oporo 6mc1po n papoc1no ns6aanncn,
korpa npo6nn uac. acn npenec1L a 1oH, u1o, naxopncL a rnnno1nueckoH cne, n ace xe
6mn n oc1aaancn pyccknH, n o6pe1enne ce6n, korpa rnnno1nsep ckonuancn n sakpmn
caoe c1paunoe acenponnkakuee oko, 6mno nerko n npnnocnno nacnaxpenne, ko1opoe
ncnm1maaeuL, korpa acnoHnnuL u1o-1o ouenL aaxnoe, no Hyun1enLno ne
acnoHnnaaueecn!
HHEKE HBYXQEHHE
kypce n acepLes yanekcn nc1opne n 1eopne pyccko nn1ennnrenunn.
1a 1eHa nou1n na paapua1L ne1 c1ana pnn Henn rnaano, nerna a ocnoay Hnornx Honx
ny6nnkaun n knnr, a 1akxe (xo1L n a npeapauennoH anpe) kanpnpa1cko
pnccep1aunn. napo ckasa1L, u1o a1a nc1opnko-counonornueckan npo6neHa okasanacL
a ropm nepec1pokn knkueao, o1kpma pnn Henn any1pennn cHmcn co6m1n, u1o
noHorno Hne nerko nepe1n o1 aHnnya ka6nne1noro yuenoro k aHnnya nonn1nueckoro
ny6nnunc1a, nonn1onora, a sa1eH n nonn1nka. nn1epecoaancn nonn1nko c pe1c1aa,
no 6mn panek o1 nee npn coae1cko anac1n, acerpa o1nocncL 6pesrnnao k
koHcoHonLcko n nap1nno kapLepe n cy6nnHnpyn cao nn1epec a nc1opnocoqnk.
a1o a noamx ycnoannx n okasancn o6napa1eneH ynnkanLno c1ap1oao nosnunn: Ho
nayunm am6op npeponpepennn Ho panLneun ny1L a nonn1nky.
onauany pycckan nn1ennnrenunn nn1epecoaana Henn a nepayk ouepepL kak
counanLnm qenoHen. nsyuan nanenne nn1ennnrenunn kak popoaoe nonn1ne, ne
npnpaaan 6onLuoro snauennn ee naunonanLnoc1n kak ka1eropnn anpa. a a1oH ny1n
Henn nopxnpann neko1opme 1nnoame oun6kn, xapak1epnme pnn pyccknx counonoroa n
nc1opnkoa coae1cko ukonm. uac1noc1n, n Heu1an o aceHnpnoH 6pa1c1ae
nn1ennek1yanoa, 6asnpykueHcn na o6ueuenoaeuecknx uennoc1nx naykn n kynL1ypm n
na unannnsaunonnoH acenpnn1nn kak caoc1ae c1anpap1no nn1ennnren1cko pyun.
1aepran koHHynnc1nueckne npeanm, n uann npnuec1ann 1exnokpa1nueckoro o6uec1aa
116
n aosaeuan peaonkunk akcnep1oa, ko1opan ponxna npnp1n na cHeny peaonkunn
Henepxepoa a rno6anLnoH Hacu1a6e. onn1no, u1o npn 1akoH asrnnpe na aeun
naunonanLnme npo6neHm occnn n pycckoro napopa 6mnn o1 Henn aecLHa panekn.
pyuenne coae1cko anac1n n nepec1poky n nonnn n npnnnn kak coaepuenno
nens6exnyk 6ypxyasno-peHokpa1nueckyk peaonkunk, rnaano panxyue cnno
ko1opo na ce pas 6mna nHenno poccnckan nn1ennnrenunn. oneHnsnpyn c
ycoqo6ne akapeHnka ropn aqapeanua, n nncan a o1kpm1oH nncLHe eHy, u1o
nn1ennnrenunn nHee1 caon knaccoame nn1epecm n nanne1cn ec1ec1aennmH
nokoHo1naoH nepeHen ao ace apeHena, n u1o Hanm napop ec1L npenHyuec1aenno
counanLnoe, a ne naunonanLnoe nanenne, npepuec1aykuee nk6o peaonkunonno
cn1yaunn. un1ak n ceuac, u1o 1ak ono n ec1L.
ace nera1nanme nocnepc1ann 1ak nasmaaeHmx peqopH n kpyuennn
6mc1po sac1aannn Henn cpena1L nens6exnm amaop o nponrpanno naHn pe1Le
Hnpoao aone, ko1opan, 6ypyun xonopno, npnaena k aecLHa ropnunH
nocnepc1annH. parnueckne co6m1nn konua 80-x - nauana 90-x ouenL ckopo o6naxnnn
caok sm . ne 1onLko o1ue1nnao yanpen, no n aceH
ceppueH nouyac1aoaan, aepn Hnorone1nkk 6n1ay sa 1poqenme kynL1ypnme
uennoc1n, u1o anap (aecL 6es ncknkuennn), o6Ln1nnH ko1oporo Hm c aocxn1n1enLnmH
npno1nsHoH poaepnnncL, no-npexneHy ne cun1ae1 pyccknx sa nkpe, o1nocn1cn k naH
c nosnun unannnsaunonnoro an1aronnsHa a nonnoH coo1ae1c1ann c konuenune
an1nnr1ona. Hexpy 1eH onneyxn, ko1opme pyccknH kak naunn c1ann paspaaa1L
6pa1ckne napopm n c1panm-yuac1nnum apuaackoro poroaopa, opny xneue
ppyro, nokasann Hne co ace oueanpnoc1Lk, u1o apaxpe6noe naunonanLnoe
o1nouenne k HoeHy napopy caoc1aenno ne 1onLko unannnsaunonno paneknH o1 nac
cnnLnmH napopaH Hnpa cero, no n napopaH, nopo6no uakanaH, nopoanunH kycny1L
npn6oneauero nLaa, a 1oH uncne aecLHa unannnsaunonno 6nnsknH, 1aknH kak
6onrapm, Honpaaane n ykpannum.
ano 1oro, n, kak n ouenL Hnorne Hon coo1euec1aennnkn, appyr pasrnnpen, u1o
naunonanLnm coc1aa occnn caH no ce6e 1oxe upeaa1 konqnnk1aHn, ko1opme ae1xne
c1apum ns onn16kpo ynopno o1kasmaanncL saHeua1L, xenan anpe1L aokpyr ce6n
epnnm coae1ckn napop n counanLno opnopopnoe o6uec1ao. nesanno
o6napyxnnocL, u1o 1a1apm, 6auknpm, nky1m, apmrn, ne roaopn yx o ueuenuax n
nnryuax, nspaana 1annn na pne pyun paneko ne popc1aennme uyac1aa k c1apueHy
6pa1y, n 1enepL, korpa a1o1 6pa1 oc1ancn 6es cnn, 6es rocypapc1aenno onopm,
npepannm aceHn aoane n any1pn c1panm, o6onrannm, o6o6pannm, ouapauennm
1o1anLnmH npepa1enLc1aoH, ne cnoco6nm paxe ce6n kak cnepye1 nakopHn1L, o6yun1L,
1pypoyc1pon1L n saun1n1L, onn ne noc1ecnnnncL onme uyac1aa o6naxn1L.
poxnaan a connoH uapc1ae (), Hm na kakoe-1o apeHn n anpnHL aoo6pasnnn, u1o
ace napopm - 6pa1Ln; u1o kasax, aanax, rpysnn, ykpanneu, npn6an1 - 6pa1 naH,
pyccknH. o ace nasaannme n Hnorne nenasaannme napopm ouenL 6mc1po, poxopunao
n y6epn1enLno o6Lncnnnn naH, u1o a1o - aoace ne 1ak. pasy6epn1L nH nac 6ype1
1enepL yxe neaosHoxno.
eaosHoxno, ecnn 6m1L uec1nmH, ne ckasa1L n o snoaeueH qak1ope eapecko-
pycckoro npo1naoc1onnnn, npko nponanaueHcn a xope rpa6n1enLcko npnaa1nsaunn, a
npouecce peqopH n y1aepxpennn noaoro pexnHa aoo6ue, a cqepe npeonornuecko
6opL6m, a , oco6enno na 1eneanpennn. 1kpoaenno an1aronnc1nueckoe
pacxoxpenne ao asrnnpax na npounoe, nac1onuee n 6ypyuee occnn n pyccknx,
xapak1epnoe pnn pycckoro n eapeckoro Hen1ann1e1oa, o1nkpL ne cHyuano eapeea: nn
1ex, u1o aepxoaopnnn peqopHaHn n oqopHnnnn coo1ae1c1aykuyk npeonornk, nn 1ex,
u1o onpaapmaann, nponaranpnpoaann n noppepxnaann a1n peqopHm a , nn 1ex,
u1o yuac1aoaann a paspene coae1cko napopno co6c1aennoc1n, nn 1ex, u1o nm1anncL
nepepena1L caHm pyx a1o c1panm.
117
co6me pasHmunennn amsaano 1akoe saHe1noe nanenne, kak eape-nonykpoaka a
nonn1nke. annnckn, npnnoackn, yuko, 6pa1Ln y6acm, apap, npnenko,
eHuoa, akaHapa, oaopaopckan (n nasmaak 1onLko caHmx saHe1nmx, acex ne
nepeuncnnuL) - npnnapnexnoc1L nx, no 6onLuoHy cue1y, k opnoHy an1npycckoHy
nonn1nueckoHy narepk sac1aanne1 sapyHa1Lcn. oxany, ceropnn nHenno 1akne, kak
onn, sac1aannk1 co ace oc1po1o c1aan1L aonpoc o qenoHene o1uenenc1aa a nc1opnn
nn1ennnrenunn occnn. paapm papn ckaxy, u1o ac1peuak1cn npnHepm nnoro o6pasa
Hmcnn (renepan oxnnn), no onn pepkn kak ncknkuennn[1].
ns 6ecnpnc1pac1noro na6nkpennn noamx pnn nac n neoxnpannmx peann
xnsnn npnxopnnocL pena1L nocnepoaa1enLnme, xo1n n neuanLnme. 1ano nonn1no:
uyxoHy arpeccnanoHy an1npycckoHy naunonannsHy neneno npo1naonoc1aann1L npaao
(nanpnHep, onc1n1yunk), o6mua, HopanL n paxe aocko, aoopyxennoe a1o
a6c1pak1no peHokpa1nuecko ppe6epenLk. 1o ns a1oro ampe1 - nokasana
ueuenckan aona 1994-1996 ropoa.
ue nenenee - pena1L a a1nx ycnoannx c1aaky na npeonornk nn1epnaunonannsHa. 1o
yx npoc1o osnauae1 kann1ynnunk no aceH c1a1LnH.
1o xe pena1L? onLko opno. eo6xopnHo npo1naonoc1aan1L cao co6c1aennm c1onL
xe ak1nanm naunonannsH.
ce a1o Hano no Hany c1anoannocL npepHe1oH acenapopnoro o6cyxpennn, y nkpe
nauann o1kpmaa1Lcn rnasa na nsaeunme nc1nnm a1nononn1nkn. o nsHenn1L u1o-1o na
1oH a1ane rno6anLnoro naunonanLnoro konqnnk1a pycckne yxe (eue) ne Hornn,
nnnuna1naa n ocnoanme cpepc1aa coapeHenno aonm - penLrn n - okasanncL ne
a nx pykax. pen pycckoro naunonannsHa eue ne oanapena HaccaHn.
o peno npe1 k 1oHy.
nn a npnnunne a naue apeHn sapaua aosapauennn k naunonanLno
opnen1npoaanno Haccoao ncnxonornn? nm1 c1pan (oco6enno asaxc1ana,
kpannm) n pn6an1nkn pae1 nonoxn1enLnm o1ae1. 1o - npak1nka.
o n 1eopnn roaopn1 o 1oH xe. aa npnnunna o6Lepnnennn (n 1onLko paa!) ns aeka a
aek caoc1aennm nkpnH: na counanLno, knaccoao - nn6o na naunonanLno
nna1qopHe. (pannpoakn Hory1 6m1L npn a1oH caHmHn pasnmHn - o1 pennrnosnmx po
kynL1ypno-nsmkoamx.) 1n nna1qopHm Hexpy co6o ne coaHec1nHm: 6opL6a knaccoa
paspyuae1 naunk, 6opL6a naun sac1aanne1 sa6m1L, o16pocn1L knaccoame
npo1naopeunn. nao6opo1.
pnnunn knaccoao nn1epnaunonanLno connpapnoc1n rocnopc1aoaan y nac ceHLpecn1
ne1. n pyxnyn, nsxnn ce6n nc1opnueckn, npak1nueckn n npeno.
ac1ano apeHn pnn 1opxec1aa npnnunna connpapnoc1n naunonanLno.
6munm na1pno1nsH rocypapc1aennnueckoro 1onka 1akxe ncuepnan, nsxnn ce6n. n
yc1panaae1 ceropnn 1onLko 1ex, k1o nn6o ne nHee1 ue1ko pyccko naunonanLno
npen1nunoc1n, nn6o eue ne nonnn npoc1yk nc1nny: Hn ,
- .
118
BHHE HEQERRE 3HHHE
, H asrnnp, ns nac, pyccknx, koHHynnc1aH ao HnoroH-1akn ypanocL
cpena1L coae1cknx nkpe. noHnk, kak n ypnannncn n nac1opaxnaancn,
c1anknaancL a panne knoc1n c o1ue1nnao ampaxenno naunonanLno "caHoc1Lk
(eue ne naunonannsHoH!) - eapecko, 1a1apcko, ka6appnncko, apHnncko,
ac1oncko. yxe uyac1aoaan ce6n neHnoxko "aceuenoaekoH, a 1y1 appyr 1akne
"pennk1m... ak c1panno! akne onn uypne! y napo xe - 1a1apka! no anpy ne
ckaxeuL: rony6ornasan, cae1noaonocan. aHnnnn 1onLko ne coaceH pycckan -
anaxoaa. ak cnapko 6mno c ne uenoaa1Lcn! 1o-1o 6mno a a1oH akso1nueckoe,
1annc1aennoe, o1 nkpe ckpm1oe; ace apeHn noHnnnocL: a1o n c 1a1apko uenykcL, a
nnk1o n ne porapmaae1cn!
onLko 1enepL n nonnHak, u1o "aceuenoaeuec1ao a HoeH aocnpnn1nn snaunno:
"acepycckoc1L. 1o ne n nepec1an 6m1L pyccknH (6ypyun nH neocHmcnenno,
neocosnanno, ), a npoc1o ace kpyroH 6mnn caonHn, "pyccknHn - a kak xe
nnaue! mnn, koneuno, o1ue1nnao uyxne nkpn - umrane, kaakasum, asna1m... acoame
o1nnunn 6pocanncL a rnasa. y, k nnH n o1nouenne 6mno ppyroe - kak k nnoc1panuaH,
paneko ne "aceuenoaeueckoe.
1o xe nponsouno ceropnn? orpa Hm amnyxpenm npnc1anLno, nac1opoxenno, c
nopospenneH cHo1pe1L a nnuo nesnakoHoHy co6ecepnnky, c1apancL yrapa1L a neH
uep1m "nenauero napopa? ako xec1okn, no cnpaaepnnam ypok Hm nonyunnn!
K qu n ""! ak amkasana caok rnynoc1L,
o1aneuennoc1L n caHonapennnoc1L!
ako ncno, npospauno c1ana npoc1an nc1nna: uu -
x x n; uu - u,
! e nyxno 6epeuL, nec1oaa1L, c1pon1L, a 1ounee - aosaopn1L,
a ecnn neo6xopnHo - pec1aapnpoaa1L.
uyxo naunonanLnoc1Lk - cun1a1Lcn, yun1maa1L ee ckpynynesno. (pexpe acero,
ncxopn ns naunx xe nn1epecoa.)
caoe xe - noHnn1L acerpa, nocn1L ee npn ce6e, kak pe1ek1na nocn1 nyny, cHo1pe1L
ckaosL a1y nnnsy na ace, poc1onoe annHannn...
EKE XH3HEHH mB
(: x)
nn1ennnren1oH, ecnn 6m ne nm1ancn panLue n rny6xe ppyrnx ocHmcnn1L
nponcxopnuee. 1nononn1nka yxe k 1991 ropy amuna na nepam nnan Honx
nc1opnocoqcknx pasHmunenn n anac1no nopunnnna nx ce6e, o1opannya ne 1onLko
Hopnme, xo1n n coHnn1enLnme reononn1nueckne 1eopnn, no paxe kypa 6onee
y6epn1enLnyk 1eopnk unannnsaunonnoro konqnnk1a. (Henno 1orpa 6mna nanncana
Hon nepaan pa6o1a na 1eHy coapeHenno nc1opnn ycckne n kann1annsH.) ropaHn
xop co6m1n 1onLko ykpennnn a1o1 asrnnp na aeun.
oc1enennan cHena coc1aaa Hoero 6nnxauero okpyxennn 1ak xe annnna na Hon
aosspennn, kak n nepeHenm a c1pane. 1977 ropy n am6pan a xenm pycckyk peayuky;
ona popnna Hne sa a1n ropm uec1epmx pyccknx pe1e. nauana nepec1pokn
6onLunnc1ao Honx nepyccknx ppyse nn6o aHnrpnpoaano, nn6o okasanocL a 1oH
119
nonn1nueckoH narepe, c ko1opoH n ne xo1en nHe1L nnuero o6uero. epnoc1L c1apo
ppyx6e (noaepx y6expenn) coxpannnn epnnnum. 1pa1a ppyse 6mna Hne ropLknH
ypokoH. na nponsouna anonne ec1ec1aennmH o6pasoH, u1o nopkpennno Hon
y6expennn. nonnn, u1o naunonanLnan npnnapnexnoc1L - a1o nespnHm npnpopnm
aopopaspen Hexpy nkpLHn, ko1opm po nopm po apeHenn Hoxno ne saHeua1L, no a
opnn npekpacnm penL on ac1ane1 nenpoxopnHo c1eno n 6ype1 onpepenn1L
noaepenne uenoaeka, ero am6op. naun peaonkunonnme ropm HnornH npnxopnnocL
am6npa1L, na uLe c1opone 6m1L, n nkpn sauac1yk unn na paspma Hnorone1nnx
o1nouenn. coxanennk, a1o kocnynocL n Henn.
nnpn a rnasa peanLnoc1n, Hne npnunocL cpena1L amaop o 1oH, u1o Ho popno
pycckn napop, uLnH cmnoH n anesanno nouyac1aoaan ce6n ouenL oc1po, c1on1 na
pokoao uep1e, u1o eHy rposn1 nonnan ka1ac1poqa anno1L po ncuesnoaennn uepes paa-
1pn nokonennn c nnua seHnn. 6 a1oH roaopn1 Hnoroe, a nepayk ouepepL pnnaHnka
a1nopeHorpaqnuecknx nsHenenn sa nocnepnne pecn1nne1nn. , kak cnepc1ane a1nx
nsHenenn, - cnnxenne o6uero xnsnennoro 1onyca naunn, nponannkueecn a 1mcnue
o6c1on1enLc1a. e 6ypy yrny6nn1Lcn a a1o1 aonpoc, poc1a1ouno oueanpnm pnn
Hmcnnuero un1a1enn. o ponxen ckasa1L, u1o nyc1L c onospanneH - k copoka ropaH, n
ocosnan ce6n a nonnoH cHmcne saenoH a uenn pyccknx nokonenn, o1ae1c1aennmH
nepep npepkaHn n no1oHkaHn sa cypL6y caoero napopa. 1nmne Ho panLneun ny1L
6mn onpepenen.
sac1aanno Henn no-noaoHy asrnnny1L na npo6neHy pyccko
nn1ennnrenunn. eoxnpanno pnn Henn caHoro anpoaoe (naunonanLnoe) copepxanne
a1oro nonn1nn amuno na nepam nnan n sacnonnno popoaoe (counanLnoe). 1o
snaun1 6m1L nHenno pyccknH nn1ennnren1oH? ak ponxen aec1n ce6n ceropnn nHenno
pycckn nn1ennnren1? ue nepaano, a 1988 ropy, n nncan (n pyHan!) 1ak: ne
ropaspo 6nnxe kasaxckn, anrnnckn nnn eapeckn nn1ennnren1, c ko1opmHn n
roaopk na opnoH nsmke, ueH pycckn 6kpokpa1 nnn pycckn pa6oun, c ko1opmHn n
roaopk na pasnmx nsmkax. o 1enepL npnxopnnocL ncka1L n naxopn1L ppyrne,
nenpnamunme o1ae1m na a1n aonpocm.
pna sa ppyro y Henn c1ann nonann1Lcn pa6o1m, rpe n nm1ancn asrnnny1L na 1ekyune
co6m1nn uepes npnsHy ne 1onLko nc1opnn n counonornn, no n pyccknx naunonanLnmx
npo6neH, pyccko cneunqnkn.
axnmH n1oroH a1o aaonkunn nannacL c1a1Ln n1ennnrenunn n naunn (peka6pL
1994). n ceuac cun1ak ee xopounH acce na pannyk 1eHy. ockonLky ona 6mna
ony6nnkoaana 1onLko a Hano1npaxnoH c6opnnke H-n,
nonarak nyxnmH npoun1npoaa1L rnaanm qparHen1 ns nee:
Ec cn M c c M , cyy kr
kx ycck M nx m cc c cM
yxnM c cnM n cy cc - my Mmk
M Knmk. B c - Pccn. M, ycck n, nc c
Mn c k cM cc cM MkM.
E , kk-y r , n x yMncn aM,
n c ky n cM, x rn nyr: Hnnrn c
c - cncn! Bk nnrck n.
Ok mm m rn cn r cn Mr
kcymr nM. H, kk nmc M cck,
yncn: M rcc knc cn c
kynn CCCP, cyn y qy. Pccn x m knc
nx x. H cn Mn nMk nM c aM qkM knc
M x yx. Xck yk!
120
Cy n nnr cr M cn c cy c,
. Cy ryck nnr - c Fy, acck - c Bc.
Cy ycck nnr - c cy Pcc.
Hn nnr m cck cynk n M m
M, Mn M, kk yx ccn k c c, cMy y.
Ok c CCCP cn, Mx, nnrn, nc
n r cck nc kk cnM, k
nM m, a - M ycckn nnrn. E c
a , c Mc c n kncc
n nc Pcc.
HnM qk x nn c. KxMy yx yM n c
Mc c. C nk nck c a cn
Mx. Hnc cM M. O c.
kqnk (rckM) Mxy MnnM nnM n
My cy Mnn, kk c n. HMy n - Mnn.
kqnk c n My cy n c, n , kkM nM
cn. HMy n - n.
kqnk n cy cy ycck, kk cn cn
cn n. HMy n - ycck.
Ok n yy c ycck nnr M knccM ycck
kcn, cnyc y c n cnn . HMy n -
Mc n nnr.
c.
H Er, k, y M , k My, nk c
. B y , n c .
H Er y yry cy c
nck: a y , n k x , nk c M
kM.
Crn Pccn x cncn M kqnk : ycckM c
nxn x. B qk. m, n c Mc k[2].
okcL, u1o ckasano ncuepnmaakue n po6aan1L k He1opnke xnsnennoro am6opa 1y1
neuero.
HREKM HHEHHHRH3ME
H HHERRHEHKM KMHRHH3ME
orpoHnoro snauennn, sa1pypnnkunH pnn pyccko nn1ennnrenunn
nepexop k naunonannsHy, nannk1cn ee asanHoo1nouennn c napopoH - a cHmcne
coaokynnoc1n nkpe qnsnueckoro 1pypa. 1y npo6neHy n naHe1nn a 1o xe c1a1Le
1ak:
n1ennnrenunn n napop - pae uac1n naunn. aunn ne Hoxe1 o6o1ncL nn 6es opno
ns nnx. apop ne Hoxe1 npocyuec1aoaa1L 6es nn1ennnrenunn, a nn1ennnrenunn - 6es
121
napopa. o a1n uac1n aecLHa o1nnuak1cn ppyr o1 ppyra, n o1nouennn Hexpy nnHn
ouenL cnoxnme, pnanek1nueckne.
ueH cy1L o1nnun? caHoH o6ueH, qnnocoqckoH cHmcne ona -
q . asnnunm
xapak1ep 1pypa 1pe6ye1 n pasnnuno nopro1oakn. npouecce o6yuennn, 1o ec1L
oanapennn q u, uenoaek yHc1aennoro 1pypa
okonua1enLno pacxopn1cn c uenoaekoH 1pypa qnsnueckoro: onn o6pe1ak1 pasnm
nsmk, pasnme npeanm, pasnm knaccoam onm1, pasnyk Hnqonornk. asnme knnrn
un1ak1, pasnme necnn nok1, no-pasnoHy aocnpnnnHak1 nckycc1ao n pennrnk. o-
pasnoHy npen1nqnunpyk1 ce6n, o6pe1ak1 pasnme nc1opnueckne n counanLnme kopnn:
napop Heu1ae1 o aceHnpnoH 6pa1c1ae nkpe 1pypa, nn1ennnrenunn - o aceHnpno
yueno pecny6nnke.
o a6conk1nsaunn pasnnun Hexpy nn1ennnrenune n napopoH, o1nocn1enLno
6esapepnan na nnunoH ypoane, upeaa1a 6onLuo 6epo na ypoane naunn. K
s - umn un u. m noHnnH, kak a pesynL1a1e
napopno peaonkunn nop nosynroH npone1apckoro nn1epnaunonannsHa 6mna
ynnu1oxena, nopaanena n xec1oko akcnnya1npoaana pycckan naunonanLnan ann1a, a
uac1noc1n nn1ennnrenunn. e poaepnn e, coae1ckan anac1L amnyxpena 6mna
akc1penno cospaaa1L noayk, caok, pa6oue-kpec1Lnnckyk nn1ennnrenunk,
npepnonaran, u1o ona 6ype1 paneka o1 6ypxyasno-peHokpa1nuecknx npeanoa. o
neoxnpanno okasanocL, u1o a1a noaan nn1ennnrenunn noaena ce6n aecLHa no-
c1apoHy, cnoano sa6ma, o1kypa ona asnnacL. ceropnn, a pnn caoero peaanua (1o
ec1L 6ypxyasno-peHokpa1nuecko peaonkunn), nn1ennnrenunn, 6okcL, 1oxe ro1oaa
anac1L a kpanoc1L: nop nosynroH nn1ennnren1ckoro kocHononn1nsHa npnHnpn1Lcn
c ynnu1oxenneH, nopaanenneH n xec1oko akcnnya1aune napopa.
anee n c1aann nesaHmcnoaa1m, opnako a amcue c1enenn ak1yanLnm aonpoc, na
ko1opm, kak n ne pas y6expancn, y 6onLunnc1aa Honx konner ncnoro o1ae1a ne1: m
snaeH, saueH napopy nn1ennnren1. ao1 saueH nn1ennnren1y napop? (eno, kak
nonnHae1 un1a1enL, ne a 1oH, k1o koro kopHn1 n opeaae1: 6es n seneno
peaonkunn ace 6m ceropnn xopnnn ronopnme n narne.).
kauec1ae o1ae1a n npnaopnn a 1o apeHn 1pn coo6paxennn:
1. H x - n
, x . ak o6c1on1 peno ao aceH Hnpe. o aepL
pa6oun nnc1pyHen1 nonoxeno 6epeuL, oxpann1L, sa6o1n1Lcn o neH. 1o, a nepayk
ouepepL, o1nocn1cn k co6c1aennoHy napopy kak uac1n co6c1aenno naunn. oaonLno
rnyno 6mno 6m pycckoHy nn1ennnren1y pa6o1a1L a pacue1e na npe1aopenne ero 1eopn
a xnsnL, ckaxeH, kn1acknH, 6pasnnLcknH nnn aHepnkancknH napopoH, o1aopaunaancL
npn a1oH o1 pannoro npnpopo, nc1opne n cypL6o popnoro pycckoro napopa;
2. n1ennnrenunn ne Hoxe1 n ne ponxna pekpy1npoaa1Lcn 1onLko ns ce6n caHo: a1o
npo1na npaann earennkn. H - s n
. on oc1ane1cn 1akoamH a o6ospnHoH 6ypyueH;
3. .H - -n n .
u . Hec1e c 1eH, ampennncL ns
napopno cpepm n o1pennncL o1 nee, nn1ennnren1 nepaoro nokonennn, ec1ec1aenno,
c1peHn1cn coxpann1L 1o xopouee, u1o npnxopnnocL anpe1L eHy a popnmx n 6nnsknx n
1.p. pesynL1a1e, aecLHa Hnorne ero caoc1aa n kauec1aa okasmaak1cn o1paxenneH
(npnHmH n o6pa1nmH) caoc1a n kauec1a nopopnauero ero napopa. 1ckpa 1esnc:
, n. H , u
, - . na y1epne1
122
nenoa1opnHoe naunonanLnoe nnuo. na y1pa1n1 n xnsnennyk onopy, n xnsnennyk
nepcnek1nay.
1ckpa cnepoaann amaopm n pekoHenpaunn pnn pyccko nn1ennnrenunn, ns ko1opmx
rnaanm amrnnpen 1ak: O u, xm u
u , n n u,
un u mu x , n n
nmn.
aa a1n o1ae1m, npexpe acero, caHoHy ce6e, n ec1ec1aennmH o6pasoH nepeuen o1
npeanoa apnc1okpa1nn, ko1opme ncnoaepoaan ack xnsnL, k npeanaH peHokpa1nn.
(aunonan-peHokpa1nn, pasyHee1cn. o ec1L, peHokpa1nn, orpannuenno no
naunonanLnoHy npnsnaky.)
kasannoe ne osnauae1, u1o n nsxnn any1pennn apnc1okpa1nsH, neHano Heuakun
Hne a xnsnn. anpo1na. npnuen k amaopy, u1o naunonannsH a npnnunne
apnc1okpa1nuen. nn1a nk6o naunn - acerpa ec1ec1aenno naunonannc1nuna, n6o ona,
nk6n n uenn ce6n, ne Hoxe1 ne ncnm1maa1L nk6an n 6naropapnoc1n k nopopnaueHy
ee a1nocy, k nno1n n kpoan caoero napopa. e Hoxe1 ne uyac1aoaa1L sa nero
o1ae1c1aenoc1L.
konLko n Hor saHe1n1L, npepc1aan1enL anrnncko ann1m - acerpa anrnnckn
naunonannc1; npepc1aan1enL neHeuko ann1m - neHeukn naunonannc1,
npepc1aan1enL eapecko ann1m - eapeckn naunonannc1, n 1.p. ak ono n ponxno
6m1L.
pepc1aan1enL pyccko ann1m - ponxen 6m1L pyccknH naunonannc1oH. kak xe
nnaue? o6c1aenno, naunonannsH - a1o kaannqnkaunonnm 1ec1 na ann1apnoc1L.
aunonannc1nuen - snaun1, npnnapnexnuL k ann1e. aunonanLno-nnpnqqepen1en,
kocHononn1nuen - snaun1, 6mpno, kakoe 6m amcokoe nonoxenne 1m nn sannHan.
Hec1e c 1eH, kak saHe1nn un1a1enL, ao acex npnaepennmx amue apryHen1ax cnnukoH
Hnoro paccypounoro, ronoanoro, cnnukoH Hano 1ennoro, ceHenoro uyac1aa (a aepL
naunn - a1o nonpoc1y 6onLuan ceHLn!). yac1ao npnuno co apeHeneH, no Hepe
norpyxennn a 1eHy. onxnm 6mnn npo1n eue nn1L ne1 nanpnxennmx paspyHn,
npexpe ueH n ne 1onLko yHoH, no n ceppueH noc1nr npoc1yk nc1nny: on nc1nnnan
opnna, 6naropapn ko1opo n nannkcL co6o, 6es ko1opo n ne n, - a1o ne
1eppn1opnn, ne nanpuaq1 n 1eH 6onee ne c1po nnn rocypapc1ao, a Hon ycckan
aunn!.
1o noc1nxenne cansano c eue opno aaxno c1pannue Hoe xnsnn.
HHHRBHB H KYRBY
, u1o nn1epec k nckycc1ay, nso6pasn1enLnoHy n npnknapnoHy,
conpoaoxpan Henn ack xnsnL. e 1onLko nn1epa1ypo-, no n nckycc1aoaepennk n
nocan1nn pecn1nne1nn. kcnep1 ysen knnrn n unen npaanennn ccounaunn
6n6nno1ek, Hyseea n apxnaoa, n necue1noe konnuec1ao pas koncynL1npoaan
6yknnnc1oa, an1nkaapoa n konnekunonepoa, Hysen, ranepen n 6n6nno1ekn. pna ns
Honx knnr, ko1opo n ropxycL, - 6onLuo anL6oH epeapm eaponecko
nnnkc1paunn (., eppa, 1997). naanan Hon c1pac1L nsnauanLno -
sanapnoeaponeckan neua1nan rpaqnka n nnnkc1pnpoaannan knnra. o sa1eH n
yanekcn 1akxe npnknapnmH nckycc1aoH anLnero, nnxnero n pepnero oc1oka,
123
nayunncn pas6npa1Lcn a pnpe o6nac1e cnoxnoro n y1onuennoro Hnpa aoc1ouno
ac1e1nkn.
o nepaanero apeHenn pycckoe nckycc1ao ne nn1epecoaano Henn coaepuenno. cnn
npenec1L n caHo6m1noc1L pyccko nn1epa1ypm pnn Henn acerpa 6mnn oueanpnm
(pnpoH c ne n Hory noc1aan1L 1onLko qpanuysckyk), 1o a pycckoH nckycc1ae Henn
yppyuann n o11anknaann oueanpnoe necoaepuenc1ao 1exnnueckoro Hac1epc1aa n nanan
a1opnunoc1L, noppaxa1enLnoc1L no o1nouennk k sanapnmH n aoc1ounmH o6pasuaH.
kona, kak n npnknapnoe nckycc1ao peane ycn, kasanacL Hne npnHn1nano, a
xnaonncL, rpaqnka n npnknapnoe nckycc1ao 18-19 aekoa - nenoaknH cnenkoH c
sanapnmx npnHepoa.
onapo6nnocL paa c nnunnH pecn1ka ne1 n neHanm onm1 npak1nueckoro uenn1enn n
sna1oka, u1o6m auyac1aoaa1Lcn a rny6okoe caoeo6pasne n npenec1L nc1nnno pyccko
caHo6m1no ac1e1nkn, ouy1n1L n ocosna1L ee npnnunnnanLnoe o1nnune o1 ac1e1nkn
anapa n oc1oka. ce nosnae1cn a cpaanennn. Henno n 1onLko nocne 1oro, kak n
nponnkcn cy1Lk nckycc1aa naunx cocepe, n nayunncn o1nnua1L, ampenn1L n uenn1L
co6c1aenno pycckoe. oneuno, n 1enepL Henn aocxnuae1 a pycckoH nckycc1ae ne ace
noppnp, a 1onLko nyuuee (npexpe acero, pasyHee1cn, pycckn XVII aek, korpa Hm
okonua1enLno nsxnnn ansan1nckyk opnen1aunk n eue ne nponnknncL
sanapnoeaponecko, n pycckn napopnm pyx ampaancn napyxy HounmH qon1anoH
npaspnnuno, npnnnuno kynL1ypm!), sa1o n snak, a kaknx nHenno cqepax
npekpacnoro cocpepo1ounncn pycckn renn n u1o cospan on a nnx 1akoro, uero ne
cmueuL nn a apone, nn a n1ae nnn npnn, nn a Hnpe ncnaHa.
osnanne npepHe1a acerpa aneue1 sa co6o nk6oaL - a1o ec1ec1aenno. eH rny6xe n
acec1oponnee snaeuL u1o-1o, 1eH 1ennee, c 6onLunH nonnHanneH, nk6oanee k a1oHy
o1nocnuLcn. kona, nnn cepe6pnnan uapka, nnn aHaneam napeu, nnn koaanm cynpyk
appyr naunnak1 roaopn1L 1e6e c1onLko, u1o kaxe1cn - npocmnae1cn rennan naHn1L.
6uan kpoaL, o6uan nc1opnn, o6un pyx - kak a1o okasmaae1cn a nac xnao!
eaosHoxno nepepa1L cnoaaHn, po kaknx c1enene a 1akne Hnny1m aosnocn1cn
naunonanLnoe uyac1ao!
ne n panLue 6mno caoc1aenno nonnHanne n xnaoe ouyuenne 1oro, u1o n - nnuL
saeno a uenn pyccknx nokonenn, saeno Hexpy HonHn npepkaHn n no1oHkaHn. o
nHenno nponnknoaennoe o6uenne c pyccko c1apnno, c pyccknH nckycc1aoH papn1
Hne ceropnn c oco6o cnno uyac1ao conpnuac1noc1n aceHy caoeHy napopy, uyac1ao
6onLuoro popc1aa c 6onLuo ceHLe - Hoe naune.
ne c1ano nonn1no n ppyroe. ouno 1ak xe, kak nnkoHy ne nyxen n ne nn1epecen
nekn a6c1pak1nm o6ueuenoaek, a nyxnm n nn1epecnm konkpe1nme,
nenoa1opnHme a caoe nnpnanpyanLnoc1n nkpn, - 1o xe caHoe nponcxopn1 n a
o6nac1n nckycc1aa. nkakoro nckycc1aa aoo6ue - ne1. onm1ka cnn1esnpoaa1L
Hnpoao nsmk, Hnpoaoe nckycc1ao - acerpa c nens6exnoc1Lk npoaannaanacL,
nopo6nme kynL1ypnme 6ac1appm okasmaanncL nensHepnHo 6epnee naunonanLnmx
nsmkoa, naunonanLnmx nckycc1a.
ckycc1ao nn1epecno n uenno 1onLko 1orpa, korpa ono rny6oko naunonanLno, nece1 a
ce6e nenoa1opnHm naunonanLnm konopn1 - o1neua1ok pyun napopa.
onLue 1oro. axpm uenoaek, a nckycc1aoaep-uenn1enL a oco6ennoc1n, cnoco6en
nponnkny1Lcn npenec1Lk nckycc1aa 1o nnn nno c1panm, npnnn1L ero a caok pyuy,
nonk6n1L n, Hoxe1 6m1L, paxe noc1nuL ero nyuue, ueH a6opnren. ak, nanpnHep, a
caoe apeHn 6pa1Ln onkypm o1kpmnn rnasa coapeHenno apone na nckycc1ao
nnoncko rpaakpm. yuun a Hnpe cneunannc1 no nckycc1ay 1o nnn nno c1panm -
aoace ne o6nsa1enLno ee ypoxeneu. eropnn, 6naropapn ny1euec1annH, knno,
1eneanpennk n uae1no amcokokauec1aenno nonnrpaqnn nepep kaxpmH o1kpm1 aecL
124
Hnp kynL1ypm ao acex ero naunonanLnmx nponanennnx. osnnkae1 nnnksnn, u1o a1o1
Hnp epnn n nepennH, kak pyua uenoaeka. 1o n a nckycc1ae, kak, nko6m, a
nonn1nke, ec1L o6ueuenoaeueckne uennoc1n.
pec1an1enLnoc1n a1o ne 1ak. ennoc1n nckycc1aa acerpa naunonanLnm. a1o nerko
pokasmaae1cn nc1opne noppenok n nHn1aun. opnnnnme ypaun 1y1 ne npoc1o pepkn
- epnnnunm. ak nn c1apanncL a XVI-XVIII aa. penLq1ckne Hac1epa, ank6nennme a
kn1ackn n nnonckn qapqop, noppaxa1L caonH nk6nHuaH, - pasnnunn ouenL
saHe1nm. 1ak acerpa n ao aceH.
a, pyua ac1e1a 6espasHepna, n noronn sa ac1e1nuecknH nacnaxpenneH cpopnn
aceHnpnoHy caqapn. o acn aceHnpnoc1L Hrnoaenno o6pmaae1cn, korpa peno
poxopn1 po 1aopuec1aa. o1 1y1-1o Hm n nonnHaeH, u1o qpanuys Hoxe1 rny6oko
noc1nra1L n uenn1L nnonckoe nckycc1ao, ao1 1onLko. cospa1L ero on ne Hoxe1!
oppena1L, cmHn1npoaa1L - eue kypa nn uno. o cospa1L u1o-1o noaoe a nc1nnno
nnonckoH pyxe - ne1! nn a1oro napo popn1Lcn nnonueH, 6m1L no npaay kpoan n
nc1opnn conpnuac1nmH nnonckoHy napopy. ne no1oHy, u1o panunn paneka o1
nonnn, u1o 1aH ppyro knnHa1 nnn nnan paca. n1a - 6nnsko, no kn1ackoe n
nnonckoe nckycc1ao 6asnpyk1cn npn1oH na coaepuenno npo1naononoxnmx npnnunnax!
aunonanLnme nckycc1aa cyuec1ayk1 nnuL 6naropapn naunonanLnmH xypoxnnkaH, a
1e - nnuL 6naropapn 1oHy, u1o cyuec1aye1 naunonanLnm pyx, naunonanLnm renn,
naunonanLnm onm1. aunonanLnan poaL n naunonanLnan c1opnn.
yccko kynL1ypm ane occnn ne1. na Hoxe1 rynn1L no aceHy Hnpy kak o6Lek1
no1pe6nennn, no xnamH oprannsHoH ona Hoxe1 6m1L 1onLko specL: cospa1L ee Hoxe1
1onLko pyx pyccko naunn n nnkako ppyro.
eskHnpyk a1y rnaaky napaqpasoH: u u ,
mu n,
.
1o acepLes.
HQRXEHHE REQYE
pasa xaa1n1. eHa pycckoro naunonannsHa, yam, eue
aocnpnnnHae1cn a naueH o6pasoaannoH o6uec1ae kak akso1nka, n n npoc1o-nanpoc1o
6okcL nepekopHn1L un1a1enn. Henn poc1a1ouno, ecnn on yanpn1 ceropnn noaoe
pnn ce6n nanenne, nap ko1opmH c1on1 sapyHa1Lcn.
Hec1e c 1eH ckasano paneko ne ace, a neko1opmx acnek1oa 1eHm n paxe ne kocnyncn.
yaepen, u1o un1a1enk 6ype1 nn1epecno o6cypn1L nx, a nopore noaoro c1one1nn,
ko1opoe npope1 nop snakoH 1opxec1aa naunonanLno npen, ne1 nnuero 6onee
ak1yanLnoro.
anocnepok ckaxy 1onLko opno. pna ns Honx nk6nHmx noroaopok: enakuero
cypL6a aepe1, a nexenakuero 1aun1. eneno n onacno c1aan1L sacnonkn n
nno1nnm na ny1n na6npakuero cnny o6uec1aennoro panxennn: ono cHe1e1 npenonm n
o6pyun1cn na nesapaunnamx c1pon1ene-sanpe1n1ene. oa1oHy c1onL 1peaoxno
ceropnn Hne kaxe1cn cn1yaunn, ko1opyk cospann neko1opme nepanLnoanpnme
nonn1nkn n pen1enn aokpyr ns6npa1enLnoro o6Lepnnennn nac. ospann
1onLko no1oHy, u1o yspenn a qepepanLnoH cnncke o6Lepnnennn qaHnnnk neHnnoro
nH apkaueaa, ko1opm paxe ne nanne1cn unenoH panxennn.
125
o6maaa a cypax, nonyunaunx npnkas nk6o ueno nperpapn1L nacy popory na
am6opm, n y6epnncn, u1o koe-k1o nac1onLko 6on1cn pyccknx naunonannc1oa n
nac1onLko yaepen a nx ycnexe, u1o ro1oa paxe npene6peuL ocnoaaHn
konc1n1yunonnoro c1pon n peHokpa1nuecko sakonnoc1n, ko1opme, co6c1aenno,
coc1aannk1 epnnc1aennm nonoxn1enLnm n1or npouepuero enLunnckoro
pecn1nne1nn. peno ne 1onLko a 1oH, u1o cypLnH c nsnacnnoaanno coaec1Lk
npnunocL ue1mpe pnn aec1n npouecc no1ynnauncL, ne cHen asrnnny1L a rnasa
cnpnunH a sane (n6o ao apeHn cyporoaopennn napyuanncL Hnorouncnennme nopHm
n ). yxe acero na a1o1 pas ne npaac1aennm, a nonn1nueckn acnek1 cn1yaunn.
6o on Hoxe1 kocny1Lcn acex. e xenan amnyc1n1L pycckn naunonannsH na none
neranLno nonn1nuecko pen1enLnoc1n, saronnn ero a nopnonLe, anac1n npepepxaune
aepy1 onacnyk pnn o6uec1aa nonn1nueckyk nrpy, pa6o1ak1 na konqpon1aunk, na
o6oc1penne n 6es 1oro upeaa1o konqnnk1aHn o6c1anoakn.
acnH a napexpe na noame ac1peun - po canpannn.
[1] annm a6sau, kak n npepmpyun, 6mn nsLn1 pepakune ns 1ekc1a ny6nnkaunn a
esaancnHo rase1e.
[2] anpy 1oro, u1o un1npyeHme c1pokn Hon saknn1me ppysLn nopo npnaopn1 kak
pokasa1enLc1ao Hoe an1nnapopnoc1n, noa1opk specL caon cnoaa, nanncannme a
noneHnke c . nyukoao: opuepkny, u1o Ho noc1yna1 nocn1 ycnoanm xapak1ep: n
cpenak 1o-1o n 1o-1o, ecnn cnyun1cn 1o-1o. pak1oaka Hoe qpasm ampae1 ack
rny6nny pasnnun a Hoe n rnyukoacko ouenke nc1opnueckoro HoHen1a. a1Lnna
nyukoaa cun1ae1 a npnnunne aosHoxnmH (n kaxe1cn, paxe xenannmH) 1ako
noaopo1 co6m1n, sa ko1opmH a pycckoH c1ane acnmxne1 knaccoaan aona. a1o1
noaopo1 ceropnn a npnnunne ncknkuak naunc1o. apexpm nyukoao na 1o, u1o
pycckne pa6oune n kpec1Lnne uenoxny1cn - 1ue1nm. m kaxpo kne1ouko Hosra
ycnenn y6epn1Lcn a a1oH sa nc1ekuee pecn1nne1ne. yc1L nyukoaa ne napee1cn:
counanLno aonm y nac ne 6ype1. oHy ec1L aeckne counanLno-nc1opnueckne
npnunnm. a, n snak, rpe npope1 Ho qpon1 a cnyuae 1ako aonm, no a6conk1no
yaepen, u1o aoeaa1L c pyccknHn pa6ounHn n kpec1LnnaHn Hne a xnsnn ne npnpe1cn.
npo1nanoH cnyuae n ne 6mn 6m c1onL o1kpoaenen. ona naun n pac n npn1oH
xec1ouauan! - yxe npe1, ona a pasrape. c1ok a a1oH okone nneuoH k nneuy co
aceHn pyccknHn knaccaHn n cocnoannHn, a 1oH uncne c pyccknHn pa6ounHn n
kpec1LnnaHn.
HE HE MXE HYHH
23 HERR 2002 r. M s n
n H r n r
x - vm . H.B.
X. v n .. , m
. B nrm m v, r
x . x n n, v
nn x r . s
n HQH .H. n
(n x), , ,
nv m.
oun1L a cop1npe on rposnncn
ex, k1o nece1 a occnk sno.
126
o ane cop1npa o6Hounncn,
orpa o1 cnoa po pen pouno.
ocnoanme nanpaanennn any1penne n aneune nonn1nkn y1nna,
nackonLko onn coo1ae1c1ayk1 nn1epecaH pycckoro napopa, nackonLko coanapak1 c
nanpaanennnHn pycckoro panxennn ceropnn.
HYEHHRR HRHHK
1. m anpnH: 6enan apona npocmnae1cn. ocne 50 ne1 kocHononn1nuecko
pnk1a1ypm a apone nopnnnncL nkpn, npen n nac1poennn, ko1opme n nasoay kopo1ko:
naun. pocmnak1cn o1 ponroro noHpauennn eaponeckne napopm. ac1pnn - 1annn
- cnannn - enLrnn - annn - aeuapnn. ocnepnn npnHep - panunn. osynr
e ena panunn - pnn qpanuysoa! ycnmuan n aoc1pe6oaan HnnnnonaHn.
occnn 1akxe nponcxopn1 Hounm 1ek1onnueckn cpanr o6uec1aennmx oxnpann.
H BHO, n - n x! 1998 .
43% n, 2000 - 49%, 2002 , u n, -
58%! pnueH, u1o ouenL aaxno, ecnn a 1998 r. a1o1 nosynr xapak1epnsoaann
HakcnHanLno o1pnua1enLno 30%, 1o ceropnn - nnuL 20%, 1.e. npnHepno c1onLko,
ckonLko a occnn aoo6ue nepyccknx. a1o snaun1, u1o pnn acex pyccknx on ecnn n ne
anonne npneHneH (npneHnk1 nonnoc1Lk yxe 72,5% pyccknx), 1o ace xe npneHneH c
oroaopkaHn.
kako Hepe yun1maae1 ace a1o npesnpen1? a nn a kako. o1oan1 naH ppakonoackn
sakon o 6opL6e c akc1peHnsHoH.
nyno? a, rnyno. o1oHy u1o ecnn na ny1n aecennero no1oka aospanrny1L
nckycc1aennyk nperpapy, aopa cHe1e1 n nperpapy, n ee c1pon1ene. cnn anac1L
saronn1 pycckn npo1ec1 a nopnonLe, ona nonyun1 pycckn o1ae1, ko1oporo ne
oxnpae1.
2. aaa1e acnoHnnH ns6npa1enLnyk kaHnannk. e rnaanm, xo1n n neo6Lnanennm,
nosynr 6mn: cnpaaepnnaoe aosHespne. cnoHnnH, kakne ropm koHnpoHa1a
aospanranncL c o6enx ocnoanmx npo1nao6opc1aykunx c1opon. cnoHnnH, kak nLunny
rposnnn yuac1Lk ayuecky. nanornunme yrposm sayuann n no appecy narepn
yxkoaa.
1n yrposm ac1peuann ropnuyk noppepxky y ns6npa1enn. 6e c1oponm aoack
akcnnya1npoaann xaxpy cnpaaepnnaoc1n acero nacenennn. axpy osHespnn.
ao1 yxe paa ropa npaan1 noam npesnpen1. 1onena nn a1a xaxpa xo1L a Hano
Hepe? nuy1L. 1o ns 1ex, koro kneHnnn c akpana a 1999 ropy, nonec sacnyxennoe
nakasanne? nLunn, narpaxpennm amcunH oppenoH occnn? pyrne
amcokonoc1aanennme nnua? cnoHnnH ykas N1 n.o. npesnpen1a napnHnpa
y1nna o1 31 peka6pn 1999 ropa rapan1nnx npesnpen1y poccncko qepepaunn,
npekpa1naueHy ncnonnenne caonx nonnoHoun, n unenaH ero ceHLn.
yuue nnnkc1paune k ckasannoHy nanne1cn cypL6a na1onnn y6aca na qone
amHepsannn c1panm snHo 2000/2001 rr. nepre1nueckn kpnsnc ec1L npnHoe
cnepc1ane ne 1onLko pykoaopc1aa co c1oponm a1oro ampakuerocn
Henepxepa, no - a nepayk ouepepL - npoaepenno no ero ykaske npnaa1nsaunn
a. x ecnn koro n kapa1L sa necnmxannoe nspeaa1enLc1ao nap nkpLHn - 1o nHenno
y6aca. pnako c ponxnoc1n cne1en ne acepoccnckn annepren, a ero rnaanme
aparn - asppa1enko, aapnn n paHoa. 1o, anpoueH, yxe ne aonpoc akonoHnkn, n
paxe ne aonpoc Hopann - a1o aonpoc nonn1nkn. kpann 1y1 - npesnpen1 y1nn.
127
oueHy y6ac nonLsye1cn 6esnakasannoc1Lk? o1oHy u1o y1nn ne cHee1 caH peua1L
pannm aonpoc. y6ac - unen Hnpoaoro npaan1enLc1aa, epnnc1aennm poccnckn
unen nnLpep6eprckoro kny6a (unenckn 6nne1 N63). n - cHo1pnun no occnn o1
Hnpoaoro npaan1enLc1aa. y1nna pykn kopo1kn npo1na ..
3. qeapane 2000 ropa a neckonLknx naunonan-na1pno1nuecknx rase1ax 6mn
ony6nnkoaan caopnm cnncok 1pe6oaann pnpa pyccknx oprannsaun:
HAKA3 HE3HQEHTY OCCHH. HTO HEOBXOQHO CQEHATB B HEBYK
OHEEQB.
3A /ECHTB n nck ck Pccn , rn
yx, akMck n. H a cn
yMmn, kMy ny kM r ycckr yr k
Pcc <.>.
m TEBYE:
1. Hc ckM cyM c , k a cynn,
M: F, En r cM, Eckr, yc, F,
M, Kk, Hm, K, Yc, AM, CMnckr,
Fk, L, Fycckr, HM, Hc yr cyck M.
c ccc kqck, yk y y rcycy.
2. Hnc y rcycr CMH ycck
c n.
3. Hc n ky k ,
ck n c ymM k. cy. Hn
, cyc (knn aq), -Mmn kMnkc,
n-arck kMnkc cc Mn.
4. Kqck c Myc qc Mq, ykm kck kn y
rx. 3 c a cc y rxM c kn nc. Hc
ckM cyM c k Unr Ek Mq,
cccm kckMy qcMy rn .
5. Ocn nrn, nc UkM c c
yn, cn n y Mnc aMcc. H yn,
cn y, qcn nrn ckyn c cn n
McnMy qnn. HM c kMcc ycck ,
kn cn, ky mn x k aM yn, k
n. - cy. c Myc, a y
yn, - kqck ny rcyc. /nnc Uk c
cM xck kn nc FcyM.
6. Oc ny cMc Pcc M kky Mq
r (MO, E, MEPP ..). Hny kny a Mxy qc,
y c, cy.
7. Tn cn c nrM Pcc MxyM qcM qcM
(MO, E ..). Hc n ccn: k kk cn a
cnr Pcc. c ckM cyM. /nr
. Hn ck c Hn CLA r
Mxrcyc qc rn Pcc c
ny kny, y rcyc r Pcc.
128
8. 3 cy xy Mn. n n Mn - nk
rxM Pcc, MM r rxc.
9. cc c rqy nc .
10. cc yrn k n rMckcynM.
11. cc ck kck nM M cy
cMy k c nxk cynn, M cn k
rn c kk.
12. 3 Pcc mccky ry rc .
13. m nk cnx c KM, H, ckM
cnMckM MM.
14. Yxc m nky m k Hn CLA n
nr nMck m <.>.
16. n n, kr , c knc
nn k kM kn c c
nc (n r kn), cn qMn ckcyn
<.>.
20. 3 knMy ry k cr <.>.
23. H yccky n c M cc.
24. Hk y Pcc ycckM MMrM. c Mxy
crnm Mr. / Mr, ncn Pcc
k c.
25. Hn k k ycq.
ocne ony6nnkoaannn amuenpnaepennmx 1pe6oaann npouno paa c nnunnH ropa.
n1a1enL caH anpn1, u1o ns a1oro cnncka nnuero ne c6mnocL.
a a1o apeHn y1nn pasouapoaan paxe 1ex, k1o nckpenne npnae1c1aoaan Hnorne
naunnannn npesnpen1a. pesnpen1 ne cyHen poaec1n po konua caon aonm - c
ueuenuaHn, c onnrapxaHn, c ry6epna1opaHn n cenapa1nsHoH (apHnnnc1pa1nanan
peqopHa), aespe nouen na nonn1nyk. opL6a y1nna c pasnmHn npo1nannkaHn
kaxpm pas oc1aanne1 aneua1nenne cnop1nanoro coc1nsannn, korpa aecL san yaepen,
u1o 6opum ypy1 c koapa poHo uenmHn-neapepnHmHn. epo6n1mHn - c 1oukn
spennn 6oua, aonna. ero nonn1nka n aoennoe peno, a o1nnune o1 cnop1a, ne 1epnn1.
1o kacae1cn n ueuenuea, n onnrapxoa, n cenapa1nc1oa (cp. noayk konc1n1yunk
a1apc1ana).
y1nn - ne aonn, ne 6oeu. n - cnop1cHen c coo1ae1c1aykue ncnxonorne n yHenneH
aqqek1no pa6o1a1L na ny6nnky. a6o1a1L sa 6annm n annopncHen1m. o ne papn
nc1nnnoro pena.
4. pue acero a1o anpno na npnHepe eunn. co6enno ceropnn, na qone pasrpoHa
1ann6oa a qrannc1ane. ponopunn naunx no1epL neconoc1aanHm c 1eH, u1o Hm
anpnH a qrannc1ane y aHepnkanuea. eune aona npe1 yxe aoceHL ne1, c 1994
ropa! onua aone ne anpno[1].
129
o xyxe acero 1o, u1o y y1nna ne1 npoek1a rpaHo1noro nonn1nueckoro peuennn
ueuencko npo6neHm. op nporpaHHy no aocc1anoanennk akonoHnkn n counanLno
cqepm eunn ampenenm orpoHnme, uypoanunme penLrn - 14 Hnpp. py6ne a rop[2]!
1n penLrn amny1m a ocnoanoH ns pycckoro kapHana (n6o pycckne coc1aannk1 85%
nanoronna1enLunkoa c1panm) n onn ncuesny1, kak n ace npepmpyune, pasopy1cn no
nepyccknH, a 6m1L Hoxe1, paxe n neueuencknH cue1aH. x nepononyua1 naun,
pycckne, pe1n, yun1enn, apaun, oqnuepm n conpa1m, nencnonepm.
a u1o xe Hm, pycckne, nna1nH (ne 1onLko penLraHn, no n kpoaLk)? a 1o, u1o6m a
coc1aae naue c1panm oc1ancn Hnnnnon n c ? a 1o, u1o6m
coxpann1L seHnn, ko1opme ceuac nyc1yk1 (kasakn n aoo6ue pycckne 1ypa apnp nn
aepny1cn), no 6ypy1-1akn sacenenm noamHn nokonennnHn n c ?
a 1o, u1o6m ns pasopenno eunn pac1ekanncL no occnn, paccennnncL npoHex nac
noame no1okn n c (ceropnn nx npoxnaae1 a naue c1pane sa
npepenaHn eunn yxe 6onee 700 1mc. uenoaek!)? 1nononn1nueckan yrposa
oc1aanennn a coc1aae occnn, na Ho asrnnp, ropaspo onacnee
reononn1nuecko yrposm y1pa1m H .
y1nn ne nHee1 o1ae1a na a1n aonpocm.
5. ueH 6mna akonoHnueckan cy1L an1nnapopnoro pexnHa nLunna? o-nepamx, a
orpa6nennn nacenennn nop amaecko npnaa1nsaunn, a nepepaue necHe1nmx 6ora1c1a,
panee pacnpepennaunxcn cpepn acero napopa uepes roc6kpxe1, ne6onLuoHy
konnuec1ay uac1nmx nnu. o-a1opmx, a necnmxannoH no Hacu1a6aH ponycke
nnoc1panuea k 6ora1c1aaH occnn. akoro sakona cornauennnx o paspene
npopykunn, kak y nac, nosaonnkuero pasrpa6nn1L rocypapc1ao, ne1 nn a opno
pasanaakuecn c1pane Hnpa - nn a qpnke, nn a a1nncko Hepnke - nnrpe.
3 sn u u, n n m ,
xu u H.
nnLnee, ueH no ppyrnH napopaH, a1o orpa6nenne ypapnno nHenno no pycckoHy
napopy, ko1opm 6mn n oc1ae1cn ocnoanmH pa6o1nnkoH 6kpxe1no cqepm. pnHoe
nocnepc1ane a1oro ypapa npko nponannocL a peHorpaqnuecko kap1nne: nocnepnne
ne1 nn1L-uec1L a occnn poxpae1cn nopoany pyccknx n nepyccknx pe1e, npn 1oH, u1o
pycckne coc1aannk1 85%, a ace oc1anLnme napopm - acero 15% nacenennn.
amHnpae1 a ocnoanoH pycckoe nacenenne. 1ckpa - ocnoanoe pycckoe 1pe6oaanne a
o6nac1n akonoHnkn, o6ycnoanennoe nepaoc1enenno xnsnenno neo6xopnHoc1Lk:
naunonannsaunn npnpopnmx pecypcoa n c1pa1ernuecknx nponsaopc1a, aosapauenne nx
a pykn rocypapc1aa. 1o 1pe6oaanne pnk1ye1cn naH, pyccknH, nnc1nnk1oH amxnaannn.
1o - ycnoane, 6es ko1oporo nnkakne nporpaHHm aospoxpennn occnn neamnonnnHm.
osnunn y1nna a a1oH aonpoce nsaec1na. ak n a aonpoce o eHenLnoH kopekce n
xnnnuno-koHHynanLno peqopHe. na rapan1npye1: x
n.
6. ocnepnnn kannn a o6nac1n akonoHnkn, ko1opan Hoxe1 nepenonnn1L uauy pycckoro
1epnennn - a1o nepexop k npopaxe seHnn. ak nsaec1no, a spanne seHnk nenLsn
npopaaa1L, a Hoxno nnuL 6pa1L a apenpy. 6o kaxpan nnpL seHnn spannn canuenna
pnn eapeea. o pasae pnn pyccknx seHnn an1o ycn Henee can1a, ueH pnn eapeea -
seHnn peu cpaanL?
ce ckasannoe nop1aepxpae1: y1nn - a1o nLunn ceropnn. onLko eue 6onee
anac1onk6nam, nocnepoaa1enLnm n ynep1m (a Hm, nananme, pyHann, u1o a1o
neaosHoxno), m s x.
yx on-1o po6poaonLno a o1c1aaky ne ype1. paxe a pnn1enLnm sano, k
coxanennk, ne knne1cn.
130
7. eHorpaqnueckan npo6neHa. a cnoaax y1nn nonnHae1 ace ee nepaoc1enennoe
snauenne. o 1onLko na cnoaax.
Fn sqn sn n , x
- s ( x , x) u m,
u u x , x u
n . Bn, u , n -
x ,
. o cy1n, a1n sapaun payepnnm, n o1 nx peuennn saancn1 a npnHoH
cHmcne cnoaa 6nonornueckoe amxnaanne pycckoro napopa a nc1opnuecko
nepcnek1nae. pyxoano cqepe nH coo1ae1c1aye1 pec1aapaunn pycckoro
naunonanLnoro caHocosnannn, npeoponenne kpnsnca pyccko naunonanLno
npen1nunoc1n.
oka u1o nonn1nka n npeonornn oqnunanLno ny1nncko occnn pesko npo1naopeun1
a1nH sapauaH. onnkunH npnHepoH nannk1cn nepaanne amckasmaannn npeHLepa
nxanna acLnnoaa n Hnnnc1pa 1pypa nekcanppa ounnka no aonpocaH peHorpaqnn
n 1pypoao Hnrpaunn. ycnoannx 6espa6o1num cpepn poccncknx 1pypnunxcn onn
npepnarak1 unpokoHacu1a6nyk 1pypoayk nHHnrpaunk. npesnpen1 y1nn yxe
noppepxan nx na pene, o1kasaauncL o1 aaepennn ansoaoro pexnHa c sep6apxanoH
(a occnn npoxnaak1 2-3 Hnn. asep6apxanuea, exeropno amaosn ne Henee 2 Hnpp.
ponn., ne o6naraeHmx nanoraHn).
ounauee a 6ose nnnc1epc1ao no penaH qepepaunn, naunonanLno n Hnrpaunonno
nonn1nke ycneno pacnpoc1pann1L a kauec1ae oqnunanLnoro pokyHen1a onuenunk
Hnrpaunonno nonn1nkn occnn, nopro1oanennyk HnneH 6paHoanueH annmH n
napnHnpoH seanueH ykoHeneH, a coo1ae1c1ann c ko1opo sacenenne occnn
uae1nmHn n aoo6ue nnopopuaHn 6ype1 npoponxa1Lcn yckopennmHn 1eHnaHn, a
rnaano sapaue amc1aanne1cn npn a1oH npnan1ne kopennoHy nacenennk uyac1aa
1epnnHoc1n. 1peHncL npeapa1n1L occnk a o6ueuenoaeueckn oH epnnHoc1n,
aa1opm konuenunn n pa6o1nnkn npoqnnLnoro Hnnnc1epc1aa (a ocnoanoH, nnopopum),
pasyHee1cn, onnpanncL na yc1anoakn peHnn.
e k1o-nn6ypL, a renpnpek1op nnqopHaunonnoro anann1nueckoro aren1c1aa npn
npaanennn penaHn npespen1a nekcanpp rna1oa ykasmaae1 naH c1pa1ernueckyk
sapauy a o6nac1n peHorpaqnuecko nonn1nkn: Cc ccM ack
ccMnn qM n Mxn k rMM cnn
ack ry (1pa1ernn rno6annsaunonnoro nnpepc1aa pnn occnn. -
esaancnHan rase1a 07.09.00). akxe on noc1ynnpye1: cnoanmHn nc1ounnkaHn
1pypoamx pecypcoa pnn occnn Hoxno cun1a1L npnk n opek. o ec1L, rna1oa o1
nnua oqnunanLno n aecLHa o1ae1c1aenno c1pyk1ypm npepnarae1 nopxopm, ne 1onLko
npnHo npo1naononoxnme on1nHanLnmH, no n apaxpe6nme, ry6n1enLnme pnn pyccko
naunn. op c1a1Le kpeHneackoro unnoannka amcokoro panra ne1 nopnncn y1nna,
opnako, kak roaopn1cn, nonoxenne o6nsmaae1.
y1nn ne o1Hennn o1apa1n1enLnoe nacnepne enLunncko anoxn - poccnckn nacnop1
noaoro o6pasua, a ko1opoH o1cy1c1aye1 rpaqa naunonanLnoc1L. pn a1oH yxe panm
nekne oco6me aknapmun a nacnop1a 6auknpaH n 1a1apaH, ko1opme rpoHue, ueH
ppyrne napopm, ampaxann caoe aosHyuenne 1eH, u1o y nnx o1nnnn naunonanLnoc1L.
ycckne aosHyuenm a1nH o1nkpL ne HenLue, opnako naH npesnpen1 nnkaknx
aknapmue paxe ne o6euae1.
8. akoneu, caHoe, Hoxe1 6m1L, ckaepnoe - a1o peHonc1pa1nanoe nrnopnpoaanne
npo6neH pycckoro napopa, ero npaa n nn1epecoa. co6oro annHannn sacnyxnaae1
a1nounp - 6eckpoanm pyxoanm renounp - pycckoro napopa nocpepc1aoH
nnsaepennn, npoqanaunn n am1paanennn pyccko kynL1ypm. annuo nonn1nka
rocypapc1aenno pycoqo6nn. pnaepy paa npnHepa.
131
2001 r. yHy 6mn npepc1aanen sakononpoek1 pycckoH napope. - yuac1nnk
pa6oue rpynnm oHn1e1a no penaH naunonanLnoc1e, a neppax ko1oporo ro1oanncn
a1o1, xo1n n koHnpoHnccnm, nannna1nanm, nonoannua1m, no ace xe nyxnm
pyccknH sakononpoek1. eropnn a1o1 npoek1 nonoxen nop cykno no nac1on1enLno
pekoHenpaunn pHnnnc1paunn npesnpen1a. 1smam na nero oqnunanLnmx nnc1anun
- o1pnua1enLnme, apnp nn eHy cyxpeno yanpe1L cae1.
o poxopn1 n po o1kpm1o pnckpnHnnaunn nauero napopa. ak nan6onee npkn
npnHep npnaepy sanpe1 pnn pyccknx, a o1nnune o1 acex ppyrnx napopoa occnn,
pernc1pnpoaa1L caok epepanLnyk pycckyk naunonanLno-kynL1ypnyk aa1onoHnk,
necHo1pn na amnrpannoe naHn a cypax o6enx nnc1anun peno. nac1L nouna na
npnHoe napyuenne onc1n1yunn, npepnoxna sakon, qak1nueckn sanpeuakun
pyccknH cospaaa1L caon [3]. o1oHy u1o a npo1nanoH cnyuae npnpe1cn nosaonn1L
pyccknH caHnH onpepenn1L nanpaanennn n He1opm coxpanennn n pasan1nn pyccko
kynL1ypm, a a1oro pexnH ne Hoxe1 n ne xoue1 ponyc1n1L. anpe1 na pernc1paunk
ncxopn1 c caHoro aepxa: c1onL o1kpm1an pycoqo6nn ncnonnn1enLno anac1n -
uennkoH na coaec1n npesnpen1a.
Cm , 4u u-
u - u . O
mnx .
ce, u1o kacae1cn pycckoro napopa, - cnnukoH aaxno pnn occnn a uenoH n ne Hoxe1
npoxopn1L HnHo annHannn npesnpen1a. nk6oH cnyuaeH nHenno on nece1 ack
o1ae1c1aennoc1L sa ace, u1o rocypapc1aoH penae1cn a panno cqepe.
ue pas nopuepkny: aenea sacyny1L nop cykno sakononpoek1 pycckoH napope n
sanpe1na pernc1pnpoaa1L epepanLnyk pycckyk naunonanLno-kynL1ypnyk
aa1onoHnk, m qm. akoa ceropnn
kpaeyronLnm kaHenL naunonanLno nonn1nkn peHnn.
HEUHRR HRHHK
1. ckycc1aenno 1opHosn1cn npouecc o6Lepnnennn c enopyccne. aano yxe ponxen
6mn 6m1L ns6pan n naua1L pa6o1y coksnm napnaHen1. o a1oro - ne1. pnunna a 1oH,
u1o y1nn nm1ae1cn sac1aan1L ykauenko npnnn1L n npoaec1n a enopyccnn 1e xe
rn6enLnme nsHenennn, ko1opme yxe npoaepenm a occnn. ykauenko ynnpae1cn (on
nk6n1 cao napop), peno c1on1.
2. exnH nopno cpan pyccknx a pnpnec1poaLe, kak po a1oro - na kpanne, kak
aoo6ue nanneaan na pycckne npaaa n nn1epecm sa py6exoH. ne6 aanoackn
unnnuno ampasnncn npn nopro1oake k Lespy coo1euec1aennnkoa: aH rnaanoe
o1nnapn1L npesnpen1a, a 1aH xo1L 1paaa ne pac1n. pesnpen1a o1nnapnnn - 1paaa
ne pac1e1. o noaopy co6m1n a pnpnec1poaLe naua nap1nn pacnpoc1pannna
sananenne, ko1opoe ony6nnkoaano a ycckoH pon1e.
3. y1nny - amxopuy ns nan6onee aec1epnnsnpoaannoro ropopa occnn, npoaepueHy
nyuune ropm caoe xnsnn a epHannn - occnn, aosHoxno, npepc1aanne1cn apono.
1o neaepno kak a nayunoH, 1ak n a nonn1nueckoH o1nouennn. 1eH 6onee - a
o1nouennn npaac1aennoH. posanapnm kypc npesnpen1a - pokoaan oun6ka. a
anape ceropnn ne oc1anocL uennoc1e, ko1opme c1onno 6m saunua1L. 1o pac1nennan
unannnsaunn, rpe npepanm ace 1mcnuene1nne 1papnunn, rpe nsapauenm ace
ec1ec1aennme uenoaeueckne o1nouennn: Hexpy nokonennnHn, Hexpy nonaHn, Hexpy
naunonanLnoc1nHn n pacaHn; rpe uapn1 pasnyspannm uoannnsH HenLunnc1a, co
aceHn nspepxkaHn peHokpa1nn 6es rpannu, rpe rocnopc1aye1 npeonornn
132
naunonanLnoro n pacoaoro nepasnnuennn n cHeuennn, qeHnnnsH n cekcyanLnan
peaonkunn, aneunenonn1nueckan akcnancnn n arpeccnn, c1peHnenne pnk1oaa1L Hnpy
caok aonk n nonn1nka paonoro c1anpap1a. a, ceropnn eaponeum naunnak1
npospeaa1L koe-u1o, naunnak1 nopnnHa1L ronoay, no noka u1o po naunonanLnoro
amspopoanennn 1aH, kak po ne6ec.
1o xe Hm anpnH a cqepe aneune nonn1nkn o1 y1nna? oHnHo neoc1opoxnmx n
necknapnmx nporoaopok, ampakunx ero nc1nnnoe yHonac1poenne, apope npepnoxennn
cpena1L occnk unenoH , a1o:
1) a1nqnkaunn -2 n nocnepykuan cpaua acex Hexpynapopnmx nosnun occnn a
aoenno cqepe;
2) 1nrnaanne occnn ao a1opyk aqranckyk aony;
3) ponrpmu occne akaakasLn (anauane sep6apxana, sa1eH pysnn, a 1enepL,
kak anpno, yxe n pHennn) n pepne snn, a 1aH n asaxc1ana a nonLsy anapa, a
uac1noc1n . pn6an1nky Hm nponrpann yxe paano, ceuac nponrpmaaeH
onpaank; sa kpanny npak1nueckn ne 6opeHcn;
4) aycHmcnennan, a no cy1n, npepa1enLckan nonn1nka a o1nouennn n1an;
5) eyknonnan n nocnepoaa1enLnan nopua o1nouenn c HnpoH ncnaHa.
noaoH, nannuo pa6onennan nonm1ka noc1enn1L occnk nop norn 1opxec1aykue
sanapno unannnsaunn, sa qacapoH ko1opo c1on1 konconnpnpoaannm eapeckn
kann1an. eropnn y1nn anoaL yro1oaan naH ponL nocnyunmx xononoa (nok),
pepxaunx a rno6anLnoH npo1naoc1onnnn un1 Hexpy cnonnsnpoaannmH anapoH, c
opno c1oponm, kn1acknH oc1okoH n HycynLHancknH Kro-oc1okoH - c ppyro. a
Ho asrnnp, a1o npec1ynnenne nepep occne n aceHn ee kopennmHn napopaHn. 1o
npnHo ny1L k 6eccnaano konunne nauero napopa. yHep 6epnm pa6 y nor
neno6epnHoro anapmkn, - no qopHyne yuknna.
4. ann1accenune aneune nonn1nkn y1nna nanne1cn nponspannLckan nosnunn,
sann1an occne na nnxneH oc1oke. o1opan nens6exno c1anknaae1 nac co aceH
HycynLHancknH HnpoH. o nHn uero Hm ponxnm, nrnopnpyn, Hexpy npounH, nosnunk
1pesaekue aponm, o1aepny1Lcn o1 HycynLHan n npo1nny1L pyky eapenH? eH
Ho1nanpye1 a1y nosnunk y1nn? eH, u1o a spanne, anpn1e nn, npoxnaae1 Hnnnnon
naunx 6maunx coo1euec1aennnkoa. nmHn cnoaaHn, Hm ponxnm noppepxa1L Hnnnnon
nkpe, ko1opme ace a caoe apeHn nanneaann na nauy occnk, o1pnxnynn co caonx nor
ee npax n yka1nnn a caok spannoaky. a 1o xe apeHn Hm ponxnm o1aepny1Lcn o1
Hnornx Hnnnnonoa HycynLHan, nacennkunx nauy c nnHn o6uyk opnny, paano yxe
xnayunx c pyccknHn a Hnpe, - o1 1a1ap, 6auknp, kasaxoa, ka6appnnuea, parec1anuea,
6ankapuea... ak roaapnaan a nopo6nmx cnyuanx anepan, a1o xyxe ueH
npec1ynnenne - a1o oun6ka.
nn 1oro, u1o6m onpaapa1L caok 6nnxneaoc1ounyk nonn1nky n sa1kny1L po1
kpn1nkaH, pexnH amnyxpen acnueckn noporpeaa1L, paspyaa1L npo1naoc1onnne Hexpy
pyccknHn n HycynLHanaHn. n pnn koro ne cekpe1, k npnHepy, u1o 1.n. apnumnckn
norpoH 6mn sakasan pHnnnc1paune npesnpen1a. e cnyuano 1nee1 n ueuenckan
aona. oxno nepeuncnn1L eue Hnoxec1ao qak1oa n qak1nkoa, canpe1enLc1aykunx o
1oH, u1o pyccko-HycynLHanckne o1nouennn nckycc1aenno ppaHa1nsnpyk1cn anac1Lk.
onn1no, saueH a1o nyxno pexnHy y1nna: u x
u, . o nyxno nn a1o naH, pyccknH?
eun1enLno: ne1.
133
* * *
1ak, konc1a1npyeH: npesnpen1 y1nn no aceH asnHy1aH any1penne n aneune
nonn1nkn sannn ue1kne nosnunn, pnaHe1panLno npo1naononoxnme nn1epecaH n
uannnnH pycckoro napopa.
m ne anpnH 1y1 po6pocoaec1nmx sa6nyxpenn nnn nepononnHannn co c1oponm
npesnpen1a. m anpnH a amcue c1enenn pacue1nnayk n rn6enLnyk pnn naue
c1panm nonn1nky, nonnoc1Lk npoponxakuyk kypc op6aueaa n nLunna. m ne
co6npaeHcn Hnpn1Lcn c a1o nonn1nko.
H-Qx n r n
r, v n , vr
x n x n H.
M r , .
M m !
Hun N4-5(54-55), 2002 .
[1] eropnn, nocne y6nc1aa npesnpen1a eunn xHapa apmpoaa, a1o oco6enno
oueanpno.
[2] epaano . peq no1pe6oaan yaennun1L a nn1L (!) pas accnrnoaannn na
aocc1anoanenne eunn.
[3] eropnn a1o1 sakon npnnn1 n pec1aye1, npepoc1aannn npaao na 1onLko pnn
1ex napopoa, ko1opme okasanncL a cn1yaunn naunonanLnoro HenLunnc1aa, 1.e. ne
pnn pyccknx.
RHHHR 4H
(n H r N3-4, 2001)
ERH XHM HBEQHB
- snaun1 6m1L aonnoH, - roaopnn nerenpapnm y1ysoa. konLko
pas Hm penoH pokasmaann a1y npek! u1o 6mna 6m pycckan nc1opnn, ecnn amknkun1L
ns nee ace naun nerenpapnme no6epm? m yHenn no6expa1L, Hm npnamknn
no6expa1L.
oueHy xe ceropnn Hm no6expenm? o1oHy u1o nsHennnncL npaanna aonm,
nnc1pyHen1m coapeHenno aonm yxe coaceH ne 1e, u1o npexpe, n 1pe6oaannn k
conpa1y ona npepLnanne1 1oxe coaceH ppyrne. nsnueckne cnnm, noakoc1L, o1aara,
amnocnnaoc1L, naamkn 6on n ppyrne aocne1me a aekax kauec1aa pycckoro conpa1a,
c1onLko pas 6nec1nue nponanennme a noneamx ycnoannx, ceropnn Hory1 peun1L ncxop
nnuL cpaxennn, no ne kaHnannn. a n caHn kaHnannn npo1ekak1 1enepL o1nkpL ne na
nonnx cpaxenn.
134
npoxopn1 nnnnn nespnHoro qpon1a, paspennkuan pycckn napop o1 ero
aparoa? ankn n 6npxn, c1pannum rase1 n akpanm 1eneansopoa, ka6nne1m nonn1nkoa
n kynyapm napnaHen1oa, sanm cypoa - o1 npoc1oro paonnoro po onc1n1yunonnoro.
o1oaa nn pycckan apHnn k 6ok na a1nx nonnx n amco1ax? okcL, u1o ne1.
naun1 - napo yun1Lcn aoeaa1L sanoao, nepenocn ace nyuune 6ouoackne kauec1aa
pycckoro uenoaeka na noam o6paseu napopnoro conpa1a. m ponxnm cospa1L noayk
pycckyk apHnk - pyccknx 6anknpoa n xypnannc1oa, nonn1nkoa n kpnc1oa,
anapekunx nn1ennek1yanLnmHn 1exnonornnHn caHoo6ponm 6es opyxnn n ro1oamx
cpaxa1Lcn sa cao napop.
cnn xo1nH no6epn1L.

YKHE 3KHE
a ocypapc1aenno yHe paccHa1pnaae1cn pnp sakononpoek1oa, o1 ko1opmx
saancn1 cypL6a pycckoro napopa. e1mpe ns nnx ,
x r n,
r n
- npnHo sa1parnaak1 aaxneune ocnoam
pyccko xnsnepen1enLnoc1n.
ycckan o6uec1aennoc1L o6 a1oH npak1nueckn ne nnqopHnpoaana, na cn1yaunk ona ne
annne1 nnkak. opnn npekpacnm penL Hm HoxeH npocny1Lcn n o6napyxn1L, u1o
naua xnsnL yxe sarnana a xec1kne paHkn, npnueH coaceH ne 1e, kakne 6m xo1enocL.
ueH npnunna 1akoro annHannn amcuero sakonopa1enLnoro oprana c1panm k
naunonanLnmH (pyccknH, a uac1noc1n) npo6neHaH? o-nepamx, po anac1e nakoneu
pouno, u1o un n (no1pe6noc1L a ko1opo orpoHna npn 1oH npenoH
aakyyHe, u1o o6pasoaancn c kpyuenneH koHHynnsHa) - u
u. ao-a1opmx, a c1pane, na 85% nacenenno opnnH napopoH
(pyccknHn) nenLsn ns a1oro napopa 6eckoneuno pena1L qnrypy yHonuannn. ceropnn,
korpa pycckne, nakoneu-1o, nepec1ann aosnara1L ace napexpm na rocypapc1ao, nauann
ncka1L peanLnme ny1n k caHooprannsaunn, nauann ocosnaaa1L co6c1aennme
naunonanLnme nn1epecm n ace ncnee n ue1ue qopHynnpoaa1L caon 1pe6oaannn, nepep
anac1nHn oc1po ac1ana sapaua cmrpa1L na onepexenne n u
m n.
eH onpepenne1cn konqnnk1 npe aokpyr ykasannmx sakononpoek1oa? 1onknoaenneH
nn1epecoa: c opno c1oponm - pycckoro napopa, c ppyro - 1ex 15% nacenennn,
ko1opme ne axopn1 a coc1aa pyccknx. ko1opme xo1enn 6m noc1aan1L pycckn napop a
ypo6noe pnn nnx nonoxenne, Hano cun1ancL c ero xnsnennmHn no1pe6noc1nHn.
a uLe c1opone ceropnn nepeaec? a c1opone ocnoanoro napopa c1panm nnn 1ex
15%? uLnx pykax naxopn1cn peuenne naunx, pyccknx, xnsnenno aaxnmx npo6neH?
1o pnk1ye1 c1pane caok aonk?
a a1n caHme 15% npnxopn1cn 175 (no nocnepne c1a1nc1nke) naunonanLnoc1e!
asanocL 6m, nec1pm, neopnopopnm coc1aa, y kaxporo napopa caon npo6neHm, caon
npo1naopeunn. pnako a pannoH aonpoce onn ace amc1ynak1 saopno npo1na pyccknx
nn1epecoa. eue nac1ounao 1pe6yk1: u u
135
n - C u,
. pyccknx - opnn. y kaxporo nepycckoro - no opnoHy. 1oro:
175 npo1na opnoro a nk6oH aaxnoH aonpoce, papoH u1o a1o1 opnn npepc1aanne1 85%
nacenennn c1panm. poo6pasoH 1akoro oae1a c1ana ccaH6nen napopoa occnn,
cospannan 6maunH Hnnnc1poH naunonanLnoc1e, nsaec1nmH ppyroH pycckoro
napopa aHasanoH 6pyna1nnoamH. a1o ccaH6nee (c 1aknH ko HnoroHy
o6nsmaakunH nasaanneH!) pycckn napop, nonn1noe peno, ne nHee1 oqnunanLnmx n
nonnoHounmx npepc1aan1ene aoo6ue.
KKHE KQm EUK E?
K yxe ceropnn nepycckne napopm occnn cao pnk1a1 a
naunonanLnoH aonpoce? nepayk ouepepL - nocpepc1aoH pacc1anoakn kappoa.
aua1L c 1oro, u1o ace ropm npaanennn nLunna ero coae1nnkoH no naunonanLnmH
npo6neHaH 6mn 3 v H.
cnoanme npo6neHm naunonanLno xnsnn peuanncL a epepanLno Hnrpaunonno
cnyx6e (), nnnc1epc1ae no penaH naunonanLnoc1e n oHn1e1e no penaH
naunonanLnoc1e ocpyHm. ak 1aH o6c1on1 peno c kappaHn?
aosrnaannnn nocnepoaa1enLno: eapeka r, accnpneu K, oce1nn
Xr. porpaHHy rocypapc1aenno Hnrpaunonno nonn1nkn paspa6a1maann
ynoHnny1m HnnL ann n pnpek1op en1pa a1nononn1nuecknx n pernonanLnmx
nccnepoaann Hv M.
popn1ecL no kopnpopaH nnnaua: y aac sapn6n1 a rnasax o1 nepyccknx qaHnnn.
pepn Hnnnc1poa a1oro aepoHc1aa sa nocnepnne ropm no6maann n aaapeu
n, n eape n, a yx ecnn c1aannn pyccknx, 1o 1aknx, u1o opnn
(Mx) nepamH penoH pasornan enap1aHen1 no npo6neHaH pycckoro napopa, a
a1opo (Bx) pasornan paxe oc1aauncn nocne 1oro kpoxo1nm 1pen pycckoro
napopa caoero Hnnnc1epc1aa n apo6aaok anec a npaan1enLc1ao caepxpycoqo6ckne
nonpaakn k sakony naunonanLno-kynL1ypno aa1onoHnn (o nnx - nnxe).
1o npepc1aannn a1n nonpaakn a oHn1e1e no penaH naunonanLnoc1e ocpyHm?
aHHnnnc1pa R X (1a1apka) n saH. nauanLnnka
penap1aHen1a, nenocpepc1aenno nonpaakn ro1oanauero, 3 K
(6ypn1ka). 1o noppepxan nx na a1oH naHn1noH sacepannn?
pepc1aan1enL eapecko qepepanLno n, npepc1aan1enL
ykpanncko qepepanLno -Q.
u1o co6o npepc1aanne1 caH oHn1e1 no penaH naunonanLnoc1e ? o1 ero
coc1aa: npepcepa1enL H (, ykpanneu), saHnpep K-
Bv (1yanneu), saHnpep (ypHyp1ka), unenm r
Bxn (6ypn1), B (pycckn), r (6auknp),
H (, pycckn, no ppyrnH pannmH - kacnHoackn 1a1apnn),
K (, pycckn), x (ueueneu). ak
anpnH, ns pean1n unenoa - 1onLko paoe 6esycnoano pyccknx, pa n 1e
nn1epnaunonannc1m no nap1nno npnnapnexnoc1n. a o6cyxpennn sakonoa,
kacakunxcn pycckoro napopa, n ne anpen n ne cnmuan nx nn pasy. npnHo, y nnx ec1L
pena noaaxnee.
<.>
136
ne Hory n ne xouy ckasa1L nnuero nnoxoro o penoamx n uenoaeuecknx kauec1aax
acex nasaannmx nkpe. 1onLko xouy nopuepkny1L, u1o nHenno a1n nkpn pepxa1
ceropnn a caonx pykax cypL6y 150-Hnnnnonnoro pycckoro napopa a occnn n sa ee
npepenaHn.
1o cnpaaepnnao?
m poaepneuL nH caok cypL6y, Ho pycckn un1a1enL?
137
Q3QER
nynk1oa, no ko1opmH, kak nokasmaae1 npak1nka pe6a1oa, pycckne
pacxopn1cn c nepyccknHn na pnaHe1panLno npo1naononoxnme nosnunn.
B-x, a1o npnsnanne pycckoro napopa - ne 1onLko kopennmH n 1n1ynLnmH, no n
m . osnunn
nepyccknx nekone6nHa: ace 1e napopm occnn nannk1cn rocypapc1aoo6pasykunHn,
ko1opme pa6o1ak1 na ykpennenne, a ne na paspyuenne c1panm. o cpepn nnx aepL
Hory1 okasa1Lcn n knprnsm, n 1apxnkn, n asep6apxanum, n nerpm, n ronnanpum.
ace onn 6ypy1 rocypapc1aoo6pasykune?
6cypp! pnako c 6onLunH cHmcnoH. ycck cM
rcycyM M k c nn cr x c
c rcyc m k ycckM. snaun1, c npnannernpoaannmH pe-
qak1o nonoxenneH nepyccknx a occnn 6ype1 nokonueno. o1 a ueH cy1L
npo1naoc1onnnn no a1oHy aonpocy.
B-x, a1o npnsnanne occnn u, a ne HnoronaunonanLno
c1pano. osnunn nepyccknx: a onc1n1yunn sakpenneno, xo1L n ne pasLncneno,
nonn1ne HnoronaunonanLnm napop, snaun1 - n c1pana 1oxe HnoronaunonanLnan.
o1nam nx nenpnn1nn cH. amue. ornkn - nn na rpou, no nosnunn 1aeppan.
B-ux, 6eckoneuno aaxnee noppepxnaa1L ne a6conk1nyk uncnennoc1L pycckoro
napopa (naH npnxopnnocL pepxa1L ropaspo 6onLuyk 1eppn1opnk ropaspo HenLunH
uncnoH xn1ene), a ero u . 1o epnnc1aennan
rapan1nn uenoc1noc1n n npouae1annn occnn n nauero, pycckoro naunonanLnoro
ponrone1nn. o ycck nm cr ncn M c ynr c ycck
(acnoHnnH nc1epnky aHneaa, axnHoaa n yueaa a o1ae1 na aoccoepnnenne c
enopyccne: npnunna nHenno a a1oH). pn a1oH onn n , ccn,
6yp1o poc1 ypenLnoro aeca pyccknx c1ane1 poc1nra1Lcn ne sa cue1 npnpoc1a pycckoro
nacenennn, a sa cue1 y6m1nn nepycckoro. 6cypp?! o nHenno 1ak, k npnHepy,
apryHen1npoaan arn6 nHaea na sacepannn koHnccnn oHnaua caok 1ouky spennn na
sakononpoek1 pycckoH napope.
B-x, 6onesnennyk peakunk nepyccknx amsmaae1 y1aepxpenne
, mn ,
. axe HnpnmH ny1eH. /cnn k k - c
M x: c yn c ycck c, a a1oro nnkak ponyc1n1L nenLsn.
o npepnoroH amc1aanne1cn aosHoxnoc1L pnnnoHa1nuecknx ocnoxnenn c kpanno,
asaxc1anoH, c1onne.
B-nx, nepycckne paxe n cnmua1L ne xo1n1 ,
XX x n .
asmrpmaak1cn uenme cnek1aknn c penannmH aosHyuenneH no noaopy napyHanno
npo6neHm renounpa pyccknx. aH npepnarak1 ace sa6m1L n cnnca1L, a 1o, Hon,
n naH Hory1 npepLnan1L cue1a sa renounp n 1. n. uenapnc1 n pexnccep a1nx
cnek1akne nsaec1en - a1o 1o1, na koH nexn1 ocnoanan o1ae1c1aennoc1L sa caHm
c1paunm renounp pycckoro napopa - apeHen peaonkunn, rpapxancko aonm n
nocnepykunx pecn1nne1n. 1o1 xe pexnccep, onacancL konkypenunn, ne xoue1,
u1o6m Hm nopnnHann aonpoc o naueH renounpe co c1oponm neHuea a 1941-1945 rr.,
n6o c 1oukn spennn a1oro pexnccepa, onokoc1 Hoxe1 6m1L 1onLko opnn (n 1onLko
opnn nonyua1enL pnanpenpoa c oa-6nsneca).
ouno 1ak xe nepycckne aospaxak1 npo1na n
x , nHekunx npaao na pea6nnn1aunk co aceHn
138
am1ekakunHn ns a1oro nonn1nuecknHn n akonoHnuecknHn nocnepc1annHn. pecL nHn
pykoaopn1 o6munan xapnoc1L, 6onsnL, u1o nonan1cn eue opnn yuac1nnk paspena
6kpxe1noro nnpora.
B-mx, qm x u n
(ceropnn ona paccHa1pnaae1cn a nopnpke c1. 282
kak npec1ynnenne cpepne 1nxec1n, n sa nee eue nnkoro ne ocypnnn - npnHep
c pycoqo6c1aykunH , 6esnakasanno cpaannaunH pyccknx co cannLnHn, y acex
nepep rnasaHn). o nepycckne paxe n cnmua1L ne xo1n1 o 1ako noc1anoake aonpoca.
akoam ocnoanme npnnunnnanLnme nosnunn, no ko1opmH pyccknH ne ypae1cn poc1nuL
asanHononnHannn n cornacnn c nepyccknHn a occnn.
KK KQm EUK
YQBBY YKHX RKQEH
, aepneHcn k sakonaH, ro1oanunHcn yHo.
1. akononpoek1 6ype1 amnecen na napnaHen1ckne cnyuannn
25 Han cero ropa. poek1 yxe nopro1oanen oHn1e1oH no penaH naunonanLnoc1e
(on pasHeuen uennkoH na c. 10-11 aHec1e c anL1epna1nanmH npoek1oH). npnnnHan
yuac1ne a ero paspa6o1ke, c1peHncL sa6noknpoaa1L nenyxnme n apepnme nonoxennn.
uenoH npoek1 nenLsn nasaa1L nnoxnH, no nenLsn nasaa1L n xopounH. n, na Ho
asrnnp, ne apepen pnn nac, no n, m .
akononpoek1 ne nop1aepxpae1 nn nau c1a1yc kak epnnc1aennoro
rocypapc1aoo6pasykuero napopa (a nonnoH coo1ae1c1ann c nc1opne n
pec1an1enLnoc1Lk), nn c1a1yc occnn kak HononaunonanLno c1panm, nn
neo6xopnHoc1L noppepxnaa1L ypenLnm aec pycckoro napopa a coc1aae poccnckoro
nacenennn, nn qak1 renounpa pycckoro napopa n neo6xopnHoc1L npeoponennn ero
nocnepc1an, nn oco6yk onacnoc1L pycoqo6nn, c1pauno paspyun1enLno pnn acero
rocypapc1aa a uenoH.
noaoH, ns uec1n amuenpnaepennmx nonoxenn, nannkunxcn pnn pycckoro napopa
nan6onee xnsnenno aaxnmHn, no ka1eropnueckn o1aepraeHmx poccncknHn
nnopopuaHn, a npoek1 aouno 1onLko opno: o paspenennoH nonoxennn epnno pyccko
naunn n ee npaae na aoccoepnnenne. ce oc1anLnoe - o1aeprny1o.
pnako Hoxno ne coHneaa1Lcn, u1o paxe a 1akoH ypesanoH anpe sakononpoek1
amsoae1 6euenoe conpo1nanenne a yHe, coc1onue, no neko1opmH pannmH, na pae
1pe1n ns nepyccknx nkpe. oxno aoo6pasn1L, kako o1nop 6ype1 pan eHy co c1oponm
eapecknx qpakun - R n H, pa n co c1oponm pycoqo6c1aykunx
peny1a1oa ns ppyrnx qpakun, 1aknx, kak B n
4 (pnnc1ao) nnn neko1opme koHHynnc1m-nn1epnaunonannc1m.
2. akononpoek1 r 1akxe Hoxno
oxapak1epnsoaa1L kak a uenoH ne apepnm (xo1n neaosHoxno cHnpn1Lcn c 1eH
akuen1oH, ko1opm cpenan a neH na konc1n1yunonnoH npaae a pecny6nnkax
aaopn1L nnme rocypapc1aennme nsmkn kpoHe pycckoro; no a1o qynpaHen1anLnm
nepoc1a1ok cnoanoro, a ne pannoro, sakona). pnako n a neH ec1L aaxneuee
ynyuenne. ero cy1n roaopn1 pnanor, nposayuaaun na sacepannn pa6oue rpynnm
no nopro1oake sakononpoek1a nop pykoaopc1aoH aapmp-oona nuenpen:
139
Cun: 3 cn cn n M k n cnnM r,
kk nk yn n n cynk
cnyxn M nn rn kcyr ycck n
M nxc cynk. M kxcn, kk
nx yk: 3 ycckr nk nnncn MM cM
ycnM nn cycnn rxM kcyr M
nM y nc.
B: /cM - , crnc. HMM - . Y c Ty c
Mr cn n Mc r nc, k
ycckr nyk, kc ycn ck.
pnako npn 1akoH nopxope napyuae1cn konc1n1yunonnoe npaao rpaxpan -
o6paua1Lcn nnuno, a 1akxe nanpaann1L nnpnanpyanLnme n konnek1nanme
o6pauennn a rocypapc1aennme opranm n opranm Hec1noro caHoynpaanennn (c1. 33
onc1n1yunn ). pepc1aaL1e: am a yae o6pauae1ecL k pykoaopc1ay c sananenneH
na pycckoH nsmke (ne snan 1yannckoro), a pykoaopn1enL apHnnnc1paunn ne Hoxe1 ero
npouec1L!
3. akononpoek1y x r n yxe
6mn nocanuen npepmpyun noHep aunonankn, rpe pasHec1nnocL uennkoH Hoe
amc1ynnenne c 1pn6ynm . euac oHn1e1 no penaH naunonanLnoc1e yxe o6o6unn
ace saHeuannn k pannoHy sakononpoek1y, n Hm nocan1nH nH o1penLnm Ha1epnan a
6nnxaueH noHepe. pecL 1onLko nanoHnk, u1o sakononpoek1 nm1ae1cn sakpenn1L a
poccnckoH npaae:
- c1a1yc occnn kak naunonanLno c1panm (apepnan noxL);
- c1a1yc x napopoa occnn kak rocypapc1aoo6pasykunx (apepnan noxL);
- c1a1yc naunonannsHa kak npeonornn, nonn1nkn n pec1an, ocnoaannmx na
nppaunonanLnoH npepc1aanennn o npenHyuec1ae caoero napopa nepep ppyrnHn
(apepnan snonaHepennan noxL);
- c1a1yc akonoHnuecko, counanLno, nonn1nuecko n npaaoao saunuennoc1n
naunonanLnmx HenLunnc1a kak ocnoanoro nanpaanennn rocypapc1aenno
naunonanLno nonn1nkn (a6conk1no nekonc1n1yunonnoe nonoxenne,
pnckpnHnnnpykuee oc1anLnme napopm);
- c1a1yc pasxnrannn naunonanLno posnn kak 1nxkoro npec1ynnennn (ne
coo1ae1c1aye1 );
- c1a1yc pycckoro napopa kak necyuero o1ae1c1aennoc1L sa
pasan1ne occnckoro rocypapc1aa mx
!
sakononpoek1e ec1L n Hnorne ppyrne nepoc1a1kn, o ko1opmx n yxe nncan.
a napnaHen1cknx cnyuannnx no pannoHy sakony san 6mn nepenonnen, no ny6nnka na
pean1L pecn1mx 6mna nepyccko. 6 a1o o1kpoaenno ckasann c 1pn6ynm ueuenckn
peny1a1 x (onLko nocHo1pe1L na aypn1opnk - n Hoxno ckasa1L, k1o
6onLue acero sann1epecoaan a 1oH, u1o6m a1o1 sakon 6mn npnnn1) n
npepc1aan1enLnnua en1pa no saun1e npaa penpeccnpoaannmx napopoa
(c1a1n, k1o specL amc1ynae1 o1 nHenn pycckoro napopa? pepc1aan1enn 1onLko
nepyccknx a1nocoa. n1epecm pycckoro a1noca o1cy1c1ayk1). n1a1m panm no
c1enorpaHHe.
140
npaunaae1cn nocne a1oro, nHee1 nn snauenne kappoam coc1aa oHn1e1a no penaH
naunonanLnoc1e , ro1oanauero a1n cnyuannn, npnrnauaauero yuac1nnkoa?
4. epeuncnennme sakononpoek1m nanncanm nano ne c nosnun saun1nnkoa pyccknx
nn1epecoa. sakononpoek1 6 ocnoaax. npnHo-1akn o1pae1 pycoqo6ne. o
q u O
O u-u ,
nopro1oanennm nop pykoaopc1aoH 6ypn1kn mpenoao n no66npyeHm saHec1n1eneH
Hnnnc1pa no penaH naunonanLnoc1e 1a1apko a6pneao.
epaan xe nonpaaka, npepnarae1 a c1a1Le 1 sakona, rnacnue, u1o aunonanLno-
kynL1ypnan aa1onoHnn a occncko epepaunn. - a1o qopHa naunonanLno-
kynL1ypnoro caHoonpepenennn, npepc1aannkuan co6o o6uec1aennoe o6Lepnnenne
rpaxpan occncko epepaunn, o1nocnunx ce6n k onpepenennmH a1nnuecknH
o6unoc1nH, saHenn1L cnoaa s n cnoaaHn:
s , xnn
u um m .
nmHn cnoaaHn, nepaan xe nonpaaka k sakony o1pesae1 pyccknH aosHoxnoc1L
cospannn caonx naunonanLno-kynL1ypnmx aa1onoHn.
oppo6nm ananns cn1yaunn, cnoxnauecn aokpyr pyccknx , un1a1enL nape1 a
c1a1Le nxanna ysneuoaa (pok1opa kpnpnuecknx nayk, npoqeccopa kapeHnn
occnyx6m npn npesnpen1e occnn) nckpnHnnaunn, nepeneua1anno ns
esaancnHo rase1m.
pecL xe 1onLko ckaxy, u1o n n qn
n, s u m
u u
n m .
R EHEHH
, 1e cnnm, u1o nespnHo c1on1 sa coapeHenno pycoqo6cko (a
koneunoH cue1e, an1npoccncko) sakonopa1enLno nonn1nko, npekpacno nonnHak1,
u1o peakunn pycckoro napopa na npnnn1ne nopo6nmx sakonoa Hoxe1 6m1L pesko n
nenpepckasyeHo. oa1oHy onn, ao-nepamx, okpyxnnn nopro1oaky nx nno1no saaeco
Honuannn, a ao-a1opmx, yxe ceuac ro1oan1 sakonm, nosaonnkune sa1kny1L pyccknH
po1 n cansa1L pykn na cnyua o1kpm1oro ampaxennn nepoaonLc1aa.
nHenno: a ocpyHy anecenm sakononpoek1m " n nv
s" n " n ".
mpepxkn ns nnx 6mnn ony6nnkoaanm a npepmpyueH noHepe. poek1 pekoHenpaun
napnaHen1cknx cnyuann no a1nH sakononpoek1aH, nopro1oanennm oHn1e1oH no
sakonopa1enLc1ay (npepcepa1enL H Km, ), ampan 1anme
c1paxn n yc1anoakn nnnuna1opoa:
En c M, c Mcn cn, xn cr Mn
x nn nr nnn c nk. Ok a
c Mx cn, r. BM. k ycnn
Mc ycnn n r, cn c
nnM ccM ccckM c qmM,
cck cMnk x q nn s (a
a1y qopHyny nerko a1ncny1L ace, u1o yropno aa1opaH! - .).
141
An nn nckr akcMM Pcc cncy c
nm r rc cnn c r cyc... Ok
M s s nn n
u , xr
cn, n nr x, c kn
c c M c k,
x n x (a a1oro, okasmaae1cn, nnkoHy, kpoHe nnx, nenLsn!! -
.) r rcyc nc....
e napo 6m1L rapanko, u1o6m nonn1L, u1o eapeckne qpakunn, uLn yun 1opua1 ns-sa
pannmx sakononpoek1oa, o6ecnokoenm 6onLue acero n a nepayk ouepepL ne
ueuencknH 1eppopnsHoH n ne pen1enLnoc1Lk 6e1apoauea nnn aoopyxennmx
oxpannnkoa ns onpa 6esonacnoc1n eapecknx o6unn ockam (o ko1opoH Hm nncann a
N5 sa 2000 r.), a nHenno poc1oH pycckoro naunonannsHa. u1o sakononpoek1m
nanpaanenm nHenno npo1na nero.
ero c1on1, nanpnHep, nonm1ka sakonopa1enLno y1aeppn1L sanpe1 na nn1epa1ypy, a
1akxe aypno-, qo1o-, knno-, anpeonpopykunk, m npak1nky
coaepuennn aoennmx n nnmx npec1ynnenn naunsHa, ocyxpennmx kpn6eprcknH
HexpynapopnmH aoennmH 1pn6ynanoH, a paano copepxaune npnsmam k renounpy
a1nnuecknx rpynn nn6o ux m ux x
. ocne npnnn1nn 1akoro sakona c1ane1 aoo6ue neaosHoxno,
nanpnHep, aec1n cao6opnyk nayunyk pnckycnk no noaopy 1ak nasmaaeHoro onokoc1a
- nnn pa1L noueunny noponky nepycckoro nponcxoxpennn (1e6n 6ypy1 cypn1L ne sa
ockop6nenne pec1aneH, a kak akc1peHnc1a - no noamH, kypa 6onee xec1knH
npaannaH).
o cuac1Lk, coc1aannnn a1n nopnme sakononpoek1m, anpnHo, ne kpnc1m, a
cneunannc1m 1nna nsaec1noro Hac1epa nxnamx ponocoa arennn poueuknna n ero
ppyxkoa ns ockoackoro an1nqaunc1ckoro uen1pa. oa1oHy pannme 1ekc1m
naqapunpoaanm qak1nuecknHn, nornuecknHn n kpnpnuecknHn nenennuaHn.
asrpoHnm (!!) o1sma na nnx pan koncynL1an1 1pena no o6ecneuennk pen1enLnoc1n
nonnoHounoro npepc1aan1enn npesnpen1a a ocypapc1aenno yHe nk1op
oaanea, saun1naun pok1opckyk pnccep1aunk kak pas no ananornuno 1eHa1nke.
C n u mxn
x s x x, mx
u m u
, ?
nnuno a a1oH ne yaepen. po1nannk 1ouno am6pan HoHen1: koHHynnc1m,
neopnokpa1no 6noknpoaaaaune npoxoxpenne nopo6nmx sakonoa uepes yHy, ceropnn
ne a cnnax sa6noknpoaa1L nnuero, n npepckasa1L peakunk pyHckoro 6onLunnc1aa
nmne cnoxno. epexop 1euec1aa a pnnc1ao amsmaae1 a a1oH nnane
o6ocnoaannme onacennn.
e cnyuano nonm1ka npopaan1L sakononpoek1m o 6opL6e c akc1peHnsHoH n
naunc1cko nn1epa1ypo conpoaoxpae1cn pnknH ansroH peHnpeccm no noaopy
nko6m norpoHoa a ceneao. akoame norpoHm - nn6o o6munm na ycn amnneck
6yno aneprnn Honopexn nanopo6ne no1eunmx kynaunmx 6oea, nn6o - nenLsn
ncknkun1L! - pacue1nnaan npoaokaunn 1ex, koHy 1akne ckxe1m, npepenLno paspy1me
, ouenL na pyky. 1o6m nyra1L o6maa1enn n anac1L poc1oH akc1peHnsHa n
roaopn1L o neo6xopnHoc1n ero cpounoro n xec1koro o6yspannn. asyHee1cn, c
noHouLk ace 1ex xe 6esrpaHo1nmx sakonoa.
142
a nopxope, kc1a1n, n noam sakon , a ko1opoH 6ypy1 yxec1ouenm nopHm
kon1ponn sa cao6opo cnoaa n ycnnenm kapa1enLnme qynkunn no cpaanennk c
neann1no c1. 4 nmne pec1aykuero sakona.
noaoH, kak roaopn1 nocnoanua, 6Lk1 n nnaka1L ne pak1.
* * *
nac1ynnennn an1npyccko anac1n c noHouLk noamx sakonoa na npaaa n
nn1epecm pycckoro napopa naH nyxno:
-x, nponnkny1Lcn cosnanneH onacnoc1n n cy1Lk npo6neHm;
-x, npnnara1L ace aosHoxnme ycnnnn pnn pasan1nn pycckoro naunonanLnoro
caHocosnannn n pacnpoc1panennn npe pycckoro naunonannsHa, aec1n unpokyk
pasLncnn1enLnyk pa6o1y no pannoHy aonpocy;
-ux, sa6poca1L npesnpen1a y1nna n npepcepa1enn ocpyHm enesneaa
nncLHaHn npo1ec1a, nyuue konnek1nanmHn, no noaopy amueonncanno
sakonopa1enLno a1akn na pycckn napop (noHnn1e, n q n -
u!);
-x n a-rnaanmx, qopcnpoaa1L npoueccm o6Lepnnennn pyccknx cnn (ecnn
napo - 1o n uepes ronoam 6nnsopyknx n aH6nunosnmx pykoaopn1ene pyccknx
oprannsaun) a epnnyk pycckyk nap1nk.
1o saun1n1 nac, kpoHe nac caHnx?
YKR HQER, EK XXI
(H QERB H HE HE QERB)
6uec1ao, opnen1npoaannoe na aepnoc1L 1papnunnH, caoeHy npounoHy,
o6peueno na ncuesnoaenne.
6uec1ao, opnen1npoaannoe na caoe nac1onuee,
o6peueno na sac1o.
1onLko o6uec1ao, opnen1npoaannoe na 6ypyuee,
cnoco6no pasanaa1Lcn.
pnonLp on6n
HRHHHEKR HMM
YK HHHRBH-BQHERBH
QHXEHHR (HQ)
nneHenn ec1L opna o6uan sapaua, ane amnonnennn ko1opo 6eccHmcnen
nk6o pasroaop o aneune n any1penne nonn1nke n o kakoH-nn6o 6ypyueH aoo6ue.
1a sapaua: u u n
xn mx .
1o m ponxno 6m1L nopunneno kaxpoe naunnanne
pyccknx kak na aneune- 1ak n na any1pnnonn1nuecko apene. k6o npean n nosynr
ponxen ouennaa1Lcn c nosnunn ocyuec1anennn a1o sapaun. s nee cnepye1
143
ncxopn1L n npn coc1aanennn nonn1nuecko nporpaHHm pycckoro napopa. paaa n
nn1epecm pycckoro napopa, npnsaannme o6ecneun1L ero amxnaanne, - a1o
a6conk1nm npnopn1e1, ane ko1oporo pyccko nonn1nkn ne Hoxe1 6m1L.
Txn mn - s u n n XXI
. H n u .
I. HEUHRR HRHHK
nonn1nueckan nporpaHHa pycckoro panxennn pnk1ye1cn payHn
pannoc1nHn: nonoxenneH nauero napopa na Hnpoao apene n nonoxenneH ero any1pn
occnn. oo1ae1c1aenno amc1panaak1cn naun aneune- n any1pnnonn1nueckne
napapnrHm.
expynapopnm acnek1 ceropnn, a ycnoannx oxec1ouenno 6opL6m payx Hnpoamx
1enpenun - rno6annsaunn n an1nrno6annsaunn - nanne1cn onpepennkunH pnn cype6
napopoa Hnpa, pycckoro a 1oH uncne. 1o aepyun, nopunnnkun acnek1 no
o1nouennk k any1pnnonn1nueckoHy - aepoHoHy, nopunnennoHy. 6o cnnm,
pec1aykune na Hexpynapopno apene a Hacu1a6ax ace nnane1m, ao Hnoro pas
snaun1enLnee paxe caHmx cnnLnmx any1pnpoccncknx rpynn n nap1n. a6nkpan
poccnckyk nonn1nky nocnepnnx nn1napua1n ne1, Hm a a1oH neopnokpa1no
y6expanncL, nonnHan, u1o rnacnm nnn nernacnm pnk1a1 aneunnx cnn nonnoc1Lk
onpepenne1 6espaccypnme (na nepam asrnnp) n apeponocnme pnn occnn noc1ynkn
anac1n.
aknH o6pasoH, npexpe acero cnepye1 ocosna1L naun, pycckne nn1epecm,
aosHoxnoc1n, uenn n sapaun na aneuneH, rno6anLnoH ypoane. 1o Hm, pycckne, no
6onLuoHy cue1y: rno6annc1m nnn an1nrno6annc1m?
ue nepaano, a 1920-1980-x rr., a ycnoannx 1opxec1aa counannsHa n no6epnoro
uec1ann npe HapkcnsHa-nennnnsHa no aceHy Hnpy, Hm ec1ec1aennmH o6pasoH 6mnn
caHmHn nac1onunHn rno6annc1aHn. 6o no6epa nauero c1pon ao aceHnpnoH
Hacu1a6e, k ueHy nac npnsmaana oae1ckan anac1L n ao u1o coae1ckn napop aepnn, -
a1o n 6mna anonne knaccnueckan rno6annc1ckan HopenL, kaknx yxe neHano noanpano
uenoaeuec1ao (nHnepnn nekcanppa akeponckoro, nHckan nHnepnn, nHnepnn apna
ennkoro, pn1anckan nHnepnn, pe1n ex n Hn. pp.). oae1ckn oks c1peHnncn
nHenno k aceHnpno rereHonnn, onpaapmaan a1o c pok1pnnanLnmx npeno-
nonn1nuecknx nosnun; nepapoH a rep6e ero 6mn seHno uap - 1akoa 6mn nc1nnnm
Hacu1a6 coae1ckoro npoek1a. oc1a1ouno acnoHnn1L qan1ac1nueckne noaec1n o
6ypyueH enoaeuec1aa, ko1opmHn saun1maanncL nokonennn coae1cknx nkpe: a nnx
rpnpyun Hnp npepc1aaan nensHenno kak neu1o epnnoe, c epnnmH xe (pasyHee1cn,
koHHynnc1nuecknH) HnpoamH npaan1enLc1aoH - HyppmH, ryHannmH, n 1.p.
eropnn, korpa naua npexnnn HopenL aceHnpnoro yc1poc1aa okasanacL na caanke
nc1opnn, a ppyro y nac ne1, korpa naua ponL Hnpoamx nnpepoa n no6epn1ene ne
aoc1pe6oaana, a Hnpy naansmaae1cn noam rno6anLnm npoek1, sa ko1opmH c1on1
nn1epecm sanapnoro, rnaanmH o6pasoH, eapeckoro n cansannoro c nnH kann1ana,
o1kpoaenno apaxpe6nme pnn naue rnaano sapaun, - pnn nac c1onL xe ec1ec1aennmH
c1anoan1cn asrnnp na Hnp kak na ne opnononnpnyk, a Hnorononnpnyk konc1pykunk.
ko1opo o1aepennan naH ponL npncnyxnnka n 1enoxpann1enn noaoro Hnpoaoro nnpepa
(cnonnsnpoaanno Hepnkn) - Hanonpnc1ona, ockop6n1enLna pnn pycckoro
naunonanLnoro poc1onnc1aa, pa n nonpoc1y onacna. ockonLky no onpepenennk
1enoxpann1enL rn6ne1 a nepayk ouepepL.
144
ac yaepnk1, u1o anL1epna1nam rno6annsaunn ne1, u1o nopunnenne occnn a1oHy
npoueccy qa1anLno npeponpepeneno. o 1ak nn a1o? nonne oueanpno, u1o a Hnpe
ec1L konoccanLnme pernonm n uenoaeueckne Haccm, ko1opme, yHeno nonLsyncL
rno6anLnmHn qnnancoamHn n nnqopHaunonnmHn cnc1eHaHn, npn a1oH o1nkpL ne
nannk1cn qparHen1aHn rno6anLno nonn1nuecko cnc1eHm, coxpannn ne 1onLko
caHoc1on1enLnoc1L, no n co6c1aennm nnpepckn no1enunan, nanpaanennm npo1na
coapeHennoro rno6anLnoro nnpepa. nmHn cnoaaHn - ec1L anL1epna1nanme uen1pm
cnnm, pasanaakunecn no aocxopnue. 1o, a nepayk ouepepL, apa6ckn Hnp (kak
nppo 6onee o6unpnoro Hnpa ncnaHa) n, a oco6ennoc1n, n1a.
1ak, ceropnn, nocne amxopa , a 1eH 6onee - occnn, ns onLuo rpm, rnaanme
nrpokn na Hnpoao apene - a1o: 1) cnonnsnpoaannm cek1op anapa, 2) n1a n 3)
ncnaHckn Hnp. ( sanacnmx nrpokax - neyknonno na6npakune aec npnn n 1akne
c1panm a1nncko Hepnkn, kak ekcnka, pasnnnn n pren1nna.)
Cu nm - -
x x mxn
: a nepayk ouepepL, HycynLHan n kn1auea. aH 1epHnn
rno6annsaunn - nnuL naykoo6pasnoe npnkpm1ne pnn nsaeuno aonn napopoa k
HnpoaoHy rocnopc1ay, cy6Lek1 kakoao Henne1cn o1 anoxn k anoxe (annnnm, pnHnnne,
qpankn, anrnnuane, neHum, pycckne n 1.p), a ceropnn aonnouen a eapeckoH a1noce.
nmHn cnoaaHn, kpa1ko: n u n nop
kpmue .
pnako ne1 nnkaknx coHnenn, u1o n aHepnkanckn rno6anLnm npoek1 (Pa
Americana) pyxne1 pano nnn nospno 1ouno 1ak xe, kak pyxnynn ace npepmpyune.
cnn cHo1pe1L a Hacu1a6ax pecn1nne1n n paxe c1one1nn, ycnexn Hepnkn a
saaoeaannn Hnpoao rereHonnn kaxy1cn aneua1nnkunHn. o nc1opnn ne snae1
aeunmx no6epn1ene. po1naoc1onnne c HnpoH ncnaHa (a 1eH 6onee pac1yuee
npo1naoc1onnne c n1aeH) ne Hoxe1 konun1Lcn no6epo - o6 a1oH roaopn1 onm1
1mcnuene1n, peHonc1pnpykun ue1kn anropn1H asne1oa n napenn rno6anLnmx
npoek1oa a nc1opnn uenoaeuec1aa. a kaxpm nH, ycnoano roaopn, acerpa naxopn1cn
cao rynn 11nna.
nn nac, nenocpepc1aenno, a o1nnune o1 , cocepc1aykunx c n1aeH n
HycynLHanaHn, a1a nepcnek1naa ne nece1 nnuero, kpoHe okonua1enLno n
6ecnoaopo1no rn6enn, a cnyuae, ecnn Hm oc1aeHcn na c1opone Hepnkn.
poHe 1oro, nyxno ncno nonnHa1L: m ,
knn (a1o oco6enno aaxno nopuepkny1L!) m cc, n
n . 6o nece1 eHy kak 6nonornuecko nonynnunn, npouepue
qasy napnoHa (. yHnnea), - spnHyk, o1ue1nnayk onacnoc1L accnHnnnunn,
pac1aopennn a rno6anLnoH uenoaennke (. nnoaLea) n nporpeccnpykue
penonynnunn. 1o yxe ampaxae1cn, ao-nepamx, a yckopennoH n uenenanpaanennoH
sacenennn 1eppn1opnn npoxnaannn nauero napopa nepyccknHn napopaHn acero Hnpa
n kak cnepc1ane - a napennn ypenLnoro aeca pyccknx a occnn, a ao-a1opmx - a
paccenaannn ann1no uac1n pycckoro napopa (oco6enno Honopo) cpepn c1pan n
napopoa, ue xnsnennm ypoaenL amue nauero. eropnn Hm, pycckne, a1opo pas a
1euenne c1a ne1 1epneH caok ann1y, no yxe ne sa cue1 rpaxpancko 6onn, a sa cue1
Hnpno Hnrpaunn nan6onee kaannqnunpoaannmx n opapennmx kappoa a Hec1a
nanamcuero aosnarpaxpennn sa 1pyp. epneH, k coxanennk, naacerpa. ak nsaec1no,
onm1 pnacnopanLnoro cyuec1aoaannn pycckoro napopa - cyry6o o1pnua1enLnm: ao
a1opoH-1pe1LeH nokonennn pycckne nepec1ak1 cyuec1aoaa1L kak pycckne, nonnoc1Lk
cnnaancL c a6opnrenaHn. eH rposn1 naunn 1ako npouecc n kak ero ouennaa1L c
1oukn spennn ocnoaononarakue sapaun, o6Lncnn1L ne nyxno.
145
Hec1no nanoHnn1L, u1o nHenno paa nocnepnnx pyccknx rno6anLnmx npoek1a -
ockaa - pe1n nH n - no1pe6oaann 1akoro neuenoaeueckoro nanpnxennn
acex xnsnennmx cnn pycckoro napopa, u1o coaepuenno nopopaann a1n cnnm n
noc1aannn napop na kpa nonno rn6enn. muepeuennan accnHnnnunn n penonynnunn
pyccknx - ao HnoroH pacnna1a sa pnn1enLnoe nHnepckoe cyuec1aoaanne, sa nHenno
rno6anLnme saHaukn Hnnyaunx nokonenn. o1L Hm n npopeHonc1pnpoaann Hnpy
aennkonennme poc1nxennn sa cue1 neaepon1nmx ycnnn, opnako a pesynL1a1e nHeeH
ceropnn peanLnm uanc naacerpa co1n c Hnpoao cuenm, oc1aana ace a1n caHme
poc1nxennn a nacnepc1ao ppyrnH napopaH. eneneun, rnyneun xpe6n,
nepoc1onm napopa-1pyxennka, napopa-repon, napopa-1aopua. ena sa asne1
nHnepcko kynL1ypm okasanacL nenoHepno aennka. aocnoHnnannn o 6mnoH aennunn
- 1y1 cnnukoH cna6oe n nnkueHnoe y1euenne. cnn ncnonLsoaa1L 1epHnnonornk Laa
yHnneaa, nmnue Hm, pycckne, oc1aannn nosapn nepnop caoe naccnonapnoc1n,
ec1ec1aenno conpoaoxpakun nepnop c1peHn1enLnoro peHorpaqnueckoro poc1a
napopoa, n ac1ynnnn a nepnop ana6nosa, xapak1epnsykuncn peHorpaqnuecknH
cnapoH. apo ncno nonnHa1L, u1o a a1nx o6c1on1enLc1aax npepnara1L pyccknH
ouepepno rno6anLnm (nnn, u1o 1o xe, nHnepckn) npoek1 - a1o ace paano, u1o
nopnaunaa1L c1apnka, u1o6m on xennncn na Honopyxe. pnn1no, cnapko? ue 6m! o
pacnna1a - nens6exnan ckopan n nosopnan cHep1L.
nn 1oro, u1o6m Hoxno 6mno a 6ypyueH c1aan1L aonpoc o noao aceHnpno ponn
pycckoro napopa, neo6xopnHo kak HnnnHyH po6n1Lcn pnn nero c1a6nnLnoro n
snaun1enLnoro npeamuennn poxpaeHoc1n nap cHep1noc1Lk. naue a1o 6ype1 acero
nnuL 6eso1ae1c1aennoe n apepnoe, npoaokaunonnoe npoxek1epc1ao.
H xu x nx Bx . o1n 6m pnn 1oro,
u1o6m na6pa1Lcn noamx cnn k 1oHy HoHen1y, korpa nopo6nme Hnccnn caHn co6o
nonan1cn cnnok aeue.
kasannoe ne osnauae1, u1o naH ne1 Hec1a a npoueccax, nponcxopnunx a rno6anLnmx
Hacu1a6ax. m HoxeH, 6esycnoano, okasa1L konoccanLnyk ycnyry uenoaeuec1ay, asna
na ce6n u x ,
B Hq. a1oH, no-anpnHoHy, naue nc1nnnoe aceHnpnoe
nc1opnueckoe npepnasnauenne na ceropnn. o o6 a1oH - a ppyroH Hec1e.
T , n m
- HE RBRH3HH.
onnHan a1o, naH neo6xopnHo onpepenn1Lcn no payH ycnoanmH ocnH reo- n
a1nononn1nuecknx kooppnna1: eaep - Kr n anap - oc1ok. nepayk ouepepL
a1o cansano c am6opoH c1pa1ernueckoro coksnnka na 6nnxaune pecn1nne1nn.
axe1cn na nepam asrnnp nornunmH ncka1L ce6e coksnnka cpepn popc1aennmx naH
no pace napopoa, yun1maan, u1o rno6anLnm konqnnk1 nocn1 o1ue1nnao pacoam
xapak1ep: npo1na 6enmx xpnc1nancknx apncknx napopoa ceropnn amc1ynak1
HycynLHane cHeuannoro (a 1oH uncne 1kpkn, ceHn1m-apa6m, Honrononpm n nerpm)
pacoaoro coc1aaa, a saa1pa nens6exno amc1ynn1 Honrononpm. o 1ako noaepxnoc1no
nornke pec1aye1 ceropnn npesnpen1 y1nn - amxopeu ns nan6onee
aec1epnnsnpoaannoro pernona occnn, nyuune ropm caoe xnsnn npoaepun a
epHannn. opo6no 6epnoHy popc1aennnky npnHo-1akn na6naancL a 6pa1Ln n
coksnnkn Hepnke (yxn1pnauncL nponan1L paxe 6nLuyk nonnLnoc1L k , ueH
Hnorne unenm eaepoa1nan1nueckoro anLnnca), o1kpoaenno nanpaunaancL a ,
y1nn 6epe1 na ce6n nenoHepnyk nc1opnueckyk o1ae1c1aennoc1L. ak, k npnHepy,
o1pearnpye1 n1a, y6epnauncL, u1o aponL caHo npo1nxenno ero rpannum c1on1
aocka ne aekoaoro Hnpnoro cocepa - pyccknx, a aekoaoro apara - anapa (a nnue
pyccknx pe6n1, ope1mx a na1oackyk qopHy)? y1 neuero n rapa1L. eH a1o upeaa1o pnn
nac, nHekunx nno1noc1L nacenennn aponL rpannum c n1aeH 2 uenoaeka na ka. kH., a
146
1o apeHn kak a n1ae a1a nno1noc1L paana 150? oxe rapa1L ne nyxno. o y1nny,
ny6nnuno (n rny6oko oun6ouno) npen1nqnunpykueHy occnk c anapoH, po a1oro,
anpno, pena ne1.
o1 qak1, u1o Hm nko6m okasanncL c eaponeuaHn a opno nopke - eue nnuero ne
snaun1. kasa1Lcn a opno nopke c nkpoepoH nnn npokaxennmH - o6c1on1enLc1ao,
nnHano ne cnoco6c1aykuee connpapnoc1n n konconnpaunn[1].
oka u1o 6enme apnum-eaponeum, nacHep1L nepenyrannme akcnancne (a nepayk
ouepepL - peHorpaqnuecko) ncnaHcknx napopoa, acnueckn sanrpmaak1 nHenno c
nnHn, sancknaak1 nHenno nepep nnHn n npepnoun1ak1 np1n na coks n konconnpaunk
nHenno c nnHn, a aoace ne c naHn, 6pa1LnHn no pace. pn a1oH, ne 1ancL,
na1paannaak1 nx - na nac, a nac - na nnx, a napexpe o1aec1n ypap o1 ce6n. nHenno
no1oHy ne uenn1 ycnnnn occnn no o6yspannk ncnaHckoro akc1peHnsHa, konHn
ueronne1 npesnpen1 y1nn nepep nnuoH aponm. n ueronne1 ycnnnnHn, a apona
n a o1ae1 - 6ecnpnc1pac1noc1Lk a ocaeuennn ueuencknx co6m1n, rpe occnn
npepc1ae1 a anpe kpoaoxapnoro Honc1pa, a ueuenum - a anpe neannnmx xep1a.
aHonpepa1enLc1ao (nck n) nackaosL nnqnnL1poaanno
HycynLHanaHn aponm nens6exno o6opaunaae1cn npepa1enLc1aoH nk6oro ee
rnno1e1nueckoro coksnnka - xo1L 6m n Hepnkn, xo1L 6m n occnn. 1o 1o1 caHm
cnyua, korpa Hep1am xaa1ae1 xnaoro, u1o6m y1aun1L c co6o na 1o1 cae1.
ypoanunm no caoe nornke noc1ynok (a1o a66peana1ypo anonne
o6ocnoaanno Hoxno saHenn1L cnoaocoue1anne aHepnkanum nnkc eaponeum nnn
eapo-aHepnkanum) - nocnepoaa1enLnan noppepxka HycynLHan ao ace uepepe
krocnaacknx aon 1990-x ropoa, aknkuan aoopyxennm konqnnk1 a ocoao. pnako
a1o ec1L caepunauncn qak1, n on nonnoc1Lk ampae1 ack ncnxonornk coapeHennoro
eaponeua, nopaxennyk cnnppoHoH sanoxnnka; ackpmaae1 npncyun nc1nnnoHy
na1oauy anropn1H noaepennn. mueykasannan noppepxka ampasn1enLno
conpoaoxpae1cn pen1enLnoc1Lk Hexpynapopnoro ncnaHckoro uen1pa a onpone (acero
a nrnnn - okono 400 ncnaHcknx oprannsaun!), Hnoro1mcnunmHn an1npoccncko-
npoueuencknHn Hn1nnraHn a apnxe. e1, naH ne npnxopn1cn napen1Lcn na coks c
apono a cospaaueHcn npo1naoc1onnnn napopoa n pac: ne nyxno nn1a1L nnnksn n
nec6m1ounmx napexp. aponeum ne xpy1 n ne xo1n1 a a1oH pene o1 nac noppepxkn, n
caHn, 6esycnoano, ne noppepxa1 nac. ( npo Hepnky, nacenennyk, no ampaxennk
ennepn, naune nHHnrpan1oa, n peun 6m1L ne Hoxe1.)
nepye1 po6aan1L k ckasannoHy, u1o na1oaum, caHn nepexnaan xec1okn
peHorpaqnueckn kpnsnc, npn a1oH eue aepy1 c naHn nespnHyk peHorpaqnueckyk
aony, ryHann1apnyk nn1epaenunk, oprannsyn y nac pen1enLnoc1L pasnnunmx
cae1cknx oprannsaun n pennrnosnmx cek1, yaopnunx nkpe o1 cospannn nopHanLno
Hnorope1no ceHLn. 1akxe naansmaan occnn amropnyk anapy Hnrpaunonnyk
nonn1nky. npaaepnnaoc1n papn acnoHnnH, u1o n Hm neHano narapnnn 6pa1LnH no
pace, ceHLpecn1 ne1 noppepxnaan no aceHy Hnpy an1nnHnepnannc1nueckne,
an1nkononnanLnme panxennn. 1oro a naunx asanHoo1nouennnx nakonnenm
orpoHnme saaanm o6np, npe1ensn n anonne o6ocnoaannoro nepoaepnn. nc1nnnoHy
coksnnuec1ay ceropnn ne ro1oam nn Hm, nn 6enme eapo-aHepnkanum, ko1opme nac sa
eaponeuea nnkorpa ne cun1ann, ne cun1ak1, pa n cun1a1L ne 6ypy1. m pnn nnx -
aeuno uyxne.
a1o eue 6onLuo aonpoc, poc1ona nn aoo6ue ne6naropapnan apona 1oro, u1o6m
Hm ee a ouepepno pas cnacann. onrono-1a1apm aoace ne nHenn a anpy saaoeaanne
ycn, nx ny1L nexan a apony. o1 nyc1L 6m n unn 1ypa. aueH Hm, saHe1no
o6ronnaune a X-XII aekax a caoeH unannnsaunonnoH pasan1nn anapnyk apony,
oc1anoannn nauec1ane Honronoa uenok Hopn caoe kpoan n payxaekoao o1c1anoc1n?
1o Hm nonyunnn o1 aponm a o1ae1 sa a1o1 cao nopanr? acHeukn nap
6naronpno6pe1enno o1c1anoc1Lk? u1o - a o1ae1 na cokpyuenne aceeaponeckoro
147
pnk1a1opa anoneona? pmHckyk aony. sa pasrpoH paspaanauero apony n1nepa?
onopnyk aony, kpax .
eo6xopnHo 1akxe anpe1L, u1o ceropnn sa nonn1nuecko aaancueno naHe1nncn
croaop 1pex rno6anLnmx yuac1nnkoa npouecca: na1oackoro anapa, aceHnpnoro
eapec1aa n 1pe1Lero Hnpa, croaop, o6pekakun pasrpoHnennyk n cna6yk occnk
a xep1ay yuac1nnkaH. H Mxy M, cnyn n Mxy cM
mM kM, M MxM nx, ck c xr ck
c - k, .
yx ncka1L coksnnka, 1o ne a nncxopnunx, o6peuennmx napopax,
npnnapnexaunx npounoHy, a a aocxopnunx, nHekunx 6ypyuee. ena1enLno -
aennkoe 6ypyuee. npnHepy, a n1ae - necoHnenno, rnaanoH pec1aykueH nnue XXI
c1one1nn.
cno n nonn1no, u1o cocepc1ao c n1aeH, uLn sanaka na rno6anLnoe nnpepc1ao
necoHnenna, 1an1 a ce6e onpepenennyk onacnoc1L. eH 6onee u1o ace, u1o Hm HoxeH
a cnyuae uero, a1o npnHenn1L cnnm npepnoro cpepxnaannn. o caon a1oHnan 6oH6a
ec1L n y kn1auea. n 1exnnko, nn 1eH 6onee nkpLHn Hm ne HoxeH ce6e nosaonn1L
aoeaa1L c n1aeH, pasae u1o cneunanLno noc1aanH ce6e uenL norn6ny1L a Hyuennnx.
pnako 1ako ncxop ne nanne1cn qa1anLno npeponpepenennmH. m HoxeH coxpann1L
ce6n n paxe, a ocnoanoH, caon seHnn ny1eH unc1o pnnnoHa1nuecko nn1pnrn. peno
1y1 ne a 1oH, u1o Hm nepaano o6okpno nop1aeppnnn rocrpannuy - a1o nnkorpa n
nnkoro eue ne oc1anaannaano. peno a o6ueH a1no- n reononn1nueckoH packnape a
pepne n oc1ouno snn, a 1akxe a nc1opnuecknx 1enpenunnx, 1mcnuene1nnHn
cknapmaaaunHncn a panLneaoc1ounoH pernone.
c1L eue neckonLko coo6paxenn, nnaennpykunx kn1ackyk yrposy, c1aanunx ee
na 1pe1Le Hec1o nocne na1oacko yrposm n ncnaHcko yrposm.
B-x, Hm o6Lek1nano nyxnm n ponro eue 6ypeH nyxnm n1ak, ko1opoHy
neo6xopnHo coepnnn1L caok xnayk cnny c naunHn aoenno-1exnnuecknHn noy-xay n
npnpopnmHn pecypcaHn, u1o6m pnk1oaa1L caok aonk a pernone yxe ceropnn n
npo1naoc1on1L Hepnke (n unpe - anapy) ao aceH Hnpe saa1pa.
B-x, Hm npnnapnexnH k pasnmH pacaH, n pnck cHeua1Lcn, pac1aopn1Lcn,
y1pa1n1L naunonanLnyk npen1nunoc1L y nac ropaspo nnxe npn o6uennn c kn1auaHn,
ueH c eaponeuaHn nnn paxe 1kpkaHn, kaakasuaHn. nHenno a1o1 pnck kak nnkako
ppyro nanne1cn pnn nac a6conk1no nenpneHneHmH.
B-ux, nan6onee 6ecnouapnme cxaa1kn acerpa nocn1 any1pnanpoao, a ne
Hexanpoao xapak1ep: kn1auaH ncnxonornueckn (ecnn yropno - 6nonornueckn)
npoue n Hnnee 6n1Lcn nacHep1L c HonrononpaHn - kasaxaHn, aLe1naHuaHn,
kopeuaHn, HonronaHn, nnonuaHn, nakoneu, ueH c naHn, eaponeonpaHn. c1a1n, 1ak
ono a aekax acerpa n 6mno, sa ncknkuenneH anoxn nnrnc-ana. oxe1 nn anoxa
nnrnca noa1opn1Lcn? 6nnxaune 20-30 ne1 - apnp nn.
B-x, acn nornka coapeHennoro pasan1nn npepnasnauae1 nac ppyr ppyry a
c1pa1ernueckne nap1nepm. x ecnn Hm c keH pec1an1enLno a opno nopke - 1ak a1o
nHenno c n1aeH. 6o xnsnL sac1aanne1 nac aHec1e ppyxn1L npo1na anapa,
nonnn, nanncnaHcko yrposm n Hnpoaoro eapec1aa - naunx o6unx (o6Lek1nano)
npo1nannkoa.
akoneu, -nx, anonne oueanpno, u1o y nac, pyccknx, - kak HnnnHyH paonan
kynL1ypnan, unannnsaunonnan npen1nunoc1L: sanapnan n aoc1ounan. onL oc1oka a
148
naue nc1opnn acerpa 6mna orpoHna n sauac1yk naHnoro 6onee 6naro1aopna, nexenn
ponL anapa. m HoxeH am6npa1L. ynL1ypnan npn1nra1enLnoc1L n1an pnn
nonnHakunx nkpe - ne nnxe, a ao HnoroH n ropaspo amue eaponecko.
ce ckasannoe ne o1Henne1, koneuno, neo6xopnHoc1n caHmH peun1enLnmH o6pasoH n
aceHn He1opaHn 6opo1Lcn c nonsyue Hnrpaune kn1auea na naun seHnn. nn naH
specL nn k ueHy, aonpekn Hnennk sapy6exnmx n poHopouennmx Hnrpan1opa1ene. o
a1o kacae1cn o1nkpL ne 1onLko kn1auea, a n acex npounx, n o6 a1oH - nnxe.
, na aneunenonn1nuecko apene nporpaHHnme sapaun pycckoro panxennn npnHo
npo1naononoxnm 1eH, u1o ceropnn c1aan1 poccnckoe npaan1enLc1ao:
1. occnn ne cnepye1 npnnnHa1L qanLuname npaanna nrpm, cornacno ko1opmH (n
c1onuee sa a1o amaecko Hnpoaoe eapec1ao) nannk1cn rno6anLnmH nnpepoH o1nmne
n naacerpa. oo6ue ne cnepye1 a6conk1nsnpoaa1L rno6annsaunk, npnnnHa1L ee sa
nekn qa1anLnm noc1yna1enLnm npouecc, n6o na pene npouecc a1o1 pnckpe1en n
pasanaae1cn ne no npnHo, a no cnnyconpe, co asne1aHn, npoaanaHn n paspmaaHn.
2. occnn ne cnepye1 cornaua1Lcn c nckycc1aenno npen1nqnkaune ee kak
qparHen1a sanapno unannnsaunn. 1o nayuno oun6ouno n nonn1nueckn apepno. m,
pycckne, cnnLno o1nnuaeHcn o1 6onLunnc1aa eaponecknx napopoa caonH o1nouenneH
k Hnpy n uenoaeky, 1nnoH peakun, HopenLk noaepennn, ukano uennoc1e n 1.p.
onee 1oro: a6conk1noe 6onLunnc1ao pyccknx (no onpocaH) ne aocnpnnnHae1
sanapnyk nn6epanLno-peHokpa1nueckyk unannnsaunk kak npeanLnyk.
occnn, sannHakue ynnkanLnoe reononn1nueckoe nonoxenne: 1) na eaepe Hnpa n
2) Hexpy anapoH n oc1okoH, cnepye1 sann1Lcn nonckoH co6c1aenno npen1nunoc1n,
ne yanekancL unannnsaunonnmHn HopennHn nn anapa, nn oc1oka. aH, pyccknH,
nyxno oc1aaa1Lcn caHnHn co6o. occospaaa1L (n cospaaa1L sanoao!) n co6nkpa1L
caok naunonanLnyk cpepy o6n1annn, caok unannnsaunk, cao pycckn Hnp, ne
noppaaancL nnkaknH co6nasnaH aceuenoaeuec1aa, eapasnc1aa,
o6ueeaponeckoro poHa, acecnaannckoro 6pa1c1aa n npounx 1oHy nopo6nmx
xnHep, c opno c1oponm. o n nnkoro noc1oponnero ne ponyckan a a1o1 Hnp - c
ppyro.
Hec1e c 1eH, neo6xopnHo a kaxpoH ns amueykasannmx He1apernonoa (anap n
oc1ok) aec1n rn6kyk nonn1nky, naxopn, c opno c1oponm, c1pa1ernuecknx nap1nepoa
na ponryk nepcnek1nay (na anape 1aknH nap1nepoH Horna 6m c1a1L npn
onpepenennmx ycnoannx epHannn, na oc1oke a1o - 6esycnoano n1a), a c ppyro
c1oponm - cnoco6c1ayn cospannk 1aH cnc1eHm cpepxek n npo1naoaecoa c yue1oH
6ora1oro na6opa npo1naopeun any1pn kaxporo He1apernona.
3. occnn cnepye1 1aeppo npnpepxnaa1Lcn konuenunn Hnorononnpnoc1n Hnpa,
noppepxnaan 1akne aospac1akune Hnpoame uen1pm cnnm, kak ncnaHckn Hnp n
n1a, ao aceH, u1o nenocpepc1aenno ne npo1naopeun1 ee nn1epecaH. uac1noc1n,
neo6xopnHo ue1ko n opnosnauno onpepenn1Lcn a 1ako knkueao pnn coapeHenno
nc1opnn 1ouke, kak nnxnn oc1ok: peun1enLno o1aepny1Lcn o1 spannn n
noaepny1Lcn nnuoH k apa6cknH napopaH. ( pannoH cnyuae, kak nn napapokcanLno,
Hm napeH nonnHanne aponm, ns6npakue ceropnn nHenno 1akyk nosnunk.
pnoapeHenno, aocc1anoana po6pme o1nouennn c apa6cknH HnpoH, sapakunH 1on
aceHy ncnaHckoHy coo6uec1ay, Hm nonyunH kap1-6nanu na peuenne Hnornx
any1pnnonn1nuecknx npo6neH, cansannmx c naxoxpenneH HycynLHan a coc1aae
poccnckoro nacenennn.)
4. occnn cnepye1 6esycnoano n HakcnHanLno pnc1anunpoaa1Lcn o1 noao Hnpoao
aonm Hexpy anapoH (1ounee, cnonnsnpoaannmH anrno-aHepnkancknH anLnncoH) n
ncnaHcknH HnpoH. onL an1nncnaHckoro (ceropnn) n an1nkn1ackoro (saa1pa) un1a,
149
npnkpmaakuero nmneunero rno6anLnoro nnpepa o1 rno6anLnmx xe yrpos, - naH
. anpo1na, naH cnepye1 npnHenn1L Hyppyk kn1ackyk c1pa1areHy
cnpn na rope, na6nkpa1L cxaa1ky 1nrpoa a ponnne. eropnn na anape ne oc1anocL
nnkaknx uennoc1e, kM Mn, papn ko1opmx cnepoaano 6m pnckoaa1L
pyccknHn nkpLHn, papn ko1opmx pyccknH nkpnH c1onno 6m yHnpa1L. ac1ynnennn a
ne Hoxe1 6m1L n peun. nanpenpm, ko1opme occnn Hoxe1 nonyun1L,
noppepxnaan ne snakune 6naropapnoc1n a nx qynkunn aceHnpnoro cypLn,
xanpapHa n nanaua, 6onee ueH coHnn1enLnm. Hm yxe a a1oH y6epnnncL. ao1
nspepxkn - coaepuenno necoHnennm.
oo6ue, occnn ponxna nepec1a1L cnepoaa1L a qapaa1epe nonn1nkn , anapa n
spannn: nx aek na ncxope. aua ocnoanan aneunenonn1nueckan opnen1aunn - na
aocxopnune pernonm: n1a, opek (eaepnyk nn6o o6Lepnnennyk), npnk, pan,
apa6ckn Hnp, Kxnyk n en1panLnyk Hepnky. Tu x
u u , (u ),
nm n, n .
5. co6oe annHanne ponxno 6m1L ypeneno naunH o1nouennnH co c1panaHn -
6maunHn pecny6nnkaHn . nn pyccknx nc1nnnm cHmcn nx nannunn a coc1aae
nHnepnn coc1onn a 1oH, u1o Hexrocypapc1aennme rpannum (coo1ae1c1aenno, aoennan
onacnoc1L) o1opanranncL npn a1oH o1 pycckoro naunonanLnoro nppa. ( popnmx naH
no kpoan kpanne n enopyccnn - pasroaop oco6m.) o sa a1o Hm pacnnaunaanncL
nenocnnLnmH ponopc1aoH, nc1ouaaunH naun pecypcm. a cHeny 1ako Hopenn
o1nouenn ponxna npnp1n cyry6o nparHa1nunan, neonHnepnannc1nueckan nonn1nka.
e1 nnkakoro pesona noppepxnaa1L cyuec1aoaanne 1ako nceaponHnepcko
c1pyk1ypm, kak : ona ponxna 6m1L saHenena aceo6LeHnkue cnc1eHo
payc1oponnnx poroaopoa. pnueH yxe cyuec1aykune poroaopm Hexpy occncko
epepaune n c1panaHn 6nnxnero sapy6exLn ponxnm nopaeprny1Lcn kopennoHy
nepecHo1py a nonLsy occnn (a nepayk ouepepL, oroaop o ppyx6e, co1pypnnuec1ae n
nap1nepc1ae c kpanno n 1akoao xe c onpaane). pnopn1e1nmH nanpaanenneH
nonn1nkn ponxna c1a1L akonoHnueckan n nonn1nueckan noppepxka pycckoro
nacenennn a c1panax 6nnxnero sapy6exLn. a c1panm, ko1opme nopaeprak1 pyccknx
pnckpnHnnaunn, ponxno okasmaa1Lcn aceHn poc1ynnmHn HepaHn aqqek1nanoe
paanenne. eo6xopnHo 1akxe nn6o npnsna1L pnpnec1poackyk pecny6nnky, 6xasnk
n Kxnyk ce1nk kak nesaancnHme rocypapc1aa, nn6o npnnn1L nx a coc1aa
occncko epepaunn na npaaax pecny6nnk a coc1aae . occnn n enopyccnn
ponxnm nesaHepnn1enLno o6Lepnnn1Lcn a epnnoe rocypapc1ao.
po6neHa aoccoepnnennn (HnpnmH ny1eH n a coo1ae1c1ann c HexpynapopnmH npaaoH)
epnno pyccko naunn, okasaauecn a paspenennoH nonoxennn, ponxna neuL ao
rnaay yrna naue nonn1nkn a 6nnxneH sapy6exLe.
6. ak 6m nn cknapmaanncL naun payc1oponnne o1nouennn c 1eHn nnn nnmHn
c1panaHn, occnn ne cnepye1 axopn1L a kakne-nn6o 6nokn, nn1erpnpoaa1Lcn a
napnaunonanLnme c1pyk1ypm. expynapopnoe npaao n Hexpynapopnme poroaopm,
pa1nqnunpoaannme occne, ne ponxnm nHe1L npnopn1e1a nap any1pennnH
sakonopa1enLc1aoH; a occnn ponxen pec1aoaa1L npnopn1e1 naunonanLno-
rocypapc1aennmx nn1epecoa. akoneu, occnn ne ponxna pa1nqnunpoaa1L poroaopm,
orpannunaakune aoennme aosHoxnoc1n occnn; yxe saknkuennme poroaopm 1akoro
popa ponxnm 6m1L nepecHo1penm.
II. HYEHHRR HRHHK
H nonn1nke nonoxenne pyccknx onpepenne1cn payHn rnaanmHn
yrposaHn. B-x, a1o npouecc penonynnunn, saxaa1naun ace 6enme apnckne
150
xpnc1nanckne napopm ao aceH Hnpe n npnnnaun y pyccknx (na qone kpyuennn
rocypapc1aennmx, nc1opnuecknx n npeno-nonn1nuecknx yc1oea) aspmaoo6pasno-
o6aanLnm xapak1ep. B-x, a1o ypanennoc1L pyccko naunonanLno ann1m o1
pmuaroa nonn1nuecko n akonoHnuecko anac1n, a a pesynL1a1e a1oro -
ne6naronpnn1noe pasan1ne xnsnennmx npoueccoa nauero napopa no aceH
nonn1nuecknH n akonoHnuecknH aek1opaH. 6e a1n npo6neHm nHek1 u a
1oH, u1o npak1nueckn ace c1panm xpnc1nancko okyHenm nopaxenm opno 6onesnLk:
napasn1npykunH na nnx cnonnc1cknH kann1anoH, pasnarakunH n o6eckpoannaakunH
napopm, o16npakunH y nnx xnsnennyk nepcnek1nay. oa1oHy aqqek1nanoe peuenne
nepao npo6neHm neaosHoxno 6es peuennn a1opo.
apaua c1aan1cn 1ak: o1nn1L pyccknH anac1L y eapeckoro kann1ana a occnn n
npeapa1n1L occnk ns aHopqnoro rocypapc1aa nceaponHnepckoro 1nna a pycckoe
naunonanLnoe rocypapc1ao papn 1oro, u1o6m pasaepny1L acnn1L npouecc penonynnunn
n ampoxpennn caoero napopa. c1ec1aennme rpannum 1akoro rocypapc1aa ponxnm
onpepenn1Lcn rpannuaHn koHnak1noro paccenennn pycckoro a1noca.
sn1ne anac1n a coapeHennmx ycnoannx, kak y1aepxpae1 nonn1onornn, - aeuL
nenpoc1an. O n u m,
.. x u . kopee acero,
peaonkunn xonopno, o1nocn1enLno ponro n Hnpno, yun1maan coapeHennme
o6c1on1enLc1aa n 1enpenunn o6uec1aennoro pasan1nn. Henno 1ak 1eope1nueckn
ponxna c1aan1Lcn o6uan uenL na 6nnxauyk nepcnek1nay.
orpa naH roaopn1, u1o occnn-pe ncuepnana nnHn1 na peaonkunn, a1o ne
coo1ae1c1aye1 pec1an1enLnoc1n. onLko u1o na naunx rnasax no c1pane npoka1nnacL
nHenno xonopnan 6ypxyasno-peHokpa1nueckan peaonkunn (npn aecLHa, npaapa,
ropnunx nocnepc1annx). a ouepepn, kak acerpa nocne 6ypxyasno-peHokpa1nuecko
peaonkunn, - peaonkunn naunonanLnan. akoaa noaceHec1nan nornka nc1opnn.
1enenL 6nnsoc1n naunonanLno peaonkunn o6muno onpepenne1cn payHn qak1opaHn:
c1enenLk ro1oanoc1n napopa na xep1am n c1enenLk npeno-nonn1nuecko spenoc1n
ann1m.
1o Hoxno konc1a1npoaa1L no a1oHy noaopy? apop na xep1am a caoeH 6onLunnc1ae
ne ro1oa. n a Hacce yaneuen npncnoco6nenneH k noao pec1an1enLnoc1n,
amxnaanneH. xo1n y6naa1L ceropnn xenann 6m yxe ouenL Hnorne pycckne nkpn, no
yHnpa1L noka eue ne aceH ncno, sa u1o. a1oH ace peno.
peno-nonn1nueckan spenoc1L ann1 noka 1akxe oc1aanne1 xena1L nyuuero. o 1akoe
cospeaanne, pe1epHnnnpoaannoe o6unH npoueccoH c1peHn1enLnoro pasan1nn pycckoro
naunonanLnoro caHocosnannn, o1HeuaeHoro aceHn onpocaHn, npe1 neypepxnHo.
ceoxaa1maakuan qopHynnpoaka pyccknx npaa n nn1epecoa npak1nueckn saaepuena.
na a 6onLue uac1n npnaopn1cn a nac1onue 6poukpe. onpoc nnuL a 1oH, u1o6m
cpena1L ee poc1onnneH Hacc n ann1m. 1orpa, ocosnaa a nonno Hepe caon npaaa,
nn1epecm n am1ekakune ns nnx sapaun, pycckn napop coaepun1 neo6xopnHme
npeo6pasoaannn. pa1L neponro.
Fn sqn sn n , x,
mn x nu u, - s
u m, u u x ,
m u n .
Bn, u , n - x
, .
o cy1n, a1n sapaun payepnnm, n o1 nx peuennn saancn1 a npnHoH cHmcne cnoaa
6nonornueckoe amxnaanne pycckoro napopa a nc1opnuecko nepcnek1nae. pyxoano
151
cqepe nH coo1ae1c1aye1 pec1aapaunn pycckoro naunonanLnoro caHocosnannn,
npeoponenne kpnsnca pyccko naunonanLno npen1nunoc1n.
oka u1o nonn1nka n npeonornn (npnkpm1me peHarornuecknH qnepoH) oqnunanLno
ny1nncko occnn pesko npo1naopeun1 a1nH sapauaH. 1nH o6ycnoanena
qun u n mm
m .
expy 1eH, Hepm, ko1opme 1pe6yk1cn pnn peuennn nasaannmx sapau, kacak1cn, c
opno c1oponm, pycckoro napopa, a c ppyro c1oponm - nepyccknx napopoa,
npoxnaakunx a occnn no pasnmH npnunnaH n ocnoaannnH. aknH o6pasoH,
neo6xopnHo onpepenn1L ocnoanme nanpaanennn nonn1nkn, kacakunecn,
coo1ae1c1aenno, kak pyccknx, 1ak n nepyccknx napopoa occnn. 1n ocnoam ponxnm
6m1L npoaepenm a xnsnL ny1eH nsHenenn a poccnckoH sakonopa1enLc1ae.
152
1ak:
I. MEm HUEHHH YK HQ
- eo6xopnH nepecHo1p pec1aykue onc1n1yunn occnn, nrnopnpykue npaaa n
nn1epecm pycckoro napopa, n anecenne a nee coo1ae1c1aykunx nsHenenn nnn
npnnn1ne noao a coo1ae1c1ann c sakonoH. poek1 1ako onc1n1yunn occnn
(ycckoro ocypapc1aa) paspa6o1an a 1997 r. nro saun1m naunonanLnoro poc1onnnn
coaHec1no c yuenmHn kpqaka n nc1n1y1a rocypapc1aa n npaaa ; on 6mn
ony6nnkoaan a rase1noH aapnan1e (aunonanLnan rase1a N2 sa 1997 r.) n
o1penLnmH nspanneH (ycckn npoek1. - ., 1998);
- neo6xopnHo npnnn1ne konc1n1yunonnoro sakona pycckoH napope a pepakunn
pyccknx o6uec1aennmx oprannsaun o1 25 Hap1a 2001 r. (cH. aunonanLnan rase1a
N4-5 sa 2001 r.);
- aHec1o nnkanpnpoaannoro nnnc1epc1aa no penaH qepepaunn, naunonanLno n
Hnrpaunonno nonn1nke napo cospa1L nnnc1epc1ao no penaH pycckoro napopa, a a
coc1aae nocnepnero - penap1aHen1 no npo6neHaH kopennmx napopoa occnn n
naunonanLnmx HenLunnc1a;
- neo6xopnHo npnsna1L, a coo1ae1c1ann c HexpynapopnmHn c1anpap1aHn, occnk -
HononaunonanLno c1pano pycckoro napopa, coc1aannkuero a6conk1noe
6onLunnc1ao ee nacenennn;
- neo6xopnHo npnsna1L n sakonopa1enLno y1aeppn1L nc1opnueckyk ponL n
qak1nueckoe snauenne pycckoro napopa kak epnnc1aenno rocypapc1aoo6pasykue
naunn occnn. ycckne - ne 1onLko cospa1enn occnn, no n epnnc1aennan naunn, 6es
ko1opo occnn ne Horna 6m cyuec1aoaa1L a anpe epnnoro rocypapc1aa a ee
nac1onunx rpannuax. ycckn napop y1aepxpae1cn a oqnunanLnoH c1a1yce kopenno,
1n1ynLno n epnnc1aenno rocypapc1aoo6pasykue naunn occnn;
- neo6xopnHo npnsna1L npaao pycckoro napopa na naunonanLno-nponopunonanLnoe
npepc1aan1enLc1ao ao acex opranax rocypapc1aenno anac1n n Hec1noro
caHoynpaanennn occnn. pn a1oH k amcunH rocypapc1aennmH ponxnoc1nH ne ponxnm
ponycka1Lcn nepycckne n nopopnennme c nepyccknHn nnua. ocypapc1aenm annapa1,
npaan1enLc1ao n ponxnm 6m1L nonnoc1Lk ounuenm o1 an1npycckn nac1poennmx
nkpe;
- neo6xopnHo npnsna1L epnnc1ao pycckoro napopa ane saancnHoc1n o1 rpannu n c1pan
npoxnaannn; npnsna1L npaao na aoccoepnnenne epnno pyccko naunn, okasaauecn
a paspenennoH nonoxennn. eo6xopnHo c1peHn1Lcn k cospannk HnpnmH ny1eH
npouae1akuero ycckoro naunonanLnoro rocypapc1aa - occnn - a rpannuax
koHnak1noro npoxnaannn pycckoro a1noca;
- neo6xopnHo sakonopa1enLnoe sanpeuenne pycoqo6nn ao acex ee nponanennnx,
saun1a uenoaeuecknx n rpaxpancknx npaa pyccknx nkpe a nk6o 1ouke seHnoro
uapa. nckpnHnnaunn rpaxpan pyccko naunonanLnoc1n, npoxnaakunx sa py6exoH,
ponxna c1a1L ocnoaanneH pnn nepecHo1pa nonn1nkn occnn a o1nouennn
nnoc1pannoro rocypapc1aa, a ko1opoH 1akan pnckpnHnnaunn nHee1 Hec1o. a1nx
cnyuanx paan1enLc1ao occnn o6nsano (no npepc1aanennk 6uec1aenno-
rocypapc1aennoro oHn1e1a no npo6neHaH pycckoro napopa, aepyuero nenpepmanm
153
Honn1opnnr npo6neHm n exekaap1anLno nspakuero coo1ae1c1aykune o1ue1m)
npnnn1L ace neo6xopnHme Hepm, nanpaanennme na saun1y npaa pycckoro nacenennn;
- neo6xopnHo okasa1L cpounyk noHouL pyccknH 6exenuaH n amnyxpennmH
nepecenenuaH ns 6maunx pecny6nnk n ropnunx 1ouek occnn, o6ecneun1L nx
pa6o1o n xnnLeH; npnnn1L nporpaHHy nepecenennn a occnk n o6yc1poc1aa
pyccknx, npoxnaakunx paccennno apann o1 rpannu occnn;
- neo6xopnHa nonn1nka coxpanennn n ykpennennn a1nnueckoro epnnc1aa pycckoro
napopa n acex nc1opnuecknx n kynL1ypno-nsmkoamx qak1opoa, cnoco6c1aykunx
a1oHy;
- neo6xopnHo yc1pann1L nHekuyk Hec1o qak1nueckyk pnckpnHnnaunk pyccknx a
occnn, oco6enno a pecny6nnkax a coc1aae ;
- neo6xopnHo npnsna1L qak1 a1nopeHorpaqnuecko ka1ac1poqm pycckoro napopa n
sakonopa1enLno y1aeppn1L Hepm, nanpaanennme npo1na penonynnunn ero kak
rocypapc1aoo6pasykue naunn. occnn a nnue acex ae1ae kak uen1panLno anac1n,
1ak n anac1n a cy6Lek1ax occncko epepaunn ponxna npnnnHa1L ace Hepm k
yaennuennk poxpaeHoc1n pyccknx kak rocypapc1aoo6pasykue naunn, HakcnHanLno
ncnonLsyn caon qnnancoame, oprannsaunonnme n nponaranpnc1ckne aosHoxnoc1n.
occnn o6Lnanne1cn pesamuanoe peHorpaqnueckoe nonoxenne; aocc1anaannaae1cn
oHn1e1 no penaH ceHLn, pe1e n peHorpaqnn npn paan1enLc1ae; cospae1cn
pesamuanan apeHennan peHorpaqnueckan koHnccnn pnn paspa6o1kn nporpaHHm no
npeoponennk peHorpaqnueckoro kpnsnca. cnoanan sapaua - o6ecneun1L poc1
a6conk1no n o1nocn1enLno uncnennoc1n pycckoro napopa;
- seHnn n ppyrne npnpopnme pecypcm ace occnn ponxnm naxopn1Lcn a
co6c1aennoc1n rocypapc1aa (sa ncknkuenneH npnycape6nmx yuac1koa n seHnn, na
ko1opo pacnonoxenm uac1nme c1poennn). nn ponxnm ncnonLsoaa1Lcn n oxpann1Lcn
kak ocnoaa xnsnn n pen1enLnoc1n rocypapc1aoo6pasykuero pycckoro napopa;
- neo6xopnHo npnsna1L qak1 renounpa no o1nouennk k pycckoHy napopy.
paan1enLc1ay occnn 6ype1 npepnncano cospa1L npn 6uec1aenno-rocypapc1aennoH
oHn1e1e no npo6neHaH pycckoro napopa npn npesnpen1e occnn pesamuanyk
rocypapc1aennyk koHnccnk () no paccnepoaannk qak1oa renounpa pycckoro
napopa n npeoponennk ero nocnepc1an. ponxnm, napnpy c oqnunanLnmHn
npepc1aan1ennHn Hnnnc1epc1a n aepoHc1a, ao1n am6opnme npepc1aan1enn pyccknx
o6uec1aennmx oprannsaun;
- opranm rocypapc1aenno anac1n occnn n cy6Lek1oa occncko epepaunn (po ee
npeo6pasoaannn a ynn1apnoe rocypapc1ao) ponxnm ocyuec1ann1L noppepxky pyccko
kynL1ypm kak 6asoaoro qak1opa coxpanennn n pasan1nn naunonanLnoro caHocosnannn
pycckoro napopa, nrpakuero ocnoanyk nn1erpnpykuyk ponL a coxpanennn epnnoro
unannnsaunonnoro npoc1panc1aa a nonna1nnueckoH, no HononaunonanLnoH
occnckoH rocypapc1ae. kasannme opranm noppepxnaak1 pycckne napopnme
xypoxec1aennme npoHmcnm - ynnkanLnoe nanenne Hnpoaoro kynL1ypnoro nacnepnn,
okasmaak1 copec1ane pyccknH naunonanLno-kynL1ypnmH aa1onoHnnH acex ypoane.
pranm rocypapc1aenno anac1n occnn n cy6Lek1oa occncko epepaunn ponxnm
ocyuec1ann1L Hepm no cospannk n pasan1nk pe1cknx poukonLnmx yupexpenn,
cpepnnx yue6nmx saaepenn c yrny6nennmH nsyuenneH pycckoro nsmka, nn1epa1ypm,
nc1opnn n kynL1ypm - cnc1eHm pycckoro naunonanLnoro aocnn1annn n o6pasoaannn;
- neo6xopnHo npoaopn1L uenenanpaanennyk nonn1nky o16opa naunonanLno ann1m ns
acex cocnoan pycckoro napopa;
154
- ponxnm 6m1L npnnn1m nepaoouepepnme noame qepepanLnme sakonm,
sa1parnaakune nn1epecm pycckoro napopa: rpaxpanc1ae, npaaax kopennmx
napopoa occnn, pycoqo6nn, paspenennoH nonoxennn epnno pyccko naunn
n ee npaae na aoccoepnnenne (a pepakunn nrn saun1m naunonanLnoro poc1onnnn),
ceHLe, seHne. onxnm 6m1L paspa6o1anm n aaepenm nporpaHHm: ycckan
ukona, pycckn yue6nnk, ycckn ays, ycckan ceHLn, pycckne pe1n, ycckne
cnpo1m, ycckn pmnok n pp.
II. MEm HUEHHH QYHX HQ HH
- opennmH napopoH occnn npnsnae1cn napop, npoxnaakun na ee 1eppn1opnn ne
Henee 1mcnun ne1 n ne nHekun sa npepenaHn occnn caoe cy6Lek1noc1n n
rocypapc1aennoc1n; sa kopennmHn napopaHn occnn nesaancnHo o1 naunonanLnoc1n
coxpannk1cn ace o6uerpaxpanckne npaaa. paao na paonoe rpaxpanc1ao a occnn
nHek1 1onLko npepc1aan1enn kopennmx napopoa, okasaaunxcn a paspenennoH
nonoxennn (pycckne, oce1nnm, nesrnnm n 1.n.);
- c uenLk npepo1apauennn poc1a 6espa6o1num, xnnnunoro kpnsnca, cann1apnmx
npo6neH, napkoHannn n npec1ynnoc1n a occnn neo6xopnHo aaec1n xec1kn ansoam
pexnH pnn rpaxpan panLnero n 6nnxnero sapy6exLn, kpoHe nnu pyccko
naunonanLnoc1n n rpaxpan enopyccnn (kak xn1ene coksnoro rocypapc1aa). m1n
ns acex Hexpynapopnmx cornauenn no npo6neHaH Hnrpaunn. enop1npoaa1L a
nepenLnm cpok acex nesakonno npoxnaakunx a occnn Hnrpan1oa sa nx cue1. ex, y
koro ne1 cpepc1a na onna1y penop1aunn, npnaneuL k npnnypn1enLnoHy 1pypy, noka
1akne cpepc1aa ne nonan1cn. kpmaakunecn o1 penop1aunn nesakonnme Hnrpan1m
ponxnm 6m1L o6Lnanenm ane sakona, sa nx xnsnL, spopoaLe n nHyuec1ao nnk1o ne
ponxen nec1n o1ae1c1aennoc1L;
- 1pypoaan nHHnrpaunn, kpoHe nnu pyccko naunonanLnoc1n, ponxna 6m1L
sanpeuena;
- neo6xopnHo paspa6o1a1L n npnnn1L rocypapc1aennyk nporpaHHy sakonno n
nenacnnLc1aenno pena1pnaunn ns occnn a coo1ae1c1aykune rocypapc1aa -
npepc1aan1ene nauHenLunnc1a, uLn pen1enLnoc1L ne coaHec1nHa c rocypapc1aenno
nonLso occnn;
- neo6xopnHo npnsna1L ane sakona nypansH n cnonnsH kak yuennn,
nponaranpnpykune naunonanLnyk ncknkun1enLnoc1L, naunonanLnoe npeaocxopc1ao
eapeea n nenonnouennoc1L ppyrnx nkpe no naunonanLnoHy npnsnaky;
- neo6xopnHo aaec1n a sakonopa1enLc1ao o6nsa1enLnoe 1pe6oaanne k kanpnpa1aH na
am6opax a opranm anac1n peknapnpoaa1L caoe naunonanLnoe nponcxoxpenne (anno1L
po 1pe1Lero konena no o6enH nnnnnH) n cekcyanLnyk opnen1aunk;
- neo6xopnH ecnn ne sakon o sanpe1e na cHeuannme 6pakn (1ako sakon 6ype1
o6nnua1Lcn npo1nannkaHn kak sanpe1 na nk6oaL), 1o HakcnHanLno ak1nanan
nonn1nka, a 1oH uncne nponaranpnc1ckan, a a1oH nanpaanennn. a1oH
sann1epecoaanm ne 1onLko pycckn napop, no n ace napopm, ne xenakune ncuesny1L
ny1eH accnHnnnunn;
- rpaqa naunonanLnoc1L a nacnop1e ponxna 6m1L aocc1anoanena, paano kak
npouepypa ee sanonnennn;
155
- neo6xopnHo peun1L npo6neHy eunn n ueuenuea kak napopa, nekonnnHen1apnoro no
o1nouennk k rocypapc1aoo6pasykueHy: 1) aepny1L eunk a e nc1opnueckne
rpannum, aosapa1na ap1epeunm, aypckn, enkoacko paonm a coc1aa
1aapononLckoro kpan; 2) npoaec1n acepoccnckn peqepenpyH o6 o1penennn eunn a
e nc1opnuecknx rpannuax o1 occncko epepaunn, amnecn na ronocoaanne aonpoc:
o1n1e nn m npoxnaa1L c ueuenuaHn a opnoH rocypapc1ae?; 3) no pesynL1a1aH
peqepenpyHa nponsaec1n asanHnyk pena1pnaunk pyccknx n ueuenuea na nx
nc1opnueckne popnnm; 4) o6opypoaa1L nonnouennyk rpannuy, o1pennkuyk eunk o1
occnn;
- neo6xopnHo ypaann1L a npaaax o6nac1n n kpan c pecny6nnkaHn a coc1aae
occncko epepaunn. ce cy6Lek1m epepaunn ponxnm nHe1L paanme npaaa; onn
ne Hory1 pykoaopn1Lcn ak1aHn, npo1naopeuaunHn qepepanLnoHy sakonopa1enLc1ay.
nocnepc1ann qepepa1nanoe yc1poc1ao occnn Hoxe1 6m1L nonnoc1Lk nnn uac1nuno
nepecHo1peno He1opoH peqepenpyHa nnn anecennn nsHenenn a onc1n1yunk, a
nanHenoaanne occnckan epepaunn o1Heneno.
ocnoanme nonn1nueckne nporpaHHnme 1pe6oaannn pycckoro panxennn,
amkpnc1annnsoaaaunecn ns o6Lek1nanoro anannsa coapeHenno pec1an1enLnoc1n n
ns npak1nkn pycckoro panxennn. oHy-1o onn Hory1 nokasa1Lcn nsnnune
a1noarouen1pnunmHn n npyunHn apaspes c 1papnunonno pyccko qnnocoqne, c 1ak
nasmaaeHo pyccko npee, qopHnpoaaauecn po cepepnnm aeka na 6ase
nHnepcko npak1nkn occnn. pnako, kak roaopnnocL amue, nc1opnueckne 1enpenunn
naunx pne npnHo npo1naononoxnm 1eH, u1o uaenn 100-150 ne1 1oHy nasap. ecnn
Hm xo1nH coxpann1Lcn a aekax, Hm c a6conk1no nens6exnoc1Lk ponxnm npnnn1L
npeonornk n ncnxonornk ss. onn k xnsnn ne npepnonarae1 ceropnn
ppyrnx peuenn n nopxopoa. anoHnnH, u1o mnn n n - u
xn n x, um, um. ce, u1o cnoco6c1aye1
a1oHy, ponxno 6m1L npnnn1o, ace, u1o Heuae1, - o16poueno. napo npnHo ckasa1L:
sapaua qnnocoqa kak 1akoaan ceropnn aoo6ue 6onLue ne cyuec1aye1 a npoc1panc1ae
pyccko naunonanLno xnsnn n pyccko npen. na npeo6pasoaanacL a sapauy
nonn1nka n 1pe6ye1 coaceH nnmx snann n nopxopoa - nc1opnka, ncnxonora,
counonora, nonn11exnonora n 1.p. qnnocoqnn, pa6o1akue no 1ako Hopenn, ec1L
caoe nHn: . no n ponxno c1on1L na naueH snaHenn.
nopuepkny1L, u1o ace nepeuncnennme Hepm ao aneune n any1penne
nonn1nke a kauec1ae nepaoro ycnoann caoero ocyuec1anennn npepnonarak1 cospanne
pycckoro naunonanLnoro rocypapc1aa. akoro rocypapc1aa y pyccknx ne 6mno nnkorpa,
ero 1onLko npepc1on1 eue cospa1L. oa1oHy nyxno npepc1aan1L ce6e xop pyccko
nc1opnn po 1990-x rr. n nopaec1n nop nnH uep1y: 1ak 6mno. H nu: um -
. ocne uero asn1L sa ocnoay pnn npornosnpoaannn nnuL opny noaeuyk
nc1opnk, u1o6m amc1pon1L coaepuenno noam anropn1H pycckoro noaepennn, na
nnmx, sauac1yk npnHo npo1naononoxnmx npnamunoHy npepc1aanennk npnnunnax.
1ckpa, a uac1noc1n, cnepye1 nenpenoxnm amaop: a6conk1no ace, u1o koncepanpye1
y pycckoro napopa nHnepckyk ncnxonornk nnn ee pypnHen1m - npnnerakune k
nHnepckoHy cosnannk npen n npekn, neo6xopnHo 6es acnkoro coxanennn
noxoponn1L. ne akcryHnpoaa1L no kpane Hepe po 1ex nop, noka pycckne ne
aocc1anoan1 pnnaHnky poxpaeHoc1n no o6pasuy konua XIX - nauana aa. (uero
ceropnn nnk1o ne xpe1). apo ncno nonnHa1L: u m
- u u .
1oH, kaknH ponxno 6m1L pycckoe naunonanLnoe rocypapc1ao, saunuakuee npaaa n
nn1epecm pyccknx nkpe, n kak ero cospa1L, noppo6no pacckasmaae1 onc1n1yunn
ycckoro ocypapc1aa (1997), cospannan nro o6uec1aenno saun1m naunonanLnoro
poc1onnnn () npn yuac1nn cneunannc1oa kpqaka n nc1n1y1a rocypapc1aa n
npaaa . na nonnoc1Lk coxpanne1 ak1yanLnoc1L n anonne poc1ynna pnn nsyuennn,
156
paano kak n nopro1oanennan kap1a ycckan occnn, o6osnauakuan
on1nHanLnme rpannum 1akoro rocypapc1aa. oa1oHy specL o6opeH HonuanneH Hnorne
noppo6noc1n n naHe1nH, ncxopn ns naue caepxsapaun, neko1opme ocnoanme npen,
npnnunnm n rnaanme nanpaanennn nonn1nkn naunonanLnoro c1pon1enLc1aa 6ypyuero
ycckoro ocypapc1aa.
1. nauane, pasyHee1cn, neo6xopnHo pa1L onpepenenne, 6es ko1oporo neaosHoxen
panLneun pasroaop, 6es ko1oporo paccmnak1cn ace naHepennn: n
n, u n . e c1on1 nsnara1L specL
nc1opnk aonpoca, a amcue c1enenn pnckyccnonnoro, n pasaopaunaa1L ack uenL
apryHen1oa a saun1y npnaopnHoro onpepenennn. 1o yxe cpenano a ynoHnny1o amue
knnre ycckn npoek1. oam aapnan1 onc1n1yunn occnn (., 1998). apnH caHo
onpepenenne, cnerka o1koppek1npoaannoe sa npouepuee nocne nepao ny6nnkaunn
apeHn:
Pycck cn n ckyc n, M yccky
nc.
Pycckn nc xcn knM kyM,
ycn nc. H, cn n nnncn cmnM,
kyM, ycn nc r n. H c
nnn n, nr ycckM nkM Mr M r
kyMn xr ycckr k M kn, c
nc, k cmcn ycnM qnM kM
nk.
H cn ycckM M kx n ycckr cxn,
k cM n k r kn rnc cnc
n yn n kqnk n rcyc
nk Pcc CCCP 1917-1991 rr. nM Pcc c 1991 r.
H Mry ycckM n, M r ycckr nn,
aM Mry M y ny c cny nr
cxn r n crnc kM, ycnnM nM
ar nn.
Pyccky ccnn ycck, nnncn rxM Pccck O
ycck, nnncn rxM Pccck O, cn n
M x r, kk M c rxc, k
n rxc.
onee amaepennoro n kpnpnueckn coaepuennoro onpepenennn pyccko naunn ceropnn
ne1. pnnunn poan, nonoxennm a ocnoay amuenpnaepennoro onpepenennn, -
qopHanLnm npnsnak. n, ane acnknx coHnenn, nanne1cn neo6xopnHmH, 6asoamH,
nu, 6es ko1oporo caHa 1eHa pasroaopa 1epne1 acnkn
cHmcn. es nero neaosHoxno qynkunonnpoaanne nn opnoro sakona, 1pak1ykuero
npaaa, npnannernn n o6nsannoc1n nHenno pyccknx, n6o M cny M
ckyM nm nr n nm nr nnM cM, coaepuenno
a1oro ne sacnyxnaakunH. e nyxno aeua1L na uyxnx nkpe caon npo6neHm, no ne
nyxno n penn1Lcn c uyxnHn nkpLHn caonHn npenHyuec1aaHn.
e, koro ne yc1panaae1 qopHanLnm kpn1epn onpepenennn, aonLnm norpysn1Lcn a
6eckoneunyk n 6ecnnopnyk pnckyccnk o kpn1epnnx neqopHanLnmx.
2. ospanne pycckoro naunonanLnoro rocypapc1aa ne Hoxe1 np1n a o1pmae o1
peuennn npo6neH pyccko naunn kak 1akoao.
157
ocnoae pyccko naunonanLno nonn1nuecko npeonornn ponxen nexa1L
kpaeyronLnm kaHenL aoo6ue konuenunn naunonannsHa. nHenno - 1esnc: Hn
, . 1o nn a koeH cnyuae ne snaun1, u1o
rocypapc1ao ec1L neu1o neaaxnoe; no Hm ponxnm 1aeppo noHnn1L, u1o a coo1ae1c1ann
c pnanek1nko cyunoc1L oqopHnena, a qopHa - cyuec1aenna. F u
q, mu nmn u - m, mu mn
. epoc1a1kn n npenHyuec1aa rocypapc1aa ec1L
nepoc1a1kn n npenHyuec1aa naunn, nepeaepennme ns Hen1anLnoro, nHHanen1noro
naunn, nnana - a nnan 1pancuepen1nm: 6m1nnm n co6m1nnm.
F - s m ,
z .
1ckpa cnepye1 eue opnn 1esnc: nenLsn (a1o npoc1o 6eccHmcnenno) sa6o1n1Lcn o
aneune qopHe, ne npepycHo1pea anauane neo6xopnHmx nsHenenn any1pennero
copepxannn. a6o1a o pyccko naunn ponxna nexa1L a ocnoae nk6mx npeo6pasoaann
occnn kak rocypapc1aa, o6Lek1nanpoaaauero nHenno pannyk naunk.
u u mu
u, , nu.
3. poc1an npoekunn a1oporo 1esnca na npak1nueckyk nnockoc1L pae1 naH nonnHanne
1pe1Lero 1esnca: xm n x - xm n ; x
n x - x n .
kasannoe ne osnauae1, u1o 6naro ppyrnx napopoa occnn, npexpe acero -
aa1ox1onnmx, kopennmx, ne nHee1 snauennn pnn npak1nkykuero pycckoro nonn1nka.
m no6opnnkn rpaxpanckoro paanonpaann a uenoH (xo1n n ne c1oponnnkn
npepoc1aanennn rpaxpanc1aa aceH xenakunH). o a1o snaun1 nnuL, u1o a cn1yaunn
konqnnk1a naunonanLnmx nn1epecoa, rpe opno c1opono nannk1cn pycckne, nn o
kakoH koncencyce ne Hoxe1 6m1L peun: nosnunn n aaunH n naunH nanne1cn
saaepoHo noxno, paspyun1enLno n pnn naunn, n pnn rocypapc1aa.
occnn - ne 1onLko pnn pyccknx, no pnn pyccknx a nepayk ouepepL.
4. c1L o6nac1L uenoaeuecko pen1enLnoc1n, rpe npepmpyun 1esnc npnnnHae1 anp
ynL1nHa1yHa: a1o - nonn1nueckan anac1L. eropnn ona peanLno aonnouena a ue1mpex
cy6c1anunnx: 1pn konc1n1yunonnme nnkc . a1nx cy6c1anunnx ace ocnoanme
nonnoHounn 6es ncknkuennn ponxnm naxopn1Lcn 1onLko y pyccknx. a onpepenennme
ponxnoc1n pycckne Hory1 nasnaua1L nepyccknx naHec1nnkoa nnuL npn ycnoann
a6conk1noro kon1ponn.
Bn u - !
5. eo6xopnHo cpena1L ace, u1o6m nponsouno peanLnoe aoccoepnnenne pyccko
naunn. ayunoe nccnepoaanne a1o npo6neHm pae1 amaepennme pekoHenpaunn.
nepye1 pasnnua1L pycckyk pnacnopy no payH kpn1epnnH: 1) koHnak1noc1L nnn
pncnepcnoc1L paccenennn; 2) npnHmkanne k rpannuaH occnn nnn ypanenne o1 nnx.
saancnHoc1n o1 a1oro cnepye1:
- o6ecneun1L ecnn ne 1o1anLnm, 1o HakcnHanLnm amaos a occnk pyccknx,
npoxnaakunx sa py6exoH pncnepcno (paccennno). nn koHnak1no (kak a nHa-
1nncko o6nac1n), no - apann o1 rpannu occnn;
- o6ecneun1L npncoepnnenne k occnn rpannuaunx c nek seHenL, koHnak1no
nacenennmx pyccknHn. 1o cnepye1 pena1L, nn6o paspennn c1pany npoxnaannn
pyccknx c 1pe1Le c1opono (aapnan1m: paspen asaxc1ana Hexpy occne n n1aeH,
158
ampenenne anapno kpannm a caHoc1on1enLnoe rocypapc1ao), nn6o - HnpnmH (yam,
ponrnH) ny1eH n a coo1ae1c1ann c HexpynapopnmH npaaoH, rnc n a.
H sn: pycckne a anknaae po6naak1cn naunonanLno-kynL1ypno aa1onoHnn.
sn: pycckne a anknaae po6naak1cn naunonanLno-1eppn1opnanLno
aa1onoHnn a coc1aae c1panm npoxnaannn. sn: pycckan aa1onoHnn ny1eH
peqepenpyHa po6naae1cn cyaepenn1e1a. H sn: cyaepennan pycckan
o6nac1L ny1eH peqepenpyHa npnnnHae1 peuenne o axoxpennn a coc1aa occnn.
H sn: occnn a coo1ae1c1ann c nopHaHn caoe onc1n1yunn npnnnHae1
peuenne o6 nsHenennn rpannu. onn1no, u1o a1o1 npouecc neaosHoxen 6es ak1nano
uenenanpaanenno noppepxkn occnn;
- a oxnpannn ncnonnennn pannmx Hep npepnpnnn1L ace ycnnnn pnn coxpanennn
pyccko naunonanLno-kynL1ypno npen1nunoc1n, pycckoro caHocosnannn y naunx
epnnokpoanmx co6pa1n, o1pesannmx o1 Ha1epnncko naunn n c1panm.
6. enLsn nLc1n1L ce6n napexpo na aoccoepnnenne c kpanno a uenoH. 1n Heu1m
nyc1m n ouenL onacnm. nn na npak1nke yxe o6epnynncL npepa1enLc1aoH poccncko
anac1Lk 11 Hnn. pyccknx, npoxnaakunx 1aH. aknkuna, no anne koHHynnc1nuecko
qpakunn yHm n nnuno nLunna n enesneaa, poroaop c kpanno, y1aeppnaun
nmneunne rpannum, occnn 6pocnna caonx nkpe na Hnnoc1L caHoc1nnnkoa,
ykpanncknx a1nokpa1oa. y nnx sapaua: npeapa1n1L pyccknx kpannm - a ykpannuea,
ne a nepaoH, 1ak ao a1opoH-1pe1LeH nokonennnx. 1o1 npouecc nnmuapnsaunn n
Hankyp1nsaunn pyccko Honopexn nporpeccnpye1 rnran1cknHn 1eHnaHn npn nonnoH
nonyc1n1enLc1ae occnn. ockonLky n Laoa, n pmH (ampaxancL cnHaonnueckn)
cnnukoH xopoun kaxpm no-caoeHy, 1o kneackan anac1L nnkorpa ne peun1cn ueH-
nn6o opnnH noxep1aoaa1L. nokypa Laoa (n c nnH caHoc1nnnueckan
npeonornueckan poHnnan1a) - a coc1aae kpannm, naH ne 1onLko c kpanno a uenoH,
no paxe c pmHoH n oaopoccne po6poH ne aoccoepnnn1Lcn. 1o nyxno ncno
nonnHa1L n ne c1pon1L nnnksn.
c1L pasnme cuenapnn peuennn pannoro aonpoca. o na 6nnxauee apeHn a
o1nouennn pyccknx na kpanne cnepye1 pykoaopc1aoaa1Lcn nsnoxenno a
npepmpyueH nynk1e c1pa1areHo.
7. n a koeH cnyuae nenLsn peua1L aonpocm, kacakunecn napoponacenennn, ero
konnuec1aennoro n kauec1aennoro coc1aaa, kaknH-nn6o peqepenpyHoH. ec1koe
aoneaoe peuenne koHne1en1nmx nnu, oqopHnennoe sakonopa1enLno, - ao1 ace, u1o
aosHoxno a 1akoH pene. naue peueam nparHa1nsH, xenanne cnkHnny1no amropm,
nensxn1m nHnepckn ncnxokoHnnekc n aceo6uan pyueanan pacxpnc1annoc1L,
ace1epnnHoc1L n 1peknn1an xanoc1nnaoc1L pycckoro uenoaeka amnecy1 eHy caHoHy
okonua1enLnm npnroaop. Hep1nm, pasyHee1cn.
nuero c1paunoro, - pyHann aHepnkanum, npnnnHan peuennn o pacunpennn kao1
pnn uae1nmx. - m c nnHn paano xnaeH aHec1e n snaeH, kak c nnHn o6paua1Lcn.
pnn npnnn1nn pokoaoro sakona 1965 ropa o6 nHHnrpaunn npeo6napana
nparHa1nueckan 1ouka spennn: ecnn nHHnrpan1 nonesnm - nyc1L aLesxae1. o
pannmH nnc1n1y1a annana 71% onpouennmx cun1an 1orpa, u1o rnaanoe npn peuennn
o ponycke - a1o cneunanLnoc1L nHHnrpan1a, a 50% nonarann c1pany ero
nponcxoxpennn neaaxnmH o6c1on1enLc1aoH. 1o o6uec1aennoe sa6nyxpenne
(sa6nyxpenne a6conk1noro 6onLunnc1aa!) ouenL poporo o6ounocL aHepnkanuaH
eaponeckoro nponcxoxpennn.
nuero c1paunoro, - pyHann eaponeum, rnnpn na . - o1 aepL y nnx xnae1
amcokn npouen1 uae1nmx - n nnuero! 1oxe nonanncL na a1y ypouky.
ycckn uenoaek, aocnn1annm a aekax Hnepne n oae1aHn a pyxe
nn1epnaunonannsHa, nonape1cn na 1y xe ypouky 1eH 6onee.
159
HHnrpan1a nerko anyc1n1L, no nenerko no1oH amc1aan1L. noxaa1nnncL co apeHeneH
n eaponeum, n aHepnkanum. o nospno.
8. apnpy c nepyccko nHHnrpaune cyuec1aye1 nnan 6epa n onacnoc1L: pycckan
aHnrpaunn, a nepayk ouepepL - o16opno, o6pasoaanno n 1anan1nnao pyccko
Honopexn, a 1akxe kpacnamx peayuek-cnaannok. y1 peno ne c1onLko a konnuec1ae,
ckonLko a kauec1ae. 1917-1937 rr. eapen ynnu1oxann pycckyk ann1y qnsnueckn.
eropnn onn penak1 a1o 6onee paunonanLno - naxnaancL na ee amaose ns c1panm.
uep6, ko1opm 1epnn1 occnn n pycckn napop o1 a1oro, ne noppae1cn nnkakoHy
yue1y, on 6esHepen. (6epn1enLnm npnHep: yxe ceropnn poxop o1 1oproann
na1en1aHn n nnuensnnHn a 2,3 pasa amue, ueH o1 1oproann 1oaapaHn, n a1a
nponopunn pac1e1.) k6o ueno neo6xopnHo oc1anoan1L y1euky Hosroa. naue Hm
nnunHcn nn1ennek1yanLnoro n uennoro 6nonornueckoro pecypca, a c nnH - n
6ypyuero.
euenne specL Hoxe1 6m1L 1akoe. B-x, sanpe1n1L pen1enLnoc1L no o1kauke
Hosroa ns occnn nop c1paxoH caHmx cnnLnmx nakasann. amesxakunx ns occnn
na noc1onnnoe Hec1o xn1enLc1aa cneunannc1oa cnepye1 asnHa1L HakcnHanLnyk
nounnny kak sa amaos oco6o uennoro 1oaapa c1pa1ernueckoro snauennn nnkc onna1y
nonno c1onHoc1n nonyuennoro o6pasoaannn. B-x, naunonannsnpoaa1L onp
opoca n pasaepny1L nanpaanenne ero pen1enLnoc1n, co ace ero c1pyk1ypo n
co1pypnnkaHn, na qopHnpoaanne pmnka nesaancnHoro nn1ennek1yanLnoro 1pypa a
occnn. B-ux, cnepye1 sanoao npopyHa1L n nepepa6o1a1L naue na1en1noe
sakonopa1enLc1ao, cospa1L coo1ae1c1aykuee cneunannsnpoaannoe aren1c1ao. ycckn
yuenm ponxen nHe1L aosHoxnoc1L cnokono pa6o1a1L poHa, 6ypyun yaepen, u1o ero
npaaa napexno saunuenm, n ero nso6pe1ennn npnnecy1 poc1onme penLrn eHy n ero
opnne. B-x, nnkanpnpoaa1L nk6me nLro1m n kao1m, eue cyuec1aykune
pnn nk6mx nepyccknx napopoa npn noc1ynnennn a aysm occnn.
cnn a1n Hepm 6ypy1 ncnonnenm rpaHo1no n npnnecy1 aqqek1, 1o cnepye1, a-nn1mx,
pasaepny1L nporpaHHy no aosapauennk naunx yuenmx a occnk.
6nopecypce (renoqonpe) - cH. nnxe.
9. c1po neo6xopnHo o1penn1L o1 occnn 1e ee cy6Lek1m, caHo cyuec1aoaanne
ko1opmx a coc1aae c1panm nece1 c co6o nanyk a1nopeHorpaqnueckyk (a snaun1 -
a1nononn1nueckyk) yrposy, ne koHnencnpyeHyk reononn1nuecknHn qak1opaHn. 1o
eunn, nryue1nn, yaa, c ko1opmHn Hm HoxeH pacc1a1Lcn o1nocn1enLno
6es6onesnenno. mnonnna npn a1oH pnp ycnoan, kak, nanpnHep: 1) asanHnan
1o1anLnan pena1pnaunn pyccknx n 1n1ynLnmx napopoa, 2) y1ounenne rpannu, 3)
Ha1epnanLnan koHnencaunn a nonLsy occnn sa pasan1ne Hec1noro napopnoro
xosnc1aa, a a cnyuae c eune - eue n sa renounp pyccknx n sa Ha1epnanLnm
yuep6, nonecennm occne a xope pasansanno ueuenuaHn aonm n 1.p.
es coHnennn, nnme pecny6nnkn aakasa, a nepayk ouepepL, pmren, arec1an (rpe
sa 10 ne1 npouen1 pyccknx cnnsnncn c 9 po 2), apauaeao-epkecnn, c nx amcoknH
npnpoc1oH 1n1ynLnoro nacenennn, 1akxe necy1 a ce6e a1nononn1nueckyk n
a1nopeHorpaqnueckyk yrposy pnn pyccknx. o c nx npncy1c1aneH a occnn no pasnmH
npnunnaH npnxopn1cn Hnpn1Lcn.
eko1opme kaasn-nparHa1nkn aospaxak1: nenLsn o1paaa1L eunk - 1aH neq1L, yay -
1aH Hapraneu n 1.p. o nHe1L 1eppn1opnn n anape1L nHn - a1o paneko ne opno n 1o xe.
asae pyccknH npnnapnexn1 poccnckn ankHnnn, poccnckan neq1L, poccnckn
nnkenL? cnn nepycckn kann1an cyHen nanoxn1L nany na naun pecypcm a opnoH
cnyuae (ponyc1nH, a pacnonpcke, a kHenn), on cyHee1 a1o cpena1L n a ppyroH (a
eune, yae). Hmcn a 1oH, u1o6m, ao-nepamx, c1a1L xosneaaHn a co6c1aenno c1pane
nap co6c1aennmHn pecypcaHn (uero Hm noka ne poc1nrnn), a ao-a1opmx - ocaon1L
160
npak1nky neokononnannsHa, nayun1Lcn anape1L pecypcaHn, ponyc1nH, a kononnn yae,
poHnnnone nryue1nn, npo1ek1opa1e eune, o1penennmx o1 nac, 1eH ne Henee,
coaepuenno nenpospaunmHn rpannuaHn.
10. apnpy c orpannuenneH poc1a uncnennoc1n nnopopuea a occnn ponxen
pec1aoaa1L koHnnekc Hep, noamuakunx poxpaeHoc1L n kauec1ao noaopoxpennmx
pyccknx. uncne caHmx rnaanmx sapau coapeHennoro o6uec1aa (ne 1onLko a occnn,
no aespe, rpe paspasnncn peHorpaqnueckn kpnsnc) - aepny1L xenunny k pe1cko
kpoaa1ke n poHauneHy ouary. ena1enLno - n Ha1L, n 6a6yuky. o cnne aosHoxnoc1n
- xo1n 6m 6a6yuky. epL opna ns aaxneunx npnunn Hanope1noc1n a1o paspyuenne
nsaeuno 1pexnokonenno c1pyk1ypm ceHLn. eo6xopnHo npoaec1n pnp nenonynnpnmx
Hep, nanpaanennmx na ykpennenne ceHLn n noamuenne poxpaeHoc1n. 1oH uncne,
aepny1L nanor na 6espe1noc1L a nonLsy Hnorope1nmx ceHe, aaec1n annHen1m c
xenunn, oc1aannkunx noaopoxpennmx a poppoHax, orpannuennn na cao6opy pasaopa
n a6op1a. eo6xopnHo sanpe1n1L nopnorpaqnk, xec1ko orpannun1L pacnpoc1panenne
apo1nuecko npopykunn; sanpe1n1L 1pypoayk Hnrpaunk poccncknx xenunn a c1panm
panLnero n 6nnxnero sapy6exLn; sanpe1n1L ace kon1opm n qnpHm, aep6ykune
poccncknx xenunn na pa6o1y sa py6exoH a cqepe cekca, qo1o- n knno6nsneca,
6paunmx n HopenLnmx aren1c1a, pa6o1akunx na akcnop1; sanpe1n1L 1ak
nasmaaeHoe cekcyanLnoe o6yuenne n npocaeuenne a ukonax. eo6xopnHo cospanne
ukon Ha1epnnc1aa, ycnnenne kypcoa poHoaopc1aa a ukonax n ppyrnx yue6nmx
saaepennnx. eo6xopnHa unpokoHacu1a6nan nponaranpa uennoc1e ceHLn n
pe1opoxpennn. a pyccknHn HyxunnaHn cnepye1 sakpenn1L npaao na cospanne
napannenLno ceHLn na onpepenennmx HopanLnmx n Ha1epnanLnmx ycnoannx.
11. konoHnueckan nonn1nka naunonanLnoro rocypapc1aa ponxna coo1ae1c1aoaa1L ero
caepxsapaue: a6conk1noHy n o1nocn1enLnoHy poc1y pycckoro nacenennn. akoa
rnaanm kpn1epn npnropnoc1n 1o nnn nno nporpaHHm. 1o snaun1, u1o ao ace
akonoHnueckne nporpaHHm ponxnm saknapmaa1Lcn coo1ae1c1aykune npnopn1e1m.
onn1no, u1o nHenno no a1o npnunne ace 1.n. nn6epanLnme nporpaHHm pasan1nn
occnn ponxnm 6m1L neHepnenno o1Henenm, a nx pypnme nocnepc1ann no
aosHoxnoc1n ncnpaanenm. Hn n
( m u, n
n m m). Hm u
s - n! -
u n m.
ocnoanme nanpaanennn naunonanLnoro c1pon1enLc1aa a ycckoH
ocypapc1ae, cospanne n noc1poenne ko1oporo nanne1cn nepaoouepepno sapaue
pycckoro panxennn.
ue pas nopuepkneH, u1o kak aneunnn, 1ak n any1pennnn nonn1nka ny1nnckoro
pexnHa nonnoc1Lk n no aceH nanpaanennnH npo1naopeun1 uennH n sapauaH pycckoro
panxennn. oa1oHy nHenno n 1onLko pycckoe panxenne ceropnn ro1oao sann1L
aakan1nyk nnuy 6eckoHnpoHnccno n anecnc1eHno onnosnunn.
B m nu , n s
. Y u nm
n x
, u-u
n.
161
HMM
YQEHH HERB
YK HHHRBH-BQHERBH
QHXEHHR
"occnn - rocypapc1ao pycckoro napopa
oann, Hn1pononn1
ank1-e1ep6yprckn n apoxckn
rocypapc1aennoe yc1poc1ao occnn nn 1eope1nueckn, nn npak1nueckn
ne coo1ae1c1aye1 npaaaH n nn1epecaH pycckoro napopa.
pnunna 1akoro necoo1ae1c1ann, ecnn cHo1pe1L c 1oukn spennn unannnc1nkn (paspen
kpncnpypenunn, 1pak1ykun aonpocm rocypapc1aennoro c1pon1enLc1aa), nexn1 a
pec1aykue onc1n1yunn occnn, nanncanno 6es Haneuero yue1a no1pe6noc1e
pycckoro napopa kak rocypapc1aoo6pasykuero napopa occnn. ycckn napop,
cospaaun occnk n nannkuncn ee ocnoano ckpeno, a onc1n1yunn paxe ne
ynoHnnae1cn.
onc1n1yunn 6mna npnnn1a nop necnmxannmH paanenneH enLunnckoro pexnHa npn
nsaec1nmx o6c1on1enLc1aax a peka6pe 1993 r. oueHy nporonocoaana sa nee
pacc1pennnnan, nopHn1an nop ce6n opno ns nonn1nuecknx rpynnnpoaok occnn?
oHy-1o Hmcnn ckoamaan c1pax, koHy-1o - npnamunoe nepoHmcnne n
nekoHne1en1noc1L, koHy-1o - napexpa na o6uec1aennoe npnHnpenne, na ycnex
peqopH a ycnoannx xec1koro aa1okpa1nueckoro pexnHa. o1n aceH c caHoro nauana
6mno anpno: onc1n1yunn 1ua1enLno npopyHana 1onLko a o1nouennn npesnpen1cko
anac1n, ao aceH xe oc1anLnoH - aHopqna, noppaxa1enLna, nanoHnnae1 neyknkxyk
opexpy ns Harasnna ro1oaoro nna1Ln, a ne napno cun1m no qnrype koc1kH. nmHn
cnoaaHn, cnoano akon occnn cpenan ne pnn ee napopa, a pnn opnoro uenoaeka
(npesnpen1a) n pnn 1ex, k1o c1on1 a ero 1enn.
epecHo1p nmne pec1aykue onc1n1yunn ec1ec1aennmH o6pasoH c1an na noaec1ky
pnn. eropnn o anecennn nonpaaok n nonpaaouek a ce pokyHen1 roaopn1 co acex
c1opon: "cnpaaa n "cneaa, "caepxy n "cnnsy. apn peannsaunn a1nx nonpaaok a
ocpyHe ceropnn ro1oan1cn uenmx paa npoek1a sakona onc1n1yunonnoH
co6pannn. pnako ace uac1nunme nsHenennn, npepnaraeHme nonn1nkaHn ns pasnmx
narepe, - cy1L nnuL nyM, ne cansannme o6unH konuen1yanLnmH anpenneH
npepHe1a. ak o6c1on1 peno no1oHy, u1o H
n x x ,
x x , , x .
onn1no, noueHy nopo6no konuenunn ne1 y ppyrnx. nn 1oro, u1o6m ona 6mna,
nyxna, ao-nepamx, nekan epnnan "npnsHa nn1epecoa um,
ckaosL ko1opyk cnepye1 paccHa1pnaa1L kaxpyk c1a1Lk. ao-a1opmx, nyxno cHo1pe1L
na pec1an1enLnoc1L nesauopennmHn rnasaHn.
epnan pnn caoero apeHenn "npnsHa" knaccoaoro nopxopa 6mna korpa-1o y
6onLueankoa, c1pon1ene pa6oue-kpec1Lnnckoro rocypapc1aa. o ona yn
c cny a pesynL1a1e nsHenennn counanLnmx nponopun nauero o6uec1aa,
yn y -kcnck Mcc nxn n r cMr
Mr nmc. 1akxe a pesynL1a1e pasan1nn n poc1a counanLnmx n
162
naunonanLnmx npo1naopeun, ampannyaunx na nepam nnan coaceH nnme
npnopn1e1m.
onm1kn nekorpa aceanac1no ckonc1pynpoaa1L, nrnopnpyn cocnoano-knaccoame
n naunonanLnme npo1naopeunn, noayk 1akyk "npnsHy" a 1970-1980-e rr. - npnsHy
nn1epecoa Hnqnueckoro r cckr , Hnqnueckoro c
cn c - okonunnncL aneua1nnkunH n ouenL noyun1enLnmH
kpaxoH. 6o nn epnnoro coae1ckoro napopa, nn o6uec1aa counanLno opnopopnoc1n a
peanLnoc1n nnkorpa ne 6mno.
eropnn na cHeny npnunn ananornunme nonm1kn ckonc1pynpoaa1L npnsHy nn1epecoa
nekoe ccck . a1o npee rpoHornacno amc1ynan neyHnm nLunn, a
nepaano npo6nm uap ka1nyn caH npesnpen1 y1nn ao apeHn ansn1a a e6okcapm
snHo 2004 r. o a1n nonm1kn 1akxe 6ecnnopnm n nenenm no onpepenennk: aepL
nnkako "poccncko naunn a npnpope ne1 n ne npepanpn1cn. pnsHa kako 6m 1o nn
6mno "o6uenapopnoc1n - nnnksopna, qanLunaa, n6o nacenenne occnn -
nokasa1enLno neopnopopno no aceH counanLnmH n naunonanLnmH kpn1epnnH. 1n
nonm1kn 1ak nnuero n ne nonnaunx noHenkna1ypunkoa coae1cko amyukn 1oxe
nnuero, kpoHe ouepepnoro kpaxa, npnnec1n naue c1pane ne Hory1.
Hec1e c 1eH ace, xenakune anpe1L, - anpn1, u1o pacnap oae1ckoro oksa
o6ecneunn occnn noam c1a1yc n noaoe snaunHoe 6onLunnc1ao nacenennn. 1o
u n um .
occnn - c1pana pycckoro napopa. 1o nonoxenne coo1ae1c1aye1 nc1opnueckoHy
qak1y. o ono coo1ae1c1aye1 1akxe n coapeHennoHy qak1nueckoHy nonoxennk aeue.
pounoe n nac1onuee, 1aknH o6pasoH, cxopn1cn a a1oH nynk1e.
Henno 1akoaa nmn n uu, ns ko1opo ne Hoxe1 ne
ncxopn1L nk6o sppaaoHmcnnun nonn1onor, konc1pynpykun naue 6ypyuee. cnn
cun1a1Lcn c a1o peanLnoc1Lk, a ne 1onLko c aosamuennmHn Heu1aHn, 1o
epnnc1aenno coapeHenno n ak1yanLno npnsHo o6uec1aennmx nn1epecoa, rnnpn
ckaosL ko1opyk, Hoxno nannca1L onc1n1yunk, opnen1npoaannyk na yc1ounaoe
pasan1ne occnn, - cnepye1 npnsna1L npnsHy nn1epecoa um.
Henno 1akan nonm1ka aonnouena a npepc1aanneHoH nnxe poek1e onc1n1yunn
occnckoro ocypapc1aa, paspa6o1annoH nro saun1m naunonanLnoro poc1onnnn
npn copec1ann yuenmx-kpnc1oa kpqaka n nc1n1y1a rocypapc1aa n npaaa .
poek1 na ceropnn nanne1cn epnnc1aenno n on1nHanLno nonm1ko sapa1L npaaoame
napaHe1pm 6ypyue occnn kak naunonanLnoro rocypapc1aa pyccknx, a nonnoH
coo1ae1c1ann c amuenpnaepenno apryHen1aune. n, ne yueHnnn sakonnmx npaa n
nn1epecoa acex kopennmx napopoa occnn, c1aan1 ao rnaay yrna npo6neHy npaaoaoro
yc1poc1aa pycckoro napopa kak napopa rocypapc1aoo6pasykuero. poek1
onc1n1yunn occnn pononnne1cn npoek1oH akona nx
1ex xe paspa6o1unkoa, a 1akxe npoek1oH akona
, a paspa6o1ke ko1oporo npnnnn yuac1ne pnp pyccknx o6uec1aennmx (a 1oH
uncne npaaosaun1nmx) oprannsaun n cpepc1a Haccoao nnqopHaunn. coaokynnoc1n
a1n 1pn pokyHen1a npepc1aannk1 co6o npaaoayk 6asy n aHec1e c 1eH nonn1nueckyk
nporpaHHy rocypapc1aennoro yc1poc1aa, npneHneHyk pnn pycckoro panxennn.
oueHy 1ak aaxno npepnoxn1L o6uec1ay ne 1eope1nueckne paccyxpennn, a
konkpe1nme kpnpnueckne pokyHen1m pnn o6cyxpennn n npnnn1nn? o1oHy u1o nHenno
a kpnpnueckne qopHynm na 6esynpeuno 1ounoH n HkoH nsmke npaaa o1nnaak1cn ace
naun 1eope1nueckne npepc1aanennn a o6nac1n rocypapc1aennoro c1pon1enLc1aa.
n1a1enL, paxe ne 6ypyun kpnc1oH, neHepnenno npnHepne1 1y nnn nnyk nopHy
sakononpoek1a k ce6e nnn k o6uec1ay. aknH o6pasoH, ace npenHyuec1aa nnn
peqek1m 1o nnn nno 1eopnn cpasy c1anoan1cn anpnm. eopn, peknapaun n
nporpaHH Hoxe1 6m1L aennkoe Hnoxec1ao, no xn1L-1o naH npepc1on1 ne no 1eopnnH,
163
peknapaunnH n nap1nnmH nporpaHHaH, a no sakonaH. nepayk ouepepL - no
ocnoanoHy sakony: onc1n1yunn occnn.
kona kpnpnueckoro Hmunennn a ycnoannx yc1anoanauerocn 6ypxyasno-
peHokpa1nueckoro c1pon oc1po neo6xopnHa aceHy pycckoHy napopy, ne 1onLko pyccknH
peny1a1aH, no n pyccknH ns6npa1ennH. es nee naH ne amxn1L n ne no6epn1L.
oa1oHy npak1nka o6cyxpennn sakononpoek1oa ponxna c1a1L pnn nac noaceHec1no n
noc1onnno.
1ak, packpoeH nonynnpno ocnoanme oco6ennoc1n rocypapc1aennoro yc1poc1aa, kak
onn npepc1ak1 ns nasaannoro npoek1a onc1n1yunn occnn.
YKHM - HHHE, YEEHHE H YQEHHB
HK onc1n1yunn (panee: ) ne ampaxae1 nn1epecoa pycckoro napopa n
ne coo1ae1c1aye1 nH. onee 1oro, ona rpy6o nonnpae1 ero ec1ec1aennme npaaa. 1o
anonne oueanpno.
B-x, pycckn napop, a o1nnune o1 Hnornx nnmx napopoa occnn (1a1ap,
6auknp, nky1oa n pp.), nnuen caoe rocypapc1aennoc1n n cyaepennoc1n. nuen npaaa
na caHoonpepenenne pe-qak1o.
B-x, a o1nnune o1 Hanmx, kopennmx, penpeccnpoaannmx n 1.n. napopoa,
pycckn napop paxe ne ynoHnnae1cn a , 1o ec1L aoo6ue ne nanne1cn ee cy6Lek1oH.
B-ux, pycckne nkpn ne paanonpaanm a uenoH pnpe cy6Lek1oa occncko
epepaunn. paaa "1n1ynLnmx napopoa a a1nx cy6Lek1ax yueHnnk1
o6uerpaxpanckne npaaa pyccknx a caoe c1pane occnn, a uac1noc1n, npaao 6m1L
ns6pannmH a opranm anac1n (npnHepm ueHy Hm anpenn a anHmknn, apn-n n
npou.)
B-x, aoo6ue nnkak ne yun1maae1 pyccknx nkpe, okasaaunxcn sa
npepenaHn nmneunnx rpannu occnn, ne konc1a1npye1 qak1 paspenennoc1n pycckoro
napopa, a snaun1 ne c1aan1 n sapaun ero aoccoepnnennn.
B-nx, npoaosrnacna a6cyppnyk n an1nnayunyk qopHyny Mrn
Pcc, c1aan1 na opny pocky rocypapc1aoo6pasykuyk pycckyk naunk -
roaopn c1poro nayuno, epnnc1aenno sacnyxnaakuyk nasaannn "naunn - n co1nk
a1nocoa, Hanmx napopoa n naunonanLnmx HenLunnc1a, cnopo6naunxcn a1oro nasaannn
no nanoHy nepopasyHennk.
B-mx, ne ampaxae1 nn1epecoa nnkaknx kopennmx napopoa occnn aoo6ue n
pyccknx a uac1noc1n, nockonLky ne pae1 nH nnkaknx npenHyuec1a nepep napopaHn,
nHekunHn caok rocypapc1aennoc1L ane occnn n okasaaunHncn y nac a cnny pasnmx
o6c1on1enLc1a (kak aLe1naHum, kyppm, aqranum, nnrepnum n Hn. pp.).
B-ux, pnckpnHnnnpye1 pyccknx a opranax amcue anac1n, a uac1noc1n, a
oae1e epepaunn, rpe pycckne - 82% nacenennn - npepc1aanenm
nenponopunonanLno HanmH konnuec1aoH "cena1opoa.
akoam ocnoanme, xo1n n ne ncuepnmaakune, coo6paxennn, no ko1opmH, c 1oukn
spennn pycckoro uenoaeka, onc1n1yunk cnepye1 Henn1L.
1o xe npepnarae1 poek1 noao onc1n1yunn (panee: ), kakne nsHenennn
cyuec1aykuero c1pon?
164

HEBOE. peaH6yna "m - ycckn apop... cospaeH caoe nesaancnHoe
naunonanLnoe rocypapc1ao occnn n npnnnHaeH ero onc1n1yunk, aosapauae1
pyccknH kak cyaepennoc1L, 1ak n cy6Lek1noc1L, ec1ec1aenno coo1ae1c1aykune
pec1an1enLnoHy nonoxennk aeue a naue, no aceH HnpoamH c1anpap1aH[2],
HononaunonanLno c1pane. na xe yc1anaannaae1 n sakpennne1 pe-kpe
cycyy -qk ponL pyccknx kak rocypapc1aoo6pasykue naunn.
1n nonoxennn sakpennenm 1akxe a rnaae 1- "cnoam konc1n1yunonnoro c1pon
ycckoro ocypapc1aa a cnepykunx c1a1Lnx:
- 1: "occnn (ycckoe ocypapc1ao) nanne1cn naunonanLno,
peHokpa1nuecko, counanLno, npaaoao pecny6nnko...;
- 2 n. 1: "occnn - naunonanLnoe rocypapc1ao. cnoano sapaue ycckoro
rocypapc1aa nanne1cn saun1a 6esonacnoc1n n copec1ane acec1oponneHy pasan1nk
yccko aunn n kaxporo rpaxpannna occnn.
BTOOE. ne ponyckae1 aosHoxnoc1n napyuennn o6uerpaxpancknx npaa pyccknx
nkpe a o6nac1nx, rpe onn npepc1aannk1 HenLunnc1ao. akoe nonoxenne sakpenneno
a rnaae 2- "paaa n cao6opm uenoaeka n rpaxpannna, yc1anaannaakue nonnoe
paaenc1ao acex rpaxpan ocnn a o1nouennn npaa n cao6op, a 1akxe a rnaae 3-
"pHnnnc1pa1nano-1eppn1opnanLnoe yc1poc1ao, cornacno c1a1LnH 79, 82, 87, 88
ko1opo a aa1onoHnnx noHnHo am6opnoro naam n a1onoHnoro oae1a cyuec1aye1
1akxe aHec1nnk, nasnauaeHm pesnpen1oH occnn, npepc1aannkun pesnpen1a a
aa1onoHnn n nHekun caoe sapaue saun1y n npepc1aan1enLc1ao nn1epecoa
"pycckoro nacenennn n naunonanLnmx HenLunnc1a, pnn uero aHec1nnk o6napae1
pnpoH cyuec1aennmx nonnoHoun.
TETBE. ce kopennme napopm occnn (a 1oH uncne n a nepayk ouepepL pycckn
napop) nonyuak1 npenHyuec1aa nepep nnoc1panuaHn n nnuaHn 6es rpaxpanc1aa. 1o
o1ue1nnao ampaxeno a rnaae 2-, rpe napnpy c o6ueuenoaeuecknHn npaaaHn,
sakpennennmHn o1 poxpennn sa nk6mH uenoaekoH (u1o rpaHHa1nueckn ampaxae1cn a
coo1ae1c1aykunx c1a1Lnx npoc1mH nopnexaunH "kaxpm), sakpennnk1cn 1akxe
npaaa, o1nocnunecn ncknkun1enLno k rpaxpanaH (u1o ampaxae1cn cnoxnmH
nopnexaunH "kaxpm rpaxpannn occnn). np 1aknx ncknkun1enLnmx npaa
copepxn1cn n a , no cyuec1aenno pacunpne1 a1o1 cnncok. 1o o1nocn1cn k 1aknH
npaaaH: onpepenn1L n ykasmaa1L caok naunonanLnyk npnnapnexnoc1L; cao6opno
nepepanra1Lcn, am6npa1L Hec1o npe6maannn n xn1enLc1aa; na yuac1ne a
o6Lepnnennn, aknkuan npaao cospaaa1L coksm, a 1oH uncne npoqeccnonanLnme, pnn
saun1m caonx nn1epecoa; na 1pyp n aosnarpaxpenne sa nero ne nnxe yc1anoanennoro
sakonoH HnnnHanLnoro pasHepa onna1m 1pypa, a 1akxe npaao na saun1y o1
6espa6o1num; na o1pmx; na counanLnoe o6ecneuenne; na xnnnue; na o6pasoaanne, a
1oH uncne 6ecnna1noe amcuee.
pn a1oH ace nnme npaaa n cao6opm, yc1anoanennme 1onLko pnn rpaxpan occnn,
nnkak ne orpannunaak1cn, sa cnepykunHn ncknkuennnHn:
- npaao na paanm poc1yn k rocypapc1aenno cnyx6e (c1. 32 n. 4) o1neceno
aa1opaHn poek1a k koHne1enunn 6ypyuero sakona o rpaxpanc1ae, a anpy
neo6xopnHoc1n orpannun1L poc1yn k pnpy ponxnoc1e nnuaH c paonmH rpaxpanc1aoH
a saancnHoc1n o1 c1panm a1oporo noppanc1aa;
- npaao na saHeny aoenno cnyx6m na anL1epna1nanyk rpaxpanckyk, ecnn nepaan
npo1naopeun1 y6expennnH nnn aeponcnoaepannk rpaxpannna (c1. 62 n. 3),
165
o1neceno aa1opaHn poek1a k koHne1enunn coo1ae1c1aykuero sakona a anpy
nepasLncnennoc1n ampaxennn "npo1naopeun1 y6expennnH;
- aaepeno nonoxenne (c1. 62 n. 3), cornacno ko1opoHy rpaxpannn occnn Hoxe1
6m1L nnuen caoero rpaxpanc1aa epxoanmH ypoH (nHen a anpy npopanxenne occnn
k o1Hene cHep1no kasnn n neo6xopnHoc1L apekaa1no saun1m rpaxpan o1
nencnpaanHo an1no6uec1aennmx aneHen1oa).
HETBETOE. cansn c 1eH, u1o rpaxpanne occnn napennk1cn cneunanLnmHn
npaaaHn no cpaanennk c nerpaxpanaHn, oco6ennyk aaxnoc1L npno6pe1ae1 aonpoc:
k1o Hoxe1 cun1a1Lcn rpaxpannnoH occnn? 1ae1 opnosnauen. paxpanaHn occnn
anpnopn "npnsnak1cn ace nnua, npnnapnexaune k pyccko naunonanLnoc1n n ppyrnH
kopennmH napopaH occnn, nesaancnHo o1 Hec1a npoxnaannn (rn.1, c1.11 ).
opo6nm npnnunn rpaxpanc1aa "no kpoan nHee1 ananornn a konc1n1yunonnoH
yc1poc1ae pnpa c1pan, a uac1noc1n, epHannn n spannn, no oco6enno ak1yanen on a
ceropnnune occnn, a Hrnoaenne oka no1epnaue 25 Hnn. caonx corpaxpan n npn1oH
ak1nano sacennkuecn nepyccknHn. oa1oHy, xo1n a uenoH "rpaxpanc1ao occnn
npno6pe1ae1cn n npekpauae1cn a coo1ae1c1ann c... konc1n1yunonnmH sakonoH (1aH
xe), no a1o1 npnnunn ampenen cneunanLno n konc1n1yunonno sakpennen.
1a1Ln 16 pasanaae1 a1y 1eHy 1ak: "1. occnn c1peHn1cn k aoccoepnnennk
paspenenno yccko aunn. 2. occnn c1peHn1cn k cao6opnoHy o6Lepnnennk co
caonHn nc1opnuecknHn 1eppn1opnnHn, nacenennmHn npenHyuec1aenno pyccknHn
nkpLHn n npepc1aan1ennHn kopennmx napopoa occnn, nesakonno o11oprny1mHn o1
nee nn1epnaunonanLno 1o1ann1apno anac1Lk. 3. ycckoe rocypapc1ao c1peHn1cn k
po6poaonLnoHy rocypapc1aennoHy coksy napopoa o6uepycckoro kopnn: pyccknx,
ykpannuea n 6enopycoa. c1ec1aenno, u1o poek1oH "sanpeuae1cn nonn1nueckan n
o6uec1aennan pen1enLnoc1L, nanpaanennan npo1na nesaancnHoc1n n epnnc1aa
yccko aunn, counanLno connpapnoc1n, npaa n cao6op rpaxpan occnn (c1. 9).
akoneu, napo ynoHnny1L, u1o pena1pnan1aH, napnpy c Hnorope1nmHn n
Hanoo6ecneuennmHn, poek1 o6ecneunaae1 npaao na xnnLe 6ecnna1noe nnn sa
poc1ynnyk nna1y (c1. 41 n. 3).
Henno c amuenpnaepennmHn o6c1on1enLc1aaHn cansan n aonpoc o npaae na paonoe
rpaxpanc1ao. o-nepamx, 1akoe npaao ponxno 6m1L npepoc1aaneno pyccknH xn1ennH
kpannm, asaxc1ana n 1.p., n occnn ponxna okasmaa1L paanenne na nopo6nme
c1panm a uennx aaepennn 1aH nnc1n1y1a paonoro rpaxpanc1aa papn npepc1aan1ene
pycckoro napopa n ppyrnx kopennmx napopoa occnn, okasaaunxcn o1pesannmHn o1
Ha1epnncko naunn n Ha1epnncko c1panm (1.e. a paspenennoH nonoxennn). o-
a1opmx, nonn1no, u1o k npepc1aan1ennH nekopennmx napopoa occnn a1o npaao ne
o1nocn1cn.
onn1no 1akxe, u1o npaao na poccnckoe rpaxpanc1ao - cyuec1aennan npnannernn,
naknapmaakuan n onpepenennyk o1ae1c1aennoc1L na rpaxpan. Henno noa1oHy
aaopn1 n 1akyk orpannun1enLnyk Hepy, kak nnuenne rpaxpanc1aa peuenneH
epxoanoro ypa.
poaopn onpepenennoe pasnnune a npaaoaoH o1nouennn Hexpy rpaxpanaHn n
nerpaxpanaHn, npepnonarae1 cospanne noaoro, o1aeuakuero pyccknH nn1epecaH n
no1pe6noc1nH "akona o rpaxpanc1ae, paspa6o1ko ko1oporo a nac1onun HoHen1
sann1a nra saun1m naunonanLnoro poc1onnnn.
HRTOE. npaspnenne nmneunero naunonanLno-1eppn1opnanLnoro penennn occnn n
saHena oae1a epepaunn kak aepxne nana1m amcuero sakonopa1enLnoro oprana na
npesnpen1ckn oae1 ry6epna1opoa, rnaa aa1onoHn n naHec1nnkoa (c
coaeua1enLnmHn qynkunnHn), - ace a1o ncknkuae1 necnpaaepnnayk a o1nouennn
166
pyccknx n neamropnyk pnn nnx pncnponopunk naunonanLnoro npepc1aan1enLc1aa a
amcueH npepc1aan1enLnoH oprane anac1n.
1ak, poek1, a1o oueanpno, ncnpaanne1 1e nepoc1a1kn, sakpennennme n
ycyry6nennme , ko1opme, c pyccko 1oukn spennn, copepxa1cn a ceropnnune
poccncko o6uec1aenno xnsnn.
HR - H HmX 3MXHEH
ack uene1nnLnoc1L naunonanLno 1eHm paxe a HononaunonanLno c1pane,
rpe napnpy c rocypapc1aoo6pasykue naune npncy1c1ayk1, ace xe, n
Hanouncnennme napopm, n naunonanLnme HenLunnc1aa, aa1opm npoek1a yunn a1o
o6c1on1enLc1ao n konc1n1yunonno sakpennnn aceo6uee rpaxpanckoe paaenc1ao n
saun1y npaa a1nx napopoa n HenLunnc1a. n1npyk :
" 2: cnoano sapaue ycckoro ocypapc1aa nanne1cn saun1a 6esonacnoc1n n
copec1ane acec1oponneHy pasan1nk yccko aunn kxr rx Pcc
(specL n panee ampeneno Hno. - ..)...
3: occnn npnsnae1 npaao na naunonanLnoe caHoonpepenenne sa kpynnmHn
kopennmHn napopaHn occnn, coc1aannkunHn yc1ounaoe 6onLunnc1ao a Hec1ax
caoero nc1opnueckoro npoxnaannn, a qopHe aa1onoHnn nn6o o1penennn na
ocnoaannn... konc1n1yunonnoro sakona.
occnn rapan1npye1 npaaa Hanouncnennmx kopennmx napopoa a Hec1ax nx
nc1opnueckoro npoxnaannn a coo1ae1c1ann c... sakonoH.
ycckoe ocypapc1ao npnsnae1 nonnyk cao6opy naunonanLno xnsnn n kynL1ypnyk
aa1onoHnk acex a1nnuecknx o6unn n rpynn, npoxnaakunx na ero 1eppn1opnn.
4: occnn - peHokpa1nueckan pecny6nnka. ce rpaxpane occnn cM
nc, aeponcnoaepannn, nona, pacm, counanLnoro nonoxennn n
nonn1nuecknx y6expenn nannk1cn a coaokynnoc1n epnnc1aennmH nc1ounnkoH
cyaepenn1e1a occnn...
27 n. 1: axpm rpaxpannn occnn anpaae onpepenn1L n ykasmaa1L caok
naunonanLnyk npnnapnexnoc1L. nk1o ne Hoxe1 6m1L npnnyxpen k onpepenennk n
ykasannk caoe naunonanLno npnnapnexnoc1n...
30 n. 2: e ponyckae1cn nponaranpa nnn arn1aunn, aos6yxpakuan
counanLnyk, pacoayk, naunonanLnyk nnn pennrnosnyk nenaanc1L n apaxpy...
139 n. 4: yponponsaopc1ao no aonpocaH ceHenoro n yronoanoro npaaa a
o1nouennn npepc1aan1ene 1n1ynLno naunonanLnoc1n aa1onoHn c asanHnoro
cornacnn c1opon Hoxe1 6m1L ocyuec1aneno c npnHenenneH yronoanoro n ceHenoro
sakonopa1enLc1aa naunonanLnmx o6nac1e. a1oH cnyuae npnopn1e1 nonyuae1
sakonopa1enLc1ao naunonanLno o6nac1n.
1ak, necHo1pn na ynn1apnm xapak1ep 6ypyue occnn, ao acex nmneunnx
pecny6nnkax , rpe 1n1ynLnm napop npepc1aanne1 co6o yc1ounaoe 6onLunnc1ao
(ec1ec1aennoe, nonn1noe n cnpaaepnnaoe o6nsa1enLnoe ycnoane), npepnonarae1cn
coxpanenne aa1onoHnn. a pannoH nc1opnueckoH a1ane 1aknx aa1onoHn
npepnonarae1 pean1L: arec1anckan, nryuckan, a6appnno-ankapckan, anHmukan,
ce1nnckan, a1apckan, yannckan, euenckan, yaauckan. aepennk aa1onoHnn
("naunonanLno o6nac1n) o1nocn1cn (c1. 81 ): "...a) yc1anoanenne, napnpy c
rocypapc1aennmH, nnoro oqnunanLnoro nsmka aa1onoHnn; 6) noppepxka n copec1ane
167
pasan1nk a1nnuecko kynL1ypm 1n1ynLno naunonanLnoc1n; a) cnc1eHa
naunonanLnoro o6pasoaannn aa1onoHnn; r) aa1onoHnoe yronoanoe n ceHenoe
sakonopa1enLc1ao, npnHenneHoe... cypaHn k Hec1nmH xn1ennH - npepc1aan1ennH
1n1ynLno naunonanLnoc1n npn nx po6poaonLnoH cornacnn; p) 6kpxe1 aa1onoHnn; e)
yc1anoanenne aa1onoHnmx nanoroa n c6opoa; x) co6c1aennoc1L aa1onoHnn; s)
ynpaanenne counanLno nnqpac1pyk1ypo aa1onoHnn, counanLnan nonn1nka
aa1onoHnn; n) npnpopnme napkn, akonornn aa1onoHno o6nac1n. pranaHn
rocypapc1aenno anac1n a aa1onoHnnx nannk1cn (c1. 79 ): a1onoHnm oae1,
am6opnm naaa aa1onoHnn n aHec1nnk, u1o anonne o6ecneunaae1
caHoc1on1enLnoc1L aa1onoHn a npepenax ouepuenno amue koHne1enunn. pn a1oH,
kak yxe roaopnnocL amue, nasnauennm pesnpen1oH aHec1nnk cnepn1, u1o6m a
aa1onoHnn ne napyuanncL npaaa n cao6opm naunonanLnmx HenLunnc1a n pyccknx
nkpe.
aknH o6pasoH, aocc1anoanenne cyaepenn1e1a pycckoro napopa na 1eppn1opnn ace
occnn (rpe on noaceHec1no nanne1cn, Hexpy npounH, ne 1onLko kopennmH, no n
1n1ynLnmH) ne yueHnne1 ec1ec1aennmx npaa ppyrnx napopoa. Hec1e c 1eH, ne
nosaonne1 1n1ynLnmH napopaH a 1ex nmneunnx cy6Lek1ax qepepaunn, rpe onn
yc1ounamH 6onLunnc1aoH ne nannk1cn, naansmaa1L caok aonk nkpnH ppyro
naunonanLnoc1n, n6o nopo6noe ne ponyc1nHo a npnnunne. pernonax xe, rpe
1n1ynLnme napopm npepc1aanenm a 6onLunnc1ae, rapan1npye1 co6nkpenne
o6uerpaxpancknx npaa aceH nnmH napopaH. 1nH o6ecneunaae1cn 6ananc nn1epecoa
pnn acex.
enLsn ncknkun1L aapnan1, npn ko1opoH kopennme 1n1ynLnme napopm, coc1aannkune
a pnpe aa1onoHn yc1ounaoe 6onLunnc1ao, ampasn1 xenanne np1n a 6ypyuee caonH
ny1eH, o1penLno o1 occnn, n npnHy1 coo1ae1c1aykuee peuenne na peqepenpyHe a
caonx pecny6nnkax. apaua noao onc1n1yunn a 1oH, u1o6m, npepoc1aannn nH pannoe
npaao, ne yueHn1L npn a1oH npaa n nn1epecoa nnmx napopoa n napopnoc1e,
npoxnaakunx na panno 1eppn1opnn, a 1oH uncne n a nepayk ouepepL - pyccknx. nn
a1oro yc1anaannaae1cn nn1nne1nn nepexopnm nepnop pnn y1ounennn asanHnmx
saponxennoc1e, asanHopacue1oa, pennHn1aunn n peHapkaunn rpannu (u1o Hoxe1
6m1L aecLHa cyuec1aenno a pnpe cnyuaea), o6okpno (!) 1o1anLno pena1pnaunn
nacenennn coo1ae1c1aykunx naunonanLnoc1e n onpepenennn nopnpka panLneunx
asanHoo1nouenn.
HK x m

. Henno 1ako nopxop n 1akan nornka nosaonnk1, c opno c1oponm,
c1aan1L aonpoc o aoccoepnnennn pyccko naunn n o npaae pyccknx, koHnak1no
npoxnaakunx na 1eppn1opnnx conpepenLnmx rocypapc1a, na caHoonpepenenne. c
ppyro c1oponm, ncknkuae1 nacnnLc1aennoe ypepxanne a coc1aae occnn 1eppn1opn,
kopennoe 1n1ynLnoe nacenenne a ko1opmx coc1aanne1 yc1ounaoe 6onLunnc1ao.
QH HHR - QH H
amue npnopn1e1m n sapaun, apoxnoannaune aa1opoa , o6ycnoannn
npepnaraeHyk HopenL apHnnnc1pa1nano-1eppn1opnanLnoro yc1poc1aa occnn.
a1opm ncxopnnn ns 1oro, u1o qepepannsaunn occnn, nc1opnueckn e
necaoc1aennan, - ec1L aennuauee npec1ynnenne anac1n 1o1ann1apnoro
nn1epnaunonannsHa, yc1anoanauecn a 1917 r.
epepa1nanoe yc1poc1ao c1panm ec1L neo6xopnHoe ycnoane n 6esycnoanoe 6naro,
korpa peuL npe1 o6 o6Lepnnennn Hnornx seHenL a epnnoe rocypapc1ao. ak a1o, k
npnHepy, 6mno a nnn epHannn. o occnk ne nyxno 6mno o6Lepnnn1L nn a
1917, nn a 1991 rr.: ona n 1ak a 1euenne Hnornx aekoa 6mna epnna. 1oH xe cnyuae,
qn u u n , -
168
, , n sakpennn1L a1o sno nocpepc1aoH onc1n1yunn (a
nHenno 1ak noc1ynae1 ) - a1o 6esyHne n rocypapc1aennoe npec1ynnenne. pn a1oH
rpy6o nonnpae1cn npaao pyccknx na caHoonpepenenne na ace 1eppn1opnn
koHnak1noro npoxnaannn (a 1ako 1eppn1opne nanne1cn npak1nueckn acn occnn),
napyuae1cn naunonanLnoe epnnc1ao pyccko naunn n cospae1cn yrposa ee paspenennn
(npnHep ueHy Hm yxe anpenn npn pacnape ), nakoneu, napyuae1cn n
nsapauae1cn nc1opnueckan 1papnunn pycckoro napopa, cospaauero epnnyk Horyuyk
pepxaay a coo1ae1c1ann co caonHn any1pennnHn no6yxpennnHn, aosHoxnoc1nHn n
no1pe6noc1nHn.
un m
.
c1L n ppyrne coo6paxennn, 1pe6ykune o1Henm qepepanLnoro n aaepennn ynn1apnoro
rocypapc1aennoro yc1poc1aa. kaxeH o nnx.
1. o6ue cnoxnoc1n uncno nnu 1n1ynLnmx naunonanLnoc1e, noc1onnno
npoxnaakunx, no pannmH nocnepne nepenncn, a coo1ae1c1aykunx pecny6nnkax -
cy6Lek1ax qepepaunn (6es yue1a eunn) - paano 8,89 Hnn uenoaek, u1o coc1aanne1
npnHepno 6% a coc1aae nacenennn occnn (148,8 Hnn uenoaek). nmHn cnoaaHn, 6%
nacenennn nHek1 caok rocypapc1aennoc1L, caon pecny6nnkn a coc1aae occnn, caon
konc1n1yunn, caonx npesnpen1oa n 1.p., a 1o apeHn kak oc1anLnme 94% nacenennn
nnueno acero a1oro. e a6cyppno nn, ne npo1naoec1ec1aenno nn 1akoe nonoxenne?!
e ec1L nn a1o rpy6euee, peHonc1pa1nanoe napyuenne npaa a6conk1noro
6onLunnc1aa? e 1pe6ye1 nn 1akoe nonoxenne pen neHepnennoro ncnpaanennn?
2. anee, a1n xe 6%, pacnonarakunecn a 20 (!) pecny6nnkax, nHek1, coo1ae1c1aenno,
40 (!) npepc1aan1ene a oae1e epepaunn, a 1o apeHn, kak na 94% oc1anLnoro
nacenennn npnxopn1cn acero 138 "cena1opoa, 1o ec1L a ue1mpe c nonoanno pasa
HenLue, ueH npepnonarae1 cnpaaepnnaan nponopunn! onyc1nHo nn 1akoe a
peHokpa1nuecko pecny6nnke?! e ec1L nn a1o rpy6oe nonpanne rpaxpanckoro
paanonpaann?
3. enLsn ynyc1n1L ns annHannn n 1akoe o6c1on1enLc1ao. ornacno c1.9 n.1 , "seHnn
n ppyrne npnpopnme pecypcm ncnonLsyk1cn n oxpannk1cn kak ocnoaa xnsnn n
pen1enLnoc1n , x ccy . akan
noc1anoaka aonpoca, c 1oukn spennn pycckoro uenoaeka, coaepuenno nenpneHneHa.
6o 1eH caHmH nrnopnpye1cn cyaepennoc1L pycckoro napopa, epnnoro na ace
1eppn1opnn occnn, a cnepoaa1enLno, napyuak1cn ero npaaa na npnpopnme pecypcm
c1panm ero npoxnaannn, 1o ec1L occnn a uenoH. pn a1oH napyuak1cn n
ananornunme npaaa ppyrnx kopennmx napopoa, ne o6nsa1enLno koHnak1no
npoxnaakunx na 1eppn1opnn caoe nc1opnuecko popnnm. ak, 36% 6auknp xnae1
ane auknpnn, 49% Hapnuea - ane apn-n, 70% Hoppam - ane oppoann: noueHy
xe nx napo nnua1L nx ponn o1 6auknpcknx, Hapncknx, Hoppoacknx nepp?
e nopnexn1 coHnennk: xo1n seHnn Hoxe1, na onpepenennmx ycnoannx, 6m1L n a
uac1no (a Hacu1a6e npnycape6noro yuac1ka no ananornn c npnaa1nsnpoaanno
kaap1npo), n a HynnunnanLno co6c1aennoc1n, no neppa, npnpopnme pecypcm - a1o
o6uee poc1onnne, nc1ounnk o6uerocypapc1aennoro 6kpxe1a. nn ne ponxnm 6m1L nn
a uac1no, nn a o6nac1no nnn pecny6nnkancko (kak 1o npepnncmaae1 ), nn a
"nno co6c1aennoc1n. naue akonoHnueckoe nepaaenc1ao pernonoa cospac1
reorpaqnueckne sonm 6epnoc1n n 6ora1c1aa, nopopn1 nepepacnpepenenne Hacc
nacenennn, o6esnkpenne n saxnpenne opnnx pernonoa n nepenacenennoc1L ppyrnx,
aoo6ue napyun1 npnnunn cnpaaepnnaoc1n.
4. c1ak1 n ppyrne aonpocm, nenocpepc1aenno sa1parnaakune cypL6y pycckoro
napopa. anpnHep, kak noppepxa1L nc1opnueckne pycckne seHnn o1 sanapnmx rpannu
169
po pana? nn coaceH ne 6ora1m nckonaeHmHn, sa1o 6ora1m nkpLHn, 1papnunnHn,
nc1opne. 1o, co6c1aenno, n ec1L "nc1opnueckan popnna pyccknx. 1o n na kaknx
ycnoannx 6ype1 cna6xa1L ee npnpopnmHn pecypcaHn, ecnn onn nepepy1 uennkoH a
aepenne aa1ox1onoa? aepL a1o n ec1L 1a caHan "occnn, Horyuec1ao ko1opo
ponxno 6mno "npnpac1a1L n6npLk, a ne nao6opo1. 1n seHnn po cnx nop nno1nee
acero sacenenm (a 1o apeHn, kak o1 pana po nxoro okeana npoxnaae1 acero 30 Hnn.
uenoaek - nnuL opna nn1an nacenennn occnn!), nan6onee nnpyc1pnanLno pasan1m,
noc1aannk1 ocnoanyk uac1L amcokokaannqnunpoaannoro kon1nnren1a. epepaua nepp
a co6c1aennoc1L "cy6Lek1oa qepepaunn pae1 akonoHnueckne npenHyuec1aa a1nocaH,
npoxnaakunH na 1eppn1opnn a1nx cy6Lek1oa, no nnuero ne pae1 ocnoano Hacce
pycckoro napopa, u1o ne cornacye1cn c naunH rnaanmH npnnunnoH. H x
x, nx x, x-x x: u
. C - s x . 3
n s nn u
. akoe-nn6o orpannuenne npaa nk6oro pycckoro uenoaeka
na neppa nk6oro yronka occnn nnkak ne cornacye1cn c 1eHn nc1opnuecknHn
sapauaHn, ko1opme c1aannn ce6e n ocyuec1annnn pycckne a npouecce kononnsaunn
n6npn, oaonxLn, anLnero oc1oka n 1.p. asae pnn 1oro 1onLko nokopnnn n
o6yc1panaann Hm a1n seHnn, u1o6m nopnn1L k unannnsaunn ns nc1opnueckoro ne6m1nn
Hec1nme napopm?
, ace nepeuncnennme amue npo1naopeunn, naunnan c o1cy1c1ann pyccko
rocypapc1aennoc1n n cyaepennoc1n n konuan nsLn1neH y 6onLue uac1n pyccknx npaa
na npnpopnme pecypcm c1panm nx npoxnaannn, 1pe6yk1 npeoponennn. noco6 1akoro
npeoponennn ec1L 1onLko opnn: npeo6pasoaanne occnn a ynn1apnoe rocypapc1ao (u1o
n peknapnpye1 c1. 1 ), a coue1annn c rocypapc1aenno Honononne na aqnp, neppa
n ppyrne npnpopnme pecypcm (c1. 13 ).
pnnunn ynn1apnoc1n anonne coue1ae1cn c npaaoH napopoa na caHoonpepenenne,
cao6opy naunonanLno xnsnn n kynL1ypnyk aa1onoHnk. naaa 3 noppo6no
nsnarae1 npnnunnm 1akoro coue1annn, nan6onee aaxnme ns ko1opmx yxe
paccHa1pnaanncL amue.
aspen, nocanuennm Hec1noHy caHoynpaanennk, nonnoc1Lk coxpanen a pepakunn
, nockonLky, c 1oukn spennn aa1opoa , coc1aanen xopouo n ne nyxpae1cn a
nepecHo1pe.
BQHmH HEREK HMEE H. HQ XE
rnaaa 2 "paaa n cao6opm uenoaeka n rpaxpannna neHnornH o1nnuae1cn
o1 coo1ae1c1aykue rnaam , ko1opan nanncana poc1a1ouno noppo6no n coapeHenno.
eko1opme o1nnunn, orpannunaakune npaaa nerpaxpan no cpaanennk c rpaxpanaHn
occnn, nepeuncnenm amue.
Hec1e c 1eH, aa1opm peun1enLno ne cornacnm c nonoxenneH, npn ko1opoH
peaonkunonno-poHan1nueckn 1esnc "uenoaek, ero npaaa n cao6opm nannk1cn amcue
uennoc1Lk (c1. 2 ), sananennm nn6epan-peqopHa1opaHn co ace ka1eropnunoc1Lk
kak nekn npaaoao noc1yna1, m
, , . onyuae1cn, u1o ncknkun1enLno 1onLko
"npnsnanne, co6nkpenne n saun1a npaa n cao6op uenoaeka n rpaxpannna -
o6nsannoc1L rocypapc1aa (1aH xe). o pasae o6uec1ao, napop, naunn - Henee
amcokan uennoc1L? asae onn ne nyxpak1cn a rocypapc1aenno saun1e, pasae saun1a
nx - Henee poc1onan sapaua? asae y nnx ne1 caonx npaa, npopnk1oaannmx
nnc1nnk1oH caHocoxpanennn? asae Hoxno ao1 1ak, 6esornnpno npeaosnec1n nnunoc1L,
c ee nopuac onacnmH, paspyun1enLnmH no1enunanoH aronsHa, - nap o6uec1aoH?
asae npaao o6uec1aa ne cknapmaae1cn ns coaokynnmx npaa coc1aannkunx ero
170
nnunoc1e n ne ponxno yxe a cnny a1oro o6napa1L xo1n 6m paano npnopn1e1noc1Lk c
npaaoH o1penLno nnunoc1n?
e1, nyxen koHnpoHncc, saunuakun kak nnunoc1L o1 o6uec1aa, 1ak n o6uec1ao o1
nnunoc1n!
a1opm nonarak1, u1o saun1n1L 6onLunnc1ao, o6uec1ao kak 1akoaoe - a1o snaun1,
6es acnknx cknpok, saun1n1L caHoe uenoaeuec1ao. Hacu1a6ax xe occnn a1o snaun1
- saun1n1L ne 1onLko ace rpaxpanckoe coo6uec1ao c1panm, ne 1onLko nacenenne
aoo6ue, no n pycckn napop a uac1noc1n.
a1o cansn:
) ns ncknkuena ynoHnny1an c1a1Ln 2 kak qnnocoqckn n nonn1nueckn noxnan,
peHarornueckn-nonynnc1ckan n apepnan pnn o6uec1aa;
) a anpy aceo6uero panxennn unannnsoaannoro Hnpa k o1Hene cHep1no kasnn a
ycnoannx coxpannkunxcn sapau saun1m n canaunn o6uec1aa, aaopn1cn 1akan
konc1n1yunonnan nopHa, kak nnuenne rpaxpanc1aa no peuennk epxoanoro ypa (c1.
62 ).
a a1oH nan6onee cyuec1aennme pasnnunn rnaam 2 n rnaam 2 sakanunaak1cn.
3QEREHHE QH EQHH
cnc1eHa paspenennn n koHne1enunn anac1e, npepycHo1pennan ,
ycnena nokasa1L ce6n ao aceH "6necke. pae1cn, u1o npesnpen1 caHy qopHyny
"paspenenne anac1e nonnHae1 kak "paspenn n anac1ay, noc1onnno c1anknaan
npaam n neam qnanrn o6uec1aa papn 1oro, u1o6m ykpennn1L caon nnunme anac1nme
nosnunn sa cue1 a1oro npo1naoc1onnnn. saec1no, u1o acnkn cnM ampac1ae1
(kak no1pe6noc1L nekoero 6anancnpa) nHenno ns paanoaennkoc1n
npo1nao6opc1aykunx cnn, nn opna ns ko1opmx ne Hoxe1 opone1L ppyryk. occnn Hm
xopouo anpnH, kak pec1aye1 a1a cxeHa, anpnH 1akxe n nocnepc1ann a1oro. nueH ne
orpannuennan anac1L nauero npesnpen1a, - aecoHeuan, ecnn ne rnaanan, npnunna
acex 6ep occnn, xaoca pyccko xnsnn n o6uec1aenno-nonn1nuecko nec1a6nnLnoc1n.
1oponnnkn npesnpen1cko pecny6nnkn cun1ak1, u1o ona xopouo nopxopn1 occnn,
nockonLky c1pana npnamkna-pe k uapnsHy n aoxpnsHy. o uapnsH n aoxpnsH - a1o ne
npoc1o epnnonnunan neorpannuennan anac1L nekoero nnua. a uapeH - noHasannnkoH
ora - c1on1 aa1opn1e1 pennrnn. a aoxpeH - oprannsykuan o6uec1ao cnna nap1nn,
nk6oaL n poaepne Hacc. a poccncknH npesnpen1oH ne1 nn 1oro, nn ppyroro.
ano 1oro: cae1ckn xapak1ep coapeHennoro rocypapc1aa occnn coaepuenno
ncknkuae1 aocc1anoanenne Honapxnn. epL paxe a nauane aeka 6oxec1aennoro
aa1opn1e1a yxe ne xaa1ano, u1o6m cpena1L occnk ynpaanneHo, nopunnenno
Honapxy. "oueHy n ponxen cnyua1Lcn pypauknx ykasann uenoaeka, poxpennoro
xenunno, 1akoro xe, kak n, nnuL aone cnyuan aosnecennoro na npec1on? asae ne
anpno, u1o o1 ero nnua pacnopnxae1cn nekoHne1en1nan n caoekopmc1nan kaHapnnLn?
- 1ak (ao HnoroH cnpaaepnnao) c1ann pasHmunn1L c1a1ckne n aoennme
apHnnnc1pa1opm, pasouapoaannme HnornHn peuennnHn Honapxa n cnpoaounpoaannme
ero noaceHec1no ny6nnuno kpn1nko. pnsnc aqqek1nanoro ynpaanennn c1pano
pasanaancn c1peHn1enLno; on sakonoHepno npnaen k napennk poHa oHanoamx n k
saHene m - sqq
n, kakyk 1onLko snano uenoaeuec1ao: .
171
npnsna1L n ckasa1L o1kpm1o: nap1okpa1nn ec1L on1nHanLnan nonn1nueckan
cnc1eHa pnn 1aknx orpoHnmx HononaunonanLnmx c1pan, kak occnn n n1a. onLko
nap1okpa1nueckan cnc1eHa nosaonne1 o6ecneunaa1L neaepon1nyk konuen1paunk acero
rocypapc1aennoro no1enunana a nyxnoe apeHn a nyxnoH Hec1e: nc1opnn n n1an
a1o 6nec1nue pokasana ne opnn pas. pnHep ycnexoa nocnepnero, coxpannauero
nap1okpa1nueckyk cnc1eHy n ycneuno c1ponuero rocypapc1aennm kn1ackn
naunonan-kann1annsH nop pykoaopc1aoH koHnap1nn - noc1onnnm ykop naue c1pane,
ne cyHeaue cpena1L nn 1oro, nn ppyroro n cka1nauecn k kononnanLnoHy,
koHnpapopckoHy kann1annsHy, k pa6cko saancnHoc1n o1 anapa. onn1no, u1o
occnn, u1o6m amkapa6ka1Lcn ns 6espnm, neo6xopnHo aocc1anoan1L
nap1okpa1nueckyk cnc1eHy. Hec1e c 1eH napo npnsna1L 6esoroaopouno, u1o aosapa1 k
aceanac1nk nap1nn koHHynnc1nueckoro 1onka ceropnn nnuL aospopn1 c1apme
counanLnme n naunonanLnme npo6neHm, npnaepune k kpaxy . oHHynnc1nueckan
npeonornn yxe opnaxpm nonnoc1Lk o6ankpo1nnacL, ace nponrpana n ceropnn ne nHee1
nepcnek1nam. H n - u
, s n u.
coxanennk, npnnunn nap1okpa1nn okasancn na kakoe-1o apeHn cepLesno
ckoHnpoHe1npoaan koHHynnc1aHn. np nc1opnuecknx o6c1on1enLc1a (a 1oH uncne
nHenno nensxn1me pypnHen1m HonapxnsHa) npnaenn c opno c1oponm - k
nn1ennek1yanLnoHy n npaac1aennoHy ampoxpennk onn16kpo , a c ppyro -
k nsnnune konuen1paunn anac1n a pykax koHHynnc1nuecknx 6ons. 1o, a caok
ouepepL, sakonoHepno npnaeno k kpaxy ace c1panm, korpa na caHo aepxyuke
nonn1nuecko nnpaHnpm okasancn op6auea: neyHnm, Hanoo6pasoaannm,
nepanLnoanpnm, 1uecnaanm, cknonnm k npepa1enLc1ay, no npn1oH o6neuennm
konoccanLno neorpannuenno anac1Lk. 1o1 o1pnua1enLnm onm1 ponxen 6m1L
HakcnHanLno yu1en npn c1pon1enLc1ae pycckoro nap1okpa1nueckoro rocypapc1aa
noaoro 1nna.
ak nnn nnaue, qak1 nannuo: saHena Honapxa na nap1nnoro aoxpn okasanacL a
nepao nonoanne aeka cynepaqqek1nano Hepo pnn ynpaanennn occne.
aHena aoxpn na npesnpen1a ao a1opo nonoanne aeka npko peHonc1pnpye1 caok
nonnyk n cyry6yk neaqqek1nanoc1L. 1o kapnka1ypa paxe ne na Honapxnk, kako
ona 6mna a occnn a XVIII-XIX aa., a na nnc1n1y1 am6opnmx nHnepa1opoa anoxn
ynapka nHa. o acnkoH cnyuae, ananornn Hexpy nLunnmH n eponoH, cnannaunH
o1euec1ao, nnn annryno, aaepunH konn a cena1, npocHa1pnaanncL anonne
o1ue1nnao. e HnornH nyuue n y1nn, coaepuenno o1opaaauncn o1 nopopnauero ero
napopa, aepyun nonn1nky, ne coo1ae1c1aykuyk pyccknH nn1epecaH, ne cnoco6nm
peun1L nn npo6neHy eunn, nn akonoHnueckne npo6neHm occnn. pnHep payx
npesnpen1oa noppnp (!), nHekunx rnran1ckne nonnoHounn, no pec1aykunx ao apep
naH, ponxen xe nac xo1L ueHy-1o nayun1L! 1o aepL ne cnyuanoc1L, a nanan
sakonoHepnoc1L. aH nyxnm rapan1nn o1 neropnmx npesnpen1oa, n pa1L nx Hoxe1
1onLko napnaHen1. oueHy a1o 1ak?
pesnpen1ckan cynepanac1L ne a coc1onnnn peun1L nn opno npo6neHm, ne a
coc1onnnn nopopn1L a occnn nnuero, kpoHe aakxanannn apeHenunuec1aa, koppynunn,
aopoac1aa n nou1n nonno neynpaanneHoc1n. ekpe1 a1oro npoc1: nnkako Honapx nnn
npesnpen1, ne onnpakuncn na nap1nk (nanoHnk, u1o npesnpen1m 1aknx c1pan, kak
, epHannn, panunn n pp. - c1aanennnkn caonx nap1n), ne a coc1onnnn
ynpaann1L 1ako orpoHno c1pano c ee orpoHnmHn npo6neHaHn. O
no payH, no kpane Hepe, npnunnaH.
B-x, on nnuero ne Hoxe1 z, n6o nn a ueH 1onkoH ne pas6npae1cn
(kpoHe 1oro, a nyuueH cnyuae, ueHy ero yunnn a ayse). n nens6exno nonapae1 a
saancnHoc1L o1 okpyxennn, o1 akcnep1oa, o1 1ex, k1o yHee1 6m1L caHmH
kpacnopeunamH n aneune y6epn1enLnmH, nockonLky ouenn1L any1pennkk
172
y6epn1enLnoc1L npesnpen1, ne 6ypyun nn cneunannc1oH unpokoro npoqnnn, nn
ampakunHcn nonn1onoroH, ne a coc1onnnn no onpepenennk. e cansannm
amaepenno n cornacoaanno nap1nno nporpaHHo, on o6peuen nop anpoH nko6m
o6ocnoaannmx pec1an 1aopn1L caHm o6munm nponsaon. ak saHe1nn o Honapxe
yuknn: O nk, M ncy Mr, Mn, xn cc.
o6aanH eue: n nnunmx o1nouenn, a 1oH uncne c sapy6exnmHn "ppysLnHn
(nnn1onoH n oneH npn nLunne, pepepoH n yueH - npn y1nne). onanenne a
okpyxennn npesnpen1a nLunna 1aknx onopnmx qnryp, kak apap, y6ac, Lnuenko,
aHepnkanckne coae1nnkn, a a okpyxennn y1nna - peqa nnn ne6anoaa - a1o ne
cnyuanoc1L, a c1onpouen1nan nens6exnoc1L. "pnpaopnan kaHapnnLn - ec1L
qenoHen, nenpeHenno cony1c1aykun aa1okpa1opy. qqek1 - nannuo.
B-x, on nnuero ne Hoxe1 z, n6o npesnpen1ckn nponsaon
o6nsa1enLno o6opaunaae1cn caoe pnanek1nuecko npo1naononoxnoc1Lk: y1pa1o
aosHoxnoc1n ynpaann1L. pesnpen1 ne nHee1 peanLnmx pmuaroa anac1n a pernonax,
kpoHe ukypnoro nn1epeca n apHnnnc1pa1nanoro c1paxa ry6epna1opoa. n opnn Hano-
HanLckn yaaxakun ce6n pykoaopn1enL cy6Lek1a qepepaunn ne c1ane1 ncnonnn1L ero
pacnopnxennn, ecnn nocun1ae1 nx a6cyppnmHn. o caepennnH nokonoro e6epn, k
ocenn 1996 r. nakonnnocL, k npnHepy, ax 447 ykasoa npesnpen1a nLunna, ko1opme
nnk1o ne amnonnnn n ne co6npancn amnonnn1L. e6epL, npaapa, pyHan, kak pyHae1 n
y1nn, u1o yx ero-1o ykasm nenpeHenno 6ypy1 amnonnn1Lcn. akoe sa6nyxpenne! ne
c1poro nap1nno o1ae1c1aennoc1n, ane c1paxa no1epn1L nap16nne1, a c nnH -
acnkyk nepcnek1nay kapLepm (a 1o n cao6opm, a 1o n xnsnn!), nn o kako
apHnnnc1pa1nano ynpaanneHoc1n occne roaopn1L ne npnxopn1cn.
nanornunmH o6pasoH o6c1on1 peno n a cy6Lek1ax qepepaunn, rpe nHek1cn caon
"acenapopno ns6pannme npaan1enn, u1o cospae1 onacnoc1L ne 1onLko nponsaona na
ypoane pernonoa, no n nponsaona na ypoane acepoccnckoH, noc1onnno upeaa1oro
neynpaanneHoc1Lk epnnoro rocypapc1aa n poc1oH cenapa1nsHa.
e noHenna npnnunnnanLno konc1n1yunonnme ocnoam nmneune cnc1eHm anac1noro
yc1poc1aa a occnn, neuero n pyHa1L o aosapauennn c1panm k ckonLko-nn6ypL
pasyHno oprannsoaanno xnsnn. nepaoe, u1o cnepye1 cpena1L, - a1o nokonun1L na
acex ypoannx c nopHeno, 6naropapn ko1opo ncnonnn1enLnan anac1L pasnmx ypoane
npeapa1nnacL ao anac1L "pacnopnpn1enLnyk. eo6xopnHo aepny1L c1pany k
nopnnnno peHokpa1nn, ncknkuakue kak nponsaon, 1ak n neynpaanneHoc1L. e
cnyuano aceHn nc1opnkaHn acerpa o1HeuanocL, u1o caonH aosamuenneH n aennuneH
ppeann nH 6mn o6nsan pecny6nnkanckoHy o6pasy npaanennn, a ynapkoH -
nHnepa1opckoHy. nn ypok ne anpok?
cnn rnnpe1L a kopenL, 1o peuenne a1o sapaun npepnonarae1 cnepykuee.
-nx, o1Heny acenapopnmx am6opoa pesnpen1a. npepnarae1 ns6npa1L ero
na sacepannn ocypapc1aenno yHm ns uncna kanpnpa1oa, ampanny1mx qpakunnHn n
peny1a1cknHn rpynnaHn.
-x, o1ae1c1aennoc1L ncnonnn1enLno anac1n. ornacno , pesnpen1
aosrnaanne1 paan1enLc1ao n pykoaopn1, a kauec1ae pepcepa1enn, ero
pen1enLnoc1Lk. n xe n qopHnpye1 paan1enLc1ao, npepc1aannn npn a1oH na
y1aepxpenne yHm Hnnnc1poa: o6oponm, any1pennnx pen, rocypapc1aenno
6esonacnoc1n n nnoc1pannmx pen. akxe na y1aepxpenne yHm pesnpen1oH
npepc1aannk1cn aneunenonn1nueckan n aoennan pok1pnnm. pesnpen1 nece1
o1ae1c1aennoc1L nepep yHo sa pen1enLnoc1L paan1enLc1aa. pesnpen1 ne Hoxe1
pacnyc1n1L yHy, no yHa, a cnyuae neponxnoro ncnonnennn nH caonx o6nsannoc1e,
Hoxe1 o1peun1L pesnpen1a o1 ponxnoc1n kaannqnunpoaannmH 6onLunnc1aoH a
coo1ae1c1ann co cneunanLno npouepypo.
173
-x, aaopn1cn noc1 nue-npesnpen1a, 1akxe ns6npaeHoro n o1peuaeHoro o1
ponxnoc1n yHo. nue-npesnpen1 nanne1cn nepamH saHec1n1eneH pepcepa1enn
paan1enLc1aa n rnaanmH noHounnkoH pesnpen1a.
-vx, am6opnoc1L ry6epna1opoa o1Henne1cn. y6epna1opm nasnauak1cn
pesnpen1oH ns uncna kanpnpa1yp, npepnoxennmx 6nac1no yHo, n Hory1 6m1L
cHeuenm pesnpen1oH nn6o caHoc1on1enLno, nn6o a cnyuae ampaxennn y6epna1opy
nepoaepnn kaannqnunpoaannmH 6onLunnc1aoH 6nac1no yHm. aa1onoHnnx
pesnpen1oH nasnauak1cn aHec1nnkn noHnHo am6opnmx naa aa1onoHn.
T , n u u
u , n n u
nn , n nu
, n .
oueHy o1pae1 npnopn1e1 sakonopa1enLno anac1n? oHnHo acero, u1o yxe 6mno
ckasano, po6aank:
1) yHa kak npepc1aan1enLnm opran ampaxae1 aonk snaunHoro 6onLunnc1aa;
2) kak Hm ne pas y6expanncL, a o1nnune o1 npesnpen1cknx ykasoa, sakonm,
npnnnHaeHme yHo, nHek1, kak npaanno, 6onee connpnoe akcnep1noe o6ecneuenne.
aspa6a1maan n npnnnHan a1n sakonm, yHa, 1eH caHmH, naHeuae1 n nan6onee
amaepennoe c1pa1ernueckoe nanpaanenne pasan1nn c1panm. 1o xe, kak ne ona,
ponxen kon1ponnpoaa1L xop a1oro pasan1nn, xop ncnonnennn sakonoa?
3) a npaaoaoH rocypapc1ae, c1a1L ko1opmH c1peHn1cn occnn, nepekoc a nonLsy
ncnonnn1enLno anac1n npn pacnpepenennn nonnoHoun oco6enno onacen n
neponyc1nH, nockonLky o1kpmaae1 ny1L k nponsaony. akonopa1enLnan xe anac1L no
caHo caoe npnpope ne coaHec1nHa c nponsaonoH, noa1oHy n ne Hoxe1 cnyxn1L
nc1ounnkoH o6uec1aenno onacnoc1n n nec1a6nnLnoc1n.
1o xe co6o npepc1aanne1 ocypapc1aennan yHa cornacno ? ockonLky
payxnana1nm napnaHen1 - a1o o1nnun1enLnm npnsnak rocypapc1a qepepa1nanmx,
neo6xopnHoc1L a neH npn ynn1apnoH yc1poc1ae noao occnn o1napae1. 1o6m
coxpann1L npepc1aan1enLc1ao pernonanLnmx anac1e, npepc1a1enLc1aykunx sa caon
pernonm nepep amcunHn anac1nmHn nnc1anunnHn occnn, aHec1o oae1a epepaunn
cospae1cn oae1 ry6epna1opoa, rnaa aa1onoHn n naHec1nnkoa npn pesnpen1e occnn
(c coaeua1enLnmHn nonnoHounnHn). aknH o6pasoH, ocpyHa c1anoan1cn
opnonana1nmH napnaHen1oH, coc1onunH ns 500 uenoaek, nonoanna ns ko1opmx
ns6npae1cn no nap1nnmH cnnckaH no nponopunonanLno cnc1eHe, a nonoanna - no
Haxopn1apno cnc1eHe o1 opnoHanpnmx okpyroa.
oxpanenne nepaoro ns a1nx npnnunnoa - no nap1nnmH cnnckaH - pnk1ye1cn, ao-
nepamx, peanLnmH o6uec1aennmH aecoH nap1n, nx ponLk a nonn1nuecko
oprannsaunn napopa. o-a1opmx, onacenneH aosnnknoaennn, a cnyuae ero o1Henm,
qak1nueckoro nHyuec1aennoro uensa, neponyc1nHoro a peHokpa1nuecko c1pane. -
1pe1Lnx, onacenneH noaceHec1noro npopmaa k anac1n 6anpokpa1nn n cnonokpa1nn,
peanLnyk aosHoxnoc1L uero naH yxe npopeHonc1pnpoaann o1penLnme pernonm.
anoHnnH, u1o a 1ako ne npoc1o HononaunonanLno, no a1nokpa1nuecko c1pane, kak
spannL, Haxopn1apnm npnnunn ns6pannn napnaHen1apnea aoo6ue o1cy1c1aye1:
knecce1 ns6npae1cn 1onLko no nap1nnmH cnnckaH. 1o nosaonne1 eapenH
o6ecneunaa1L a6conk1noe a1nnueckoe 6onLunnc1ao a coc1aae napnaHen1a npn ace
nonn1nuecko n naunonanLno neopnopopnoc1n nspannLckoro o6uec1aa (sa ace ropm
cyuec1aoaannn spannn a knecce1e ns 120 uenoaek nnkorpa ne 6mno 6onee 6 apa6oa,
xo1n eapeea a c1pane nnuL 80%). e cnyuano 1e xe eapen, nnkanpnpoaaa y ce6n a
c1pane Haxopn1apnm npnnunn, nanpo1na, nac1anaak1 y nac a occnn na nnkanpaunn
174
nap1nnoro npnnunna n na am6opax ncknkun1enLno no opnoHanpa1nmH okpyraH.
pnako naH, pyccknH, cnepye1 yun1maa1L aoace ne eapeckne pekoHenpaunn pnn roea,
a nHenno eapeckn onm1 cospannn naunonanLnoro rocypapc1aa.
oxpanenne na pannoH a1ane a1oporo (Haxopn1apnoro) npnnunna pnk1ye1cn
o1cy1c1aneH noka cnnLno pyccko nap1nn n pacue1oH na npoxoxpenne a
sakonopa1enLnyk anac1L o1penLnmx pyccknx naunonan-na1pno1oa, na noppepxke
ko1opmx Hoxno cocpepo1oun1L a 1oH nnn nnoH pernone ycnnnn na1pno1nuecko
o6uec1aennoc1n.
yHa ns6npae1 n o1peuae1 o1 ponxnoc1n pesnpen1a n nue-npesnpen1a, nasnauae1
na ponxnoc1L cype onc1n1yunonnoro ypa, epxoanoro ypa n mcuero
p6n1paxnoro ypa occnn, nasnauae1 na ponxnoc1L n ocao6oxpae1 o1 ponxnoc1n
pepcepa1enn ue1no nana1m, ero saHec1n1enn n coc1aa aypn1opoa, Hnnnc1poa
any1pennnx pen, rocypapc1aenno 6esonacnoc1n, o6oponm n nnoc1pannmx pen,
pepcepa1enn en1panLnoro 6anka occnn, nonnoHouennoro no npaaaH uenoaeka,
y1aepxpae1 ykasm pesnpen1a o aaepennn upesamuanoro n aoennoro nonoxenn,
y1aepxpae1 aneunenonn1nueckyk n aoennyk pok1pnny, y1aepxpae1 nsHenennn rpannu
Hexpy apHnnnc1pa1nano-1eppn1opnanLnmHn epnnnuaHn occnn, nasnauae1
acenapopnm peqepenpyH, pa1nqnunpye1 Hexpynapopnme poroaopm a coo1ae1c1ann c
sakonoH, o6Lnanne1 aHnnc1nk, npnnnHae1 noc1anoanennn n sakonm. Henno 1aknH
npepc1aanne1cn nan6onee nonnoe n apekaa1noe aonnouenne npnnunna
napopoanac1nn.
paan1enLc1ao occnn a nnue pepcepa1enn (on xe pesnpen1 occnn), cornacno ,
o1ae1c1aenno nepep yHo, nannncL a nonnoH cHmcne cnoaa cnn anac1Lk.
ro qynkunn, ocnoaa1enLno nponncannme a , oc1aanenm a nou1n 6es nsHenenn.
s noaaun Hoxno o1He1n1L o1ae1c1aennoc1L nepep pesnpen1oH acex Hnnnc1poa,
kpoHe 1ak nasmaaeHmx "cnnoankoa n Hnnnc1pa nnoc1pannmx pen, o1ae1c1aennmx
nepep yHo.
naaa, nocanuennan cype6no anac1n, a npak1nueckn ananornuna
coo1ae1c1aykue rnaae a . sHenennn, anecennme a nee, am1ekak1 1onLko ns
noaaun npepmpyunx rnaa.
aknH o6pasoH, a o1nnune o1 ceropnnune peanLnoc1n, 6ypyuee rocypapc1aennoe
yc1poc1ao occnn, co6nkpan npnnunn paspenennn anac1e, c1aan1 ero na cnyx6y
epnnc1ay occnn.
caHm rnaanm aonpoc: u m q
, o neo6xopnHoc1n ko1opo roaopnnocL
amue? ak ns6exa1L npeapauennn ocpyHm a coo6uec1ao no66nc1oa?
a a1o Hoxe1 6m1L 1onLko opnn o1ae1: kaxpm napop poc1onn caoe cypL6m n caonx
npaan1ene. cnn pycckn napop ne cnoco6en cospa1L pnn ampaxennn n saun1m caonx
npaa n nn1epecoa epnnyk pycckyk naunonanLnyk nap1nk, ko1opan nonyun1 a ocpyHe
a6conk1noe 6onLunnc1ao n aosLHe1 nop cao kon1ponL ne 1onLko aecL napnaHen1, no
n ack c1pany, 1o rpou eHy uena, ero Hec1o - na caanke nc1opnn. n 6ype1
okonua1enLno nory6nen ppyrnHn, 6onee cnnLnmHn napopaHn, a ero nacnepne - a 1oH
uncne n caHy occnk - paspenn1 Hexpy co6o ueHnnonm 6opL6m sa Hnpoaoe
rocnopc1ao. o ecnn pycckn napop eue poc1a1ouno xnsnecnoco6en, on aonno1n1 a
xnsnL 1o1 npoek1, ko1opm nsnoxen amue, n aepne1 ce6e nonnm kon1ponL nap
seHne caonx npepkoa.
epn1L naH, pyccknH, yxe a o6ueH-1o neuero. mxnpa1L n 1epne1L 1oxe 6onLue
neuero n nesaueH. eun1L caok cypL6y Hm HoxeH 1onLko peun1enLnmH 6pockoH,
co6paa a kynak ack caok aonk n nn1ennek1. a kap1y ceropnn 1ak nnn nnaue
175
noc1aanena acn naua panLneuan cypL6a. yknonn1Lcn o1 peun1enLnoro 6on
6ecnonesno, nac a a1oH cnyuae ace paano po6Lk1 okonua1enLno.
Qu - u! - nau peans.
YQBBY HH EUH RR HQ
aaopa noao onc1n1yunn a xnsnL npoc1 n a6conk1no nern1nHen.
H. poek1 amnocn1cn na paccHo1penne 6uenaunonanLnoro Lespa ycckoro
apopa. pnnn1m LespoH (o6panneH) 6esycnoano nnn c nonpaakaHn, poek1
onc1n1yunn c1anoan1cn pokyHen1oH, okonua1enLnyk cypL6y ko1oporo onpepenn1
peqepenpyH.
. coo1ae1c1ann c npouepypo, onpepenenno qepepanLnmH
sakonopa1enLc1aoH , cosmaae1cn onc1n1yunonnoe o6panne. cnyuae ero o1kasa
nop1aeppn1L nensHennoc1L onc1n1yunn , o6panne amnocn1 na peqepenpyH
poek1 onc1n1yunn.
. poek1 c1anoan1cn noao onc1n1yune occnn, ecnn sa nero nporonocye1
6onee nonoannm ns6npa1ene, npnnnaunx yuac1ne a ronocoaannn, npn ycnoann, u1o a
neH npnnnno yuac1ne 6onee nonoannm ns6npa1ene - rpaxpan . a1oH cnyuae
occnckan epepaunn kak cyaepennoe rocypapc1ao n cy6Lek1 Hexpynapopnoro npaaa
nnkanpnpye1cn, a aHec1o nee aosnnkae1 noaoe cyaepennoe rocypapc1ao occnn
(ycckoe ocypapc1ao), yc1poennoe a coo1ae1c1ann c noao onc1n1yune.
H. o anoaL o6pasoaannmx o6nac1nx n naunonanLnmx o6nac1nx npoxopn1
am6opm a ocypapc1aennyk yHy, ko1opan ns6npae1 pesnpen1a n a 1euenne 1pex
Hecnuea npnnnHae1 pnp aaxneunx sakonoa, a 1oH uncne sakonm o rpaxpanc1ae n o6
o1penennn, pa6o1a nap ko1opmHn aepe1cn a nac1onuee apeHn.
H. cnn a kako-nn6o ns pecny6nnk ao apeHn peqepenpyHa npoek1 noao
onc1n1yunn 6ype1 o1knonen, a a1o pecny6nnke a 1euenne 1pex Hecnuea npoaopn1cn
pononnn1enLnm peqepenpyH no aonpocy o caHoonpepenennn ee napopa. cnn
6onLunnc1ao nacenennn amckaxe1cn sa aa1onoHnk a coc1aae occnn, 1o pannan
pecny6nnka npeapauae1cn a aa1onoHnk (naunonanLnyk o6nac1L). npo1nanoH cnyuae
ona nHee1 npaao na o1penenne a coo1ae1c1ann c sakonoH.
, rnaanan nonn1nueckan sapaua pycckoro panxennn a o6nac1n rocypapc1aennoro
c1pon1enLc1aa coc1on1 a cospannn pycckoro naunonanLnoro rocypapc1aa. uenoH
pycckoe rocypapc1ao Hoxe1 6m1L oxapak1epnsoaano kak naunonanLno-
peHokpa1nueckoe rocypapc1ao c pecny6nnkancknH o6pasoH npaanennn napnaHen1ckoro
1nna. (oncnnH: naunonanLnan peHokpa1nn - ec1L peHokpa1nn, orpannuennan no
naunonanLnoHy npnsnaky. oppo6noc1n cH. amue.) aHm xnao1peneuyun aonpoc:
x x mun u ,
ne npnaepe1 nn ero cospanne k nonanennk ysko nonockn pyccko 1eppn1opnn
(nopo6nm npoek1 nop 1n1ynoH yccko pecny6nnkn 6mn ampanny1 a caoe apeHn
rpynno a1nnuecknx peHokpa1oa npn noppepxke neko1opmx nepaneknx pyccknx
o6uec1aennmx pen1ene). a a1o o1aeuaeH: rpannum pycckoro rocypapc1aa ponxnm
6m1L a ocnoanoH pacunpenm no cpaanennk c ceropnnune occne, nockonLky a nero
ponxnm ao1n koHnak1no nacenennme pyccknHn nkpLHn Kxnm pan (eaepnm
asaxc1an), eao6epexLe nenpa, pmH n oaopoccnn po pnpnec1poaLn
(aknkun1enLno), ceaepo-aoc1ounm paon c1onnn. pnako pnp o6nac1e,
nacenennmx a ocnoanoH nepyccknHn, 6mc1po pasHnoxakunHncn n pesko
neppyxec1aennmHn no o1nouennk k pyccknH napopaHn (konkpe1no: eunn,
nryue1nn, yaa), Hory1 na onpepenennmx ycnoannx n uepes npouepypy napopnoro
aonensLnanennn 6m1L ncknkuenm ns coc1aaa occnn. uenoH rpannum occnn
176
xena1enLno npnaec1n a coo1ae1c1ane c rpannuaHn apeana koHnak1noro npoxnaannn
pycckoro a1noca (cH. kap1y ycckan occnn).
akoaa sn x , neo6xopnHmx pnn
c1pon1enLc1aa pycckoro naunonanLnoro rocypapc1aa? cno, u1o 1ako ocnoao na
pannoH a1ane Hoxe1 6m1L, rnaanmH o6pasoH, poxop o1 akcnnya1aunn npnpopnmx
pecypcoa occnn. nkakoro ppyroro nopo6noro no Houn pecypca y nac a 6nnxauee
ne npepanpn1cn (a nepcnek1nae 1aknH pecypcoH c1ane1 nn1ennek1yanLnm npopyk1 -
na1en1m, nnuensnn n 1.n.). 1o snaun1, u1o, a saancnHoc1n o1 c1enenn n qopH
conpo1nanennn uac1noro kann1ana, ponxna nponso1n nn6o 1o1anLnan
naunonannsaunn nepp, kopenno nepecHo1p pone yuac1nn rocypapc1aa n uac1noro
6nsneca a po6maakunx n c1pa1ernuecknx o1pacnnx, o1Hena sakona ornauennnx o
paspene npopykunn n 1.p., nn6o papnkanLnoe nsHenenne npnpopno pen1m n He1opoa
ee asnHannn, nn6o koH6nnaunn 1oro n ppyroro.
nn 6onee noppo6noro osnakoHnennn c npoek1oH pycckoro rocypapc1aennoro
c1pon1enLc1aa neo6xopnHo npouec1L nasaannme a nauane rnaam nc1ounnkn.
177
EHR
YK HHHRBH-BQHERBH
QHXEHHR
K naunonanLno-ocao6opn1enLnoe panxenne acerpa snxpn1Lcn na payx c1oponax
npouecca: neranLno - n neneranLno, nopnonLno. akoam qak1m. annm 1ekc1
nocanuen neranLno c1opone pycckoro panxennn.
ERH H 3QHH HQ
H HYH HX QHXEHHR
uenL - npnxop k anac1n Haccm naunonanLno opnen1npoaannmx
kappoa, cnoco6nmx nokonun1L c ynnsn1enLno saancnHoc1Lk occnn o1 aneunnx cnn
(okkynaune), c sacnnneH nnopopuea a amcunx cqepax ncnonnn1enLno n
sakonopa1enLno anac1n, c npopaxno n koHnpapopcko aepxyuko poccncknx
anac1nmx n npepnpnnnHa1enLcknx kpyroa. appoa, cnoco6nmx pasaepny1L acnn1L
ry6n1enLnm pnn c1panm kypc peqopH, amaec1n c1pany ns akonoHnuecko nponac1n,
aepny1L nacenennk occnn yaepennoc1L a saa1pauneH pne n po6n1Lcn yc1ounaoro
peHorpaqnueckoro poc1a pycckoro napopa a a6conk1nmx n o1nocn1enLnmx
nokasa1ennx. noco6nmx konconnpnpoaa1L n c1pyk1ypnpoaa1L pycckyk naunk,
cHopennpoaa1L n noc1pon1L occnk kak pycckoe naunonanLnoe rocypapc1ao a
rpannuax koHnak1noro npoxnaannn pycckoro a1noca n a uenoH ocyuec1an1L
npnaepennme amue nporpaHHm. noco6nmx ospopoan1L npaac1aennyk a1Hocqepy
o6uec1aa, cospa1L y Honopexn nonoxn1enLnme xnsnennme yc1anoakn, aepny1L a
noacepneanyk xnsnL spopoame HopanLnme n nonn1nueckne npeanm.
cyuec1anenne amueykasanno uenn 1pe6ye1 peuennn ue1mpex nepaoouepepnmx
sapau.
1. EQHHEHHE HR
H n rnaano sapaue nanne1cn epnnenne pyccknx naunonan-
na1pno1nuecknx cnn. ycnoannx 1opxec1aa cnnouennoro n xopouo cosnakuero caok
o6unoc1L koHnpapopckoro pexnHa, nonLsykuerocn orpoHno nonn1nuecko n
akonoHnuecko noppepxko Hexpynapopnmx cnn, pasppo6nennoe pycckoe panxenne
yxe neopnokpa1no peHonc1pnpoaano caoe 6eccnnne n neoprannsoaannoc1L, a o1nnune
o1 npo1nannka. nm1 acero npepmpyuero pecn1nne1nn nokasan:
mx - -x, , m m
- , -x, u
. 6e a1n npnunnm ceropnn ycneuno npeoponeaak1cn a paHkax
cospannn epnno pyccko nap1nn - aunonanLno-epxaano nap1nn occnn (),
ace pokyHen1m ko1opo nauenenm na nsxnaanne aoxpnsHa n na qopHnpoaanne o6ue
cnc1eHm npnnunnoa pycckoro naunonan-na1pno1nsHa ao acex ocnoanmx cqepax
o6uec1aenno xnsnn. n opna ppyran nap1nn, panxenne n coks ne cnoco6nm a
paano c1enenn peun1L a1n sapaun, nockonLky , ao-nepamx, nHee1 a caonx pnpax
kaannqnunpoaannmx, nayuno coc1on1enLnmx paspa6o1unkoa pyccko npen, ne
cansannmx porHa1nuecknHn HmcnecxeHaHn, a ao-a1opmx, a1a nap1nn c1pon1cn ne
aokpyr o1penLnmx nnpepoa, noa1opnn 1eH caHmH ocnoanyk oun6ky npounoro n
packanmaan , a nocn1 o1kpm1m xapak1ep. k6oHy pycckoHy nnpepy, sa ko1opmH
178
ec1L nekn snaun1enLnm pecypc (nkpcko, qnnancoam, nnqopHaunonnm), o1kpm1
poc1yn a pykoaopc1ao anno1L po conpepcepa1enLc1aa.
nnaape 2004 no nnnuna1nae a nc1opnn nponsouno co6m1ne, Horyuee
nHe1L snaun1enLnme nocnepc1ann: coc1onnacL yupepn1enLnan konqepenunn ycckoro
naunonanLnoro panxennn. a konqepenunn 6mn npnnn1 cnepykun pokyHen1:
HMM-MKHMYM
YK HHHRBH QHXEHHR
H r r r, mvmr
m m ( -r
), x , nxm .
HMM-MHHHMYM
YK HHHRBH QHXEHHR
pycckoro napopa ec1L cneunqnueckne a1nononn1nueckne npo6neHm. cxopn ns nnx,
Hm qopHynnpyeH uenn, ko1opmx naHepenm po6n1Lcn:
1) npnsnanne, a coo1ae1c1ann c HexpynapopnmHn c1anpap1aHn, occnn -
HononaunonanLno c1pano pycckoro napopa, coc1aannkuero a6conk1noe
6onLunnc1ao ee nacenennn;
2) npnsnanne n sakonopa1enLnoe y1aepxpenne nc1opnuecko ponn n qak1nueckoro
snauennn pycckoro napopa ne 1onLko a kauec1ae kopennoro n 1n1ynLnoro (ack occnk
nasaann no naueHy nHenn), no n kak epnnc1aenno rocypapc1aoo6pasykue naunn
occnn. 6o pycckne - ne 1onLko cospa1enn occnn, no n epnnc1aennan (!) naunn, 6es
ko1opo occnn ne Horna 6m cyuec1aoaa1L a anpe epnnoro rocypapc1aa a ee
nac1onunx rpannuax.
o6nauncL ocyuec1anennn nepamx payx nynk1oa, Hm cHoxeH o6ocnoaa1L n noc1aan1L
aonpoc o nepaoouepepno saun1e acex npaa n nn1epecoa pycckoro napopa;
3) npnsnanne npaaa pycckoro napopa na naunonanLno-nponopunonanLnoe
npepc1aan1enLc1ao ao acex opranax rocypapc1aenno anac1n n Hec1noro
caHoynpaanennn occnn;
4) npnsnanne npaaa na aoccoepnnenne epnno pyccko naunn, okasaauecn a
paspenennoH nonoxennn;
5) npnsnanne qak1a a1nopeHorpaqnuecko ka1ac1poqm pycckoro napopa n
sakonopa1enLnoe y1aepxpenne Hep, a 1oH uncne upesamuanmx, nanpaanennmx npo1na
penonynnunn ero kak rocypapc1aoo6pasykue naunn, npo1na cnnxennn ero ypenLnoro
aeca a coc1aae nacenennn occnn;
6) coxpanenne n ykpennenne a1nnueckoro epnnc1aa pycckoro napopa n acex
nc1opnuecknx n kynL1ypno-nsmkoamx qak1opoa, cnoco6c1aykunx a1oHy;
7) sanpeuenne pycoqo6nn ao acex ee nponanennnx, saun1a uenoaeuecknx n
rpaxpancknx npaa pyccknx nkpe a nk6o 1ouke seHnoro uapa;
179
8) npnsnanne qak1a renounpa pycckoro napopa n npeoponenne ero nocnepc1an.
peHn nokaxe1, xaa1n1 nn y yuac1nnkoa yHa n aonn, u1o6m pasaepny1L 6opL6y sa
aonnouenne a1nx npnnunnoa 1aknH o6pasoH, u1o6m ne o11onkny1L, a npnaneuL k ce6e
peuakuyk Haccy napopa, o6Lepnnn1L ee na a1o ocnoae n no6epn1L. oka u1o
pasoame coaHec1nme Heponpnn1nn npoxopn1 ycneuno.
2. HEmE HHYMEH
H sapaue nanne1cn cospanne ue1mpex ocnoanmx nnc1pyHen1oa, neo6xopnHmx
pnn poc1nxennn anac1n : q, q, m
. accHo1pnH nx noppo6nee.
2.1. 4
Hec1e ne cnyuano c1on1 qnnancoam nnc1pyHen1, nockonLky po 1ex nop,
noka kaxpan nueka pycckoro panxennn ne 6ype1 nHe1L cao o1penLnm, nyc1L
ne6onLuo, nc1ounnk cpepc1a, a a uenoH ne 6ype1 nHe1L epnnoro 6onLuoro
1akoro nc1ounnka, - panxenne o6peueno na saHepnennoe n nenpaannLnoe pasan1ne.
O u EQHHCTBA, m
x. akoaa o6uan sakonoHepnoc1L nk6oro
naunonanLnoro panxennn, 6eso1nocn1enLno k konkpe1no naunonanLnoc1n. nn
npnHepa: noka ne aosnnk qnnancoam uen1p ao rnaae c anpnmHn eapecknHn
6anknpaHn n npepnpnnnHa1ennHn, poccnckoe eapec1ao cyuec1aoaano a 1akoH xe
pasppo6nennoH (camue 500 oprannsaun no occnn) n nekonconnpnpoaannoH anpe,
paspnpaeHoe 6opL6o nnpepcknx aH6nun n npo1naopeunamHn nn1epecaHn; n 1onLko
korpa 6anknpm o6Lepnnnnn caon uenn n cpepc1aa, aokpyr a1oro nppa aosnnk
occnckn eapeckn konrpecc, 6mc1po npeapa1nauncn a peanLnyk nonn1nueckyk
cnny, cnoco6nyk aec1n cornacoaannme, ckooppnnnpoaannme kaHnannn, annn1L na
co6m1nn a c1pane.
aano na6nkpan pycckoe panxenne a occnn, n pn6an1nke nsane - kak anann1nk
n nsny1pn - kak nonn1nueckn pen1enL, n npnuen k 1aeppoHy amaopy: po 1ex nop,
noka ne nonan1cn ananornunm pycckn qnnancoam uen1p, pec1aykun sakynncno
n o6ecneunaakun pec1aennoc1L 1pex ppyrnx nnc1pyHen1oa, pycckoe panxenne
6ype1 xao1nunmH, pasppo6nennmH n neynpaanneHmH. no ne cHoxe1 onpepenn1L
cn1yaunk. no 6ype1 o6peueno na neypauy. 1o nenpenoxnm qak1 kak HnnnHyH no
1peH npnunnaH.
BO-HEBmX, a naun pnn ne cyuec1aye1 nnmx cnoco6oa
n nkpcknHn HaccaHn, kpoHe c1paxa n Ha1epnanLnoro
c1nHynnpoaannn. m o1nnuno anpenn a1o na HakpoakonoHnuecko Hopenn . pn
1annne pa6o1nnkn 6onnncL aopoaa1L, onaspmaa1L, nporynnaa1L, nenn1Lcn,
6pakopenLnnua1L n 1.p. - sa ace a1o caxann a 1kpLHy. o kak 1onLko ns
nocnec1annncko coae1cko o6uec1aenno xnsnn c1an ncuesa1L qak1op c1paxa,
ynpaannaun c1pano c 1917 no 1953 rr., acn cnc1eHa napopnoro xosnc1aa nauana
noneHnory pasaannaa1Lcn n pac1acknaa1Lcn. nnkakoe nanpnxenne npeonornn ne a
cnnax 6mno a1oHy noHeua1L. 1o sac1aanno yxe a 1960-e rr. cpena1L ynop na
Ha1epnanLnoH c1nHynnpoaannn - 1ak nasmaaeHan peqopHa ocmrnna. a1o, a
caok, ouepepL, nens6exno npnaeno k qa1anLnoHy npo1naopeunk c
ocnoaononarakunHn npeno-nonn1nuecknHn n xosnc1aennmHn npnnunnaHn
counannsHa (npn a1oH counannc1nueckan npeonornn no1epnena cokpyun1enLnoe
nopaxenne), a a panLneueH n k pacnapy ace cnc1eHm. eropnn Hm xnaeH a coaceH
180
ppyro c1pane, rpe snauenne Ha1epnanLnoro qak1opa ne 1onLko nonnoc1Lk
aocc1anoaneno, no n c1ano npeo6napakunH. o6pa1nan He1aHopqosa - aosapa1 k
ynpaanennk c1paxoH a noamx ycnoannx n co a kopne nsHennaunHcn napopoH - na Ho
asrnnp, neaosHoxna.
pnako pycckoe panxenne ne Hoxe1 aeuno 6m1L xao1nunmH, neynpaanneHmH. eropnn
ono, k coxanennk, nHenno 1akoao, n Hm cm1m a1nH no ropno. ynpaann1Lcn c1paxoH
ono na pannoH a1ane 1oxe, kak ckasano, ne Hoxe1. nepoaa1enLno, ns payx pmuaroa
ynpaanennn naH oc1ae1cn 1onLko opnn: pmuar c1nHynnpoaannn. paan1cn naH a1o nnn
ne1, npnsnaeH: un n, u x
, u n HOQ m ,
u x n, x un x
qn.
c1pane ponxen 6m1L xosnnn, npn1oH 1onLko opnn xosnnn, n npn1oH xe a1nH
xosnnnoH ne ponxen c1a1L nnk1o, kpoHe epnnoro . o aepL u1o snaun1 6m1L
xosnnnoH? 1o, a snaun1enLno c1enenn, osnauae1 anac1L narpaxpa1L n nakasmaa1L.
1aknH o6pasoH po6naa1Lcn noannoaennn. o1, k1o ne a cnnax a1oro pena1L, ne a cnnax
narpapn1L n nakasa1L, - ne xosnnn, kakne 6m nnanm on nn c1ponn n kak 6m nn
1onopunn caon uae1nme nepmukn.
annyk nosnunk ynpekny1 a 1oH, u1o ona nepoouennaae1 qak1op npeonornn. 1o ne
1ak. nopy ne1, opnn penLrn 6es npe c1on1 ne 1ak yx Hnoro. o cnnLnme npen, paxe
pennrnosnme, a nauy anoxy yxe ne cnoco6nm aec1n ampoxpakueecn n 6onLnoe
(6nonornueckn n npaac1aenno) o6uec1ao na rpaxpanckyk aony, napopnoe aocc1anne
nnn na pnn1enLnyk, nsnypn1enLnyk nocnepoaa1enLno-uenenanpaanennyk 6opL6y.
enoaeueckn pecypc pnn a1oro ncuepnan, konnuec1ao an1ysnac1oa a o6uec1ae
kpn1nueckn Hano, nx an1ysnasH noaepxnoc1en n ckopo1euen. Cn
, u x . e cun1a1Lcn c a1nH nenLsn, kak 6m
Hm nn npnsnaaann n nn aosaennunaann qak1op aosamuennmx naunonan-
na1pno1nuecknx npe.
pnnx 1onLko npe pnn o6Lepnnennn n aqqek1nano pen1enLnoc1n
nepoc1a1ouno, Hm ace canpe1enLc1ayeH a1o yxe pecn1L ne1. m anpenn caonHn
rnasaHn: paxe caHmx kpynnmx pyccknx oprannsaun, penaaunx c1aaky na ronme
npen, okasancn neponyc1nHo nnsok, nnu1oxen. onauany Haccm nckpenne, 6es c1paxa
n ynpeka, 6eckopmc1no n paxe a yuep6 caoeHy kapHany no1nnynncL k pyccko
naunonanLno npee uepes a1n oprannsaunn. o napnpy c nosn1nanmH pesynL1a1oH
(Haccoam poc1 naunonanLnoro caHocosnannn) Hm a n1ore nHeeH n aecLHa
nera1nanm: pasouapoaanne a 6eccnnnn aosamuennmx npe, pacxop anyc1yk aneprnn
n cpepc1a, nnaueanan 1ekyuec1L kappoa n, u1o caHoe c1paunoe, - o1xop Haccm pyccknx
nkpe o1 ak1nano nonn1nkn. m ne nHeeH npaaa kynL1nanpoaa1L nopo6nm
pesynL1a1.
eH 6onee ne cpa6a1maae1 unc1an npeonornn, korpa napo opnen1npoaa1L nkpe ne na
opnopasoaoe HoHen1anLnoe Heponpnn1ne, a
, o16npakuee ace cnnm n apeHn yuac1nnka .
ycnoannx, korpa neueH noppepxnaa1L cyuec1aoaanne ceHLn, 1ako yuac1nnk, npn
aceH an1ysnasHe, ckopo cxopn1 c pnc1anunn; Hm a 1oH 1mcnun pas y6expanncL. expy
1eH, eue n eue pas nopuepkny: sapaua ceropnn ne a 1oH, u1o6m nopnn1L napop
na nocnepnn n peun1enLnm 6o (nnkaknx 6appnkap n napopnmx aocc1ann ne
6ype1, a1o nyxno ncno cosnaaa1L), a a 1oH, u1o6m cospa1L peecnoco6nme c1pyk1ypm,
nnc1pyHen1m, ko1opme rop sa ropoH, m m u n
, m, mn
um mm.
181
apo xopouo nonnHa1L xapak1ep naunonanLno-ocao6opn1enLno 6opL6m na pannoH
a1ane: kaaanepncko a1ako specL yxe nnuero ne peunuL, nyxno
. nyxnm coo1ae1c1aykune c1pa1ernn, ponrocpounme nnanm,
1pe6ykune napexnoro pecypcnoro o6ecneuennn, a ne Hrnoaennoro pyueanoro nopmaa.
BO-BTOmX, xnsnL cnnLno nsHennnacL c 1917 ropa. nnuen1p o6uec1aenno 6opL6m
ceropnn naxopn1cn ne a napopnmx Haccax, kak c1o ne1 nasap, a a c1onL amcoknx
cqepax xnsnn (qnnancoam, apHnnnc1pa1nanm n nnqopHaunonnm nc1a6nnuHen1),
u1o sann1L 1aH rocnopc1aykuee nonoxenne (a 6es a1oro naun Heu1m oc1any1cn nnuL
Heu1aHn) Hoxno, 1onLko onnpancL na npoqeccnonanoa amcue npo6m. nonne
nonn1no, u1o ne cyuec1aye1 n ne Hoxe1 cyuec1aoaa1L 6es nkpe, uLn
pen1enLnoc1L Ho1nanpoaana coaec1Lk, connpapnoc1Lk, o1ae1c1aennoc1Lk n
npepannoc1Lk ennko yccko pee. onLko 1akne nkpn, kc1a1n, ponxnm 6m1L a
pykoaopc1ae , pa n a HaccoaoH saene 1oxe. o neuero n pyHa1L o 1oH, u1o6m a
ckonLko-nn6ypL snaunHmx Hacu1a6ax nopHenn1L an1ysnac1aHn-pnne1an1aHn knaccnmx
cneunannc1oa (qnnancnc1oa, xypnannc1oa, kpnc1oa, apHnnnc1pa1opoa, cnnoankoa).
1aaka na npoqn - aenenne apeHenn. o knaccnme cneunannc1m ne pa6o1ak1 papoH
nnn sa ckpoHnyk sapnna1y. H napo nna1n1L, n nna1n1L Hnoro. 1o akcnoHa.
akonoHna penLrn na npoqeccnonanax, Hm naacerpa no1epneH uanc sann1L 1e
o6uec1aenno-nonn1nueckne amco1m, k ko1opmH c1peHnHcn: Hm nnkorpa ne cHoxeH
asn1L anac1L n ocyuec1an1L naunonanLno-na1pno1nueckne peqopHm.
B-TETBHX, neo6xopnHo noHnn1L execekynpno: Hm, pycckne, xnaeH ne a
co6c1aennoH HnpnoH rocypapc1ae, kak, ckaxeH, nn1oaum nnn apHnne, a
, m
n zn , n .
ano 1oro: pycckn napop ceropnn ne konconnpnpoaan, on pasppo6nen n
penaunonannsnpoaan, kak nn opnn ppyro napop 6mauero . o cy1n, on xnae1
aa1onoHno o1 rocypapc1aa n 1onLko eue naunnae1 cospaaa1L nekne uen1pm
konconnpaunn, uepes ko1opme co apeHeneH on cHoxe1 am1n ns coc1onnnn
aHopqnoc1n. aunonanLno Hmcnnune pycckne nkpn ceropnn npepc1aannk1 co6o
neu1o apope pnacnopm a caoeH co6c1aennoH rocypapc1ae n a caoeH co6c1aennoH
napope.
akoaa peanLnoc1L, n ona pnk1ye1 caon npaanna noaepennn. ne napo cun1a1Lcn. m
ne npopanneHcn k ocyuec1anennk naunx uene n sapau, ecnn ne oanapeeH 1eHn
npneHaHn n He1opaHn, ko1opme ncnonLsyk1 a nopo6nmx cnyuanx napopm Hnpa
ncnokon aeky.
uac1noc1n, neo6xopnHo ncnonLsoaa1L ocnoano npneH, ko1opmH nonLsyk1cn a
uyxepopnmx n paxe apaxpe6no nac1poennmx k nnH rocypapc1aax pasnnunme
pnacnopm (k npnHepy, a occnn - eapeckan, asep6apxanckan, ueuenckan, apHnnckan
n pp.). nn m u - u, u
u um u, - x, x .
nn ncnonLsyk1 ce6e na 6naro 1ako acenponnkakun nopok, kak 1o1anLnan
koppynunn anac1n, a 1oH uncne ue1aep1o. axe naxopncL a coc1onnnn nac1onue
aonm c occne, oanapn pyroa yHyppnncn nokyna1L rnaanme poccnckne n
o6ecneunaa1L peuenne aaxneunx nponaranpnc1cknx sapau! (a n ceuac Hm nHeeH
nonnoc1Lk npoueuenckyk oayk rase1y.) nacnopm nokynak1 unnoannkoa n
cnnoankoa acex ypoane, peuan ace caon npo6neHm, n, napaunaan sa cue1 a1oro caon
kann1anm, nopnnHak1cn no nec1nnue nopkyna ace amue n npnHo annnk1 na nonn1nky
rocypapc1aa. H ne nyxnm nnkakne naunonanLnme peaonkunn, onn n 1ak po6naak1cn
caoero. e roaopk yx o eapenx, no ceropnn, nanpnHep, asep6apxanckan
1pexHnnnnonnan pnacnopa uepes caonx nonn1nuecknx npepc1aan1ene yxe
oqnunanLno c1aan1 aonpoc o napenennn asep6apxanuea - nerpaxpan occnn! -
M M. nokynan pnn caonx npepc1aan1ene
182
ponxnoc1n a n nnmx ka6nne1ax anac1n, pacc1aannn - sa penLrn! - caonx nkpe
na knkueame noc1m, a 1oH uncne yxe n na amcueH rocypapc1aennoH ypoane, -
pnacnopm nerko po6naak1cn 1oro, k ueHy Hm, pycckne nonn1nkn (a caoe co6c1aenno
c1pane!) 1ue1no nm1aeHcn npnp1n, u1ypHyn anac1L a no6.
akoneu, aqqek1nanoe ocyuec1anenne npnnunna penLrn - ao anac1L, anac1L - a
penLrn papn 6onLue anac1n nponcxopn1 n ao apeHn am6opoa. specL naun
aosHoxnoc1n noka neconoc1aanHm c aosHoxnoc1nHn npo1nannka. o1n, koneuno, y nac
ec1L n neHa1epnanLnm pecypc - napopnan noppepxka - no ponL pener a 1akoH pene
nnk1o ne ocnopn1. o nnunm onm1 (n 6ann1npoaancn a 2003 ropy na noc1
ry6epna1opa oaropopcko o6nac1n n sannn 1pe1Le Hec1o, yc1ynna 0,05%
npepcepa1enk oksa npoHmunennnkoa n npepnpnnnHa1ene .-e1ep6ypra) - npkoe
canpe1enLc1ao 1oHy, u1o npen 6es pener c1on1 poano c1onLko xe, ckonLko penLrn 6es
npe.
1ak, pycckoHy naunonanLno-ocao6opn1enLnoHy panxennk nyxnm cpepc1aa,
u , un n nu - anac1L, annnnne, o6uec1aennoe
Hnenne.
1pn rnaanme npnunnm, no ko1opmH npnopn1e1 cnepye1 o1pa1L cospannk
pycckoro qnnancoaoro uen1pa kak nnc1pyHen1a .
oueHy on ponxen pec1aoaa1L sakynncno? uenL npoc1o: penLrn a nyxnoH o6LeHe
co6pa1L ouenL 1pypno. napopa pener ne1, na unenckne asnocm nonnouenno
nonn1nko sannHa1Lcn ne ampe1, o6paua1Lcn sa penLraHn k nnopopuaH -
neponyc1nHo no onpepenennk, npoaopn1L akcnponpnaunn no npnHepy 6onLueankoa ne
kaxpm Hoxe1 ce6e nosaonn1L. a cospanne co6c1aennmx koHHepuecknx c1pyk1yp
pycckoro panxennn ype1 cnnukoH Hnoro apeHenn, nanonnennoro 1pypnmHn npo6aHn
n oun6kaHn. m snaeH no co6c1aennoHy ponroHy onm1y: poc1a1ounme cpepc1aa na
ceropnn Hory1 npepoc1aan1L 1onLko pycckne naunonanLno opnen1npoaannme
npepnpnnnHa1enn, nnaec1opm. akoa qak1. Hm ne pas yxe na6nkpann, kak pyccknH
npepnpnnnHa1ennH, aspyHaaunH sannHa1Lcn ny6nnuno nonn1nko nnn o1kpm1o
nopnn1maa1L pycckoe panxenne, 1y1 xe naunnann nepekpmaa1L kncnopop,
o6pesan kananm qnnancnpoaannn, poc1yn k nc1ounnkaH cmpLn n pmnkaH c6m1a. 1o n
aoo6ue o1nnHan npepnpnn1nn nop pasnmHn npepnoraHn, kak noc1ynnnn c anapenLueH
1aHoxennoro 1epHnnana nekcanppoH onoamH, paaaaunH 6onLune penLrn na
naunonan-na1pno1nueckoe panxenne, y ko1oporo o1o6pann ero 1epHnnan, npeapa1na
npouae1akuero 6nsnecHena a npoqeccnonanLnoro, no 6esycneunoro xopoka no
6eckoneunmH cype6nmH nnc1anunnH. nac1L npekpacno ocosnae1 yrposy, ncxopnuyk
o1 pyccknx naunonan-kann1annc1oa, n 6pn1enLno o1cnexnaae1 cn1yaunk. m ne
ponxnm o1kpmaa1L nc1ounnkn naunx cpepc1a.
1ak, eue pas: qn HOQ - u u
u.
c1ec1aenno, a1o1 uen1p ne ponxen c1on1L ane n nap nnH, ne ponxen amnonnn1L
qynkunn c1pa1ernueckoro nnannpoaannn. nnancoam uen1p - aaxneun opran
, no on - nnuL uac1L o6uero HexannsHa, nnuL opnn ns ero nnc1pyHen1oa,
6eccHmcnennm caH no ce6e, no kpane neo6xopnHm a koHnnekce. nc1eHy
Heponpnn1n n cHe1y nx o6ecneuennn ponxnm paspa6a1maa1L pykoaopn1enn ,
ko1opmH napnexn1 y6expa1L nnaec1opoa a uenecoo6pasnoc1n nHenno 1aknx pacxopoa.
onn1nka - a1o npoqeccnn, ne Henee nk6o ppyro. ona ne 1epnn1 pnne1an1oa.
B - u, qu
- n . paHo1noe n ue1koe paspenenne 1pypa ec1L sanor ycnexa
acero pena.
183
c1ec1aenno 1akxe, u1o noka qnnancoam nnc1pyHen1 ne cospan, ne c1on1 cnpe1L
cnoxa pykn. o napo ocosna1L 1akyk sapauy, ocHmcnn1L 1akyk yc1anoaky n nanpnuL
ace ycnnnn pnn ero cospannn. m, pycckne, xnsnec1okn n yHnm napop, y nac
o6nsa1enLno nonyun1cn.
184
2.2. Hq
Hec1e c1on1 nnqopHaunonnm nnc1pyHen1.
ro ponL aennka n nesaHennHa, korpa peuL npe1 o nopro1oake o6uec1aennoro Hnennn
k kaknH-nn6o cepLesnmH nepeHenaH, korpa nyxno o6ecneun1L Haccoayk noppepxky
a1nx nepeHen. k6o peaonkunn, a 1oH uncne naunonanLno-ocao6opn1enLno,
coaepuakuecn a qnsnueckoH Hnpe, acerpa npepuec1aye1 peaonkunn a Hnpe
npeanLnoH - a ronoaax n pyuax nkpe. 1o eue opna akcnoHa.
o6napana ace nonno1o anac1n n Horyuec1aa, aceHn penLraHn, aceHn
apHnnnc1pa1nanmHn n Ha1epnanLnmHn pecypcaHn, rnran1cko apHne n caHmHn
cnnLnmHn a Hnpe cneucnyx6aHn. o e nnu1o ne noHorno, n ee anac1L pyxnyna a
opnouacLe, no1oHy u1o nepep a1nH pyxnyna anac1L npe, na ko1opme ona onnpanacL, a
c nnHn - ee aa1opn1e1. kpn nepec1ann noppepxnaa1L pnckpepn1npoaannyk anac1L,
nepec1ann amnonnn1L ee npnkasm. ouno 1ak xe a 6mnyk anoxy pyxnyna anac1L
caHopepxaann, nocne 1oro, kak pennnn uapckoro npaan1enLc1aa nopaeprnncL
Hnorone1ne acec1oponne ny6nnuno kpn1nke, a caHa npen oHasannnka oxnn
npeapa1nnacL a nyc1me cnoaa.
1ouno 1ak xe pyxne1 anac1L an1nnapopnoro pexnHa a occnn, korpa a 6onLunnc1ae
yHoa nponsope1 okonua1enLnoe paso6nauenne ero snoaeue npnpopm, ero cna6mx
c1opon n acex ero aren1oa. orpa na cHeny npeonornn nencn aouapn1cn npeonornn
pycckoro naunonannsHa c ero oueanpno, no noka eue ne pnn acex npnamuno
npaapo. yHckne am6opm 2003 ropa nokasann yxe, u1o paenapua1nne1nnn
nnqopHaunonnan aona Hexpy na1pno1aHn n peHokpa1aHn papnkanLno nsHennna
coc1onnne o6uec1aennoro Hnennn ne a nonLsy nocnepnnx: onn c 1peckoH nponrpann.
pn a1oH cnn amnrpmu na1pno1oa-ny1nnuea canpe1enLc1aye1 o6
onpepenennoH cnn anek1opa1a, xaxpyuero npnnnHa1L xenaeHoe sa
pec1an1enLnoe. o ec1L, coc1onnne yHoa a ceropnnune occnn noka eue pa6o1ae1 a
6onLue c1enenn ne na nac, pyccknx naunonan-na1pno1oa, a na naunx konkypen1oa,
kasennmx na1pno1oa.
eH ne Henee, ncen amaop o snauennn nnqopHaunonno aonm na coapeHennoH a1ane.
oxno cnpaaepnnao ckasa1L, u1o ona paxe 6onee aaxna, ueH akonoHnueckan n
peHorpaqnueckan aonm, ycneuno aepyunecn npo1na pycckoro napopa.
Hu n , u
- n .
Hmcn n qynkunn nnqopHaunonnoro nnc1pyHen1a - ne 1onLko arn1aunn n nponaranpa,
no 1akxe n npoaepenne ckooppnnnpoaannmx nnqopHaunonnmx kaHnann. co6enno
6onLuoe snauenne npno6pe1ak1 1akne kaHnannn a nepnopm am6opoa, peqepenpyHoa,
a pnn o6cyxpennn aaxnmx sakonoa n aoo6ue a kpn1nueckne HoHen1m nc1opnn. orpa
pecn1kn n co1nn , anek1ponnmx n neua1nmx, naunnak1 pec1aoaa1L, kak 6onLuo
cnaxennm opkec1p, a ko1opoH kaxpm snae1 caok nap1nk. po6naak1cn nepenoHa a
o6uec1aennoH Hnennn n nac1poennn.
H n s ?
BO-HEBmX, nyxen uen1p nnannpoaannn 1aknx kaHnann, coue1akun a ce6e
nn1ennek1yanLnme, qnnancoame, nnqopHaunonnme n Ha1epnanLno-1exnnueckne
pecypcm. 1o6m co6npa1L, anannsnpoaa1L, npenapnpoaa1L n onepa1nano noc1aann1L
185
nnqopHaunk, a 1oH uncne akcknksnanyk. pnueH a6poc 1onko n 1ouno
npenapnpoaanno nnqopHaunn (a 1oH uncne pesnnqopHaunn) ponxen nponsaopn1Lcn
ne 1onLko uepes naunonan-na1pno1nueckne , no n uepes ace neua1nme n
anek1ponnme aoo6ue. aepxsapaua - nocapn1L aosHoxno 6onLuee konnuec1ao
a occnn na nauy co6c1aennyk nnqopHaunonnyk nrny, npnyun1L nonyua1L
nnqopHaunk ns naunx pyk.
BO-BTOmX, nyxen Hounm nnqopHaunonnm xonpnnr, coc1onun ns acex
anpoa n sapakun 1on ace naunonan-na1pno1nuecko npecce. nn a1oro Hoxno
ncnonLsoaa1L yxe nHekunecn aa1opn1e1nme (nanpnHep, rase1m a pycckoe
peno, aunonanLnyk rase1y, ycckn aec1nnk n neko1opme ppyrne,
papnoc1anunk apopnoe papno, -nepepauy ycckn oH n 1.p.), no
uenecoo6pasno n cospaaa1L noame. 6paseu 1akoro xonpnnra - konuepn yren6epra,
pec1aoaaaun a 1920-30-e rr. a epHannn (o neH - cH. a npnnoxennnx).
ue pas neo6xopnHo nopuepkny1L, u1o n uen1p nnannpoaannn, n nnqopHaunonnm
xonpnnr ponxnm 6m1L ykoHnnek1oaanm npoqeccnonanaHn amcokoro knacca -
npeonoraHn, anann1nkaHn, xypnannc1aHn, nporpaHHnc1aHn n Hac1epaHn
o6cnyxnaannn cnoxno anek1ponno annapa1ypm - o1 koHnLk1epoa po
1enepapnoc1anun. appm peuak1 ace - a1o ckasano nepapoH.
eropnn neo6xopnHoc1L amuensnoxennoro anonne ocosnana naunonan-na1pno1aHn.
saec1nm nonm1kn cospannn nnqopHaunonnmx cnc1eH naunonan-na1pno1nueckoro
1onka: cecnaannckn (1enepL ampennauncn ns nero naannckn) coks xypnannc1oa
(npepcepa1enL . nponoa), ycckoe o6uec1ao noc1aaunkoa nnqopHaunn na 6ase
nnqopHaren1c1a naannckn Hnp, enm Hnp (npepcepa1enL . oHanoa),
nnqopHaren1c1ao ecnnua (pnpek1op . ennaanoa), aeepnan paccmnka
aunonanLno rase1m (pepak1op . eaac1Lnnoa). pnako nx aosHoxnoc1n noka
o1nocn1enLno neaennkn. 1o cansano kak c o1cy1c1aneH cepLesnoro qnnancnpoaannn,
1ak n c onpepenennmHn npeonornuecknHn orpannuennnHn. pnpa1L aceH a1nH
nnnuna1naaH ponxnm pasHax aosHoxno 1onLko no Hepe noc1ynnennn snaun1enLnmx
cpepc1a.
co6oe Hec1o no caoeHy snauennk a nnane nnqopHaunonno aonm sannHae1
paspa6o1ka npeonornn pycckoro naunonannsHa. Henno nn1erpanLnm naunonannsH,
o6nnHakun ace cqepm o6uec1aenno xnsnn, npopac1an a pen1enLnoc1n
konkpe1nmx n nokopnn yHm n ceppua Hnnnnonoa pyccknx nkpe, ponxen
npnaec1n k npenoHy kpyuennk pexnHa n k no6epe . 1o nonc1nne - rnaanm
nepanm ysen panxennn, o1 ko1oporo saancn1 ace ero koneunme pesynL1a1m. o o6
a1oH - a o1penLnoH paspene.
2.3. Kv
Hec1e c1on1 kpnpnueckn nnc1pyHen1 . ak xe, kak n qnnancoam,
on npnsaan o6ecneun1L coapeHennm ypoaenL peuennn acex ero npo6neH. k6an
cepLesnan nnnuna1naa, nk6oe cornauenne (penoaoe nnn nonn1nueckoe) ponxnm
naunna1Lcn c amcokokauec1aenno kpnpnuecko akcnep1nsm, a sa1eH ponxnm nHe1L
kpnpnueckn rpaHo1no oqopHnennoe pasan1ne n saaepuenne.
co6oe snauenne nHee1 kpnpnueckn nnc1pyHen1 a nnane saun1m n nanapennn. ce,
k1o ckonLko-nn6ypL cepLesno, ak1nano sannHancn pyccko nonn1nko a nocnepnee
pecn1nne1ne, ncnm1ann na ce6e, u1o 1akoe cyp n npokypa1ypa, u1o 1akoe
rocypapc1aennan pycoqo6nn, nponannkuancn a pen1enLnoc1n Hnnnc1epc1a n
aepoHc1a. aepL ec1L n npoc1o npoqeccnonanLnme aparn , npn6erakune k
ycnyraH amcokoknaccnmx kpnc1oa, noHorakunx ypyuennk pycckoro panxennn. ak
186
npnHep Hoxno npnaec1n nppen ocnqoanua ypa1oaa, eapen n 6mauero cypLk
ocropcypa, ynpn1aauero sa peue1ky naunonan-na1pno1a . Hnpnoaa-c1auannn,
y6n1oro sa1eH a 1kpLHe. mne ypa1oa c1an apaoka1oH n nensHenno saunuae1 a
cypax nn1epecm ockoackoro oHcoHonLua, ockoackoro an1nqaunc1ckoro uen1pa
n 1oHy nopo6nmx an1npyccknx c1pyk1yp. ro onm1 cypLn n apaoka1a, snakoHc1aa ao
acex cqepax kc1nunn nosaonnk1 eHy pec1aoaa1L aqqek1nano. onn1no, u1o
npo1naopec1aoaa1L 1akoHy pen1enk Hoxe1 1onLko npoqeccnonan nopo6no xe
kaannqnkaunn.
o naH, noa1opnH, neo6xopnHo ne 1onLko saunua1Lcn (1ak Hm 6ypeH aeuno o1c1aaa1L
na uar o1 naunx aparoa), no n nanapa1L. specL - nenoua1m kpa pa6o1m pnn
pyccknx kpnc1oa, naunnan o1 amc1aanennn Ha1epnanLnmx npe1ensn aceHnpnmH
eapecknH oprannsaunnH sa peaonkunk 1917 r. n nepec1poky n o1 cypa nap
nypansHoH n cnonnsHoH kak uenoaekonenaanc1nnuecknHn npeonornnHn,
nponaranpnpykunHn uenoaeueckoe nepaanonpaane n npeaocxopc1ao eapeea nap
ppyrnHn napopaHn, - n konuan npecnepoaannnHn naunx aparoa cype6nmHn nckaHn sa
kneae1y, noxnme ponocm, yHanenne naunx uec1n, poc1onnc1aa n penoao peny1aunn,
sa pasxnranne naunonanLno, pacoao n pennrnosno posnn. opnnaun Heu (aepL
ne Hm pasansann a1y aony a nnc1anunnx) ponxen norn6ny1L o1 Heua.
es kpnc1a ceropnn, a ycnoannx no6epnaue 6ypxyasno-peHokpa1nuecko
peaonkunn, ne penae1cn nn opno cepLesnoe peno. pycckne kpnc1m, nHeaune
amcokn aa1opn1e1 eue po peaonkunn, cyHek1 ero ykpenn1L. akne kpnc1m ceropnn
ec1L, n Hm Hnornx ns nnx snaeH. o. n specL qak1op onna1m 1pypa - paneko ne
nocnepnn. aun1nnk pyccknx napopnmx nn1epecoa ne ponxen pmcka1L a nonckax
nponn1annn, ero ceHLn ne ponxna nyxpa1Lcn n nepe6naa1Lcn cnyuanmHn
sapa6o1kaHn. n ponxen 6m1L xopouo o6ecneuen n pecnek1a6enen, unpoko
o6pasoaan, annn1enen, axox a amcune kpyrn o6uec1aa.
yxnm naH n kpnc1m-Hexpynapopnnkn ns uncna pyccknx naunonannc1oa, a apaone
nyxnmHn onn c1any1 nocne 1oro, kak npnpe1 k anac1n n npnc1ynn1 k kappoaoHy
nepeqopHnpoaannk a.
akoneu, neo6xopnHm pycckne kpnc1m-unannnc1m, cnoco6nme k sakono1aopuecko
pen1enLnoc1n, k npoaepennk kpnpnuecknx akcnep1ns sakononpoek1oa.
kakoH anpe 6ype1 cyuec1aoaa1L kpnpnueckn nnc1pyHen1 ? ype1 nn a1o
oco6an pycckan apaoka1ckan konnernn, 6ype1 nn a1o nekn Hosroao uen1p, coc1onun
ns nesaancnHmx kpnc1oa, co6npakunxcn aHec1e no konkpe1nmH noaopaH pnn
Hosroao a1akn n pacnpepenennn pone - noka npepckasa1L 1pypno. Hee1cn
nonoxn1enLnm n pasnoo6pasnm onm1. ak, nra saun1m naunonanLnoro poc1onnnn,
coc1onuan ns Honopmx 1anan1nnamx kpnc1oa-unannnc1oa, po6nnacL npnnn1nn sakona
kynL1ypnmx uennoc1nx, nepeHeuennmx a coks a pesynL1a1e a1opo Hnpoao
aonm n naxopnunxcn na 1eppn1opnn occncko epepaunn (npoue roaopn, o16nna
naun 1poqen y nanoxnaunx na nnx nany nLunna n onn), nopro1oanna npoek1
yccko onc1n1yunn n sakononpoek1 paspenennoH nonoxennn pyccko naunn n ee
npaae na aoccoepnnenne. e npepc1aan1enn neopnokpa1no npnnnHann yuac1ne a
cype6nmx npoueccax npo1na pexnHa (a pene naca), npo1na ockoackoro
oHcoHonLua (a pene o annnuLnx 1yuax n pyuax), npo1na ockoackoro
an1nqaunc1ckoro uen1pa, npo1na nnnc1epc1aa kc1nunn n pp. Kpnc1m ns oksa
o6uec1aennmx o6Lepnnenn no saun1e uec1n n poc1onnc1aa pycckoro napopa n
yccko cekunn expynapopnoro o6uec1aa npaa uenoaeka npoaopnnn akcnep1nsm
sakononpoek1oa, nanpaannnn nncLHa a saun1y pyccknx nkpe a npokypa1ypy n nnme
nnc1anunn, amc1ynann c a1o uenLk a cypax. 1.p.
pepc1on1 o6o6un1L a1o1 onm1 n nopo1n k ero ncnonLsoaannk uen1pannsoaanno n
koHnnekcno.
187
onoccanLnoe snauenne nHee1 nponaranpa kpnpnuecknx poc1nxenn . epL a1o,
ao-nepamx, xponnka naunx, nyc1L ne6onLunx, no no6ep. ao-a1opmx, a1o
kpnpnueckn nnk6es pycckoro napopa, a ko1opoH on nyxpae1cn po nocnepne
kpanoc1n.
2.4. r
, neo6xopnH oprannsaunonnm nnc1pyHen1 . op a1nH noppasyHeaae1cn
epnnan pycckan nap1nn, cnoco6nan nrpa1L a o6uec1ae ne npoc1o saHe1nyk, no n
aepyuyk ponL, coo1ae1c1aykuyk nonoxennk pyccknx a coc1aae nacenennn occnn.
a a1oH nnc1pyHen1e nexn1 oco6an o1ae1c1aennoc1L kak na ny6nnunoH nonn1nueckoH
npepc1aan1ene pycckoro napopa, ero npaa n nn1epecoa.
aueH nyxna epnnan nap1nn, ueH ona c1ane1 sannHa1Lcn, u1o pena1L? pexpe acero -
ocaanaa1L coapeHennme HexannsHm nonn1nuecko 6opL6m, 6es oanapennn ko1opmHn
neuero Heu1a1L o pyccko anac1n na naue seHne.
2.4.1. m snaeH, nonnHaeH n 1aeppnH, u1o pnn 1oro, u1o6m ocyuec1an1L naun
nonn1nueckne n akonoHnueckne 1pe6oaannn, neo6xopnHo asn1L anac1L. o ouenL Hano
noka pnn a1oro penaeH. nnLnan, neranLnan acepoccnckan o6uepycckan nap1nn - a1o,
npexpe acero, n mx m
um um u u ,
, . eaonkunonnmH ny1eH a1o
cpena1L neaosHoxno. c1ae1cn nnuL ny1L nnanoHepno n nac1ounao nap1nno
6opL6m.
3un u pnn nac upesamuano, xnsnenno aaxna. Henno a
sakonopa1enLnmx co6pannnx pasnnunmx ypoane ampa6a1maak1cn n npnnnHak1cn 1e
yc1anoanennn, no ko1opmH - xo1nH Hm 1oro nnn ne1 - nac no1oH sac1aannk1 xn1L.
pono66npoaa1L nyxnm n 1opnepnpoaa1L apepnm pnn pyccknx sakon - a1o ouenL,
ouenL aaxno.
e Henee aaxno aoapeHn o1cnepn1L an1npycckyk sakonopa1enLnyk nnnuna1nay,
aoapeHn n rpaHo1no npoanannsnpoaa1L ee, npepa1L unpoko rnacnoc1n, pa1L e 6o
na c1pannuax neua1n. pnako n a 1aknx penax nyxna ne 1onLko caHoo1aepxennan
6n1aa opnnouek, no n oprannsoaannoe nac1ynnenne npoqeccnonanLno nopro1oanennmx
nnu. 6o aona npo1na nac aepe1cn nnanoHepno n uen1pannsoaanno, naun aparn
aepy1 ee, sapec1ayn cepLesnmx cneunannc1oa n pecypcm . npo1naoc1on1L nH
nyxno kak HnnnHyH 1eHn xe cpepc1aaHn. pepn a1nx cpepc1a pyHckan 1pn6yna -
o1nkpL ne nocnepnee.
akoneu, kaxpm nau peny1a1 - a1o knapesL unc1o oprannsaunonnmx, 1exnnuecknx
aosHoxnoc1e, ko1opme Hm Hornn 6m rpaHo1no ncnonLsoaa1L: a1o aren1 annnnnn a
coo1ae1c1aykueH koHn1e1e, a1o ponxnoc1n n c1a1yc Hnorouncnennmx noHounnkoa
peny1a1a pnn unenoa nap1nn, a1o 1pancnop1 n cansL, a 1.u. Hexpynapopnan, a1o
aosHoxnoc1L nc1pe6oaa1L nyxnyk nnqopHaunk ny1eH peny1a1cknx sanpocoa, n 1.p. n
1.n. osHoxnoc1n peny1a1a, nonLsykuerocn nenpnkocnoaennoc1Lk, pacnonarakuero
neHano Ha1epnanLno 6aso, nHekuero npnHo amxop na ace caHme amcokne
anac1nme nnc1anunn, aknkuan cypm n npokypa1ypy, n npenHyuec1aa a o1nouennnx co
, - ouenL aennkn. econsHepnHm c aosHoxnoc1nHn pnpoaoro ns6npa1enn. axpm
peny1a1 coo1ae1c1aenno yaennunaae1 aosHoxnoc1n nap1nn. caon (nap1nnan)
qpakunn yHnoxae1 nx Hnorokpa1no.
e Henee, a 1o n 6onee aaxnm pnn nac am6opm n a um u.
y6epna1opckn noc1 (paxe a ne caHoH 6ora1oH pernone) - a1o aosHoxnoc1L
188
nanpaann1L Hnnnnon ponnapoa a rop na pycckoe peno. oc1 Hapa ropopa cpepne
kpynnoc1n nosaonne1 pena1L a1o a Hacu1a6e co1en, npeqek1a - pecn1koa 1mcnu
ponnapoa. nac ec1L neHanme uenoaeueckne (a 1oH uncne, nn1ennek1yanLnme)
pecypcm, no onn sapec1aoaanm na nnu1oxnyk uac1L caoero no1enunana no opno
npnunne: ne1 pener.
expy 1eH, papnkanLno peun1L penexnyk n oprannsaunonnyk npo6neHy, ne
ncnonLsyn unc1o anac1nme pecypcm noHnHo koHHepuecknx, Hm apnp nn cHoxeH. apen
(n ne 1onLko onn) paano noc1nrnn a1o1 nexn1pm HexannsH: penLrn konaep1npyk1cn
ao anac1L, anac1L - a eue 6nLune penLrn, 1e - a eue 6nLuyk anac1L n 1ak panee
po caHoro aepxa. e nopa nn n naH ocaon1L a1y Hexannky?
enLrn - rnaanoe, no ne epnnc1aennoe npenHyuec1ao ns6pannmx pykoaopn1ene.
axnm n nx aosHoxnoc1n noppepxa1L naunonanLnoro nponsaopn1enn (oco6enno -
nopnn1maakuero pycckoe panxenne) n naunonan-na1pno1nueckne , nanpaan1L
pen1enLnoc1L npaaooxpann1enLnmx opranoa a saun1y pyccknx nn1epecoa n Hnoroe
ppyroe.
c1L y nnx n unc1o nonn1nueckne pecypcm, aosHoxnoc1L annnnnn na 1e cqepm, rpe
ampa6a1maak1cn n npnnnHak1cn nonn1nueckne peuennn.
aH nyxnm caon npepc1aan1enn a ncnonnn1enLno anac1n, no ne pacnonaran 1aknH
nnc1pyHen1oH, kak cnnLnan acepoccnckan nap1nn, Hm ne cHoxeH nx sanonyun1L.
2.4.2. nnLnan, neranLnan acepoccnckan o6uepycckan nap1nn - s
mx m mx . aunnan o1 6anpn1ckoro naespa n konuan
cype6nmHn npecnepoaannnHn. cepLesno nap1nno c1pyk1ypo, pacnonarakue
xopounHn oxpannmHn aosHoxnoc1nHn, 6anpn1m npepnoun1ak1 ne cansmaa1Lcn.
nanpo1na, c ne oxo1no npy1 na kon1ak1 amcokonpoqeccnonanLnme apaoka1m,
npnamkune pa6o1a1L c pecnek1a6enLnmHn knnen1aHn.
2.4.3. nnLnan, neranLnan acepoccnckan o6uepycckan nap1nn - s
n . pynnme
o6uepoccnckne , oco6enno anek1ponnme, nnkorpa ne cnnsopy1 po nap1nno
Henoun, pasae u1o amnonnnn cneusapanne no pnckpepn1aunn pycckoro panxennn, kak
a1o ceropnn penak1 c .
axpan ns6npa1enLnan kaHnannn npepoc1aanne1 nap1nnH saHeua1enLnme nnapoackne
aosHoxnoc1n. uac1aoaa1L ao acex am6opnmx kaHnannnx nyxno xo1n 6m papn opnoro
a1oro. o cna6an, Hanan nap1nn ne ponro ypepxn1cn a peec1pe nnkc1a. na 6ype1
6esxanoc1no amuepkny1a ns neranLno nonn1nkn nocne nepaoro xe neycnexa na
am6opax. ace ycnnnn n cpepc1aa, anoxennme a ee packpy1ky, nopy1 npaxoH.
onLko epnnan pycckan nap1nn c konnek1nanmH pykoaopc1aoH, o6Lepnnnkuan
aa1opn1e1nmx pyccknx o6uec1aennmx pen1ene acex pernonoa, cnoco6na c1a1L
nac1onunH pynopoH pyccko npen.
2.4.4. nnLnan, neranLnan acepoccnckan o6uepycckan nap1nn - s
n u. ne nHee1 ycnexa ne no1oHy, u1o ona -
neranLnan nonn1nueckan nap1nn, a no1oHy, u1o ncuepnana ce6n ee
nn1epnaunonannc1nueckan npeonornn, npornnna n npopanacL pexnHy ee ronoaka, a
eue no1oHy, u1o ona ne onnpae1cn na nopaopnyk uac1L panxennn conpo1nanennn.
poHe 1oro, qak1nueckn, npnueH ny6nnuno, o1kasanacL o1 anac1n a 1996 r. n
1eH nsHennna caoe npnpope nonn1nuecko nap1nn, npeapa1nauncL a rpoHoo1aop
napopnoro rneaa, a caH kranoa npeapa1nncn a cHo1pnuero sa neamH qnanroH.
189
opnnnnan nonn1nueckan nap1nn, xo1nuan n Horyuan asn1L anac1L a caon pykn,
cnoco6na annn1L na cn1yaunk paxe 1onLko caHnH qak1oH caoero cyuec1aoaannn. yx
ecnn ona naunnae1 pec1aoaa1L.
2.4.5. nnLnan, neranLnan acepoccnckan o6uepycckan nap1nn - s m
. pepnonoxnH, asnno anac1L. a noaec1ke pnn - cospanne pycckoro
naunonanLnoro rocypapc1aa. 1o n kak 6ype1 sannHa1Lcn rocypapc1aennmH
c1pon1enLc1aoH? pe 6pa1L kappm? keH Hm npnpeH a enm oH, a npaan1enLc1aa
cy6Lek1oa qepepaunn? eH sanonnnH u1a1m Hnnnc1epc1a, aepoHc1a?
eneaoe npaan1enLc1ao nyxno cospaaa1L napannenLno c 6opL6o sa anac1L. o
cepLesnme nkpn, cneunannc1m amcue kaannqnkaunn o1ua1ny1cn o1 neneranoa, onn
ne nopy1 na cnyx6y k HaprnnanaH, k Hanonsaec1nmH, ne amsmaakunH poaepnn
nnunoc1nH, onn ne c1any1 cansmaa1L caok cypL6y n peny1aunk c napnnHn
nonn1nueckoro Hnpa. nn o1knnkny1cn 1onLko na npnsma connpno, anyuakue
yaaxenne acepoccncko oprannsaunn, nHekue cepLesnyk nporpaHHy, nHekue
caoe poc1onoe n npnaneka1enLnoe nnuo. 6o a1o - nnuo pycckoro napopa, pycckoro
panxennn.
aua nap1nnan nponaranpa n kappoaan pa6o1a ponxna npecnepoaa1L pae uenn: ao-
nepamx, Hm ponxnm noc1aan1L yaneka1enLnme uenn n sapaun nepep pyccknHn
na1pno1aHn ns apHnnnc1pa1nanoro, aoennoro n nayunoro cek1opa nn1ennnrenunn.
pnnH 1onLko an1ncnonnsHoH nx ne npnaneueuL: nyxnm konc1pyk1nanme,
cosnpa1enLnme npen. o-a1opmx, Hm ponxnm ak1nano pa6o1a1L co c1ypen1aHn
coo1ae1c1aykunx npoqnne, c HonopexLk, cospaaa1L ce6e kappoam pesepa ns
1anan1nnamx pyccknx pe6n1. 1o - naunonanLnan ann1a saa1paunero pnn. m ponxnm
noHann1L nx nepcnek1nao aospoxpennn naunn, Hm ponxnm nokasa1L nH ropnson1m
npnHenennn nx cnn, Hm ponxnm npepnoxn1L nH 1akoe 6ypyuee, kakoro nnkorpa ne
npepnoxn1 nH sarnnaakuan n cnonnsnpoaannan noc1enLunnckan occnn.
2.4.6. nnLnan, neranLnan acepoccnckan o6uepycckan nap1nn - s u
x nx B Hq, n
,
n. Hnpe ponxnm 6m1L 6en napenm, n
Hnorne napopm nH Hmcnenno annopnpyk1, no npn 1oH ne capn1cn c nnHn sa c1on
oqnunanLnmx neperoaopoa n ne npy1 na ny6nnunme kon1ak1m, paxe ecnn ro1oam nx
sakynncno noppepxa1L. pycckoro panxennn ne Hoxe1 n ne ponxno 6m1L ropLko
cypL6m nsron.
2.4.7. akoneu, nonn1nueckan npak1nka nokasana, u1o cospanne acex nepeuncnennmx
amue nnc1pyHen1oa - qnnancoaoro, nnqopHaunonnoro n kpnpnueckoro -
ypo6nee acero pena1L npn nocpepc1ae nHenno nap1nn, ampaunaa1L ns nee. epL ace
a1n nnc1n1y1m c nens6exnoc1Lk cyuec1ayk1 yxe a anpe sapopmue any1pn nap1nn a
kauec1ae coo1ae1c1aykunx o1penoa - xosnc1aennoro, nnqopHaunonnoro,
kpnpnueckoro. s a1nx nap1nnmx o1penoa Hory1 n ponxnm co apeHeneH ampac1n
nasaannme c1pyk1ypm acero . ap1nn npnpae1 aceH a1nH nnc1pyHen1aH
npeonornueckyk onpepenennoc1L, ona o6neruae1 nonck kappoa n pa6o1y c nnHn,
o6ecneunaae1 HnnnHanLnyk pncunnnnny n o1ae1c1aennoc1L, asanHonponnknoaenne n
cornacoaannoc1L pec1an. a kako c1apnn a1nH o1penaH cyxpeno o1opaa1Lcn o1
Ha1epnnckoro nap1nnoro nona n c1a1L na ypoaenL o6uepoccnckoro saancn1
o1 1oro, a nepayk ouepepL, nackonLko caHa nap1nn ocosnae1 ce6n kak nnc1pyHen1
, nackonLko 1ouno ona coo1ae1c1aye1 sapauaH n nn1epecaH pec1an1enLno
acepoccnckoro ycckoro naunonanLno-ocao6opn1enLnoro panxennn.
pnnH cnoaoH, cnnLnan, neranLnan acepoccnckan o6uepycckan nap1nn - a1o napexpa
acero pycckoro panxennn, a1o ero aaxneun pa6oun nnc1pyHen1, ero oprannsykuan
n nanpaannkuan cnna.
190
191
3. HQERHR HHHRH3M
no ouepepn, no ne no snauennk sapaua - cospanne c1pono 1eopnn
pycckoro naunonannsHa.
oaoe anno ne nannaak1 a c1apme Hexn. a nc1ekuee c1one1ne a Hnpe n a occnn
nponsounn konoccanLnme nepeHenm, ko1opme 1pe6yk1 noamx npenmx nopxopoa n
He1opoa a peuennn pyccknx naunonanLnmx sapau, 1pe6yk1 noao pyccko npeonornn.
Bmn m - un , ,
m: u --u,
u , u n
. opny peky ne axopn1 paaxpm - nesm6neHm sakon pnanek1nkn. 1o1 xe
erenL nepapoH ampannyn 1esnc o neoponnHoc1n noaoro. oaoro, a ne c1aporo! ce
npexnne npeno-nonn1nueckne napapnrHm, aecLHa Hnoro snaunaune kaxpan na caoeH
nc1opnueckoH a1ane, ceropnn, ao-nepamx, ne cnoco6nm npepnoxn1L konc1pyk1nanoe
peuenne naunx npo6neH, a ao-a1opmx, ne cnoco6nm o6Lepnnn1L nop caonHn
snaHenaHn snaunHyk uac1L o6uec1aa.
ce na6nkpa1enn npnsnak1, u1o nocne kpyuennn coae1cko anac1n n 1o1anLno
caHopnckpepn1aunn noc1coae1ckoro pexnHa a o6nac1n npeonornn na kakoe-1o apeHn
o6pasoaancn aakyyH. o ceropnn ero yaepenno n nac1yna1enLno sanonnne1 npeonornn
(kc1a1n, ne 1onLko pycckoro), a ko1opo Haccm nuy1 o1ae1 na
Hyuakune nx aonpocm n saun1y o1 pasnoo6pasnmx yrpos. H
m n (peskoe
nac1ynnenne aren1oa rno6annsHa), m m
(ynnsn1enLnan saancnHoc1L c1panm o1 aneunnx cnn n o1 aceanac1nn nnopopuea n
koHnpapopoa, a 1akxe poc1 cenapa1nc1cknx n naunonannc1nuecknx nac1poenn a
naunonanLnmx pernonax occnn). occnn eue o1c1ae1 a cHmcne spenoc1n 1n1ynLnoro
naunonannsHa o1 6onLunnc1aa 6maunx pecny6nnk (kpoHe enopyccnn), no
c1peHn1enLno nx poronne1.
nqpm, ornauennme na ack c1pany nan6onee aa1opn1e1no counonornuecko cnyx6o
, 1akoam: n n x! 1998 . 43%,
2002 - 58%! pnueH, u1o ouenL aaxno, ecnn a 1998 r. a1o1 nosynr
xapak1epnsoaann HakcnHanLno o1pnua1enLno 30%, 1o ceropnn - nnuL 20%, 1.e.
npnHepno c1onLko, ckonLko a occnn aoo6ue nepyccknx. a1o snaun1, u1o pnn acex
pyccknx on ecnn n ne anonne npneHneH (npneHnk1 nonnoc1Lk yxe 72,5% pyccknx), 1o
ace xe npneHneH c oroaopkaHn. 80% cun1ak1, u1o occnn nepenonnena
nexena1enLnmHn uyxakaHn n 25% cun1ak1, u1o a 6opL6e sa nn1epecm pycckoro
napopa ace cpepc1aa xopoun.
ue aaxnee ppyrne unqpm. oaceH nepaano, a 1986 r., no onpocaH counonoroa, nnuL
15% pyccknx ocosnaaann ce6n kak pycckne n eue 7% - ne snann, kak
onpepenn1Lcn, Hexpy 1eH kak 78% cun1ann ce6n coae1cknHn. o ceropnn yxe 45%
pyccknx cun1ak1 ce6n pyccknHn (sa nn1napua1L ne1 a1o1 npouen1 ampoc na 30
nynk1oa!), 1onLko 28% - poccnnnaHn n nnuL 16% - coae1cknHn nkpLHn
(napenne na 62 nynk1a!).
1ak, a occnn nponcxopn1 Hounm 1ek1onnueckn cpanr o6uec1aennmx oxnpann.
asan1ne pycckoro caHocosnannn npe1 no rnnep6one. 1o ec1ec1aennm, rny6oko
pe1epHnnnpoaannm npouecc. onLko cneno a1oro ne anpn1, 1onLko pypak - ne
yun1maae1, 1onLko nopneu nm1ae1cn onopoun1L.
ycckn naunonannsH, noka eue ao HnoroH nnc1nnk1nanm n nppaunonanLnm, yxe
c1on1 y nac na nopore nou1n ao aecL poc1. Hy neo6xopnHo pa1L coaepuennyk,
o11ouennyk cnoaecnyk, paunonanLnyk, npeonornueckyk qopHy. 1a npeonornn - a
192
ueH Hoxno 6m1L coaepuenno yaepennmH - n ec1L pnn occnn 1o , ueHy cyxpeno
nponan1L rereneackyk neoponnHoc1L n cpena1Lcn XXI
.
apo 1akxe npnsna1L: counanLno-nonn1nueckne nepeHenm, nponsouepune a Hnpe n a
occnn sa aek, nac1onLko aennkn n snaun1enLnm, u1o penak1 neaosHoxnmH
npoc1oe konnpoaanne naunonannc1nuecknx pok1pnn nnmx apeHen n napopoa,
nanpnHep - n1anLnnckoro nnn pycckoro qaunsHa, neHeukoro naunonan-counannsHa
nnn naunonanLno-peHokpa1nuecknx pexnHoa pnpa c1pan pasanaakuerocn Hnpa.
ecHo1pn na 1o, u1o Hnoro aaxnmx paspa6o1ok Hoxno n nyxno sanHc1aoaa1L y acex
nHeaunx ycnex nonn1nuecknx panxenn, ace xe na noaoH a1ane nc1opnueckoro
pasan1nn neo6xopnHo onnpa1Lcn npexpe acero na ananns konkpe1no o6c1anoakn,
konkpe1nmx o6uec1aennmx 1enpenun n cnn.
npeonornn pycckoro naunonannsHa ak1nano paspa6a1maae1cn pnpoH
nonn1onoroa n npeonoroa, Hexpy ko1opmHn kooppnnaunn cyuec1aye1, yam, nnuL a
nesnaun1enLno c1enenn na ypoane nnunmx kon1ak1oa. 1aknH nmne sppaac1aykunH
npeonoraH, ue ronoc xopouo pasnnunH a o6ueH xope, Hoxno a nepayk ouepepL
o1nec1n (a anqaan1noH nopnpke) .. apeeaa, .. poanna, .. aanoaa, ..
c1apxoaa, .. asnnueaa, .. osnoaa, .. nponoaa, .. nno, ..
apounnukyk, .. aanoaa, .. eaac1Lnnoaa, .. ponukoro, .. oHnkoaa, ..
aqapeanua. neko1opmx ns nnx, nan6onee nonynnpnmx (apeea, c1apxoa,
nponoa, eaac1Lnnoa, aqapeanu), cnoxnncn cao kpyr, nsHepneHm HnornHn
1mcnuaHn c1oponnnkoa - ak1nanc1oa pycckoro panxennn.
epnopnueckn aosnnkann n aosnnkak1 nonm1kn cospannn caoero popa pnckyccnonnmx
pyccknx kny6oa. pasnoe apeHn 1akoamHn 6mnn ceHnnap H r
(npn oHn1e1e no reononn1nke ocpyHm, aepyun .. pxnnoa), ceHnnap
H (npn occnckoH o6uec1aenno-nonn1nueckoH
uen1pe, aepyun .. aaenLea) nnn nmne pec1aykun ycckn nn1ennek1yanLnm
kny6 (npn ockoackoH ryHann1apnoH ynnaepcn1e1e, npepcepa1enL .. nnoaLea).
ec1aye1, xo1n n ne naxopn1 nn unpokoro kpyra noun1a1ene, nn npak1nueckoro
npnnoxennn a nonn1nke a cnny caoe cyry6o pennrnosno-qnnocoqcko
koncepaa1nanoc1n, ccounaunn no koHnnekcnoHy nsyuennk pycckoro napopa (..
ponukn), perynnpno amnyckakuan c6opnnkn nayunmx n nayuno-ny6nnunc1nuecknx
c1a1e.
aspena no1pe6noc1L na ocnoae yuac1nn amuenepeuncnennmx (no ne 1onLko) nnu
cospa1L noc1onnno pec1aykun opran, kak 6m on nn nasmaancn - pycckn
apeonar, coae1 c1apeunn, akcnep1nm npeonornueckn coae1 n 1.n. 1o6m a
pnckyccnnx ampa6a1maa1L ne 1onLko ue1kne nosnunn no cnopnmH aonpocaH pycckoro
panxennn, no n pncnosnunn ero pasan1nn. 1oroamHn pokyHen1aHn pa6o1m a1oro
oprana ponxnm 6mnn 6m c1a1L pokyHen1m: Q r ,
n n r , Kx r
(nasaannn ycnoanm)[3] n Hnoroo6pasnme nonynnpnme nspannn,
nponaranpnpykune 6asoame nonn1nn n uennoc1n pycckoro naunonannsHa, anno1L po
nnc1oaok.
oka u1o nopo6nmx konnek1nanmx 1pypoa Hm ne anpenn. noxnoc1L sapaun a 1oH, u1o
cpepn nasaannmx pyxoanmx nnpepoa panxennn ne1 epnnoHmcnnn no aecLHa HnornH
kappnnanLnmH acnek1aH pycckoro aonpoca. peonornueckne n pennrnosnme
yc1anoakn, kak o6muno, npenn1c1ayk1 saaepuennk epnno Hnpoaosspenuecko
nna1qopHm. poponxae1cn oxec1ouennan 6opL6a c1apmx n noamx npe, ocnoxnennan
nepopasaenuannoc1Lk Hnornx npeppaccypkoa.
193
Hec1e c 1eH, sa nocnepnne pecn1L ne1 nanpaanenne, ko1opoe Hoxno c oroaopkaHn
oxapak1epnsoaa1L kak s , ne 1onLko ue1ko
o6osnaunnocL anepame c popeaonkunonno nopm (ero npep1eua n rennanLnm npopok
- .. enLunkoa), no n x u
n . no paano nepeuarnyno sa nopor yuenmx ka6nne1oa
n npeapauae1cn na naunx rnasax a aepyuyk nonn1nueckyk pok1pnny, npe1enpykuyk
na Haccoaoc1L. cnn pnn nHnepckoro nepnopa pasan1nn occnn, korpa na nneun
pycckoro napopa nerna Hnccnn nHnepckoro a1noca, xapak1epno 6mna npen1nqnkaunn
pyccknx no aepe, nsmky n kynL1ype, 1o ceropnn, a ycnoannx nonn1noro nc1opnueckoro
panxennn, a1n npnsnakn ec1ec1aennmH o6pasoH yc1ynak1 Hec1o npen1nqnkaunn no
o6unoc1n nponcxoxpennn, no kpoan. oxno cHeno npepckasa1L, u1o nHenno
a1nnueckn pycckn naunonannsH, poaepennm po coc1onnnn sakonuenno konuenunn,
6ype1 npenmH nppoH unpokoro pycckoro naunonan-na1pno1nueckoro panxennn. a
nnH n 1onLko sa nnH - 6ypyuee.
kauec1ae ocnoanmx pokyHen1oa pycckoro naunonannsHa a1oro (nnn 6nnskoro k neHy)
1onka Hoxno, noHnHo nac1onuero nspannn n 1pypoa enLunkoaa, npepnoxn1L
cnepykune: " : v XX " (c1a1Ln
co1pypnnkoa nc1qaka , nc1n1y1a occncko nc1opnn , nc1n1y1a
naunonanLnmx npo6neH o6pasoaannn nnnc1epc1aa o6pasoaannn n pp. n. pep. -
akap. K.. ykyuknn. - , 1993); (nop pep. . .
apeeaa n . . aaenLeaa. - ., 1999 n nocnepykune nspannn); n.
K : (coaokynno c sakononpoek1oH
nx n noncnn1enLnmHn sannckaHn k o6onH
1ekc1aH; paspa6o1ka nrn saun1m naunonanLnoro poc1onnnn. - ., 1998); kap1a
koHnak1noro paccenennn pycckoro a1noca (coaHec1nm npoek1
nrn saun1m naunonanLnoro poc1onnnn n aunonanLno rase1m; na o6opo1e -
H H BTEQHHRE. 1 nq r r
x m n H-
Qx n . - ., 2001); c6opnnkn c1a1e
, r r (coc1. . . eaac1Lnnoa. - ., 2001) n -
, - . H H r.
1995-2002 (coc1. . . eaac1Lnnoa. - ., 2002). ocnepnn cHeno Hoxno
pekoHenpoaa1L k nsyuennk a kauec1ae nepaoro yue6nnka pycckoro naunonannsHa.
4. KQR HRHHK
caHme 6narne noHmcnm n naunnannn ne c6ypy1cn, ecnn ne ypac1cn
cospa1L napexnyk kappoayk ocnoay pnn nx peannsaunn. coxanennk,
uenenanpaanennan nonn1nka y a o1nouennn nop6opa n aocnn1annn kappoa
npak1nueckn o1cy1c1aye1, a 1a, u1o ec1L, aepe1cn xao1nuno, cnon1anno n
neypoane1aopn1enLno. pak1nueckn ane sonm pec1ann oc1ak1cn pecypcm
amcunx auenonoa nn1ennnrenunn, apHnnnc1pa1nanmx n npepnpnnnHa1enLcknx
kpyroa. eponyc1nHo Hano sapec1aoaano c1ypenuec1ao (rnaanm pesepa n ocnoanan
napexpa naunonan-na1pno1nueckoro panxennn a nk6o c1pane). yuec1aye1
saHe1nm kpen a c1opony aoenno-cnop1nano-na1pno1nueckoro aocnn1annn Honopexn,
kak 6yp1o e o1aopn1cn a 6ypyueH ponL ne xosnea occnn, a saun1nnkoa n
1enoxpann1ene npn neknx nnmx xosneaax. poponxan panra1Lcn no 1akoHy ny1n,
naunonan-na1pno1m pnckyk1 oc1a1Lcn 6es 6ypyuero.
ue a 1994 r. a nauyHeaue c1a1Le aunonan-kann1annsH, sa ko1opyk eapen
rposnnn Hne noamH kpn6eproH, n nncan o neao rpynne nonn1nkoa, ko1opme, na
cnoaax o1kpeunaancL o1 "peHokpa1nn", aosnarak1, opnako, napexpm na am6op napopa
n ero nonn1nueckyk ak1nanoc1L. ce onn penak1 c1aaky nHenno na qnsnueckyk
ak1nanoc1L napopnmx Hacc, na aennkne counanLnme no1pncennn, anno1L po noao
194
counannc1nuecko peaonkunn. ne anpn1, u1o nx apeHn 6esaosapa1no yuno. apop
6onee ne 1aopeu nc1opnn - a1a qynkunn nepeuna k nn1ennnrenunn n 6ypxya.
napopnmx Hacc ne1 nn 6mno cnnm, nn caHoo1aepxennoc1n, nn cnnouennoc1n, nn
coapeHenno rpaHo1noc1n - nnuero, kpoHe xenannn cnokono xn1L a o1nocn1enLnoH
poc1a1ke. nsnL nop1aeppnna npaao1y a1nx cnoa. a aoceHL ne1, npouepune 6es
peaonkunonnmx no1pncenn, necHo1pn na nopo neamnocnHme ycnoann xnsnn, Hm a
a1oH y6epnnncL.
eropnn Hnoroe nsHennnocL no cpaanennk c anoxo eaponecknx peaonkun aeka.
cnoano onopo nanne1cn yxe ne pa6oun knacc n 1eH 6onee ne 1pypoaoe
kpec1Lnnc1ao, n ne ace yrne1ennme n akcnnya1npyeHme, a 1ak nasmaaeHan
n n. o ec1L nn1ennnrenunn, npenHyuec1aenno
cansannan nponcxoxpenneH c npoc1mH napopoH (nkpLHn qnsnueckoro 1pypa) n
o6cnyxnaakuan aceo6une xn1eckne no1pe6noc1n acero nacenennn a uenoH:
yun1enn, nnxenepm (unpe: 1exnnueckne pa6o1nnkn, 1exnonorn), apaun,
apHnnnc1pa1opm nnsuero (pexe - cpepnero) saena, oqnuepm, nayunme kappm
neryHann1apnoro, a ocnoanoH, npoqnnn.
pnako a1nx nsHenenn, nyc1L n sakonoHepnmx, Hano pnn ycnexa. ockonLky
n n, o6cnyxnaakuan npenHyuec1aenno
cneunqnueckne pyxoanme no1pe6noc1n caHo nn1ennnrenunn, aoaneuena a pycckoe
panxenne m . 1nH ao HnoroH o6Lncnne1cn nensxn1an
HaprnnanLnoc1L 6onLunnc1aa rpynn , ero kpane nnskan nonn1nueckan
pec1aennoc1L, a 1akxe Haccoaoe yaneuenne ak1nanc1oa ynpouennmHn
naunonan-counannc1nuecknHn nopxopaHn a peuennn nonn1nuecknx n akonoHnuecknx
sapau. 1nH o6Lncnnk1cn n cna6me nosnunn a o6uec1aennoH Hnennn, cna6an
packpyuennoc1L a naunonan-na1pno1nueckoro 6penpa. ecHo1pn na Haccoam
c1peHn1enLnm poc1 pycckoro naunonanLnoro caHocosnannn, o1HeuaeHm a onpocax,
Hm anpnH noka eue 6onsnL annn1enLnmx nonn1nuecknx cnn noppepxa1L a1o
nepecnek1a6enLnoe, nenern1nHnoe nanpaanenne. asyc npnnoackoro - uy1a n
nepeaep1mua, neuapno akcnnya1npykuero pycckyk npek a nnunmx nn1epecax - 1ak n
oc1ae1cn kasycoH; oxo1nnkoa cnepoaa1L ero npnHepy cpepn nsaec1nmx n aHenneHmx
nonn1nkoa Hm ne anpnH. oneuno, paanenne cnnsy noc1enenno Henne1 cn1yaunk. (
noa1oHy ac1peaoxennan anac1L npnnnHae1 ppakonoackne sakonm n penae1 ace, u1o6m
ne ponyc1n1L caHooprannsaunn pyccknx.) o Hoxno y1aepxpa1L, u1o noka counanLnan
6asa ne nsHenn1cn ocnoaa1enLno, npo1nannkaH panxennn 6ype1 ne1pypno
ypepxa1L ero na nepnqepnn o6uec1aenno xnsnn occnn.
B nu n n HOQ? H , x
nx:
1. opno c1oponm, nn mn s, u
m s n, naunnan o1 cnoco6nmx
ukonLnnkoa n c1ypenuec1aa nyuunx aysoa n konuan nsaec1nmHn, an1pnnnmHn
pyccknHn npepc1aan1ennHn akonoHnueckoro n nonn1nueckoro nc1a6nnuHen1a,
ryHann1apno nn1ennnrenunn, pen1ennHn naykn n kynL1ypm.
2. ppyro c1oponm, u m s
ne 1onLko ae1epanoa n nnpepoa pycckoro panxennn, no n - npexpe acero! - m
u, npouepuyk xo1n 6m nauanLnyk naunonan-na1pno1nueckyk nopro1oaky.
nepye1 o6Lncnn1L , xs n 1.p., u1o on ponxen,
ne 1epnn uyac1aa co6c1aenno npaao1m n naunonanLno caHopoc1a1ounoc1n, cpena1L
ace, u1o6m a 6ypyueH sann1L koHanpnme amco1m a nan6onee aaxnmx, knkueamx
o6nac1nx pen1enLnoc1n (a qnnancoao, nnqopHaunonno, kpnpnuecko cqepax, a
ncnonnn1enLno n sakonopa1enLno anac1n, a nayke n kynL1ype, cnnoamx c1pyk1ypax
n 1.p.) - n 1eH caHmH n n un xn
195
. akcnHanLnyk noHouL a a1oH ponxna rapan1npoaa1L aunonanLno-
epxaanan nap1nn occnn.
1a sapaua cnoxna n o1uac1n npo1naopeunaa, nockonLky npeanm nonnpnmx
counanLnmx cnn, o ko1opmx kak pas n npe1 peuL, sauac1yk npo1naopeua1 ppyr ppyry.
pnako nc1nnnan cy1L naunonannsHa n coc1on1 kak pas a 1oH, u1o6m cnenn1L ns
pasnmx, a 1oH uncne an1aronnc1nuecknx, knaccoa - epnnyk naunk, cnannnyk o6unH
nn1epecoH.
aunn - a1o ne 1onLko nn1ennnrenunn n npepnpnnnHa1enn, no a1o n ne 1onLko
pa6oune, kpec1Lnne n o1c1aanme oqnuepm. Hn - s .
m ponxnm nayun1Lcn conpnra1L nn1epecm pyccknx nkpe, paxe ecnn onn o1nocn1cn k
pasnnunmH o6uec1aennmH nonkcaH. nc1opnn sanapnmx c1pan 1oHy ec1L aceH
nsaec1nme 6nec1nune npnHepm. ceropnn pnn peannsaunn a1o c1pa1ernn a occnn
cospen nc1opnueckn HoHen1: yHpn, no cpena.
kappoao c1pa1ernn neo6xopnHo, npexpe acero, xopouo
nonnHa1L, u1o co6o npepc1aanne1 counanLnm knacc nn1ennnrenunn, uero on xoue1, a
uero onacae1cn, na kakoH nsmke c nnH pasroaapnaa1L, kakne He1opm pa6o1m c nnH
aqqek1nanm, a kakne neponyc1nHm. uac1noc1n, cnepye1 cosnaaa1L cnepykuee.
a ropm, npouepune co apeHenn ennko k1n6pLcko peaonkunn, c nn1ennnrenune
a occnn nponsounn rpanpnosnme n neo6pa1nHme nsHenennn. s counanLno
pnacnopm, coc1aannkue nakanyne epao Hnpoao aonm acero nnuL 2,7%
nacenennn, ona npeapa1nnacL a orpoHnm knacc, coc1aannaun a 30% n
npoponxakun pac1n.
knacc , , u, u
, mn.
knacc, m , ,
m n, u
n.
nauenne noaoro knacca a o6uec1aenno xnsnn - . ayunme konuenunn a
1exnnke, 1exnonornn, cenLckoH xosnc1ae, nonn1nke nannk1cn ceropnn rnaanmH
nnc1pyHen1oH nsHenennn Hnpa. 1o1 nnc1pyHen1 - a pykax nn1ennnrenunn.
6uec1aennoe Hnenne, ak1nano qopHnpykuee xnsnL - 1oxe a pykax nn1ennnrenunn.
oc1a1ouno ckasa1L, u1o 6ypxyasno-peHokpa1nueckan peaonkunn, npoaannauancn a
occnn a nauane aeka n coc1onauancn na naunx rnasax nop anpoH "nepec1pokn" n
nocnepykunx co6m1n, - ec1L a onpepennkue c1enenn peno pyk nn1ennnrenunn,
pesynL1a1 peannsaunn ee knaccoamx napexp, nnc1nnk1oa n c1peHnenn. 1o 6mna a
npnHoH cHmcne cnoaa nepaan a Hnpe nn1ennnren1ckan peaonkunn, peaanu
nn1ennnrenunn sa nopaxenne a peaonkunn n rpaxpancko aone 1917-1921 rr. akoe
c1ano aosHoxnmH 1onLko a naun pnn, c amueonncannmH papnkanLnmH nsHenenneH
counanLnoro coc1aaa o6uec1aa. 1991-1993 rr. n
u , nu,
, n , . 1o ne6maanoe,
necnmxannoe a Hnpe co6m1ne: nn1ennnren1ckan peaonkunn, ampaaauan c1pany ns
ppnxnekuero rocnap1qeopannsHa n nepe6pocnauan ee a kann1annsH. occnn anoaL
pana Hnpy ypnan1enLnm npnHep noaoro cnoco6a peuennn rno6anLnmx sapau,
nokasana, m m n.
ne 6mno nn knacca 6ypxyasnn, kpoano sann1epecoaannoro a kpyuennn
qeopannsHa (a naueH cnyuae - counan-qeopannsHa), nn 1ak nasmaaeHoro
1pe1Lero cocnoann, 1papnunonnoro nnpepa 6ypxyasno-peHokpa1nuecknx
196
npeo6pasoaann. onL nocnepnero asnna na ce6n nHenno nn1ennnrenunn, anepame a
nc1opnn ouy1nauan ce6n ne 1onLko HosroH n ne npoc1o nnc1pyHen1oH peaonkunn, a
opnoapeHenno 1eH n ppyrnH. opasn1enLno, no aceanac1nan n acenponnkakuan ,
pacnonaraauan ace nonno1o orpoHno Houn acex coae1cknx pener, apHnn, n
, okasanacL 6eccnnLna nepep o6uec1aennmH HnenneH n cnno noamx npe. (o n
ppyroe - pe1nue nHenno nn1ennnrenunn.)
H nepeuenL npo6neH, ko1opme eue nepaano o6peHennnn coae1ckyk
nn1ennnrenunk, ao HnoroH o6Lncnne1, noueHy ona c 1ako nenpnHnpnHoc1Lk
na6pocnnacL na koHHynnc1oa, noueHy npnnnna 1akoe ak1nanoe yuac1ne a cHene c1pon
n anac1n. , coae1ckoe npaan1enLc1ao (c mxkoamH ao rnaae) naunc1o ynyc1nnn
ns anpy nponsouepune a o6uec1ae nepeHenm, ne cyHenn pa1L nH aepnyk ouenky,
cnpornosnpoaa1L nx nocnepc1ann. nn ne yHenn n ne xo1enn nonnHa1L
nn1ennnrenunk, a1o aecLHa nenpoc1oe counanLno-nc1opnueckoe nanenne, onn ne
cpenann aoapeHn na a1o1 knacc ack c1aaky. H ne xo1enocL anpe1L aokpyr nnkaknx
counanLnmx konqnnk1oa, nnkaknx knaccoamx npo1naopeun, nnkaknx naunonanLnmx
npo1naopeun. a a1y cneno1y onn n nonna1nnncL, npenopaa ypok coapeHennmH
nonn1nkaH.
anoHnk, u1o u XX . e
nocn1enL n cospa1enL - nn1ennnrenunn. o ee co6c1aennnkoH a 6mno
rocypapc1ao (un1a: ), onnpaaueecn na c1po, ko1opm nyuue acero
oxapak1epnsoaa1L kak counan-qeopannsH. n1ennnrenunn npn a1oH c1poe ne anapena
nponsaepennmH ek npopyk1oH. ro sa6npana nap1nn aecL 6es oc1a1ka, ack
npn6aaounyk c1onHoc1L aoo6ue, a no1oH nna1nna nn1ennnren1aH sapnna1y napaane
c aopn1ennHn rpysoankoa n aa1o6ycoa, a 1o n HenLuyk. cno, u1o nn1ennnrenunn
(1pe1L nacenennn c1panm - nan6onee o6pasoaannan n ak1nanan!) a uenoH 6mna
nac1poena npo1na anac1n nap1nn, npo1na rocypapc1aa pa6ounx n kpec1Lnn, a
ko1opoH ona 1pe1npoaanacL kak nekan neapasyHn1enLnan npocnoka, kak neu1o
counanLno 1pe1Lecop1noe.
mnn, pasyHee1cn, n nnme Ho1nam npo1naoc1onnnn nn1ennnrenunn c koHHynnc1aHn,
pyxoanoro nopnpka.
eropnn, coc1aannn a occnn ne Henee ue1aep1n sann1oro nacenennn, nn1ennnrenunn
nanne1cn rnaanmH rapan1oH neo6pa1nHoc1n nepeHen. okasa1enLno, u1o no nopcue1aH
counonoroa a 1996 ropy sa kranoaa, 1o ec1L sa ckpoHnme, no c1a6nnLnme
counanLnme rapan1nn, nporonocoaana nnuL opna 1pe1L nn1ennnrenunn, a pae 1pe1n -
sa nLunna n annnckoro, 1o ec1L sa kann1annsH n npo1na aosapa1a k counan-
qeopannsHy, papykueHy amueykasannme rapan1nn.
oueHy? 1o, nn1ennnrenunn 6mn 1ak yx Hnn nap1nnm nc1ykan - nLunn? nn
eapeckan kaHapnnLn, 1onnnuancn aokpyr nero? e1, peno 1y1 a ppyroH.
-peHokpa1nueckan peaonkunn 1991-1993 rr. ao HnoroH onpaapana
napexpm caoe rnaano panxyue cnnm - nn1ennnrenunn.
Henno nn1ennnrenunn ocyuec1anna neHmcnnHm, neaosHoxnm eue nepaano asne1 k
amco1aH rocypapc1aennoro ynpaanennn. cnn yuec1L, u1o npn op6aueae na
cypL6onocno XIX konqepenunn npepc1aan1enn naykn, npocaeuennn n
kynL1ypm coc1aannn Henee 9%, ecnn na Lespe napopnmx peny1a1oa nx c1ano acero
nnuL 27,4%, 1o ceropnn a ocypapc1aenno yHe npepc1aan1ene pa6ounx n kpec1Lnn
npak1nueckn ne1 aoo6ue, a ace peny1a1m - nHenno npepc1aan1enn nn1ennnrenunn.
onoccanLno ampocna ponL akcnep1oa npn acex ae1anx anac1n. es nnx ne
npnnnHae1cn nn opno peuenne.
197
Henno nn1ennnrenunn, nonyuna aosHoxnoc1L neranLno sann1Lcn uac1nmH apaue6nmH,
neparornuecknH, nayunmH, nspa1enLcknH, kpnpnuecknH n ppyrnH 6nsnecoH,
noc1aanne1 ceropnn kappm 6ypxyasnn, oco6enno kpynno n cpepne, cansana c nek
1mcnuLk nn1e popc1aennmx, ppyxecknx, penoamx, nonn1nuecknx o1nouenn.
Henno nn1ennnrenunn po6nnacL peHokpa1nuecknx cao6op - cnoaa, neua1n, co6pann,
coaec1n, coksoa, nap1nno pen1enLnoc1n n 1.p., a 1akxe cao6opm o6pasoaannn (ne
c1ano pasnapnpok pnn a6n1ypnen1oa aysoa, korpa snaun1enLnme kao1m ampennnncL
pa6ounH, kpec1LnnaH, peH6nnnH n nnopopuaH). 1oukn spennn nkpe qnsnueckoro
1pypa nnn 6nnsknx k nnH no knaccoaoHy Hmunennk, ace a1n cao6opm ne c1on1 nnuero
nnn c1on1 ouenL Hano no cpaanennk c 6onee nacyunmHn 1pe6oaannnHn: c1anpap1oH
xnsneo6ecneuennn, npo6neHaHn 1pypoyc1poc1aa n 1.n. oa1oHy nn1ennnren1 -
1papnunonnm o6Lek1 kpn1nkn 6ecuncnennmx napopnmx sac1ynnnkoa,
npoqeccnonanLno na1paannaakunx opny uac1L pycckoro napopa na ppyryk.
nekcanpp apkauoa, nanpnHep, 1ak npnHo n nncan a s6yke pycckoro
naunonannc1a: nn1ennnrenunn - apar. ne on opnn. pnako cnepye1 sna1L n
nonnHa1L, u1o nasaannme cao6opm - ne npnxo1L amcokono6oro 6enopyukn,
6ecnuerocn c xnpy, a nacyunan, xnsnennan no1pe6noc1L nn1ennnren1a, rnaanoe
ycnoane ero nonnouennoro pa n npoc1o nopHanLnoro cyuec1aoaannn. es nnx on, kak
pm6a 6es aopm. 1cy1c1ane nasaannmx cao6op aa1oHa1nueckn npeapauae1
nn1ennnren1a a onnosnunk pexnHy, a nx nannune sac1aanne1 Hnpn1Lcn c pexnHoH,
paxe cosnaaan ace ero nepoc1a1kn. 1o Hm n anpnH a coapeHenno poccncko
pec1an1enLnoc1n (nLunn snan n yun1maan a1y oco6ennoc1L). e nyxno a1oHy
ypnann1Lcn, ne napo a1nH aosHyua1Lcn, no napo a1o noc1nuL kak qenoHen n yuec1L na
6ypyuee.
Henno nn1ennnrenunn, pecn1nne1nnHn a6npaauan a ce6n nyuune cnnm napopa,
nanne1cn ceropnn rnaanmH uenoaeuecknH pecypcoH - nan6onee 1aopuecknH,
aneprnunmH, o6pasoaannmH, nepepoamH, npopyk1nanmH, pnnaHnuno pasanaakunHcn -
pnn amxopa c1panm ns kpnsnca.
, ecnn nn1ennnrenunn acero po6nnacL, ecnn e 1ak xopouo npn nmneuneH
pexnHe, ecnn y nee c1onL papyxnme nepcnek1nam, 1o kak xe ona Hoxe1 6m1L
o6Lek1oH naunonan-na1pno1nuecko nponaranpm, arn1aunn n aep6oakn? epL
pycckn-1o naunonan-na1pno1nsH ceropnn no onpepenennk onnosnunonen?
o peno a 1oH, u1o, -x, nn1ennnrenunn no onpepenennk nyuue ppyrnx anpn1
necoaepuenc1aa n npo1naopeunn pec1an1enLnoc1n. uac1noc1n, 1enepL, nocne acex
amuenasaannmx saHeua1enLnmx caepuenn, na nepepnn nnan amuen
: mu . eH 6onee, u1o a xope
nepec1pokn okasanncL nonnoc1Lk nnn uac1nuno paspyuenm n no1epnnn nepcnek1nay
uenme o6nac1n 1papnunonnoro npnnoxennn cnn nHenno nn1ennnrenunn - nayuno,
nnxenepno-1exnnuecko, aoenno n pp. aepL nHenno a1a nn1ennnrenunn paano n ao
HnoroH sacnyxenno cun1anacL neqopHanLno ann1o c1panm. oa1oHy ceropnn ona -
ec1ec1aennm pesepa onnosnunn; Hapun yuenmx na ockay - npkoe 1oHy
nop1aepxpenne. op aospec1aneH nasaannoro qak1opa co6c1aennme npo6neHm
nn1ennnrenunn naunnak1 coepnnn1Lcn a ee cosnannn c o6uenapopnmHn,
o6uepoccncknHn. ccnepyn npnunnm paspyun1enLnmx npeo6pasoaann,
nn1ennnrenunn, ao acnkoH cnyuae, pycckan, naunnae1 nponnka1Lcn cnpaaepnnaoc1Lk
Hnornx noc1yna1oa naunonan-na1pno1nsHa. yac1ao naunonanLno roppoc1n,
na1pno1nsH, o1opanny1me na kakoe-1o apeHn a c1opony ns-sa knaccoao-aronc1nuecknx
no6yxpenn, anoaL amxopn1 na nepam nnan. na1pno1nsH, kak Hm snaeH, ec1L nnuL
nepexopnan qasa k naunonannsHy.
B-x, aHec1e co aceHn ppyrnHn cnonHn nacenennn, nn1ennnrenunn nepaoro
nopnpka a uenoH npnpaanena ceuac o6unHn 1pypnoc1nHn, nopoxpennmHn kpnsncoH
rocypapc1aennoc1n n sacnnneH nnopopuea a nonn1nke n akonoHnke. uac1noc1n,
198
paspyuenneH roccek1opa akonoHnkn (a1o 6onLno ypapnno no nn1ennnrenunn,
naxopnuecn na 6kpxe1e, a 1oH uncne no HnorouncnennmH nn1ennnren1aH-
nencnonepaH) n - kak cnepc1ane - nanoroamH 6peHeneH (a1o kocnynocL
nn1ennnrenunn, cansanno c uac1nmH cek1opoH). ocypapc1ao ne Hoxe1
copepxa1L nn1ennnrenunk, a uac1nm kann1an ne Hoxe1 pena1L a1oro a
Hacu1a6ax, conoc1aanHmx c coae1cknH nepnopoH. akoe nonoxenne nac1panaae1
snaun1enLnyk uac1L nn1ennnrenunn onnosnunonno: e npnxopn1cn o16pocn1L
yskococnoanm asrnnp n nopnn1Lcn po naunonanLnoro asrnnpa na aeun, nponnkny1Lcn
o1ae1c1aennoc1Lk sa cypL6y c1panm n napopa.
B-ux (n a-rnaanmx), nepec1poka n enLunnckn pexnH nopopnn o1kpm1oe
npo1naoc1onnne ann1 no naunonanLnoHy npnsnaky (o6 a1oH eue a 2000 r. o1kpoaenno
nncan 1ako anpnm peHokpa1nueckn o6uec1aoaep n ny6nnunc1, kak nekcanpp
nnko). apeckoe sacnnLe a nayke, kynL1ype, , akonoHnke n nonn1nke sa
nocnepnne pecn1L ne1 nponannocL nac1onLko oueanpno n a 1aknx o1apa1n1enLno
uoannnc1nuecknx qopHax (aenuoH uero 6mno npaspnoaanne xanykn a canuennmx pnn
kaxporo pycckoro c1enax peHnn, pasrpa6nenne npnpopnmx pecypcoa n
counannc1nuecko co6c1aennoc1n occnn, a 1akxe pen1enLnoc1L eapecknx
1enekananoa), u1o a pyccknx nn1ennnren1ax aone-neaone npo6ypnnncL nnc1nnk1m n
npen, aecLHa panekne o1 xpnc1nanckoro nnn coae1ckoro nn1epnaunonannsHa. pecL
nponannacL cnoxnan, no sakonoHepnan pnanek1nka counanLnoro n naunonanLnoro.
ounanLnan connpapnoc1L (nn1ennnren1ckn nn1epnaunonan) neyknonno
am1ecnne1cn connpapnoc1Lk naunonanLno, npn ko1opo, kak roaopnn knaccnk
neHeukoro napopa, kaxpm neHeu ponxen. aocnpnnnHa1L kak neu1o caHo co6o
pasyHekueecn, u1o kako-nn6ypL coaceH knm nopHac1epLe n pacnocnepnn noHoao
nsaosunk, ecnn onn npnnapnexa1 k ero naunn, 6nnxe eHy, ueH caHm snaHenn1m
anrnnckn nopp.
aepen, u1o pycckan nn1ennnren1ckan nnaa paano yxe ro1oaa k 1oHy, u1o6m ee
nn1ennnren1no (!) sacennn ceHenaHn naunonan-na1pno1nsHa. 1paua 6ype1 npoc1o
no1pncakue. apo ckasa1L npnHo: 1e nonn1nkn, ko1opme cyHek1 ouenn1L snauenne
nn1ennnrenunn, cyHek1 npepnoxn1L npneHneHyk pnn nn1ennnrenunn nporpaHHy,
cyHek1 npnaneuL, pacnponaranpnpoaa1L ee, - 1e 6ypy1 na kone. 1e, u1o ne cyHek1, -
6ypy1 na pne. ak 6ype1 o1nmne n naacerpa.
Hn - u , -. H
un , m u , un.
epaoc1enennan sapaua kappoao nonn1nkn - oanape1L no1enunanoH ace
pyccko nn1ennnrenunn n nanpaan1L ero aneprnk na nsHenenne pexnHa n
c1pon1enLc1ao pycckoro naunonanLnoro rocypapc1aa.
, y un1a1enn ne ponxno cospa1Lcn aneua1nenne, 6yp1o nnn ero
6asoame c1pyk1ypm n nap1nn ponxnm coc1on1L nnuL ns c1ypen1oa n nn1ennnren1oa, a
npoune uac1n pycckoro napopa - pa6ounx, kpec1Lnn n 1.p., aknkuan paxe (noueHy 6m
n ne1!) peknaccnpoaannm aneHen1 - napo nrnopnpoaa1L kak neu1o necyuec1aennoe.
oneuno, a1o ne 1ak. ounan nayuno-counonornueckan ouenka coapeHenno cn1yaunn
(cH. amue) nnckonLko ne npo1naopeun1 noncky onopm ao acex cnonx nacenennn, ao-
nepamx. ao-a1opmx, nosynr naunonannc1oa - , -
o6pauen ko aceH. n o6euae1 noppepxky aceH n kaxpoHy pycckoHy uenoaeky, kako
6m knacc on nn npepc1aannn, no n 1pe6ye1 o1 kaxporo pycckoro - nonnouenno
o1paun.
caoe apeHn . onanp, nsaec1nm nc1opnk epHannn aeka, nncan, u1o neHeukoe
naunonanLnoe panxenne 1920-x rr. nMn c cn rk
nkn cM n - nnkyn, yn y, nM,
qk, nc, n c, cn
199
ck. r mn rn n n, cn
yxk, nk, y cy, cn
cnk..
yHae1cn, u1o pnn nk6o nap1nn, o1c1anaakue nn1epecm 1o nnn nno naunn,
nopo6nan HopenL noaepennn - 6mna 6m nan6onee aepno, a nopo6nan ouenka -
nan6onee xenanno.
200
B HUEHHH YK
HHHRBH-BQHERBH QHXEHHR
K HHRM H QHXEHHRM HH
nonn1nuecknx nap1n n panxenn a noc1nepec1poeuno occnn poc1a1ouno
o6unpen, xo1n noc1enenno cyxae1cn 6naropapn noaoHy akony nonn1nuecknx
nap1nnx. a nocnepnne 10 ne1 onpepennnncL ace ocnoanme nna1qopHm, na ko1opmx
aosaopn1cn nap1nnme napc1pokn, a nonn1nueckn ak1nanoe HenLunnc1ao, paano kak
n aecL anek1opa1, a ocnoanoH yxe nopenenm Hexpy ocnoanmHn nonn1nuecknHn u1a6-
kaap1npaHn. pnako nepepen a a1oH o1nouennn ne 1onLko acerpa aosHoxen, no n
noc1onnno nponcxopn1.
uac1noc1n, anac1L ycnnenno qopHnpye1 nonn1nueckoe npoc1panc1ao a ypo6noH pnn
nee anpe: n s u um (neame - npaame
- uen1p) m n um (ynoHnny1m
sakon paxe npnHo sanpeuae1 nap1nnoe c1pon1enLc1ao no naunonanLnoHy npnsnaky -
c1.9.) Hmcn a1oro nonn1en: pacc1aana nec1paunmx yxe, ynpaanneHmx conepnnkoa -
cnc1eHnyk onnosnunk - no qnanraH, anac1L xoue1 a6conk1nsnpoaa1Lcn, coxpanna
kon1ponL nap uen1pnc1cknH 6onLunnc1aoH, napee1cn 6eckoneuno nrpa1L na 6anance
cnn n nn1epecoa.
o a pec1an1enLnoc1n ncknkun1L naunonanLnyk, a 1akxe pacoayk, pennrnosnyk n
npoqeccnonanLnyk coc1aannkuyk ns neranLno nonn1nuecko 6opL6m neaosHoxno.
coapeHennmx poccncknx nonn1nuecknx 1euennnx npncy1c1ayk1, napnpy c
counanLnmH, 1akxe n pennrnosnm, n naunonanLnm qak1opm. ano nnn nospno,
ckonuen1pnpoaaauncL a npeapauennoH anpe a 1ex nnn nnmx nap1nnx, a1n qak1opm
cqopHnpyk1 anecnc1eHnyk onnosnunk n asopay1 ack nonn1nueckyk cn1yaunk,
onpoknnya pacue1m peHnn. 1aknH nap1nnH, na Ho asrnnp, o1nocn1cn
aunonanLno-epxaanan nap1nn occnn (), nan6onee nonno ampaxakuan uenn
n sapaun .
cnko anoaL cospakuecn nap1nn cnepye1 a nepayk ouepepL onpepenn1Lcn no
o1nouennk k yxe cyuec1aykunH, u1o6m nonn1L caHo n o6Lncnn1L okpyxakunH, ueH
ona o1nnuae1cn o1 npounx n noueHy nkpnH cnepye1 a nee ac1yna1L n sa nee
ronocoaa1L. ocne uero yxe Hoxno ac1yna1L a 6opL6y sa ynoHnny1m amue nepepen
anek1opa1a.
eropnn Hm anpnH neckonLko kpynnmx nonn1nuecknx nap1n, c ko1opmHn npepc1on1
amc1pon1L 1ouno amaepennme o1nouennn. pepn nnx ampennk1cn, npexpe acero,
konnern - nap1nn na1pno1nueckoro n naunonan-na1pno1nueckoro 1onka, sa1eH
koHHynnc1m, sa1eH o6opo1nn - nap1nn nceapo-naunonannc1nueckoro 1onka, sa1eH -
an1nnaunonanLnme n an1nrocypapc1aennme nap1nn n, nakoneu, nap1nn anac1n.
KRREH
o1nocn1cn poaonLno Hnorouncnennme 6onee nnn Henee nsaec1nme (n paxe
aoace nensaec1nme) o6Lepnnennn, kak pec1aykune, 1ak n cnnune,
sakoncepanpoaannme: o6uepoccnckoe o6uec1aenno-nonn1nueckoe panxenne
201
"apopno-na1pno1nueckn coks Honopexn", o6uepoccnckan nonn1nueckan
o6uec1aennan oprannsaunn "ycckan counannc1nueckan nap1nn", o6uepoccnckoe
nonn1nueckoe o6uec1aennoe panxenne "mnm occnn", aunonan-6onLueanc1ckan
nap1nn, ap1nn ao6opm, aunonanLno-1pypoaan nap1nn, ap1nn ycckoro co6opa,
ycckan nap1nn naunonanLnoro aospoxpennn, poccnckan nap1nn "ycckn c1nnL" n
pnp ppyrnx. nn ne penak1 noropy na nonn1nueckoH ropnson1e n apnp nn npopy1
korpa-nn6o uepes rocypapc1aennyk pernc1paunk.
eo6xopnHo nanoHnn1L 1akxe, u1o neko1opme aecLHa saHe1nme pycckne o6Lepnnennn,
1akne kak aHn1L (Q. , n), ycckn co6op (.
r), onrpecc pyccknx o6unn (Q. r), ycckoe naunonanLnoe epnnc1ao
(. Bm), y1pa1nnn 6mnoe annnnne, 6mnme aosHoxnoc1n nnn nepec1ann
cyuec1aoaa1L no 1eH nnn nnmH npnunnaH. oa1oHy Hm ncknkunnn nx ns o6sopa.
xopouo ocaepoHnena o nponcxopnaunx c a1nHn o6LepnnennnHn nepeHenax n aepe1
ak1nanyk 6opL6y (ne 6es ycnexa) sa npnaneuenne a caon pnpm coc1onaunx a nnx
spopoamx cnn. akoa npnnunn n ocnoanan oco6ennoc1L naue nap1nn: Hm pepxnH
unpoko o1kpm1ok paepL a pnn acex ak1nanc1oa pycckoro panxennn, k1o ocosnan
neo6xopnHoc1L epnnennn, n rapan1npyeH kaxpoHy poc1onoe ero cnoco6noc1e n
aosHoxnoc1e Hec1o a o6ueH c1pok.
1ak, oc1anoanH caoe annHanne na nan6onee kpynnmx n ak1nanmx pec1aykunx na
naunonanLno-na1pno1nueckoH none nap1nnx, nesaancnHo o1 nx nepcnek1nam na
pernc1paunk. 1akoamH ceropnn o1nocn1cn: ap1nn naunonanLnoro aospoxpennn
apopnan aonn (npepcepa1enL .. a6ypnn), ycckan nap1nn (npepcepa1enL ..
nnoceppoa) n o6paHnnkuan ee pe-kpe (n py6nnpykuan pe-qak1o) apopno-
na1pno1nueckan nap1nn occnn (npepcepa1enL .. opnonoa), ycckn
o6uenaunonanLnm coks (, npepcepa1enL .. p1eHoa). pn nepame
npepc1aannk1 co6o o6noanennme aapnan1m yueneaunx nocne am6opoa 1999 r.
c1pyk1yp, ue1aep1an - nonm1ky noaoro nap1c1pon1enLc1aa.
eope1nueckn ace a1n nap1nn Hornn 6m c1a1L coksnnkaHn, n nepep aceHn nnHn c1on1
nepcnek1naa o6Lepnnennn. pnako ceropnn o1nouennn Hexpy nnHn ckopee
nanoHnnak1 oc1opoxnoe (a 1o n ne ouenL) conepnnuec1ao, ueH coksnnuec1ao. cansn
c 1eH, u1o naunonan-na1pno1nueckn ak1na occnn n coo1ae1c1aykun anek1opa1 ne
cnnukoH aennk, 6onesnL aoxpnsHa sauna a naueH panxennn nac1onLko paneko, u1o
cknonnoc1L k o6Lepnnennk, kak npaanno, amkasmaak1 nnuL 1e nnpepm, ko1opme no
kaknH-1o npnunnaH okonua1enLno no1epnnn napexpy na epnnonnunoe npaanenne a
nonnouenno nap1nn. po 1ex nop, noka nopo6nan napexpa xnaa, onn pec1ayk1
cornacno nepaoHy sakony ann1: nyuue 6m1L nepamH a npoannunn, ueH a1opmH a
nHe. oa1oHy, necHo1pn na 1o, u1o nHenno aoxpnsH nory6nn pycckoe panxenne 1990-
x ropoa, onn npepnoun1ak1 6m1L nonnoanac1nmHn nnpepaHn a HanenLko nap1nn,
nexenn conpepcepa1ennHn - a 6onLuo (ueH npoponxak1 c ycnexoH ry6n1L pycckn
naunonan-na1pno1nsH). pnnc1aennoe ncknkuenne - aunonanLno-epxaanan nap1nn
occnn (, conpepcepa1enn .. eaac1Lnnoa n .. epexoa, na nauanLnoH a1ane
eue n .. nponoa, anocnepc1ann y1pa1naun poaepne 6onLunnc1aa), nnpepm
ko1opo cosna1enLno o1kasanncL o1 npe1ensn na epnnoanac1ne papn npeyHnoxennn
aosHoxnoc1e nap1nn n pycckoro panxennn a uenoH, n cnncok pykoaopn1ene ko1opo
o1kpm1.
apexpa na koneunoe o6Lepnnenne ecnn ne acex, 1o 6onLue uac1n nasaannmx
nap1n a opny cansana c akonoH nonn1nuecknx nap1nnx, noc1aanaunH amcokne
nnankn pnn pernc1paunn nap1nn, n c panLneue pen1enLnoc1Lk anac1n no
saunc1ke nonn1nueckoro nonn.
xapak1epnsyeH nasaannme amue c1pyk1ypm c 1oukn spennn nx nepcnek1na.
202
1) m (H).
ospan a 1993 ropy; a non6pe 2001 npeo6pasoaan a nap1nk. Hek1cn neua1nme
nspannn a pernonax. pepcepa1enL oae1a - kanpnpa1 nc1opnuecknx nayk,
okonunaun ynnaepcn1e1 a uxa6ape, 40-ne1nn Hr v .
ueH cy1L npeonornn a? akyk nporpaHHy pec1an npnpe1cn npnnn1L 1oHy, k1o
nope1 nop snaHena a1o npopanny1o oprannsaunn?
cnoanan npen a - aospoxpenne occncko nHnepnn a none npaaocnaanoro
xpnc1nanc1aa. nporpaHHnmx nonoxennnx a1o sayun1 kak pyxoanoe n nonn1nueckoe
o6Lepnnenne pycckoro n coksnmx c nnH napopoa; pyxoanoe, kynL1ypnoe n
xosnc1aennoe aospoxpenne nc1opnuecko occnn; aocc1anoanenne Horyuec1aa
oc1ouno-npaaocnaano unannnsaunn; ocnoao aospoxpennn 1euec1aa nanne1cn
aouepkoanenne pycckoro napopa n aospoxpenne yccko seHnn. opo6nm asrnnp,
norpyxennm a npounoe kak a nekn npean, 1papnunonen aoo6ue pnn nc1opnka, k
1oHy xe ampocuero a HycynLHanckoH okpyxennn, no ne cnnukoH npopyk1naen pnn
pycckoro nonn1nka, konc1pynpykuero 6ypyuee caoe naunn. apak1epno
nponc1ekakuee ns npen npaaocnaano nHnepnn n
u (ycL -
npaaocnaanan unannnsaunn, opnn ns aepyunx Hnpoamx a1nokynL1ypnmx uen1poa;
occnn - pycckoe HnoronaunonanLnoe rocypapc1ao).
cnoanoe poc1nxenne a sa pecn1L ne1 - nakonnenne onm1a am6opno 6opL6m;
ero c1pyk1ypm yuac1aoaann a ns6npa1enLnmx kaHnannnx pasnmx ypoane a
neckonLknx npoannunanLnmx o6nac1nx. o pasae a1oro poc1a1ouno pnn 1oro, u1o6m
cyuec1aoaa1L a pexnHe aa1onoHnoro nnaaannn? pnp nn.
nnkc1 o1kasancn sapernc1pnpoaa1L ns-sa cnoaa pycckn a nasaannn (cH.
c1.9 sakona nonn1nuecknx nap1nnx; ceuac nm1ae1cn ocnopn1L a1y c1a1Lk a
onc1n1yunonnoH cype, ueHy Hm ace ropnuo couyac1ayeH). a am6opax 2003 ropa
6mn amnyxpen cpena1L c1aaky na opnoHanpa1nnkoa, no nonec cyuec1aennme
no1epn, ne cyHea ypepxa1L peny1a1ckne Hanpa1m, ko1opme nHen a sakco6pannnx pnpa
o6nac1nmx ropopoa.
ocne neypaun c pernc1paune, amc1ynnn c npnsmaoH k o6Lepnnennk pyccknx
cnn, a a nnaape 2004 ropa npnnnn, a nnue caoero npepcepa1enn, yuac1ne a
yupepn1enLno konqepenunn ycckoro naunonanLnoro panxennn. oxno napen1Lcn,
u1o a1o1 xec1 po6po aonn ne 6mn nn cnyuanmH, nn nokasnmH, n nac xpe1
nepcnek1naa nnopo1aopnoro co1pypnnuec1aa, a a npeane - n o6Lepnnennn.
2) H Hr x H .
1y nap1nk coc1aannn, a ocnoanoH, occnckn o6uenapopnm coks (.H. B)
n oks peannc1oa (H.B. X). Henno onn pann ocnoanoe nanonnenne nap1nn
konkpe1nmHn nkpLHn n Ha1epnanLnmHn pecypcaHn. nasaannmH payH oprannsaunnH
npnHknynn oc1a1kn naca (.H. Q) n ycckoe ospoxpenne (ockonok
Hockoackoro , rpe nepayk ckpnnky nrpak1 K.. n M.H. B). ae
nocnepnne oprannsaunn, anpoueH, 6onLunHn peanLnmHn aosHoxnoc1nHn ceropnn ne
o6napak1 (ycckoe ospoxpenne cHorno o6ecneun1L yuac1ne nnuL opnoro pernona
a nap1nc1pon1enLc1ae) n nop1nnynncL k konrnoHepa1y, kak xenesnme onnnkn k
Harnn1y. eua1nm opran - rase1a peHn.
203
oaopoxpennan nap1nn, na Ho asrnnp, cpasy xe coaepunna pae kann1anLnme
nonn1nueckne oun6kn:
1) n, ue1ko accounnpykuerocn c napopoaonLuaHn, na uLe coaec1n -
kpoaL ampakunxcn pyccknx pen1ene n nesaHonnHm rpex uapey6nc1aa, c 1o caHo
nap1ne apopno aonn, u1o nenocpepc1aenno nopopnna ns caoe cpepm eapeckn
peaonkunonnm 1eppop (c1aa npn1oH ero nnc1pyHen1oH), a anocnepc1ann -
6onLueansH. nnukoH naHn1no aceH, u1o uapn, ocao6opnauero pyccknx kpec1Lnn o1
kpenoc1noro pa6c1aa, y6nnn nHenno napopoaonLum n u1o a1o1 saroaop coc1aannn
nenocpepc1aenno onLpen6epr, ynpeneanu, o6mnnnckn, an1koackn n nxanoa
(paa eapen, paa nonnka n opnn pycckn npepa1enL). nc1opnn nopro1oakn a1oro
kpoaaaoro npec1ynnennn nec1pn1 nHenaHn 1aknx 1eppopnc1oa, kak a1ancon, eu,
onapanLckn, snk, ponunk, n1ekHan, eaenL, o1nnckn, yx, ono1keanu,
enLqHan, kc1nr, pnpencon, ykepHan, y6knn, ap1Han n np.;
2) - r Hv B, a yHe,
nopnpounoc1n n ppyrnx npekpacnmx uenoaeuecknx kauec1aax ko1oporo nnk1o po
nepaanero apeHenn ne coHneaancn. o, -x, a cosnannn Hacc on -
o1mrpannan kap1a, o ueH npko canpe1enLc1aye1 nens6panne ero a yHy no popnoHy
HckoHy okpyry, nenpnrnauenne ero a oprkoHn1e1 n 1.n. e1mpe ropa npo6ma
anue-cnnkepoH - 6onLuan anac1L, orpoHnme aosHoxnoc1n! - on ne cpenan nnuero,
poc1onoro a1o anac1n, a1nx aosHoxnoc1e. rpa1L caHoc1on1enLnyk ponL a
poccncko nonn1nke, no Hnennk 6onLunnc1aa na6nkpa1ene n akcnep1oa, a1oHy
nonn1nueckoHy ponroxn1enk yxe nnkorpa ne ypac1cn. B-x, kak n nncan
neopnokpa1no, napop yxe paano 1ounn1 o1 xponnuecko 6onesnn aoxpnsHa,
nopasnaue pycckoe panxenne. apyuna nepaonauanLnme poroaopennoc1n,
npepycHa1pnaaaune nnc1n1y1 conpepcepa1enLc1aa, a6ypnn cpenan pokoao uar,
c1ynna a nopounm kpyr, n ynyc1nn saHeua1enLnm uanc ns a1oro kpyra am1n. 1o
xyxe, ueH npec1ynnenne, a1o - oun6ka, kak roaopnn a 1aknx cnyuanx anepan. B-
ux, a nocnepnee apeHn peny1aunn a6ypnna c1ana Henn1Lcn.
enLsn ne npnsna1L, u1o a6ypnn - nsaec1nan, packpyuennan qnrypa, ne
amsmaakuan nn an1nna1nn, nn 1peaorn nn a pycckoH panxennn, nn a peHne.
pyxeckne o1nouennn c epHanoH peqoH, nekorpa nonyunaunH o1 a6ypnna
nanpaanenne a acnnpan1ypy n ne sa6maunH po6pa, nHek1 specL nepaoc1enennoe
snauenne. naropapn amcokoHy nokpoan1enk ypanocL ne 1onLko 6es npo6neH
sapernc1pnpoaa1L nap1nk (pnn cpaanennn: a pernonanLnmx ynpaanennnx kc1nunn
apopno aone 6mno amneceno acero paa o1kasa a pernc1paunn, a 1o apeHn kak
- 1pnpua1L nn1L!). ocnepykuee y1aepxpenne a6ypnna na noc1y pek1opa
anoaL cospannoro oproao-akonoHnueckoro ynnaepcn1e1a - 1akxe pesynL1a1
npo1ekunn peqa. ak n axoxpenne a 6nok opnna, npnnecuee peny1a1ckne
Hanpa1m a6ypnny n neko1opmH ero cnopanxnnkaH.
nonne nonn1no, u1o m x x nnn
mn nuu Km, o1kas o1 Haneue onnosnunonnoc1n,
nonneuan nokopnoc1L n nocnyunoc1L, n aoo6ue 1mcnuenpouen1nan
nonn1koppek1noc1L (1.e. paynnune), oco6enno a naunonanLnoH aonpoce.
onn1no 1akxe, u1o a cnny nasaannmx npnunn npepc1aan1enLc1ao a ocpyHe panocL
apopno aone ne 6es no1epL. onn1nueckne ckanpanm caHoro pypnoro 1ona opnn
sa ppyrnH conpoaoxpak1 aecL ee ny1L.
eno a 1oH, u1o na nauanLnoH a1ane nap1c1pon1enLc1aa 6mna o1Heuena nonm1ka
npnpa1L nap1nn naunonannc1nueckn okpac, nop1nny1L k ne neko1opm cek1op .
nHnkpnn nop naunonan-na1pno1a - xnsnennan neo6xopnHoc1L pnn coapeHennoro
nonn1nka, n a6ypnn a1o caoeapeHenno nonnn. ak a coc1aae oprannsa1opoa
204
nonannncL aanpenko n acnn c ypnakoamH. o apeHeneH c saypnpno-
na1pno1nuecknx na o1ue1nnao naunonannc1nueckne nosnunn nepeuna .. ykoaa.
epes aanpenko k nap1nn no1nnynncL n neko1opme ppyrne naunonannc1m, no c1onL
caoeo6pasno, u1o o6 a1oH c1on1 ckasa1L oco6o. ak, no pernonanLnmH o1penennnH
apopno aunonanLno nap1nn (o6 a1o nap1nn - nnxe) a nkne 2002 r. 6mno
pacnpoc1paneno nncLHo sa nopnncLk rnaam . . aanoaa-yxapeackoro, rpe, a
uac1noc1n, roaopnnocL:
HHH M kc k cyky cr c c n
yMM ycckM ncM, k ccn r Hn
Hnr xn Hn nn (n - HH H), cnM
k nnncn Ey. B n yx n kyM rc
Mc PO. HH H nnncn crM cMcn ar cn. HH H
- a c krnM, ccn n, , , cM
Ey - cr cn-Mk. H c kk yny r
cy a nMk kn HH H, k cnn
ck xn CHAC (cn /k nM H, n. (095)
959-30-66), k n cn c F/ 1999 ry, kk knn
n qmcckr nk.
/k . H. HH H nnncn rnM nrM c y c M
r c nM knM HH H. HHH yn qMnr xn
a c M r c Mn cc,
nyM HH H rc ny kM Mck
r, ycn Mcm n r PycM, m ck ny
y, k r c m ck HH H, k n
yy ncn FnMy KM H Hn H.
H kk Fn H c k nM HHH c cM MM. M kk
rn cny xn HH H cMcn MkyM M c c
y cyky, cMnk, r H - Pycck, nr PycM
y HHH. nx M, a x x HH
H, c k cy, m nc HH H n, M
qMnc. m - n Mc r HH H ykn
c c y yxk. aM M yM Mr M /k
. H. U.
npek1naa 6mna npnnn1a k ncnonnennk, u1o npnaeno k nanonnennk pnpoa apopno
aonn n npnpannk e poc1a1ouno papnkanLnoro naunonannc1nueckoro nHnpxa.
pnako a1o1 nHnpx (1ounee, ycnoano npnnn1an a6ypnnmH Hacka) pas6nncn a Henkne
ockonkn npn nepaoH xe cepLesnoH c1onknoaennn c pec1an1enLnoc1Lk. 1oH, u1o
nponsouno, pacckasmaae1 ananenne na nHn npesnpen1a .. y1nna,
nanpaanennoe aanpenko, acnnmH n ypnakoamH:
cm C nr nk P, ryn m c H
Hnr xn Hn nn, y
n nk P, c yr nky , kx
m kq nr nk P (-ck
c), k c cknn qnr cck n
k, x c n kr mn. cc,
qnr cck n ckn k y, nx
cM Hn nn: /k nM H, Eynk Mn
H, Enk /M cn, c K Ankc, Uky An
H, Cyk An F, Hnc Tn H, H
[Cyck] Ankc KyM .
205
qepepanLnm cnncok ne aknkunnn paxe .. ykoay, 6es ko1opo, c ee oksoH
peannc1oa n qnnancoamHn aosHoxnoc1nHn, nnkako nap1nn a6ypnny cospa1L 6m
nnkorpa n nn sa u1o ne ypanocL. aknH o6pasoH, nnk1o ns nnu, nHkunx peny1aunk
naunonannc1a, a ocpyHy ne nonan, sa epnnc1aennmH ncknkuenneH .. aanoaa, a
1euenne Hnornx ne1 caHoo1aepxenno pa6o1aauero na a6ypnna.
nnan nonm1ka a6ypnna aosHy1n1Lcn ne ckpmna, koneuno xe, aceH anpnHoro qak1a
ero npepaapn1enLnoro cornauennn c orosnnmH n nonno cpaun caonx. akan
6naropapnoc1L nnpepa, ero nnanoaoe npepa1enLc1ao no o1nouennk k co6c1aennoHy
naunonannc1nueckoHy kpmny, amsaana ec1ec1aennoe aosHyuenne kak y 1oaapnue no
nap1nn, 1ak n a unpoko cpepe . s nap1nn nkpn no6exann.
opaspo xypun ckanpan aosnnk a ckopoH apeHenn a cansn c npesnpen1cko
kaHnanne, korpa caok kanpnpa1ypy amc1aann nasLea. epaonauanLno a6ypnn
opnosnauno noppepxan nnpepa 6noka opnna, opnako eHy Hrnoaenno nanoHnnnn,
u1o ne nasLea, a y1nn pan eHy pek1opckoe kpecno n pyHckn Hanpa1. onnHan, u1o
ne6naropapnoc1L no o1nouennk k peHnk, a o1nnune o1 ne6naropapnoc1n no
o1nouennk k 1oaapnuaH, Hoxe1 npnaec1n k nnaueanmH nnunmH pesynL1a1aH, a6ypnn
Hrnoaenno n 6es saspennn coaec1n pasaepnyncn na 180 - noc1mpnm annsop a
6norpaqnn nonn1nka, ko1opm apnp nn 6ype1 sa6m1.
aknH o6pasoH, apeHennm ycnex (ue1mpe ropa a peny1a1cknx kpecnax) o6epnyncn, na
Ho asrnnp, rny6oknH c1pa1ernuecknH npoaanoH pnn apopno aonn. e pyHak, u1o
nap1nn n nonn1nkn, npepc1aannkune peanLnm cek1op o6uec1aenno xnsnn, nopy1 a
panLneueH c ne a coks. kanpanLnan peny1aunn, npouno sakpennauancn sa
nap1ne, c1aan1 nop 6onLuoe coHnenne 6ypyunoc1L apopno aonn a , xo1n
sa 6ypyunoc1L nnuno a6ypnna Hoxno, no-anpnHoHy, ne 6ecnokon1Lcn. o sa nee
nnk1o n ne 6ecnokon1cn.
cn a1a neuanLnan nc1opnn ponxna nocnyxn1L xopounH npepoc1epexenneH o6enH
c1oponaH nonn1nueckoro npouecca a occnn.
aunonan-na1pno1m ponxnm ncno nonnHa1L, u1o koHnpoHnccm, a 1eH 6onee - anLnncm
c peHneH upeaa1m nonno no1epe nnua, aceuenoaeuecknH konqysoH n yxopoH a
nonn1nueckoe ne6m1ne.
anac1nH nopa nonn1L, u1o nnkaknHn ycnnnnHn ns peHnn nenLsn nn cospa1L
peanLnyk naunonan-na1pno1nueckyk oprannsaunk, nn nasnaun1L naunonanLnoro
nnpepa. 6o 1akan oprannsaunn n 1ako nnpep nenpeHenno 6mc1po n xnpko
o6ankpo1n1cn, no1epnk1 poaepne n aa1opn1e1. xnpko o6ankpo1nauncn na nkpnx
nap1nep ne nHee1 peanLnoro o6uec1aennoro aeca n ne ropn1cn peHnk nn a kauec1ae
onopm, nn a kauec1ae onnonen1a.
oue1cn nnn ne1, no peHnk npnpe1cn pano nnn nospno ac1yna1L a pnanor c 1eHn
nap1nnHn n 1eHn nnpepaHn, ko1opmx ampanrak1 ne naanoackne c cypkoamHn, a
peanLnan xnsnL.
3. n (H-Hv n ).
ycckan nap1nn cospana a Hae 1991 ropa . H. Kvr. a1a pernc1paunn
yc1aaa 13 aaryc1a 1998 ropa. eua1nm opran - ycckan rase1a. ykoaopnun opran
- en1panLnm coae1, npepcepa1enL - Hv M, ns
kpec1Lnn. konunn apLkoackoe aoennoe yunnnue n oenno-nnxenepnyk akapeHnk
206
nH. . . sepxnnckoro. 1955-1992 rr. cnyxnn a oopyxennmx nnax, nonkoannk
sanaca.
enn nap1nn, cypn no oqnunanLnmH nc1ounnkaH, poc1a1ouno pacnnmaua1m n 1yHannm.
na, nc nk cn Oc, y m qncq
rcn, cy yx cc nn cnn xn
Cn Pyc, nn nxn yr, m nc r
r cnnn. yc1aanmx uennx nap1nn - c1onL xe o6nsa1enLnm, ckonL n
6eccopepxa1enLnm na6op o6unx ampaxenn: n ck
rcycr c Pcc, nck kyc, n
n kc nn c, yc r n,
cc nk Mxnr crncn n,
c r akMckr, cnr kynyr n
c nc Pccck O c yM cck n
ycckr kk rcycy ; cc cn
Mrykn akMk, c cr cn-akMckr
nxn rx, nrny nnc, yc
ckM c Mnx; Mc c rcycM
cM rnM cM c rM nnnM,
nrM ccck c, cc m yn rxck
cnc kc ycckr , x r yc
n kyny, cmc akMck, nnkyn,
-cycr n Pcc, rxck,
nck, akMck, cn kyny c rx
Pcc, cc c rcyc cc.
eope1nuecknx sacnyr nepep pyccknH panxenneH ycckan nap1nn ne nHee1; kak
caHoc1on1enLnm npeonor ee nnpep nnoceppoa (pok1op 1exnnu ecknx nayk) ne
o1Heuen. 1 ann1nmx o6Lncnenn no 1eope1nuecknH aonpocaH on nHee1 o6mknoaenne
yknonn1Lcn, onacancL amc1yna1L nepep nesaancnHo pyccko npecco. pnako eHy
nenLsn o1kasa1L a nonn1nueckoH uy1Le. nocnepnee apeHn, nop annnnneH
pasanaakuecn pyccko naunonannc1nuecko Hmcnn, npnuna k npee
naunonanLnoro rocypapc1aa pyccknx a rpannuax - u1o oco6enno aaxno nopuepkny1L! -
koHnak1noro npoxnaannn pycckoro napopa. ako peannsH nenLsn ne npnae1c1aoaa1L.
pn a1oH npaao na uac1nyk co6c1aennoc1L a occnn ponxnm nHe1L 1onLko
npepc1aan1enn kopennmx napopoa occnn. counanLno cqepe rnaanan npen nap1nn
- npepoc1aan1L kpec1LnnaH cao6opy am6opa qopH xosnc1aoaannn na seHne.
epepa1L seHnk a uac1noe anapenne 1onLko 1eH, k1o xenae1 ee o6pa6a1maa1L 6es
kynnn n npopaxn. ak roaopn1cn, ace a1o xopouo, no Hano.
cnoanan n npn1oH peanLnan cnna yccko nap1nn a 1oH, u1o a ne okasancn pnp
nsaec1nmx a pernonax nkpe. eknaHnpyn caon poc1nxennn a a1oH o1nouennn,
nopo ampae1 xenaeHoe sa pec1an1enLnoe. ak, necoHnennmH nonn1nuecknH
npocue1oH 6mno sananenne o 1oH, u1o nnpepoH nap1nn c1ane1 6maun ry6epna1op
pacnopapckoro kpan .. onppa1enko, nsaec1nm caoe xec1ko an1ncnonnc1cko
nosnune, aa1opn1e1nm a naunonan-na1pno1nuecknx kpyrax. pnako 23 qeapann
2002 r. onppa1enko paxe ne nanncn na upepn1enLnm cLesp apopno-
na1pno1nuecko nap1nn occnn, ko1opan nanne1cn pnn py6nnpykue c1pyk1ypo
(nockonLky nasaanne ycckan nap1nn ne npope1 uepes nnkc1). na ponL
noHnnanLnoro pykoaopn1enn nap1nn npnunocL noc1aan1L renepana .. opnonoaa
(6mauero Hnnnc1pa o6oponm), yaaxaeHoro aoennoro n npekpacnoro uenoaeka, no
neonm1noro nonn1nka. nrypa nnoceppoaa npn a1oH kak 6m o1ouna na a1opo nnan,
xo1n a pec1an1enLnoc1n on coxpanne1 ynpaanenne nap1ne.
pecL nopa ckasa1L n o rnaano cna6oc1n yccko nap1nn. koHnnek1oaannan, a
ocnoanoH, neHnorouncnennmHn kappaHn npepnpnnnHa1ene n nn1ennnrenunn, ona
q. ap1nn a 1euenne ace
207
caoe nonn1nuecko xnsnn anno1L po 1999 ropa nn pasy ne nopnnnacL po
caHoc1on1enLnoro snauennn n amc1ynana a kauec1ae caoeo6pasnoro npnpa1ka ,
naxopnnacL na 6anance y kranoaa. mropa 6mna o6okpno: nap1nn nHena
ne6onLuoe, no rapan1npoaannoe copepxanne, nosaonnauee amnycka1L rase1y,
onnaunaa1L annapa1 n aoo6ue pepxa1Lcn na nnaay, a kranoa n ? nHenn
pparouennyk aosHoxnoc1L peHonc1pnpoaa1L na caoe an1pnne connpapnoc1L
pycckoro napopa. eHL ponrnx ne1 npe6maannn a ponn kapHanno nap1nn
ennapnn nppeeanua, nanoxnnn na ycckyk nap1nk npeonornueckn n
noaepenueckn o1neua1ok. yHee1 nn (nnn, u1o 1o xe, - ) am1n ns
koHHynnc1nuecko 1enn, npeopone1L co6c1aennyk 6ecuae1noc1L, npnaneuL k ce6e
Haccm sa cue1 npko, ak1yanLno, aaanrappno npeonornn? nakoHc1ao c npenmH
6araxoH nap1nn ne pae1 nnuero, kpoHe coHnenn no a1oHy noaopy.
a am6opax noHnnanLnm nnpep nap1nn renepan opnonoa okasancn a cnnckax 6noka
opnnm (opnn, 6es caoe nap1nn!) n c1an peny1a1oH. oueHy a 6nok ne aouna
nap1nn uennkoH? 1o kpane c1panno pnn c1onL yHepenno nap1nn na1pno1oa, cnoano
cneunanLno cospanno pnn nopo6noro kasennoro 6noka. 1o e noHeuano? npepckne
aH6nunn? nn nepoc1a1ouno neam akuen1 6noka? nn npoc1o ne nyc1nnn c1apune
pnpenLkn? rpe 1enepL okaxe1cn? eHnrnna? nn eue a kakoH-1o neaoH
yrny?
axoue1 nn nnoceppoa, po cnx nop acnueckn yknonnauncn o1 nk6mx
o6Lepnnn1enLnmx nnnuna1na, o1knnkny1Lcn na npnsma k o6Lepnnennk? 1ae1 noka
opnn: coHnn1enLno. e1oH 2003 ropa, korpa aokpyr renepana aauoaa 1ycoaancn pnp
neao-na1pno1nuecknx n naunonannc1nuecknx oprannsaun ( a 1oH uncne),
nnoceppoa opnnH ns nepamx c1an ppeqoaa1L a c1opony, kak 1onLko nonnn, u1o
cepLesnmx cpepc1a y 6noka ne1. 1o nyxno pnn ycnexa peaonkunn? - un1npoaan on
Hne poukoro. - pn aeun: penLrn, penLrn n eue pas penLrn! m xe, nonaran, u1o
nyxnm, ao-nepamx, npen, ao-a1opmx, nkpn n 1onLko a-1pe1Lnx - penLrn, ne c1ann ero
ypepxnaa1L. anLneuee nsaec1no. ce ckasannoe ne nosaonne1 npepnonara1L
aosHoxnoc1L 6noka n () a 6nnxaue nepcnek1nae.
B , un u x KH4
m n.
u,
n x x m.
oroaopnH o6 a1oH noppo6nee.
KMMYHHm H KH4
oHHynnc1m pacnonarak1 ne npoc1o nekoe nonn1nuecko nap1ne, a caHo 6onLuo
n cnnLno ns acex nap1n occnn. pnako a1o o6c1on1enLc1ao ne pae1 nnkaknx
ocnoaann pnn on1nHnsHa. ao1 noueHy.
nonne nonn1no, u1o qopHanLnoe o6Lepnnenne (6nok, coks n 1.p.) koHHynnc1oa c
naunonannc1aHn cnoco6no nnuL cospa1L c1pyk1ypy, a ko1opo kon1ponLnm nake1 n
ponL a6conk1noro nnpepa 6ype1 npnnapnexa1L a cnny ee Hnorouncnennoc1n,
oprannsoaannoc1n n pecypcno o6ecneuennoc1n. opo6no 1oHy, kak co6aka aep1n1
xaoc1oH, a ne xaoc1 co6ako, koHnap1nn a 1akoH o6Lepnnennn c1ane1 onpepenn1L
nonn1nky naunonan-na1pno1oa, npnHep ueHy Hm yxe anpenn a o6pase . ecnn
appyr nocun1ae1 naunonan-na1pno1oa sa o6peHenn1enLnm 6annac1, o16pocn1 ero, ne
paspyHmaan, kak a1o yxe 6mno c 1eH xe nnn yccko nap1ne.
208
1n 1ak1nueckne coo6paxennn ne ponxnm 6mnn 6m ypepxnaa1L naunonan-na1pno1oa
o1 anLnnca, ecnn 6m onn Hornn poaepn1Lcn c1pa1ernn n ee nnpepaH. cnn 6m
koHHynnc1nueckn nokoHo1na aes naunonan-na1pno1oa k xenannmH uennH,
aH6nunnHn Hoxno 6mno 6m noc1ynn1Lcn. O -
nu KH4 u nu n? H
. ecn1L ne1 na6nkpenn sa poccncko nonn1nko npnaenn k amaopaH,
nenec1nmH pnn koHHynnc1oa. e roaopn yxe o 1oH, u1o y pycckoro napopa ec1L
neHanm cue1 k npepuec1aennnkaH nmneune - , (6), (6), ,
ko1opm a1a npaaonpeeHnnua ne 1oponn1cn onna1n1L (u1o anpno xo1n 6m na npnHepe
o1nouennn k ennny - aennuaueHy pycoqo6y acex apeHen).
H , -
u KH4 u , -
.
B-x, a npenoH 6araxe koHHynnc1oa po cnx nop Hep1amH rpysoH nexn1
noc1yna1 nn1epnaunonannsHa. 1o apeHn kak pnn nk6oro y6expennoro naunonannc1a
rnaanmH aparoH nanne1cn ne naunonannsH ppyro, paxe apaxpe6no, naunn, a
nHenno nn1epnaunonan.
B-x, snoaeunH n, yam, necHmaaeHmH popnHmH nn1noH na koHHynnc1nuecko
nap1nn nexn1 eapeckoe nponcxoxpenne ee npeonornn n ee ocnoaa1ene. apeckn
pyx nponn1maae1 nackaosL ace koHHynnc1nueckoe yuenne.
B-ux, renounp n a1nounp pycckoro napopa, npoaepennm nop eapecko-
6onLueanc1cknH pykoaopc1aoH a 1917-1937 rr., ec1L qak1 nc1opnn, o1 ko1oporo
nnkypa ne pe1Lcn. oka ne npnnecna nokannnn sa pena, 1aopnaunecn nop
pykoaopc1aoH ennna, poukoro n ?, pycckoHy uenoaeky 1pypno o1nec1n1L k ne c
poaepneH.
B-x, noppepxka a uenoH no c1pane kone6anacL, no pannmH
2002 r., na ypoane 35-40%. a nepam asrnnp, a1o ouenL Hnoro. ncnennoc1L pnpoa -
rnaanm kosmpL koHHynnc1oa. o pesynL1a1 a1o aennko uncnennoc1n, ee
koaqqnunen1 nonesno pen1enLnoc1n - neconsHepnHo nnu1oxen. 6o a nonn1nke, kak
a nk6oH nckycc1ae, pnanek1nka erenn ne pa6o1ae1: konnuec1ao ne nepexopn1 a
kauec1ao. nsnL a1o ue1ko nokasana. O u-q
um s . m a a1oH
Hnorokpa1no y6epnnncL. oa1oHy 1e, k1o penae1 rnaanyk c1aaky na , a
npeHyppoH n 6esoun6ounoH pacue1e na ee Hnorouncnennoc1L n
oprannsoaannoc1L, pas sa pasoH npone1ak1 HnHo uenn. 1o amrnnpn1, kak napapokc,
no na caHoH pene coaepuenno sakonoHepno.
m rop sa ropoH anpnH n nonnHaeH: uyHoame aqqek1m na Hn1nnrax - aeunm ypen
koHHynnc1nuecko Haccoakn acex aospac1oa "annsy; cornaua1enLc1ao - aeunm ypen
koHHynnc1nuecko xnpoao npocnokn "naaepxy. ne 6onee 1oro. A
mu - s n u .
noa1oHy cHeno Hoxno y1aepxpa1L, u1o nnua onnosnunn ceropnn nyc1a.
B-nx, pecn1nne1nn "an1ncenekunn, npoaopnHo , amaenn na caHm aepx
o6uec1aa 1ak nasmaaeHyk nap1noHenkna1ypy: orpoHnm cno 6espapnmx,
Hanoo6pasoaannmx, anunmx n nopno-1pycnnamx nkpe, xonyea, o16npaaunxcn no
npnnunny nnuno npepannoc1n 6occy, ropnmx 1onLko k oppenckoHy nocnyuannk,
cnoco6nmx npeapa1n1L a Hycop ace, k ueHy nn npnkocny1cn nx pykn. eypnan1enLno,
u1o 1ak nasmaaeHan "koHHynnc1nueckan onnosnunn - a1o a snaun1enLnoH uncne
paonnkn enLunnnc1oa-ny1nnnc1oa, ne nHekune sa pyuo nn nopnnnnmx npeanoa, nn
aepno, pec1an1enLno coapeHenno npeonornn. epapoH, no pannmH ,
u 17% mx m n
209
u. Cu m n u.
oc1a1ouno unpoko, paxe a nonn1nueckn ak1nano cpepe, pacnpoc1paneno
y6expenne, u1o - nap1nn c1apnkoa, ko1opan aa1oHa1nueckn ype1 a npounoe a
cnny ec1ec1aenno y6mnn nacenennn n cHenm nokonenn.
B-mx, nap1nn ,
s c nens6exnoc1Lk okasmaae1cn npeonornueckn nHno1en1no.
oHHynnc1nueckan npen - pe1porpapna, ona npnnapnexn1 npounoHy, a1o auepaunn
penL. 1o apeHn kak naunonannc1nueckan npen - aaanrappna n ann1apna, a1o penL
saa1paunn. onn1no, u1o n ,
m. Hm ne HoxeH nosaonn1L ce6e noc1ynn1L
nao6opo1.
osaonk ce6e a a1o cansn npoun1npoaa1L aecLHa He1kyk xapak1epnc1nky ,
pannyk Mx sr-nrv :
-,.. n x cnk cn c, cknk
c yck, y MnM ckyny ry.
-, c nnc, cc rcck, KHPO cn
yyr, mnr. O r: " yx n
r 21 k, nc Mx ar cn, M a cnM", - r:
"nc yx, M n M, M nc".
Oc, Mx c ryM nc y -y
akMk - c y, y cn-akMckr ycc
XXI k, My kcn yn nn , k r cn
nc, kMMyc r, M Mx cn.
-, cy ccnn n c cckM MMM. B
cc, cknky KHPO mn n, k "cn c" xM
cnM xMy y x. nnn k aMy, kk k n ckMy
y x, cycmMy CCCP, c c PO, - kM
cn. Ok cck MM - a MM
nn, cnn, a MM rx nrnyr c,
k c M cM cmM, cM nxM
c, cn x yxMcn cmc - c,
c cx.
HyxyMy cy cn n c kcM MMM.
H c - nM cnM, c, n ky
ar cn, x c "cnknM", c
"knM". Oc - cn ncn k. Oc cnn
nr k M cMnM cckr , k M, cn n
ync , k n MnM Mn nk cMy, n
nymM cny - y 1812 r, c XXI cn.
-, n arck q. /c
ar nc ym cn n, nrM n k
n cqM cn cn kk. Bn KHPO
rck cn c c cck an. Ok cM nrMM a
an n MMn mk. rn , k nn
nym, , k Mm mncn. aM x kM cn KHPO,
MMy c mk cny mk nc kk
nck, k -an . H n nm
c yck MM mk nnncn ycnn nr
210
nckr cc cnc. H k k, r
M, nn ckM.
Ecn r , k Mm mcn, ncky
y r , k cn ck, k Mx k, kk E
n H: "M, M - y".
O nkn x y, yMn ky, r ,
n ckyccM cynn.
-n, yn a, n yr , M ycn cqM
aqqky nr. yn M n rcycr M
kn a qk. O nn M k yx
yx , cMynn ykn c a r kc. H
M n Mx nr, k x, kk n yc
Mx yk. HM - a n k P, cM c
ncn, M n P, yx cn, n nym.
Oc - k n, ycMnc yy.
y ky M, nr knccM, kM
cxM, kMMyc n nn a yc, yc
cn n Mcn, rn y nn r, Mx
n kk yxy M Hy, cnn c rM n
yknn rcyc, n nc, a nx
rcyc - cM n n M "Ec".
.3Mn ccM, ckn yyr cy n,
nnncn cnnM kcr MM ycMn.
Brn yyr arn mnr yx yr yr, ynn, n
kMMycM n nc kk kMMycM, kk kcM.
B, cn nc, - c x KHPO.
kasano 6ecnouapno, no a6conk1no 1ouno.
B-ux, a cnny acero nsnoxennoro koHHynnc1m ampopnnncL a ne npoc1o
nepeecnoco6nyk, no a cornaua1enLckyk, cnc1eHnyk onnosnunk -
m. nac1L pyun1 koHHynnc1oa a nexno-c1anLnmx o6Ln1nnx. y1nn
o1aopn1 kpacnmH c1poro ouepuennoe (anauane ne6oH aanoacknH, a 1enepL
napncnaaoH ypkoamH) nonn1nueckoe npoc1panc1ao. n uary sa kpa a1oro uep1exa!
nc1eHnan onnosnunn ponxna sna1L caoe Hec1o. ona ero snae1.
6epexno-6epexno xpannna ce6n ace a1n ropm, naunnan c kpoaaaoro 1993-ro.
apn uero xpannna ce6n nap1nn? ko6m papn nyue 6opL6m c an1nnapopnmH
pexnHoH. Hnorne aepnnn a a1o. Hnorne ronocoaann sa . aouna a 1995 r.
a yHy n paccenacL 1aH a caHoH 6onLuoH konnuec1ae kpecen.
u1o? nnuero.
axe nHnnuHen1 nLunny ne cyHenn npoaec1n. apouno npo1nnynn apeHn n ynyc1nnn
HoHen1, korpa acn yHa 6mna aosHyuena o1c1aako pnHakoaa.
a6paauncL opnaxpm cHenoc1n, koHHynnc1m npoaannnn epnoHmppnna - cnacn6o. o
yx sa1eH cHnpenno y1aepxpann acex, koro npepnaran nLunn - pnHakoaa,
1enaunna, y1nna. ak po 1oro y1aeppnnn npnenko. , no1oH, nocne o1c1aakn, onn
pyrann npnenko n 1enaunna! ak anocnepc1ann n pnHakoaa, c konH 6mnn ne
211
pasne aopa, noka 1o1 npaann. nann aceH nH ueny acerpa - no y1aepxpann a
ponxnoc1n, nporn6ancL nepep "npesnpaeHmH n nenaanpnHmH npesnpen1oH. nn uero?
1o6m yuene1L, amxn1L! aueH? nn 6opL6m c pexnHoH!.. kaska npo 6enoro 6muka.
anana: occnn ncuepnana nnHn1 na peaonkunn, kranoa noxoponnn kak
nonn1nueckyk cnny. 1kas o1 nenern1nHnmx qopH 6opL6m npnaen caHyk Haccoayk
nap1nk occnn k nonno nHno1enunn. oxno 6mno 6m nonn1L, ecnn 6m nap1nn, na
cnoaax ncnoaepyn nern1nHnsH n o1kpeunaancL o1 akc1peHnsHa, na pene nooupnna 6m
nnpnanpyanLnm 1eppop nnn nnme qopHm cnnoaoro paanennn na anac1L. orpa ona
Horna 6m npe1enpoaa1L na peanLnm aa1opn1e1 n nonn1nueckoe annnnne. 1ak? cnn
1m nnkoHy ne c1pauen, snaun1 1m nnkoHy ne nyxen - 6ecnpekocnoanoe npaanno nrpm.
o kakoam pesynL1a1m npe6maannn koHHynnc1oa a ocpyHe? m1L Hoxe1, nrpa a
nern1nHnoc1L c1onna caeu?
oHHynnc1m nosaonnnn "6noky npo1aun1L nosopnm sakon ornauennnx o
paspene npopykunn, npono66npoaannm anapoH n yxe noanekun sa co6o
nencuncnnHme no1epn pnn occnn. ecnn 6m 1onLko opnn a1o1 sakon! uero c1on1
npepc1aanennm koHHynnc1oH . nkn1nnmH sakon " anecennn nsHenenn n
pononnenn a n , ko1opm, 6ypL on npnnn1, ne 1onLko nosaonnn 6m
sa1kny1L po1 nk6oHy uec1noHy pycckoHy naunonannc1y, no eue n pasansan 6m
nopnnnnyk oxo1y na nnx c yuac1neH acero apHnnnc1pa1nanoro kopnyca c1panm!
2000 r. y npaan1enLc1aa nonannacL aosHoxnoc1L npnnnHa1L 6kpxe1 6es yue1a Hnennn
koHHynnc1oa, no n po 1oro ace ropm npe6maannn a yHe koHHynnc1m, 6ypyun caHo
kpynno qpakune, o1 ko1opo saanceno npak1nueckn nk6oe peuenne, kx
Mn yr xMy, y cy rn x.
1enepL npaan1enLc1ay y1nna ypanocL npoaec1n uepes yHy n eHenLnm opekc, n
pypoao kopekc. nn koHHynnc1oa ace a1o osnauae1 ne u1o nnoe kak nepepoxpenne n
nonn1nueckyk cHep1L.
O - u s . oHHynnc1m paano ac1ponnncL a
cnc1eHy, cnyxa1 e caHnH qak1oH caoero cyuec1aoaannn. 1996 ropy kranoa Hor n
o6nsan 6mn, no ne saxo1en, c1pycnn asn1L anac1L a caon pykn ( M
cMnr ck, n n 54%), a 1enepL yx - nospno, y
yxe ne1 nonn1nueckoro 6ypyuero, ec1L nnuL nepcnek1naa nonn1nueckoro nposn6annn.
m6opm a ocpyHy 2003 ropa okonua1enLno npeapa1nnn a pekopa1nanm
aneHen1 pexnHa.
-cM, o11anknaae1 a6conk1no 6nnsopykan nonn1nka a o1nouennn ,
x ryn M a nn ycck Mck kMnkc,
cMn k ccn CCCP, krck MnM nn
nc. ypyun sanoxnnkaHn nasaannmx koHnnekcoa, koHHynnc1m na aceH
npoc1panc1ae 6mauero oae1ckoro oksa npepak1 nn1epecm pyccknx, u1o oco6enno
saHe1no na kpanne, a pnpnec1poaLe n onpaann, a asaxc1ane.
6epn1enLno canpe1enLc1aye1 o6 a1oH onm1 ns6npa1enLnmx kaHnann c1pan 1996-
1998 rr. oHHynnc1m asnnn aepx a napnaHen1ax occnn, enopyccnn, onpaann,
kpannm, pmHa. o nnuero xopouero ne pano pyccknH nkpnH uncnennoe
npeaocxopc1ao koHHynnc1oa a napnaHen1ax a1nx c1pan.
enopyccnn packonoaunecn na pae koHnap1nn koHHynnc1m ace apeHn nn1pnroaann n
ceuac nn1pnryk1 npo1na epnnc1aennoro na ceropnn poc1onoro pyccko-cnaannckoro
nnpepa - nekcanppa ykauenko.
onpaann, na kpanne, a pmHy onn nn na uar ne cpannynn nonn1nky caonx c1pan a
c1opony occnn, nn na o1y ne yHenLunnn a1nounp pyccknx. ex caHmx pyccknx,
212
ko1opme nonapennncL na koHHynnc1oa-nn1epnaunonannc1oa n caonHn ronocaHn
o1kpmnn nH ny1L k amcue sakonopa1enLno anac1n. eropnn, korpa npesnpen1oH
onpaann c1an koHHynnc1, paanenne na pycckoe (n acerpa opnen1npoaaaueecn na
occnk) pnpnec1poaLe, ne 1onLko ne ocna6no, no n nenHoaepno ycnnnnocL.
uero c1on1 nsHennnueckn pa1nqnunpoaannm koHHynnc1aHn oroaop o ppyx6e,
co1pypnnuec1ae n nap1nepc1ae occnn n kpannm, ne 1onLko nopapnaun kpanne
oaopoccnk, pmH n eaac1ononL aHec1e c nacenenneH, no n cpaaun aoo6ue ace
pycckoe nacenenne kpannm ao anac1L ykpanncknx naunonannc1oa, npaanunx 6an a
c1pane?! a sa opno a1o npounme n 6ypyune npaan1enn occnn ponxnm 6m
pacc1penn1L ack qpakunk ao rnaae c cnnkepoH enesneamH, nnuno rapan1npoaaaunH
ykpanncknH konneraH-koHHynnc1aH pa1nqnkaunk oroaopa! aepL kak c1onann aecL
pycckn pmH, acn oaopoccnn, kak npocnnn ne pena1L a1oro, kakne nncLHa cnann!
(nanornunan cn1yaunn aosnnkna a cansn c pa1nqnkaune occncko-onpaackoro
onLuoro oroaopa, pasnnua 1onLko a 1oH, u1o npnpnec1poaum, a o1nnune o1
pyccknx na kpanne, Hory1 sa ce6n noc1on1L.)
o u1o pnn koHHynnc1oa pycckne cnesm, korpa na ropnson1e 6pesxn1 npnspak 6mno
anac1n! MM c nc mM CCCP - cM y m, M,
ycck n, x, - nacnmuanncL yx Hm o1 nnx nopo6nmx peue. ueH
a1n peun okanunaak1cn, yanpenn a pmHy.
pmHy koHHynnc1m, saxaa1na ack nonno1y anac1n, 1y1 xe npnnnnn, npecHmkancL
nepep neaoH, noayk onc1n1yunk, ko1opan, ao-nepamx, nonnoc1Lk nopunnnna pmH
kpanne, nnsaopn aa1onoHnk po ypoann nnxe saypnpno ykpanncko o6nac1n, a ao-
a1opmx, nonnoc1Lk nepepana any1pennkk anac1L a caHoH pmHy (na 1o1 HoHen1) a
pykn koHHynnc1nueckoro epxoanoro oae1a n nnuno ero npepcepa1enn, rnaam
kpmHckoro peckoHa - eonnpa paua. opuepkny, u1o pannm 6ananc
nn1epecoa 6mn poc1nrny1 c noHouLk pnpa yc1ynok n pasHenoa, rnaanmH ns ko1opmx
c1an c1a1yc pycckoro nsmka, ne nonyunaun na a1o pyccko no ocnoanoHy coc1aay
nacenennn n nonnoc1Lk pycckonsmuno seHne c1a1yca a1oporo rocypapc1aennoro, na
u1o 1ak napenncn aecL pmH. e 1onLko pycckne, no n 6onLunnc1ao pycckonsmunmx
rny6oko pasouapoaanm. ce nx napexpm, amkpnc1annnsoaaaunecn a nonn1nuecko
na6opa1opnn pmHa nocnepnnx ne1, okasanncL noxepenm! oa1oHy ne1
pyccko nnn poccncko o6uec1aenno oprannsaunn, ko1opan noppepxana 6m
rpaueackyk onc1n1yunk; 6onLunnc1ao ns nnx amc1ynnno na pasnmx ypoannx c
nncLHaHn npo1ec1a, pesknHn sananennnHn.
pmHckn npnHep aonnkue kpacnopeuna. Ecn xx MkcMyM
n nc, k xy Mn r
cncn n, x cM k c r ycckr cnn,
- M cn cMn cy nk kMMyc. ypL 1o pmH nnn occnn. a
a1oH npnHepe pycckn ns6npa1enL nnunn pas nonnn, u1o koHHynnc1m, u1o 6m onn nn
o6euann, - nenapexnm nonn1nueckn nap1nep.
kpanna a uenoH? eny1a1m-koHHynnc1m, nHeaune pnn a1oro ace aosHoxnoc1n a
epxoano ape, 1ak n ne npnnnnn nn opnoro sakona, c1aanuero sacnon a1nounpy
pyccknx. ycckne kpannm pocene oc1ak1cn rpaxpanaHn a1oporo cop1a, nnuennmHn
nsmka, ukon, aysoa, anek1ponnmx , nonnokpoano cansn c Ha1epLk-opnno. n
opnoro sakona, nanpaanennoro na c6nnxenne c occne, 1akxe ne npnnn1o.
roaopn, koHHynnc1m, na aceH npoc1panc1ae 6mauero aoo6ue, a a
occnn a pannoH coc1aae nap1nnoro pykoaopc1aa - a oco6ennoc1n, nanpouL amunn y
pyccknx naunonan-na1pno1oa ns acnkoro poaepnn. n nx nxnamH, nanmuennmH n
rnynmH peuaH n nosynraH neaosHoxno aepn1L, nn a unc1o1y nx naHepenn, nn ao
anesanno (ne1 nn1L 1oHy nasap) npocnyauykcn nk6oaL k pycckoHy napopy. nueH,
kpoHe cnoa, ne nop1aepxpennyk.
213
enepL, nocne am6opoa 1999 n 2003 rr., c1ano ncno, u1o oHnap1nn n ee anek1opa1 -
a1o nHenno n 1onLko oHnap1nn n ee anek1opa1 n nn opnnH uenoaekoH 6onLue, a
aoace ne nnpep unpokoro napopnoro qpon1a. o1n 1akne npe1ensnn ace apeHn ne
cxopn1 c yc1 koHHynnc1nuecknx nnpepoa. pec1an1enLnoc1n nonnoc1Lk
oronena. "osoame counannc1m o1ounn o1 nee. aunonan-na1pno1oa ona uac1Lk caHa
o1 ce6n o1ornana, a ppyran uac1L - o1ua1nynacL o1 nceapocoksnnka, c ko1opmH ponro
una pyka o6 pyky, kak 1. epexoa (oks oqnuepoa) n . nnoceppoa (ycckan
nap1nn).
KH4 : , u, x,
, mu, .
1o 6ype1 c a panLneueH? na noka oc1ae1cn kpynneue nonn1nuecko
nap1ne, no cao no1enunan amuepnana po pna n o1nmne 6ype1 1onLko 1epn1L cnny n
annnnne, yc1ynan nx, c opno c1oponm, npaan1enLc1ay, asnaueHy nokasno
rocypapc1aennnueckn kpen, a c ppyro - naunonan-na1pno1aH, nHekunH ncnyk,
aaanrappnyk n papnkanLnyk nonn1nky. nap1nnan noHenkna1ypa amcuero auenona
nnaano 6ype1 nepe1eka1L a ppyryk nap1nk - a nap1nk anac1n (uero, co6c1aenno, nH
acerpa n xo1enocL). e ace, koneuno, a 1onLko 1e, koro 1ypa aosLHy1. o1n 6m a
ry6epna1opm. e cnyuano o no6epe 1.n. kpacnmx na ry6epna1opcknx am6opax c
opnnakoamH an1ysnasHoH panop1yk1 n , n pnnc1ao.
cansn c a1nH aosnnkak1 aonpocm k naunonanLno-na1pno1nuecko onnosnunn.
konLko Hoxno xpann1L cnenyk npepannoc1L o1xnaunH npeanaH, no1epneaue
nc1opnueckoe nopaxenne nap1nn n ee necnoco6nmH na no6epy - paxe npn caHmx
nan6naronpnn1neunx ycnoannx - aoxpnH?! konLko Hoxno ne saHeua1L 1oro, u1o
koHHynnc1nueckan npeonornn paano o6ankpo1nnacL, npeapa1nnacL a pennk1oam,
a1aanc1nueckn npnsnak Hen1ann1e1a counanLno-peqek1nanmx, ncuepnaaunx cao
nc1opnueckn pecypc, nn na u1o a peanLno nonn1nke ne ropnmx Hacc?
Om um u :
, -.
, nopm1oxnH. s Hnornx koHHynnc1oa nonyuanncL, nonyuak1cn n 6ypy1
nonyua1Lcn npekpacnme pycckne naunonannc1m, a1o qak1. oa1oHy c koHHynnc1aHn,
ncnoaepykunHn pycckn naunonannsH, naH, 6esycnoano, no ny1n. o ecnn roaopn1L
6onee 1ouno, a M - y c ncM! ao1 c a ee nmneuneH
cornaua1enLckoH aapnan1e - peun1enLno ne1.
coxanennk, pnpoao coc1aa koHnap1nn coaepuenno neaosHoxno a Hacce o1penn1L
o1 ee aepxyukn - kranoaa, ynuoaa n pp. oa1oHy o kakoH 6noke c ne Hoxe1 np1n
peuL? nk6oH qopHanLnoH (n paxe neqopHanLnoH) o6Lepnnennn c
kon1ponLnm nake1 6ype1 nHenno n 1onLko y nee, a kypa nac Hoxe1 noaec1n 1ako
nnpep? Tnk y, r cM cn.
K u, KH4 un m
m m m (n
m )? u un
u u , q
KH4 ,
x?
kopee, Hoxno 6m1L yaepennmH a o6pa1noH.
oa1oHy pa6o1a1L c koHHynnc1aHn 6esycnoano napo, no, koneuno, ne a nanpaanennn
6noka, a ko1opoH naunonan-na1pno1aH nnkorpa ne anpa1L rereHonnn, n ne a
nanpaanennn axoxpennn a c uenLk nepepopn1L ee nsny1pn, a ncknkun1enLno a
214
nanpaanennn nepe1nrnaannn koHHynnc1oa na nauy c1pony, a , a nanpaanennn
qopHnpoaannn any1pn kopnyca aren1oa annnnnn pycckoro naunonanLno-
ocao6opn1enLnoro panxennn n 1oHy nopo6noe. o ec1L, nyxna nopHanLnan
aep6oaounan npak1nka. e c1on1, koneuno, napen1Lcn, u1o nop annnnneH naunonan-
na1pno1nuecko nponaranpm nap1nnme Haccm no6pocak1 caon kpacnme knnxeukn n
no6ery1 nop naun snaHena. 1oro ne cnyun1cn, xo1n 6m no1oHy, u1o onme Haccm ace
eue nn1ak1 6onLune nnnksnn o1nocn1enLno cnnm n pec1aennoc1n . o
o1penLnme uennme kappm Hory1 6m1L n 6esycnoano 6ypy1 naunHn.
asyHee1cn, neponyc1nHo ny6nnuno 6n1L koHHynnc1oa papn kpacnoro cnoaua no
nenpnnunnnanLnmH noaopaH, a 1akxe x u
n , u q, s
x. cerpa npn a1oH coxpannn caoe nnuo.
BHH
6opo1nn - nap1nn nceapo-naunonannc1nueckoro 1onka, yaopnune pycckn anek1opa1,
pycckyk onnosnunk a noxnoH nanpaanennn o1 peanLno 6opL6m sa naunonanLnme
npaaa n nn1epecm.
6pasuoH o6opo1nn Hoxno cun1a1L RQH. a1o nap1ne paano yxe ace ncno aceH,
no ace-1akn o6osnaunH neko1opme konc1an1m.
pouen1 o1pannmx sa nee ronocoa neyknonno napan o1 am6opoa k am6opaH: 23 (1993)
- 11 (1995) - 5 (1996, npesnpen1ckne) - . (1999). m noc1aannn 1poe1oune,
nockonLky na am6opax 1999 r., no caepennnH ns nnqopHnpoaannoro nc1ounnka,
na6pana uy1L 6onee 3%, no nLunn ueppo po6aann e sa cue1 1ex 15%, u1o
nporonocoaann npo1na acex n uLn ronoca paspennnn Hexpy pnnc1aoH, n .
ueH 6mnn npnunnm napennn nonynnpnoc1n , korpa-1o no1pncue ack occnk
necnmxannmH asne1oH? cnoanmx npnunn 1pn.
B-x, unpoko paspeknaHnpoaannoe eapeckoe nponcxoxpenne npnnoackoro,
ue nana, kak amncnnnocL, yexan ne a apuaay, a a spannL, rpe ak1nano cospaaan
eapeckoe rocypapc1ao. o1n a occnn no-npexneHy xaa1ae1 npno1oa, nonarakunx
neaaxnmH, kako naunonanLnoc1n nnpep, nnuL 6m on saunuan napop, no a6conk1noe
6onLunnc1ao naunonan-na1pno1nueckoro anek1opa1a yxe nayunnocL 1ec1npoaa1L
nopo6nmx caHosaannmx saun1nnkoa n anonne cnpaaepnnao ne poaepne1 nnopopuaH
n nonykpoakaH.
B-x, sa pean1L ne1 nonnoc1Lk o6naxnnacL ponL npnnoackoro n kak
kpeHneacko Hapnone1kn, aepno n napexno onopm pexnHa. ak onm1nm uynep,
nponrpmaakun no HanenLko, no acerpa cpmaakun kpynnm kyu, npnnoackn
nanokas 6ysn1 n qponpnpye1, korpa peuL npe1 o a1opoc1enennmx penax, no acerpa
6ecnpekocnoano noxn1cn nop npesnpen1a (6ypL 1o nLunn nnn y1nn) a aonpocax
cepLesnmx. o paso6nauennan Hapnone1ka ne nyxna paxe caHoHy kyknoaopy: ona
caoe o1mrpana.
B-ux, 6nec1nun nonynnc1, 1anan1nnam opa1op, uy1ko ynaannaakun
nac1poennn 1onnm n yHeno na nnx nrpakun, npnnoackn nan xep1ao
co6c1aennoro nonynnsHa. n nnkorpa panLue ne snan uyac1aa Hepm n caH ce6n
nepenrpan, cnnukoH uac1o amc1ynan a ponn knoyna, uy1a. co6enno pasppaxae1,
korpa npnnoackn 6epe1 na ce6n ponL epnnc1aennoro saun1nnka pyccknx nn1epecoa
n osayunaae1, a 1oH uncne, naun saae1nme npen. m anpnH, kak onounnk1cn,
215
npoqannpyk1cn aepnme, nyxnme Hmcnn, no nnuero ne HoxeH nopena1L, nockonLky
npnnoackn - epnnc1aennm naunonan-na1pno1, ko1oporo ponyckak1 k
anek1ponnmH a neorpannuennoH konnuec1ae. onn1no, nHenno c uenLk onounn1L
n npoqannpoaa1L pycckyk npek.
pnako am6opm 2003 ropa nopasnnn na6nkpa1ene noamH asne1oH .
onyuna camue 10% ronocoa, npnnoackn pokasan caok coc1on1enLnoc1L ao acex
cHmcnax cnoaa. -, kak qnnancoam renn: ropa paa on ne cxopnn co acex
akpanoa, xo1n no HonH caepennnH, a penexno noppepxke peHnn eHy 6mno o1kasano.
-, kak nHnpxHekep: nepep naHn npepc1an ypaanoaeuennm, yHyppennm
xnsnLk Hyx coae1a, a ko1opoH yxe nnuero ne1 o1 6mnoro uy1oackoro ana1axa.
npnnoackn xopouo nsanekae1 ypokn ns caonx oun6ok! -, kak
nonn1nueckn c1pa1er. pepanpn noam ec1ec1aennm nopLeH naunonannsHa, on
ycnnnn nponaranpy a a1oH nanpaanennn, u1o6m sann1L 6onee papnkanLnme, no
cpaanennk c kpeHneacknH 6nokoH opnna, nosnunn. a pesynL1a1e sacnyxenno
paspennn c opnno ycnex, npoakcnnya1npoaaa peanLnme nac1poennn anek1opa1a.
(epL anek1opa1 nnuero ne nonnHae1, xo1L n ace uyac1aye1: ero nerko o6Hany1L, n6o
on caH pap o6Hanmaa1Lcn.)
mn HoHen1, korpa a cen1n6pe 2002 ropa aunonanLno-epxaanan nap1nn occnn
nonyunna pernc1paunk: ace 1pypm n pacxopm npnnoackoro Hornn no1n npaxoH, a
on caH sanannkoaan n sa6nncn a ny6nnuno nc1epnke. cnn 6m anac1L ne cnnna nac c
pnc1anunn, ns6npa1enL npnnoackoro nporonocoaan 6m sa nac. o u1o ceuac o6 a1oH
roaopn1L.
maop cnepye1 1ako: nockonLky npnnoackn pokasan caok cnoco6noc1L
caHoc1on1enLno ypepxnaa1Lcn a nonn1nke, ero ponL - ponL raHenLnckoro kpmconoaa -
o6naxnnacL po konua. ero onacnoc1L pnn Hnorokpa1no yaennunnacL. 1o eue
6onee nopuepknaae1cn aospocunH o6uec1aennmH cnpocoH na naunonan-na1pno1nsH,
ko1opm npopeHonc1pnpoaann am6opm n ycnex n opnnm.
c1ae1cn napen1Lcn, u1o npnnoackn ne poxnae1 po cnepykunx am6opoa n ne
yaepe1 a 1pncnny sa caoe pypouko poaepunamx pyccknx nkpe.
onpepenennme coHnennn, ne nopa nn na npnnoackoH n c1aan1L kpec1,
anac1L nonm1anacL a 2002 r. amaec1n eHy na cHeny ppyroro o6opo1nn:
n - (.. xn). ak o6napopoaan aecLHa
ocaepoHnennm 1pnnrep, ns-sa cnnnm pxnnoaa 1opuann yun saHrnaam
pHnnnc1paunn npesnpen1a - .K. , a ns-sa ero cnnnm, a caok ouepepL, -
yun M. 4 (nLqa-rpynna n occnckn eapeckn konrpecc). pxnnoa,
Hnoro ne1 pa6o1aaun na npnnoackoro no nnnnn nnapa, c1onaun y nc1okoa , a
2000 r. 6mn xec1oko ns6n1 npnHo a spannn yHm oxpannnkaHn co6c1aennoro ueqa
(cnoHann paa pe6pa, nopaann koc1kH), nocne uero yaonnncn n aouen a nnnuna1nanyk
rpynny no cospannk . pnako ouenL 6mc1po okasanocL, u1o specL on ne ko
paopy, kak n neko1opme ppyrne nnua, anocnepc1ann noknnyaune nau prkoHn1e1.
ocne uero Hm anpenn ero a pasnmx koH6nnaunnx - 1o c uoyHenoH ponuknH
(aykoH), 1o c Hn1pneH eHyuknnmH (1akxe saancnHm o1 cneucnyx6 pen1enL, a
caoe apeHn noknnyaun prkoHn1e1 ), 1o c koHHepuecknH pepak1opoH
esaancnHo rase1m . apsnkynoamH. o 1y1 yHec1no npoun1npoaa1L pmnoaa:
am ppysLn, kak nn capn1ecL, ace a Hysmkan1m ne ropn1ecL. onn1nka - a1o cypL6a n
npnsaanne, specL nenLsn pyHa1L uyxo ronoao, a nyxno nHe1L co6c1aennme
6onLune, snaunHme pnn Hnoxec1aa nkpe npen. u1o eue aaxnee, nyxno nHe1L
poaepne Hacc. n 1oro, nn ppyroro y nopc1aanoro nrpoka - o6opo1nn - ne Hoxe1 6m1L
no onpepenennk. ackonLko nsaec1no, nopaeprnyauncL paso6nauennk, ypkoa
no1epnn nn1epec k ycckoHy npoek1y n cnnn ero c po1aunn.
216
npoH c nasaannmHn kpeHneacknHn kpea1ypaHn nepepko ac1peuanncL n ac1peuak1cn
o6opo1nn noneaone, 1o ec1L pycckne oprannsaunn, a ko1opmx a6conk1no spopoame,
naunonanLno-na1pno1nueckn Hmcnnune nkpn cpepnero n nnsoaoro nap1nnoro saena
amnyxpenm cnepoaa1L sa aoxakoH 6es uapn a ronoae. nyuunHn naHepennnHn n
noHmcnaHn, co ace caoe unc1o1o n nckpennoc1Lk onn poaepunao npy1 sa nnpepoH.
n ace apeHn ne 1ypa, kypa napo. a pesynL1a1e neaonLno nrpak1 a pycckoH
naunonanLno-ocao6opn1enLnoH panxennn nHenno 1y ponL nopcapno y1kn, ko1opyk
pexnH xo1en 6m, no ne Hoxe1 naansa1L oprannsaunnH, aosrnaanneHmH 6onee yHnmHn
n npnnunnnanLnmHn nnpepaHn.
aknx o6opo1ne noneaone Hoxno 6mno 6m nacun1a1L neHano sa nocnepnne 10-15
ne1, no ns 1ex, u1o oco6enno saHe1nm ceropnn, Hm nasoaeH 1onLko apopno-
naunonanLnyk nap1nk .. aanoaa-yxapeackoro. yxapeackn perynnpno nm1ae1cn
ac1yna1L a pasnnunme anLnncm c ppyrnHn oprannsaunnHn, no a1o kaxpm pas
sakanunaae1cn opnnakoao nnaueano. ak 1onLko on nonnHae1, u1o epnnonnunoro
npaanennn eHy yc1yna1L ne co6npak1cn, on co ckanpanoH paspyuae1 ouepepno
anLnnc (pa6m ne nosaonn1L pyxoanmH kapnnkaH akcnnya1npoaa1L cae1nm renn
aoxpn noaoro 1nna) n npnsmaae1 opnonap1nuea k cnnouennk pnpoa n k aepnoc1n
pycnsHy. ocaxennm anac1Lk na neckonLko Hecnuea a 1kpLHy, yxapeackn 6mn
amnyuen ns nee na onpepenennmx ycnoannx. osHoxno, anropn1H ero noaepennn no
o1nouennk k konneraH o6Lncnne1cn nHenno a1nH. 1oH, u1o co6o npepc1aanne1
yuenne yxapeackoro, pae1 nonnoe npepc1aanenne 6poukpa cnoam pycnsHa,
6Lkuan ace pekoppm peueao peHarornn n npeno 6ec1onkoaunnm. ueH nerko
Hoxe1 y6epn1Lcn kaxpm, nockonLky ona cao6opno npopae1cn na pasaanax.
cnoano apep, nanocnHm yxapeacknH n ero nspannnHn aceHy pycckoHy panxennk,
coc1on1 a packone, ko1opm onn anocn1, npo1naonoc1aannn HonopexL - pyccknH
nkpnH c1apuero nokonennn. ouaa, na ko1opo yxapeackn kynL1nanpye1 a1o1
packon, - o1nouenne k n1nepy n ennko 1euec1aenno aone. ypyun cmnoH
xenunnm, po6poaonLno saaep6oaaauecn a epHannk n ace ropm aonm kpennaue a
neHeukoH 1mny no6epy rn1nepoauea (k cuac1Lk, ne coc1onauykcn), yxapeackn papn
npaac1aenno pea6nnn1aunn Ha1epnnckoro nosopa ro1oa na nk6oe npenoe
uynepc1ao, aosaennunaakuee rn1nepoackyk epHannk n npnnnxakuee,
onopounaakuee occnk n nauy no6epy a pokoao aone. rpan na knouecknx
yaneuennnx qaunc1cko, acacoacko a1pn6y1nko, ana1axeH, on aceHn cnnaHn
a6naae1 knnnLn Hexpy nokonennnHn pyccknx nkpe, aHec1o 1oro, u1o6m npnnoxn1L
ace ycnnnn k nx cnnouennk... e roaopn yxe o 1oH, u1o ny6nnunan (n 6m ckasan,
npoaokaunonnan) peHonc1paunn naunc1cknx a1pn6y1oa pae1 apaxpe6nmH pnn nac
Haccy xenannmx noaopoa pnn amnnxnaannn a HaprnnanLnoe nonoxenne. ypyun
ny6nnuno o6annen a naunsHe opno ns eapecknx rase1, on nopan na nee a cyp, no
yHyppnncn nponrpa1L, 1ak u1o 1enepL, 6naropapn ero cae1noHy rennk, na
ancn1 Hanonou1ennm npnmk. nyno.
HnoroH npoueH yHonuy sa nepoc1a1koH Hec1a.
ak cnepye1 o1nocn1Lcn k o6opo1nnH? yuue acero - npoc1o pepxa1Lcn nopanLue.
pa1n1L cnnm na nx nsnnu1oxenne nepaunonanLno, pa n ne sacnyxnaak1 a1oro
Hnorne nopnpounme pycckne nkpn, sapepxaaunecn, k coxanennk, no pasnmH
npnunnaH a ykasannmx nap1nnx. o ac1yna1L c nnHn a coksnnueckne o1nouennn, paxe
a cnyuae npnnunnnanLnoro cornacnn no uac1nmH aonpocaH, - kon1pnpopyk1nano n
onacno. onLsm ace paano 6ype1 Hano, a ncnauka1Lcn Hoxno. nao npnHep -
nonm1ka co1pypnnuec1aa n , o ueH nn1epecykunecn snak1 ns npeccm. e1
nnkaknx coHnenn, u1o a1n nceaponaunonannc1nueckne, nceapona1pno1nueckne
oprannsaunn nHek1 aosHoxnoc1L pesan1Lcn 1onLko po 1ex nop, noka na nonn1nueckoH
none ne nonannacL nac1onuan naunonan-na1pno1nueckan oprannsaunn. yaepen, u1o
co apeHeneH ace, u1o ec1L spopoaoro a , , n pp., ec1ec1aennmH o6pasoH
nepepe1 a aunonanLno-epxaanyk nap1nk.
217
HHHHHRBHmE H HHYQEHHmE HHH
an1nnaunonanLnoH n an1nrocypapc1aennoH cek1ope poaonLno 1ecno o1 pasnnunmx
oprannsaun. onLunnc1ao ns nnx cyuec1aye1 na cpepc1aa sapy6exnmx qonpoa, konx
6mno yupexpeno neHano eue a ropm xonopno aonm. caHoro nauana cpepn a1nx
oprannsaun nnpnpoaann eHokpa1nueckn am6op occnn (), nmne y1epnaun
6mnoe annnnne, n 6noko, 1akxe saHe1no cpaauee nosnunn. eropnn na nepam
nnan ampannyncn oks npaamx cnn (), kypa ne cnyuano aouen n . ue opna
o1nnun1enLnan uep1a a1nx oprannsaun - ykoHnnek1oaannoc1L pykoaopc1aa eapenHn n
nonykpoakaHn (apap, y6ac, annnckn, eHuoa, npnenko, akaHapa n pp.).
1nnun1enLnan uep1a 6noka a 1oH, u1o ono no66npoaano nn1epecm sanapnoro
(eapeckoro) kann1ana, sa u1o qnnancnpoaanocL a1nH kann1anoH kak nanpnHyk,
uepes cansn caHoro annnckoro, 1ak n uepes nocpepc1ao onnrapxa ycnnckoro
(occnckn n ceHnpnm eapeckne konrpeccm). cnoanoe poc1nxenne 6noka na
any1penne apene - ycneunoe no66npoaanne akona ornauennnx o paspene
npopykunn, 6naropapn ko1opoHy occnk pasrpa6nnk1 1ak, kak ne nosaonne1 a1oro nn
opna ppyran c1pana a Hnpe, aknkuan c1panm qpnkn n a1nncko Hepnkn. pnako
ceropnn nap1nn annnckoro nepexnaae1 1nxenme apeHena. aH annnckn,
c1papakun 1o xe 6onesnLk aoxpnsHa a 1nxeno qopHe, ko1opo nopaepxenm n
neko1opme naunonan-na1pno1m, ne cnyuae1 ronoc apeHenn n o1kasmaae1cn np1n na
o6Lepnnenne c ppyrnHn nap1nnHn caoero narepn, o1kasmaae1cn ao1n a . e nHen
anepepn nnkaknx papyxnmx nepcnek1na (nnaueanan yuac1L ycnnckoro o16nna y
Hnornx oxo1y aec1n ero k aepunnaH anac1n), annnckn, 1eH ne Henee, 6ype1
ncnpaano nonyua1L ns-sa py6exa onpepenennoe copepxanne, nosaonnkuee coxpann1L
nap1nk. no1oHy 6ype1 ynopno nexa1L na caoeH anek1opa1e, kak co6aka na cene.
yxe cyHen o1rpms1L o1 6noka neHanme kyckn, nap1nn nepexnna opnn 6onLuo
packon n Hnoro Hanmx. eropnn, nocne npoaana na am6opax 2003 ropa, 6noko 1nxo
pornne1 na sapaopkax 6onLuo nonn1nkn.
ao1 ampaxae1 nn1epecm ne c1onLko sapy6exnoro, ckonLko o1euec1aennoro
eapeckoro kann1ana. a nouae uero paxe onnonnpye1 nopo peHnk, y ko1oporo
cao, o1nnunm o1 , na6op eapecknx cnoncopoa. pnako na am6opax
amc1ynnn ne nyuue 6noka.
pnp nn o6e nasaannme nap1nn cyHek1 anoaL nopnn1Lcn. nn na6npakuero
noc1enenno nnepunk aocxoxpennn panxennn noamx npaamx npnHenLkaaunecn nnua
nporopeaunx, o6ankpo1naunxcn nnpepoa - nnoxan peknaHa. osnnn - eapeckn
kann1an - ampac1 nH, aosHoxno, amxopnoe noco6ne, no apnp nn oc1aan1 na an1pnne
caoe qnpHm.
akoao o1nouenne y k nasaannmH nap1nnH? m aoace ne cun1aeH nx sa
neo6xopnHm pnn nonn1nueckoro paanoaecnn o6uec1aennm npo1naoaec. eH 6onee
Hm ne cun1aeH nx sa ampasn1ene nn1epecoa nekoe uenno pnn naunn n c1panm
o6uec1aenno rpynnm, c ko1opo neo6xopnHo cun1a1Lcn papn o6uero 6nara. nn nac
onn - o1kpm1m apar, npnHnpenne c ko1opmH neaosHoxno; no o1nouennk k pnpy
pen1ene a1oro kpmna Hnorne unenm naue nap1nn nn1ak1 uyac1aa kpoannkoa. cnn
naH cyxpeno npnp1n k anac1n, 1o ace pykoaopc1ao nasaannmx nap1n 6es ncknkuennn
6ype1 npepano cypy (cpepn pnpoamx unenoa, kak o6muno 6maae1, Hnoro nkpe
nananmx, Hano ocaepoHnennmx n ne paso6paaunxcn a cn1yaunn; nH cyp ne rposn1).
ecnn k 1oHy apeHenn Hopa1opn na cHep1nyk kasnL eue ne 6ype1 o1Henen, 1o
nyuuero noaopa pnn ero o1Henm n ncka1L 6ype1 ne nyxno.
1o ne npoc1o xapak1epnc1nka nauero o1nouennn k neknH nap1nnH: a1o konkpe1nan
sapaua. - nap1nn cnpaaepnnaoro aosHespnn. a1o npaannLno n xopouo.
218
EQH - HHR RH
ap1nn anac1n Hennk1cn, a an1nnapopnm pexnH, yam, oc1ae1cn. eropnn on
Ho6nnnsoaan sann1epecoaannmx nnu a nap1nn nop nasaanneH pnnc1ao, ko1opyk,
nocne nornouennn ek nyxkoackoro 1euec1aa, napop nposaan pno1oH. ak
nk6an nap1nn anac1n, pno1 o6Lepnnne1 pae ka1eropnn nkpe. o-nepamx, 1ex, k1o
npnuen no caoe aone - uec1onk6uea, kapLepnc1oa, c1peHnunxcn saun1n1L naxn1oe
ckopocnenmx nyaopnue, no 1akxe n o6Hany1mx, poaepunamx nkpe, npnamkunx
xpa1L o1 rocypapc1aa (c ko1opmH onn - oun6ouno! - onnue1aopnk1 anac1L)
noppepxkn n cnpaaepnnaoc1n. ao-a1opmx, 1ex, koro npn1nnynn a nap1nk nn6o no
ponry cnyx6m, nn6o uan1axoH n paanenneH, rpannuaunH c o6munmH pake1oH (a1o
o1nocn1cn k 6nsnecHenaH, ko1opmx neuapno o6pnpak1 sa nx po6poaonLno-
npnnypn1enLnoe unenc1ao a pno1e, kak po 1oro o6pnpann a , 1euec1ae n
pp.), nn6o a cnny aaccanLnmx o1nouenn c 6onee amcokonoc1aanennmHn nap1nuaHn
n 1.n. ak aespe, ec1L eue n ponn nkpe nananmx, o6Hany1mx n 1.p., no ne onn
penak1 noropy.
akon o nap1nnx, oc1aannkun naunonanLnme o1nouennn sa paHkaHn neranLno
nonn1nkn, sakpennn npnHn1nanyk, no ypo6nyk pnn anac1n 1pexunennyk
nonn1nueckyk c1pyk1ypy poccnckoro o6uec1aa: neame ( co 1oaapnun), npaame
( co 1oaapnun) n uen1p (pno1 - nap1nn anac1n 6es 1oaapnue). un1maan
oueanpnyk cna6oc1L o6onx qnanroa n nx necnoco6noc1L asn1L anac1L, nopo6nm
1pexunen nonpoc1y yc1anaannaae1 nonnoanac1ne nmneune nap1nn anac1n na ace
o6ospnHoe 6ypyuee.
Hmcn nonnoanac1nn pno1a - a yc1anoanennn a6conk1no anac1n npesnpen1a,
ko1opm qopHanLno ne coc1on1 a nap1nn, opnako nanpaanne1 kaxpm ee uar. cnn
nap1nn uen1pa nanne1cn caoero popa 6anancnpoH, ypaanoaeunaakunH npaao-neame
kpanoc1n, 1o o1ansannm o1 nap1nno nporpaHHm, o1 nap1nno pncunnnnnm n
o1ae1c1aennoc1n npesnpen1 - ac1ae1 nap aceHn ocnoanmHn nonn1nuecknHn nrpokaHn
aoo6ue, c1anoan1cn 6anancnpoH 6anancnpoa, aepxoanmH ap6n1poH. o ec1L -
a6conk1oH.
y1nn, c opno c1oponm, nnkoHy ne o1un1maae1cn, nnkoHy ne nopunnne1cn, nn sa u1o
ne o1aeuae1. ockonLky - ne unen nap1nn. ppyro c1oponm, on coxpanne1 nonnm
kon1ponL nap 1aknH aaxneunH nonn1nuecknH nnc1pyHen1oH, kak nap1nn anac1n.
snaun1, on pepxn1 a caonx pykax ne 1onLko ncnonnn1enLnyk, no n sakonopa1enLnyk
anac1L, nockonLky nHenno o6Lepnnennan qpakunn pno1 coaHec1no c
npnHmkakunHn k ne nopc1aanmHn qpakunnHn apopnm peny1a1 n ernonm
occnn cnoco6na npoaec1n a ocpyHe nk6o npopnk1oaannm peHneH sakon, nk6yk
aoo6ue nnnuna1nay peHnn. konL ckopo epepanLnoe o6panne npnnnno sakon o6
anpnopno aHnnc1nn npesnpen1a, uero 6m on nn na1aopnn sa o1nyuennm eHy cpok,
1o anac1L npesnpen1a a a1nx ycnoannx nepepac1ae1 paHkn aa1okpa1nn enLunnckoro
1nna n npeapauae1cn a a6conk1nyk anac1L.
Primo: esrpannunyk. Secundo: eckon1ponLnyk. Tertio: eso1ae1c1aennyk.
1ak, y1nn pepxn1 a pykax ack anac1L a occnn. k1o pepxn1 a pykax caHoro
y1nna? eropnn na a1o1 aonpoc Hoxno pa1L ue1kn n ncuepnmaakun o1ae1: y1nna,
npeeHnnka nLunna ao acex cHmcnax cnoaa, ace eue pepxa1, ao-nepamx, spannL, ao-
a1opmx - cnonnsnpoaannme , a a-1pe1Lnx - 1o1 cnH6nos ns 6maue
nap1noHenkna1ypm n cneucnyx6, ko1opm npnuen na cHeny cnonnsnpoaanno
ceHLe, noc1aanaue ero y anac1n. mxop ns-nop kon1ponn ceHLn ne Henne1,
ckonL Hoxno cypn1L no nonn1nuecknH nocnepc1annH, cy1n pena. nnpancL na
219
ynoHnny1m cnH6nos, y1nn, a caok ouepepL, pae1 eHy onopy - n kap1-6nanu na
panLneuee pasrpa6nenne occnn n saka6anenne ee nacenennn.
1ckpa - naue o1nouenne k nap1nn anac1n, k pnnc1ay. akne 6m saHeua1enLnme
nnunoc1n a ne nn coc1onnn, amnyxpenno nn, po6poaonLno nn, cosna1enLno nn nnn no
nepopasyHennk, a1a nap1nn a uenoH - nnc1pyHen1 kononnsaunn occnn n renounpa
pycckoro napopa. 1o Hm xopouo nonnHaeH.
co6yk onacnoc1L nap1nn anac1n nece1 a ce6e no1oHy, u1o npe1enpye1 na
na1pno1nueckn anek1opa1, onepnpyn pepxaannuecko nekcnko n nepnopnueckn
(acnep sa caHnH y1nnmH) npnnnHan nosm rocypapc1aennnka n na1pno1a. 1o
coaepuenno ne coo1ae1c1aye1 cyunoc1n npoaopnHo npesnpen1oH nonn1nkn, ko1opan
no aceH nanpaanennnH any1pn n ane occnn pesko npo1naopeun1 pyccknH nn1epecaH n
uannnnH.
pn a1oH nenLsn ckasa1L, u1o pnnc1ao - nk6nHan nap1nn y1nna, xo1n 6m no1oHy,
u1o po6pan 1pe1L nkpe a ne - o1 epesoackoro (nocne nepaoro npnsmaa), a eue
1pe1L - o1 yxkoaa (nocne a1oporo npnsmaa, 1ounee cnnnnnn). m na6nkpann
neyknkxne nonm1kn cospa1L e anL1epna1nay 1akoamx 1o co c1oponm akoaa
(apopnan nap1nn), 1o co c1oponm . nponoaa (ap1nn xnsnn). o a1o
okasanocL ne 1ak-1o npoc1o; nonm1kn konunnncL npoaanoH.
e 6onLno-o1 noako a1o nonyunnocL n y caHoro y1nna, ckono1nauero na ckopyk pyky
6nok opnna, qnnancnpoaanne ko1oporo uno ns npesnpen1ckoro qonpa, no ko1opm
co ckanpanoH pasaannncn, epaa nepepn nopor ocpyHm.
euac a cpepe nonn1onoroa ynopno noroaapnaak1, u1o npoaan n 6noka na
am6opax npnnec peHnk 6onLuyk ronoanyk 6onL, n6o: 1) noc1aann y1nna a kpane
nenoakoe nonoxenne kpane npaaoro, 2) paspyunn c1onL ypo6nyk 1pexunennyk
nonn1nueckyk c1pyk1ypy o6uec1aa. u1o a a1o cansn 1enepL o6uec1ao 6ypy1
nepec1panaa1L, nepenporpaHHnpyn ero na payxnap1nnyk cnc1eHy, kak a Hepnke.
pn a1oH opno nap1ne (npaao-na1pno1nuecko) cyxpeno c1a1L nHenno
pnnc1ay, a ppyro (neao-na1pno1nuecko) - Hopnqnunpoaanno opnne. apo
pyHa1L, pae nap1nn ponxnm 6ypy1, na pene, amnonnn1L ponL npaao n neao pyk
opnoro npesnpen1a.
exnnueckn a1o cpena1L, a npnnunne, necnoxno. apo 1onLko po6n1L, pasppo6na,
, ko1opan n 1ak 6anancnpye1 na rpann pasaana (cnacn6o kranoay), a 1akxe
nopnn1L nopor npoxopnHoc1n na am6opax a ocpyHy po 10-12%.
paapa, ec1L onacnoc1L, u1o a a1oH cnyuae Hm npnpeH ne k paynap1nno, a k
opnonap1nno cnc1eHe. oueHy?
-, ne qak1, u1o sa orosnnmH (ko1oporo, no cnyxaH, naHeuae1cn ykpenn1L
anykoH Kpnn npponoaa - peny1a1oH-xnpnnoaueH nekceeH n1poqanoamH)
noc1pon1cn 6onLuoe konnuec1ao napopy. o6e a1n nnunoc1n amsmaak1
nepoaepne, ecnn ne o1apauenne. y1pa1y nasLeaa, ko1opoHy noaepnna 6ecxosnan
uac1L npo1ec1noro anek1opa1a, n1poqanoamH ne aosHec1n1L. oo6ue, kak yxe
roaopnnocL amue, noc1aan1L pac1yueHy n kpennyueHy naunonan-na1pno1nueckoHy
panxennk nnpepa ns peHnn - sapaua, na Ho asrnnp, ne nHekuan peuennn a
npnnunne.
-, cospaaune pnnc1ao nkpn ne pnn 1oro ee cospaaann, u1o6m penn1L
anac1L c keH-nn6o eue. pnp nn annn1enLnme n penexnme 1ysm nauny1 nepe6era1L
o11ypa - ckpa. k1o x 1orpa nope1 a nerkoaecnyk, noHnnanLnyk, cyuec1aykuyk
220
Hnnoc1Lk npesnpen1a n 1o na 6yHare nap1nk? 1o aosLHe1 ee na copepxanne?
ypyuee 1ako nap1nn pnn Henn 1yHanno n paxe neaosHoxno. o a nk6oH cnyuae naH
c ne apnp nn no ny1n.
HHRXEHHE N1:
KKR HHR HM HYXH
( n n)
, epnnan pycckan nap1nn: kako ona ponxna 6m1L ceropnn? epep naHn pae
anL1epna1nam: 1) nap1nn c epnnc1aennmH nnpepoH (qkpepckoro 1nna) - nn6o c
amcunH konnek1nanmH opranoH ao rnaae; 2) nap1nn c xec1ko n opnosnauno
npeno pok1pnno - nn6o c o6ue o6Lepnnn1enLno nna1qopHo, a ocnoanoH
yc1panaakue acex n oc1aannkue sa cko6kaHn paso6uakune HoHen1m.
1. o nepaoHy noaopy Hoxno amckasa1Lcn opnosnauno. pena1L ceropnn c1aaky na
nap1nk qkpepckoro 1nna - snaun1 ace nponrpa1L. B-x,
, ko1oporo ro1oao npnsna1L 6onLunnc1ao yuac1nnkoa pycckoro panxennn. o
acnkoH cnyuae, o 1akoH am6ope napopa noka nnuero nnkoHy ne nsaec1no, xo1n
caHosaanuea xaa1ae1. osHoxno, npnpe1 apeHn n napop ykaxe1 naH na aoxpn (kak a1o
nponsouno a 6pa1cko enopyccnn). o noka Hm nHeeH nnuL 1o, u1o nHeeH. B-
x, npnsna1L opnoro nnpepa - snaun1 aa1oHa1nueckn o11onkny1L acex
oc1anLnmx: 1akoaa peanLnoc1L! pasyHnmx n cnpaaepnnamx ocnoaann pnn a1oro ne1.
(a ncknkuenneH 1ex cnyuaea, korpa pecypc pannoro pen1enn yxe amuepnan nnn korpa
pycckn nceapoqkpep caonHn xe pykaHn aeuae1 na ce6n npnmk packonLnnka n
cek1an1a - 1aknH ne1 nn npouennn, nn xopa a npnnnunyk koHnannk.) ak nn ceropnn
Hm 6ora1m nkpLHn, u1o6m pas6pacmaa1Lcn sakanennmHn a 6opL6e kappaHn? epL sa
Hnnyaune pecn1L ne1 yxe nponsouen o16op n o1cea: Hm snaeH ueny aceH, k1o oc1ancn
na nrpoaoH none. noamx papoaann u1o-1o ne anpa1L. u ,
u. oa1oHy npnxopn1cn sakpmaa1L rnasa na
neko1opme naun caoc1aa, u1o6m akkyHynnpoaa1L 1o nyuuee, u1o ec1L sa kaxpmH ns
nac.
axno nonn1L: o1cy1c1ane epnnoro aoxpn ne osnauae1 o1cy1c1ann xec1ko aep1nkann
ynpaanennn nap1ne. 6 a1oH pae1 ncnoe npepc1aanenne c1aa .
2. apo c1onL xe opnosnauno amckasa1Lcn n no a1opoHy noaopy. o1oan
Ozum q, neruyk a ocnoay cospannn , aa1opm
o6ka1ann ee, o6cyxpan a pasnmx aypn1opnnx, naHepenno am6pacmaan ns nee ace
n6nokn paspopa, ace kaHnn npe1knoaennn n oc1aannn nnuL 1o, u1o pec1an1enLno
nanne1cn o6unH pnn a6conk1noro 6onLunnc1aa naunonan-na1pno1oa.
kasanocL, u1o u qu 116 ,
un x, n ,
, - ,
, u . 1o
uec1napua1L nosnun! asae a1oro Hano pnn cospannn epnno pyccko nap1nn? asae
a1o nepoc1a1ounan nna1qopHa pnn epnnc1aa?
naanan oco6ennoc1L na1qopHm - a ne HnnnHyH npeonornn n HakcnHyH konkpe1nmx
nynk1oa, kacakunxcn saun1m pyccknx npaa n nn1epecoa. na konc1pyk1nana n
nnc1pyHen1anLna. ako nopxop c1poro nayuno o6ocnoaan. 6o, kak nokasmaae1
nc1opnn, m (a nonn1nueckn ak1na pycckoro napopa, kak yxe
roaopnnocL, npepc1aanen nHenno a1nH knaccoH)
zu . oncnk.
221
a1epnanLnan, counanLnan, kynL1ypnan neopnopopnoc1L n paso6uennoc1L
nn1ennnrenunn, nsnauanLno caoc1aennm e nnpnanpyannsH aepy1 k 1oHy, u1o
nopnnnnoro epnnc1aa uac1o ne1 paxe Hexpy epnnoHmunennnkaHn. ak 1onLko
nn1ennnrenunn nm1ae1cn o6Lepnnn1Lcn aokpyr neknx npe, npeanoa (nopuepkneH:
aokpyr neHa1epnanLnmx nn1epecoa), neHepnenno n kaxpm pas aoccospae1cn
cn1yaunn: "e6epL, ak n yka". H kx M cM cM yMM a
n -cMy.
a npnHepaHn ne napo xopn1L paneko. nc1opnn occnn 6mno neckonLko nonm1ok
nn1ennnrenunn o6Lepnnn1Lcn. pocnH asrnnp na nnx.
, nasmaaeHoe peka6pnsHoH, sapopnnocL a 1816 r. a koHnannn uec1epmx
oqnuepoa, cospaaunx "oks cnacennn" nnn "6uec1ao nc1nnnmx n aepnmx cmnoa
1euec1aa". xe a 1820 r. a "okse 6naropenc1ann", ampocueH na a1o ocnoae,
nacun1maanocL okono 200 unenoa, npknx npepc1aan1ene paopnncko nn1ennnrenunn.
mpannyncn pnp nnpepoa, pasropenacL any1pennnn npenan 6opL6a. 1o npnaeno k
caHopocnycky a 1821 r. paspnpaeHoro npo1naopeunnHn "oksa 6naropenc1ann" n
cospannk, nocne pnpa npoHexy1ounmx qopH, Kxnoro n eaepnoro o6uec1a. e
1onLko a1n o6uec1aa c1onnn na pasnmx nna1qopHax, no n any1pn nnx ne 6mno
epnnc1aa, ampennnncL papnkanLnme n yHepennme 1euennn. 6un nsmk nH 6mno
na1n nenerko. neponroH apeHenn "pas6pop n ua1anne" poc1nrnn 1aknx c1enene,
u1o pnp nan6onee 1pesao Hmcnnunx peka6pnc1oa, 1aknx kak . yprenea, . ynnn, .
aapaea, . pn6oepoa, . a1ennn n ppyrne, pasouapoaaauncL, o1xopn1 o1 panxennn.
esaponro po snocuac1noro aocc1annn caH aaen ec1enL, yuac1nnk eue "oksa
cnacennn", rnaaa Kxnoro o6uec1aa, aa1op yccko paapm n aoo6ue uen1panLnan
qnrypa peka6pnsHa, o1uanauncL a o6ueH pene, co6pancn np1n c noannno k
nHnepa1opy nekcanppy. nnpep eaepnoro o6uec1aa . py6euko a caHm penL
aocc1annn 14 peka6pn 1825 r. ne npnuen k aocc1aaunH, npoaanna ace peno, koneuno,
ne ns 1pycoc1n, a no any1penneHy necornacnk c papnkanaHn, aosrnaanneHmHn
mneeamH. noaL "o6Lepnnn1L" peka6pnc1oa cHorna nnuL ka1opra n ccmnka. 1o ne
acex.
ue opna saHe1nan nonm1ka pyccko nn1ennnrenunn o6Lepnnn1Lcn nponsouna a 1880
r. a ockae na yuknncknx 1opxec1aax. a1oHy HoHen1y ona 6mna aecLHa
ocnoaa1enLno paspenena na pasnnunme rpynnm, anonne nenpnHnpnHo ppyr k ppyry
o1nocnunecn. o na kakoe-1o apeHn nokasanocL, u1o caepunnocL uypo: c1apme pacnpn
6mnn sa6m1m, npenme aparn appyr o6nnnncL nop cenLk nyuknnckoro rennn, na opnn
penL ace nouyac1aoaann asanHnyk nk6oaL n nonnHanne. a6pesxnn npnspak 6uero
ena. ouno paxe po 1oro, u1o Hnnnc1p npocaeuennn . a6ypoa ny6nnuno
pacuenoaancn c onanLnmH nnca1eneH aanoH ypreneamH, sa u1o anocnepc1ann 6mn
nnuen nop1qenn. pnako yxe nasaa1pa nauancn nerkn o6Hen konkoc1nHn, ko1opm
nouen kpeuenpo, n roc1n pasLexanncL c npaspnnka eue 6onLunHn aparaHn.
c1opnn upepn1enLnoro co6pannn, 1akxe opnopneanan, Horna 6m nocnyxn1L
nocnepnnH n y6epn1enLnmH npnHepoH a nonLsy 1esnca o neaosHoxnoc1n o6Lepnnennn
nn1ennnrenunn, ecnn 6m ne eue opnn Hanonsaec1nm, no ouenL ampasn1enLnm
annsop. Hee1cn a anpy nonm1ka cospa1L a 1918 r. C nnrck y,
napnpy c oae1aHn pa6ounx n kpec1Lnncknx peny1a1oa. mn cosaan yupepn1enLnm
cLesp, na ko1opm npn6mnn, a ocnoanoH, yun1enn n apaun; no cLesp pasLexancn, 1ak n
ne ampa6o1aa a xope pe6a1oa nn nporpaHHm, nn nna1qopHm, nnuero...
C , u x x x x
x, x . 3u
x u, s.
, nayuno ocosnannan n ue1kan yc1anoaka na pannoH a1ane nap1nnoro
c1pon1enLc1aa ponxna 6m1L nHenno 1akoaa, kakoaa ona ec1L:
222
x , x
. nkako pok1pnnanLnm nopxop a a1oH pene
npnnunnnanLno neponyc1nH. 1o amnyxpennan nosnunn,
u m m. k6me npen, 1eH 6onee - xec1ko nponncannme,
cHory1 o6Lepnnn1L, ao-nepamx, 1onLko uac1L yuac1nnkoa pycckoro panxennn n npn1oH
ne caHyk 6onLuyk, a ao-a1opmx - nnuL na apeHn. 6o npouecc ppo6nennn npeonorn
n pennrn c ampenenneH ns nnx ace noamx 1euenn n cek1 - 6eckoneuen. aknapmaa1L
ero a ocnoay epnno pyccko nonn1nuecko nap1nn - rnynoc1L n npec1ynnenne.
yxno ykasa1L na opny oco6ennyk onacnoc1L, nopc1eperakuyk pycckoe naunonan-
na1pno1nueckoe panxenne. ak anpno yxe ns caHoro nasaannn, a a1oH panxennn
npncy1c1ayk1 (n conepnnuak1!) pae npenme poHnnan1m: naunonannc1nueckan n
na1pno1nueckan. unc1oH anpe onn ne cnnukoH coaHec1nHm: acnkn naunonannc1 -
na1pno1, no paneko ne acnkn na1pno1 - naunonannc1. 1euenne c1one1n nn1epecm
pyccko naunn 1o ocyuec1annnncL, 1o nopaannnncL rocypapc1aoH. pnamunmH c1ano
nonoxenne, korpa sapaun rocypapc1aennoro c1pon1enLc1aa sacnonnnn co6o, yam,
sapaun c1pon1enLc1aa naunonanLnoro. ypnHen1 1akoro nopxopa coxpannncn a knnue
na1pno1oa naaa occnn!, na ko1opm nocnepoaa1enLnm naunonannc1 o1ae1n1:
nyxy pycckoHy napopy!. aunonannc1 xe cun1ae1 sanoaepLk noHep opnn: aunn
nepanuna - rocypapc1ao a1opnuno; na1pno1y nopo6nm nopxop uyxp. aknH o6pasoH,
konqnnk1nm no1enunan caHoro 1epHnna naunonan-na1pno1nsH anonne oueanpen.
pn nonm1ke nn6o naunonannc1oa, nn6o na1pno1oa (pepxaannkoa,
rocypapc1aennnkoa, nHnepuea) npnpa1L panxennk kpen a caok c1opony, packon
c1anoan1cn npak1nueckn nens6exen. 1oro nnkak nenLsn ponyc1n1L. eo6xopnHo
aceHn cnnaHn (aonpekn aceH apaxecknH nonm1kaH packono1L nac) coxpann1L 6ananc
Hexpy naunonannc1nuecknH n na1pno1nuecknH kpmnaHn pycckoro panxennn, a
uac1noc1n, a .
Cn u m m, a1o sapaua
cnepykuero, a1oporo a1ana. onLko 1orpa, korpa nap1nn cnoxn1cn n saHe1 npounoe
Hec1o a nonn1nueckoH packnape c1panm, korpa Hm peunH ocnoanme neo1noxnme
npak1nueckne sapaun nauero panxennn (a uac1noc1n, cHennH an1nnapopnm pexnH na
pycckyk anac1L), Hm cHoxeH nosaonn1L ce6e pockouL pnckyccn, pockouL pasan1nn n
unnqoakn nap1nno npeonornn. Cn m
- n u. n 6onLue nn HenLue.
H , ! - ao1 nau peans na
pannoH a1ane nap1c1pon1enLc1aa.
A Cun,
Hun N10-11(48-49) 2001 .
HHRXEHHE N2:
HHHRBHmH KHHR H HRHHK
K s
yren6epra Hano nsaec1no pyccknH un1a1ennH. Hexpy 1eH, c 1916
ropa n po caHoro saka1a pe1Lero exa on 6mn 1eH caHmH uenoaekoH, ko1opm a
onpepennkue c1enenn annnn na o6uec1aennoe cosnanne epHannn. ou1n 30 ne1 (!)
ero konuepn - nnqopHaunonnan nHnepnn - naxopnn, cospaaan, noc1aannn,
nn1epnpe1npoaan qak1m xnsnn peanLno n npeapauan nx a qak1m yHc1aenno xnsnn
ace naunn. 1928 r. coae1ckn "ypnannc1" nncan o neH: CM M r
k FM - Fyrr... c cn r n
223
FM... kxycn c c ryrrckM kM xnkM rMnM.
HM Fyrr "kM knM rMck ".
epeouenn1L ponL a1oro "koponn" a qopHnpoaannn neHeukoro pyxa - a snaun1,
neHeuko nc1opnn - n anpnHL neaosHoxno. opanLnan pea6nnn1aunn neHuea nocne
aoennoro nopaxennn n epcanLckoro poroaopa, konconnpaunn naunn n noam nopLeH
ee caHocosnannn, npaac1aennm paspma c noc1mpno aksnc1enune eHapcko
pecny6nnkn n ee koneunoe nopaxenne, noam asne1 epHannn n ee ouenoHnnkune
ycnexn ao acex cqepax xnsnn a 1932-1939 rr. - a1o a orpoHno c1enenn sacnyra
yren6epra, ue konuepn npeonornueckn, pyxoano nopro1oann ace a1n nepeHenm. (
1oH, u1o n1nep, c1aaun k 1oHy apeHenn 6eckon1ponLnmH neynpaanneHmH
pnk1a1opoH, yHyppnncn ackope noxepn1L ace a1n 6nec1nune pesynL1a1m, Hne yxe
npnxopnnocL nnca1L panee.)
asyHee1cn, yren6epr n ero peno 6mnn nenaanc1nm neHeuknH peHokpa1aH n
kpacnmH, uero onn n ne ckpmaann, no Hacu1a6 n snauenne ero ponn npnsnaaann
paxe aparn. (ak, nnpep neaoro kpmna ap1nn uen1pa, 1erepaanLp, cun1an, co caonx
nosnun, nan6onee onacnmH nHenno ryren6eproackn konuepn, ko1opm
Honononnsnpye1 n o1paanne1 o6uec1aennoe Hnenne c1panm a an1npecny6nnkanckoH
pyxe.)
1o xe a1o sa qenoHen: konuepn yren6epra? 1kypa on asnncn? k1o 1ako caH
yren6epr, nnkorpa ne nesun a kpecno npaan1enn c1panm, a nnpepm naunn, necHo1pn
na ace k 1oHy 6nnc1a1enLnme aosHoxnoc1n?
an6onee noppo6no (xo1n, no nonn1nmH npnunnaH, nan6onee npnc1pac1no) pacckasano
o6 a1oH a knnre spannn koaneanua ncka pecca eHapcko epHannn
(aanoao, 1995). ouneHcn na nee.
FnM ynM cMynM nnc Anq Fyrr nnnncn, -
nnue1 nck, - nM, cny nn c r x
n cn c nck nk Hycc... n n nnn
n Kn kMcc, n nckM nM ycckM
Mcc qc. Hky rcycy cnyxy, Fyrr n
Mmn 3 cn c kM r qkqyck k, c
1909 r. 10 n rnnnn n k Ky Bcc. r
Mk ck qM, n Mnc kMMyc, n
rM cc r, ck ,
y yren6epr okasancn nopxopnue kanpnpa1ypo nn Mnc Py,
kr mn c rcck k ckn nn r
yknn. C 1 nn 1919 r. Fyrr n kM k
k Ky cqy nck c Ky r knnr
nc nncn rM nM, cn k kMy n
r. 1919 r. cn yM cr Mk
nc, rn , rMck kn, rm cnk
cyc c Mck cynk, 1928 r. - cnM a rn
ycckr kc. 1931 r. Fyrr Mc c FnM rn
cny Fyrck q, 1933 r. cn McM nc M
nc Fn.
epexna n n1nepa, n pe1n ex, yren6epr a
1951 r., a co6c1aennoH pockounoH noHec1Le a .
mn nn yren6epr rennanLnmH epnnonnunmH cospa1eneH caoero konuepna, ero
nonnoanac1nmH xosnnnoH, kak a1o Hoxe1 nokasa1Lcn nenocanuennoHy? nkak ne1.
oneuno, yren6epr 6mn Ho1opoH acero npepnpnn1nn, yHnmH, aneprnunmH, aoneamH,
ueneyc1peHnennmH. pnako - n k rnnnn cn, ckmncn
224
ck "Xnc ", Mmn 85% rnc r
k ccnmn 12 nk... B 12 nk n kM
knnrn, n ykc Fyrry. H nnnnc
nM nM ar k. O n M nM,
nckM ynnM Mryc qcc, k cr
cnc Mc. H nk ... ry Fyrr n
n ycn. H xn F nnu
"4 Uu (specL n panee ampeneno Hno. - ..).
nna kann1ana, c1onauero sa cnnno yren6epra 6mna konoccanLna: 1onLko
nenocpepc1aenno a npepnpnn1nn konuepna 6mno anoxeno 70 Hnn. Hapok a
c1a6nnnsnpoaanno aank1e. pyr yren6epra canuennnk . pay6 nocne a1opo
Hnpoao aonm nncan: Ky x cyMM n My
ncM kyrM kk xMy ynnMy.
cno, u1o aknapmaan penLrn a cpepc1aa Haccoao nnqopHaunn, uac1L ko1opmx 6mna
saaepoHo y6m1ouno, a cypL6a ppyrnx - neonpepenenno, nokpoan1enn yren6epra,
oc1aaaaunecn sa kynncaHn, unn na 6onLuo qnnancoam pnck. pnako - n a a1oH
6nec1nue nponannncL cnoco6noc1n neHeuknx kann1annc1oa k c1pa1ernueckoHy
Hmunennk - c k cc n
m u. Hc k kn
nnnnc k MM nM ccnM, kr nc
nn r nmr yknn, m mn
nn .
1o ckasa1L a saaepuenne? snoxennm Ha1epnan nac1onLko kpacnopeuna, u1o
po6aan1L oc1ae1cn 1onLko opno: TAK 3TO QEHAETCR.
A.C., Hun N 1(5) 1997 .
HHRXEHHE N3:
K q (n)
YKM HQE
H konc1n1yunonnm qepepanLnm sakon o6ecneunaae1 peuenne
a1nnuecknx npo6neH pycckoro napopa, k kakoamH ceropnn o1nocn1cn, a nepayk
ouepepL, cnepykune:
- , , -
u , nm m
um n;
- u
q n
m . - u
, n n, n
u nx x;
- u-u
u x x
n ;
225
- , mn
;
- q sq q
u , x n
m ;
- x s x
x u-nx q, mx s;
- q x nnx, x
x x m m m;
- .
1. q r 3
akon nop1aepxpae1 n sakpennne1 nc1opnueckyk ponL n qak1nueckoe snauenne
pycckoro napopa kak epnnc1aenno rocypapc1aoo6pasykue naunn occnn. akon
perynnpye1 na pannoH ocnoaannn o1nouenne opranoa rocypapc1aenno anac1n occnn
n cy6Lek1oa occncko epepaunn k pycckoHy napopy.
2. n, n 3
nac1onueH akone ncnonLsyk1cn cnepykune ocnoanme nonn1nn: naunn; pycckan
naunn (pycckne); pycckan pnacnopa sa py6exoH; rocypapc1aoo6pasykuan naunn;
HononaunonanLnan c1pana; 6uec1aenno-rocypapc1aennm oHn1e1 no npo6neHaH
pycckoro napopa; pycckan o6uec1aennan oprannsaunn; paonan naunonanLnan
npen1nunoc1L.
H - qasa pasan1nn a1noca, a ko1opo on o6pe1ae1 cyaepennoc1L n
rocypapc1aennoc1L.
().
yccko naune npnsnae1cn epnnan coaokynnoc1L nkpe, nHekunx pycckyk
a1nnueckyk npnnapnexnoc1L.
ycckan a1nnueckan npnnapnexnoc1L nop1aepxpae1cn ee sakpennenneH a pokyHen1ax,
ypoc1oaepnkunx nnunoc1L. n6o, ecnn nnuo nanne1cn necoaepuennone1nnH, a
pokyHen1ax, ypoc1oaepnkunx nnunoc1L opnoro ns popn1ene. n6o na ocnoaannn
sananennn nnua, anapekuero pyccknH nsmkoH n nHekuero ne Henee opnoro
pokyHen1anLno nop1aepxpennoro pycckoro npepka ao a1opoH konene, o caoe
naunonanLnoc1n, ko1opoe coaepuae1cn a yc1anoanennoH qepepanLnmH sakonoH
nopnpke.
paao na npnsnanne ce6n pyccknHn nHek1 1akxe nnua pycckoro nponcxoxpennn,
ko1opme caHn nnn nx npepkn po 1pe1Lero konena nopaeprnncL nacnnLc1aenno
penaunonannsaunn a pesynL1a1e naunonanLnmx konqnnk1oa nnn rocypapc1aenno
nonn1nkn n ero npepuec1aennnkoa a 1917-1991 rr. n sa npepenaHn occnn c
1991 r.
226
e Hory1 6m1L npnsnanm pyccknHn nnua, nHekune opnoro pycckoro popn1enn, no npn
a1oH ne Horyune nHe1L paonyk naunonanLnyk npen1nunoc1L a cnny naunonanLnoro
nponcxoxpennn a1oporo ns popn1ene cornacno sakonaH, yc1anoanennnH n 1papnunnH
naunn a1oro popn1enn.
ycckyk naunk coc1aannk1 pycckne, nannkunecn rpaxpanaHn occnn n pycckne, ne
nannkunecn rpaxpanaHn occnn, noc1onnno nnn apeHenno npoxnaakune sa
rpannue, kak nHekune nnoc1pannoe rpaxpanc1ao, 1ak n nnua 6es rpaxpanc1aa.
onn1nn pycckan naunn n pycckn napop paanosnaunm.
n x - npepc1aan1enn pyccko naunn (rpaxpane occnn,
nnoc1pannmx rocypapc1a n nnua 6es rpaxpanc1aa), npoxnaakune noc1onnno sa
npepenaHn occnn.
m - naunn, coo1ae1c1aykuan opnoapeHenno aceH
nnxeykasannmH kpn1epnnH: 1) nc1opnueckn cospaauan 1o nnn nnoe rocypapc1ao, 2)
coc1aannkuan a6conk1noe 6onLunnc1ao ero nacenennn, 3) nannkuancn ero
a1nononn1nuecko ocnoao n ckpeno, 4) nsmk ko1opo nanne1cn rocypapc1aennmH
nsmkoH pannoro rocypapc1aa.
M - , m m
( 67%) nx .
4 nv
.
-r K n n r (r
q 1x 4) cospae1cn npn pesnpen1e occnn
a 1euenne Hecnua co pnn ac1ynnennn a cnny nac1onuero sakona. aannqnunpoaannoe
6onLunnc1ao oHn1e1a ponxno coc1on1L ns npepc1aan1ene pyccknx o6uec1aennmx
oprannsaun.
r - o6uec1aennan oprannsaunn, coc1onuan ns
nnu pyccko naunonanLnoc1n n nHekuan yc1aanme uenn n sapaun, nanpaanennme na
peuenne kynL1ypnmx, counanLnmx n nonn1nuecknx npo6neH pyccko naunn.
Q v - npnnapnexnoc1L nnunoc1n k payH nnn
6onee a1nnuecknH o6unoc1nH a cnny pasnonaunonanLnoro nponcxoxpennn ee
popn1ene, cospakuan pnn panno nnunoc1n aosHoxnoc1L am6opa co6c1aenno
naunonanLnoc1n. cnyuae, ecnn sakonm, yc1anoanennn n 1papnunn a1noca opnoro ns
popn1ene opnosnauno yc1anaannaak1 naunonanLnyk npeeHc1aennoc1L no nnnnn
pannoro popn1enn, aosHoxnoc1L am6opa orpannunaae1cn n nnunoc1L o6Lek1nano
nnuae1cn paono npen1nunoc1n.
3. Hx
yccknHn npnsnak1cn rpaxpane occnn, rpaxpane nnoc1pannoro rocypapc1aa, a 1akxe
nnua 6es rpaxpanc1aa, coo1ae1c1aykune onpepenennk, npnaepennoHy a c1.2.
4.
227
ycckan naunn npnsnae1cn kopenno, 1n1ynLno n epnnc1aenno
rocypapc1aoo6pasykue na ace 1eppn1opnn occnn.
o1pe6noc1n n nn1epecm pycckoro napopa nopnexa1 o1paxennk a qepepanLnmx
ueneamx n pernonanLnmx nporpaHHax, ponxnm noc1onnno yun1maa1Lcn a
nonn1nuecko, akonoHnuecko n kynL1ypno xnsnn pecny6nnk n aa1onoHnmx
o6pasoaann occnn.
eHnn n ppyrne npnpopnme pecypcm ace occnn ncnonLsyk1cn n oxpannk1cn kak
ocnoaa xnsnn n pen1enLnoc1n rocypapc1aoo6pasykuero pycckoro napopa.
5. -
ycckne coc1aannk1 a6conk1noe 6onLunnc1ao nacenennn occnn. oa1oHy occnn
nanne1cn HononaunonanLno c1pano a coo1ae1c1ann c o6uenpnnn1mHn nopHaHn n
npnnunnaHn Hexpynapopnoro npaaa.
6. nx
ac1onunH sakonoH npnsnae1cn, u1o epnnan pycckan naunn okasanacL a pesynL1a1e
ne6naronpnn1nmx nc1opnuecknx o6c1on1enLc1a a paspenennoH nonoxennn. na nHee1
npaao na aoccoepnnenne HnpnmH ny1eH n a coo1ae1c1ann c nopHaHn Hexpynapopnoro
npaaa. paaoame o6c1on1enLc1aa, am1ekakune ns pannoro npnsnannn, perynnpyk1cn
qepepanLnmH sakonoH paspenennoH nonoxennn pyccko naunn.
pnsnae1cn npaao pyccknx no nponcxoxpennk nkpe na rpaxpanc1ao occnn ane
saancnHoc1n o1 Hec1a noc1onnnoro xn1enLc1aa; npouepypa nonyuennn poccnckoro
rpaxpanc1aa pyccknHn no nponcxoxpennk nkpLHn ponxna nHe1L sanan1enLnm, a ne
paspeun1enLnm xapak1ep.
7. n m n
x
ycckne, npoxnaakune sa npepenaHn occnn, nHek1 neo1LeHneHoe npaao na
noppepxky rocypapc1aoH nx c1peHnennn coxpann1L a1nnueckyk caHo6m1noc1L nnn
aepny1Lcn na nc1opnueckyk opnny.
pranm rocypapc1aenno anac1n occnn n cy6Lek1oa occncko epepaunn o6nsanm
noppepxnaa1L pen1enLnoc1L pyccknx naunonanLno-kynL1ypnmx aa1onoHn,
o6uec1aennmx o6Lepnnenn, kpnpnuecknx n qnsnuecknx nnu, cnoco6c1aykuyk
o6yc1poc1ay pyccknx, aosapauakunxcn ns Hec1 noc1onnnoro npoxnaannn sa py6exoH
a occnk.
nckpnHnnaunn rpaxpan pyccko naunonanLnoc1n, npoxnaakunx sa py6exoH,
ponxna c1a1L ocnoaanneH pnn nepecHo1pa nonn1nkn occnn a o1nouennn
nnoc1pannoro rocypapc1aa, a ko1opoH 1akan pnckpnHnnaunn nHee1 Hec1o. a1nx
cnyuanx paan1enLc1ao occnn o6nsano (no npepc1aanennk 6uec1aenno-
rocypapc1aennoro oHn1e1a no npo6neH pycckoro napopa, aepyuero nenpepmanm
Honn1opnnr npo6neHm n exekaap1anLno nspakuero coo1ae1c1aykune o1ue1m)
npnnn1L ace neo6xopnHme Hepm, nanpaanennme na saun1y npaa pycckoro nacenennn.
228
8. nx r srqvr

occnn a nnue acex ae1ae kak uen1panLno anac1n, 1ak n anac1n a cy6Lek1ax
occncko epepaunn npnnnHae1 ace Hepm k yaennuennk poxpaeHoc1n pyccknx kak
rocypapc1aoo6pasykue naunn, HakcnHanLno ncnonLsyn caon qnnancoame,
oprannsaunonnme n nponaranpnc1ckne aosHoxnoc1n. 6uec1aennm oHn1e1 no
npo6neHaH pycckoro napopa nanne1cn o1ae1c1aennmH sa ncnonnenne panno c1a1Ln
akona n nonLsye1cn npnopn1e1no noppepxko acex ae1ae anac1n. cnoanan sapaua
oHn1e1a - o6ecneun1L poc1 a6conk1no n o1nocn1enLno uncnennoc1n pycckoro
napopa.
9.
pranm rocypapc1aenno anac1n occnn n cy6Lek1oa occncko epepaunn
ocyuec1annk1 noppepxky pyccko kynL1ypm kak 6asoaoro qak1opa coxpanennn n
pasan1nn naunonanLnoro caHocosnannn pycckoro napopa, nrpakuero ocnoanyk
nn1erpnpykuyk ponL a coxpanennn epnnoro unannnsaunonnoro npoc1panc1aa a
nonna1nnueckoH, no HononaunonanLnoH occnckoH rocypapc1ae. kasannme opranm
noppepxnaak1 pycckne napopnme xypoxec1aennme npoHmcnm - ynnkanLnoe nanenne
Hnpoaoro kynL1ypnoro nacnepnn, okasmaak1 copec1ane pyccknH naunonanLno-
kynL1ypnmH aa1onoHnnH acex ypoane.
10.
pranm rocypapc1aenno anac1n occnn n cy6Lek1oa occncko epepaunn
ocyuec1annk1 Hepm no aocc1anoanennk, coxpanennk n pasan1nk pycckoro nsmka -
rocypapc1aennoro nsmka occnn, aaxneuero cpepc1aa HexnaunonanLnoro o6uennn.
opranax rocypapc1aenno anac1n, opranax Hec1noro caHoynpaanennn,
rocypapc1aennmx yupexpennnx acex ypoane yno1pe6nenne pycckoro nsmka
o6nsa1enLno.
nanne pycckoro nsmka nanne1cn neo6xopnHmH n poc1a1ounmH ycnoaneH pnn
ocyuec1anennn ns6npa1enLnoro npaaa rpaxpan na am6opax a opranm anac1n acex
ypoane.
pranm rocypapc1aenno anac1n occnn n cy6Lek1oa occncko epepaunn
npnnnHak1 ace Hepm pnn noppepxkn pycckoro nsmka a c1panax n pn6an1nkn n
copec1ayk1 ero npnsnannk a a1nx c1panax a kauec1ae pononnn1enLnoro
rocypapc1aennoro nsmka.
11. n
pranm rocypapc1aenno anac1n occnn n cy6Lek1oa occncko epepaunn
ocyuec1annk1 Hepm no cospannk n pasan1nk pe1cknx poukonLnmx yupexpenn,
cpepnnx yue6nmx saaepenn c yrny6nennmH nsyuenneH pycckoro nsmka, nn1epa1ypm,
nc1opnn n kynL1ypm - cnc1eHm naunonanLnoro aocnn1annn n o6pasoaannn.
229
ocypapc1ao rapan1npye1 n o6ecneunaae1 pyccknH pe1nH npaao na o6pasoaanne na
pycckoH nsmke na acex ypoannx n na ace 1eppn1opnn occnn.
12. q
ycoqo6nn ec1L ny6nnunoe ampaxenne nenpnnsnn n neyaaxennn k pyccknH. na
kaannqnunpye1cn kak aos6yxpenne naunonanLno apaxpm, nanne1cn npec1ynnenneH
npo1na rocypapc1aa n npecnepye1cn a yronoanoH nopnpke.
13. r r n r n
ac1onunH sakonoH npnsnae1cn qak1 renounpa no o1nouennk k pycckoHy napopy.
paan1enLc1ay occnn npepnncmaae1cn a Hecnunm cpok co pnn ac1ynnennn a cnny
nac1onuero sakona cospa1L npn 6uec1aenno-rocypapc1aennoH oHn1e1e no
npo6neHaH pycckoro napopa pesamuanyk rocypapc1aennyk koHnccnk () no
paccnepoaannk qak1oa renounpa pycckoro napopa n npeoponennk ero nocnepc1an.
ponxnm, napnpy c oqnunanLnmHn npepc1aan1ennHn Hnnnc1epc1a n aepoHc1a,
ao1n am6opnme npepc1aan1enn pyccknx o6uec1aennmx oprannsaun.
14. -nn n r
1x 4
ycckn napop kak rocypapc1aoo6pasykun ponxen nHe1L ao acex opranax
rocypapc1aenno anac1n n opranax Hec1noro caHoynpaanennn occncko epepaunn
kao1m, coo1ae1c1aykune ero ypenLnoHy aecy a coc1aae nacenennn coo1ae1c1aykue
apHnnnc1pa1nano-1eppn1opnanLno epnnnum.
15. 3mv nx
ac1onun epepanLnm akon ac1ynae1 a cnny co pnn ero oqnunanLnoro
ony6nnkoaannn.
3AKOHOHOEKT


n 25 2001 .
x x .
Hun NN 4-5(42-43) 2001 .
mYHREHHE .H. EBRH
YQEHHH QYME 25 MR 2001 r.
H HRMEHKHX RYUHHRX H 3KHHEKY
YKM HQE
230
caoero amc1ynnennn n xouy cocna1Lcn na ampasn1enLnm npnHep. epep
naHn onc1n1yunn kpannm. 1o rnacn1 ocnoano sakon a1o c1panm no noaopy
ykpannckoro napopa (nnn naunn, u1o a pannoH cnyuae 1oxe npaannLno)?
ao1 u1o:
Cun 11. F m
, n, u, m
s, u, n x
x ux um Y.
npn1e, nannuo ue1koe paspenenne: ec1L -
rocypapc1aoo6pasykun napop c ero nc1opnuecknH cosnanneH, 1papnunnHn n
kynL1ypo, a ec1L napnpy c nnH 1akxe n kpannm, n
m. a1o a cocepneH, caHoH 6nnskoH rocypapc1ae, c
ko1opmH Hm aekaHn xnnn aHec1e, xnnn opnnHn npeanaHn n 1papnunnHn, opno
aepo, o6ue nc1opne. oueHy xe y nnx - 1ak, a y nac nnaue, noueHy y nac ne1
1ako noc1anoakn aonpoca? epL kpanna ne Henee nonna1nnueckan c1pana, ueH
occnn, a ne xnae1 6onee c1a napopoa, napopnoc1e n nneHen. o nn y koro ne
noaopaunaae1cn nsmk (pa nnk1o n ne ocHennaae1cn, n6o a1o npoc1o nesakonno,
npo1naopeun1 onc1n1yunn kpannm) nasaa1L ee HnoronaunonanLno!
anee:
Cun 12. Y nn u-
ux nx , mx
.
o6pauak aaue annHanne, rocnopa: 1akoaa nopHa ocnoanoro sakona 6pa1ckoro
napopa ykpannuea! akoao nx o1nouenne k caoeHy napopy, nesaancnHo o1 Hec1a ero
npoxnaannn. u1o y nac aHec1o a1oro? konLko Hnnnnonoa pyccknx 6poueno naHn na
nponsaon cypL6m? o HenLue Hepe 20 Hnn. a 6nnxneH sapy6exLe n 10 - a panLneH.
o nac1onuero apeHenn nx npaaa n nn1epecm nano nepoc1a1ouno yun1maak1cn
poccncko rocypapc1aenno nonn1nko, necHo1pn na sakon rocypapc1aenno
nonn1nke occncko epepaunn a o1nouennn coo1euec1aennnkoa sa py6exoH.
1oHy xe coo1euec1aennnkn - nonn1ne nonn1nueckn pasHm1oe, nekoppek1noe. o
cHmcny ynoHnny1oro sakona a coo1euec1aennnkax okasanncL ace, k1o popnncn a
6maueH ; a1o - aonnkun a6cypp.
anee:
Cun 13. 3n, , q x,
, xnn x Y,
u muq, mu
() s nnmn z
Y . O Y
nm
n x, x n K.
K uun z
.
m nonnnn? axpm, k1o xopn1 no ykpanncko seHne, xopn1 no seHne,
npnnapnexaue ykpannckoHy napopy. axpm, k1o pmun1 aospyxoH na kpanne,
pmun1 aospyxoH, npnnapnexaunH ykpannckoHy napopy. ace ponxnm o6 a1oH sna1L
n noHnn1L, xo1n nonLsoaa1Lcn a1nHn npnpopnmHn papaHn Hoxe1 kaxpm rpaxpannn!
231
aepL ao1 u1o aaxno: nnk1o a Hnpe ne nonpekae1 kpanny ee onc1n1yune, ne
roaopn1, u1o a ne npe1 peuL o napyuennn npaa uenoaeka. kpanna - yaaxaeHm unen
Hnpoaoro coo6uec1aa, c ne ppyxn1 aunnr1on, ona sannHae1 1pe1Le Hec1o a Hnpe no
o6LeHy aHepnkancko qnnancoao noHoun nocne spannn n rnn1a, ee xpy1 c
pacnpoc1ep1mHn o6Ln1nnHn n a n a . naun1, c 1oukn spennn Hexpynapopnmx
o6uenpnsnannmx nopH n npaann y nee c a1o onc1n1yune ace a nopnpke.
npnaen pannm npnHep, u1o6m ace anpenn, ,
, m n, x x, nx
x, n x nx x, . apop, y
ko1oporo ec1L ueHy noyun1Lcn. apop, ko1opm cnoco6en n ppyrnx sac1aan1L yaaxa1L
caon npaaa n nn1epecm.
asae 1ak o6c1on1 peno y nac, y nauero pycckoro napopa? aepL Hm naHnoro 6onee
Hnorouncnennm, nexenn ykpannckn napop. a coc1aae nacenennn caoe c1panm Hm
sannHaeH ne okono 60%, kak ykpannum, a 83-85%. m Hornn 6m 1pe6oaa1L ne Henee
yaaxn1enLnoro o1nouennn k ce6e. u1o na caHoH pene?
orpa-1o apnuea ckasan: pec1Lnnnn a sakone Hep1a. eropnn Hm ckaxeH
ycckn uenoaek a sakone Hep1a. ak Hm snaeH, a onc1n1yunn occnn cnoao
pycckn ynoHnny1o nnuL opnn pas, n 1o - ne a cansn c napopoH, a a cansn c
nsmkoH. nkako sakon a occnn ne yun1maae1 n ne saunuae1 npaaa n nn1epecm
pycckoro uenoaeka nHenno kak pycckoro, kak npepc1aan1enn ocnoanoro,
rocypapc1aoo6pasykuero pnn occnn napopa. asanocL 6m, nepaoc1enennoe annHanne
acero rocypapc1aa n nacennkunx ero napopoa ponxno 6mno 6m 6m1L o6paueno
nHenno k pyccknH - epnnc1aennoHy napopy, 6es ko1oporo ne cHorna 6m cyuec1aoaa1L
occnn a ee nmneunnx rpannuax. 1 6ypyuero pycckoro napopa saancn1 6ypyuee ace
c1panm, 6ypyuee acex nacennkunx ee napopoa. 1o nonnn paxe 1ako peHokpa1, kak
aapnnn onoa.
o - ne1! naue c1pane ne1 paxe 1ako nnc1anunn, kypa pycckn Hor 6m npnp1n co
caonHn 6onnHn n sa6o1aHn nHenno kak pycckn, rpe ero amcnyuann 6m, nonnnn n
noHornn. nnnc1epc1ao no penaH naunonanLnoc1e, ykoHnnek1oaannoe cnnouL
nepyccknHn, sa6o1nueecn o koH yropno, 1onLko ne o pyccknx, nocnepoaa1enLno
sakpmno cnauano enap1aHen1 no npo6neHaH pycckoro napopa, no1oH 1pen pycckoro
napopa, a ceuac anecno a npaan1enLc1ao sakononpoek1 n
- , nepaan xe
nonpaaka a ko1opoH nm1ae1cn sanpe1n1L pyccknH cospaaa1L caok . c1mpy
paan1enLc1aa, ono yxe anecno a1o1 sakononpoek1 a ocpyHy. anueHy c1mpy ocpHm
- a nepayk ouepepL, k c1mpy npoqnnLnoro oHn1e1a no penaH naunonanLnoc1e, a1a
pycoqo6ckan pnckpnHnnaunonnan nonpaaka k sakony HK ne 6mna o1He1ena c
nopora, n sakon aHec1e c ne 6ype1 amnecen na nepaoe u1enne 27 nknn c.r.
xouy cpasy npepynpepn1L sapanee: n n
qn n, s u
m u u
n m . Ou
n n s x, nm
.
roaopk o6o aceH a1oH no1oHy, u1o sakon, ko1opm noHor 6m naH, pyccknH, xo1L kak-
1o peun1L neko1opme naun npo6neHm, koneuno xe, neo6xopnH.
o1n, kak nonnHak1 ace npncy1c1aykune, naunna1L cnepoaano 6m ne c sakona, a c
nsLn1nn ns onc1n1yunn occnn nenenoro, nxnaoro n an1nnayunoro ampaxennn Hm,
HnoronaunonanLnm napop occnn, ampyHannoro nonn1nkaHn enLunnckoro sakana, n
c anecennn a onc1n1yunk occnn qopHynnpoakn Hm, pycckn napop n ace kopennme
232
napopm occnn, nonnHan nop kopennmHn - napopm, ne nHekune ane occnn caoe
rocypapc1aennoc1n, caoero cyaepenn1e1a. 1o 6mno 6m n nayuno, n nonn1nueckn
koppek1no.
o kpane Hepe neo6xopnHo a onc1n1yunk, a cnncok konc1n1yunonnmx sakonoa,
anec1n sakon rm
no ananornn c ro1oanunHcn nmne sakonoH
r. pyHak, u1o a1o 1pe6oaanne k nsHenennk onc1n1yunn 6onee
ueH o6ocnoaanno, n naunna1L cnepye1 nHenno c ero peannsaunn.
o ceropnn Hm o6cyxpaeH yxe ro1oam sakononpoek1 .
axopnn a pa6ouyk rpynny no ero nopro1oake, snak nc1opnk ero Hyun1enLnoro
nonanennn na cae1. n c caHoro nauana 6mn o6peuen c1a1L koHnpoHnccnmH,
nonoannua1mH, npnHnpnunH pec1an1enLnme nn1epecm pycckoro napopa c nn1epecaHn
1ex, k1o xo1en 6m npncnoco6n1L pycckn napop nnuL k HakcnHanLno ypo6noHy
ncnonLsoaannk. o6onLue 1pe6yn o1 pyccknx n noHenLue nH paaan. pnHep -
nepaano npouepun uepes cnyuannn sakon x r
n, rpe na nac, pyccknx, aosnarae1cn acn o1ae1c1aennoc1L
sa rocypapc1ao occnckoe, no ne pae1cn naH npn a1oH nn Haneunx oco6mx npaa.
1ak, o6cyxpaeHm sakononpoek1 ne peuae1 nou1n nn opno ns ocnoanmx npo6neH
pycckoro napopa. nx nepeuncnk:
- npnsnanne, a coo1ae1c1ann c HexpynapopnmHn c1anpap1aHn, occnn -
HononaunonanLno c1pano pycckoro napopa, coc1aannkuero a6conk1noe
6onLunnc1ao ee nacenennn;
- npnsnanne n sakonopa1enLnoe y1aepxpenne nc1opnuecko ponn n qak1nueckoro
snauennn pycckoro napopa kak epnnc1aenno rocypapc1aoo6pasykue naunn occnn.
ycckne - ne 1onLko cospa1enn occnn, no n epnnc1aennan naunn, 6es ko1opo occnn
ne Horna 6m cyuec1aoaa1L a anpe epnnoro rocypapc1aa a ee nac1onunx rpannuax;
- npnsnanne npaaa pycckoro napopa na naunonanLno-nponopunonanLnoe
npepc1aan1enLc1ao ao acex opranax rocypapc1aenno anac1n n Hec1noro
caHoynpaanennn occnn;
- npnsnanne npaaa na aoccoepnnenne epnno pyccko naunn, okasaauecn a
paspenennoH nonoxennn;
- npnsnanne qak1a a1nopeHorpaqnuecko ka1ac1poqm pycckoro napopa n
sakonopa1enLnoe y1aepxpenne Hep, nanpaanennmx npo1na penonynnunn ero kak
rocypapc1aoo6pasykue naunn;
- coxpanenne n ykpennenne a1nnueckoro epnnc1aa pycckoro napopa n acex
nc1opnuecknx n kynL1ypno-nsmkoamx qak1opoa, cnoco6c1aykunx a1oHy;
- sanpeuenne pycoqo6nn ao acex ee nponanennnx, saun1a uenoaeuecknx n
rpaxpancknx npaa pyccknx nkpe a nk6o 1ouke seHnoro uapa;
- npnsnanne qak1a renounpa pycckoro napopa n npeoponenne ero nocnepc1an.
ce nasaannme npo6neHm pnn nac, pyccknx, - xnsnenno aaxnme, nHekune orpoHnoe
snauenne ace aHec1e n kaxpan a o1penLnoc1n. o u1o ns a1oro nepeunn aouno a
sakononpoek1? onLko 1eHa paspenennoro nonoxennn pyccko naunn. pna 1onLko
1eHa. onLue - nnuero.
233
Henno no npnunne koHnpoHnccnoc1n, nannna1nanoc1n pannoro sakononpoek1a, ero
nauenenoc1n na 1o, u1o6m 1onLko sanan1L pycckyk 1eHy, a aoace ne npepnoxn1L ee
konc1pyk1nanoe n peanLnoe peuenne, rpynna pyccknx o6uec1aennmx oprannsaun n
npn yuac1nn npepc1aan1ene expynapopnoro o6uec1aa npaa uenoaeka
nopro1oanna anL1epna1nanm npoek1 sakona . n ony6nnkoaan
a pospanno yuac1nnkaH H r, neua1nm aapnan1 n nepepaH a
cekpe1apna1.
npepnarak npncy1c1aykunH specL peny1a1aH na6pa1Lcn Hyxec1aa n nonn1nuecko
panLnoanpnoc1n n oqnunanLno anec1n pannm sakononpoek1 a ocpyHy kak
anL1epna1nanm. eno 1y1 ne a aa1opc1ae - cou1eHcn cnaaok. a 1oH, u1o6m
peanLno cpanny1L c Hep1ao 1oukn npo6neHy sakonopa1enLnoro o6ecneuennn
nn1epecoa pycckoro napopa.
npo1nanoH cnyuae, ecnn c1onL Hyppmx n Hyxec1aennmx peny1a1oa a yHe ne
nape1cn, naH npnpe1cn npnnn1L Hepm k 1oHy, u1o6m o6a npoek1a 6mnn amnecenm na
acenapopnm peqepenpyH.
1o, a caHoH pene, u1o xe nonyuae1cn? occnn pyccknx - 120 Hnnnnonoa, pa eue 30
Hnnnnonoa sa py6exoH, n1oro - 150 Hnnnnonoa. ao1 cypL6y a1oro rnran1a peuae1
kyuka ns 450 peny1a1oa ocpyHm. ro1oan1 a1y cypL6y n aoace Hnsepnoe
noppaspenenne - acero 9 uenoaek oHn1e1a no penaH naunonanLnoc1e, ns ko1opmx, k
1oHy xe ceHepo - ne pycckne. s npepc1aan1ene pyccknx o6uec1aennmx oprannsaun
k yuac1nk a pa6o1e nap sakononpoek1oH ne npnrnacnnn nnkoro! n 6m a a1o
pa6oue rpynne ne nonanncn, ecnn 6m ne nponann nnnuna1nay n nanop. asae a1o
cnpaaepnnao? asae Hoxno sa cnnno y orpoHnoro napopa peua1L ero cypL6y 1aknH
coc1aaoH? peponpepenn1L ero 6ypyuee, ne cnpocna y nero caHoro? a1oH nn coc1on1
1a peHokpa1nn n 1o npaaoaoe rocypapc1ao, ko1opme npenopnocn1cn naH kak uena
nencuncnnHmx xep1a n no1epL npouepuero pecn1nne1nn?
napekcL, u1o napop am6epe1 nau aapnan1 sakona kak nHekun 6onee
nenocpepc1aennoe o1nouenne k peuennk peanLnmx pyccknx npo6neH. o n ponyckak,
u1o na peqepenpyHe Hoxe1 no6epn1L n sakononpoek1, amnecennm ceropnn na
cnyuannn. 1o x, apepa a a1oH ne 6ype1, on ne copepxn1 apepnmx nnn onacnmx pnn
nac nonoxenn. 1oHy xe a nero Hoxno 6ype1 anocn1L nsHenennn n pononnennn,
nonpaakn.
pnako on1nHanLnmH n cun1ak 1ako xop co6m1n, npn ko1opoH ocpyHa caHa ns6epe1
nau npoek1 kak 6onee 6nnskn k xnsnn n 6onee pec1aennm.
saaepuenne neckonLko saHeuann k sakononpoek1y oHn1e1a:
1. c1a1Le 3 npepnarae1cn 1akan qopHynnpoaka: ycckn napop - kopenno,
1n1ynLnm n epnnc1aennm rocypapc1aoo6pasykun na ace 1eppn1opnn occnn.
pecL xe coaepuenno neyHec1no amrnnpn1 cnoaa ppyrnx paanonpaanmx napopoa
occnn. aanonpaane napopoa yc1anoaneno c1.19 onc1n1yunn n ne nyxpae1cn a
nopo6noH nop1aepxpennn. nkakne napopm, kpoHe pycckoro, ne nannk1cn npepHe1oH
pannoro sakona n ne 1pe6yk1 ynoHnnannn. a6o1a o pycckoH napope ne nyxpae1cn a
onpaapannnx.
2. c1a1Le 5 qopHyny: pranm rocypapc1aenno anac1n cy6Lek1oa occncko
epepaunn n Hec1noro caHoynpaanennn ocyuec1annk1 noppepxky pyccko kynL1ypm
kak aaxneuero qak1opa coxpanennn n pasan1nn naunonanLnoro caHocosnannn
pycckoro napopa, ero pasnnunmx a1norpaqnuecknx rpynn, ykpennennn epnnc1aa n
ppyx6m acex napopoa occncko epepaunn pononnn1L cnoaaHn: onn copec1ayk1
234
cospannk n pen1enLnoc1n pyccknx naunonanLno-kynL1ypnmx aa1onoHn acex
ypoane.
pecL xe npepc1aanne1cn coaepuenno nayuno n nonn1nueckn neponyc1nHmH
ncnonLsoaanne 1epHnna HnoronaunonanLnoe npnHenn1enLno k occnckoHy
rocypapc1ay. nepye1 ckasa1L: nonna1nnueckoe (1ak no-nayunoHy) nnn
Hnoronapopnoe.
3. 1a1Lk 6 pononnn1L cnoaaHn: nanne pycckoro nsmka nanne1cn neo6xopnHmH n
poc1a1ounmH ycnoaneH pnn ocyuec1anennn naccnanoro ns6npa1enLnoro npaaa rpaxpan
na am6opax acex ypoane. 1o am1ekae1 ns c1.33 onc1n1yunn occnn.
4. c1a1Le 7 qpasy cpepnnx yue6nmx saaepenn c pyccknH a1nokynL1ypnmH
koHnonen1oH saHenn1L na qpasy cpepnnx yue6nmx saaepenn c yrny6nennmH
nsyuenneH pycckoro nsmka, nn1epa1ypm, kynL1ypm, nc1opnn. 6o ampaxenne
a1nokynL1ypnm koHnonen1 sayun1 neneno, nop nnH Hoxno nonn1L n npoc1o pyccknx
pe1e.
a a1oH y Henn ace.
HHRXEHHE N4
(n)
" 3QEREHHM HRXEHHH YKH HHH"
cxopn ns rocypapc1aoo6pasykue ponn pyccko naunn a occncko epepaunn,
o6ecneunaue aosnnknoaenne n pasan1ne nc1opnuecko occnn kak aennkoro,
nesaancnHoro n caHo6m1noro rocypapc1aa,
npnsnaaan o6uenpnsnannme nopHm n npnnunnm Hexpynapopnoro npaaa,
rapan1npykune paanonpaane n caHoonpepenenne napopoa n naun n
1eppn1opnanLnyk uenoc1noc1L rocypapc1a,
c1peHncL o6ecneun1L co6nkpenne nesm6neHmx npaa n cao6op uenoaeka n poc1nuL
epnnc1aa pyccko naunn,
nac1onun sakon nHee1 uenLk cnoco6c1aoaa1L yperynnpoaannk aonpocoa, cansannmx
c paspenennmH nonoxenneH pyccko naunn, amsaannmH npekpauenneH
cyuec1aoaannn oksa .
1.
yccko naune npnsnae1cn epnnan coaokynnoc1L nkpe, nHekunx pycckyk
naunonanLnoc1L.
ycckan naunonanLnoc1L, nop1aepxpae1cn ee sakpennenneH a pokyHen1ax,
ypoc1oaepnkunx nnunoc1L. n6o, ecnn nnuo nanne1cn necoaepuennone1nnH, a
pokyHen1ax, ypoc1oaepnkunx nnunoc1L opnoro ns popn1ene. n6o na ocnoaannn
235
sananennn nnua, anapekuero pyccknH nsmkoH n nHekuero ne Henee opnoro
pokyHen1anLno nop1aepxpennoro pycckoro npepka ao a1opoH konene, o caoe
naunonanLnoc1n, ko1opoe coaepuae1cn a yc1anoanennoH qepepanLnmH sakonoH
nopnpke.
paao na npnsnanne ce6n pyccknHn nHek1 1akxe nnua pycckoro nponcxoxpennn,
ko1opme caHn nnn nx npepkn po 1pe1Lero konena nopaeprnncL nacnnLc1aenno
penaunonannsaunn a pesynL1a1e naunonanLnmx konqnnk1oa nnn rocypapc1aenno
nonn1nkn occnn n a 1917-1991 rr. n sa npepenaHn occnn c 1991 r.
e Hory1 6m1L npnsnanm pyccknHn nnua, nHekune opnoro pycckoro popn1enn, no npn
a1oH ne Horyune nHe1L paonyk naunonanLnyk npen1nunoc1L a cnny naunonanLnoro
nponcxoxpennn a1oporo ns popn1ene cornacno sakonaH, yc1anoanennnH n 1papnunnH
naunn a1oro popn1enn.
ycckyk naunk coc1aannk1 pycckne, nannkunecn rpaxpanaHn occncko epepaunn
n pycckne, ne nannkunecn rpaxpanaHn occncko epepaunn, noc1onnno nnn
apeHenno npoxnaakune sa rpannue, kak nHekune nnoc1pannoe rpaxpanc1ao, 1ak n
nnua 6es rpaxpanc1aa.
2. nx
ac1onunH sakonoH konc1a1npye1cn paspenennoe nonoxenne pyccko naunn,
cnoxnaueecn a pesynL1a1e npekpauennn cyuec1aoaannn oksa aonpekn aone
nacennkunx ero napopoa n naun, ampaxenno na peqepenpyHe 1991 r.
aspenennoe nonoxenne pyccko naunn ampaxeno a nannunn a6nnsn rpannu occnn
son nc1opnueckoro koHnak1noro npoxnaannn pyccknx.
aspenennan pycckan naunn nHee1 npaao na aoccoepnnenne.
3. n n nvm

occnn ocyuec1anne1 nonn1nky, nanpaanennyk na poc1nxenne epnnc1aa pyccko

naunn HnpnmHn cpepc1aaHn na ocnoaannn o6uenpnsnannmx nopH n npnnunnoa
Hexpynapopnoro npaaa.
ocypapc1aennan nonn1nka no poc1nxennk epnnc1aa pyccko naunn ocnoamaae1cn na
npnsnannn n amnonnennn cnepykunx npnnunnoa:
1) naunonanLnoro cyaepenn1e1a n npaaocy6Lek1noc1n pyccko naunn - koHnnekca
neo1LeHneHmx npaa, ko1opme o6ecneunaak1 cyuec1aoaanne pyccko naunn n
coxpanenne ee caHo6m1noc1n, cospak1 6naronpnn1nme ycnoann pnn ee nporpeccnanoro
pasan1nn;
2) c1peHnennn k poc1nxennk epnnc1aa pyccko naunn a paHkax opnoro rocypapc1aa -
occnn;
3) npnsnannn npaaa na cao6opnoe caHoonpepenenne sa pyccknHn a Hec1ax nx
koHnak1noro nc1opnueckoro npoxnaannn na 1eppn1opnn nnoc1pannmx rocypapc1a;
236
4) rocypapc1aenno noppepxkn panxenn sa 1akoe caHoonpepenenne;
5) npnopn1e1noc1n saun1m npaa n sakonnmx nn1epecoa pyccko naunn, neponyuennn
kako-nn6o pnckpnHnnaunn pyccknx no naunonanLnoHy npnsnaky;
6) rocypapc1aenno noppepxkn naunonanLno-kynL1ypno caHo6m1noc1n pyccko
naunn, cnoco6c1aoaannn o6pasoaannk pyccknx naunonanLno-kynL1ypnmx aa1onoHn,
seHnnuec1a n accounaun pyccknx coo1euec1aennnkoa sa py6exoH;
7) cospannn neo6xopnHmx ycnoan pnn po6poaonLno pena1pnaunn a occnk ns Hec1
paccennnoro npoxnaannn pyccknx, unenoa nx ceHe n 6nnxaunx popc1aennnkoa n
o6ecneuennn nx nn1erpaunn a poccnckoe o6uec1ao.
4. n
yccko pnacnopo npnsnak1cn ace pycckne, npoxnaakune sa npepenaHn occncko
epepaunn na noc1onnno ocnoae.
ycckan pnacnopa nHee1 npaao na npepc1aan1enLc1ao a ocypapc1aenno yHe
epepanLnoro o6pannn occncko epepaunn. cnoann n nopnpok 1akoro
npepc1aan1enLc1aa onpepennk1cn na ocnoaannn qepepanLnoro sakona.
5. x x, n nxmx x
ycckne, noc1onnno npoxnaakune sa py6exoH, npnsnak1cn rpaxpanaHn occncko
epepaunn a nopnpke pernc1paunn a coo1ae1c1aykunx koncynLcknx n
pnnnoHa1nuecknx yupexpennnx occncko epepaunn, sa ncknkuenneH nnu,
po6poaonLno o1kasaaunxcn o1 rpaxpanc1aa n occncko epepaunn.
occnckan epepaunn ao asanHoo1nouennnx c nnoc1pannmHn rocypapc1aaHn, na
1eppn1opnn ko1opmx naxopn1cn pycckan pnacnopa, c1peHn1cn k saknkuennk
Hexpynapopnmx poroaopoa o aosHoxnoc1n npepoc1aanennn unenaH pyccko pnacnopm
paonoro rpaxpanc1aa.
6. 4-sv nv n x
m
uennx cospannn neo6xopnHmx ycnoan pnn po6poaonLno pena1pnaunn a occnk ns
Hec1 paccennnoro npoxnaannn pyccknx, unenoa nx ceHe n 6nnxaunx popc1aennnkoa
ampenn1L a qepepanLnoH 6kpxe1e o1penLno c1poko pacxopoa cpepc1aa na
ocyuec1anenne pena1pnaunonno nonn1nkn, neo6xopnHmx pnn o6yc1poc1aa pyccknx,
aosapauakunxcn na caok nc1opnueckyk popnny. nn a1oro aaec1n c 1 nnaapn 1999
ropa qepepanLnm nanor connpapnoc1n co acex peecnoco6nmx rpaxpan occncko
epepaunn a pasHepe 1% o1 nx ropoaoro poxopa.
7. Hm n x, n nxmx x
237
cnyuae cosna1enLnoro, Haccoaoro n neopnokpa1noro napyuennn npaa pyccknx,
naxopnunxcn sa py6exoH, nannkuerocn cnepc1aneH rocypapc1aenno nonn1nkn
nnoc1pannmx rocypapc1a, paan1enLc1ao occncko epepaunn o6nsano no
npepc1aanennk nonnoHouennoro no npaaaH uenoaeka occncko epepaunn
npnnn1L ace neo6xopnHme Hepm, nanpaanennme na neponyuenne napyuennn npaa
pyccko naunn.
nonnoHouennm no npaaaH uenoaeka occncko epepaunn o6nsan noc1onnno
kon1ponnpoaa1L nonoxenne pen n axopn1L c coo1ae1c1aykunHn npepc1aanennnHn a
paan1enLc1ao occncko epepaunn a osnauennmx amue cnyuanx.
8. 3mv nx
ac1onun sakon ac1ynae1 a cnny c HoHen1a ero oqnunanLnoro ony6nnkoaannn.
pesnpen1 n paan1enLc1ao occncko epepaunn a 1pexHecnunm cpok nocne
ac1ynnennn nac1onuero sakona a cnny npnaopn1 a coo1ae1c1ane c nnH nspannme
ncnonnn1enLno anac1Lk nopHa1nanme npaaoame ak1m.
paan1enLc1ao occncko epepaunn a uec1nHecnunm cpok npnnnHae1
nopHa1nanme npaaoame ak1m, o6ecneunaakune peannsaunk nac1onuero sakona.
epepanLnoe o6panne occncko epepaunn a uec1nHecnunm cpok ro1oan1 n
npnnnHae1 coo1ae1c1aykune sakonm, o6ecneunaakune peannsaunk nac1onuero
sakona.
3AKOHOHOEKT
H u nn.
O .:
. Kn : . - ., 1998,
Hu NN 8-9 (46-47) 2001 .
Hnun
(n)
3QEREHHH YKH HHH H EE HE H EQHHEHHE
nnrpaqoH n xo1en 6m asn1L HmcnL ncHapka o 1oH, u1o pycckn napop nopo6en
p1y1n. cnn pasppo6n1L ero na 1mcnuy kycoukoa, a1n kycoukn 6ypy1 c1peHn1Lcn ppyr k
ppyry po 1ex nop, noka anoaL ne conLk1cn a epnnoe uenoe.
nepame sa caok nc1opnk nau napop okasancn a paspenennoH nonoxennn, ko1opoe
saqnkcnpoaano ne c noHouLk okkynaunonnmx aock, a Hexpynapopno npnsnannmHn
na ceropnnunn penL rpannuaHn. 1o cnyunnocL ne a pesynL1a1e Hnrpaunn (kak
c1aan1 aonpoc, k npnHepy, uac1L qpanuyscko naunn a kanapcko npoannunn ae6ek)
n ne a pesynL1a1e saaoeaannn, kak a1o nponsouno c kyppaHn, asep6apxanuaHn nnn
nesrnnaHn. 1o nponsouno a pesynL1a1e 1oro, u1o naunonanLnme ann1m coae1cknx
pecny6nnk pasopaann na uac1n oae1ckn oks aonpekn aone 6onLue uac1n ero
238
nacenennn, ncno ampaxenno na peqepenpyHe 1991 ropa. aunonanLnmH ann1aH a1o
okasanocL aosHoxno cpena1L, n6o a1nopeHorpaqnueckan cn1yaunn a c1pane a uenoH n
a naunonanLnmx pecny6nnkax a uac1noc1n o6Lek1nano cospena pnn a1oro. eropnn no
aceHy nepnHe1py rpannu occnn cospanm ne npoc1o naunonanLnme - a1nokpa1nueckne!
- rocypapc1aa (sa ncknkuenneH enopyccnn), a ko1opmx pycckne okasanncL
rpaxpanaHn a1oporo cop1a. c1opnueckan 1enpenunn, nc1opnueckn amsoa - nannuo.
nepye1, opnako, nopuepkny1L, u1o kak caH aonpoc o paspenennoH nonoxennn pyccko
naunn n ee npaae na aoccoepnnenne, 1ak n sakon " paspenennoH nonoxennn pyccko
naunn - a1o ne npo6neHa pycckoro naunonanLnoro HenLunnc1aa, okasaauerocn
ceropnn sa npepenaHn rpannu occnn. (Henno 1akyk noc1anoaky npo6neHm nm1ak1cn
naH naansa1L panLnoanpnme a1nokpa1m a 6maunx pecny6nnkax no aceHy
nepnHe1py occnn.) e1. epeaopn1L pasroaop o paspenenno pyccko naunn a
nnockoc1L saun1m npaa naunonanLnmx HenLunnc1a - neak1yanLno. o1oHy u1o a1o a
nepayk ouepepL nHenno naua npo6neHa - npo6neHa nmr napopa, npo6neHa
"Ha1epnkoamx pyccknx. 1o o1 nac o1pesann snaun1enLnyk uac1L nauero
He1aqnsnueckoro 1ena. 1o nac cokpa1nnn, yHenLunnn, ocna6nnn. 1o naH
neo6xopnHo "npnun1L o6pa1no o1pesannyk uac1L. Hmcn n snauenne
npepc1aanneHoro sakononpoek1a nHenno a 1oH, u1o on cocpepo1ouen na npo6neHe
paspenenno pyccko naunn kak epnnoro uenoro n yc1peHnen na nepcnek1nay ee
aoccoepnnennn.
6pasoaanne naunonanLnmx pecny6nnk na Hec1e 6mauero oae1ckoro oksa - a1o
ec1ec1aennm n nopHanLnm npouecc. 6o ecnn naunn cnoco6na cospa1L caoe
rocypapc1ao, 1o nnuero nnoxoro n npo1nanoro npnpope a a1oH ne1. ao6opo1, nHenno
1akne naunonanLnme rocypapc1aa nc1opnn npepc1aanne1 naH kak nan6onee
npeanLnme, yc1ouname, xnsnecnoco6nme. ecnn ncxopn1L 1onLko ns nn1epecoa
1n1ynLnmx naun, ckaxeH, s6eknc1ana, ypkHennc1ana n 1.p., 1o 1ako npouecc
Hoxno 6mno 6m npnae1c1aoaa1L. pnako Hm anpnH, u1o npn a1oH caHmH yxacnmH
o6pasoH noc1papann nn1epecm n okasanncL napyuenm npaaa nauero pycckoro napopa,
ko1opm okasancn a paspenennoH nonoxennn. Hnorne Hnnnnonm pyccknx okasanncL
ane caoero naunonanLnoro rocypapc1aa "occnn.
ac1onun sakon npnsaan ncnpaan1L a1o nonoxenne. cnoanan sapaua sakona -
o6ecneun1L pyccknH npaao n aosHoxnoc1L aoccoepnnennn HnpnmH ny1eH, ne napyuan
Hexpynapopnoro npaaa. c1L pnp cyuec1aennmx o6Lek1nanmx 1pypnoc1e,
1eope1nuecknx n npak1nuecknx, aosnnkakunx npn cospannn n npnnn1nn 1akoro
sakona.
Hn u coc1on1 a 1oH, u1o ananornunmx sakonoa a Hnpe naunH
akcnep1aH na1n ne ypanocL. o1n a1o ne nepam cnyua, korpa 1a nnn nnan naunn
naxopnnacL n naxopn1cn a paspenennoH nonoxennn. oc1a1ouno acnoHnn1L caexn
npnHep neHeuko naunn, na naunx rnasax ocyuec1anaue canuennoe npaao na
aoccoepnnenne n npeapa1nauecn ns paspenenno - a epnnyk naunk. nn kn1ackyk
naunk, ko1opan 1onLko u1o nponsaena aoccoepnnenne c nacenennmH kn1auaHn
onkonroH n akao n xpe1 aoccoepnnennn c nnranypoH n aaaneH. ace a1o 6es
acnko oco6o npaaoao 6asm, 6es 6asoaoro sakona, nou1n naounmH nopnpkoH, nnuL
nopkpennennmH HexpynapopnmHn payc1oponnnHn nnn Hnoroc1oponnnHn
cornauennnHn. asoaoro xe sakona, ropnoro a kauec1ae npeuepen1a, - ne1. o1n
aoccoepnnennn ceropnn xpy1, noHnHo pyccknx, k npnHepy, - kopeum, oce1nnm,
nesrnnm n pnp ppyrnx napopoa Hnpa.
apo o1He1n1L, u1o a HexpynapopnoH npaae aoo6ue, k coxanennk, o1cy1c1ayk1 kakne
6m 1o nn 6mno nopHa1nam n HexannsHm caHoonpepenennn 6onLunx napopoa. 1o
kacae1cn ne 1onLko pycckoro napopa. o HanmH napopaH - ckonLko yropno
Hexpynapopnmx pokyHen1oa. c1L nak1m, ec1L peknapaunn, ec1L pekoHenpaunn n
239
1ak panee. 1o kacae1cn 6onLunx napopoa, 1aknx, kak pycckn, - ec1L 1onLko o6une
qopHynnpoakn o 1oH, u1o kaxpm napop nHee1 npaao na aoccoepnnenne.
(kasannoe ne snaun1, u1o a HexpynapopnoH npaae, kak nnorpa y1aepxpak1, ne
nnc1n1ynpoaano caHoe nonn1ne "napop. 1akoH cnyuae, k npnHepy, ne 6mno 6m
prannsaunn 6Lepnnennmx aun [nite Nations], a 6mna 6m, ckaxeH, prannsaunn
6Lepnnennmx ocypapc1a [nite States]. pnako ns6pannoe a1o kpynneue
Hexpynapopno oprannsaune caHonasaanne ncknkuae1 paycHmcnennoc1L 1onkoaannn
n ne nosaonne1 cun1a1L, 6yp1o cnoao "napop o1cy1c1aye1 a HexpynapopnoH
kpnpnueckoH nekcnkone, n6o u1o xe 1orpa, cnpaunaae1cn, "o6LepnnnnocL?).
1ak, nyxno ncno nonnHa1L, u1o pa6o1a no cospannk nopo6noro sakononpoek1a
cpenana npak1nueckn anepame. epep naHn, 1aknH o6pasoH, - ocnoaanne pnn
sapec1aoaannn HexannsHa r Mxyr . ak u1o nnkoro ne
ponxno cHyua1L, u1o o1penLnme c1a1Ln sakona ne nHek1 kaknx-1o ocanuennmx
apeHeneH ananoroa, a caH sakon 6ecnpeuepen1en. aH nopa caHnH noc1on1L sa ce6n,
ne poxnpancL, noka a1o cpenae1 sa nac kako-1o po6pm Hexpynapopnm pnpn.
pnHeH pannm sakon - n cospapnH npeuepen1, ko1opm ne pas eue npnropn1cn
ppyrnH napopaH Hnpa.
Bn u coc1on1 a 1oH, u1o6m aaec1n a npaaoaoe none occnn nonn1nn
"pycckn napop n "pycckan naunn, kakoame nonn1nn a a1oH none ceropnn
o1cy1c1ayk1. coapeHenno poccncko onc1n1yunn ne ynoHnnae1cn "pycckn
napop. c1L "HnoronaunonanLnm napop occnn (a6conk1nm noncenc c 1oukn
spennn a1nonornn n npaaa), ec1L penpeccnpoaannme napopm, ec1L Hanouncnennme
napopm, ec1L kopennme napopm. ycckoro napopa a onc1n1yunn ne1. nepoaa1enLno,
n specL naH neo6xopnH npeuepen1.
Tun n u coc1on1 a 1oH, u1o6 sakon 6mn sakonoH, a ne
peknapaune n ne ny6nnunc1nuecknH pokyHen1oH. 1o snaun1, u1o sakon, nockonLky
on kacae1cn naunonanLnoro aonpoca, ponxen coo1ae1c1aoaa1L nopHaH ne 1onLko
kpnpnuecko naykn. pannoH cnyuae ec1L neo6xopnHoc1L o6pa1n1Lcn 1akxe k
nayunmH a1nonornuecknH nopHaH n nonn1nnH, 6es ko1opmx kpnpnueckne nonn1nn
6ypy1 Hep1am. expy 1eH, a o6uec1aennoH Hnennn ceropnn a1n nonn1nn n nopHm ne
npnxnnncL eue, ne yc1onnncL. yHax uapn1 nonnan nepas6epnxa. pnaepeH 1onLko
paa npnHepa.
H. Hee1cn npoek1 opnoro qepepanLnoro sakona, nonyuennm ns pyHckoro
nc1ounnka. a1oH sakononpoek1e ec1L 1akan c1a1Ln: "pnnapnexnoc1L k pycckoHy
napopy. nanncano pocnoano: "pnnapnexnoc1L k pycckoHy napopy yc1anaannaae1cn
na ocnoaannn po6poaonLnoro npnsnannn uenoaekoH a kauec1ae co6c1aennmx 1papnun
pycckoro napopa, ero nsmka n kynL1ypm. o ec1L (amnyxpenm nepeaopn1L), ecnn
uenoaek npnsnae1 po6poaonLno pycckn nsmk, kynL1ypy n 1papnunn caonHn, 1o on,
cornacno a1oHy sakononpoek1y, o6Lnanne1cn "pyccknH. c1aanH sa cko6kaHn pycckn
nsmk caHoro coc1aan1enn, no, pyHak, 6onLunnc1ay un1a1ene cpasy c1ano ncno, u1o
a1o1 1esnc, npn aceH ero aennkopyunn n npekpacnopyunn, coaepuenno ne ropn1cn a
kauec1ae kpnpnueckoro nopHa1naa. 1o n kak 6ype1 onpepenn1L n yc1anaannaa1L
1akyk npnnapnexnoc1L? ksaHenaunonnan koHnccnn, oco6m koHn1e1, nacnop1nc1ka a
Hnnnunn nnn nekoe poaepennoe nnuo? ak 6ype1 pokasmaa1Lcn n ueH 6ype1
nop1aepxpa1Lcn a1a npnnapnexnoc1L - nncLHennmH sananenneH? 11ec1a1oH?
npaako ns ? ak o1ae1n1L a 1oH cnyuae, ecnn Hm npnHeH c1onL neqopHanLnm
kpn1epn, na caHme npoc1me aonpocm: ckonLko pyccknx a c1pane? rpe rpannum
o6n1annn pyccknx? kak o1penn1L pycckoro - o1 pycckonsmunoro, pycckoro - o1
pycckokynL1ypnoro nnopopua? poqeccop .osnoa, a1nonor, pok1op nayk n naypea1
ocypapc1aenno npeHnn nepapoH nocan1nn a1o 1eHe cneunanLnyk c1a1Lk, ko1opan
1ak n nasmaae1cn: "ycckne, pycckonsmunme, poccnnne ("aunonanLnan rase1a N 6-
240
7/98). 1o 1pn pasnmx nonn1nn, a6conk1no pasnmx. expy nnHn ouenL cyuec1aennan
rpannua.
anee. ak a cnyuae 1akoro nopxopa o6Lncnn1L pycckokynL1ypnoHy 1a1apnny,
pycckokynL1ypnoHy ueuenuy, eapek, ykpannuy, u1o onn - "pycckne, a ne 1a1apm,
ueuenum, eapen n 1.p.? epL a1o npoc1o neaosHoxno. nn n pasroaapnaa1L c naHn ne
c1any1.
1ak, ec1L nacyunan nM kn. na ne noaa. opo6nme npo6neHm
noc1onnno aosnnkak1 y counonoroa n peHorpaqoa. 1a npo6neHa c1on1 1ak: kakoro
1nna kpn1epn cnepye1 ncnonLsoaa1L, qMn n qMn?
ounonoraHn a1a npo6neHa 6mna pockonanLno nsyuena na o6unpnoH Ha1epnane.
amaop 1akoa. neqopHanLnoH o6uennn 6onLue noxopn1 neqopHanLnme xe kpn1epnn.
o ec1L: a ppyxeckoH kpyry, a pa6oueH konnek1nae, a c1pok, ao apeHn nnpyukn
Hoxno pykoaopc1aoaa1Lcn nk6mHn kpn1epnnHn pycckoro. o1 roaopn1 nHnpek no-
pycckn, cun1ae1 caoe pycckyk kynL1ypy - napno, nyc1L 6ype1 "pyccknH. o a nayke
neqopHanLnme kpn1epnn ka1eropnueckn nenpneHneHm, a npnnunne neponyc1nHm.
npo1nanoH cnyuae 1epnk1cn rpannum nccnepyeHo rpynnm. epne1cn kak
kauec1aennan, 1ak n konnuec1aennan rpannua - a snaun1, 1epne1cn caH npepHe1
nccnepoaannn. eH 6onee neponyc1nHm neqopHanLnme kpn1epnn a nayke
kpncnpypenunn. 6o sakon acerpa onpepenne1 npaaa n o1ae1c1aennoc1L nekoe
rpynnm nnu. ecnn a a1y rpynny nauny1 sauncnn1L no neqopHanLnmH npnsnakaH,
pykoaopc1ayncL co6c1aennmH, nponsaonLnmH nonnHanneH npepHe1a (ckaxeH,
"peaonkunonnmH npaaocosnanneH a ycnoannx, nanpnHep, naunonanLno peaonkunn),
1o a1o npnaepe1 k 6essakonnk a Haccoamx Hacu1a6ax. auny1cn 1nx6m o 1oH, k1o
6onLue pycckn, k1o HenLue pycckn n 1.p... axno ocosna1L pas n naacerpa: nnkaknx
neqopHanLnmx kpn1epnea a 1akoH pene 6m1L ne Hoxe1. y nac a sakononpoek1e nx
ne1, ncnonLsyk1cn ncknkun1enLno qopHanLnme kpn1epnn.
ue pas nopuepkny, npo6neHa kpn1epnn - a1o 1nnoaan npo6neHa. na paano peuena a
He1oponornn, a nayke: cnepye1 ncnonLsoaa1L 1onLko qopHanLnm, 1onLko
o6Lek1nanm kpn1epn.
nacyuneun npnHep - a1o 1epHnn "naunn. annm aonpoc pnn ouenL Hnornx
nanne1cn ne po konua ocosnannmH n ne po konua nayuno npopa6o1annmH. m paaann
pannm sakononpoek1 na o1sma pasnmH yuenmH n nonn1nkaH. uenme o1osaanncL
xopouo. ao1 opnn o6uec1aennm pen1enL asnn n nanncan: "Heuenne nonn1n.
yccko naunn ne1. c1L pycckn napop. c1L poccnckan naunn. 1o pasnme aeun.
pec1an1enLnoc1n, c 1oukn spennn coapeHenno naykn, peno o6c1on1 kak pas
nao6opo1. ycckn napop ec1L. ec1L pycckan naunn kak amcuan qasa pasan1nn
pycckoro napopa. asa, a ko1opo pycckn napop npno6pe1ae1
rocypapc1aoo6pasykuee snauenne. m a a1o qase yxe paano naxopnHcn n paano
sacnyxnaaeH nasaannn naunn. ao1 "poccncko naunn kak pas-1akn ne1.
1o1 aonpoc neo6xopnHo pockonanLno nponcnn1L.
Hnpe yxe 6onee payxco1 ne1 nsaec1nm (npnnn1m n pec1ayk1) pae napannenLnme
konuenunn naunn[4]. c1L 1ak nasmaaeHan qyckn konuenunn, ko1opan
paccHa1pnaae1 naunk kk rxcky c panno c1panm. "aunn kak
rpaxpanckan o6unoc1L; a cyunoc1n - nacenenne. kaxeH, xnayune n
na1ypannsoaannme ao panunn qpankonsmunme apa6m n nerpm cornacno a1o
konuenunn nannk1cn qpanuysaHn, u1o c naue 1oukn spennn, koneuno, oueanpnm
noncenc. ec1L 1ak nasmaaeHan Mkn konuenunn, aocxopnuan k eppepy n
neHeuknH poHan1nkaH. o1opan, onnpancL na npnnunnm "napopnoro pyxa, kynL1ypy n
c cxn, paccHa1pnaae1 naunk kk cmy qy n ac.
241
aH, rpe a1n konuenunn yxe paano na cnyxy, ace snak1, a ueH coc1on1 Hexpy nnHn
pasnnua, ace paano nayunnncL nHn nonLsoaa1Lcn, npnHenn1L. aH a1o ace ne
amsmaae1 ny1annum. pnn nac, k coxanennk, naunonanLnan 1eHa1nka poc1a1ouno
anoae. kpn cnmua1 saon, a rpe on - ne snak1 n uac1o ny1ak1 a1n pae konuenunn,
cHeunaak1 nopxopm n nonn1nn.
apo ncno nonnHa1L, u1o 1a nnn nnan konuenunn npnHennHm 1onLko k pasnmH c1panaH
c pasnmH yknapoH, c pasnmHn 1papnunnHn. panuysckan konuenunn naunn kak
"rpaxpanckoro coo6uec1aa 1opxec1aye1, kpoHe panunn, nanpnHep, a , no a
occnn ona - neaosHoxna. npnnunne, ka1eropnueckn neaosHoxna. Hkk
ccck y. o 1peH ocnoanmH npnunnaH. epeuncnnH nx.
B-x, qpanuysckan konuenunn naunn kak rpaxpanckoro coo6uec1aa -
cMcM c n-nM nM c. x u1o-nn6ypL
opno ns payx. n6o - nn6o. n6o epnnan "poccnckan naunn - no 1orpa, nsannn1e,
nnkaknx 1a1apc1anoa, nky1n, nnryue1n, parec1anoa etc., etc. n6o naunonanLno-
1eppn1opnanLnoe penenne c1panm a 1oH anpe, a kakoH Hm ero nHeeH, qepepa1nanoe
yc1poc1ao - no 1orpa ne "poccnckan, a "pycckan naunn nnkc kopennme napopm n
naunonanLnme HenLunnc1aa. (Henno nopo6noe penenne sakpenneno, k npnHepy, a
onc1n1yunn kpannm.) occnn ceropnn qopHanLno - 21 naunonanLno-
1eppn1opnanLnan epnnnua: paa pecn1ka npesnpen1oa, paa pecn1ka konc1n1yun...
akan yx 1y1 "poccnckan naunn?!
B-x, ec1L qenoHen y . nayunan 1papnunn a occnn roaopn1:
naunn ec1L qasa pasan1nn a1noca. a a1o 1ouke spennn c1on1 Hnorne pok1opa nayk -
1akne, kak, ckaxeH, npoqeccop nc1opnk ..poann (ero pok1opckan pnccep1aunn
1ak n nasmaae1cn - "occnckan naunn. kaamukax. n paccHa1pnaae1 a1o1 1epHnn
kak qenoHen o6uec1aennoro cosnannn, kak npnHep a6eppaunn, n roaopn1 o
poc1a1ouno ero a6cyppnoc1n a naue cn1yaunn). c1L pok1op nayk K.opopa, ec1L
pok1op nayk .osnoa, ec1L n ppyrne... nmHn cnoaaHn - ec1L cnoxnauancn,
npnsnannan a occnn 1papnunn, ko1opan o1aeprae1 konuenunk "poccncko naunn
kak rpaxpanckoro coo6uec1aa.
ornacno 1o konuenunn, ko1opan y1aeppnnacL a occnn n ko1opyk paspennk1 aa1opm
sakona, npe1 noa1annoe pasan1ne a1noca: nneHn, napopnoc1L, napop, naunn. e
acnkn napop n ne a nk6o HoHen1 cnoco6en ocyuec1an1L nocnepnn nepexop.
pnaepy a npnHep anrnnuan n uo1nanpuea. nrnnckn napop cnoxnncn ao apeHena
aonm no n eno pos. mnn po 1oro kenL1m, 6mnn cakcm, 6mnn 6pn11m, 6mnn
nopHanm - ns konx npnHepno a XIV aeke cospae1cn epnnm anrnnckn napop. o1oH
aosnnkae1 anrnnckan naunn, ko1opan cospae1 rocypapc1ao na 1eppn1opnn ace
nrnnn (kypa axopn1 n uo1nanpum, n aannnum n 1.p.), a sa1eH n pn1anckyk
nHnepnk. o1nanpum xe - onn aekaHn aepy1 aony, 6opL6y sa caoe naunonanLnoe
caHoc1onnne. o ycnexoH a1a 6opL6a ne yaenuanacL. aoero rocypapc1aa uo1nanpum
ne cospann. snaun1 - ns qasm napopa, a o1nnune o1 anrnnuan, 1ak n ne amunn,
naune ne c1ann. ( anrnnckoH nsmke a1o paspenenne sakpenneno cnoaax people n
nation.)
occnn - rocypapc1ao pyccknx, kak yxe roaopnnocL, rocypapc1aenno-nonn1nueckan
nnoc1acL pycckoro napopa. Henno pycckne, pacunpnncL na ace ue1mpe c1oponm
cae1a, cospann occnk n nannk1cn ceropnn ee rnaano ckpeno n onopo. noa1oHy -
ec1L pycckan naunn, a poccncko naunn ne1.
B-ux, ec1L, nakoneu, n n. eorpaqnueckn Hm ace "poccnnne - n
nky1, n pycckn, n 1a1apnn, n nnryu. o naunonanLno Hm - ne "poccnnne. axpm
snae1 caoe nac1onuee naunonanLnoe nponcxoxpenne.
242
aH roaopn1, u1o sa rpannue, Hon, ace Hm - "pycckne. Hnorne nnopopum
npnesxak1 n naunnak1 npepc1aann1Lcn 1aH, roaopn-pe: "m pycckne. mpyHmaak1
ce6e cnoxnme, qan1ac1nunme naunonanLnme nanHenoaannn: "pycckn 1a1apnn,
"pycckn eape... oe-koHy ns pyccknx a1o paxe kaxe1cn nec1nmH: kak xe, xo1L n
nnopopum, a ace-1akn npnsnak1 pycckyk unannnsaunonnyk npen1nunoc1L. o a
pec1an1enLnoc1n nnuero xopouero a a1oH ne1, n naH a1oro coaepuenno ne nyxno. o-
nepamx, no1oHy, u1o 1akoe naunonanLnoe caHosaanc1ao ec1L nnu1o nnoe kak
nokyuenne na nauy naunonanLnyk npen1nunoc1L. o-a1opmx, no1oHy u1o no1oH
roaopn1, k npnHepy, o "pyccko Haqnn, a a1a Haqnn popoH c opecckoro pnaosa nnn
aoo6ue c pa1on-nu. oaopn1 o "pyccknx y6nuax, o "pyccknx rpa6n1ennx. na
noaepky amxopn1 - rpysnnm, ueuenum. (pepc1aaL1e, u1o k1o-1o nasaancn 6m 1aH, rpe
aac a nnuo ne snak1, aaunH nHeneH, a aaH npnunocL 6m nocne o1Hmaa1L caok
peny1aunk n onnaunaa1L cue1a caHosaanua!) pkn npnHep: a exnn nepaano 6mn
npouecc, korpa cmna opnoro ouenL amcokonoc1aanennoro unnoannka ns a6appnno-
ankapnn, ka6appnnua, cypnnn sa qnnancoaoe Houennnuec1ao. on na cype kanncn n
roaopnn: n-pe ao1 1ak nnoxo noc1ynnn, no1oHy u1o n pycckan cannLn. o aepL ecnn na
1o nouno, kan1Lcn ponxna 6mna ne "pycckan, a "ka6appnnckan cannLn!.. ak u1o
oc1aanH nHn pycckoe nnuL 1eH, k1o anpaae ero nocn1L. akononpoek1 a1o npaao ue1ko
onpepenne1 n orpannunaae1.
* * *
npepnaraeHoH sakononpoek1e ec1L konkpe1nme c1a1Ln, ko1opme, kak nerko Hoxno
npepanpe1L, amsoay1 aonpocm n aospaxennn. aspa6o1unkn anonne o1paaann ce6e a
a1oH o1ue1. oa1oHy ec1L cHmcn sapanee noncnn1L neko1opme nenpoc1me pnn
nonnHannn nosnunn.
nepayk ouepepL a1o kacae1cn c1a1Ln 1 "ycckan naunn. mue yxe roaopnnocL o
neo6xopnHoc1n ncnonLsoaa1L ncknkun1enLno qopHanLnm kpn1epn npn onpepenennn
n nop1aepxpennn pyccko naunonanLnoc1n. 1ekc1e npoek1a a1a HmcnL ampaxena a
qopHyne "pycckan naunonanLnoc1L nop1aepxpae1cn ee sakpennenneH a pokyHen1ax,
ypoc1oaepnkunx nnunoc1L.
nepykun sa a1o qopHyno 1ekc1 yc1anaannaae1 neo6xopnHoc1L n poc1a1ounoc1L
npnsnannn qak1a npnnapnexnoc1n k pyccko naunn opnoro ns popn1ene nnua,
npe1enpykuero na npnsnanne ce6n pyccknH. ako nopxop nens6exno amsoae1
napekannn c payx npo1naononoxnmx nosnun: kak o1 c1oponnnkoa yc1anoanennn
pycckoc1n no o6enH - o1uoacko n Ha1epnncko - nnnnnH, 1ak n o1 1ex, k1o nonarae1,
u1o npnsnanne nnua pyccknH (kak n nk6o ppyro naunonanLnoc1n) 1pe6ye1 nnuL ero
cy6Lek1nano neqopHanLno caHonpen1nqnkaunn. 1ae1nH specL 1eH n ppyrnH.
1. 1o kacae1cn a1oporo aospaxennn, 1o ace, u1o roaopnnocL o neo6xopnHoc1n
qopHanLnoro nopxopa, 6mno ckasano nHenno no a1oHy noaopy. o6aan1L cnepye1
1onLko opno. nmne pec1aykue onc1n1yunn nHee1cn c1a1Ln 26, ko1opan npnsnae1
sa nk6mH uenoaekoH npaao onpepenn1L n ykasmaa1L caok naunonanLnoc1L. pnako
1e, k1o nonarae1, 6yp1o, aaopn o6nsa1enLnoc1L pokyHen1anLnoro nop1aepxpennn
naunonanLnoc1n, paspa6o1unkn sakona napyuak1 konc1n1yunonnoe 1pe6oaanne, -
oun6ak1cn. nn ny1ak1 cy6Lek1nanoe c o6Lek1nanmH. y6Lek1nano nk6o uenoaek
nHee1 npaao nasaa1L ce6n keH yropno n ykasa1L kakyk yropno naunonanLnoc1L a
kauec1ae caoe. ak am, un1a1enL, anpaae a nk6o HoHen1 n a nk6o nnc1anunn
sanan1L, ckaxeH, u1o am - aqnon nnn kn1aeu (6ypyun npko ampaxennmH
eaponeonpoH), n Hm - okpyxakune - 6ypeH amnyxpenm npnnn1L a1o sananenne 6es
o6Lncnenn. ne 1pe6oaa1L nnkaknx 1oHy pokasa1enLc1a po 1ex nop, noka... am caHn
ne no1pe6ye1e kaknx-nn6o akcknksnanmx npaa, am1ekakunx ns 1akoro
caHoonpepenennn. (anoHnk, u1o nau sakononpoek1 nHenno 1akne npaaa n
243
yc1anaannaae1.) nn noka na aac ne 6ypy1 aosnoxenm nekne akcknksnanme
o6nsannoc1n. oo6ue - po 1oro HoHen1a, noka ne no1pe6ye1cn k
aaue cy6Lek1nanoe Hnenne. yx a a1oH cnyuae nn a pec1aykue onc1n1yunn, nn a
npoek1e, nopro1oanennoH , ne1 nnrpe nn cnoaa o 1oH, u1o oqnunanLnme
nnc1anunn o6nsanm npnnnHa1L na aepy aaun peknapaunn. acnop1nc1ke a Hnnnunn,
apHnnnc1pa1opy 6naro1aopn1enLnoro o6uec1aa, pykoaopc1ay pyccko o6unnm nnn
nno rocypapc1aenno nnn o6uec1aenno oprannsaunn - cnoaoH, nk6oHy, k1o no
ponry cnyx6m onpepenne1 o1nouenne 1o nnn nno nnunoc1n k 1o nnn nno rpynne,
ne sanpeueno (a snaun1 - paspeueno!) coHneaa1Lcn a npnnapnexnoc1n panno
nnunoc1n k panno rpynne n 1pe6oaa1L 1oHy nop1aepxpennn. e npnnyxpa1L k a1oHy -
a1o n anpnHL an1nkonc1n1yunonno! - no n ne npnnnHa1L na aepy sananenne o aaueH
npnpopnoH aqnonc1ae. e xo1n1e - ne pokasmaa1e. o n ne 1pe6y1e a 1akoH cnyuae
nnuero, npnun1akuerocn aqnonaH. eno, 1aknH o6pasoH, 1onLko a 1oH, u1o6m
npepoc1aan1L nnunoc1n k pokasa1L a cnyuae neo6xopnHoc1n caok
npnnapnexnoc1L k pyccko naunn cnoco6oH, kn yxM.
c1L eue opnn acnek1 sa1pony1o npo6neHm. ypyun, ponyc1nH, 6enokoxnH
rony6ornasmH 6nonpnnoH n npn a1oH peHonc1pa1nano nasmaancL aqnonoH, am
nanocn1e a1nH HopanLnm ypon nac1onunH, ypoxpennmH aqnonaH, n6o kocaennmH
o6pasoH c1aan1e nop coHnenne nx co6c1aennyk naunonanLnyk n pacoayk
npen1nunoc1L: ecnn aqnonm - 1akne, kak am, 1o k1o xe 1orpa onn? aHosaanum? ak
Houennnk, sa1ecaauncL a o6uec1ao nopnpounmx nkpe, a no1oH "sacmnaauncL na
rpnsnoH pene, nanocn1 a1oHy o6uec1ay HopanLnm ypon, c1aan nop coHnenne
nopnpounoc1L oc1anLnmx, nosaonnn npepnonara1L, u1o ace onn - opnoro nonn nropa.
akon ne Hoxe1 n ne ponxen aHeunaa1Lcn ao any1pennkk yHc1aennyk n pyueanyk
xnsnL uenoaeka, no ero npnHoe nasnauenLe - orpaxpa1L o6uec1ao o1 yHc1aennmx n
pyueanmx a6eppaun o1penLnmx nnunoc1e.
aknH o6pasoH, npepc1aanne1cn pokasannmH, u1o pokyHen1anLnoe nop1aepxpenne
npe1ensn uenoaeka na 1y nnn nnyk naunonanLnoc1L ec1L ycnoane sine qua non.
2. eo6xopnHo o6ocnoaa1L poc1a1ounoc1L yc1anoanennn pycckoc1n no opno
popn1enLcko nnnnn. pecL ec1L neckonLko coo6paxenn.
B-x, coHnennn a a1o poc1a1ounoc1n amsaanm, kak npaanno, c1paxoH
pasHmaannn naunx naunonanLnmx rpannu, c1paxoH y1pa1m naunonanLnoro nppa n, kak
cnepc1ane, - pyccko naunonanLno npen1nunoc1n. oa1oHy napo 1aeppo sanan1L: a1n
c1paxn a nac ycnnenno noppepxnaak1cn n pasanaak1cn nepo6pocoaec1nmHn
nponaranpnc1cknHn yc1anoakaHn pnpa cpepc1a Haccoao nnqopHaunn. 1o ne noHnn1,
nanpnHep, o1kpm1oe nncLHo nLunny eapecknx 6anknpoa a 1996 ropy, rpe aa1opm
yaepnnn nac, u1o-pe nonoanna pe1e a c1pane nponcxopn1 o1 cHeuannmx 6pakoa! 1n
yaepennn - ne u1o nnoe, kak 6eccoaec1noe apanLe, nponaranpnc1ckn 1pkk. a caHoH
pene, kak a1o nokasann nccnepoaannn akapeHnka .. nekceeaa (poncxoxpenne
napopoa oc1ouno aponm. - ., 1969), pycckne - a1o roHorennan, 1o ec1L a amcoko
c1enenn naunonanLno opnopopnan naunn. pasroaopm o 1oH, u1o-pe "unc1mx pyccknx
ne1, u1o Hm - "cHeuannan naunn (uy1L nn ne no o6pasuy "aHepnkancko naunn) -
a1o npoc1o noknen, nepo6pocoaec1nm n snoapepnm Hnq, ne nHekun nop co6o
nayunmx ocnoaann.
1kypa xe asnnacL a1a kaasn-npo6neHa? 1ae1 pae1 c1a1nc1nka. eno a 1oH, u1o a
cpepe eapeckoro a1noca a occnn pec1an1enLno ouenL amcok npouen1 cHeuannmx
6pakoa (56-58%). Y - n anpnHL nonoanna pe1e poxpae1cn nonykpoakaHn. nac
xe a1o1 npouen1 ne npeamuae1 14-16%, pa n 1o ckpa aknkuenm pyccko-ykpannckne n
pyccko-6enopycckne 6pakn, u1o c naue 1oukn spennn nayuno nekoppek1no, nockonLky
peuL npe1 a nopo6nmx cnyuanx o cHeuennn ne pasnmx a1nocoa, a pasnmx cy6a1nocoa
oporo a1noca. o ec1L, HnnnHyH a 85 cnyuanx ns 100 pe6enok, nHekun opnoro
244
pycckoro popn1enn, nHee1 n a1oporo 1o xe naunonanLnoc1n. ak u1o ne cnepye1 naH
nepeaopn1L eapeckne koHnnekcm n onacennn na ce6n. Hec1no 1y1 acnoHnn1L qpasy
onc1oro o oc1oeackoH: "n pyHae1, u1o ecnn caH 6onen, 1ak n aecL Hnp 6onen...
B-x, nockonLky a aeke a naue c1pane pec1an1enLno aosnnkna
o1nocn1enLno unpokan npocnoka nkpe cHeuanno kpoan (paxe 15% - a1o neHano),
1eope1nueckn napenennmx o1 poxpennn paono nnn paxe 6onee, ueH paono,
naunonanLno npen1nunoc1Lk, neo6xopnHo cpena1L nonn1nueckne amaopm ns a1oro
qak1a. apo, c opno c1oponm, ncxopn1L ns 1pe6oaann HoHen1a, a c ppyro -
paccun1maa1L anepep na c1one1nn.
m, pycckne, ne sann1epecoaanm a 1oH, u1o6m snaun1enLnan uac1L napopa occnn ne
Horna o1nec1n ce6n k naue naunn. anpo1na, nau nn1epec a 1oH, u1o6m naua
roHorennoc1L coxpannnacL n ycnnnaanacL sa cue1 pyccko caHonpen1nqnkaunn nkpe,
paxe ne c1onpouen1no pyccknx, 1ak, u1o6m HakcnHanLnan uac1L nacenennn occnn
c1ana pyccko a 6nnsko nepcnek1nae. oa1oHy ceropnn ne cnepye1 6m1L cnnukoH
c1pornH a o16ope npe1enpen1oa na pycckoc1L, ne cnepye1 o1ceka1L o1 ce6n 1ex, k1o,
nHen nnuL opnoro pycckoro popn1enn, xenae1 onpepenn1L ce6n kak pycckoro. xe a
cnepykueH nokonennn Hm, 1aknH o6pasoH, cyuec1aenno cokpa1nH konnuec1ao
nopo6nmx "npo6neHnmx pyccknx, a uepes nokonenne, aosHoxno, cnnHeH n caHy
npo6neHy, u1o nosaonn1 anoaL noc1aan1L aonpoc o 6onee c1poroH kpn1epnanLnoH
nopxope. o nockonLky nHenno ceuac nepep pyccko naune oc1po c1on1, na nau
asrnnp, sapaua accnHnnnpoaa1L a occnn acex, koro aosHoxno, Hm ponxnm oc1aan1L
He1ncaH sakonnoe npaao na am6op n o6pe1enne nonnouenno pyccko npen1nunoc1n.
oueuL 6m1L pyccknH - 6ypL nH! e sa6maan npn a1oH, u1o pycckan kpoaL n nno1L -
a1o neo6xopnHan ocnoaa pnn ne Henee neo6xopnHoro pyxoanoro, kynL1ypnoro,
unannnsaunonnoro nanonnennn. o a1o yxe - 1eHa ppyroro pasroaopa. apaun,
cansannme c pyxoanmHn npoueccaHn, amxopn1 sa paHkn paccHa1pnaaeHoro
sakononpoek1a n specL ne o6cyxpak1cn.
3. e1 npaann 6es ncknkuenn. naueH sakononpoek1e 1aknH ncknkuenneH c1ann
nkpn, naunonanLnoc1L opnoro ns popn1ene ko1opmx ncknkuae1 pnn pe6enka paonyk
npen1nunoc1L. anpnHep, nkpn, nHekune Ha1L eapecko naunonanLnoc1n. ce,
ckasannoe a npepmpyueH nynk1e, ne nHee1 k nnH o1nouennn.
oueHy? oueHy pe6enok, nHekun pycckyk Ha1L n o1ua-eapen, Hoxe1 6m1L
kpnpnueckn npnsnan pyccknH, a nHekun pycckoro o1ua n Ha1L-eapeky - ne1? e
npncy1c1aye1 nn specL pnckpnHnnaunn rpaxpan occnn no naunonanLnoHy npnsnaky?
eun1enLno: ne1. 6Lncnk, noueHy.
B-x, nockonLky 6m1L pyccknH - ne npnannernn, a ckopee nenerkan
noannnoc1L, noc1onLky ne Hoxe1 np1n peun n o pnckpnHnnaunn. m nnuero nn y koro
ne o1nnHaeH "cnapkoro.
B-x, nHenno 1o1 qak1, u1o sakononpoek1 a npnnunne nosaonne1 npnsna1L
pyccknH pe6enka, y ko1oporo opnn ns popn1ene - eape, yxe ykasmaae1 na 1o, u1o a
neH ncknkuena pnckpnHnnaunn no naunonanLnoHy npnsnaky.
B-ux, a o1nnune o1 nk6mx ppyrnx He1ncoa, pe1n, poxpennme eapeko o1
Hyxunnm nk6o naunonanLnoc1n, ne nHek1 paono naunonanLno npen1nunoc1n,
onn ne nannk1cn "nonykpoakaHn n, coo1ae1c1aenno, nnuenm aosHoxnoc1n am6npa1L
caok naunk. 6o y nnx o1 poxpennn yxe ec1L opna anonne onpepenennan
npen1nunoc1L: eapeckan. Tk k, ycnn ar -
nk r. cnn poxpennme eapeko pe1n sa6ypy1 o6 a1oH, 1o nx conneHennnkn nH
pano nnn nospno nanoHnn1.
245
e Hm npnpyHann 1akne npaanna nrpm. apen caHn noxenann amknkun1L, amunenn1L,
ampenn1L ce6n nopo6nmH o6pasoH ns oc1anLnoro uenoaeuec1aa. akoaa yx a1a
caoeo6pasnan naunn, ko1opan roaopn1 o ce6e cnoaaHn caoe canuenno opm: "o1
napop, ko1opm xnae1 o1penLno n cpepn napopoa ne uncnn1cn. axe popc1aennme nH
ceHn1m-apa6m aepy1 cao pop no o1uy; no 1onLko eapen - no Ha1epn. oxpennm
eapeko n Horyun a1o nop1aeppn1L - anpnopn nanne1cn rpaxpannnoH spannn
(c1on1 1onLko noxena1L oqopHn1L rpaxpanc1ao), on Hoxe1 6m1L noxoponen na
eapeckoH knap6nue, ac1ynn1L a eapeckn 6pak n 1.p., a 1o apeHn kak na eapeea no
o1uy a1n npnannernn ne pacnpoc1pannk1cn. a pannm cue1 cyuec1aye1 o6unpnan
nn1epa1ypa.
oa1oHy, aaopn a sakononpoek1 nonoxenne: "e Hory1 6m1L npnsnanm pyccknHn nnua,
nHekune opnoro pycckoro popn1enn, no npn a1oH ne Horyune nHe1L paonyk
naunonanLnyk npen1nunoc1L a cnny naunonanLnoro nponcxoxpennn a1oporo ns
popn1ene cornacno sakonaH, yc1anoanennnH n 1papnunnH naunn a1oro popn1enn, -
Hm nnuL nokasmaaeH a1nH, u1o snaeH sakonm, yc1anoanennn n 1papnunn, nanpnHep,
eapeckoro napopa n ro1oam nx yaaxa1L n c nnHn cun1a1Lcn. nk1o ne ponxen
o6annn1L nac a 1oH, u1o Hm cnoco6nm sannca1L a pycckne - npnpopnoro
nonnonpaanoro npepc1aan1enn eapecko naunn. aH ne nyxnm ynpekn a
nacnnLc1aenno pycnqnkaunn eapeea. 1akne ynpekn nens6exno nocmnn1cn na nac,
ecnn Hm npnHeH pannm sakon, ne aknkuna a nero un1npoaannoe amue orpannuenne.
Q. 1a1Ln 4 sakononpoek1a nasmaae1cn "ycckan pnacnopa. neko1opmx
amsmaae1 nepoyHenne 1epHnn "pnacnopa, npnHenneHm k pyccknH, okasaaunHcn sa
npepenaHn coapeHennmx rpannu occnn. oueHy-1o pnp pecnonpen1oa aoo6pasnn, u1o
a1o cnoao kak 6m sakpenneno nnuL sa eapecko pnacnopo n 1onLko c ne
accounnpye1cn. e c1onno 6m roaopn1L o6 a1oH nanoH sa6nyxpennn, ecnn 6m ono ne
6mno poaonLno pacnpoc1panennmH.
"noaapL nnoc1pannmx cnoa (., ycckn nsmk, 1980) 1pak1ye1 a1o1 1epHnn anonne
opnosnauno: "nacnopa (rp.: paccennne) - npe6maanne snaun1enLno uac1n napopa
(a1nnuecko o6unoc1n) ane c1panm ero nponcxoxpennn. opo1ko n ncno.
nn1epa1ype npnnn1o yno1pe6nn1L a1o cnoao a o1nouennn caHmx pasnmx
naunonanLnoc1e: roaopn1 o6 apHnncko pnacnope, o umrancko pnacnope, o
kn1acko pnacnope n 1.p. nncok napopoa, pnacnopa ko1opmx ceropnn o6cyxpae1cn,
ace pac1e1. epaano na kpanne npnnn1a rocypapc1aennan nporpaHHa a o1nouennn
ykpannuea, npoxnaakunx no aceHy cae1y, nop oqnunanLnmH nasaanneH "kpannckan
pnacnopa po 2000 ropa.
nkaknx ocnoaann pnn 1oro, u1o6m ncknkun1L pyccknx ns uncna napopoa, nHekunx
npaao na npnsnanne co6c1aenno pnacnopm n sa6o1y o ne, ne cyuec1aye1.
H. 1a1Ln 6 sakononpoek1a npepnarae1 aaepenne "nanora connpapnoc1n co
acex peecnoco6nmx rpaxpan occnn a nonLsy pyccknx pena1pnan1oa. mckasmaak1cn
coHnennn a 1oH, u1o a1a npen 6ype1 noppepxana HanmHn napopaHn n naunonanLnmHn
HenLunnc1aaHn, nacennkunHn, napnpy c pyccknHn, occnk.
nepye1 o1He1n1L, ao-nepamx, u1o pycckne, caHn 6ypyun penpeccnpoaannmH napopoH,
onnaunaann n npoponxak1 onnaunaa1L, 1eH ne Henee, aosapauenne n pec1n1yunk
co6c1aennoc1n 1aknx napopoa, kak ueuenum n nnryun, 6ankapum n kpmHckne 1a1apm,
non1nckne rpekn, 6onrapm n apHnne n 1.p. (xo1n Hm kak naunn nn a ueH nepep nnHn
ne annoaa1m), a 1akxe npnnnnn na ce6n pacxopm no o6yc1poc1ay Hecxe1nncknx
1ypok, cnacunxcn a occnn o1 renounpa n 1.p. o-a1opmx, nenLsn sa6maa1L o 1oH, u1o
snaun1enLnan uac1L naunonanLnmx pernonoa aoo6ue xnae1 sa cue1 po1aun ns
poccnckoro 6kpxe1a, a nan6onLue c1enenn nanonnneHoro 1pypoH pyccknx. (ak,
246
nanpnHep, 6kpxe1 pecny6nnkn arec1an po1aunonen 6onee ueH na 90 %.) pnnnuno
nn nH o6 a1oH sa6maa1L n nna1n1L naH ne6naropapnoc1Lk?
sna ace ckasannoe a coo6paxenne, pyHak, u1o pycckne peny1a1m ocypapc1aenno
yHm n unenm oae1a epepaunn c nerko pyuo n unc1o coaec1Lk Hory1 ronocoaa1L
sa nau sakononpoek1, paxe ecnn k1o-1o ns nx nepyccknx konner okaxe1cn npo1na.
* * *
saknkuenne - neckonLko cnoa o caHo aaxno npo6neHe.
eropnn n cpepn napopa, n cpepn npepc1aan1ene anac1nmx c1pyk1yp eue ouenL Hnoro
1aknx nkpe, ko1opmH ouenL xoue1cn aocc1anoan1L nx y1pauennyk popnny -
oae1ckn oks. ecHo1pn nn na u1o. H kaxe1cn, u1o pacnap Horyue c1panm - ec1L
pesynL1a1 apaxecknx nponckoa n npepa1enLc1aa "nn1o kononnm. nn ne xo1n1
ncka1L, ne xo1n1 anpe1L nnkaknx o6Lek1nanmx npnunn pacnapa. H 6onLno 6mno 6m
sannHa1Lcn nonckoH 1aknx npnunn. o1oHy u1o pesynL1a1 npepa1enLc1aa Hoxno
ncnpaan1L aepnmH cnyxenneH eue npn caoe xnsnn, a pesynL1a1m
Hakponc1opnuecknx npoueccoa - Hennk1cn pecn1nne1nnHn n aekaHn.
nn 1aknx nkpe na nepaoH Hec1e c1on1 aonpocm aocc1anoanennn epnno
rocypapc1aennoc1n n epnno 1eppn1opnn. nn ne xo1n1 sna1L npoc1o nc1nnm: naunn
nepanuna, rocypapc1ao n 1eppn1opnn - a1opnunm. cnn ec1L spopoaan, nonnokpoanan
naunn - 6ype1 n cnnLnoe rocypapc1ao. e1 1akoao naunn - rocypapc1aa nnueH ne
cnac1n. cnn rocypapc1aennoc1L ne coo1ae1c1aye1 naunonanLno cn1yaunn, ona
o6peuena.
pnHenn1enLno k naue xnsnn a1o osnauae1: ecnn Hm xo1nH anpe1L occnk epnno,
aennko n Horyue - naua rnaanan sa6o1a ponxna 6m1L o epnnc1ae, aennunn (a 1oH
uncne o6nsa1enLno - konnuec1aennoH!) n Horyuec1ae pyccko naunn. a1oH - ocnoaa
ocnoa. pecL neponyc1nHm nn ny1annua nonn1n, nn o1c1ynnenne o1 npnnunnoa, nn
nopHena npnopn1e1oa.
eH xe, k1o aocnn1an a nonn1nnx "coae1ckoro napopa, k1o nm1ae1cn
1pancqopHnpoaa1L a1n nonn1nn a "poccnckyk naunk, napo npeoponeaa1L apxansH n
nenocnepoaa1enLnoc1L caoero Hmunennn.
occnn - ne . ycckne - ne "poccnnne.
1o - naacerpa.
H H u nn
.
(n)
" 3QEREHHM HRXEHHH YKH HHH"
247
cxopn ns rocypapc1aoo6pasykue ponn pyccko naunn a occncko epepaunn,
o6ecneunaue aosnnknoaenne n pasan1ne nc1opnuecko occnn kak aennkoro,
nesaancnHoro n caHo6m1noro rocypapc1aa,
npnsnaaan o6uenpnsnannme nopHm n npnnunnm Hexpynapopnoro npaaa,
rapan1npykune paanonpaane n caHoonpepenenne napopoa n naun n
1eppn1opnanLnyk uenoc1noc1L rocypapc1a,
c1peHncL o6ecneun1L co6nkpenne nesm6neHmx npaa n cao6op uenoaeka n poc1nuL
epnnc1aa pyccko naunn,
nac1onun sakon nHee1 uenLk cnoco6c1aoaa1L yperynnpoaannk aonpocoa, cansannmx
c paspenennmH nonoxenneH pyccko naunn, amsaannmH npekpauenneH
cyuec1aoaannn oksa .
1.
yccko naune npnsnae1cn epnnan coaokynnoc1L nkpe, nHekunx pycckyk
naunonanLnoc1L.
ycckan naunonanLnoc1L, nop1aepxpae1cn ee sakpennenneH a pokyHen1ax,
ypoc1oaepnkunx nnunoc1L. n6o, ecnn nnuo nanne1cn necoaepuennone1nnH, a
pokyHen1ax, ypoc1oaepnkunx nnunoc1L opnoro ns popn1ene. n6o na ocnoaannn
sananennn nnua, anapekuero pyccknH nsmkoH n nHekuero ne Henee opnoro
pokyHen1anLno nop1aepxpennoro pycckoro npepka ao a1opoH konene, o caoe
naunonanLnoc1n, ko1opoe coaepuae1cn a yc1anoanennoH qepepanLnmH sakonoH
nopnpke.
paao na npnsnanne ce6n pyccknHn nHek1 1akxe nnua pycckoro nponcxoxpennn,
ko1opme caHn nnn nx npepkn po 1pe1Lero konena nopaeprnncL nacnnLc1aenno
penaunonannsaunn a pesynL1a1e naunonanLnmx konqnnk1oa nnn rocypapc1aenno
nonn1nkn occnn n a 1917-1991 rr. n sa npepenaHn occnn c 1991 r.
e Hory1 6m1L npnsnanm pyccknHn nnua, nHekune opnoro pycckoro popn1enn, no npn
a1oH ne Horyune nHe1L paonyk naunonanLnyk npen1nunoc1L a cnny naunonanLnoro
nponcxoxpennn a1oporo ns popn1ene cornacno sakonaH, yc1anoanennnH n 1papnunnH
naunn a1oro popn1enn.
ycckyk naunk coc1aannk1 pycckne, nannkunecn rpaxpanaHn occncko epepaunn
n pycckne, ne nannkunecn rpaxpanaHn occncko epepaunn, noc1onnno nnn
apeHenno npoxnaakune sa rpannue, kak nHekune nnoc1pannoe rpaxpanc1ao, 1ak n
nnua 6es rpaxpanc1aa.
2. nx
ac1onunH sakonoH konc1a1npye1cn paspenennoe nonoxenne pyccko naunn,
cnoxnaueecn a pesynL1a1e npekpauennn cyuec1aoaannn oksa aonpekn aone
nacennkunx ero napopoa n naun, ampaxenno na peqepenpyHe 1991 r.
aspenennoe nonoxenne pyccko naunn ampaxeno a nannunn a6nnsn rpannu occnn
son nc1opnueckoro koHnak1noro npoxnaannn pyccknx.
248
aspenennan pycckan naunn nHee1 npaao na aoccoepnnenne.
3. n n nvm

occnn ocyuec1anne1 nonn1nky, nanpaanennyk na poc1nxenne epnnc1aa pyccko

naunn HnpnmHn cpepc1aaHn na ocnoaannn o6uenpnsnannmx nopH n npnnunnoa
Hexpynapopnoro npaaa.
ocypapc1aennan nonn1nka no poc1nxennk epnnc1aa pyccko naunn ocnoamaae1cn na
npnsnannn n amnonnennn cnepykunx npnnunnoa:
1) naunonanLnoro cyaepenn1e1a n npaaocy6Lek1noc1n pyccko naunn - koHnnekca
neo1LeHneHmx npaa, ko1opme o6ecneunaak1 cyuec1aoaanne pyccko naunn n
coxpanenne ee caHo6m1noc1n, cospak1 6naronpnn1nme ycnoann pnn ee nporpeccnanoro
pasan1nn;
2) c1peHnennn k poc1nxennk epnnc1aa pyccko naunn a paHkax opnoro rocypapc1aa -
occnn;
3) npnsnannn npaaa na cao6opnoe caHoonpepenenne sa pyccknHn a Hec1ax nx
koHnak1noro nc1opnueckoro npoxnaannn na 1eppn1opnn nnoc1pannmx rocypapc1a;
4) rocypapc1aenno noppepxkn panxenn sa 1akoe caHoonpepenenne;
5) npnopn1e1noc1n saun1m npaa n sakonnmx nn1epecoa pyccko naunn, neponyuennn
kako-nn6o pnckpnHnnaunn pyccknx no naunonanLnoHy npnsnaky;
6) rocypapc1aenno noppepxkn naunonanLno-kynL1ypno caHo6m1noc1n pyccko
naunn, cnoco6c1aoaannn o6pasoaannk pyccknx naunonanLno-kynL1ypnmx aa1onoHn,
seHnnuec1a n accounaun pyccknx coo1euec1aennnkoa sa py6exoH;
6) cospannn neo6xopnHmx ycnoan pnn po6poaonLno pena1pnaunn a occnk ns Hec1
paccennnoro npoxnaannn pyccknx, unenoa nx ceHe n 6nnxaunx popc1aennnkoa n
o6ecneuennn nx nn1erpaunn a poccnckoe o6uec1ao.
4. n
yccko pnacnopo npnsnak1cn ace pycckne, npoxnaakune sa npepenaHn occncko
epepaunn na noc1onnno ocnoae.
ycckan pnacnopa nHee1 npaao na npepc1aan1enLc1ao a ocypapc1aenno yHe
epepanLnoro o6pannn occncko epepaunn. cnoann n nopnpok 1akoro
npepc1aan1enLc1aa onpepennk1cn na ocnoaannn qepepanLnoro sakona.
5. x x, n nxmx x
ycckne, noc1onnno npoxnaakune sa py6exoH, npnsnak1cn rpaxpanaHn occncko
epepaunn a nopnpke pernc1paunn a coo1ae1c1aykunx koncynLcknx n
249
pnnnoHa1nuecknx yupexpennnx occncko epepaunn, sa ncknkuenneH nnu,
po6poaonLno o1kasaaunxcn o1 rpaxpanc1aa n occncko epepaunn.
occnckan epepaunn ao asanHoo1nouennnx c nnoc1pannmHn rocypapc1aaHn, na
1eppn1opnn ko1opmx naxopn1cn pycckan pnacnopa, c1peHn1cn k saknkuennk
Hexpynapopnmx poroaopoa o aosHoxnoc1n npepoc1aanennn unenaH pyccko pnacnopm
paonoro rpaxpanc1aa.
6. 4-sv nv n x
m
uennx cospannn neo6xopnHmx ycnoan pnn po6poaonLno pena1pnaunn a occnk ns
Hec1 paccennnoro npoxnaannn pyccknx, unenoa nx ceHe n 6nnxaunx popc1aennnkoa
ampenn1L a qepepanLnoH 6kpxe1e o1penLno c1poko pacxopoa cpepc1aa na
ocyuec1anenne pena1pnaunonno nonn1nkn, neo6xopnHmx pnn o6yc1poc1aa pyccknx,
aosapauakunxcn na caok nc1opnueckyk popnny. nn a1oro aaec1n c 1 nnaapn 1999
ropa qepepanLnm nanor connpapnoc1n co acex peecnoco6nmx rpaxpan occncko
epepaunn a pasHepe 1% o1 nx ropoaoro poxopa.
7. Hm n x, n nxmx x
cnyuae cosna1enLnoro, Haccoaoro n neopnokpa1noro napyuennn npaa pyccknx,
naxopnunxcn sa py6exoH, nannkuerocn cnepc1aneH rocypapc1aenno nonn1nkn
nnoc1pannmx rocypapc1a, paan1enLc1ao occncko epepaunn o6nsano no
npepc1aanennk nonnoHouennoro no npaaaH uenoaeka occncko epepaunn
npnnn1L ace neo6xopnHme Hepm, nanpaanennme na neponyuenne napyuennn npaa
pyccko naunn.
nonnoHouennm no npaaaH uenoaeka occncko epepaunn o6nsan noc1onnno
kon1ponnpoaa1L nonoxenne pen n axopn1L c coo1ae1c1aykunHn npepc1aanennnHn a
paan1enLc1ao occncko epepaunn a osnauennmx amue cnyuanx.
8. 3mv nx
ac1onun sakon ac1ynae1 a cnny c HoHen1a ero oqnunanLnoro ony6nnkoaannn.
pesnpen1 n paan1enLc1ao occncko epepaunn a 1pexHecnunm cpok nocne
ac1ynnennn nac1onuero sakona a cnny npnaopn1 a coo1ae1c1ane c nnH nspannme
ncnonnn1enLno anac1Lk nopHa1nanme npaaoame ak1m.
paan1enLc1ao occncko epepaunn a uec1nHecnunm cpok npnnnHae1
nopHa1nanme npaaoame ak1m, o6ecneunaakune peannsaunk nac1onuero sakona.
epepanLnoe o6panne occncko epepaunn a uec1nHecnunm cpok ro1oan1 n
npnnnHae1 coo1ae1c1aykune sakonm, o6ecneunaakune peannsaunk nac1onuero
sakona.
Hun NN8-9 (46-47) 2001 .
250
[1] 1ckpa n na napy c1pannu anepep noa1opne1cn c ne6onLunHn aapnaunnHn
qparHen1 1ekc1a ns pa6o1m 1orn aeka pnn occnn. akxe ec1L neckonLko
c1pannu noa1opa n a nocnepykue rnaae. oa1openne - Ha1L yuennn.
[2] pnaepeH specL nnuL ccmnky na Hnenne aceHnpno nsaec1no npaaosaun1no
oprannsaunn Freedom House, pasHeuennyk na ee ca1e a n1epne1e. 1. epam
a6sau rnaam " AN TNICIT": "ust as tere are important regional
ariations in asic reeoms an political sstems, tere are also notewort istinctions
etween monoetnic an multietnic countries wit regar to reeom an emocrac.
Inee, emocrac is as a rule signiicantl more successul in monoetnic societies (i.e.,
societies in wic tere is a single ominant maorit etnic group representing oer two-
tirs te population) tan in etnicall iie an multietnic societies"
(http://www.freedomhouse.org/research/freeworld/2001/essay1i.htm); 2. epam
a6sau rnaam "TNICIT AN NATINAIS": "Te reeom ouse ata also suggest
tat countries witout a preominant etnic maorit are less successul in estalising
open an emocratic societies tan etnicall omogeneous countries. or te purposes
o making tis comparison, we eine countries in wic oer two-tirs o te population
elong to a single etnic group as mono-etnic, an tose witout suc a two-tirs
maorit as multietnic" (http://www.freedomhouse.org/survey99/essays/karat.html).
o6onx a6sauax npnHo y1aepxpae1cn, u1o HononaunonanLnmH nanne1cn o6uec1ao, a
ko1opoH 6onee 2/3 nacenennn npnnapnexa1 k opno naunn. C u n,
x 80%, nnn u ,
x nx m.
[3] nsnL ne c1on1 na Hec1e, n apeHn ne xpe1. a 2002-2004 rr. 6mnn o6napopoaanm
paa npoek1nmx pyccknx ka1exnsnca (aapnan1 nxaueaa-eaac1Lnnoaa n aapnan1
ren1c1aa pyccko nnqopHaunn), a aa1op pannmx c1pok pa6o1ae1 nap pa1knH
kypcoH pycckoro naunonannsHa.
[4] 6e a1n konuenunn pe1anLno paso6panm a c1a1Le: .opo1eeaa. yuec1ayk1 nn
o6uenpnsnannme nc1nnm o naunonannsHe? - anLHanaxe: Pro et contra. . 2. N 3.
e1o 1997. - . 185-203.
HHHRH3M HH HRH3M
1o ec1L nau nocnepnn
peun1enLnm 6o,
"n1epnaunonanoH
ocnpnne1 pop nkpcko.
Cn rM, c n nnmr
cnc c Mc, kM
cnc cM cn knn
, korpa ace pycckoe o6uec1ao, 6onesnenno pas6yxennoe nepec1poko,
rpesn1 noamHn nnanaHn naunonanLno-rocypapc1aennoro yc1poc1aa, pesko
ak1yannsnpoaanncL 1eope1nueckne npo6neHm o6uec1aoaepennn. nepayk ouepepL,
a1o kacae1cn npo6neH, cansannmx c
aoo6ue n nacenennn o1penLnmx c1pan a uac1noc1n. nHenno, c nx penenneH na:
251
) ,
) .
aunonanLnan n counanLnan kooppnna1m nk6oro uenoaeka n nk6oro o6uec1aa - ec1L
n u, nmn x
mx u. Henno coue1anne n
nponopunn a1nx yc1anoaok onpepennk1, rnaanmH o6pasoH, Haccoayk npeonornk,
ko1opan pano nnn nospno caHa naunnae1 onpepenn1L ace o6uec1aennoe yc1poc1ao
1o nnn nno c1panm.
ce nc1opnueckne qopHm rocypapc1aennoro yc1poc1aa - ec1L nnuL spnHan o6onouka,
oqopHnnkuan rocnopc1aykuyk npeonornk, sakpennnkuan onpepenennme
counanLnme n naunonanLnme o1nouennn.
enpepasn1m asrnnp na counanLno-nc1opnueckne peannn naunx pne nosaonne1
konc1a1npoaa1L npnnunnnanLnme nsHenennn a knaccoao n naunonanLno c1pyk1ype
occnn naunx pne no cpaanennk c occne 1913 r. n oae1cknH oksoH 1950-1970-x
rr. XXI mu ,
x XX -
.
sHenenne cansano, -nx, c npeapauenneH nn1ennnrenunn a knacc, ampocun
sa pannm nepnop 6onee, ueH a 10 pas (c 2,7 po 30% sann1oro nacenennn), n
ao6paauero a ce6n ace nyuuee, ace nan6onee 1anan1nnaoe n xnsnecnoco6noe, u1o
6mno a pa6oue-kpec1Lnncko Hacce. 1o cansano, -x, co c1peHn1enLnmH
cokpauenneH nacenennn, sann1oro a cenLckoH xosnc1ae (c 86% po 12%). 1o
cansano, -x, c ncuesnoaenneH npone1apna1a kak 1akoaoro, paccnonauerocn na
nonn1nueckn ynpaanneHm pa6oun knacc n nkHnenoa. akoneu, -vx, a1o
cansano c npeapauenneH occnn a HononaunonanLnyk c1pany, rpe npnHepno 85% a
coc1aae nacenennn sannHak1 co6c1aenno pycckne n napopm o6uepycckoro kopnn.
C , x x ,
n x, , ""
, nn m . O n,
"x", - .
Hexpy 1eH Hm anpnH, u1o a naueH o6uec1ae noaceHec1no penak1cn nonm1kn
peannHnpoaa1L apxanueckne npeonornn, 1o a anpe "npaaocnaann-caHopepxaann-
napopnoc1n, 1o a anpe npoc1oro "counannsHa n "koHHynnsHa, 1o a anpe "naunonan-
counannsHa. kpn, nponaranpnpykune a 1oH nnn nnoH anpe naunonan-counannsH
(.. apkauea, .. nHonoa-aaenko n Hn. pp.), necoHnenno, o1nocn1cn k
npeonornueckoHy aaanrappy, ecnn cpaannaa1L nx c "npaaocnaanmHn Honapxnc1aHn n
"nn1epnaunonan-counannc1aHn (n koHHynnc1aHn), uLk nonn1nueckyk y6oroc1L n
nc1opnueckyk o6peuennoc1L onn npeoponenn. onLue 1oro: onn nonnnn 1akxe ack
ak1yanLnoc1L, nens6exnoc1L n nporpeccnanoc1L naunonannsHa a noamx poccncknx
ycnoannx, ueH n sacnyxnnn onpepenennm nn1epec n poaepne nkpe k co6c1aennmH
nepconaH. Hec1e c 1eH, caHn onn c1onL xe apxanunm n nonn1nueckn sauopenm (a
snaun1, o6peuenm na nopaxenne), ecnn cpaann1L nx aosspennn c nopnnnno
aaanrappno naunonanLno npeonorne. 6o counonornueckn ananns poccnckoro
o6uec1aa opnosnauno nokasmaae1: nHenno a occnn n nHenno ceropnn nk6o
counannsH, a 1oH uncne n naunonan-counannsH, ec1L nnuL 6ecnepcnek1nanan,
6ecnouaennan, o6pauennan a npounoe y1onnn.
nacnoc1L nnnksn, nopoxpaeHmx nponaranpnc1aHn "naunonan-counannsHa, a 1oH,
u1o ocyuec1anenne noxno noc1aanenno sapaun Hoxe1 saaepun1Lcn 1onLko
252
ouepepno naunonanLno ka1ac1poqo. enL nac1onue c1a1Ln - pasLncnn1L
noxnoc1L n nenpnHennHoc1L naunonan-counannc1nuecknx yc1anoaok a coapeHenno
occnn.
on 1ouka spennn ne ec1L npoc1o 6ecnpnc1pac1noe Hnenne uac1noro nnua, ona ne
"6ecnap1nna, ne anenonoxna oc1po npeonornuecko 6opL6e, pasaepnyauecn a
ceropnnune occnn. na o6ycnoanena npeonorne coapeHennoro nn1erpanLnoro
naunonannsHa, ocnoanme noc1yna1m ko1oporo un1a1enL nape1 a coo1ae1c1aykue
nn1epa1ype[1].
1.
acero n xo1en 6m nanoHnn1L un1a1enk o 1oH, kakoa ec1L rnaanm apar pnn
nk6oro naunonannc1a.
naanm apar naunonannc1a - a1o ne naunonannsH 6nnxauero nnn o1panennoro
napopa, k npnHepy, ykpannckoro nnn neHeukoro, - a , a kakoH 6m
o6nnuLe on nn amc1ynan.
asnncn o6 a1oH nanoHnn1L no1oHy, u1o, k coxanennk,
- n , m
, xn x, rny6oko cansannmH Hexpy co6ok.
Henno noa1oHy a occnn, kak ceuac 6ype1 nokasano, n 1eopnn counannsHa, n ero
npak1nka po nepaannx nop acerpa 6mnn naHep1ao cansanm c nn1epnaunonannsHoH.
6m paxe ckasan, u1o nn1epnaunonannsH ec1L popnHoe nn1no acero 6es ncknkuenn
pycckoro (xo1n n ne 1onLko pycckoro) 1eope1nueckoro counannsHa.
6pa1nHcn nenocpepc1aenno k pa6o1aH ampakunxcn pyccknx counannc1oa. x
aosspennn na naunonanLnm aonpoc o1nnuanncL ncnoc1Lk n o1ue1nnaoc1Lk, a ueH
ne1pypno y6epn1Lcn. nn kpa1koc1n npnaepy opnn un1a1m[2].
M.. Bmv-Hm: "ounannsH ec1L pok1pnna kocHononn1nueckan,
c1onuan amue naunonanLnoc1e: pnn counannc1a pasnnune napopnoc1e ncuesae1,
ec1L 1onLko nkpn. n nckpenne nonaran, u1o a nc1opnuecko nepcnek1nae a Hnpe
ncuesny1 ne 1onLko apaxpa, no n pasnnune Hexpy napopaHn, u1o naunn no Hepe
caoero pasan1nn y1paunaak1 caon npnsnakn, n u1o 1onLko y1paunaan a1n caon
o1nnun1enLnme npnpoxpennme caoc1aa, onn Hory1 c1a1L "na amco1y uenoaeueckoro,
kocHononn1nueckoro pasan1nn.
H.R. R nonaran, u1o nn1epnaunonannc1m a nnue apkca n ero nocnepoaa1ene
aospopnnn kocHononn1nueckyk 1papnunk npocae1n1ene-anunknonepnc1oa 18 aeka,
npnpaa e noam xapak1ep n napn counanLnyk onopy a npone1apna1e. aHa no ce6e
naunonanLnoc1L - "ne apar counannsHa, kak coapeHennoe rocypapc1ao; a1o ne 6onee,
ueH cnyuanoe noco6ne nnn cnyuanan noHexa pen1enLnoc1n counannsHa. oa1oHy
counannc1, paxe npnkpmaancL nopo o6nnkoH "peanoc1noro naunonannc1a, nHee1
uenLk aaec1n nkpe caoe naunn a pa6o1y counannc1nuecknx npe c 1eH, u1o6m a
konue konuoa naunonanLnme pasnnunn Hexpy nkpLHn 6mnn npeoponenm n
nosa6mnncL. n nonaran, u1o naunonanLnm aonpoc ponxen coaepuenno ncuesny1L
nepep aaxnmHn sapauaHn counanLno 6opL6m, pnn ko1opo rpannu, nsmkoa, npepann
ne cyuec1aye1: "ec1L 1onLko nkpn n o6une aceH uenn. panLneueH, cun1an on,
rpannum 6ypy1 nHe1L Hano snauennn, a 1aH n caHo pasnnune naunonanLnoc1e c1ane1
nnuL "6nepnmH npepanneH nc1opnn, 6es npak1nueckoro cHmcna.
253
H.H. v a c1a1Le "eaonkunn n npnnunn naunonanLnoc1n": o noaopy "anncok
kxnopycckoro counannc1a (1878) nonaran, u1o Hexpy o6pasoaannmHn nkpLHn,
Hexpy nkpLHn ncnxnueckn pasan1mHn ne1 n ne Hoxe1 6m1L nn annnnoa, nn nypeea,
ec1L 1onLko nkpn; u1o nn1ennek1yanLnm nporpecc c1peHn1cn ynnu1oxn1L
naunonanLnme oco6ennoc1n, cnarakunecn ns 6eccosna1enLnmx uyac1a, npnamuek,
1papnunonnmx npe n ynacnepoaannmx npeppacnonoxenn. pnnunn naunonanLnoc1n
necoaHec1nH c npnnunnoH counanLno peaonkunn n ponxen 6m1L npnnecen a xep1ay
nocnepneHy - a1o opno ns 1pe6oaann nac1onuero counannc1a. Mxy M
cnM M nc cycy MM rM.
ounannc1 "c opno c1oponm,.. ponxen copec1aoaa1L aceHy, u1o 6naronpnn1c1aye1
yc1panennk neperopopok, paspennkunx napopm, aceHy, u1o crnaxnaae1 n ocna6nne1
naunonanLnme oco6ennoc1n; c ppyro - on ponxen caHmH aneprnunmH o6pasoH
npo1naopec1aoaa1L aceHy, u1o ycnnnaae1 n pasanaae1 a1n oco6ennoc1n. on ne
Hoxe1 noc1yna1L nnaue.
.H. R: "pone1apckan nap1nn c1peHn1cn k c6nnxennk n panLneueHy cnnnnnk
naun; "aunonanLnme panxennn peakunonnm, n6o nc1opnn uenoaeuec1aa ec1L
nc1opnn knaccoao 6opL6m, a 1o apeHn kak naunn - ampyHka 6ypxyasnn. Hap1e
1919 r. ennn connpapnsnpoaancn c n1akoamH a 1oH, u1o Hnp 6es naun - "a1o
aennkonennan aeuL n a1o 6ype1, xanL 1onLko, u1o ne ckopo. 1.p. opHynnpoakn
ennna c1ann ocnoaononarakunHn pnn coae1cko qnnocoqcko Hmcnn na aecL cpok
cyuec1aoaannn , onn ncnonLsoaanncL kak pykoaopc1ao k pec1ank.
ynpaHen1anLnan c1a1Ln "aunn" a "nnocoqcko anunknonepnn" (., 1960-1970)
nepapoH saaepuae1cn coaepuenno nepaycHmcnenno: "oHHynnsH ne Hoxe1
yaekoaeunaa1L n koncepanpoaa1L naunonanLnme oco6ennoc1n n pasnnunn, n6o on
cospae1 noayk, nn1epnaunonanLnyk o6unoc1L acex nkpe, nn1epnaunonanLnoe
epnnc1ao acero uenoaeuec1aa. o 1akoe epnnc1ao n nonnoe cnnnnne naun
ocyuec1an1cn 1onLko nocne no6epm counannsHa n koHHynnsHa ao aceHnpnoH
Hacu1a6e" (1.4, c.14, c1n6.2).
H.. , nasnauennm nap1ne a kauec1ae rnaanoro cneunannc1a no
naunonanLnoHy aonpocy, pan na pecn1nne1nn nesm6neHoe onpepenenne naunn, a
ko1opoH, kak na rpex, o1cy1c1aye1 ocnoano, konc1pynpykun npnsnak naunn -
o6unoc1L nponcxoxpennn. n nncan: "aunn ec1L nc1opnueckn cnoxnauancn,
yc1ounaan o6unoc1L nkpe, aosnnkuan na 6ase o6unoc1n nsmka, 1eppn1opnn,
akonoHnuecko xnsnn n ncnxnueckoro cknapa, nponannkuerocn a o6unoc1n kynL1ypm"
(ou., 1.2, 1954, c.296). akoe nonnHanne (ec1ec1aennoe pnn counannc1a), naansannoe
o1euec1aenno nayke na ouenL ponrn cpok, pnaHe1panLno npo1naononoxno naueHy,
coapeHennoHy nonnHannk naunn kak qasm pasan1nn a1noca.
2.
pycckoro counannsHa - a1o ne poHopouennme Hmcnn1enn, ne
nonnHaaune, koHy n u1o onn roaopn1. 1o 6mnn, ao-nepamx, nan6onee nposopnname
npeonorn, cospa1enn yuennn, oc1po ouyuaaune n ncno nonnHaaune a6conk1nyk
necoaHec1nHoc1L npnnunna naunonanLno connpapnoc1n c npnnunnoH connpapnoc1n
knaccoao. ao-a1opmx, a1o 6mnn c1onnm o6uec1aennoro Hnennn, opakynm, ko1opme
nyuue ppyrnx uyac1aoaann n nonnHann nac1poennn orpoHnmx napopnmx Hacc n nyuue
ppyrnx a1n nac1poennn n Hmcnn ampaxann. x annnnne, aa1opn1e1 6mnn c1onL aennkn
nHenno no1oHy, u1o a nnx anpenn ampasn1ene napopno aonn, napopnoro pyxa.
o6m1nn nauana aeka nokasann nx npaao1y a 1oH cHmcne, u1o, cansmaan counannsH c
nn1epnaunonannsHoH, onn, kak okasanocL, cyHenn sarnnny1L a pyuy pycckoro napopa
n o1pasn1L ee, kak a sepkane.
254
1nxnnm counannsH n c1nxnnoe xe nepasnnuenne naunonanLnoc1e 1pnyHqanLno
amunn pyka o6 pyky ns 1onun pyccko napopno xnsnn na noaepxnoc1L xnsnn
o6uec1aenno-nonn1nuecko. aHm npkn n y6epn1enLnm npnHep - am6opm a
upepn1enLnoe co6panne a 1917 r., korpa 90 % (!!)
x .
eannoc1o npouen1oa!! 1o xe, nkpn ne anpenn, k1o c1on1 ao rnaae counannc1nuecknx
nap1n? 1o coc1aanne1 nx nppo, nx 6oeayk ronoaky, nx u1a6m? cex a1nx
uepep6ayHoa, anqenL6ayHoa, repuynn, aseqoa, rouea, nn6epoa, panoa,
posenqenLpoa, nypLe, nennnmx, 6ponu1enoa, caeppnoamx, psepxnncknx,
pxyrauannn, oppxonnknpse n npou.?! 1nnuno anpenn, ace snann n nonnHann. o a1o
nnkoro ne cHy1nno! T m
(acnoHnnH annrpaq). nuL nnu1oxnoe HenLunnc1ao, ne nHekuee
nn aeca, nn po6po peny1aunn a nonn1nke, 1ak nasmaaeHme "uepnoco1enum,
anocnepc1ann a kopne nsaepennme, o1kpmnn pnn ce6n a1opyk c1opony, nsnanky
peaonkunn n rpaxpancko aonm: x m, u n
x. 1 6onLunnc1aa xe pyccknx - a6conk1noro, nopaannkuero
6onLunnc1aa! - a1o1 xapak1ep oc1ancn ckpm1.
oueHy xe 1ak nonyunnocL?
3.
na a1o1 aonpoc npnxopn1cn ncka1L a nc1okax ppeanepycckoro o6uec1aa, 1ounee
- a npnpope cnaanncko o6unnm (konuennunn npoq. .. ysLHnna).
naannckan o6unna, a o1nnune o1 repHancko, eapecko, ueuencko n 1.n.,
o1nocn1cn , u . 1o snaun1,
u1o nk6o npnueneu, nocennauncn na panno 1eppn1opnn, c1anoanncn unenoH
o6unnm, Hor ac1yna1L a 6pak c ee npepc1aan1ennHn, Hor pena1L kapLepy, Hor 6m1L
ns6pan c1apeunno. a6 uepes onpepenennoe apeHn 1oxe Hor ann1Lcn a o6unny (a
kpoanopopc1aenno o6unne nnopopeu Hoxe1 6m1L 1onLko pa6oH). aunua1L cnaanne
unn ne "pop-nneHn, a "popnHyk seHnk. aaoeaaa a VI-VII aa. 6onLuyk uac1L
en1panLno aponm, cnaanne nnrpe ne yc1anoannn caoero a1nnueckoro rocnopc1aa,
1ak xe, kak anocnepc1ann a n6npn, ypkec1ane, na anLneH oc1oke. (paannH
HopenL noaepennn ueuenuea, kopcnkanuea, cnunnnuea, eapeea n npepc1aan1ene
ppyrnx napopoa, aosnnkunx na ocnoae kpoanopopc1aenno o6unnm, a o1nouennn
"caonx no kpoan nkpe, popnn, epnnonneHennnkoa, ko1opmx ponr n 1papnunn
npepnncmaae1 saunua1L a nepayk ouepepL, acerpa, nk6mHn cpepc1aaHn, na nk6o
1eppn1opnn, nesaancnHo o1 o6c1on1enLc1a. nx naunonanLnan no6epa o6opaunaae1cn
1o1anLnmH naunonanLnmH rocnopc1aoH, anno1L po renounpa.)
ak anpnH, naunonanLnoe nepasnnuenne, qenoHenanLnan cnoco6noc1L
accnHnnnpoaa1L n accnHnnnpoaa1Lcn (pycckne sa rpannue yxe a 1pe1LeH nokonennn
1epnk1 naunonanLnyk npen1nunoc1L; cpaann1e c eapenHn!) - cyuec1aye1 y nac a
napope kak apxe1nnnueckan uep1a c nesanaHn1nmx apeHen. o xe o1nocn1cn n k
c1nxnnoHy counannsHy, 1ak kak cnaannckan o6unna kynL1nanpoaana
an1nnnpnanpyannsH, paanonpaane n caHoynpaanenne co aceHn am1ekakunHn o1ckpa
yc1anoakaHn.
pnxop a IX aeke k cnaannaH - pyccknx (sanapnocnaanncknx) nneHen,
x n aosrnaanaunx
noayk nc1opnueckyk o6unoc1L - , nopopnn npnnunnnanLnyk
onnosnunk nac1n n eHnn. a1nnyauncL na 1mcnuy ne1, a1a onnosnunn sakpennna na
pasnmx o6uec1aennmx nonkcax npo1naononoxnme ncnxocounanLnme yc1anoakn.
255
aunonannsH cpenancn ncknkun1enLno npnannerne apnc1okpa1nn, o1nnun1enLnmH
npnsnakoH aepxnero knacca (xo1n nenpepmanme annaannn nnopopuea a coc1aa
poccnckoro paopnnc1aa n specL noppmaann naunonanLnyk npek). apnpy c npknH
pyccknH naunonannsHoH onmnckoro n oHonocoaa, "eka1epnnnncknx opnoa n
peka6pnc1oa, yuknna n oronn, cnaannoqnnoa, nkonan epaoro n nekcanppa
pe1Lero, cyuec1aoaana napopnan naunonanLnan nnpnqqepen1noc1L, ycyry6nennan n
cankunonnpoaannan xpnc1nanc1aoH. Hun u
u um qu. cnn
naaepxy kako-nnkako pycckn naunonannsH ace xe cyuec1aoaan, 1o annsy, a
napope, ero ne 6mno aoace. 1o pano aosHoxnoc1L .. eppneay eue a 1915 r.
saHe1n1L: "occnn - caHan ne uoannnc1nueckan c1pana a Hnpe... ycckne nou1n
c1mpn1cn 1oro, u1o onn pycckne; nH uyxpa naunonanLnan roppoc1L n uac1o paxe -
yam! - uyxpo naunonanLnoe poc1onnc1ao. ycckoHy napopy coaceH ne caoc1aenen
arpeccnanm naunonannsH.
nauane aeka ckpenm, cpepxnaaaune c1nxnnme napopnme nHnynLcm, ocna6nn, a
sa1eH n nonnynn. nac1L ne Horna 6onLue cpepxnaa1L yc1peHnennn eHnn. o6epa
pycckoro counannsHa n - kak a1o nn napapokcanLno - pycckoro nn1epnaunonannsHa
6mna nens6exna.
eH a1o o6epnynocL?
4.
a1o naunonanLno ka1ac1poqo n pyccknH renounpoH. apaHe1pm
a1o ka1ac1poqm specL nponncmaa1L ne Hec1o - nHee1cn cneunanLnan nn1epa1ypa.
oa1oHy ne 6ypy roaopn1L nn o npnHoH n uypoanunoH orpa6nennn pycckoro napopa,
nn o6 ynnu1oxennn ero ann1m, nn o naansanno eHy nccyuakue ponn ponopa, nn o
noppmae pyccko 6nononynnunn n peHorpaqnueckoH kpnsnce.
kaxy 1onLko o6 opnoH. pesynL1a1e noc1poennn npak1nueckoro counannsHa
penaunonannsaunn pycckoro napopa popocna po neaepon1nmx Hacu1a6oa.
ocnopc1aykue "pyccko npee a 1ak nasmaaeHo oae1cko Hnepnn c1an
nkx kcMnM, on xe M. o Hepe 1oro, kak a
coksnmx pecny6nnkax pocnn n spenn naunonanLnme ann1m (a c nnHn - Hec1nm
naunonannsH), pycckne ueH panLue, 1eH 6onLue o1pekanncL o1 naunonanLnoro
cosnannn. ouno po 1oro, u1o a 1986 r., no onpocaH, 78% pyccknx cun1ann ce6n
"coae1cknHn n 1onLko 15% - "pyccknHn, a 7% aoo6ue ne cHornn npen1nqnunpoaa1L
ce6n. e 1onLko a pyccko nonn1nuecko 1eopnn, no n a rocypapc1aenno npak1nke
occnn cnnaa counannsHa c nn1epnaunonannsHoH okasancn oprannunmH,
xnsnecnoco6nmH, pec1aennmH, no6epnmH, no - a1o c1onL xe oueanpno -
ry6n1enLnmH, caHoy6nc1aennmH pnn naunn.
ako ypok o1ckpa nsaneueH?
5.
HAHOHAHH3 - ,
mm. 6 a1oH roaopn1 naH pycckne counannc1m-1eope1nkn. 6
a1oH kpnun1 pycckan counannc1nueckan npak1nka. 6 a1oH rnacn1 coapeHennan
npeonornn pycckoro naunonannsHa.
256
aH sanannk1, npaapa, u1o npnHep epHannn 1- nonoannm c1one1nn onpoaeprae1
amuenpnaepennm 1esnc. 1o neaepno. B-x , nop nnunno
naunonan-counannsHa a epHannn 6mn a pec1an1enLnoc1n ocyuec1anen naunonan-
kann1annsH (cH. o6 a1oH Hok pa6o1y "pokn n1nepa). B-x, 1pkk n1nepa
coc1onn a 1oH, u1o on nocynnn aceHy neHeukoHy napopy, aknkuan pa6ounx n kpec1Lnn,
ponL ann1m ao aceHnpnoH Hacu1a6e, npo1naonoc1aana neHuea - aceH napopaH. aknH
o6pasoH ann1apnoe (no onpepenennk) naunonannc1nueckoe Hnpoaosspenne aHnr
okasanocL o1kpm1o pnn acex cnoea neHeukoro o6uec1aa, papoc1no npno6unaunxcn k
neHy a npepakyuennn Hnpoaoro rocnopc1aa. oxeH nn Hm xo1n 6m a 6pepy o6eua1L
ceropnn neu1o nopo6noe pyccknH? B-ux, naunonan-counannsH pec1an1enLno
okasancn aosHoxen, no 1onLko ne a opno o1penLno asn1o c1pane: on aosnnkae1 a
ycnoannx nHnepnannc1nuecko Hexpynapopno akcnnya1aunn u,
korpa pasan1me c1panm papyk1 caoeHy nacenennk counanLnme nLro1m n rapan1nn sa
cue1 akcnnya1npyeHmx napopoa. (n1nep ne cHor po6n1Lcn a1oro rpy6o cnno, no ero
nonn1nueckne npeeHnnkn a c1panax "sono1oro Hnnnnappa ocyuec1annn ero saae1m n
Heu1m c noHouLk caHoro coaepuennoro "opyxnn noaeuero apeHenn: akonoHnkn n
npeonornn.) occnn noka u1o 6eckoneuno paneka o1 nopo6no aosHoxnoc1n. 1aan1L
necoo6pasnme cnnaH sapaun - snaun1 naaepnnka napopaa1Lcn akoneu. B-x,
kak roaopn1cn, "u1o pycckoHy spopoao, 1o neHuy cHep1L. cnaann n repHanuea
pasnme apxe1nnm: ppeanne repHanum xnnn kpoanopopc1aenno o6unno (n
nHenoaanncL no nHenn o6uero npepka), a cnaanne - 1eppn1opnanLno (n nHenoaanncL
no apeany o6n1annn: nonnne, ppeannne, pperoanun, noneuykn n 1.p.). npoc1oro
neHua a kpoan nsaeunm naunonannsH ec1L, a y npoc1oro pycckoro - ne1. 1o napo
1aeppo ycaon1L n ne sa6maa1L.
1o ns a1oro cnepye1? e napo npeyHenLua1L cnoxnoc1L naunx sapau, no ne napo n
o1uanaa1Lcn. yxno 1pesao ouennaa1L o6c1anoaky, ncno anpe1L pacc1anoaky
counanLnmx cnn, nx xapak1epnc1nkn. H u m mu.
specL yHec1no acnoHnn1L o 1ex counanLnmx nsHenennnx, ko1opme nponsounn a
nocneaoenno occnn n o ko1opmx roaopnnocL a nauane c1a1Ln. Bu ,
u m -un ,
, n , sx
. xapak1epnsyeH a neckonLknx cnoaax cn1yaunk.
a nocnepnee pecn1nne1ne Hm na ace c1o npouen1oa y6epnnncL a 1oH, u1o npoc1o
napop , - a aHec1e c nnHn n n
nu a counanLno 6opL6e. apop - Hm anpnH a1o aoounk -
ne 6opeu n, coo1ae1c1aenno, ne 1aopeu nc1opnn. prannsoaa1L napop na 6opL6y
, ne Hory1 paxe koHHynnc1m, uLn
pennk1oaoc1L n nepeecnoco6noc1L narnnpno nponannncL ao apeHn acepoccncko
sa6ac1oakn 27.03.97 r.
o oprannsoaa1L napop na 6opL6y u ne nonyun1cn n
nopaano. npocn1e y pycckoro pa6ouero, kpec1Lnnnna, kak onn o1nocn1cn k pycckoHy
naunonannsHy. oueuy1 a sa1mnke: " y Henn 6a6ka - 1a1apka..., " y Henn ppyr -
eape..., "a uero 1aH, occnn 6onLuan - aceH Hec1a xaa1n1.... apkauea - nnpep
nHenno napopnoro, counannc1nueckoro 1euennn naunonannsHa - co6npancn
6anno1npoaa1Lcn a npesnpen1m, no ne cyHen a1oro cpena1L[3]. npepenenno:
napopnm aapnan1 naunonannsHa, 1o ec1L nHenno naunonan-counannsH, kak n nk6o
ppyro counannsH, a npnnunne nenpoxopnH a ceropnnune occnn.
1ak, Hm ne HoxeH saaep6oaa1L napop a naun pnpm a kauec1ae ak1nanmx
c1oponnnkoa, 6ouoa. o naH a1o n ne nyxno. Cn .
napopnm pycckn Hen1ann1e1 - a1o caoero popa pypnHen1, yxe ne onpepennkun
1enpenun o6uec1aennoro pasan1nn, npak1nueckn ne qopHnpykun o6uec1aennoe
cosnanne. 1pa1a copa1nnka - ne6onLuoe rope.
257
pnako Hm HoxeH npeapa1n1L napop ecnn ne a coksnnka, 1o, no kpane Hepe, a cnny
ne1panLno-6naroxena1enLnyk. nn a1oro Hm ponxnm o6eua1L napopy opno:
counanLnme rapan1nn. 1aepran counannsH kak o6uec1aennm c1po, Hm, opnako,
papnH eHy pa6o1y, o1pmx, Hepnunny, xnnLe, epy. H m. H m.
eropnn n a1n npoc1me rapan1nn - nepoc1nxnHan Heu1a. o rapan1nn ponxnm
pec1aoaa1L ns6npa1enLno: 1onLko caonH, 1onLko pyccknH. cnn k1o-1o saxoue1
yanpe1L nHenno a a1oH "naunonan-counannsH - papn ora. nn nac xe aaxno yanpe1L
a a1oH ppyroe: u x n (1onLko nnuL noka
npo6yxpennn!) ux . Hoxno npepnonara1L, u1o sanyc1n1L
a1o1 HexannsH 6ype1 nenpoc1o; pycckne xe n 6ypy1 neropoaa1L: "anLke c anLko na
1ponx pe1e noco6ne pann, a xHe1y c a1nHo - y nnx nn1epo! - ne pann.
ecnpaaepnnao! anLka, penncL!!
k6o pape1enL n sac1ynnnk pycckoro napopa ponxen sapy6n1L ce6e a1o na nocy:
naunonannsH npnpe1cn nacaxpa1L a napope aonpekn ero nckonnmH yc1anoakaH, noHan
npnamunm ncnxo1nn n nckopennn apxe1nn. yxno nn a1o pena1L? onyun1cn nn?
apan1n ycnexa ne1.
noe peno - nn1ennnrenunn.
norne cou1y1 a1o napapokcoH, no n y1aepxpak: pycckan nn1ennnrenunn Hoxe1 6m1L
n nenpeHenno 6ype1 onopno cnno pycckoro naunonannsHa.
aH roaopn1: nn1ennnrenunn acn kocHononn1nuna. 1o npaapa nnuL noc1onLky,
nockonLky nayka n kynL1ypa pacnonarak1 nc1nnaHn n uennoc1nHn, amxopnunHn sa
paHkn naunonanLnoro. n1ennnren1 npnnapnexn1 Hnpy kynL1ypm, ko1opm 1onLko na
nepam, noaepxnoc1nm asrnnp ne nHee1 rpannu. eH unpe apypnunn nn1ennnren1a,
1eH ncnee anpn1 on oco6ennoc1n naunonanLno kynL1ypm napopoa aoo6ue n caoero
napopa a uac1noc1n, 1eH nyuue Hoxe1 ouenn1L ero nenoa1opnHyk caHo6m1noc1L n ero
Hec1o a kynL1ypno nc1opnn uenoaeuec1aa. aoo6ue on noc1nrae1 npoc1o n
neonpoaepxnHm qak1: n u u, ona a1nH
1onLko n nn1epecna, a1nH 1onLko n snaun1enLna, n aaxna. nk1o 6onLue kynL1yponora
ne y6expen a neo6xopnHoc1n cyuec1aoaannn o1penLnmx naun, naunonanLnmx
rpannu, naunonanLnmx 1papnun, nnk1o 1ak ne nonocn1 cHeuenne naun n pac,
cospanne y6nkpounmx unannnsaun (nHenno unannnsaun, a ne kynL1yp: kynL1ypa
nonykpoaok ec1L noncenc). aunonannsH, 1aknH o6pasoH, - npnsnak spenoc1n
nn1ennnren1a. aua pycckan nn1ennnrenunn Honopa: opno-paa nokonennn, kak
npaanno. o ceuac npn1ok a nee co c1oponm (ns ppyrnx knaccoa, cocnoan)
npak1nueckn npekpa1nncn: ona npeapauae1cn a poc1a1ouno saHkny1oe cocnoane, rpe
c1a1yc nn1ennnren1a c1anoan1cn nacnepc1aennmH. 1o snaun1, u1o cocnoanan spenoc1L
ne sa ropaHn.
(paapa, ec1L pec1an1enLnan npo6neHa: a1o nepycckan poccnckan nn1ennnrenunn n
nonykpoakn, nkpn c neue1ko naunonanLno npen1nqnkaune. nn 6maak1 sauac1yk
paxe na1pno1nunm, no yx, koneuno, oxnpa1L o1 nnx ne 1o u1o pyccko-
naunonannc1nuecknx nac1poenn, a xo1n 6m aneHen1apno sa6o1m o pyccko naunn, o
ee 6ypyueH, - nanano. 6onLunnc1ao ns nnx, kak y1aepxpae1 onm1, - npnHme
kocHononn1m. o 6noknpoaka a1o uac1n nn1ennnrenunn - anonne amnonnnHan
1exnnueckn sapaua: rpaHo1no cqopHynnpoaa1L ee snaun1 yxe nanonoanny peun1L.
1nx nkpe o1nocn1enLno neHnoro. mno 6m 1onLko koHy nHn sann1Lcn...)
aH roaopn1: nn1ennnrenunn ne na1pno1nuna: paec1n ne1 ona 1onLko n penana, u1o c
pasnmx c1opon paspyuana aennkyk occnk, a no1oH oae1ckn oks. 1o neaepno
qak1nueckn: k1o, cnpaunaae1cn, c1ponn 1y xe aennkyk occnk, 1o1 xe oks? asae
xo1L opnn c1po, xo1L opna c1pana Hornn 6m ypepxa1Lcn na Hnpoao apene, rpe npe1
6ecnouapnan 6opL6a sa amxnaanne n rocnopc1ao, 6es caoe nn1ennnrenunn? asae ne
6naropapn n "seneno peaonkunn Hm ace ceuac epnH, opeaaeHcn, saunuaeH
258
ce6n o1 npnpopnmx neasrop n o1 aparoa? o peno ne 1onLko a 1oH. a, snaun1enLnan
uac1L nn1ennnrenunn (xo1n paneko ne acn) cnoaoH n penoH ncnm1maana occnk n
na npounoc1L, kpn1nkoaana n c1peHnnacL k nepeHenaH. o, ao-nepamx, 6mno sa
u1o kpn1nkoaa1L. ao-a1opmx, xnnocL-1o nn1ennnrenunn npn oHanoamx neaaxno, a
npn oae1ax n aoace norano. asae uapnsH n coae1ckan anac1L korpa-nn6o
npncnyunaanncL k nn1ennnrenunn? un1anncL c ee nn1epecaHn n no1pe6noc1nHn?
1nocnnncL k ne c annHanneH n yaaxenneH? onyckann k pmuaraH ynpaanennn? e1,
ee acerpa 1pe1npoaann, pepxann sa nkpe a1oporo cop1a, amcnyunaann 1onLko, u1o6m
noc1ynn1L aonpekn ee coae1aH no-caoeHy, nm1anncL npeapa1n1L a pop
nn1ennek1yanLno o6cnyrn pexnHa (a ueH uac1nuno npeycneaann), nna1nnn Hnsepnme
penLrn, coaepuenno ne coo1ae1c1aykune ee aknapy a napopnoe xosnc1ao, napsnpann
sa ne, sa1mkann e po1, npecnepoaann sa y6expennn, a 1o n npoc1o ynnu1oxann n
akcnponpnnpoaann, orpannunaann a poc1yne k nnqopHaunn, ne paaann sapa6a1maa1L
uec1nmH 1pypoH n 1.p. n 1.n. noaoH, nnsaopnnn po nonykpenoc1noro coc1onnnn,
o6pauanncL, kak c nenpnn1eneH, pa eue nsyHnnnncL, noueHy-pe ona ne na1pno1nuna!
o aepL paano, eue nnxnnnmH, saHeueno: "a6 ne nHee1 o1euec1aa. n1ennnren1 n
ne ponxen 1eope1nueckn 6m1L na1pno1oH a pa6oue-kpec1LnnckoH rocypapc1ae: s
. (a caHoH pene, kak nn c1panno, pycckne nn1ennnren1m, aonpekn
aceHy, a 6onLunnc1ae caoeH 6mnn na1pno1m: n 1pypnnncL caHoo1aepxenno, n na
qpon1ax rn6nn, n opnny nk6nnn...)
o ao1 na naunx rnasax nponsouno konoccanLnoe aceHnpno-nc1opnueckoe co6m1ne:
poccnckan 6ypxyasno-peHokpa1nueckan peaonkunn. E
- ! - n. narpapy ona nonyunna
rpaxpanckne cao6opm, 6es ko1opmx ona sapmxanacL, kak pm6a 6es aopm, a 1akxe
aosHoxnoc1L sannHa1Lcn npoqeccnonanLnmH nn1ennnren1cknH 6nsnecoH: apaue6nmH,
yue6nmH, kpnpnuecknH, nspa1enLcknH n 1.n. o rnaanoe: nn1ennnrenunn, no
cpaanennk c coae1cknH nepnopoH, npnHo-1akn u! oc1a1ouno
cpaann1L no counanLnoHy coc1aay nmneunne npepc1aan1enLnme opranm anac1n c
coae1cknHn, rpe cyuec1aoaann kao1m, xec1ko orpannunaakune nn1ennnrenunk, u1o6m
a a1oH y6epn1Lcn. poc1 annnnnn nn1ennnrenunn, cansanno co ! aospocuee
snauenne s ao acex cqepax xnsnn, aknkuan nonn1nky! eHanoe snauenne
nHee1 n o1Hena counanLnmx pasnapnpok npn npneHke a m, ueH o6ecneunaae1cn
cocnoanan npeeHc1aennoc1L...
noaoH, xo1n 6kpxe1nan nn1ennnrenunn, ko1opyk rocypapc1ao copepxa1L ne
Hoxe1, a noame c1pyk1ypm ne Hory1, nonana a yxacnoe nonoxenne aHec1e c
6onLue uac1Lk acero napopa, 1eH ne Henee xapak1ep coaepunaunxcn nepeHen
nosaonne1 npornosnpoaa1L: naue 6ypyuee - a1o 1exnokpa1nueckan occnn, a ko1opo
npnopn1e1m 6ypy1 onpepenn1Lcn nn1ennnrenune n, a nepayk ouepepL, pnn
nn1ennnrenunn. a1oH rapan1nn 1oro, u1o nn1ennnrenunn, ykpennauan caon
counanLno-nonn1nueckne nosnunn, anepame a nc1opnn c1panm nonyunauan poc1yn k
ynpaanennk n k 6onLuoHy 6nsnecy, nens6exno nponnkne1cn n na1pno1nsHoH, n
naunonannsHoH. a1pno1nsHoH n naunonannsHoH n, ne xenakuero penn1L cao
poH c uyxakaHn. nockonLky ceropnn a occnn a6conk1noe 6onLunnc1ao
nn1ennnrenunn - pycckoe, ne Hoxe1 6m1L n coHnenn a xapak1epe ee naunonannsHa.
yc1L c sapepxko, no Hm nopeH no ny1n, no ko1opoHy yxe nouna nn1ennnrenunn
ykpannckan n nn1oackan, ueuenckan n kasaxckan...
H - s; s - v.
c1L n ppyrne, pononnn1enLnme coo6paxennn a nonLsy 1akoro npornosa co6m1n.
n1ennnrenunn nHHanen1no npncyun nnpnanpyannsH (a1o ee popoaoe caoc1ao),
ce6nnk6ne, ona cosna1enLno noppepxnaae1 ce6n a coc1onnnn nepHanen1no
onnosnunn k napopy n ero apxe1nnaH. Henno pnn nn1ennnren1a anonne aosHoxen n
o6LncnnH 1eope1nueckn naunonanLnm arouen1pnsH, "a1noarouen1pnsH (1o ec1L
259
naunonannsH a ero coapeHennoH nonnHannn) kak cyHHapnm aronsH Hnornx oco6e,
o6Lepnnennmx no epnnoHy naunonanLnoHy npnsnaky. enoaeky ns napopa, c ero
napopnmHn npepc1aanennnHn o cnpaaepnnaoc1n (aceH 1pypnunHcn nopoany), c
nnc1nnk1oH konnek1nansHa, ace a1o o6Lncnn1L kypa 1pypnee. pypnee eHy, nexenn
nn1ennnren1y, n conpo1nann1Lcn nnaennpykueHy, penaunonannsnpykueHy annnnnk
Hacc-kynL1ypm (ne cnyuano ceropnn napop - yxe ne 1aopeu n ne xpann1enL pycckoro
nsmka). y n, nakoneu, pycckoHy nn1ennnren1y kak uenoaeky npocaeuennoHy,
snakoHoHy c o1euec1aenno nc1opne n pyccko kynL1ypo, no 6onLue uac1n
npncyun n naunonanLnan roppoc1L (acnoHnnH nncLHo yuknna aapaeay, rpe on
nnue1, u1o nn sa u1o na cae1e ne xenan 6m nHe1L ppyro nc1opnn, kpoHe nc1opnn
o1euec1aa!), n nonnHanne nepac1opxnHo aksnc1enunanLno, necHo1pn nn na u1o,
cansn c napopoH. apo nnuL yHe1L npo6yxpa1L n ncnonLsoaa1L a1n uyac1aa.
1ak, Hm ponxnm cnc1eHa1nueckn a1akoaa1L, 6ypn1L "Hosr naunn, nn1ennnrenunk,
po6naa1Lcn 1oro, u1o6m Hmcnn o naunonannsHe, ko1opme eue auepa kasanncL e
pnknHn, ceropnn c1ann npnamunmHn, a saa1pa - ec1ec1aennmHn. opa pon6n1 kaHenL.
onLko oanapea cosnanneH pyccko nn1ennnrenunn - rnaano o6uec1aenno cnnm
coapeHennoc1n, Hm nonnoc1Lk oanapeeH n nonn1nuecko cn1yaune a c1pane.
* * *
- npeonornn, ampac1akuan na nouae nepepoxpennn napopa a
6ypxyasnyk naunk. 1o rny6oko 6ypxyasnoe no caoe cy1n Hnpoaosspenne. no ne
coaHec1nHo nn c kaknH "counannsHoH. akoam nc1nnm o6uec1aoaepennn,
sacnyxnaakune nasaannn as6yunmx.
occnn 6ypxyasno-peHokpa1nueckan peaonkunn yxe caepunnacL. 1o snaun1, u1o a
nepanekoH 6ypyueH naunonannsH c1ane1 aepyue npeonorne a c1pane. 1o, a caok
ouepepL, snaun1, u1o -
mn un. e rnaano panxyue cnno 6ypy1 pycckne
npepnpnnnHa1enn n pycckan nn1ennnrenunn. o ee pesynL1a1m okaxy1cn 6naro1aopnm
pnn acex pyccknx nkpe ao acex cnonx nacenennn.
noro ne pano.
nac ec1L ace ocnoaannn pnn on1nHnsHa. o6epa 6ype1 sa naHn!
[1] H., nanpnHep: ..eaac1Lnnoa: 1) aunonan-kann1annsH. - ., 1995; 2)
aunonan-peHokpa1nn. - ., 1996; ..oHnkoa: 1) aunonan-nporpeccnsH. - .,
1994; 2) aunonannsH 6es counannsHa. - ., 1996; ycckn napop. c1opnueckan
cypL6a a aeke. 6. c1. - ., 1993; ..osnoa. c1opnn 1parepnn aennkoro napopa.
- ., 1996 n pp.
[2] op6op un1a1 asn1 ns knnrn p.n.n., npoq. ..poanna "occnckan naunn.
aunonanLno-nonn1nueckne npo6neHm aeka n o6uepoccnckan npen (., ,
1995), nnorpa a 1panckpn6unn aa1opa.
[3] anno1npyncL a ry6epna1opm oaropopcko o6nac1n a 2003 ropy, n na
co6c1aennoH onm1e a xope ns6npa1enLno kaHnannn y6epnncn a 1oH, nackonLko
naunonannc1nueckan npeonornn paneka eue napopnmH pyccknH HaccaH, kak ona nx
nac1opaxnaae1, c kaknH 1epnenneH n 1uanneH npnxopn1cn pasLncnn1L nkpnH
cnacn1enLnoc1L npe naunonannsHa.
260
REHHH B HHERRHEHHH
(n x- "r" [], NN 2, 3, 1990)
ennna k nn1ennnrenunn - 1eHa, 6onee ueH ak1yanLnan, nockonLky
6onee ueH ak1yanLnmH a naun pnn c1ano o1nouenne nn1ennnrenunn k ennny.
pepn 1eope1nkoa counannsHa n koHHynnsHa ennn sannHae1 ynnkanLnoe Hec1o: aepL
nHenno eHy nc1opnn npepoc1aanna aosHoxnoc1L npoaepn1L npak1nko caon 1eopnn.
enan ace 1o, u1o on penan, ennn nckpenne nonaran, u1o c1on1 y nc1okoa noao
cypL6m uenoaeuec1aa, cypL6m, rennanLno, nko6m, yrapanno apkcoH n nrenLcoH,
nepononn1o ay1cknH, epnu1enoH n nexanoamH n kak 6m sanoao nauep1anno no
aepnoHy Hapkcnc1ckoHy nekany nH, ennnmH.
kcnepnHen1 nokasan, u1o 1eope1nueckn counannsH, amnec1oaannm Hapkcnc1aHn-
nennnuaHn, a caoeH aonnouennoH anpe o6napyxnncn nnueH nnmH, kak
rocypapc1aenno-nap1nnmH qeopannsHoH (counan-qeopannsHoH). ennkan
k1n6pLckan counannc1nueckan peaonkunn na noaepky okasanacL ennko
k1n6pLcko qeopanLno-6kpokpa1nuecko kon1ppeaonkune, nanpaanenno npo1na
6ypxyasnmx peqopH a occnn, npo1na kann1annc1nueckoro pasan1nn c1panm.
pesynL1a1e c1pane npnxopn1cn, npe1epnea apckne Hykn, c ka1ac1poqnueckn
paspyuenno akonoHnko n ne Henee ka1ac1poqnueckn napyuenno a1nnuecko
c1pyk1ypo, "co a1oporo saxopa" ocaanaa1L ny1L Hnpoao unannnsaunn. uep6,
nanecennm a1nH akcnepnHen1oH poccncko kynL1ype, nayke, npoHmunennoc1n,
o6pasoaannk n nenocpepc1aenno caHo nn1ennnrenunn, - nencuncnnH.
ecHo1pn na poc1a1ounyk oueanpnoc1L ckasannoro, 1eope1nueckn counannsH
sauac1yk oc1ae1cn qnnocoqckn npnaneka1enLnmH pnn o1euec1aenno, npnamkue
Hmcnn1L ouenL o1aneuenno, nn1ennnrenunn. (eaepon1no, no qak1!)
o ao1, u1o eue napapokcanLnee. .. ennn, nenocpepc1aennm 1aopeu ok1n6pLckoro
nepeaopo1a, rnaanm apxn1ek1op poccncko counannc1nuecko Hopenn,
npnnunnnanLnm nenaanc1nnk n npesnpa1enL nn1ennnrenunn, - ennn pnn aecLHa n
aecLHa Hnornx nn1ennnren1oa ponmne coxpanne1 npnaneka1enLnoc1L n o6annne.
ueH 1y1 npnunna? o1pe6noc1L kynL1a? opcnypnan saanc1L n aocxnuenne nepep
nn1ennnren1oH, nepennaanaunH ce6n ao anac1noro pen1enn? (e1aHopqosa, pnn
6onLunnc1aa nn1ennnren1oa nepoc1ynnan.) poc1o npeknonenne nepep nesaypnpnmH
yHoH n aone, nepeaepnyaunHn "a1akyk Haxnny"? naropapnoc1L (6onLuan uac1L
nn1ennnrenunn y nac - "counannc1nueckan", 1.e. nepaoro nokonennn)?
ce a1o, anpnHo, 1ak. o necoHnenna n orpoHnan ponL nponaranpm, pncykue
npn1opno npnnnnueckyk kap1nny o1nouenn ennna n nn1ennnrenunn (a xop npy1
cycanLno pacnncannme annsopm: , "kpeHneackne kypan1m" n 1. n.). eHano
no1pypnnncL 1y1 n yuenme-Hapkcnc1m[1].
enL nac1onue pa6o1m - copaa1L posoam qnep c a1o nxnao npnnnnuecko
kap1nnm. n1ennnrenunn nnueH xopounH nenLsn noHnny1L ennna. n ne nk6nn ee
nnkorpa. n1ennnrenunn, 1ako, kako ee yc1ponnn npnpopa n o6uec1ao, ne 6mno
Hec1a a nennnckoH counannc1nueckoH pak. oo1ae1c1aenno, nn1ennnrenunn nn k ueHy
o6onLua1Lcn nn ennnmH, nn counannsHoH. "mna 6es papoc1n nk6oaL, pasnyka 6ype1
6es neuann".
ac1o npnxopn1cn cnmua1L, u1o-pe ennn a caonx nncannnx ne Henee npo1naopeuna,
ueH n6nnn: y nero-pe Hoxno no nk6o 1eHe ac1pe1n1L apryHen1m n "sa", n "npo1na".
261
e1. e no nk6o.
o 1eHe nn1ennnrenunn am ac1pe1n1e y ennna 1onLko opno n acerpa opno:
nepoaepne, nenonnHanne, nenk6oaL. noro eHy 6mno ne pano. 6 a1oH canpenLc1ayk1
ace ero cepLesnme amc1ynnennn: o1 nepamx po nocnepnnx. 1o eue aaxnee, o6 a1oH
canpe1enLc1aye1 npak1nka ennna n nennnnc1oa. n1nnn1ennek1yannsH - Hounan,
xnayuan 1papnunn naue o6uec1aenno xnsnn. pepn nc1okoa a1oro nanennn -
o1nouenne k nn1ennnrenunn, ampa6o1annoe ennnmH n ero nocnepoaa1ennHn. axe
cospaa noayk n aecLHa Hnorouncnennyk, "caok", "counannc1nueckyk"
nn1ennnrenunk, onn npoponxann ee 1pe1npoaa1L, akcnnya1npoaa1L, ne poaepn1L,
o11anknaa1L o1 nc1ounnkoa 6nar n anac1n.
epep aaHn ampepxkn ns counnenn ennna, nopo6pannme a xpononornueckoH
nopnpke c HakcnHanLno nonno1o n HnnnHanLnmH koHHen1apneH.
ypn1e caHn.
* * *
1894 r. a nepao cepLesno c1a1Le "1o 1akoe ppysLn napopa n kak onn
aokk1 npo1na counan-peHokpa1oa?" ennn asnncn sa uen1panLnyk, kak on 6mn
y6expen, npo6neHy a o1nouennn nn1ennnrenunn: npo6neHy ee knaccoao
npnnapnexnoc1n, knaccoao npnpopm. 1o 6mno pnn nero apxnaaxno nHenno no1oHy,
u1o napnexano onpepenn1L ponL n Hec1o nn1ennnrenunn a npepc1onue
peaonkunonno 6opL6e: Hoxno nn na nee onepe1Lcn? ennn npnHennn caoeo6pasnm
kpn1epn knaccoao npnpopm: k1o nna1n1 nn1ennnrenunn penLrn, 1oHy knaccy ona n
npnnapnexn1. ounanLnoe nponcxoxpenne npn a1oH ne 6panocL ao annHanne. n
nncan: "eyxenn Hoxno o1pnua1L, u1o poccnckne ynnaepcn1e1m n nnme yue6nme
saaepennn nponsaopn1 kaxporopno 1akyk nn1ennnrenunk (??), ko1opan nue1
1onLko 1oro, k1o ee npokopHn1? eyxenn Hoxno o1pnua1L, u1o cpepc1aa, neo6xopnHme
pnn copepxannn a1o nn1ennnrenunn, nHek1cn a nac1onuee apeHn a occnn 1onLko
y 6ypxyasnoro HenLunnc1aa? eyxenn 6ypxyasnan nn1ennnrenunn a occnn ncuesne1
o11oro, u1o ppysLn napopa ckaxy1, u1o ona Horna 6m cnyxn1L ne 6ypxyasnn? a,
Horna 6m, ecnn 6m ne 6mna 6ypxyasno"[2]. 1o, opno ns nepamx coxpannaunxcn
nennncknx cyxpenn o6 nn1ennnrenunn neo6muano cyuec1aenno, ono onpepennno
ace panLneuee pasan1ne 1eHm. 6Lnanenne nn1ennnrenunn a uenoH "6ypxyasno",
na ueH ennn acerpa no1oH nac1anaan, noHorno eHy cpena1L papnkanLnm amaop yxe
1orpa, na panne c1apnn pasan1nn pa6ouero panxennn: "apaua caopn1cn k
copec1ank oprannsaunn npone1apna1a, korpa, cnepoaa1enLno, ponL nn1ennnrenunn
caopn1cn k 1oHy, u1o6m cpena1L nenyxnmHn oco6mx, nn1ennnren1nmx
pykoaopn1ene"[3].
pnnunn nepoaepnn k nn1ennnrenunn, cnoxnauncn y nero a knoc1n, ennn
co6nkpan sa1eH ack xnsnL. opo npnxopn1cn cnmua1L, u1o aepxyuka-pe
6onLueankoa 6mna neo6mknoaenno nn1ennnren1no. 1o, koneuno, nenpaapa: nou1n
acn cepLesnan nn1ennnrenunn 6mna, kak npaanno, kape1cko nnn okonokape1cko.
ennn npepnoun1an nop6npa1L pykoaopnunx co1pypnnkoa nonpoue, oco6enno nk6nn
amxopuea ns pa6ounx. axe a nocnepnnx nncLHax 1oaapnuaH, nocnunx xapak1ep
saaeuannn, on npepnaran aaec1n a c1o uenoaek nHenno pa6ouero knacca. ak Hm
anpenn, nopo6nan yc1anoaka 6mna ampa6o1ana nH a nepao xe cepLesno pa6o1e. a
panLneueH, na npo1nxennn 1890-x n 1900-x rr., ennn ne pas o6pauancn k 1eHe
nn1ennnrenunn, acnkn pas no-noaoHy apryHen1npyn n nopuepknaan ee 6ypxyasnoc1L.
o1 neckonLko npnHepoa.
c1a1Le "konoHnueckoe copepxanne napopnnuec1aa n kpn1nka ero a knnre r. 1pyae"
(1894) on kak c1pa1er o1Heuae1, u1o aa1op "noan1, 1ak ckasa1L, napopnnkoa na cnoae":
"m roaopn1e, u1o na nnme ny1n ponxna nanpaan1L occnk nn1ennnrenunn - am ne
262
nonnHae1e, u1o, ne npnHmkan k knaccy, ona ec1L nynL". anee a 1o xe c1a1Le on
npnxopn1 k snakoHmH amaopaH: "ycckan nepepoaan, nn6epanLnan,
peHokpa1nueckan nn1ennnrenunn 6mna nn1ennnrenune 6ypxyasno.
eccocnoanoc1L nnHano ne ncknkuae1 knaccoaoro nponcxoxpennn npe
nn1ennnrenunn". a a1o1 pas ennn pae1 a1nH 1esncaH nnoe o6ocnoaanne: on
anannsnpye1 napopnnueckyk nporpaHHy n npnxopn1 k amaopy o ee "Henko6ypxyasnoH
xapak1epe". nockonLky, no Hnennk ennna, nn1ennnrenunn a uenoH pennnacL na
napopnnkoa n nn6epanoa (a1nx kak 6m yxe u1a1nmx cnyr kpynno 6ypxyasnn), 1o,
cnepoaa1enLno, kak nn kpy1n, a nonyuanocL, u1o pycckan "6eccocnoanan
nn1ennnrenunn" npepc1aanne1 ns ce6n "peanLnyk o6uec1aennyk cnny" nnuL
noc1onLky, nockonLky "ona sac1ynae1 o6ue6ypxyasnme nn1epecm"[4].
pnHepno uepes nonropa nocne amxopa a1o c1a1Ln, ocenLk 1895 r., ennnmH 6mn
cospan "oks 6opL6m sa ocao6oxpenne pa6ouero knacca". pak1nueckan pen1enLnoc1L
"oksa" neckonLko o1koppek1npoaana npepc1aanennn ennna o6 nn1ennnrenunn: aepL
nHenno ona ak1nano pacnpoc1pannna Hapkcnc1ckoe yuenne a pa6ounx Haccax, xep1ayn
npn a1oH kapLepo, a uac1o n cao6opo. ak 6mno coaHec1n1L a1o1 peanLnm n
nepepkn qak1 c y6expenneH a 6ypxyasnoc1n nn1ennnrenunn? eyc1panennmH
oc1aaanocL 1eope1nueckoe npo1naopeune: noueHy n saueH nn1ennnrenunn, 6ypyun
6ypxyasno, yuac1aye1 a peaonkunonno 6opL6e nneuoH k nneuy c npone1apna1oH.
epaan neypaunan nonm1ka o6Lncnn1L a1o npo1naopeune o1nocn1cn k 1897 r., korpa na
"oks 6opL6m" o6pyunnncL penpeccnn, n ennny npnunocL konc1a1npoaa1L qak1
caHoo1aepxennoc1n nn1ennnrenunn: "paan1enLc1ao 1ouno co6pano ace caon cnnm,
u1o6m paspaan1L nepaano sapopnaueecn n nponanauee ce6n c 1ako cnno pa6ouee
panxenne. pec1m, npnnnnn neo6muanme pasHepm, 1kpLHm nepenonnenm. aa1ak1
nn1ennnren1oa, Hyxunn n xenunn, xaa1ak1 n HaccaHn amcmnak1 pa6ounx". o npn
acex o6c1on1enLc1aax ennn npeamue acero uennn nn1epecm pena, noa1oHy o1
konc1a1aunn on nepeuen k npnsmay nononnn1L "apeHennm nepoc1a1ok a aren1ax n
arn1a1opax. Henno 1ako nepoc1a1ok ouyuae1cn 1enepL n sac1aanne1 nac o6pa1n1Lcn
c aossaanneH ko aceH cosna1enLnmH pa6ounH n ko aceH nn1ennnren1aH, xenakunH
o1pa1L caon cnnm na cnyx6y peaonkunonnoHy peny"[5]. pnako, o6pauancL na
npak1nke k nn1ennnren1aH c peaonkunonnmH npnsmaoH, a 1eopnn ennn ne Hor nn
o1kasa1Lcn o1 pas naacerpa amuncnenno knaccoao npnpopm nn1ennnrenunn, nn
sa6m1L npounx ee nepoc1a1koa. pnHepno a 1e xe pnn on nncan: "6pasoaannme
nkpn, aoo6ue nn1ennnrenunn ne Hoxe1 ne aocc1aaa1L npo1na pnkoro nonnueckoro
rne1a a6conk1nsHa, 1paanuero HmcnL n snanne, no Ha1epnanLnme nn1epecm a1o
nn1ennnrenunn npnansmaak1 ee k a6conk1nsHy, k 6ypxyasnn, sac1aannk1 ee 6m1L
nenocnepoaa1enLno, saknkua1L koHnpoHnccm, npopaaa1L cao peaonkunonnm n
onnosnunonnm nmn sa kasennoe xanoaanLe nnn sa yuac1ne a npn6mnnx nnn
pnanpenpax"[6].
1ak, yuac1ne nn1ennnrenunn a peaonkunonno 6opL6e o6Lncnne1cn 1eH, u1o
a6conk1nsH "1paan1 HmcnL n snanne"? 1o kacae1cn nHenno peaonkunonno Hmcnn n
Hapkcnc1ckoro snannn - 1y1 coHneaa1Lcn ne npnxopn1cn: 1paannn. o, koneuno, ennn
poc1a1ouno xopouo snan nc1opnk pyccko an1nnpaan1enLc1aenno 6opL6m, u1o6m ne
anpe1L, u1o a1a npnunna nnuero, no cy1n, ne o6Lncnne1. ouyac1ane unpoknx
nn1ennnren1nmx kpyroa ocao6opn1enLnoHy panxennk nHeno 6onee rny6okne n
Hnoroo6pasnme kopnn. 1899-1900 rr. a1o couyac1ane co ace oueanpnoc1Lk
nponannocL a HaccoaoH yuac1nn nn1ennnrenunn a pen1enLnoc1n counan-peHokpa1nn.
1o1 qak1 nac1opaxnaan: c peaonkunonno nn1ennnrenune npnxopnnocL cun1a1Lcn,
ee annnnne na npone1apna1 ycnnnaanocL. osnnkna yrposa unc1o1e "npone1apcko"
konuenunn rpnpyue peaonkunn. a1o cansn ennn nue1 n naxopn1 anonne
"Ha1epnannc1nueckoe" n nonn1noe 1pypoamH HaccaH o6Lncnenne aospocue
ak1nanoc1n nn1ennnrenunn. a1nH o6LncnenneH cpasy c1aan1 ee "na Hec1o":
"ann1annsH ao acex o6nac1nx napopnoro 1pypa noamuae1 c oco6o 6mc1po1o uncno
cnyxaunx, npepLnanne1 ace 6onLun cnpoc na nn1ennnrenunk. 1a nocnepnnn
263
sannHae1 caoeo6pasnoe nonoxenne cpepn ppyrnx knaccoa, npnHmkan o1uac1n k
6ypxyasnn no caonH cansnH, aosspennnH n npou., o1uac1n k naeHnmH pa6ounH, no
Hepe 1oro, kak kann1annsH ace 6onee n 6onee o1nnHae1 caHoc1on1enLnoe nonoxenne y
nn1ennnren1a, npeapauae1 ero a saancnHoro naeHnnka, rposn1 nonnsn1L ero
xnsnennm ypoaenL"[7]. oxany, nHenno c a1nx ne1 ennn, cuac1nnao nopHe1naun
counanLnoe paccnoenne nn1ennnrenunn, m
- ,
, npnsmaan yxe a npoek1e nporpaHHm nap1nn (koneu 1899 r.): "e napo
sa6maa1L n pepeaencko nn1ennnrenunn, nanpnHep, napopnmx yun1ene, ko1opme
naxopn1cn a 1akoH npnnnxennoH, n Ha1epnanLno n pyxoano, nonoxennn, ko1opme 1ak
6ecnpaano na6nkpak1 n na ce6e nnuno uyac1ayk1 6ecnpaane n yrne1enne napopa, u1o
pacnpoc1panenne cpepn nnx couyac1ann counan-peHokpa1nsHy ne nopnexn1...
nnkakoHy coHnennk"[8]. nanornunmH o6pasoH nposayuan a caoe apeHn n ero npnsma
k coksy npone1apna1a c 6epneunH kpec1Lnnc1aoH.
o npn a1oH ennn ace xe ncno nonnHan, u1o u-u s
nu un
u mn, mn, um
. eckonLko nospnee, a c1a1Le "oueHy counan-peHokpa1nn ponxna o6Lnan1L
peun1enLnyk n 6ecnouapnyk aony counannc1aH-peaonkunonepaH" (1902), on
amnocn1 aeppnk1: "enan onepe1Lcn saopno n a paano Hepe n na nn1ennnrenunk, n
na npone1apna1, n na kpec1Lnnc1ao, nap1nn counannc1oa-peaonkunonepoa 1eH caHmH
nens6exno... aepe1 k nonn1nueckoHy n npenoHy nopa6ouennk pycckoro
npone1apna1a pyccko 6ypxyasno peHokpa1ne... ycckan nn1ennnrenunn n pycckoe
kpec1Lnnc1ao, kak counanLnme cnon, conoc1aanneHme c npone1apna1oH, Hory1 6m1L
onopo 1onLko 6ypxyasno-peHokpa1nueckoro panxennn. 1o ne 1onLko coo6paxenne...
ne1, a1o, kpoHe 1oro, n npnHo qak1, naunnakun ckasmaa1Lcn yxe 1enepL"[9]. a1o
aaxno Hmcnn on 6ype1 ne pas aosapaua1Lcn. aoe knaccnueckoe aonnouenne ona
o6pe1e1 a c1a1Le "a6ouan n 6ypxyasnan peHokpa1nn" (nna. 1905): "ypxyasno-
peHokpa1nueckan cyunoc1L pycckoro nn1ennnren1ckoro panxennn, naunnan o1 caHoro
yHepennoro, kynL1ypnnueckoro, n konuan caHmH kpannH, peaonkunonno-
1eoppopnc1nuecknH, c1ana amncnn1Lcn ace 6onee n 6onee, opnoapeHenno c
nonanenneH n pasan1neH npone1apcko npeonornn (counan-peHokpa1nn) n Haccoaoro
pa6ouero panxennn". a cnepykunx sa cnH qpasax on o6pyunaae1cn yxe ne na
m, a na nenocpepc1aenno na counan-peHokpa1nueckyk nn1ennnrenunk,
m: "o poc1 a1oro nocnepnero conpoaoxpancn packonoH cpepn
counan-peHokpa1oa. cno o6napyxnnocL peaonkunonnoe n onnop1ynnc1nueckoe kpmno
counan-peHokpa1nn, ampaxaaune nepaoe - npone1apckne, a1opoe - nn1ennnren1ckne
1enpenunn nauero panxennn"[10]. o nepoaepne, ko1opoe ennn nsnauanLno nn1an k
nn1ennnrenunn, ko1opoe 6esycneuno nm1ancn npeopone1L, nonnHan neo6xopnHoc1L
onepe1Lcn a HoHen1 nopLeHa panxennn na nn1ennnren1ckne cnon, a1o nepoaepne
nauno caoe sakonuennoe ampaxenne a npnaepennoH specL npnHoH nonn1nueckoH
o6annennn.
pena1L c a1o 6ypxyasno n onnop1ynnc1nuecko, xo1n 6m n counan-
peHokpa1nuecko, nn1ennnrenune? ak ne1pannsoaa1L ee "nenyxnme", "apepnme"
nponanennn n nanpaan1L a "ponxnyk" c1opony ee nonesnme pnn pena peaonkunn
c1peHnennn? peuennn a1nx aonpocoa ennn anpen sanor 6oecnoco6noc1n nap1nn.
ro pekoHenpaunn 6mnn 6eckoHnpoHnccnm. cHo1pea, u1o a cpepe pa6ounx ec1L nkpn,
cknonnme k caHoo6pasoaannk, k yue6e, on penae1 c1aaky nHenno na nnx. " occnn
yxe ec1L a1a pa6ouan nn1ennnrenunn, - nnue1 on a opno ns c1a1e konua 1899 r.,
- n Hm ponxnm npnnoxn1L ace ycnnnn k 1oHy, u1o6m ee pnpm noc1onnno pacunpnnncL,
u1o6m... ns ee pnpoa amxopnnn pykoaopn1enn pyccko counan-peHokpa1nuecko
nap1nn"[11]. anoaL nac1anaae1 a ppyro c1a1Le: "cerpa n aespe aoxpnHn
nsaec1noro knacca nannnncL ero nepepoame, nan6onee nn1ennnren1nme
npepc1aan1enn. a pycckoH pa6oueH panxennn ne Hoxe1 6m1L nnaue"[12].
264
1y noayk "pa6ouyk nn1ennnrenunk" ennn c1peHn1cn npo1naonoc1aan1L c1apo, xo1L
acpekoacko, no "6ypxyasno" nn1ennnrenunn. 6o "peno oprannsaunn 6opL6m
neaosHoxno 6es peun1enLnoro o1nopa 1eH pesoprannsa1opcknH 1enpenunnH, ko1opme
nponanne1 y nac, kak n aespe, 6ecxapak1epnan n Hennkuan caon nosynrn, kak
nepua1kn, nn1ennnren1ckan uac1L nap1nn"[13]. 6o - "nn1ennnrenunk acerpa nyxno
pepxa1L a exoamx pykaanuax"[14].
ao1 na III cLespe ennn sananne1: " paano yxe a caonx neua1nmx
nponsaepennnx coae1oaan, u1o6m a koHn1e1m aaopnnn pa6ounx a aosHoxno 6onLueH
uncne... ouenL couyac1aoaan 6m 1oHy, u1o6m a coc1aae naunx koHn1e1oa na kaxpmx
payx nn1ennnren1oa 6mno aoceHL pa6ounx"[15]. acero uepes nonropa a c1a1Le "
peoprannsaunn nap1nn", acnoHnna o6 a1oH amc1ynnennn, ennn caH nonpaan1 ce6n:
"ak yc1apeno a1o noxenanne! enepL napo xena1L, u1o6m a noamx oprannsaunnx
nap1nn na opnoro unena nap1nn ns counan-peHokpa1nuecko nn1ennnrenunn
npnxopnnocL neckonLko co1 pa6ounx counan-peHokpa1oa"[16].
ak anpnH, npen u m, "m" m , ""
popnnacL y aoxpn 6onLueansHa saponro po 1oro, kak 6onLueankn asnnn anac1L n
npnnnnncL sa cospanne, a coo1ae1c1ann c a1o konuenune, noao, coae1cko
nn1ennnrenunn, asaHen c1apo, am6n1o, aHnrpnpoaaaue n ca6o1npykue. o
apeHeneH 6ype1 nokasano, kak qopHnpoaancn a1o1 noam roHynkynyc - coae1ckn
nn1ennnren1. apapokc coc1on1 a 1oH, u1o, kak n nonoxeno roHynkynycy, no Hepe
cospeaannn, on naunnae1 nponann1L co6c1aennme popoame kauec1aa, noHnHo aonn
cospa1enn, ueH neHano nocnepnero ypnanne1 n oropuae1.
o o6 a1oH - a ppyroH Hec1e. noka yHec1no sapa1Lcn aonpocoH: a keH xe (a
counanLnoH cHmcne) cun1an ennn ne Hapkcnc1ckyk nn1ennnrenunk, a
nenocpepc1aenno apkca n nrenLca? kako counanLno ka1eropnn o1nocnn caHoro
ce6n?
pnHoro o1ae1a na nocnepnn aonpoc Hm nnrpe ne napeH. oxoxe, ennn nn pasy a
xnsnn ne npnsnancn nncLHenno a 1oH, u1o on nn1ennnren1. ypn no Hacce nponnunmx,
npene6pexn1enLnmx n ockop6n1enLnmx amckasmaann a appec nn1ennnrenunn, on
a1oro qak1a nonpoc1y c1ecnnncn. o1n, apyHmaancL a copepxanne, ko1opoe ennn
aknapmaan a 1epHnn "nn1ennnrenunn", Hoxno npepnonoxn1L, u1o on ace-1akn ponxen
6mn aknkua1L a a1y rpynny n ce6n. occnn, kak nsaec1no, 1papnunonno ampennnocL
paa nopxopa k onpepenennk nn1ennnrenunn. pnn nopxop, nasoaeH ero "qopHanLno-
counonornuecknH", acnep sa napnHnpoH aneH nasmaan nn1ennnrenune "pasyHnyk,
o6pasoaannyk, yHc1aenno pasan1yk uac1L xn1ene", aa1oHa1nueckn aknkuan ckpa
acex nnu yHc1aennoro 1pypa. pyro nopxop, "npeno-a1nueckn", acnep sa
npeonoraHn napopnnuec1aa ampanran na nepam nnan pasnnunme neqopHanLnme
npnsnakn pyxoanoro nopnpka. ennn, nacHep1L 6nauncn c napopnnkaHn no aceH
nanpaanennnH, ec1ec1aenno, npnpepxnaancn nepaoro nopxopa. n, nanpnHep, kak Hm
noHnnH, Hor nannca1L: "...o6pasoaannme nkpn, aoo6ue nn1ennnrenunn". ny6oknx
1eope1nuecknx pasmckann ennn no pannoHy aonpocy ne aen, n ero ckynme pennnkn
1eH uennee kak canpe1enLc1aa, no ko1opmH Hoxno cypn1L, kakoe copepxanne 1epHnna
"nn1ennnrenunn" on cun1an ec1ec1aennmH, caHo co6ok pasyHekunHcn. aHan
npoc1pannan n aHec1e xapak1epnan 1akan pennnka - npnHeuanne k 1ekc1y .
ay1ckoro, k o6unpneue un1a1e, npnaepenno ennnmH a knnre "ar anepep, paa
uara nasap" (1904): " nepeaoxy cnoaoH nn1ennnren1, nn1ennnrenunn neHeukne
ampaxennn Literat, Literatentum, o6nnHakune ne 1onLko nn1epa1opoa, a acex
o6pasoaannmx nkpe, npepc1aan1ene cao6opnmx npoqeccn aoo6ue, npepc1aan1ene
yHc1aennoro 1pypa (rain workers, kak roaopn1 anrnnuane) a o1nnune o1
npepc1aan1ene qnsnueckoro 1pypa"[17]. a1o xe knnre ennn nopuepknyn n 1o
kauec1ao, ko1opoe on, acnep sa 1eH xe ay1cknH, cun1an pnn nn1ennnrenunn
ocnoanmH, "c1pa1ernuecknH", n, kak ckasann 6m ceropnn, cypL6onocnmH: "nk1o ne
peun1cn o1pnua1L, u1o nn1ennnrenunn kak oco6m cno coapeHennmx
265
kann1annc1nuecknx o6uec1a, xapak1epnsye1cn, a o6ueH n uenoH, nHenno
nnpnanpyannsHoH n necnoco6noc1Lk k pncunnnnne n oprannsaunn..., a a1oH, Hexpy
npounH, coc1on1 neamropnoe o1nnune a1oro cnon o1 npone1apna1a; a a1oH saknkuae1cn
opno ns o6Lncnenn nn1ennnren1cko ppn6noc1n n neyc1ounaoc1n"[18]. o1 rpe 6mnn
pnn ennna cy1L n kopenL acero.
acex npnaepennmx un1a1 nopaxae1 npnsnanne ns "1o pena1L?". opaxae1 ne
kaknH-1o o1kpoaenneH, ne1, ono nsnarae1 aceH xopouo nsaec1nme qak1m, a 1eH, u1o
anoaL sac1aanne1 sapyHa1Lcn o nepaspeunHoH npo1naopeunn a nennncko konuenunn
nn1ennnrenunn. n1aeH: "uenne... counannsHa ampocno ns 1ex qnnocoqcknx,
nc1opnuecknx, akonoHnuecknx 1eopn, ko1opme paspa6a1maanncL o6pasoaannmHn
npepc1aan1ennHn nHyunx knaccoa, nn1ennnrenune. cnoaa1enn coapeHennoro
nayunoro counannsHa apkc n nrenLc, npnnapnexann n caHn, no caoeHy
counanLnoHy nonoxennk, k 6ypxyasno nn1ennnrenunn. ouno 1ak xe n a occnn
1eope1nueckoe yuenne counan-peHokpa1nn aosnnkno coaepuenno nesaancnHo o1
c1nxnnoro poc1a pa6ouero panxennn, aosnnkno kak ec1ec1aennm n nens6exnm
pesynL1a1 pasan1nn Hmcnn y peaonkunonno-counannc1nuecko nn1ennnrenunn"[19].
On un n
u XX . es nee pa6oun knacc ne coaepunn 6m nn opnoro
ns nc1opnuecknx nepeaopo1oa, n6o caH no ce6e, kak nncan a 1oH xe a6uase ennn,
" n u mu
-m". 1o xe sac1aanno "6ypxyasnyk" nn1ennnrenunk,
nackaosL "nnpnanpyannc1nueckyk", ko1opan "nue1 1onLko 1oro, k1o ee npokopHn1" n
acerpa ro1oaa "npopaaa1L cao peaonkunonnm n onnosnunonnm nmn sa kasennoe
xanoaanne", u1o xe, noa1opk, sac1aanno ee koaa1L Horyuee opyxne, c noHouLk
ko1oporo 6mno pas6n1o appe6esrn ne 1onLko spanne Honapxnn, a sa1eH n 6ypxyasno
peHokpa1nn, no n co6c1aennoe ee, nn1ennnrenunn, 6narononyune? eyxenn 1onLko
yrposa npone1apnsaunn, ko1opan ace paano c6mnacL npn counannsHe?
o-anpnHoHy, ennn nnkorpa ne sapaaan ce6e nopo6noro aonpoca. 6o o1ae1 na nero
no1pe6oaan 6m snaun1enLnoro yrny6nennn a cyunoc1L nn1ennnrenunn, nsyuennn nnmx
ee kauec1a n caoc1a, nexenn 1e, ko1opme 1ak oxo1no nopuepknaan a1o1 rennanLnm
1ak1nk. opo6nm pockoun nn1ennnren1, cospaaun npone1apckyk nap1nk, nosaonn1L
ce6e ne Hor. oa1oHy o1nouenne ero k nn1ennnrenunn, necHo1pn na ace ee sacnyrn a
o6nac1n counannc1nuecko 1eopnn, no-npexneHy onpepennnocL npak1nuecknHn
sapauaHn n ne npe1epneno nsHenenn.
o aepneHcn k nc1opnn aosspenn ennna na pycckyk nn1ennnrenunk.
nepao pyccko peaonkunn n nocnepykue peakunn nokasann: ennn 6mn
npaa, nopospeaan eue a 1902 r., u1o u
-, m ,
. n1ennnrenunn, a caoeH 6onLunnc1ae, okasanacL a 1onLko u1o
oprannsoaanno nap1nn kape1oa, ns nauancn ee Haccoam o11ok. ennna a1n
o6c1on1enLc1aa ckopee o6papoaann, nexenn oropunnn: c6maancn ero npornos.
1Heuan a c1a1Le "a npnHyk popory" "6erc1ao nn1ennnrenunn o1 nap1nn" n nepexop
aanpy a1oro o1ae1c1aenno pa6o1m a pykn nepepoamx pa6ounx, on sakanunaan c1a1Lk
cnoaaHn: "pypen 1onLko nepam uar, n on yxe cpenan. a npnHyk popory
pykoaopc1aa pa6ounx Hacc nepepoamHn nn1ennnren1aHn ns caHnx xe pa6ounx
nap1nn yxe ac1ynnna"[20].
ennn n po a1nx co6m1n nk6nn nopaccyxpa1L o6 "nn1ennnren1cko xnknkoc1n", o
"ppn6noH xnmkanLn nn1ennnren1a" (cH. "ar anepep, paa uara nasap"). 1905-1909
rr. on c ypaoennmH capkasHoH nnue1 o "ne noHnnunx popc1aa nn1ennnren1ax", o
"nonyHeuancko", "penera1c1aykue" nn1ennnrenunn, ko1opan "acerpa c1on1 ao rnaae
aceaosHoxnmx ppnsr" n o6napae1 "nckpennnH 1ynoyHneH". c1a1Le o onc1oH (1908)
266
on co cHakoH xnaonncye1 pycckoro nn1ennnren1a kak "nc1ackannoro, nc1epnunoro
xnknnka", ko1opm, "ny6nnuno 6nn ce6n a rpypL, roaopn1: ckaepnm, n rapkn, no
n sannHakcL npaac1aennmH caHoycoaepuenc1aoaanneH..."
ennn ne cnyuano nosaonne1 ce6e 1akyk necpepxannoc1L a ampaxennnx. epn1L
c1ano neuero, aepnee, nekoro. asHexeaanne a o6uec1ae npouno rny6oko n
6esaosapa1no. eaonkunn 1905-7 rr. Hnornx nn1ennnren1oa o1pesanna, sac1aanna
sapyHa1Lcn, o16pocn1L kpacname nnnksnn n sanoao onpepenn1L caoe Hec1o a
nonn1nuecko c1pyk1ype pyccko xnsnn. o1 xe ennn ouenL xnao n, na Ho asrnnp,
aepno onncan a1y cn1yaunk: "oropn1e, npnpe1 onn1L 1905 rop. o1 kak cHo1pn1
pa6oune. nn nnx a1o1 rop 6opL6m pan o6paseu 1oro, u1o pena1L. nn nn1ennnrenunn
n perena1c1aykuero Heuanc1aa, a1o - cyHacuepun rop, a1o o6paseu 1oro, uero ne
pena1L"[21].
ycnoannx pasHexeaannn onpepennnncL paa ocnoanmx nanpaanennn a
peHokpa1nueckoH panxennn: 6onLueankn n kape1m. 1nouennn Hexpy nnHn 6mnn
epaa nn ne 6onee apaxpe6nmHn, ueH Hexpy aoo6ue peHokpa1ne n caHopepxaaneH.
ape1ckan nap1nn a uenoH ampaxana nonn1nueckne npeanm n yc1peHnennn
nn1ennnrenunn. B , CQH u n
m, n s . pokn nepao peaonkunn
6mnn xopouo ycaoenm nn1ennnrenune; onn c 6onLuo o1ue1nnaoc1Lk 6mnn
ampaxenm a nsaec1noH c6opnnke "exn" (1909). ennn nasaan a1o1 c6opnnk
"anunknonepne nn6epanLnoro penera1c1aa". a Ho xe asrnnp, a1o 6mna nnuL cnerka
sanospanan nonm1ka nn1ennnrenunn npospe1L n onpepenn1Lcn, n nonn1L, u1o 6opL6a
sa peHokpa1nueckne cao6opm - cnoaa, neua1n, coaec1n, coksoa n co6pann - a1o
coaceH ne opno n 1o xe, u1o 6opL6a sa counannsH n pnk1a1ypy npone1apna1a.
caoe c1a1Le " "exax" ennn ne xanee1 nponnn, capkasHa, uepnmx kpacok n
6pann. o 1ex nop, noka nn1ennnrenunn kasanacL eHy ueH-1o aHopqnmH,
6ecxpe6e1nmH, neknH 6annac1oH, ko1opm ne c1on1 cepLesnoro annHannn, n6o "y
nn1ennnrenunn 6es Hacc nnkorpa ne 6mno n nnkorpa ne 6ype1 nn napnaHen1cknx, nn
cepLesnmx anenapnaHen1cknx cpepc1a 6opL6m"[22], ennn ne pyHan, u1o npnpe1cn
6opo1Lcn c ne acepLes. 1onknyauncL a peaonkunk 1905-1907 rr.
, , u n
, m um
n mu
[23], aoxpL npone1apna1a oxec1ounncn. osapaunncn.
mcnL o neopnopopnoc1n nn1ennnrenunn npnxopnna k neHy n panLue. enepL ennn
6epe1 kypc na packon nn1ennnrenunn, na nepe1nrnaanne a cao narepL 1o uac1n
peHokpa1nuecko nn1ennnrenunn, ko1opo eue nepaano on ne cnnukoH-1o popoxnn.
onLue 1oro: 1enepL on ne rnyuae1cn n onpepenenno uac1Lk co6c1aenno 6ypxyasnn.
n poaonLno-1akn napapokcanLno nnue1 a c1a1Le "oaan peHokpa1nn" (nna. 1913):
"...e cnepye1 sa6maa1L, u1o n c1apme pasnounnum n noame, kpec1Lnnckoro saannn,
peHokpa1nueckan nn1ennnrenunn n nonynn1ennnrenunn - npepc1aannk1 ns ce6n
6ypxyasnk... ypxyasnn 6maae1 pasnmx cnoea, ko1opmH caoc1aennm pasnme
nc1opnueckne aosHoxnoc1n... pec1Lnnckan 6ypxyasnn n noaan, kpec1Lnnckoro
saannn, nn1ennnrenunn 1mcnuaHn nn1e cansana c HaccaHn 6ecnpaanoro, sa6n1oro,
1eHnoro, ronopnoro kpec1Lnnc1aa n no aceH ycnoannH caoe xnsnn apaxpe6na acnko
nypnukeanueaunne, acnkoHy coksy c ne. 1a noaan, 6onee Hnorouncnennan, 6onee
6nnskan k xnsnn Hnnnnonoa, peHokpa1nn 6mc1po yun1cn, kpenne1, pac1e1. na nonna,
6onLue uac1Lk, neonpepenennmx onnosnunonnmx nac1poenn, ona nn1ae1cn
nn6epanLno 1pyxo. a cosna1enLnmx pa6ounx noxn1cn aennkan n o1ae1c1aennan
sapaua - noHouL ocao6oxpennk a1o peHokpa1nn ns-nop annnnnn nn6epanLnmx
npeppaccypkoa"[24].
267
1peHncL sanoao "nepenponaranpnpoaa1L", "nepeaep6oaa1L" nnsoayk nn1ennnrenunk,
ennn aqqek1no, c naqocoH peHonc1pnpye1 e caoe couyac1ane, cospaaan c1a1Lk "
aonpocy o nonn1nke nnnc1epc1aa napopnoro npocaeuennn" (1913): "1o aau
canpe1enL, rocnopa anapmkn IV yHm n ocypapc1aennoro coae1a, amnyxpen npnsna1L
1o1 qak1, u1o yun1enn a occnn sarnanm, kak saum, pyccknH npaan1enLc1aoH!! ,
onnpancL na a1o1 qak1, opnn ns 1mcnun n 1mcnu nopo6nmx qak1oa pyccko xnsnn, Hm
cnpocnH pycckn napop n ace napopm, nacennkune occnk: pnn 1oro nn nyxno naH
npaan1enLc1ao, u1o6m oxpann1L npnannernn paopnn n u1o6m saronn1L napopnmx
yun1ene?"[25].
expy 1eH, apeHenn na "nepeaep6oaky" nc1opnn ne o1nyc1nna. o6m1nn pasanaanncL
poc1a1ouno 6mc1po. 1oHy xe, naxopncL sa rpannue, pepxa1L pyky na nynLce
poccncknx co6m1n, a 1eH 6onee - ynpaann1L nHn 6mno nenerko. aneuennm
Hexpynapopno pen1enLnoc1Lk a paHkax III n1epnaunonana, ennn acepLes nonaran,
u1o nHenno a apone nan6onee cospena peaonkunonnan cn1yaunn. aoe o1nouenne k
pasnnunmH o6uec1aennmH cnnaH, ampa6o1annoe a occnn, on nepenec na
eaponeckyk nouay: "ounannc1nueckan peaonkunn Hoxe1 naua1Lcn a caHoH
6nnxaueH 6ypyueH. epep npone1apna1oH a a1oH cnyuae ac1ane1 neHepnennan
sapaua saaoeaannn anac1n, akcnponpnaunn 6ankoa n ocyuec1anennn ppyrnx
pnk1a1opcknx Hep. ypxyasnn - n oco6enno nn1ennnrenunn 1nna qa6nanuea n
kay1cknanuea - noc1apae1cn a 1ako HoHen1 pasppo6n1L n sa1opHosn1L peaonkunk,
naansmaan e orpannuennme, peHokpa1nueckne uenn"[26].
, sac1aauan acex apacnnox, peaonkunn 1ak n oc1aanna a1yne napexpm
6onLueankoa na "nepeaep6oaky" nn1ennnrenunn HnpnmHn cpepc1aaHn. onLue 1oro,
kak konc1a1npoaan VI cLesp (26 nknn - 3 aaryc1a 1917 r.): "1nna
nn1ennnrenunn ns pnpoa npone1apcko nap1nn, nauaauncn a 1905 r., c1an HaccoamH
nocne qeapanLcko peaonkunn, korpa knaccoaoe copepxanne pen1enLnoc1n naue
nap1nn nens6exno onpepennno o1nouenne k ne nenpone1apcknx aneHen1oa" (s
pesonkunn " nponaranpe"). yHak, u1o a1o o6Lncnenne opnoc1oponne. eno npexpe
acero a 1oH, u1o n m um ,
, qun mn
m x.
onLueankn nonarann nnaue n ro1oannncL k saxaa1y anac1n. a1nx o6c1on1enLc1aax
nH npnxopnnocL pyHa1L yxe ne o 1oH, kak 6m cknonn1L anoaL na caok c1opony
unpokne cnon peHokpa1nuecko nn1ennnrenunn, a s
u n u u x .
yuue acex ocosnan a1n sapaun n ue1ue acex o6osnaunn nx ennn a nporpaHHno
c1a1Le "pepxa1 nn 6onLueankn rocypapc1aennyk anac1L?". axopncL a rny6okoH
nopnonLe, o6pyHmaan ny1n peaonkunonnmx npeo6pasoaann, on nncan: "aH napo ne
1onLko sanyra1L kann1annc1oa a 1oH cHmcne, u1o6m onn uyac1aoaann acecnnne
npone1apckoro rocypapc1aa n sa6mnn pyHa1L o6 ak1nanoH conpo1nanennn eHy. aH
napo cnoHa1L n naccnanoe, necoHnenno, eue 6onee onacnoe n apepnoe
conpo1nanenne. aH napo ne 1onLko cnoHn1L kakoe 6m 1o nn 6mno conpo1nanenne.
aH napo sac1aan1L pa6o1a1L a noamx oprannsaunonno-rocypapc1aennmx paHkax... 1o
o1nocn1cn n k kann1annc1aH, n k nsaec1noHy aepxneHy cnok nn1ennnrenunn,
cnyxaunx n 1. p."[27].
erko ckasa1L, no kak a1o amnonnn1L? ennny 6mno ncno, u1o na po6poaonLnyk
noHouL a1nx cnoea paccun1maa1L oco6enno ne c1on1. akyk xe yuac1L cynnn nau
aa1op nenocpepc1aenno nn1ennnrenunn? ao1 kakyk: "ne6nan Honononnn, xne6nan
kap1ouka, aceo6uan 1pypoaan noannnoc1L nannk1cn a pykax npone1apckoro
rocypapc1aa, a pykax nonnoanac1nmx oae1oa, caHmH HoryunH cpepc1aoH yue1a n
kon1ponn, 1aknH cpepc1aoH, ko1opoe, 6ypyun pacnpoc1paneno na kann1annc1oa n na
6ora1mx aoo6ue, 6ypyun npnHeneno k nnH pa6ounHn, pac1 neanpannyk eue a nc1opnn
cnny npnaepennn a panxenne rocypapc1aennoro annapa1a... 3
268
n n u K
u. nnLo1nna 1onLko sanyrnaana, 1onLko cnaHmaana ak1nanoe
conpo1nanenne. aH a1oro Hano... pone1apna1 cpenae1 1ak, korpa no6epn1: on
nocapn1 akonoHnc1oa, nnxenepoa, arponoHoa n np. nop kon1poneH pa6ounx
oprannsaun sa ampa6o1ky nnana, sa npoaepky ero, sa o1mcknaanne cpepc1a... m
sanna1nH sa a1o akonoHnc1aH, c1a1nc1nkaH, 1exnnkaH xopoune penLrn, no...
mu, ecnn onn ne 6ypy1 amnonnn1L a1o pa6o1m po6pocoaec1no n
nonno a nn1epecax 1pypnunxcn"[28] (ampeneno Hno. - A.C.).
1a1Ln 6mna nanncana I (14) ok1n6pn 1917 r., sa 24 pnn po nepeaopo1a, 1ak u1o ee
cnepye1 paccHa1pnaa1L kak npnHoe pykoaopc1ao k pec1ank. k1n6pLckoe aocc1anne
nopaeno uep1y nop nepnopoH npnnnnuecknx o1nouenn nn1ennnrenunn n n
nepeaeno ns 1eopnn a npak1nky npo6neHy nonn1nuecko ne1pannsaunn
nn1ennnrenunn n ee akcnnya1aunn no6epn1ennHn.
* * *
c ne6onLunH ne1, u1o pyccko nn1ennnrenunn npnunocL npoxn1L npn
aosrnaanneHo ennnmH oae1cko anac1n, ouenL ao HnoroH nsHennnn ace c1oponm
ee cyuec1aoaannn, ee cosnannn n nonoxennn a o6uec1ae. o ao1 o1nouenne k ne
ennna ne nsHennnocL aoace.
osLHeH nanncannyk a konue ero xnsnn pa6o1y 1922 r. (npoek1 1esncoa o ponn n
sapauax npoqcoksoa a ycnoannx noao akonoHnuecko nonn1nkn). na copepxn1
Ha1epnan pnn xapak1epnmx amaopoa. n1npyk: "pno ns aaxneunx sapau
npoqcoksoa nanne1cn ampanxenne n nopro1oaka apHnnnc1pa1opoa ns pa6ounx n
1pypnuecn Haccm aoo6ue. cnn y nac nHek1cn 1enepL pecn1kn 1aknx
apHnnnc1pa1opoa npoHmunennoc1n, anonne ypoane1aopn1enLnmx, n co1nn 6onee nnn
Henee ypoane1aopn1enLnmx, 1o a 6nnxauee apeHn naH nyxnm co1nn nepamx n
1mcnun a1opmx"[29].
pasy npnxopn1 na yH 1akoe coo6paxenne. nauane 1922 r. (npoek1 sakonuen 4
nnaapn) peun o noaoH 6onLuoH c1pon1enLc1ae n pacunpennn nponsaopc1aa,
cpaann1enLno c 1913 r., ne uno. ypa xe penncL 1e co1nn n 1mcnun nn1ennnren1oa, na
ko1opmx pepxanocL panLue ace ynpaanenne xosnc1aoH orpoHno c1panm?
ockonLky o1ae1 na a1o1 aonpoc naH a o6ueH-1o ncen, 1o cnepykuee coo6paxenne
1akoao: He1op, ko1opmH nopmcknaanacL saHena am6n1mH, amHepunH, yexaaunH n
"sanerunH na pno" nn1ennnren1aH, ouenL naH snakoH. 1o 1o1 xe He1op, ko1opmH
nonLsoaancn ennn ao any1pnnap1nno xnsnn, c1peHncL am1ecnn1L ns coc1aaa
nap1nn nn1ennnrenunk c1aporo sakana, "6ypxyasnyk" nn1ennnrenunk, ko1opyk on ne
nk6nn n ko1opo ne poaepnn. onLko 1enepL ee cnepoaano am1ecnn1L ne ns nap1nn, a
ns xnsnn. oaan nn1ennnrenunn, nno1L o1 nno1n pa6ounx Hacc, ponxna 6mna, no
paane npee ennna, 6m1L cao6opna o1 Hnoxec1aa 1papnunonno nn1ennnren1cknx
nepoc1a1koa n napenena cneunqnuecknHn poc1onnc1aaHn, "nsnauanLno n
neo1LeHneHo" npncyunHn npone1apna1y.
ne cnyuano o6pa1nncn cpasy k c1a1Le 1922 r., Hnnyn 6onee pannne ero
amckasmaannn coae1ckoro nepnopa. xouy nopuepkny1L, u1o necHo1pn na 1o, u1o
rpaxpanckan aona sakonunnacL, oae1ckan anac1L y1aeppnnacL, n nauanacL noaan
akonoHnueckan nonn1nka, - ennn no-npexneHy 6mn y6expen ao apaxpe6noc1n
cqopHnpoaanno po peaonkunn nn1ennnrenunn n a neo6xopnHoc1n npo1naoc1on1L e.
H , s
n n . pnaepy neckonLko npnHepoa ns
pasnmx c1a1e n amc1ynnenn. o1 ennn a aosHyuennn o1 "1akoro nosopa, u1o nou1n
nn1L ne1 cnyc1n nocne saaoeaannn nonn1nuecko anac1n npone1apna1oH a ,
269
npone1apna1a, rocypapc1aennmx ukonax n ynnaepcn1e1ax yua1 (aepnee, pasapauak1)
HonopexL c1apme 6ypxyasnme yuenme c1apoHy 6ypxyasnoHy xnaHy"[30].
( 1oH, ueH konunncn - ecnn 6m konunncn! - a1o1 annsop c na1paannaanneH
npone1apna1a na "c1apmx 6ypxyasnmx yuenmx" canpe1enLc1ayk1 cnoaa, ckasannme
ennnmH 6ykaanLno uepes pecn1L pne: " snak, u1o nepecon y nac nHee1cn a cHmcne
nnnnn pa6qakoa n koHnueek npo1na npoqeccopoa... o o1nouennk k a1nH
npoqeccopaH, uyxnH, npepc1aan1ennH ne nauero knacca, nyxno asn1L nnnnk
nooc1opoxnee"[31]. ak nn1ennnren1 ennn cyHen a1o: nonnoc1Lk o1oxpec1an1L ce6n
c pa6ounH knaccoH? Hy ne noc1nxnHm qenoHen nepepoxpennn. ppyroH Hec1e on
o6Honan1cn: "eH ckopee Hm caHn, pa6oune n kpec1Lnne..."[32]. ako xe on
pa6oun? ako kpec1Lnnnn?)
nn ao1, pasLncnnn cy1L aHnrpan1ckoro panxennn "Hena aex": "par roaopn1
knaccoayk npaapy, ykasmaan na 1y onacnoc1L, ko1opan nepep naHn c1on1. par
c1peHn1cn k 1oHy, u1o6m a1o c1ano nens6exnmH. Henoaexoaum ampaxak1 nac1poenne
1mcnu n pecn1koa 1mcnu acnknx 6ypxyea nnn coae1cknx cnyxaunx, yuac1nnkoa naue
noao akonoHnuecko nonn1nkn. 1o - ocnoanan n pec1an1enLnan onacnoc1L"[33].
ao1, a nncLHe " npnpannn sakonopa1enLnmx qynkun ocnnany", kak xapak1epnsye1
on a1o1 caHm ocnnan: "opaannkuee 6onLunnc1ao yuenmx, ns ko1opmx,
ec1ec1aenno, coc1aanne1cn ocnnan, no nens6exnoc1n sapaxeno 6ypxyasnmHn
asrnnpaHn n 6ypxyasnmHn npeppaccypkaHn"[34]. ou1n 1eHn xe cnoaaHn on ropoH
panLue amckasancn o 1ex, k1o pa6o1an nap snaHenn1mH "": "onee 200
cneunannc1oa - nou1n ace, 6es ncknkuennn, npo1nannkn oae1cko anac1n - c
nn1epecoH pa6o1ann nap a1nH"[35]. nn asn1L 1akoe amckasmaanne: " 1917 ropy,
nocne 1oro, kak Hm saxaa1nnn anac1L, rocypapc1aennm annapa1 nac ca6o1npoaan. m
1orpa ouenL ncnyranncL n nonpocnnn: oxanyc1a, aepnn1ecL k naH nasap. ao1
onn aepnynncL, n a1o 6mno naunH necuac1LeH"[36]. 1o6m ns6aan1L occnk o1 a1oro
necuac1Ln, cun1an ennn, "ocnoaanm coae1ckne ukonm, pa6oune qakynL1e1m,
neckonLko co1en 1mcnu Honopmx nkpe yua1cn, yua1cn, Hoxe1 6m1L, cnnukoH 6mc1po,
no, ao acnkoH cnyuae, pa6o1a nauanacL, n n pyHak, u1o a1a pa6o1a npnnece1 caon
nnopm. cnn Hm 6ypeH pa6o1a1L ne cnnukoH 1oponnnao, 1o uepes neckonLko ne1 y nac
6ype1 x m, x u m "[37],
(ampeneno Hno - A.C.).
ce npnaepennme nennnckne ampaxennn nannk1cn n1oroamHn, saHmkak1 kpyr ero
pasHmunenn. oxpL npone1apna1a 1pnpua1L ne1 kpnpy aen nocnepoaa1enLnyk
nonn1nky a o1nouennn nn1ennnrenunn, n a konue xnsnn ero cyxpennn o ne nHenn
1o1 xe cHmcn, u1o n a 1e ropm, korpa eue 1onLko saHmunnnacL .
pnako, yc1anoana a1o1 qak1, aepneHcn a nepame nocpeaonkunonnme ropm, a ropm
rpaxpancko aonm n aoennoro koHHynnsHa, korpa ace npen ennna o6
nn1ennnrenunn npepc1ann a caHoH npkoH qasnce caoero pasan1nn.
, ko1opyk aenn 6onLueankn sa 1o, u1o6m ypepxa1Lcn y anac1n, nHena caok
nornky, n a1a nornka 6mna neyHonnHa. "1o ne c naHn, 1o1 npo1na nac", - a1o1 nosynr
a 1e ropm sayuan a kaxpoH narepe. n1ennnrenunn, kak aepno o1Heuan ennn, c
caHoro nauana 6mno ne no ny1n c pa6ounH knaccoH, uenn n sapaun 6onLueankoa
nnuero o6uero c ee nn1epecaHn ne nHenn. nHenno noa1oHy, c caHoro nauana 1aeppo
n peun1enLno cpenaa am6op a nonLsy npone1apna1a, ennn n ero copa1nnkn
.
mckasmaannn ennna 1917-1921 rr. nosaonnk1 packpm1L a1o1 1esnc a caHo Hnrko
n pnnnoHa1nuno qopHe, ne npn6eran k HnorouncnennmH "nkpoepcknH" qak1aH, a
ko1opme 1eopnn amnnnacL na npak1nke.
270
1n ue1mpe c ne6onLunH ropa... eHa Hoero kpa1koro acce ne nosaonne1 specL c
noppo6noc1nHn pacckasmaa1L o 1oH, kak noaena ce6n nn1ennnrenunn ao apeHn
peaonkunn n rpaxpancko aonm. anncano o6 a1oH neHano, kap1nna cknapmaae1cn
nenpoc1an[38]. o cHeno Hoxno y1aepxpa1L, u1o nn npeonornn koHHynnsHa, nn qak1
k1n6pLckoro nepeaopo1a, nn uenn n He1opm oae1cko anac1n ne ac1pe1nnn y
nn1ennnrenunn a uenoH nn couyac1ann, nn 1eH 6onee, an1ysnasHa. pnp nn ypnanenne
ennna 6mno nckpennnH, korpa 14 peka6pn 1917 r. on roaopnn no a1oHy noaopy:
"oueHy xe a1n caHme kpn1nkykune yuenme cneunannc1m npnuy1cn? pn acex
peuennnx oae1a onn naH sanannk1, u1o cornacnm c naHn, no nnuL npnnunnnanLno.
1o cnc1eHa 6ypxyasno nn1ennnrenunn, acex cornaua1ene, ko1opme caonH
noc1onnnmH cornacneH a npnnunne n necornacneH na npak1nke ace ry6n1. cnn am
yHyppenm ao acex penax n onm1nm, noueHy xe am naH ne noHorae1e, noueHy na naueH
1pypnoH ny1n Hm o1 aac nnuero, kpoHe ca6o1axa, ne ac1peuaeH?"[39].
e1, 1akoe noaepenne nn1ennnrenunn ne 6mno pnn ennna neoxnpannoc1Lk, on 6mn
ro1oa k neHy - acnoHnnH ero "pepxa1 nn 6onLueankn rocypapc1aennyk anac1L?".
nepame xe nocnepeaonkunonnme Hecnum on o1Heuae1 kak qak1 n o1kpm1oe,
aoopyxennoe, n ckpm1oe (ca6o1ax) conpo1nanenne nn1ennnrenunn noamH
anac1nH[40]. a peun na I cLespe yun1ene-nn1epnaunonannc1oa 5 nknn 1918 r. on
yxe ue1ko n nepaycHmcnenno qopHynnpye1: "apo ckasa1L, u1o rnaanan Hacca
nn1ennnrenunn c1apo occnn okasmaae1cn npnHmH npo1nannkoH oae1cko anac1n, n
ne1 coHnennn, u1o nenerko 6ype1 npeopone1L cospaaaeHme a1nH 1pypnoc1n"[41].
pope1 eue rop, n 18 Hap1a 1919 r. a o1ue1e na VIII cLespe (6) on
okonua1enLno sakpennne1 a1o nonnHanne aeue, roaopn o "6ypxyasnmx
cneunannc1ax", ko1opme, "nackaosL nponnkny1m 6ypxyasno ncnxonorne n ko1opme
nac npepaaann n 6ypy1 npepaaa1L eue ropm"[42].
noaa n cnoaa, 1o cnncxopn1enLno-npene6pexn1enLno, 1o npoc1no n arpeccnano on ne
yc1ae1 a a1n ropm 1aeppn1L aceH - copa1nnkaH no nap1nn, o6maa1ennH, conpa1aH,
Ha1pocaH, pa6ounH n kpec1LnnaH n paxe caHo nn1ennnrenunn o 1oH, u1o npnpopa ee
6ypxyasna n c1a1L nno e ne pano. s Hnorouncnennmx npnHepoa npnaepy 1onLko
caHme ampasn1enLnme:
- "c1pon1L counannsH Hoxno 1onLko ns aneHen1oa kpynnokann1annc1nuecko
kynL1ypm, n nn1ennnrenunn ec1L 1ako aneHen1. cnn naH npnxopnnocL c ne
6ecnouapno 6opo1Lcn, 1o k a1oHy nac ne koHHynnsH o6nsmaan, a 1o1 xop co6m1n,
ko1opm acex peHokpa1oa n acex ank6nennmx a 6ypxyasnyk peHokpa1nk o1 nac
o11onknyn. enepL nannacL aosHoxnoc1L ncnonLsoaa1L a1y nn1ennnrenunk pnn
counannsHa, 1y nn1ennnrenunk, ko1opan ne counannc1nuna, ko1opan nnkorpa ne 6ype1
koHHynnc1nuno... nnpa1Lcn na nn1ennnrenunk Hm ne 6ypeH nnkorpa, a 6ypeH
onnpa1Lcn 1onLko na aaanrapp npone1apna1a, aepyuero sa co6o acex npone1apnea n
ack pepeaenckyk 6epno1y. pyro onopm y nap1nn koHHynnc1oa 6m1L ne Hoxe1. o
opno peno onnpa1Lcn na knacc, npepc1aannkun co6o pnk1a1ypy, a ppyroe peno
rocnopc1aoaa1L nap ppyrnHn knaccaHn"[43];
- "onn oc1anncL c1apmHn 6ypxya n cnpn1 na oqnuepcknx noc1ax n a u1a6ax naue
apHnn, onn, nnxenepm n arponoHm, a1n c1apme 6ypxya, nasmaakune ce6n
HenLueankaHn n acepaHn. 1 knnukn nnu1o ne Henne1cn, no onn 6ypxya nackaosL, c
ronoam po nn1ok, no caoeHy Hnpocosepuannk n npnamukaH"[44];
- "6onLunnc1ao nn1ennnrenunn 1nne1 k 6ypxyasnn. e c noHouLk nn1ennnrenunn, a
aonpekn ee npo1naopec1ank (no kpane Hepe, a 6onLunnc1ae cnyuaea) npone1apna1
no6epn1, yc1pannn nencnpaanHo 6ypxyasnmx nn1ennnren1oa, nepepenmaan,
nepeaocnn1maan, nopunnnn ce6e kone6nkunxcn, noc1enenno saaoeamaan ace 6onLuyk
uac1L nx na caok c1opony"[45];
271
- "Hm snaeH, u1o a1n 6ypxyasnme cneunannc1m a rpoHapnoH 6onLunnc1ae npo1na nac,
- n ponxnm 6m1L a rpoHapnoH 6onLunnc1ae npo1na nac, - n6o specL ckasmaae1cn nx
knaccoaan npnpopa n na a1o1 cue1 Hm nnkaknx coHnenn nHe1L ne HoxeH"[46].
apekcL, un1a1enL ne sa6mn ananornunmx nennncknx amckasmaann nocnepnnx ne1
ero xnsnn. oa1oHy un1npoaanne na pannyk 1eHy Hoxno npepaa1L: npepenLno ncno,
u1o a1a 1eHa npoxopn1 uepes ack ny6nnunc1nky ennna kpacno nn1Lk.
oHHen1npoaa1L npnaepennme c1pokn - snaun1 npepnonara1L a un1a1ene cna6o
pasan1oe aoo6paxenne n coo6paxenne.
pnako ne Hory ypepxa1Lcn, u1o6m ne po6aan1L a cnoxnauykcn kap1nny neckonLko
Haskoa ns 1o xe nann1pm. 1n pononnn1enLnme Haskn, nnuero ne po6aannn k cHmcny
ckasannoro, nepepak1 rny6nnnme aHounn ennna, ero uyac1aa no o1nouennk k
nn1ennnrenunn. yHae1cn, a1n uyac1aa 6mnn 6onee ueH cosayunm uyac1aaH
npoc1onapopLn, n ennn, napo nonara1L, snan, u1o penan, korpa ampaaan a Haccm
1akne, nanpnHep, nosynrn:
- "sapaua oprannsaunonnan cnne1ae1cn a opno nepaspmanoe uenoe c sapaue
6ecnouapnoro aoennoro nopaanennn auepaunnx pa6oanapenLuea (kann1annc1oa) n
caopm nx nakeea - rocnop 6ypxyasnmx nn1ennnren1oa. eno akcnnya1a1opoa n nx
nn1ennnren1cko uennpn - 6esnapexnoe peno. x conpo1nanenne pa6oune n kpec1Lnne
noHak1, - k coxanennk, eue nepoc1a1ouno 1aeppo, peun1enLno n 6ecnouapno - n
m"[47];
- "y nac eue ouenL neHano oc1anocL npnHasaaunxcn k oae1cko anac1n xypunx
npepc1aan1ene 6ypxyasno nn1ennnrenunn: amknny1L nx aon, saHenn1L nx
nn1ennnrenune, ko1opan auepa eue 6mna cosna1enLno apaxpe6na naH n ko1opan
ceropnn 1onLko ne1panLna, 1akoaa opna ns aaxneunx sapau 1enepeunero
HoHen1a..."[48];
- "1nxec1L rpaxpancko aonm ponxna 6m1L n 6ype1 paspenena n ace
nn1ennnrenune, n ace Henko 6ypxyasne, n aceHn cpepnnHn aneHen1aHn, - ace
onn 6ypy1 nec1n a1y 1nxec1L. oneuno, nH 6ype1 ropaspo 1pypnee nec1n a1y 1nxec1L,
no1oHy u1o onn pecn1kn ne1 6mnn npnannernpoaannmHn, no Hm ponxnm a nn1epecax
counanLno peaonkunn a1y 1nxec1L aosnoxn1L n na nnx. ak Hm paccyxpaeH n
pec1ayeH, n Hm nnaue ne HoxeH"[49];
- "pa6oun knacc, kak knacc, ynpaanne1, n korpa on cospan oae1ckyk anac1L, a1a
anac1L naxopn1cn a ero pykax, kak knacca, n on acnkoro npepc1aan1enn 6ypxyasnmx
nn1epecoa Hoxe1 asn1L sa unaopo1 n amknny1L aon. a1oH coc1on1 anac1L
npone1apna1a"[50].
ecHo1pn na sananenne ennna o 1oH, u1o "ecnn 6m Hm na1paannaann na
nn1ennnrenunk, nac cnepoaano 6m sa a1o noaecn1L"[51], ne1pypno porapa1Lcn, kak
ace a1n npen pe1onnpoaann a cosnannn Hacc. , xo1n nopo6nme amckasmaannn
conpoaoxpanncL oroaopkaHn o npak1nuecko nonLse, ko1opyk Hoxno n nyxno nsaneuL
ns nn1ennnrenunn, no qak1 unpouaue npak1nkn asn1nn (n pacc1pena) sanoxnnkoa
ns cpepm nn1ennnrenunn, aoo6ue apec1oa n kasne nn1ennnren1oa a 1917-1921 rr., a
1akxe 6ecnpeuepen1nm qak1 amcmnkn a 1922 r. ns occnn payx co1en nyuunx
npepc1aan1ene o1euec1aenno Hmcnn, ne roaopn yxe o npoue 1paane, ccmnkax n
pacnpaaax, - ace a1o canpe1enLc1aye1 o 1oH, u1o cnoaa ne 1onLko noa1a, no n
nonn1nka "cy1L yxe ero pena".
npak1nueckoro ncnonLsoaannn nn1ennnrenunn noao anac1Lk - oco6an 1eHa, ee
cnepye1 paccHo1pe1L noppo6no. pecL ennn nponann ce6n kak nopnnnnm noaa1op,
cospa1enL 1eopnn, ykasaaun ny1L, no ko1opoHy acnep sa occne nounn ace c1panm
no6epnauero "counannsHa", kak a akonoHnueckoH, 1ak n a nonn1nueckoH acnek1ax.
272
o1nnune o1 Hnornx ne 1onLko npone1apnea, no n 6onLunnc1aa nap1nnmx
nn1ennnren1oa, ennn ue1ko nonnHan, u1o "6es 6ypxyasnmx cneunannc1oa Hm nn
opno o1pacnn noc1pon1L ne cHoxeH"[52], u1o "nyxno asn1L ack kynL1ypy, ko1opyk
kann1annsH oc1aann, n ns nee noc1pon1L counannsH. yxno asn1L ack nayky, 1exnnky,
ace snannn, nckycc1ao. es a1oro Hm xnsnL koHHynnc1nueckoro o6uec1aa noc1pon1L
ne HoxeH. a1a nayka, 1exnnka, nckycc1ao - a pykax cneunannc1oa n a nx
ronoaax"[53].
onpoc: kak cpena1L, u1o6m "6ypxyasnme cneunannc1m" anpnrnncL a 1pnyHqanLnyk
konecnnuy no6epn1ene n oxo1o nn6o neaone noaneknn ee a cae1noe 6ypyuee?
ennn neHano pyHan nocne k1n6pn nap a1nH aonpocoH. n c1aann ero 1ak: "axe a
o1c1ano occnn pnpoH c onynaeamHn n asyaaeamHn napopnnncL kann1annc1m,
ko1opme yHenn c1aan1L ce6e na cnyx6y kynL1ypnyk nn1ennnrenunk, HenLueanc1ckyk,
acepoackyk, 6ecnap1nnyk. eyxenn Hm okaxeHcn rnynee a1nx kann1annc1oa n ne
cyHeeH ncnonLsoaa1L 1akoro c1pon1enLnoro Ha1epLnna pnn noc1pokn
koHHynnc1nuecko occnn?"[54].
epam nopxop - a1o aaxno o1He1n1L - k peuennk pannoro aonpoca 6mn cpenan
ennnmH c nosnun cnnm, korpa a peka6pe 1917 r. on nncan: "apaua
oprannsaunonnan..." n 1. p. (cH. amue). - nou1n cpasy acnep sa a1nH, a nnaape
1918: "ospanm noame qopHm rocypapc1aa, npn ko1opoH nonannacL aosHoxnoc1L
nopaanennn akcnnya1a1opoa, nopaanennn conpo1nanennn a1o nnu1oxno kyukn,
cnnLno auepaunnH penexnmH HeukoH, auepaunnH sanacoH snann. nn caoe snanne
- npoqeccopa, yun1enn, nnxenepa - npeapauak1 a opypne akcnnya1aunn 1pypnunxcn,
roaopn: n xouy, u1o6m Hoe snanne cnyxnno 6ypxyasnn, a nnaue n ne 6ypy pa6o1a1L.
H x u m -un m, x
, m x
... a6oune yxe nauann yun1Lcn, onn yxe nauann 6opL6y c
ca6o1axnnkaHn. kpn ns o6pasoaannn cpenann sa6op, Heuakun 1pypnunHcn np1n
anepep; a1o1 sa6op 6ype1 cHe1en"[55] (ampeneno Hno. - A.C.).
pouno nonropa nocne k1n6pn, a cnnoao He1op nau nLnu ace eue npnsnaaan
napexnmH n pec1aennmH: "x naH yun1L neueHy, ecnn ne sapaaa1Lcn pe6nuecko
uenLk yun1L 6ypxyasnmx nn1ennnren1oa counannsHy: nx napo ne yun1L, a
akcnponpnnpoaa1L (u1o a occnn poc1a1ouno peun1enLno penae1cn), nx ca6o1ax
napo u, nx napo, kak cno nnn rpynny, u oae1cko anac1n"[56]. 1o
kacanocL nn1ennnrenunn acex popoa n anpoa. ak, nanpnHep, roaopn o nyxpax cena a
non6pe 1918 r., ennn, a peun na coaeuannn penera1oa koHn1e1oa 6epno1m
uen1panLnmx ry6epnn, saaepnn: "cnn nonapo6n1cn nn1ennnren1m-cneunannc1m, Hm
nx nouneH. nn a 6onLunnc1ae xo1L n kon1ppeaonkunonepm, no koH6epm cyHek1 nx
sanpnuL, n onn 6ypy1 pa6o1a1L pnn napopa ne xyxe, ueH pa6o1ann panLue pnn
akcnnya1a1opoa"[57].
m nnuenm ceuac aosHoxnoc1n pokyHen1anLno yc1anoan1L n pokasa1L, kak
pearnpoaana nn1ennnrenunn a uenoH na nopo6nme nponosnunn: okasmaana c1okoe
conpo1nanenne nnn c "ppn6nmH nn1ennnren1cknH xnmkanLeH" nokopnnacL xenesno
npone1apcko aone. o, anpnHo, ne ace 6mno 1ak rnapko n npoc1o, kak ceropnn
1onkyk1 neko1opme nonynnpnsa1opm nc1opnn. naue Hm ne uyac1aoaann 6m
nanpnxennoro ppaHa1nsHa, aun1maancL a nennnckne c1pokn, ko1opme
canpe1enLc1ayk1 o 1oH, u1o rono cnno peun1L sapauy "npnnyxpennn cnyxn1L
npone1apna1y"[58] cneuoa ne ypaaanocL. anpnHep, a 1oH xe non6pe, no uy1L nosxe,
ennn roaopnn a poknape na co6pannn nap1pa6o1nnkoa ockam: "osLHn1e ack
nn1ennnrenunk. na xnna 6ypxyasno xnsnLk, ona npnamkna k nsaec1nmH
ypo6c1aaH. ockonLky ona kone6anacL a c1opony uexocnoaakoa, naunH nosynroH 6mna
n u - 1eppop. anpy 1oro, u1o 1enepL... noaopo1 a nac1poennn
Henko6ypxyasnmx Hacc nac1ynnn, naunH nosynroH ponxno 6m1L cornauenne..."[59].
273
o u1o6m 6onLueankaH yc1anoan1L "po6pococepckne o1nouennn" c nn1ennnrenune,
nepoc1a1ouno 6mno yaeueaann. ennn, sac1aannn nc1opnk a ko1opm pas
noa1opn1Lcn, o6pauae1cn k ncnm1anno He1ope kny1a n npnnnka: "oneuno,
6onLunnc1ao a1nx cneunannc1oa nackaosL nponnkny1o 6ypxyasnmH HnpocosepuanneH.
x napo okpyxn1L a1Hocqepo , pa6ounHn
koHnccapaHn, koHHynnc1nuecknHn nuekaHn, noc1aan1L nx 1ak,
un, no napo u u u mx nx,
, (ampeneno Hno - A. C.), n6o a1o1 cno, aocnn1annm
6ypxyasne, nnaue pa6o1a1L ne c1ane1. ac1aan1L pa6o1a1L ns-nop nankn uenm cno
nenLsn, - a1o Hm npekpacno ncnm1ann. oxno sac1aan1L nx ne yuac1aoaa1L ak1nano a
kon1ppeaonkunn, Hoxno yc1paun1L nx, u1o6m onn 6onnncL pyky npo1nny1L k
6enoraappeckoHy aossaannk. a a1o1 cue1 y 6onLueankoa pec1ayk1 aneprnuno. 1o
cpena1L Hoxno, n a1o Hm penaeH poc1a1ouno. 1oHy Hm nayunnncL ace. o sac1aan1L
pa6o1a1L uenm cno 1aknH cnoco6oH neaosHoxno"[60]. ako payepnnm nopxop
nponaranpnpoaancn ennnmH 6onee nnn Henee nocnepoaa1enLno c non6pn 1918 ropa.
co6enno npko aepe1cn a1a nponaranpa a Hap1e 1919 r.[61], korpa ennn amc1ynae1
na sacepannn e1pocoae1a, na VIII cLespe (6). o1 ampasn1enLnme un1a1m ns ero
amc1ynnenn:
- "pnn counannc1nueckoro c1pon1enLc1aa neo6xopnHo ncnonLsoaa1L nonnoc1Lk nayky,
1exnnky n aoo6ue ace, u1o naH oc1aanna kann1annc1nueckan occnn. oneuno, na a1oH
ny1n Hm ac1pe1nHcn c 6onLunHn 1pypnoc1nHn. ens6exnm oun6kn. ckpy ec1L
nepe6exunkn n snoc1nme ca6o1axnnkn. y1 neo6xopnHo 6mno nacnnne npexpe acero.
o nocne nero Hm ponxnm ncnonLsoaa1L HopanLnm aec npone1apna1a, cnnLnyk
oprannsaunk n pncunnnnny. oaepuenno nesaueH amknpmaa1L nonesnmx naH
cneunannc1oa. o nx napo noc1aan1L a onpepenennme paHkn... pn aceH a1oH - nn
Haneue nonn1nuecko yc1ynkn a1nH rocnopaH, nonLsyncL nx 1pypoH ackpy, rpe
1onLko aosHoxno"[62];
- "oprannsaunonnan 1aopueckan ppyxnan pa6o1a ponxna cxa1L 6ypxyasnmx
cneunannc1oa 1ak, u1o6m onn unn a uepenrax npone1apna1a, kak 6m onn ne
conpo1nannnncL n nn 6oponncL na kaxpoH uary"[63].
apo nonara1L, a1y uac1L nporpaHHm 6mno amnonnn1L ne 1ak yx cnoxno. nauany
1919 r. o1 nn1ennnrenunn, sannHaaue n po peaonkunn acero-naacero 2,7% o1
sann1oro nacenennn, oc1anocL ne cnnukoH Hnoro, n 6noknpoaa1L ee npone1apcknHn
cnnaHn ne coc1aannno 1pypa.
ao1 u1o kacae1cn cospannn nn1ennnrenunn ycnoan, "nyuunx, ueH npn
kann1annsHe", 1o na a1o counannsH a npnnunne ne 6mn cnoco6en nn 1orpa, nn 1enepL.
oae1ckan anac1L c 1oro n nauana a a1o o6nac1n, u1o pesko yxypunna n a6conk1noe,
n o1nocn1enLnoe 6narononyune nn1ennnren1a. pnueH, aun1maancL a nennnckne
c1pokn, npnxopnuL k amaopy, u1o a1o1 ero npnsma ne 1onLko ne 6mn cpenan acepLes,
no n u1o a yHe ennn pepxan neu1o coaceH npo1naononoxnoe.
a nepam asrnnp, on c1oko o16naan a1akn cnnukoH pe1namx no6opnnkoa paaenc1aa,
1pe6oaaaunx neHepnennoro aaepennn
. 1aknx peann1ene cnpaaepnnaoc1n 6mno orpoHnoe 6onLunnc1ao n a nap1nn, n
npoc1o cpepn pa6ounx. expy 1eH eue a non6pe 1917 r. ennn, roaopn o6 nnxenepax,
ykasmaan: "m nx 6ypeH oxo1no onnaunaa1L. m ne co6npaeHcn nnua1L nx noka
npnannernpoaannoro nonoxennn"[64]. ao1, korpa peno pouno po npak1nkn, on a
anpene 1918 r. pasLncnnn copa1nnkaH: "yuune oprannsa1opm n kpynneune
cneunannc1m Hory1 6m1L ncnonLsoaanm rocypapc1aoH nn6o no-c1apoHy, no-
6ypxyasnoHy (1.e. sa amcokyk nna1y), nn6o no-noaoHy, no-npone1apckn (1. e.
cospanneH 1o o6c1anoakn acenapopnoro yue1a n kon1ponn cnnsy, ko1opan nens6exno
n caHa co6ok nopunnnna n npnanekna 6m cneunannc1oa). aH npnunocL 1enepL
npn6erny1L k c1apoHy, 6ypxyasnoHy cpepc1ay n cornacn1Lcn na ouenL amcokyk onna1y
274
ycnyr kpynneunx ns 6ypxyasnmx cneunannc1oa". panee npoponxan y6expa1L:
"onyc1nH, occncko oae1cko pecny6nnke neo6xopnHm 1000 nepaoknaccnmx
yuenmx n cneunannc1oa pasnmx o6nac1e snannn, 1exnnkn, npak1nueckoro onm1a, pnn
pykoaopc1aa napopnmH 1pypoH a uennx aosHoxno 6onee 6mc1poro nopLeHa c1panm.
onyc1nH, u1o a1n saespm nepao aennunnm npnxopn1cn onnaunaa1L - 6onLunnc1ao
ns nnx, koneuno, 1eH pasapauennee 6ypxyasnmHn npaaaHn, ueH oxo1ne ono kpnun1 o
pasapauennoc1n pa6ounx, - no 25 000 py6ne a rop. onyc1nH, u1o a1y cyHHy... napo
ypaon1L... nnn paxe yue1aepn1L... npaunaae1cn, Hoxno nn npnsna1L upesHepnmH nnn
nenocnnLnmH pnn oae1cko pecny6nnkn pacxop nn1npecn1n nnn c1a Hnnnnonoa
py6ne a rop na nepeoprannsaunk napopnoro 1pypa no nocnepneHy cnoay naykn n
1exnnkn? oneuno, ne1... ako c1enenn oprannsoaannoc1n, yue1a n kon1ponn, u1o6m
amsaa1L noronoanoe n po6poaonLnoe yuac1ne saesp 6ypxyasno nn1ennnrenunn a
m pa6o1e, Hm ne poc1nrnn".
ennn n pykoaopnHm nH annapa1 anac1n nocnepoaa1enLno npnpepxnaancn nopo6no
nonn1nkn a onna1e 1pypa "cneunannc1oa". 1o1 qak1. pn a1oH, koneuno, ne cnepye1
sa6maa1L, u1o "saespm ne nepao aennunnm", pa n npoc1o 1e nn1ennnren1m, ko1opme
no 1eH nnn nnmH npnunnaH okasanncL na pannm HoHen1 ne nyxnm 6onLueankaH,
oc1anncL na nponsaon cypL6m. uac1L nx 6mna yxacna. x 6ecnoHounoc1L,
nenpncnoco6nennoc1L k 6opL6e sa xnsnL a ycnoannx aceo6uero peqnun1a n ao
apaxpe6noH counanLnoH okpyxennn - o6pekana nx na Hyun1enLnyk, ponryk cHep1L,
1ounee - amHnpanne. e yrny6nnncL a a1y 1eHy, u1o6m ne oc1aann1L a c1opone
rnaanm aonpoc, npnaepy 1onLko opnn npnHep. apnn nekcanppoana ap1ynr, pouka
yuknna, ero nepaeneu, "HanenLkan nn1orpaqckan konnn" o1ua, ero "auka",
ko1opyk on nk6nn, o 6ypyueH ko1opo Heu1an, yHepna na ynnue a 1919 r. o1 ronopa n
nnue1m. 1apyxa ne 6mna "cneunannc1oH" n npaaa na annHanne noamx anac1e ne
nHena. nk1o napouno ne y6naan ee; no a nonnoH coo1ae1c1ann c nennncko 1eopne
e npoc1o "ne pann kyua1L"[65].
opo6nmHn npnHepaHn 6mna nonna xnsnL, onn nponcxopnnn na rnasax y acex. eH ne
Henee, a napope aonpoc o6 onna1e "cneuoa" ne 1epnn oc1po1m, n ennny apeHn o1
apeHenn npnxopnnocL un. anpnHep, a Hap1e 1919 r. on a1o penan
paaxpm. ak, 12 uncna na sacepannn e1pocoae1a on sanann: "noro cpepc1aa
noc1aan1L peno Hm ne anpnH pnn 1oro, u1o6m onn pa6o1ann ne ns-nop nankn.... m
nepaano nHenn pasroaop no a1oHy aonpocy c koHnccapoH 1pypa Hnp1oH, n on
cornauae1cn c naue nonn1nko n roaopn1, u1o npexpe, npn kann1annsHe, sapa6o1nan
nna1a uepnopa6ouero 6mna 25 py6ne a Hecnu, sapa6o1ok xopouero cneunannc1a ne
HenLuee 500 py6ne a Hecnu - pasnnua 1-20, 1enepL nnsun sapa6o1ok 600 py6ne,
a cneunannc1m nonyuak1 3 1mcnun, pasnnua 1-5. aknH o6pasoH, u1o6m ampoann1L
nnsune n amcune c1aakn, Hm cpenann nopnpkoH n 6ypeH panLue npoponxa1L naua1oe.
pannoe xe apeHn cpaann1L onna1y Hm ne HoxeH, noka Hano cneunannc1oa, Hm ne
o1kasmaaeHcn o1 noamuennn nna1m nH"[66]. nyc1n nepenk, a poknape o nap1nno
nporpaHHe, on npnsnaaancn: "nopoc o 6ypxyasnmx cneunannc1ax amsmaae1 neHano
1penn n pasnornacn. orpa Hne npnunocL amc1ynn1L na pnnx a e1porpapckoH
oae1e, 1o ns 1ex sanncok, ko1opme Hne nopann, neckonLko 6mno nocanueno aonpocy
o c1aakax. enn cnpaunaann: pasae Hoxno a counannc1nuecko pecny6nnke nna1n1L
po 3000 py6ne?" panee
ennn anoaL ccmnancn na Hnp1a, na ero unqpm, a 1akxe npnaopnn ero cnoaa: "nn
ampaannaannn sapa6o1no nna1m Hm cpenann c1onLko, ckonLko nnrpe ne cpenano n ne
Hoxe1 cpena1L a pecn1kn ne1 nn opno 6ypxyasnoe rocypapc1ao"[67].
porpaHHa (6), npnnn1an na VIII cLespe, nonnoc1Lk o1pasnna nennnckyk
konuenunk. o o6Lek1nanoc1L 1pe6ye1 o6Lncnn1L, u1o xe nHenocL a anpy nop
"ampaannaanneH sapnna1m" - kak a1o nonnHanocL a 1e ropm 6onLueankaHn, a
uac1noc1n, ennnmH.
275
ue a "uepepnmx sapauax", pasLncnnn neo6xopnHoc1L nepenna1m "cneuaH", on
nopuepknaan: "cno, u1o 1akan Hepa ec1L koHnpoHncc,
H K n , 1pe6ykunx caepennn
xanoaann k ypoank nna1m cpepneHy pa6oueHy... ano 1oro. cno, u1o 1akan Hepa
ec1L ne 1onLko npnoc1anoaka - a nsaec1no o6nac1n n a nsaec1no c1enenn -
nac1ynnennn na kann1an..., no n uar nasap naue counannc1nuecko, oae1cko,
rocypapc1aenno anac1n, ko1opan c caHoro nauana npoaosrnacnna n noaena nonn1nky
nonnxennn amcoknx xanoaann po sapa6o1ka cpepnero pa6ouero"[68] (ampeneno
Hno. - A.C.). a panLneueH ne pas noncnnn: "oka cneunannc1oa Hano, Hm
npnnyxpenm ne o1kasmaa1Lcn o1 amcoknx c1aaok"[69]; "1peHncL k paaenc1ay
aosnarpaxpennn sa acnkn 1pyp n k nonnoHy koHHynnsHy, Hm nnkonH o6pasoH ne
HoxeH c1aan1L caoe sapaue neHepnennoro ocyuec1anennn a1oro paaenc1aa a
pannm HoHen1..."[70]; "aknH o6pasoH Hoxno... ycHa1pnaa1L neu1o apope nopaoxa
nnn apope o6npm a saun1e Hmcnn o neo6xopnHoc1n o1c1anaa1L na nsaec1noe apeHn
nonnxennme, no ace xe 6onee amcokne, ueH cpepnn, sapa6o1kn?.. m npo1na 1oro,
u1o6m o6une ycnoann xnsnn nn1ennnren1oa nonnxanncL cpasy po cpepnnx"[71].
(aHeuy a cko6kax, u1o a1y sapauy - ypaann1L nn1ennnren1a a ycnoannx xnsnn co
"cpepnnH pa6ounH", nepoamnonnennyk npn xnsnn ennna, koHHynnc1m anonne
ocyuec1annn npn aepnoH nennnue pexneae. a eue, no caoeHy o6mknoaennk, n
"nepeconnnn". ak u1o snaHenn1m "ocnoano npnnunn" counannsHa - "o1 kaxporo no
cnoco6noc1nH, kaxpoHy no ero 1pypy" - oc1ancn, noxoxe, naacerpa cpepn npnHe1
rpanpnosneue y1onnn acex apeHen.)
axa1me a "uepenrax npone1apna1a", no xopouo onnaunaaeHme cneunannc1m
napopnoro xosnc1aa cpenann 1o, u1o o1 nnx 1pe6oaanocL: sa 1921-1928 rr. noHornn
amaec1n c1pany ns paspyxn, ykpenn1L ee HouL n Hexpynapopnm aa1opn1e1. pecL ne
Hec1o pncky1npoaa1L, no kaknH Ho1naaH onn a1o penann: ns c1paxa nn, no xn1ecko
cna6oc1n nnn ns amcoknx na1pno1nuecknx coo6paxenn. 1Heuy nnuL, u1o ennn
nano npnpaaan 6onLuoe snauenne nepamH payH, a ne nocnepneHy Ho1nay.
cansn c a1nH neckonLko cnoa ckaxy o 1ex nepcnek1naax, ko1opme anpenncL ennny.
1paxoH nenLsn ynpaann1L aeuno, nepenna1a "cneuaH" - 1oxe peno apeHennoe. u1o
x panLue-1o?
H "kpeHneackn Heu1a1enL" nosaonnn ce6e noHeua1L: "o1pypnnuec1ao
npepc1aan1ene naykn n pa6ounx, - 1onLko 1akoe co1pypnnuec1ao 6ype1 a coc1onnnn
ynnu1oxn1L aecL rne1 nnue1m, 6onesne, rpnsn. a1o 6ype1 cpenano. epep coksoH
npepc1aan1ene naykn, npone1apna1a n 1exnnkn ne yc1on1 nnkakan 1eHnan cnna"[72].
o ackope on acnoHnnan o 1oH, u1o c1aporo sakana "nn1ennnren1, cnoaoH, uenoaek,
ko1opm sa6o1n1cn 1onLko o 1oH, u1o6m nHe1L caoe, a po ppyroro eHy pena ne1"[73],
ne ropn1cn, noxany, pnn a1o sapaun. oa1oHy cnoaa n cnoaa aosapauancn ennn k
1pe6oaannk: amkoaa1L noayk, pa6oue-kpec1Lnnckyk nn1ennnrenunk, ko1opan ac1ane1
na Hec1o c1apo n npnHe1 na ce6n ee qynkunn, ne nepenna ee caoc1a.
osaonk ce6e npepnonoxn1L, u1o specL na ennna okasann aospec1ane c1pokn ns
knnrn apnueaa, ko1opyk on c knoc1n ponxen 6mn sna1L n u1n1L: "O, cn ,
nxkM yM nr, nnc n cM, n xnM,
ncyM nc, rn m, rn cn rc c
k m rn c! M nn rcyc? - Ck
c r crync nk Myx nn cynn r nM;
n yr c Mcn nm ... H M a;
rycy cy M, cky m yy; n n
cn"[74].
panpnosnyk sapauy n "x " "
" ocyuec1an1L, koneuno, ne 1ak-1o npoc1o. epL, kak Hm noHnnH, a
276
ynnaepcn1e1ax "c1apme 6ypxyasnme npoqeccopa" npenopaaann "c1apm 6ypxyasnm
xnaH". e nyuue peno o6c1onno n a ukonax: "apkoHnpoc nepexnn ponryk 6opL6y,
ponroe apeHn yun1enLckan oprannsaunn 6oponacL c counannc1nuecknH nepeaopo1oH.
a1o yun1enLcko cpepe oco6enno ynpounnncL 6ypxyasnme npeppaccypkn", - 1ak
n1oxnn ennn a konue 1920 r. 1pexne1nne o1nouennn 6onLueankoa c yun1ennHn.
c1aann nepep nonn1npocae1aHn napo6pasa npkyk uenL: "a6o1nnkn npocaeuennn,
yun1enLckn nepconan, 6mnn aocnn1anm a pyxe 6ypxyasnmx npeppaccypkoa n
npnamuek, a pyxe, apaxpe6noH npone1apna1y, onn 6mnn coaepuenno ne cansanm c
nnH. enepL Hm ponxnm aocnn1maa1L noayk apHnk neparornueckoro yun1enLckoro
nepconana, ko1opm ponxen 6m1L 1ecno cansan c nap1ne, c ee npenHn, ponxen 6m1L
nponn1an ee pyxoH, ponxen npnaneuL k ce6e pa6oune Haccm, nponn1a1L nx pyxoH
koHHynnsHa, sann1epecoaa1L nx 1eH, u1o penak1 koHHynnc1m"[75].
1oH, kak a1a uenL ocyuec1annnacL na npak1nke, n ocyuec1annnacL nn, n specL ne
cyxy. o1n ne Hory ne saHe1n1L, u1o c nopospn1enLno ak1yanLnoc1Lk un1ak1cn
ceropnn cnoaa, nanncannme ennnmH a 1oH xe 1920.: "B x
, x ... n
mu x x ux ,
"[76]... o neko1opme
pekoHenpaunn ennna no ampaunaannk "aennknx Hyxe" n cun1ak nennunnH
npoun1npoaa1L.
mue n yxe npnaopnn saHeua1enLnme caoe paycHmcnennoc1Lk cnoaa o 1oH, u1o
"ecnn Hm 6ypeH pa6o1a1L ne cnnukoH 1oponnnao, 1o uepes neckonLko ne1 y nac 6ype1
Hacca Honopmx nkpe, cnoco6nmx a kopne nsHenn1L nau annapa1". 1a
paycHmcnennoc1L nponanne1cn oueanpne, korpa Hm un1aeH nennnckn npoek1
noc1anoanennn o npneHe a aysm: "... nopro1oan1L neHepnenno pnp noc1anoanenn
n uaroa pnn 1oro, u1o6m a cnyuae ecnn uncno xenakunx noc1ynn1L a amcune yue6nme
saaepennn npeamcn1 o6munoe uncno aakancn, 6mnn npnnn1m caHme akc1pennme
Hepm, o6ecneunaakune aosHoxnoc1L yun1Lcn pnn acex xenakunx, n nnkaknx ne
1onLko kpnpnuecknx, no n qak1nuecknx npnannern pnn nHyunx knaccoa ne Horno
6m1L. a nepaoe Hec1o 6esycnoano ponxnm 6m1L npnnn1m nnua ns cpepm
npone1apna1a n 6epneuero kpec1Lnnc1aa..."[77]. o a1oHy npoek1y 2 aaryc1a 1918 r.
6mn y1aepxpen pekpe1, o1Hennaun ne 1onLko nna1y sa o6yuenne, u1o 6mno no-
rocypapc1aennoHy 6naropopno n ne nnoxo, no n konkypcnme aksaHenm, a 1akxe
npec1aanenne pnnnoHa, a11ec1a1a nnn canpe1enLc1aa o6 okonuannn ukonm, u1o ne a
nyuuyk c1opony onpepennno cneunqnky kon1nnren1a. nopno ne cun1ancL c pesknH,
acnepc1ane a1oro, cnnxenneH kauec1aa o6yuennn n poc1onnc1a amnycknnkoa, ennn n
a panLneueH nac1anaan na 1oH, u1o "Hm ponxnm aecL annapa1 rocypapc1aennm
yno1pe6n1L na 1o, u1o6m yue6nme saaepennn, aneukonLnoe o6pasoaanne,
npak1nueckan nopro1oaka - ace a1o uno, nop pykoaopc1aoH koHHynnc1oa, pnn
npone1apnea, pnn pa6ounx, pnn 1pypnunxcn kpec1Lnn"[78].
1o 6mn nepam cnoco6 saHenm c1apo, "nnoxo" nn1ennnrenunn na noayk,
"xopouyk". 1opo cnoco6 6mn eue npoue; pnn nero nopo6pann 1epHnn
"ampanxenuec1ao". ennn onpepennn ero 1ak: "m ponxnm aaopn1L a yupexpennn
unenaHn ne6onLunx konnern, noHounnkaHn o1penLnmx saaepykunx nnn a kauec1ae
koHnccapoa poc1a1ounoe uncno npak1nueckn onm1nmx n 6esycnoano npepannmx
pa6ounx n kpec1Lnn. a1oH raospL! aknH o6pasoH am 6ype1e cospaaa1L ace 6onLuee
n 6onLuee uncno pa6ounx n kpec1Lnn, ko1opme yua1cn ynpaanennk n, npopn ace
cpokn o6yuennn pnpoH co c1apmHn cneunannc1aHn, c1anoan1cn na nx Hec1a"[79]. "pn
pa6oueH ynpaanennn nyxno, u1o6m kaxpm pa6oun amncnnn ce6e Hexannky a1oro
ynpaanennn, u1o6m pa6oun, ckonLko-nn6ypL o6napyxnaun cnoco6noc1n
apHnnnc1pa1opa, npopanrancn o1 nnsunx ponxnoc1e k 6onee amcoknH, u1o6m ero
c1aannn na ponxnoc1L no ynpaanennk, ncnm1maann ero n npopanrann... 1oro Hm ne
nayunnncL pena1L, n acnkoe kone6anne, rpe a1o cyuec1aye1, rpe a1o o6napyxn1cn, ono
ponxno 6m1L nsxn1o"[80].
277
T m , x u
. anpe1L a1y nn1ennnrenunk a pec1ann
ennny 6mno ne cyxpeno: on amuen ns ak1nano xnsnn panLue, ueH ona cospena.
paapa, koe-u1o on saHe1nn yxe 1orpa: "oHHynnc1, ne pokasaaun caoero yHennn
o6Lepnnn1L n ckpoHno nanpaann1L pa6o1y cneunannc1oa, axopn a cy1L pena, nsyuan
ero pe1anLno, 1ako koHHynnc1 uac1o apepen. aknx koHHynnc1oa y nac Hnoro, n n 6m
nx o1pan pkxnnaHn sa opnoro po6pocoaec1no nsyuakuero caoe peno n snakuero
6ypxyasnoro cneua... syuenne - peno yuenoro, n 1y1, nockonLky peno npe1 y nac yxe
paano ne o6 o6unx npnnunnax, a nHenno o npak1nueckoH onm1e, naH onn1L a pecn1L
pas uennee xo1n 6m 6ypxyasnm, no snakun peno cneunannc1 naykn n 1exnnkn,
ueH uaannm koHHynnc1, ro1oam a nk6yk Hnny1y pnn n noun nannca1L 1esncm,
ampanny1L nosynrn"[81]....
apo nn roaopn1L, u1o npo1naoc1onnne koe-kak o6pasoaannmx "koHHynnc1oa" n
yuenmx-"cneuoa" sa1nnynocL po naunx pne. o coapeHennoc1L amxopn1 sa paHkn
Hoe 1eHm.
* * *
ne pyHak, u1o npnaepennm a c1a1Le o6Lek1nanm Ha1epnan 1pe6ye1 kaknx-1o
pononnn1enLnmx o6o6uenn. n cnnukoH snaun1enen caH no ce6e, cnnukoH o HnoroH
sac1aanne1 sapyHa1Lcn. aaepnoe, kaxpm no xopy nsnoxennn neaonLno npoeunpoaan
nennnckne Hmcnn n na 1parnueckyk peanLnoc1L 1ex paneknx ne1, n na qapcoayk -
6nnsknx.
oa1oHy n ckaxy nnuL, u1o sakonm nc1opnn, k cuac1Lk, nenopanac1nm paxe caHmH
ampakunHcn nkpnH. pnn ns 1aknx sakonoa o1kpm1 yuknnmH: cao6opa -
neHnnyeHoe cnepc1ane npocaeuennn. ak u1o ne c1on1 ypnann1Lcn 1oHy, u1o y nac
Hano no Hany cnoaa cospancn cno nkpe, c1onL noxoxnx ao HnoroH no caonH
y6expennnH n npnc1pac1nnH na 1ex, koro ennn cun1an neo6xopnHmH "no6epn1L,
nepepena1L, nepeaapn1L, nepeaocnn1a1L"[82]. o ceropnn a1o1 cno ropaspo
Hnorouncnenne, ueH 6mn 1orpa, n ceropnn ero yxe ne nonpekneuL "6ypxyasnoc1Lk":
on nno1L o1 nno1n napopa. ec n aa1opn1e1 a1oro cnon a o6uec1ae 6mc1po pac1e1.
xo1n nnorpa eue paspae1cn snakoHoe: "epL1e, rocnopa, ne 1onLko a yupepnnky, no n
a 6ora, no pena1e aauy pa6o1y n ne sannHa1ecL nonn1nko"[83], no noaoe
nokonenne npocaeuennmx nkpe yxe nouyac1aoaano akyc cao6opm, n nx 1enepL o1
nee ne o1aapn1L.
Henno no1oHy, u1o konnuec1ao npocaeuennmx nkpe y nac ceropnn aennko, n ne
anpaae noc1aan1L noka 1ouky: Henn 1y1 xe ynpekny1 - n cnpaaepnnao - a
npene6pexennn opnnH saHeua1enLnmH nc1ounnkoH. nHek a anpy snaHenn1oe nncLHo
ennna .. opLkoHy o1 15.09.1919[84].
o noaopy a1oro nncLHa, Hne pyHae1cn, c1onno 6m nannca1L o1penLnyk c1a1Lk,
c1onLko a neH cxopn1cn ckxe1nmx nnnn, 1ak ono npko, xapak1epno pnn aa1opa ao
acex o1nouennnx, 1ak nenocpepc1aenno n aHec1e c 1eH konuen1pnpoaanno ampae1
caHyk cy1L ero uyac1a n y6expenn!
o6c1aenno roaopn, caHm snaHenn1m a6sau Hoxno 6mno 6m asn1L annrpaqoH ko
ace Hoe c1a1Le: "Hu x un
u ,
, , nx n . H s
, ".
ecnn ne anonne npnnnuno c1aan1L nopo6nme c1pokn a annrpaqe, 1o aepx
nenpnnnunn - sa6m1L o nnx n ne noHnny1L xo1n 6m a annnore. c1opnn kak nayka ne
npoc1n1 1akoro npoxnnpec1aa.
278
na a1oH, co6c1aenno roaopn, Hoxno 6mno 6m n sakonun1L.
M - m 1989
[1] H., nanp.: ocknn . . ennn, peaonkunn, nn1ennnrenunn. - oaocn6npck, 1973;
aysonkoa . . oHHynnc1nueckan nap1nn - oprannsa1op cospannn nayuno n
nponsaopc1aenno-1exnnuecko nn1ennnrenunn a . - ., 1973; oae1ckan
nn1ennnrenunn: pa1kn ouepk nc1opnn (1917-1975). - ., 1977 n pp.
[2] 1o 1akoe "ppysLn napopa" n kak onn aokk1 npo1na counan-peHokpa1oa? -
aneua1ano a 1894. - , 1. 1, c. 245.
[3] aH xe. c. 309.
[4] konoHnueckoe copepxanne napopnnuec1aa n kpn1nka ero a knnre r. 1pyae
(1paxenne HapkcnsHa a 6ypxyasno nn1epa1ype). o noaopy knnrn . 1pyae
"pn1nueckne saHe1kn k aonpocy o6 akonoHnueckoH pasan1nn occnn". - aneua1ano a
1895. - , 1. 1, c. 441-442.
[5] ne1ep6yprcknH pa6ounH n counannc1aH o1 "oksa 6opL6m". - es pa1m. - , 1.
2, c. 467-468.
[6] apaun pyccknx counan-peHokpa1oa. - anncano a konue 1897, naneua1ano a
1898. - , 1. 2, c. 454.
[7] "euensnn na knnry . ay1ckoro "epnu1en n counan-peHokpa1nueckan
nporpaHHa". - anncana a konue 1899. euensnn ony6nnkoaana a neua1n nocne
cHep1n ennna, no HmcnL, koneuno, ne nponana a1yne n caoeapeHenno aouna a
npeonornueckn apcenan 6onLueansHa. poHe 1oro, nHenncL n ne1nnorpaqckne
cnoco6m pasHnoxennn nn1epa1ypm: nepenncka, c1eknorpaq n 1. p. - ,. 1. 4,
c.209.
[8] poek1 nporpaHHm naue nap1nn. - anncano a konue 1899. - , 1. 4, c.238.
[9] oueHy counan-peHokpa1nn ponxna o6Lnan1L peun1enLnyk n 6ecnouapnyk... -
anncano ne1oH 1902. - , 1. 6, c. 374.
[10] a6ouan n 6ypxyasnan peHokpa1nn. - aneua1ano a nna. 1905. - , 1. 9, c.
180.
[11] onn1noe nanpaanenne a pyccko counan-peHokpa1nn. - anncano a konue 1899.
- , 1. 4, c. 269.
[12] o noaopy "proession e oi". - anncano a konue 1899 - nauane 1900. - , .
4, . 316.
[13] aHopepxaane n npone1apna1. naapL 1905. - , 1. 9, c. 135.
[14] eun n amc1ynnennn npn o6cyxpennn yc1aaa nap1nn 21 anpenn (4 Han). - , 1.
10, c. 167.
[15] euL no aonpocy o6 o1nouennnx pa6ounx n nn1ennnren1oa a counan-
peHokpa1nuecknx oprannsaunnx. 20 anpenn (3 Han). - , c. 162-163.
279
[16] peoprannsaunn nap1nn. - on6pL 1905. - , 1. 12, c. 90.
[17] aneua1ano a Hap1e 1908. - , 1. 8, c. 309.
[18] aH xe, c. 254.
[19] 1o pena1L? a6oneaune aonpocm nauero panxennn. - aneua1ano a Hap1e
1902. - , 1. 6, c. 30-31.
[20] aneua1ano a Hap1e 1908. - , 1. 17, c. 5.
[21] ouenke pyccko peaonkunn. - aneua1ano a anpene-Hae 1908. - , 1.17, c.
40.
[22] ak counannc1m-peaonkunonepm nopaopn1 n1orn peaonkunn n kak peaonkunn
nopaena n1orn counannc1aH-peaonkunonepaH. - aneua1ano a nnaape 1909. - , 1.
17, c. 351.
[23] H. o6 a1oH: enoxaea . . ape1m - rnaanan nap1nn nn6epanLno 6ypxyasnn a
6opL6e c peaonkune 1905-1907 rr. - ., 1983.
[24] aneua1ano a nnaape 1913. - , 1. 22, c. 302-303.
[25] anncano a anpene 1913. - , 1. 23, c. 135.
[26] ounannc1nueckan peaonkunn n npaao naun na caHoonpepenenne. (esncm). -
aneua1ano a anpene 1916. - , 1. 27, c. 262.
[27] aneua1ano a ok1n6pe 1917. - , 1. 34, c. 310-311.
[28] aH xe, c. 312, 320.
[29] , 1. 44, c. 347.
[30] pepncnoane k knnre . . 1enanoaa "nek1pnqnkaunn a cansn c
nepexopno qaso Hnpoaoro xosnc1aa". - aneua1ano 21 Hap1a 1922. - , 1. 45, c.
52.
[31] aknkun1enLnoe cnoao no nonn1nueckoHy o1ue1y (6) na II cLespe 28
Hap1a. - aneua1ano a anpene 1922. - , 1. 45, c. 121.
[32] uepepnme sapaun oae1cko anac1n. aneua1ano a anpene 1918. - , 1. 36, c.
181.
[33] onn1nueckn o1ue1 (6) na II cLespe 27 Hap1a. - aneua1ano a anpene
1922. - , 1. 45, c. 94.
[34] anncano 29 peka6pn 1922. - , 1. 45, c. 352.
[35] oknap o 1ak1nke na III konrpecce oHnn1epna 45 nknn 1921. - , 1. 34,
c. 51.
[36] n1L ne1 poccncko peaonkunn n nepcnek1nam Hnpoao peaonkunn. oknap na
IV konrpecce oHnn1epna 13 non6pn 1922. - aneua1ano a non6pe 1922. - , 1. 45,
c. 290.
280
[37] aH xe, c. 291.
[38] H. o6 a1oH: yHoaa . . ape1ckan kon1ppeaonkunn n ee pasrpoH. ., 1982;
kapenkoa . . ronnn 6eno aHnrpaunn. ., 1986; n1ennnrenunn n peaonkunn. XX
aek. ., 1985, n pp.
[39] euL o naunonannsaunn 6ankoa na sacepannn 14 (21) peka6pn 1917.
po1okonLnan sanncL. - aneua1ana a peka6pe 1917. - , 1. 35, c. 171-172.
[40] ak oprannsoaa1L copeanoaanne? - anncano a 1917. - , 1. 35, c. 197-198;
uepepnme sapaun... - , 1. 36, c. 177-178: n pp.
[41] pa1kan npo1okonLnan sanncL. aneua1ana a 1918. - . 1. 36. c. 420.
[42] 1enorpaHHa, ncnpaanennan ennnmH. - , 1. 38, c. 141-143.
[43] oknap o6 o1nouennn npone1apna1a k Henko6ypxyasno peHokpa1nn na
co6pannn nap1nnmx pa6o1nnkoa ockam 27 non6pn 1918. - aneua1ano a peka6pe
1918. - , 1. 37, c. 221.
[44] cnexn n 1pypnoc1n oae1cko anac1n. - aneua1ano a 1919. - , 1. 38, c. 58.
[45] ennkn nounn. - aneua1ano a nkne 1919. - , 1. 39, c. 19.
[46] oknap n na VII cepoccnckoH cLespe oae1oa 5 peka6pn 1919. -
aneua1ano a peka6pe 1919. - , 1.39, c.406.
[47] ak oprannsoaa1L copeanoaanne? - anncano a peka6pe 1917 (nnaape 1918). -
, 1. 35, c. 197.
[48] ennme npnsnannn n1npnHa opoknna. - aneua1ano a non6pe 1918. - , 1.
37, c. 196.
[49] onn1nueckn poknap na VIII cepoccncko konqepenunn (6) 2 peka6pn
1919. - aneua1ano a peka6pe 1919. - , 1. 39, c. 355-356.
[50] euL na III cepoccnckoH cLespe pa6ounx aopnoro 1pancnop1a 15 Hap1a 1920. -
aneua1ano a Hap1e 1920. - , 1. 50, c. 218.
[51] 1ae1 na o1kpm1oe nncLHo cneunannc1a. - aneua1ano a Hap1e 1919 r. - , 1.
38, c. 218-220.
[52] ennnckn c6opnnk, 1. 38, c. 303.
[53] cnexn n 1pypnoc1n oae1cko anac1n. - aneua1ano a 1919. - , 1. 38, c. 53-
60.
[54] anenLkan kap1nnka pnn amncnennn 6onLunx aonpocoa. - anncano a konue
1918 - nauane 1919. - , 1. 37, c. 410-411.
[55] oknap o pen1enLnoc1n na III cepoccnckoH cLespe oae1oa pa6ounx,
conpa1cknx n kpec1Lnncknx peny1a1oa II nnaapn 1918. - aneua1ano a nnaape 1918. -
, 1. 35, c. 272-273, 275.
281
[56] "neaoH" pe6nuec1ae n Henko6ypxyasnoc1n. - aneua1ano a Hae 1918. - , 1.
36, c. 311.
[57] aneua1ano a non6pe 1918. - , 1. 37, c. 181.
[58] pnk1a1ype npone1apna1a. - anncano a cen1n6pe-ok1n6pe 1919. - , 1. 39, c.
264.
[59] aneua1ano a peka6pe 1918. - , 1. 37, c. 218-219.
[60] oknap o nap1nno nporpaHHe na VIII cLespe (6) 19 Hap1a 1919. -
aneua1ano a anpene 1919. - , 1. 38, c. 166-167.
[61] on6pL 1918 - Hap1 1919 rr. a1o nepnop kpynnmx ycnexoa oae1cko anac1n a
rpaxpancko aone, u1o nosaonnno 6onLueankaH ocna6n1L xaa1ky na uee
nn1ennnrenunn.
[62] oknap o aneune n any1penne nonn1nke na sacepannn e1porpapckoro
oae1a 12 Hap1a 1919. - aneua1ano a Hap1e 1919. - , 1. 38, c. 6.
[63] 1ue1 na VIII cLespe (6) 18 Hap1a 1919. - aneua1ano a anpene 1919. -
, 1. 38, c. 143.
[64] euL na sacepannn e1porpapckoro oae1a pa6ounx n conpa1cknx peny1a1oa
coaHec1no c qpon1oamHn npepc1aan1ennHn 4 (17) non6pn 1917. - aneua1ano a
non6pe 1917. - , 1. 36, c. 179-181.
[65] a nocnepnne ropm a1o1 qak1 ne pas o6napopoaan a nepnopnuecko neua1n.
[66] 1ae1 na sannckn na sacepannn e1porpapckoro oae1a 12 Hap1a 1919. - , 1.
38. c. 18-19.
[67] , 1. 38, c. 165, 168.
[68] , 1. 36, c. 179.CC, 1. 36, c. 179.
[69] 1ae1 na sannckn... . 19.
[70] poek1 nporpaHHm... . 98.
[71] 1ae1 na o1kpm1oe nncLHo... . 221 - 222.
[72] euL na II cepoccnckoH cLespe pa6o1nnkoa Hepnko-cann1apnoro 1pypa 1 Hap1a
1920. - aneua1ano a 1920. - , 1. 40, c. 189.
[73] apaun coksoa Honopexn. - aneua1ano a ok1n6pe 1920. - , 1. 41, c. 312.
[74] n1a1a pana 6es nsHenenn n kynkp no nspannk: nnsL . ep6a1oa n .
apnuea. npepncnoaneH ckanpepa. - onon, Truner Co., 1858. - . 299.
epon1no, ennn snakoHnncn c 1ekc1oH "y1euec1ann ns e1ep6ypra a ockay" no
a1oHy nspannk, nan6onee rpaHo1noHy n poc1ynnoHy anno1L po 1905 r., korpa
nonannocL nepaoe nayunoe nspanne nop pepakune . . nnLaanckoro n . .
eroneaa. osHoxno anpoueH, u1o y ennna 6mno ne nHenno repuenoackoe, a
pocnoano noa1opnkuee ero nspanne . acnpoanua (1876), amnyuennoe 1akxe pnn
282
occnn. 6 nspannnx apnueaa cH.: nk. Hnpnoa-okonLckn. on 6n6nno1eka. .,
1969. . I. c. 120-128; n xe. acckasm o knnrax. ., 1978. . 71-73.
[75] euL na cepoccnckoH coaeuannn nonn1npocae1oa ry6epncknx n yespnmx
o1penoa napopnoro o6pasoaannn 3 non6pn 1920. - aneua1ano a non6pe 1920. - .,
1. 41, c. 403.
[76] e1ckan 6onesnL "neansnm" a koHHynnsHe. o6aanenne. - aneua1ano a nkne
1920. - ., 1. 41, c. 101-102.
[77] aneua1ano a aaryc1e 1918. - .. 1. 37, c.34.
[78] oknap na I cLespe (6) 29 Hap1a 1920. - aneua1ano a Hap1e 1920. -
., 1. 40, c. 254.
[79] euL a oprannsaunonno cekunn na VII cepoccnckoH cLespe oae1oa 8 peka6pn
1919 r. - aneua1ano a peka6pe 1919. - , 1. 39, c. 430.
[80] ennnckn c6opnnk, 1. 38, c. 303.
[81] 6 epnnoH xosnc1aennoH nnane. - aneua1ano a qeapane 1921.- , 1.42, c.
346-347
[82] e1ckan 6onesnL... . 41.
[83] oknap o aneuneH n any1penneH nonoxennn oae1cko pecny6nnkn na
upesamuanoH sacepannn nnenyHa ockoackoro oae1a pa6ounx n kpacnoapHecknx
peny1a1oa 3 anpenn 1919. - aneua1ano a anpene 1919. - , 1. 38, c. 254.
[84] , 1. 51, c. 47-49. aH xe.
283
KH3H HHERRHEHEQEHHR
HRH HRHR H HH4HR
XQRUE KR
( nx x- "n " 1987 r.
n H , r
v r v xm nr
nm)
H aaxnoc1L 1eHm nn1ennnrenunn pnn ceropnnune naykn n nonn1nkn -
oueanpna. o aceH Hnpe n a naue c1pane 6ykaanLno na rnasax Henne1cn c1pyk1ypa
o6uec1aa sa cue1 6ypnoro poc1a uncna nnu yHc1aennoro 1pypa. ak, a a 1926 r.
1aknx pa6o1nnkoa nacun1maanocL Henee 3 Hnnnnonoa, a 1939 r. nx 6mno yxe okono 13
Hnnnnonoa, a a nac1onuee apeHn - 42 Hnnnnona. axpm ue1aep1m pa6o1nnk a
naue c1pane cansan ceropnn a ocnoanoH c yHc1aennmH 1pypoH[1]. oo1ae1c1aenno
pac1e1 n ypenLnm aec nn1ennnrenunn a naueH o6uec1ae: a1o ne 1onLko a1opan no
uncnennoc1n, no n nan6onee 6mc1po pac1yuan counanLnan rpynna a [2].
nanornunan kap1nna na6nkpae1cn n sa py6exoH. ak o1Heuae1 nccnepoaa1enL,
"nn1ennnrenunn a coapeHennoH Hnpe npepc1aanne1 co6o orpoHnyk cnny. e
ypenLnm aec a coc1aae caHopen1enLnoro nacenennn n snauenne a pasan1nn
Ha1epnanLnoro n pyxoanoro nponsaopc1aa nporpeccnpykue aospac1ae1"[3].
peapauenne naykn a nenocpepc1aennyk nponsaopn1enLnyk cnny ycnnnaae1 a1o
snauenne.
mpa6o1ka npaannLno nonn1nkn no o1nouennk k a1o rpynne, snaun1enLno
nepoouennaaauecn a nepnop sac1on, - rocypapc1aennan sapaua nepaoc1enenno
aaxnoc1n. nonne nonn1no, u1o ee neaosHoxno amnonnn1L, ne nsyuna npepaapn1enLno
caHy nn1ennnrenunk. ak xe o6c1on1 peno c nn1ennnren1oaepenneH sa nocnepnne c1o
ne1?
nn1ennnrenunn kak c1a1nc1nueckn snaunHoe counanLnoe o6pasoaanne
cqopHnpoaanacL ko 2- nonoanne XVIII aeka. pnako npouno okono c1a ne1, npexpe
ueH nauancn npouecc ak1nanoro ocHmcnennn ek caoero Hec1a, ponn, nasnauennn a
o6uec1ae.
1860-70-x rr., c nerko pykn .. o6opmknna n .. aapoaa pycckne Hmcnn1enn
c1ann nocanua1L a1oHy npepHe1y caon pocyrn. cnn anauane pa6o1 no 1eHe
nn1ennnrenunn 6mno Hano[4], 1o c 1890-x rr., no Hepe o6oc1pennn o6uec1aenno-
nonn1nuecko cn1yaunn a occnn, a cnepoaa1enLno, poc1a o6uec1aennoro
caHocosnannn, pyueek nn1epa1ypm, nocanuenno nn1ennnrenunn, c1anoan1cn ace
unpe[5], a a ropm, osnaHenoaannme peaonkunnHn, npeapauae1cn a 6ypnm no1ok[6].
1o n neypnan1enLno: nepep nnuoH napanrakuecn peaonkunonno 6ypn, kaxpm
noam "ukaan" ko1opm 6mn c1paunee n paspyun1enLne pnn paopnncko-6ypxyasno
kynL1ypm, ueH npepmpyun, nopaopnnncL n1orn payxaekoaoro npounoro pyccko
nn1ennnrenunn kak counanLno rpynnm, n6o aecLHa nacyunmH c1an npornos ee
6ypyuero.
uenoH cpepn saHeua1enLno caoe nec1ponoc1Lk pasnoronocnum 1ex ne1 (1860-e -
1920) Hoxno ampenn1L ue1mpe nanpaanennn a 1pak1oake nn1ennnrenunn:
napopnnuecko-acepoackoe, kape1cko-"aexoackoe", anapxnc1ckoe n Hapkcnc1ckoe.
c1aannn a c1opone nosnunk .. ennna no a1oHy aonpocy, xo1n n neo6muano
cyuec1aennyk, no yxe ocaeuaauykcn a coae1cko nn1epa1ype[7], kocneHcn ocnoanmx
oco6ennoc1e n nepoc1a1koa nn1ennnren1oaepennn a1oro nepnopa.
284
naanmH nepoc1a1koH npepc1aanne1cn pasn1enLnoe necoo1ae1c1ane Hexpy
konnuec1aoH unc1o 1eope1nuecknx, "cnekynn1nanmx" pa6o1 n pa6o1 nc1opnuecknx.
caHoH pene, nc1opne nn1ennnrenunn acepLes, rny6oko n unpoko, nnk1o paxe ne
nm1ancn sannHa1Lcn, xo1n ace cneunnn amckasa1Lcn no ee noaopy. aHme
unpokoaeua1enLnme n paneko npyune noc1poennn, konuenunn n paxe nosynrn
onnpanncL npak1nueckn y acex nncaaunx na nananoe, po cHeunoro noaepxnoc1noe
snanne nc1opnn npepHe1a. op "nc1opne nn1ennnrenunn" noppasyHeaanacL, a 1o
apeHn, kak npaanno, "nc1opnn o6uec1aenno Hmcnn". akoa 6mn nopxop .. aapoaa
(nanpnHep, ero peqepa1 "ocnepoaa1enLnme nokonennn", npoun1annm a apnxe a
1891 r. n nospnee nspannm a eneae)[8], .. nexanoaa ("c1opnn pyccko
o6uec1aenno Hmcnn"), .. aanoaa-asyHnnka ("c1opnn pyccko o6uec1aenno
Hmcnn"). o HnoroH ananornunyk nosnunk sannn .. acnnnnko-ynnkoackn,
paaun a caoe Hnoro1oHno "c1opnn pyccko nn1ennnrenunn" - nc1opnk...
nn1epa1ypnmx repoea, 1.e. 1y xe nc1opnk o6uec1aenno Hmcnn a ee cneunqnueckoH,
nn1epa1ypnoH, npenoHnennn. "uepkn ns nc1opnn pyccko nn1ennnrenunn" ..
nnkkoaa, npnanekakune o6euanneH nc1opnsHa, npak1nueckn nocanuenm
nonn1nuecknH co6m1nnH (ouepk "epxoannkn n unnxe1c1ao") nnn o1penLnmH pen1ennH
pycckoro o6uec1aennoro panxennn, npnueH c yknonoH a 6norpaqnsH nn1nHno-
nnpnueckoro caoc1aa (ouepkn o 1oH, "kak nk6nnn" epuen, ennnckn). k6onm1no,
u1o, necHo1pn na cyuec1aoaanne yxe o6unpno k 1oHy apeHenn nn1epa1ypm no
nc1opnn kynL1ypm n npocaeuennn[9], ona npak1nueckn ne ncnonLsoaanacL a o6uero
xapak1epa c1a1Lnx, 6poukpax, knnrax, nocanuennmx nn1ennnrenunn. 1o apeHn, kak
po6pocoaec1nme nc1opnkn, paspa6o1aaune 1e nnn nnme yskne 1eHm nc1opnn pyccko
kynL1ypm, ne penann nonm1ok o6o6un1L caon snannn a pycne nn1ennnren1oaepennn.
aspma Hexpy c1pac1nmH nonckoH 1eope1nuecknx peuenn n o1cy1c1aneH
qak1nuecko ocnoam pnn nnx 6mn npnunno aaxnoro o6uero nepoc1a1ka y 1eope1nkoa
nn1ennnrenunn pannoro nepnopa. akoamH npepc1aanne1cn x
q, u n,
n u[10]. e cyHea ampa6o1a1L o6uenpnnn1oro
onpepenennn nn1ennnrenunn na 6ase nayunoro nsyuennn ee renesnca, pasan1nn,
qynkun, nc1opnkn n ny6nnunc1m nauana aeka no1onynn a 6ecuncnennmx 1onkoc1nx
rny6oko cy6Lek1nanmx paspa6o1ok. aHn1nnkoH nopo6noro cy6Lek1nansHa oc1anocL
1akoe, nanpnHep, onpepenenne nn1ennnrenunn, pannoe qnnocoqoH-aHnrpan1oH ..
epo1oamH n ampaxakuee kpax Hnpoaosspenuecknx yc1anoaok napopnnuec1aa nocne
k1n6pLcko peaonkunn: "Hnnrn c ry, n,
nM c c cc c "[11].
a 1920-x rr. a occnn npnHonknn ronoca 1ex, k1o paccHa1pnaan nn1ennnrenunk
c nosnun napopnnuec1aa, anapxnsHa, kape1c1aa, nepeuennoc1L 1eope1nuecko
npo6neHm nn1ennnrenunn, c opno c1oponm, n npak1nueckan neo6xopnHoc1L ee
peun1L a ycnoannx nepexopa o1 kann1annsHa k counannsHy, c ppyro, nopopnnn
noneHnky cpepn coae1cknx Hapkcnc1oa[12].
naropapn nennncknH paspa6o1kaH n ykasannnH npak1nueckn amxop 6mn napen[13].
1o xe kacae1cn 1eope1nuecknx npepc1aanenn, 1o "cnopnmH oc1aaancn aonpoc o
knaccoao 1onorpaqnn nn1ennnrenunn, 1.e. u
. pepc1aanne1 nn nn1ennnrenunn m u-sm
m, m , nn6o
noHeuakuykcn , nnn xe napo aoo6ue
o1kasa1Lcn o1 nonn1nn n roaopn1L o6
x "[14]. mckasmaanocL Hnenne, u1o
nn1ennnrenunn - u , nnn u , nnn
c npko ampaxennmHn npeno-a1nuecknHn oco6ennoc1nHn. 1o
nn1ennnrenunn kak nu, n , u1o a1o
noHnnanLnoe o6Lepnnenne peanLno u mu n
; u1o a ycnoannx counannsHa n nn
285
, ko1opoHy o1kpm1a popora Haccoaoro o6pasoaannn n npocaeuennn
(. onLqcon). 1o po peaonkunn cyuec1ao nn1ennnrenunn onpepennnocL ee
Henko6ypxyasno npnpopo, a n n
ncuesne1 kak counanLnm cno (.. ynauapckn). . ecnep amc1ynnn paxe
, n6o rno6anLnoe ycaoenne kynL1ypm penae1 acex
o6pasoaannmHn... 1.e. n u
u x. onee oc1opoxnyk nosnunk npnnnn . panckn, ko1opm
nonaran, u1o , , n u
[15]. cneunanLno ampennn a un1a1e cyuec1ao n xapak1ep a1nx pasnornacn a
Hapkcnc1ckoH nn1ennnren1oaepennn 1920-x rr., n6o Hm ac1pe1nHcn co aceHn nnHn n a
panLneueH.
po 1960-x rr. nn1epec k 1eHe nn1ennnrenunn a coae1cko nn1epa1ype saHe1no
no1ycknen. o apeHenaH neko1opme 1pe6oaannn nc1opnueckoro HoHen1a amsmaann k
xnsnn o1penLnme ny6nnkaunn, no ne a nopnpke noneHnkn nnn pnckyccnn. 1930-e rr.
a1o 6mnn pa6o1m, a ocnoanoH, nonynnpnoro, pasLncnnkuero xapak1epa[16], n6o a
ycnoannx pnk1a1ypm npone1apna1a n nocnepykuero apeHenn ne acerpa unpoknH
HaccaH 6mno ncno n nonn1no, u1o 1akoe nn1ennnrenunn n kak c ne cnepye1
o6paua1Lcn. a1oH nc1opnueckoH kon1ekc1e nonn1no, nanpnHep, nonanenne
counnenn, anoaL paso6nauakunx Haxaeaunny kak anapxnueckoe yuenne,
nnrnnnc1nueckoe no o1nouennk k nn1ennnrenunn n kynL1ype[17]. eHnorne
counnennn 1940-50-x rr. no naue 1eHe[18] nnuero ne po6aannn k copepxannk
nonn1nn nn1ennnrenunn n ne paspeunnn cnopnmx aonpocoa.
1960-x rr. nauancn noam npnnna annHannn k naue 1eHe, o6epnyauecn a 1970-e
rr. nac1onunH "6yHoH" a nsyuennn aonpocoa, cansannmx c cyunoc1Lk, Hec1oH n ponLk
nn1ennnrenunn a o6uec1ae. oc1a1ouno ckasa1L, u1o 6n6nnorpaqnueckn ykasa1enL
"oae1ckan nn1ennnrenunn. oae1ckan nc1opnueckan n qnnocoqckan nn1epa1ypa sa
1968-1977 ropm" (oaocn6npck, 1978) copepxn1 1995 nosnun, a 1.u 381 nosnunk no
paspeny "ec1o n ponL nn1ennnrenunn a coae1ckoH o6uec1ae", 157 nosnun no
paspeny "n1ennnrenunn sapy6exnmx c1pan", 26 nosnun no paspeny "pn1nka
6ypxyasno nc1opnorpaqnn" n 8 nosnun no paspeny "n6nnorpaqnueckne
ykasa1enn". 6LeH ykasanno nn1epa1ypm roaopn1 caH sa ce6n. neH npko o1pasnncn
poc1 caHocosnannn noao, counannc1nuecko nn1ennnrenunn.
pnako snakoHc1ao c coapeHenno nn1ennnren1oaepuecko nn1epa1ypo nokasmaae1,
u1o mn no 1eope1nuecknH aonpocaH 6m1oaannn
nn1ennnrenunn nnckonLko ne o1ouna a npounoe.
o-npexneHy x x
n. 1nnunoe npepc1aanenne o6 a1oH o1cy1c1ann epnnmx ouenok n
paxe nx kpn1epnea pae1 snakoHc1ao c anno1npoaannmH ykasa1eneH "po6neHm
coo1nouennn yHc1aennoro n qnsnueckoro 1pypa, ponn nn1ennnrenunn a o6uec1ae" (u.
1-2. ., 1973). s nero Hm ysnaeH, u1o, kak n Hnoro pecn1nne1n 1oHy nasap:
- opnn aa1opm cun1ak1, u1o HopanLno-a1nueckn kpn1epn nHee1 Hec1o npn
onpepenennn npnnapnexnoc1n k nn1ennnrenunn (.. npcanoa), a ppyrne a1o
o1pnuak1 (.. ypcynHyxaHepoa);
- opnn nonarak1 neo6xopnHmH ampa6o1ky onpepenennn, npnropnoro pnn pasnnunmx
o6uec1aenno-akonoHnuecknx qopHaun (.. Hennn n pp.), ppyrne cun1ak1 a1o
npnnunnnanLno neponyc1nHmH (.. annmrnna, .. epaonnan);
- neko1opme pyHak1, u1o npoHmunennan nn1ennnrenunn - a1o "npocnoka" pa6ouero
knacca, cenLckoxosnc1aennan - kpec1Lnnc1aa, a oc1anLnan - "npocnoka" acero
napopa (K.. npnea), ppyrne naxopn1, u1o nn1ennnrenunn - a1o konrnoHepa1
npocnoek, coc1onunx ns nnu pasnnunmx knaccoa n sann1mx yHc1aennmH 1pypoH (..
286
n1oa), 1pe1Ln y6expenm, u1o nponsaopc1aennan nn1ennnrenunn - a1o acero nnuL
"nayuno-o6pasoaannm cno nauero pa6ouero knacca" (.. kapa1an, ..
okyuaea), a ue1aep1me yaepnk1, u1o knaccoaoe nponcxoxpenne a naun pnn aoo6ue
ne nHee1 snauennn, n6o "nn1ennnrenunn cyxpeno a pesynL1a1e poc1a
nn1ennnren1noc1n acero o6uec1aa a ne c1onL o1panennoH 6ypyueH npekpa1n1L
caHoc1on1enLnoe cyuec1aoaanne"[19], na u1o Hoxno aospasn1L, u1o
nn1ennnren1noc1L, kak ceropnn npnnn1o cun1a1L, - ne kpn1epn nn1ennnrenunn, a
ncuesnoaennn paspenennn 1pypa a "ne c1onL o1panennoH 6ypyueH" ne npepanpn1cn n
1.p.
pnn aa1opm (ceropnn nx, noxany, 6onLunnc1ao) peun1enLno npo1na
o1oxpec1anennn nn1ennnrenunn co cnyxaunHn aoo6ue[20]. pyrne nH aospaxak1.
pnn, ykasmaan, u1o c6nnxenne pa6ounx-nn1ennnren1oa n nayuno-1exnnuecko
nn1ennnrenunn nponcxopn1 ne 1onLko npn counannsHe, no n npn kann1annsHe, c1aan1
aonpoc o6 ycnoannx ynnu1oxennn npo1naononoxnoc1n Hexpy yHc1aennmH n
qnsnuecknH 1pypoH (. enLnnkoa, K.. nsrynoaa, .. ckanpepoa), ppyrne
nm1ak1cn aospaxa1L npo1na 1akoro nopxopa k npo6neHe (.. nnokypoaa).
.. y1keanu penn1 nn1ennnrenunk na ncnonnn1ene n oprannsa1opoa, ..
c1axoaa, nanpo1na, saHeuae1, u1o ynpaanenne nponsaopc1aoH n o6uec1aoH - o6nac1L
yHc1aennoro 1pypa, a ncnonnn1enLc1ao - qnsnueckoro, .. onmpnn n ..
pnanukn cun1ak1, u1o aoo6ue qynkunn nn1ennnrenunn kypa cnoxnee n
Hnoroo6pasne n nm1ak1cn, neckonLko cxonac1nueckn, nx nepeuncnn1L, .. ycnoa
knape1 a ocnoay knaccnqnkaunn yHc1aennoro 1pypa npnnunn 1aopuec1aa, a ..
yrenL onpepenne1 kak rnaanm o6Lek1 1pypa nn1ennnrenunn - nnqopHaunk.
akoneu ecnn 1ako aa1op, kak .. 1papyxnn, na ocnoaannn 1esnca o npouecce
nenpoqeccnonanLnoro pasan1nn nn1ennnrenunn, npnxopn1 k saknkuennk, u1o sann1ne
yHc1aennmH 1pypoH npoqeccnonanLno ne Hoxe1 oc1aaa1Lcn konc1n1ynpykunH
npnsnakoH nn1ennnrenunn, 1o .. nrpopunk nac1anaae1 na 1oH, u1o
npoqeccnonanLnm yHc1aennm 1pyp - 6mn n ec1L rnaanm o6pasykun npnsnak
nn1ennnrenunn.
c1L n ppyrne cnoxnoc1n. norne nccnepoaa1enn cnpaaepnnao xanyk1cn, u1o ne
acerpa nerko yc1anoan1L n a6conk1no neaosHoxno 1ouno npoaec1n peHapkaunonnyk
nnnnk Hexpy yHc1aennmH n qnsnuecknH 1pypoH. ue 1pypnee pasnnun1L yHc1aennm
1pyp no c1enenn kaannqnunpoaannoc1n.
anee: ace cornacno peknapnpyk1, u1o nn1ennnrenunn - ne knacc[21]. o u1o a1o
1akoe? pocnoka? epHnn a1o1 nencen, kak n nencna aosHoxnoc1L npnHenn1L ero a
ycnoannx counannsHa, korpa "npocnanaa1L" neuero (ne1 knaccoa-an1aronnc1oa). no?
pynna?
noaoH, na6nkpenne .. n1yxoackoro n .. nnaaka: "ecHo1pn na 1o, u1o
counannc1nueckan nn1ennnrenunn kak npocnoka cyuec1aye1 6onee 1pex pecn1nne1n
(1.e. c 1937-1939 rr. - A.C.), onpepenenne nonn1nn counannc1nuecko nn1ennnrenunn
eue ne ampa6o1ano"[22] Hoxno ycyry6n1L na6nkpenneH .. ane1nna o 1oH, u1o a
coae1cko nayke ne1 onpepenennn cnon, counanLno rpynnm, counanLno-
npoqeccnonanLno rpynnm. , nonn1no, peno kacae1cn ne 1onLko counannc1nuecko
nn1ennnrenunn, no aoo6ue nn1ennnrenunn kak 1akoao[23].
1ak, ne1pypno saHe1n1L, u1o ao-nepamx, xop ronocoa ne c1an c1ponee sa nc1ekune
60 ne1 pasan1nn counonornuecko Hmcnn a , a ao-a1opmx, Hoxno o1ue1nnao
yanpe1L a a1oH xope Ho1nam, snakoHme naH c 1920-x rr. ako "nporpecc" ne Hoxe1
papoaa1L.
287
apnpy c a1nH Hoxno konc1a1npoaa1L, u1o sa1pypnennn a 1eope1nueckoH ocHmcnennn
nn1ennnrenunn npnnnnn ceropnn u m. 6 a1oH canpe1enLc1ayk1
nccnepoaannn, nocanuennme sapy6exnmH konuenunnH nn1ennnrenunn[24]. ak, ..
Hn1poanu, ykasmaan, u1o neko1opme sapy6exnme counonorn caHn npnsnak1
neo1ue1nnaoc1L caonx npepc1aanenn o6 nn1ennnrenunn, po6aanne1: " 6ypxyasno
nn1epa1ype nannuo ny1annua, Hnoroo6pasne 1ouek spennn o1nocn1enLno 1oro, koro n
na ocnoaannn kaknx npnsnakoa npnuncnn1L k nn1ennnrenunn[25]. Hy a1opn1 ..
arnna: " 1pypax qpanuyscknx counonoroa n qnnocoqoa ne1 epnnopyunn no
HnornH aonpocaH, kacakunHcn nn1ennnrenunn, u1o ampaxae1cn, a nepayk ouepepL, a
o1cy1c1ann 6asoao 1nnonornn nn1ennnrenunn. ...epy1cn noc1onnnme pe6a1m o 1oH,
kakoam xe kpn1epnn, nannuec1aykune pnn onpepenennn kon1ypoa a1o "counanLno
rpynnm". akne npnsnakn 6pa1L sa ocnoay ee knaccnqnkaunn: npoqeccnonanLnme,
counanLnme, nonn1nueckne, cqepm npnnoxennn 1pypa nnn any1pennee copepxanne
nn1ennek1yanLno pen1enLnoc1n, npnnapnexnoc1L k knaccaH n npeonornn? ypn1L nn
o ne no npo1naononoxnoc1n Hexpy yHc1aennmH 1pypoH n 1pypoH qnsnuecknH, nnn no
ee o6Lek1nanmH o1nouennnH n snannnH... nnn no ee o1nouennk k anac1n?"[26]. ak
anpnH, .
aknH o6pasoH, aceHnpnme Hacu1a6m o1ae1c1aennoc1n nn1ennnren1oaepoa anpnm
c1onL xe o1ue1nnao, ckonL n ney1eun1enLnoc1L pesynL1a1oa nx 1pypa.
npnunnm neycnexa? x, na nau asrnnp, 1pn:
1. pocae1cn a rnasa pncnponopunn: nannuo snaun1enLnoe konnuec1ao
o6ue1eope1nuecknx pa6o1, orpoHnoe konnuec1ao nccnepoaann no coapeHenno
nn1ennnrenunn, opnako nc1opnuecknx paspa6o1ok npak1nueckn ne1. o cy1n pena,
nponsouen o1pma 1eopnn npepHe1a o1 ero nc1opnn. o aepL ncno, u1o 1onLko nccnepyn
nponanennn nn1ennnrenunn a pasnnunmx nc1opnuecknx ycnoannx, pasnmx
nonn1nuecknx pexnHax, pasnmx o6uec1aenno-akonoHnuecknx qopHaunnx, Hm HoxeH
yc1anoan1L kak aneapeHennme uep1m ee cyunoc1n, 1ak n uep1m ee nc1opnuecko
nsHenunaoc1n. onLko 1ak nn1ennnren1oaepenne Hoxe1 am1n ns kpyra nayunmx
pncunnnnn, a ko1opoH rocnopc1ayk1 Hnennn, n ao1n a kpyr nayk, rpe rocnopc1ayk1
qak1m. pyroro ne1ynnkoaoro ny1n ne1.
oco6ennoc1n neypoane1aopn1enLno o6c1on1 peno c nc1opne o1euec1aenno
nn1ennnrenunn. 1o apeHn, kak y nac amunn knnrn o ppeanerpeuecko
nn1ennnrenunn[27], o6 nn1ennnrenunn anoxn ospoxpennn[28], a 1akxe pnp
yaneka1enLnmx Honorpaqn, nocanuennmx nc1opnn coapeHenno sapy6exno
nn1ennnrenunn[29], nc1opnn pyccko nn1ennnrenunn oc1ae1cn ao HnoroH a 1enn.
ecnn roaopn1L o qeopanLnoH nepnope ee pasan1nn, 1o specL Hm c1anknaaeHcn n co
snaun1enLnmHn a6eppaunnHn.
2. ecoHnenno, nsyuenne nn1ennnrenunn a ee HnoroaekoaoH cyuec1aoaannn 1pe6ye1
cnc1eHnoro nopxopa, n6o caHa npo6neHa nn1ennnrenunn nanne1cn uen1panLno pnn
acero unkna ryHann1apnmx pncunnnnn noc1onLky, nockonLky nn1ennnrenunn -
rnaanm cy6Lek1, a sauac1yk n rnaanm o6Lek1 pyxoanoro nponsaopc1aa ao aceH ero
Hnoroo6pasnn. peanLnmH 6mno 6m cospanne Hnoro1oHno "c1opnn pyccko
nn1ennnrenunn", o6Lepnnnkue ycnnnn cneunannc1oa no nc1opnn nn1epa1ypm,
Hysmkn, nso6pasn1enLnmx nckycc1a n 1.p.
3. anpy 1oro, u1o nc1opnn pyccko nn1ennnrenunn oxaa1maae1 neckonLko c1one1n n
1ecno nepenne1ae1cn c nc1opne npocaeuennn, nc1opne Ha1epnanLno n pyxoano
kynL1ypm, ee nsyuenne uenecoo6pasno npoaopn1L kooppnnnpoaanno, "nnanoao", no
aosHoxnoc1n uen1pannsoaanno. nac1onuee apeHn, nackonLko nsaec1no, na nouae
naue 1eHm ne1 kooppnnaunn ne 1onLko Hexpy npepc1aan1ennHn pasnnunmx o6nac1e
ryHann1apnmx snann, no n Hexpy cneunannc1aHn-nn1ennnren1oaepaHn ns pasnnunmx
aysoa n [30].
288
acero ckasmaak1cn nasaannme ne6naronpnn1nme qak1opm a o6nac1n nc1opnn
pyccko nn1ennnrenunn qeopanLnoro nepnopa. sn1L xo1n 6m peankk ycL. o-
anpnHoHy, co apeHen nexanoaa n aanoaa-asyHnnka 6m1ye1 neHo1nanpoaannoe
y6expenne, u1o nnkako nn1ennnrenunn a XI-XVII aa. ne 6mno n 6m1L ne Horno, kak n
aoo6ue a cpepnne aeka. anpnHep, . anoHon nncan: " cpepnne aeka npo6neHm
nn1ennnrenunn ne cyuec1aoaano"[31]. pnako sa 60 ne1 coae1ckan Hepneanc1nka, npn
o1cy1c1ann pa6o1, nocanuennmx nn1ennnrenunn kak 1akoao, nakonnna Hnoxec1ao
canpe1enLc1a, pokasmaakunx npaaoHepnoc1L noc1anoakn caHo npo6neHm[32]
. mcokn ypoaenL Ha1epnanLno n pyxoano kynL1ypm peane ycn nmne yxe ne
c1aan1cn nop coHnenne. o aepL anpnopn ncno, u1o konL nHeno Hec1o ak1nanoe
pyxoanoe nponsaopc1ao, 1o ponxen 6mn cyuec1aoaa1L n ero cy6Lek1, a nHenno 1akoao
nan6onee o6uee npepc1aanenne o6 nn1ennnrenunn[33].
ak ono, necoHnenno, n 6mno. neunannc1aH no ppeanepyccko nn1epa1ype xopouo
nsaec1no, u1o paneko ne nonnan n nesaaepuennan kap1o1eka akapeHnka ..
nkonLckoro, nocanuennan ppeanepycckoHy pykonncnoHy nacnepnk, copepxn1 9220
kap1ouek na pyccknx aa1opoa XI-XVII aa. cnn yuec1L, u1o neHano pykonnce ne pouno
po nac, u1o neHano 6mno n anonnHnmx pykonnce (a 1o xe kap1o1eke nx yu1eno
2360), 1o c1anoan1cn ncno, ckonL snaun1enLnmH 6mn "kopnyc" nn1epa1opoa peane
ycn. anee: paxe po naunx pne pounn pecn1kn 1mcnu nponsaepenn nkononncn (a
ckonLko norn6no!), u1o ykasmaae1 na cyuec1aoaanne a npounoH no kpane Hepe
1mcnu xypoxnnkoa. 1on1 po cnx nop 1mcnun uepkae (a ckonLko paspyueno!) n
ppyrnx coopyxenn, u1o roaopn1 o 1oH, u1o xnnn na ycn co1nn nnxenepoa n
apxn1ek1opoa. 1ak panee. eHano o1kpm1o n ocHmcneno coae1cknHn nc1opnkaHn
qak1oa, pacckasmaakunx o6 o6pase xnsnn n Hmunennn ppeanepyccknx
nn1ennnren1oa, a uac1noc1n, o knnxno kynL1ype n nk6an k u1ennk[34]. noaoH,
ceropnn nHek1cn aosHoxnoc1n pnn peanLno pekonc1pykunn co6npa1enLnoro o6pasa
pyccko nn1ennnrenunn XI-XVII aa., snaun1enLno konnuec1aoH n ne Henee poc1ono
annHannn, ueH nn1ennnrenunn an1nunoc1n nnn ospoxpennn. expy 1eH, nn
Honorpaqn, nn c1a1e, cneunanLno nocanuennmx e, ne1. pypm o6o6uakuero
xapak1epa no ppeanepyccko nc1opnn n kynL1ype 1akxe ne ypennk1 rnaa n paspenoa
qopHnpoaannk n pen1enLnoc1n ppeanepyccko nn1ennnrenunn. e napo pokasmaa1L,
u1o nannune o6unpno nn1epa1ypm no kynL1ype pannoro nepnopa ne saHenne1
Honorpaqnueckoro nccnepoaannn nn1ennnrenunn.
, ecnn nc1opnn ppeanepyccko nn1ennnrenunn npepc1ae1 nepep naHn nnuL ao
qparHen1ax, 1o onn, no kpane Hepe, ne aaopn1 nac a rno6anLnme sa6nyxpennn.
XVIII aekoH peno o6c1on1 xyxe. aunnan c HoHen1a amxopa knnrn .. 1panre
"eHokpa1nueckan nn1ennnrenunn occnn a XVIII aeke" (., 1965), cnpaaepnnao, no
nepoc1a1ouno kpn1nkoaanno a caoe apeHn .. ennacknH[35], a nc1opnk pyccko
nn1ennnrenunn a1oprak1cn Hnqm, nop o6annne ko1opmx aone-neaone nonapak1 kak
npoqeccnonanLnme nc1opnkn, 1ak n unpokne un1a1enLckne Haccm. pecL nHee1cn a
anpy neo6ocnoaannoe aosaennunaanne ponn pasnounnno nn1ennnrenunn a kynL1ype n
o6uec1aenno Hmcnn XVIII a. n noxnm 1esnc o "npaan1enLc1aennmx
npecnepoaannnx", nko6m o6pyunaunxcn na npepc1aan1ene "nepepoao pasnounnno
nn1ennnrenunn". oppo6nyk kpn1nky konuenunn 1panre Hoxno na1n a nepao
rnaae Hoe pnccep1aunn[36], sa paanoc1Lk ne1 a1opnuno peuensnpoaa1L a neua1n
ynoHnny1yk knnry aosHoxnoc1n ne1. o o1cy1c1ane ppyrnx, 6onee o6Lek1nanmx
Honorpaqn, nocanuennmx nn1ennnrenunn XVIII a., cospano caoero popa Honononnk
knnrn 1panre. ocneuno cqopHynnpoaannme nH n nekpn1nueckn aocnpnnn1me
HnornHn nc1opnkaHn 1esncm nary6no ckasanncL na nn1epa1ype aonpoca.
eypnan1enLno, u1o cneunannc1m no pyccko nn1ennnrenunn XIX a. nonarak1, u1o
1panre "paccHo1pen nonn1nky uapckoro npaan1enLc1aa a pene nopro1oakn
nn1ennnren1cknx kappoa... ao ace cnoxnoc1n n npo1naopeunaoc1n"[37]. o c 1aknH
xe onpoHe1unamH poaepneH o1nocn1cn k ynoHnny1oHy aa1opy n 1e, k1o sannHae1cn
XVIII a.[38]
289
ak npkn npnHep nepopasyHennn, nopoxpennoro a nccnepoaa1enLcko nn1epa1ype
knnro 1panre, Hoxno npnaec1n nepaano amuepuyk Honorpaqnk .. ypHaueao
"penoc1nan nn1ennnrenunn occnn. 1opan nonoanna XVIII - nauano XIX a." (.,
1983). oppo6nan o1pnua1enLnan peuensnn na a1y knnry ony6nnkoaana Hno na
c1pannuax xypnana "ycckan nn1epa1ypa"[39]; ckaxy specL 1onLko, u1o opnen1aunn
ypHaueao na knnry npepuec1aennnka, konuenunn ko1oporo 1pak1ye1cn kak neu1o
pokasannoe n nesm6neHoe, neopnokpa1no nopaopn1 nccnepoaa1enLnnuy. ak, cnepyn
npnHepy "aa1opn1e1noro" o6pasua, ona nopHenne1 o6Lek1 nccnepoaannn,
paccHa1pnaan no 6onLue uac1n aneHen1apno rpaHo1noe kpec1Lnnc1ao kak
kpenoc1nyk nn1ennnrenunk (k1o 1onLko ne nonan y 1panre a "pasnounnnyk" -
anno1L po popc1aennnka "cae1neuero" o1eHknna). oaopn o "nporpeccnanmx"
nn1epa1opax ns kpec1Lnncko cpepm, aa1op, nopo6no 1panre, nn6o saHanunaae1
pen1enLnoc1L 1ex kpenoc1nmx, uLe 1aopuec1ao ne yknapmaae1cn a konuenunk knnrn,
nn6o npenopnocn1 coaepuenno nponsaonLnyk nnqopHaunk[40].
cnoanan npnunna sa6nyxpenn kak 1panre, 1ak n ero nocnepoaa1ene a 1oH, u1o po
nepaannx nop a nayke o1cy1c1aoaano ckonLko-nn6ypL uenLnoe npepc1aanenne o
npouecce c1anoanennn pasnococnoano nn1ennnrenunn a occnn XVIII a. n o 1ex
counanLnmx n kynL1ypnmx nepeHeuennnx, ko1opme nponcxopnnn any1pn a1o
cocnoano pnqqepenunpoaanno rpynnm.
1peHnenne xo1L o1uac1n sanonnn1L a1o1 npo6en amsaano k xnsnn neko1opme
ny6nnkaunn aa1opa nac1onue c1a1Ln[41]. nepao ns nnx 6mnn co6panm n
npoanannsnpoaanm ace nannunme caepennn o amnycke nauanLnmHn, amcunHn n
cpepnnHn yue6nmHn saaepennnHn o6pasoaannmx n rpaHo1nmx nkpe na 1eppn1opnn
occnn sa 1730-1800 rr. pesynL1a1e ypanocL snaun1enLno nokone6a1L 6m1ykune
npepc1aanennn o pacnpoc1panennn o6pasoaannoc1n a occnn XVIII a. cero sa 70 ne1 a
nou1n nn1nc1ax yu1ennmx saaepennnx nonyunno rpaHo1noc1L ne Henee 317.000
uenoaek, a camue 12.500 paopnn n HnnnHyH 34.000 npepc1aan1ene nepaopnnckoro
nacenennn nonyunnn amcuee n cpepnee cneunanLnoe o6pasoaanne[42].
o konnuec1aennm poc1 n peHokpa1nsaunn o6pasoaanno aypn1opnn - 1onLko opna
c1opona ee xapak1epnc1nkn. pyro c1opono nanne1cn ee kauec1aennan
pnqqepenunaunn. Honx pa6o1ax pan ouepk c1anoanennn cocnoano cnc1eHm
o6pasoaannn, a ko1opo pasnmH cocnoannH coo1ae1c1aoaann caon yue6nme saaepennn,
nepoc1ynnme nnn Hanopoc1ynnme pnn ppyrnx. mna cpenana nonm1ka packpm1L
snauenne pyccko o6pasoaa1enLno cnc1eHm XVIII a. kak aaxnoro pmuara a HexannsHe
sakpennennn cocnoano-knaccoao c1pyk1ypm o6uec1aa. yue6nmx saaepennnx,
cospannmx no nnnuna1nae paopnn, a yxony1noH kape1ckoH kopnyce, a 6naropopnmx
nancnonax - pec1aoaann nporpaHHm, nanpaanennme na cospanne "nesaancnHo
paopnncko nn1ennnrenunn", nn1ennek1yanLno ann1m o6uec1aa. a ponk ppyrnx
yue6nmx saaepenn amnana nopro1oaka "cneunannc1oa", npak1nuecknx yuac1nnkoa
apHnnnc1pa1nano-xosnc1aenno, aoenno, neparornuecko, uepkoano, Hepnunncko
pen1enLnoc1n nHnepnn.
ocnoanan pnckpnHnnaunn ckasmaanacL n sa npepenaHn yue6nmx saaepenn.
paannaan pannme o6 oknapax xanoaannn nn1ennnren1oa c pannmHn o uenax n nx
poc1e Hoxno 6mno nonyun1L npepc1aanenne o sa1pypnn1enLnoc1n pnn nn1ennnren1oa-
nepaopnn noppepxnaa1L cao c1a1yc.
naanm amaop, k ko1opoHy npnaenn c1a1nc1nueckne nsmckannn a o6nac1n nc1opnn
pyccko nn1ennnrenunn XVIII a., kacae1cn counopnnaHnkn kynL1ypm. n
qopHynnpye1cn 1ak: ocnoano npouecc, ko1opmH 6mna oxaauena pycckan
o6pasoaannan aypn1opnn na npo1nxennn c1one1nn - a1o npouecc nonnpnsaunn,
pasaopnun no kauec1aenno pasnnunmH nonkcaH cpaann1enLno neHnorouncnennyk,
no paqnnnpoaannyk paopnnckyk nn1ennnrenunk, c opno c1oponm, n unpokne
nepaopnnckne Haccm, nonyuaaune, a ocnoanoH, cpepnee cneunanLnoe o6pasoaanne, -
290
c ppyro. asaannme pa6o1m aa1opy xo1enocL 6m paccHa1pnaa1L kak nepam uar,
naHeuakun nepcnek1nam nsyuennn pyccko nn1ennnrenunn a XVIII - 1- nonoanne
XIX aa., 1.e. nospneqeopanLnoro nepnopa. yHae1cn, u1o nx qak1nueckoe copepxanne
noHoxe1 ns6exa1L cy6Lek1nanc1ckoro kpena a ncxopnmx ouenkax counokynL1ypno
cn1yaunn anoxn[43].
, u1o nospneuan nc1opnn nn1ennnrenunn nsyuena ropaspo
annHa1enLnee n pe1anLnee, ueH ee renesnc. pnueH nHee1cn a anpy ne 1onLko pycckan
nn1ennnrenunn 6ypxyasnoro nepnopa, poaonLno o6unpnyk nc1opnorpaqnk ko1opo
Hm specL ne HoxeH paccHa1pnaa1L, no n nn1ennnrenunn 1- nonoannm XIX a.
ak, ypauno a uenoH cnepye1 nasaa1L epnnc1aennyk nocanuennyk a1oHy apeHenn
nn1ennnren1oaepueckyk pnccep1aunk .. ynrakoao "n1ennnrenunn a occnn ao
a1opo ue1aep1n XIX a.: (oc1aa, npaaoaoe n Ha1epnanLnoe nonoxenne)" (., 1983), a
ko1opo na xopouo paspa6o1anno nc1ounnkoao 6ase o6o6uenm aaxnme n
nn1epecnme pannme o c1ypenuec1ae, o apauax, npenopaaa1ennx, nnxenepax.
ecoHnennm nn1epec npepc1aannk1 c1a1nc1nueckne 1a6nnum, nosaonnkune
anannsnpoaa1L counanLnme o1pnpm a1nx npoqeccnonanLnmx rpynn. HnoroH roaopn1
1akxe caepennn, packpmaakune Ha1epnanLnoe nonoxenne pannmx counanLnmx
o1pnpoa. pnako neocaeuennoc1L panne nc1opnn nn1ennnrenunn ne nosaonnnn
ynrakoao ns6exa1L neko1opmx nepoc1a1koa. ak, nanpnHep, neaepno pa1npye1cn
yc1anoanenne c1poro cocnoanoc1n o6pasoaa1enLno cnc1eHm, ko1opoe na pene
o1nocn1cn yxe a 50-H rr. XVIII a. anee: o1cy1c1aye1 unpokoHacu1a6noe
npepc1aanenne o konnuec1aennmx n kauec1aennmx napaHe1pax acex counanLnmx n
npoqeccnonanLnmx o1pnpoa nn1ennnrenunn a pnnaHnke nx c1anoanennn a XVIII -
nauane XIX a. , nockonLky ne1 nopo6no kap1nnm kak 6m "c n1nuLero none1a",
npepc1aanne1cn nponsaonLnmH am6op o6Lek1a n yron spennn. 1ckpa xe n "6m1oao
ouepknsH" pnccep1aunn, ko1opyk ckopee Hoxno 6mno 6m nasaa1L, a pyxe nauana aeka,
"uepkn ns nc1opnn...". npoueH, ynpek o1nocn1cn ne c1onLko k pnccep1an1y, ckonLko
k coc1onnnk nc1opnueckoro nn1ennnren1oaepennn.
enLsn ne o1He1n1L, u1o coae1cknHn yuenmHn ryHann1apnoro npoqnnn nccnepoaano
Hnoxec1ao nanenn, qak1oa n o6c1on1enLc1a, 1ak nnn nnaue o1nocnunxcn k
nn1ennnrenunn qeopanLnoro nepnopa, ee o6pasy xnsnn, qopHaH cosnpa1enLno
kynL1ypno pen1enLnoc1n n o6uec1aenno 6opL6m. ak, orpoHna nn1epa1ypa no
peka6pnsHy[44]; cyuec1aennm pnn naue 1eHm nccnepoaannn paopnnckoro cocnoann,
6kpokpa1nn n rocypapc1aennoro annapa1a[45]; aaxnm pnn o6pncoakn o6c1on1enLc1a
pyxoano xnsnn nn1ennnrenunn nccnepoaannn o uensype n 1anoH cmcke[46];
upesamuanm nn1epec npepc1aannk1 6norpaqnueckne cnoaapn pyccknx nnca1ene
XVIII n XIX aa., nopro1aannaaeHme, coo1ae1c1aenno, nc1n1y1oH pyccko nn1epa1ypm
n nspa1enLc1aoH "oae1ckan anunknonepnn"[47], Hnorouncnennm nccnepoaannn
nn1epa1ypnmx, xypoxec1aennmx, counanLnmx, nonn1nuecknx n 1. n. npoueccoa anoxn.
ce xe, sakonun1L xoue1cn, ao-nepamx, npnsmaoH k cnc1eHnoHy ocHmcnennk ace
a1o rpoHapm qak1oa a pycne nn1ennnren1oaepennn. ao-a1opmx, naunna1L
neo6xopnHo c nauana, c nc1okoa nn1ennnrenunn, annHa1enLno acHa1pnaancL a
1enpenunn ee poc1a, penennn n pasan1nn, u1o6m ne nckasn1L nc1opnueckyk
nepcnek1nay, ne ponyc1n1L nponsaonLnmx ouenok.
asyHee1cn, npepnpnnnHa1L 1ako 1pyp a opnnouky - upesamuano nenerko. yHae1cn,
u1o cospanne na ykasannmx npnnunnax konnek1nanoro Hnoro1oHnoro 1pypa o1aeuano
6m nacyuneunH sapauaH ne 1onLko nc1opnn, no n 1eopnn nn1ennnrenunn. ayunme
cnnm pnn 1akoro pena a c1pane ec1L, no ceropnn onn pas6pocanm, nx ycnnnn ne
ckooppnnnpoaanm, nx nosnunn ne cornacoaanm Hexpy co6o. eo6xopnHo papnkanLno
nsHenn1L 1akoe nonoxenne.
291
[1] acenenne . - ., 1983. . 148; a unqpax a 1985 ropy. - , 1986. .
13. o6c1aenno a npouen1 nnu yHc1aennoro 1pypa cpepn pa6o1akunx 6mn eue
amue: 30%.
[2] y1keanu . . 1anoanenne counanLno opnopopnoc1n. - ., 1982. . 69.
[3] nknn K. . oapeHennme 6ypxyasnme konuenunn nn1ennnrenunn. (pn1nueckn
ananns). - nc.k.q.n. - ., 1975. . 157.
[4] uncne neHnornx pa6o1 a1oro nepnopa, Hoxno ykasa1L 1akne: enncenko . onL
nn1ennnrenunn. - pecca, 1884; a6nnu .. (Ksoa .) n1ennnrenunn n napop a
o6uec1aenno xnsnn occnn. - n6., 1886; n1ennnrenunn, napop, 6ypxyasnn. -
eno, 1881, N 12. . 1-16.
[5] oponuoa .. uepkn coapeHennmx nanpaanenn. ponsaopn1enLnme knaccm n
nn1ennnrenunn a occnn. - oaoe cnoao, 1896; N 6; n6epanm n koncepaa1opm o
sapauax nn1ennnrenunn. - nnxka nepenn, 1896, N 8; anpenLu1aH ..
n1ennnrenunn kak ka1eropnn kann1annc1nueckoro c1pon. - asanL, 1890;
6onenckn . pepc1aanne1 nn co6o nn1ennnrenunn o6uec1aennm knacc. - oaoe
cnoao, 1896, N 7; nnnnnoa .. eopnn kpn1nueckn Hmcnnue nnunoc1n. - ayunoe
o6ospenne, 1900, N 4.
[6] o1 nenonnm cnncok: enopycc . a6oune n nn1ennnrenunn. - eneaa, 1904;
eppnea .. yxoanm kpnsnc nn1ennnrenunn. - n6., 1910; ynrakoa ..
n1ennnrenunn n pennrnn. - ., 1908; saun1y nn1ennnrenunn: 6. c1. - ., 1909;
exn. - ., 1990; nnnep . ae nn1ennnrenunn n ppyrne ouepkn. - ., 1912;
o6pmunn .. apaun coapeHenno nn1ennnrenunn. - n6., 1909; auea .
apkcnsH n Haxaeaunna. aonpocy o6 nn1ennnrenunn. - 6pasoaanne, 1908, N 3. .
35-71; aanoa-asyHnnk . 6 nn1ennnrenunn. - n6., 1910; n xe. c1opnn pyccko
o6uec1aenno Hmcnn. - n6., 1907; n xe. 1o 1akoe nn1ennnrenunn. - epnnn,
1920; n xe. 1o 1akoe "Haxaeaunna"? aonpocy o6 nn1ennnrenunn. - n6.: 1908;
sroea .. n1ennnrenunn kak counanLnan rpynna. - 6pasoaanne, 1904, N 1, c. 72-
94; n1ennnrenunn a occnn. - n6., 1910; ay1ckn . n1ennnrenunn n counan-
peHokpa1nn. - n6., 1906; oran .. apop n nn1ennnrenunn. - ., 1917; aqapr .
ounannsH n nn1ennnrenunn. - n6., 1906; osnnckn .. ea onc1o o6
nn1ennnrenunn n pa6oueH aonpoce. - n6., 1911; osnnckn .. 1o xe 1akoe,
nakoneu, nn1ennnrenunn? (pn1nko-counonornueckn onm1.) - n6., 1907; ynkeanu
. onLueansH n nn1ennnrenunn. - kn.: onLueankn y anac1n. - ., 1919;
aypn6pexep . n1ennnrenunn n counan-peHokpa1nn. - pecca, 1906; axackn .
(. onLckn). Hc1aennm pa6oun. - ., 1906; nnkkoa .. uepkn ns nc1opnn
pyccko nn1ennnrenunn. - n6., 1903; asapeackn .. kpokpa1nn n
nn1ennnrenunn. - ., 1906; nkonaea .. n1ennnrenunn n napop. - ., 1917;
nkonaea .. ne6 n cae1. a1epnanLnm n pyxoanm 6kpxe1 1pypoao
nn1ennnrenunn. - n6., 1911; acnnnnko-ynnkoackn .. c1opnn pyccko
nn1ennnrenunn. - ., 1907; pno6nkpoa .. parepnn coapeHennoro
nn1ennnren1noro o6uec1aa. - neu, 1915; euexonoa .. aonpocy o6
nn1ennnrenunn. - n6., 1906; n xe. oam noxop npo1na nn1ennnrenunn. - yc.
6ora1c1ao. 1909, N 4, . 100-126; o aexaH. - ., 1909; o1pecoa .. 1kpm o
pyccko nn1ennnrenunn. - n6., 1906; Hnpnrnn .. n1ennnrenunn n napop. - n6.,
1903; okonoa .. 6 npenx n npeanax pyccko nn1ennnrenunn. - n6., 1904; n
xe. ycckne can1me n pycckan nn1ennnrenunn. - n6., 1904; nsanoa .. ae npaapm.
apopnnuec1ao n HapkcnsH. uepk ns 1eopnn pyccko nn1ennnrenunn. - r., 1918;
ynn1nkoa . s 1eopnn n npak1nkn 6opL6m. poncxoxpenne koHanpykunx knaccoa.
cnoam nx npeonornn. onpoc o6 nn1ennnrenunn. - ., 1907; n pp. 6 orpoHnoH
nn1epece k 1eHe nn1ennnrenunn a nauane aeka canpe1enLc1aye1 n konnekunn
neua1nmx o1knnkoa na c6opnnk "exn" (ok. 400 epnnnu), xpannuancn a 1pene
pykonnce ocypapc1aenno 6n6nno1ekn nH. .. ennna ().
292
[7] H., nanp.: pHan .. .. ennn o ponn nn1ennnrenunn a peHokpa1nuecko n
counannc1nuecko peaonkunnx, a c1pon1enLc1ae counannsHa n koHHynnsHa. - .,
1970; aysonkoa .. apkcnsH-nennnnsH o counannc1nuecko nn1ennnrenunn. - u.
san. , amn. 173, 1955; y1keanu .. .. ennn o neko1opmx 1enpenunnx
pasan1nn nn1ennnrenunn. - ., 1970; Honnnoa .. eko1opme npo6neHm nennnckoro
anannsa nn1ennnrenunn. - onpocm qnnocoqnn, 1983, N 6, c. 115 - 126; ocknn ..
ennn, peaonkunn, nn1ennnrenunn. - oaocn6npck, 1973; n Hn. pp.
[8] 6 an1nnc1opnunoc1n nc1opnuecknx aosspenn aapoaa cH.: aopknn .3.
onuenunn nn1ennnrenunn a pyccko o6uec1aenno Hmcnn konua XIX - nauana XX a.
- nc.k.q.n. - ., 1984. - . 45-46
[9] e Hoxno na1n a 1aknx, nanpnHep, ykasa1ennx: npaaounnkn no nc1opnn
popeaonkunonno occnn. - ., 1978; 1ennnk K.., 1enanoa .. c1opnn pyccko
nn1epa1ypm XVIII aeka. n6nnorpaqnueckn ykasa1enL. - ., 1968; n pp.
[10] oppo6no o6 a1oH cH.: aopknn .3. kas, cou., . 37-118.
[11] epo1oa .. oam rpap. - Lk-Hopk, 1952. . 17. opo6nmx kypLesnmx , xo1n
no-caoeHy o6LncnnHmx onpepenenn Hoxno npnaec1n Hnoro.
[12] onyun1L npepc1aanenne o6 a1o noneHnke Hoxno no cnepykunH nc1ounnkaH:
a1ypnn . aHn1n Haxaeaunnm. - paapa, 1926, 2 Hap1a, N 50; o1onoackn .
ennn o6 nn1ennnrenunn. - eua1L n peaonkunn, kn. 2. - ., 1925; onLqcon .
n1ennnrenunn kak counanLno-akonoHnueckan ka1eropnn. - pacnan noaL, 1925, N 6,
. 121 - 162; opoackn .. ycckan nn1ennnrenunn n pycckan nn1epa1ypa. -
apLkoa, 1923; opea .. n1ennnrenunn kak akonoHnueckan ka1eropnn. - kn.: a
npeonornueckoH qpon1e. - .-r., 1923; n xe. aonpocy o6 nn1ennnrenunn. -
oapeHennnk, 1923, N 2. . 39-47; n xe. ec1o n ponL nn1ennnrenunn a o6uec1ae.
- kn.: 6 nn1ennnrenunn. - ., 1923; n xe. 6 nn1ennnrenunn. - ., 1923;
ononckn . aHe1kn o6 nn1ennnrenunn. - pacnan noaL, 1924, N 1/18; ecnep
.. n1ennnrenunn kak npepHe1 nsyuennn a nnane nayuno pa6o1m. - eua1L n
peaonkunn, 1922; N 1. . 99 - 106; n pp.
[13] eaac1Lnnoa .. ennn o6 nn1ennnrenunn. - apyra (annnn), NN2-3, 1990;
1akxe a kn. .: aunonan-kann1annsH. - ., 1995. . 160.
[14] H.: aopknn, 1aH xe. . 120-122.
[15] aH xe.
[16] opoackn .. pepc1aanne1 nn nn1ennnrenunn o6uec1aennm knacc? - ou., .
2. - ., 1931; onLqcon . n1ennnrenunn kak o6uec1aennan npocnoka npn
kann1annsHe n counannsHe. - op snaHeneH HapkcnsHa-nennnnsHa, 1939; N 8;
oaanea .. n1ennnrenunn a coae1ckoH rocypapc1ae. - ., 1946; anpn1 . ap1nn
ennna-1annna n counannc1nueckan nn1ennnrenunn. - ., 1939; pocnaackn .
ponn nn1ennnrenunn a . - ., 1939; n xe. ponn nn1ennnrenunn npexpe n
1enepL. - c1opnk-Hapkcnc1, 1/17, 1939; n pp.
[17] anpnHep: mpknn . axaeaunna. .-., 1931; 1o 1akoe Haxaeaunna? -
paapa, 1938, 18 non6pn, N 318.
[18] oaanea .. n1ennnrenunn a coae1ckoH rocypapc1ae. - ., 1946; pouLko ..
ponn nn1ennnrenunn a coae1ckoH o6uec1ae. - ., 1953; onc1an1nnoa . oae1ckan
nn1ennnrenunn. - oHHynnc1, 1959, N 15.
293
[19] y1keanu .. nepcnek1naax pasan1nn nn1ennnrenunn. - ., 1971.
[20] .. opneea o6pauae1 naue annHanne na 1o, u1o a coae1cko nayuno
nn1epa1ype nonn1ne "nn1ennnrenunn" n "pa6o1nnkn yHc1aennoro 1pypa" ne coanapak1.
- .: po6neHm counanLno 1nnonornn nnunoc1n. - ., 1971, . 133-138.
[21] akoaa 6mna nernacnan yc1anoaka ; uena a1o 1eope1nuecko oun6kn -
kpyuenne coae1cko anac1n.
[22] a1opm, koneuno, npepnarak1 caoe, 1akxe paneko ne 6esynpeunoe.
[23] enLsn ne cornacn1Lcn c K.. nknnmH, o1He1naunH: " Hapkcnc1cko
counonornuecko nn1epa1ype o1cy1c1aye1 epnnc1ao Hnenn no HnornH knkueamH
aonpocaH, cansannmH c nn1ennnrenune. o cnx nop, nanpnHep, Hm ne nHeeH 1akoro
onpepenennn nn1ennnrenunn, ko1opoe c poc1a1ouno nonno1o n kpa1koc1Lk
onncmaano 6m a1y counanLnyk ka1eropnk. yuec1ayk1 pasnnunme 1oukn spennn na
apeHn nonanennn a1oro cnon a knaccoao c1pyk1ype o6uec1aa, ero rpannum a paHkax
a1o c1pyk1ypm, ero snauenne a xnsnn o6uec1aa". kas. cou. . 14.
[24] H.: Hn1poanu .. pn1nka "coae1onornuecknx" konuenun ponn
nn1ennnrenunn a nonn1nuecko xnsnn . - nc. k.q.n., nnck, 1981; nrynoa
.. pn1nka coapeHennmx 6ypxyasnmx konuenun nn1ennnrenunn. - nc.k.q.n., .,
1979; arnna .. ecoc1on1enLnoc1L noaeunx an1nkoHHynnc1nuecknx konuenun o
ponn nn1ennnrenunn. (a npnHepe panunn 1968-1978 rr.) - nc...k.q.n., ., 1978;
nknn K.. kas. cou.
[25] Hn1poanu .. kas, cou., c. 48-49.
[26] arnna .. kas, cou., . 7.
[27] naaa1ckan .. s nc1opnn rpeuecko nn1ennnrenunn annnnnc1nueckoro
apeHenn. ., 1983.
[28] e1poa .. 1anLnnckan nn1ennnrenunn a anoxy eneccanca. ., 1982; a1knn
.. 1anLnnckne ryHannc1m: c1nnL xnsnn, c1nnL Hmunennn. ., 1978; n pp.
[29] anpnHep, yxapnn .. n1ennnrenunn onLcko napopno pecny6nnkn. - .,
1977; a1arounna .. n1ennnrenunn nrepnn. - ., 1977; yaanpnn ..
Hepnkanckn kann1annsH n nn1ennnrenunn. - ., 1983; n xe. n1ennnrenunn a
coapeHenno 1annn. - ., 1973; epnoackan .. opHnpoaanne ernne1cko
nn1ennnrenunn a XIX - nepao nonoanne XX a. - ., 1979; n pp.
[30] 1ex nop, kak pannan c1a1Ln 6mnn nanncana (1987) nponsouno aaxnoe co6m1ne
a o1euec1aennoH nn1ennnren1oaepennn. konue 1992 r. npn aanoackoH
rocypapc1aennoH ynnaepcn1e1e 6mn cospan exaysoackn uen1p occncko
epepaunn "onn1nueckan kynL1ypa nn1ennnrenunn, ee Hec1o n ponL a nc1opnn
1euec1aa" nop pykoaopc1aoH npoq. .. eHe1oaa. en1p npoaopn1 exeropnme
konqepenunn, amnyckae1 c6opnnkn 1esncoa poknapoa, a c 2002 r. npnc1ynnn k
amnycky xypnana n1ennnrenunn n Hnp. a1op a1nx c1pok aHec1e c opnnH ns
unenoa po6neHnoro coae1a nasaannoro en1pa cospan noppo6nyk sanaky na 6-
1oHnnk "n1ennnrenunn a occnn", npnnn1L yuac1ne a cospannn ko1oporo cornacnnocL
neckonLko pecn1koa nan6onee anpnmx cneunannc1oa. pnako a1a saHeua1enLnan
nnnuna1naa, k coxanennk, oc1anoannacL ns-sa o1cy1c1ann cpepc1a. yxnm Heuena1m.
[31] ak xe cun1ak1 n neko1opme ppyrne sapy6exnme nc1opnkn.
294
[32] anpnHep: noc1onoa .. kona, o6pasoaanne n yue6nan knnra a occnn a XVII
a. - oa. neparornka, 1974; N 4; paknn .. noc1pannme nsmkn a pycckoH
rocypapc1ae a XVI-XVII aa. u. san. nuypnnckoro nepnnc1n1y1a, 1958. . 80; ac .
nnxnme nkpn XVI aeka. - c1opnueckn xypnan, 1939; N 10; ernn .. aonpocy
o6 oprannsaunn pa6o1 ppeanepyccknx xnaonncuea. - pepneaekoaan ycL. - ., 1976;
oponnn .., ysLHnn .. yxoanan kynL1ypa ppeane ycn. - onpocm nc1opnn.
1979, N 9; oponuoa-enLnHnnoa .. uepkn nc1opnn ac1ponoHnn a occnn. - .,
1956; eHnn .. nca1enL n o6uec1ao a occnn XVI-XVII aekoa. - ., 1985;
Hn1pnea K.. 1aopuec1ae ppeanepycckoro xypoxnnka. - , 1958, 1. 14;
aHn1nnn .. ycckan akonoHnueckan HmcnL a X-XVI aa. - ., 1959; c1opnn
o1euec1aenno Ha1eHa1nkn. 4-x 11. . 1. ppeaneunx apeHen po konua XVIII a. -
nea, 1966; annueanu 3.. ypoxec1aennan Hac1epckan oconLckoro npnkasa a XVII
a. n ponL sna1onncuea a ee cospannn n pen1enLnoc1n. - k.: ycckoe rocypapc1ao a
XVII aeke. - ., 1961; osmpea .. kona n neparornka a ockoackoH rocypapc1ae a
XV-XVII aa. - 1aapononL, 1948; nxauea .. ynL1ypa pycckoro napopa X-XVII aa. -
.-., 1961; n xe. ayka n npocaeuenne a occnn po XVIII a. - c1opnn , .
1., - .-., 1958; epmnckn .. kona n neparornueckan HmcnL a ycckoH
rocypapc1ae, na kpanne n a enopyccnn a XVII aeke. - oa. neparornka, 1953; N 9;
oposoa .. ycckne nekapn XVI aeka. - paue6noe peno: 1952; N 3; anoa ..
ayka a occnn XI-XVII aekoa. - .-., 1940; osoa .. 1o, u1o n kak nncan a
peane ycn. - onpocm nc1opnn, 1962, N 2; aHonoa . 6pasoaannoc1L a
neacko ycn n ockoackoH ocypapc1ae. - c1opnueckn xypnan, 1938, N 8; eran
.. paun a pone1poacko ycn. - oa. apaue6nm xypnan, 1940, N 9; n 1.p.
[33] H.: aepukoa .. n1ennnrenunn kak cy6Lek1 pyxoanoro nponsaopc1aa. -
nc...k.q.n. - ., 1975.
[34] anynoa .. nnra a occnn a XI-XIII aa. - ., 1978; osoa .. nnra a occnn
a XV aeke. - ., 1981; on xe, ycckne 6n6nno1ekn XV a. n nx un1a1enn. - kn.:
ycckne 6n6nno1ekn n nx un1a1enL. ., 1983; onanea .. onoc1nme kpec1Lnnckne
6n6nno1ekn XVI-XV1I aa. - aH xe; ynnoa .. nnra a occnn a XVII aeke. - .,
1970; aknanoaa .. ycckn un1a1enL XVII aeka. - kn.: peanepycckan
nn1epa1ypa n ee cansL c noamH apeHeneH. - ., 1967.
[35] ro peuensnk na knnry 1panre cH.: onpocm nc1opnn, 1966, N 4.
[36] eaac1Lnnoa .. ocnoanoe paccnoenne pyccko xypoxec1aenno-
ny6nnunc1nuecko nn1epa1ypm n ee aypn1opnn a nocnepne 1pe1n XVIII aeka. -
nc...k.qnnon.n. - ., 1983.
[37] acanoaa .. paan1enLc1aennan nonn1nka a o6nac1n amcuero o6pasoaannn n
qopHnpoaannn nn1ennnrenunn a occnn (60-90-e rr. XIX a.) - nc...k.n.n. -
asanL,1981. . 12
[38] anpnHep, ..-. sen6epr, poaepnauncL 1panre, nnunn o6Lek1nanoc1n
nepayk rnaay caoe pok1opcko pnccep1aunn "po6neHm 1eopnn n npak1nkn
caHoo6pasoaa1enLnoro u1ennn a occnn". - ., 1981. o 1o xe npnunne ne ns6exana
na1nxek aa1op copepxa1enLno pa6o1m o epope apxaanne .. onroaa
("aopueckn ny1L .. apxaanna" - ., 1984).
[39] un6kn a nsyuennn nc1opnn pyccko nn1ennnrenunn. - ycckan nn1epa1ypa,
1986, N3. . 195-201.
[40] 1oH, u1o 1panre nosaonnn ce6e, roaopn o 1aopuec1ae pasnounnuea, nokasa1L,
1onLko opny, "nporpeccnanyk" ero c1opony, u1o cospano neponyc1nHm "nepekoc"
nncan eue ennackn (ykas, cou., c. 138).
295
[41] oc1 o6pasoaanno aypn1opnn kak qak1op pasan1nn knnxnoro n xypnanLnoro
pena a occnn. 1762-1800. - ., , 1983; ocnoanoe paspenenne pycckoro o6uec1aa
XVIII aeka n nn1epa1ypno-o6uec1aennm npouecc. 1762-1800. - ec1nnk , cep.
nc1opnn, 1984, N 2, a 1akxe a pnccep1aunn, rn. 1.
[42] .e., no cy1n, nonyunnn nn1ennnren1ckne cneunanLnoc1n.
[43] ako kpen Hm na6nkpaeH ao Hnornx nc1opnuecknx pa6o1ax. anpnHep, ..
osnanckn a "uepke qopHnpoaannn pyccko naunonanLno kynL1ypm" (., 1975)
coaepuenno neo6ocnoaanno nnue1, u1o "oco6ennoc1n qopHnpoaannn cocnoan
pycckoro o6uec1aa npnaenn k 1oHy, u1o paopnncko 6mna nou1n acn nn1ennnrenunn"
(c. 25), n u1o noa1m n nnca1enn 6mnn "a 6onLunnc1ae cnyuaea paopnne no
nponcxoxpennk" (1aH xe). a Ho asrnnp, kap1nna 6mna kypa 6onee cnoxnan, a ao
HnoroH n npo1naononoxnan 1ako 1ouke spennn.
[44] onLko sa 1960-1976 rr. amuno 3800 ny6nnkaun pasnoro ypoann.
[45] anpnHep: pouknn .. c1opnn rocypapc1aennmx yupexpenn
popeaonkunonno occnn. - ., 1983; n xe. penoc1nnueckoe caHopepxaane n ero
nonn1nueckne nnc1n1y1m. - ., 1981; aonukoackn .. paan1enLc1aennm
annapa1 caHopepxaano occnn XIX a. - ., 1978; ponukn .. occnn a XVIII aeke.
- ., 1982; n xe. ycckn a6conk1nsH n paopnnc1ao a XVIII aeke. opHnpoaanne
6kpokpa1nn. - ., 1974; n pp.
[46] anapoa .. pa1kn ouepk nc1opnn pyccko uensypm 60-90 rr. XVIII aeka. - u.
san. , . 414, 1971; pxexoackn .. aHopepxaane npo1na peaonkunonno
occnn (1826-1880). - ., 1982.
[47] npnnunne, npeanLnmH npepc1aanne1cn nopro1oaka nopo6nmx cnoaape no aceH
anpaH nn1ennnren1cko pen1enLnoc1n.
HHERRHEHHR: HEH H HHBEEHHR
( n n
Q r
x H x N 3, 1991 r.)
ropm 1eHa nn1ennnrenunn, ko1opo ns6erann kaca1Lcn ny6nnunc1m a
1euenne ponrnx pecn1nne1n, anoaL sasayuana co c1pannu naunx rase1 n xypnanoa.
ak ns nopnonLn, amuna ona ns nayunmx knnr n c1a1e, ka6nne1nmx pnckyccn, u1o6m
c1a1L npepHe1oH unpokoro o6cyxpennn, aceo6uero ocHmcnennn.
pannn neo6xopnHoc1L o6pauennn k a1o 1eHe nonn1na. Hacu1a6ax Hnpa
nn1ennnrenunn ampannynacL na ponL o6uec1aennoro n nonn1nueckoro nnpepa. ee
pykax - 1ounee, ronoaax - naxopn1cn ceropnn cypL6m uenoaeuec1aa.
ayuno-1exnnueckan peaonkunn XX aeka nokasana, u1o
u , npeo6pasykue ne 1onLko cnoco6
nponsaopc1aa, no n ack xnsnL, . na poxpae1cn a Hosrax nn1ennnren1oa.
ka6nne1ax n na6opa1opnnx, a ne a none n y c1ankoa 6mnn o1kpm1m 1eopnn
o1nocn1enLnoc1n n pacuennenne nppa, cospanm nckycc1aennm nn1ennek1 n npnnunnm
seneno peaonkunn. Henno n 1onLko nayka cospae1 coapeHennme cpepc1aa kak
ynnu1oxennn uenoaeuec1aa, 1ak n ero cnacennn.
296
o nepaanero apeHenn ao acex, a ceuac eue ao Hnornx c1panax nn1ennnrenunn ne
annnna na ncnonLsoaanne a1nx cpepc1a, aceueno o1uyxpanncL o1 pesynL1a1oa caoero
1pypa. o a aepyunx rocypapc1aax Hnpa nmne npaan1enLc1aa coc1on1 ns
npepc1aan1ene nn1ennnrenunn, n onnpak1cn onn a ampa6o1ke peuenn na Hnenne
akcnep1oa n yuenmx: nonn1onoroa, akonoHnc1oa, kpnc1oa, nc1opnkoa, qnsnkoa,
reorpaqoa... nmHn cnoaaHn, nonn1nueckne konuenunn, onpepennkune o6uec1aennoe
pasan1ne c1pan, a a koneunoH cue1e - nnane1m, 1akxe ec1L nnop pen1enLnoc1n
nn1ennnrenunn.
ce a1o nop1aepxpae1: mm ,
- n. oa1oHy a occnn
oco6enno 6pocanncL a rnasa ponroe n ynopnoe 1pe1npoaanne nn1ennnrenunn, a 1akxe
oqnunanLno npoaosrnauaeHan aepyuan ponL pa6ouero knacca.
a nonno, 6mn nn korpa-nn6ypL pa6oun knacc rereHonoH? saec1no, u1o a ppeanoc1n,
u1o6m paspyun1L nekoe ykpennenne, npnHennnn 1apan - orpoHnoe 6peano c
Haccnano 6ponsoao ronoao 6apana na konue. op cokpyun1enLnmHn ypapaHn a1o
6apanLe ronoam pasaannaanncL c1enm, pasne1anncL a uenkn kpenoc1nme aopo1a. o
caH-1o 1apan ne Hor am6npa1L, kypa 6n1L: ero nanpaannnn Hac1epa caoero pena.
oneuno, 1aeppmnn caHopepxaann, a sa ne n xnnnkan noc1poka 6ypxyasno
peHokpa1nn a occnn nann npn snaun1enLnoH yuac1nn peaonkunonnmx pa6ounx. o
nonLsoaancn nn korpa-nn6ypL y nac pa6oun knacc peanLno nonn1nuecko anac1Lk?
or nn npnHo annn1L na xop pen a c1pane? e1; cpenaaun caoe peno 1apan oc1ancn
nexa1L ao pay y paspyuennmx c1en, ne nHen nnnuna1nam, noc1enenno norpyxancL a
1pncnny paanopyunn, perpapaunn, nLnnc1aa. ace caHoe nyuuee, xnaoe, na u1o
pa6oune 6mnn cnoco6nm a caoeH no1oHc1ae, nepe1ekano 1eH apeHeneH a coc1aa
nnxenepoa, ynpaanenuea, oqnuepoa n ppyrnx o1pnpoa ace 1o xe nn1ennnrenunn.
expy 1eH, ace aoceHLpecn1 ne1 pa6oueHy knaccy 6esypepxno nLc1nnn, kak acerpa
nLc1n1 apeHenunkaH - rpy6o, narno, nxnao. 1o6m kpenue cnan.
o Hoxe1 6m1L, a HennkueHcn Hnpe pa6oun knacc cHoxe1, nakoneu, aosnoxn1L na
ce6n 6peHena anac1n, paano o6euanno eHy nonn1nkanaHn? pnp nn. 1o6m aec1n sa
co6ok o6uec1ao, napo sna1L, kypa npeuL, a nnaue nonyun1cn nnuL noaan
nnnkc1paunn k nsaec1no 6acne o cnenoH noaopmpe cnenmx. onyo6pasoaannan
nap1okpa1nn yxe no6maana a a1o ponn. epexop anac1n a pykn pa6ounx - eue Henee
o6pasoaannoro kon1nnren1a - Hoxe1 1pancqopHnpoaa1L nopo6nyk kap1nnky a eue
6onee napapokcanLnyk: cneno noaopmpL spnunx. o-1o unannnsoaannm Hnp
nopnan1cn: ny napo xe, u1o a a1o occnn aosHoxno!
1ak, npnc1anLnoe annHanne a Hnpe n c1pane k naue nn1ennnrenunn onpaapano n
nonn1no. mpae1cn nn ns panra pasanaakunxcn c1pan, ocyuec1an1 nn npopma k
6narononyunk n cao6ope? 1o ao HnoroH saancn1 o1 1oro, saHe1 nn nn1ennnrenunn a
naue o6uec1aenno-nonn1nuecko c1pyk1ype 1akoe xe Hec1o, kakoe sannHae1 ona a
c1panax, poc1nrunx pacuae1a. aancnHoc1L specL npnHan.
onpoc a1o1 - xnsnenno aaxnm. 1o nonnHak1 n ouyuak1 ouenL Hnorne. oa1oHy
no1pe6noc1L o6cypn1L co acex c1opon pannyk counanLnyk rpynny pesko nopnnnacL, n
nnkaknH nno1nnaH ee ne ypepxa1L.
pnaxpm a nc1opnn occnn 1ak yxe 6mno - a nepnop 1pex peaonkun, korpa a caHmx
pasnmx caonx acnek1ax 1eHa nn1ennnrenunn sanonnnna yHm un1a1ene. 1pana c1onna
nepep noamH, nensaec1nmH 6ypyunH, e rpesnnncL necnmxannme nepeHenm,
neanpannme Hn1exn. ycckyk nn1ennnrenunk xpana 1eHnan, rposnan yuac1L; e
napo 6mno nopaec1n n1orn caoeHy npounoHy n nac1onueHy, u1o6m nonn1L, na u1o ona
cnoco6na, onpepenn1L, u1o pena1L n kak 6m1L.
297
euac a c1pane anoaL cnoxnnacL peaonkunonnan cn1yaunn, korpa nnsm ne xo1n1
xn1L no-c1apoHy, a aepxn ne Hory1, ecnn 6 n xo1enn, ynpaann1L no-c1apoHy.
cnoaa nepep naune a uenoH n nn1ennnrenune a uac1noc1n ac1ak1 1e xe aonpocm:
u1o 1akoe nn1ennnrenunn? u1o Hoxe1 n uero ne Hoxe1 ona? kakoam ee sapaun?
orpa, a nauane aeka, nn1ennnrenunn ne yrapana caoe cypL6m, a Hacce caoe
okasanacL pac1epnnno n 6ecnoHouno nepep Horyuec1aennmHn o6c1on1enLc1aaHn.
caHa ona, n c1pana pacnna1nnncL sa a1o poporo ueno. m ne nHeeH npaaa noa1opn1L
a1o1 onm1.
enepL ycnoann pnn peuennn nopo6nmx npo6neH ne 1e, u1o 6mnn 1orpa. sHennnacL
xnsnL a c1pane n Hnpe, nsHennncn napop, nsHennnacL caHa nn1ennnrenunn. expy
1eH, npepc1aanennn o ne ceropnn, kak n c1o ne1 nasap, pacnnmaua1m, nenc1opnunm.
1o snaun1, u1o 6es qnnocoqckoro asrnnpa na nc1opnk pyccko nn1ennnrenunn,
aknkuan ananns ee no1epL n npno6pe1enn sa nocnepnne ceHLpecn1 ne1, nenLsn na1n
nopxopa k yncnennk ee ny1e, nepcnek1na.
osaonk ce6e nopenn1Lcn neko1opmHn na6nkpennnHn n coo6paxennnHn na a1o1 cue1.
cnn onn 6ypy1 a ocnoanoH npnnn1m - xopouo, ecnn ne1 - nyc1L 6ype1 cnop. onua1L
nenLsn.
* * *
- neo6xopnHan cnpaaka o peqnnnunn, o npepHe1e pasroaopa.
1o cnepye1 nonnHa1L nop cnoaoH nn1ennnrenunn? pasy oropuy n oropouy
un1a1ene: 1akoro epnnc1aennoro, qynkunonanLnoro, any1penne nenpo1naopeunaoro n
acex yc1panaakuero onpepenennn nn1ennnrenunn ne pan eue nnk1o a Hnpe sa c1o c
nnunnH ne1. o1n nonm1ok 6mno Hnoro, n onn ace ne konuak1cn. o1 ampasn1enLnme
npnHepm ns Hoe konnekunn:
- nn1ennnrenunn, a snauennn co6npa1enLnoH, pasyHnan, o6pasoaannan, yHc1aenno
pasan1an uac1L xn1ene (. anL);
- nn1ennnrenunn ec1L 1a uac1L nauero o6pasoaannoro o6uec1aa, ko1opan c
nacnaxpenneH nopxaa1maae1 acnkyk noaoc1L n paxe cnyx, knonnunecn k
pnckpepn1npoaannk npaan1enLc1aa nnn pyxoano-npaaocnaano anac1n, ko aceHy xe
oc1anLnoHy o1nocn1cn c paanopyuneH (. neae, ueq xanpapHoa);
- nn1ennnrenunn - noHoaan nouapL nc1opnn (. opLkn);
- nn1ennnrenunn ec1L rpynna, 1euenne n 1papnunn, o6LepnnneHme npenoc1Lk caonx
sapau n 6ecnouaennoc1Lk caonx npe (. epo1oa, qnnocoq);
- nn1ennnrenunn... ne Hacca nnpnqqepen1nan, a coaec1L c1panm n uec1L (.
osnecenckn);
- nn1ennnrenunn ec1L a1nueckn - an1nHeuanckan, counonornueckn - anecocnoanan,
aneknaccoaan, npeeHc1aennan rpynna, xapak1epnsyeHan 1aopuec1aoH noamx qopH n
npeanoa n ak1nanmH npoaepenneH nx a xnsnL a nanpaanennn k qnsnueckoHy n
yHc1aennoHy, o6uec1aennoHy n nnunoHy ocao6oxpennk nnunoc1n... rpynne
nn1ennnrenunn Hoxe1 npnnapnexa1L nonyrpaHo1nm kpec1Lnnnn, n nnkako
ynnaepcn1e1ckn pnnnoH ne pae1 eue npaaa ero o6napa1enk npnuncnn1L ce6n k
nn1ennnrenunn (. aanoa-asyHnnk, nn1epa1ypoaep, counonor);
298
- n nepeaoxy cnoaoH nn1ennnren1, nn1ennnrenunn neHeukne ampaxennn Literat,
Literatentum, o6nnHakune ne 1onLko nn1epa1opoa, a acex o6pasoaannmx nkpe,
npepc1aan1ene cao6opnmx npoqeccn aoo6ue, npepc1aan1ene yHc1aennoro 1pypa
(rain workers, kak roaopn1 anrnnuane) a o1nnune o1 npepc1aan1ene qnsnueckoro
1pypa (. ennn).
a kaxpo ns a1nx un1a1 c1on1 uenoe Hnpoaosspenne. asnnunn pasn1enLnme. aepL
a1o nnuL Hanan 1onnka Hnenn. oapeHennan Hnpoaan counonornueckan nayka
nacun1maae1 camue 1pexco1 onpepenenn nn1ennnrenunn, ne cun1an 1ex, u1o
exepneano poxpak1cn a cnopax n 6ecepax. epHnnonornuecknH kpnsncoH oxaaueno
kak o1euec1aennoe, 1ak n sapy6exnoe nn1ennnren1oaepenne. pe xe nc1nna? 1o
npaa?
H c1opnorpaqnn nn1ennnrenunn, ko1opan 6m o1ae1nna na a1n
aonpocm, ceropnn ne1. c1L 1onLko naua1kn ee, pas6pocannme a neony6nnkoaannmx
pnccep1aunnx. o Hoxno naHe1n1L paa nc1opnueckn cnoxnaunxcn nopxopa k
npo6neHe.
kpa1ue, aopopaspen npoxopn1 1aknH o6pasoH: opno nanpaanenne ampanrae1 na
nepam nnan npeno-a1nueckne, neqopHanLnme kpn1epnn, a ppyroe - counanLno-
akonoHnueckne, qopHanLnme.
occnn nepaoro nanpaanennn npnpepxnaanncL ace Hmcnn1enn napopnnuecko
opnen1aunn, a 1akxe npepc1aan1enn kape1cko-aexoacko npeonornn. o 1onLko 1e
nn1ennek1yanLnme n HopanLnme caoc1aa nn1ennnrenunn, ko1opme amsmaann y
napopnnkoa aoc1opr, aexoauaHn no 6onLue uac1n nopnuanncL n amcHenaanncL.
o a1opoHy nanpaanennk y nac o1nocnnncL anapxnc1m n Hapkcnc1m, xo1n n Hexpy
nnHn ne 6mno cornacnn a ouenkax. napxnc1m cun1ann, u1o nn1ennnrenunn - a1o
noam akcnnya1a1opckn knacc, ko1opm kak knacc xapak1epnsye1cn HonononLnmH
n nacnepc1aennmH anapenneH snannnHn, cpepc1aaHn nn1ennek1yanLnoro
nponsaopc1aa (. onLckn). apkcnc1m paaann o1nop anapxnc1aH a a1oH aonpoce,
6onee peannc1nuno cHo1penn na nn1ennnrenunk, anpenn ee rny6okoe counanLnoe
paccnoenne.
1o1, n ppyro nopxopm ne6esynpeunm. co6enno uac1o, Hoxno ckasa1L,
, a cpepe pyccko nn1ennnrenunn kpn1nkye1cn counanLno-akonoHnueckn
nopxop ns-sa ero qopHanLnoc1n. n1ennnrenunn, kak npaanno, ne npaan1cn, u1o6m ee
nHeneH 6mno nokpm1o ace Hnoxec1ao o6pasoaannmx n npoqeccnonanLno sann1mx
yHc1aennmH 1pypoH nkpe. ak: cnepoaa1enn y6nnkn, nnxenepm caenunHa -
nn1ennnren1m!? y ne1! nnx xe ne1 nn1ennnren1noc1n: 1aopueckoro pyxa n
npaac1aennmx kpn1epnea pen1enLnoc1n.
o n ppyro nopxop, c npeno-a1nuecknH apunnoH, nece1 a ce6e paspyun1enLnme
npo1naopeunn, rpeun1 npekpacnopyuneH n y1onnsHoH. n nn6o cyxae1 npepHe1
pasroaopa po cun1annmx epnnnu nn1ennnrenunn, o ko1opmx saaepoHo aceH nsaec1no,
u1o onn 1aopueckn opyxo1aopenm n amcokonpaac1aennm. n6o, nanpo1na, ecnn
o6pasoaannoc1L ne 6epe1cn a pacue1, 6esrpannuno pacunpne1 nonn1ne, 1ak u1o a
nn1ennnrenunk nonapae1 nonyrpaHo1nm kpec1Lnnnn (cH. amue) nnn kakan-
nn6ypL ponpka (. onxennumn). yxe ne roaopk o 1oH, u1o, ac1ynan a o6nac1L
Hopann, npaac1aennoc1n, Hm nonapaeH na upesamuano sm6kyk nouay, rpe Hnoroe
onpepenne1cn nnueH nnmH, kak aepo, 1papnunnHn, npeppaccypkaHn. pn1epnn
npaac1aennoc1n ycnoanm - a1o nonnHan eue on1enL, aosHoxno, nnoxo xpnc1nannn,
no Hyppm qnnocoq. pnHepaHn, Hnrko roaopn, neopnosnauno npaac1aennoc1n
nn1ennnren1oa pasnmx apeHen n napopoa Hoxno saaann1L c ronoao nk6oro
onnonen1a.
299
Hn u , n
no a1oHy npnsnaky ee ne amunenn1L, ne o1rpannun1L o1 ppyrnx counanLnmx rpynn.
snaun1, nenLsn amc1pon1L ee counonornk, nenLsn nonn1L, kakoa ee ypenLnm aec a
o6uec1ae, kakoam ee counanLnme rpannum, ee counanLno-akonoHnueckne npo6neHm,
o1nouennn c ppyrnHn rpynnaHn, nepcnek1nam pasan1nn. 1o snaun1 1akxe, u1o naH ne
ypac1cn cospa1L n nc1opnn nn1ennnrenunn, ecnn o1o1n o1 qopHanLnmx kpn1epnea n
o6pa1n1Lcn k neqopHanLnoHy - k nn1ennnren1noc1n. oxno nannca1L nc1opnk
o6pasoaannn, naykn n nckycc1aa - nc1opnk nkpe yHc1aennoro 1pypa, 1.e.
nn1ennnrenunn a qopHanLnoH nonnHannn cnoaa. o neaosHoxno nannca1L nc1opnk
npaac1aennmx nkpe, n6o Hano 1oro, u1o npnpe1cn orpannun1Lcn pepuaunHn
npepc1aan1ennHn, no na kaxpoH uary naH npnpe1cn peua1L He1opoH porapkn aonpocm
1nna: ne 6mn nn y6nuek cospa1enL a1nkana. 6es kann1anLno nc1opnn
nn1ennnrenunn Hm ne cHoxeH nonn1L nn ee cyunoc1nme, aneapeHennme caoc1aa, nn
ampenn1L nc1opnueckn nsHenuname, npexopnune kauec1aa. o ec1L 6ypeH no-
npexneHy nHe1L 1o1 cyH6yp a npepc1aanennnx o6 nn1ennnrenunn, ko1opm nHeeH po
cnx nop.
1ak, c Hoe 1oukn spennn, a xn1eckoH o6nxope npeno-a1nueckn (napopnnuecko-
aexoackn) nopxop k onpepenennk nn1ennnrenunn, aosHoxno, n xopou. 6m1y on
pa6o1ae1. onee 1oro, a xnsnn ponxno 6m1L Hec1o pnn npaac1aennoro npeana, n
ecnn k1o-1o ycHa1pnaae1 a1o1 npean a pycckoH popeaonkunonnoH nn1ennnren1e, 1o
o6uec1ao o1 a1oro 1onLko amnrpmaae1. o u,
un mu qu- x,
noHnn npn a1oH, u1o nn1ennnrenunn, npaan1cn naH a1o nnn ne1, kpane neopnopopna
ao Hnornx o1nouennnx. ako nopxop o6Lek1naen, unpok, on aknkuae1 a ce6n n
rpapaunk no npeno-a1nueckoHy npnsnaky.
Hn un m m,
m m, um m:
, m n n
- .
asyHee1cn, 1akoe y1aepxpenne nnckonLko ne cnnHae1 c nn1ennnren1a
o1ae1c1aennoc1n sa npaac1aennm am6op.
cxopn ns qopHanLno-counonornuecko konuenunn, n nonm1akcL nasaa1L neckonLko
popoamx caoc1a nn1ennnrenunn, nc1opnueckn nensHennmx, annHanne k ko1opmH
o6ycnoaneno nHenno cnno nx noc1onnc1aa. pecL xe ckaxy o neko1opmx
oco6ennoc1nx ee pasan1nn, sakonoHepno noa1opnkunxcn a pasnmx o6uec1aennmx
qopHaunnx. ce npornosm o 6ypyueH nn1ennnrenunn cnepye1 coc1aann1L c yue1oH
a1nx caoc1a n oco6ennoc1e.
* * *
HEE. ak 1onLko u1o roaopnnocL, counonornueckoe nonnHanne nn1ennnrenunn kak
coaokynnoc1n o6pasoaannmx nkpe, sann1mx yHc1aennmH 1pypoH, npepnonarae1
cnoxnyk rpapaunk a1oro kon1nnren1a. epL specL o6Lepnnenm nkpn pasnmx ypoane
- o1 nporpaHHnc1a koHnLk1epnmx cnc1eH nnn cenLckoro 6yxran1epa po pyxoanmx
nnpepoa c1panm. asnoe y nnx o6pasoaanne, pasnm pyxoanm Hnp, pasnme
Ha1epnanLnoe n counanLnoe nonoxennn, pasnme npnopn1e1m. oa1oHy 1pypno ykasa1L
6onee neopnopopnm knacc nkpe, ueH nn1ennnrenunn. oneuno, Hm ne sa6ypeH, u1o
any1pn, ckaxeH, pa6ouero knacca ec1L n pa6ouan apnc1okpa1nn, n pa6oune -
akunonepm co6c1aennoro npepnpnn1nn, n npone1apna1, n nkHnen-npone1apna1. expy
a1nHn rpynnaHn ec1L nsaec1nme npo1naopeunn. o , x
n - , n
m . 1o upesamuano aaxnoe o6c1on1enLc1ao. no ao
HnoroH onpepennno n onpepenne1 ee cypL6y.
300
E. kasannan neopnopopnoc1L nn1ennnrenunn nHee1 1enpenunk a
onpepenennmx ycnoannx npeapaua1Lcn a paso6uennoc1L n any1pnrpynnoao
an1aronnsH. ueH a1o cansano?
pepn pasnnunmx rpapaun nn1ennnrenunn ampenne1cn npoqeccnonanLno-
counanLnan. 1o a1o snaun1?
Hc1aennm 1pyp nn1ennnrenunn o6cnyxnaae1 pasnme no1pe6noc1n pasnmx cnoea
nacenennn. saancnHoc1n o1 1oro, uLn no1pe6noc1n ona o6cnyxnaae1, nn1ennnrenunk
Hoxno paspenn1L na 1pn nopnpka.
nn1ennnrenunk H n Hoxno ampenn1L 1e ee o1pnpm, ko1opme
neo6xopnHm aceH npnHepno a paano Hepe: a1o apaun, yun1enn, nnxenepm, kpnc1m,
oqnuepm, canuennnkn, neko1opan uac1L 1ak nasmaaeHo 1aopuecko nn1ennnrenunn.
x counanLnan sapaua - o6cnyxnaanne no1pe6noc1e acero nacenennn a uenoH.
n1ennnrenunn B n o6ecneunaae1 caonHn 1pypaHn cneunqnueckne
no1pe6noc1n a nepayk ouepepL n rnaanmH o6pasoH caHo nn1ennnrenunn: a1o
nc1opnkn, qnnocoqm, 6orocnoam, counonorn, nn1epa1ypo- n nckycc1aoaepm,
neko1opan uac1L nnca1ene, koHnosn1opoa n xypoxnnkoa n 1.n.
akoneu, cyuec1aye1 nn1ennnrenunn Tu n: a1o renepa1opm
ocnoaononarakunx npe, pasanaakunx Hnp n onpepennkunx pen1enLnoc1L ace
nn1ennnrenunn a uenoH.
enenne nn1ennnrenunn na nopnpkn nosaonne1 c1aan1L aonpoc o6 o1nnunnx a
Hnpoaosspennn, a xnsnennmx yc1anoakax 1ex, k1o npnnapnexn1 k pasnmH nopnpkaH.
pe1pocnek1nanan counonornn pacc1aanne1 a a1oH y1aepxpennn eue 6onee ue1kne
akuen1m.
oncnk na npnHepe. nanns pyccko nc1opnn XVIII-XIX aa. nosaonne1 saHe1n1L
cnepykuee. ycnoannx nocne caepuennn ouepepno counanLno peaonkunn, korpa
counanLnan c1pyk1ypa noao o6uec1aenno-akonoHnuecko qopHaunn eue ne
npno6pena xec1koc1L, nn1ennnrenunn acex nopnpkoa pekpy1npye1cn ns acex knaccoa n
cocnoan 6es oco6oro pas6opa. ak, a nepao 1pe1n XVIII a., korpa a pesynL1a1e
ne1poacknx peqopH naunnae1 cknapmaa1Lcn paopnnckan nHnepnn, 1o a nnxenepnmx,
aoennmx, Hepnunncknx, pyxoanmx ukonax Hm ac1peuaeH pe1e paopnn, nonoanue,
pasnounnuea n paxe paopoamx, yunaunxcn 6ok o 6ok aHec1e. y konm6enn pyccko
nn1epa1ypm oaoro apeHenn 1akxe na paanmx npaaax c1on1 npepc1aan1enL
pyxoaenc1aa . pokonoanu, paopnnnn . an1eHnp, pasnounneu . pepnakoackn n
amxopeu ns kpec1Lnn . oHonocoa. nyk kap1nny Hm sac1aeH a konue aeka: cnc1eHa
o6yuennn c1ana c1poro cocnoano, a a pesynL1a1e - nn1ennnrenunn epaoro nopnpka
(sa ncknkuenneH oqnuepnoro kopnyca.) cospaaanacL ncknkun1enLno sa cue1
amxopuea ns nenpnannernpoaannmx cnoea, a 1.u. pyxoaenc1aa, pac1epnauero
ocnoanme npnannernn. a1o cpepn nn1epa1opoa (nn1ennnrenunn 1oporo nopnpka) na
ponk no1oHc1aennmx paopnn npnxopnnocL 46%, a eue nou1n 20% nn1epa1opoa -
paopnne no amcnyre. aoo6ue ace nyuune, xpec1oHa1nno nsaec1nme noa1m n
nnca1enn 1ex ne1 - noronoano ypoxpennme paopnne: yHapokoa, onansnn, epackoa,
oankoa, apnuea, epxaann, pmnoa, sHanoa n ppyrne.
nanornunm ny1L pasan1nn npoxopn1 pycckan nn1ennnrenunn n a 6ypxyasno occnn,
naunnan c cepepnnm XIX a., korpa ne nHekuan eue caoe nn1ennnrenunn 6ypxyasnn
aep6ye1 ee ns acex cnoea nacenennn, o6ecneuna 1eH caHmH nsaec1noe kynL1ypno-
nonn1nueckoe panxenne pycckoro pasnounnua. o no Hepe 1oro, kak
kann1annc1nueckne o1nouennn pasanaak1cn n kpenny1, pasnounnnyk nn1ennnrenunk
anoaL am1ecnnk1 na kynL1ypnyk nepnqepnk npepc1aan1enn cocnoan,
rocnopc1aykunx nn6o a nonn1nuecko, nn6o a akonoHnuecko cqepax. pepoc1aannn
301
npn a1oH pasnounnno nn1ennnrenunn npenHyuec1aennoe axoxpenne a epam, a
ce6e - ao 1opo nopnpok. eaonkunn 1917 r. (k1n6pLckan) npepaana n o1uac1n
npn1opHosnna a1o1 ouepepno unkn, no ceuac, a noamx ycnoannx n na noaoH
uenoaeueckoH Ha1epnane on anoaL na6epe1 cnny.
kasannoe nosaonne1 npepnoxn1L rnno1esy, cornacno ko1opo qopHnpoaanne nepamx
payx nopnpkoa nn1ennnrenunn nponcxopn1 a o6uec1ae ne c1nxnno, a no anonne
onpepenenno Hopenn. nHenno: n q
-s u-u ,
m -m -q n m m
m, n x u
u , nn s
m m m. o ec1L, a paHkax
npouecca pasan1nn qopHaunn o1 sapoxpennn po pacnapa aepon1noc1L 1oro, u1o
apauoH nnn nnxenepoH 6ype1, ycnoano roaopn, paopnnnn, a nckycc1aoaepoH nnn
qnnocoqoH pasnounneu, - HakcnHanLna a nauane n HnnnHanLna a anoree.
opo6noe cocnoanoe paccnoenne pen1ene yHc1aennoro 1pypa, a cnny 1oro, u1o a neH
yuac1aye1 cn nn nkpe, ec1L npouecc xo1n n ec1ec1aennm, no kak 6m n
nacnnLc1aennm. no1oHy aecLHa 6onesnennm. oa1oHy counanLnan nanpnxennoc1L
Hexpy pasnnunmHn o1pnpaHn, cnonHn nn1ennnrenunn, n 6es 1oro neHanan ns-sa
Ha1epnanLnoro n ppyroro nepaaenc1aa, nHee1 1enpenunk k o6oc1pennk no Hepe
cospeaannn o6uec1aa. pesynL1a1e o6uec1ao, saHe1no amnrpmaan a cqepe kynL1ypm,
c1onL xe saHe1no nponrpmaae1 a cHmcne konconnpaunn.
annan sakonoHepnoc1L ne nHee1 o1nouennn k nn1ennnrenunn pe1Lero nopnpka, n6o
npnpopa rennanLnoc1n o6ycnoanena npnuypnnao nrpo renoa n uenmH pnpoH nnmx,
ne saancnunx o1 nkpe o6c1on1enLc1a, n a npnnunne ne nHee1, no-anpnHoHy, xec1ko
cansn c counanLnmH nponcxoxpenneH.
EBR popoaan oco6ennoc1L nn1ennnrenunn o6napyxena paano. 1o ee
nnpnanpyannsH. n rny6oko o6ycnoanen o6pasoH qopHnpoaannn n 6m1nn
nn1ennnrenunn. pouecc cospeaannn nn1ennnren1a (necHo1pn na 1o, u1o ero o6yuenne
nponcxopn1 no1ounmH He1opoH n a konnek1nae) rny6oko nnpnanpyanen, n6o snannn,
naamkn ne c1onLko pak1cn, ckonLko 6epy1cn; a1o npouecc 1aopueckn, cnnLno
saancnun o1 nnunoc1n o6yuaeHoro. n1ennnren1 acerpa, 1aknH o6pasoH, - npopyk1
u1yunm. a panLneueH ycnoann xnsnn n 1pypa 6onLue uac1n nn1ennnrenunn
na kaxpoH uary akuen1npyk1 , n m
mn u. 1ckpa caoc1aennme nn1ennnren1y noamuennoe uyac1ao nnuno
o1ae1c1aennoc1n, ero npnc1pac1ne k nkpnH, aeuaH n noc1ynkaH, o1HeuennmH npko
nnpnanpyanLnoc1Lk, ero c1peHnenne 6m1L ne kak ace, nenk6oaL k Hacce n
HaccoaoHy n 1.p.
nnpnanpyannsHe nn1ennnrenunn - u . ak cna6oc1L a1o
caoc1ao oxo1no o1HeuanocL nonn1nkaHn, a uac1noc1n, .. ennnmH, ko1opm
nopuepknaan, u1o a a1oH coc1on1 neamropnoe o1nnune a1oro o6uec1aennoro cnon o1
npone1apna1a (, 1. 8, c. 254). o a a1oH xe caoc1ae kopenn1cn n 1o Hyxec1ao, 1a
c1okoc1L, c ko1opmHn 6ecuncnennme nn1ennnren1m o1 okpa1a n npo1onona aaakyHa
po onxennumna cHenn npo1naonoc1aann1L caok, npopnk1oaannyk coaec1Lk n
y6expenneH, nosnunk - paanennk orpoHnmx uenoaeuecknx Hacc: konnek1naa, 1onnm,
rocypapc1aa, a nopo n uenoro napopa. oa1oHy, kak nn napapokcanLno,
m ,
- m, . a6maa1L o6 a1oH nenLsn.
HEER oco6ennoc1L nn1ennnrenunn anpn1cn nponsaopno o1 nnpnanpyannsHa:
o6oc1pennan nk6oaL k cao6ope, 1nra k nesaancnHoc1n. 1a nk6oaL Hoxe1 6m1L pasnmx
1onoa n o11enkoa - o1 6aponoackoro poHan1nsHa po nn6epannsHa, peaonkunonnoro
302
peHokpa1nsHa nnn anapxnsHa. any1penne o6ycnoanennoc1n cao6oponk6nn
nn1ennnrenunn ee nnpnanpyannsHoH npekpacno nanncan eue apn ay1ckn, roaopn o
1oH, u1o - s ,
, . O u
u n . Hn nn
nn s m
(nepeaop . ennna). o nonnan cao6opa nponanennn co6c1aenno nnunoc1n
- a1o 1akoe 1pe6oaanne, ncnonnenne ko1oporo ouenL xec1ko orpannunaae1cn
o6uec1aennmHn ycnoannHn. ocosnanne a1oro qak1a c nes6exnoc1Lk npnaopn1
nn1ennnren1ckoro 6yn1apn-opnnouky k o6uec1aenno 6opL6e sa peHokpa1nueckne
cao6opm cnoaa, neua1n, co6pann n 1.p.
, u1o xe Hm anpnH? naun1enLnan neopnopopnoc1L, any1pennnn paso6uennoc1L,
o6oc1pnkuancn no Hepe cospeaannn o6uec1aa n o1nruennan HaxpoamH
nnpnanpyannsHoH, - 1akoam o6Lek1nanme caoc1aa nn1ennnrenunn a uenoH. npn
a1oH - neoponnHoe, aksnc1enunanLnoe c1peHnenne k cao6ope, 6opL6a sa nee, 6opL6a,
1pe6ykuan epnnennn, cnnouennoc1n. a1oH Hne anpn1cn rnaaneuee pnanek1nueckoe
npo1naopeune, onnopo1aopnauee nc1opnk nn1ennnrenunn, no n coo6unauee a1o
nc1opnn 1parnueckn xapak1ep, oco6enno a ycnoannx occnn.
a a1oH n sakanunaak no neo6xopnHoc1n kpa1kn o6sop popoamx caoc1a
nn1ennnrenunn, u1o6m asrnnny1L na cypL6m pyccko, a sa1eH n coae1cko
nn1ennnrenunn.
* * *
ns yc1 naunx poHopouennmx qnnocoqoa cnmunuL, u1o-pe
nn1ennnrenunn - cyry6o poccnckn qenoHen, a ppyrnx c1panax ee nko6m ne1: 1aH-pe
- nn1ennek1yanm. ne pyHae1cn, npnunna a1o pacnpoc1panenno a6eppaunn a 1oH,
u1o ycnoann, a ko1opmx qopHnpoaanacL nn1ennnrenunn a1opo nonoannm XIX a.,
nanoxnnn na ee o6nnk opnrnnanLnm o1neua1ok. 1paxennm a ny6nnunc1nke,
xypoxec1aenno nn1epa1ype, knneHa1orpaqe, npepannnx nokonenn, a1o1 o6nnk
ackope nocne 1917 r. npeapa1nncn a noc1anLrnueckn o6pas, ncnonnennm 6mnmx n
HnnHmx poc1onnc1a, a nekn a1anon, a cpaanennn c ko1opmH nau coapeHennm
nn1ennnren1 kak 6m yxe sacnyxnaae1 nnuL saannn nn1ennek1yana (a npo sapy6exnmx
n roaopn1L-1o neuero: acerpa 6mnn 1akoam). pepn pasnnunmx uep1 a1oro Hnnoro
ceppuy o6pasa ampennk1cn 1pn ocnoanmx:
- o1uannnan onnosnunonnoc1L no o1nouennk k nk6oHy npaan1enLc1ay,
- rny6okan npenoc1L n
- napoponk6ne, poxopnuee po napoponoknonc1aa.
onpo6yeH paso6pa1Lcn, u1o xe a pec1an1enLnoc1n npepc1aannna co6o poccnckan
nn1ennnrenunn o1 nc1okoa? ak ona cospaaanacL n u1o c nek c1ano? ueH nopouna
ona k pokoaoHy py6exy 1917 r.? e 6mna nn ona n anpnHL qenoHenanLna? 1orpa,
Hoxe1 6m1L, npaam 1e, k1o o6annne1 ee a perpapaunn? nn xe ee caoeo6pasne
nonpoc1y yuno aHec1e c ycnoannHn, ero nopopnaunHn, o6naxna nesaancnuyk o1
apeHenn n Hec1a cy1L nn1ennnrenunn? 1ak, o6pa1nHcn k nc1opnn, u1o6m po6pa1Lcn
po kopne oco6ennoc1n pyccko nn1ennnrenunn.
1917 nc1opnn pyccko nn1ennnrenunn nacun1maana yxe paec1n ne1. npoueH,
a anpe opnnouek, a sa1eH pnacnopm, nn1ennnrenunn, 1.e. o6pasoaannme, sann1me
yHc1aennmH 1pypoH nkpn, 6mna n a peane ycn. ak 6mna ona a an1nunmx rnn1e,
peunn n nHe, a cpepneaekoao apone n 1.p. ecn1kn n co1nn 1mcnu yuenmx
Honaxoa, counnn1ene n nepenncunkoa nn1epa1ypm, apxn1ek1opoa, xypoxnnkoa-
303
nkononncuea, kaennpoa, nnxenepoa, apaue - nacennk1 nauy pone1poackyk
nc1opnk. o 1onLko npn e1pe naunnae1cn Haccoam npouecc rocypapc1aennoro
nponsaopc1aa nn1ennnrenunn a neanpannmx po1one Hacu1a6ax n counanLno snaunHoH
konnuec1ae.
a1oH coc1on1 n n u pyccko nn1ennnrenunn: -
n u, a ne pnn1enLnoro nc1opnueckoro npouecca, kak a apone.
occnn ne 6mno aonLnmx ynnaepcn1e1oa, paccapnnkoa nesaancnHoro snannn, ne 6mno
n nesyn1cknx ukon, konnernyHoa, ne nopunnennmx uen1panLno rocypapc1aenno
anac1n. ospanne naue nn1ennnrenunn c caHoro nauana 6mno nopunneno cyry6o
npak1nuecko rocypapc1aenno sapaue: o6ecneun1L no1pe6noe konnuec1ao
npepc1aan1ene yHc1aennoro 1pypa epaoro nopnpka - nnxenepoa, oqnuepoa, apaue,
canuennocnyxn1ene, nocnyunmx a6conk1nsHy. asHax 6mn asn1 cepLesnm.
pnoapeHenno ao acex ukonax o6yuanncL 1mcnun pe1e. o a1opo nonoanne XVIII a.
1onLko na 1eppn1opnn caHo occnn, ne cun1an kpannm, n6npn, onLcknx o6nac1e
n 1.n., nacun1maanocL po 317 1mc. nnu, nonyunaunx nauanLnoe o6pasoaanne a c1enax
rocypapc1aennmx yue6nmx saaepenn. eue HnnnHyH 47 1mcnu okonunnn
cneunanLnme yuenme saaepennn, nonyunnn nn1ennnren1ckne npoqeccnn, c1ann
nn1ennnrenune caoero apeHenn. 1oH uncne npnHepno 15 1mcnu o1nocn1enLno
amcokoo6pasoaannmx cneunannc1oa amuno ns cocnoanmx paopnncknx kopnycoa n
yunnnu. asaannme unqpm ne yun1maak1 snaun1enLnoe konnuec1ao kpenoc1no
nn1ennnrenunn - Hysmkan1oa, apaue, ak1epoa, xypoxnnkoa. nepame a occnn,
oco6enno a c1onnuax, cnoxnncn nopo6nm konnuec1aenno snaun1enLnm n
o1nocn1enLno o6oco6nennm kon1nnren1 o6pasoaannmx nkpe. ynL1ypnan n
o6uec1aennan cn1yaunn a a1o cansn pesko nsHennnacL.
ak xe nonyunnocL, u1o a cpepe poccncko nn1ennnrenunn, poxpenno no
Hanoaennk caHopepxaann, aosnnkno onnosnunonnoe 1euenne? oueHy onpepenennan
uac1L nn1ennnrenunn nouna npo1na npaan1enLc1aa?
ne kaxe1cn, u1o c1peHn1enLnm poc1 nn1ennnrenunn, a c ne n kynL1ypm - a1o
1onLko opna c1opona pena. pyran coc1onna a 1oH, u1o nn1ennnrenunn ne 1onLko
pocna, no n nonnpnsoaanacL. a opnoH nonkce okasmaanacL neHnorouncnennan
amcokoo6pasoaannan paopnnckan nn1ennnrenunn, na ppyroH - nou1n a 1pn pasa 6onee
Hnorouncnennme, no paneko ne c1onL unpoko n 6nec1nue o6pasoaannme
nn1ennnren1m ns nenpnannernpoaannmx cnoea.
oo1ae1c1aenno paccnanaanacL n kynL1ypa. a6nne1m paopnn-nn1epa1opoa
npeapa1nnncL a na6opa1opnn pyxa, rpe coaepuanncL nan6onee aaxnme o1kpm1nn, a
uac1noc1n, a o6nac1n cnoaecnoc1n. o sakasy amcokonpocaeuennoro paopnnckoro
akyca nn1ennnrenune 1oporo nopnpka cospaaanncL uepeapm apxn1ek1ypm, Hysmkn n
xnaonncn, co6npanncL 6n6nno1ekn. aqnnnpoaannan kynL1ypa amcunx cnoea 6mna
aecLHa aso1epnuno, pnn caonx. apannenLno a kpyrax nenpnannernpoaanno
nn1ennnrenunn poxnaann cao aek ac1e1nueckne npnopn1e1m paano Hnnyaunx anox, a
1oH uncne nn1epa1ypnme naHn1nnkn ne1poackoro apeHenn n paxe 6onee pannne.
(ynL1ypnoe o1c1aaanne unpoknx kpyroa nn1ennnrenunn epaoro nopnpka, ko1opme a
cnny Ha1epnanLnmx n counanLnmx o6c1on1enLc1a ne Hornn nopnn1Lcn k aepunnaH
npocaeuennn caoero apeHenn - ec1L nanenne, aoo6ue xapak1epnoe. Henno ono
o6Lncnne1, nanpnHep, noueHy a pnn xnsnn yuknna nan6onLue nonynnpnoc1Lk y
unpoko ny6nnkn nonLsoaanncL enepnk1oa, apnnnckn n ykonLnnk, a a pnn xnsnn
noka - oqanoa n anLHon1.)
ynL1ypnan pnqqepenunaunn ycyry6nnna o6uec1aennyk nanpnxennoc1L, necna c
co6o konqnnk1 Hnpoaosspenn, ue1ko pasaopnna xnsnennme nosnunn na
6naropopnoe pacc1onnLe. 1o1 konqnnk1 pouen po nac a nn1epa1ypno noneHnke
1ex ne1. aopnnckan nn1ennnrenunn nopaepranacL nacHeukaH n ynsanennnH co
c1oponm nn1ennnrenunn peHokpa1nuecko[1]. o ecnn 6m 1onLko ee! coc1aae
304
co6c1aennoro knacca paopnn nn1ennnren1m 1oro apeHenn npepc1aannnn co6o
HanenLkyk rpynky - acero okono 10%. poxo1nm oc1poaok npocaeuennn a okeane
neaexec1aennoro n cnecnaoro aapaapc1aa... e specL nn cnepye1 ncka1L o1ae1 na nau
aonpoc? a1npa yHapokoaa, oankoaa, onansnna, apnueaa n pmnoaa nanoHnnae1
naH o 1oH, ckonL nenpoc1o n paycHmcnenno 6mno nonoxenne paopnncko
nn1ennnrenunn any1pn caoero knacca n nop arnpo caoero npaan1enLc1aa.
n1epa1ypnan 6opL6a, naua1an ca1npnkaHn, 6mc1po nepenecnacL na none caHo
xnsnn, o6epnynacL 6opL6o nonn1nuecko. osnunn npaan1enLc1aa 6mno nornuna n
nonn1na: ono ne Horno pena1L c1aaky na o6pasoaannoe HenLunnc1ao, kak 6m yHno n
cnHna1nuno ono nn 6mno, a ponxno 6mno onnpa1Lcn na Horyuec1aennoe, xo1n n
kocnoe 6onLunnc1ao n, aHec1e c 1eH, ampaxa1L ero aonk n nn1epecm. nno a1nx
o6c1on1enLc1a npocaeuennoe paopnnc1ao c1anoannocL onnosnune. osnnkno nanenne
paopnncko qponpm, nponanaueecn yxe a 1760-e rr.
nxa 6epa - nauano. ce nepeuncnennme nnca1enn nopaeprnncL ronennnH, Hnorne
konunnn aecLHa nnoxo, nx cypL6m 6mnn cnoHnenm. 1a1nc1nka cype6nmx
npecnepoaann anoxn aana epaoro opnosnauno ykasmaae1 na rnaanm o6Lek1
penpeccn: npocaeuennoe paopnnc1ao. opo6no c1a1nc1nkn eka1epnnnnckoro
uapc1aoaannn ne1, no pasrpoH Hockoacknx Haconoa, o6Lepnnnaunx nHenno
paopnnckyk nn1ennnrenunk, npoueccm apnueaa n oankoaa, pasrpoH n sakpm1ne
1nnorpaqn . orpanoanua, . axHannnoaa, nnorpaqnuecko koHnannn - ace a1o
ak1m 1o xe nonn1nkn. aopnnckan nn1ennnrenunn, co caoe c1oponm, nm1anacL
orpannun1L caHopepxaane: a 1760-e rr. nocpepc1aoH nsaec1noro npoek1a . annna,
ne ocyuec1anennoro, a 1801 r. - nocpepc1aoH ocyuec1anennoro uapey6nc1aa, a
1816-1825 rr. - pen1enLnoc1Lk 1anmx peka6pnc1cknx o6uec1a.
o neaepno pyHa1L, u1o acn nn1ennnrenunn 6mna onnosnunonna. nuero nopo6noro.
epaopnnckan nn1ennnrenunn, nanapan na paopnnc1ao, po ne6ec npn a1oH
npeaosnocnna npaan1enLc1ao, 6mna npak1nueckn c1onpouen1no nonnLno.
npaan1enLc1ae ona anpena caok onopy n saun1y, rapan1a caoero 6ypyuero
6narononyunn. paan1enLc1ao uennno a1n nac1poennn, o6pyunaan cao rnea ne na
nn1ennnrenunk aoo6ue, a nHenno n cyry6o na npocaeuennoe paopnnc1ao. npoueH,
nocnepnee ne 6mno opnopopno a nonn1nueckoH o1nouennn: racnnLnnkoa xaa1ano.
ce xe o1He1nH, u1o pycckan nn1ennnrenunn okasanacL caoero popa roHynkynycoH:
nonanauncL no aone npaan1enLc1aa a nauane XVIII a., yxe uepes paa-1pn nokonennn
ona naunnae1 aec1n ce6n ne coaceH 1ak, a k konuy aeka n coaceH ne 1ak, kak
npepnonaran ee cospa1enL.
cerpa n y acex amsmaae1 ypnanenne, u1o nHenno paopnnckan uac1L nn1ennnrenunn,
ko1opo, kasanocL 6m, ne na u1o 6mno xanoaa1Lcn n 6mno u1o 1epn1L, nouna no ny1n
6opL6m c caHopepxaaneH[2]. ero e, cnpaunaae1cn, ne xaa1ano? ac1nuno, Hne
pyHae1cn, o1ae1 nonyuen: caHo nonoxenne npocaeuennoro HenLunnc1aa o6nsmaano k
onnosnunn. npn necoaepuenc1ao o6uec1aennoro yc1poc1aa, o6pasoaannm
paopnnnn-na1pno1 ne Hor Honua1L n o1c1pann1Lcn. poHe 1oro, nsaeunoe c1peHnenne k
cao6ope, ko1opoe, kak Hm noHnnH, kopenn1cn a caHo npnpope nn1ennnrenunn n
nnoxo cornacye1cn c aa1opn1apnmHn qopHaHn npaanennn, 1onkano ee na 1o1 xe ny1L
npo1naoc1onnnn c caHopepxaano anac1Lk. akoneu, Ha1epnanLnan nesaancnHoc1L n
cocnoanme npnannernn npnpaaann cHenoc1n a 6opL6e sa nesaancnHoc1L pyxoanyk.
aopnnnna nenLsn 6mno nopaerny1L ynnsn1enLnoHy nakasannk, paxe a o1c1aake n
onane on ne nnuancn nc1ounnka cyuec1aoaannn. a n rpe 6m, ckaxeH, apnuea,
oankoa, orpanoanu nnn axHannnoa neua1ann caon kpaHonLnme knnrn, ne nHe onn
aosHoxnoc1n saaec1n 1nnorpaqnn na co6c1aennme penLrn?
y1L an1nnpaan1enLc1aenno 6opL6m 6mn ne 1onLko pnn pyccko
nn1ennnrenunn, no n . pna ns npnunn a1oro 1parnsHa - neopnopopnoc1L,
305
paso6uennoc1L nn1ennnrenunn, o ueH yxe roaopnnocL. pyran coc1on1 a 1oH, u1o a
popeaonkunonno occnn acn nn1ennnrenunn coc1aannna Hnsepnyk uac1L nacenennn.
ee nyuune ropm, a nauane XX aeka, na opnoro nn1ennnren1a npnxopnnocL 6onee
1pnpua1n nenn1ennnren1oa. akan c1a1nc1nka, 1ako 6ananc.
eH o6epnynacL a1a Hanouncnennoc1L? ocHo1pnH.
paopnncko nn1ennnrenunn, nponanauancn yxe a 1760-e rr. a nn1epa1ype n
npoek1e orpannuennn caHopepxaann, amnnaae1cn anocnepc1ann a peka6pnsH.
onn1no, u1o - n m,
m, . eka6pnc1m ampocnn na cao6oponk6nao nn1epa1ypno-
nonn1nuecko 1papnunn, npyue o1 yHapokoaa k 6ecuensypnmH c1nxaH ennca
aampoaa, yuknna n mneeaa, o1 npoek1a annna - k onc1n1yunn ypaaLeaa n
yccko npaape ec1enn.
eka6pnc1m ne nHenn nno onopm a o6uec1ae, kpoHe caHnx ce6n. n napop, o6uero
nsmka c ko1opmH onn na1n yxe ne Hornn (1ak aennka c1ana sa c1o ne1 kynL1ypnan n
counanLnan nponac1L Hexpy nnHn), nn pasnounnnan nn1ennnrenunn, ynoaaauan na
npaan1enLc1ao n ne poaepnauan paopnnaH-nn1ennnren1aH, nn, 1eH 6onee,
neaexec1aennme n pasapauennme 6pa1Ln no knaccy - ne nounn 6m sa nnHn. o
o6c1on1enLc1ao, u1o 6onLunnc1ao peka6pnc1oa c1onno ao rnaae pasnnunmx aonncknx
noppaspenenn, cnpoaounpoaano neko1opmx ns nnx na nenpopyHannme aoopyxennme
amc1ynnennn, noanekune sa co6o konoccanLnyk o6uec1aennyk ka1ac1poqy.
nxenmH rne1oH 1pnpua1nne1nero uapc1aoaannn nkonan epaoro, c ero
o6uec1aenno-nonn1nuecknH 1eppopoH, ry6n1enLno sapepxko kpec1Lnncko
peqopHm n kann1annc1nueckoro pasan1nn sanna1nna occnn sa aaan1kpy ropnunx
ronoa. cn paopnnckan kynL1ypa a uenoH okasanacL nop nopospenneH, nonana nop
xec1kn npaan1enLc1aennm kon1ponL. aopnnckan nn1ennnrenunn, 1aknH o6pasoH,
cnoHana ce6e xpe6e1 na ena1cko nnouapn n ackope pacnpouanacL c nonoxenneH
o6uec1aennoro, a o1uac1n n kynL1ypnoro nnpepa.
ne nponan papoH. nepykune nokonennn nn1ennnrenunn npnnnnn sa
akcnoHy, u1o a caonx cao6oponk6namx yc1peHnennnx, u
un un n,
mx x .
1860-e rr., korpa nauancn noam o6uec1aennm nopLeH, 1akyk cnny Hoxno 6mno
o1mcka1L 1onLko un. pnako nanpacno nn1ennnrenunn pyHana n
o6onLuana ce6n, u1o e ypac1cn cnn1Lcn c napopoH a epnnoH panxennn, u1o nx
npeanm coanapak1. oxpenne a napop nn1ennnren1oa npoaannnocL, nx ne nonnnn.
korpa nn1ennnren1m-peaonkunonepm y6nnn uapn-ocao6opn1enn nekcanppa
1oporo, nonaran a a1oH ncnonnenne napopno aonn, napop - kpec1Lnnc1ao -
opnosnauno ocypnn a1o n o1aepnyncn o1 nnx. onpoc , k ko1opo
Hoxno 6mno 6m npnnoxn1L pmuar onnosnunonno aneprnn, ac1an c noao oc1po1o.
ako 1ouko onopm a koneunoH cue1e nokasancn . Henno a1a
counanLnan cnna noHorna pacua1a1L rocypapc1aennme yc1on, a korpa uapnsH pyxnyn -
cHec1n 6ypxyasno-peHokpa1nueckyk pecny6nnky n yc1anoan1L pnk1a1ypy nap1nn
6onLueankoa.
pnkao 1ako pesynL1a1 6mn coaceH ne 1o, na u1o paccun1maana nn1ennnrenunn. na
caHa 6mna nH ouenoHnena. nkona eppnea a qeapane 1918 ropa nauan nepepoayk
c1a1Lk xypnana apoponpaane xapak1epnmHn c1pokaHn:
, m
x , u.
306
paapa, saHe1nan uac1L 1o nn1ennnrenunn, ko1opan aosnarana napexpm na pa6oun
knacc, ko1opan pas6ypnna n npoaena uepes nonn1nueckn nnk6es a1y rposnyk cnny,
eue a ropm nepao pyccko peaonkunn nonnna, u1o nH ne no ny1n. o1xnmnyna ns
nap1nn acpekoa a 1onLko u1o cospannyk nap1nk kape1oa. korpa paspasnnacL
eapanLckan peaonkunn, caepunauan ace, u1o 6mno nyxno c 1oukn spennn
nn1ennnrenunn, nesaancnHo o1 ee nap1nno npnnapnexnoc1n, 1orpa, kak
konc1a1npoaan ec1o cLesp (nknL-aaryc1 1917): 1nna nn1ennnrenunn ns
pnpoa npone1apcko nap1nn, nauaauncn a 1905 r., c1an HaccoamH. n1ennnrenunn
opyHanacL, pa 6mno yxe nospno.
, acerpa, onnpancL na ce6n nn caHoe, nnn nua onopy a 6onee Hounmx
counanLnmx kon1nnren1ax, naua Hanouncnennan, paso6uennan nn1ennnrenunn n 1ak,
n apak po cnx nop nponrpmaana. a1anLno nn a1o o6c1on1enLc1ao? eko1opme
coo6paxennn no a1oHy noaopy poxpae1 ananns nc1opnn ynoHnny1o nap1nn kape1oa.
* * *
kape1cko nap1nn n ee 6opL6m c 6onLueankaHn nnuL a nepaanee apeHn
nonyunna y nac noppo6noe ocaeuenne a Honorpaqnnx .. enoxaeaa n ..
yHoao. 1a nap1nn, aosrnaannauancn nn1ennnrenune amcuero pas6opa,
o6Lepnnnauan a caonx pnpax 6onLuyk uac1L nn1ennnrenunn, ampaxaauan ace
saae1nme nonn1nueckne npeanm nn1ennnrenunn, c HoHen1a caoero cospannn 6mna
rnaanmH npenmH npo1nannkoH 6onLueankoa. pe6oaanne konc1n1yunonno
peHokpa1nn 6mno npnnunnnanLno necoaHec1nHo c 1pe6oaanneH pnk1a1ypm
npone1apna1a n counannsHa.
ape1m cpenann ace, u1o 6mno a nx cnnax, u1o6m ne ponyc1n1L yc1anoanennn a occnn
anac1n 6onLueankoa. xopnnn ao ace kon1ppeaonkunonnme npaan1enLc1aa,
apoxnoannnn an1n6onLueanc1ckne saroaopm, aenn arn1aunk n nponaranpy n
aoopyxennyk 6opL6y. Hx , n
u, n n u
n . a a1oH qenoHene c1on1 oc1anoan1Lcn noppo6nee.
nauane c1a1Ln yxe roaopnnocL, u1o no caonH cao6oponk6namH yc1peHnennnH acn
nn1ennnrenunn popc1aenna Hexpy co6o. pnako ne1 6onee npoc1nmx aparoa, ueH paa
nn1ennnren1a, no-pasnoHy npepc1aannkunx ny1n k cao6ope n qopHm ee
ocyuec1anennn. a1epnanLnan, counanLnan, kynL1ypnan neopnopopnoc1L n
paso6uennoc1L nn1ennnrenunn, nsnauanLno caoc1aennm e nnpnanpyannsH aepy1 k
1oHy, u1o nopnnnnoro epnnc1aa uac1o ne1 paxe Hexpy epnnoHmunennnkaHn. K
u n n zun x ,
(n m: ux ),
n n: Hu, . 6o kaxpm nonnHae1 caonH
oco6ennmH yHoH a1n npeanm no-caoeHy.
a npnHepaHn ne napo xopn1L paneko. nc1opnn occnn 6mno neckonLko nonm1ok
nn1ennnrenunn o6Lepnnn1Lcn. pocnH asrnnp na nnx.
, nasmaaeHoe peka6pnsHoH, sapopnnocL a 1816 r. a koHnannn uec1epmx
oqnuepoa, cospaaunx oks cnacennn nnn 6uec1ao nc1nnnmx n aepnmx cmnoa
o1euec1aa. xe a 1820 r. a okse 6naropenc1ann, ampocueH na a1o ocnoae,
nacun1maanocL okono 200 unenoa, npknx npepc1aan1ene paopnncko nn1ennnrenunn.
mpannyncn pnp nnpepoa, pasropenacL any1pennnn npenan 6opL6a. 1o npnaeno k
caHopocnycky a 1821 r. paspnpaeHoro npo1naopeunnHn oksa 6naropenc1ann n
cospannk, nocne pnpa npoHexy1ounmx qopH, Kxnoro n eaepnoro o6uec1a. e
1onLko a1n o6uec1aa c1onnn na pasnmx nna1qopHax, no n any1pn nnx ne 6mno
epnnc1aa, ampennnncL papnkanLnme n yHepennme 1euennn. 6un nsmk nH 6mno
na1n nenerko. neponroH apeHenn pas6pop n ua1anne poc1nrnn 1aknx c1enene,
307
u1o pnp nan6onee 1pesao Hmcnnunx peka6pnc1oa, 1aknx kak . yprenea, . ynnn, .
aapaea, . pn6oepoa, . a1ennn n ppyrne, pasouapoaaauncL, o1xopn1 o1 panxennn.
esaponro po snocuac1noro aocc1annn caH aaen ec1enL, yuac1nnk eue oksa
cnacennn, rnaaa Kxnoro o6uec1aa n aoo6ue uen1panLnan qnrypa peka6pnsHa,
o1uanauncL a o6ueH pene, co6pancn np1n c noannno k nHnepa1opy nekcanppy
epaoHy. opnn ns nnpepoa eaepnoro o6uec1aa, . py6euko, a caHm penL
aocc1annn ne npnuen k aocc1aaunH, npoaanna ace peno, koneuno, ne ns 1pycoc1n
(repo aonm 1812 ropa!), a no any1penneHy necornacnk c papnkanaHn,
aosrnaanneHmHn mneeamH. noaL o6Lepnnn1L peka6pnc1oa cHorna nnuL ka1opra n
ccmnka. 1o ne acex.
ue opna saHe1nan nonm1ka pyccko nn1ennnrenunn o6Lepnnn1Lcn nponsouna a 1880
r. a ockae na yuknncknx 1opxec1aax. a1oHy HoHen1y ona 6mna aecLHa
ocnoaa1enLno paspenena na pasnnunme npeno-nonn1nueckne rpynnm, anonne
nenpnHnpnHo ppyr k ppyry o1nocnunecn. o na kakoe-1o apeHn nokasanocL, u1o
caepunnocL uypo: c1apme pacnpn 6mnn sa6m1m, npenme aparn appyr o6nnnncL nop
cenLk nyuknnckoro rennn, na opnn penL ace nouyac1aoaann asanHnyk nk6oaL n
nonnHanne. a6pesxnn npnspak 6uero ena. ouno paxe po 1oro, u1o Hnnnc1p
npocaeuennn . a6ypoa ny6nnuno o6no6msancn c onanLnmH . ypreneamH, sa u1o
anocnepc1ann 6mn nnuen nop1qenn. pnako yxe nasaa1pa nauancn nerkn o6Hen
konkoc1nHn, ko1opm nouen kpeuenpo, n roc1n pasLexanncL c npaspnnka eue
6onLunHn aparaHn.
c1opnn upepn1enLnoro co6pannn, 1akxe opnopneanan, Horna 6m nocnyxn1L
nocnepnnH n y6epn1enLnmH npnHepoH a nonLsy 1esnca o neaosHoxnoc1n o6Lepnnennn
nn1ennnrenunn, ecnn 6m ne eue opnn Hanonsaec1nm, no ouenL ampasn1enLnm
annsop.
nHek a anpy sa6m1yk nmne nonm1ky cospa1L a 1918 r. rx
n, napnpy c oae1aHn pa6ounx n kpec1Lnncknx peny1a1oa. mn cosaan
yupepn1enLnm cLesp, na ko1opm npn6mnn, a ocnoanoH, yun1enn n apaun; no cLesp
pasLexancn, 1ak n ne ampa6o1aa a xope pe6a1oa nn nporpaHHm, nn nna1qopHm,
nnuero...
xe o6pasoH ypanocL kape1aH npocyuec1aoaa1L 1ak ponro, ne pasaann1Lcn, ne
y1pa1n1L 6oecnoco6noc1n? ueH xe pasnnua Hexpy a1o nap1ne n
amuenepeuncnennmHn neypaunmHn nonm1kaHn nn1ennnrenunn o6Lepnnn1Lcn?
asnnua a1a ne a counanLnoH coc1aae, ne a nporpaHHe, ne a nosynrax nnn nnpepax.
asnnua a 1oH, u1o kape1ckan nn1ennnrenunn na pene aena 6opL6y ne 1onLko n ne
c1onLko na npeno, ckonLko na caHo u1o nn na ec1L Ha1epnanLno nouae: 6opL6y sa
caon knaccoame npaaa n nn1epecm, sa coxpanenne caoero counanLnoro c1a1yca; a
sa1eH - n sa co6c1aennoe qnsnueckoe cyuec1aoaanne, sa amxnaanne.
ape1m coaepuenno o6ocnoaanno 6onnncL counannc1nueckoro 6ypyuero. kpm1m
cHmcn pacxoxpennn kape1oa c counan-peHokpa1aHn 6mn a 1oH, u1o u
, -
x, n
, -x -x,
, u .
ape1ckan n okonokape1ckan nn1ennnrenunn xopouo cosnaaana a1o. yxe
un1npoaanno c1a1Le 1o1 xe eppnea, nanpnHep, nncan: ounan-peHokpa1nueckan
npeonornn 6eckauec1aennoro 1pypa ao aceH pae1 nepeaec konnuec1ay, o1pnuae1
snauenne cnoco6noc1e, o6pasoaannn, onm1a, npnsaannn n no1oHy nens6exno
c1anoan1cn ao apaxpe6noe o1nouenne k kynL1ype. c1anaannaae1cn coaepuenno
Hexannueckoe paaenc1ao, nesaancnHo o1 kauec1a nnunoc1n, o1 kynL1ypnoro ypoann.
308
exannueckn, Ha1epnannc1nueckn counannsH paccHa1pnaae1 uenoaeka, kak
apnqHe1nueckyk epnnnuy, kak nocn1enn nsaec1noro konnuec1aa 1pypa, - pnn nero ne
nHek1 snauennn kauec1aennme pasnnunn Hexpy nkpLHn, pnn nero ne cyuec1aye1
nnpnanpyanLnoc1e c pasnmH aecoH n pasnmH snauenneH a o6uec1aennoH
oprannsHe.
c1opnn nauero o1euec1aa po caHoro nocnepnero apeHenn anonne nop1aepxpae1 a1o
o6annenne. eypnan1enLno, u1o kape1ckan nn1ennnrenunn - coapeHennnua eppneaa
- aceHn cnnaHn conpo1nannnacL aaepennk 1akoro nopnpka aeue, npn ko1opoH
pannm npornos npeo6paxancn 6m a noacepneanyk naL. onpo1nannnacL kak epnnm
oprannsH, o16pocna npenme 1onkoc1n n npo1naopeunn kak Hanocyuec1aennme nepep
nnuoH nasaannmx yrpos. a1oH n anxy ceropnn aaxneun ypok npounoro.
* * *
1ak npoc1o a nc1opnn 6opL6m kape1oa c 6onLueankaHn. a counanLnan n
nopnpkoaan neopnopopnoc1L nn1ennnrenunn, o ko1opo 1aeppnnocL amue, pana
ce6n sna1L n 1y1. amcue c1enenn xapak1epnmH npepc1ae1 1ako qak1: pnp
kpynneunx saroaopoa npo1na oae1cko anac1n, oprannsoaannmx aepxyuko
kape1cko nn1ennnrenunn - npoqeccopaHn n 1.n., 6mn ampan ueknc1aH pnpoamHn
kape1aHn - yun1ennHn, apauaHn. a1nH qak1oH a yHe Hm norpyxaeHcn a nyunny
1ako npo6neHm, kak pycckan nn1ennnrenunn n napop.
n1ennnrenunn a occnn acerpa Hnoro pyHana o napope, nckpenne xenan o6neruennn
ero yuac1n. 1o ne snaun1, opnako, u1o ona acerpa pyHana o neH a nepayk ouepepL n
6onLue, ueH o ce6e. ao6oponk6eu yHapokoa npoknnnan yraueaa n a npose, n a
c1nxax. opum c nsaaHn kpenoc1nnuec1aa, apnuea, oankoa, onansnn, pn6oepoa n
ne pyHann o1nycka1L kpec1Lnn na aonk. peka6pnsHe 1eHa ocao6oxpennn napopa
nonannacL 1onLko 1orpa, korpa saunna1enn a1oro panxennn nonnnn, u1o aaepenne
konc1n1yunn n peHokpa1nuecknx cao6op (Heu1a paopnncko nn1ennnrenunn) a
ycnoannx kpenoc1noro npaaa aosHy1n1 napop n npnaepe1 k noao nyraueaunne.
a1oro onn ne xo1enn n 6onnncL. o6anaanncL napopa n nn6epanm 1850-1860-x rr., n 1e
xe kape1m, npeonorn ko1opmx eue a 1909 r. ny6nnuno sanannn (exn), u1o
nn1ennnrenunn ponxna 6narocnoann1L npaan1enLc1ao, ko1opoe opno eue 1onLko
caonHn u1mkaHn oxpanne1 ee o1 npoc1n napopno. a n o1eu pycckoro HapkcnsHa ..
nexanoa npepoc1eperan, u1o pasansaa peaonkunonnyk aneprnk 1eHnoro napopa,
occnn saxne6ne1cn a kpoan.
ueH xe cansano neo6mknoaenno yc1ounaoe npepc1aanenne o 1oH, u1o pycckan
nn1ennnrenunn o1nnuanacL ne npoc1o napoponk6neH, a npnHo-1akn
napoponoknonc1aoH, u1o ona acn 6mna nponn1ana uyac1aoH ponra nepep napopoH n
ro1oanoc1Lk npnnec1n ce6n eHy a xep1ay? 1o npepc1aanenne paspennnn n 1orpa, po
peaonkunn, n ceuac aecLHa Hnorne, paxe 1e, k1o o1nocn1cn k a1o uep1e
nn1ennnrenunn c neopo6penneH. o ne Hoxe1 xe 6m1L pmHa 6es ornn! e a a1oH nn
napoponoknonc1ae - kopennoe anenc1opnueckoe o1nnune pyccko nn1ennnrenunn o1
eaponecknx nn1ennek1yanoa?
ypn no 1oHy, u1o 6mno ckasano amue, cun1a1L a1o caoc1ao nn anenc1opnuecknH, nn
kopennmH nnkak nenLsn. ackpoeH xe ero nc1opnueckyk, apeHennk - n apHennyk!
- cyunoc1L.
apeHen nn1ennnrenunn pocna, nn1aeHan, a ocnoanoH, 1peHn
cocnoannHn: paopnnc1aoH, pyxoaenc1aoH, pasnounnuaHn. pouecc pasanaancn 6mc1po,
no ace xe occnn na neckonLko aekoa o1c1ana a a1oH o1nouennn o1 aponm.
oc1a1ouno ckasa1L, u1o 1aH ynnaepcn1e1m nonannk1cn a XII aeke, a y nac - a XVIII,
aHec1e c 1exnnuecko ukono. pnako yxe k cepepnne XIX a. a occnn nakannnaae1cn
nac1onLko snaun1enLnm kon1nnren1 nn1ennnrenunn, u1o nnca1enn n ny6nnunc1m
309
o6pauak1 na nero cepLesnoe annHanne. 1ckpa 6epe1 o1cue1 nc1opnn nauero
nn1ennnren1ckoro caHocosnannn.
epaonauanLnyk yc1anoaky a a1oH aonpoce o1pasnn . anL, saqnkcnpoaaaun
o6Lek1nanoe nayunoe nonnHanne nn1ennnrenunn kak pasyHno, o6pasoaanno,
yHc1aenno pasan1o uac1n xn1ene. ak anpnH, a1a nepanunan qopHynnpoaka
nrnopnpye1 npaac1aennm acnek1 aoo6ue n o1nouenne k napopy a uac1noc1n.
o ackope a npoueccax qopHnpoaannn n ocHmcnennn nn1ennnrenunn nponsouen
rnran1ckn konnuec1aenno-kauec1aennm ckauok. n 6mn o6ycnoanen counanLno-
nonn1nuecknHn peqopHaHn: kpec1Lnncko, seHcko, ynnaepcn1e1cko n ppyrnHn. B
u n u .
a 1860-1890-e rr. k nkpnH yHc1aennoro 1pypa o6aanLno po6aanncn orpoHnm
kon1nnren1 auepaunnx kpec1Lnn n kpec1Lnncknx pe1e, nonyunaunx cao6opy n
o6pasoaanne a pesynL1a1e a1nx peqopH. ansannme n kpoanmH popc1aoH, n popoH
pen1enLnoc1n 1mcnuLk nn1e c npoc1mH napopoH, a1n noaoncneuennme nnxenepm,
seHckne apaun n yun1enn - auepaunne xn1enn pepeann - 6mnn o6Lepnnenm o6unH
koHnnekcoH npenmx yc1anoaok, o6ue ukano HopanLnmx uennoc1e. On
mu , , n
n - 1akoam 6mnn poHnnan1m a1oro cneunqnueckoro cosnannn.
nonanauncn a pesynL1a1e 1ex xe peqopH 1nn kakuerocn paopnnnna kak 6m
nopkpennn a1y npeonornk caonH cyuec1aoaanneH.
onoxenne ycyry6nnnocL 1eH, u1o cpepn anac1n1ene pyu, nnpepoa a1oro nokonennn
nn1ennnrenunn, c1onnn, sacnonnn acex - peknaccnpykunxcn paopnn, unnoannkoa n
ppyrnx - : epnmueackn, o6ponk6oa, oHnnoackn, ean1oa, aponnn-
e1ponaanoackn n ppyrne. nykaHn canuennocnyxn1ene 6mnn ennnckn,
oc1oeackn, ne6 cnenckn, na1oapa1ckn. e 1onLko a1n nnpepm, no n
nencuncnnHme yuac1nnkn n couyac1aoaa1enn peHokpa1nueckoro panxennn 6mnn
cansanm nponcxoxpenneH c pyxoaenc1aoH. a1a cansL 6mna ne npoc1o qopHanLno-
qaHnnLno: ceHenoe aocnn1anne, yue6a a pyxoanmx saaepennnx, kpyr pe1ckoro n
knoueckoro u1ennn, cnc1eHa uennoc1e - ace a1o ykpennnno onpepenennme uep1m
cosnannn. ep1aennoc1L, c1peHnenne anpe1L a 6nnxneH 6pa1a (ace Hm 6pa1Ln ao
paHe), 1aeppan y6expennoc1L a nsnauanLnoH paaenc1ae nkpe (nepep oroH - ace
paanm), aepa a rpnpyuee uapc1ao po6pa, npaapm, cnpaaepnnaoc1n - 1akoao rnaanoe
pyxoanoe nacnepne, nepenecennoe peHokpa1aHn-nonoanuaHn ns nona xpnc1nanc1aa a
o6uec1aennyk HmcnL.
neunqnueckoe counanLnoe nponcxoxpenne orpoHno Haccm nn1ennnrenunn n ee
nnpepoa nocnepne 1pe1n XIX aeka n -
x , ko1opm coapeHennan eHy HmcnL napopnnkoa ocHmcnnna kak
. eypnan1enLno, u1o rnaanm akuen1 a
napopnnuecko 1pak1oake napan na neqopHanLnme npnsnakn: m,
nu, m m.
c1opnueckn a1o, kak Hm anpnH, anonne o6LncnnHo.
o npeno-a1nueckyk cneunqnky pyccko nn1ennnrenunn
napopnnkn c aoc1oproH a6conk1nsnpoaann. y kak xe! nrpe a Hnpe ne1
1ako nn1ennnrenunn! ecnn rpe-1o kakan-1o nn1ennnrenunn ne 1akan, 1o snaun1 n
aoace ona ne nn1ennnrenunn - y1aepxpann aapoa, nxanoackn, aanoa-asyHnnk
n nx nocnepoaa1enn. aapoaa 6mn naro1oae n npnmk: pnkapn amcue kynL1ypm -
pnn 1ex, k1o ne nopxopnn nop ero Hepky nc1nnno nn1ennnrenunn.
XX aeke napopnnueckne asrnnpm na nn1ennnrenunk 6mnn a nyx n npax
packpn1nkoaanm c payx, asanHno apaxpe6nmx, nosnun: Hapkcnc1aHn n aexoauaHn.
pnako nx ypapm ne ouenL-1o poc1nrnn uenn. oueHy? eno a 1oH, u1o a noaoH
c1one1nn, oco6enno nocne k1n6pLcko peaonkunn, npouecc packpec1Lnnnaannn n
310
qopHnpoaannn nn1ennnrenunn ns napopnmx Hacc npnnnn rnran1ckne Hacu1a6m.
1ckpa - nopasn1enLnan yc1ounaoc1L napopnnuecknx asrnnpoa anno1L po naunx
pne. o1penLnme koHnonen1m nopo6nmx aosspenn, 1akne, kak uyac1ao
nenonnouennoc1n nn1ennnrenunn no cpaanennk c npoc1mH napopoH n uyac1ao annm n
o1ae1c1aennoc1n nepep nnH, - pecn1nne1nnHn y1aepxpanncL a naueH cosnannn
rocypapc1aenno nponaranpo. o nc1opnueckn o1nyuennm a1nH aosspennnH cpok -
na ncxope, kak n nopopnaune nx npoueccm. ackpec1Lnnnaanne a naue c1pane a
uenoH sakonueno. o Hepe 1oro, kak akc1encnanm ny1L pasan1nn nn1ennnrenunn
6ype1 cokpaua1Lcn, a konconnpaunn ee ycnnnaa1Lcn, nens6exno caHoouenka
nn1ennnrenunn 6ype1 6onee o6Lek1nano, ona ns6aan1cn o1 koHnnekca yuep6noc1n n
kpanoc1e napoponoknonc1aa.
oo6ue, ycnnennan nponaranpa napopnnuecko 1pak1oakn nn1ennnrenunn a naun pnn
- nHee1 rny6oko peakunonnm nonn1nueckn cHmcn, yaopn1 nn1ennnrenunk o1
nonnHannn ee npo6neH. e6n pyua1 nnue1o, 1aonx coae1oa ne cnyuak1, 1e6e
cHek1cn a rnasa, saxnHak1 po1, a 1m, ne o6pauan annHannn na a1n ppnsrn,
caHosa6aenno 1aopnuL na 6naro napopa n ne neseuL a nonn1nky! - ao1 npean,
ko1opm anac1L nHyune Heu1ann 6m npnan1L c nenenok kaxpoHy nn1ennnren1y.
aepL nonyuanocL!
neo6xopnHo po6aan1L eue opno coo6paxenne. expy nn1ennnrenune
n napopoH po peaonkunn nexana ouenL ue1kan n onpepenennan rpanL, y1pa1nauan
ceropnn a1y ue1koc1L.
o-nepamx, acn nn1ennnrenunn 6mna kpoxo1nmH counanLnmH o6pasoaanneH a
c1pyk1ype nacenennn. pepn acex pa6o1akunx ponn nnu yHc1aennoro 1pypa 6mna,
cornacno nepenncn nauana aeka, nnu1oxna - acero 2,7%. onoanna a1oro konnuec1aa
npnxopnnacL na unnoannuec1ao, 1ak u1o nkpn npocaeuennn, naykn n kynL1ypm
ponxnm 6mnn ouenL oc1po uyac1aoaa1L caok o1penennoc1L o1 acex oc1anLnmx.
o-a1opmx, xo1n 6onLuan uac1L nn1ennnrenunn epaoro nopnpka o1nkpL ne
pockouec1aoaana, xnna ckpoHno, no no cpaanennk c okpyxakue napopno nnue1o
o6pas xnsnn nn1ennnrenunn ampennncn n nopuepknaan ee oco6m c1a1yc. apa6o1nan
nna1a xopouero cneunannc1a nepep peaonkune a 20 pas npeamuana nnsun oknap
pa6ouero, n a1a pasnnua ckasmaanacL ne 1onLko a 6m1y, no n a cosnannn.
akoneu, a-1pe1Lnx, caHa pepkan y nac o6pasoaannoc1L na qone Haccoaoro
rny6ouauero neaexec1aa o6Lek1nano o1uyxpana nn1ennnren1a o1 Hacc, paxe ecnn
eue auepa ero pe1c1ao npo1ekano cpepn npoc1mx nkpe. 1y oco6ennoc1L cosnannn,
nopoxpakuyk Hyun1enLnoe nenonnHanne Hexpy o6pasoaannmHn pe1LHn n
neo6pasoaannmHn popn1ennHn, aecLHa Hnorne Hornn 6m ypoc1oaepn1L a naueH aeke.
yHapokoa nncan eue a 1760-e: 1ak, xo1n pasyH n paaen y nkpe, no yxe n
kauec1aa npocaeuennn penak1 pasnnunn Hexpy nnHn.
e1kan o1rpannuennoc1L nn1ennnrenunn o1 napopa sac1aannna ee o6paua1L annHanne
na aonnkuee o6uec1aennoe nepaaenc1ao, na 1nxkyk xnsnL nnsoa. ce a1o
aospec1aoaano na coaec1nnayk pyuy nn1ennnren1a. n1ennnren1ckoe napoponk6ne
ao HnoroH nn1anocL nHenno a1nH nepaaenc1aoH.
cnny a1nx o6c1on1enLc1a c1anoan1cn nonn1nmH, noueHy, nanpnHep, qnnocoq ..
epo1oa nncan nocne peaonkunn o nponac1n Hexpy napopoH n nn1ennnrenune,
ko1opyk nocnepnnn 6esycneuno nm1ae1cn saaann1L caonHn 1pynaHn. nponac1L
6mna; n o1uannnme nonm1kn npeopone1L ee - 1oxe 6mnn. (epapoH n ynoHnnan o
saroaopax kape1cknx aepxoa, npoaanennmx kape1cknHn nnsaHn.) 1pynoa - 6mno
6onLue, ueH poc1a1ouno.
311
* * *
6mna n c ppyro c1oponm - Hexpy nn1ennnrenune n npaan1enLc1aoH.
1oro HoHen1a, kak ka1epnna 1opan pana a 1760-e rr. nonn1L npepc1aan1ennH
paopnncko-nn1ennnren1cko qponpm, u1o naHepena xn1L n npaan1L caonH yHoH, 6es
cnnukoH yHnmx coae1unkoa, a1a nosnunn c1ana pnn npaanunx kpyroa occnn
1papnunonno. y6nnunc1m nauana aeka oxo1no ncnonLsoaann o6pas: Hexpy
Hono1oH n nakoaanLne, nHen a anpy nn1ennnrenunk, cpaanennyk Hexpy 1nxec1Lk
caHopepxaanoro rne1a n rposo napopnoro rneaa.
Hec1e c 1eH, onn1L-1akn c eka1epnnnncknx apeHen, nn1ennnrenunn nHena
o6uec1aennm aec n annnnne, c ko1opmHn nenLsn 6mno ne cun1a1Lcn.
npaan1enLc1ao, nopo 1ancL, nernacno, ncnonLsoaano Hnorne npen nn1ennnrenunn.
ak, caHopepxaaneun nkona epam npoaopnn a xnsnL neko1opme aaxnme
Hmcnn peka6pnc1oa, nouepnny1me a Ha1epnanax ponpocoa. okasa1enLno: peka6pnc1
nc1opnk . opnnnoanu, cnpn a sa1ouennn, ponxen 6mn ro1oan1L pnn uapn
coo6paxennn no aneune nonn1nke. ropm nopro1oakn n npoaepennn kpec1Lnncko
peqopHm saHe1noe annnnne na xop pen okasmaann nporpeccnanme c1a1Ln n peun
nnpepa nn6epanoa .. aaennna; paxe ypanennm nekcanppoH 1opmH o1 paopa, on
npoponxan aospec1aoaa1L cnoaoH n na uapn, n na o6uec1ao.
pnHepm Hoxno npoponxa1L n npoponxa1L. yxno o1He1n1L, npaapa, u1o npn
nocnepneH uape npaan1enLc1aennan rnyxo1a k ronocy nn1ennnrenunn 1parnueckn
ycnnnnacL. nkona 1opo ne xenan nonnHa1L 1oro, u1o c1ano oueanpnmH pnn
6onLunnc1aa nn1ennnrenunn, n6o nonn1L a1o snaunno pnn nero yc1pann1Lcn c ny1n
occnn. a1o a o6uec1ae, no Hepe ace yckopnauerocn n yrny6nnauerocn ero
pasHexeaannn, ponL n aa1opn1e1 nn1ennnrenunn pocnn, kak na ppoxxax. 6o nHenno
n 1onLko ona 6mna cnoco6na a nporpaHHax n nosynrax ampasn1L, oqopHn1L nn1epecm
n nac1poennn pasnnunmx cnoea nacenennn. pnsnanneH n annHanneH o6uec1aa
nonLsoaanncL, koneuno, ne 1onLko nap1nnme nnpepm. Henno no1oHy, u1o aepxnne
cnon o6uec1aa k nauany aeka npak1nueckn nonnoc1Lk nn1ennnren1nsnpoaanncL, a
konuen1paunn caHo nn1ennnrenunn, oco6enno a c1onnuax, poc1nrna amcoknx
c1enene, pesonanc nk6oro snaun1enLnoro pyxoanoro nanennn a a1nx cnonx 6mn
oco6enno aennk. aHa co6o, ec1ec1aennmH o6pasoH, na nouae a1o
konuen1pnpoaanno nn1ennnren1noc1n cospanacL pyxoanan ann1a c1panm, nHeauan
rpoHapnm aa1opn1e1. oc1onnno aosnnkann nac1onune kynL1m 1o opnoro, 1o ppyroro
nnca1enn, noa1a, opa1opa, ny6nnunc1a, ak1epa, apaoka1a n 1.p. o6m1nn nnuno xnsnn
a1nx nkpe, kak-1o: k6nnen, npn6m1nn n o16m1nn, paxe noxoponm amnnaanncL nopo
a o6uec1aennme pec1aa - peHonc1paunn, npoueccnn, co6pannn, 1opxec1aennme
o6epm n 1.p. akoro o1nouennn k ce6e nn1ennnrenunn a occnn ne snana nn po 1oro,
nn nocne.
uac1nnkaH xnsnn a1o aepxyueuno uac1n o6uec1aa Horno nokasa1Lcn - n HnornH
nn1ennnren1aH 1ak n kasanocL - u1o cypL6m o1euec1aa o1nmne a nx pykax, u1o nHenno
nn1ennnrenunn, necHo1pn na caok Hanouncnennoc1L, onpepenn1 6ypyuee c1panm.
a1oH anoree pasan1nn nn1ennnrenunn, a a1oH pacuae1e ee nnnksn n sac1nrne1 ee
epaan Hnpoaan aona. uepes neckonLko ne1 acn o6c1anoaka a nHnepnn
nepeHenn1cn po neysnaaaeHoc1n, n npepaoennme ropm nokaxy1cn nn1ennnrenunn
npekpacnmH cnoH. eue ne1 uepes paapua1L po neysnaaaeHoc1n nsHenn1cn n caHa
nn1ennnrenunn.
occnckan nn1ennnrenunn, 1akan, kako ona 6mna po peaonkunn, ncuesna, ee ne1.
ona ne aepne1cn nnkorpa. 6o ycnoann cyuec1aoaannn poccncko nn1ennnrenunn -
1onuauero nonynpnannernpoaannoro cnon a kocnoH, nonyqeopanLno-
nony6ypxyasnoH o6uec1ae - yunn, kanynn naacerpa.
312
nmneune coae1cko nn1ennnrenunn ppyrne ycnoann xnsnn, ppyrne nepcnek1nam.
pyro onm1, 1nxkn onm1 ceHnpecn1n nocnepeaonkunonnmx ne1.
* * *
, u1o6m roaopn1L o coae1ckoH nepnope nc1opnn o1euec1aenno
nn1ennnrenunn, neo6xopnHo npepc1aan1L ce6e 1e ycnoann, 1e o6uec1aennme
kooppnna1m, a ko1opmx npepc1onno poxpa1Lcn n yHnpa1L ee noamH nokonennnH.
o xopy nsnoxennn Hne npnpe1cn Hnoro un1npoaa1L .. ennna: ne no
coo6paxennnH npeonornueckoro nne1e1a, a, ao-nepamx, kak nc1opnueckn nc1ounnk,
cospannm uenoaekoH, ao HnoroH nyuue coapeHennnkoa pas6npaaunHcn a xope pen,
ao-a1opmx, kak pokyHen1anLno saqnkcnpoaannme yc1anoakn, ko1opmHn
pykoaopc1aoaanncL cospa1enL noaoro rocypapc1aa n caHo a1o rocypapc1ao. oppo6no
nosnunk ennna no o1nouennk k nn1ennnrenunn n ne anannsnpyk, a1o cpenano Hno
a ppyroH Hec1e. o aexn pacc1aan1L npnpe1cn.
orpa paspasnnacL k1n6pLckan peaonkunn, cypL6a c1panm okasanacL, aonpekn
oxnpannnH nn1ennnrenunn, o1nkpL ne a ee pykax. opno c1oponm, a1o cypL6o
pacnopnxanacL 6yuykuan napopnan c1nxnn. ppyro - nap1nn 6onLueankoa,
cyHeauan a1y c1nxnk co apeHeneH npnaneuL n nopunnn1L. anpacno pyHa1L, u1o
anac1L nap1nn 6mna a kako-1o c1enenn anac1Lk nn1ennnrenunn, nockonLky-pe
nap1nnan aepxyuka coc1onna nHenno ns nee. ennn n nennnckoe pykoaopc1ao
npnnunnnanLno o1oxpec1annnn ce6n c nno counanLno cnno - pa6ounH knaccoH;
u
. ackope nocne cHep1n ennna k pykoaopc1ay npnuna nap1nnan
6kpokpa1nn, nap1okpa1nn, ko1opan coo1nocn1cn c nn1ennnrenune 1ouno 1ak xe, kak
u1pek6pexepm - c npone1apna1oH. o cHena pykoaopc1aa ne nsHennna nponoxennoro
ennnmH kypca no o1nouennk k nn1ennnrenunn. ueH on coc1onn?
c knoc1n ne nk6nn nn1ennnrenunk n ne poaepnn e. e nk6nn, n6o ne aepnn
a nee kak a nonn1nueckyk cnny, cnoco6nyk caeprny1L caHopepxaane. e poaepnn, n6o
cun1an nackaosL 6ypxyasno, cnoco6no 1onLko c6n1L c 1onky npone1apna1, sany1a1L
ero a ce1nx 6ypxyasno peHokpa1nn. n y6expenno nncan eue a 1905 r.:
ypxyasno-peHokpa1nueckan cyunoc1L pycckoro nn1ennnren1ckoro panxennn,
naunnan o1 caHoro yHepennoro, kynL1ypnnueckoro, n konuan caHmH kpannH,
peaonkunonno-1eppopnc1nuecknH, c1ana amncnn1Lcn ace 6onee n 6onee,
opnoapeHenno c nonanenneH n pasan1neH npone1apcko npeonornn (counan-
peHokpa1nn) n Haccoaoro pa6ouero panxennn (, 1.9, c.180). opo6noe nepoaepne
pacnpoc1pannnocL paxe na co6c1aennyk nap1nnyk, acpekoackyk nn1ennnrenunk,
ko1opyk ennn cun1an neo6xopnHmH 6noknpoaa1L, nsonnpoaa1L, 1ak, u1o6m a noamx
oprannsaunnx nap1nn na opnoro unena nap1nn ns counan-peHokpa1nuecko
nn1ennnrenunn npnxopnnocL neckonLko co1 pa6ounx counan-peHokpa1oa (1.12, c.90).
6o - nn1ennnrenunk acerpa nyxno pepxa1L a exoamx pykaanuax (1.10, c.167).
nepnop Hexpy nepao n a1opo pyccknHn peaonkunnHn, korpa nn1ennnrenunn
1pesao ouennna co6m1nn, a Hacce caoe o1ouna o1 pa6ouero panxennn n cospana
kape1ckyk nap1nk, ennn nsnnn na nee no1okn nponnn n capkasHa. n, a caoe apeHn
cun1aaun, u1o y nn1ennnrenunn 6es Hacc nnkorpa ne 6mno n nnkorpa ne 6ype1 nn
napnaHen1cknx, nn anenapnaHen1cknx cpepc1a 6opL6m (1.17, c.351), c1onknyauncL c
kape1cko oprannsaune, 6mn amnyxpen o1nec1ncL k ne ouenL cepLesno, kak k
onacnoHy apary. 1o o1nouenne on coxpannn n na panLneuee.
orpa nepcnek1naa saxaa1a anac1n 6onLueankaHn c1ana peanLno, aonpoc o6
nn1ennnrenunn ac1an c noao oc1po1o. ennny 6mno ncno, u1o nn1ennnrenunk Hano
6ype1 sanyra1L, Hano 6ype1 cnoHn1L ee conpo1nanenne, no napo 6ype1 eue ee
sac1aan1L pa6o1a1L a noamx oprannsaunonno-rocypapc1aennmx paHkax (1.34, c.310-
313
311). naanmH cpepc1aoH pnn a1oro on cun1an xne6nyk Honononnk, xne6nyk
kap1ouky. n nncan: 1o cpepc1ao kon1ponn n npnnyxpennn k 1pypy nocnnLnee
sakonoa onaen1a n ero rnnLo1nnm. nnLo1nna 1onLko sanyrnaana, 1onLko cnaHmaana
ak1nanoe conpo1nanenne. aH a1oro Hano (1aH xe, c. 312). panee on npepnaran
sacapn1L nyxnmx nn1ennnren1oa sa pa6o1y nop kon1poneH pa6ounx oprannsaun
n npepynpexpan, u1o Hm ne papnH nH kyua1L, ecnn onn ne 6ypy1 amnonnn1L a1o
pa6o1m po6pocoaec1no n nonno a nn1epecax 1pypnunxcn (1aH xe, c. 320).
pec1an1enLnoc1n po a1o ryHanno Hepm peno pouno ne cpasy. nauane 6mna
aoopyxennan 6opL6a. e1oH 1918 r. ennn ue1ko n nepaycHmcnenno qopHynnpoaan:
apo ckasa1L, u1o rnaanan Hacca nn1ennnrenunn c1apo occnn okasmaae1cn npnHmH
npo1nannkoH oae1cko anac1n, n ne1 coHnennn, u1o nenerko 6ype1 npeopone1L
cospaaaeHme a1nH 1pypnoc1n (1. 36, c. 420). n n
nu , x, , n
nn u, . nn ennna a1o
6mno oueanpnmH n nenpenoxnmH qak1oH. cansn c a1nH on saHe1nn: x naH yun1L
neueHy, ecnn ne sapaaa1Lcn pe6nuecko uenLk yun1L 6ypxyasnmx nn1ennnren1oa
counannsHy: nx napo ne yun1L, a akcnponpnnpoaa1L (u1o a occnn poc1a1ouno
peun1enLno penae1cn), nx ca6o1ax napo cnoHn1L, nx napo, kak cno nnn rpynny,
nopunnn1L oae1cko anac1n (1. 36, c. 311). 1o kacanocL nn1ennnrenunn acex popoa
n anpoa. cansn c a1nH 1o1anLnm 1eppop npo1na nee, aknkuan unpoko
npnHennaunecn saxaa1m n pacc1penm sanoxnnkoa, 1akxe cnepye1 cun1a1L oueanpnmH
n nenpenoxnmH qak1oH.
nac ne1 1ounmx pannmx o 1oH, kako npouen1 pyccko nn1ennnrenunn 6mn cpepn
xep1a rpaxpancko aonm n 1eppopa 1917-1924 rr. ensaec1no 1ouno, ckonLko
nn1ennnren1oa 6mno cpepn 2 Hnnnnonoa aHnrpan1oa[3]. saec1no nnuL, u1o no1epn a
a1oH cnoe nacenennn, n 6es 1oro ouenL 1onkoH, 6mnn upesamuano aennkn. 1922 r.
ennn, ykasmaan na neo6xopnHoc1L ampanra1L n ro1oan1L ynpaanenueckn annapa1
ns pa6ounx n 1pypnuecn Haccm aoo6ue, nncan: cnn y nac nHek1cn 1enepL
pecn1kn 1aknx apHnnnc1pa1opoa npoHmunennoc1n, anonne ypoane1aopn1enLnmx, n
co1nn 6onee nnn Henee ypoane1aopn1enLnmx, 1o a 6nnxauee apeHn naH nyxnm co1nn
nepamx n 1mcnun a1opmx (1. 44, c. 347). 1n co1nn n 1mcnun, nockonLky peuL una ne
o pacunpennn, a o aocc1anoanennn nponsaopc1aa, nyxpm 6mnn na Hec1o 1ex co1en n
1mcnu nn1ennnren1oa, na ko1opmx pepxanocL panLue ace ynpaanenne xosnc1aoH
orpoHno c1panm. o1epn cpepn ryHann1apno nn1ennnrenunn 1akxe 6mnn ouenL
aennkn n no konnuec1ay, n no kauec1ay. ero c1on1 opnn 6ecnpeuepen1nm qak1
amcmnkn ns occnn a 1922 r. payx co1en nyuunx npepc1aan1ene o1euec1aenno
Hmcnn. o a1o eue ne xypun cnyua. eropnn nano npoaokaune amrnnpn1
peno aranueaa, c1onauee xnsnn pecn1kaH nn1ennnren1oa, a 1oH uncne noa1y
yHnneay. opo6nme nc1opnn 6mnn paneko ne epnnnunm. ak u1o Hnorne nnca1enn,
ak1epm, ny6nnunc1m, npoqeccopa yesxann sa py6ex caHn, ne poxnpancL ckaepnoro
konua.
n1ennnrenunn c caHoro nauana ne cneunna npnsna1L uenn n He1opm noaoro
npaan1enLc1aa. H um u
n 1917 . ... mu . pepn a1nx uec1n 6mn nekcanpp nok. n
ne saxo1en o1penn1L ce6n o1 napopa n npepnouen nyuue sa6nyxpa1Lcn aHec1e c
napopoH, ueH ncka1L nc1nny a c1opone o1 nero. nn cnonna onna1nnn caon
sa6nyxpennn: nok uy1L panLue, napop uy1L nosxe. nok - y1pa1o papa noasnn,
ana1ne n npexpeapeHenno cHep1Lk; napop - pecn1nne1nnHn Honuannn, penpeccn,
ana6nosa, nnue1m. yne a ceppue paccun1ancn c co6o npnuepun 1orpa aHec1e c
nokoH a HonLnm ankoackn. m1kaHn n nyne a sa1mnok pacnna1nncn eue opnn
ns 1o uec1epkn: eepxonLp. o Hm o1aneknncL.
o konua caonx pne ennn ne yc1aaan npn kaxpoH ypo6noH cnyuae nanoHnna1L aceH
caonH copa1nnkaH, a 1akxe n aceH pa6ounH n kpec1LnnaH, u1o cqopHnpoaannan po
314
peaonkunn nn1ennnrenunn - acn 6ypxyasna po Hosra koc1e, onacna pnn
npone1apckoro pena, u1o e neo6xopnHo npo1naoc1on1L[4]. o sapaua npo1naoc1onnnn
- ne konc1pyk1nana. o1nnune o1 Hnornx ne 1onLko npone1apna1oa, no n 6onLunnc1aa
nap1nnmx nn1ennnren1oa, ennn ue1ko nonnHan, u1o 6es 6ypxyasnmx cneunannc1oa
Hm nn opno o1pacnn noc1pon1L ne cHoxeH, u1o nyxno asn1L ack kynL1ypy,
ko1opyk kann1annsH oc1aann, n ns nee noc1pon1L counannsH. yxno asn1L ack nayky,
1exnnky, ace snannn, nckycc1ao. es a1oro Hm xnsnL koHHynnc1nueckoro o6uec1aa
noc1pon1L ne HoxeH. a1a nayka, 1exnnka, nckycc1ao - a pykax cneunannc1oa n a nx
ronoaax (1. 38, c. 303).
neunannc1oa cnepoaano sanpnuL a 1pnyHqanLnyk konecnnuy no6epn1ene,
u1o6m onn oxo1o nnn neaone noaneknn ee a cae1noe 6ypyuee. o kak a1o cpena1L
npn 1oH, u1o onnpa1Lcn na nn1ennnrenunk Hm ne 6ypeH nnkorpa, a 6ypeH onnpa1Lcn
1onLko na aaanrapp npone1apna1a, aepyuero sa co6o acex npone1apna1oa n ack
pepeaenckyk 6epno1y. pyro onopm y nap1nn koHHynnc1oa 6m1L ne Hoxe1 (1. 37, c.
221)? nnoao He1op - pacc1penm, asn1ne sanoxnnkoa, posnpoaannm ronop,
nocpepc1aoH pacnpepenennn npopyk1oa no kap1oukaH, - aonpekn oxnpannnH, ce6n ne
onpaapan. oHnHo kny1a 1pe6oaancn npnnnk. ue 12 Hap1a 1919r. ennn roaopnn:
prannsaunonnan 1aopueckan ppyxnan pa6o1a ponxna cxa1L 6ypxyasnmx
cneunannc1oa 1ak, u1o6m onn unn a uepenrax npone1apna1a, kak 6m onn ne
conpo1nannnncL n nn 6oponncL na kaxpoH uary (1. 38, c. 143). o yxe nepene
nosxe sasayuan n ppyro Ho1na: oneuno, 6onLunnc1ao a1nx cneunannc1oa nackaosL
nponnkny1o 6ypxyasnmH HnpocosepuanneH. x napo okpyxn1L a1Hocqepo
1oaapnueckoro co1pypnnuec1aa, pa6ounHn koHnccapaHn, koHHynnc1nuecknHn
nuekaHn, noc1aan1L nx 1ak, u1o6m onn ne Hornn ampaa1Lcn, no napo pa1L nH
aosHoxnoc1L pa6o1a1L a nyuunx ycnoannx, ueH npn kann1annsHe, n6o a1o1 cno,
aocnn1annm 6ypxyasne, nnaue pa6o1a1L ne c1ane1. ac1aan1L pa6o1a1L ns-nop
nankn uenm cno nenLsn, - a1o Hm npekpacno ncnm1ann (1aH xe, c. 218-219).
cnoann, nyuune, ueH npn kann1annsHe... ero-uero, a a1oro coae1ckan anac1L
npepoc1aan1L nn1ennnrenunn nnkorpa ne Horna.
o nonno, a co6npanacL nn ona korpa-nn6o a1o cpena1L? e kpnann nn ennn pyuo,
ampanran 1ako npnnunn?
o1nocn1enLnoe, n a6conk1noe Ha1epnanLnoe 6narononyune nn1ennnren1a pesko
yxypunnocL cpasy nocne k1n6pn. pnako pnn 1oro, u1o6m xo1L ueH-1o ypepxa1L
nn1ennnrenunk na pa6ounx Hec1ax, nonnHan, u1o 1ako c1enenn oprannsoaannoc1n,
yue1a n kon1ponn, u1o6m amsaa1L noronoanoe n po6poaonLnoe yuac1ne saesp
6ypxyasno nn1ennnrenunn a naue pa6o1e, Hm eue ne poc1nrnn (1. 36, c. 180),
ennn n pykoaopnHan nH oae1ckan anac1L coxpannnn o1nocn1enLno amcokne oknapm
cneunannc1aH (2-3 1mcnun py6ne npn sapa6o1ke uepnopa6ouero 600 py6ne). apop
a1nH aosHyuancn, 1pe6oaan neHepnennoro aaepennn paano onna1m sa paanm no
apeHenn 1pyp. ykoaopn1enL rocypapc1aa ace apeHn ponxen 6mn onpaapmaa1Lcn n
o6Lncnn1Lcn no a1oHy noaopy. n roaopnn: noro cpepc1aa Hm ne anpnH pnn 1oro,
u1o6m onn pa6o1ann ne ns-nop nankn... 1o6m ampoann1L nnsune n amcune c1aakn Hm
cpenann nopnpkoH n 6ypeH panLue npoponxa1L naua1oe. pannoe xe apeHn cpaann1L
onna1y Hm ne HoxeH, noka Hano cneunannc1oa, Hm ne o1kasmaaeHcn o1 noamuennn
nna1m nH (1. 38, c. 18-19).
onxen n xouy nopuepkny1L, u1o ampaannaanne sapnna1m ennn n 6onLueankn
nonnHann coaepuenno 6ykaanLno, 1ouno 1ak xe, kak, k cnoay roaopn, nonnHann a1o n
1akne nnpepm anapxnsHa, kak axackn (onLckn) n osnnckn. ue a uepepnmx
sapauax oae1cko anac1n, pasLncnnn neo6xopnHoc1L nepenna1m cneuaH, ennn
nncan: cno, u1o 1akan Hepa ec1L koHnpoHncc, o1c1ynnenne o1 npnnunnoa apnxcko
oHHynm n acnko npone1apcko anac1n, 1pe6ykunx caepennn xanoaann k ypoank
nna1m cpepneHy pa6oueHy... ano 1oro. cno, u1o 1akan Hepa ec1L ne 1onLko
315
npnoc1anoaka - a nsaec1no o6nac1n n a nsaec1no c1enenn - nac1ynnennn na
kann1an..., no n uar nasap naue counannc1nuecko, coae1cko rocypapc1aenno
anac1n, ko1opan c caHoro nauana npoaosrnacnna n noaena nonn1nky nonnxennn
amcoknx xanoaann po sapa6o1ka cpepnero pa6ouero (1. 36, c. 179). o u1o a1n npen
a panLneueH amnnnncL, ckaxeH nnxe.
axa1me a uepenrax npone1apna1a, no cnocno nonauany onnaunaaeHme,
cneunannc1m napopnoro xosnc1aa noHornn amaec1n c1pany ns paspyxn, ykpenn1L ee
HouL n Hexpynapopnm aa1opn1e1. pecL ne Hec1o pncky1npoaa1L, no kaknH Ho1naaH
onn a1o penann: ns c1paxa, no xn1ecko nn cna6oc1n nnn ns amcoknx na1pno1nuecknx
no6yxpenn. 1Heuy nnuL, u1o ennn nano npnpaaan snauenne nepamH payH, a ne
nocnepneHy Ho1nay.
akoe cyry6o nparHa1nueckoe, kak na neaonLnnuLeH pmnke, o1nouenne 6onLno pannno
nonnLnyk nn1ennnrenunk. pnaxpm a 1919 r. ennn nonyunn nncLHo o1 npoqeccopa
.. ykenLckoro ns oponexa, rpe roaopnnocL: eyxenn am 1ak saHknynncL a
caoeH kpeHneackoH opnnouec1ae, u1o ne anpn1e okpyxakue aac xnsnn, ne saHe1nnn,
ckonLko cpepn pyccknx cneunannc1oa nHee1cn... nac1onunx 1pyxennkoa, po6maunx
caon cneunanLnme nosnannn ueno kpanero nanpnxennn cnn, ne ns pyk kann1annc1oa
n ne pnn uene kann1ana... a a1nx, caHmx nac1onunx npone1apnea, xo1n n amuepunx
ns pasnoo6pasnmx knaccoa, cnyxnaunx 1pypnueHycn 6pa1y c nepamx uaroa
cosna1enLno xnsnn n HmcnLk, n cnoaoH, n penoH - na nnx, caanennmx aaHn a opny,
sauyHnennyk kyuy nn1ennnrenunn, 6mnn na1paanenm 6eccosna1enLnme
noaonanennme koHHynnc1m... n 1pypno onnca1L aecL yxac nepexn1mx nHn ynnxenn n
c1papann. oc1onnnme aspopnme ponocm n o6annennn, 6espesynL1a1nme, no a
amcue c1enenn ynnsn1enLnme o6mckn, yrposm pacc1pena, pekansnunn n
konqnckaunn, a1opxenne a caHme nn1nHnme c1oponm nnuno xnsnn... cnn am xo1n1e
ncnonLsoaa1L cneunannc1oa, 1o ne nokyna1e nx, a nayun1ecL yaaxa1L nx, kak
nkpe, a ne kak nyxnm aaH po nopm po apeHenn xnao n Hep1am nnaen1apL.
o1ae1 na a1o nncLHo ennn ony6nnkoaan c1a1Lk a saec1nnx, nokasmaakuyk, u1o
kpnk pyun nn1ennnren1a 6mn nspan anyc1yk, on ne nauen nn o1knnka no cyuec1ay,
nn nonnHannn a pyue aoxpn.
nopepeauan, pesko pnckpnHnnnpoaannan pycckan nn1ennnrenunn,
ec1ec1aenno, ne Horna, paxe ecnn 6 n xo1ena, nonnoc1Lk aocc1anoan1L caon qynkunn
popeaonkunonnmx ne1. poHe 1oro, 6onLueankaH 6mno ncno, u1o ynpaann1L ek npn
noHoun c1paxa nenLsn aeuno, a aeuno nepennaunaa1L cneuaH onn 1oxe ne
co6npanncL. oa1oHy nacyuno c1ana yxe a 1918-1920 rr. sapaua cospannn noao,
counannc1nuecko nn1ennnrenunn ns pa6ounx, kpec1Lnn, conpa1 n Ha1pocoa. ennn,
6onLueankn cun1ann, u1o 1akan noaan nn1ennnrenunn npnHe1 na ce6n qynkunn
c1apo, ne nepenna ee nopokoa, popnHmx nn1en kann1annsHa. nn peuennn a1o
sapaun anpenocL paa ny1n: ny1L nLro1 n npnannern pnn ykasannmx cnoea npn
noc1ynnennn a aysm, a 1akxe ampanxenne a annapa1 ynpaanennn poc1a1ounoro uncna
npak1nueckn onm1nmx n 6esycnoano npepannmx pa6ounx n kpec1Lnn (1. 39, c. 430).
xe 2 aaryc1a 1918 r. no nennnckoHy npoek1y 6mn npnnn1 pekpe1, o1Hennaun ne
1onLko nna1y sa o6yuenne, u1o 6mno no-rocypapc1aennoHy 6naropopno, no n
konkypcnme aksaHenm, a 1akxe npepc1aanenne pnnnoHa, a11ec1a1a nnn canpe1enLc1aa
o6 okonuannn ukonm. nopno ne cun1ancL c pesknH, acnepc1ane a1oro, cnnxenneH
kauec1aa o6yuennn n poc1onnc1a amnycknnkoa, ennn n a panLneueH nac1anaan na
1oH, u1o Hm ponxnm aecL annapa1 rocypapc1aennm yno1pe6n1L na 1o, u1o6m
yue6nme saaepennn, aneukonLnoe o6pasoaanne, npak1nueckan nopro1oaka - ace a1o
uno, nop pykoaopc1aoH koHHynnc1oa, pnn npone1apnea, pnn pa6ounx, pnn 1pypnunxcn
kpec1Lnn (1. 40, c. 254). o u1o a1a nonn1nka amnnnacL na npak1nke?
316
apo yuec1L, u1o n po peaonkunn a aysax yunnocL neHanoe konnuec1ao pe1e pa6ounx
n kpec1Lnn - po 39%, a a 1exnnuecknx aysax - po 55%. o 1enepL a1o1 npouen1 pesko
nopckounn, 1ak kak npepc1aan1ennH 6maunx npnannernpoaannmx cnoea, a 1oH uncne
no1oHc1aenno nn1ennnrenunn, 6mn ncckyc1aenno orpannuen poc1yn a aysm. nn
Hrnoaenno - n na ponrne pecn1nne1nn - npeapa1nnncL a nkpe 1pe1Lero cop1a.
cen1n6pe 1920 r. 6mn nspan pekpe1 o pa6qakax; a 1921/22 rr. na nnx yunncn yxe
27.341 uenoaek. onL pa6qakoa co apeHeneH ace aospac1ana: a 1932 r. cpepn
nepaokypcnnkoa uepes nnx npouen nou1n 31%, a cnyc1n paa ropa - yxe 45%. 1oHy
xe o6yuenne a nepame ropm nocne peaonkunn npoaopnnocL a cxa1me cpokn, no
cokpauenno nporpaHHe. ce a1n o6c1on1enLc1aa, pasyHee1cn, cnnLneunH o6pasoH
ckasmaanncL na kauec1ae amnycknnkoa. , nonn1no, ne a nyuuyk c1opony. o a1o ne
cHyuano noayk anac1L.
nanornunm pesynL1a1 necno c co6o n ampanxenuec1ao, korpa neo6pasoaannme, no
6esycnoano npepannme Haccm c1anoannncL nn1ennnrenune a npnkasnoH nopnpke.
okasa1enLnan unqpa: a 1933 r. cpepn cneunannc1oa n pykoaopn1ene npepnpnn1n n
yupexpenn a c1pane camue 1.370.000 uenoaek m,
u n, kpoHe, pasae, kpa1knx kypcoa. npouecc
ampanxennn eue ponro pasanaancn no aocxopnue. e oc1anoanncn on n ceuac: a
pasnmx o1pacnnx nauero xosnc1aa nacun1maae1cn o1 8 po 26% ampanxenuea.
ennn on1nHnc1nueckn ouennaan cn1yaunk. n nncan: cnoaanm coae1ckne ukonm,
pa6oune qakynL1e1m, neckonLko co1en 1mcnu Honopmx nkpe yua1cn, yua1cn, Hoxe1
6m1L, cnnukoH 6mc1po, no ao acnkoH cnyuae, pa6o1a nauanacL, n n pyHak, u1o a1a
pa6o1a npnnece1 caon nnopm. cnn Hm 6ypeH pa6o1a1L ne cnnukoH 1oponnnao, 1o
uepes neckonLko ne1 y nac 6ype1 Hacca Honopmx nkpe, cnoco6nmx a kopne nsHenn1L
nau annapa1 (1. 45, c. 291).
, a1a nopopa ckopocnenmx nn1ennnren1oa nepaoro nokonennn c nap16nne1aHn a
kapHane!.. nn n po cnx nop sanpaannk1 penaHn a c1pane. sapaua nepep naHn ace
1a xe: kak 6m a kopne nsHenn1L nau annapa1?
1ak, un1a1enL nonyunn neko1opoe npepc1aanenne o 1ex counanLno-nonn1nuecknx
ycnoannx, a ko1opmx una k caoeHy qnnnuy c1apan nn1ennnrenunn, n c1ap1oaana
noaan. xouy nopuepkny1L, u1o nHenno a nepame nocnepeaonkunonnme ropm
cnoxnnncL ace qak1opm a1nx npoueccoa: n rocypapc1aennoe o1nouenne k
nn1ennnrenunn, n qopHm n He1opm ee aocnponsaopc1aa.
cnny a1oro Hm anpaae onyc1n1L pacckas o cnepykueH nepnope ee nc1opnn n nepe1n
npnHo k 1eH pesynL1a1aH, ko1opme nannuo a naue ceropnnune xnsnn. m yaepenm,
u1o cypL6a nn1ennnrenunn, aknkuan ace akcueccm 1930-1950-x n 6onee nospnnx ne1,
cknapmaanacL nenpepmano n nocnepoaa1enLno a nensHennmx ycnoannx, a uenoH
onpepennaunxcn a 1917-1924 rr.
* * *
, u1o xe npepc1aanne1 co6o coae1ckan nn1ennnrenunn ceropnn? npoueH, a1o1
aonpoc neo6Ln1en. oc1aanH nyuue ero no-ppyroHy: u1o no1epnna n u1o npno6pena
nn1ennnrenunn a naue c1pane sa nocnepnne ceHLpecn1 ne1[5]?
npno6pe1ennnx Hoxno akpa1ue ckasa1L 1ak: ne6maanan Hnorouncnennoc1L, ropLkn
onm1 n 6ora1me nepcnek1nam. nepcnek1naaH Hm eue aepneHcn. oka xe napo
ckasa1L, u1o neyknonnoe aospac1anne ponn nn1ennnrenunn a c1pyk1ype nacenennn
nanne1cn aaxneunH qak1opoH naue o6uec1aenno xnsnn. ro nenLsn
nepoouennaa1L. eropnn kaxpm ue1aep1m y nac cansan c yHc1aennmH 1pypoH: 26%
aHec1o 2,7% a nauane aeka[6]! pnueH a1o1 cno pac1e1 saHe1no 6mc1pee ppyrnx.
317
cnn a 1960 r. nn1ennnrenunn coc1aannna 40,9% o1 uncnennoc1n kpec1Lnnc1aa n
20,2% o1 uncnennoc1n pa6ounx, 1o k 1986 r. 2,7 m
un m 41% x!
eropnn nn1ennnrenunn a - orpoHnm nkpe. paapa, Hm eue cnnLno
o1c1aeH a a1oH o1nouennn o1 pasan1mx c1pan, rpe npouen1 sann1mx yHc1aennmH
1pypoH poc1nrae1 35-40. o peno nano npe1 k 1oHy xe. 1o snaun1, u1o o6Lek1nano
aospac1ae1 counanLno-nonn1nueckn aec nn1ennnrenunn, c ee cneunqnuecknHn
caoc1aaHn n npo6neHaHn 6onLue nenLsn ne cun1a1Lcn.
onLue 1oro. 1o snaun1, u1o coapeHennan nn1ennnrenunn a , npn ycnoann
ncnoro nonnHannn caonx npo6neH, Hoxe1 ns6exa1L oun6ok caonx npepuec1aennnkoa
na ny1n nx peuennn. o ec1L:
-x, cHoxe1 onepe1Lcn na co6c1aennme cnnm, anepame na1n rnaanyk 1ouky
onopm a ce6e caHo;
-x, nokonun1 c nnnksne, 6yp1o nopo6noe o6Lepnnenne aosHoxno na
npeno nouae, a ne na nouae npak1nuecknx nn1epecoa, npnnunnnanLno aaxnmx pnn
c1anoanennn nn1ennnrenunn, 1aknx kak Ha1epnanLnoe nonoxenne, ycnoann o6yuennn
(1o ec1L aocnponsaopc1aa), nannune peHokpa1nuecknx cao6op, Hec1o a nonn1nuecko
c1pyk1ype.
o6c1aenno roaopn, npo6neHm coapeHenno nn1ennnrenunn n saknkuak1cn a
neypoane1aopennoc1n ykasannmx nn1epecoa. 1o xopouo anpno ns conoc1aanennn
o6pasa xnsnn pyccko, sapy6exno n coae1cko nn1ennnrenunn. pecL-1o n
naunnae1cn cue1 no1epnH.
n npo6neHa noHep opnn coc1on1 a 1oH, u1o Ha1epnanLno naua nn1ennnrenunn
6epna, paxe nnua, npnnnxena n npepenLno saancnHa. aon ckypnme xapun
nn1ennnrenunn nonyuae1 ns rocypapc1aenno kopHyukn. yac1ao xec1ko
akonoHnuecko saancnHoc1n o1 rocypapc1aa nnuae1 nkpe n nopnnnnoro
uenoaeueckoro poc1onnc1aa, n nopnnnnoro rpaxpanckoro uyac1aa, npenn1c1aye1
cao6ope 1aopuec1aa. Hexpy 1eH uennoc1L npopyk1oa nn1ennek1yanLnoro 1pypa - n
roaopk o nayunmx n xypoxec1aennmx npenx n caepuennnx - sauac1yk orpoHna.
aopuy xe nepenapak1 xankne kpoxn...
ak nn 6epnm 6mnn seHckne apaun n yun1enn, kpyroH nnx 6mn napop, xnaun eue
6epnee. eropnn Hm anpnH, u1o 1e 1pe6oaannn ypaann1enLno cnpaaepnnaoc1n,
ko1opme amnyxpeno 6mno cpepxnaa1L, any1penne nx paspennn, nepaoe
6onLueanc1ckoe npaan1enLc1ao, 6mnn ocyuec1anenm - pa c kaknH nepexnec1oH! - npn
aepnmx nennnuax pyueae n pexneae. pe, a kako pasan1o c1pane npoqeccopa n
pouen1m nonyuak1 napaane c uoqepaHn aa1o6yca? pe eue, no1pa1na na yuenne 18-
20 ne1, 1pnpua1nne1nn o1eu ceHLn, kanpnpa1 nayk, 6ype1 nonyua1L oknap cnecapn-
can1exnnka? (asae u1o a n1ae, aH6opxe n ppyrnx Hnnmx c1panax, rpe
nn1ennnrenunn eue xopn1 c1poeH.) naun nnca1enn, co caonH cpepneHecnunmH
sapa6o1koH eue 1oro HenLue - 162 p.? orpa-1o ennn a c1a1Le ap1nnan
oprannsaunn n nap1nnan nn1epa1ypa epko nspeaancn nap 1eH, u1o cao6opa
6ypxyasnoro nn1ennnren1a ec1L na pene cao6opa npopaaa1Lcn, saancnHoc1L o1
penexnoro Heuka. saHen 1oro coae1ckn nn1ennnren1 nonyunn cao6opy o1paaa1Lcn
papoH, npnueH 6es nk6an, a saancnHoc1L o1 penexnoro Heuka cHennnacL kypa
6onee ynnsn1enLno saancnHoc1Lk o1 nap1nnoro qynkunonepa. akan nepeHena ne k
nyuueHy o1pasnnacL na 1aopuecko nn1ennnrenunn. o a1n eue xo1L kak-1o
nepe6naak1cn. xankne sapa6o1kn n nenerkne ycnoann pa6o1m 6n6nno1ekapn,
Hysenoro pa6o1nnka, apaua? apopnoro yun1enn, ko1opm, no cnoaaH ennna,
ponxen y nac 6m1L noc1aanen na 1akyk amco1y, na ko1opo on nnkorpa ne c1onn n ne
c1on1, n ne Hoxe1 c1on1L a 6ypxyasnoH o6uec1ae? a 1e penLrn, u1o nonyuae1 naua
318
nn1ennnrenunn, xn1L nenLsn, Hoxno nnuL koe-kak caopn1L konum c konuaHn[7]. n a
opno pasan1o c1pane Hm ne ac1pe1nH c1onL nnsknx pacuenok yHc1aennoro 1pypa,
c1onL nnrnnnc1nueckoro k neHy o1nouennn.
y1 napo ckasa1L paa cnoaa a o1ae1 1eH, aecLHa HnorouncnennmH, HonH onnonen1aH,
ko1opme cun1ak1, u1o, ao-nepamx, naua nn1ennnrenunn ne c1on1 n 1ex pener, u1o e
nna1n1. ao-a1opmx, u1o coo1nouenne sapnna1 pnk1ye1cn o6uec1aennmH-pe cnpocoH:
aopn1ene aa1o6ycoa Hanoaa1o, sa1o npenopaaa1ene nepenponsaopc1ao. o c1on1 nn
aann1L c 6onLno ronoam na spopoayk? akon cnpoca n npepnoxennn pa6o1ae1 1aH,
rpe ec1L cao6opnm pmnok 1pypa, 1aH, rpe nonn1nka ampaxae1 akonoHnky, a ne
aopouae1 ek akpnaL n akocL na cao nap. oueHy-1o a pasan1mx c1panax ne1
nopo6no npo6neHm, pa n y nac ona aosnnkna acero ne1 paapua1L 1oHy nasap a
pesynL1a1e oun6ouno nonn1nkn a pene o6pasoaannn. aepn o6nsa1enLnoe
pecn1nne1nee o6pasoaanne, pexnea nopnoxnn c1paunyk Hnny nop rocypapc1ao.
uenL Hnorne ns 1ex, k1o Hor 6m c1a1L o1nnunmH uoqepoH, npeapa1nnncL a
nocpepc1aennmx nnxenepoa. 1o xe kacae1cn po6pocoaec1noro o1nouennn k 1pypy -
a1o ne ec1L cneunqnueckan npo6neHa nn1ennnrenunn. kHnennsaunn c1ana y nac
aceo6unH npoueccoH. a6o1a1L pasyunnncL ace knaccm n cocnoann. cnoHnnH
kpec1Lnn, y6naakunx seHnk n ne neuannunxcn o6 a1oH. cnoHnnH pa6ounx, 1ak
co6npakunx aa1oHo6nnL, u1o 1opHosnme konopkn o1aannaak1cn npn nepaoH peskoH
1opHoxennn. pnHepoa nopo6noro popa - nernon. pasae ne ncno, u1o annoaa1m a
a1oH npo1naoec1ec1aennme o6uec1aennme ycnoann, sac1aannkune nkpe noc1yna1L
1ak, a ne nnaue?
ankoe Ha1epnanLnoe nonoxenne nn1ennnrenunn ckasmaae1cn n na ee o6uec1aennoH
npec1nxe, n na 1o ponn, ko1opyk ona nrpae1 a nonn1nke. e 1onLko nopaannkuee
6onLunnc1ao 6ecnap1nno nn1ennnrenunn npak1nueckn amknkueno ns ak1nano
nonn1nuecko xnsnn. o n HnornH nnpepaH nn1ennnrenunn, a 1oH uncne koHHynnc1aH,
sakasana popora k peanLno anac1n. x 1epnn1 1onLko a ponn coae1unkoa. oneuno, a
nocnepnne ropm koe-u1o nauano Henn1Lcn. o ne 6ypeH o6onLua1Lcn. aaa1e
acHo1pnHcn a co6m1ne, nan6onee penLeqno nokasaauee peanLnyk o6uec1aenno-
nonn1nueckyk cn1yaunk a c1pane: a Lesp napopnmx peny1a1oa.
o pannmH Hanpa1no koHnccnn, npepc1aan1enn naykn, npocaeuennn n kynL1ypm
coc1aannn na Lespe 27,4% acex peny1a1oa. 1o npouen1, nnuL neHnoro
npeamuakun 1y ponk, ko1opyk pannan rpynna sannHae1 a naueH o6uec1ae. o ecnn
yuec1L, u1o na XIX nap1konqepenunn 1akoro popa nn1ennnrenunn coc1aanna Henee
9%, 1o nannuo npnHo-1akn pmaok nn1ennek1yanoa anepep.
eccnopno, a a1oH o1pasnnacL aospocuan ponL nn1ennnrenunn a cypL6e c1panm, a
1akxe spekuee a Haccax nonnHanne 1oro, u1o 6es aepyuero yuac1nn nn1ennnrenunn
nepec1poka npoaann1cn ao acex cqepax akonoHnkn n nonn1nkn. a a1oH o1papnme
na6nkpennn sakanunaak1cn, n naunnak1cn 1peaoxnme.
Henno pa6o1nnkn naykn n kynL1ypm nponannn na Lespe nan6onLuyk ak1nanoc1L:
nH npnnapnexa1 npnHepno 1pn ue1aep1n acex penLnmx amc1ynnenn. uenoH a1o
6mnn amc1ynnennn nporpeccnanme, nepec1poeunme. pnako ns acex Hnorouncnennmx
npepnoxenn a1o nn1ennnrenunn 6mno npnnn1o nnuL opno. a1o neHano 6mno
npnHepoa, korpa 6onLunnc1aoH ronocoa npnnnHanncL koncepaa1nanme peuennn, a
npepnoxennme nn1ennnrenune aapnan1m - o1knonenm.
<.>
ne oc1anaannaakcL noppo6no na pnpe an1nnn1ennnren1cknx amc1ynnenn,
ac1peuennmx annopncHen1aHn neHano uac1n sana. o ao1 o ueH nenLsn ne ckasa1L.
Lesp paspeunn pa6ounH n Hac1epaH nonyua1L sapnna1y c nonnmH coxpanenneH
nencnn. 1o xopouo. o sa 6op1oH, kak n cnepoaano oxnpa1L, oc1anacL naua nnuan
319
nn1ennnrenunn - nnxenepm, apaun, yun1enn, pa6o1nnkn Hyseea n 6n6nno1ek. osnunn
oaHnna nac1opaxnaae1: o6Lncnnn npnunnm, no ko1opmH 29.12.88 r. 6mno npnnn1o
npo-an1nnn1ennnren1ckoe noc1anoanenne, .. mxkoa 6es saspennn coaec1n
npncaonn oaHnny qynkunn npeonornueckoro kon1ponn. Lesp npnnnn a1o kak
ponxnoe. Hexpy 1eH s , num
nuu ux, qx, x,
x ,
. o saun1n1L ee na Lespe okasanocL nekoHy.
<.>
ce a1n na6nkpennn n coo6paxennn npnaopn1 k 1aknH amaopaH. a Lespe ne pas
saknnnann ne npo1naonoc1aann1L nn1ennnrenunk ppyrnH cnonH nacenennn. o 1akoe
npo1naoc1onnne, kak Hm anpnH no Ha1epnanaH Lespa - peanLneun qak1 naue
xnsnn. 6mnme apeHena Hm yxe nacnyuanncL npnsmaoa ne npo1naonoc1aann1L ppyr
ppyry ropop n pepeank, nn1epecm pasnnunmx naun. m sakpmaann rnasa na
peanLnme npo1naopeunn xnsnn. eH a1o konunnocL - nsaec1no. ne napo 6m1L
npopokoH, u1o6m nonnHa1L, u1o 6es nsHenennn asrnnpoa na nn1ennnrenunk, ee
npo6neHm, ee asanHoo1nouennn, poc1a1ouno npo1naopeuname, c ppyrnHn cnonHn, -
Hm nonyunH a 6nnxaueH 6ypyueH noam apa6ax, ne na naunonanLno, a na
counanLno nouae.
m c1ann canpe1ennHn 1oro, kak na Lespe cnoxnncn coks pa6ounx n ynpaanenuea
npo1na pa6o1nnkoa kynL1ypm n naykn. 1o1 qak1. opnn a1oro coksa ouenL rny6okn,
1nny1cn ns anoxn rpaxpancko aonm n aoennoro koHHynnsHa. ak o1Heuan ennn,
caonHn co6c1aennmHn cnnaHn pa6oun knacc a coc1onnnn ampa6o1a1L nnuL cosnanne
1pep-knnonnc1ckoe (1.6, c.30-31). 1o a1o osnauae1? 1o osnauae1, u1o pa6ounx
aonnyk1, a nepayk ouepepL: aonpocm sapnna1m, ycnoan 1pypa n 6m1oaoro
o6cnyxnaannn. kynL1ypa n peHokpa1nueckne cao6opm pnn 6onLunnc1aa ns nnx -
uennoc1n ne nepao xnsnenno neo6xopnHoc1n. oc1a1ouno ynyuun1L (nnn
noo6eua1L ynyuun1L) ycnoann 1pypa n xnsnn, u1o6m yaec1n pa6ounx o1 6opL6m sa a1n
uennoc1n nporpecca n, 6onee 1oro, nac1pon1L apaxpe6no npo1na nn1ennnrenunn: ne c
xnpy nn ona 6ecn1cn? ak n npn ennne, pa6oune npnamknn xpa1L acero, peuennn
acex npo6neH - o1 nap1nnmx ynpaanenuea, no nnuero - o1 nn1ennnrenunn. oa1oHy
counanLnm 1anpeH, cnoxnauncn na Lespe, - aeuL nonn1nan n sakonoHepnan.
ecnn 6m 1onLko na Lespe. ap1okpa1m - u1pek6pexepm nn1ennnrenunn - ue1ko
nonnHak1 pacc1anoaky counanLnmx cnn, nuy1 cHmukn n onopm a pa6oueH knacce,
sanrpmaak1 c nnH, nm1ancL 6noknpoaa1L nn1ennnrenunk. nacnan nrpa.
<...>
ue opna ns aaxnmx no1epL nn1ennnrenunn - a1o ypoaenL kaannqnkaunn a uenoH.
1o cansano c aanoamHn amnyckaHn aysoa, aanoH pnccep1aunonnmx saun1,
o1cy1c1aneH ue1ko npeeHc1aennoc1n ukona-ays. opro1oaka nn1ennnren1a ponxna
naunna1Lcn a nepaoH knacce n aec1ncL uenenanpaanenno n a HakcnHanLno
nnpnanpyannsnpoaannoH pexnHe anno1L po nonyuennn pnnnoHa. a1oHy paano yxe
naunn nopxopm, ckaxeH, a n nonnn. pesynL1a1e 1ako u1yuno o6pa6o1kn
6ypyuero nn1ennnren1a ero snaun1enLno aospac1ae1. o naH noka a1o 1onLko
Heu1ae1cn: opnn nnue n pae rnHnasnn a ockae ne peua1 npo6neHy. oka xe a
naue c1pane a1poe 6onLue nnxenepoa, ueH a , no o6ecneun1L 1o1 xe o6LeH n
kauec1ao npopykunn Hm ne a coc1onnnn.
oneuno n y nac, kak n po peaonkunn, cyuec1ayk1 yuenme c HnpoamH nHeneH, kak a
ec1ec1aennmx n 1ounmx, 1ak n a ryHann1apnmx naykax. o ecnn nocHo1pe1L na cnnckn
no6eneacknx naypea1oa no 6nonornn, xnHnn, qnsnke, 1o Hm yanpnH, u1o, ckaxeH, a
320
1akoamx a pecn1kn pas 6onLue, ueH y nac. pna ns npnunn 1oro - kpane
nnskn, neuepnm ypoaenL nnqopHaunonnoro o6cnyxnaannn naunx nayunmx kappoa.
uenoH nau ceropnnunn cneunannc1, ne snakun nsmkoa, o1opaannm kak o1
coapeHenno Hnpoao nayuno xnsnn, 1ak, no 6onLue uac1n, n o1 o1euec1aenno
1papnunn, ne c1on1 na ponxno amco1e. a n korpa 6epnoHy nnaannpy nnnpoca n
nnaysa unnqoaa1L caok kaannqnkaunk? apa6o1a1L 6m rpe-nn6ypL nnunkk
co1enky...
apo saHe1n1L 1akxe, u1o npec1nx ryHann1apnoro snannn, ryHann1apno kynL1ypm
ynan y nac kpane nnsko no cpaanennk c popeaonkunonnmH apeHeneH. pnueH 1akoe
napenne - ao HnoroH ec1L pesynL1a1 rocypapc1aenno nonn1nkn. cnn a 1960 r. a
coc1aae nn1ennnrenunn pa6o1nnkn npocaeuennn, kynL1ypm n nckycc1aa coc1aannnn
28,2%, 1o a 1985 - acero 18%. aepL Hnp kynL1ypm nepennH, n no ero sakonaH
nepoc1a1ok ryHann1apnmx nHnynLcoa, nosnann n uennoc1e Hoxe1 o6epny1Lcn
6ecnnopneH a caHmx o1panennmx, kasanocL 6m, o6nac1nx Hmcnn - Hepnunncko,
cenLckoxosnc1aenno, nnxenepno...
o1epL, nonecennmx nn1ennnrenune sa 70 ne1 ouenL Hnoro, nepeuncnn1L nx ace -
sann1ne ponroe n neuanLnoe. o nenLsn ne ckasa1L o6 opno ns nnx,
apxncyuec1aenno. 1o - no1epn ronoca.
occnn nepep peaonkune cyuec1aoaano 6es Hanoro 600 knnronspa1enLcknx qnpH.
mxopnno Hnoxec1ao xypnanoa n rase1: a opnoH 1905 ropy, nanpnHep, 1onLko y
6onLueankoa nacun1maanocL okono c1a opranoa neranLno npeccm. 1e apeHena
6onLueankn, oueanpno, ropnuo npnaec1aoaann 1akoe Hnoroo6pasne n nnuero ne nHenn
npo1na cao6opm neua1n.
euero n roaopn1L, u1o nn1ennnrenunn xnna a a1oH knnxno-rase1no-xypnanLnoH
Hope, kak pm6a a aope: a1o 6mna ec1ec1aennan cpepa ee o6n1annn. epL nnqopHaunn
- a1o n aaxneuan cqepa pen1enLnoc1n nn1ennnrenunn, n rnaanoe ycnoane ee
c1anoanennn. pnako, kak 1onLko a ok1n6pe 1917 r. anac1L a c1pane saxaa1nnn
6onLueankn, epaa nn ne nepaoe, u1o onn cpenann - sanpe1nnn ack neppyxec1aennyk
nH npeccy. op 1eH npepnoroH, u1o nenLsn-pe nosaonn1L koHy 6m 1o nn 6mno
kneae1a1L na oae1ckyk anac1L.
cnn 6m nopo6nmH apryHen1oH nosaonnn ce6e kosmpny1L a 1913 r. uapckn Hnnnc1p
any1pennnx pen - eHy, noxany, npnunocL 6m pacc1a1Lcn c nop1qeneH. ( naun pnn
na a1o ne ocHennncn 6m n pykoaopn1enL ). o - noaoe apeHn, noame necnn.
pesynL1a1e a1o akunn c1pana na ponrne pecn1nne1nn nnunnacL, kak He1ko ampasnncn
K. yp1nn, aosHoxnoc1n aospasn1L.
acnncmaa1L specL nopunnennoe, saancnHoe nonoxenne npeccm, cnoxnaueecn a 1920-
e rr. n npopepxaaueecn a 1akoH anpe po nepaanero apeHenn, n cun1ak nsnnunnH. 1o
ace snak1 n 1ak. aano kak ace nonnHak1, u1o o1 nmneune rnacnoc1n po nopnnnno
cao6opm neua1n o1nkpL ne pyko nopa1L.
kaxy nyuue o 1oH, u1o nonn1nka 6onLueankoa a knnronspa1enLc1ae 6mna nnuy1L ne
nyuue, ueH a o1nouennn nepnopnuecko neua1n. peuL npe1 ne o kaknx-1o nko6m
py6exnmx apeHenax konua 1920-x, korpa noHann nennnckyk . e1. ue ne
okonunnacL rpaxpanckan aona, korpa npec1apenm knnsL . pono1knn, sakanennm
6opeu c caHopepxaaneH, nocmnae1 o1kpm1oe nncLHo ocLHoHy acepoccnckoHy cLespy
coae1oa a anpy o6ueuenoaeuecko aaxnoc1n a1oro aonpoca. nncLHe on 1ak asmaan
k yuac1nnkaH cLespa: enepL ocypapc1aennoe nspa1enLc1ao no nenonn1nmH
npnunnaH (o, nananm knnsL! - A.C.)... nopnnno ny1eH aepoHc1aennmx pacnopnxenn
aonpoc o6 ynnu1oxennn acnknx aonLnmx nspa1enLc1a. saannaa1L ack... pa6o1y na
ocnspa1, 1orpa kak ona 1pe6ye1, npexpe acero, Haccy nnunoro nounna, a uac1o n
321
caHonoxep1aoaannn, - 6mno 6m 6espaccypno. e papoH uenoaeuec1ao uenyk 1mcnuy
ne1 6oponocL sa cao6opy neua1n, n ne papoH ono saaoeaano a1y cao6opy ny1eH
neaepon1nmx xep1a. 6n1L a1y cao6opy n o1pa1L rpoHapnyk aonLnyk kynL1ypnyk
pa6o1y a pacnopnxenne ocypapc1aennmx kanuennpn - snaunno 6m amc1aan1L ac,
npepc1aan1ene pa6oue-kpec1Lnncko occnn, cnenmHn opypnnHn Hpaunoro npounoro,
n cansa1L amcokne c1peHnennn counannsHa c npounmH nacnnneH n 1opxec1aoH
o6ckypan1nsHa - anac1n 1LHm.
pono1knna noppepxana a neua1n neko1opan uac1L amxnaue rnnno
nn1ennnrenunn, no nx npo1ec1, kak nsaec1no, ne nHen ycnexa. ek eanaqana
nac1ynnn.
osnunn anac1e a nspa1enLckoH pene ne noua1nynncL noka nn na o1y. e Hory
anoaL ne aepny1Lcn k snononyunoHy oc1anoanennk oaHnna o1 29.12.88 r.,
sanpe1naueHy nesaancnHme nspa1enLckne koonepa1nam, a 1akxe k o6Lncnennk no
a1oHy noaopy .. mxoaa na Lespe napopnmx peny1a1oa, a ko1opoH on nop1aeppnn
Honononnk anac1n na npeonornk. mue nopuepknaanocL, u1o a1o oc1anoanenne
nnuae1 Hnornx nn1ennnren1oa aosHoxnoc1n nonyua1L sa cao 1pyp nopHanLnyk nna1y,
aosHoxnoc1n o6pec1n akonoHnueckyk nesaancnHoc1L. 1enepL napo nopuepkny1L, u1o
noka y nac 6ypy1 amxopn1L nopo6nme noc1anoanennn, pasan1ne peHokpa1nn n
kynL1ypm a c1pane 6ype1 nponcxopn1L na 1opHosax. Ho1op a1nx npeo6pasoaann -
nn1ennnrenunn - 6ype1 pa6o1a1L anoncnnm. aepL pnn nee a1o aonpoc xnsnn!
a npoc1n1 Hne un1a1enL aosapa1 k a1oHy HoHen1y. o pannm kapqaren ponxen
6m1L paspyuen! Hn - m u.
npoueH, cao6opa cnoaa n neua1n - nnuL opna rpanL aonpoca o peHokpa1nuecknx
cao6opax n npaaax. ro ne opnn pas sa nocnepnne 70 ne1 c nonc1nne 6esyHc1aoH
xpa6pmx nopnnHana nn1ennnrenunn nepep nnuoH anac1n n o6uec1aennoc1n. ak,
nekn 6ecnap1nnm nnxenep, kaknH-1o uypoH po6paauncL po 1pn6ynm XIII
ap1cLespa, sanann: oHHynnc1m kak Ha1epnannc1m cun1ak1 nyxnmH pa1L nkpnH a
nepayk ouepepL npepHe1m nepao neo6xopnHoc1n, a Hm, nn1ennnren1m, roaopnH, u1o
a nepayk ouepepL nyxnm npaaa uenoaeka... a1oH acn cnna. euac Hm a1nx npaa ne
nHeeH, n noka Hm nx ne nonyunH, Hm 6ypeH nnep1nm. nxenepy nenpnnyxpenno n
o1kpoaenno o1ae1nn .. nnoaLea (nqenL6ayH): oaepuenno ncno, u1o 1aknx npaa
onn, kak caonx yue 6es sepkana, a naue pecny6nnke ne yanpn1.
eropnn ace na6nkpak1 nepeHenm a a1oH o1nouennn, no nnk1o ne Hoxe1
rapan1npoaa1L nepcnek1nay a1nx nepeHen. konLko nn1ennnren1oa ceuac cnpaunaae1
ce6n: u1o Hm 6ypeH pena1L, ecnn Hmuenoaka saxnonne1cn? ac1yun a
reoHe1pnuecko nporpeccnn no1ok aHnrpaunn - ne ec1L nn o1ae1 Hnornx na a1o1
aonpoc?
noxa, korpa nkpn xnnn aepo a nyuuee 6ypyuee, k cuac1Lk, Hnnoaana. m ne xo1nH
6onLue nn ao u1o aepn1L. m xo1nH 1aeppo sna1L, nyc1L c 1o nnn nno pone
aepon1noc1n, u1o xpe1 nac saa1pa: peHokpa1nn, nporpecc n npouae1anne - nnn
pnk1a1ypa cnn peakunn.
a1o cansn nac1opaxnaae1 1o1 qak1, u1o nepaannH noc1anoanenneH cao
knaccoam opran neua1n nonyunnn pa6oune (a6ouan 1pn6yna). o ne
nn1ennnrenunn!
* * *
ospaaan noayk, 1pypoayk, napopnyk, counannc1nueckyk nn1ennnrenunk,
oae1ckan anac1L paccun1maana ne 1onLko na ee yHc1aennm 1pyp, no n na anonne
322
onpepenennoe o6uec1aennoe noaepenne. napo ckasa1L, u1o noka xna 6mn 1annn,
a1n pacue1m a o6ueH n uenoH onpaapmaanncL.
oueHy noka 6mn xna? a no1oHy, u1o 1annn, a nyuunx 1papnunnx nenpnnsnn n
nepoaepnn k nn1ennnrenunn, perynnpno npoaopnn a o1nouennn ee pasnnunme
npoqnnak1nueckne Heponpnn1nn. epxan ee, kak n 6mno pekoHenpoaano, a exoamx
pykaanuax.
oa1oHy ne1 nnuero oco6enno ypnan1enLnoro a 1oH, u1o coae1ckan nn1ennnrenunn, ao
acnkoH cnyuae, 1a ee uac1L, u1o ne naxopnnacL a narepnx, ccmnkax, 1kpLHax n
knap6nuencknx nHax, ncnpaano peHonc1pnpoaana nonnLnoc1L c1pok n cnc1eHe.
6pasuoamH a a1oH cHmcne Hoxno cun1a1L amc1ynnenne . apeeaa na 1opoH
cecoksnoH cLespe nnca1ene: oaapnun! axneue c1opono nauero nonnHannn
cao6opno nn1epa1ypm nanne1cn o1kpm1oe npnsnanne naHn, nnca1ennHn, kak
nap1nnmHn, 1ak n 6ecnap1nnmHn, pykoaopnue ponn oHHynnc1nuecko nap1nn ao
acex o6nac1nx xnsnn n a penax nn1epa1ypm. apeea 6mn 1ako ne opnn. oponap
nopo6nmx cnoaonsaepxenn nncnapan c caHmx aepxoa nn1ennnrenunn po caHmx
nnsoa.
o ypnan1enLno ppyroe. ecn1nne1nnHn xnan, aocnponsaopncL n yHnpan a
npo1naoec1ec1aennmx, ry6n1enLnmx pnn ce6n ycnoannx, coae1ckan nn1ennnrenunn,
a1o1 noam roHynkynyc noao anac1n, npn HaneueH nocna6nennn nopoanna nponan1L
caok nc1nnnyk na1ypy. ecHo1pn na pa6oue-kpec1Lnnckoe nponcxoxpenne
nopaannkuero 6onLunnc1aa noamx nn1ennnren1oa, onn kaknH-1o o6pasoH
nponnkanncL sauac1yk coaceH ne 1o npeonorne, ko1opo nm1anncL sa6n1L nx
ronoam. peapauan a 6eccHmcnnuy nnanm apxn1ek1opoa noaoro o6uec1aa
o1nocn1enLno cospannn caoe, kapHanno nn1ennnrenunn, . ananckoa, nanpnHep,
nncan a pokypa1ypy a 1969 r.: o o1eu pa6oun, Hon Ha1L y6opunua, n
1onLko 6esyHeu Hor npo1nny1L Hexpy naHn konkuyk npoaonoky n noc1aan1L conpa1 c
aa1oHa1aHn. m ne npec1ynnnkn. m - nponanenne cyuec1aykue a c1pane
onnosnunn. onn1nueckan onnosnunn - ec1ec1aennoe coc1onnne acnkoro o6uec1aa....
ce aepnynocL na kpyrn caon! opaxak1 ceropnn ak1yanLnoc1Lk nennnckne cnoaa,
nanncannme nH a 1920 r.: B x , x ...
n mu BCEX x ux
, (1. 41, c. 101-
102, ampeneno ennnmH - A.C.).
epes ceHLpecn1 ne1 nocne 1oro, kak 6mnn nanncanm a1n c1pokn, ne nopa nn npnsna1L,
u1o, ecnn npnpopy nn1ennnrenunn rna1L a paepL, 1o ona aope1 a okno? ne nopa nn
nonn1L, u1o 1pe6oaanne konc1n1yunonno peHokpa1nn a ycnoannx acex qopH
co6c1aennoc1n - a1o1 c1apm nn1ennnren1cko nosynr - amc1papan ne 1onLko
nc1opne naue nn1ennnrenunn, no n nc1opne c1panm, nc1opne napopa.
* * *
n saa1paunnn xnsnL acex napopoa Hnpa 1akoaa, u1o
6naropenc1aennoe n Hnpnoe xn1ne, sppaane xe n cnacenne aosHoxnm 1onLko npn
amcokoH ypoane kynL1ypm. ynL1ypm ao aceH - a nponsaopc1ae n no1pe6nennn, a
ynpaanennn n koonepaunn, a Hexpynapopnmx penax, uenoaeuecknx kon1ak1ax n
o1nouennnx c npnpopo.
1o snaun1, u1o 6es Hnorouncnenno, amcokopasan1o, xopouo nn1erpnpoaanno a
o6uec1aennyk xnsnL nn1ennnrenunn ceropnn ne a cnnax o6o1ncL nn opna c1pana, nn
opno npaan1enLc1ao, kak 6m 1aH ono nn o1nocnnocL k peHokpa1nn, kynL1ype n
nporpeccy. naue c1pana c 1aknH npaan1enLc1aoH (a ono - c nek!) 6mc1po no1epne1
323
akonoHnueckyk, a acnep sa ne n nonn1nueckyk nesaancnHoc1L. peapa1n1cn a
nonykononnk.
axe1cn, a1o ncno.
o nonoxenne nn1ennnrenunn a , nc1opnueckn cnoxnaueecn, sac1aanne1
pyHa1L, u1o ace amueckasannoe ne 1onLko ne ncno c1pane a uenoH n npaan1enLc1ay a
uac1noc1n, no n caHa HmcnL o6 a1oH amsmaae1 pasppaxenne. yxe roaopnn amue o
1oH, kakoe aneua1nenne oc1aann a a1oH cHmcne epam Lesp napopnmx peny1a1oa.
a1o 1onLko aepxyuka ac6epra.
apapokcanLno, no qak1: nn1ennnrenunn npekpacno nonnHae1 npo6neHm, c1onune
nepep c1pano, n nepep npaan1enLc1aoH, n nepep pa6ounH knaccoH. pnun1 o nnx! o
nn npaan1enLc1ao, nn pa6oun knacc, noxoxe, ne cneua1 nponnkny1Lcn npo6neHaHn
nn1ennnrenunn. npnHepy: nepaonauanLnme npaan1enLc1aennme npoek1m
caepxaaxnmx pnn nn1ennnrenunn sakonoa o neua1n n o6 nso6pe1a1enLc1ae -
coc1aannnncL nano 6es yue1a ee no1pe6noc1e. a amcue c1enenn nokasa1enLno
1akxe, u1o peny1a1 noaoro epxoanoro coae1a, orneynopunk enn6nnckoro
anek1poHe1annyprnueckoro koH6nna1a . ennrnn y6expen: c1L sakonm
qynpaHen1anLnme..., a ec1L n 1akne, u1o anonne Hory1 nopoxpa1L, nanpnHep, o
paunonannsaunn n nso6pe1a1enLc1ae ( o1 13.09.89).
ce a1o roaopn1 o 1oH, u1o Hm ne HoxeH xpa1L Hnnoc1e. onoc1aannn nonoxenne
nn1ennnrenunn a Hnpe n c1pane, Hm ue1ko anpnH sapaun, c1onune nepep
nn1ennnrenune.
HEE. 6pe1enne Ha1epnanLno nesaancnHoc1n, Ha1epnanLno caHoc1on1enLnoc1n.
a1oH kopenL acero: n 1aopueckan, n HopanLno-nonn1nueckan packpenouennoc1L, pa
n npoc1o noamuenne caHoyaaxennn n o6uec1aennoro npec1nxa, ace a1o npnHo
saancn1 o1 pannoro qak1opa.
erko ckasa1L, no kak a1o cpena1L? a po6pmx anac1L nHyunx pnpe paccun1maa1L ne
npnxopn1cn: o1 nnx ne poxpeuLcn. a n pener ne ryc1o y rocypapc1aa, u1o6m 1ak
npoc1o asn1L n noamcn1L aceH nn1ennnren1aH sapnna1y.
1o xe npepnarae1cn?
cyuec1anenne Ha1epnanLno nesaancnHoc1n nn1ennnrenunn npnHo cansano c
kpnpnuecknH npaaoH na nn1ennek1yanLnyk co6c1aennoc1L. na y nac npak1nueckn ne
saunuena, n a1o nonoxenne neo6xopnHo Henn1L. yxen sakon, sakpennnkun npaao
1aopua pacnopnxa1Lcn kak eHy yropno caonH 1aopenneH, sakon, nepecekakun 1o
cnc1eHa1nueckoe orpa6nenne n akcnnya1aunk Hmcnn1ene, ko1opoe nHee1 Hec1o nmne.
o a1oro Hano. eropnn y nac a c1pane nnk1o ne yHee1 ouennaa1L yHc1aennm 1pyp n
ero pesynL1a1m. nayun1Lcn ne y koro. oc1aan1L ace na Hec1o a a1oH pene Hoxe1
1onLko cao6opnm pmnok 1pypa, a 1oH uncne nn1ennek1yanLnoro.
kak 6m1L c 1eHn nn1ennnren1aHn, y koro ne1 a1o caHo nn1ennek1yanLno
co6c1aennoc1n? paun, yun1enn, pepak1opm nspa1enLc1a? qnuepm? anuennnkn?
mxop, no cy1n, 1o1 xe: pmnok, ronopapnan cnc1eHa onna1m. o ec1L koopnepa1nanan
n nnpnanpyanLnan 1pypoaan pen1enLnoc1L Hepnkoa, koonepa1nanme ukonm,
nspa1enLc1aa, rase1m n xypnanm. poqeccnonanLnan apHnn (a o1nouennn oqnuepoa n
cepxan1oa, ne pnpoamx). 1Hena uypoanunmx nanoroa c uepkoannkoa.
aknH Hne kaxe1cn nepam nynk1 a cnncke sapau, o6unx pnn 6onLue uac1n
nn1ennnrenunn.
324
ynk1 H am1ekae1 ns nepaoro noc1onLky, nockonLky nonn1nka aoo6ue ponxna
am1eka1L ns akonoHnkn. euL npe1 o unpokoH kpyre peHokpa1nuecknx cao6op,
ko1opme ocyuec1annk1cn y nac ne nonnoc1Lk, a 1o n aoace ne ocyuec1annk1cn.
anoHnk, u1o a popeaonkunonno occnn, npn acex pasnornacnnx Hexpy
nn1ennnrenune nn6epanLno n peaonkunonno, 1pe6oaanne cao6opm cnoaa, neua1n,
nap1n n coksoa, co6pann, peHonc1paun n 1.n. opnnakoao noppepxnaann n 1e, n
ppyrne. cno, u1o 1onLko a a1nx ycnoannx Hoxe1 nonnouenno cyuec1aoaa1L 1o1
cao6opnm pmnok yHc1aennoro 1pypa, o ko1opoH una peuL amue.
expy 1eH, noc1anoanennn epxoanoro oae1a o Hn1nnrax n peHonc1paunnx n o
npaaax Hnnnunn n any1pennnx aock a a1nx cn1yaunnx, noc1anoanenne oaHnna o
sanpeuennn nesaancnHmx 1aopuecknx koonepa1naoa, nonoxenne, y1aepxpennoe
, n oksoH xypnannc1oa nopnpke ponycka n npe6maannn
npepc1aan1ene cpepc1a Hacco nnqopHaunn a Hec1ax npoaepennn Heponpnn1n no
o6ecneuennk o6uec1aennoro nopnpka - ace a1n nopsakonnme ak1m, npnnn1me a
1euenne kakoro 1o nonyropa, canpe1enLc1ayk1, n opnosnauno, o nauaauecn peakunn.
a1o snaun1, u1o 6opL6a eue 1onLko naunnae1cn. ecnn nn1ennnrenunn saHe1 a
a1oH aonpoce naccnanyk, amxnpa1enLnyk, nonoannua1yk nosnunk, 1o acLka,
ko1opm cnyuae1 pa ec1, coxpe1 a konue konuoa n ee caHoe.
H nynk1, na ko1opoH Hne xo1enocL 6m oc1anoan1Lcn, kacae1cn kynL1ypm. 1o -
1a o6nac1L xnsnn, cypL6a ko1opo oco6enno 6nnska nn1ennnrenunn. nauany nepao
Hnpoao aonm pycckan nn1ennnrenunn, necHo1pn na o1nocn1enLnyk
Hanouncnennoc1L, 6mna nonnonpaanmH unenoH Hnpoaoro coo6uec1aa nkpe
kynL1ypm. 6o, ao-nepamx, cao6opno o6uanacL c nnHn, 6mna npekpacnmH o6pasoH a
kypce acex Hnpoamx poc1nxenn, 1enpenun n npo6neH a kynL1ypno xnsnn, a ao-
a1opmx, n caHa anocnna a Hnpoayk kynL1ypy 6onLuo aknap. o a panLneueH
Hnorone1nnn nckycc1aennan kynL1ypnan nsonnunn, a 1akxe rocypapc1aennoe
nnrnnnc1nueckoe o1nouenne k sapy6exno n co6c1aenno popeaonkunonno kynL1ype
kak 6ypxyasno, - ace a1o o1opaano nac kak o1 xnaoro pepeaa Hnpoao kynL1ypm,
1ak n o1 o1euec1aennmx 1papnun. o1epn o1 1akoro nonoxennn aeue ouyuae1 na
ce6e acn c1pana a uenoH. 1euec1aennan nn1ennnrenunn a Hacce ponxna aocc1anoan1L
cao Hexpynapopnm c1a1yc - nnaue nens6exna perpapaunn.
oa1oHy Hne pyHae1cn, u1o 1pe1Ln sapaua nn1ennnrenunn - 6opo1Lcn sa aosapauenne
a ceHLk kynL1ypnmx napopoa, sa kynL1ypnyk nn1erpaunk uenoaeuec1aa. osynr
naunx pne ponxen 6m1L: nn1ennnren1m acex c1pan, coepnnn1ecL a 6opL6e sa
kynL1ypy, nporpecc, peHokpa1nk!
ne kaxe1cn, nsnoxennan kpa1kan nporpaHHa npneHneHa pnn 6onLunnc1aa
nn1ennnrenunn. y6expen 1akxe, u1o a ncnonnennn a1o nporpaHHm sann1epecoaano
ace o6uec1ao a uenoH. poHe, Hoxe1 6m1L, 6kpokpa1nn, annapa1unkoa. 1eH xyxe
pnn nnx.
panek o1 Hmcnn, u1o, npou1n Hok c1a1Lk, acn nn1ennnrenunn neHepnenno
o6Lepnnn1cn a nekyk nap1nk kynL1ypm, nporpecca n peHokpa1nn n nonm1ae1cn
o1c1anaa1L caon npaaa n nn1epecm. e1, koneuno, pnn a1oro ona, kak acerpa, cnnukoH
paso6uena. noam npnsma k neHepnenno saepnnunne 1onLko nacHeun1
kpeuenm n nekpeuenm Hnp.
on napexpm ckpoHnee. ne 6m xo1enocL, ao-nepamx, u1o6m un1a1enn, k kakoHy 6m
counyHy onn ce6n nn o1nocnnn, nponnknncL npo6neHaHn, cansannmHn c
nn1ennnrenune, c ee npounmH, nac1onunH n 6ypyunH. ne 6m xo1enocL, ao-a1opmx,
u1o6m naun nn1ennnren1m, kaxpm caH sa ce6n, ncnee onpepennn caok nosnunk,
ncnee ocosnan caon sapaun. 1orpa, kak n napekcL, a-1pe1Lnx, nac canxe1 ne
nap1nnan knn1aa, ne npncnra 1anoro o6uec1aa n ne yc1aa coksa, a .
325
HEBXQHME HRERHE
ceropnn[8] a1y c1a1Lk, nanncannyk a cepepnne 1990 r., o1ue1nnao
anpnuL nponsouepune c 1ex nop konoccanLnme nsHenennn. noroe ns 1oro, u1o n
uncnnn a nepaoouepepnmx sapauax, c6mnocL. pnako, peuennme sapaun noc1aannn
nac nepep nnuoH ppyrnx, ne Henee cnoxnmx. kaxy neckonLko cnoa o c6maueHcn,
nec6maueHcn n nacyunoH.
ak n n npepnonaran, n
u , nu, , n
, . 1o ne6maanoe, necnmxannoe a Hnpe co6m1ne:
nn1ennnren1ckan peaonkunn, ampaaauan c1pany ns ppnxnekuero rocnap1qeopannsHa
n nepe6pocnauan ee a kann1annsH. occnn anoaL pana Hnpy ypnan1enLnm npnHep
noaoro cnoco6a peuennn rno6anLnmx sapau, nokasana, a kakyk cnny ampocna a naun
pnn nn1ennnrenunn. 1o ypok, ko1opm, necoHnenno, 6ype1 HnpoH yu1en.
pnaepennm a c1a1Le nepeuenL npo6neH, ko1opme eue 1ak nepaano o6peHennnn
nn1ennnrenunk, ao HnoroH o6Lncnne1, noueHy ona c 1ako nenpnHnpnHoc1Lk
na6pocnnacL na koHHynnc1oa, noueHy npnnnna 1akoe ak1nanoe yuac1ne a cHene c1pon
n anac1n. napo ckasa1L, u1o a xope nepeaopo1a nn1ennnrenunn ouenL Hnororo
po6nnacL. pexpe acero: cao6opm cnoaa, neua1n, co6pann, coaec1n, nap1nno
pen1enLnoc1n. ao6opm o6pasoaannn: ne c1ano xec1knx counanLnmx n naunonanLnmx
pasnapnpok pnn a6n1ypnen1oa oa. onannacL ponroxpannan cao6opa
npepnpnnnHa1enLc1aa n sann1nn cneunqnuecknH nn1ennnren1cknH 6nsnecoH:
apaue6nmH, nspa1enLcknH, neparornuecknH, kpnpnuecknH n 1.n.
pnako 1enepL, nocne acex a1nx caepuenn, co6c1aennme npo6neHm nn1ennnrenunn
yc1ynnnn a ee cosnannn Hec1o o6uenapopnmH, o6uepoccncknH. Hec1e co aceHn
ppyrnHn cnonHn nacenennn, nn1ennnrenunn npnpaanena ceuac o6unHn 1pypnoc1nHn,
nopoxpennmHn kpnsncoH rocypapc1aennoc1n. nHenno, paspyuenneH roccek1opa
akonoHnkn (a1o kocnynocL nn1ennnrenunn, naxopnuecn na 6kpxe1e) n - kak
cnepc1ane - nanoroamH 6peHeneH (a1o kocnynocL nn1ennnrenunn, cansanno c
uac1nmH cek1opoH). akoe nonoxenne ko HnoroHy o6nsmaae1 nn1ennnrenunk: e
npnxopn1cn o16pocn1L, no kpane Hepe, na apeHn, yskococnoanm asrnnp n
nopnn1Lcn po naunonanLnoro asrnnpa na aeun, nponnkny1Lcn o1ae1c1aennoc1Lk sa
cypL6y c1panm n napopa.
1ae1c1aennoc1L npepnonarae1 n aosHoxnoc1L aepun1L nc1opnk. ospocno nn ceropnn
peanLnoe annnnne nn1ennnrenunn na xop pen a c1pane? pa, n ne1. opno c1oponm,
npepc1aan1enn pasnnunmx, a 1oH uncne, npo1naononoxnmx no asrnnpaH,
nn1ennnren1cknx rpynn nHek1 npaao cao6opno amckasmaa1Lcn n 1eH annn1L na xop
co6m1n. ensHepnHo ampoc o6uec1aennm aec nn1ennnrenunn, cansanno co .
nny n anac1L Hmcnn n cnoaa nouyac1aoaann ace. poHe 1oro, Hnorne anac1nme
opranm a ropaspo 6onLue c1enenn, ueH npn koHHynnc1ax, coc1on1 1enepL ns
npepc1aan1ene nn1ennnrenunn. npnHepy, epepanLnoe o6panne ne cpaann1L a
a1oH cHmcne c .
ppyro c1oponm, nsaeunm packon a cpepe nn1ennnrenunn n am1ekakuan ns nero
pasnoronocnua Hnenn o1kpmaak1 pnn anac1n aosHoxnoc1L pnn nk6oro Haneapa co
ccmnko na nopxopnuyk 1eopnk. n1ore nonyunnocL, u1o nesnaun1enLnan uac1L
nn1ennnrenunn, o6cnyxnaakuan caoekopmc1nme nn1epecm koHnpapopcko 6ypxyasnn
n koppyHnnpoaanno 6kpokpa1nn (1.e. pexnHa nLunna), o6pena konoccanLnm
rocypapc1aennm aec, annnnne n aosHoxnoc1L nnunoro o6orauennn. cno, u1o npn
a1oH cnoaa n pena a1o uac1n nn1ennnrenunn ac1ynnnn a nenpnHnpnHoe npo1naopeune
c nn1epecaHn nn1ennnren1ckoro 6onLunnc1aa, ko1opoHy kpyuenne rocypapc1aennoc1n,
kpax cnc1eHm 6kpxe1noro qnnancnpoaannn naykn, kynL1ypm n o6pasoaannn npnnecnn
326
peskoe o6nnuanne, necnmxannoe nonnxenne o6uec1aennoro c1a1yca, 6espa6o1nuy,
nnunnn aosHoxnoc1e nnopo1aopnoro 1pypa. aepenne cao6opnoro pmnka
yHc1aennoro 1pypa, kasaaueecn eue nepaano 1aknH xenannmH, okasanocL cnnukoH
pesknH, necaHop1nsnpoaannmH, sapano noame, ne Henee 1pypnme sapaun.
ycnoannx, korpa rocypapc1aennoe qnnancnpoaanne nn1ennnrenunn ,
kak npexpe, a uac1nokann1annc1nueckoe
m u, nHyuec1aennoe paccnoenne nn1ennnrenunn ycnnnnocL, a ee
npenm packon ycyry6nncn. osHoxno, nHenno no1oHy, u1o nan6onee noc1papana
nn1ennnrenunn epaoro, a ne 1oporo nopnpka, a1a cn1yaunn eue ne ocosnae1cn
o6uec1aoH kak naunonanLnan 1parepnn, kak aaxneuan nepaoouepepnan npo6neHa
naue c1panm. H - .
anxy 1akne 6nnxaune nonn1nueckne nocnepc1ann ka1ac1poqnueckoro nonoxennn
nn1ennnrenunn epaoro nopnpka. opno c1oponm, nens6exen o1ka1 ee snaun1enLno
uac1n o1 npeonornn naunonan-kann1annsHa k npeonornn naunonan-counannsHa (a
nyuueH cnyuae) nnn npoc1o counannsHa. 1o n nonn1no, nockonLky pnn Hnornx n
Hnornx poaonLno y6oroe cyuec1aoaanne na ypoane 1985 r. npepc1aanne1cn ceropnn
y1pauennmH paeH. o c ppyro c1oponm, aceH ncno, u1o nopnnnno o6uec1aenno
6aso pnn nk6oro counannsHa nanne1cn napop: pa6oune, kpec1Lnne, Henkan
6ypxyasnn. Henno 1akoa anek1opa1 kranoaa n npnnoackoro. c a1nH anek1opa1oH
y nn1ennnrenunn, paxe epaoro nopnpka, o1nouennn poc1a1ouno cnoxnme, n ac1aaa1L
c nnH nneuoH k nneuy ona ne cnnukoH-1o c1peHn1cn. a n napop nopospn1enLno n
sno6no kocn1cn na acnkyk nn1ennnrenunk, cnpaaepnnao nonaran ee rnaano
panxyue cnno nponsouepunx nepeHen. (apkauoa, kpann npepc1aan1enL
naunonan-counannsHa, 1ak npnHo n nnue1 a s6yke pycckoro naunonannc1a:
nn1ennnrenunn - apar!)
ypa a a1nx ycnoannx nopa1Lcn 6epnoHy nn1ennnren1y? pe npnknonn1L eHy
ronoayuky? ro nesaanpnoe Ha1epnanLnoe nonoxenne ycyry6nne1cn 1enepL eue n
counanLno nsonnune. oa1oHy 1pypno 6pocn1L kaHenL a 1ex nn1ennnren1oa,
ko1opme 6ery1 ceropnn ns occnn. pypno ynpekny1L n 1ex, k1o, oc1aaancL, nesapoporo
npopae1cn 1aknH 6narope1ennH, kak qonp opoca. (eo6xopnHoc1L ananornunoro
o1euec1aennoro qonpa ceropnn 6onee, ueH oueanpna.) o aepL ace ne yepy1.
onLunnc1ao oc1ane1cn n ponxno 6ype1 o6yc1panaa1L specL caok xnsnL,
o6yc1panaa1L occnk. a cae1e a1o nepcnek1nam c1anoan1cn kpnc1anLno ncno, u1o
nosynr nn1ennnren1ckoro nn1epnaunonana ceropnn - o6ae1uan, ne coo1ae1c1aye1
apeHenn. opa ero peun1enLno Henn1L. a u1o? 6 a1oH - cnepykuan c1a1Ln.
[1] ak 1y1 ne acnoHnn1L nyuknnckoro repanLpnueckoro nLaa, ko1oporo ocen nnrae1
peHokpa1nuecknH konm1oH.
[2] naHenn1o c1ana pennnka . oc1onunna no noaopy peka6pnc1oa: ao panunn
aocc1ana uepnL, u1o6m nonyun1L npnannernn - nonn1no; a occnn aocc1ann
npepc1aan1enn nyuunx ceHec1a, u1o6m npnannernn y1pa1n1L, - nenonn1no.
[3] o ouenke coapeHennmx nc1opnkoa, a aHnrpaunn okasanocL 40-50% pyccko
nn1ennnrenunn.
[4] H.: 1. 34, c. 51; 1. 35, c. 197; 1. 37, cc. 196, 221; 1. 38, cc. 58, 141-143; 1. 39, cc.
19, 355-356, 406; 1. 45, cc. 52, 94, 290, 352; 1. 50, c. 218. akoe o1nouenne k
nn1ennnrenunn co c1oponm no6epnaue nap1nn npone1apna1a npepc1aanne1cn rny6oko
sakonoHepnmH. paannH xapak1epnoe amckasmaanne o6 nn1ennnrenunn ao sa-pyna:
naue c1pane ec1L koe-u1o xopouee n koe-u1o nnoxoe... m ne Hornn ne npnnn1L
nn1ennnrenunk, poc1aauykcn naH o1 c1aporo n1an, nnaue y nac aoace ne 6mno 6m
nn1ennnrenunn, ne 6mno 6m npoqeccopoa, ne 6mno 6m npenopaaa1ene, ne 6mno 6m
327
xypnannc1oa, ne 6mno 6m pen1ene nckycc1aa. 1n nkpn aepn1 ce6e, onn ne aepn1
naH. kpn, o ko1opmx n roaopk, nasmaak1cn nnoxnHn nkpLHn. n1. no kn.: ..
apkoaa. aonsH n nn1ennnrenunn. - ., 1975. - . 24.
[5] pnHeuanne o1 17.11.94 r.: a1a n nocnepykuan rnaakn, nanncannme a 1989-90 rr.
ao HnoroH y1pa1nnn ak1yanLnoc1L, no n ne ncknkunn nx ns 1ekc1a pnn 1oro, u1o6m
un1a1enL nyuue anpen, o1 uero Hm yunn n k ueHy npeH, u1o6m y6epeuL ero o1
co6nasna npeannsnpoaa1L nepaanee koHHynnc1nueckoe npounoe, u1o6m ncnee
6mno, kakne noame npo6neHm ac1ak1 na Hec1o c1apmx.
[6] a1a unqpa a 1989 r. 6mna eue amue: 30%.
[7] anoHnnak, u1o a1o nncanocL a konue anoxn oae1cko anac1n, sa rop po
6ypxyasno-peHokpa1nuecko peaonkunn 1991-1993 rr. 1ex nop nonoxenne 1onLko
yxypunnocL.
[8] ocnecnoane nanncano a 1996 r.
HHERRHEHHR H HHR
(Hn 03.12.94 r.)
c1L pycckan nn1ennnrenunn!
m pyHann, ne1? c1L!
. osnecenckn
epnnc1aennan a Hnpe c1pana n epnnc1aennm napop, cypL6y ko1opmx kaxpm
pycckn nHee1 npaao n ponxen peua1L a coo1ae1c1ann co caonHn y6expennnHn n c
ncnonLsoaanneH nk6mx poc1ynnmx cpepc1a - o1 nnuyue Haunnkn po aa1oHa1a
anaunnkoaa. 1a c1pana - occnn. m, pycckne nkpn, popnnncL specL na seHne
caonx npepkoa n neceH sa nee o1ae1c1aennoc1L nepep no1oHkaHn.
ue nepaano, kaknx-nn6ypL ue1mpe ropa nasap, n ne sapyHmaancn nap a1nH, 6mn
nac1poen kypa 6onee "aceHnpno", paxe ampanran nosynr: "n1ennnrenunn acex c1pan
- coepnnncn!" 1akn nn1ennnren1ckn nn1epnaunonan.
pnako nponcuepune na naunx rnasax co6m1nn nnuero ne oc1aannn o1 Hoero
npekpacnopyunoro npeannsHa. , kak n 6onLunnc1ao Honx coo1euec1aennnkoa,
y6epnncn: 6opL6a sa Hnpoaoe rocnopc1ao ne npekpa1nnacL nocne opnoc1oponne
kann1ynnunn , a ac1ynnna a noayk qasy. occnn xe naua okasanacL a nonoxennn
xep1am. acn Hnpoaan npo6neHa1nka pnpoH c a1nH qak1oH nokasanacL Hne
nnu1oxno n nenyxno. ec1okn ypok!
ypL6a naunonanLno nn1ennnrenunn acerpa naHep1ao cansana c cypL6o c1panm,
naunn. ypL6a rpysnncko nn1ennnrenunn - c pysne, ac1oncko - c c1onne.
ypL6a pyccko nn1ennnrenunn - c cypL6o occnn.
aunonanLnme nn1ennnrenunn 6maunx coae1cknx pecny6nnk nopann naH xopoun
npnHep, nanoHnnnn o 1oH, kak nyxno o1nocn1Lcn k caoe c1pane, caoeHy napopy.
pnako cpepn napopoa epnnc1aennan, 6m1L Hoxe1, nn1ennnrenunn, nonnoc1Lk
pesopnen1npoaannan sa ropm coae1cko anac1n kak a counanLnoH, 1ak n a
naunonanLnoH o1nouennn, a1o - nHenno pycckan nn1ennnrenunn. npepc1on1 sanoao
328
o6pe1a1L a1n opnen1npm, sanoao naxopn1L caoe Hec1o cpepn pasnnunmx knaccoa n
pasnnunmx naunonanLnoc1e occnn.
po6neHa npen1nqnkaunn aaxna pnn acex. axpoHy nyxno yHe1L onpepenn1L caoe
Hec1o a o6uec1ae. nosnunn 1onLko "o6ueuenoaeuecknx uennoc1e" a1o cpena1L
neaosHoxno. openkcL caonH peuen1oH. n npoc1.
konqnnk1e (rnno1e1nueckoH) Hexpy seHnnnaHn n nnonnane1nnaHn n opnosnauno
saHy c1opony seHnnn, kako 6m pacm onn nn 6mnn. o1oHy, u1o n seHnnnnn.
konqnnk1e pac n saHy c1opony 6eno pacm, neasnpan na 1o, kaknHn naunnHn ona
npepc1aanena. o1oHy, u1o n 6enm.
konqnnk1e naun n ac1any na c1opony pyccknx, kako 6m counanLnm cno nn
npepc1an a nx nnue. o1oHy, u1o n pycckn.
pnako n 6ypy c pyccko nn1ennnrenune n aepxnnHn knaccaHn npo1na pyccknx
pa6ounx n kpec1Lnn, cnyuncL y nac onn1L counanLnan aona. o1oHy u1o n
no1oHc1aennm paopnnnn n nn1ennnren1.
o1 n ace.
e pa 6or, koneuno, nepeny1a1L n a aone Hnpoa saunua1L, k npnHepy, 1onLko caok
naunk. 1o 6ype1 snaun1L, u1o n npoc1o npno1.
o ne pa 6or nepeny1a1L n a ppyryk c1opony n a 6opL6e naun ac1a1L na nosnunn
"o6ueuenoaeueckne": a1o 6ype1 snaun1L, u1o n 1ako xe npno1, 1onLko c o6pa1nmH
snakoH.
Cn n n q :
n . 1o qak1. msoa 6pouen, n n snak caoe "Hec1o a
okone".
npoueH, peuL aepL ne o6o Hne, a o pyccko nn1ennnrenunn. ak ona amrnnpn1
ceropnn a counanLnmx n naunonanLnmx kooppnna1ax?
329
H Q 4H
1oHy nasap o nonoxennn nn1ennnrenunn, naxopnuecn Hexpy rne1oH
caHopepxaano anac1n n nyunno napopno npoc1n, 6mno npnnn1o roaopn1L: "expy
Hono1oH n nakoaanLne". 1o nsHennnocL ceropnn?
aoc1aennoc1L nonoxennn kak 6mna, 1ak n oc1anacL. o nnuero pec1an1enLno
c1paunoro a a1oH n ne anxy.
C , nn1ennnrenunn a 6onLunnc1ae caoeH yxe pesko pasounacL c
pexnHoH nLunna. ne 1onLko no1oHy, u1o ee Ha1epnanLnoe 6narononyune, ee
counanLnm c1a1yc, ee aosHoxnoc1n caHopeannsaunn, ee nepcnek1nam cnnLno
yxypunnncL. o, rnaanmH o6pasoH, no1oHy, u1o ka1ac1poqnueckn kypc, konH cnenme
n cnnukoH spnune noaopmpn aepy1 occnk, nanne1cn, ao-nepamx, nappyra1enLc1aoH
nap cypL6o n penoH npepkoa, a ao-a1opmx, yrposo pnn pe1e, anykoa n npaanykoa.
n c 1eH, nn c ppyrnH cHnpn1Lcn neaosHoxno. oa1oHy poc1 konqpon1aunn Hexpy
unpoknHn cnonHn nn1ennnrenunn n anac1Lk - nens6exen[1].
pnako "Hono1" anac1n yxe ne cHee1 n ne Hoxe1 rposn1L nepoaonLno n npospeaue
nn1ennnrenunn (1o ec1L, ocnoano ee Hacce) kaknH-nn6o snoH, nacnnneH, kpoHe
panLneue akonoHnuecko penpeccnn. oueHy? a no 1o npoc1o npnunne, u1o
nn1ennnrenunn (noka eue) - epnnc1aennoe npenn1c1ane na ny1n pycckoro naunonan-
counannsHa, npnxop ko1oporo rposn1 "nepec1pounkaH", "peqopHa1opaH" n nx
pyxoano o6cnyre ny6nnunmH noaeuenneH. oka u1o nn1ennnrenunn, 1o ec1L 6onee
ue1aep1o uac1n nacenennn, ne nocneuae1 Haccoao a pnpm n . eropnn,
cnyuncL naH am6npa1L Hexpy nLunnmH n npnnoacknH, nn1ennnren1, ckopee acero,
npoc1o nponrnopnpye1 am6opm. o ecnn nLunn aspyHae1 nyra1L nnn npecnepoaa1L
nn1ennnren1ckyk onnosnunk, 1o a1o xpynkoe paanoaecne nens6exno napyun1cn.
anLneuee nerko npepckasyeHo.
C , nn1ennnrenunn eue xopouo noHnn1 cao "counannc1nueckn"
onm1 n nonnHae1, u1o "counannc1nueckan" akcnnya1aunn ee 1pypa ropaspo xyxe,
necnpaaepnnae n rnyne "kann1annc1nuecko". onLko kpanee o6nnuanne Hoxe1
1onkny1L nn1ennnrenunk a noc1mnme o6Ln1nn ypaann1enLno, no sa1o
rapan1npoaanno "cnpaaepnnaoc1n". akoe apeHennoe cHnpenne 6ype1, opnako,
nacnnneH nap coaec1Lk n pasyHoH nn1ennnrenunn, ko1opan ne Hoxe1 ne nonnHa1L,
u1o kann1annsH kak akonoHnueckan cnc1eHa ropaspo aqqek1nanee counannsHa. ce
a1n coo6paxennn o11anknaann n 6ypy1 o11anknaa1L nn1ennnrenunk o1 nk6oro
"counannsHa", a 1oH uncne n o1 "naunonan-counannsHa", kakoao nanne1cn cyunoc1Lk
napopnmx panxenn, onnue1aopneHmx npnnoacknH n apkauoamH. 1o snaun1, u1o
konqnnk1 Hexpy nn1ennnrenune n "nakoaanLne" napopa 1akxe nens6exno 6ype1
yrny6nn1Lcn. apo nn 6on1Lcn a1oro?
nepayk ouepepL 1y1 acnoHnnak1cn co6m1nn, nocnepoaaaune a occnn sa ok1n6peH
1917 r.: npenec1n napopoanac1nn nn1ennnrenunn na ce6e ncnm1ana cnonna, n naHn1L
o nnx eue xnaa. ounannsH nk6o pasnoanpnoc1n nece1 c co6o 1pe1npoaanne
nn1ennnrenunn kak o6uec1aenno cnnm, nepoouenky ee 1aopueckoro,
nn1ennek1yanLnoro no1enunana, npnHn1nanyk akcnnya1aunk a1oro no1enunana a Hepy
coo6paxennn anac1e. (oHnHo npouero, counannsH - a1o eue n anac1L nkpe, aecLHa
paneknx o1 kynL1ypm, o1 ee uennoc1e n cHmcna.) o ao1 aonpoc: a cHoxe1 nn anac1L,
npnpn saa1pa na aonne counannc1nueckoro panxennn, anoaL na6pocn1L npHo napopno
aonn na uek nn1ennnren1a? n1Lpecn1 ne1 nasap 1ako aonpoc nokasancn 6m
cHeunmH. o1ae1 na nero opnosnaunmH: koneuno, pa! anoHnk, u1o nepep
peaonkune na opnoro uenoaeka yHc1aennoro 1pypa a occnn npnxopnnocL camue 30
uenoaek qnsnueckoro 1pypa. o aepL ceropnn-1o - HenLue 1pex! 1a c1a1nc1nka
nosaonne1 npepnonoxn1L, u1o ponL nn1ennnrenunn a ceropnnuneH pycckoH o6uec1ae
330
o1nkpL ne c1onL xep1aenna n xanka, kak 6mna eue 30-40 ne1 nasap. cnn xe yuec1L,
u1o a1o - nan6onee o6pasoaannan, nan6onee oprannsoaannan, nan6onee
o1ae1c1aennan n ak1nanan uac1L o6uec1aa, 1o n 6m nosaonnn ce6e y1aepxpa1L, u1o
uLn 6m 1o nn 6mno napexpm "nopunnn1L" ce6e nn1ennnrenunk, "saxa1L ee a uepenrax
npone1apna1a", pepxa1L ee a "exoamx pykaanuax", sac1aan1L pa6o1a1L na ce6n -
y1onnunm. A u sqq n
n u n u .
3 q.
1o snaun1, u1o, ne paccna6nnncL n ne 1epnn 6pn1enLnoc1n, pycckan nn1ennnrenunn
Hoxe1 ne 6on1Lcn nn anac1e, nn napopa 1ak cnnLno, kak ee npepuec1aennnua nauana
aeka. pn a1oH ona acerpa ponxna noHnn1L o pasnoc1n uene: u
- , - - , -
- .
snauae1 nn ckasannoe, u1o nn1ennnrenunn n napop - aparn?
HHERRHEHHR H HQ
n napop - pae uac1n naunn. aunn ne Hoxe1 o6o1ncL nn 6es opno
ns nnx. apop ne Hoxe1 npocyuec1aoaa1L 6es nn1ennnrenunn, a nn1ennnrenunn - 6es
napopa. o a1n uac1n aecLHa o1nnuak1cn ppyr o1 ppyra, n o1nouennn Hexpy nnHn
ouenL cnoxnme, npo1naopeuname, pnanek1nueckne.
ueH cy1L o1nnun? caHoH o6ueH, qnnocoqckoH cHmcne ona -
q . asnnunm
xapak1ep 1pypa 1pe6ye1 n pasnnuno nopro1oakn. B n, u
n q u, ,
u xn q: onn
o6pe1ak1 pasnm nsmk, pasnme npeanm, pasnm knaccoam onm1, pasnyk Hnqonornk.
asnme knnrn un1ak1, pasnme necnn nok1, no-pasnoHy aocnpnnnHak1 nckycc1ao n
pennrnk, no-pasnoHy nonnHak1 cnpaaepnnaoc1L. o-pasnoHy npen1nqnunpyk1 ce6n,
o6pe1ak1 pasnme nc1opnueckne n counanLnme kopnn: napop Heu1ae1 o aceHnpnoH
6pa1c1ae nkpe 1pypa, nn1ennnrenunn - o aceHnpno "yueno pecny6nnke"...
o a6conk1nsaunn pasnnun Hexpy nn1ennnrenune n napopoH, o1nocn1enLno
6esapepnan na nnunoH ypoane, upeaa1a 6onLuo 6epo na ypoane naunn. K
s - umn un u. m noHnnH, kak a pesynL1a1e
napopno peaonkunn, nop nosynroH "npone1apckoro nn1epnaunonannsHa" 6mna
ynnu1oxena, nopaanena n xec1oko akcnnya1npoaana pycckan naunonanLnan ann1a, a
uac1noc1n nn1ennnrenunn. e poaepnn e, coae1ckan anac1L amnyxpena 6mna
akc1penno cospaaa1L noayk, caok, pa6oue-kpec1Lnnckyk nn1ennnrenunk,
npepnonaran, u1o ona 6ype1 paneka o1 6ypxyasno-peHokpa1nuecknx npeanoa. o
neoxnpanno okasanocL, u1o a1a "noaan" nn1ennnrenunn noaena ce6n aecLHa "no-
c1apoHy", cnoano sa6ma, o1kypa ona asnnacL. ceropnn, a pnn caoero peaanua (1o
ec1L 6ypxyasno-peHokpa1nuecko peaonkunn), nn1ennnrenunn, 6okcL, 1oxe ro1oaa
anac1L a kpanoc1L: nop nosynroH "nn1ennnren1ckoro kocHononn1nsHa" npnHnpn1Lcn c
ynnu1oxenneH, nopaanenneH n xec1oko akcnnya1aune napopa.
a6nyxpenne napopa no noaopy caoe nn1ennnrenunn o6LncnnHo n npoc1n1enLno: ny
ne no yHy eHy ponxnmH o6pasoH ouenn1L snauenne pnn c1panm, pnn naunn -
kynL1ypm, nn1ennek1yanLnoro 1pypa. cHnpn1Lcn c 1eH, u1o 1pyp nn1ennnren1a
cnepye1 ouennaa1L c nnmH koaqqnunen1oH, ueH 1pyp pa6ouero - n aoace neaosHoxno.
331
a6nyxpenne nn1ennnrenunn no noaopy caoero napopa 1oxe o6LncnnHo, no ne
npoc1n1enLno. openkcL neko1opmHn coo6paxennnHn no noaopy a1oro sa6nyxpennn.
m snaeH, saueH napopy nn1ennnren1. ao1 saueH nn1ennnren1y napop? (eno, kak
nonnHae1 un1a1enL, ne a 1oH, k1o koro kopHn1 n opeaae1: 6es n "seneno
peaonkunn" ace 6m ceropnn xopnnn ronopnme n narne.)
C . n1ennnrenunn pa6o1ae1 ronoao. aspa6a1maae1 c1pa1ernk,
1ak1nky, 1exnonornk nayunoro, kynL1ypnoro, o6uec1aennoro pasan1nn. pnako ace ee
1eopnn ne ampy1 ns c1en ka6nne1oa a xnsnL, ecnn ne 6ype1 pyk, nor, 1en, cnoco6nmx
aonno1n1L a1n 1eopnn. axe poc1nrnya 35-40 % o1 uncnennoc1n nacenennn, kak a
nnn epHannn, nn1ennnrenunn nk6o c1panm 6ype1 nyxpa1Lcn a ncnonnn1ennx,
npoaopnunx a xnsnL paspa6o1annme a na6opa1opnnx n a 1nun 6n6nno1ek npnnunnm, a
ecnn nyxno, 1o n yHnpakunx sa a1n npnnunnm. H x
- n , x . ak
o6c1on1 peno ao aceH Hnpe. o aepL pa6oun nnc1pyHen1 nonoxeno 6epeuL, oxpann1L,
sa6o1n1Lcn o neH. 1o, a nepayk ouepepL, o1nocn1cn k co6c1aennoHy napopy kak uac1n
co6c1aenno naunn. oaonLno rnyno 6mno 6m pycckoHy nn1ennnren1y pa6o1a1L a
pacue1e na npe1aopenne ero 1eopn a xnsnL, ckaxeH, kn1acknH, 6pasnnLcknH nnn
aHepnkancknH napopoH, o1aopaunaancL npn a1oH o1 pannoro npnpopo, nc1opne n
cypL6o popnoro pycckoro napopa.
C . o1n peHokpa1nn n c1peHn1cn "o1Henn1L" apnc1okpa1nk, no
cenekunn a o6uec1ae nnkorpa ne npekpauanacL n ne npekpa1n1cn. nk1o ne Hoxe1
npepckasa1L, a ceHLe nn no1oHc1aennoro nn1ennnren1a nnn pa6ouero, nnn
kpec1Lnnnna popn1cn opapennm yHc1aenno pe6enok. n1ennnrenunn ne Hoxe1 n ne
ponxna pekpy1npoaa1Lcn 1onLko ns ce6n caHo: a1o npo1na npaann earennkn. H
- s n . on
oc1ane1cn 1akoamH a o6ospnHoH 6ypyueH.
oo6paxenne 1pe1Le. ypyun nn1ennnren1 pac1e1 ne a nsonnunn: aokpyr nero nkpn.
pen1nqnunpyn ce6n c 1o nnn nno rpynno, cnoeH, knaccoH, on cosna1enLno
a6npae1 a ce6n, amc1panaae1 a ce6e xapak1epnme uep1m a1o rpynnm, a1oro cnon,
knacca n o11anknaae1, nsxnaae1 a ce6e xapak1epnme uep1m 1ex rpynn n knaccoa, c
ko1opmHn uyac1aye1 caok neopnopopnoc1L n an1aronnsH. n1ore a neH
akkyHynnpyk1cn ne 1onLko popoame caoc1aa n kauec1aa nn1ennnren1a, no n caoero
popa an1ncaoc1aa, an1nkauec1aa, ko1opmHn on o6nsan kpn1nuecknH na6nkpennnH sa
nkpLHn qnsnueckoro 1pypa. pepn napopnmx caoc1a, nera1nano ouennaaeHmx
nn1ennnrenune, nasoay, a nepayk ouepepL, 6espasnnune ko HnornH pyxoanmH
uennoc1nH n npepnou1enne nH uennoc1e Ha1epnanLnmx, nepncunnnnnnpoaannoc1L,
konnek1nansH, nepoouenky caHoc1on1enLnoro snauennn yHc1aennoro 1pypa n yue6m,
snann, nanneaa1enLckoe o1nouenne k ce6e, caonH cnoco6noc1nH n spopoaLk n 1.p.
aknH o6pasoH, napop - o6paseu ne-noppaxannn pnn nn1ennnrenunn. norne ee
poc1onnc1aa cy1L ero npeoponennme nepoc1a1kn. Hec1e c 1eH, ampennncL ns
napopno cpepm n o1pennncL o1 nee, nn1ennnren1 nepaoro nokonennn, ec1ec1aenno,
c1peHn1cn coxpann1L 1o xopouee, u1o npnxopnnocL eHy anpe1L a popnmx n 6nnsknx, a
cocepnx n 1.p. pesynL1a1e, aecLHa Hnorne ero caoc1aa n kauec1aa okasmaak1cn
o1paxenneH (npnHmH n o6pa1nmH) caoc1a n kauec1a nopopnauero ero napopa.
1ckpa 1esnc: kakoa napop, 1akoaa n ero nn1ennnrenunn. e 6ype1 napopa, nyc1L
paxe c ero nepoc1a1kaHn, - ne c1ane1 n nn1ennnrenunn c ee poc1onnc1aaHn. na
y1epne1 nenoa1opnHoe naunonanLnoe nnuo. na y1pa1n1 n xnsnennyk onopy, n
xnsnennyk nepcnek1nay.
apo ckasa1L, u1o pycckan nn1ennnrenunn, a caoeH 6onLunnc1ae, 6mna c napopoH po
1ex nop, noka 6esyHne knaccoao 6opL6m 1905-1921 rr. ne a6nno Hexpy nnHn knnn, a
nonn1nka cospannn "counanLno opnopopnoro o6uec1aa" ne sac1aanna nn1ennnrenunk
sapyHa1Lcn o aocc1anoanennn n ykpennennn counanLnmx rpannu. o anoxa knaccoamx
332
6n1a yxopn1 a npounoe. ne ponxnm y1n n npone1apckn nn1epnaunonannsH, n
nn1ennnren1ckn kocHononn1nsH - pae kpanne npeonornn a1o anoxn.
cae1e acero ckasannoro nonpo6yeH 1pancqopHnpoaa1L npo6neHy "nn1ennnrenunn n
napop" a npo6neHy "pycckan nn1ennnrenunn n pycckn napop".
XHEUB BmB YKHM? BYQB HM!
y1pa1, ko1opme nonecna pycckan nn1ennnrenunn nocne 1917 r., aecLHa
ouy1nHa y1pa1a co6c1aenno "pycckoc1n". oae1ckan nn1ennnrenunn, paxe a
uen1panLno occnn, - a1o paneko ne 1o xe caHoe, u1o popeaonkunonnan, a
o1nouennn naunonanLnoro coc1aaa n naunonanLnoro caHocosnannn.
cnoanmH cocnoaneH, noc1aannaunH nn1ennnrenunk c XVIII po nocnepne 1pe1n XIX
aa., 6mno a occnn pyxoaenc1ao, o1nnuaaueecn HononaunonanLnmH pyccknH coc1aaoH.
1870-x rr. rnaanmH "noc1aaunkoH" c1anoan1cn pycckoe kpec1Lnnc1ao. 1nH
o6c1on1enLc1aoH n o6Lncnne1cn nannune a occnn aennkonennoro kopnyca pyccko a
uenoH nn1ennnrenunn, o1nnunauecn a naykax n nckycc1aax. a qone 6nnc1a1enLnoro
cosaespnn pyccknx nHen ac1peuanncL nnuL o1penLnme akpannennn - nonLckne,
neHeukne, eapeckne, paxe qpanuysckne, pa1ckne n 1.p. o onn, kak npaanno
o1oxpec1annnn ce6n c pyccknHn (onansnn, anL, nok), pa6o1ann a 1papnunnx
pyccko kynL1ypm n npaaocnaann (ean1an, e1, n1okonLckn), nnkaknH o6pasoH ne
npe1enpyn na caok co6c1aennyk naunonanLnyk cneunqnky.
H u n mm u
u .
B - u n , mx n,
n n mn 1990-x[2].
cnn yuec1L, u1o 1a pycckan nn1ennnrenunn, c ko1opo occnckan nHnepnn axopnna a
nonocy peaonkun, nopaeprnacL snaun1enLnoHy ynnu1oxennk, uac1Lk aHnrpnpoaana,
uac1Lk nepeHennna cao c1a1yc, 1o ne npnxopn1cn ypnann1Lcn, u1o coae1ckan
kynL1ypa yxe a 1920-1930-e rr. ao HnoroH y1pa1nna npeeHc1aennoc1L, pycckyk
naunonanLnyk cneunqnky (ne sa6ypeH, koneuno, n an1npycckoe nonn1nueckoe
aospec1ane anac1e). paapa, a cnny 1oro, u1o pycckne npepc1aannk1 a occnn
a6conk1noe 6onLunnc1ao, poccnckan nn1ennnrenunn ceropnn a caoeH 6onLunnc1ae
1akxe npepc1aanena pyccknHn. pnako a pacue1e na 1mcnuy uenoaek pycckne nHek1
HenLue nnu c amcunH o6pasoaanneH, ueH neko1opme napopm, eue nepaano aoace ne
nHeaune nncLHennoc1n.
ocnepc1ann naunonanLno pnckpnHnnaunn pyccknx, nonm1ok amkopueaa1L ns nac
naunonanLnoe cosnanne aecLHa ckasmaak1cn a ceropnnune pyxoano xnsnn. ouno
po 1oro, u1o acepLes pe6a1npyk1cn aonpocm: a ec1L nn aoo6ue pycckan naunn kak
1akoaan? koro cun1a1L pyccknH? ne pac1aopnnncL nn pycckne a ppyrnx napopax?
amcue c1enenn xapak1epnmH nokasancn Hne pnanor yaaxaeHoro Hno ..
oaopyxnna c 1eneaepyue . kennno, nokasannm nepaano a nepepaue
"eypo6nme aonpocm" no nporpaHHe "eaepnan kopona":
H.A.: HMy, cmn ycck , Mn r nc,
c ycckM, ccnM?
C.F.: /n M, m ycckM yMnc ycck, ym,
rym. HaMy "ccn" , M "ycck". HyM x cnM
333
"ycck" ack ycckr nn. Crnm ccn - a cn n,
cn 70 n cMmnc. H, Mx , aMy m nn,
y r. A ack c ycck cncn nM nq
Xck.
pypno ckasa1L, uero 6onLue a a1oH o1ae1e pycckoro pexnccepa: "aennkonenno
ne6pexnoc1n" xypoxnnka, neaexec1aa, xenannn ana1npoaa1L, 6ec1ak1noc1n,
nexenannn paccyxpa1L... Hexpy 1eH, nopo6nan ny1annua a npepc1aanennnx epaa nn
ne a Hope na ceropnnunn penL! naano npnunno nopo6no "Hopm", na Ho asrnnp,
nanne1cn snaun1enLnoe konnuec1ao a occnn nn1ennnren1oa nepycckoro n cHeuannoro
nponcxoxpennn. epon1no, nH xo1enocL 6m y6epn1L ce6n n ppyrnx, u1o pycckan naunn,
pycckan nn1ennnrenunn - qan1oH, c ko1opmH ne c1on1 n cun1a1Lcn. 1o na a1o Hoxno
ckasa1L?
ycckn napop nsnauanLno nonna1nnuen n no kpane Hepe paaxpm yxe
npeo6pasoamaan a1nnueckyk unx1y a epnnm cnnaa. o-nepamx, eue a nesanaHn1nme
apeHena na 1eppn1opnn uen1panLno nmneune occnn uno cnnnnne cnaanncknx,
qnnno-yropcknx n c1ennmx nneHen. o-a1opmx, a XIII aeke epnnm pycckn napop
nopaeprcn nauec1ank 1a1apo-Honronoa. u1o xe? m ne 1onLko amc1onnn n caeprnn
nro 1a1ap, ne 1onLko o1o6pann y nnx ue1mpe xanc1aa, a 1oH uncne n6npL, no n
nepeaapnnn npnuenLuea a1nnueckn. 1o ne1 nasap nnkoHy ne nyxno 6mno o6Lncnn1L,
u1o 1akoe pycckne, n ueH onn o1nnuak1cn o1 1ex xe 1a1ap, nnryue nnn eapeea.
paapa, a XX aeke Hm cnoaa nopaepranncL naunonanLnoHy pasrpoHy n nauec1ank
nnopopuea - 1kpkoa, kaakasuea, eapeea, Honrononpoa. o nx 1opxec1ao n na a1o1 pas
- apeHennoe. ycckn a1noc - cnnLnm a1noc. m nepeaapnH (yxe nepeaapnaaeH) n
a1y nopunk uyxo kpoan, pac1aopnH ee a caoe, aosLHeH ns nee nyuuee n cnoaa
o6pe1eH ay1en1nunoc1L.
1o pae1 Hne a1y yaepennoc1L? o apeHn nocnepne nepenncn 6onee 82% nacenennn
onpepennnn ce6n kak pyccknx. osHoxno, a1nnueckn unc1mx pyccknx cpepn a1nx
nkpe a6conk1noe 6onLunnc1ao, aosHoxno - ne1. 1o pena ne Henne1. 82%
n m n , m n , xn u
n [3]! ycnoannx nens6exnoro cokpauennn cHeuannmx 6pakoa (a a1a
nens6exnoc1L pnk1ye1cn o1penenneH occnn o1 ppyrnx pecny6nnk 6mauero n
nporpeccnpykunH poc1oH naunonanLnoro cenapa1nsHa, HexnaunonanLno
nanpnxennoc1n) yxe a cnepykueH nokonennn pycckan a1nnueckan nna1qopHa
snaun1enLno okpenne1. ecnn pycckne aocc1anoan1 caoe nonoxenne nepaoro cpepn
paanmx, konconnpnpyk1cn, o6ecneua1 caon naunonanLnme nn1epecm (ne coHneaakcL,
u1o 1ak n 6ype1), 1o npn ouepepno nepenncn pyccknHn noxenak1 nasaa1Lcn ne 82%,
a ropaspo 6onee: Hnorne nonykpoakn saxo1n1 y1ounn1L caok naunonanLnoc1L a nauy
nonLsy. 1o Hoxno ckasa1L nH? oueuL 6m1L pyccknH - 6ypL nH! o am6npa opnn pas
naacerpa.
o u1o a1o snaun1: 6m1L pyccknH? ueH saknkuae1cn pycckoc1L? akoam npnsnakn,
ycnoann, konc1pynpykune naunonanLnyk npnnapnexnoc1L?
REK RH BmB YKHM?
, koneuno, nenpaa, y1aepxpan, u1o a1nnueckn pycckne - na caHoH pene ne
pycckne. e cnepye1 6m1L 6onLunH naunc1oH, ueH rn1nepoaum, ponyckaaune opnoro
neapnckoro npepka a 1pe1LeH konene. o pnn 1oro, u1o6m cosnaaa1L ce6n pyccknH,
opno a1nnuecko unc1o1m Hano, a1o npaapa.
334
npoueH, n nepoouennaa1L a1nnueckn qak1op - neaepno. 1oro xe oaopyxnna a
qnnLHe "occnn, ko1opyk Hm no1epnnn", a annsope, rpe pacckasmaae1cn o eapecknx
kopnnx ennna, cnepye1 nponnueckn koHHen1apn: "apy1ecL, an1nceHn1m!" , ao
acnkoH cnyuae, a 6m1y, ne "an1nceHn1", ne "an1nuaep" n ne "an1nkanHmk", no n
u u mu , x m
, nu, . "e Hor
uapn1L on naue cnaam, ne Hor nonn1L a ce Hnr kpoaaam..." n 1.p. e 6mno pyccko
kpoan n y 6onLue uac1n pykoaopn1ene counannc1nueckoro panxennn aoo6ue -
acepoa, HenLueankoa, 6onLueankoa... axe rposnm n yHnm aannkoa, pycckn
paopnnnn, 6mn nnuL Hapnone1ko a pykax eapen ano seqa, u1o xe roaopn1L o
pyccko napopno 6yn1auno c1nxnn, nonyunaue nepycckoro uapn a ronoay. Henno
a a1oH - npnunna ycnexa pyccko nyraueaunnm XX aeka n nocnepykuero pycckoro
renounpa. ak u1o aoace ne o6paua1L annHannn na a1nnueckoe nponcxoxpenne
npepnonaraeHoro pycckoro - onacno. o n orpannunaa1Lcn a1nH nenLsn.
norne cun1ak1, u1o pycckoc1L 1oxpec1aenna npaaocnaank. anLue, nko6m,
kpeuenm 1a1apnn, eape "1epnnn" caok naunonanLnoc1L. paaocnaane-pe nckonnan
ocnoaa pyccko kynL1ypm, pyccko Hopann, pycckoro pyxa. ce a1o 1oxe neaepno.
xn xn, mn. ycL ne acerpa 6mna
npaaocnaano, nnkorpa ne 6mna opnnakoao n coaepuenno npaaocnaano, ona n ceuac
ne ouenL-1o npaaocnaana (aouepkoaneno acero 4-6% nacenennn), ne1 nnkaknx
rapan1n, u1o ona 6ype1 npaaocnaano a 6ypyueH. 1o coaepuenno ne snaun1, u1o
pyccknx ne 6mno po kpeuennn ycn, u1o nx ne1 ceuac nnn ne 6ype1 anocnepc1ann.
nkakoro "rena npaaocnaann" a naue kpoan noka u1o ne o6napyxeno. poHe 1oro,
oun6ouno pyHa1L, u1o kpeuenm eape, k npnHepy, nepec1ae1 6m1L eapeeH n
c1anoan1cn pyccknH. nuero nopo6noro! o HonH neopnokpa1nmH na6nkpennnH, on
kak 6mn, 1ak n oc1ae1cn cmnoH caoero napopa, c ero nc1opnuecknH onm1oH, c
o6ycnoanenno a1nH onm1oH HopenLk noaepennn, c ero kpenko any1pnnaunonanLno
cnako... apnaunonanLnoc1L xpnc1nanc1aa npn a1oH cpa6a1maae1 paonko: amkpec1,
Hoxe1 6m1L, n ne cun1ae1 ce6n eapeeH (npoponxan nH a pec1an1enLnoc1n 6m1L), no n
pyccknH ce6n 1oxe yx nnkak ne cun1ae1. 1ak, npaaocnaane - o1nkpL ne
konc1pynpykun naunk npnsnak: n , n
- . noc1anLrnn no npaaocnaano-Honapxnuecko occnn -
ne 6onee, ueH nonn1nueckn poHan1nsH.
k6me nonm1kn konc1pynpoaa1L pycckoc1L no kaknH-1o Hnc1nuecknH,
npoanpenunanLnnmH napaHe1paH n ka1eropnueckn o1aeprak. oaopn1L o nekoe
1pancuepen1no "pyccko npee", "pycckoH aennkoH npepnasnauennn", 1eH 6onee
nm1a1Lcn naansa1L naH a1y "npek", a1o "npepnasnauenne" - 6eccHmcnenno n
6eso1ae1c1aenno. syuan nc1opnk Hnoro ne1, n npnuen k 1aeppoHy y6expennk, u1o
or, ecnn on n ec1L, ne aHeunaae1cn a xnsnL napopoa. ne ne ac1peuanocL noka a
nc1opnn nnuero, u1o 6mno 6m neaosHoxno o6Lncnn1L Ha1epnannc1nueckn. Hmcn
nc1opnn - aeuL anonne nn1ennnrn6enLnan. oa1oHy nyc1L Hnc1nkn Hnc1nqnunpyk1, a
Hm nopeH panLue.
pnxopn1cn cnmua1L o1 neko1opmx nnu: Hm nkpn pyccko kynL1ypm, pycckn nsmk
naH popno n 1.n. oneuno, ace a1o nac ao HnoroH popnn1 n Hoxe1 na kakoe-1o apeHn
cospa1L nnnksnk o6unoc1n. o ao1 ocenok, na ko1opoH nerko npoaepnk1cn
noc1oponnne noknonnnkn pyccko kynL1ypm: a1o nc1opnn pycckoro napopa. onLko
1o1, k1o o1oxpec1anne1 ce6n c pyccknH nc1opnuecknH npounmH, k1o ne cHo1pn1 na
nero camcoka, a o6Lek1nano o6Lncnne1 n onpaapmaae1 ero, co ace kpoaLk n rpnsLk,
ko1opan a neH ec1L, k1o nk6n1 ace no6epm n poc1nxennn pyccknx n ckop6n1 o6 nx
nopaxennnx n neypauax, k1o ne o1penne1 ce6n o1 cypL6m pyccknx pepoa n npapepoa n
naHepen npoponxa1L ee a 6ypyuee, - 1ako uenoaek Hoxe1 ckasa1L o ce6e: n pycckn.
eue. oxno 6m1L cnpaaepnnaeunH cypLe, noka peuL npe1 o noc1oponnnx nkpnx.
o ecnn cypLn naunnae1 cypn1L caok Ha1L, caoero cmna no 1eH xe sakonaH, u1o n
335
ppyrnx, on sacnyxnaae1 1n1yna ne cnpaaepnnaeuero cypLn, a Hepseuero ns
Hepsaauea. 6o nk6oaL ec1L aennuauan necnpaaepnnaoc1L, a6conk1noe n
neHo1nanpoaannoe npepnou1enne koro-1o opnoro - aceH ppyrnH. a1a
necnpaaepnnaoc1L kypa amue nk6o cnpaaepnnaoc1n, no1oHy u1o 1onLko e-1o n xna
uenoaek. ak u1o, korpa n cnmuy, kak "uenoaek pyccko kynL1ypm" na npekpacnoH
pycckoH nsmke cypn1 n ocyxpae1 occnk n pyccknx, ueronnn caoe
6ecnpnc1pac1noc1Lk, n nonnHak: nepepo Hno ne pycckn uenoaek.
o rnaanoe, ec1L aeun neynoanHme, no 1eH ne Henee peanLnme, ko1opme popnn1
pycckoro nn1ennnren1a n pycckoro npoc1onkpnna: a nnx o6napyxnaae1cn nnkeH eue
po konua ne pacnosnannm "naunonanLnm pycckn pyx", nacnepc1aennan naHn1L c
ponc1opnuecknx apeHen. xaa1kn, peakunn, kHop, 1papnunn, uennoc1n, ne 1akne, kak
y ppyrnx napopoa, ace 1o, u1o n na kpak seHnn ampae1 naH coo1euec1aennnka...
openL a1o o6unoc1n - a npounoH, a o6ue Hnoroaekoao nc1opnn. o, ecnn
nc1opnueckoe Hmunenne npncyue, a ocnoanoH, nn1ennnrenunn, 1o ouyuenne
pycckoro pyxa, pycckoro xapak1epa poc1ynno aceH pyccknH.
y, a u1o kacae1cn 1ex koHnonen1oa pycckoro caHoouyuennn, ko1opme pak1cn
snanneH, a ne nn1ynune, ne nnc1nnk1oH, - 1o ec1L nsyuenneH pyccko nc1opnn,
pyccko kynL1ypm, 1o 1y1 napo ckasa1L cnepykuee. ycckn napop, cpaann1enLno c
1eHn xe eapenHn, - eue ouenL Honop, n paneko eue ne 1ak ycaonn n ocosnan
co6c1aennyk nc1opnk, kak eapen, apHnne, neko1opme ppyrne ppeaneune napopm.
a6o1m o6 ykpennennn n pasan1nn pycckoro nc1opnueckoro cosnannn a Hacce pycckoro
napopa, o6 ounuennn ero o1 Hnqoa - ponr nn1ennnrenunn. na ponxna o1ue1nnao
anpe1L, xopouo nonnHa1L n ne sa6maa1L o 1oH, u1o n n
u, un u mu x ,
n n nmn.
onn, a caok ouepepL, cyuec1ayk1, noka npen1nqnunpyk1 ce6n kak pyccknx.
yccko naunn ceropnn yrpoxae1 pnp onacnoc1e. kaxy o neko1opmx.
HRHRmH 3MEH
osHoxno, k1o-1o pacunpn1 Ho cnncok ocnoanmx onacnoc1e; n anxy nx nn1L.
1. -nx, rqv r. 6 a1o 6epe pycckoro napopa
nanncano yxe Hnoro, unqpm n qak1m nsaec1nm, xo1n, Hoxe1 6m1L, ne ao aceH o6LeHe.
oxpaeHoc1L nnxe cHep1noc1n, peqek1nanme pe1n, 6eso1uoaunna, nnpepc1ao no
a6op1aH, poc1 cekcyanLnmx npo6neH, nerannsaunn roHocekcyannsHa n 1.p. - ace a1o
cnnukoH npkne npnHe1m. "mHnpaeH", - 6Lk1 1peaory Hnorne Hon konnern, snakune
cn1yaunk ne no nacnmuke. ccnkna pepeann - ocnoano nc1ounnk aocnponsaopc1aa
napopa a 1papnunonnmx o6uec1aax. ropoxane aronc1nunm n nsnexenm. euen1
ncnpaanennn cn1yaunn specL caHm npoc1o: poxa1L, poxa1L n poxa1L. ypyun o1uoH
n aocnn1a1eneH nn1epmx pyccknx pe1e[4], n nHek HopanLnoe npaao na 1akyk
pekoHenpaunk n ypoc1oaepnk: nnunnx pe1e ne 6maae1.
ocypapc1aennan nporpaHHa noppepxkn pyccknx ceHe neo6xopnHa, no apnp nn Hm ee
a 6nnxauee apeHn poxpeHcn. yxno paccun1maa1L na caon cnnm, ao-nepamx, n
nyxno noppepxnaa1L 1ex nonn1nkoa, ko1opme noc1aan1 npo6neHy pyccko peHorpaqnn
ao rnaay yrna, ao-a1opmx. a1o cansn napo ckasa1L neckonLko cnoa o 1akoH
nonn1nke, kak nekcanpp yuko, npoaosrnacnaun nepaano caok npepam6opnyk
nporpaHHy. e snak, k1o ee ro1oann, no rnynee n apepnee npnpyHa1L u1o-1o 6mno 6m
1pypno. s 1pex nynk1oa nepam 1pe6ye1 aocc1anoanennn rocypapc1aa a rpannuax
, a a1opo o6euae1 naH cospanne nekoe epnno poccncko naunn. m-1o
336
pyHann, yuko noyHnen na neqop1oacknx napax - an, ne1! nn nac, pyccknx nkpe, a
ne npepc1aan1ene Hnqnuecko "poccncko naunn", ne1 nnuero c1paunee, ueH
aoccoepnnenne c pecny6nnkaHn necnaanncknx naun. euac Hm coc1aanneH
a6conk1noe 6onLunnc1ao a caoe c1pane. a cnaann 6mno epaa 50 %, nx
ypenLnm aec neyknonno napan, a c nnH - cnoco6noc1L kon1ponnpoaa1L c1pany.
asaan oksa a nepayk ouepepL n nokasan, u1o nponcxopn1 c rocypapc1aoH,
ocnoaononarakuan naunn ko1oporo 1epne1 qynkunn n caoc1aa nnpepa. cnoaa
aepny1Lcn a a1y cn1yaunk? y yx ne1! (asae 1onLko, ecnn y pyccknx nponsope1
Hounm peHorpaqnueckn aspma, ao u1o cna6o aepn1cn.) esnc o "poccncko naunn"
n yxe pas6npan amue, ne 6ypy noa1opn1Lcn. Hory nonn1L, u1o panrano yuknH,
eapeeH no Ha1epnncko nnnnn, korpa on npoaosrnauan a1o1 1esnc, no cornacn1Lcn c
nnH ne Hory nnkak. onarak, u1o coae1nnkn .. okasann eHy pypnyk ycnyry.
apekcL, nnueH, kpoHe 6oko1a, ns6npa1enn ne o1ae1n1 akc-npesnpen1y.
2. -x, x, rv . xpnc1nanc1ao, n
koHnn1epn, n nmneunnn peHokpa1nn neHano nopa6o1ann a a1oH nanpaanennn. opok
"o6ueuenoaeuecknx uennoc1e" ceuac apope 6m paccenncn, akyne c npnspakoH
"o6ueeaponeckoro poHa". ec1okne ypokn, npenopannme naH ao acex c1opon - c
anapa, c oc1oka, c Kra, o1 naunx 6maunx pecny6nnk - sac1aannn nac cnoaa
acnoHnn1L, u1o Hm pycckne. 1o ouyuenne eue ne poc1a1ouno o1ue1nnao; ono -
caexee aocnoHnnanne, ko1opoe nyxpae1cn a noppepxke, pasan1nn n saun1e. naanan
ponL a a1oH pene npnnapnexn1 nc1opnkaH, qnnonoraH, nckycc1aoaepaH.
3. e ycnenn pycckne sapyHa1Lcn nap caonHn naunonanLnmHn npo6neHaHn, kak
aosnnkna noaan onacnoc1L, npnnecennan nornko kann1annc1nueckoro pasan1nn.
enoaeky, nesaancnHo o1 naunonanLnoc1n, napo kyua1L n pe1e kopHn1L.
ynoHnny1an nornka sac1aanne1 ero ncka1L, k1o sanna1n1 eHy pener a o6Hen na 1pyp,
yHc1aennm nnn qnsnueckn. coxanennk, ao acex cnonx o6uec1aa ec1L neHano
nkpe, paccyxpakunx npnHepno 1ak: "ne ace paano, na koro pa6o1a1L, na aana,
xona, paHa nnn 6paHa, nnuL 6m nna1nn xopouo, n ycnoann 1pypa 6mnn 6m
npnnnunme". aospasn1L nH apope 6m neuero: pm6a nue1, rpe rny6xe, a uenoaek -
rpe nyuue... o ueH a1o o6opaunaae1cn pnn rocypapc1aa? aunonanLnan
npoHmunennoc1L, naunonanLnan nayka 1epnk1 kappm, 1epnk1 npen, 1epnk1
co6c1aenno kann1an. euac Hopno roaopn1L o npnopn1e1noH snauennn nnunoc1n
o1nocn1enLno o6uec1aa n rocypapc1aa: no a1o 1ako xe , kak n
"o6ueuenoaeueckne uennoc1n", n Hnoroe ppyroe, uero Hm nacnyuanncL sa nocnepnne
ropm. 6uec1ao pnn uenoaeka - 1o xe, u1o po pnn nuenm, Hypaaennk pnn HypaaLn.
oHy npnpe1 a ronoay c1aan1L npaaa nuenm, HypaaLn amue npaa pon, Hypaaennka?
1o xpe1 o6uec1ao, unenm ko1oporo ypapn1cn a connncnsH? 1o 6ype1 co aceHn naHn,
ecnn kaxpm c1ane1 pyHa1L 1onLko o ce6e? eo6xopnHo paspa6o1a1L cnc1eHy Hep,
nanpaanennmx npo1na y1eukn naunx yHc1aennmx n qnsnuecknx cnn ns naunonanLno
cqepm. uac1noc1n, cpouno neo6xopnH qonp n nporpaHHm, ananornunme 1eH, u1o
pasaepnyn y nac ne6esmsaec1nm x. opoc, sa ne6onLune penLrn ckynakun nau
nayunm no1enunan, nepcnek1nanme paspa6o1kn, 6epyun nop cao kon1ponL
pyxoanyk xnsnL c1panm. K u: n
m, .
1ak, o6osnaunH ue1ko m n: s r "
". enrepckn eape opoc, yunauncn a nrnnn n npoxnaakun a
Hepnke, acnueckn npeaosnocn1 konuenunk "o1kpm1oro o6uec1aa" n ee cospa1enn -
1akoro xe Hnrpan1a . onnepa: ono ne ypnan1enLno pnn nkpe 6es popnnm. pn a1oH
"o1kpm1oe o6uec1ao" pncye1cn kak nekoe cnnkuee npoc1panc1ao, rpe ace ppyr ppyra
nk6n1 n yaaxak1, ouennaak1 no sacnyraH n paxe amue, rpe cyuec1aye1 pyxoanoe
6pa1c1ao nkpe, noronoano c1onunx na amcueH ypoane Hnpoao kynL1ypm, cnoaoH -
neu1o apope yxe ynoHnnaauecn "yueno pecny6nnkn", y1onnuecko Heu1m
ryHannc1oa n npocae1n1ene. 1o6m ao1n a a1o1 seHno (xo1n n yHospn1enLnm) pa,
napo coaceH neHnoro: sa6m1L o caoe occnn, c ee 6epaHn n sa6o1aHn, o caoeH
337
napope, saxa1oH a 1nckax neocHmcnennoro n 6ecnpocae1noro cyuec1aoaannn, o caonx
co6pa1Lnx-nn1ennnren1ax, sann1mx 6opL6o sa amxnaanne... ac nyc1n1 a "o1kpm1oe
o6uec1ao", no 1onLko 6es a1oro "6annac1a", o1 ko1oporo napo ocao6opn1Lcn, kak o1
rpexoa y apa1 ne6ecnoro pan. 1oH, u1o6m uac1Lk a1oro "o6uec1aa" c1ana occnn kak
1akoaan, neuero n pyHa1L.
e1, "u" m, u, u1o6m ne coxpann ee cnnLnme
Hnpa cero, u1o6m cnauana cpena1L ns nee Horyuero 6oua, a yx no1oH amnycka1L na
apeny 6ecnouapno Hnpoao 6n1am.
4. H n - r. ac1Lk a1o npo6neHm nanne1cn aHnrpaunn
naunonanLno nn1ennnrenunn n pa6oue cnnm, o ueH 1onLko u1o roaopnnocL. o ec1L
n ppyran uac1L npo6neHm: nHHnrpaunn. pecL n anxy paa HoHen1a. o-nepamx, nyxna
nporpaHHa aosapauennn pyccknx, a nepayk ouepepL nn1ennnrenunn, ns c1pan .
1o ncno aceH n paano. o-a1opmx, noka pannan nporpaHHa ne 1oponn1cn nonan1Lcn, a
occnk epy1 n 6ery1 a neHanoH konnuec1ae npepc1aan1enn ppyrnx naun ns panLnero
n 6nnxnero sapy6exLn: kn1aum, aLe1naHum, rpysnnm, kyppm, aqranum, apHnne,
ueuenum n 1.p., n 1.n. opouero pnn nac a a1oH Hano ao acex cHmcnax, a
peHorpaqnueckoH - oco6enno. oa1oHy, n n
x, u , mn
x.
5. H n - mn . ekorpa kappnnan nuenLe
saHe1nn, u1o xo1n rnas uenoaeka ec1L ero nannyuuee ykpauenne, no anp cy6Lek1a, c
ronoam po nor nokpm1oro rnasaHn, amsmaan 6m 6eckoneunoe o1apauenne. akoHy
cyuec1ay on ynopo6nnn c1pany, ace xn1enn ko1opo nonyunnn 6m o6pasoaanne.
ennuaue oun6ko 6pexneackoro npaanennn 6mno aaepenne aceo6uero
o6nsa1enLnoro pecn1nne1nero o6pasoaannn. 6uec1ao ne Hoxe1 n apnp nn korpa-
nn6ypL cHoxe1 o6ecneun1L nn1ennnren1noe sann1ne aceH caonH counenaH.
o1pe6noc1L a qnsnueckoH 1pype a o6ospnHoH 6ypyueH oc1ane1cn. o uenoaeka,
sakonunauero pecn1nne1ky, 1pypno nocna1L unnn1L ynn1asm, nocapn1L sa pynL
koH6ana, rpepepa, noc1aan1L k c1anky, sac1aan1L cnpe1L a posope nnn npoc1o
Hapunpoaa1L: y nero nnoe o ce6e nonn1ne. Hy nenpnc1nxno aceH a1nH sannHa1Lcn,
on 6ype1 amnonnn1L cao 1pyp nexo1n, cxaa sy6m; ero 6ype1 cxnra1L HmcnL o
necoo1ae1c1aenno ero pasan1nk pone, o sno cypL6e, o6npunue n nacHeunnue; on
c1ane1 nn1L n 6yc1aoaa1L.
n1ore 6pexneacko o6pasoaa1enLno peqopHm Hm nonyunnn orpoHnm kon1nnren1
nnoxo o6yuennmx, no sapaxennmx amcoknH caHoHnenneH, aceH nepoaonLnmx nkpe,
ko1opme nnoxo penak1 cao 1pyp, a npn Haneue aosHoxnoc1n npepnoun1ak1 n
aoace ero ne pena1L. ako uenoaek nyuue ykpape1, orpa6n1, ueH c1ane1 nac1n kopoa,
unnn1L cenLxos1exnnky, kpy1n1L rakn, nopHe1a1L ynnum, 1oun1L pe1ann. po1auna a
pean1m n pecn1m knaccm pe6n1, ko1opmH n a aocLHoH-1o 6mno nenerko yun1Lcn, Hm
nopopnnn nokonenne nxpnaenuea n nkHnenoa. ( a1oH ropy epepanLnoe o6panne
anoaL y1aeppnno o6nsa1enLnm xapak1ep cpepnero nonnoro o6pasoaannn: aepx
nepanLnoanpnoc1n!) o nera1nanme counanLnme nocnepc1ann - a1o eue ne ace.
ocHo1pn1e-ka na c1panm anapa, ko1opme paano peunnn pa1L o6pasoaanne aceH
caonH rpaxpanaH. pesynL1a1e onn pacnnaunaak1cn sa a1o: qpanuysm, anrnnuane,
neHum ne xo1n1 6onLue aoo6ue sannHa1Lcn qnsnuecknH 1pypoH, pena1L uepnyk
pa6o1y, ko1opo noka aespe xaa1ae1. ao1 1enepL panunn, nrnnn, epHannn
sapmxak1cn o1 nannmaa nHHnrpan1oa, a 1oH uncne uae1nmx, ro1oamx na nk6o 1pyp.
axpm nn1m napnxannn - kn1aeu! ekaHn y1aepxpa1L npeaocxopc1ao eaponeua n
cpa1L 6es 6on apony - ec1L nn 6onee xec1okan nacHeuka nap sppaamH cHmcnoH n
cHmcnoH nc1opnn?! aepL n a occnn yxe saenen npepynpexpakun saonok: Hm
saaosnnn yxe aLe1naHuea pnn pa6o1m a 1ekc1nnLno n Haunnoc1pon1enLno
npoHmunennoc1n, kopeuea - pnn neconoaana. enepL ne snaeH, kak ns6aan1Lcn...
338
O - u: x
u . naue Hm paspyunH, nkHnennsnpyeH aecL nau napop kak
1akoao - pa6ounx n kpec1Lnnc1ao. na cHeny nH npnpe1cn saa1L nnoc1panuea. eH
a1o konun1cn pnn pyccknx - ncno.
ne xo1en 6m, u1o6m ace, ckasannoe a nac1onue c1a1Le, sapeno 6m uyac1aa ppyrnx
napopoa. o y nac, pyccknx, ec1L caon peanLnme, neampyHannme npo6neHm. m 6ypeH
o nnx pyHa1L, 6ypeH roaopn1L. ypeH nx peua1L. 1o naue peno. 1o naue npaao.
paan1cn a1o koHy-1o nnn ne1.
03.12.94 r.
[1] roaopkcL: yskan rpynna akonoHnc1oa n nonn1nkoa, nn1epa1opoa n
knneHa1orpaqnc1oa, nop6npakunx kpoukn na xnpnmx npesnpen1cknx o6epax, 6ype1,
pasyHee1cn, nm1a1Lcn cospa1L nnnksnk noppepxkn a1oro pexnHa co c1oponm
"nn1ennek1yanLno ann1m". 1n nkpn coHnn1enLnmx papoaann, naxnaakunecn na
o6ue 6epe, 6ypy1 nsoupn1L cao yH, nopmcknaan "nayunme" n "uenoaeueckne"
apryHen1m, u1o6m ypepxa1L anac1L o1 nepeHenm kypca, u1o6m pesopnen1npoaa1L
Haccm, ne nonnHakune, o1kypa na nnx caannnacL acn a1a nanac1L, u1o6m
cnpoaounpoaa1L penpeccnn npo1na unpnuecn n yHnekue onnosnunn. (k1n6pL-93
nHenno na nx coaec1n.)
[2] onm1ka aocc1anoan1L nLro1m npepnpnnn1a poccncknH npaan1enLc1aoH a xope
pyccko-ueuencko aonm: kao1m a aysax ampenenm pnn knouec1aa ueuencko n
nnryucko naunonanLnoc1n.
[3] pnan1enLno, u1o necHo1pn na ace Hepm no cnnxennk ypenLnoro aeca pyccknx n
pasHmaannk nx naunonanLno npen1nunoc1n, npepnpnnn1me pexnHoH nLunna-
y1nna, nocnepnnn nepenncL 2002 ropa nokasana npak1nueckn 1o1 xe npouen1
pyccknx a coc1aae nacenennn!
[4] eropnn n yxe o1eu uec1epmx pe1e (ace o1 opno xenm) n pep 1ponx anykoa.
KHEHHR HH HH H 3QHH
HHHRBH QHXEHHR
YKH HHERRHEHHH
(Q . Q xr q
n rm. H, 2001)
n 1ak1nueckne sapaun amxopa ns sa1nnyauerocn kpnsnca 1pe6yk1 a
nepayk ouepepL ncno konuenunn pasan1nn oao occnn. ako ann1no konuenunn,
noao n aHec1e c 1eH apekaa1no coapeHenno peanLnoc1n, ceropnn ne1. espenoc1L,
neue1koc1L npeonornn - rnaanan npnunna nonn1nuecknx neypau occnn sa ace
nocnepnne ropm.
kauec1ae ncxopno Hopenn npepnarae1cn konuenunn nop nasaanneH aunonan-
peHokpa1nn. o1 ee ocnoanme noc1yna1m.
1. occ1anoanenne a occnn kann1annc1nueckoro cnoco6a nponsaopc1aa, uac1no
co6c1aennoc1n n uac1nokann1annc1nuecko akcnnya1aunn - ec1L pesynL1a1
ec1ec1aennmx n neo6pa1nHmx counanLno-akonoHnuecknx npoueccoa, pasaepny1mx a
339
occnn sa nocnepnne c1o c nnunnH ne1. 1o1 pesynL1a1 ne Hoxe1 6m1L nsHenen no
uLeHy-nn6o nponsaony.
2. cnoao nponsouepunx nepeHen nannncL rny6okne, 1ek1onnueckne nsHenennn a
counanLno c1pyk1ype nacenennn occnn. poHmunennm nepeaopo1, saaepunauncn
a occnn a 1890-e rr., n nocnepykuan nnpyc1pnannsaunn amsaann k xnsnn, sa cue1
nn1encnanoro packpec1Lnnnaannn, c1peHn1enLnm poc1 pa6ouero knacca n eue 6onee
c1peHn1enLnm - nn1ennnrenunn, coc1aannaue no nocnepne popeaonkunonno
nepenncn - nnuL 2,7%, no coc1aanaue a cepepnne 1980-x rr. yxe okono 30%
sann1oro nacenennn. Henno a1a counopnnaHnka n cospana k konuy aeka ycnoann
pnn okonua1enLnoro paspmaa occnn c qeopanLnmH npounmH n nepexopa k
cao6opnoHy pmnky. m, nakoneu, nepexnnn co6c1aennyk 6ypxyasno-
peHokpa1nueckyk peaonkunk, oc1aanennyk, kasanocL, a panekoH eapane 1917 r.
1kypa ona appyr asnnacL a 1990-e?
saec1no, u1o k peaonkunn aepe1 konqnnk1 Hexpy nponsaopn1enLnmHn
cnnaHn n nponsaopc1aennmHn o1nouennnHn. ak 6mno n na a1o1 pas a occnn. ueH
a1o ampasnnocL? ao1 a ueH.
3. naano nponsaopn1enLno cnno a aeke c1ana nayka. e nocn1enL n cospa1enL
- nn1ennnrenunn. o ee co6c1aennnkoH a 6mno rocypapc1ao (un1a: ),
onnpaaueecn na c1po, ko1opm nyuue acero oxapak1epnsoaa1L kak counan-
qeopannsH. n1ennnrenunn npn a1oH c1poe ne anapena nponsaepennmH ek npopyk1oH.
ro sa6npana nap1nn aecL 6es oc1a1ka, a no1oH nna1nna nn1ennnren1aH sapnna1y
napaane c aopn1ennHn rpysoankoa n aa1o6ycoa, a 1o n HenLuyk. cno, u1o
nn1ennnrenunn (1pe1L nacenennn c1panm - nan6onee o6pasoaannan n ak1nanan!) a
uenoH 6mna nac1poena npo1na anac1n nap1nn, npo1na rocypapc1aa pa6ounx n
kpec1Lnn, a ko1opoH ona 1pe1npoaanacL kak nekan npocnoka, kak neu1o
counanLno 1pe1Lecop1noe.
mnn, pasyHee1cn, n nnme Ho1nam npo1naoc1onnnn, pyxoanoro nopnpka.
Hn (a 1oH uncne nap1nno-noHenkna1ypnan), npnaepxennan, a cnny
caoe npnpopm, uennoc1nH 6ypxyasno peHokpa1nn n nayunauancn uyac1aoaa1L caon
kopnopa1nanme, a 1ounee - knaccoame nn1epecm,
. nopo pnn 1o uac1n , ko1opan, ao HnoroH ns nnunmx
caoekopmc1nmx uene, cpenana c1aaky na epec1poky n c1ana paspyua1L ocnoam
o1xnauero c1pon.
n1ennnrenunn nonauany noaepnna a aosHoxnoc1L npeo6pasoaannn oae1cko anac1n
a noam, 6onee npneHneHm pnn nee o6uec1aennm c1po. pnako rnaaa oaHnna
nkona mxkoa, caonH ykasoH 29 peka6pn 1989 ropa sanpe1naun pen1enLnoc1L
1onLko-1onLko nauaaunx pacuae1a1L nspa1enLcknx, Hepnunncknx, neparornuecknx
koonepa1naoa, nac1ynnn na ropno nHenno nn1ennnrenunn, paspyunn ee napexpm n
6ecnoaopo1no o6pek 1eH caHmH oae1ckyk anac1L na rn6enL.
ne 6mno nn knacca 6ypxyasnn, kpoano sann1epecoaannoro a kpyuennn
qeopannsHa (a naueH cnyuae - counan-qeopannsHa), nn 1ak nasmaaeHoro
1pe1Lero cocnoann, 1papnunonnoro nnpepa 6ypxyasno-peHokpa1nuecknx
npeo6pasoaann. onL nocnepnero asnna na ce6n nHenno nn1ennnrenunn, anepame a
nc1opnn ouy1nauan ce6n ne 1onLko HosroH n ne npoc1o nnc1pyHen1oH peaonkunn, a
opnoapeHenno 1eH n ppyrnH. opasn1enLno, no aceanac1nan n acenponnkakuan ,
pacnonaraauan nonno1o Houn acex coae1cknx pener, apHnn, n , okasanacL
6eccnnLna nepep o6uec1aennmH HnenneH n cnno noamx npe. (o n ppyroe - pe1nue
nHenno nn1ennnrenunn.)
340
eropnn, coc1aannn a occnn ne Henee ue1aep1n sann1oro nacenennn, nn1ennnrenunn
nanne1cn rnaanmH rapan1oH neo6pa1nHoc1n nepeHen. okasa1enLno, u1o no nopcue1aH
counonoroa, a 1996 ropy sa kranoaa, 1o ec1L sa ckpoHnme, no c1a6nnLnme
counanLnme rapan1nn, nporonocoaana nnuL opna 1pe1L nn1ennnrenunn, a pae 1pe1n -
sa nLunna n annnckoro, 1o ec1L npo1na aosapa1a k counan-qeopannsHy, papykueHy
amueykasannme rapan1nn.
4. ypxyasno-peHokpa1nueckan peaonkunn 1991-1993 rr. ao HnoroH onpaapana
napexpm caoe rnaano panxyue cnnm - nn1ennnrenunn.
Henno nn1ennnrenunn, nonyuna aosHoxnoc1L neranLno sann1Lcn uac1nmH apaue6nmH,
neparornuecknH, nayunmH, nspa1enLcknH n ppyrnH 6nsnecoH, noc1aanne1 ceropnn
kappm 6ypxyasnn, oco6enno kpynno n cpepne, cansana c nek 1mcnuLk nn1e
popc1aennmx, ppyxecknx, penoamx, nonn1nuecknx o1nouenn.
Henno nn1ennnrenunn po6nnacL caHoro neo6xopnHoro ycnoann caoero nonnouennoro
cyuec1aoaannn - peHokpa1nuecknx cao6op (cnoaa, neua1n, co6pann, coaec1n, coksoa
n 1.p.). 1o aecLHa cneunqnueckne, knaccoame 6nara, npepenLno amcoko uennHme
nn1ennnrenune n poc1a1ouno nnsko - ppyrnHn ka1eropnnHn nacenennn.
Henno nn1ennnrenunn ocyuec1anna neHmcnnHm, neaosHoxnm eue nepaano asne1 k
amco1aH rocypapc1aennoro ynpaanennn. cnn yuec1L, u1o npn op6aueae na
cypL6onocno XIX konqepenunn npepc1aan1enn naykn, npocaeuennn n
kynL1ypm coc1aannn Henee 9%, ecnn na Lespe napopnmx peny1a1oa nx c1ano acero
nnuL 27,4%, 1o ceropnn a ocypapc1aenno yHe npepc1aan1ene pa6ounx n kpec1Lnn
npak1nueckn ne1 aoo6ue (ne cun1an acnnnn anpm6nna), a ace peny1a1m - nHenno
npepc1aan1enn nn1ennnrenunn. onoccanLno ampocna ponL akcnep1oa npn acex ae1anx
anac1n. es nnx ne npnnnHae1cn nn opno peuenne.
Henno nn1ennnrenunn, pecn1nne1nnHn a6npaauan a ce6n nyuune cnnm napopa,
nanne1cn ceropnn rnaanmH uenoaeuecknH pecypcoH - nan6onee 1aopuecknH,
aneprnunmH, o6pasoaannmH, nepepoamH, npopyk1nanmH, pnnaHnuno pasanaakunHcn -
pnn amxopa c1panm ns kpnsnca. Henno nn1ennnrenunn o6onx cek1opoa akonoHnkn -
rocypapc1aennoro n uac1noro - ponxna c1a1L rnaanmH o6Lek1oH nonn1nuecko pa6o1m
nk6o nap1nn, nk6oro nonn1nka, cHo1pnunx a 6ypyuee.
paaoHepno cnpocn1L: ecnn caepunauancn peaonkunn 6mna no caonH panxyunH
cnnaH peaonkune nn1ennnren1cko, ecnn npnuepun na cHeny counan-qeopannsHy
c1po ec1L c1po 1opxec1aa Henepxepoa n akcnep1oa, ecnn pyxoanoe 6m1ne
nn1ennnrenunn 1ak pasn1enLno nepeHennnocL k nyuueHy - 1o noueHy xe ee
Ha1epnanLnoe nonoxenne a uenoH 1ak neaspauno, ee counanLnoe cyuec1aoaanne 1ak
aqeHepno n nenpouno, a ouenka nponcxopnuero c1onL kpn1nuna? oueHy ona
yesxae1?
5. nL1epna1nam kann1annc1nueckoHy pasan1nk occnn ne 6mno n ne1 ne 1onLko no
npnunne c1pyk1ypnmx nepeHen a coc1aae nacenennn. ak nokasana nc1opnn,
noc1poenne counannsHa a opno c1pane sa cue1 ee any1pennnx pecypcoa aoo6ue
npo6neHa1nuno, n6o m ux s x
n ,
ny1eH nepeknapmaannn poxopoa ns kapHana caoero "cnnLnoro" a kapHan caoero
"cna6oro". , rpe ace a1o nponcxopnno sa cue1 nopaanennn npepnpnnnHa1enLc1aa n
xec1oko akcnnya1aunn nn1ennnrenunn, nannkuecn a aek ocnoano 1nrnoao
cnno nponsaopc1aa, - 1onLko uac1nm cnyua.
e 1ak peuak1 caon counanLnme npo6neHm, ckaxeH, c1panm "onLuo eHepkn",
amnnaunaakune caonH 6espa6o1nmH, nnaannpaH, nencnonepaH n Hanoo6ecneuennmH
nnuaH 1akne noco6nn, ko1opme y nac nenLsn sapa6o1a1L n sa nonropa. o a1o
341
nponcxopn1 ne sa cue1 o6npannn naunonanLnmx npepnpnnnHa1ene n naunonanLno
nn1ennnrenunn, a 6naropapn nernacno nonn1nke naunonan-counannsHa, 1o ec1L
counannsHa nnuL pnn caoe naunn, ocyuec1anneHoro sa cue1 neuapnoro orpa6nennn
ppyrnx naun. pecL, kak anpnH, 1oxe nponcxopn1 nepepacnpepenenne cpepc1a, no na
ce pas - ns kapHana uyxoro cna6oro a kapHan caoero cnnLnoro, 6naropapn ueHy
o6pe1ae1cn kopH n pnn caonx cna6mx. B, m
m um q, m x, . axe1cn, a1o
nonoxenne aeue nnk1o, kpoHe Henn, ne ocHennaae1cn nasmaa1L naunonan-
counannsHoH, nop6npan 6onee npnc1onme nasaannn, no onn ne Hennk1 cy1n pena.
o, u1o n1nep Heu1an co1aopn1L pnn neHuea cnno opyxnn n npnHn1nanoro
pa6oanapennn, ero ypaunname yuennkn co1aopnnn unc1o akonoHnuecknHn n
npeonornuecknHn He1opaHn, ne npn6eran k npnHmH saaoeaannnH. x ycnexn o1 a1oro
ne c1ann Henee aneua1nnkunHn n saanpnmHn. XX aek npopeHonc1pnpoaan
opnosnauno: ,
mu -, m m n
x x - nyc1L paxe k neypoaonLc1ank acex
oc1anLnmx.
o po 1akoro naunonan-counannsHa napo popac1n, napo npepaapn1enLno o6pac1n
akonoHnuecknHn HmuuaHn. apo am1n a nepepoankn kann1annc1nueckoro
nponsaopc1aa. c1opnn yun1, u1o ny1L k nopo6noHy rocnopc1ay nexn1 uepes
nonn1nky onopm na co6c1aennme cnnm, uepes a1an pnk1a1ypm naunonanLnoro
kann1ana, uepes naunonan-kann1annsH. o ec1L kann1annsH, na1ponnpyeHm, no n
kon1ponnpyeHm, perynnpyeHm naunonanLnmH rocypapc1aoH. (pnHepm ceropnn:
n1a, Le1naH.)
occnn, yam, u,
u, . ecyun aceHy nacenennk c1panm, aceH
a6opnrenaH, ne sann1mH nenocpepc1aenno a koHnpapopckoH 6nsnece, - a6conk1noe n
o1nocn1enLnoe o6nnuanne, y1pa1y c1a6nnLnoc1n n xnsnennmx nepcnek1na.
n1ennnrenunn, no onpepenennk panLue n nyuue ppyrnx noc1nrakuan peanLnoc1L,
pearnpye1 na nee anonne apekaa1no, 1o ec1L - kpn1nueckn. e npepanpn nyuunx
apeHen, ona paxe noknpae1 nauy c1pany.
o nepeHena k nyuueHy a nonoxennn poccncknx nn1ennnren1cknx Hacc n,
coo1ae1c1aenno, counanLnoro caHouyac1ann nn1ennnrenunn ponxna nponso1n a
nepanekoH 6ypyueH. 1o cansano c nauaaunHcn nepexopoH o1 kononnanLnoro,
koHnpapopckoro kann1annsHa (ao ace Hnoronnkoc1n ero nponanenn) - k naunonan-
kann1annsHy, ko1opm, 1aknH o6pasoH, c1anoan1cn xnsnenno sapaue naunonanLno
nn1ennnrenunn.
6. nonne nonn1no, u1o na 1akoH 6asnce, kak naunonan-kann1annsH, Hoxe1 ampac1n
1onLko 1akan napc1poka, kak naunonan-peHokpa1nn. o ec1L, peHokpa1nn,
orpannuennan no naunonanLnoHy npnsnaky.
a npak1nke a1o osnauae1, u1o paaenc1ao npaa rpaxpannna n nerpaxpannna occnn a
nk6o o6nac1n xnsnn n pen1enLnoc1n (a 1oH uncne npepnpnnnHa1enLcko) c1anoan1cn
neaosHoxnmH. onee 1oro, npno6pe1enne poccnckoro rpaxpanc1aa 1akxe c1anoan1cn
npo6neHo pnn onpepenennmx ka1eropn xn1ene ne 1onLko eHnn, no n caHo
occnn.
pnHepm nopo6noro rocypapc1aennoro yc1poc1aa nHek1cn a poc1a1ounoH konnuec1ae
ne 1onLko cpepn pasanaakunxcn c1pan, no n cpepn 1aknx yxe anonne pasan1mx c1pan,
kak nnn spannL. (ue c1apan Hapkcnc1ckan 4q sn
ykasmaana: Hu - rcyc r
k, k cc n-cn n
342
cMy ay cn kncc c xy cn a
n; qM rcycr n c, m ncky
cMc yn c knn ccM MnM, kn
c nm , yrnyn k
n-cn n.)
7. 1ak, sapaun aneHen1apnoro amxnaannn Hacc o1euec1aenno nn1ennnrenunn
ec1ec1aenno 1pancqopHnpyk1cn a na1pno1nueckne sapaun. osnunn copec1ann
o1euec1aennoHy napopnoHy xosnc1ay nepec1ae1 6m1L kpacnao noso n
npeapauae1cn a ocosnannyk neo6xopnHoc1L. anLneuee noc1nxenne uennoc1e
naunonannsHa - 1onLko aonpoc apeHenn. 6o nepexop o1 a6c1pak1nmx (coae1ckoro
nepnopa) npeanoa kann1annsHa n peHokpa1nn k konkpe1nmH sapauaH naunonan-
kann1annsHa n naunonan-peHokpa1nn pnk1ye1cn caHo xnsnLk konkpe1noro knacca a
konkpe1no c1pane n a konkpe1noe apeHn. nHenno - nn1ennnrenunn a occnn
ceuac.
Hc1aennme ycnnnn naunnakuero na1pno1a nens6exno npnaopn1 ero pano nnn nospno
k ocosnannk npoc1o nc1nnm: aunn nepanuna, rocypapc1ao - a1opnuno. e 6ype1
cnnLno, spopoao, Hnorope1no, 6ora1o rocypapc1aoo6pasykue naunn - ne 6ype1
n cnnLno npouae1akue c1panm.
ocypapc1aoo6pasykuan naunn occnn - pycckne. 1o qak1, nerko yc1anaannaaeHm
nc1opne n counonorne.
anLneuee nonn1no. c1ec1aennan aaonkunn pycckoro na1pno1a (a nopHe,
pasyHee1cn) npeo6pasye1 ero a pycckoro naunonannc1a. n1ennnren1 - ne
ncknkuenne.
8. ueanpno, u1o peuenne c1pa1ernueckn nepaoc1enenno sapaun cHenm
kononnanLnoro 1nna kann1annsHa na naunonanLnm a occnn cansano c nsHenenneH
nonn1nueckoro pexnHa; c pesknH ycnnenneH ponn rocypapc1aa; c
coaepuenc1aoaanneH cnc1eHm ynpaanennn c1pano; co cnoHoH conpo1nanennn
koHnpapopcko 6ypxyasnn n cansannmx c nek cnoea; c apekaa1no peakune na
nens6exnoe o6oc1penne o1nouenn c pasan1mHn c1panaHn, sann1epecoaannmHn a
coxpanennn pexnHa koHnpapopoa; c Ho6nnnsaune any1pennnx cnn n pecypcoa,
oco6enno uenoaeuecknx; c Houno npeonornuecko, nponaranpnc1cko-arn1aunonno
kaHnanne.
ycnoannx, korpa papn npo1naopec1ann pexnHy koHnpapopoa nyxno Ho6nnnsoaa1L,
konconnpnpoaa1L opny uac1L nacenennn, pacnponaranpnpoaa1L ppyryk,
ne1pannsoaa1L 1pe1Lk n pesopnen1npoaa1L, npeno pasopyxn1L n pasrpoHn1L
ue1aep1yk, - a a1nx ycnoannx ponL npeonornn, snauenne uen1pannsoaanno,
oprannsoaanno, nnanoao nponaranpm n arn1aunn aennkn kak nnkorpa. snauenne n
aoc1pe6oaannoc1L naunonanLno nn1ennnrenunn pesko aospac1ae1.
9. onoxenne ocnoxnne1cn 1eH, u1o pycckn napop a uenoH n pycckan nn1ennnrenunn
a uac1noc1n nopaeprnncL cnnLneue penaunonannsaunn. pnako ceropnn yaepenno
Hoxno ckasa1L, u1o a occnn ace uancm na nepcnek1nay nHee1 naunonanLnm
npnnunn o6Lepnnennn, ampaaauncn ns-nop aekoaoro sa6aennn n sanpe1a n yxe
nponanaun ce6n na npoc1opax 6mauero a nonnoH 6necke. oouepepno ero
npnnnnn, na aoopyxenne n cpenann onpepennkunH, konc1n1ynpykunH pnn caonx
c1pan - npn6an1m, apHnne, rpysnnm, <...> - ace 6maune pecny6nnkn oae1ckoro
oksa (kpoHe enopyccnn)
u, s , u
.
343
o ouepepL poxopn1 n po nac, pyccknx. pouecc npe1 ne cnnukoH 6mc1po: y pyccko
naunn kak nn y kako ppyro, okasanncL c6n1m naunonanLnme opnen1npm. 1986 r.,
no onpocaH, nnuL 17% pyccknx ocosnaaann ce6n kak pycckne n eue 5% - ne snann,
kak onpepenn1Lcn, Hexpy 1eH kak 78% cun1ann ce6n coae1cknHn. ( 1o apeHn kak
90% ac1onuea 1aeppo snann, u1o onn - ac1onum.) 1a uypoanunan c1enenL
penaunonannsaunn pyccknx nHee1 caon konkpe1nme n ncnme npnunnm. o ceropnn
pec1ane a1nx npnunn nn6o ocna6neno, nn6o aoace caepeno na ne1.
apo noHnn1L, u1o c 1991 ropa occnn - ne : s sn,
un , rpe pycckne coc1aannk1 po 85% nacenennn (c
pena1pnan1aHn - no6onee).
k6o nenpepasn1m asrnnp saHeuae1 c1peHn1enLnm poc1 pycckoro naunonannsHa.
o y1aepxpennk counonoroa, ceropnn yxe 45% pyccknx cun1ak1 ce6n pyccknHn (sa
nn1napua1L ne1 a1o1 npouen1 ampoc na 28 nynk1oa!), 1onLko 28% - poccnnnaHn n
nnuL 16% - coae1cknHn nkpLHn (coaokynnoc1L poccnnn n coae1cknx, 1.e. ne
naunonanLno, a rpaxpanckn opnen1npoaannmx nnu, na 34 nynk1a nonnsnnacL no
cpaanennk c 1986 ropoH!). pacnopeuname unqpm roaopn1 caHn sa ce6n. H
n u , u, ,
n , x , x, . n paneko ne
sakonuen, no nepenoH yxe nponsouen.
10. ueHy a nonn1nke ponxen c1peHn1Lcn pycckn nn1ennnren1, kako c1po
cosna1enLno y1aepxpa1L n c1pon1L? 1o ponxno 6m1L pycckoe naunonanLno-
peHokpa1nueckoe rocypapc1ao no qopHe n 1exnokpa1nueckoe o6uec1ao no
copepxannk.
apo ncno n ue1ko ocosna1L n o6osnaun1L npnopn1e1m. nn npopmaa a
noc1nnpyc1pnanLnoe o6uec1ao, pnn sann1nn a neH koHanpnmx amco1
n u ( n) -
xm, n ace ycnnnn napopa nanpaan1L na cospanne e on1nHanLnmx ycnoan
pnn 1aopuec1aa.
enLsn sa6maa1L nn na Hnny1y, u1o rnaanan nponsaopn1enLnan cnna coapeHennoc1n (n
o6ospnHoro 6ypyuero 1oxe) - a1o nayka. xe ceropnn ona kopHn1, opeaae1 n pyxoano
o6ecneunaae1 uenoaeuec1ao, a 1oH uncne pa6ounx, kpec1Lnn, aoennmx n
ryHann1apnea. nayka, a 1.u. 1exnonornn, - a ronoaax 1exnokpa1oa.
oa1oHy kpec1Lnne ponxnm kopHn1L 1exnokpa1oa, pa6oune - pena1L pnn nnx
neo6xopnHyk npopykunk, aoennme - saunua1L nx, ryHann1apnn - pasaneka1L, papn1L
pyxoanme nHnynLcm, 6ypn1L 1aopueckyk HmcnL, npepnpnnnHa1enn - aknapmaa1L a nnx
penLrn. ce a1o c1okpa1 okynn1cn pnn kaxporo! (6epn1enLnm npnHep: yxe ceropnn
poxop o1 1oproann na1en1aHn n nnuensnnHn a 2,3 pasa amue, ueH o1 1oproann
1oaapaHn, n a1a nponopunn pac1e1.)
apo sac1aan1L ace cocnoann n knaccm nonn1L neo6xopnHoc1L nepaoouepepnoro
o6ecneuennn nHenno 1exnokpa1oa aceH nyuunH, u1o y nac ec1L, y6epn1L a
ec1ec1aennoc1n nx npnannern n npepora1na. 1o - n 1onLko a1o! - nopxnec1ne1
aaonkunk, nanpaan1 ee no aepnoHy ny1n.
1ak, ocnoano akuen1 rocypapc1ao ponxno pena1L na pasan1nn ne c1onLko
nenocpepc1aenno nponsaopc1aenno 6asm, ckonLko naykn (qynpaHen1anLno n
npnknapno). 1o nepaan neo6xopnHoc1L nepao ouepepn.
1opan neo6xopnHoc1L nepao ouepepn - po1npoaanne cenLckoro xosnc1aa a
o6LeHax, o6ecneunaakunx naunonanLnyk 6esonacnoc1L.
344
oo1ae1c1aykue ponxna 6m1L counanLnan nonn1nka, nnanoHepno npeo6pasykuan
nponopunn counanLnmx c1pa1 a c1opony yaennuennn knaccoa nn1ennnrenunn n
kpec1Lnnc1aa, a 1oH uncne qepHepckoro, sa cue1 cokpauennn pa6ouero knacca.
npo1nanoH cnyuae aosnnkae1 yrposa Haccoao 6espa6o1num n nporpeccnpykue
penonynnunn pycckoro napopa. 1o Hoxe1 o6eccHmcnn1L ack pycckyk nepcnek1nay
aoo6ue.
cno, u1o aqqek1nano 1akan nonn1nka Hoxe1 6m1L 1onLko a ycnoannx o1nocn1enLno
saHkny1oro xosnc1aennoro unkna. 1oH uncne no1oHy, u1o nnaue y1euka Hosroa, yxe
npnnnauan xapak1ep naunonanLnoro 6epc1ann, 6ype1 pac1n, nnuan c1pany n naunk
kaknx-nn6o uancoa na amxnaanne a XXI aeke. 1o - opno ns naunx rnaanmx son,
onacnoc1L ko1oporo noka nepoouenena npaan1ennHn occnn. oc1poenne
naunonanLnoro pycckoro rocypapc1aa nonnoc1Lk koppennpye1 c sapaue cospannn
o1nocn1enLno (nenonno) aa1apknn no npnnunny onopm na co6c1aennme cnnm.
norouncnennme counanLnme n nonn1nueckne neo6xopnHoc1n, nponc1ekakune ns
amueonncanno napapnrHm, nepeuncnn1L specL ne1 aosHoxnoc1n.
nepye1 nnuL noc1aan1L aonpoc o 1oH, kakan ponn nponsaepennoro 1exnokpa1aHn
npopyk1a, a 1.u. nn1ennek1yanLnoro, ponxna oc1aaa1Lcn a co6c1aennoc1n
nponsaopn1enn n kaknH ponxen 6m1L HexannsH, pacnpepennkun a1o1 npopyk1 Hexpy
nponsaopn1eneH n 6kpxe1oH rocypapc1aa. o a1o1 aonpoc ne nHee1 unc1o
1eope1nueckoro paspeuennn, noa1oHy specL n orpannuycL nnuL ero noc1anoako n
nanoHnnanneH: oaan occnn ne nHee1 npaaa noa1opn1L a a1oH aonpoce pokoayk
oun6ky c1apo, oae1cko occnn.
3. BRBUEHKH H3 Km BUE
yxe o6unH Hec1oH y1aepxpenne o 1oH, u1o eapen cmrpann ne 1onLko ponL
npecc-cekpe1apn poccncknx peqopH, ro1oaoro a nk6o HoHen1 o6Lncnn1L napopaH
occnn uepes caon ace snrsarn epec1pokn, no n ponL rnaanoro u1a6a
npeo6pasoaann. Henno nH npnnapnexn1 "uec1L konuen1yanLnoro o6ecneuennn kak
akonoHnuecko cyunoc1n peqopH, 1ak n nx nonn1nueckoro oqopHnennn. ak yxe
saHeueno amue, ceropnn a occnn paxe cnoxnncn nonynnpnm xanp: "n n
- n". epoc1a1ka a apen1ax a1oro xanpa ne1, no Hm paccHo1pnH 1onLko
napy caHmx kpynnmx.
co6yk nac1ounaoc1L a nonm1kax nayun1L pyccknx npaannLno xn1L n Hmcnn1L
nponannk1 qnnocoq-nk6n1enL apk au (pok1op reonoro-Hnnepanornuecknx nayk) n
npenopaaa1enL qnnocoqnn ropL y6ac - 6pa1 neypo6osa6maaeHoro, kak roaapnaan
epuen, rapapo-enLunnckoro "Hnnnc1pa-apHnnnc1pa1opa, cnyc1nauero sa 6ecuenok
nauy c1pany xynnkaH n nnoc1panuaH. nx counnennnx Hoxno na1n nou1n nonnm
na6op npeonoreH (un1a: HnqonoreH), naansmaaeHmx ceropnn pycckoHy cosnannk.
c1peuan a1n npeonoreHm, pas6pocannme a pasnnunmx yc1nmx n nncLHennmx
amc1ynnennnx, Hm cpasy ysnaeH M: uero onn o1 nac xo1n1.
auneH c nepaoro ns nasaannmx nac1ounamx nac1aannkoa - apka aua.
3.1. E U HHHE! MB U - !
Hne yxe npnunocL noneHnsnpoaa1L c nnH na c1pannuax "esaancnHo
rase1m, amnyc1na c1a1Lk c nasaanneH "onLueankn ns 1kpm1oro 6uec1aa. paapa,
345
noneHnka a ne una ne c1onLko c aueH, uLe counanLno-nonn1nueckoe 1aopuec1ao
nonnoc1Lk a1opnuno n aknek1nuno, a c ero kyHnpoH - apnoH onnepoH, eaponecknH
eapeeH, 6exaaunH o1 n1nepa a Hepnky. nynme n pnne1an1ckne cyxpennn a1oro
nceaponc1opnocoqa po 1oro apeHenn ne nonyuann eue a occnn sacnyxennoro o1nopa.
a1o onn acnueckn nponaranpnpoaanncL eapecknH HnnnnappepoH xoppxeH
opocoH, ncnonLsykunH nx, a oco6ennoc1n konuenunk "o1kpm1oro o6uec1aa, kak
npenm nnc1pyHen1 pnn c1pon1enLc1aa Hnpoao qnnancoao nHnepnn - a1ako
aceHnpno asapnn. snaHmaan a1nH nnc1pyHen1oH rpannum rocypapc1a, kak
poHyunnk "qoHko - paepL uyxo kaap1npm. enLrn opoca, anoxennme nH a
nponaranpy npe onnepa a occnn (a uac1noc1n, a HnoronpoqnnLnyk oprannsaunk
"1kpm1oe 6uec1ao), cpenann caoe peno: y "aennkoro Hmcnn1enn a occnn
nonannncL caon anoc1onm n npopokn, a ocnoanoH, koneuno, ns cpepm eapeea.
npnHepy - saHpnpek1opa cepoccncko 6n6nno1ekn nnoc1panno nn1epa1ypm .
enneaa, pacnopnxakuancn a naue c1pane penLraHn "onpa opoca, nnn 1o1 xe
reonor-qnnocoq au.
eropnn Hano k1o coHneaae1cn a nc1nnnmx naHepennnx "qnnan1pona -
Hexpynapopnoro qnnancoaoro cnekynnn1a opoca a o1nouennn occnn. ero c1on1
1onLko oprannsoaannm nH Haccoam amaos nn1ennek1yanLnmx pecypcoa, a
oco6ennoc1n - 1anan1nnao Honopexn, ns naue c1panm na anap!
coo1ae1c1aykueH cae1e npepc1ak1 n anonore1m "npenoro nepokona - onnepa,
npo6naakuero copocaH popory cpepn poccncknx nLpoa. ak 6m nn pnpnnncL onn a
1ory saun1nnkoa cao6opm n nporpecca, 6naropopnmx npeanoa "o1kpm1oro o6uec1aa,
o1 kneHa noco6nnuec1aa okkynan1aH nH apnp nn ypac1cn korpa-nn6ypL o1Hm1Lcn.
aua, nponaranpnpykuan npecnoay1me "6naropopnme npeanm, nocnyxnna
Hne ypo6nmH noaopoH pnn kpn1nkn npe onnepa. , a uac1noc1n, nncan, o6pauancL k
auy:
"nnra . onnepa "1kpm1oe o6uec1ao n ero aparn amuna a pycckoH nepeaope a
ockae a 1992 r. opasn1enLno 6ecnoHounan n y6oran no He1opnke, nonn1nnoHy
annapa1y, npenH n amaopaH, ona ne c1ana ne 1onLko 6ec1cennepoH, no n aoo6ue
saHe1nmH co6m1neH c1onnuno nn1ennek1yanLno xnsnn, ne ackonmxnyna npenyk
a1Hocqepy. ocanuennan a snaun1enLno c1enenn pasaenuannk paano pasaenuannmx
rnnep6on n npoHaxoa HapkcnsHa, knnra nanna pnn nac, pyccknx naunonannc1oa noaoro
nokonennn, pop npon-koHnuecko "a1paxoHnoHaxnn. pnueH, ecnn "nayunm
koHHynnsH ec1L nau npenm apar, no apar cepLesnm, rposnm, xo1n n o6ae1uanm,
apar, o6napakun HoryunH He1oponornuecknH opyxneH, ne ocaona ko1opoe, neuero n
Hmcnn1L o no6epe, 1o knnxka onnepa, npencnonnennan nananoc1nHn n nenenoc1nHn
npekpacnopyuno poHopouenno qnnocoqnn, 6eckoneuno paneka paxe o1
sakaamuenno naykn. ounee, nanne1 co6o o6paseu xypue o1 nayk: unc1o
npeonornuecko "naykn Hnenn, a ne naykn qak1oa n snann.
1o6m ne 6m1L ronocnoanmH, npnaepy neckonLko un1a1 n Hmcne ns knnrn onnepa,
sayuaunx na cnyx npoqeccnonanLnoro nc1opnka, Hnrko, ckaxeH, ney6epn1enLno.
o1 ocnoam ero nc1opnocoqnn. un1an pe1epHnnnsH nonnmH npeppaccypkoH, on
nnue1: " naue 1oukn spennn, pec1an1enLno ne Hoxe1 6m1L nnkaknx nc1opnuecknx
sakonoa; "a Ho asrnnp, epnno nc1opnn uenoaeuec1aa ne1, a ec1L nnuL
6eckoneunoe Hnoxec1ao nc1opn, cansannmx c pasnmHn acnek1aHn uenoaeuecko
xnsnn; "ec1an1enLno nn ne cyuec1aye1 aceo6ue nc1opnn kak peanLno nc1opnn
uenoaeuec1aa? kopee acero - ne1. nonarak, 1akoa ponxen 6m1L o1ae1 na a1o1
aonpoc kaxporo ryHannc1a n oco6enno kaxporo xpnc1nannna.
ann1accenunn knnrn onnepa, HmcnL, k ko1opo on neopnokpa1no aosapauae1cn: Hm
ponxnm o16pocn1L npek nc1opnn kak nc1opnn nonn1nuecko anac1n. onnep
6ykaanLno saunknen na a1o nesa1ennao Hmcnn. nn nac, npepc1aan1ene nc1Ha1a,
346
a1o npoc1o cHeuno: 6o c 1enLk, ne 6onee, a caH aa1op - necuac1nm Haprnnan a
nayke, nocan1naun xnsnL a1o HnnHo 6opL6e, c1onL xe 6ecnpepHe1no, na nau
asrnnp, kak npenne o aepe Hexpy xpnc1nannnoH n nypeeH c 1oukn spennn, ponyc1nH,
konqyunanua.
akoneu, npnnunnnanLno o1aeprnya npek nosnaaaeHoc1n nc1opnn, nannune a ne
cHmcna n sakonoa, onnep, 6ypyun ne a cnnax ampepxnaa1L coo6c1aennm
penn1nansH, npnsnae1cn: "a, Hm nyxpaeHcn a napexpe. ec1aoaa1L, xn1L 6es
napexpm amue naunx cnn. pnako Hm ne nyxpaeHcn a 6onLueH n 6onLuero naH ne
ponxno 6m1L pano. HM yx nc. oxno nn npepc1aan1L ce6e
nopo6nyk qpasy a yc1ax npepc1aan1enn 1ounmx n ec1ec1aennmx nayk? onc1pyk1opa
kocHnuecknx pake1? 1ae1c1aennoro nonn1onora?
akoa xe amxop pnn nc1opnka, o1uanauerocn nosna1L c1opnk, nH xe caHnH
a1oHnsnpoaannyk po coc1onnnn 6ecuncnennoro Hnoxec1aa nc1opn? onnep
neopnokpa1no nnue1 o "necoaHec1nHoc1n nc1opnunsHa n xpnc1nanc1aa, c1peHncL
oc1aaa1Lcn na nosnunnx nocnepnero. nn nac a1a onnosnunn nonpoc1y
nepec1an1enLna, n6o snanne n aepa naxopn1cn a napannenLnmx nnockoc1nx. caH
onnep ne a cnnax am1n sa npepenm panno pnxo1oHnn, u1o6m oc1a1Lcn nn6o
nc1opnkoH, nn6o xpnc1nannnoH, nm1ae1cn cnpe1L na payx c1ynLnx, nonapan npn a1oH
anpocak. npnHepy, noneHnsnpyn c . on6n, sanannaunH n pokasmaaaunH, u1o
"pnn uenoaeueckoro pasyHa ne cyuec1aye1 "seHnoro ny1n, na ko1opoH. Hoxe1 6m1L
npeoponen naunonannsH, onnep ne Hoxe1 npepnoxn1L nnuero, kpoHe sananennn, u1o
ryMM nnncn kM c n u1o "n aHec1e c 6onLunnc1aoH
ryHannc1oa pyHak, u1o xpnc1nanc1ao, yua o oxec1aennoH o1ue, Hoxe1 anec1n
6onLuo aknap a yc1poenne 6pa1c1aa nkpe. ako ao1 ypoaenL noneHnkn.
anee n nepeuncnnn ampasn1enLnme n Hnorouncnennme npnHepm caHocaxannn apna
onnepa ns nyxn a nyxy konkpe1nmx nc1opnuecknx nnncycoa. sa1eH peskHnpoaan:
"peannsH onnepa nnqan1nnen n koHnuen, no. po nopm po apeHenn.
onpepenennm HoHen1 on c1anoan1cn c1pauen. oco6ennoc1n naH, uLn popnme n
6nnskne a caoe apeHn nonann nop 6onLueanukn ka1ok. akne snoaeune accounaunn
poxpae1 a nac 1ako naccax xpnc1nanckoro ryHannc1a: Xn cn M n,
M MxM n c n, n cn M cMcn, M MxM
cMcn. ak aepL 6onLueankn a1o xe caHoe n npepnarann: "Hnu
"!!! naansmaann! ounee ne ampasn1L ack cy1L 6onLueanukoro
kouHapa n a6cyppa. Hm cnoaa knkneH na a1y ypouky?! onnep, koneuno, npepnarae1
pena1L a1o "c 1oukn spennn naue 6opL6m sa o1kpm1oe o6uec1ao, sa anac1L pasyHa, sa
cnpaaepnnaoc1L, cao6opy, paaenc1ao n sa npepo1apauenne Hexpynapopnmx
npec1ynnenn. ak ace a1o snakoHo! a pasae naH ace 70 ne1 o6euann u1o-1o nnoe?!!
1o 1y1 ckaxeuL? onLueansH, cnepye1 nonara1L, sapasn1enen. aun1aauncL ne ko
apeHenn qnnocoqa apkca, qnnocoq onnep, anpnHo, nopxaa1nn o1 nero c1peHnenne
ne "o6Lncnn1L, a "nepepenmaa1L Hnp k nc, n. s nyuunx,
pasyHee1cn, no6yxpenn. a caok ouepepL sapasnn a1nH c1peHnenneH pok1opa
reonoro-Hnnepanornuecknx nayk .. aua, ne ko apeHenn naun1aauerocn qnnocoqa
onnepa.
o apkc xo1n 6m nonnHan: "6uec1ao, ecnn paxe ono nanano na cnep ec1ec1aennoro
sakona caoero pasan1nn. ne Hoxe1 nn nepeckoun1L uepes ec1ec1aennme qasm
pasan1nn, nn o1Henn1L nocnepnne pekpe1aHn.
onnep xe a1oro nonnHa1L coaepuenno ne xenae1, aoace o1pnuan
nn1ennnrn6enLnoc1L nc1opnn, a r-n au eue n npepnarae1 qopcnpoaa1L npouecc
npeo6paxennn n pec1an1enL-noc1n a nM nanpaanennn. pno cnoao
- onLueankn ns 1kpm1oro 6uec1aa! (" 28.12.96).
347
eonor-qnnocoq ockop6nncn sa kpn1nky Ha1pa n ce6n n ne saHepnnn nsnn1L na
un1a1ene noam no1ok pekoHenpaun, kak naH napo nepepenmaa1L occnk
("onLueansH nnn naunonanLnoe cornacne? - " 28.11.96; "onn1nka
qopHnpoaannn o1kpm1oro o6uec1aa - " 12.02.97).
nepeckasan specL caok kpn1nky onnepa pnn 1oro, u1o6m un1a1enL
nouyac1aoaan, na kako qnnocoqcko 6ase c1pon1 caok nosnunk au. apo po6aan1L,
u1o sa aosspennnHn aua kak counanLnoro Hmcnn1enn o1ue1nnao npocHa1pnaak1cn
rpynnoame npnc1pac1nn kak a1nnuecko, 1ak n He1opnuecko 1papnunn: on axopn1 a
kpyr yuennkoa n nocnepoaa1ene ne 1onLko onnepa, no 1akxe (ecnn roaopn1L o
occnn) qnnocoqa . eppoanukoro, nocnepoaa1enLno pasanaan na caHoH
coapeHennoH ypoane sannecneaenyk napapnrHy cy6Lek1nanoro npeannsHa.
"pen npaan1 HnpoH, - a1o1 nsnk6nennm 1esnc XVIII aeka o6napae1 pnn
npepc1aan1ene pannoro kpyra nens6mano npenec1Lk n y6epn1enLnoc1Lk, n6o
nopae1 napexpy counnn1L nHenno 1akyk npek, ko1opan nsHenn1 Hnp a cnHna1nunyk
nH c1opony. a1oH nonannc1m-neonpocae1n1enn - nocnepoaa1enn onnepa n
eppoanukoro - epnnm. e nHen aosHoxnoc1n pe1anLno o6cyxpa1L a1y aecLHa
nenoayk konuenunk, n xouy 1onLko npopeHonc1pnpoaa1L neko1opme ee npak1nueckne
nepoc1a1kn na npnHepe nncann r-na aua n oHnannn.
3.2. E H HQXY!
Heu1y nL1uynepa o6 okonua1enLno peHokpa1nsaunn apasnn-occnn-
eoxasapnn?
epepo Hno cosayunan a1o npee 6poukpa, nasaannan 6esanennnunonno:
: v (rpynna aa1opoa: . au, . sepHan
n pp. - ., ockoackoe o1penenne occnckoro nayunoro qonpa, 1996. - 48 c. - NB:
pacnonoxen a noHeuennn nc1n1y1a n anapm, aosrnaanne1
expynapopnm coae1 akapeHnk .. koanea, a coc1aa oae1a axopn1 ann1a
rop6aueacko-enLunnckoro pexnHa: . o6uak, . ran6ernn, . onkoronoa, .
HenLnnoa, . onoa, . ansep n pp.). accHo1pnH ee. cko6kax npoc1aanenm noHepa
un1npyeHmx c1pannu. mpenennn a 1ekc1e cpenanm Hno.
cnoanan rnacnan sapaua aa1opoa - npepnoxn1L, ao ncnonnenne kasa npesnpen1a
nLunna o1 04.02.94 r. o paspa6o1ke konuenunn nepexopa occnn na HopenL
yc1ounaoro pasan1nn, cao aapnan1: aepcnk konuenunn peHokpa1nueckoro
pasan1nn occnn (4). ak Hm yanpnH anocnepc1ann, a1o unc1o aopm peknapaunn,
ckpmaakuan nc1nnnyk caepxsapauy npoek1a, npnpakuan eHy npnHanunam anp.
1o6m cpena1L ero n aoace neo1pasnHmH, aa1opm nepnopnueckn nLc1n1 un1a1enk -
nanpnHep, nnuy1 ao aaepennn: 1a ny6nnkaunn appecoaana nn1ennek1yanLno
ann1e (5). poukpa nanncana paqnnnpoaannmH, napoun1o ycnoxnennmH nayunmH
nsmkoH (kac1oamH xapronoH), nso6nnye1 neo6uenpnnn1mHn, kpyxkoamHn
1epHnnaHn n nonn1nnHn. ospaaan a1nH aneua1nenne ann1apnoc1n nanncannoro,
aa1opm nopoxpak1 1eH caHmH y un1a1enn ouyuenne npno6uennoc1n,
nocanuennoc1n - peueam, no pec1aennm npneH aep6oaunka.
opo aa1opm peHonc1pnpyk1, nackonLko amcoka noc1aanennan nHn nnanka sapaun:
cnn noaese1, Hm cHoxeH npopaa1Lcn k cy1n pena: k cM rccy
, rM, Mn, o ko1opmx ace roaopn1, no ko1opan (cHena)
caHa o1nkpL ne pae1cn a pykn n ko1opo, naaepno, kak pas n ne xaa1ae1 pnn
peannsaunn naunx saHmcnoa, npn aceH Hnoroo6pasnn 1ak nnn nnaue nanpaanneHmx
nx aa1opaHn nr Pcc (5). e Hnoro, ne Hano!
348
a1o yc1anoakn a6conk1no nenornunmH n ne o1nocnunHcn k peny kaxe1cn
nepam xe paspen onuenunn, rpe nnuero ne roaopn1cn nn o occnn aoo6ue, nn o
ee 6nare, sa1o noc1ynnpye1cn:
aonkunn sarnana uenoaeuec1ao a 1nxenoe nonoxenne, rpe:
- pacxopoaanne nannunmx pecypcoa onepexae1 qopHnpoaanne noamx;
- pacnpepenenne pecypcoa kpane nepaanoHepno, u1o pec1a6nnnnsnpye1 cn1yaunk
kak a o1penLnmx c1panax (6ora1c1ao - 6epnoc1L), 1ak n a Hnpe a uenoH;
- nponcxopn1 perpapaunn npnpopno cpepm, a 6nocqepe pasanaak1cn neo6pa1nHme
nera1nanme npoueccm;
- po nocnepnero apeHenn o1cy1c1aoaann noame npen, konuenunn, nporpaHHm,
cnoco6nme nsHenn1L cnoxnauykcn cn1yaunk.
kauec1ae 1ako npen Hm npnnnHaeH npek pasan1nn, ko1opan cosayuna pyxy pyccko
qnnocoqnn.
asanocL 6m, kakoe peno npesnpen1y nLunny n un1a1enk, osa6ouennmH yc1ounamH
pasan1neH konkpe1no occnn, po a1nx unpoko nsaec1nmx neuanLnmx o6c1on1enLc1a,
kacakunxcn acero uenoaeuec1aa a uenoH? e sakas, co6c1aenno, asnnncL amnonnn1L
aa1opm: poccnckoro npesnpen1a nnn Hnpoaoro coo6uec1aa? epL y nac-1o noka ne
c1on1 npo6neHa c npnpopnmHn pecypcaHn: uero-uero, a a1oro a occnn xaa1ae1.
expy 1eH 1akan npeaH6yna o1nkpL ne cnyuana. poaepn un1a1enn uepes Hnorne
c1pannum qnnocoqcknx xn1pocnne1enn, aa1opm a konue nenaansunao aosapauak1cn
u n n ,
nckycno npnua ee a poccncko npo6neHa1nke.
aHe1na 1pn nanpaanennn nepaoouepepnmx pec1an no peannsaunn onuenunn, ns
ko1opmx nepame paa - yc1anoanenne a c1pane npaaonopnpka n qopHnpoaanne
neo1LeHneHoro o1 nero npaaocosnannn a 1akxe yckopennoe qopHnpoaanne
nn1ennek1yanLnoro o6ecneuennn nonn1nuecknx peuenn (40-42) - apope 6m ne
amsmaak1 aospaxenn, onn, no cy1n, npnkpmaak1 nHn 1pe1Le, nan6onee
xnao1peneuyuee nanpaanenne: peuenne acex 1ex 1ekyunx aonpocoa, na ko1opmx
noka cocpepo1oueno annHanne anac1e npepepxaunx n ko1opme, no 6onLuoHy cue1y,
sapak1 npoc1panc1ao ne ynpexpakue nonn1nuecko ak1nanoc1n, a peak1nanmx
pec1an (43). cnn nepame paa nanpaanennn ponxnm peannsoaa1Lcn a 6ypyueH, 1o
1pe1Le - naua ceropnnunnn xnsnL. au n oHnannn cHo1pn1 a kopenL, cnpaaepnnao
nonaran, u1o a1o nanpaanenne pen1enLnoc1n ynnpae1cn a aonpoc pener, no npn a1oH
sarapouno nnuy1: e1 aonpoca o 1oH, rpe asn1L penLrn: kak nokasmaae1 onm1, npn
nannunn aqqek1nanmx cnoco6oa yno1pe6nennn onn acerpa naxopn1cn. nn a1oro,
okasmae1cn, ne nyxno nnuero, kpoHe coo1ae1c1aykue nonn1nuecko aonn n
nn1ennek1yanLnoro o6ecneuennn.
o1 ono kak! kasmaae1cn, penLrn-1o y nac nop noraHn, 1onLko aonn ne xaa1ae1. 1o
noxoxe na o6euanne qokycnnka poc1a1L saua ns unnnnppa. pe xe sanu? ueH xe
qokyc? ao1 a ueH.
caoeH 1enepeuneH kauec1ae a1a pa6o1a (peuenne 1ekyunx aonpocoa. - ..) no
npnnunny nanne1cn pecypconornouakue, n Hm npepnaraeH nepeocHmcnn1L ee a
kon1ekc1e pasan1nn, cpenaa, 1eH caHmH, pecypconopoxpakue. arnnpnmH
npnHepoH 1akoro o6opaunaannn Hoxe1 cnyxn1L pasaep1maakuancn na naunx rnasax
6opL6a sa ncnonLsoaanne aospyunoro npoc1panc1aa occnn n c1a1yc
349
ocaaponaanraunn. Hm 6ype1 no-npexneHy 1pe6oaa1L 6eckoneunmx sa1pa1,
nn6o u x - a saancnHoc1n o1 1oro, kak 6ype1 peuen a1o1
aonpoc. eue 6onLunx Hacu1a6ax ace 1o xe nponcxopn1 c seHne:
m nnn oc1any1cn uepno pmpo,
nornouakue pecypcm, saancn1 1onLko o1 nac n o1 peanLnoro - a ne nn1epa1ypnoro
- peuennn aonpoca m (43).
panee, npoponxan a 1oH xe pyxe peua1L aonpoc pecypcnoro o6ecneuennn
nepaoouepepnmx pec1an, aa1opm, nocnepoaa1enLno o1aepran qnckanLnyk cnc1eHy
n saHm acnkoro popa a kauec1ae cpepc1aa (c ueH onn1L-1akn 1pypno ne cornacn1Lcn),
a qnnanLnmx c1pokax 6poukpm ampak1 ponroxpannm peuen1: kcnop1, ocnoanyk
ponk ko1oporo coc1aannk1 npnpopnme pecypcm; cpaua a konueccnk Hec1opoxpenn
nonesnmx nckonaeHmx; npnaneuenne nnoc1pannmx nnaec1nun. a nau asrnnp, a1o -
6asoam nc1ounnk aospoxpennn occnn, pesepa, ko1opm yxe paano nopa
ncnonLsoaa1L (a1o nncano a 1996 ropy! - A.C.), sa cue1 ko1oporo Hoxno, ao-nepamx,
peun1L caHme neo1noxnme sapaun, a ao-a1opmx, aoccospa1L n pacunpn1L
nn1ennek1yanLnm no1enunan c1panm. cnonLsoaanne a1oro pesepaa ykasannmH
o6pasoH a npo1naononoxnoc1L rocnopc1aykueHy noka pac1panxnpnaannk nosaonn1 a
panLneueH o6xopn1Lcn 6es npnpopnmx pecypcoa, kak o6xopn1cn 6es nnx nonnn
(45). o xe caHoe n nou1n 1eHn xe cnoaaHn roaopn1 au n a c1a1Le onn1nka
qopHnpoaannn o1kpm1oro o6uec1aa.
! poc1o n ncno. popa1L ace, u1o eue ne npopano a occnn, n no6mc1pee - ao1
amxop ns acex apeHennmx 1pypnoc1e! ce na npopaxy: pecypcm, seHnk, ne6o! oka
ne oc1aneHcn pecypcoao ronmHn - kak naun 6pa1Ln nnonum, paano noc1nrune
npenec1n n npenHyuec1aa 1akoao rono1m. (snae1e snakoHm ronoc: saueH naH
npo6neHm c ypnnaHn - paaa1e nx npopapnH nopopoxe, noka ne nospno?)
onc1nne, pnn a1oro napo kak HnnnHyH npopaa1Lcn k cy1n pena: k cM
rccy , rM, Mn. oa1oHy sannHa1Lcn aceH
a1nH - qopHnpoaanneH pecypcno nonn1nkn - ponxen nekn onp pasan1nn:
cneunanLnm Hosroao uen1p (1nna aHepnkancko Rand Corporation) (42). apo
pyHa1L, onpy 6ypy1 nonoxenm neHanme nonnoHounn, no n aosnoxena neHanan
o1ae1c1aennoc1L: pasLncnn1L aceH, u1o yckopennoe pacc1aaanne c pecypcaHn
nponsaopn1cn pnn 6nara occnn. kak xe nnaue?! epL nHckn kny6 nepapoH
o1He1nn, u1o nHenno peqnun1 pecypcoa amnyxpae1 nac k pasan1nk (30). naun1 -
anepep, k peqnun1y ao nHn pasan1nn! (a nsmke yronoannkoa a1a xe HmcnL
qopHynnpye1cn 1ak: Hpn 1m ceropnn, a n saa1pa!) n1epecm o1kpm1oro o6uec1aa
- n ero xosnea - o1kpoaenno pnk1yk1 pauaH-osepHanaH: un1maan konoccanLnme
npnpopnme 6ora1c1aa occnn, Hm anpnH na ny1n ee pasan1nn opny npo6neHy -
npo6neHy cHenm rocnopc1aykuero Hen1ann1e1a, amxopa na coapeHennm ypoaenL
Hmunennn n pen1enLnoc1n. 1o nc1opnueckn npouecc, ocosnanne ko1oporo
npepLnanne1 a paHkax 1ekyue nonn1nkn oco6me 1pe6oaannn k cnc1eHaH o6pasoaannn
n (35).
o1 n coHknyncn kpnc1anLno ncnm koneu 6poukpm ycckan npen: peHokpa1nueckoe
pasan1ne occnn c ee o6eckypaxnaakunH nauanoH, n c1ano nonn1no, ue sakas na
pene amnonnnnn aa1opm. x koneuno, ne npesnpen1a, ne cnoco6noro npouec1L xo1n 6m
c1pannuy ns nx naykoo6pasnmx nncann. e1: sono1o Hnnnnapp, no1pe6nnkun
40% Hnpoamx sanacoa n am6pacmaakun a a1Hocqepy 30% Hnpoamx o1xopoa,
pnk1oaan pauaH-osepHanaH napoun1o sany1annyk n ycnoxnennyk onuenunk,
npak1nueckne amaopm ns ko1opo, opnako, c1onL npnHn1nano npoc1m n papnkanLnm.
1nkpL ne cnyuano r-n au ampanrae1 1pe6oaanne sakonopa1enLnoro sanpe1a nap1n
n panxenn, ncnoaepykunx npnnunnm naunonan-kann1annsHa (1epHnn Ho): aepL
sa cnnno 6onLueanka ns c1on1 annn1epn - ann1annc1nueckn
n1epnaunonan.
350
anoHnk, u1o apk au - pok1op reonoro-Hnnepanornuecknx nayk,
npoqeccnonanLnm pecypcnnk, npekpacno ocaepoHnennm o coc1onnnn pyccknx
nopseHnmx knapoamx. 1o noaepn1, 6yp1o au ne nonnHae1, u1o nonnn Hoxe1 po
nopm cyuec1aoaa1L 6es npnpopnmx pecypcoa 1onLko no1oHy, u1o nx paeH e Hm?
k1o na 1ako cnyua ec1L y nac, kpoHe nac caHnx? 1o pac1 naH xo1L kako-nn6ypL
npnpopnm pecypc, kak Hm paeH ero ppyrnH, ecnn nau 6ype1 ncuepnan? poqeccop
au nonnHae1 ace ne xyxe nac, no a1o ero ne oc1anaannaae1.
ak 6m Hm nasaann an1ekapn, ko1opm a o1ae1 na npocL6y o aanepLnnke ampan 6m
knnen1y HmuLnk?
k1o-1o eue ne nonnn, u1o ckpmaae1cn sa peknaHno an1pnno o1kpm1oro
o6uec1aa. asyHee1cn, aa1opm, a nepamx c1pokax caoero counnennn pacnnnaaunecn
a npnaepxennoc1n 6nary occnn, uyk1, ueH nx nonpekny1 un1a1enn, pouepune po
nocnepnnx c1pok. sapanee onpaapmaak1cn: asroaopm o pacnpopaxe opnnm
nHek1 anonne npospaunme ocnoaannn, coc1onune a na1ypannc1nuecko 1pak1oake
pecypcoa kak pannmx naH opnaxpm n naacerpa. o Hm yxe roaopnnn o 1oH, u1o
pecypcm cnepye1 Hmcnn1L kak qynkunonanLnoe nonn1ne. ecnonesnm auepa
Ha1epnan Hoxe1 c1a1L uenneunH pecypcoH, no n nao6opo1: Hnorne ceropnnunne
pecypcm saa1pa Hory1 no1epn1L ueny, nx napo ncnonLsoaa1L aoapeHn (45).
yrak1, a Hne ne c1pauno. ecypc - kak penLrn: nn6o ec1L, nn6o ne1. nonnn, Hoxe1,
n papa 6m 1oprany1L, pa neueH. a1o Hepnke ec1L, ueH 1oproaa1L, no ona noueHy-1o
ynopno koncepanpye1 caon pecypcm, ponxno 6m1L, 1pak1yn nx na1ypannc1nueckn. o1
rnynan-1o! oro n rnnpn - onn o6ecuenn1cn, n oc1ane1cn Hepnka na 6o6ax.
cnn, npepnaran caok yHonoHpaun1enLnyk onuenunk npesnpen1y, paum-
osepHanm noc1apanncL nopcyny1L eHy saopno na y1aepxpenne nopo6nm nxenpoek1
- 1y1 ypnann1Lcn neueHy: peno nonn1noe.
o kak-1o nenpnn1no, korpa aa1opm, appecyncL k nn1ennek1yanLno ann1e,
nm1ak1cn npn a1oH o1kpoaenno aopn1L ee sa noc, kak nocnepnkk pypy!..
3.3. HHHRBHE ""HHRBHM
aaH k1o-1o u1o-1o anyuae1, aaxno nonn1L ne 1onLko, u1o nHenno, no n k1o
nHenno, noueHy nHenno n c kako uenLk on a1o anyuae1 nHenno aaH. onpo6yeH
paso6pa1Lcn.
ak n yxe nncan, naran an1npycckan n kocHononn1nueckan cy1L onuenunn,
npepc1aanennan amue, sakaHyqnnpoaana a 1ekc1e Hnoroo6pasnmHn paccyxpennnHn.
nn upesamuano oprannuno cnnaanenm Hexpy co6o, nenpo1naopeunam, nannk1 opno
uenoe (HnqonoreHa o1kpm1oro o6uec1aa - nnuL opno ns nnx). oa1oHy aaxno
nnaen1apnsnpoaa1L a1n xapak1epnme npnHepm o1anekakunx naue annHanne npe.
nn - kak cony1c1aykune npnsnakn Hec1opoxpenn, no ko1opmH nerko onpepenn1L
nannune coo1ae1c1aykue pypm (pas yx Hm aounn a reonoro-Hnnepanornueckn
kon1ekc1).

1. U n v H
aa1opoa, asnaunxcn npepnara1L konuenunk peqopH, ao HnoroH
o6ycnoanena npeyaennuennmH npepc1aanenneH o cosnpa1enLnmx aosHoxnoc1nx
351
uenoaeka. 1ckpa - 6espaccypnoe aosaennunaanne nn1ennek1a: F m
Mxc (kk cM a Mxc) nncn Mcn, n Hm anpnH ny1L
occnn a co1pypnnuec1ae Hmcnn1ene c nonn1nkaHn, ynpaanenuaHn n
npepnpnnnHa1ennHn, ko1opoe noka epaa naHeuae1cn (37).
appyr napnpy c a1o sanpepenLno caHoyaepennoc1Lk - penn1nansH, Hannqec1aunn
npeno neyaepennoc1n: pen nnkpannsHa n 1epnnHoc1n npnunn a npo1naopeune c
naue (poccncko. - ..) Hen1anLnoc1Lk, ocnoaanno na 1oH nnn nnoH, no
epnnc1aenno npaannLnoH yuennn. oc1onnneH o6uec1aennoro cosnannn ne c1ano
nonnHanne 1oro, u1o 1aknx yuenn ne Hoxe1 6m1L a npnnunne (10).
mxopn1, aepnoro yuennn ne 1onLko ne1, no n 6m1L ne Hoxe1. onLue 1oro,
okasmaae1cn: paHkax konuen1yanLno pa6o1m saHmcnm ne Hory1 o6ocnoamaa1Lcn
nayuno, a nx nayunoe o6ecneuenne okasmaae1cn nnuL opnnH ns aneHen1oa
konuenunn (27). o aepL a 1o xe apeHn ec1ec1aennm Hnp (a 1oH uncne counanLnm)
aa1opoa ne yc1panaae1 n onn xo1n1 ero nsHenn1L: cnn ne1 napo6noc1n a
npeo6pasoaannnx cyuec1aykuero nonoxennn pen n xopa aeue, 1o ne1 n nyxpm a
konuenunnx. onuenunn amc1ynae1 npn a1oH kak saHmcen npeo6pasoaann (1aH xe).
s uero xe ncxopn1 a 1akoH cnyuae caHoyaepennme cospa1enn konuenun, npnsaannmx
npeo6pasoaa1L Hnp? a ueH ocnyk1 caon konuenunn, ecnn ne na nayunmx snannnx? a
aepe? a npeppaccypkax? a Hnqax? a yc1anoakax, acocannmx c HonokoH Ha1epn?
a a1o onn ne o1aeuak1. o1 xoue1cn nH o1kpm1oro o6uec1aa n npounx npenec1e - n
ace 1y1!
ao6opy 6eso1ae1c1aennmH counanLnmH akcnepnHen1aH!.
1kypa 6epe1cn 1o1 nnn nno npean - amncnn1L, kak npaanno, ne1pypno. y, a ecnn
nc1ounnk o1 nac ckpmaak1 - snaun1, na 1o ec1L npnunnm. onLko c1on1 nn 1orpa
npnsmaa1L nac, pyccknx, 1pypn1Lcn nap aonnouenneH uyxoro, eapeckoro npeana a
xnsnL?
2.
noc1poeno na npo1naonoc1aanennn an1ponorennoro Hnpa - ec1ec1aennoHy.
oo1ae1c1aykune pak1cn n npak1nueckne pekoHenpaunn.
o1 onopnan cxeHa:
onn1nka pasan1nn coo1ae1c1aenno c1pon1cn a paHkax pnanora n npaaa n nHee1 1pn
ocnoanmx asanHocansannmx nanpaanennn:
- cao6oxpenne n pasan1ne uenoaeuecko nnunoc1n.;
- opHnpoaanne o1kpm1oro o6uec1aa.;
- OM poc1ono enoaeka cpepm o6n1annn: , npexpe
acero ropopcko cpepm. (19).
ekc1 nyxpae1cn a pacunqpoake. cno, u1o uenL aa1opoa - noc1poenne nckycc1aenno
counanLno cpepm, nnkorpa npexpe ne 6maue: o1kpm1oro o6uec1aa,
rpaxpanckoro o6uec1aa. noaoH - a1opo npnpopm. (o1n aoo6ue-1o pnpopa
1onLko opna n o1 1oro, nackonLko oprannuno am c1pon1e caok xnsnL, saancn1 nnuL,
nackonLko cnnLno ona aaH o1oHc1n1.) o aosnnkak1 aonpocm.
352
nn koro a1o ponxno pena1Lcn? uLnx nn1epecax? 6 a1oH a knnxke - nn noncnoaa.
o aepL nn1epecoa aoo6ue ne 6maae1, kak ne 6maae1 n o6ueuenoaeuecknx
uennoc1e - c c cr kk, nn cn,
n yr M.
1o npeanLno nop1aepxpae1cn co6c1aennmH npnHepoH neonpocae1n1ene pauea-
osepHanoa. 1opo paspen nx onuenunn (occnn na nopore XXI aeka)
naunnae1cn c o1kpoaennoro n xapak1epnoro npnsnannn a1nx ynep1mx nn6epanoa n
a1nnuecknx peHokpa1oa: konuy aeka occnn ocao6opnnacL o1 rne1a
1o1ann1apno cnc1eHm. m sanna1nnn sa a1o 6eckon1ponLnmH pacnapoH ,
cnnxenneH ypoann n npoponxn1enLnoc1n xnsnn 6onLunnc1aa napopa, no o6penn a
pesynL1a1e cM rn - cao6opy, pasrocypapc1anenne snaun1enLno uac1n
xosnc1aa n aosHoxnoc1L noc1poennn o1kpm1oro o6uec1aa (10).
6conk1noe 6onLunnc1ao nacenennn naue c1panm, co6c1aenno pycckan occnn (1y1
neuero n rapa1L) nnnoueH ne cornacn1cn c 1ako qopHynnpoako,
. nnukoH nenonon nepeuenL no1epL, pnn a1oro 6onLunnc1aa c1aaunx
nac1onue ka1ac1poqo; cnnukoH aqeHepnm poc1nxennn, a1nH 6onLunnc1aoH aoo6ue
nn ao u1o ne uennHme: pesynL1a1 nano neconoc1aanH c ynnauenno ueno. noaoH,
ysok kpyr a1nx [eapecknx] peaonkunonepoa, c1pauno panekn onn o1 napopa
[pycckoro]. o1 peanLno, a ne Hmcnenno ckonc1pynpoaanno xnsnn.
o u1o 1akoe pnn naunx 1eope1nkoa 6onLunnc1ao? nnna pnn akcnepnHen1a - ne
6onee. Henno pnn 1oro, u1o6m o6pec1n cao6opy, pasrocypapc1anenne
snaun1enLno uac1n xosnc1aa n aosHoxnoc1L noc1poennn o1kpm1oro o6uec1aa
sanna1nnn sa a1o 6eckon1ponLnmH pacnapoH , cnnxenneH ypoann n
npoponxn1enLnoc1n xnsnn 6onLunnc1aa napopa. Hm, . oHy
- aepukn, koHy - kopeukn.
e papn nac - pycckoro 6onLunnc1aa - sa1eaann onn npeo6pasoaannn, ko1opme
naHepenm ynopnpoun1L n pasan1L. nnx ec1L sakasunk noconnpne. a nero npnHo n
o1kpoaenno ykasmaae1 au: oks nonn1nkoa n 6nsnecHenoa, opnen1npoaannm na
qopHnpoaanne a occnn o1kpm1oro o6uec1aa, coyuac1ne a a1oH npouecce sanapno
penoao n nn1ennek1yanLno ann1m (u1o nponaranpnpye1 nekcanpp noa n u1o
o1uac1n peannsye1cn a pen1enLnoc1n xoppxa opoca [o6a, kak na rpex, eapen. -
A.C.]) o1nkpL ne ncuepnmaae1 1eHm o pecypcax qopHnpoaannn o1kpm1oro o6uec1aa, a
sapae1 nnuL nepexop k ne (onn1nka qopHnpoaannnn.).
akan ao1 pycckan npen.
oxno nn, anannsnpyn a1n 1ekc1m n konc1a1npyn a1n qak1m, o1aneuLcn o1
naunonanLno npnnapnexnoc1n aa1opoa?
nkak ne nonyuae1cn.
3. n -nv
, aonpocm 1onLko eue naunnak1cn.
ak nyxno c1pon1L nckycc1aennoe o6uec1ao n kakoa - xo1L a caHmx o6unx uep1ax -
ero npoek1? a1opm uep1n1 a1o1 npoek1 na necke.
1o 1akoe o1kpm1oe o6uec1ao? ak amncnnnocL, paxe onnep, aa1op 1epHnna, -
caH a1oro ne snan. ynoHnny1o c1a1Le onLueankn ns 1kpm1oro 6uec1aa n
353
o1Heuan, o6pauancL k auy: 1aeppn1L a occnn - nk6mH cnoco6oH n nockopee!
- m cun1ae1e neo6xopnHmH. ac ne cHyuae1, u1o a1a HopenL, ko1opan kaxe1cn aH
6naro n a6conk1no npepnou1n1enLno, HnornH Hoxe1 nokasa1Lcn ne 1onLko ne
1akoao, no n npnHo rn6enLno pnn occnn. a1e xo1L asrnnny1L opnnH rnaskoH: u1o
xe a1o sa uypo 1akoe - ? aH ne ypanocL npepc1aan1L naH a1y ocnenn1enLnyk
y1onnk a ckonLko-nn6ypL konkpe1noH anpe. 1o n neypnan1enLno; kak npnsnae1e m
caHn: n onnep, nn ero nocnepoaa1enn ne noc1ponnn nonn1nn o1kpm1oro o6uec1aa,
ne pann ero 6onee nnn Henee ncno on1onornuecko kap1nnm. aknH o6pasoH, au
npnsma a 1ounoc1n nopo6en nsaec1noHy nHnepa1nay: H , m .
ospnee okasanocL, u1o paum-osepHanm aknapmaak1 a pacnnmaua1yk nonnepoackyk
Heu1y o6 a1oH seHnoH pae co6c1aennme anonne konkpe1nme npepc1aanennn. nn
ampaxak1cn kpa1ko qopHyno, sa ko1opo ue1ko npocHa1pnaae1cn a npepenLno
aynLrapnsnpoaannoH, ny6ounoH anpe qacap coapeHennoro anapa:
xn,
(15).
1pon1L a1o coue1anne napo n naH ao u1o 6m 1o nn c1ano. aspen 4 1ak n nasmaae1cn
opHnpoaanne o1kpm1oro o6uec1aa. aueH? a1eH, u1o onn cun1ak1 a1o
nepaoouepepno sapaue, neo6xopnHmH ycnoaneH pasan1nn (15). o kak xe
panLue napopm pasanaanncL-1o? nn - ne pasanaanncL?
, no ocnoanoHy nynk1y nporpaHHm - asrnnp n neu1o, kak roaopnn ennnckn.
a1o no aonpocy, u1o 1akoe rpaxpanckoe o6uec1ao - rnaanan coc1aanan uac1L nx
npeana - onn oxo1no n npoc1panno yHospn1enLc1ayk1:
paxpanckoe o6uec1ao - cnoxnan caHooprannsykuancn cnc1eHa, MnkynM
k cnyx cMnn kcnym rx. epyun a
coapeHenno occnn nanne1cn neo6xopnHmH,
no nepoc1a1ounmH ycnoaneH c1anoanennn rpaxpanckoro o6uec1aa. oc1a1ounmH
okasmaae1cn o6pasoaanne oco6mx c1pyk1yp rpaxpanckoro o6uec1aa, k uncny ko1opmx
o1nocn1cn pernonanLnme, npoqeccnonanLnme (a 1.u. npoqcoksnme) n nonn1nueckne
o6Lepnnennn rpaxpan, qopHnpykunecn a npouecce nx caHoonpepenennn, rpynnoao
npen1nqnkaunn n cooprannsaunn. kpa xe o1nocn1cn c1pyk1ypm Hec1noro, a 1.u.
HynnunnanLnoro caHoynpaanennn, pasnoo6pasnme o6uec1aennme o6Lepnnennn n
kny6m.
pnnunnnanLno aaxno, u1o nHenno rpaxpanckoe o6uec1ao nanne1cn rapan1oH
cao6opm, peHokpa1nn n cnpaaepnnaoc1n, noppepxnaaeHmx nocpepc1aoH npaaoaoro
rocypapc1aa, ko1opoe Hoxe1 cyuec1aoaa1L 1onLko a nape c rpaxpancknH o6uec1aoH, a
kauec1ae ero oprana: oco6oro cpepc1aa ypepxannn uenoc1noc1n o6uec1aa n c1panm
kak 1eppn1opnanLnoro, kynL1ypnoro, xosnc1aennoro n np. epnnc1aa (15).
cno, u1o a 1akoH o6uec1ae nnpnanpyannsnpoaannmx rpaxpan, caHopen1enLnmx
sakononocnyunmx rpaxpan (1o ec1L: a npepenLno a1oHnsnpoaannoH o6uec1ae)
pac1aopne1cn, nn n u: paca, naunn,
knacc, cocnoane, kopnopaunn. c1ak1cn nnuL a1oHm aeuec1aa, no ncuesae1,
nponapae1 caHo aeuec1ao, pasnoxennoe peakune pacnapa. Hn
nn
. c1ak1cn nnuL cospannme caHopen1enLnmHn rpaxpanaHn
nponsaonLnme o6unoc1n, nckycc1aennme, an1ponorennme, - npopyk1 ne onn n
n1ennek1a naunn, a uac1nmx aonL (cnenmx no onpepenennk) n nn1ennek1oa
(necoaepuennmx no onpepenennk).
c1ec1aennyk o6unoc1L ne nyxno ypepxnaa1L oco6mHn cpepc1aaHn npaaoaoro
rocypapc1aa - na 1o ona n ec1ec1aennan. o nHenno - m mu
naun yHnnkn-peHnyprn. nn 1oro xe, u1o6m ypepxa1L o6unoc1L nckycc1aennyk,
354
nonapo6n1cn, Hoxno ne coHneaa1Lcn, cpepc1aa ouenL n ouenL cypoame, n6o ona,
coc1on ns nnpnanpyannsnpoaannmx rpaxpan, acerpa 6ype1 c1peHn1Lcn
q - .
K, a o1nouennn occnn npoek1 pauea-osepHanoa a6conk1no y1onnuen. pe
a1o n korpa onn anpenn a occnn Haccy sakononocnyunmx caHopen1enLnmx
rpaxpan? nynm caannnncL, e-ory!
o aoo6ue sapyHaeHcn: koHy Hoxe1 6m1L amropno 1akoe nckycc1aennoe rpaxpanckoe
o6uec1ao? oHy n saueH nonapo6nnocL pasopaa1L naunonanLnyk pycckyk o6unoc1L,
u1o6m nHe1L no1oH peno nnuL c opnnoukaHn, c nkpLHn-a1oHaHn?
cno, u1o a1o nyxno ne 1eH, k1o xnao uyac1aye1 n ocosnae1 caok ec1ec1aennyk
npnnapnexnoc1L k ec1ec1aennmH o6unoc1nH - k caoeHy napopy, a nepayk ouepepL.
nnuL, ao-nepamx, neHnornH peknaccnpoaannmH, nnn penaunonannsnpoaannmH, nnn
pac1epnaunH caok npen1nunoc1L nkpnH, nnn aoace nnopopuaH, - opnnH cnoaoH,
HaprnnanaH. ao-a1opmx - cnnouennmH n arpeccnanmH HenLunnc1aaH, cnannnmH
o6ue cypL6o n sapaue, ko1opme a 1akoH a1oHnsnpoaannoH, ne cnoco6noH k
konconnpnpoaanno saun1e co6c1aennmx nn1epecoa o6uec1ae Hory1 po6n1Lcn acero.
4. nv v m
, opnako, - y1onnc1m ao aceH, n a nera1nae n a nosn1nae. aum-osepHanm,
nanpnHep, yaepenno noc1ynnpyk1: m6op 1oro nnn nnoro pexnHa onpepenne1cn
naunonanLno nonn1nko, ko1opyk c c c (15). o ec1L,
Hoxno, no-anpnHoHy, 1kny1L nanLueH a an1pnny, pasaepny1yk qnnocoqaHn-
o6uec1aoaepaHn, n ckasa1L: ouy a1o!. o a 1akoH cnyuae cnoaa aosnnkak1
nepaoouepepnme npoknn1me aonpocm:
1o 6ype1 1mka1L nanLueH, onpepennn am6op o6uec1aa n c1panm?
ak 6m1L, ecnn uac1L o6uec1aa ne xoue1 a1oro? mue1 nanLuaHn a
npo1naononoxnyk c1opony? cnn a1oro ne xoue1 15 npouen1oa (k npnHepy, ace
nepycckne)? nn, nao6opo1 - 85 (ace pycckne)? nn 7 npouen1oa (ace 6ora1me)? nn
93 (ace 6epnme)?
ako ao1 noc1yna1nk... ocnopn! ckaxy1 xe 1akoe aspocnme nkpn!
nc1o aopm y1onnsH, npeannsH n aonkn1apnsH.
m6op noaoro pexnHa, kak aceH nsaec1no, 6onLue uac1Lk ecnn ne onpepenne1cn, 1o
sakpennne1cn nnM, M, kM MxycM,
rxckM M.
, neonpocae1n1enn npoponxak1 nac1anaa1L na caonx aonkn1apnc1cknx
npeanax, aaopn 1ako npnopn1e1: qM kk Mk ycn, a
paHkax ko1opo nnkakne Hacu1a6nme npeo6pasoaannn ne Hory1 ocyuec1ann1Lcn 6es
npouepyp o6uec1aenno akcnep1nsm, ouenok aospec1ann na okpyxakuyk cpepy,
na6nnk pnnauns. eH caHmH o6ecneunaae1cn npouecc rpaxpanckoro
caHoonpepenennn n nonanennn rpaxpancko nosnunn. onLko npepLnanenne nosnunn
nosaonne1 o6ecneun1L yue1 nn1epecoa acex, koro kacak1cn 1e nnn nnme peuennn.
y1ounnk1, aonpekn Hnoro1mcnuene1ne npak1nke: 6ecneuenne pasan1nn
apHnnnc1pa1nanmHn He1opaHn, uen1pannsoaanno - neaosHoxno a npnnunne. cn
355
pa6o1a ponxna c1pon1Lcn na npnnunnax peHokpa1nn yuac1nn, ncknkuakunx penenne
o6uec1aa na peqopHa1opoa n peqopHnpyeHmx (14).
noaa noxL n y1onnn unc1o aopm! pe a1o onn anpann 1akne peqopHm a nc1opnn
uenoaeuec1aa? es penennn o6uec1aa na peqopHa1opoa n peqopHnpyeHmx?
oxe, n o1kypa na nauy rpeunyk eHnk saexann a1n kapacn-npeannc1m, ro1oame
o1aaxno sapa1L nk6o uyke aonpoc: snaeuL nn 1m, u1o 1akoe o6pope1enL?!? o,
u1o onn a occnn nnkorpa ne xnnn, kaxe1cn oueanpnmH. ecnn xnnn, 1o kak Hornn
sa6m1L, u1o xnsnL - ec1L 6opL6a? naccoa nn, naun, no - 6opL6a!
u1o nk6me Hacu1a6nme npeo6pasoaannn (aknkuan n nauy anno1ekyuyk
6ypxyasno-peHokpa1nueckyk peaonkunk) coaepuak1cn ne ny1eH koncencyca, a a
pesynL1a1e 6opL6m n nacnnnn opno uac1n nacenennn c1panm nap ppyro. nnkak
nnaue!
u1o rpaxpanckoe caHoonpepenenne n nonanenne rpaxpancko nosnunn - ec1L
npnHo ny1L k rpaxpancko aone. 6o npepLnanenne nosnunn nan6onee
aqqek1nano, korpa ocyuec1anne1cn c opyxneH a pykax.
u1o npaao - ec1L aonn rocnopc1aykuero knacca (rocnopc1aykue naunn),
aosaepennan a sakon!
pnp ppyrnx noc1yna1oa, cnnukoH nop1aepxpennmx ace nc1opne uenoaeuec1aa, pnn
nepecHo1pa ko1opmx coapeHennoc1L ne pae1 ny npoc1o nnkaknx ocnoaann.
356
5. Q r
no 1oHy, u1o a1nx kapace (o pacnpopaxe
neaocnonnnHmx npnpopnmx pecypcoa occnn) - u
, aosnnkae1 yaepennoc1L, u1o ace nx nananme, npekpacnopyunme
n nackaosL npeannc1nueckne paccyxpennn nHek1 caoe uenLk 1onLko opno: o1nkpL
ne npocaeuenne npaan1ene, a aneHen1apnoe sapypnaanne Hosroa aceH un1a1ennH.
1aop rnas. paan1ennH, noppannmH, onnonen1aH.
a1o ue1ko npocHa1pnaae1cn yc1anoaka na ppo6nenne occnn, na ee peuen1pannsaunk,
na pernonannsaunk c1panm (nonn1nueckn cnnonnH: konqepepannsaunn):
pepnaraeHan 1pak1oaka pasan1nn ncknkuae1 aosHoxnoc1L ynpaanennn pasan1neH
occnn a uenoH. pen ynpaanennn pasan1neH coo1nocn1cn c pasan1neH pernonoa n
cqep pen1enLnoc1n, kaxpm (kaxpan) ns ko1opmx 6ype1 ampa6a1maa1L n
ocyuec1ann1L co6c1aennyk nporpaHHy pasan1nn n panra1Lcn no co6c1aenno
1paek1opnn, amc1ynan kak kaasncaHoc1on1enLnm cy6Lek1 pasan1nn (37).
1kpoaenno, nnuero ne ckaxeuL! kak xe 6m1L c 1eH qak1oH, u1o acn occnn -
epnnan c1pana epnnoro pycckoro napopa n yxe noa1oHy ponxna nHe1L epnnyk cypL6y?
npnHo, aa1opm cun1ak1 nnaue.
onqepepannsaunn occnn (c nocnepykunH okonua1enLnmH pacnapoH, pacunenenneH)
- rony6an Heu1a pasan1mx c1pan, 1oro caHoro sono1oro Hnnnnappa, ko1opm,
oueanpno no rnynoc1n, po cnx nop ne cnyuae1 reonoroa-qnnocoqoa pauea n
na1ypannc1nueckn 1pak1ye1 npo6neHy neaocnonnnHmx npnpopnmx pecypcoa.
ak, opnako, nac1ounao npo6naae1cn ckaosL kaHyqnnxnme ce1n npeannc1nuecknx
cxeH c1anLno 6neck saHopckoro reononn1nueckoro kankana!
6. r - xm r?
npepanpn onacnoc1L paso6nauennn, paum-osepHanm nac1ounao npnanaak1
un1a1enk kynL1ypy pnanora, koncencycnyk ncnxonornk, npeanm nnkpannsHa,
u1o6m a nyxnm HoHen1 cnpn1a1Lcn sa ec1ec1aennoe npaao - c M.
ak 6yp1o Hoxno sa6m1L o 1oH, ckonLko ycnnn onn yno1pe6nnn, u1o6m nHenno nx
Hnenne npeapa1nnocL ao anac1nyk pnpek1nay, a ynpaannkun o6uec1aennmH
cosnanneH nHnepa1na!
caoe nsnk6nenno npee onn aosapauak1 nac cnoaa n cnoaa:
asan1ne occnn Hmcnn1cn a paHkax npaaa n pnanornuno oprannsaunn Hmunennn n
pen1enLnoc1n.
aHka npaaa osnauae1 npnnn1ne npnnunna qopHanLnoro paaenc1aa acex rpaxpan
occnn nepep cypoH n sakonoH. Mk Mx r, a Hory1 6m1L
1onLko onnonen1m, conepnnkn, npo1nannkn. ce konqnnk1m Hory1 paspeua1Lcn npn
a1oH nn6o nonn1nuecknHn cpepc1aaHn, nn6o a cype6noH nopnpke.
aHka pnanora osnauae1 npnsnanne 1oro, u1o ace nkpn, ace napopm - pasnme. axpm
nHee1 npaao na caon nopxopm n asrnnpm, no nnk1o ne nHee1 ocnoaann o6Lnann1L nx
epnnc1aenno aepnmHn n po6pmHn (a1o a HononaunonanLno-1o c1pane?! - A.C.).
1kasmaan ce6e a npaae na 1akne 6esocnoaa1enLnme npe1ensnn, Hm nonyuaeH
357
aosHoxnoc1L Hnpnoro cocyuec1aoaannn n aaxneun pecypc pasan1nn ao
asanHopec1ann pasnmx nopxopoa, nn1epecoa n asrnnpoa, pasnmx kynL1yp.
akan oprannsaunn xnsnn aosHoxna 1onLko a ycnoannx kr cr
ycc, knr y r nc, rxckr c
r rcyc (12; uac1nuno noa1openo a c1a1Le aua onn1nka
qopHnpoaannn o1kpm1oro o6uec1aa).
H penn1nansH (o1kas o1 Hannqec1aunn caoe npaao1m) pauea-osepHanoa
npnsaan npopeHonc1pnpoaa1L 1paaonpnoc1L nno1onpnmx, npoue roaopn - ope1L na
aonka oaeuLk ukypy:
annHan 1y nnn nnyk nosnunk a koHHynnkaunn c ppyrnHn, Hm acerpa okasmaaeHcn
nepep pnneHHo: cun1a1L nn caok nosnunk n caon asrnnpm aepnmHn, a nosnunk n
asrnnpm ppyroro - oun6ounmHn, nn6o cun1a1L n 1e, n ppyrne pnpononoxnmHn, no,
ec1ec1aenno, uac1nmHn n uac1nunmHn. m6op nepaoro ny1n aepe1 k Hononornuno
oprannsaunn n 6opL6e c nnakoHmcnnunHn, am6op a1oporo - k pnanory, nap1nepc1ay
nnn conepnnuec1ay, no orpannuennoHy onpepenennmHn paHkaHn. au am6op
opnosnauen: pasan1ne, kak Hm ero nonnHaeH, 1eH 6onee ecnn Heu1a1L o ero
yc1ounaoc1n, aosHoxno 1onLko a paHkax pnanornuno oprannsaunn, nosaonnkue
yun1maa1L nn1epecm acex sann1epecoaannmx nosnun. onee 1oro, caHo pasnnune
nosnun, asrnnpoa n nn1epecoa rpaxpan n nx pasnnunmx coo6uec1a okasmaae1cn a
ycnoannx pnanora aaxneunH pecypcoH pasan1nn, n6o nonyxpae1 nac ace apeHn
ncka1L n c1pon1L noame He1opm, cpepc1aa n qopHm oprannsaunn coaHec1no xnsnn n
pen1enLnoc1n (uero noka 1ua1enLno ns6erak1 naun nonn1nueckne nap1nn) (32-
33).
nanor, sa ko1opm pa1yk1 paum-osepHanm, - ne u1o nnoe, kak kakoqonnn,
nec1ponan 6on1oann nonn1nkanoa, nnkenmx xnne1oa, korpa nnk1o nnkoro ne
cnmun1. 1o n yn, coaepuenno neaosHoxnan a npak1nuecko nonn1nke -
nonn1no, noueHy o1 nee o1aopaunaak1cn nap1nn. 1onnn, counnennan, onn1L xe, pnn
o1aopa rnas. 6o nonn1nka (n paum-osepHanm a1o, koneuno, 1aeppo snak1) - a1o,
npexpe acero, nn k n m, nn k y. m6op xe (peuenne)
on1onornueckn acerpa npo1naoc1on1 pnanory. n no onpepenennk - Hononornuen.
oa1oHy pnanor yHec1en 1onLko po 1ex nop, noka 1a nnn nnan npo6neHa, sa1pony1an a
neH, ne npopncoaanacL po 1o c1enenn oueanpnoc1n, sa ko1opo cnepye1 npnnn1ne
peuennn.
ec1ayn no nsnk6nenno cxeHe yHpn 1m ceropnn, a n saa1pa, aa1opm c1peHn1cn
naansa1L caonH peanLnmH nnn HnnHmH onnonen1aH cnc1eHy pnanora, 6eckoneuno,
nnkoro nn k ueHy ne o6nsmaakue pnckyccnn, a1ane napencL npn a1oH, u1o
mn 6ypy1 npnnnHa1Lcn nn6o nHn caHnHn, nn6o anac1nHn npepepxaunHn - no
nx coae1y. o aa1opm onuenunn ampak1 ce6n c ronoao, qopHynnpyn caoe saae1noe
npepnoxenne: nopnpoun1L n cnc1eHa1nsnpoaa1L nponsaopc1ao sakonoa n kasoa,
nopunnn1L nx o6ue nornke peqopH, am1ekakue ns 1o nnn nno, no coaepuenno
neo6xopnHo konuenunn n nporpaHHm, nepame uarn no nanpaanennk k ko1opmH Hm
naHeuaeH specL n 1enepL (42). nmHn cnoaaHn - paaa1e xn1L a pexnHe
nonn1nueckoro pnanora, no ace xe kM, M kM!
H u , - n yxe ynoHnnan
a nepao uac1n nccnepoaannn a1y nk6nHyk eapenHn nc1nny. ypyun no npnpope
Hononornc1aHn, ne yHekunHn, pa n ne xenakunHn cnmua1L ppyrnx, oprannueckn ne
cnoco6nmHn k pnanory, eapen anp1yosno yHek1 a nyxnm HoHen1 nonLsoaa1Lcn
npeonorne koncencyca, pnanora kak un1oH. npnHo, a1o1 HoHen1 nac1an n a occnn.
nepye1 po6aan1L, u1o pexnH (aeunoro) pnanora - a1o opnn ns cnnonnHoa
peHokpa1nn n nnkpannsHa, o konx acerpa n aespe xnonouy1 nk6me HenLunnc1aa - o1
358
cekcyanLnmx n naunonanLnmx po nn1ennek1yanLnmx - no anonne nonn1no npnunne.
epL nnaue y nnx npoc1o ne1 uanca y1aeppn1L a o6uec1ae caon npnopn1e1m. 1eH
6onee ne1 uanca ykpm1Lcn o1 o1ae1c1aennoc1n sa caoe anopHanLnoe noaepenne.
opaxae1 a a1o cansn poc1onm opyannoackoro nnnc1epc1aa npaapm 1esnc pauea-
osepHanoa: paHkax npaaa ne1 aparoa! yx caHo co6o - ne1 r .
epa a 1oH, u1o onn ec1L - nHenno sa paHkaHn npaaa, 1o ec1L a peanLno xnsnn.
7. X .
npnopn1e1oa naunx aa1opoa ec1L opnn poaonLno c1pannm: m npepnaraeH
a kauec1ae uen1panLno npen caHoonpepenennn occnn npek pasan1nn (34).
oo6ue-1o, pasan1ne uero-nn6o - a1o ne npen, a ec1ec1aennm npouecc, ko1opm
npe1 a nk6oH cnyuae, c1nHynnpyeHm nonn1nuecko aone nnn xe nnuL saancnHm, a
1o n aoace ne saancnHm o1 nee. ak 1o1 kapaaan, ko1opm npe1, necHo1pn na na
co6akn. nn neonpocae1n1ene xe pasan1ne - a1o npouecc, sapannm aoneamH
o6pasoH n 1aknH xe o6pasoH kon1ponnpyeHm. o nn Hnp, nn occnn - ne nnky6a1op n
ne na6opa1opnn. aueH xe 1akne akcnepnHen1m? ao1 saueH.
nukan pycckoro un1a1enn (a 1oH uncne 1akoro, o1 ko1oporo a occnn saancn1
npnnn1ne peuenn) aecLHa ka1eropnuecknHn pekoHenpaunnHn, onn, opnako,
npnsmaak1 ero npnnn1L napapnrHy nonno n a6conk1no 1epnnHoc1n:
onn1nky pasan1nn Hm npo1naonoc1aanneH, ycnoano roaopn, nonn1nke nn1epecoa.
onn1nka nn1epecoa xapak1epnsye1cn poHnnan1o co6c1aennmx nn1epecoa n uene
nonn1nueckoro cy6Lek1a a yuep6 nn1epecaH ppyrnx cy6Lek1oa. 1a nonn1nka c1pon1cn
na onnosnunn ppyr - apar n ocyuec1anne1cn a paHkax npaaa nnuL po 1ex nop, noka
a1n paHkn ne npenn1c1ayk1 poc1nxennk noc1aanennmx uene. nn nonn1nkn pasan1nn
xapak1epna, nanpo1na, poHnnan1a nn1epecoa cooprannsaunn n co1pypnnuec1aa,
o6uero pena, uennoc1n pasan1nn, a cao nn1epec, ko1opm nnk1o ne sa6maae1,
peannsye1cn c yue1oH nn1epecoa ppyroro a paHkax npaaa.
a1opm penak1 anp, kak 6yp1o ne nonnHak1, ne snak1, u1o cn1yaunn c1onknoaennn
an1aronnc1nuecknx nn1epecoa - u1a1nan a nonn1nke, n u1o M
n cMnn ck x M rcc.
osaonk ce6e ak1yanLnyk un1a1y: nannsnpyn 1nn konqnnk1oa, ypoaenL
konkypen1no 6opL6m, uac1o1y c1onknoaenn, npnpopy Hanmx aon a pasnnunmx
pernonax Hnpa, pac1yuyk 6opL6y sa c1pa1ernueckn snaunHme pecypcm n ocnoanme
1enpenunn k HonononLnoHy kon1ponk sa a1nHn pecypcaHn sa cue1 npnHenennn
aoennmx n nonn1nuecknx cpepc1a, noepnnok sa npaao na nnpnpykuyk aank1y,
ypoaenL Hnpoao qnnancoao nec1a6nnLnoc1n n pecn1kn ppyrnx qak1opoa,
xapak1epnsykunx kauec1aenno n konnuec1aenno reononn1nueckoe paanoaecne, Hm
cun1aeH aosHoxnmH n neo6xopnHmH konc1a1npoaa1L, u1o uenoaeuec1ao c1on1 na
nopore 1pe1Le Hnpoao aonm - 1exno1ponno. exno1ponnm ynL1nHa1yH,
1exno1ponnan kann1ynnunn, 1exno1ponnm konunarepL - ao1 knkueame nonn1nn a1oro
noaoro 1nna nopa6ouennn cna6mx cnnLnmHn (oc1nepec1poka: konuen1yanLnan
HopenL pasan1nn nauero o6uec1aa, nonn1nuecknx nap1n n o6uec1aennmx
oprannsaun. - ., onn1nspa1, 1990. - . 12). am, a1o1 neccnHnc1nueckn npornos,
pannm pecn1L ne1 nasap, ne 1onLko c6mncn na naunx rnasax, no n ackannpye1 no
aocxopnue.
359
konc1a1npoaa1L: n - no nnuL any1pn
coo6uec1aa, cnannnoro epnnmH nn1epecoH; s - n
n. euero n pyHa1L o ee npnHenennn a o6uec1ae, paspnpaeHoH
counanLnmHn n/nnn naunonanLnmHn npo1naopeunnHn. paano n a o6c1anoake aonm
- Hexpy c1panaHn nnn 6nokaHn c1pan. ny1pn aokkue c1panm, aokkuero 6noka -
pa, noxanyc1a. 16pocna any1pennne pasnornacnn nepep nnuoH o6uero npo1nannka,
Hoxno aec1n nonn1nky pasan1nn. ak epnnm amuen 6onee Horyue n pasan1o
pepxaao ns ornn ennko 1euec1aenno. ak ceropnn c1panm n
npepc1aanenm na any1pn6nokoaoH ypoane - a ocnoanoH nonn1nko pasan1nn, sa1o na
aneuneH - xec1ko n paxe xec1oko (cp. Krocnaann) nonn1nko nn1epecoa.
o cy1n, nk6esnme aa1opm npepnarak1 naH, a npoponxenne rop6aueacko nonn1nkn,
opnoc1oponnee pasopyxenne: na ypoane konuenunn, npeonornn, He1oponornn.
aansmaak1 naH nonn1nky pasan1nn, pnanora, koncencyca, npepnaran o1pnny1L
nonn1nky nn1epecoa n uene. ornueckan nopknapka nop a1nH - ace 1a xe, narepno-
6na1nan: n, n . ecL Hnp xnae1 no nornke nonn1nkn
nn1epecoa, a ao1 aaH, pycckoe pypauLe, nenpeHenno napo - no nornke nonn1nkn
pasan1nn!
8. H vx - v n, 3v nxx?
ne sa6mn, koneuno, kak qopHynnpye1cn 1pnepnnoe copepxanne
y1onnueckoro npeana o1kpm1oro o6uec1aa: pmnok, rpaxpanckoe o6uec1ao,
npaaoaoe rocypapc1ao.
pmnkoH naue nacenenne ycneno nosnakoHn1Lcn, nosnano ero Hnnycm n nnkcm.
ocnap1qeopannsH, 6maun y nac po 1991 ropa, ce6n no HnornH npnunnaH nsxnn. o
aHec1o naunonan-kann1annsHa (rocnap1kann1annsHa no o6pasuy kn1ackoro) nac
c1onknynn a kann1annsH kononnanLnm, yam, cnnLno ckoHnpoHe1npoaaa caHo nonn1ne
pmnka.
rpaxpanckoH o6uec1ae Hm nopasHmunnnn amue. oxe aecLHa coHnn1enLnoe
o6uec1aennoe yc1poc1ao.
enepL nyxno c onpepenennoc1Lk ckasa1L: y o6uec1aa Hory1 6m1L, ponxnm 6m1L n
ec1L npnopn1e1m noaaxnee npaaoaoro rocypapc1aa.
rocypapc1ao - n n yn, nnkorpa, nnkeH n nnrpe ne
poc1nrny1an (ackonmxnyauee peno uepnoro y6num nHncona, onpaapannoro
uepnmHn npncnxnmHn, - npkn, xo1n ne epnnc1aennm, npnHep qanLunaoc1n
knaccnueckoro - aHepnkanckoro - npaaoaoro rocypapc1aa), n cMn
cn nymk, nanpaanennan npo1na nn1epecoa popa uenoaeueckoro a nonLsy
Hnoroo6pasnmx, kak npaanno peanan1nmx, HenLunnc1a: naunonanLnmx, pennrnosnmx,
cekcyanLnmx n np. pn a1oH a npaaoaoH rocypapc1ae, saunuakueH npaaa
HenLunnc1a n nnpnanpyyHoa, 1o ec1L c c c, napapokcanLnmH
o6pasoH o1cy1c1aye1 saun1a o6uec1aa kak uenoro, o1cy1c1aye1 npaao 6onLunnc1aa,
npaao naunn. nn Hepnkn a1o 6onee-Henee ec1ec1aenno, n6o aHepnkancko naunn
nnkorpa ne 6mno n ne1 kak 1akoao a npnpope. o pnn nac?!
enLsn k 1oHy xe sa6maa1L, u1o npaaoaoe rocypapc1ao - aecLHa poporoe
ypoaonLc1ane, ko1opoe Hory1 nosaonn1L ce6e nnuL neHnorne c1panm - nepepoankn
kann1annc1nueckoro copeanoaannn, ko1opme paano, Hnpno n 1nxo nepeunn a qasy
naunonan-counannsHa: 1o ec1L o6ecneunnn anonne counannc1nueckne 6nara, nLro1m n
npnannernn pnn caonx rpaxpan sa cue1 orpa6nennn acero oc1anLnoro Hnpa.
360
m ponxnm coxpann1L poc1a1ouno ncnm yH, u1o6m ne nosaonn1L naansa1L naH
npaaoaoe rocypapc1ao a-nn . u xu
n . o aoo6ue-1o n 1ak
nonn1no: nponoaepL pauaHn a1oro npeana a naue c1pane, rpe kaxpm c pe1c1aa
snae1, u1o sakon - kak c1on6: nepenpmrny1L nenLsn, a o6o1n Hoxno n u1o sakon -
u1o pmuno, kypa noaepneuL, 1ypa n amuno, - poaonLno 6eccHmcnenna.
npounH, nn1epecno na qone amcoknx cnoa o npaaoaoH rocypapc1ae cnmua1L o1
eapecknx aa1opoa 1ako kpnk pyun: e1epnnHo ceropnnunee nonoxenne pen, korpa
a 6kpxe1e na 1996 r. qnnancnpoaanne npaaoao peqopHm, pacunpennn cqepm
pec1ann cypa npncnxnmx aoo6ue ne npepycHo1penm. o1 u1o nx 6ecnokon1 na
caHoH pene, ao1 a ueH pnn nnx cyuec1ao npaaoaoro rocypapc1aa: cy cnx.
oueHy n saueH eapen nac1anaak1 na pacunpennn panno npak1nkn, nyuue acero
o6Lncnne1 opnn ns nx neua1nmx opranoa - n1epa1ypnan rase1a: "naHenn1oe peno
ennca. nacnn ero ne "sann1me n ak1nanme... cnacnn ero kak pas "Henee penoame,
"neak1nanme n "annoaa1me. a ckaHLe npncnxnmx co6panncL a 1oH npouecce opnn
Henkn unnoannk, uec1epo kpec1Lnn, paoe Heuan, paoe nou1oamx cnyxaunx n opnn
nsaosunk. acckasmaann no1oH, u1o uauy aecoa nokone6an nHenno on, nsaosunk,
ckasaa: "e1, ne Hory asn1L rpex na pyuy. ne asnn (. opnn. 1o cnac ennca,
nnn co6oe Hnenne nnca1enn acnnnn kcenoaa. [ saun1y nnc1n1y1a cypa
npncnxnmx] - " 16.04.97).
aaepnoe, xopouo 6mno 6m pnn eapeea, ecnn 6m aecL pycckn napop coc1onn nnuL ns
nsaosunkoa, nopo6nmx amueonncannoHy!
3.4. HE RE3B, EHHK, K HKM
pnn ce6n nonyuna o1nop a anpe Hoe c1a1Ln, au paspasnncn, kak
ckasano amue, payHn c1a1LnHn a esaancnHo, rpe nonm1ancn cHnrun1L
qopHynnpoakn n nera1nanoe aneua1nenne o1 caoero nsnauanLno nanopnc1oro 1ona. n
paxe nakoneu-1o porapancn sapa1Lcn aonpocoH, cnepye1 nn nonnHa1L nensHennoc1L
kypca peqopH n npnaepxennoc1L occnn uennoc1nH peHokpa1nueckoro pasan1nn
kak peanLnyk yc1anoaky rocypapc1aa na qopHnpoaanne o1kpm1oro o6uec1aa?
1aeua1L na a1o1 aonpoc cnepye1 oc1opoxno. cansmaak neopnosnaunoc1L pannoro
o1ae1a c nepoc1a1ouno ykopenennoc1Lk n ocosnannoc1Lk a occnn npe o1kpm1oro
o6uec1aa. 1n npen ne 1onLko Hanonsaec1nm unpoknH cnonH nacenennn, no
nepoc1a1ouno npopyHanm paxe naue nonn1nuecko ann1o a en1pe, ne roaopn yx o
npoannunn (onn1nka qopHnpoaannn o1kpm1oro o6uec1aa).
pe6oaaaun nonauany Haprnnannsnpoaa1L nnn npoc1o sanpe1n1L sakonoH
nap1nn, panxennn n o6uec1aennme o6Lepnnennn, ncnoaepykune naunonan-
kann1annc1nueckyk pok1pnny, a saopno n ace oprannsaunn, opnen1npoaannme na
qopHnpoaanne sakpm1oro o6uec1aa n 1o1ann1apnoro rocypapc1aa, 1o ec1L xo1eaun
cn x c nM n (enme n kpacnme. -
08.10.96), au 1enepL peunn o1kpec1n1Lcn o1 1akoro akc1peHnsHa: onn o1kpm1oe
o6uec1ao nenLsn, kak n nokasan panee, noc1pon1L, 1o yx 1eH naue ero nenLsn
noc1pon1L aa1opn1apnmHn He1opaHn (onn1nka qopHnpoaannn.).
ckasannoHy auy oc1anocL 1onLko po6aan1L uec1noe npnsnanne o coaepuenno
neoprannunoc1n npeana o1kpm1oro o6uec1aa peanLno nc1opnuecko occnn - n
saaepun1L peno c1onL xe uec1nmH amaopoH o nepeanLnoc1n ace onuenunn. n
a1oro, koneuno, ne penae1. n no-npexneHy naHepen qopHnpoaa1L (1o ec1L nHenno
c1pon1L, aonpekn amueckasannoHy) o1kpm1oe o6uec1ao ne na cnoaax, a na pene
n ne oc1aanne1 nonm1ky noc1pon1L npeonornk qopHnpoaannn o1kpm1oro o6uec1aa a
361
kauec1ae neo6xopnHoro o6ecneuennn coo1ae1c1aykue nonn1nkn, 1o ec1L, no cy1n, -
a kauec1ae naunonanLno npen (1aH xe).
m snaeH yxe, kakan konkpe1nka c1on1 sa a1nH.
panxe1 ynpnHmH pok1opoH reonoro-Hnnepanornn? onLko napexpa na
copocoackne rpan1m? nn na ponk a npn6mnnx o1 paspena poccncknx pecypcoa? e
c1any a1oro y1aepxpa1L. ce ne 1ak npoc1o.
au yaepne1 nac, o16naancL o1 kpn1nkn eaac1Lnnoaa, a caoe nk6an k opnne,
occnn, ko1opyk on nk6n1 aocnep ppyroHy aa1opn1e1y - e1py aapaeay - c
o1kpm1mHn rnasaHn (onLueansH nnn naunonanLnoe cornacne?). mue
neopnokpa1no nopuepknaanocL, u1o peuen1m pasan1nn occnn, pannme aueH co
1oaapnun, nosaonnk1 npepnonara1L, u1o cnx yn m c,
c nm, M m krn . a n nk6nHo o1 1ako
nk6an Hoxe1 cnnLno ne nospopoan1Lcn.
ueH npnunna, noueHy 1ak nonyuae1cn?
a no1oHy, u1o aepnm asrnnp na occnk n ee pasan1ne aosHoxen 1onLko a opnoH
cnyuae: u ux
- rnaanoro napopa c1panm, ee snxpn1enn n pepxn1enn.
1o aHec1o a1oro Hm anpnH y aua n paueo6pasnmx?
epseun nenaanc1nnk occnn - aunaa aaen sanann kak-1o, u1o nonn1ne opnnm
sapae1cn-pe ne kako-nn6o opno paHko - reorpaqnuecko, xosnc1aenno,
a1nnuecko, kynL1ypno nnn konqeccnonanLno, a Hnoxec1aoH 1aknx paHok, npnueH
amnnunaanne kako-1o opno ns nnx upeaa1o 6epaHn n necuac1LnHn. au o6ann,
yaneuen n paxe aocxnuen a1o HmcnLk nac1onLko, u1o paaxpm c aoc1oproH
nepeckasmaae1 ee a caonx nncannnx - a knnre n c1a1Le. a1o o1nouenne a amcue
c1enenn xapak1epno pnn eapen. epL coaceH nnaue o6c1on1 peno y nac, pyccknx
naunonannc1oa: opnna pnn nac - a1o, a nepayk ouepepL, nau pycckn napop, ane
ko1oporo, 6es ko1oporo n Hm - ne Hm, n opnna - ne opnna, n occnn - ne occnn.
onn1noe peno, eapek ne nyxna nopo6nan poHnnan1a a c1pane npoxnaannn. n ne
Hoxe1, ne xoue1 n nx ee nHe1L.
o n nenpouennmx coae1oa paaa1L naH no o6yc1poc1ay occnn, npn ace caoe
nk6an k ne, on ne ponxen.
* * *
n q:
- , u
mn u u,
CCC, n,
. 3
u n - ,
n. H u x, -
um , qu
x (u ), ,
m , m n n
x , m x u-x
.
362
Yu, m u n , mn
s u u: , s
nu . O m, u s xn
n m .
Q u u u ?
- Q. H. (Hx nv.)
4. MEERBHmH HME: HYBH - 2 - HYBH
o1 paa nso6paxenLn: ao1 - n ao1.
a a1nx payx nop1pe1ax nnua 6pa1Lea.
. ekcnnp, aHne1
na1onnn y6aca aonno1nnacL pnn 6onLunnc1aa nauero nacenennn acn
cyHHa nera1nanmx nocnepc1an Hone1apnc1cknx peqopH. y1L npepnasnauennn a1oro
uenoaeka coc1on1 a 1oH, u1o on okasancn npeanLnmH HenepxepoH pnpa
Horyuec1aennmx 6nsnecHenoa (a 1oH uncne ns-sa py6exa), npepc1aannkunH nx
nn1epecm a npouecce rpanpnosnoro paspena nHyuec1aa . o o6c1on1enLc1ao, u1o
ao anapennn 200 eapecknx ceHec1a cocpepo1ounnocL nou1n 70% poccncko
co6c1aennoc1n, a ace nnn nou1n ace penLrn a1o c1panm okasanncL a eapecknx
pykax (. ononL. osnk6n1e occnk, opnc 6paHoanu!. - n N 38/98), ao
HnoroH - ero sacnyra. eropnn, aosrnaannn , on aepe1 ak1nanyk 6opL6y sa
peHonononnsaunk , sa npnaa1nsaunk ero nan6onee nakoHmx kyckoa n npo1na
sakona, orpannunaakuero npaao nnoc1pannmx nnaec1opoa anape1L 6onee ueH 25%
akun.
na1onn opncoanu caH nnuno ne nponanncn nn kak 6nsnecHen, nn kak 1eope1nk
npeo6pasoaann. ro c1a1Ln c Hnoroo6euakunH nasaanneH 1o napo pena1L a
occnn?, ony6nnkoaannan a xypnane 1kpm1an nonn1nka (1pn6yna rapapoauea) n
nepeneua1annan esaancnHo rase1o 03.10.97 r., ne copepxn1, aonpekn nasaannk,
nnkaknx konuen1yanLnmx o1kpoaenn. e cnyuano nnk1o ns cepLesnmx yuenmx -
akonoHnc1oa, o6uec1aoaepoa, qy1yponoroa - ne o1knnknyncn na a1o pexypnoe
amc1ynnenne nepaoro anue-npeHLepa npaan1enLc1aa occnn, npnsaannoe
o6Lncnn1Lcn c napopoH n saun1n1L peqopHm o1 nanapok n 6ecnouaennmx
pnckyccn, a npoue - nonynnpnsnpoaa1L enLunnckne eHL rnaanmx pen
npaan1enLc1aa occnn. saopno nyc1n1L pmHoayk saaecy nap npoponxakuecn
pacnpopaxe poc1onnnn naue c1panm.
pnnc1aennoe uennoe ck npnsnanne c1a1Ln - a nepaoH a6saue:
porpaHHa, ko1opyk nHee1 o6noanennoe npaan1enLc1ao, kak a1o nn neuanLno pnn
naunx npo1nannkoa, ncxopn1 ns nnmx uennoc1e n npepc1aanenn, nexenn 1e,
ko1opme 6onee ceHnpecn1n ne1 nacaxpanncL a occnn. nnnunoe sananenne pnn
nk6oro peaonkunonepa, nanano nonarakuero, u1o nac1onuan nc1opnn c1panm
naunnae1cn nHenno c nero.
pnnc1aennoe uennoe npnsnanne nk-kk, o6ep-npnaa1nsa1opa, - a 1oH,
u1o, npnkpmaancL neo6xopnHoc1Lk amnna1n1L napopy sapnna1y n nencnn n 1eH caHmH
sapyunauncL noppepxko Hacc, on naHepeaancn nyc1n1L c Hono1ka oc1aaunecn eue
nenpnaa1nsnpoaannmHn 15 kpynneunx, 6ora1eunx npepnpnn1n occnn, nko6m
363
ponxnmx a 6kpxe1 penLrn (a 1o apeHn, kak pykoaopnHoe npeo6pasoaa1ennHn
rocypapc1ao caHo nepep nnHn a ponrax, kak a uenkax, sa neonnauennme rocnoc1aakn -
kak, nanpnHep, asnpoHy). y6ac roaopn1 o6 a1oH npnHo, ne nykaan: ce
npepnpnn1nn o6nsanm amnonnn1L caok saponxennoc1L nepep 6kpxe1oH. 6LeH a1o
saponxennoc1n ncuncnne1cn unqpo, npeamuakue 60 1pnnnnonoa py6ne. y1 c
naue c1oponm nyxnm poc1a1ouno peun1enLnme pec1ann. m roaopnH naunH
ponxnnkaH, a snaun1, ne npoc1o naunH, a ponxnnkaH yun1ene, apaue,
aoennocnyxaunx, ne nonyuakunx aoapeHn sapnna1y, Hm roaopnH 1eH, k1o nH ponxen:
cnn y aac ceuac ne1 pener a 1ekyueH o6opo1e, snaun1, npopaaa1e caon akunn,
ocyuec1ann1e a1opnunyk aHnccnk, ncnonLsy1e a aqqek1nano qopHe 1e ak1nam,
ko1opme y aac peanLno cyuec1ayk1 ceropnn.
oaec1n cao saHmcen po konua y6ac, k cuac1Lk, ne ycnen: nLunn nocneunn
amaec1n ero c epnoHmppnnmH ns-nop pyuauecn nnpaHnpm , nopc1aana nop
ypap npnenko, u1o6m nocne peqon1a c 1pnyHqoH aepny1L nx na Hec1o. oHep ne
npouen - n na a1oH na1onn y6ac kak rnaua1a npeo6pasoaann noka sakonunncn.
okasancn c1apun 6pa1 - ropL y6ac, npenopaaa1enL
a, qnnocoq, aa1op neony6nnkoaannoro yue6nnka no HapkcnsHy, roaopnnaoe
cyuec1aoaanne ko1oporo c ns6m1koH nokpmaae1 uenenanpaanennyk pen1enLnoc1L
Hnapuero 6pa1a, npepnoun1akuero, kak xopouan co6aka, kyca1L Honua. expy
6pa1LnHn npe1 nernacnoe conepnnuec1ao a nonynnpnoc1n: ecnn naapm o6ep-npak1nka
npeo6pasoaann opnosnauno npnnapnexa1 HnapueHy, 1o sa saanne o6ep-1eope1nka
1akoamx o1uannno 6Le1cn c1apun. apeckne okasmaak1 eHy unpokyk
noppepxky.
a ckaHLe cypa pyccko nc1opnn Hec1a xaa1n1 o6onH.
ak nsaec1no, ne nana 6pa1Lea, paaun nH qaHnnnk, no HaHa - anca anHoana
aran - eapeka; 1o ec1L o6a 6pa1a, cornacno anaxe, coaepuennme eapen. oc1aan1L
nx pnpoH - nou1n opno nnuo. asnnua epaa ynoanHa. 6a, kc1a1n, - pmxne. o, ecnn,
rnnpn na na1onnn, ckopee nopyHaeuL: pycckn, 1o rnnpn na ropn, oun6n1Lcn
neaosHoxno: eape. akan ao1 nrpa npnpopm.
ropL opncoanu ne pas ny6nnuno sanannn, u1o ne nHee1 c 6pa1oH nnuero o6uero n
paxe paano c nnH ne ac1peuae1cn. on, ne aeua1e na Henn rpexn onnka. pnako,
cnepn sa ero nporpaHHnmHn amc1ynnennnHn, nonnHaeuL: 1eope1nueckne yc1anoakn
c1apuero 6pa1a, ecnn 6ypy1 npnHenenm k occnn, acec1oponne o6ecneua1
npoponxenne pen1enLnoc1n Hnapuero. pnkpok1 ee y1eun1enLnmH qnepoH
ryHannc1nuecko nceaponayuno 6on1oann. 6o onn 1ouno 1ak xe nexa1 a
knaccnueckoH pycne eapecko Hmcnn, packpmaakue uero onn o1 nac xo1n1.
po1naopeune Hexpy 6pa1LnHn - HnnHoe. opnn1 nx n nenpoun6aeHan
caHoyaepennoc1L, caoc1aennan o6onH. 6a uyac1ayk1 ce6n anpaae peua1L cypL6m
occnn.
rnaae aa asrnnpa na nc1opnk occnn: k1o npaa? n yxe kacancn aosspenn
y6aca-c1apuero. y1L nx ampaxae1cn opnnH cnoaoH: poccnnnc1ao. n ak1nano n
noackpy nx nponaranpnpye1, ncnonLsyn ace HmcnnHme 1pn6ynm. accHo1pnH xe a1n
aosspennn annHa1enLne.
4.1. HHR HHHHER H!
, nopnexaune nsyuennk, nocn1 xapak1epnme nasaannn: onn nano
o1cmnak1 nac k npounoHy, no npn a1oH kak 6m o1Hennk1 a1o npounoe.
364
nnxka ropn y6aca nasmaae1cn 1 yccko npen - k npee oao occnn: a
pannoH sarnaann noppasyHeaae1cn ne pasan1ne, a yxop o1 opnoro nHnepa1naa,
cnHaonnsnpykuero o6ae1uanyk 1papnunk, - k ppyroHy, yc1peHnennoHy a 6ypyuee.
e oaan occnn kak nponsaopnoe yccko npen, a oaan occnn - kak npeoponennan,
nsxn1an ycckan npen. Henno a1o1 cHmcn neHepnenno, 1y1 xe nop1aepxpae1cn a
annrpaqe k nepaoHy paspeny. 1ypen1 (eape?) cnpaunaae1 aa1opa: ec1no roaopn,
Hne o1 opnoro nasaannn aauero kypca c1anoan1cn neyk1no - ycckan npen, oaan
occnn, qnnocoqnn occnn - am u1o, naunonan-na1pno1 nnn k1o-1o eue noxneue?.
aa1op uec1no o1aeuae1: e1, koneuno. npnpepxnaakcL peHokpa1nuecknx
y6expenn.
pyro nc1ounnk - anLHanax oame aexn (xypnan o6uepoccncko rpaxpancko
pnckyccnn, N 1 (2). - ., 1998. - neH Hm paccHo1pnH 1onLko c1a1Lk y6aca
c1opnsH, o6yc1poc1ao, pyxoanoc1L - qopHyna aospoxpennn occnn, nnn
poccnckn npenm kpnsnc a payx ak1ax) - sac1aanne1 acnoHnn1L snaHenn1me
c6opnnkn exn n Heny aex, nonoxnaune a nepao 1pe1n aeka saHe1nme
py6exn pasan1nn pyccko o6uec1aenno Hmcnn. o pannm anLHanax, a pepkonnernn
ko1oporo ne1 (. sapacoa, . nnsapoa, .
apkapnn, . ckoukn, . y6ac - rnaanm pepak1op), paxe na o6noxke n
1n1ynLnoH nnc1e nece1 onpoaeprakuyk naun accounaunn cnHaonnky, nockonLky
saronoaok na6pan oco6mH eapecknH upnq1oH, cnerka c1nnnsoaannmH nop
napn1ckn anqaan1 n uac1o ncnonLsyeHmH eapecko nepnopnko. a n cnoao
noame opnosnauno o1cekae1 1papnunk npouL.
pn a1oH nepycckan pepkonnernn cHeno sananne1: KM nn c nnncn
c M, k M cMcn n-
kMMyM, Mk, k cn cn c
c m nc.
o1 on - - a caHoH u1o nn na ec1L knaccnueckoH anpe.
Pccn - m, - cun1ak1 a1n nn1epnaunonan-na1pno1m. - H M yM ycck
n -mMy.
o Hm, cHek napen1Lcn, 6ypeH nk6n1L ee no-caoeHy. epL pnn nac occnn nHee1
cHmcn n snauenne 1onLko papn naue, pyccko naunn, kak pycckan c1pana a
nc1opnueckoH n aksnc1enunanLnoH cHmcne. ne kak nekan 1eppn1opnn - Hec1o
npoxnaannn nkpe-a1oHoa, npoc1o nkpe, caHopen1enLnmx rpaxpan,
poccnnn. 1o seHnn ne 1onLko naunx pyccknx npepkoa, caHmx o1panennmx, no n
nac caHnx, n naunx pyccknx no1oHkoa, seHnn, pannan pyccknH cypL6o na aeunme
apeHena. 1nH ona naH 6nnska n popora, a1nH ona nac pepxn1. konn ne 1ak - uep1a
nn naH a occnn? oxno na1n na eHne Hec1a, rpe n knnHa1 nonyuue, n kynL1ypa
noppeane, n sapnna1a no6onLue. a 1onLko Hm 1aH 6ypeH naaeuno roc1nHn, a specL
Hm 6mnn n 6ypeH naaeuno xosneaaHn.
k y6acy. ero pa6o1ax, kak roaapnaan Ho nana, peuensnpyn
neko1opme pnccep1aunn konner, Hnoro noaoro n aepnoro: k coxanennk, , ,
- , nm c, , - .


4.2. EEH-HQEK RH ERHK REH
, y6ac 1oxe npeannc1. an1naneu: co ccmnkn na pn1nky unc1oro
pasyHa on naunnae1 pasroaop c un1a1eneH, npo1naonoc1aannn kan1oackyk HopenL
nosnannn (cnauana nonanne1cn 6onee-Henee uenoc1nan, nonnan HopenL
nccnepyeHoro nanennn, a sa1eH nponcxopn1 uyac1aennoe noc1nxenne ero pe1ane) -
365
nennncko (o1 xnaoro cosepuannn - k a6c1pak1noHy Hmunennk, a o1 nero k
npak1nke). 1o penae1cn pnn 1oro, u1o6m akc1panonnpoaa1L kan1oackyk cxeHy na
o6uec1aennoe c1pon1enLc1ao: H yccn Mn, M n ycm x
c, cc, c , cn
kMy c, M n a c, M cycy, kk c,
n yx n (5). aknH o6pasoH, pnn y6aca
c1pana-npean nanne1cn neknH nepanunmH qenoHenoH, npepuec1aykunH n
sacnonnkunH co6o c1pany-pannoc1L. a panLneueH on cknonen cun1a1Lcn kak c
peanLnoc1Lk nHenno co caonH npeanoH, a ne c occne, kak ona ec1L.
panno yc1anoake y6ac kappnnanLno pacxopn1cn c aueH, y1aepxpakueH (no-
HoeHy, anonne cnpaaepnnao) coaepuenno o6pa1noe: nkakyk Hnccnk napopa
(naunn) a 1ounoH cHmcne cnoaa, 1.e. kak npepsapannyk, npepc1onuyk eHy a Hnpoao
nc1opnn, n ne Hory noHmcnn1L. onL (a ne Hnccnn!) napopa a nc1opnn, ero aknap a
Hnpoayk kynL1ypy amncnnk1cn acerpa post factum. onm1kn ampyHa1L n peannsoaa1L
Hnccnk napopa a Hnpoao nc1opnn po po6pa ne poaopn1 (onn1nka
qopHnpoaannn.). paapa, aHec1o a1oro au npepnarae1 napopy nonn1nueckoe
caHoonpepenenne; a ueH ono coc1on1, Hm yxe snaeH.
o n saHmcen y6aca nnuy1L ne nyuue. n npepnarae1 ncxopn1L ns 1oro, u1o kpnsnc
c1an okonua1enLno oueanpnmH pnn acex 1orpa, korpa spanne koHnpeonornn, k
cuac1Lk, pyxnyno, no, k necuac1Lk, nnkako nopHanLno, ec1ec1aenno, apekaa1no
cnc1eHm uennoc1e, nnkakoro noaoro Hnpoaosspennn ne aosnnkno. 1o1 aakyyH on n
xoue1 sanonnn1L, n6o po 1ex nop, noka ne 6ypy1 peuenm Hnpoaosspenueckne
npo6neHm, ne Hory1 6m1L peuenm nnkakne nnme npo6neHm, kak ne noc1pon1L poH
6es qynpaHen1a, 1ak ne nopnn1L c1pany 6es npen a1o c1panm, 6es npen oao
occnn. o6c1aenno, noka ne1 npen - ne1 n c1panm (5). pen oao occnn eue ne
cqopHnpoaana n nanne1cn npepHe1oH ak1nano o6uec1aenno pnckyccnn. apaua
knnrn - cqopHnpoaa1L noaoro ora, npek oao occnn (11).
nn1L npnae1 npocae1n1ennH: pen npaan1 HnpoH! paxe ne 1onLko npaan1, no n
cospak1 ero.
cnoano peqek1 npocae1n1enLckoro nopxopa coc1on1, kak nsaec1no, a nrnopnpoaannn
uenoaeueckoro Ha1epnana, ko1opoHy qnnocoqm paccun1maak1 npnan1L caon npen.
expy 1eH, nyMc cn c knc kc
nck Mcc, rpe ona pacnpoc1panne1cn. o npocae1n1enn nnkorpa ne
acnoHnnak1 o xopoue pyccko nocnoanue: o1 ocnnkn ne 6maae1 anenLcnnkn.
ockonLky nopo6pa1L uenoaeueckne Haccm nop npek uepesuyp cnoxno,
ec1ec1aennmH 6mn 6m o6pa1nm nopxop: nopo6pa1L npek nop Haccm. onpoc1y
roaopn, cnepye1 amaopn1L npek a1o c1panm ne ns o1aneuennmx npeanoa
(npepasn1mx yc1anoaok n npnnunnoa), a ns konkpe1noro anannsa counanLno
c1pyk1ypm o6uec1aa. s npak1nuecknx no1pe6noc1e konkpe1nmx o6uec1aennmx
c1pa1, c opno c1oponm, a c ppyro - ns konkpe1nmx xe nc1opnuecknx ycnoan
1ekyuero pnn. naue npen, kak 6m ona nn 6nnc1ana a6c1pak1no kpaco1o n
npenec1Lk, nn6o 6ype1 o1aeprny1a napopoH - nc1nnnmH 1aopuoH nc1opnn, nn6o
aope1 a npo1naopeune c sapauaHn HoHen1a n paccmnne1cn a npax nnn o6epne1cn
ouepepno nc1opnuecko 1parepne. o nHenno na 1ako ec1ec1aennm nopxop
npocae1n1enn-npeokpa1m (a 1oH uncne neonpocae1n1enn - poccnckne eapen,
paccyxpakune o pyccko npee), ank6nennme a co6c1aennme 1eopnn, oprannueckn ne
cnoco6nm.
He1opnuecknx yc1anoaok a nonno Hepe caoc1aenna ropk y6acy
(kak n auy c ero o1kpm1mH o6uec1aoH); a a1oH nerko y6epn1Lcn, osnakoHnauncL c
ero 1pak1oakaHn anonne opnosnaunmx nc1opnuecknx qak1oa.
366
o1 on noc1ynnpye1: ekan am1ekakuan ns ace o1euec1aenno nc1opnn n kynL1ypm
cnc1eHa npnnunnoa n uennoc1e - neo6xopnHa (7). o aecL nc1opnocoqckn n paxe
qnnonornueckn ananns, ko1opm y6ac nm1ae1cn aec1n, kak 6yp1o npopnk1oaan
opno caepxsapaue: naunc1o ncknkun1L, u u
q ns 1o napapnrHm pasan1nn occnn a npounoH, nac1onueH n 6ypyueH,
ko1opan pncye1cn nepep un1a1eneH ero knnrn.
oxopn1 po a6cyppa, po cn1yaunn a ynop ne anxy.
o1 y6ac konc1a1npye1: orpa pyxnynn 1nckn koHHynnc1nuecko npeonornn, na
aonk ampaanocL cpepxnaaaueecn nHn naunonanLnoe caHocosnanne. oa1oHy
npoc1o annnacL a coc1aa epepa1nano epHannn, a ne o6pasoaana kakyk-1o
caHoc1on1enLnyk pecny6nnky nnn nekyk ynnk c anne n onLue, u1o, paccyxpan,
koneuno, coaepuenno a6c1pak1no, ne 6mno a6conk1no neaosHoxnmH.
oHHynnc1nueckne qepepaunn - , Krocnaann, exocnoaaknn - pacnanncL nHenno
no naunonanLnmH npenH n kon1ypaH (6).
a6nkpenne rny6oko aepnoe. ako xe amaop nanpaunaae1cn ns ckasannoro?
6conk1no ncno: nmn u
B E CCC m, u,
u.
roaopk - kak n cnepoaano oxnpa1L, no1oHy u1o a Hnpe c nk
M nrn c, aokpyr ko1opmx ncnokon aeky
cnnaunaak1cn cc nck c: counanLnan (knaccoaan,
cocnoanan) - n naunonanLnan. 1n npenme ocn an1aronnc1nunm,
nepnenpnkynnpnm: epnnc1ao naunn ne ponyckae1 knaccoayk 6opL6y, knaccoaoe
epnnc1ao ne npnsnae1 naunonanLno posnn. 1o kak 6m pae kpanne 1oukn aHnnn1ypm
o6uec1aennmx kone6ann; Han1nnk nc1opnueckoro panxennn kauae1cn: o1 knaccoao
npen - k naunonanLno n o6pa1no.
pen knaccoaoro epnnc1aa (npone1apnn acex c1pan, coepnnn1ecL!) ponro n
6espaspenLno rocnopc1aoaana a sone coae1ckoro annnnnn. eypnan1enLno, u1o c
ocna6nenneH HexannsHa, o6ecneunaaauero a1o rocnopc1ao, na aceH noc1coae1ckoH
npoc1panc1ae (ne 1onLko a 6maueH ) neHepnenno aoc1opxec1aoaan
an1aronnc1nueckn npnnunn naunonanLnoro epnnc1aa. 1o a nonno Hepe kacae1cn n
occnn: ecnn a 1986 ropy 78% pyccknx nasaann ce6n coae1cknHn n 1onLko 15% -
pyccknHn, 1o a 1998 ropy yxe 43% poccnnn ampasnnn cornacne c nosynroH occnn
pnn pyccknx![30]. co6enno paspennk1 a1y nosnunk Honopme, ne o1paanennme npoH
koHnn1epnoacko npeonornn nkpn. H n,
m sx qx u um.
ornka roaopn1: aepL a1o ono n ec1L - 1o caHoe noaoe Hnpoaosspenne, 1a
nopHanLnan, ec1ec1aennan, apekaa1nan cnc1eHa uennoc1e, ko1opan caHa co6o
aosnnkna, korpa spanne koHnpeonornn, k cuac1Lk, pyxnyno. akyk eue nocne a1oro
napo ncka1L npek oao occnn?! o1 xe ona, ro1oaan, - aosLHn ee n no6expa!
annm amaop nexn1 na noaepxnoc1n, Hoxno ckasa1L, nop noraHn nccnepoaa1enn.
apo o6napa1L , 6ykaanLno - sauopennoc1Lk, u1o6m ero
ne yanpe1L. nn nykaac1aoH, nnn snmH yHmcnoH, u1o6m, yanpea, - npo1n HonuanneH.
o ropL y6ac aHec1o a1oro npoc1oro n oueanpnoro amaopa nyckae1cn kono6popn1L
a pe6pnx qnno- n nc1opnocoqc1aoaannn. a pesynL1a1e npnxopn1, kak o6 a1oH yxe
nncanocL amue, k npnHo npo1naononoxnoHy amaopy n k nponaranpe nnkueHno n
ockop6n1enLno pnn pyccknx npeonornn poccnnnc1aa.
ue npnHep: nac1n ponxnm 6m1L ro1oam k npo1ec1aH [no noaopy panLneuero
counanLnoro o6nnuannn]. pnako naueHy o6uec1ay a cnny pnpa o6Lek1nanmx npnunn
367
oprannsoaa1Lcn kpane cnoxno. kopee acero npo1ec1oaa1L nauny1 naunonanLnme
pernonm, naunn na ceropnn caHm cnnLnm counanLnm qak1op. cnn nonn1nka
nepekaukn acex xnsnennmx cokoa o1 napopa k anac1n npoponxn1cn, Hoxno
npepnonoxn1L, u1o cenapa1nsH naunonanLnmx pecny6nnk 6ype1 na6npa1L cnny.
1ckpa amaop - rnaano uennoc1Lk 6ypyue npeonornn Hoxe1 6m1L o6Lnanen
na1pno1nsH, uenoc1noc1L c1panm (74). pope 6m ncno o6pncoaanm qak1m,
npopeHonc1pnpoaano Hyppoe cosnanne 1oro, u1o naunn na ceropnn caHm cnnLnm
counanLnm qak1op. o kakoam xe amaopm?! o1L 6m aa1op sapancn aonpocoH, ue
xe a1o 6ype1 na1pno1nsH, 6onekun sa uenoc1noc1L c1panm a cn1yaunn, korpa
cenapa1nsH naunonanLnmx pecny6nnk 6ype1 na6npa1L cnny? 1o xe oc1ane1cn na
c1paxe a1o caHo uenoc1noc1n, cn yy cy cr
nMy ky ? cno: a1o 6ype1 nHenno n a nepayk ouepepL
- - n nnu1o nnoe. Henno n n n ec1L 1o1
caHm qak1op, ko1opm n u...
o y6ac 6on1cn ponyc1n1L a1o paxe a Hmcnnx n - Honun1!
nocHo1pn1e, c kako npoc1Lk o1aeprae1 y6ac paxe caHoe npepnonoxenne o
aosHoxnoc1n kako-1o pyccko naunonanLno napapnrHm! n nnue1: np
nccnepoaa1ene 1ak nasmaaeHo na1pno1nuecko opnen1aunn npnsmaae1 aepny1Lcn k
pyccko npee. ronocnoano yaepne1: opo6nan nonm1ka npnaena 6m nac k caHoHy
nnaueanoHy pesynL1a1y (10).
n1epecno, koro a1o - nac? noueHy? asae u1o - nx.
aunonanLnm npnnunn nac1onLko nenaanc1en y6acy, u1o on ro1oa sakpmaa1L rnasa
na oueanpnoe ne 1onLko a npak1nuecko nonn1nke, no n a 1eopnn. o1 on, k npnHepy,
nepeuncnne1 snauennn cnoaa counannsH: c1L Hapkcoa counannsH, ec1L counannsH
eaponecko counan-peHokpa1nn n ec1L counannsH coae1cko-couc1panoackn (53).
y k1o xe noaepn1, 6yp1o eape sa6mn o 1akoH nanennn, kak naunonan-counannsH?
oneuno, ne1. o - yHonuan! o1oHy u1o eHy c1pauna caHan HmcnL o pycckoH
naunonan-counannsHe. e nasmaa1L cao c1pax no nHenn - aaocL n Hnne1cn.
opcosnanne, ne xenakuee cun1a1Lcn c pec1an1enLnoc1Lk, paan1 na ace
nonnHakuee cosnanne, sac1n1 eHy cae1.
nrpe - nn a knnre, nn a xypnane - y6ac nn pasy ne cno1knyncn o 1pnananLnm,
no aecLHa Hnorosnaun1enLnm qak1: ypenLnm aec pyccknx a occnn - HnnnHyH 82%
nacenennn. 1o yHonuanne - kpnun1! m nonnHaeH, po kako c1enenn a1a unqpa 6Le1
eHy a rnasa, pexe1 cnyx, napannsye1 pmxanne n HmcnL. y, ne1y pnn uy6acoa
pycckoro naunonanLnoro qak1opa - n ace 1y1!
oHep, nnL1on, annkoackn. axe1cn, a1o1 cnncok aennknx cnenmx nopa
nononnn1L ropeH y6acoH.
4.3. MRBHHK! m 3BmRH QEB UHm.
uenoaek co6npae1cn cypn1L o yccko pee!
y6ac ne c1papae1 o1 nepoc1a1ka yaepennoc1n a ce6e: pnp1n k npee oao occnn
Hoxno, nnuL 1ua1enLno paso6paauncL n a yccko, n a koHHynnc1nuecko npenx.
pepHe1 1akoro nccnepoaannn - npepc1aanennoe a a1o knnre noaoe nayunoe
nanpaanenne, ko1opoe cnepye1 nasaa1L qnnocoqne occnn (10).
368
oamx aexax on xopoxopn1cn: aano nopa am1n na noHoc1 n amxa1L u1anry c
napnncLk ycckan npen (14). ecna6o! 1annukn 6m ne nopaa1L. a acnkn
cnyua, ne nyuue nn am1n na noHoc1 6es nnx?
ak on n cpenan. oxe1, a1o ne cnnukoH 6naronpnc1onm o6pas, no qnnocoq,
6epyuncn paccyxpa1L o pyccko nc1opnn n paxe c1pon1L qnnocoqnk occnn, ne
nHen pnn a1oro aneHen1apno nopro1oakn, anpnHL nanoHnnn Hne pen1enn ac1papm,
amuepuero na ny6nnky ao qpake, no 6es 6pkk.
am, peqek1nanoc1L nopxopa, o6ycnoanennan naunonanLnmH nponcxoxpenneH
y6aca, ne nosaonne1 eHy apekaa1no paccyxpa1L nn o pyccko nc1opnn, nn o pyccko
coapeHennoc1n, nn o pyccko npee.
369
1. K n x. x
ec1L npak1nueckan qnnocoqnn, ko1opan yun1 nac c noHouLk npnHepoa, -
1ouno onpepennn korpa-1o nopp onnnr6pok. coxanennk, amcokoHepno-
yHospn1enLnm nopxop k nc1opnn, Hnnykun ee qak1orpaqnueckyk cy1L, y
o1euec1aennmx qnnocoqoa ac1peuae1cn uac1enLko. o nc1opnocoqnn ne1 6es
nc1opnorpaqnn. epL na noxno nocmnke nenLsn noc1pon1L aepnmx amaopoa.
py6me oun6kn y6aca-nc1opnka canpe1enLc1ayk1 o 1oH, u1o aa1opy nesnakoHm
nnkakne nc1ounnkn, kpoHe caHmx ppeHyue-saHuenmx n npnHn1nanmx, xo1L on n
npnsmaae1 k kynL1y nc1opnn. oc1oaepnmx xe nccnepoaann (neko1opme ns
coapeHennmx n nasoay) on npoc1o ne pepxan a pykax. o1 neckonLko npnHepoa.
862 ropa npnrnauennm ns kanpnnaann kpnk c1an knnxn1L a oaropope,
nospnee ero cmn ner npnuen c ppyxnno a nea n o6Lnann ropop c1onLnmH (17).
o kpnk npnexan ne ns kanpnnaann (nopHanckan 1eopnn paano pasaenuana,
opnako eapen - nL1uynep, y6ac n pp. nnkak ne Hory1 c ne pacc1a1Lcn), a ns
ceaepnmx o6nac1e oc1ouno aponm. ner 6mn ne cmnoH ero, a caonkoH (npoq. ..
ysLHnn. 1o a pn6an1nke kopenno? - ., 1993; .. oxnnoa. c1opnn ycn n
pycckoro cnoaa. oapeHennm asrnnp. - ., 1997).
naano npyxnno, nopoxpakunH npo6neHm HexannsHoH okasanncL aoace ne
aneunne nauec1ann. nuL korpa a 1223 ropy c1ncnaa pano nponrpan 1a1apcknH
o1pnpaH 6n1ay y pekn ankn, nea noc1enenno c1an nonapa1L a ycnnnaakuykcn
qnnancoao-nonn1nueckyk saancnHoc1L o1 ono1o ppm. npoueH, nory6nnn ero ace-
1akn ne aneunne aparn, a co6c1aennan neaqqek1nanan cnc1eHa nonn1nueckoro
ynpaanennn. onapxnn 1nna neacko ycn okasanacL cnc1eHo
caHopaspyuakuecn (17). 1onLko ny1annum, u1o paxe koHHen1npoaa1L ne xoue1cn.
nkako qnnancoao-nonn1nuecko saancnHoc1n o1 1a1ap, pa eue noc1enenno
ycnnnaakuecn Hexpy 6n1ao na anke (1223) n asn1neH neaa (1240), ne 6mno.
nocne - 6mna aoenno-nonn1nueckan, okkynaunonnan saancnHoc1L (nro), aosnnkuan
kak pesynL1a1 Honrono-1a1apcko akcnancnn. a1o o sanyc1ennn kneaunnm,
amxxenno, ampesanno n pasopenno 1a1apaHn (aneunnHn aparaHn) na uenme
c1one1nn, nsaec1no ouenL xopouo. ak u1o nHenno pokoaoe aneunee nauec1ane
nopaeno uep1y nop nepnopoH neacko ycn. a1oHy HoHen1y ycL nopouna yxe ne a
anpe Honapxnn (epnnoanac1nn), a a coc1onnnn ypenLno pasppo6nennoc1n. o
uepes a1o ec1ec1aennoe na onpepenennoH a1ane coc1onnne npoxopnnn n ppyrne
qeopanLnme c1panm 1oro apeHenn - panunn, nrnnn, epHannn, a1o 6mn o6un ny1L.
1.p.
norne knnsLn neacko ycn aounn a nc1opnk kak nkpn amcokoro npaac1aennoro
npnHepa - specL n napnHnp pacnoe (1ak!) onnmuko, n pocnaa yppm, n
ceaonop onLuoe nespo (17). ypn no 6mnnnaH 6ora1mpckoro unkna, napnHnp
pacno onnmuko (c ko1opmH nccnepoaa1enn onnue1aopnk1, a ocnoanoH, napnHnpa
an1oro), aeponoHno caxaaun a 1eHnnuy nLk ypoHua n 1.n., kak pas-1akn ne 6mn
npaac1aennmH npnHepoH. yx 1onLko sakonuennm unnnk Hoxe1 nasaa1L ero
1akoamH no nc1opnuecknH nc1ounnkaH: napnHnp aaen na ycn uenoaeueckne
xep1aonpnnouennn; na neH kpoaL aeponoHno y6n1oro popnoro 6pa1a pononka; on
cnno nonn sa ce6n 6epeHennyk apoay nocnepnero; a ppyryk xeny, ornepy, on pnn
nauana nsnacnnoaan ao asn1oH u1ypHoH onouke na rnasax ee cansannmx popn1ene-
knnse, ko1opmx no1oH aenen y6n1L (a1o1 nopanr on cnyc1n ropm noa1opnn a ceHLe
npaan1ene asn1o nH opcynn [epconece]); eue opny xeny, 6onrapckyk Honauky,
asnn nenocpepc1aenno a anrenLckoH unne (acero y nero 6mn nn1L 1.n. aopnHmx
xen, ne cun1an rpeuankn, c ko1opo on o6aenuancn a 989 r., n co1en nanoxnnu) n 1.p.
n 1.n. o1oHkn cnncann eHy rpexn sa kpeuenne ycn, no npnaepennme qak1m xopouo
nsaec1nm nc1opnkaH.
370
kpennenne ockam noc1enenno ac1peuano cornacne n noppepxky npaaocnaano
uepkan. epaoro nepeexaauero ckpa ns neaa Hn1pononn1a aana nepeHannn caH
ann1a (19). n1pononn1a, y1aeppnauero cao npec1on a ockae npn ann1e, saann
ne aanoH, a e1poH. nepeexan on na noaoe Hec1o, koneuno xe, ne ns neaa, paano
no1epnauero caoe snauenne, a ns napnHnpa.
ocne pasrpoHa a 1nxeneue cxaa1ke na ynnkoaoH none 1a1apo-Honronoa
pyccknHn aonnaHn... aaxneuee npenn1c1ane na ny1n pyccko akcnancnn 6mno
yc1paneno (19). onnm 6pep, a ko1opoH ace ne coo1ae1c1aye1 pec1an1enLnoc1n (cH.
. oxnnoa. c1opnn pycckoro cnoaa.).
aan III nonnoc1Lk nopunnnn ce6e aaxneun n caHm 6ora1m ceaepnm pycckn
ropop oaropop (19). onnoe nopunnenne oaropopa nponsouno a pesynL1a1e payx
kapa1enLnmx noxopoa 1onLko npn anyke ynoHnny1oro, aane posnoH.
"ocne pasrpoHa na ynnkoaoH none ono1an ppa paspennnacL na 1pn
caHoc1on1enLnmx rocypapc1aa - c1paxanckoe, asanckoe n pmHckoe xanc1aa (19).
e roaopn yx o sa6m1oH n6npckoH xanc1ae, 1y1 ne o1aeuae1 peanLnoc1n 6ykaanLno
kaxpoe cnoao (cH.: .. apranoa. oneu oppmnckoro nra. - ., 1980; ynnkoackan
6n1aa a nc1opnn n kynL1ype naue opnnm. - ., 1983; ynnkoackan 6n1aa. 6. c1. -
., 1980; .. pekoa. oc1ounan apona n ynapok ono1o ppm. - ., 1975; .
oxnnoa. kas. cou.; n Hn. pp.)
epam pycckn uapL aan IV (19). nqopHaunn noxnan. nepame a noao
nacxannn 1492 ropa 6mn no1n1ynoaan rocypapeH n caHopepxueH acen ycn, "noamH
uapeH onc1an1nnoH noaoHy rpapy onc1an1nna ockae, - ne nasaannm y6acoH
npaan1enL, a ero pep, aan III, ynacnepoaaaun o1 pyxnyaue nsan1nn ne 1onLko
cynpyry (oqLk aneonor) n nHnepa1opckne ("uesapckne - uapckne) perannn -
payrnaaoro opna n npou., no n 1n1yn uapn.
e1p nouen na yueHnenne caHoc1on1enLnoc1n npaaocnaano uepkan. nopunnna ee
ne c1onLko na1pnapxy, ckonLko o6ep-npokypopy (23). a1pnapuec1ao npn e1pe
6mno aoo6ue o1Heneno n aocc1anoannocL 1onLko nocne eapanLcko peaonkunn 1917
ropa.
ka1epnna II papoaana aonLnoc1L paopnnc1ay (xanoaannan rpaHo1a 1775 ropa), 1eH
caHmH noHoran eHy c1a1L nepamH caHoc1on1enLnmH cocnoaneH occncko nHnepnn
(23). a pene ykas aonLnoc1n paopnnc1aa amuen a 1762 ropy; on 6mn nspan
nHnepa1opoH e1poH III, anoaannan rpaHo1a 1onLko nop1aeppnna ero pec1ane
cnyc1n Hnoro ne1. epamH caHoc1on1enLnmH cocnoaneH occnn c1ann eue npn e1pe I
pasnounnum - oco6an ka1eropnn ne nonoxennmx a nopyunm oknap, 1o ec1L ne
o6nsannmx nna1n1L nanorn, ropoxan.
ao1 n akckypc a noaeuyk nc1opnk: acunpenne na oc1ok - a1o, koneuno
xe, o1ae1 na npoponxenne nHnepcko nonn1nkn. e 6ype1 ouyua1Lcn yrposa ockam
- ne 6ype1 6ecnokoc1aa n a annnne, apuaae n ypaneu1e (95). ak roaopn1cn,
6es koHHen1apnea.
epeuncnn1L ace nnncycm y6aca ckyuno. x Hnoro, onn aneHen1apnm n ouenL rnynm.
onLunnc1ao ns nnx - pesynL1a1 6pone6ono caHonapennnoc1n n npepenLnoro
neaexec1aa. a nnHn un1ae1cn narnoe: a, n amuen na ac1papy 6es u1anoa - n
ropxycL a1nH! am, 6an6ecm, cnyua1e, u1o aaH yHnme nkpn roaopn1, n
6naropapn1e. o ec1L oun6kn n ppyroro popa. nn npopnk1oaanm HnpoaosspenneH.
kaxeH o nnx.
371
2. 3v nx
npen ne no1oHy nexopoua pnn y6aca, u1o ona ne xopoua, a no1oHy, u1o
ona - pycckan. pen1 poccnnnc1aa, on aespe no xopy knnrn c1aan1 cnoao
poccnnne, poccnckn 1aH, rpe no cHmcny ponxnm c1on1L cnoaa pycckne,
pycckn. caH nonapae1 a co6c1aennyk noayuky.
axe anannsnpyn pyx ycck nocnoanu, ko1opme on un1npye1 no knnre .ann c
6onee ueH xapak1epnmH nasaanneH ocnoanum (!) napopa (caHo a1o
nasaanne nau nc1opnocoq, koneuno xe, c1mpnnao onyckae1), y6ac nyckae1cn a
paccyxpennn o Hnpoanpennn ccn, o 1oH, u1o xe osnauano pnn ccn
npaaocnaane (27), o6 o1nouennn ccn k seHne n seHnepennk - ace a1o pnn
1oro, u1o6m, nakoneu, cpena1L amaop: noroHnnnnonnoe k cn Pcc
(eue opnn aaqeHnsH, o6paseu nsaopo1nnaoc1n! - A.C.) ampaxae1 ce6n a uenoc1noH,
nenpo1naopeunaoH. na6ope cyxpenn. nanns noroaopok o6napyxnaae1
cyuec1aoaanne epnno ccck o6unoc1n (31). epnm anL apauae1cn a rpo6y,
kak nponennep, o1 1akoro nsapauennn! o y6ac, ko1opm ecnn n xo1en 6m, ace
paano ne Hoxe1 npnHasa1Lcn k pycckoHy napopy, ne a cnnax nepeuarny1L uepes
ce6n: ne1 pyccknx, ec1L poccnnne, ko1opmx on sapnnH uncnoH nponsaopn1 a amcokn
panr naunx paneknx npepkoa (35).
ao1 on nnue1, paccyxpan o6 nc1opnn a1nx caHmx, nko6m o6unx y nac c nnH, naunx
npepkoa: o cnx nop, kaxe1cn, eue nnk1o ncno n ue1ko ne ckasan, u1o nmneunnn
occnn - a1o 1pe1Le poccnckoe rocypapc1ao na naue 1eppn1opnn. a ycL-occnn,
u1o cyuec1aoaana c VIII po nauana XX aeka, npnnunnnanLno o1nnuae1cn o1 nnoro
poccnckoro rocypapc1aa, nHeauero ne 1onLko ppyroe nasaanne - - n ppyrne
cnHaonm. occncko Hnepnn knkueame uennoc1n ampaxanncL nonn1neH ycckan
npen. mneunee rocypapc1ao - 1pe1Le a o1euec1aenno nc1opnn - occnn -
occnckan epepaunn nauano qopHnpoaa1Lcn c 1991 ropa a pesynL1a1e pacnapa
. peno-Hnpoaosspenueckn c1a1yc a1oro rocypapc1aa nanne1cn npepHe1oH
oc1po nonn1nuecko 6opL6m, n no ce penL on ue1ko n opnosnauno ne onpepenen.
pecL ne pec1aye1 npexnnn konc1n1yunn, ne cyuec1aye1 anac1n coae1oa n coae1cko-
koHHynnc1nuecko cnHaonnkn, ne1 npaanue n ne1 koHHynnc1nuecko
npeonornn. naun1, noaan occnn ne paanne1cn nn , nn yHenLuenno . o
nmneunnn occnn ne nanne1cn, n a1o oueanpno, npnHmH npoponxenneH occncko
Hnepnn xo1n 6m no1oHy, u1o Hm ne xnaeH a npaaocnaano caHopepxaano
Honapxnn.
nn nac-1o, pyccknx, ncno, u1o naua coapeHennan opnna - ne poccnckoe, a pycckoe
rocypapc1ao, n ne 1pe1Le, a, kak HnnnHyH, nn1oe: neackan ycL - ockoackoe
uapc1ao - occnckan nHnepnn - - occnn. peeHc1aennoc1L (pnn nac) anpna 1y1
caHan npnHan: n6o occnn na aceH npo1nxennn caoe rocypapc1aenno nc1opnn epnna
kak rocypapc1ao pycckoro napopa. Henno n 1onLko a a1oH epnnc1aennm cHmcn ee
pasan1nn kak epnnoro uenoro ao acex caonx qasax. epepn a XVIII aeke ns qasm
pycckoro naunonanLnoro rocypapc1aa a qasy nHnepnn, Hm uepes 1pnc1a ne1 anoaL
aosapauaeHcn a caoe naunonanLnoe rocypapc1ao a konue aeka, xo1n n a nnmx
rpannuax.
nn y6aca 1akan npeeHc1aennoc1L oprannueckn nenpneHneHa. Henno noa1oHy on n
aepe1 ncuncnenne nc1opnn c nHnepckoro nepnopa (npn a1oH nopnoxno ypnnnnnn ero
na 1mcnuy ne1), korpa a coc1aa nacenennn naunnak1 axopn1L Hnorne napopm, a 1oH
uncne eapen.
Henno noa1oHy xe on n y1aepxpae1 o6nmxno, u1o a nHnepnn-pe "knkueame uennoc1n
ampaxanncL nonn1neH ycckan npen. a caHoH xe pene oqnunanLnan npeonornn
372
6mna 6eckoneuno paneka o1 a1oro. ce oHanoam, sa ncknkuenneH, a neko1opo
c1enenn, nekcanppa pe1Lero, 6mnn nopHanLnmHn nHnepuaHn, a o1nkpL ne
pyccknHn naunonannc1aHn, n c1oponnnncL yccko npen, ko1opan npo6naanacL na cae1
1onLko a 1pypax onnosnunonepoa - peka6pnc1oa, cnaannoqnnoa - nnn kpane npaamx
npeonoroa, nnuero o6uero ne nHeaunx c oqnunosoH.
y6ac nxe1, n6o eHy upesamuano xoue1cn nokasa1L, u1o ycckan npen - ne ec1L
neu1o xnaoe, cyuec1aykuee a naueH Hnpe aHec1e c naHn, pyccknHn, pasanaakueecn,
aaonkunonnpykuee. e1: pnn y6aca - a1o HyHnn, uLn xnsnL sakonunnacL a
popeaonkunonno occnn n aHnrpaunn. 1Hepna aHec1e c Hnepne.
oo1ae1c1aykuan rnaaa n nasmaae1cn c yue1oH a1oro: ycckan npen, a ueH ona
coc1on1 n Hoxno nn k ne aepny1Lcn? ak nsaec1no, a nac1onuee ne aosapauak1cn,
aosapauak1cn a npounoe.
3. r .
H nopxopn1 k yccko npee, kak na1anoroana1oH, c nanue1oH n a nepua1kax, -
u1o6m npenapnpoaa1L ee, pasLn1L, kak 1pyn. ak anLepn - Hysmky.
m6pannme pnn nn1n (!) annrpaqoa k coo1ae1c1aykue rnaae aa1opm - ace, kak na
nop6op, knaccnkn, nou1ennme nokonnkn: oc1oeackn, onoaLea, eppnea, c.
aanoa, nLnn... oapeHennme qnnocoqm ynoHnnak1cn 1onLko 1e (ynmra,
ponukn), u1o 1pypn1cn a c1apoH, paano nepecoxueH pycne, nponoxennoH
nepeuncnennmHn amue aa1opaHn, - npoue roaopn, nonynnpnsnpyk1 npen knaccnkoa.
y6acy ne npnxopn1, oueanpno, a ronoay, u1o ycckan npen - pnnaHnueckan HopenL,
y ko1opo Hnoxec1ao xnamx n Hep1amx coaa1opoa, ocyuec1annkunx kak
npeeHc1aennoc1L, 1ak n noneHnky, n aaonkunk. H nnr, nr,
cMy yccky , M x yMny.
n1ore, o6osnauan napaHe1pm 1papnunonno yccko npen, y6ac (ccmnancL, pnn
aepnoc1n, na nekoe Hnqnueckoe 6onLunnc1ao poccneaepoa, nm1akunxcn o1mcka1L
nosn1nanm cHmcn konuen1a) nasmaae1 o1nocn1enLno yc1ounam n orpannuennm
na6op xapak1epnc1nk: co6opnoc1L n konnek1nansH, HonapxnsH, npaaocnaane,
acxa1onornsH, na1pno1nsH (13). ako ao1 neHyppnun nepeckas caonHn cnoaaHn
nsaec1no qopHynm npaaocnaane, caHopepxaane, napopnoc1L.
. H . B . C.
a1epnan, asn1m y6acoH pnn caHoc1on1enLnoro anannsa yccko npen, 1akxe
nopuepkny1o apxanuen. 1o - c1nxn neko1opmx nponsaonLno o1o6pannmx
popeaonkunonnmx noa1oa XIX-XX aa., pycckne nocnoanum, co6pannme aneH, n
co6c1aenno pycckan nc1opnn, ocHmcnennan aa1opoH a Hepy caonx nosnann. n1ore
on cnerka nonpaanne1 amuenpnaepennyk qopHyny: m ampennnn 1pn aaxneunx
npepc1aanennn, coc1aannaunx ocnoay pyccko npen - npaaocnaane, co6opnoc1L (a
ppyroH Hec1e - o6unnnm konnek1nansH. - ..) n co6npanne seHenL. ce a1n 1pn
npen, pa6o1aaune Hnoro c1one1n na qopHnpoaanne nepaoro poccnckoro
rocypapc1aa, a nmneune noao occnn npno6pe1ak1 nno cHmcn n sayuanne n ne
Hory1 6m1L ncnonLsoaanm a npexneH anpe (41). konuy npounoro c1one1nn ace
coc1aannkune pyccko npen aounn a nonocy kpnsnca (c1opnsH., 15).
mna pepoackan uy6a, pa nsnocnnacL. onL cLena. ocn1L nenLsn.
e aonny1ecL, rocnopa, ycckan npen - a npounoH, ona Hep1aa n ne aockpecne1!
373
kak 1y1 ne cornacn1Lcn: a 1akoH anpe - pa, pasyHee1cn, ne aockpecne1!
, na caHoH pene yccko u npen a ckonLko-nn6ypL uenLnoH
anpe x . na ne yHepna, pa n ne Horna yHepe1L,
nockonLky 1onLko eue napoxpae1cn. o peaonkunn, nx
u, n un n u
. 1a npen, u1o cyuec1aoaana (n anonne yknapmaae1cn a npnaepennme
y6acoH qopHynm) nop nHeneH yccko, - a1o, no cy1n, n
n n, mn mu m
u. eko1opan pycckan cneunqnunoc1L a1o npeonornn 6mna sapana
pyccknH nponcxoxpenneH nHnepckoro a1noca - n 1onLko.
anoHnk, u1o naua naunn na aceH npo1nxennn nc1opnn anno1L po nepaanero apeHenn
nnkorpa ne ampanrana co6c1aenno pycckn naunonanLnm (1o ec1L, a nepayk ouepepL,
kpoanm n nc1opnueckn) npnnunn a ocnoay naunonanLno npen1nunoc1n. n xo1L n
npncy1c1aoaan a cosnannn (1m ckaxn, 6ora1mpL, kakoro popy-nneHenn, uyk,
pyccknH pyxoH naxne1! n 1.p.), no ne poHnnnpoaan. a kauec1ae
npen1nqnkaunonno poHnnan1m ampanranncL ppyrne npnnunnm: anauane unc1o
(nopunnneuLcn pycn, pyccknH knnsLnH - snaun1, pycckn;
o1ckpa, kc1a1n, n caHa nekcnueckan qopHa npn1nxa1enLnoro npnnara1enLnoro
pycckn, o1aeuakuero ne na aonpoc k1o?, a na aonpoc ue?), sa1eH
u- (xnaeuL aHec1e c pyccknHn, cnyxnuL occnn -
snaun1, pycckn), qu (npaaocnaanm - snaun1, pycckn),
u-n (pycckn no pyxy, no kynL1ype, no 1papnunnH - snaun1 n
anpnHL pycckn). eqek1nanoc1L, 1ounee - caHoy6nc1aennoc1L nopo6no
napapnrHm amnannacL c kpyuenneH cospanno pyccknHn occncko nHnepnn n a eue
6onLue, Hoxe1 6m1L, c1enenn - c kpyuenneH cospannoro eapenHn . onLko a
naun pnn na nepam nnan a caHonpen1nqnkaunn pyccknx amxopn1 1akan ec1ec1aennan
conpnpopnan uenoaeky poHnnan1a, kak u xn. akoneu-1o! a
a1oH - rnaanm sanor xnsnecnoco6noc1n pyccko naunn.
C s n , 1aknH o6pasoH,
x n, ko1opoe y6ac nm1ae1cn ampa1L sa nekyk
nensHenneHyk uennoc1L, sac1mauyk a npounoH, kak Hyxa a nn1ape. ceropnn ace
HenLue pyccknx nkpe cornacnm cun1a1L a1o nacnepne sa 1akoayk uennoc1L, n ace
6onLue naunnak1 nonnHa1L neo6xopnHoc1L caHonpen1nqnkaunn no kpoan n nc1opnn.
aunonanLnan npen no onpepenennk ne Hoxe1 6m1L anenaunonanLno,
napnaunonanLno.
a1oH n coc1on1 aaonkunn (paxe, ecnn yropno, nn) yccko npen a ycnoannx,
ecnn nepeqpasnpoaa1L y6aca, nepexopa k oao occnn. o eHy a1oro nonn1L ne
pano.
4. .H
, ropL y6ac, a o1nnune o1 Hnornx caonx conneHennnkoa, ne xoue1 aoccospannn
nHnepnn n ne cun1ae1 a1o aosHoxnmH. Hy poc1a1ouno occnn. paapa - noao. y
coaceH noao: n 6es koHHynnc1nuecknx npe, n 6es yccko npen.
ako xe ponxna 6m1L a1a occnn?
o acnkoH cnyuae, ne pyccko. nyuue acero - aHepnkancko.
374
1apun 6pa1-y6ac 6es c1ecnennn nponaranpnpye1 1eope1nueckne uennoc1n
nn6epannsHa, ko1opmHn Hnapun 6pa1-y6ac, na napy c ropoH apapoH, yxe po
1ouno1m o6kopHnn occnk: aH neo6xopnHo. na6npan o6opo1m, panra1Lcn anepep.
nepep - a1o snaun1 k pmnky, k Hnoroo6pasnk qopH co6c1aennoc1n, k cao6ope n
y1aepxpennk rpaxpancknx npaa, k yc1ounaoHy rocypapc1ay, rn6ko pearnpykueHy na
sanpocm pasnnunmx counanLnmx rpynn. pecL neaosHoxno o6o1ncL 6es yue1a onm1a
coapeHennmx sanapnmx peHokpa1n, ko1opme Hnororo po6nnncL, onnpancL na
m . n6epannsH - a1o n ec1L coaokynnoc1L npaann,
nosaonnkunx aceH, k1o nx npnsnae1, 6m1L HakcnHanLno cao6opnmHn, oc1aaancL
unenaHn onpepenenno counanLno o6unoc1n. n6epannsH - a1o ykopenennm
nnkpannsH, 1o ec1L 1epnnHoc1L, 1onepan1noc1L, npeoponenne qo6nnoc1n,
nacaxpaauecn noHenkna1ypo no o1nouennk k naunonanLnmH, npoqeccnonanLnmH n
nnmH counanLnmH rpynnaH, ns6pannmH ek na ponL kosna o1nyuennn. HnM
nr nk c Mk k, Mx nm
M rcyc (90-91, ampeneno Hno. - A.C.).
e npaapa nn: po kako c1enenn HopenL y6aca cxoxa no ocnoanmH napaHe1paH c
1eH sanapnnuecknH npeanoH o1kpm1oro o6uec1aa, o ko1opoH naH cnapko nok1 apk
au n ?! onLko nasmaae1cn a1o neHnoro no-ppyroHy. no cy1n - pmnok, peHokpa1nn,
npaaoaoe rocypapc1ao - a 1ounoc1n 1o xe caHoe. pean, koneuno xe, - aHepnkanckoe
o6uec1ao, rpe Hnpno yxnaak1cn ne 1onLko npepc1aan1enn acex naunonanLnoc1e, no
paxe acex cyuec1aykunx na naue nnane1e pac! kaxpm rpaxpannn nasmaae1
ce6n MkM (88)[31].
nq nn6epannsHa 1pe6ye1 konkpe1noro nanonnennn? oxanyc1a: cnc1eHy
uennoc1e oao occnn npepnarak1cn cnepykune coc1aannkune - nc1opnocoqnn
occnn, yHepennm konnek1nansH, cao6opa 1papnunonnmx konqeccn, npeoponenne
6peHenn koHnpeonornn, popno nsmk, poccnnne - kak poccnckn napop, npaao,
neonsmuec1ao, nn6epannsH (97).
ak anpnH, n c npeanoH 1onepan1no n aepo1epnnHo asapnn, aocne1mH
nL1uynepoH, neHano o6uero.
, o6c1on1 pena y neaexpm y6aca c nc1opnocoqne occnn, - Hm yx anpann.
peonornk poccnnnc1aa Hm 1oxe aocuyac1aoaann a noppo6noc1nx - po
oHepsn1enLno upesamuanoc1n. po xnunnueckyk cyunoc1L nn6epannsHa onn c
aueH, cnacn6o, ace naH o6Lncnnnn. cao6ope acex 1papnunonnmx konqeccn eue po
y6aca Heu1an neoxasapnn nL1uynep, nokasaaun, npo1na caoe aonn, ueH a1o
konuae1cn.
asapc1an, 1kpm1oe o6uec1ao, oaan occnn - nasaannn pasnme, a cy1L, a o6ueH-1o,
opna - ry6n1enLnan pnn c1panm n naunn peHokpa1nn 6es rpannu no aHepnkanckoHy
o6pasuy. peapa1n1L Hmue a exnkoa, occnk - a Hepnky, pyccknx - a
aHepnkanuea, roppmx caoe 6esnaunonanLno naunonanLnoc1Lk.
o1 a1o ace n ec1L n n n.
* * *
n q:
- n n n. H ? n
u u, u, u? H u , x
-x, mx Xm, mu, u.
s u . B ?
375
- Q. H. (Hx nv.)
376
ME MHHHR
1ouky a nccnepoaannn, nopo6noH npepnpnnn1oHy Hno, ouenL 1pypno.
akonnennm sa ropm pa6o1m Ha1epnan nac1ounao 1pe6ye1 aonnouennn. o1
nenonnm nepeuenL c1a1e, nanpaunaakunxcn a npoponxenne npoun1annoHy aaHn:
nLunnckan onc1n1yunn - aonn eapeea, aosaepennan a sakon, ak nac k nnH
apan1npyk1, ynL1 onokoc1a n ero a6conk1nan neyHec1noc1L a occnn, apen n
peaonkunn: npec1ynnenne 6es nakasannn, ockaa - oam aannon. ocHononnc
kak apar yccko npen, posenn1nsH aepm n nposenn1nsH kpoan, ncyc pnc1oc -
ppyr eapeea. (ypeoxpnc1nanc1ao. yuno a1nkan. kyHennsH. nqnnL1paunn a
)[32], peonornueckan pnaepcnn: ycckan pecny6nnka, anec1nnckan xap1nn
n 6opL6a c pyccknH qaunsHoH n ppyrne. osHoxno, korpa-nn6ypL n nnn ppyrne
aa1opm ocae1n1 a1n 1eHm a neua1n.
oaec1L Hon unc1a; n y6expen, u1o ocnoanoe copepxanne asn1o Hnok a
paccHo1penne npo6neHm packpm1o, ocnoanme yrposm n amsoam ykasanm. pnako
nocan1n1L ack caok xnsnL pas6opke c eapenHn - 1pyp, na Ho asrnnp, aennkn (nou1n
nopanr), no ne cnnukoH 6naropapnm. nsnL ne aeuna, Hoxno ne ycne1L cpena1L
6onee aaxnme aeun. ce-1akn, n n -
x n.
oa1oHy Hne npnxopn1cn nac1yna1L na ropno co6c1aenno necne n npnnnHa1L
koHnpoHnccnoe peuenne.
o-nepamx, n ony6nnkyk nakonnennme na6pockn, Hmcnn n 1esncm a a1exnsnce
pycckoro a occnn (aosHoxno, a o1penLnoH cneuamnycke), ko1opm amxopn1 c
npoponxenneH a pepak1npyeHo Hnok aunonanLno rase1e.
o-a1opmx, korpa-nn6ypL 6ype1 okonuena n ony6nnkoaana pa6o1a pokn eapeea,
nap ko1opo n 1pypnncn napannenLno. a1oro napopa sa nneuaHn 1pex1mcnuene1nn
onm1 naunonanLno konconnpaunn; a1o1 onm1 Hoxe1 n ponxen 6m1L ncnonLsoaan
uac1nuno (ne ace naH nopxopn1) a pene nauero naunonanLnoro c1pon1enLc1aa, a
6opL6e sa naun naunonanLnme npaaa. m aepL eue 1onLko penaeH nepame uarn n
co6c1aennoro onm1a y nac nou1n ne1.
aknH o6pasoH, n c1aank ne 1ouky, a nnuL Hnoro1oune.
a1opyk uac1L nccnepoaannn Hne xoue1cn 1eHn xe cnoaaHn, u1o n nepayk.
eno a 1oH, u1o a nocnepnee apeHn kak c eapecko, 1ak n c pyccko c1oponm nepepko
paspak1cn ronoca o pyccko-eapeckoH pnanore, pyccko-eapeckoH cokse n paxe
pyccko-eapecko nap1nn. co6enno nac1ounao nponaranpnpoaan nopo6nme npen
yaaxaeHm Hnok pepak1op esaancnHo rase1m .. pe1Lnkoa (ne c1any nasmaa1L
ero pyccknx epnnoHmunennnkoa, oc1aannn nH npaao na oun6ky), yaepnaun nac
paxe, u1o pycckne n pycckne eapen - a1o opno.
a1eropnueckn ne Hory cornacn1Lcn c nopo6nmH y1aepxpenneH. a, pycckne Hory1 no
99 ns 100 Hen1anLnmx nokasa1ene coanapa1L c pyccknHn eapenHn, no no opnoHy -
caHoHy aaxnoHy - nokasa1enk onn ne coanapy1 nnkorpa: mm
m, n u .
aepL a a1oH - ace. 1o nepaoe.
377
a1opoe. - ne npo1nannk pyccko-eapeckoro pnanora. nanor nnorpa nyuue, ueH
aona[33]. - ne pacnc1; y Henn ne1 nnkako npepasn1oc1n no o1nouennk k eapenH,
nnkakoro 6nonornueckoro an1nceHn1nsHa. oe o1nouenne k nnH ncknkun1enLno
nparHa1nueckoe, nonn1nueckoe, ono onpepenne1cn 1onLko nayunmH, nc1opnuecknH
anannsoH. Henno noa1oHy n nonarak, u1o nk6o pnanor Hexpy naHn, ecnn xena1L
ero npopyk1nanoc1n, ponxen naunna1Lcn, -x, c ny6nnunoro nokannnn eapeea
nepep pyccknHn sa k1n6pLckyk peaonkunk n epec1poky, -x - c
npnnecennn ny6nnuno 6naropapnoc1n sa ns6aanenne o1 ceHnpnoro onokoc1a, a -
ux - c nonno amnna1m eapenHn pyccknH penapaun n koHnencaun sa 1o n sa
ppyroe.
coxanennk, noka o 1aknx po6pmx, cnpaaepnnamx n qynpaHen1anLnmx ocnoaannnx
pnn pasan1nn pyccko-eapecknx o1nouenn oc1ae1cn 1onLko Heu1a1L.
oa1oHy n anoaL n anoaL (nopo6no a1ony-c1apueHy, nk6oe amc1ynnenne
saaepuaaueHy npnsmaoH k paspyuennk apqarena) ro1oa noa1opn1L amaepennyk n
o11ouennyk aceH xopoH Hoe pa6o1m qopHyny, ampaxennyk a kpa1knx aonpocax n
o1ae1ax. a Ho asrnnp, 1y1 - nn npn6aan1L, nn y6aan1L:
KEXH3H YK HH
(qr)
- H , n x
?
- Q.
- H , ?
- Q.
- H um : ?
- 3.
- C u s un
s , u ?
- H.
- B m, ?
- Q.
- nu n m ?
- H.
- nu n?
378
- H.
- C u,
, n
n?
- Q.
- C u?
- Q.
- K ?
- sr x .
- u - u?
- H.
mKH H EEHKYK EMY H3 KEXH3H YK HH
eapeea ec1L caon nn1epecm, caon no1pe6noc1n, caon npaaa. o n, pyHan o 6nare
caoero, pycckoro napopa ne Hory a caonx pasHmunennnx c1aan1L ao rnaay yrna
nn1epecm, no1pe6noc1n n npaaa uyxoro napopa. ayun1Lcn nx ne saHeua1L - ao1 naua
sapaua. yc1L kaxpm peuae1 caon aonpocm: eapen - eapeckne (u1o onn,
co6c1aenno, acerpa n penann), a Hm - pycckne (uero ne penann nnkorpa).
nn 1oro, u1o6m sac1aan1L nonk conpa1 opno naunonanLnoc1n saunua1L ppyryk
naunonanLnoc1L - poc1a1ouno nn6o kynn1L koHanpnpa nonka, nn6o noc1aan1L na ero
Hec1o caoero uenoaeka. sHenn1e Hacu1a6 o1 nonka po ueno c1panm - n am nonyun1e
anropn1H rno6anLno eapecko nonn1nkn. ak aqopc1nuno cqopHynnpoaan opnc
epesoackn: aueH nokyna1L uenm saaop, ecnn Hoxno kynn1L ero pnpek1opa?
1orpa aecL saaop 6ype1 pa6o1a1L na 1e6n.
cerpa n aespe, ecnn aosHoxno, eapen - npme naunonannc1m. o ecnn a1o no kaknH-1o
npnunnaH neaosHoxno, onn npeo6paxak1cn a c1onL xe npmx nn1epnaunonannc1oa.
nc1eHy, no ko1opo amc1poen spannL, onn cun1ak1 neponyc1nHo a nk6oH ppyroH
rocypapc1ae.
6 nx arouen1pnsHe. nn n pyccknx nnca1ene Hepnk1 a nepayk ouepepL no nx
o1nouennk k eapenH: ea onc1o ppyxnn-pe c paaannoH, opLkn nk6nn n saunuan
eapeea, napnHnp onoaLea a cao cHep1nm uac Honnncn o eapenx n 1.p. cnn xe
1anan1nnam pycckn nnca1enL, ne pa or, u1o-1o nenk6esnoe ckasan o eapenx (kak
nok, ynpnn nnn ynnn), 1o eHy n a 1anan1e o1kaxy1.
orpa eapen pas6eranncL ns anec1nnm, naunnan 1eH caHmH caoe paccennne;
korpa onn, aonpekn aceHy, aneppnnncL a uyxne c1panm n napopm, oprannsyn 1aH caon
re11o n Hec1eukn - nnky6a1opm, coxpannkune eapeckn cy6c1pa1 a popno n
nensHenno cpepe, kak nnop a nnauen1e;
379
korpa eapen, nponannn uypeca amxnaannn n axnaaeHoc1n, nrnopnpyn ronennn,
norpoHm, 6onLune n Hanme xonokoc1m, ne cun1ancL c xep1aaHn, yc1peHnnnn ace
ycnnnn, u1o6m sapepxa1Lcn, ykpenn1Lcn, ocaon1Lcn a uyxnx c1panax n napopax, a
ecnn nx nsronnnn o11ypa - 1o aepny1Lcn o6pa1no;
korpa, 1aknH o6pasoH, a1o eapeckoe ceHn npopac1ano na aceH sanapnoH nonyuapnn,
a npnn, ac1pannn, oao enanpnn, qpnke -
k1o 6m Hor pa1L ce6e o1ue1 (anno1L po aeka), u1o nHenno 1akoa ny1L, ko1opmH
eapen npy1 k HnpoaoHy rocnopc1ay!
apop, npo1naonoc1aanaun ce6n uenoaeuec1ay, anpaae xpa1L apekaa1noro o1ae1a.
orpa eapen npo1naonoc1aannk1 ce6n aceHy Hnpy, aceH napopaH Hnpa (a a1o
ann1maae1cn c HonokoH Ha1epn) - a1o, anpn1e nn, xopouo n nopHanLno. korpa
napopm, aosHyuennnme a1nH, ononuak1cn na eapeea, - 1ak a1o nnoxo. y yx: kak
aykne1cn.
occnckn eapeckn konrpecc pec1aye1 npo1na eapeea, nockonLky c1peHn1cn
ypepxa1L nx ao apaxpe6no, o11oprakue nx cpepe. on npo1na pyccknx, n6o
npeapauae1 nx nHenno a 1akyk cpepy. onee acero nocnepneHy cnoco6c1ayk1 1akne
qnrypm, kak ycnnckn, onnue1aopnkune pycoqo6ckoe n aHec1e c 1eH eapeckoe
nauana ao ace nonno1e.
nn paaanna (kak n aoo6ue pnn npaaoaepnoro eapen) ero napop - pnnc1aennm. n
- uac1L pennrnosnoro kynL1a. aaann cnyxn1 caoeHy napopy n no ponry kpoan, n no
ponry pennrnn. epapoH y eapeea ne1 can1mx a naueH nonnHannn cnoaa. c1L
npopokn, ec1L npaaepnnkn (uapnkn), a can1mx ne1: n6o can1 aecL napop eapeckn.
nn npaaocnaanoro nona pycckn napop - . 1ckpa n o1nouenne.
aunonannsH - conpnpopen nc1nnnoHy eapek: a1o ero, 1ak ckasa1L, ec1ec1aennan
Honononnn. e no1oHy nn eapen 1ak ne1epnnHm k uyxoHy naunonannsHy?
nepye1 ckasa1L nH: am xo1n1e sanpe1n1L naunonannsH? opouo, Hm cornacnm. o a
1o1 caHm penL, korpa ampe1 coo1ae1c1aykun sakon, npnpe1cn na ero ocnoaannn
sakpm1L ace cnnarorn, ace neunam n xepepm, apec1oaa1L acex paaannoa, a ace 6es
ncknkuennn 1ekc1m opm noHec1n1L a cneuxpan aHec1e c an kaHnq.
aunn1e c ce6n, rocnopa eapen.
mna HopenL noaepennn: aaxne acero rocypapc1ao, cnyxn rocypapc1ay. konLko
rocypapc1a, konH aepno cnyxnnn Hnnnnonm nkpe, kanynn a e1y? pe ace onn?
mna HopenL noaepennn: cnyxn aepe, pennrnn. konLko aep yuno, ckonLko
nepeHennnocL, ckonLko nonannocL noamx. u1o ceropnn c amHnpakunHn,
perenepnpykunHn xpnc1nancknHn c1panaHn?
c1L HopenL noaepennn: cnyxn caoeHy napopy. pnHep 1akoro cnyxennn, npnueH
1pex1mcnuene1nero, - ynnkanen, epnnc1aenen a Hnpe: a1o eapen. a1o1 npnHep
y6expae1: nc1nna specL.
6annn1L xpnc1nan a npecnepoaannn eapeea ne ouenL-1o koppek1no. 1o annoaa1, u1o
eapen a1oprnncL, a1epnncL a seHnn eaponeuea? x u1o, k1o-1o 1ypa 1nnyn na
aepeake? ao6opo1. nesnn a xnsnL n pena xpnc1nan, a korpa a1o ne nonpaannocL, nx
xe n o6annnnn.
380
Henno pnc1oc pan naH uenneun ypok naunonannsHa. ocnannm 1onLko k
sa6nypunH oauaH poHa spanneaa, on nnkorpa ne c1aann eapeea na opny pocky c
ppyrnHn napopaHn. korpa xananennka npocnna ero cnnso1n k ee 6onLno pouepn -
o1pesan: exopouo asn1L xne6 y pe1e n 6pocn1L ncaH.
Henno 1ak ponxnm Hm o1aeua1L aceH, k1o 1pe6ye1, u1o6m Hm o1nocnnncL k nepyccknH
1ak xe, kak k pyccknH.
cnn pnc1y Hoxno 6mno 6m1L kpy1mH eapecknH naunonannc1oH, sakocnenmH n
nocnepoaa1enLnmH a caoeH naunonannsHe, 1o snaun1 - naunonannsH ne rpex.
onokoc1e. orpa couyac1ane amnpaunaak1, amknnnunaak1, 1pe6yk1 (pa nopo eue
n yrposaHn, n uan1axoH), - ono npeapauae1cn a nenpnn1nyk noannnoc1L. Hec1a
pnn 6naropopno ckop6n yxe ne oc1ae1cn nn a pyue npocnuero couyac1ann, nn a pyue
1oro, k1o 6pocae1 a1o couyac1ane, kak Henkyk Hone1y a unnny nasonnaoro
nannkoackoro.
a, eapen 6nnncL pnpoH na qpon1ax ennko 1euec1aenno aonm. (o1n paneko ne
ace.) ue 6m ne1! epL a1o 6mna aona nenocpepc1aenno npo1na nx napopa. 1o 6mna
nx aona!
eue aonpoc, 6mna nn 6m a1a aona aoo6ue, ecnn 6m ne onn! 1o nop1anknaan o6e
c1oponm? 1o naycLknaan na n1nepa c1apnka eH6epnena, aeunoro eapeckoro
ponxnnka epunnnn, nonykpoaky ysaenL1a? 1o paaan ueppme kpepn1m na aony n
npou.? n1nep ne cnyuano acerpa y1aepxpan, u1o aepe1 aony na paa qpon1a, no c
epnnmH npo1nannkoH - npo1na eapeckoro kann1annsHa c opno c1oponm n npo1na
eapeckoro koHHynnsHa - c ppyro. on, kc1a1n, po konua - a 1ak nasmaaeHoH
saaeuannn - nHenno na eapeea aosnaran o1ae1c1aennoc1L sa o6e Hnpoame 6onn.
(-1o, no npaape, cun1ak, u1o neHum n caHn 6mnn xopoun.)

konLko cnnaror nH napo6no a ockae? opanLnan, a6ap-k6aanu, na oknonno
rope, a apLnno poue, a 1papnoH. apen a occnn y6maak1, saHe1no. c1apek1.
nn koro xe onn c1pon1 cnnarorn?
nacn oxe y1aepxpa1L: Hm nyuue eapeea! e nyuue, ne xyxe. m npoc1o - ne
eapen! m - ppyrne! m - pycckne. axpoHy caoe.
onyc1nH paxe, u1o ponL eapeea a naunx ka1ac1poqax - ne pesynL1a1 saroaopa, snoro
yHmcna, a npoc1o - cnyuanoc1L, am1ekakuan ns qak1a coaHec1noro npoxnaannn payx
caHo6m1nmx napopoa, y opnoro ns ko1opmx - cao, a6conk1no ne coue1akuncn c
ppyrnHn, anropn1H pasan1nn. ak Hm snaeH, cnyuanoc1L - ec1L coanapenne ao
apeHenn n npoc1panc1ae payx nnn 6onee ne saancnunx ppyr o1 ppyra neo6xopnHoc1e.
o ecnn a1o paxe n 1ak, 1o pasae ne nau ponr - o6esonacn1L cao napop, caonx
no1oHkoa o1 noa1opennn nopo6nmx cnyuanoc1e?
oncnk npnHepoH.
opona cnyuano sane1ena a 1yp6nny caHone1a ao apeHn asne1a, 1yp6nna saropenacL -
n caHone1 pyxnyn.
opona ne annoaa1a - ee sacocano, pa n caHa-1o ona norn6na a aapoHncopy6ke.
381
o caHone1 aepL ynan, pas6nncn.
anL aopony, no nkpe - xanLue.
anL eapeea, neconono (nnn cnnukoH conono) xne6nyaunx a occnn. o caonx,
pyccknx, nonaaunx nop eapeckn ka1ok, - xanLue.
amaop: pena, u1o xoueuL, nnuL 6m a1o ne noa1opnnocL.
apeckyk 1eHy naH napo amroaopn1L po konua, amxa1L pocyxa - n o16pocn1L.
m xnaeH a eapeeuen1pnc1ckoH Hnpe.
m ponxnm ns nero am1n.
[1] pouno nn1L ne1 c ne6onLunH nocne ny6nnkaunn a1nx c1pok, n a kpynneunx
sanapnmx rase1ax saHenLkann 1akne, k npnHepy, 1ekc1m: nc1opnueckn
an1nceHn1cko occnn no-npexneHy nnoxo 6m1L npouae1akunH eapeeH. HoHen1a
ns6pannn r-na y1nna npesnpen1oH a 2000 ropy ace anpnme nnunoc1n, ko1opme
apec1oamaanncL nnn amcmnanncL ns c1panm sa qnnancoame npec1ynnennn, nensHenno
6mnn eapenHn. ponnapoaoH ampaxennn Hm nanneHcn canpe1ennHn kpynneue
nesakonno akcnponpnaunn eapecko co6c1aennoc1n a apone co apeHen naunc1cknx
norpoHoa 1930-x ropoa (Washington Post a c1a1Le m n
o1 28.10.03); -n y1nn nocnepoaa1enen. n nauan cao cpok c
npecnepoaannn payx nan6onee nonn1nueckn ak1nanmx onnrapxoa, opnca
epesoackoro n napnHnpa ycnnckoro. nn, kak n opopkoackn, noppepxnaann
nn6epanLnyk nonn1nueckyk onnosnunk, anapenn cpepc1aaHn Haccoao nnqopHaunn,
n 6mnn eapenHn Christian Science Monitor (, pepakunonnm koHHen1apn
30.10.03 r.); xapak1epnm anoncm sanapno npeccm, nocanuennme 1ekyunH co6m1nnH
a occnn: X n :
(apn po6e, Frankfurter Rundschau, epHannn, 29 ok1n6pn 2003);
s H (e Figaro, panunn, 27 ok1n6pn
2003); 3n n1 H (opy1 pxnu n nyu
yrackn, Christian Science Monitor, , 03 non6pn 2003); m
H (apn op1nuep, he imes, ennko6pn1annn, 29 ok1n6pn 2003);
- nv, xm (he conomist, ennko6pn1annn,
nepepoaan c1a1Ln 31 ok1n6pn 2003) n 1.n. e o1c1ak1 o1 sanapnmx n neko1opme
nonn1nkn n xypnannc1m occnn, koHHen1npyn a 1oH xe 1one neko1opme peun1enLnme
uarn poccncko ncnonnn1enLno anac1n. eaosHoxno ne o1He1n1L npn a1oH n peskoe
cokpauenne nonn1nueckoro aeca n annnnnn eapecknx nap1n - n 6noka, u1o
1akxe nanpnHyk cansano c onpepenennmH npospenneH peHnn, c ero
nepeopnen1aune. occnckoe o6uec1ao opnosnauno o1pearnpoaano na ace nasaannme
nsHenennn, nporonocoaaa sa npesnpen1a y1nna, ampasna amcokoe poaepne ero
nonn1nke, npyue a pannoH acnek1e nonnoc1Lk apaspes c nonn1nko nLunna. ,
opnoapeHenno, nnuna caoero poaepnn eapeckne n 6noko. aknH o6pasoH,
pasan1ne co6m1n opnosnauno ykasmaae1 na a6conk1nyk koppek1noc1L Honx nayunmx
ouenok n Hoero npornosa. npnae1c1ayk c nayunmx nosnun nsHenenne nonn1nuecko
kap1m occnn n yaepen, u1o n a panLneueH pasan1ne poccncko nonn1nkn 6ype1
nponcxopn1L no aek1opaH, o6osnauennmH Hno a panno knnre.
[2] amcue c1enenn cnHaonnuno, u1o paa nan6onee aa1opn1e1nmx pen1enn
pnccnpen1ckoro panxennn, nopnnnnme anac1n1enn pyH nn1ennnrenunn 1960-1980-x
rr., nekcanpp onxennumn n ropL aqapeanu, na saaepuakueH, n1oroaoH a1ane
caoe xnsnn cospann rpanpnosnme nponsaepennn, nocanuennme nHenno eapecko
1eHe n pyccko-eapecknH o1nouennnH. onxennumn na nopore caoero 85-ne1nn
382
nopapnn un1a1enk payx1oHnnk aec1n ne1 aHec1e, a aqapeanu, a kanyn 80-ne1nn,
- pex1mcnuene1nkk sarapky, nnop ue1aep1Laekoao pa6o1m. akoa okasancn nx
koneunm aknap a co6c1aennoe nacnepne. o ak1yanLnoc1L eapeckoro aonpoca ne
ncuepnmaae1cn nasaannmHn pa6o1aHn; aa1op nncan cao ne6onLuo 1pyp
napannenLno n amnyc1nn ero a cae1 panLue, ueH ynoHnny1me 1n1anm, nHen a anpy
nan6onee sno6opneanm acnek1 1eHm.
[3] aepennn o eapeckoH nponcxoxpennn aacLneackoro nop1aeppnn Hne nospnee
opnn amcokonoc1aanennm poccnckn pnnnoHa1, pockonanLno snakun nonLckn
nc1e6nnuHen1.
[4] a nocnepnne 20 ne1 ns-sa pasan1nn kann1annsHa a pepeane cenLckoe nacenenne
yxe cokpa1nnocL a n1ae c 86 po 50%. opopa a1o c1panm 6mc1po as6yxak1 o1
nepens6m1ka o6esponennmx nkpe; konnuec1ao xn1ene, xnayunx sa uep1o
6epnoc1n yxe poc1nrno 400 Hnn. uenoaek. cnn cenLckoe nacenenne cokpa1n1cn a
6nnxaune 10 ne1 eue npouen1oa na 20, uypoanunm counanLnm aspma 6ype1
coaepuenno nens6exen.
[5] ypn no rny6oko opnrnnanLnoHy rocypapc1aennoHy yc1poc1ay spannn, eapen a1o
any1penne ocosnak1 a nonno Hepe, xo1n nnkorpa a 1oH ne npnsnak1cn.
[6] 1Heno rpaqm naunonanLnoc1L a poccnckoH nacnop1e Hm o6nsanm coae1nnky
nLunna no naunonanLnmH aonpocaH Hnnk 6paHoanuy anny.
[7] nocnepnee apeHn a cansn c o6oc1penneH aoopyxennoro apa6o-eapeckoro
npo1naoc1onnnn n poc1oH cnpoca na nyueunoe Hnco nepep anac1nHn spannn anoaL
ac1an aonpoc o6 yaennuennn nHHnrpaunn. o na 6m1oaoH ypoane o11opxenne
npoponxae1cn.
[8] 1ex nop nponsounn neko1opme nepec1anoakn, ko1opme yHec1nee 6mno 6m
nasaa1L poknpoakaHn: opnn eapen noknnynn c1pany, kak ycnnckn nnn epesoackn,
ppyrne, nanpo1na, a nee aLexann. o n a 1oH, n a ppyroH cnyuae, onn npoponxak1
anape1L snaun1enLno co6c1aennoc1Lk a occnn.
[9] eropnn a1o1 aonpoc sayun1 pn1opnueckn, no cypL6a epesoackoro n neckonLknx
ppyrnx onnrapxoa eapeckoro nponcxoxpennn npoponxae1 oc1aaa1Lcn ckopee
ncknkuenneH, nexenn npaannoH.
[10] o1 caHm esnnk, ko1opm aoapeHn ac1ynnn a ny1nnckyk nap1nk anac1n n
c1an saHnpepoH oHn1e1a no 6kpxe1y, a ceropnn aosrnaanne1 oHn1e1 no kpepn1nmH
oprannsaunnH n qnnancoamH pmnkaH ocpyHm. yc1nnn, u1o nasmaae1cn, kosna a
oropop.
[11] mne nokonm.
[12] eropnn a1anoackn aosrnaann .
[13] pesynL1a1e yxopa nLunna n am6opnmx kaHnann 1999-2000 n 2003-2004 rr.
c1pyk1ypa an1ypnpoccncko eapecko cy6oppnnaunn nsHennnacL no cpaanennk c
onncanno. 1o cansano c nonn1nuecko n nnuno cypL6o ycnnckoro, cpenaauero
nenpaannLnyk c1aaky na yxkoaa n annnckoro, u1o noanekno sa co6o a1aky na
ace ero ak1nam, a 1oH uncne nnqopHaunonnme, cpnkoue1nauyk na . pesynL1a1e
poccnckoe eapec1ao okasanocL packono1o n nopunneno payH uen1paH - npexneHy
() n noaoHy (epepaunn eapecknx o6unn occnn - - ao rnaae c paaaannoH
epnoH asapoH). o caHa no ce6e cxeHa ynpaanennn o6unno ne Henne1cn.
383
[14] eropnn - .
[15] yuec1aykuan nmne a spanne ycckan o6unna, coc1onuan, a ocnoanoH, ns
pyccknx nonoannok cHeuannmx 6pakoa, nacun1maae1 po 300 1mc. uenoaek.
[16] HoHen1a ny6nnkaunn kap1nna, koneuno, nsHennnacL a c1opony
konnuec1aennoro yaennuennn n pnaepcnqnkaunn eapecknx oprannsaun.
[17] a a1o1 npnHeua1enLnm qak1 o6pa1nn Hoe annHanne nsaec1nm nc1opnk ..
oxnnoa, nmne nokonm.
[18] norouncnennme nn1epecnme noppo6noc1n o Hec1e n ponn eapeea a
peaonkunonnmx nepeHenax n c1anoanennn oae1cko anac1n Hoxno nouepnny1L a
ynonny1mx knnrax onxennumna, aqapeanua, a 1akxe a uenno npnaopnHmHn
qak1aHn knnre . oc1mpuenko n1nceHn1nsH n anac1L. anan nonn1nka 1annna
(., 2003).
[19] ypnan1enLnmH noc1onnc1aoH nspannLckne eapen ronocoaann sa n a 2003
ropy. a a1o1 pas ne noHorno - o6c1on1enLc1aa noHennnncL.
[20] epepen eapecko kpynno co6c1aennoc1n, nauaauncn a konue 1990-x, n
pesynL1a1m pyHcknx am6opoa 2003 ropa canpe1enLc1ayk1 o 1ounoc1n Hoero npornosa.
[21] npnHepy: y nac onn po6nnncL ncknkuennn ns nacnop1oa rpaqm
naunonanLnoc1L, no a spanne na a1oH nynk1e penae1cn oco6m ynop; y nac onn
po6naak1cn o1Henm am6opoa no nap1nnmH cnnckaH, no a spanne knecce1
ns6npae1cn 1onLko no nnH, opnoHanpa1nnkoa ne1 a npnnunne; y nac onn penak1 ace,
u1o6m paspyun1L 1papnunonnyk cnc1eHy aonnckoro npnsmaa, a spanne a1o1 npnsma
(pnn knoue n peayuek) - kpaeyronLnm kaHenL cypL6m n kapLepm; n 1.p.
[22] k6osna1enLnmH pekoHenpyk knnry no pannoHy aonpocy: . Lkkenen. Hep1L
anapa (.-6., 2003).
[23] ypL6a Hnornx onnrapxoa-kpokpa1oa, kak yxe o1HeuanocL, canpe1enLc1ao
aepnoc1n Hoero npornosa.
[24] H.: cH. aunonanLnan rase1a N 6-7/98, a 1akxe a kn. ycckn naunonannsH,
ero ppysLn n aparn (., ycckan paapa, 2001) n m - pnn naunn, naunn - pnn
1e6n (., 2002).
[25] ak a aopy cHo1pen! pe1n noHep asaopo1a amuen cnyc1n nonropa co c1a1Le
axnaua.
[26] pykoaopnue n nanpaannkue ponn eapeea a nerpn1nnckoH panxennn cH.
a kn.: . kk. apeckn aonpoc rnasaHn aHepnkanua (., 2001).
[27] apen, opnako, anonne kon1ponnpyk1 a1y c1nxnk n ne 6on1cn ee. ak, na
npesnpen1cknx am6opax 2000 ropa onn cyHenn HakcnHanLno ncnonLsoaa1L caoe
annnnne cpepn uae1noro nacenennn Hepnkn, u1o6m po6n1Lcn o1 nero noppepxkn
eapen a epHonke nL6ep1a opa, sa ko1oporo nporonocoaano 90% nerpoa, 62%
na1nnocoa, 55% nnmx naunonanLnmx HenLunnc1a. 1o1 pesynL1a1 o1kpoaenno
o6naxae1 cy1L n cHmcn eapecko sa6o1m o nauHenLunnc1aax: pano nnn nospno
nac1ynae1 uac, korpa 1eH npnxopn1cn nna1n1L no cue1aH. uena 6maae1 aecLHa
amcoka. aH cnepye1 sna1L a1o n o6 a1oH noHnn1L.
384
[28] apeckan caHonapennnoc1L n yaepennoc1L a can1oc1n nk6mx caonx npn1nsann
nopo nosaonne1 eapenH ne cun1a1Lcn nn c kaknHn o6Lek1nanmHn counanLno-
peHorpaqnuecknHn o6c1on1enLc1aaHn. ak, napopnm peny1a1 (o1 npo6npxana)
.. konLnnk sanann a nn1epaLk nqopHaunonnoHy 6knne1enk no npo6neHaH
pena1pnaunn n eapecko kynL1ypm (N 11, 1989), u1o anpn1 nepcnek1nay pasan1nn
apecko aa1onoHno o6nac1n a npeapauennn a caoero popa rocypapc1ao (c
nopckaskn nn1epaLkepa on nonpaanncn: naunonanLno-kynL1ypnoe). a1o a o6nac1n,
rpe eapen coc1aannk1 acero 4,5% nacenennn!
[29] asanocL 6m, amaop nexn1 na noaepxnoc1n: ecnn asapnn, noc1poennan na opnnx
npnnunnax, npocyuec1aoaana acero nnuL 250 ne1, a occnn, noc1poennan na
npo1naononoxnmx npnnunnax, npoc1onna yxe 1000 ne1, snaun1 xasapckne npnnunnm -
rnnnL, a pycckne, nao6opo1, - peanLnm onno1 rocypapc1aennoc1n. o u1o-1o Heuae1
nL1uynepy cpena1L a1o oueanpnoe peskHe.
[30] o pannmH , pnnaHnka 1akoaa: a 1998 r. nosynr occnn - pnn pyccknx!
noppepxnaano 43, a 2000 - 49, a 2002 - 58% nacenennn.
[31] 1oH, u1o a peanLnoc1n npepc1aanne1 co6o Hnoropacoaoe n HnoronaunonanLnoe
aHepnkanckoe o6uec1ao, nyuue acero pacckasmaae1 ynoHnny1an amue knnra .
Lkkenena Hep1L anapa.
[32] annyk nakyny a snaun1enLno c1enenn sanonnnn co6o ynnkanLnm,
no1pncakun ycckn npaaocnaanm ka1exnsnc, cospannm npo1onepeeH o.
oannoH (e1poamH), - caHan ckanpanLnan knnra coapeHennoc1n (., ecnnua,
2003). o1n ponL a1nkana kak eapeckoro npncnyxnnka a naun pnn 1aH ne
sa1pony1a.
[33] pyccko-eapecko aone nepaano ony6nnkoaano 1akoe, nanpnHep, nsaec1ne:
- . K . aronoaok sayun1 neoxnpanno. 1o sa
6a1annn 1akan, korpa n rpe nponcxopnna? saec1nm n xopouo onncanm ue1mpe pyccko-
nepcnpckne aonm, nn1L aon co aeune n c onLue n ax opnnnapua1L pyccko-
1ypeuknx aon. o acex a1nx co6m1nnx nsaec1nm npnunnm aosnnknoaennn, nauano,
xop cpaxenn n okonua1enLnme n1orn. o pyccko-eapeckan - u1o a1o 1akoe?.. a,
o6Lnanennn aoennmx pec1an 1y1 ne cnyuanocL, cpaxenn nop ynnepcpopqoH n
nnko ne na6nkpanocL, nyukn n kopa6nn ne c1pennnn. ak, no oc1poe nanpnxenne
Hexpy pyccknH napopoH n eapecko o6unno, nepexopnauee nopo a npnHyk
6opL6y, pnn1cn ao1 yxe 1pe1Le c1one1ne, 1o sa1nxan, 1o ycnnnaancL, n konua a1oHy, k
coxanennk, noka ne npepanpn1cn (.. eHanoa. yccko-eapeckne pas6opkn. - .,
nropn1H, 2003. . 3).
HE H XR EEH
(Hv , m
x v r nxx.
n - m m n x
n n m r r s
. n n n
Hr x H r (1999),
- x M r, -

2000 r. H x 10 m 2004 r.)
385
a koro nocaa1ana, c keH xe 1m noaenuana,
nnan occnkuka Hon?
noaa ns necnn
386
YHREHHE
ropm Hoe annHanne kak counonora n nonn1onora npnkoaano k eapecko
npo6neHe. na kaxe1cn Hne aaxneue, knkueao pnn opnen1aunn a coapeHenno
poccncko xnsnn.
a n ne 1onLko Hne. apo 6m1L cnenornyxoneHmH o1 poxpennn, u1o6m sanan1L,
nopo6no neknH aa1opaH "annqec1a aospoxpennn occnn, 6yp1o pnn pyccknx
eapeckn aonpoc - 1pe1Lec1enenen. o 1akne a nonn1nke ne amxnaak1. ne nH
aospoxpa1L occnk. eropnn ace nan6onee uy1kne n panLnoanpnme o6uec1aennme
pen1enn, nrpakune na "pycckoH none, ne 1onLko ocosnak1 snauenne eapecko
npo6neHa1nkn, no n cpenann yxe pnp npnnunnnanLnmx Hannqec1aun no ee noaopy.
"oxrnn kopa6nn. e 1onLko no1oHy, u1o a1oro 1pe6ye1 1pesaoe nonnHanne peanLnoro
nonoxennn aeue, no n no1oHy, u1o 1akoao a pannm HoHen1 x
n mx . uenL HnornH ncno, kak oxn penL: y nonn1nka-
kpoqnna a occnn uancoa pnn nac1onue kapLepm ceropnn ne1[1]. onLue 1oro:
nk6oHy nonn1nky, nk6o nap1nn, ecnn onn noueHy-nn6o yknonnk1cn o1 paccHo1pennn
eapeckoro aonpoca, ecnn Hnnyk1 a neH oc1pme yrnm n opnen1npyk1cn na nonck
npecnoay1oro "koncencyca, - yxe ne pano sacnyxn1L poaepnn 6onLunnc1aa pycckoro
napopa.
apeckn aonpoc c1an a occnn caoero popa q
. pnunna a1oro npoc1a. ce, k1o opapen nonnHanneH, nonnnn, a oc1anLnme -
nouyac1aoaann, u1o eapeckn aonpoc a c1one1nn c1an neo1LeHneHo uac1Lk
pycckoro aonpoca[2]. nopy ne1: xopouo 6m naH sannHa1Lcn 1onLko o6yc1poc1aoH
co6c1aenno naunn n ne coaa1L cao noc a pena ppyrnx napopoa. a 1onLko ne
amxopn1 1ak: cnnukoH rny6oko yxe sacyny1m nocm n pykn ppyrnx napopoa a pycckne
pena. rny6xe acex - eapeckne. kpm1oe, a nopo n o1kpm1oe
ux x m
u nmx q - 1akoaa anpnHan aceH
nc1nna.
Henno noa1oHy nk6o pycckn - ne 1onLko naunonan-na1pno1, no n npoc1o
Hmcnnun uenoaek - amnyxpen nmnue ouennaa1L o6uec1aennmx nnpepoa n
o6uec1aennme panxennn a 1oH uncne no neocnsaeHoHy, no upesamuano aecoHoHy
kpn1epnk: coxrnn nn onn sa co6o Hoc1m, ko1opme eapec1ao yceppno naaopn1 co
aceHn ckonLko-nn6ypL snaun1enLnmHn nonn1nuecknHn cnnaHn occnn? ak aenn1
o6oc1pnauncn a ropnny no1pncenn nnc1nnk1 caHocoxpanennn.
, pnn nonn1nuecknx nnpepoa n nonn1nuecknx panxenn, pa n pnn acex, k1o
nn1epecye1cn coapeHenno nonn1nko, ananns eapecko npo6neHm - nacyunan
neo6xopnHoc1L. e ocosnaa anonne, ne peuna pnn ce6n eapeckyk npo6neHy
npnnunnnanLno, Hm, pycckne, ne napeH aepnmx nopxopoa n k peuennk co6c1aenno
pyccko npo6neHm. o Hepe caonx cnn n xouy noHouL a a1oH pene.
nk6oH npo1naoc1onnnn, 6ypL 1o pncny1, uaxHa1nan nap1nn nnn 6n1aa napopoa,
aaxnee acero - pasrapa1L saHmcnm conepnnka, nonn1L, uero on xoue1. ponnkny1L a
ero c1pa1ernk, ocosna1L ero rnaanme panxyune Ho1nam. es a1oro ne nonyun1L
nn1ennek1yanLnoro nepeaeca, a snaun1 - ne no6epn1L.
oa1oHy caon nayunme nccnepoaannn eapecko 1eHm n noc1apancn nanpaan1L a opno
pycno: amncnn1L, uero eapen a Hnpe n a occnn xo1n1 o1 occnn n pyccknx. akoam nx
uenn, yc1anoakn n xenannn (a 1oH uncne neaqnunpyeHme). sac1aan1L un1a1enn
nopyHa1L o 1oH, nackonLko ace a1o coaHec1nHo c naunHn, pyccknHn uennHn, sapauaHn
n uannnnHn. 6Lek1nano, cnokono, 6es rneaa n npnc1pac1nn.
387
onnHanne cn1yaunn - caHo no ce6e poc1onan caHouenL pnn yuenoro. o pannoe
nccnepoaanne nHee1 n npnknapnoe snauenne. a anxpeao noaepxnoc1n nonn1nuecko
xnsnn occnn 1o n peno aosnnkak1 npoek1m, konuenunn, 1eopnn n konkpe1nme
aapnan1m, nc1nnnm cHmcn n Ho1naaunn ko1opmx paneko ne acerpa nonn1nm HaccaH,
saunqpoaanm. pesynL1a1e nopo okasmaae1cn o6uec1aennan noppepxka
npepnoxennnH n pec1annH, sa ko1opmHn c1on1 nn1epecm, uyxpme pycckoHy
6onLunnc1ay nacenennn. a1o cansn n anxy caok ponL kak peunqpoaunka,
sann1oro nonckoH cekpe1nmx kopoa n nauepuero Hnoroe, xo1n naaepnnka ne ace.
nnHa1enLno nsyuna, uero xoue1 o1 nac eapec1ao, naH nerue 6ype1 paso6pa1Lcn, ue
nn1epec - pycckn nnn nepycckn ckpmaae1cn sa 1eH nnn nnmH nosynroH, 1eH nnn
nnmH peuenneH. nan ocnoanme uenn, yc1anoakn n xenannn eapecko o6unnm
(Hnpoao n poccncko) - 1o ec1L, nHen knku k nonnHannk Hnoxec1aa co6m1n - Hm,
pycckne, acerpa cHoxeH no poc1onnc1ay ouenn1L, -, pasnnunme
o6uec1aennme npoek1m, 6ypopaxaune nkpckoe Hope occnn; a - - 1ex
aepnmx cnyr oHa akoaa, ko1opme uac1enLko pnpn1cn a nnunny pyccknx na1pno1oa-
rocypapc1aennnkoa, a 1o n naunonannc1oa - n roaopn1 ouenL "npaannLnme cnoaa.
noaoH, Hm nonyunH noame aaxnme opnen1npm pnn npoknapkn co6c1aennoro kypca.
1o, co6c1aenno, n nanne1cn caepxsapaue nk6oro coapeHennoro pycckoro npeonora.
Hnenne, u1o "an1nceHn1 - a1o 1o1, k1o snae1 npaapy o eapenx n ne ckpmaae1
ee. pepanxy ukaan o6annenn a an1nceHn1nsHe a cao appec n cneuy pasyaepn1L
un1a1enn: n ne an1nceHn1 n nnkorpa nH ne 6mn. Hec1e c 1eH, n - ne cneno. anonne
o1pak ponxnoe HnornH nonoxn1enLnmH kauec1aaH eapeea (on1oH n a posnnuy).
onLue 1oro, nsyuan a1o1 a nonnoH cHmcne cnoaa ynnkanLnm napop, n napannenLno c
nac1onue pa6o1o nopro1oann cepnk c1a1e nop o6unH nasaanneH "pokn eapeea,
ne6ecnonesnyk, na Ho asrnnp, pnn pyccknx. pnako n nonnHak n sanannk:
nonoxn1enLnme caoc1aa n npneHm nk6oro ppyroro napopa, o1 ko1opmx nponc1ekae1
yuep6 naueHy, pycckoHy napopy, kaxpm ns nac o6nsan pacuennaa1L kak
o1pnua1enLnme. npo1naopec1aoaa1L nH no Hepe cnn n pasyHennn, ncnonLsyn, a 1oH
uncne, nepenn1me y a1oro napopa caoc1aa n npneHm.
mueonncannan pnanek1nka nosaonne1 nccnepoaa1enk nopnn1Lcn nap npnHn1nanmH
ocyxpenneH eapec1aa. opno c1oponm, napo nonnHa1L, u1o eapen pec1ayk1,
panxnHme cnnLneunH - o6oc1pennmH, o11ouennmH, sakanennmH - nnc1nnk1oH
caHocoxpanennn. o1opm sa ponrne aeka paano yxe npeo6pasoaancn a a6conk1nm,
ne nHekun ce6e paanmx na seHne a1noarouen1pnsH, ann1maaeHm c HonokoH Ha1epn.
R u m s : n m x u x
. oHnn npn a1oH, c ppyro c1oponm, u1o occnn cnnukoH 1ecna pnn payx
a1noarouen1pnuecknx napopoa.
1ak, nepep un1a1eneH - o1nkpL ne o6annn1enLnm ak1 no appecy eapec1aa, a nnuL
nonm1ka nenpepasn1o nonn1L 1oro, c keH aone-neaone noc1onnno nHeeuL peno, n
coo6pasoaa1L eapeckne 1pe6oaannn n sanpocm c naunHn co6c1aennmHn nn1epecaHn.
Henno a 1akoH nopxope n anxy caHyk cy1L unannnsoaannmx asanHoo1nouenn
napopoa.
pepanxy aonpoc: a appyr nn1epecm "Hnpoaoro eapec1aa n "c1panm npoxnaannn
eapeea (a pannoH cnyuae occnn) o6Lek1nano coanapak1? 1o 1orpa?
akan 1ouka spennn ac1peuae1cn paxe a cpepe 1ak nasmaaeHo onnosnunn. npnHepy,
rnaanm pepak1op "yann Kpn yxnn (aoo6ue-1o sanecennm eapenHn a uepnm
cnncok "an1nceHn1oa), opnaxpm paspasnncn nanernpnkoH a uec1L eapeea,
noppepxaaunx k1n6pLckyk peaonkunk n 6onLueankoa n anecunx orpoHnm,
peuakun aknap a 1pnyHq oae1cko anac1n. o ero Hnennk, a1o nocnyxnno na
nonLsy o6enH c1oponaH. e aa1op, ue aepyun He1op kak rase1unka - ana1ax,
sanann paxe, u1o "1o, u1o a a1o1 HoHen1 c 6onLueankaHn okasanacL eapeckan
nn1ennnrenunn, - a1o nosopnm qak1 pyccko. apen no kpoan okasanncL 6onee
388
pyccknHn, ueH 1e, k1o uncnn1 cao pop o1 kpnka nnn ec1opa-ne1onncua. nxe n
noc1apakcL noppo6nee ocae1n1L 1eHy "eapen n peaonkunn, specL xe ckaxy 1onLko,
u1o na Ho akyc Hyxnnm, aocxaannkune eapeea sa aknap a pepxaanoe coae1ckoe
c1pon1enLc1ao, - a1o unc1me naunonan-Hasoxnc1m. mppann 1akoro, kak cnpopoay
kosy, saceknn uy1L ne po cHep1n, ace nHyuec1ao o1o6pann, a no1oH nonky kpeHoH
cHasann, u1o6 ne 1ak 6onena, nornapnnn, konqe1ky a po1nk cynynn, nrpyuky
nopapnnn, pa eue n pacuenoaann o1 pyun connnayk Hoppouky, - ny, na1ypanLno, on n
cuac1nna! xoue1 eue.
1 Henn 1akoro asrnnpa na aeun xpa1L ne nyxno. o1nnune o1 yxnna n
ex1aanrepa, n ne cun1ak nannune eapeea sanoroH npouae1annn c1panm.
uac1noc1n, cospanne ycn n ee aocxoxpenne a XVIII-XIX aa. k aepunnaH Horyuec1aa
coaepunnocL 6es nx yuac1nn. kaxy 6onLue, acn npopenannan pa6o1a nosaonne1 Hne
y1aepxpa1L: nnkakoro nnopo1aopnoro c1pa1ernueckoro coksa c eapenHn (sa
ncknkuenneH o6nac1n naykn) 6m1L ne Hoxe1 a npnnunne. snaun1 - n ne ponxno.
"okcL panauea, paxe papm npnnocnunx, - roaopn1 a nopo6nmx cnyuanx.
cnoaa1enLnoc1L a1nx cnoa n noc1apakcL a panLneueH pokasa1L.
. n6nnorpaqnn nypankn nonc1nne neo6ospnHa, paxe ecnn nHe1L a
anpy 1onLko o6nac1L naykn. o cyuec1aye1 eue n konoccanLnan nnpyc1pnn qnnLHoa,
1ekc1oa, ny6nnunmx Heponpnn1n, pa6o1akuan pnn 1oro, u1o6m naansa1L neeapenH
6naroxena1enLnoe Hnenne o eapenx, a 1oH uncne o ponn eapeea a xnsnn neeapeea.
ypnan1enLno nac1ounaoc1Lk eapen ncnonLsyk1 ace poc1ynnme aosHoxnoc1n, u1o6m
sac1aan1L nac na nnx cHo1pe1L, nx cnyua1L, annka1L a nx npo6neHm, o nnx pyHa1L.
1o6m nac - k ce6e, eapenH. xop papn a1oro npe1 ace - npecca,
nn1epa1ypa, nckycc1ao, akpan!
1o x, a kako-1o Hepe onn a1oro po6nnncL. o Hoxno nn paccun1maa1L, u1o Hm
orpannunHcn naansmaaeHo naH 1pak1oako? Henno noa1oHy oco6enno aaxno
o6pa1n1Lcn k 1eH , ko1opme npepnasnauenm ne pnn acex aoo6ue n ne pnn nac
cneunanLno, a a nepayk ouepepL pnn caHnx eapeea. on ocnoanme nc1ounnkn - a1o
knnrn, xypnanm n rase1m, nopro1oanennme eapenHn npenHyuec1aenno pnn caonx.
npnHepy, "expynapopnan eapeckan rase1a (panee: ") nnn xypnan "ycckn
eape, nspaaaeHme 6es kako-nn6o uensypm pnn "any1pennero eapeckoro
nonLsoaannn. oneuno, onn no-caoeHy 1oxe 1enpenunosnm (1enpenunn onpepenne1cn
cnoncopc1aoH occnckoro eapeckoro konrpecca). o a uenoH, na Ho asrnnp, a1o -
nac1onuan n nan6onee ak1yanLnan nnqopHaunn, a ne pesnnqopHaunn. poHe 1oro, n
ncnonLsoaan neckonLko unpokoaeua1enLnmx Hannqec1oa eapecknx aa1opoa, npnHo
o6pauennmx k "poccnnnaH n k anac1nH. 1kpoaennoc1L napo uenn1L. akoneu, ec1L
o1penLnme ny6nnkaunn, kak cneunanLnme, 1ak n am6pannme ns no1oka npeccm,
nosaonnkune nopuepkny1L 1o1 nnn nno nkanc nccnepoaannn. opepxa1enLnmHn a
a1oH cHmcne nannk1cn nn1L pepknx c6opnnkoa "epec1poka n eapeckn aonpoc,
amnyuennmx a 1989-1992 rr. n1ncnonnc1cknH koHn1e1oH coae1cko o6uec1aennoc1n,
nk6esno npepoc1aanennme Hne 6maunHn co1pypnnkaHn .
n1a1m nnorpa copepxa1 a ce6e Ho koHHen1apn, noHeuennm a kaappa1nme cko6kn.
konue neko1opmx rnaaok n noHec1nn aonpocm pnn saounoro peqepenpyHa. aknH
cnoco6oH pyccknH un1a1ennH npepnarae1cn ampasn1L caoe o1nouenne k 1oHy nnn
nnoHy eapeckoHy nHnepa1nay. ne kaxe1cn, nsnoxennm Ha1epnan 6ype1 npn a1oH
nyuue ycaoen.
nn kpa1koc1n aHec1o cnoaa "eapen a panLneueH nnorpa yno1pe6nne1cn cnoao
"onn.
389
H I. MHE EEH H HR.
EHR EHHR
1. 3HEM EERM HU H
- neo6munan, a amcue c1enenn caoeo6pasnan naunn, ko1opan nepapoH
roaopn1 o ce6e cnoaaHn caoe canuenno opm: "B u
n".
pna ns aaxneunx oco6ennoc1e eapeea, ane ko1opo neaosHoxno nonn1L HopenL
eapeckoro noaepennn, coc1on1 a 1oH, u1o npnHepno 1pn ue1aep1n a1o naunn
npoxnaae1 ane caoero rocypapc1aa spannL, ane caoe nc1opnuecko popnnm. apen
xnay1 epaa nn ne ao acex c1panax Hnpa: rpe-1o nx 6onLue, rpe-1o HenLue. pasnoe
apeHn onn konuen1pnpoaanncL 1o a asapnn, 1o a cnannn, 1o a nrnnn, 1o a
epHannn, 1o a onLue... eropnn 1pe1Ln no aennunne eapeckan o6unna (nocne
Hepnkn n spannn, rpe npoxnaae1 npnHepno no 6 Hnn.. eapeea) pacnonarae1cn a
occnn. oc1anLnmx c1panax nx o1nocn1enLno neHnoro.
ecHo1pn na paccennnoe npoxnaanne no aceHy Hnpy, eapen - epnnm napop, oc1po
cosnakun caok naunonanLnyk npen1nunoc1L n naunonanLnyk connpapnoc1L,
nonnLnm no o1nouennk k spannk n k naunonanLno pennrnn - nypansHy, acnueckn
noppepxnaakun nasaannme kauec1aa. rpoHnoe konnuec1ao 6onLunx n HanenLknx
naunonanLnmx oprannsaun (1onLko a occnn nx camue nn1nco1) penae1 eapeea
naune, pe1anLno c1pyk1ypnpoaanno, rny6oko nponnkny1o a caoeH naunonanLnoH
6m1nn amcoko1exnonornuno npeonorne "paspenennn 1pypa, a npn neo6xopnHoc1n -
aennkonenno ynpaanneHo ns epnnoro uen1pa.
1o 1akoe Hnpoaan eapeckan o6unna? ak ona yc1poena?
1o nnpaHnpa: annsy eapeckan Hacca, a cepepnne - 1e, k1o penae1 penLrn, naaepxy -
"kon1opa no ynpaanennk penaHn o6unnm, a uLn qynkunn axopn1 kak onpepenenne
c1pa1ernn naunonanLnoro pasan1nn, 1ak n c6op n pacnpepenenne cpepc1a na
noppepxanne eapec1aa, ero Ha1epnanLnmx n pyxoanmx nyxp, na npeeHc1aennoc1L
ero cyuec1aoaannn, na o6ecneuenne ero 6ypyunoc1n n 1.p. "on1opa coc1on1 ns
nan6onee Horyuec1aennmx 6nsnecHenoa, nan6onee aa1opn1e1nmx paaannoa, nan6onee
npnsnannmx sna1okoa eapecko xnsnn, nc1opnn n 1papnun, a 1akxe pykoaopn1ene
nan6onee pec1aennmx eapecknx oprannsaun. akoao c1poenne eapecko o6unnm,
nensHenno noa1opnkueecn, a cnny anpo6npoaanno aekaHn on1nHanLnoc1n, ane
saancnHoc1n o1 Hacu1a6a - 6ypL 1o ceHnpnm eapeckn konrpecc (),
occnckn eapeckn konrpecc () nnn o6unna ropopa pknnncka. epep naHn
caoero popa Ha1peuka (o1 cnoaa "Ha1pnua?): Hec1nme o6unnm axopn1 a eapeckn
konrpecc panno c1panm, 1o1 a caok ouepepL - a ; no c1pyk1ypa nx acex -
opno1nnna.
ce ckasannoe nosaonne1 cqopHynnpoaa1L npnnunnnanLnm nopxop k nsyuennk
eapecko o6unnm a 1o nnn nno c1pane. nn ycneunoro nccnepoaannn neo6xopnHo
nonn1L konkpe1nme npo6neHm, c1onune nepep eapenHn: 1) a Hnpe; 2) a spanne; 3) a
c1pane npoxnaannn. 6o ace a1o okasmaae1cn, a koneunoH cue1e, a caHo 1ecneue
asanHocansn.
1ak, nauneH no-nopnpky.
390
1.1. Y X HYQEHK - KmE R3
" na nnane1e ouenL Hano, no kaxporo eapen ouenL Hnoro, - aepno nopHe1nn
aennkn eapeckn noa1 y6epHan. norpa npoc1o nopaxaeuLcn: kak napop, uLn
uncnennoc1L na aceH seHnoH uape ne npeamuae1 kaknx-nn6ypL nn1napua1n-paapua1n
Hnnnnonoa uenoaek, yHyppne1cn nHe1L 1ako aec a Hnpoao nonn1nke n akonoHnke!
ero c1on1 nanpnHep, 1o1 qak1, u1o eapenHn nopo opnoapeHenno kon1ponnpye1cn
Hexpynapopnan nonn1nka pnpa knkueamx c1pan, nanpnHep - Hepnkn (n6pa1),
ennko6pn1annn (nqknnp), occnn (pnHakoa) n acero oae1a aponm (epeHek).
nn - eue nopasn1enLnee! - u1o 1pe1L pykoaopnuero coc1aaa , a1oro ceppua n
Hosra aceHnpnoro xanpapHa, npepc1aanena ceropnn eapenHn (. epunnnn.
pasaepnynacL nopkoaepnan 6opL6a. - "esaancnHan rase1a [panee: "] 12.09.96).
ou1n 40 konrpeccHenoa aHepnkanckoro napnaHen1a 1akxe - eapen (epec1poka n
eapeckn aonpoc. - mn. 3, c.22. - ., , 1990).
onL n nonoxenne eapec1aa a Hnpe ne cnyuanm - s u
nu. a noppepxanne a1o ponn n a1oro nonoxennn
pacxopye1cn Hacca ycnnn. o ec1L no kpane Hepe 1pn o6nac1n eHnn, rpe annnnne
eapeea nn6o cepLesno orpannueno, nn6o caepeno k HnnnHyHy - a1o c1panm apa6oa,
npnn n n1a. onLue 1oro: Hoxno ckasa1L, u1o ecnn eapeckne qnnancnc1m a
uenoH kon1ponnpyk1 sanapnoe nonyuapne (nnkc 1enepL yxe o1uac1n nonnk, u1o
amsmaae1 1aH poc1 an1nceHn1nsHa), 1o ne1 coHnenn, u1o n1a, a1o1 cyneprnran1, o6
nc1nnnmx Hacu1a6ax poc1a ko1oporo Hm nHeeH nnuL kocaennme npepc1aanennn, ne
ceropnn-saa1pa 6ype1 kon1ponnpoaa1L (kak HnnnHyH!) ace aoc1ounoe nonyuapne.
pecL n sanoxena rnaanan nn1pnra Hnpoao nonn1nkn XXI aeka.
co6yk cnny n1ak npnpae1 npak1nueckn HononaunonanLnm coc1aa nacenennn, sa
cnnno ko1oporo - nn1L 1mcnuene1n caHo nepepoao n nsoupenno kynL1ypno
1papnunn a Hnpe. ekn1ackan npnHecL k xanLcko ocnoae, nokannsoaannan, rnaanmH
o6pasoH, a nnusnno-rypckoH paone n a n6e1e, coc1aanne1 nnuL neHnornH 6onee
8%. n1aum no HnornH caonH kauec1aaH - a1o, ecnn Hoxno 1ak ampasn1Lcn, "xen1me
eapen. epaanne co6m1nn a nponesnn neoxnpanno n npko amcae1nnn 1o1 qak1, u1o
kn1aum - ue1mpe npouen1a nacenennn a1o neHanenLko c1panm - pepxa1 a caonx
pykax 80% naunonanLnoro kann1ana. xopnmH o6pasoH o6c1on1 peno a anasnn n
1.p., u1o nosaonne1 roaopn1L o cneunqnueckoH anropn1He akonoHnuecko akcnancnn
napopa xanL. noroHnnnnonnan kn1ackan pnacnopa ncnopaonL yxe o6pena cnnLnme
nosnunn a , ao panunn, a ppyrnx c1panax aponm, nauana ocaoenne occnn.
cnep sa onkonroH n akao aoccoepnnennn c Ha1epnncko naune xpy1 nnranyp
n aaanL.
n1aum - onacneun na cae1e npo1nannk. 1o aennuaune paunonannc1m, napop
ynopnm n 6esxanoc1nm, aecLHa panekn o1 xpnc1nanckoro ryHannsHa n peHokpa1nn,
cnerka ne uennun eknapaunk npaa uenoaeka n rpaxpannna, pa n aoo6ue
uenoaeueckyk xnsnL. aunonanLnan konconnpnpoaannoc1L kn1auea nac1onLko
amcoka, u1o rpannun1 c naunonanLnmH amcokoHepneH, naunonanLno saHkny1oc1Lk n
a1noarouen1pnsHoH: a a1oH cHmcne kn1aum papy1 qopy paxe eapenH. (ycckoHy
un1a1enk ysnaaa1L o6 a1oH nenpnamuno, no a1o 1ak.)
e1 nnkaknx coHnenn a 1oH, u1o a rpnpyueH c1one1nn Hm c1aneH canpe1ennHn
rpanpnosno cxaa1kn sa Hnpoaoe rocnopc1ao Hexpy payHn ppeaneunHn n
caHo6m1neunHn napopaHn, rpe sa kn1auea 6ypy1 nrpa1L, a ocnoanoH, caHn
kn1aum, sa eapeea - ace napopm anapa n o1uac1n Kra (nanpnHep, 1ypkn), a
o1nocn1enLno caHoc1on1enLnyk ponL ypac1cn coxpann1L, aosHoxno, nnuL nnpycaH.
oaanLnoe yaneuenne nocnepnnx ne1 reononn1nko ne Hoxe1 ckpm1L 1oro qak1a, u1o
391
rnk - c nm kn ank rrqcky ky. au
npnHep a1o nop1aepxpae1 kak nenLsn nyuue.
eno ocnoxnne1cn 1eH, u1o o6a aennknx napopa, n eapen, n kn1aum, paano
rny6ouaunH o6pasoH - na ypoane pennrnosno porHm - sapaxenm HeccnannsHoH, 1ak
u1o acnkn koHnpoHncc anpnopn ncknkuae1cn nx naunonanLnmH Hen1ann1e1oH.
ekorpa onqyun (VI a. po n.a.) sanann: "ac1ane1 penL n n1a 6es aonm saaoke1
aecL Hnp. apenH ae1xosaae1nme npopokn a eue 6onee ppeanne apeHena o6euann
npnHepno 1o xe caHoe. pnxopn1 apeHn, korpa o6a a1n o6e1oaannn ponxnm
u 3 B nop1aeppn1L
caok nc1nnnoc1L nn6o nenc1nnnoc1L. o6epn1enL specL 6ype1 1onLko opnn.
no6expennmx Hoxe1 n aoace ne oc1a1Lcn.
epame packa1m a1o 6n1am yxe cnmunm. n1a ne cnyuano nocnepoaa1enLno n
xec1ko sannn c1opony apa6oa a 6nnxneaoc1ounoH konqnnk1e (o pokoaoH snauennn
a1oro pnn eapeea - nnxe). 1o canpe1enLc1ao rny6okoro nonnHannn cn1yaunn.
epaano a n1ae c ansn1oH no6maan npeHLep-Hnnnc1p spannn. n npnaes uenm
nake1 npepnoxenn, na ko1opme nonyunn aexnnam o1kas.
"a neperoaopax a eknne, kypa e1anLnxy npn6mn nocne cpounoro sacepannn
ka6nne1a, o6cyxpaauero nanec1nnckyk npo6neHy, npeHLep occoae1a xy ynusn
coo6unn, u1o oc1ae1cn na c1opone nanec1nnuea n npnsmaae1 spannL...
nponann1L rn6koc1L. onee 1oro, xy ynusn opnosnauno pan nonn1L, u1o koneunyk
uenL 6nnxneaoc1ounoro yperynnpoaannn n1a cansmaae1 c npoaosrnauenneH
nesaancnHoro anec1nnckoro rocypapc1aa.
1o npak1nueckn 6eckoHnpoHnccnoe sananenne kak HnnnHyH nnunno Hnornx napexp
nspannLckn ka6nne1, ko1opm, no npnsnannk e1anLnxy, nakanyne ansn1a yuen
rno6anLnyk Hnpoayk 1enpenunk k Hnorononnpnoc1n n peunn noaepny1L caok
aneunkk nonn1nky, po cnx nop c1poro opnen1npoaannyk na n anap, a c1opony
n1an (" 28.05.98).
onm1ka spannn, sannHakuero nocne occnn a1opoe Hec1o na kn1ackoH pmnke
aoopyxenn, nopkynn1L n1a, noc1aannn eHy amcokne 1exnonornn, ne npnaena k
nonn1nueckoHy c6nnxennk. aknkuenne spanneH an1napa6ckoro aoenno-
nonn1nueckoro coksa c ypune - xec1 o1uannnn, nano napyuakun xnsnennme
nn1epecm ouenL Hnornx c1pan (ne 1onLko occnn), upeaa1m onacnmHn
nocnepc1annHn. 1o1 xec1 ao HnoroH o6ycnoanen nHenno 1aeppo nosnune n1an,
cospakue pnn spannn cn1yaunk uyruaanra.
o1nnune o1 6onLunnc1aa c1pan Hnpa, a n1ae npak1nueckn ne1 annn1enLno
eapecko "nn1o kononnm, n spannk specL ne na u1o onepe1Lcn. onm1kn nsHenn1L
a1o nonoxenne pen noka 6esycneunm: "n1ackne anac1n oqnunanLno npnsnak1
6yppnsH, 1aonsH, ncnaH, ka1onnunsH n npo1ec1an1nsH, opnako cun1ak1, u1o ne1
nnkakoro cHmcna a oqnunanLno pernc1paunn nypansHa, 1ak kak a n1ae ne1 eapeea.
aaann napep, npesnpen1 nLk-opkckoro qonpa "pnsma coaec1n, oprannsaunn,
ko1opan c1aan1 uenLk copec1ane yc1anoanennk pennrnosno cao6opm n
ocyuec1anenne Hexpennrnosnoro pnanora, ckasan kn1acknH nnpepaH, u1o 1enepL,
korpa onkonr c1an uac1Lk , aonpoc o npnsnannn nypansHa oqnunanLno
pennrne npno6pen ak1yanLnoc1L, aepL a onkonre xnay1 2500 eapeea. n1ackn
npesnpen1 o6euan "annHa1enLno nsyun1L aonpoc... (annenL ypuHan, TA. m
panranncL, kak no HnnnoHy nonk. - " N 15/98). konua1enLnm o1ae1 kn1auea
nerko npepyrapa1L.
enLsn ne o1He1n1L n npnnunnnanLnme nsHenennn ao asanHoo1nouennnx n1an n
, a pesynL1a1e ko1opmx n1a ace uaue pnk1ye1 caon npaanna nrpm. aepyune
392
nkpn nonnHak1, u1o sa a1nHn nsHenennnHn 1akxe kpoe1cn uyac1an1enLnoe nopaxenne
eapecknx koHHepuecknx n nonn1nuecknx nn1epecoa a HnpoaoH Hacu1a6e.
1ak, u mn u " "
- x x x q, nmx
m na ponrne ropm anepep. n c1aan1 nop
coHnenne c1a6nnLnoc1L n 6narononyune eapecko pnacnopm na aceH sanapnoH
nonyuapnn, sac1aanne1 pyHa1L o npnspaunoc1n ee poc1nxenn n 1pnyHqoa.
ac1aanne1 yxe ceuac ncka1L aqqek1nanme Hepm npo1naopec1ann n1ak a
rno6anLnmx Hacu1a6ax.
" XXI aeka - eapec1aa n, ecnn 1ak Hoxno ampasn1Lcn, "kn1ac1aa
- no1pe6ye1 o1 eapeea 1o1anLno Ho6nnnsaunn acero nx no1enunana (uenoaeueckoro,
akonoHnueckoro, nonn1nueckoro n 1.p.) papn coxpanennn rocnopc1aykuero nonoxennn
a Hnpe. ncnennoc1L eapeea neconoc1aanHa c uncnennoc1Lk kn1auea, a
akonoHnueckn no1enunan spannn necpaannH c no1enunanoH n1an. o a1o n
neaaxno. onn1no, u1o nm
, - x ,
m m s . cae1e a1o
o6Lek1nano pnn eapeea neo6xopnHoc1n c1anoan1cn ncno, noueHy onn c 1ako
nnxopapouno ak1nanoc1Lk n nocneunoc1Lk c1peHn1cn aepny1Lcn ao ace c1panm,
ko1opme nH npnunocL korpa-nn6o noknny1L, n ykpenn1L cao aec n annnnne 1aH, rpe
nx npncy1c1ane ace eue aennko. pexpe acero - a apone, u1o6m aepny1L ce6e
HakcnHyH 6mnmx aosHoxnoc1e, no ne 1onLko. (axe a Kxno qpnke paaann
Hoxannec6ypra yrrn yxap1 o6pa1nncn k npesnpen1y enLcony anpene, u1o6m
npnsaa1L ero ycnnn1L 6opL6y c npec1ynnoc1Lk n no6ypn1L a1nH eapeea ne noknpa1L
c1pany: "o acex c1panax, o1kypa yexann eapen, nx a koneunoH cue1e nonpocnnn
aepny1Lcn. espe eapen nsHennk1 cn1yaunk k nyuueHy [ne a1n nn nsHenennn
noppasyHeaana pesonkunn 3151 -9 (XXVIII) enepanLno ccaH6nen ,
ocypnauan "neuec1nam coks Hexpy kxnoaqpnkancknH pacnsHoH n cnonnsHoH?] -
" N 22/96).
pnoapeHenno - u1o ouenL aaxno! - nepekpmaae1cn o11ok eapeea a . ue a 1988
ropy a eneae n a ockae Hexpy Hepnko, spanneH n 6mno nopnncano
cekpe1noe cornauenne, nop1aepxpennoe a 1989 ropy na anL1e ao apeHn ac1peun na
amcueH ypoane, no ko1opoHy amesp eapeea a pesko cokpauancn. 1o1 cekpe1
packpmn Hnpy "eHopanpyH o6 aHnrpaunn coae1cknx eapeea, coc1aanennm
expynapopnmH koHn1e1oH "a o1kpm1me rpannum (epec1poka n eapeckn
aonpoc. - mn 4, c. 101-102. - ., 1991). eropnn a a1y c1pany Hory1 nonac1L c
o1nocn1enLno nerkoc1Lk nnuL "oco6o uennme eapen nnn nHekune 1aH
popc1aennnkoa.
xe ne c1onLko spannL, rpe nHHnrpaunn a nocnepnne ropm coc1aanne1 okono 70 1mc.,
a aHnrpaunn - okono 100 1mc. uenoaek a rop, n paxe ne , rpe cn1yaunn n 1ak
nonnoc1Lk kon1ponnpye1cn eapenHn, u E n - ao1 o6Lek1
eapecknx yc1peHnenn n Hnrpaunn na nopore XXI aeka. pnaepy npnHepm.
saec1no, u1o epHannn, npn n1nepe n a nepame nocneaoennme ropm nou1n
nonnoc1Lk nnunauancn eapeckoro nacenennn, nocnyuno amnonnne1 c 1ex nop ace
1pe6oaannn ceHnpnoro eapeckoro konrpecca n ppyrnx eapecknx oprannsaun,
npak1nueckn naxopn1cn nop eapecknH nroH. uac1noc1n, naunnan c 1990 ropa,
epHannn npnrnauae1 eapeea ns 6maunx coae1cknx pecny6nnk nHHnrpnpoaa1L a a1y
c1pany, ko1opo onn nekorpa nou1n nonnoc1Lk anapenn, a no1oH nou1n nonnoc1Lk
no1epnnn. "o cornauennk c eapecko o6unno, nocne pacnapa a 1991 ropy [n
nocne npnkpm1nn kanana aHnrpaunn a ] onn paspeunn 6onLuoHy uncny
eapecknx 6exenuea ns c1pan 6mauero oksa nocenn1Lcn a epHannn. 1n
nHHnrpan1m nonyuak1 xnnLe, penexnyk noHouL, npoxopn1 6ecnna1nme kypcm
393
nsyuennn neHeukoro nsmka. H okasmaae1cn noHouL a 1pypoyc1poc1ae. nn 1akxe
Hory1 npn xenannn nonyun1L neHeukoe rpaxpanc1ao (" N 5/97). 1ex nop
eapeckoe nacenenne epHannn ync, poc1nrnya uec1npecn1n 1mcnu uenoaek
(" N 3/97). naoe canpe1enLc1ao nekoero . aaenLsona: "apn nepeaen Hne
c1a1Lk ns "pankqyp1ep pynpuay, u1o eue pecn1L ne1 nasap a a1oH ropope c1ponnn
cnnarory "naampoc1, a ceuac ona yxe 1ecna, u1o neHeukne eapen, snaun1enLnan
uac1L ko1opmx xnae1 a paone pankqyp1a, 6naropapnm caoe noao popnne ("
N 9/96).
eknapnpyeHan neHeuknHn anac1nHn c uyxoro ronoca sapaua - aocc1anoan1L
eapeckyk o6unny a poaoennoH Hacu1a6e. ornacnn neHuea, pasyHee1cn, nnk1o ne
cnpaunaae1: onn "naacerpa annoaa1m, o6peuenm na Honuanne n noannoaenne.
apeckne "unc1kn unn a enrpnn n yHmnnn, c1panax - cnopanxnnuax epHannn.
eropnn 1aH 1oxe aepe1cn pec1aapaunn eapecknx o6unn.
"apeckan o6unna enrpnn - a1o, no naunH ouenkaH, o1 80 po 150 1mcnu uenoaek...
m npenopaeH nH napn1, snakoHnH c ppeane n coapeHenno nc1opne eapeckoro
napopa, oprannsyeH eapeckne narepn, noppepxnaaeH eapeckne ukonm, ro1oanH
eapecknx yun1ene, - pacckasmaae1 nna ean, renepanLnm pnpek1op o1pena
n oc1ouno aponm apeckoro aren1c1aa pnn spannn. e 1onLko npecnoay1m
oxny1 yuac1aye1 a peuennn aceeapecko npo6neHm (n nporpaHHm!) "aosapauennn
a apony: "Lk-opkckn Hnnnnappep onanLp opep noxep1aoaan 4,5 Hnn..
ponnapoa na cospanne a ypaneu1e eapecko ukonm, a ko1opo 6ype1 yun1Lcn 600
yuennkoa. enrpnn pec1ayk1 nmne pecn1kn eapecknx oprannsaun, ko1opme
oxaa1maak1 o1 80 po 130 1mc. eapeea, xnayunx a c1pane. nn cpaanennn Hoxno
npnaec1n 1akne unqpm: a eucko pecny6nnke oc1anocL acero 3500 eapeea, a a
onrapnn - 5 1mcnu (" N 13/96).
aepen, u1o n ueuckan, n 6onrapckan eapeckne o6unnm a 6nnxaueH 6ypyueH 1oxe
nauny1 pac1n n ykpennn1Lcn.
"osapauenne ne acerpa npoxopn1 rnapko. npnHepy, "cena1 yHmnnn npnnnn
peuenne nnun1L napnaHen1cko nenpnkocnoaennoc1n opnenny apnHa ypopa...
nonn1nka, nsaec1noro caonHn xec1knHn naunonannc1nuecknHn n an1nceHn1cknHn
amckasmaannnHn n npnHmHn amnapaHn npo1na npesnpen1a c1panm nnecky.
spaaaeHan ypopoH rase1a "oHanna Hape nepaano npnHo o6annnna npesnpen1a a
1oH, u1o on "nopunnnn c1pany eapenH. euenne cena1a o1kpmaae1 aosHoxnoc1L pnn
yronoanoro npecnepoaannn noa1a-an1nceHn1a no o6annennk a pnqqaHaunn n paxe a
ockop6nennn npesnpen1cko anac1n. 6annn1enLnm npnroaop no 1akoHy peny aneue1
sa co6o 1kpeHnoe saknkuenne ("saec1nn [e1ep] 25.04.96).
onLuo onm1 6opL6m c "1ypopaHn, nakonnennm eapenHn acero Hnpa, nac1panaae1
nx on1nHnc1nueckn. ponanennnHn an1nceHn1nsHa nx ne cHy1n1L, u1o 6m onn nn
roaopnnn na ce cue1. 1o xopouo anpno na npnHepe onLun.
apen xnnn a onLue nou1n c 1ex xe nop, u1o n a epHannn. ampa6o1ann y
a6opnrenoa 1ouno 1akoe xe o1nouenne k ce6e. o1 npnHep. ropm 1opo Hnpoao
aonm nonLckne eapen-aHnrpan1m cnyxnnn a nonLcko apHnn, cqopHnpoaanno n
pncnounpoaanno a nrnnn, rpe naxopnnocL n nonLckoe npaan1enLc1ao a nsrnannn.
ecHo1pn na 1o, u1o a 1o apeHn nonnkn n eapen nHenn, kasanocL 6m, opnoro apara,
cepxan1m nonLcko apHnn neopnokpa1no sanannnn: orpa Hm aepneHcn a onLuy,
Hm y6LeH acex eapeea. yuue y6n1L a 6ok opnoro eapen, ueH payx neHuea, a
nonLckne oqnuepm saHeuann: aH neuero xpa1L aosapauennn a onLuy, Hm ponxnm
y6naa1L eapeea specL. opnn nonLckn oqnuep, ycnmuaa o6 y6nc1aax
rn1nepoauaHn nonLcknx eapeea a rasoao kaHepe, ckasan: opouan pa6o1a!
394
onLue 6ype1 HenLue eapeea (nen onrpecca o6 an1nceHn1nsHe a nonLcko
apHnn. - pacnan saespa N 108/44).
o aonm a onLue npoxnaano 1pn Hnnnnona eapeea, no n a1y c1pany onn no1epnnn.
naun1enLnan uac1L eapeea 6exana o1 neHuea a . norne 6mnn ynnu1oxenm a
ropm okkynaunn. nocneaoennoe apeHn (oco6enno npn oHynke) nonLckne anac1n
1nxo ampaannaann eapeea ns c1panm, o1nkpL, a o1nnune o1 xena1oro na eapeke
pexneaa n eapen no Ha1epn npponoaa, ne npenn1c1ayn nx aHnrpaunn na
nc1opnueckyk popnny. n1ore, kak ykasmaae1 nna ean, a onLue oc1anacL
"ne6onLuan o6unna, a ocnoanoH noxnnme nkpn. o pasnmH ouenkaH, a1a o6unna
nacun1maae1 acero o1 4 po 10 1mcnu uenoaek (npaapa, nasmaak1 yxe n unqpy 200
1mcnu, no nc1ounnk ne amsmaae1 6onLuoro poaepnn). annm qak1 ceropnn, ckopee
acero, aocnpnnnHae1cn eapenHn kak pocapnm npocue1, oun6ka, ko1opyk cnepye1
ncnpaan1L.
ecHo1pn na c1onL Hacu1a6nm ncxop eapeea, ,
n n, n , m Hum
x . 1o nosaonnno na6nkpa1ennH
paxe saroaopn1L o qenoHene ne ac1peuaauerocn po1one "an1nceHn1nsHa a o1cy1c1ane
eapeea. 1pax, u1o eapen anoaL, kak Hnorne aeka noppnp, 6ypy1 onpepenn1L cypL6y
c1panm n napopa, noc1onnno npo6naae1cn na noaepxnoc1L nonLcko nonn1nuecko
xnsnn. ackonLko on o6ocnoaan, nyc1L cypn1 un1a1enL.
"oxoxe, ka6nne1 Hnnnc1poa a onLue nakoneu ckonouen... euek anLuepoanu -
1pouknc1, noa1oHy o kakoH xpnc1nancko-peHokpa1nueckoH xapak1epe noaoro
npaan1enLc1aa roaopn1 noam npeHLep xn ysek! - aosHyuae1cn rase1a "aua
onLua. "enLsn cornacn1Lcn na npncy1c1ane eapeckoro HenLunnc1aa a naueH
npaan1enLc1ae. apop a1oro 6on1cn! - sananne1 a caoe nponoaepn kcenps enpnk
nkoackn, nnunm ppyr anencm, nac1on1enL koc1ena can1o pnrnpm a panLcke.
kasannoe npnHo o1nocn1cn k ampanny1oHy oksoH cao6opm npoqeccopy ponncnaay
epeHeky, ko1opm 6ype1 ueqoH nonLcko pnnnoHa1nn [na pene epeHek asne1en
kypa amue - on c1an nn Hnoro nn Hano npepcepa1eneH oae1a aponm] (ypyuee
npaan1enLc1ao onLun nop orneH an1nceHn1oa. - "saec1nn 30.10.97).
"Hepnkanckne eapeckne oprannsaunn, a uac1noc1n an1npnqqaHaunonnan nnra
na-pn1, 6Lk1 1peaory no noaopy poc1a an1neapecknx nac1poenn a onLue. Lk-
opkckan rase1a "opaep1c y1aepxpae1, u1o "aonna an1nceHn1nsHa saxnec1nyna
c1pany, a ko1opo ne1 eapeea...
pepn npaamx n ynL1panpaamx oprannsaun a nocnepnee apeHn ak1nansnpoaanacL
nap1nn (a66peana1ypa cnoa, ko1opme a nepeaope osnauak1 - anxenne sa
aospoxpenne onLun). e npeonornn ampaxena, a uac1noc1n, a nsaec1noH
"6pauennn k eapenH n nnuaH eapeckoro nponcxoxpennn. 1o1 pokyHen1
naunnae1cn cnoaaHn: "m o6pauaeHcn k eapenH n nnuaH eapeckoro nponcxoxpennn c
1pe6oaanneH nx neaHeua1enLc1aa ao any1pennne npo6neHm onLun. 1o osnauae1,
u1o eapen n "nnua eapeckoro nponcxoxpennn ponxnm 6m1L o1c1panenm o1
o6uec1aenno-nonn1nuecko xnsnn. okyHen1 pae1 1akoe o6ocnoaanne a1oHy
1pe6oaannk: eapen nannk1cn roc1nHn a onLue, a roc1n ne ponxnm ykasmaa1L
xosneaaH, kak pacc1aan1L He6enL a nx poHe. onnkn, roaopn1cn a pokyHen1e, ouenL
roc1enpnnHnm n 1onepan1nm. pnako "eapeckoe aHeua1enLc1ao Hoxe1 nx amaec1n
ns 1epnennn...
eko1opme o6ospeaa1enn cun1ak1, u1o ex anenca no1epnen nopaxenne na am6opax
a npesnpen1m ns-sa 1oro, u1o o1kasancn ny6nnuno ocypn1L caoero ppyra nkoackoro,
kak 1oro 1pe6oaann Hexpynapopnme cnonnc1ckne kpyrn. o acnkoH cnyuae, on
nnunncn noppepxkn annn1enLneunx eapecknx nn1ennek1yanoa, axopnaunx panee a
"Hosroao 1pec1 "onnpapnoc1n. pepn 1ex, k1o noknnyn anency ns-sa "pena
395
nkoackoro, - paH nxnnk, xepcn p6an, ponncnaa epeHek n uek yponL. ce
onn nepeunn a c1an aacLneackoro, o ko1opoH ero npo1nannkn roaopnnn, u1o on
"neHnoxeuko eape n nponcxopn1 ns ceHLn 1onLu[3]...
Lk-opkckan "opaep1c nasmaae1 nonLcknx naunonannc1oa "6esyHuaHn, xnayunHn
a nepeanLnoH Hnpe, npnpyHannoH nHn xe. onn1no, u1o c a1nH HnenneH Hoxno n ne
cornaua1Lcn, acnoHnna xo1n 6m o 1oH, u1o, korpa paH nxnnk noce1nn Lk-Hopk,
ac1peua c nnH npoaopnnacL a uen1panLno cnnarore n no aceHy ropopy
pacnpoc1pannnncL nnc1oakn, nasmaaaune ero "naunH uenoaekoH a apuaae (.
nkonaea. nn acero nnuL roc1n. - "paapa-5 07.09.96).
ypn no a1nH saHe1kaH, anonne peanLnme, a aoace ne npnspaunme, npnpyHannme
1onno eapen nrpak1 n naHepenm nrpa1L panLue a nonLcko nonn1nke saHe1nyk ponL.
saec1no, u1o nonLckoe npaan1enLc1ao o6nsanocL aosHec1n1L "necyuec1aykue
eapecko o6unne nekne npo1opn n y6m1kn, aosapa1n1L nekyk co6c1aennoc1L. 1o
osnauae1, no ace anpnHoc1n, u1o onLue cnepye1 ro1oan1Lcn k HaccoaoHy npneHy
eapeea-nHHnrpan1oa.
oc1anLrnn no oc1aanennmH a caoe apeHn eaponecknH c1panaH - cnannn, exnn,
onLue, n1ae n ppyrnH - sayun1 ne1Ho1naoH ao Hnornx n Hnornx ny6nnkaunnx
eapecknx aa1opoa. anpnHep, 1ak: "n1oackn npesnpen1 roppn1cn nn1oacknH
paaannoH - uypecnme nac1ann apeHena. o1 1onLko xanL, u1o nnLnkc nnk1o paano
ne nasmaae1 n yxe, naaepnoe, nnkorpa ne nasoae1 nn1oacknH epycannHoH (" N
17-18/96). nH 1ak xo1enocL 6m a1oro... epaano, a 1992 ropy, nponsouno
a6cyppnoe, na asrnnp noc1oponnero, co6m1ne: koponL cnannn npnnec nsannennn
HnpoaoHy eapec1ay sa 1o, u1o nn1Lco1 ne1 nasap nx ka1onnueckne aennuec1aa
eppnnanp paronckn n sa6enna ac1nnLckan nsrnann acex eapeea ns c1panm.
uenL Hoxe1 6m1L, u1o a1o - npenkpnn k HaccoaoHy "aosapauennk eapeea na
npeneckn nonyoc1poa.
ao1 xnayun nmne ane 1annn uapc1aennm anyk nk1opa-HHanynna noka ynopno
o1kasmaae1cn nsannn1Lcn sa pepa, necHo1pn na pnkoe paanenne sann1epecoaanno
c1oponm. yHak, ne anpa1L eHy opnnm po konua pne...
, u1o a cnny reononn1nuecknx peann occnn sannHae1 a nnanax eapecko
"nonsyue pekonknc1m oco6oe Hec1o n 1pe6ye1 oco6o nno1noro kon1ponn. 6o nHenno
ona nHee1 caHyk 6onLuyk a Hnpe rpannuy c n1aeH, nHenno e a nepayk ouepepL
o1aopn1cn ponL 6yqepa, ecnn ne 1apana. pnnn1L na ce6n nepam ypap n1an nnn
caHo nanec1n nepam ypap - opno ns payx: ao1 u1o, ckopee acero, npepc1on1 cpena1L
occnn no nnanaH Hnpoao sakynncm. orpa apeHn o1 apeHenn paspak1cn npnsmam k
naueHy ac1ynnennk a , k 1ecnoHy co1pypnnuec1ay n c1pa1ernueckoHy
nap1nepc1ay c a1o oprannsaune, 1o n nonnHak, u1o naH, "kak nocnyunmH xononaH,
a ouepepno pas npepoc1aanne1cn coHnn1enLnan uec1L "pepxa1L un1 Hex payx
apaxpe6nmx pac. n sapak ce6e aonpoc: a naH a1o nyxno? ueH a1o pnn nac Hoxe1
konun1Lcn?
op aospec1aneH 6ypnoro pasan1nn kann1annsHa n1a - na 80 c nnunnH npouen1oa
kpec1Lnnckan c1pana - yxe ac1ynnn a nc1opnueckyk qasy packpec1Lnnnaannn, korpa
6onLunnc1ao pepeaenckoro nacenennn c1anoan1cn nenyxnmH nn a pepeane, nn a
ropope[4]. spmanan counanLnan aneprnn a1oro npouecca, c1peHn1enLno
am6pacmaakuero rnran1ckne (a pannoH konkpe1noH cnyuae Hnnnnappnme)
uenoaeueckne Haccm ns npnamunoro kpyra xnsnn, - konoccanLna. 1o n kypa ee
nanpaan1? 1a cnna Hoxe1 6m1L kak konc1pyk1nano, 1ak n pec1pyk1nano. aH
caHnH, npouepunH uepes qopcnpoaannoe packpec1Lnnnaanne a nepao nonoanne
aeka, ace a1o cnnukoH eue naHn1no no rnran1cknH c1pokaH, nnpyc1pnannsaunn,
aonaH n no6epaH nauero c1one1nn, kononnsaunn (ocaoennk) seHenL n c1pan n 1.p.
396
keH xe 6ype1 aoeaa1L n1a a cnyuae counanLnoro aspmaa, uLn seHnn ocaanaa1L?
srnnnn1e na kap1y, rpe c naue c1ponm rpannum nno1noc1L nacenennn - Henee 2
uenoaek na ka. kH., a c kn1acko - 6onee 150, n o1ae1L1e na a1o1 aonpoc caHn. oHnn
npn a1oH, u1o Hm yxe pac1pa1nnn counanLnyk aneprnk caoero packpec1Lnnnaannn,
ko1opan pae1cn nk6oHy napopy nnuL opnaxpm sa ack ero nc1opnk. n1a xe, no
cy1n, eue n ne naunnan ee 1pa1n1L. aH neuero eHy npo1naonoc1aan1L.
k6o kpynnoHacu1a6nm konqnnk1 c n1aeH pnn nac - npoc1o caHoy6nc1ao. es
aapnan1oa. peHena oc1poaa aHanckoro npounn: ne 1e Hm, ne 1o1 n n1a. m nn a
koeH cnyuae ne HoxeH n ne ponxnm 6m1L na oc1pne sanapnoro opyxnn,
nanpaanennoro a kn1ackyk c1opony. 1o 6mno 6m nonnmH 6esyHneH, npno1nsHoH.
aue Hec1o - nn6o a c1opone o1 rno6anLnoro konqnnk1a rpnpyuero c1one1nn, nn6o,
ecnn y1n a c1opony ne ypac1cn, - a coksnnkax n1an n nop ero saun1o. k6an
ppyran konuenunn, o1 koro 6m ona nn ncxopnna, ncxopn1 nn6o o1 nkpe, naxopnunxcn
a nneny nnnksn, nn6o o1 1ex, k1o napee1cn ns pyccknx 1pynoa amc1pon1L ce6e
"n1nkn1ackyk c1eny.
* * *
onpoc pnn peqepenpyHa:
- e 1ak paano pycckne caonH 1enoH yxe sacnonnnn eapeea o1 caHoro c1paunoro nx
npo1nannka na anape - rn1nepoackoro naunsHa. aH a1o c1onno 27 Hnnnnonoa
xnsne. oa1opnH 1o xe na oc1oke?
- a. e1. (yxnoe nopuepkny1L.)
I.2. H BEUE BEHHR 3EMRR
ec1L caoe naunonanLnoe rocypapc1ao - spannL. 1o nx c1pana, nx
nc1opnueckan popnna, nx eHnn 6e1oaannan. 1o epnnc1aennoe Hec1o a Hnpe, rpe y
eapeea ec1L HopanLnoe npaao yc1anaannaa1L caon nopnpkn, yc1panaa1L xnsnL 1ak, kak
onn cun1ak1 nyxnmH[5].
o nornke aeue, eape ponxen xn1L a spanne, kak rpysnn - a pysnn, pycckn - a
occnn. "oueHy 6m nH aceH 1ypa ne nepeexa1L n ne Heua1L ppyrnH napopaH xn1L
1ak, kak nH xoue1cn, a coo1ae1c1ann co caonH naunonanLnmH yknapoH? -
ec1ec1aennm aonpoc, ko1opm sapae1 ce6e ne cnnukoH ocaepoHnennm uenoaek.
mno apeHn, korpa ace eapec1ao 6mno oxaaueno Heu1o o nepeespe a spannL, o
cospannn 1aH naunonanLnoro eapeckoro rocypapc1aa. a ocyuec1anenne a1o Heu1m
6mnn yno1pe6nenm konoccanLnme ycnnnn. o cnyc1n copok-nn1Lpecn1 ne1 nocne
konc1n1ynpoaannn ocypapc1aa spannL cn1yaunn papnkanLno nepeHennnacL. enepL
yxe, kak ampaxae1cn opnn Ho pyccko-aHepnkanckn ppyr, aecLHa caepyun a
eapecknx penax, - "n n - u
Hu n u u". 1peHnenne HakcnHanLno nanonnn1L
eapeckoe rocypapc1ao eapenHn cnnLno noy6aannocL ne 1onLko y eapeea, no n y
caHoro a1oro rocypapc1aa. annuo npnnunnnanLnan cHena c1pa1ernn.
oueHy?
apeckan o6unna spannn nepexnaae1 c konua 1980-x ropoa ne nyuune apeHena.
oHy ec1L Hnoro npnunn. epeuncnk neko1opme ns nnx, nHekune nan6onLuee
o1nouenne k naue 1eHe.
397
B-x n npexpe acero: nenaanc1L apa6oa, ne xenakunx nn sa6maa1L, nn
npoua1L renounp n annekcnn, npe1epnnennme nHn o1 eapeea, ne sa1yxae1. pounoro
Hnpa na nnxneH oc1oke ne1 n ne npepanpn1cn. nyuncL u1o c Hepnko, saua1acn
1onLko a1o1 konocc na caonx rnnnnnmx norax (ckaxeH, a pesynL1a1e ocnoxnennn
aHepnkano-kn1acknx o1nouenn) - n pesnn a aropnoH apa6axe nnn nk6o ppyro
"ropnue 1ouke 6mauero nokaxe1cn pe1cko nrpo no cpaanennk c 1eH, u1o
naune1cn na apeHenno saHnpennmx nspannLcknx 1eppn1opnnx. 1o c1ano nonnoc1Lk
oueanpnmH nHenno ceuac, korpa nn1nqapa (1ak nasmaak1 naunonanLno-
ocao6opn1enLnyk 6opL6y) npnnnna yc1ounam xapak1ep aonpekn aceH
pnnnoHa1nuecknH poc1nxennnH spannn, apope nepecHo1pa pesonkunn ,
ocyxpaaue cnonnsH, nnn o1Henm pnpa nan6onee an1nnspannLcknx nynk1oa
anec1nncko xap1nn 1964 ropa.
euno xn1L na aynkane ncnxonornueckn ouenL 1pypno. nnn1apnsaunn Haccoaoro
cosnannn nspannL1nn, nx noc1onnnoe oxnpanne aonm n aosHespnn ypopye1 ncnxnky,
narne1ae1 a o6uec1ae o6c1anoaky konqnnk1noc1n, ne1epnnHoc1n, arpeccnanoc1n,
aepe1 k sarnnaannk o6uec1aenno xnsnn. eponsH xopou kak annsop, no ne kak
modus vivendi. akne cpmam, kak pacc1pen eapecknH akc1peHnc1oH 6oroHonLuea-
HycynLHan, - ne cnyuanoc1L, a sakonoHepnoe nanenne.
c1epnueckoe coc1onnne Hacc, xnayunx a ycnoannx c1paxa n nanpnxennoc1n,
amnnaae1cn n a nenpepc1aanHoe npexpe nonn1nueckoe paspenenne nspannLckoro
o6uec1aa, a oxec1ouennyk 6opL6y nap1n n rpynnnpoaok, aeneu ko1opo - y6nc1ao
eapeeH nspannLckoro npeHLep-Hnnnc1pa uxaka a6nna. o1 npnsnanne anpnoro
nonn1nueckoro nnpepa epeua Hocn apnpa, cpenannoe nH ny6nnuno na Hn1nnre 8
non6pn a enL-anae a 2-ne1nkk ropoaunny y6nc1aa a6nna: "m ne o6annneH
nonoanny naunn (!), aepykunx nkpe. m o1kpm1o o6annneH acex 1ex, k1o nasmaan
a6nna npepa1eneH n y6nue. m o6annneH kaxporo, k1o kpnuan "kpoaLk n orneH
Hm amxnaeH a6nna, n acex 1ex, k1o roaopnn "y npaan1enLc1aa nun, ancnnnra,
nn1o kononnm, a6nna ne1 Hanpa1a n y a6nna ne1 eapeckoro 6onLunnc1aa. m
o6annneH acex 1ex, k1o uen sa rpo6oH n pnpnn a6nna a qopHy rec1anoaua nnn
1eppopnc1a. cex 1ex, k1o nacmnan na nero cHep1enLnoe npoknn1ne nynca penypa nnn
paaan pnn popeq (pennrnosnoe 6narocnoaenne na y6nc1ao ronn1enn) npo1na nero...
eoxnpannoc1Lk 6mno amc1ynnenne pa66n Hoann nn-yna, 1oro, ko1opm nocne
y6nc1aa a6nna coo6unn, u1o 6mnn paaannm, cun1aaune, u1o a6nn nopnexan pnn
popeq. ro cnoaa: "uxaka ne1, no nanpnxenne oc1anocL. onnpnsaunn rny6oko
nponnkna a o6uec1ao. aH 1akxe neo6xopnHm any1pennne Hnpnme neperoaopm (enL
ckop6n. - " N 30/97). enoHy pnpy paaannoa, eue po y6nc1aa a6nna
onpaapmaaaunx 1akoaoe, paxe sanpe1nnn aLesp a spannL (" N 14/98).
o ne 1onLko paaanna1 - c1onn eapecko o6unnm - npnuac1en k a1o neo6Lnanenno
rpaxpancko aone. 1opo c1onn nspannLckoro 6m1nn - cneucnyx6m, kak okasanocL,
1oxe npnnoxnnn pyky k y6nc1ay npeHLep-Hnnnc1pa, cnnukoH, na nx asrnnp,
nopa1nnaoro k apa6cknH 1pe6oaannnH. ekpe1nm aren1 a (nspannLcko
cnyx6m 6esonacnoc1n) anua aana no knnuke "aHnanckoe aosrnaannn
akc1peHnc1ckyk oprannsaunk nnL, a ko1opyk axopnn y6nua uxaka a6nna - ran
Hnp. aana 6mn 6nnsknH npnn1eneH Hnpa. cnoano ero sapaue 6mno
aocnpenn1c1aoaa1L kaknH 6m 1o nn 6mno 1epak1aH, no nHenno a1oro on n ne cpenan.
onee 1oro: on pacnpoc1pannn nopc1peka1enLckne nnc1oakn, nanpaanennme npo1na
Hnpnoro npouecca, yuac1aoaan a nsro1oanennn nnaka1oa, nso6paxakunx a6nna a
qopHe , amaeunaan nopc1peka1enLckne nosynrn y apa6cknx pepeaenL, yc1panaan
ppakn c apa6aHn n 1.p. ce a1o - ne cnnukoH cun1ancL c pykoaopc1aoH, pec1ayn
sauac1yk na cao c1pax n pnck. n nopc1pekan unenoa caoe rpynnm k y6nc1ay
a6nna, cnmuan o naHepennnx Hnpa, no ne nnqopHnpoaan o6 a1oH . pnako
npn a1oH kypa1opm, n c r k, npoponxann nonLsoaa1Lcn ero
ycnyraHn. Crn LAEAK krck nn P k cyy ("
398
N 32/97). "aana 6onLue, ueH k1o-nn6o ppyro, 6mn cansan c y6nue a6nna -
ranoH HnpoH. Hec1e c nnH on... aen 6ecepm o 1oH, u1o c pennrnosno (!) 1oukn
spennn a6nn "poc1onn cHep1n kak npepa1enL eapeckoro napopa. pnako a caonx
ponecennnx cansnoHy oqnuepy aana ne coo6uan o amckasmaannnx Hnpa, xo1n n
snan o konkpe1noH nnane y6nc1aa uxaka a6nna (" 19.11.97).
aaanna1 n cneucnyx6m a spanne, necoHnenno, kypa 6onee annn1enLnm,
caHoc1on1enLnm n nnnuna1nanm, ueH ananornunme nnc1anunn rpe 6m 1o nn 6mno.
o6c1aenno, eapeckoe rocypapc1ao c1on1 na nnx. nnx ec1L caon asrnnpm na aeun,
caon nosnunn, n onn ne cnpaunaak1 nnkoro, u1o nH pena1L, korpa poxopn1 po
neo6xopnHoc1n pec1aoaa1L. o k1o 6m Hor npepckasa1L nopo6noe pasan1ne co6m1n
ne 1o u1o nn1Lpecn1, a xo1n 6m pecn1L ne1 nasap! 1o Hor 6m npepc1aan1L ce6e, u1o a
nspannLcko eapecko o6unne pasnornacnn popy1 po 1ako c1enenn?! cnn a1o ne
packon, 1o u1o xe? a1o napop, nannkuncn a HnpoaoH o6uec1aennoH Hnennn
nan6onee connpapnmH!
pnunna packona o6unnm spannn n necnmxanno rpaxpancko nanpnxennoc1n opna:
neaosHoxnoc1L okonua1enLnoro Hnpa c apa6aHn. n a 6nnxne nepcnek1nae, nn a
panLne. Henno a1o nopoxpae1 nc1epnueckoe ncnxonone aokpyr nk6mx pe6a1oa no
npo6neHe n npnaopn1 k nenpepckasyeHmH peakunnH. enepL yxe aceHy Hnpy - a
eapenH a nepayk ouepepL! - c1ano ncno, u1o no6eponocnan (pnn eapeea) aona 1967
ropa okasanacL, no cy1n, nnuL nponoroH a1nnuecko aonm na nc1pe6nenne.
ko1opo y apa6oa orpoHnoe uncnennoe npenHyuec1ao. e cnyuano renepanLnm
pnpek1op kanuennpnn npeHLep-Hnnnc1pa spannn anrpop n6epHan na aonpoc
koppecnonpen1a: "-n n6epHan, kakoam ceuac npo6neHm nonn1nuecko xnsnn
spannn? npnsnancn anonne opnosnauno: "cnoanoe - a1o yperynnpoaanne
konqnnk1a c nanec1nnuaHn. ce oc1anLnoe cansano c a1nH: nepepncnokaunn aock;
6ypyuee nocenenn; nnunan 6esonacnoc1L rpaxpan; 6ypyuee epycannHa. ce a1n
aonpocm am1ekak1 ns kon1ekc1a naunx o1nouenn c nanec1nnuaHn, xo1n kaxpm ns
nnx caH no ce6e - aonpoc orpoHno aaxnoc1n (" N 6/97). ak ono n ec1L.
onroe apeHn cun1anocL, u1o nenpepmanoe nononnenne spannn noamHn
eapenHn-pena1pnan1aHn noHorae1 peun1L a1y npo6neHy, nockonLky nHenno ns n
(1o ec1L noaonpn6maunx eapeea) aep6yk1cn kak noame conpa1m, 1ak n nocenenum pnn
saxaauennmx y apa6oa 1eppn1opn. o ceuac c1ano ncno, u1o y npo6neHm npoc1mx
peuenn ne1, n amuenasaannoe "peuenne - na caHoH pene ne 1onLko nnuero ne
peuae1, no o1uac1n n ycyry6nne1, n6o amsmaae1 poc1 1peaorn, oxec1ouennn n
osno6nennn y apa6oa, rapan1npye1 ackanaunk konqnnk1a.
B-x, akonoHnka spannn - o1nkpL ne nanne1 na pene kap1nny 6eso6naunoro
npouae1annn, kakoayk pncyk1 peknaHnme ponnkn, peHonc1pnpyeHme a spannLckoH
kynL1ypnoH uen1pe. 1poro roaopn, n u x
: x qx x .
spannL c1on1 na nepaoH Hec1e a Hnpe no Hacu1a6aH aHepnkancko penexno
noHoun (exeropno ncuncnneHo HnornHn HnnnnappaHn ponnapoa), a neHeukne
amnna1m spannk yxe nepeaannnn sa c1o Hnnnnappoa Hapok (1o ec1L camue payx
Hnnnnappoa a rop) n nensaec1no korpa npekpa1n1cn. ecHo1pn na Hacu1a6 a1nx
noc1ynnenn, cpepc1a na 1o, u1o6m noppepxnaa1L HakcnHanLnm ypoaenL exeropno
annn, - ne1. 1ak na nyxpm a6cop6unn a spanne 1pa1n1cn 9% naunonanLnoro
6kpxe1a. enocnnLnan noua. y, a ecnn no kaknH-nn6o npnunnaH opnn nnn o6a
nc1ounnka pener sakpok1cn, akonoHnky spannn xpy1 6onLune no1pncennn, ecnn ne
nonnm kpax.
B-ux, a pesynL1a1e co6c1aenno oun6ouno o6pasoaa1enLno nonn1nkn, a
1akxe nHHnrpaunn eapeea ns n (kak npaanno, xopouo o6pasoaannmx),
spannL c1onknyncn c 1aknH paspyuakunH n peHopannsykunH naunk nanenneH, kak
. ounonoraHn a1o nanenne nsyueno
399
Hano, no nc1opnkn xopouo c nnH snakoHm. pno ns ero cnepc1an - 1o1anLnan
nkHnennsaunn nacenennn, penpeccnanoe coc1onnne o6uec1aenno ncnxnkn, poc1
pec1pyk1nanmx 1enpenun a counyHe. o1 neckonLko canpe1enLc1a.
"mnn apeHena a nauane 1990-x, korpa ckpa npn6maano 6onee 300 1mc. pena1pnan1oa
a rop. x Haccoam nannma cospan pnn anac1e 6onLune 1pypnoc1n. paan1enLc1ao,
koneuno, nm1ae1cn nx peun1L, opnako a1o nonyuae1cn ne c1onL 6mc1po n kauec1aenno,
kak xo1enocL 6m noamH rpaxpanaH spannn. epecenenuaH, nanpnHep, cnoxno na1n
pa6o1y. naun1enLnoe konnuec1ao amcokokaannqnunpoaannmx cneunannc1oa
amnyxpenm nn6o pesko nonnsn1L cao npoqeccnonanLnm c1a1yc, nn6o aoo6ue
cornaua1Lcn na nenpec1nxnyk "uepnyk pa6o1y, u1o6m xo1L kak-1o caec1n konum c
konuaHn. ounme 6pennn 6maunx kanpnpa1oa nayk a kauec1ae c1opoxe nnn
aeuepnne cHenm apaua-1epanea1a sa uaeno Haunnko a a1enLe - a1o o6munan
kapLepa pena1pnan1a... onLunnc1ao ns nnx ne yuac1ayk1 a nencnonnmx nporpaHHax,
y nnx ne1 c6epexenn na uepnm penL (. ae1koackn. "pyccknx eapenx a
spanne ne sa6o1n1cn. ena1pnan1m ns c1pan nepoaonLnm nonn1nko anac1e. -
" 07.02.98).
s nn1epaLk c caakoH ennnrepoH, rnaao Hockoackoro o1penennn apeckoro
aren1c1aa a occnn:
"- kaxn1e, ponn 6espa6o1nmx cpepn noamx pena1pnan1oa a spanne amue, ueH
cpepn kopennmx xn1ene?
- 1991 ropy 6espa6o1nua cpepn noamx pena1pnan1oa coc1aannna 38,5%, u1o 6mno
naHnoro 6onLue, ueH pnn kopennmx nspannL1nn. o1oH ypoaenL 6espa6o1num cpepn
noaonpn6maunx c1an napa1L n a 1996 ropy on coc1aann 7-8%, u1o conoc1aanHo c
o6unH ypoaneH 6espa6o1num a spanne [k 1oHy apeHenn a nn1L-uec1L pas cnnsnnncL
pasHepm exeropno annn]. 30% noamx pena1pnan1oa pa6o1ak1 no caoe
cneunanLnoc1n [1o ec1L: 70% m u!] (" N 6/97).
euL npe1, a ocnoanoH, o cneunannc1ax c amcunH o6pasoaanneH.
spanne 13,5 1mcnu pena1pnan1oa, uLn npoqeccnn cansana c nckycc1aoH. ecHo1pn
na 1o, u1o npaan1enLc1ao c1apae1cn okasmaa1L nH nocnnLnyk noHouL, 1onLko 4
1mcnun cHornn nonyun1L Ha1epnanLnoe acnoHouec1aoaanne ns cneunanLnoro qonpa
Hnnnc1epc1aa a6cop6unn. 1989 r. a spanne nacun1maanocL 29 1mc. nnxenepoa.
1ex nop po6aannocL eue 55 1mc.; ns nnx nnuL 18 1mc. naunn pa6o1y no
cneunanLnoc1n. s 13 1mc. apaue - 3,5 1mc. (" N 1/97). 1ak panee.
1pn ocnoanmx any1pnnspannLcknx qak1opa, onpepennkunx o6uec1aennyk
a1Hocqepy n qopHnpykunx ncnxonornueckne yc1anoakn, perynnpykune annk.
eHnoro noppo6nee o 1oH n ppyroH.
opHnpoaanne ocypapc1aa spannL n aoccospanne eapecko o6unnm kak
rocypapc1aoo6pasykue naunn a 6e1oaanno eHne sapyHmaanocL n ncnonnnnocL a
a1Hocqepe aennuauero pyxoano-pennrnosnoro nopLeHa. e cnyuana konoccanLnan
ponL paaanna1a a onpepenennn kak rocypapc1aennmx yc1oea, 1ak n npaann n nopH
6m1oaoro n rpaxpanckoro noaepennn nacenennn a1o c1panm. "aH ne nyxna nnkakan
onc1n1yunn - aHec1o nee y nac ec1L opa n anHyp! - nonmne roppo sanannk1
nspannLckne (n ne 1onLko) eapen. o6c1aenno, paxe nonnouennoe rpaxpanc1ao
spannn, rpe nonnouennm rpaxpannn - a1o nHenno n 1onLko nonnouennm eape,
nenLsn o6pec1n, Hnnyn paaanna1 n yc1anoanennm nH pacnopnpok na1ypannsaunn.
axneun cnHn1oH coapeHenno cn1yaunn a spanne coc1on1 nx
kmcn nMM y-c c, sanoxennmx npn cospannn
eapeckoro rocypapc1aa 50 ne1 nasap. 1o ampaxae1cn ao Hnoxec1ae 6onLunx n
Hanmx pe1ane. ero c1on1, nanpnHep, 1ako qak1: " nauane qeapann knecce1
400
y1aeppnn ao a1opoH n 1pe1LeH u1ennnx noam sakon, npepoc1aannkun rpaxpanaH
c1panm 6onLuyk, nexenn po cnx nop, cao6opy a am6ope qaHnnnn... o1nmne
roHocekcyannc1m anpaae 6pa1L ce6e qaHnnnk nap1nepa (" N 5/96 co ccmnko
na "xepysaneH noc1). nn nHekunecn a HoeH pacnopnxennn canpe1enLc1aa uac1nmx
nnu o pacnpoc1panennoH cpepn opopokcanLnmx eapeea enL-anaa, a 1oH uncne
paaannoa, o6mknoaennn npn6era1L k ycnyraH call-girls, pa eue c ncnonLsoaanneH
1exnnuecknx cpepc1a (npesepaa1nam a anpy ne nHek1cn).
ace a1o a cpepe napopa, rpe nk6me ne 1onLko npec1ynnennn, no n o1knonennn o1
nopHm a o6nac1n nonoao, a 1oH uncne 6pauno, xnsnn ncc1apn kapanncL a
coo1ae1c1ann c opo, pa ne kak-nn6ypL - a cHep1no kasnLk! (naropapn ueHy,
co6c1aenno, eapen n coxpannnncL a 1euenne 1mcnuene1n.)
o 6onLue acero pyxoanm kpnsnc ckasancn a paspenennn coapeHennoro nypansHa na
1pn 1onka: op1opokcanLnm, koncepaa1nanm n peqopHnc1ckn, a 1akxe a
oxec1ouenno pnckyccnn no a1oHy noaopy. xec1ouenne cansano c 1eH, u1o pnckyccnn
sa1parnaae1 Hnorne ocnoaononarakune o6uec1aennme yc1anoakn, kacakunecn, a
uac1noc1n, 1aknx neHanoaaxnmx aeue, kak o6pe1enne nonnouennoro rpaxpanc1aa,
npnsnanne pec1an1enLnoc1n pnpa rpaxpancknx coc1onnn n 1.p. nornH "noamH
eapenH kaxy1cn c1ecnn1enLnmHn sakonm n yc1anoanennn co6c1aennoro napopa,
npnnn1me a co6c1aennoH naunonanLnoH rocypapc1ae. nn nuy1 n naxopn1 o6xopnme
ny1n papn co6nkpennn nnunmx "o6uenpnsnannmx npaa uenoaeka, konx, kak nsaec1no,
nacun1maae1cn okono uec1npecn1n.
ak, nanpnHep, "a spanne sakon paspeuae1 1onLko pennrnosnme 6pakn, noa1oHy
nspannL1nnaH, ac1ynakunH a cHeuannm 6pak, npnxopn1cn amesxa1L pnn a1oro sa
rpannuy (" N 14/96). nn asn1L aonpocm, cansannme c "rnkpoH (nypeckn
o6pnp, ananornunm xpnc1nanckoHy "aouepkoanennk, 6es ko1oporo, opnako, nenLsn
c1a1L nn nonnouennmH eapeeH, nn nonnouennmH rpaxpannnoH spannn). pnaepy
neckonLko nan6onee npknx npnHepoa 1oro, kak nopo6nme npo6neHm cnoco6nm
ocnoxnn1L xnsnL nspannL1nnnna.
"10-ne1nn nLn cakoa, y1onyaun a Hope, 6mn noxoponen a xpnc1nancko uac1n
knap6nua no pacnopnxennk rnaanoro paaanna upopa, sananauero, u1o eapeckoe
nponcxoxpenne HanLunka "amsmaae1 coHnennn.
"ap nLe yxe npounn kapnu, - pacckasmaae1 anoH cakoa, popc1aennnk
norn6uero, - korpa pa6o1nnkn o1necnn rpo6 a ppyryk uac1L knap6nua...
aaann anLan, o1aeuan na aonpoc co1pypnnkoa "pno1 axpono1, sanann, u1o on
naaen cnpaakn n ysnan, u1o "Ha1L pe6enka ne sanncana eapeko.
"cnn Ha1L neeapeka, 1o n pe6enok neeape. 6pesanne nnuero ne Henne1. yc1L
popc1aennnkn npepc1aan1 neonpoaepxnHme pokasa1enLc1aa eapeckoro
nponcxoxpennn nokonoro, 1orpa Hm o6nsa1enLno pacnopnpnHcn o nepesaxoponennn,
- ckasan rnaanm paaann ukenona (" N 13/96).
"onopoHy uenoaeky, 3 ropa nasap npnexaaueHy a spannL, npnunocL a1opnuno
nepenec1n onepaunk o6pesannn. nou ank popnncn 23 ropa nasap a enrpnn o1
o1ua-eapen n Ha1epn neeapecko naunonanLnoc1n. 1oro poc1a1ouno pnn nonyuennn
eapeckoro rpaxpanc1aa. o u1o6m c1a1L nonnonpaanmH unenoH "ns6pannoro napopa
nyxno nn6o popn1Lcn o1 Ha1epn-eapekn, nn6o npno6un1Lcn k aepe oncen. nan, u1o
nenpeHennmH ycnoaneH o6pauennn a aepy nanne1cn o6pesanne, nou ank
cornacnncn na onepaunk eue a enrpnn. o o6pa1nncn k o6munoHy xnpypry.
spanne eHy 6mno o1kasano a a11ec1aunn, 1ak kak o6pesanne 6mno coaepueno c
napyuennnHn pennrnosnmx nopH. nouy npnunocL cnoaa nepexn1L onepaunk.
401
npoueH, Honopo uenoaek coaceH ne a o6npe: "1o6m c1a1L nac1onunH eapeeH,
Hoxno cornacn1Lcn n na paonoe o6pesanne (AP, "eropnn 15.04.97).
"aanp n nna nnLu1en cun1ann caoero npneHnoro cmna Hpn eapeeH c 1ex caHmx
nop, kak onn sa6pann ceHnHecnunoro HanLunka ns pe1poHa a s6eknc1ane n,
ycmnoana, npnaesnn ero a spannL...
pnako a spanne aonpoc npnnapnexnoc1n nnn nenpnnapnexnoc1n k eapec1ay - ne
npoc1o aonpoc uac1no xnsnn.
p1opokcanLnme paaannm o1kasann Hpn a npaae na rnkp (npnnn1ne nypansHa) po
1ex nop, noka caHn nnLu1enm, nkpn cae1ckne, ne cornacn1cn cnepoaa1L
pennrnosnoHy yknapy xnsnn, a anac1n o1kasann npnsna1L rnkp, npoaepennm
neop1opokcanLnmHn paaannaHn.
nnLu1enm n eue neckonLko nspannLcknx ceHe, okasaaunecn a noxoxe cn1yaunn,
o6pa1nnncL a epxoanm yp spannn, nm1ancL sac1aan1L npaan1enLc1ao c1panm
npnsna1L caonx pe1e eapenHn.
1o "npnsnanne oc1po neo6xopnHo a cnyuanx, korpa npe1 peuL o xenn1L6e, pasaope
nnn norpe6ennn a spanne, nockonLky 6pakn, pasaopm n noxoponm any1pn c1panm
kon1ponnpyk1cn npepc1aan1ennHn op1opokcanLnoro 1euennn a nypansHe...
annoe cype6noe peno - uac1L kypa 6onee o6unpno 6opL6m npo1na 1o ponn,
ko1opyk nrpae1 pennrnn a peHokpa1nueckoH rocypapc1aennoH yc1poc1ae spannn.
1ronockn a1o 6opL6m pacnpoc1pannk1cn paneko sa npepenm spannn, amsmaan
oco6enno cnnLnm pesonanc a , rpe peannoc1o npouen1oa aHepnkancknx eapeea
o1nocn1 ce6n k 1euennnH a nypansHe, ne npnsnaaaeHmH oqnunanLnmHn pennrnosnmHn
nnc1anunnHn a spanne.
expy 1eH nspannLckn napnaHen1 a npounoH Hecnue yxe opo6pnn a nepaoH u1ennn
sakon, no ko1opoHy rnkp, npoaepennm neop1opokcanLnmHn paaannaHn a spanne, ne
6ype1 nHe1L kpnpnuecko cnnm.
xo1n sakon kacae1cn nnuL rnkpoa, npoaepennmx a spanne, on rny6oko ockop6nn
1mcnun eapeea, peqopHnc1oa n koncepaa1opoa, npoxnaakunx a n okasmaakunx
spannk nonn1nueckyk n qnnancoayk noppepxky.
"aH kak 6m pann nonn1L: am eapen a1oporo cop1a, - sanann ncnonnn1enLnm
pnpek1op ccounaunn peqopHnc1oa-cnonnc1oa Hepnkn pa66n HnanL npu...
orpa onn [nnLu1enm] 1onLko npnaesnn caoero cmna a spannL, onn npnunn a
op1opokcanLnm paaanna1 eap-eam, rpe paaann nx ac1pe1nn aonpocoH: "1kypa Hm
snaeH, u1o nac1onun o1eu pe6enka ne 6mn y6nue?
pyro paaann ckasan nH, u1o ro1oa npoaec1n rnkp Hpn, no nnuL npn ycnoann, u1o
nnLu1enm cornacn1cn pac1n1L n aocnn1maa1L ero a coo1ae1c1ann c op1opokcanLno
1papnune, aknkuan o1npaaky pe6enka a neunay (pennrnosnan ukona. - A.C.),
co6nkpenne y66o1m n co6nkpenne kouepa.
"orpa HanLunky ncnonnn1cn uec1L nnn ceHL ne1, - ckasan paaann, - paaanna1
npoaepn1, kak nnLu1enm cnepyk1 a1oHy cornauennk. cnn 6ype1 o6napyxeno, u1o
onn a1oro ne penann, - sanann on, - o6pauenne Hpn y1pa1n1 cnny...
402
o coae1y peqopHnc1ckoro paaanna, Hpn 6mn o1npaanen a onpon, rpe a
npncy1c1ann ue1mpex peqopHnc1cknx paaannoa npouen aecL pn1yan o6pauennn,
aknkuan o6pesanne.
nnnc1epc1ao any1pennnx pen spannn sapernc1pnpoaano Hpn kak nspannL1nnnna,
no o1kasanocL anec1n sanncL o 1oH, u1o on eape, a coo1ae1c1aykuyk rpaqy [ao1 1ak!
a y nac-1o onn 1pe6oaann nopo6nyk rpaqy o1Henn1L[6]!] ero nacnop1a.
pecc-a11aue Hnnnc1epc1aa nnsa n6apn sananna a nn1epaLk , u1o aosHoxnoc1L
npnsnannn o6pauennn 1ex, k1o npouen pn1yan ne anonne 1ak, kak npnnn1o, nsyuae1cn
n "nenpneHneHo a nac1onun HoHen1 ("nn ne nHek1 npaaa pnk1oaa1L naH, u1o
pena1L c naunH cmnoH. o Ha1epnanaH ccouna1ep pecc. - " N 10/97).
cansn co ckasannmH ne amsmaae1 ypnanennn, u1o "85% pena1pnan1oa ns
cun1ak1 neo6xopnHmH npnsna1L sa kaxpmH rpaxpannnoH spannn npaao na am6op
nk6o qopHm ysakonnaannn ceHenmx o1nouenn - 6ypL 1o 6pak rpaxpanckn,
peqopHnc1ckn nnn koncepaa1nanm...
paHkax onpoca 6mno nccnepoaano Hnenne pena1pnan1oa no noaopy rnkpa. 89%
onpouennmx amc1ynak1 npo1na op1opokcanLnoro rnkpa, n nnuL 11% cun1ak1, u1o
rnkp ponxen oc1aaa1Lcn npepora1nao paaanna1a...
npoc 6mn npoaepen a nauane Han 1996 ropa. ro pannme npepc1aanenm
oprannsaune (oae1oH sa cao6opy naykn, pennrnn n kynL1ypm). spanne
ak1nano pa6o1ae1 a1a oprannsaunn, o6Lepnnnkuan 8 pennrnosnmx n cae1cknx rpynn,
6opkunxcn sa pennrnosnm nnkpannsH n npo1na pennrnosnoro npnnyxpennn ("
N 10/96 co ccmnko na "ec1n).
ao1 sa1o sananenne npeHLep-Hnnnc1pa spannn ne Hoxe1 ne amsaa1L ypnanennn,
n6o nano n nonnoc1Lk npe1 apaspes c ncno nosnune knecce1a: "ockonLky o1 80 po
90 npouen1oa eapeea npnnapnexa1 k koncepaa1nanoHy n peqopHnc1ckoHy
nanpaanennnH a nypansHe, enLnHnn e1annnry sa1ponyn n aepyunecn a nocnepnee
apeHn cnopm Hexpy c1oponnnkaHn op1opokcanLnoro nypansHa n peqopHnc1cknx
1euenn o 1oH, koro cun1a1L eapeeH. peHLep nopuepknyn, u1o ncxopn1 ns 1oro, u1o
"ne 6maae1 eapeea a1oporo cop1a, Hm ace paanm nepep -roH. k6o peqopHnc1ckn,
koncepaa1nanm n op1opokcanLnm rnkp, npoaepennm a , 6ype1 no-npexneHy
npnsnaaa1Lcn a spanne (" N 31/97). ena nopo6nmH sananennnH neamcoka:
any1pnrocypapc1aennan npak1nka 6mc1po ace noc1aan1 na caoe Hec1o.
naueanmH peskHe nn1npecn1nne1nero rocypapc1aennoro c1pon1enLc1aa a spanne
amrnnpn1 pasHmunennn pena1pnan1kn nnm cakoao, xopouo nsyunaue npo6neHy
"nsny1pn: "xe ncno, u1o 6onLunnc1ay rpaxpan spannn xnae1cn a caoe c1pane
neyk1no. ne 1onLko no1oHy, u1o saepak1 6kpokpa1nn n npo1ekunonnsH, u1o
cnnukoH aennka pasnnua aosHoxnoc1e, o1kpmaakunxcn nepep caHmHn 6ora1mHn n
caHmHn 6epnmHn... onLuan uac1L rpaxpan ne sapec1aoaana a ak1nanoH
no1pe6nennn n cosnpannn pyxoanmx uennoc1e. onee 1oro - peno a o1cy1c1ann
o6uec1aennoro cornacnn o1nocn1enLno 1oro, u1o cun1a1L 1aknHn uennoc1nHn. kpa
axopn1 konqnnk1 Hexpy pennrnosnmHn n nepennrnosnmHn, npo1naoc1onnne Hexpy
npnaepxenuaHn oc1oka n anapa, n a1nnueckan posnL noHenLue, n necornacne
kopennmx nspannL1nn, xnayunx a paHkax 1ak nasmaaeHo nspannLcko kynL1ypm, c
noaonpn6maunHn 1oro nnn nnoro npnsmaa, a a1n nspannLckne kynL1ypnme paHkn ne
anncmaakunxcn.
opoue, aonpoc c1on1 1ak: Hm c1ponH o6uee rocypapc1ao, no koneunm pesynL1a1
anpnH no-pasnoHy...
403
ce yxe nonnnn, u1o napo cpouno Henn1L caHyk ocnoay nauero 6m1nn, u1o cnonnsH
c1an nyc1o qopHo, ko1opyk neo6xopnHo sanonnn1L noamH copepxanneH. nk1o
1onLko ne Hoxe1 peun1L - kaknH (. cakoaa. ac1noe o6uee. - " N 14/96).
axe a1n neHnorne npnHepm pak1 npepc1aanenne o nenpoc1o noHke 1mcnuene1nnx
1papnun, o6 o6uec1aennoH nanpnxennn, conpoaoxpakueH a1y noHky n o 6onLunx
cnoxnoc1nx, ko1opme npnanocn1 a cn1yaunk nannune o6unpno n nenccnkaeHo (nnn
kaxyuecn 1akoao) annn.
porapa1Lcn, u1o ace amueonncannme o6Lek1nanme qak1opm cnnLno annnk1
na nac1poennn eapeea - kak npnesxakunx (nnn pasHmunnkunx o6 o1Lespe) a
spannL, 1ak n ac1peuakunx nx 1aH. a1n nac1poennn, a caok ouepepL, c1anoan1cn
annnkunH na cn1yaunk qak1opoH.
a1epnanm, ko1opmn n xouy npnaec1n a nop1aepxpenne ckasannoro, po nepaanero
apeHenn ne amnnecknaanncL na noaepxnoc1L o6uec1aenno xnsnn. x ne
1npaxnpoaann, npepnoun1ann 1an1L o1 o6cyxpennn. o1 qak1, u1o ceropnn nx unpoko
npenopnocn1 un1a1ennH n spn1ennH onpepenennmH o6pasoH anraxnpoaannan
eapeckan npecca n eapeckoe 1eneanpenne, canpe1enLc1aye1 o 1oH, u1o n
,
. a a1nH qak1oH - nosnunn n Hnpoaoro, n nspannLckoro, n annn1enLnoro
poccnckoro eapec1aa.
o1 neko1opme caepennn nocnepnero apeHenn.
1o npnnocn1 npnesp "noaenLknx yxe ykopenennmH a spanne eapenH? a a1o1
aonpoc o1ae1 nepaycHmcnen: 6espa6o1nuy, cnnxenne Ha1epnanLnoro ypoann xnsnn,
poc1 cann1apnmx, kpnHnnanLnmx n unannnsaunonnmx npo6neH - cnoaoH, ace 1o, u1o
npnnocn1 nk6me Hnrpan1m a nk6yk c1pany. aHeuy, u1o 85% nHHnrpan1oa a spannL
noc1aanne1 6maun .
anpe1enLc1ao cneunannc1a: "ecHo1pn na 1pypnoc1n n Hnorouncnennme npo6neHm,
noame pena1pnan1m nocnepne aonnm nn1erpnpyk1cn a o6uec1ao, kak roaopn1cn, "co
c1pauno cnno. a opnoH ns akonoHnuecknx ceHnnapoa, npoxopnaunx nepaano a
enL-anae, n nosnakoHnncn c aponoH asoH - uenoaekoH, ko1opm... sannHae1cn
cepLesnmHn nccnepoaannnHn a cqepe akonoHnkn. n nonpocnn ero
npokoHHen1npoaa1L "pena1pnanckyk c1a1nc1nky c akonoHnuecko 1oukn spennn. "
snakoH c a1nHn pannmHn, - saHe1nn apon as, - n onn pec1an1enLno ne Hory1 ne
aneua1nn1L... 1a1nc1nka roaopn1, u1o ecnn sapa6o1nan nna1a pena1pnan1oa c amcunH
o6pasoaanneH uec1L ne1 nasap coc1aannna opny 1pe1L o1 sapnna1m nspannL1nn, 1o
cnyc1n uec1L ne1 ona coc1aanne1 75% o1 1akoao ( ace-1akn Hm aep1nHcn! - ase1a
"onaH, aaryc1 1997. mxopn1 a pmHy c noHouLk oxny1a).
eH o1aeuae1 ykopenennoe nacenenne Hnrpan1aH?
"ena1pnan1m npoc1o onacnm! - 1py6n1 eapeckan npecca a spanne n a occnn. ne
ckynn1cn na npnHepm: "ycckan pena1pnan1ka ann, ns6pasna npopoka yxaHHepa a
o6pase cannLn, nopacknpana nnc1oakn a apa6cknx nocenennnx. anec1nnum ne na
uy1ky pasosnnnncL n nou1n u1o nauann noayk nn1nqapy. 1or pncoaannn neuanLnm
- ane sa nponaranpy pacoao pnckpnHnnaunn, ockop6nenne pennrnosnmx uyac1a n
noppepxky 1eppopnc1nuecko oprannsaunn cae1n1 paapua1L uec1L ne1 saknkuennn.
pyro... 6maun rpaxpannn anrpop cknn npnpyHan u1yky noaecenee...
cknn co 1oaapnun xo1en nopLexa1L na Haunne c kysoaoH no6nnxe k Heue1n Hapa n
saknny1L a 1onny konenonpeknonennmx cmnoa nnaxa neckonLko o1py6nennmx cannmx
ronoa (" N 1/98).
404
xe un1npoaannm renpnpek1op npeHLep-Hnnnc1epcko kanuennpnn n6epHan
saHe1nn kak-1o: " yxe ne pas roaopnn, u1o a naueH o6uec1ae nponanne1cn
pnckpnHnnaunn a o1nouennn pena1pnan1oa ns 6mauero oksa. noxnnacL cn1yaunn,
korpa kaxpm pycckonsmunm 6nsnecHen sauac1yk paccHa1pnaae1cn kak unen pyccko
[?!!] Haqnn, nk6an cnHna1nunan xenunna, ko1opan xopouo opeaae1cn, cun1ae1cn
npoc1n1y1ko, npo kaxporo a1oporo nnxenepa roaopn1, u1o ero pnnnoH kynnen, a
kaxporo 1pe1Lero pena1pnan1a nopospeaak1 a 1oH, u1o on aren1 (" N 6/97).
n6epHan nnuL cyHHnpoaan a a1nx cnoaax pesynL1a1m cencaunonnoro onpoca
o6uec1aennoro Hnennn na 1eHy Om nck cc k
M mr CCCP, npoaepennoro 15-16 nknn 1997 r. occnn onn
ony6nnkoaanm ", ko1opan, necoHnenno, snana, u1o penae1, a6pacmaan a1y
nnqopHaunk a ny6nnky:
"34% nspannL1nn sanannk1: "nnn ns c1pan 6mauero nyrae1 Henn;
63% rpaxpan c1panm ka1eropnueckn npo1na oprannsaunn noamx aonn Haccoao
pena1pnaunn ns ;
80% o6uec1aennoc1n: "oame pena1pnan1m conepnnuak1 c nspannL1nnaHn na
pmnke pa6oue cnnm;
63% y1aepxpak1: "oame pena1pnan1m nannk1cn npnunno peskoro napennn
ypoann sapa6o1no nna1m;
58% rpaxpan c1panm ne ro1oam ampenn1L neckonLko uacoa a Hecnu pnn
noHoun a a6cop6unn annn;
42% rpaxpan c1panm y1aepxpak1: "ocypapc1ao uepesuyp Hnoro noHorae1
noamH pena1pnan1aH;
53% nspannL1nn: "poc1oaepennn noamx pena1pnan1oa o amcueH n
npoqeccnonanLnoH o6pasoaannn nnuero ne snaua1.
era1nanme accounaunn a o1nouennn noamx pena1pnan1oa ns 6mauero :
napasn1m (25%), napkoHanm/npoc1n1y1kn/npec1ynnnkn (19%)...
cnn kaxpm cyp nap amxopueH ns occnn 6ype1 conpoaoxpa1Lcn 1ako
Haccnpoaanno a1ako co c1oponm cpepc1a Haccoao nnqopHaunn na ack
pycckonsmunyk o6unny a uenoH, kak a pene epnepa, 1o 1eHnm annn ns c1pan ,
anpnHo, ynapy1 eue cnnLnee. o nocnepnnH pannmH, annn ns n an1nn coc1aanna
sa nnaapL-Ha 1997 ropa, 1.e. nou1n sa nonropa, acero 17 1mc. uenoaek (eaa
asanoa. eno epnepa xnae1 n no6expae1. - " N 14/97).
eakunn rocypapc1aennmx anac1e na nopo6nme nac1poennn ne sac1aanna ce6n xpa1L.
1pen "no 6opL6e c oco6o 1nxenmHn npec1ynnennnHn nspannLcko nonnunn peueno
nepenHenoaa1L a "o1pen no 6opL6e c pyccko Haqne n oprannsoaanno
npec1ynnoc1Lk. epenHenoaanne 6mno opo6peno n saansnpoaano Hnnnc1poH
any1penne 6esonacnoc1n spannn anrpopoH anaxann.
ue nepaano oqnunanLnm spannL aceHn cnnaHn - po nenpnnnunn! - po6naancn
HakcnHanLnoro amespa na "nc1opnueckyk popnny eapeea ns . enepL
npeo6napae1 o6pa1nan 1enpenunn.
"aua rase1a yxe nopnnHana 1eHy pnckpnHnnaunn 1ypnc1oa n pena1pnan1oa ns c1pan
a spannL...
405
nocnepnee apeHn nspannLckoe cepLesno sa1pypnne1 npnesp a spannL rpaxpan
ns c1pan ... aepenm noame npaanna, ko1opme co1pypnnkn Hnnnc1epc1aa a
Hnorouncnennmx nn1epaLk nasmaann 6onee npoc1mHn n o6neruakunHn npouepypy
nonyuennn ansm, no caHn a1n npaanna ne ny6nnkoaann. xano6m pocnn, kak cnexnm
koH.
paanna a1n 1ak n nasmaak1cn: " amsoae 1ypnc1oa ns c1pan . coo1ae1c1ann c
nnHn kaxpm xenakun noce1n1L spannL o6pauae1cn k nspannLckoHy koncyny a
c1pane npoxnaannn c nncLHoH-npnrnauenneH o1 rpaxpannna spannn, n aonpoc o ero
anse koncyn peuae1 na Hec1e. cnn y koncyna nonannk1cn coHnennn, npnrnauakun
ponxen o6pa1n1Lcn a spannn n sanonnn1L 6nank c ykasanneH 1ounmx caepenn
o npnrnauaeHoH, npnnoxn1L conpoaopn1enLnoe nncLHo, ynna1n1L c6op a pasHepe 50
uekene, a 1akxe oqopHn1L 6ankoackyk rapan1nk na 500 uekene (npnHepno 143
ponnapa) cpokoH na uec1L Hecnuea. cnn okaxe1cn, u1o npnrnauaeHm ne
coo1ae1c1aye1 peknapnpyeHmH pannmH, 1o penexnan rapan1nn ne aosapauae1cn, a caH
on Hoxe1 6m1L amcnan ns c1panm...
akan xec1kan nosnunn o6Lncnne1cn "nponnknoaenneH a c1pany 6onLuoro uncna
npec1ynnmx aneHen1oa ns , no coaepuenno oueanpno, u1o npn acex a1nx 6narnx
naHepennnx ona ockop6n1enLna pnn rpaxpan (. ep1ok. spannLckoe
"1aun1 n ne nyuae1 roc1e ns . - " N 21/97).
" nocnepnne pnn a npecce ny6nnkyk1cn noame 1pe6oaannn pennrnosnmx nap1n,
kacakunecn, Hexpy npounH, n 1aknx nsHenenn, ko1opme Hory1 npepo1apa1n1L
aHnrpaunk a spannL neeapeea - unenoa ceHe eapeea.
kauec1ae npepcepa1enn paanennn apeckoro ren1c1aa n o1ae1c1aenen o1 nHenn
acero eapeckoro napopa sa npouecc pena1pnaunn a spannL, n noa1oHy cun1ak caonH
ponroH npepynpepn1L, u1o nsHenennn akona o aosapauennn a npepnaraeHoH pyxe ne
1onLko 1nxko ypapn1 no pena1pnaunn ns c1pan , no n okonua1enLno o11oprny1 o1
eapeckoro napopa acex 1ex eapeea ao aceH Hnpe, ko1opme no 1eH nnn nnmH
npnunnaH nn6o cansanm c neeapenHn ysaHn 6paka, nn6o ne nannk1cn eapenHn no
anaxe. 1onL nsonnunonnc1ckn nopxop npnaepe1 a 1euenne neckonLknx ne1 k
kpn1nueckoHy cokpauennk konnuec1aa nkpe, ocosnakunx ce6n cansannmHn c
eapec1aoH n anpnunx a rocypapc1ae spannL c1pany, nHekuyk k nnH o1nouenne.
eH caHmH Hm nnunH aosHoxnoc1n aosapauennn nx caHnx n nx no1oHkoa k caoeHy
napopy, a caoe rocypapc1ao (apaaH ypr. e 1pora1L sakon o aosapauennn! - "
N 12/96).
H u , noaonpn6maune
a spannL eapen akyne co caoe popne 6opk1cn sa caon npaaa, kak Hory1[7].
"pepn pycckonsmuno o6unnm noaceHec1no npoaopn1cn co6pannn a noppepxky
cospannn "anxennn a saun1y npaa, uec1n n poc1onnc1aa nHHnrpan1oa. uac1nnkn
yupepn1enLno konqepenunn, coc1onauecn ne 1ak paano a ropope ukenon, npnnnnn
cneunanLnoe o6pauenne no a1oHy aonpocy k npesnpen1y, npeHLep-Hnnnc1py,
peny1a1aH napnaHen1a n o6uec1aennoc1n spannn. "maune rpaxpane -, -
roaopn1cn a a1oH pokyHen1e, - nHHnrpnpoaann a spannL, u1o6m o6pec1n specL ne
1onLko nc1opnueckyk, no n nopnnnnyk popnny, c1a1L nonnonpaanmHn rpaxpanaHn.
pnako no kopnopa1nanmH n knanoamH coo6paxennnH, uaue acero npoc1o ns 6onsnn
konkypenunn, nHHnrpan1oa anoaL xo1n1 npeapa1n1L a nsroea. a rocypapc1aennoH
ypoane pasaepny1a "an1npycckan kaHnannn, qa6pnkyk1cn nponaranpnc1ckne
amc1ynnennn a napn1cknx , nncnnpnpyk1cn yronoanme npoueccm, nopHo c1ana
pnckpnHnnaunn nHHnrpan1oa npn npneHe na pa6o1y, oco6me ycnoann yc1anoanenm pnn
nnx npn aLespe n amespe ns c1panm.
406
uac1nnkn co6pannn, a ko1opoH ak1nanoe yuac1ne npnnnnn peny1a1m o1 onnosnunn n
pyccko nap1nn "cpaanL 6a-nnn, npnsaann "acex uec1nmx nkpe, koHy poporo
6ypyuee c1panm, nopnn1L ronoc a saun1y uec1n n poc1onnc1aa noamx rpaxpan
spannn (. ae1koackn. "pyccknx eapenx a spanne ne sa6o1n1cn. - "
07.02.98).
1anoancL poc1onnneH Hnpoao eapecko o6uec1aennoc1n, o6c1on1enLc1aa,
nopo6nme amuenpnaepennmH, cnyxa1 npepHe1oH unpokoro o6cyxpennn, onpepennk1
nosnunn n nopxopm eapeea k pena1pnaunn.
* * *
n q:
- mn , nu Hu
, , u C Cm, nu
u , u , ,
s m, u nu
n. H, , ,
m n x
.
Tu um "
m ", xn . O
u mu x n n : nu
mx.
H s - x , m. H mu x
, m . H u x n.
?
- Q. H. (Hx nv.)
1.3. mBK HRmE, H3Q HE QE
noHnn1, c kako nespeune cnno paanncL eapen ns ! ak c1aannn
npeamue acex npaa uenoaeka n o6uec1aa - npaao noknny1L nauy c1pany! ac1onLko,
u1o op6auea (uy1L nn ne epnnc1aennm aoo6ue ns neeapeea) 6mn paxe ypoc1oen
npec1nxno n poporo npeHnn apn aanpa "sa 1o, u1o o1kpmn cao6opnm amesp
eapenH n 6oponcn npo1na an1nceHn1nsHa a 6maueH oae1ckoH okse (" N
8/97).
o noc1enenno no1ok o1Lesxakunx Henen, a no1oH pyueek paxe no1ek acnn1L.
pouno kaknx-1o pecn1L ne1 - n yxe 15% eapeea, yexaaunx, nanpnHep, c kpannm,
aepnynocL o6pa1no. e pacnonarak nopo6no c1a1nc1nko no occnn, no pyHak, u1o
apnp nn a1o1 npouen1 HenLue. nak nnuno Hnornx "aosapauenuea, snak n 1aknx, k1o
xnae1 na paa poHa, na pae c1panm.
c1aanH a c1opone npenme Ho1nam eapeckoro aosapauennn n "neo1Lespa - nx ne
ckanLkynnpyeuL, ne nsHepnuL. 1uac1n o nnx yxe ckasano. pnsnaeH, u1o onn ec1L, -
no ace xe nocHo1pnH, ne1 nn 1y1, kak roaopnn ekcnnp, nopknapkn noHa1epnanLnee.
407
xop poccnckoro rocypapc1aa ns akonoHnkn c1panm, 6ypnan n 6eccoaec1nan
npnaa1nsaunn konoccanLno coae1cko co6c1aennoc1n - cospann pnp kpynnmx
coc1onnn, aecLHa snaun1enLnan uac1L ko1opmx naxopn1cn a pykax eapeea. 1o
o1nocn1cn ne 1onLko k qnnancoaoHy kann1any, nan6onee nopanxnoHy, o6pa1nHoHy,
o1nocn1enLno nerko aaakynpyeHoHy, no n k nepanxnHoc1n, ko1opyk a kapHan ne
nonoxnuL, sa py6ex ne nepeaepeuL, c co6o ne aosLHeuL. aaopm, raso- n
neq1eckaaxnnm, pypnnkn, aneaa1opm - ace a1o n Hnoroe ppyroe npeapa1nnocL a
napexnm nkopL, npnkpennaun eapecknx kann1annc1oa k occnn, pa 1ak, u1o
nnkaknH , nnkaknHn norpoHaHn nx 1enepL o1 nee ne o1opaeuL. 1o kacae1cn kak
eapeea, xnayunx a occnn, 1aknx, kak ycnnckn, 1ak n 1ex, k1o snaun1enLnyk uac1L
xnsnn npoaopn1 ane ee, kak 6pa1Ln epnme, y6nn nnn epHan. ( napouno nasmaak
1onLko 1e qaHnnnn, ko1opme y acex na cnyxy, npnpaaan nH napnua1enLnoe snauenne n
npekpacno cosnaaan, u1o na opnoro nasaannoro npnxopn1cn co1nn nenasaannmx[8].)
eckonLko npnHepoa oxnan1 a1y cxeHy.
"eonnp o1Han noppo6no pacckasan o 1oH, kak pasanaancn ero 6nsnec n kaknx
Hacu1a6oa on poc1nr.
- anapek uenmH kaap1anoH - nnouapLk 17 1mcnu kaappa1nmx He1poa - a paone
He1po "aranckan a ockae, - roaopn1 on. - pak a1n poHa a apenpy - n nonyuak
npn6mnL. ena na a1y nepanxnHoc1L pac1e1 c kaxpmH ropoH (" N 17-18/96).
3 n PM ycy n n c k M Mck?
"ac1ano apeHn o6Lncnn1L, k1o 1ako opnc epesoackn n noueHy ero cnoao a
peuennn nporpaHHnmx aonpocoa [na ] nocnepnee n uac1o epnnc1aennoe.
yc1aanmx pokyHen1ax on qnrypnpye1 kak unen coae1a "6Lepnnennoro 6anka n
saHec1n1enL npepcepa1enn oae1a pnpek1opoa . pnoapeHenno epesoackn
nanne1cn rnaao "oro, n xo1n a oae1e pnpek1opoa a1y koHHepueckyk
c1pyk1ypy npepc1aanne1 ppyro uenoaek, qak1nueckn opncy epesoackoHy
npnnapnexn1 8% akun 6Lepnnennoro 6anka n 8% akun "oroa a yc1aanoH
kann1ane 6uec1aennoro poccnckoro . o ec1L 16 npouen1oa, 1orpa kak y
oc1anLnmx "uac1nnkoa - o1 3 po 5.
n1epecnan kap1nna ampncoamaae1cn. pepcepa1enL oae1a pnpek1opoa -
qnk1nanm. aH oae1 pnpek1opoa - qnk1nanm. oneun1enLckn coae1,
aosrnaanneHm npesnpen1oH occnn, - 6onee ueH qnk1nanm... y a na caHoH pene
aceH na sanpaanne1 saHnpep oae1a pnpek1opoa opnc 6paHoanu epesoackn...
6uec1ay ne oc1ae1cn nnuero ppyroro, kak cHnpn1Lcn, a caHoHy nopa uec1no
o6Lnan1L a1o1 6pak c o6uec1aoH qnk1nanmH (. e1poackan. nk1nanm 6pak. oHy
npnnapnexn1 ? - "saec1nn 06.08.96).
yx cn, Eck n ccncn c yM
M M rnM knM qM r, c yr
ccck ccc[9]?
"apa1oackan xne6nan 6asa N 44 nHee1 c1pa1ernueckoe snauenne: a ne xpann1cn
rocypapc1aennme sanacm sepna o6nac1n. o ceropnn nnk1o ne Hoxe1 pa1L rapan1n,
u1o c a1nH sepnoH nnuero ne cnyun1cn.
[onnek1na am6pan pnpek1opoH .oroHnpsaeaa, nopnnauero 6asy ns paspyxn, on
saknkunn poroaop c rocpesepaoH o xpanennn c1pa1ernueckoro sanaca, no...] n
nac1anaan, u1o6m qnpHa "nk1opnn-en1p nna1nna sa apenpy aneaa1opa peanLnyk
408
ueny, ko1opan a 10 pas npeamuana 1y, u1o nna1nnn koHHepcan1m. oneuno, qnpHy a1o
coaepuenno ne yc1panaano. eno konunnocL cypoH, npnsnaaunH apenpy nesakonno.
o a1o peuenne, kak anpno, ypapnno no nn1epecaH o6nac1nmx unnoannkoa amcokoro
saena... peno aHeuancn ry6epnckn Hnnnc1p cenLckoro xosnc1aa opnc aopknn [a
pesynL1a1e uero oroHnpsaeaa nesakonno nepens6pann, naansaa noaoro pnpek1opa]...
n1yaunn aonnkuan - rocpesepa apa1oacko o6nac1n naxopn1cn nenonn1no a uLnx
pykax. s pasroaopoa co HnornHn pa6o1nnkaHn 6asm amncnnnocL, noueHy
koHHepcan1m ns qnpHm "nk1opnn-en1p 1ak sann1epecoaanm a aneaa1ope. oaopn1,
u1o pnn nyxp n1nuenpoHa onn sakynak1 sepno ue1aep1oro cop1a, npopaaan ero no
uene 1pe1Lero. n1nuenpoHoH koHanpye1 1o1 xe r-n aopknn (. oponkoa.
oHHepcan1m npn6pann k pykaH c1pa1ernueckn sanac. - " 13.02.98).
C M Hcq Erckr cMncn nx ny crck
c ncn, M cMr cr: n, Mnc y,
y... HM nrk, cny r, Mn yk k r, cM rM Mcc
n rnM xx (Hcq, kk M MM, n n ). H
M cm y yk c a r? H k cMx a cn?
"akonunnacL sakpm1an nopnncka na 20% akun koHnannn "ocrocc1pax,
epnnc1aennmH yupepn1eneH ko1opo n pepxa1eneH 100% akun nanne1cn
rocypapc1ao. kono 55 1mcnu akunonepoa nonyua1 a1y ponk sa ouenL cHeunme penLrn
- uy1L 6onLue payx Hnnnnappoa py6ne. pnHepno c1onLko c1on1 xopouan kaap1npa a
uen1pe ockam.
o 1ako xe cHeuno uene ype1 uepes neckonLko Hecnuea eue 30% koHnannn. a
nnx 6ype1 sannaueno 6onee 3 Hnnnnappoa py6ne. pnueH poc1any1cn onn yxe ne
1mcnuaH akunonepoa, a ne6onLuo nnnuna1nano rpynne, coc1onue a ocnoanoH ns
pykoaopc1aa koHnannn ao rnaae c npepcepa1eneH npaanennn napncnaaoH
esnnkoH[10]. pynna asnna na ce6n o1ae1c1aennoc1L sa npnaa1nsaunk
"ocrocc1paxa...
c1ec1aenno, u1o pmnounan c1onHoc1L koHnannn snaun1enLno amue. 1o c1anoan1cn
a6conk1no oueanpnmH xo1n 6m ns 1oro, u1o o6LeH c1paxoamx ycnyr a 1995 ropy poc1nr
2.719 Hnpp.. py6ne, a 6anancoaan npn6mnL - 285 Hnnnnappoa...
1kypa xe asnnacL a1a 6enn6eppa c npopaxe nonoannm koHnannn sa 5 Hnnnnappoa
py6ne?
1 pec1aykuero sakonopa1enLc1aa o npnaa1nsaunn... (. eprep, K. eaexnn.
popae1cn occ1pax. - "saec1nn 13.02.97).
Hmcn knMy: Fcc rcyxc mr...
"poponxenneH "a1akn no noppmay akonoHnueckoro 6noka a npaan1enLc1ae nasaan
Hnnnc1p 6es nop1qenn arenn cnn nonanaunecn a npecce o6annennn a appec
Hnnnc1pa akonoHnkn koaa pnncona a 1oH, u1o on nko6m cnnukoH 6narocknonno
o1nocn1cn k opnoHy ns 6ankoa, c ko1opmH ak1nano co1pypnnuae1 ero 6pa1 - nekcanpp
pnncon. " ne Hory ckasa1L, u1o ace unenm 6noka, aknkuan y6aca, anrenm
ne6ecnme. o nkpn, ko1opme onnaunaak1 a1n a1akn, nnkakoro HopanLnoro npaaa na
a1o ne nHek1, - sanann Hnnnc1p [xopouenLkn apryHen1nk! no cyuec1ay!] ("
26.02.98).
O m " H", s
umn, u n m ( u, ),
409
x m m , n - x m
m... H, s u (
n n? C B ?). Cu
- nu . H , Y. B:
xu . B:
x mn . K
q. K?
nn ne aepny1 po6mun "sa 1ak.
saaepuenne a1o 1eHm - paa neaepon1nmx no caoe o1kpoaennoc1n npnsnannn.
" paspen "opa n ak1yanLnoc1L, rpe ns noHepa a noHep npe1 1onkoaanne
canuennmx eapecknx 1ekc1oa, aepe1 npnsnannm pyxoanm aa1opn1e1,
ncnonnn1enLnm npesnpen1 onrpecca eapecknx pennrnosnmx o6unn n oprannsaun
occnn () - paaann nnnry ccac. asLncnnn un1a1ennH, saueH nyxno
xep1aoaa1L na cnnarory, on cpenan opnaxpm uypoanunyk nporoaopky: "aueH
ceamuneHy ace a1n npnnouennn? nn eHy ne nyxnm... pnnouennn nyxnm, ouenL
nyxnm - uenoaeky. 1o6m no6epn1L u... -
u (ampeneno Hno. - A.C.).
Hyx n kMM k aMy nMy ckMy My,
xMy kyM kM ckr Mn?
poroaopnncn n noam npesnpen1 aceHnpno eapecko oprannsaunn xon1 ona1an
. onkep, noce1naun c osnakoHn1enLnmH ansn1oH ockay n nea: "m yanpenn
ouenL npknx, Hnoroo6euakunx eapecknx nnpepoa... Hepnkanckne eapen, ko1opmx
npepc1aannk n, cuac1nnam, u1o y aac aosnnkae1 eapeckoe coo6uec1ao, ko1opoe
caonH cyuec1aoaanneH o6ora1n1 eapeea ao aceH Hnpe (" N 13/97).
Kkn Mkn ycMcnc!
c1nnnm cHmcn a1o nporoaopkn c1anoan1cn neckonLko ncnee, korpa ysnaeuL,
nanpnHep, u1o Hnnnc1p 1pypa n npoHmunennoc1n spannn a1an apanckn a ockae
ac1peuancn c npesnpen1oH ycnncknH, ko1opm "nopuepknyn, u1o 1oaapoo6opo1
ponxen 6m1L na neckonLko nopnpkoa 6onLue, c yue1oH 1oro, u1o okono 20%
nacenennn spannn - amxopum ns occnn... (" N 3/97). pn a1oH Hm ysnaeH
1akxe, u1o "1oaapoo6opo1 Hexpy occne n spanneH poc1nr neckonLknx Hnnnnonoa
ponnapoa a rop n npoponxae1 pnnaHnuno pasanaa1Lcn. o po ceropnnunero pnn ne
6mn nopnncan pokyHen1, pernaHen1npykun nopnpok 1aHoxennmx npouepyp.
oo1ae1c1aykun poroaop paspa6a1maancn a 1euenne nocnepnnx nony1opa ne1
pykoaopn1ennHn n akcnep1aHn 1aHoxennmx cnyx6 o6onx rocypapc1a npn copec1ann
1oproao-akonoHnueckoro o1pena oconLc1aa ocypapc1aa spannL [kak xe 6es nx
copec1ann! koHy xe, kak ne nH o1c1anaa1L poccnckn nn1epec!] (" N 5/97). a
qone o1kpmaakunxcn nepcnek1na ne cnnukoH snaun1enLnmHn kaxy1cn paxe cyHHm,
amaesennme anne a spannL nnn nepeaepennme 1ypa popc1aennnkaHn ns occnn,
xo1n n onn nsHepnk1cn HnnnnappaHn ponnapoa.
eapeea... 1o aaH ne ko1 naunxan. o1nnune o1 nac, 6es cue1y
paspaaunx nnn nosaonnaunx pac1aun1L pycckoe poc1onnne, 1mcnuy ne1 co6npaaueecn
npepkaHn, eapen nnuero ne sa6maak1, nnuero nnkoHy ne npouak1, nnuero ne o1pak1
6ecnaHn1no npoc1o 1ak. nn cnoco6nm aepny1Lcn k pasroaopy o6 y1pauenno nHn
co6c1aennoc1n cnyc1n ckonL yropno pnn1enLnm cpok. nn acerpa xo1n1 aepny1L ace
po nocnepnero rpounka. nn ne Hm1LeH, 1ak ka1anLeH poHy1 nk6o ppyro napop,
u1o6m nonyun1L caoe. T n u x .
c1opnn co uaeuapcknHn 6ankaHn, paspasnauancn a naun pnn, - xopouee
canpe1enLc1ao 1oHy (6ankaH 6mno 6poueno o6annenne a co1pypnnuec1ae c naunc1aHn
410
n am1pe6oaanm koHnencaunn). o a1o nnuL ne6onLuo qparHen1 kap1nnm. o cnx
nop, k npnHepy, pa6o1ae1 koHnccnn no npe1ensnnH aceHnpnoro eapec1aa k epHannn.
1.p. n 1.n. pnaepy o6Lek1nanme canpe1enLc1aa.
"o caepennnH nnqopHnpoaannmx kpyroa a onne, qepepanLnoe npaan1enLc1ao
naHepeno naua1L amnnaunaa1L aosHeuenne xep1aaH xonokoc1a ns c1pan oc1ouno
aponm. asHep exeHecnunmx amnna1 pnn kaxpo ns nnx coc1aan1 250 Hapok. 6 a1oH
repHanckoe npaan1enLc1ao poroaopnnocL c onqepenune no paccHo1pennk
npe1ensn xep1a xonokoc1a (" 13.01.98).
"paan1enLc1ao aeuapnn cornacno npnaneuL k pykoaopc1ay 1ak nasmaaeHmH
qonpoH onokoc1a kpynneune eapeckne oprannsaunn. 6 a1oH coo6unn rnaaa
aeuapnn naano o11n. n sanann, u1o qonp 6ype1 oqnunanLno cospan 1 Hap1a,
ueHy npepuec1aoaann koncynL1aunn co ceHnpnmH eapecknH konrpeccoH. noam
qnnancoam nnc1n1y1 ponxnm noc1ynn1L cpepc1aa, ko1opme npnnapnexann eapenH
pasnmx c1pan, norn6unH a naunc1cknx narepnx. a cue1 qonpa naHeuae1cn
amnnaunaa1L koHnencaunk xep1aaH qaunc1ckoro 1eppopa ("eropnn 27.02.97).
HMy M Myc kk nx
cM ck ? F, kr c kk a n cny
nM cnnM? H - rcyc cnn rxM,
k , ?! E m c rn! k x y
c c nc nky cmr cnk
Lc!
"ceHnpnm eapeckn konrpecc (orl ewis Congress, C), ko1opm sannHae1cn
amnanenneH 6ankoacknx cue1oa, npnnapnexaaunx eapenH - xep1aaH naunc1cknx
npecnepoaann, pacnpoc1pannn caok pen1enLnoc1L na c1panm ennnkkca. poHe
onnanpnn n enLrnn, ocnoanme ycnnnn 6ypy1 nanpaanenm na pa6o1y ao panunn.
pesnpen1 onrpecca prap ponqHan sanann, u1o ero oprannsaunn co6npae1cn
pasmcknaa1L 6ankoackne cue1a norn6unx o1 pyk naunc1oa eapeea ao aceH Hnpe.
ceHnpnm eapeckn konrpecc poaonen aeuapne... ponqHan ampasnn
ypoane1aopenne nponanenno a nocnepnee apeHn ro1oanoc1Lk uaeuapckoro
npaan1enLc1aa co1pypnnua1L c HexpynapopnmHn eapecknHn oprannsaunnHn n
npnae1c1aoaan npoek1 cospannn neckonLknx kpynnmx 6naro1aopn1enLnmx qonpoa,
rnaano sapaue ko1opmx 6ype1 noHouL xep1aaH ne 1onLko naunc1cko, no n ppyrnx
[?! op6npak1cn k "c1annncknH penpeccnnH? "37-Hy ropy?] pnk1a1yp.
cansn c a1nH ponqHan o1He1nn, u1o C o1nkpL ne naHepen "orpannunaa1Lcn
aeuapne n nnannpye1 pacunpn1L cqepy caonx nonckoa, u1o6m 6onLue nn opna
c1pana Hnpa ne Horna naxnaa1Lcn na nHyuec1ae, narpa6nennoH y xep1a naunc1oa.
ponqHan nopuepknyn, u1o "rnaanmH pnn C nanne1cn aonpoc ne o penLrax, a o
cnpaaepnnaoc1n. ponqHan 1akxe nop1aeppnn naHepenne C po6n1Lcn aosapauennn
nHyuec1aa (nnn coo1ae1c1aykue koHnencaunn) norn6unx o1 naunc1oa eapeea nx
sakonnmH nacnepnnkaH (a ecnn nx ne1 - 1o nepepaun a1oro nHyuec1aa a nonLsy
6naro1aopn1enLnmx eapecknx oprannsaun) o1 acex c1pan, ko1opme a ropm 1opo
Hnpoao aonm okasmaann aoennyk nnn nonn1nueckyk noHouL naunc1cko epHannn
nnn a 1o nnn nno c1enenn naxnaanncL na renounpe eapeea.
naanoe annHanne - panunn n c1panaH ennnkkca... o cnoaaH npesnpen1a C,
rnaanoe annHanne ero oprannsaunn cocpepo1oun1 ceuac na panunn, onnanpnn n
enLrnn, 6ankn ko1opmx, no pannmH eapecknx akcnep1oa, po cnx nop coxpannk1
kpynnme kann1anm xep1a naunc1oa. ponqHan nanoHnnn Hnpoao o6uec1aennoc1n o
npec1ynnennnx npoqaunc1ckoro npaan1enLc1aa nun n coo6unn, u1o akcnep1m C
yxe amnannn ao panunn camue 3000 6ankoacknx cue1oa, ko1opme, ckopee acero,
411
6mnn o1kpm1m 6ypyunHn xep1aaHn repHancknx naunc1oa n nx qpanuyscknx
npncneunnkoa...
o qpanuyscknx 6ankax po cnx nop cyuec1ayk1 neckonLko 1mcnu "neaoc1pe6yeHmx
cue1oa, cyHHa aknapoa na ko1opmx (a nepecue1e na 1enepeunne penLrn) coc1aanne1
HnnnHyH 1 Hnpp. qpankoa. akoam pannme 1951 ropa koHnccnn en1pa eapecko
pokyHen1aunn, ko1opan a caoe apeHn 6mna cqopHnpoaana Hnnnc1epc1aoH qnnancoa
panunn n nonyunna poc1yn k 14 1mcnuaH ns acex 57 1mcnu 6ankoacknx pokyHen1oa,
ko1opme Hornn npnnapnexa1L xep1aaH naunc1oa pasnnunmx naunonanLnoc1e.
1o kacae1cn 6maunx counannc1nuecknx c1pan, 1o co1pypnnuec1ao c nnHn y C n
ppyrnx eapecknx oprannsaun cknapmaae1cn no-pasnoHy. 1o apeHn kak
npaan1enLc1aa enrpnn n noaaknn nosn1nano o1pearnpoaann na 1pe6oaannn C
npoaec1n coo1ae1c1aykune paccnepoaannn, neperoaopm c exne n onLue npy1
1pypno n noka ne npnaenn k nonoxn1enLnmH pesynL1a1aH (K. onmueaa, .
ouexoackn. onckn nHyuec1aa xep1a naunc1oa 6ypy1 npoponxenm. -
"oHHepcan1L-enn 28.03.97).
y1L nosxe onn poxann-1akn n onLuy. "ceHnpnan eapeckan pec1n1yunonnan
oprannsaunn () coo6unna o 1oH, u1o nocne pnn1enLnmx n nenerknx neperoaopoa
c onLue ace-1akn poc1nrny1o cornauenne, kacakueecn aosapa1a eapecko
co6c1aennoc1n. ornauenne npepycHa1pnaae1 coaHec1noe yuac1ne a npouepype
aosapauennn co6c1aennoc1n , nonLcko eapecko o6unnm n nonLckoro
npaan1enLc1aa (" N 15/98).
(Kr, k, y c y c cMn ycckn cyn kMccn?
F U ycck kyM? F O Pycck Kcq? Hn n
Kcq [kcq]? Hn M r ? Hn m k k
xncn?!..)
apeckan co6c1aennoc1L!.. n1Lpecn1 ne1 cnyc1n nocne aonm eapen nauann xopouo
nopro1oanennyk sa ponrne ropm kaHnannk. nn amxpann ypo6nm HoHen1 n 1enepL
1pe6yk1 koHnencaun ne 1onLko o1 epHannn, ac1pnn, aeuapnn, enLrnn,
onnanpnn, enrpnn, ne 1onLko o1 okkynnpoaanno neHuaHn panunn, uLe panxenne
onpo1nanennn cnacno ne opny 1mcnuy eapecknx xnsne, no paxe o1 uypoanuno
noc1papaaunx o1 qaunc1oa cnaanncknx c1pan - exnn n onLun! nonyuak1!!!
ero po6poro, ackope n o1 nac uero-nn6ypL no1pe6yk1, aHec1o 1oro, u1o6m sanna1n1L
naH sa kaxporo pycckoro conpa1a, caoe xnsnLk amkynnauero aceHnpnoe eapec1ao
o1 aceHnpnoro onokoc1a! (oueH nmnue uenoaeueckan xnsnL - eapen, ckpynynesno
o6cun1aaune caon peanLnme n amHmunennme no1epn, snak1 ouenL xopouo.)
npoueH, onn 1akn-pa 1pe6yk1!.. paapa, ne sa caon y6m1kn aoennoro apeHenn. a
a1o noka coaec1n xaa1ae1 (naponro nn?). a1o ne xaa1ae1 na ppyroe: onn 1pe6yk1
koHnencaunn sa 1o, u1o no1epnnn a peaonkunk, o1ae1c1aennoc1L sa ko1opyk nexn1, a
ocnoanoH, na nx co6c1aennmx conneHennnkax; sa 1o, u1o y nnx o1nnna nx popnan n
nk6nHan oae1ckan anac1L, ko1opyk onn xe naH na uek n nocapnnn. pe6yk1 - n
nonyuak1, aHec1o 1oro, u1o6m nna1n1L naH 6eckoneunme penapaunn sa 1o1
nn1epnaunonannc1ckn, pycoqo6ckn 1o1ann1apnm pexnH, yc1anoanenne ko1oporo
6es nx yuac1nn 6mno coaepuenno neaosHoxno n ko1opm npnnec pyccknH a1ac1poqy
nounue acnkoro onokoc1a. o eapen, kak acerpa, ne saHeuan n ne xenan saHeua1L
nnuLnx nyxp, 6ep, yuep6oa n no1pe6noc1e, kpoHe caonx co6c1aennmx, 1pe6yk1
ceropnn o1 pyccknx anac1e aosapa1a kynL1oamx c1poenn, ne o6pauan nn Haneuero
annHannn na 1o, u1o 1aH HnornHn pecn1nne1nnHn pacnonarak1cn saaepennn
npoHmunennoc1n n kynL1ypm n nnme yupexpennn. o1 npnHepm.
412
- B. " ropope npoxnaak1 okono uec1n 1mcnu uenoaek, "nHekunx npaao
na pena1pnaunk ("nacnop1nmx eapeea - okono payx 1mcnu)... e peuen noka aonpoc
c cnnaroro, spanne ko1opo coxpannnocL a npnnnunoH coc1onnnn - payxa1axnm
oco6nnk, sann1m koHHepuecknHn c1pyk1ypaHn, naxopn1cn na 6anance nnnc1epc1aa
kynL1ypm kak nc1opnueckn naHn1nnk (" N 1/97). o aonpoc o6nsa1enLno
peun1cn: "6unna npe1enpye1 na nc1opnueckoe spanne c1apo cnnarorn. pe1ensnn
o6unnm anonne o6ocnoaanm, n npn nepepaue cnoxnoc1e aosnnkny1L ne ponxno
(" N 25/97). - B. apeckn HonenLnm poH 6mn sakpm1 specL a 1917
ropy, a a 1962 ropy spanne cnecnn. occ1anoan1L cnnarory neaosHoxno, noa1oHy
eapeckan o6unna paccun1maae1 na koHnencaunk yuep6a [a naH eapen aosHec1n1
yuep6 sa xpaHm, paopum, Honac1mpn, ycapL6m?] (" N 6/97). - B.
pannn o6enx cnnaror no-npexneHy ncnonLsyk1cn ne no npnHoHy nasnauennk.
opnoH pasHeuen Hepnunnckn uen1p, a ppyroH sa Hnorne ropm nepe6maann caHme
pasnnunme kon1opm. ecHo1pn na Hnorouncnennme xopa1ac1aa, npocL6m n
1pe6oaannn eapecknx ak1nanc1oa k o6nac1nmH n ropopcknH anac1nH, spannn po cnx
nop ne nepepanm o6unne... npexnn ry6epna1op o6nac1n aan a6ynnn, n
nmneunn Hap onrorpapa Kpn exoa, o1nkpL ne nnueHepnnn, ao aceycnmuanne
sanannn o 1oH, u1o "no-po6poHy o1nocn1cn k caonH seHnnkaH-eapenH. 6a onn
neopnokpa1no o6euann a ckopoH apeHenn peun1L aonpocm n o aosapauennn spann
o6enx cnnaror, n o npepoc1aanennn noHeuennn pnn pa6o1m apeckoro o6unnnoro
uen1pa (" N 5/97). - B. "apecko o6unne ypanocL "o1aoeaa1L
cnnarory - nakanyne noaoro ropa ockoHnHyuec1ao kpnpnueckn oqopHnno nepepauy
spannn eapeckoHy uen1py "e1-nunaxa... nnarora 6mna noc1poena o6unno a
1903 ropy, o1o6pann ee a 1932 ropy, n c 1ex nop a ne naxopnncn 1ekc1nnLnm cknap
(" N 6/97). - Ku. npaspnnunm penL 9 peka6pn eapecko o6unne asann
6mno oqnunanLno nepepano spanne cnnarorn. nn yuac1nn a npaspnnunmx
Heponpnn1nnx, nocanuennmx anyke, n npnypouenno k a1oHy uepeHonnn nepepaun
spannn a c1onnuy a1apc1ana npn6mnn pykoaopn1enn ao rnaae c ero npesnpen1oH
napnHnpoH ycnncknH. onuep1 aen Knn ycHan, npncy1c1aoaana nocon spannn
nnsa enap, Hap asann aHnnL cxakoa n npepcepa1enL accounaunn paaannoa epn
asap. - K. peka6pe 1996 r. "6mn nakoneu nopnncan poroaop o nepepaue
spannn cnnarorn uennkoH eapecko o6unne... oc1anocL nenonn1nmH, nepepano
spanne o6unne naacerpa nnn 1onLko na 15 ne1. o ace-1akn uac1nan qnpHa, po
nocnepnero sannHaauan spanne, nakoneu amexana, npaapa, sa6paa c co6o paxe
amnoHannme paHm n ampepny1me anek1pnueckne npoaopa (" N 1/97). -
K. "a spanne, kpoHe opno o6unnm, nnk1o ne npe1enpye1, no o6unna ne a
coc1onnnn aaec1n ero a akcnnya1aunk, a 1akxe copepxa1L a panLneueH. apen1Lcn
Hoxno 1onLko na noHouL nsane [neyxenn poxHy1 6a1Lky onppa1enko?] (" N
25/97). - Kn. "panne nop cnnarory npepoc1aanna Hec1nan apHnnnc1paunn
(" N 14/96). - . nnarora a 1papnoH. "euac a1o eue ronme c1enm, 6es
acnkoro o6opypoaannn. o cnx nop nn opna o6unna ropopa ne asnna na ce6n
copepxanne a1oro spannn. nn o6opypoaannn nepaoro a1axa 1pe6ye1cn okono 1pexco1
1mcnu ponnapoa [cnynn1, kak o6muno, c yxkoaa, a on - c Hockanue?] (" N
25/97). - H. "panne 6maue cnnarorn, noc1poenno a 1908 ropy n
akcnponpnnpoaanno a 1929 ropy... naxopn1cn na 6anance c1pon1enLnoro 1pec1a N
12. ecHo1pn na 1o, u1o 1aH ceuac pacnonarae1cn kny6 "1pon1enL, spanne
npak1nueckn nyc1ye1 n npnxopn1 a neropnoc1L. Hexpy 1eH a oaopoccncke ec1L
eapeckan o6unna, ne nHekuan caoero noHeuennn. 6unne ypanocL po6n1Lcn
npnnn1nn ropopcko apHnnnc1paune peuennn o aosapauennn spannn sakonnmH
anapenLuaH (" N 1/97). - H. "opopckan apHnnnc1paunn nakoneu-
1o npnnnna peuenne [n uero, cnpaunaae1cn, 1nnynn?! peno a 1oH, u1o na opno
spanne npe1enpoaann pae eapeckne o6unnm cpasy] o nepepaue oaocn6npcko
nypecko pennrnosno o6unne payxa1axnoro knpnnunoro spannn a uen1panLno
uac1n ropopa. no ne nanne1cn nc1opnuecknH spanneH cnnarorn [npoc1o, sna1L,
nennoxo poHnk], opnako npnnn1mH peuenneH nepepano o6unne a nonLsoaanne na 25
ne1... euenne o nepepaue spannn ao HnoroH cansano c po6poxena1enLnmH
o1nouenneH ropopcko apHnnnc1paunn k pen1enLnoc1n qonpa "c1ep, a 1akxe c
cospanneH ernonanLno apecko naunonanLno-kynL1ypno aa1onoHnn
413
oaocn6npcko o6nac1n. eHanoaaxnyk ponL cmrpann nncLHa rnaanoro paaanna
occnn ponLqa aeanua n ncnonnn1enLnoro pnpek1opa onrpecca eapecknx
pennrnosnmx o6unn n oprannsaun occnn nnoann orana, nanpaanennme a
apHnnnc1paunk ropopa (" N 14/98). - O. " nac1onuee apeHn aepe1cn
nepenncka c anac1nHn no noaopy aosapauennn c1apnnnoro spannn cnnarorn,
noc1poennoro a 1908-1912 rr. opopckan apHnnnc1paunn c1aan1 coaepuenno
neo6ocnoaannoe ycnoane - c1pon1enLc1ao eapecko o6unno noaoro spannn pnn
npoqeccnonanLno-1exnnueckoro yunnnua, ko1opoe a nac1onuee apeHn sannHae1
noHeuenne cnnarorn! [paannLno, amknny1L na ynnuy kakoe-1o 1aH ! pepn
na1ayunnkoa yxe paano ne1 eapecknx pe1e] (" N 14/98). - Hu. "
npounoH 6mno pae cnnarorn - kaHennan n pepeannnan conpa1ckan, pnn 6maunx
kan1onnc1oa. epeannnan cnnarora ne coxpannnacL, a a kaHenno a coae1ckoe apeHn
pacnonarancn akapeHnueckn nnc1n1y1. e1mpe ropa nasap o6unne ypanocL
"o1aoeaa1L [a1opo pas a1o cnoaeuko! no k1o xe c keH aoke1? pasae k1o-1o c1an 6m y
nac saunua1L o1 eapeea kako-1o nnc1n1y1?] cnnarory - ropopckne anac1n nounn
naac1peuy eapenH n ap6n1paxnm cyp poaen peno po konua (" N 23/96). -
nu. "pn ropa nasap ropopckan eapeckan o6unna nonyunna paspeuenne na
anapenne spanneH cnnarorn. o n po cnx nop noHeuenne ne ocao6oxpeno. [1o 1aH?
unnnue? n6nno1eka? onnknnnnka?] 1o 1eH 6onee pocapno, u1o a pesynL1a1e
pnn1enLnmx nonckoa 6mna napena payxHe1poaan uac1L can1ka opm, ko1opan sa
nenHenneH nyuuero noHeuennn po cero pnn oc1ae1cn a o6nac1noH apxnae [ncno, u1o
o11ypa ee neHepnenno nsmHy1, kak 1onLko nonan1cn cnnarora] (" N 10/98). -
C. "panne xopanLno cnnarorn, o1kpm1ne ko1opo coc1onnocL a 1908 ropy,
nannaueecn a caoe apeHn snaun1enLnmH apxn1ek1ypnmH coopyxenneH eaponeckoro
ypoann, a 1922 ropy 6mno o1pano kny6y oHnn1epna [xapak1epno, ne npaapa nn?
any1pneapeckne pena...], a a 1929 ropy - xne6osaaopy. nac1onuee apeHn
pec1aykun xne6osaaop He1opnueckn paspyuae1 ynnkanLnoe coopyxenne... ce
neo6xopnHme pokyHen1m nepepanm a nnnc1epc1ao kynL1ypm occnn (" N
12/98). - T. "opopckan o6unna ne nHee1 caoero noHeuennn. ce, ueH
noHornn Hec1nme anac1n - ampennnn koHna1y a 10 kaappa1nmx He1poa nop
6n6nno1eky. oaceH nepaano ak1nanc1m o6unnm no popeaonkunonnmH rase1nmH
ny6nnkaunnH [ao1 a1o xaa1ka! yaaxak] o6napyxnnn spanne, a ko1opoH a nac1onuee
apeHn pasHeuena cpepnnn ukona. oc1ponn ero Hec1nm Heuena1 koa onnkoa,
cpepnn ns 1pex nsaec1nmx poccncknx 6anknpoa n npoHmunennnkoa (Hnapun,
asapL, noc1ponn pae cnnarorn a ockae). panne npepnasnauanocL cneunanLno pnn
oprannsaunn eapeckoro pennrnosnoro yunnnua "anHyp-opa n 6mno nepepano
onnkoamH ropopcko o6unne. pokasa1enLc1ao npaa o6unnm na co6c1aennoc1L a
kpo nnaen1apnsaunn naunn cnpaaky 1925 ropa (korpa spanne 6mno pekansoaano) o
nepepaue spannn a aepenne npaanennn o6pasoaannn. 6unna o6pa1nnacL c npocL6o
o aosapa1e spannn k rnaae ropopcko apHnnnc1paunn... n npepcepa1enk ropopcko
yHm... cnn aepny1L nopapok onnkoaa ypac1cn, 1o a neH xaa1n1 Hec1a aceH [kpoHe
amcenenno cpepne ukonm, pasyHee1cn], n Hoxno 6ype1 co6pa1L nop opno kpmue
Honn1aennm poH, aockpecnyk ukony, ynLnan, o1penenne "onokoc1 n
Honopexnm kny6 (" N 3/97).
a a1oH qone pepkoc1nmH ncknkuenneH npepc1ae1 cn1yaunn a n1e, rpe "spanne
cnnarorn coxpannnocL, no aepny1L ero, u1o6m "ncnonLsoaa1L no nasnauennk, Hec1nme
eapen paxe n ne nm1anncL. panne cnnarorn 6onLuoe n a neH pasHeuak1cn
pasnnunme yupexpennn, npnueH a 6onLuoH konnuec1ae [c kaknx nop a1o nx
oc1anaannaae1? yHak, u1o nonyuna o1 co6pa1Lea onpepenennyk "nakauky,
un1nnckne eapen onoHnn1cn n npepLnan1 caon 1pe6oaannn o6munmH nopnpkoH]
(" N 23/96).
o1enocL 6m aepn1L, u1o ne acerpa n ne aespe eapenH ypae1cn "ypaa1L caoe c 1ako
no1pncakue nerkoc1Lk - nerkoc1Lk xosnnna, pacnopnxakuerocn a caoeH poHe.
o1enocL 6m napen1Lcn, u1o ec1L ropopa, ec1L nkpn, ko1opme naxopn1 a ce6e cnnm n
Hyxec1ao pnn conpo1nanennn. o noka u1o epnnc1aennm npnHep 1akoro
conpo1nanennn Hoxno na1n 1onLko a nLnnoacke, rpe "27 Hap1a nmneunero ropa
414
peneraunn eapecko o6unnm 6mna npnnn1a rnaao ropopcko apHnnnc1paunn r-noH
apycnnmH. pesynL1a1e ac1peun a aosapauennn spannn cnnarorn eapenH 6mno
o1kasano. ak coo6unn npepcepa1enL ynLnnoackoro kynL1ypno-npocae1n1enLckoro
o6uec1aa "anoH nxann naunu, Ho1nanpoako o1kasa 6mno nko6m nHekueecn
pnnoxenne k kasy pesnpen1a occnn o aosapauennn eapeckoro nHyuec1aa [ao1
rpe nc1ounnk xosncko caHoyaepenno pacnopnpn1enLnoc1n eapeea], rpe cpepn
nepeuncnennmx cy6Lek1oa qepepaunn nLnnoackan o6nac1L ne snaun1cn!.. apeckan
o6unna ropopa naHepena o6pa1n1Lcn sa noHouLk a (" N 13/98).
(oxno npnae1c1aoaa1L naxopunaoc1L r-na apycnna, no saHe1nH, u1o pyccknH
apHnnnc1pa1opaH paneko po 1o 1aeppoc1n n npaaoao ocnoaa1enLnoc1n, ko1opyk
nponannk1 a nopo6nmx cnyuanx 6pa1Ln-ykpannum. ak, a o1ae1 na npocL6y Laoackoro
uen1pa nypankn n eapeckoro o6pasoaannn o nepepaue eapecknH oprannsaunnH
ropopa spannn no ynnue onoH-nexeHa, 12, ko1opoe panee npnnapnexano
eapecko o6unne, ropopckan apHnnnc1paunn o1ae1nna, u1o nepepaua spannn "pnn
cospannn npnannern nk6o naunonanLnoc1n nanne1cn napyuenneH onc1n1yunn
kpannm. aecL ckas.)
nn eapeea ne cyuec1aye1 nnkaknx cpokoa paanoc1n, korpa peuL npe1 o 1oH, u1o6m
1ak nnn nnaue koHnencnpoaa1L 1e nnn nnme caon no1epn, aepny1L caoe nHenne. nn
nnx npnnunn pnHckoro npaaa uti possidetis ("k1o anapee1 - pa anapee1, a k1o
no1epnn, 1o1 yxe no1epnn) nnkorpa ne pec1an1enen. nn ro1oam a nk6oe apeHn
aepny1Lcn na Hec1a caoero 6mnoro Horyuec1aa - 6ypL 1o ppeannn asapnn nnn
auepaunn ennrc6epr, u1o6m aocc1anoan1L 1aH caon nosnunn.
"op arnpo n Hexpynapopnmx eapecknx oprannsaun 9-12 non6pn 1997
ropa a annnnnrpape npouna konqepenunn "oxpanenne eapecknx 1papnun, na
ko1opyk co6panncL paapua1L paaannoa co acex kon1nnen1oa.
nepame sa nocnepnne 50 ne1 c1ynnn na popnyk seHnk nocnepnn paaann
ennrc6epra aocLHnpecn1nnn1nne1nn ocnq ynap... s Lk-Hopka npnne1en na
konqepenunk peannoc1one1nn paaann a1an ax1qorenL. Hec1e c nnH 6mn rnaanm
paaann nLk-opkcknx nonnuecknx prap nkk...
am, eapeckan o6unna annnnnrpapa nepexnaae1 ne nyuune apeHena, pae
HanenLkne apenpyeHme kaap1npm - ao1 u1o oc1anocL o1 6maue eapecko c1onnum
pyccnn. osrnaanne1 payx1mcnunyk o6unny ropopa nk1op annpo (" N
32/97). apn c1onL HanenLko o6unnm - c1onL npepc1aan1enLnan peneraunn! e
coHneaakcL, u1o a1nH ansn1oH pan c1ap1 pnn unpokoHacu1a6noro pec1n1yunonnoro
eapeckoro npoek1a. eropnn annnnnrpap noka eue pycckn anknaa. aa1pa -
eapeckn?
, nyc1L nnk1o ne pyHae1, u1o aepny1L naueHy napopy co6c1aennoc1L, sakonno,
nonysakonno n nesakonno pacxaa1annyk eapenHn a Hy1noe enLunnckoe apeHn, 6ype1
nerko n npoc1o - a1a 6n1aa noc1paunee 1annnrpapcko. o pano nnn nospno 1akan
npo6neHa ac1ane1 na noaec1ky pnn. 1o nonnHak1 ace, nonnHak1 n caHn eapeckne
co6c1aennnkn. nn ne xpy1 pasan1nn co6m1n, onn nx qopHnpyk1 n onepexak1.
apaua coxpanennn nHyuec1aa, saxaauennoro a xope "uy6acnsaunn occnn, c1ana
xnsnenno uenLk eapecknx 6nsnecHenoa. ounan, konnuec1aenno n kauec1aenno
snaun1enLnan, annn1enLnan eapeckan o6unna a occnn, pepxauan a pykax
nonn1nueckne n akonoHnueckne pmuarn ynpaanennn, - ao1 caHan nyuuan rapan1nn pnn
a1nx co6c1aennnkoa.
1o ncno, kak oxn penL.
* * *
415
n q:
- H u, "s ". O !
Tu , , n: "Hm
!"
Hn?!
- Q. H. (Hx nv.)
* * *
, 1pn kann1anLnmx qak1opa, cnoxnaunecn a nocnepnne 10-15 ne1, onpepennk1
ceropnn cypL6y poccncko eapecko o6unnm:
1) n
;
2) s u F Hu
n;
3) m
xm m.
ce a1n qak1opm o6Lek1nano nHek1 o6un aek1op. n nanpaanen na
m u n
m .
a a1oH ny1n eapeea nopc1eperae1 onacnoc1L. na coc1on1 a 1oH, u1o npo6neHa
eapecko accnHnnnunn, poc1a1ouno oc1po c1onuan ao aceH Hnpe (no neko1opmH
nopcue1aH, a pesynL1a1e accnHnnnunn eapen x 1epnk1 700 pyu n ne1 uepes
50 Hory1 aoo6ue ncuesny1L. - " N 22/97), a occnn o6oc1pena eue 6onLue. o-
nepamx, no1oHy u1o konnuec1ao cHeuannmx 6pakoa y poccncknx eapeea ouenL
aennko: 56% y Hyxunn n 58% y xenunn. ao-a1opmx, no1oHy u1o o6annne pyccko
kynL1ypm nepepko npnaopn1 nopo paxe c1onpouen1nmx eapeea k y1pa1e, k
pasHmaannk naunonanLno eapecko npen1nunoc1n. 1nnueckan n kynL1ypnan
accnHnnnunn poccncknx eapeea caHmH papnkanLnmH o6pasoH napyuae1 nnanm
cospannn ns occnn eapeckoro onno1a. pno peno, ecnn c1pano ynpaannk1 n
kon1ponnpyk1 ee nonn1nky n akonoHnky - cn , n coaceH ppyroe - ecnn
ne noHeuL k1o: nkpn neann1no, neo1ue1nnao naunonanLno npnnapnexnoc1n
(poccnnne, pycckne eapen). akne nkpn ne cnoco6nm nonnHa1L uene kako 6m
1o nn 6mno naunn, ne c1any1 po6naa1Lcn nx aonnouennn. aknx "eapeea eapenH ne
napo.
oa1oHy na caHoH pene nx payepnnan caepxsapaua qopHynnpye1cn 1ak: n
m x
u .
1oH, kak eapenHn peuae1cn a1a caepxsapaua - a cnepykue rnaae.
* * *
n q:
- E xn nu n ,
m un um m,
416
u mx m m ( "m"!)
u m u. X s?
- Q. H. (Hx nv.)
2. EEHKHE HBREMm -
EEHKHE EUEHHR
"m aosapauaeHcn a occnk no6epn1ennHn.
a1an apanckn
(Pycckn Mcn N 4160 qn 1997)
H Heu1o o aosapauennn eHnn 6e1oaanno 1pypno
pacc1a1Lcn. cpena1L a1o ny6nnuno n unpokoaeua1enLno - n aoace neaosHoxno.
1oHy xe, onpepenennm npn1ok nkpe a spannL ace-1akn neo6xopnH xo1n 6m no1oHy,
u1o nannuo onpepenennm xe o11ok nx o11ypa. oa1oHy nn opna eapeckan
oqnunanLnan nnc1anunn nnkorpa ne sanan1: Hon, eapen, xaa1n1 espn1L a spannL, 1aH
caonx peaa1L nekypa! oa1oHy xe a occnn npoponxak1 pec1aoaa1L 1ak nasmaaeHme
cnonnc1ckne oprannsaunn, aosrnaanneHme an1ysnac1aHn pena1pnaunn, - 1o1 xe
oxny1 nnn, k npnHepy, eapeckan oprannsaunn onp "kcopyc, amnonnnkun
"unpouaun cnek1p ycnyr pnn pena1pnan1oa - o1 1ex xe koncynL1aun po o1npaakn
6araxa HopeH (. ponnpnm. 1Lesp - ne no1on, nnn na amesp c aeuaHn. - "
N 3/97). poponxae1cn paxe - xo1n ne cnnukoH naansunao - nponaranpa n arn1aunn
a sa "aosapauenne eapeea a peu-cpaanL.
pnako annHa1enLnm asrnnp nccnepoaa1enn anpn1, kak caoeapeHenno n ue1ko
nsHennnocL nanpaanenne n naqoc pen1enLnoc1n Hnorouncnennmx eapecknx
oprannsaun. nn nauana nosnakoHnHcn c neko1opmHn c1apeunHn n rnaaneunHn ns
nnx, npnHo nnn uepes nocpepnnkoa pec1aykunHn a occnn, a 1akxe c nx uennHn n
sapauaHn, nsnoxennmHn eapenHn pnn eapeea.
1. "ceHnpnan cnonnc1ckan oprannsaunn () npepc1aanne1 Hnpoaoe cnonnc1ckoe
panxenne, cospannoe eopopoH epuneH na epaoH cnonnc1ckoH konrpecce a asene
(aeuapnn) a 1897 ropy...
peonornuecko 6aso nanne1cn a nac1onuee apeHn "epycannHckan nporpaHHa,
ko1opan qopHynnpye1 uenn cnonnsHa cnepykunH o6pasoH: poc1nxenne
naunonanLnoro epnnc1aa eapeckoro napopa, ero aoccoepnnenne a peu-cpaanL,
pasan1ne rocypapc1aa spannL, 6asnpykueecn na npnnunnax cnpaaepnnaoc1n n Hnpa,
pasan1ne eapecko kynL1ypm, eapeckoro o6pasoaannn n eapecknx kynL1ypnmx
uennoc1e, saun1a npaa eapeea, rpe 6m onn nn naxopnnncL.
Hec1e c apecknH ren1c1aoH n epen aeHe1 ("apecknH aunonanLnmH
onpoH), anapenLueH acex naunonanLnmx seHenL a spanne, coc1aanne1
koHnnekc aunonanLnmx prannsaun eapeckoro napopa...
mcunH sakonopa1enLnmH opranoH nanne1cn nonnc1ckn onrpecc, cosmaaeHm
pas a ue1mpe ropa ("onaH, rase1a, nspakuancn a pmHy na penLrn oxny1a, N
7(73)/97, nknL).
417
nac1onuee apeHn npepc1aanne1 1pe1Lk uac1L a ncnonkoHe ceHnpnoro
eapeckoro konrpecca n aosHeuae1 1pe1L ero 6kpxe1a.
2. "yuec1aye1 Hexpynapopnan oprannsaunn "expynapopnoe aren1c1ao pnn
spannn [oxny1]. ee pykoaopc1ao axopn1 npepc1aan1enn pasnmx eapecknx o6unn
Hnpa - okono 50% n ppyrne 50% - o1 spannn. ocnoanoH a1o aren1c1ao sannHae1cn
o6ecneuenneH kon1ak1oa Hexpy spanneH n pnacnopo. 1929 ropy aren1c1ao 6mno
cospano pnn cospannn naunonanLnoro ouara a anec1nne n noHoun noamH
nepecenenuaH. akxe ocyuec1annnacL noHouL eapecknH 6exenuaH n nx cnacenne.
e 1onLko ao apeHn a1ac1poqm, ne 1onLko a apone. anpnHep, ns paka, ns npnn,
ns qnonnn (. 1axoa. pen "aosapauennn 6mnn poxpenm a occnn. ocypapc1ay
spannL - 50 ne1, cnonnsHy ropaspo 6onLue, n o6a nennoxo ce6n uyac1ayk1. - "
08.05.98).
"a pasan1ne pen1enLnoc1n apeckoro aren1c1aa Hnpoaoe eapec1ao xep1aye1
konoccanLnme cpepc1aa, noa1oHy nx nn1epec k 1oHy, kak n na u1o pacxopyk1cn a1n
noxep1aoaannn, anonne ec1ec1aenen (" N 14/97).
akon o c1a1yce apeckoro aren1c1aa () npnnn1 knecce1oH a 1952 ropy.
ooppnnaunk n spannn ocyuec1anne1 ooppnnaunonnm uen1p, coc1onun ns
npepc1aan1ene n npaan1enLc1aa spannn ao rnaae c npeHLep-Hnnnc1poH.
pepcepa1enL apeckoro aren1c1aa pnn spannn opnoapeHenno nanne1cn
npepcepa1eneH ceHnpno cnonnc1cko oprannsaunn n ns6npae1cn nonnc1cknH
konrpeccoH.
3. "pynno qnsnuecknx nnu - rpaxpan occnn n spannn, a 1akxe kpnpnuecknH
nnuoH - apecknH aren1c1aoH pnn spannn cospae1cn poccnckan o6uec1aennan
oprannsaunn - apeckoe aren1c1ao pnn occnn... 1 occnn yupepn1ennHn noao
oprannsaunn c1ann naanm paaann occnn . aeanu n nsaec1nm kpnc1 n
o6uec1aennm pen1enL . kcenL6an1[11] (" N 14/96).
4. yuec1ayk1 n ppyrne Horyuec1aennme, 6ora1me eapeckne oprannsaunn, nanpnHep
- xon1, , sannHakunecn ryHann1apnmHn npo6neHaHn,
6naro1aopn1enLnoc1Lk, na-pn1, ocyuec1annkuan nnqopHaunonnme n
npaaosaun1nme nporpaHHm, aponeckn oae1 apecknx 6unn (CC). 1ak
panee.
apeHn, korpa ace a1n n nopo6nme nH oprannsaunn pa6o1ann npak1nueckn 1onLko
papn o6ecneuennn HakcnHanLno annn. pnako nonnoe ocosnanne 1oro npoc1oro
qak1a, u1o HakcnHanLnan annn rposn1 nnun1L Hnpoao cnonnsH 1akoro rnran1ckoro
nnaupapHa, kak occnn, npnaeno nx k nepeopnen1aunn. u1o xe 1enepL?
ue a 1989 ropy na aunonanLno konqepenunn no npo6neHaH coae1cknx eapeea
(apnx) apeckan kynL1ypnan accounaunn pacnpoc1pannna pokyHen1, a ko1opoH
roaopnnocL: po6neHm coae1cknx eapeea nepenne1enm opna c ppyro.
Hnrpaunonnoe panxenne ne Hoxe1 6m1L o1peneno o1 panxennn, ko1opoe nanpaaneno
na cospanne eapeckoro o6pasa xnsnn a npepenax (epec1poka n eapeckn
aonpoc. - mn. 1, c. 32. - ., 1989). panLneueH a1a npen nnopo1aopno
pasanaanacL.
anpe1enLc1ayk1 nan6onee ak1nanme qynkunonepm.
- Hck 3nr, rn Mckckr nn Eckr rc Pcc:
418
"- -n ennnrep, kakne nsHenennn nponsounn a ockae nocne cospannn
o6uec1aenno oprannsaunnn "apeckoe aren1c1ao a occnn?
- cepepnnm npounoro ropa [a pec1an1enLnoc1n - ropaspo panLue, no ne ace a1o
npnsnaaann] c1ano oueanpno, u1o sannHa1Lcn 1onLko pena1pnaune ne coaceH
npaannLno. aua oprannsaunn c1ana ak1nano copec1aoaa1L oxnanennk n pasan1nk
eapecko o6unnno xnsnn a ockae, u1o6m nkpn Hornn npnkocny1Lcn k caonH
kopnnH, aospopn1L a caoe ceHLe eapeckne npaspnnkn, ysna1L nc1opnk n kynL1ypy
eapeckoro napopa. oneuno, 1eH, k1o saxoue1 pena1pnnpoaa1Lcn a spannL, Hm
noHoxeH ocyuec1an1L nx xenanne n noc1apaeHcn o6nerun1L ny1L [1ak yx n 6m1L]
(n1epaLk... - " N 6/97);
- ykn Mckckr Eckr rc Ann H:
"yuec1aye1 kpann nopxop, u1o ace eapen ponxnm aepny1Lcn a spannL,
cyuec1aye1 n snaun1enLno 6onee yHepennm. ennrnosnm cnonnsH cansan c 1eopne
6oxec1aenno noppepxkn a1o npen n ocnoaan na 1oH, u1o a n6nnn Hnoro pas
roaopn1cn, u1o napop ponxen aepny1Lcn. pnako ec1L pennrnosnme eapen, ko1opme
o1pnuak1 caHy 1eopnk "uenoaeueckoro cnonnsHa, nockonLky 1onLko eccnn,
nocnannm oroH, Hoxe1 aocc1anoan1L eapeckoe rocypapc1ao... c1L ouenL Hnoroe ns
1oro, u1o spannL Hoxe1 cpena1L pnn pnacnopm. nHenno- cnoco6c1aoaa1L
eapeckoHy o6pasoaannk.
- 1o am nHee1e a anpy?
- apeckn napop ouenL o6ecnokoen accnHnnnune nnn, ecnn xo1n1e,
ncuesnoaenneH. 1o opna ns nacyunmx npo6neH. ee peuennn spannL 6onLue
noHorae1 caHo pnacnope. a1a noHouL npe1 uepes naue aren1c1ao. nn naue
pa6o1m specL, a occnn... Hm cospann o6uec1aennyk oprannsaunk, ko1opan
nasmaae1cn apeckoe aren1c1ao a occnn.
- kakoam ee sapaun?
- nn coanapak1 c sapauaHn [noamHn] apeckoro aren1c1aa pnn spannn:
ykpennenne canse Hexpy pnacnopo n spanneH, pasan1ne eapeckoro o6pasoaannn,
pacnpoc1panenne snann o eapecko nc1opnn n 1papnunn, pacnpoc1panenne napn1a,
ko1opm yxe ne sanpeuen, copec1ane 1eH, k1o xenae1 nepeexa1L a spannL [a1o, kak
anpnH, yxe na nocnepneH Hec1e] (. 1axoa. pen "aosapauennn... - " 08.05.98);
- exeropno a ockae npoxopn1 pa6ouee coaeuanne nocnannnkoa oxny1a,
amnonnnkunx caok Hnccnk ao acex c1panax 6mauero oksa. Y F, rn
n c Eckr rc, sananne1: "o1pypnnkn
oxny1a cpenak1 ace aosHoxnoe, u1o6m a 1996 ropy pena1pnaunn eapeea oc1anacL, no
kpane Hepe, na npexneH ypoane [1.e. npnHepno 60 1mc. uenoaek], no npn a1oH
ampaxae1 yaepenoc1L, u1o "kaxpm eape, ero pe1n n anykn, paxe ecnn onn ne
pena1pnnpyk1cn a spannL, oc1any1cn eapenHn (" N 1/96);
- Ankc Mk My - qcc, kMk PAEH, y ck
ck HnM n xk Mn y,
Mxnr n Hkn XXI k, Mcn rnr
k Hcy nr n. k1nano co1pypnnuae1 c
apecknH aren1c1aoH a occnn, ocnoanoe nanpaanenne pen1enLnoc1n - paspa6o1ka n
aneppenne o6pasoaa1enLnmx nporpaHH (u1o ceropnn aaxnee acero pnn eapeea).
saec1en kak "Hac1ep npaspnnka, a cao6opnoe o1 naykn apeHn sannHae1cn
oprannsaune Haccoamx eapecknx npaspnnkoa n rynnnn:
419
"m npnunn ckpa no npnrnauennk apeckoro aren1c1aa a occnn (). Hnoro
snak o6 a1o oprannsaunn. eropnn cn1yaunn nsHennnacL, noaepnynacL nnuoH k
poccnckoHy eapec1ay. apo, u1o6m Hm nonnnn, k1o Hm, n nepepann nn1ouky
nocnepykunH nokonennnH. opa roaopn1L o konkpe1nmx pec1annx. aH ne xaa1ae1
o6uennn. apo noHnn1L, u1o y nac ec1L Hnoro o6uero, a1o nau ropop - ockaa
[uec1noe npnsnanne, no o1 a1oro - ne nerue] (" N 8/97);
- x:
" cepepnne 90-x ropoa... nonm1ka cospa1L coaHec1nme o6pasoaa1enLnme nporpaHHm c
oxny1oH ne pana pesynL1a1oa, 1ak kak rnaano sapaue apeckoro aren1c1aa 6mna
oprannsaunn annn...
nepykunH a1anoH pen1enLnoc1n apeckoro aren1c1aa a ockae, na Ho asrnnp,
ponxno c1a1L ero ak1nanoe yuac1ne a o6uec1aenno xnsnn poccncko c1onnum,
1ecnoe asanHopec1ane co c1pyk1ypaHn o6pasoaannn c uenLk pacnpoc1panennn
snann n npnaneuennn annHannn eapeea k caoe nc1opnn, kynL1ype...
asan1ne eapecko xnsnn ponxno np1n no neckonLknH nanpaanennnH. anpnHep,
snauenne eapecknx npaspnnkoa pnn o6uec1aenno xnsnn 1pypno nepeouenn1L.
a1oH nanpaanennn y nac nHee1cn onpepenennm onm1: anyka a knnokonuep1noH sane
"k1n6pL [pa u1o 1aH - a sane: a caHoH peHne! 1o neaosHoxno sa6m1L!], ypnH a
unpke na ennncknx ropax. nn npoaepennn 1aknx unpokoHacu1a6nmx Heponpnn1n
nonapo6nnncL coaHec1nme ycnnnn pasnnunmx eapecknx oprannsaun (apeckoro
aren1c1aa a occnn, xon1a, , apeckoro aren1c1aa pnn spannn n ppyrnx)...
C nn xn c k ck kyny cn, kM
cr r, c cM ck n. F r
k n Hnn, r c (ampeneno Hno. - ..)...
ospanne Ho1naaunn na ocnoae coapeHennmx amcokoaqqek1nanmx o6pasoaa1enLnmx
nporpaHH - epnnc1aennm ny1L aospoxpennn eapec1aa a occnn (6pasoaa1enLnme
nporpaHHm apeckoro ren1c1aa a occnn rnasaHn poccnckoro akapeHnka. - "
N 7/97).
anpe1enLc1a poc1a1ouno, u1o6m c nonnmH npaaoH y1aepxpa1L:
n
q ""
, . 1o -
npnsnannm qak1, a ne uLn-1o poHmcnm. nepc1aneH nopo6noro c1pa1ernueckoro
noaopo1a (y Hopnkoa ec1L na 1ako cnyua 1epHnn: "noaopo1 ace appyr) nannncL
nsHenennn a c1pyk1ype n cypL6e poccncknx eapecknx oprannsaun.
420
2.1. XHYUHH XHY H H .E.K.
1996 rnaanmH npepc1aan1eneH poccncko eapecko o6unnm 6mna
oprannsaunn "aap.
"1o 1akoe aap occnn? 1o o6Lepnnenne o6uec1aennmx oprannsaun, kpnpnuecknx
nnu, o6Lepnnnkuee nop caonH qnaroH eapeea a rocypapc1aax caoero
Hec1onaxoxpennn n nanaueecn o6LepnnnkunH nauanoH pernonanLnmx oprannsaun
, eue ne c1aaunx o6unno (uen1poH). c1ounnkoH ero cyuec1aoaannn c1ann
rpan1m, ampenneHme HexpynapopnmHn eapecknHn oprannsaunnHn na pen1enLnoc1L
annapa1a aapa n axopnunx a aap oprannsaun (. annan. aap n , nnn u1o
1akoe eapeckne penLrn? - " N 12/ 96).
akoaa 1ouka spennn anonore1a aapa, ko1opan 6onee nnn Henee acex yc1panaana,
noka rnaano sa6o1o poccncknx eapeea 6mno c6exa1L ns 1epnnuero 6epc1ane
n ero ockonkoa. pnako, korpa nac1ano apeHn pnn ppyrnx peuenn, - aap
npeapa1nncn a HnuenL pnn kpn1nkn. kauec1ae noHoea, caHosa6aenno amnnaaeHmx
opnnHn eapenHn na ppyrnx, Hoxno cypn1L no 1ako, nanpnHep, pennnke a appec
aapa:
"aap 1989 ropa 6mn rennanLno pnn caoero apeHenn npee. n npoxnn aHec1e co
c1pano nou1n ceHL ne1, npopn 1o1 xe ny1L, u1o n ppyrne coapeHennme eHy
o6uec1aenno-nonn1nueckne oprannsaunn n panxennn. c1panno, a nnorpa
1parnkoHnuecko qopHe a neH knnenn n 6ypnnnn c1pac1n, pacuae1ano Hec1nnuec1ao,
koppynunn, qpakunonnm n pecny6nnkanckn cenapa1nsH. orpa aap nsxnn ce6n,
korpa c1ano ncno, u1o nnkakoro annnnnn na okpyxakun Hnp on ne nHee1, a
saknnnannn pykoaopc1aa o Houn n cnne aapa - nnuL 1yHan, Hacknpykun
npoc1euyk nc1nny: o6nk cpox, - 1orpa, pe-qak1o, packon n nponsouen. onoanna
npesnpnyHa o1pnxnyna npax aapa co caonx nor n aHec1e co caonHn oprannsaunnHn
yuna a o1c1aaky. 1996 ropy aoo6ue Hano koHy a occnn nyxna oprannsaunn,
ko1opan nnuero ne pae1 n paaa1L ne co6npae1cn, no xoue1 npepc1aann1L n saunua1L
nn1epecm. 1akn npoqkoH anoxn sac1on... apannenL specL npnHan, 1ak kak
epnnc1aennoe, ueH aap acepLes sannHancn ace ropm, - 6ecnna1nme rpynnoame (pnn
pykoaopc1aa cpepnero saena) n nnpnanpyanLnme (pnn npesnpen1ypm) sarpannunme
aonxn. poc1o npouae1akuee 1ypnc1ckoe 6kpo kakoe-1o. orpa xe neHanme cpepc1aa,
ampenennme na aap a ocnoanoH C n C nop yHonoHpaun1enLnme aaancm, 6mnn
6espapno pac1pauenm ne 6es amropm pnn pepxa1ene cue1oa aapa, okasanocL, u1o c
anapa 6onLue ne papy1... a a occnn peny1aunn y aapa xopoua 1onLko pnn
qonLknopnmx "cyHm pa 1kpLHm, a ne pnn cnoncopoa. y1 na ropnson1e aapa n
aosnnk ...
aHa npen penn1L uyxne penLrn ne noaa... aapy a caoe apeHn 6mnn ponxnm ace:
coae1ckan anac1L, Hnpoaan pnacnopa, oxny1, rocypapc1ao spannL, poccnckn
npesnpen1 n ocnopL or... (arenn a1anoackn. a Hnnnnon! o n py6nL aosLHy.
- " N 12/96).
a1op un1npoaanno xenuno saHe1kn - anonore1[12] konkypnpykue c aap
oprannsaunn: occnckoro eapeckoro konrpecca (), kakoao nanne1cn qnnnanoH
ceHnpnoro eapeckoro konrpecca (). ornacoaannoc1L pec1an Ha1epnncko
oprannsaunn n qnnnana o6ecneunaae1cn pasnnunmHn ny1nHn, a uac1noc1n 1eH, u1o
npesnpen1 - napnHnp ycnnckn - opnoapeHenno nanne1cn opnnH ns anue-
npesnpen1oa . aknH o6pasoH, cospanne n qynkunonnpoaanne - a1o n ec1L
o1ae1 Hnpoaoro eapec1aa na ocosnannyk nH acec1oponnkk neo6xopnHoc1L cHenm
kypca. mpaxancL He1aqopnueckn, ycnnckn (6anknp, Harna1 , cansannm co
cneucnyx6aHn spannn n ), - nanne1cn "ynpaapenaHn no occnn.
421
cansn c 1eH, u1o nmne "pena1pnaunn nonnHae1cn kak ykopenenne eapeea ne 1onLko
na "nc1opnuecko (spannL), no n na "ponc1opnuecko popnne (1a nnn nnan c1pana,
rpe korpa-nn6o npoxnaann n poHnnnpoaann a nonn1nke eapen), a occnn a1o sapaue
npnsaan coo1ae1c1aoaa1L nHenno . o1 kak o6 a1oH roaopn1 caHn eapen.
"epep c1on1 1pn ocnoanme sapaun. epaan saknkuae1cn a 1oH, u1o6m o1kpm1o
sanan1L na aecL Hnp o 1oH, u1o onn - eapen, n ro1oam npnsna1L ce6n uac1Lk
eapecko o6unnm. 1opan sapaua - co6pa1L ocnoanyk uac1L eapeckoro nacenennn
occnn nop cenLk o6Lepnnenno eapecko o6unnm. pe1Ln uenL - po6n1Lcn 1oro,
u1o6m coc1on1enLnme eapen asnnn na ce6n 1pyp noHora1L eapecknH oprannsaunnH...
pypnoc1L... saknkuanacL a 1oH, u1o6m npnaec1n k koncencycy Hnorouncnennme
eapeckne oprannsaunn n pennrnosnme nanpaanennn. eropnn Hm c papoc1Lk HoxeH
o6Lnan1L: a1o ypanocL. pen cospannn onrpecca nonyunna npnnunnnanLnyk
noppepxky acex oprannsaun o1 aapa po a6apa (aa nnxac onLpuHnp1, rnaanm
paaann ockam. " ocnq, 6pa1 aau. - "apeckan rase1a [anocnepc1ann "] N
1/96).
pnHep kcn r y r ckr
xn kyr xr Mmk PEK - kpane noyun1enen pnn nk6o naunn.
pncHo1pnHcn.
"1o 1akoe a occnn? o1nnune o1 aapa, a1o o6Lepnnenne qnsnuecknx nnu,
ckono1naunx poc1a1ounm kann1an nnn nHekunx aosHoxnoc1n sa cue1 pen1enLnoc1n
caonx qnpH... ampenn1L qnnancoame cpepc1aa na ospoxpenne n cyHeaunx
ncnonLsoaa1L oun6ky aapa, o6Lepnnn1L paaannoa... ceropnn - a1o eue ,
ockoackn eapeckn konrpecc (. annan... - " N 12/ 96).
"ypL6a poccncknx eapeea 1oxe neo1pennHa o1 nc1opnn poccnckoro rocypapc1aa.
apecko o6unne a occnn 6onee 350 ne1. [ak onn cun1ak1: eue po epencnaacko
apm, u1o nn? kaxeH, a 1akoH cnyuae: a 1e ropm occnn una na nopLeH, a ceropnn
naxopn1cn a rny6oko nponac1n. x ne a a1oH nn coc1on1 rnaanm pesynL1a1 350-
ne1nero eapeckoro npncy1c1ann? npnHo, 1ak ono n ec1L, n6o caHme rny6okne
napennn occnn sa a1o1 cpok - peaonkunn n nepec1poka - o6a nanpnHyk saancenn o1
nnkoa eapecko ak1nanoc1n.] poHe 1oro, nHenno poccnckne eapen sanoxnnn
ocnoam qopHnpoaannn eapecknx o6unn , ac1pannn, c1pan a1nncko Hepnkn,
a 1akxe spannn. o nnuL ceropnn a occnn cnoxnnncL 1akne 6naronpnn1nme
nonn1nueckne ycnoann, korpa aosnnkna aosHoxnoc1L peannsoaa1L npek cospannn na
ocnoae pasposnennmx cae1cknx n pennrnosnmx eapecknx o6unn epnno
o6uec1aenno oprannsaunn - occnckoro apeckoro onrpecca...
ak nsaec1no, a npounoH eapeckne oprannsaunn occnn ao HnoroH saancenn o1
cnyuanmx noxep1aoaann n o1 aosHoxnoc1e sapy6exnmx eapecknx
6naro1aopn1enLnmx n nnmx oprannsaun, a ocnoanoH n spannn. enepL aonpocm
qnnancnpoaannn pen1enLnoc1n 1pe1e no aennunne o6unnm a Hnpe - peno caHnx
poccncknx eapeea, cpepn ko1opmx neHano nsaec1nmx qnnancnc1oa n
npepnpnnnHa1ene, n, coo1ae1c1aenno, o1nouennn c anapoH nepexopn1 ns coc1onnnn
npocn1ene a coc1onnne nap1nepoa...
naun1enLnmH pnn any1pnpoccncko xnsnn Hnorouncnennmx eapecknx oprannsaun
n o6unn nanne1cn 1o, u1o npnsaan ne nopHenn1L nx pen1enLnoc1L caoe, a
npepoc1aan1L nH aosHoxnoc1L nonnokpoanoro cyuec1aoaannn, ne uen1pannsoamaa1L
nx pen1enLnoc1L, a nao6opo1, peuen1pannsoamaa1L ee, noHoran peannsaunn
nnnuna1nam na Hec1ax. a1oH npnnunnnanLnoe o1nnune o1 acex eapecknx
oprannsaun (" N 1/96).
422
"pek cospannn occnckoro apeckoro onrpecca n ouennaak kak paano
naspeauyk, ec1ec1aennyk n neo6xopnHyk. pen a1a poaonLno paano an1ana ne
1onLko a aospyxe, no n a cosnannn Hnornx nkpe. pnnc1aennoe, uero ne xaa1ano, -
sann1epecoaannoc1n 6nsnecHenoa amcuero panra. ak 1onLko ona aosnnkna [o1uero n
noueHy ona aosnnkna - a1o1 aonpoc Hm paccHo1penn amue], nponsouna 6mc1pan
nopanxka. ne cnyuano nepamH a peno cospannn aknkunncn nHenno napnHnp
ycnnckn - on ynaannaae1 nopo6noro popa aeun snaun1enLno panLue ppyrnx...
- a1o kak pas nopHanLnan n epnnc1aenno aosHoxnan qopHa unannnsoaannoro
cyuec1aoaannn eapecko o6unnm a naue [!] c1pane (nekcanpp coauoa
[ncnonnn1enLnm anue-npesnpen1 ] a nn1epaLk " N 1/96).
"a a1n nonropa eapen occnn nonyunnn a rpy6oH Ha1epnanLnoH ampaxennn o1
pen1enLnoc1n 6onLue, ueH aap npoen, nponnn, pac1pa1nn n npoespnn sa
nocnepnne ceHL ne1. pn a1oH ne paaan n, napekcL, ne pac1 anpepL nn rpoua nn
na kakoe "aospoxpenne, o ko1opoH c1onL rpoHko 1py6n1 aap n ero aepnm cmn
annan. ak nokasan onm1, nop rpoHknHn 1peckyunHn npoek1aHn nkpe,
co6npakunxcn "aospoxpa1L u1o 6m 1o nn 6mno, ckpmaae1cn a nyuueH cnyuae
xenanne sapa6o1a1L, a a xypueH - npoxek1m nckpennnx eapecknx cyHacuepunx -
1nxnx n ne ouenL - a pesynL1a1e ko1opmx ponxno pacuaec1n kouepnoe
kponnkoaopc1ao na 6ase ocypapc1aa spannL, c opno c1oponm, n saepoqepHm
cena nxnne k1Lkn, c ppyro. ne uyac1aye1 ce6n poc1a1ouno HyppmH n cnnLnmH,
u1o6m nopnnHa1L ace 1o "nnanoa rpoHapLe, o ko1opoH neue1cn nxann annan.
no1oHy sann1 penaHn nposanuecknHn po npnHn1nanoc1n: ukonm, pe1ckne capm,
cnnarorn, 6naro1aopn1enLnme c1onoame, "akka6n [cnop1kny6], "apeckan rase1a,
akapeHnueckan nypanka, neunam, nspanne knnr, nyxpm ae1epanoa aonm...
e cnnukoH ueppm pyueek cpepc1a, ampenneHmx na occnk xon1oH n ppyrnHn
sanapnmHn oprannsaunnHn, nou1n nepecox...
ec1nme eapeckne 6nsnecHenm... napac1nnn o6opo1m caoero 6nsneca po 1akoro
coc1onnnn, u1o okasanncL a coc1onnnn qnnancnpoaa1L pen1enLnoc1L ropopcknx
eapecknx oprannsaun. ec1L nH sa a1o n xaana. opoune o1nouennn c
nporpeccnanmHn [?] Hec1nmHn anac1nHn packpmnn n packpmaak1 nH neckasanno
cnnkune nepcnek1nam pasan1nn. ec1L n xaana sa a1o Hec1nmH anac1nH...
c caHoro nauana sanannn, u1o on oprannsaunn nenonn1nueckan n nnkoro ao
aneune n any1penne nonn1nke npepc1aann1L ne naHepen. oc1a1ouno 1oro, u1o
po6pan nonoanna unenoa npesnpnyHa , 6naropapn sannHaeHoHy a ceropnnuneH
nc1a6nnuHen1e c1panm nonoxennk, amnyxpena po6pyk 1onnky apeHenn ypenn1L
nepnne1nnH poccncko n Hexpynapopno nonn1nkn... - cHecL kny6a n qonpa...
e ne1 okonononn1nuecko "1ycoakn, aecL cHmcn ko1opo kak pas n caopn1cn k
noppepxannk "1ycoakn nk6o ueno. c1L 6nsnecHenm, paaannm, npoqeccopa,
snaHenn1me cnop1cHenm n nsaec1nme pen1enn kynL1ypm, ap1nc1m n pexnccepm,
nnca1enn n xypnannc1m... ace 1e, koro a aape ne 6mno n ne Horno 6m1L... -
an1nnop aapa n a 1oH, u1o paccHa1pnaae1 1onLko konkpe1nme pec1aykune npoek1m
n npnnnHae1 a nnx yuac1ne 1onLko nocne npoxoxpennn xec1ko Hnoroc1ynenua1o
cnc1eHm npoaepkn, n a 1oH, u1o, a o1nnune o1 aapa, npoek1m npnnnHak1cn k
qnnancnpoaannk ne a a1Hocqepe aceo6ue 1anm, korpa o 1oH, kypa, kak n korpa
nopy1 cpepc1aa, snak1 paa-1pn uenoaeka, a rnacno...
orpa a1n "Hmcnn acnyx 6mnn nou1n sakonuenm, ns pnpekunn nepepann cnncok
npoek1oa, ko1opme 6ype1 paccHa1pnaa1L na cnepykueH sacepannn npesnpnyH
onrpecca. ou1n opnoapeHenno ppyro saonok noaepan o 1oH, u1o ncnonnn1enLnan
pnpekunn aapa pacnyuena na neonpepenennm cpok a "apHnnnc1pa1nanm o1nyck
6es coxpanennn copepxannn (. a1anoackn. a Hnnnnon!.. - " N 12/96).
423
" - a1o, c Hoe 1oukn spennn, nepexopnm nepnop a qopHnpoaannn eapecko
o6unnm occnn. aaepunncn nepnop ak1nanoc1n, ocnoamaaauecn na an1ysnasHe n
pnne1an1c1ae, n nac1ynnn nepnop 6onLunx, konkpe1nmx nporpaHH, nepnop
o6Lepnnennn poccnckoro eapec1aa, nn1ennek1yanLno, pennrnosno,
npoHmunenno n qnnancoao (1ak!).
1o1 npouecc, no HoeHy Hnennk, 1pe1n no snaunHoc1n a nc1opnn eapeckoro napopa
a c1one1nn. epam - o6Lepnnenne aHepnkancknx eapeea a nauane aeka, a1opo -
aosnnknoaenne rocypapc1aa spannL n cansannme c a1nH co6m1nn. pe1n - 1o, u1o
nponcxopn1 ceuac a occnn n c pyccknHn eapenHn sa py6exoH (. a1anoackn,
npesnpen1 nc1n1y1a nsyuennn spannn n nnxnero oc1oka. 6Lepnnenne - opnn ns
aaxneunx npoueccoa a naue nc1opnn. - " N 1/96).
Hnennn n xo1en 6m oc1anoan1Lcn oco6o. e spn aecLHa caepyun a
panno npo6neHe a1anoackn noc1aann cospanne aHepnkancko, nspannLcko n
poccncko eapecknx o6unn - a opnn pnp. eno a 1oH, u1o ecnn spannL - nk6nHoe,
xo1n xnnoe, 6onesnennoe n nopounoe pn1n eapec1aa, 1o aHepnkanckan eapeckan
o6unna - pn1n nan6onee 6narononyunoe, spopoaoe n uae1yuee. onqepenunn
npepcepa1ene kpynneunx eapecknx oprannsaun Hepnkn o6Lepnnne1 45 rpynn, a
o6uee konnuec1ao pykoaopn1ene aHepnkancknx eapecknx oprannsaun
npn6nnxae1cn k 800. Hepnka - 1o1 npean, paannncL na ko1opm, eapen naHepenm
c1pon1L n yxe c1pon1 caoe poccnckoe 6m1ne. c1ec1aennoe pnn nac uyac1ao
npespennn k a1o 6esnaunonanLno c1pane, o1opaanno o1 1papnun 1aporo ae1a,
norpnsue a npaaoaoH peHoxpnc1nanckoH npno1nsHe n nnmx cnc1eHnmx nopokax, pnn
nnx - pnko, kouync1aenno. Hu m
, m A (kak a cHmcne koHqop1noro n o6ecneuennoro
nonoxennn eapeea, 1ak n a cHmcne pykoaopc1aa c1pano) - nx saae1noe ynoaanne,
neyknonno ocyuec1anneHoe.
Henno noa1oHy nc1opnn aHepnkanckoro eapec1aa 6mna n oc1ae1cn pnn eapeea
o6Lek1oH npnc1anLnoro annHannn n nsyuennn. a1o nc1opnn, a ee nmneunnx n1orax
nuy1 onn anropn1H on1nHanLnoro noaepennn, HopenL on1nHanLnoro nonoxennn
aeue, 1exnonornk rapan1npoaanno no6epm. ce a1o pe1anLno packpmaae1cn,
nanpnHep, a knnre .. n1o6ypra "apen a Hepnke (., , 1996). e cnyuano
" noHec1nna na pannyk knnry o6unpnyk peuensnk, cneunanLno sakasannyk
kanpnpa1y nc1opnuecknx nayk, c1apueHy nayunoHy co1pypnnky nc1n1y1a a1nonornn n
an1pononornn , saHec1n1enk rnaanoro pepak1opa exeropnnka "acm n napopm
eHeny osnoay. ce, nopHeuennoe, ampenennoe nH, aocnpnnnHae1cn upesamuano
ak1yanLno, n6o nenocpepc1aenno o1nocn1cn k naue cn1yaunn. anpnHep:
"1 23-x eapeea, nonanaunxcn a 1654 ropy a oaoH Hc1eppaHe... po nou1n 6-
Hnnnnonno a konue aeka o6unnm, caHo 6onLuo a Hnpe n ao ace nc1opnn
eapeckoro a1noca, - 1akoam apeHennme n konnuec1aennme napaHe1pm 1o uac1n
a1oro a1noca, ko1opan nasmaae1cn "aHepnkanckne () eapen...
mxopum ns eapecknx o6unn pasnmx pernonoa Hnpa - o1 pasnnnn po occnn - a
"nnaannLnoH ko1ne Hepnkn noc1enenno o6pasoaann noayk a1nnueckyk o6unoc1L -
aHepnkanckoe eapec1ao ["noayk o6unoc1L?! a c keH xe onn cnnaannnncL?
ocnoanoH, c caHnHn co6o: 6pasnnLckne eapen c poccncknHn, 6pn1anckne - c
nonLcknHn n 1.p. mnn eapenHn n oc1anncL eapenHn. akan ao1 "nnaaka]...
1cy1c1ane, a o1nnune o1 ppyrnx nHHnrpan1cknx rpynn, opnen1aunn na c1pany
aHnrpaunn, c1ano 1akxe qak1opoH ne "pasHmaannn, a konconnpaunn nx kak rpynnm.
ck caok aHepnkanckyk nc1opnk eapenH npnxopnnocL (n npnxopn1cn) peua1L
pnneHHy: , "nu", nu n m
um , xu n (specL n panee ampeneno
Hno. - A.C.)... paam, pyHae1cn, 1e nccnepoaa1enn, ko1opme cun1ak1, u1o
424
nponcxopn1 ne c1onLko aposnn eapecko npen1nunoc1n, ckonLko 1pancqopHaunn
qopH ee ampaxennn. e pennrnn, ne nsmk n 1papnunn npepkoa onpepennk1 ee nmne
(pnn 6onLunnc1aa aHepnkancknx eapeea), no
() s, u
n , m u... 1aa
nn1erpanLno uac1Lk re1eporenno ceaepoaHepnkancko naunn, npnnna pnn ce6n
aHepnkanckyk kynL1ypy n ee uennoc1n, eapen coxpannk1 ce6n kak o6unoc1L, kak
a1nnueckyk rpynny. [1ckpa - coo1ae1c1aykune akuen1m n npnopn1e1m a
o6pasoaa1enLno nonn1nke kak no o1nouennk k ce6e, 1ak n no o1nouennk k pyccknH.
o, u1o pnn ce6n nHn nooupne1cn, pnn nac - 6noknpye1cn. o aepL naua-1o, pycckan
naunn, a o1nnune o1 aHepnkanuea, ne re1epo-, a roHorenna, npak1nueckn opnopopna!
o1, u1o onn acnueckn nm1ak1cn cnoHa1L, nsapa1n1L, o6onra1L, ao1 u1o nH Heuae1.]
nn nnx "xapak1epna aH6naanen1noc1L (paoc1aennoc1L) a1nnueckoro caHocosnannn,
1o ec1L "paonan npen1nunoc1L, aknkuakuan kak "eapeckn, 1ak n "aHepnkanckn
koHnonen1m. ak xopouo ckasan pennrneaep . ep6epr, "aHepnkanckn eape... cHor
y1aeppn1L caoe eapec1ao ne a c1opone, ne aonpekn caoeHy "aHepnkanc1ay, no
nHenno a cnny ero [!]...
pyro aaxnm n1or a1o nc1opnn - eapen a Hepnke npeycnenn. pak1nueckn ao
acex cqepax akonoHnkn n xnsnn onn nrpak1 aaxnyk ponL. Bm, x
, x u...
pnnH ns ocnoaann pnn... on1nHnsHa, kak n ouenL cyuec1aennmH qak1opoH,
o6ycnoanaunH ace 1o, o ueH una peuL amue, nanne1cn amcokn ypoaenL pasan1nn,
c1pyk1ypnpoaannoc1n eapecko o6unnm a , ak1nanoe qynkunonnpoaanne
6onLuoro uncna a1nnuecknx oprannsaun n nnc1n1y1oa na acex ypoannx n
aoaneuennoc1L a nnx nopaannkuero 6onLunnc1aa aHepnkancknx eapeea [1ouno no
a1o xe Hopenn nenn1cn eapeckan xnsnL a occnn] (. osnoa. n1epecnan knnra o6
aHepnkancknx eapenx. - " N 22/97).
n1an nopo6nme c1pokn, o1ue1nnao nonnHaeuL, ao u1o Hoxe1 npeapa1n1Lcn co
apeHeneH occnn, a kakoH nanpaanennn c1peHn1cn "pasanaa1L ee n c1onune sa
nnH cnnm. 1o ne 1onLko Hoe cy6Lek1nanoe Hnenne, nHee1cn npnsnanne ropaspo 6onee
penpesen1a1nanoe: "n6n e1anLnxy, npeHLep-Hnnnc1p spannn, 1ak pasouencn ao
apeHn nepaoro ansn1a a nocne no6epm na am6opax, u1o pepsko 6pocnn nnn1ony:
o6opeHcn n 6es noHoun , y nac 1enepL ec1L occnn! ak on cpesan nonm1ky
npesnpen1a ckoppek1npoaa1L nonn1nky spannn na nnxneH oc1oke. o e1anLnxy,
ns aennko occnn kak 6m nonyunncn aennkn spannL, n nnn1on c a1nH, kaxe1cn,
cornacnncn (. on1oackn. epes 1pn ropa occnn c1ane1 nac1onue Hepnko. -
"paapa-5 26.10.96). a ueH xe snxpe1cn c1onL pepskan yaepennoc1L nspannLckoro
npeHLep-Hnnnc1pa?
cospannn a eapeckan o6unna a occnn c1pyk1ypnpoaanacL nHenno 1ak,
kak o6 a1oH nanncano a nauane pa6o1m. o rnaae acex o6unn - ; ao rnaae a n
kaxpo o6unnm - kann1anm eapeckoro 6nsneca. pn nnx - coae1m akcnep1oa
"eapeckoro o6pasa xnsnn, qopHnpykune noHenkna1ypy nnnuna1na. nropn1H
cospannn eapeckoro Hnpa xopouo o6pncoaan ncnonnn1enLnm anue-npesnpen1
onrpecca eapecknx pennrnosnmx o6unn n oprannsaun occnn paaann nnnry
ccac. konue Hap1a 1997 ropa a ockae npoxopnn II cLesp a, na ko1opoH
npncy1c1aoaann camue copoka pykoaopn1ene o6unn (paaannoa n npepcepa1ene) -
1e caHme akc, ampa6a1maakune 1o1 caHm nrM. aa nnnry peskHnpoaan
n1orn cLespa 1ak: "pexpe acero, nop6op a kaxpo o6unne nepcnek1nanmx, a cHmcne
yHennn yun1Lcn n pa6o1a1L c nkpLHn, ak1nanc1oa. oc1apaeHcn nayun1L nx
Hac1epc1ay cospannn xnao o6unnm n ee qynkunonnpoaannn. o-a1opmx, c yue1oH
konkpe1nmx oco6ennoc1e kaxporo ropopa, noHoxeH ampa6o1a1L "c1anpap1m
eapecko xnsnn... auneH c yxe aosHoxnoro ceropnn n 6ypeH uenenanpaanenno n
nocnepoaa1enLno noamua1L ypoaenL "eapeckoc1n a xnsnn o6unnm. -1pe1Lnx,
425
ocnoam pnn co1pypnnuec1aa aynyna n ccaxapa [1.e. payx konen spannn, payx
renepaun: 1oproao-npepnpnnnHa1enLcko n eapecko yuenoc1n] napo cospaaa1L a
kaxpoH ropope (kpn c npeanaHn. - " N 10/97).
upexpenneH cospana, no cy1n, xec1kan aep1nkanL eapecko anac1n[13], ouenL
nanoHnnakuan n paxe a ueH-1o saHennkuan npncnonaHn1nyk nap1nnyk cnc1eHy
ynpaanennn - nap1okpa1nk. onLko aepyun n konconnpnpykun npnnunn panno
napanap1nnoc1n - ne counanLno-, a naunonanLno-nonn1nueckn; on npno6pe1ae1cn
ne cao6opnmH am6opoH, a poxpenneH n aocnn1anneH. ap1nnan npeonornn -
eapeckn naunonannsH - o1unnqoaana 1mcnuene1nnHn nonn1nuecko n pennrnosno
nc1opnn eapeea; ona anpo6npoaana npak1nko n nyxpae1cn ne a pasan1nn, a nnuL a
koncepaaunn, u1o o6neruae1 sapauy n o6ecneunaae1 c1a6nnLnoc1L. nap1nnan
pncunnnnna n o1ae1c1aennoc1L pepxa1cn ne na c1paxe nnunoro nakasannn, kak npn
, a na akonoHnueckoH npnnyxpennn: ecnn o6unna ne nopunnn1cn
"pekoHenpaunnH, ona npoc1o ne nonyun1 qnnancnpoaannn. onLko n acero. ("onLko
n acero!) ak roaapnaan Hyppm kanHmkoeape ennn, M M M kym,
cn yy nn a cc n... 1ak, ampaxancL
cnoaaHn ppyroro coae1ckoro pykoaopn1enn-kpoqnna, "uenn onpepenenm, ny1n
naHeuenm - sa pa6o1y, 1oaapnun!
npen coc1on1, koneuno, a cxeHe qnnancnpoaannn . xe ne
saHopckne eapen, "po6pme pnpn, onnaunaak1 nporpaHHm eapecko o6unnm, kak a1o
6mno npn oae1cko anac1n n no1oH po 1996 ropa. e1, 1enepL a1o 6peHn asnnn na
ce6n poccnckne eapen-6nsnecHenm. nnuno 6mn canpe1eneH 1oHy, kak
npepc1aan1enn aa1opn1e1nmx eapecknx o6uec1aennmx oprannsaun, o6xopn
eapecknx npepnpnnnHa1ene, co6npann c nnx nernacnm po6poaonLno-
npnnypn1enLnm "nanor na naunonanLnoc1L. 1e ne cnnukoH oxo1no, no nna1nnn.
nann, ao-nepamx, u1o ne sanna1n1L nenLsn: npeapa1n1 a nsroea, nepekpok1
kncnopop; a sanna1nuL - noppepxa1, noHory1 naxn1L koneeuky. ao-a1opmx,
nonnHann o6uyk saancnHoc1L n x -
u, n, - u.
o nosaonL1e cnpocn1L: a o1kypa y nnx aoo6ue a occnn asnnncL penLrn, aepL npn
coae1cko anac1n 6nsnec ne paspeuancn, a ceropnn ouenL Hano k1o ns eapeea
sannHae1cn nponsaopn1enLnmH 1pypoH? pe asnn caon Hnnnnonm ycnnckn - a
npounoH "Haccoank-sa1ennk? 1kypa kann1anm Honenckoro, nnkorpa po1one ne
sannHaauerocn 6ankoacknH penoH? s kaknx nc1ounnkoa asn1m 1e 60-70 npouen1oa
poccncknx qnnancoa, u1o ckonuen1pnpoaanm ceropnn a eapecknx pykax? a ace o1
nac, rony6unkn Hon, o1 o6nanouennoro nacenennn, na 85 npouen1oa pycckoro! akne
yx 1y1 cekpe1m...
C um m -
(6m1L Hoxe1, yxe n ne 1onLko). eH 6onLue panL - 1eH cnnLnee, kpenue
eapeckne oprannsaunn, 1eH amue pac1e1 nx annnnne, 1eH 6onLue saancnHoc1L o1 nnx
kpynno n Henko pyccko apHnnnc1paunn ("nporpeccnanmx Hec1nmx anac1e), 1eH
unpe akonoHnueckne n nonn1nueckne aosHoxnoc1n eapeckoro kann1ana. snaun1 -
1eH 6onLue 6ype1 noaan panL, co6pannan c nac. nnpanL pasan1nn npe1 no
aocxopnue. peapauenne pyccko occnn a eapeckyk Lk-Hepnky nponcxopn1 no
o1pa6o1anno a oaoH ae1e 1exnonornn sa nau xe, pycckn cue1: ao1 a ueH
nskHnnka!
nn xnay1 cpepn nac, co1pypnnuak1 c naHn no HnornH nanpaanennnH. ua1. eua1.
so6pe1ak1. 1pon1. opryk1. ak1 kpepn1m. nno naH ynm6ak1cn. k6n1
noroaopn1L o aeunoH, o qnnocoqnn nc1opnn.
o xaa1ka nx aecLHa, aecLHa xec1ka. ro nx - o1nkpL ne 6naro. 6peHn nx -
nenerko.
426
* * *
427
n q:
- axe cpepn pyccknx ac1peuak1cn nkpn, pnn ko1opmx Hepnka npepc1ae1 a kauec1ae
nekoero o6pasua, Heu1akune o npeo6pasoaannn occnn no ee nopo6nk. nn eapea xe
a1o - xnsnenno aaxnan npo6neHa. nepye1 nn naH n anpnHL posaonn1L eapenH
aHepnkannsaunk naue c1panm, naue xnsnn? a1oH nn nau nn1epec? au nn a
a1oH nn1epec?
- Q. H. (Hx nv.)
- C , m n u ?
- a. e1. (yxnoe nopuepkny1L.)
- X , u?
- Q. H. (Hx nv.)
2.2. EEHKR BRH 3MHXEHHR
eapeea a occnn? enpoc1o aonpoc.
opno c1oponm, apope 6m ace ncno: "apeckan o6unna 6mauero oksa...
npoponxae1 oc1aaa1Lcn 1pe1Le a Hnpe no aennunne. pecL npoxnaae1 6onee payx
Hnnnnonoa eapeea (ns nnx a occnn - 6onee Hnnnnona, a kpanne - okono 600 1mcnu,
a enapycn - okono 120 1mcnu)... (" N 13/96). o, nanpnHep, counonor
osannna maknna ykasmaae1, u1o eapeea a occnn k nauany 1996 r. oc1anocL 345
1mcnu (apen a noc1coae1cko occnn - k1o onn? - ., 1996. - . 5). anpnm
eapeckn ny6nnunc1 eonnp apsnxoackn a c1a1Le "apeckoe cuac1Le aepe1 cue1
no-ppyroHy: "s 150 Hnnnnonoa xn1ene occnn npnHepno 1mcnu 600 - eapen no
nacnop1y. ue camue Hnnnnona - "nonykpoakn. cnn po6aan1L unenoa nx ceHe, 1o
Hm nonyuaeH ne Henee 1pex Hnnnnonoa uenoaek, naxopnunxcn a "eapecko cqepe
("oaoe pycckoe cnoao 17.01.96). expy a1nHn pannmHn ec1L cyuec1aennme
pacxoxpennn, no 1ak nnn nnaue ec1L n o1nocn1enLnan onpepenenoc1L.
pnako, c ppyro c1oponm, na6nkpae1cn nn1epecnm qenoHen: "o pannmH nepenncn
1989 r. eapeckoe nacenenne oaocn6npcka coc1aannno 9000 uenoaek. 6une
peHorpaqnueckne npoueccm, cansannme co cnnxenneH poxpaeHoc1n, ec1ec1aennan
y6mnL, a 1akxe annnnne aHnrpaunn, kasanocL 6m, ponxnm 6mnn npnaec1n k
yHenLuennk eapeckoro nacenennn. pnako ero uncnennoc1L oc1ae1cn nensHenno,
nockonLky nonanaunecn a nocnepnne pecn1L ne1 aosHoxnoc1n npno6uennn k
naunonanLno kynL1ype amnannn ckpm1yk a npounoH uac1L eapeckoro nacenennn,
o6ecneuna cao6opnyk caHonpen1nqnkaunk a kon1ekc1e Hnpoamx nc1opnuecknx
npoueccoa (" N 15/97).
1o1 qenoHen na6nkpae1cn ne 1onLko a oaocn6npcke, no n a Hacu1a6ax acero
6mauero , rpe k HnnnnonaH popeaonkunonnoro eapec1aa po6aannncL a ropm
1opo Hnpoao aonm Hnorne co1nn 1mcnu, ecnn ne Hnnnnonm nonLcknx eapeea.
(cero a occncko nHnepnn, aHec1e c onLue, a 1897 ropy eapeea nacun1maanocL
nn1L Hnnnnonoa c ue1aep1Lk; k 1939 ropy ampocno eue paa nokonennn.) caoeH
6onLunnc1ae onn a 1o nnn nno Hepe pac1aopnnncL nnn HnHnkpnpoaann k 1980-H
ropaH. o a1ane HnHnkpne 1nro1nnncL n 1enepL amxopn1 napyxy nso acex uene,
peHonc1pnpyn xnayuec1L eapecko npen, eapecko na1ypm. apak1epen npnHep
428
koHnka asanoaa, ko1opm npn oae1cko anac1n acerpa nncancn oce1nnoH, no, kak
1onLko "c1ano Hoxno (n, ckaxeH npnHo, amropno), ao aecL ronoc saroaopnn o caoeH
eapec1ae.
n1naccnHnnnunn: ao1 uero Hm poxpanncL! op aospec1aneH uenenanpaanenno
aonn eapecknx aoxpe, c1nHynnpyeHm penexnmHn npeHnnHn, nouen ak1nanm
npouecc amnanennn na1en1noro eapec1aa, ero nepenpen1nqnkaunn n pepycnqnkaunn.
ak pac1aopennme a pesepayape uac1num He1anna, c1on1 1onLko cyny1L a pac1aop
ka1op n anop, naunnak1 c1eka1Lcn a opno Hec1o n o6pasyk1 unc1m roHorennm
cnn1ok. ecnn ne am1aun1L ns pac1aopa anek1popm (a paHkax panno He1aqopm -
n [14]), a1o1 npouecc nope1 po konua, noka pannm He1ann ne
aoccoepnnn1 ace caon Honekynm...
ecnn 6m 1onLko caon! apaaH ypr, npepcepa1enL npaanennn oxny1a, 1ouno
ampasnn opny ns yc1anoaok coapeHennoro eapec1aa: "pnnnHan ao annHanne
pac1yuyk accnHnnnunk eapeea ao aceH Hnpe, o11anknaanne naHn cHeuannmx ceHe n
"nonykpoaok n paspma Hexpy nnHn n aceH napopoH spannn c1ane1 1nxko oun6ko.
cnn unenm ceHLn eapen - ero pe1n, cynpyr - ro1oam npen1nqnunpoaa1L ce6n c
eapecknH napopoH, cansa1L c nnH caok cypL6y n npncoepnnn1Lcn k neHy, peuenne
npo6neHm neo6xopnHo ncka1L a o6neruennn npouecca rnkpa a1nx nkpe n nx
okonua1enLnoro npncoepnnennn k eapeckoHy napopy, a ne a xep1aoaannn orpoHno
uac1Lk eapeea pnacnopm (" N 12/96). ak a1o nn o6npno, npnxopn1cn nnorpa
konc1a1npoaa1L nypensaunk npepc1aan1ene nnmx a1nocoa 6mauero , a 1oH
uncne n pyccknx[15]. apapokc! anm napop accnHnnnpye1 6onLune... onn1no,
anpoueH, u1o a1o1 npouecc nHee1 rpannum n yxe ne c1onLko papye1, ckonLko
6ecnokon1 o6e c1oponm.
, 1ouno o1ae1n1L ceropnn, ckonLko xe a occnn eapeea, - neaosHoxno. o ec1L
penpesen1a1nanme pannme o eapecknx oprannsaunnx, nosaonnkune kocaenno cypn1L
o npepc1aanennoc1n eapeea a naue c1pane. asoaeH neko1opme nx nnx
am6opouno[16].
: , "aaa, xon1, aap, na pn1, e1ap, e1-nnenL,
oxny1, , , pryn nonn - n Hn. pp. "cero xe a occnn pec1ayk1 okono
nn1nco1 eapecknx o6Lepnnenn pasno nanpaanennoc1n - Honopexnmx, xencknx,
cnop1nanmx, pennrnosnmx n 1.p. (apen o6Lepnnnk1cn. - "ycckn 1enerpaq
30.09.97).
npounoH ropy cospano noaoe snaun1enLnoe o6Lepnnenne - apeckan naunonanLno-
kynL1ypnan aa1onoHnn "apeckan o6unna occnn (). peHn ee
conpepcepa1ennHn ns6panm rnaanm paaann occnn ponLq aeanu, ncnonnn1enLnm
anue-npesnpen1 nekcanpp coauoa n npesnpen1 epepaunn eapecknx
oprannsaun n o6unn - aap - nxann nenoa (aap cHnpnncn, npnHnpnncn c oH
- n ponyuen a "conH). upepn1ennHn noaoro o6Lepnnennn c1ann aoceHL
pernonanLnmx eapecknx naunonanLno-kynL1ypnmx aa1onoHn - ockam, a6appnno-
ankapnn, aeppnoacko, epHcko, oc1oacko, oc1poHcko, ensencko n
oaocn6npcko o6nac1e. ncno pernonanLnmx 6mc1po pac1e1.
M: apeckn nayunm uen1p , spannLckn knnokny6 a ysee knno na
pacno pecne, apeckan akapeHnn nH. aHonnpa, nc1n1y1 nsyuennn spannn n
nnxnero oc1oka, nn1L cnnaror, 6naro1aopn1enLnm uen1p ", npHapka
1pypoyc1poc1aa, pe1ckne nopHockoanme narepn "pnc1ann, "enpeneeao n
"yuknno, ynLnanm - "nnepe1 n ppyrne, Honopexnm kny6 "nnenL,
"onokoc1, kny6 "oauer, kona koncepaa1nanoro nypansHa n pp.
rx (ne cun1an o6unn): - Axu: apeckn poH, o6Lepnnnkun
o6unnnme oprannsaunn, apeckn nek1opn; - B: n1ackn uen1p
429
eapecko kynL1ypm, eapeckan ukona, Honopexnm kny6; - Bn: aockpecnan
eapeckan ukona, Honopexnm kny6, 6naro1aopn1enLnan oprannsaunn "ecep nkaa,
kny6 snakoHc1a; - Ku: aokanLnm kaap1e1 "exanH, 1anueaanLnm ancaH6nL
"nHxa. ce oprannsaunn ropopa peunnn o6Lepnnn1Lcn, ns6pan coae1 o6Lepnnenno
o6unnm - nop arnpo ; - K: eapeckoe kynL1ypno-npocae1n1enLnoe
o6uec1ao "eHeu, kny6 "aane; - K: 6uec1ao eapecko kynL1ypm,
cnyx6a Hnnoceppnn "ecep (o1 xon1a), Honopexnm kny6; - Km: 6uec1ao
eapecko kynL1ypm "c1peua, Honopexnm kny6; - K: kny6 "enenm ua,
accounaunn eapeea-nnaannpoa "aapo1-acaap, o6nac1nan ; - K:
6uec1ao eapecko kynL1ypm "anoH; - Hu: " o6unnno xnsnn naHe1nnacL
1enpenunn k konconnpaunn: k ropcknH eapenH a nocnepnee apeHn no1nnynncL
"aukenasnckne. 1oHy cnoco6c1aye1 pec1aennan pa6o1a 6naro1aopn1enLnoro
uen1pa "acep... noncnpye1 pa6o1y 6naro1aopn1enLnoro uen1pa a anLunke xon1
(" N 1/97); - H H: 6naro1aopn1enLnm qonp "ecep apa,
qnnnan , 1kpm1m eapeckn ynnaepcn1e1; - H: 6uec1ao
eapecko kynL1ypm; - H: 6naro1aopn1enLnm qonp "c1ep,
ernonanLnan , o1penenne oxny1a, spannLckn nnqopHaunonno-kynL1ypnm
uen1p; - O: eapeckn kynL1ypnm uen1p "oqap o6Lepnnne1 ace eapeckne
oprannsaunn ropopa: eapeckyk aockpecnyk ukony, xenckyk oprannsaunk "euep,
Honopexnm uen1p; - O: en1p eapecko kynL1ypm, Honopexnm 1ea1p,
caon rase1a a anpe aknapmua a o6nac1no (!) rase1e; - Hu: epHckan
HynnunnanLnan o6unna, "6uec1ao nporpeccnanoro nypansHa, cnop1kny6 "akka6n,
"p-spa, apeckn kynL1ypnm uen1p "enopa. prannsyk1 epHckyk eapeckyk
kynL1ypnyk aa1onoHnk; - C: ropopckan , 6naro1aopn1enLnan
oprannsaunn "ecep (o1 xon1a), eapeckan ukona, kny6 eapeckoro knno; -
C: a apeckoH o6uec1aenno-kynL1ypnoH uen1pe ycneuno pa6o1ak1
aockpecnan ukona, o1penenne oxny1a, o1penenne Honopexnoro "e1 nnenL,
Honopexnm kny6 oxny1a, 6naro1aopn1enLnm qonp "ecep knaa; - T:
6uec1ao eapecko kynL1ypm "exa-nH, Honopexnm kny6, aockpecnan eapeckan
ukona, eapeckan o6unna ropopa. 1 ropopcknx anac1e nonyueno noHeuenne pnn
eapecko 6n6nno1ekn; - Yun: kynL1ypno-npocae1n1enLnoe o6uec1ao
"anoH; - X: cae1ckan pe1ckan aockpecnan ukona. nnancnpoaanne
o6unnno xnsnn ocyuec1anne1cn xon1oH n Hec1nmHn 6naro1aopn1ennHn -
na6npae1 cnny pernonanLnoe o1penenne ; - Ru: 6naro1aopn1enLnm
uen1p "ecep axenL, npn neH - kny6 noxnnmx nkpe, anpeokny6, uaxHa1nm kny6,
xop "oeH na npnu, kpyxok naunonanLno eapecko kyxnn, Honopexnm kny6,
pe1ckan aockpecnan ukona, 6n6nno1eka, cnnarora, yse nc1opnn eapecko o6unnm
pocnaann.
muenpnaepennan am6opka nosaonne1 npepc1aan1L ce6e, nackonLko ak1nanan,
oxnanennan eapeckan pen1enLnoc1L aepe1cn a pyccknx ropopax, nesaancnHo o1
pasHepa o6unnm (k npnHepy, a a6apoacke - 12 1mc. eapeea, a a oc1poHe - acero
700; a 650-1mcnunoH pocnaane - acero 2,5 1mc. eapeea, 1.e. 0,38% nacenennn, - a
uyHy!).
pak1nueckn a kaxpoH noHepe " npe1 nnqopHaunn o Hnorouncnennmx
Heponpnn1nnx pasnnunmx eapecknx oprannsaun. ce Heponpnn1nn - c
naunonanLno eapecko cneunqnko, ace nanpaanenm na aockpeuenne n
sakpennenne eapecknx 1papnun. a aoaneuenne a kpyr caoero napopa, a caoe
"c1apo ace noamx "sa6nypunx oaeu oHa spanneaa - n paxe nposenn1oa.
nanpaanenne ace a1o pen1enLnoc1n a1o cnc1eHa eapeckoro o6pasoaannn.
Henno specL - a ppeaneH (n noaoH!) eapeckoH nsmke napn1e, a eapecko nc1opnn,
naHep1ao cnnaanenno c eapecko pennrne - kpoe1cn caHm aaxnm knku k
aoccospannk eapecko npen1nunoc1n, caHm ocnoano HexannsH ee aocnn1annn.
Henno oco6an cnc1eHa o6pasoaannn ec1L "kysnnua eapecknx kappoa.
430
m snae1e, un1a1enL, kak penak1 eapeeH? 1nkpL ne a penL o6pesannn Hnapenua -
aepL ero cosnanne eue cnn1 n ne npnnnHae1 yuac1nn a nponcxopnueH. e1: a 1pn
ropnka, korpa HanenLkoe cyuec1ao yxe naunnae1 cosnaaa1L ce6n uenoaekoH, na penL
poxpennn k HanLunky a roc1n npnxopn1 ace popc1aennnkn, ace caHme yaaxaeHme
snakoHme ceHLn, npnxopn1 paaann. 1opxec1aenno o6c1anoake npoaopn1cn pn1yan
oco6o nepao c1pnxkn pe1cknx aonoc. a1o1 penL pe6enky anepame o6Lncnnk1, u1o
on - eape (no1oH a1o npoponxak1 o6Lncnn1L ack xnsnL). a a1o1 xe penL c nnH
naunnak1 pasyunaa1L eapeckn anqaan1, c1onL nenoxoxn na ppyrne. 1nmne n
naacerpa eapeckan nayka, eapeckan oco6an Hen1anLnoc1L n eapeckoe
caHoouyuenne nnunoc1n o6pe1ak1 nepaspmanyk cansL.
pnaepy napy npnHepoa, nopuepknaakune 1o ncknkun1enLnoe snauenne, ko1opoe
eapen npnpak1 cnc1eHe naunonanLnoro o6pasoaannn.
" ockae ceropnn ycneuno pa6o1ak1 ceHL naunonanLnmx eapecknx ukon. kaxpo
ukone, 6ypL ona cae1ckan nnn c pennrnosnmH yknonoH, rocypapc1aennan nnn uac1nan,
pe1n nsyuak1 napn1. o6nkpak1 aekoayk 1papnunk caoero napopa - ua6a1. osnak1
opy. opxec1aenno o1Heuak1 naHn1nme pa1m n npaspnnkn...
e1n specL ace "caon - "apoc1ak1 ns caoero xe pe1ckoro capnka "an aHa...
pna ns 1papnun ukonm ypaackoro - unpoko o1Heua1L nk6me naHn1nme pa1m
caoero napopa...
ue6a a pennrnosno eapecko cpepe cospae1 ynnkanLnyk a1Hocqepy
asanHononnHannn (.oqHan. 1 cen1n6pn! - " N 21/97).
"ockaa. eHopnanLnm qonp eapecko kynL1ypm npn yuac1nn nnnc1epc1aa
o6pasoaannn spannn n spannLckoro qonpa kynL1ypm n npocaeuennn a pnacnope
oprannsoaann n npoaenn a pnn aecennnx ukonLnmx kannkyn ceHnnap pnpek1opoa
eapecknx ukon n c1pan an1nn. eHnnap npoxopnn a noHeuennn Hockoacko
eapecko ukonm N 1311. a ceHnnape npncy1c1aoaann 1pnpua1L ceHL
pykoaopn1ene o6ueo6pasoaa1enLnmx eapecknx ukon ns nukeka, yxapm,
nnLnkca, n1oHnpa, anopoxLn, nenpone1poacka, oneuka, Laoaa, neaa,
nueneaa, nncka, ockam, peccm, n1nropcka, oc1oaa, aHapm, ank1-
e1ep6ypra, annnna, apLkoaa, epcona... pa6o1e ceHnnapa npnnnnn yuac1ne
saHec1n1enL Hnnnc1pa o6pasoaannn occnn nekcanpp cHonoa, coae1nnk noconLc1aa
spannn a occnn pLe e11ep, pa6o1nnkn Hnnnc1epc1aa o6pasoaannn spannn,
npepc1aan1enn poccncknx n sapy6exnmx eapecknx oprannsaun... ayuno-
npocae1n1enLnm uen1p "onokoc1 npepc1aann paspa6o1annyk nporpaHHy c
He1opnuecknHn c6opnnkaHn pnn npenopaaannn qakynL1a1nanoro kypca "onokoc1
(" N 7/97).
"epam amnyck qakynL1e1a nypankn ockoackoro o1penennn ypo onnepxa 6mn
o1Heuen 1opxec1aenno uepeHonne a ockoacko xopanLno cnnarore... ypo
onnepx - uen1p amcuero eapeckoro o6pasoaannn a ockae... pesnpen1
napnHnp ycnnckn [1onLko u1o nasnauennm "enoaekoH ropa-96 sa
"snaun1enLnm aknap a pasan1ne eapecko pennrnosno, o6uec1aenno n
kynL1ypno xnsnn a occnn] ckasan: "1o1 rop 6mn pnn nac coaepuenno noamH ropoH
- 6mn cospan , ko1opm c1aan1 nepep co6o uenLk ne npoc1o aocc1anoan1L, no
aoccospa1L eapeckyk xnsnL specL (" N 1/97).
a ceropnnunn penL a ockae - yxe ne ceHL, a pecn1L eapecknx ukon. ( 1onLko
1pn "pyccknx ukonm - c yrny6nennmH nsyuenneH pycckoro nsmka, pyccko nc1opnn n
kynL1ypm. o1nnune o1 eapecknx, na6op a pycckne ukonm ocyuec1anne1cn no
1eppn1opnanLnoHy, a ne no naunonanLnoHy npnsnaky: a nnx ne Hoxe1 nonac1L
xenakun a1oro pycckn pe6enok ns ppyroro paona, sa1o yua1cn pe1n nepyccknx
431
popn1ene. penopak1 ne 1onLko pycckne yun1enn. e o kako npeeHc1aennoc1n o1
"pyccknx pe1cknx capnkoa, paano kak n o caHnx 1aknx capnkax ne1 peun. ,
pasyHee1cn, nnkaknH "pyccknH naunonannsHoH - 1o ec1L, akuen1npoaanno pyccko
npen1nunoc1Lk - 1y1 ne naxne1.)
ypn no qnnancoamH o1ue1aH , ocnoanme cpepc1aa onrpecca yxopn1 nHenno na
cnc1eHy eapeckoro o6pasoaannn (45%), oc1anLnoe - na 6naro1aopn1enLnoc1L (okono
30%), na cnnarory (20%) n np. CcM c k, ona
peHonc1pnpye1 nekone6nHme, aekaHn cnoxnaunecn, anpo6npoaannme n ocosnannme
npnnunnm naunonanLno perenepaunn.
porpaHHa oxny1a pnn , npnnn1an a qeapane 1990 ropa, eue cnnLnee
nopuepknaae1 aaxnoc1L o6pasoaa1enLno pen1enLnoc1n pnn eapeea: ns 4.439.000
ponnapoa na o6pasoaanne n oprannsaunk kappoa o1aopn1cn 3.584.000, 1.e. 80,7%, a
1o apeHn, kak na nyxpm annn, a6cop6unn - 170.000, 1.e. acero 3,8% (epec1poka n
eapeckn aonpoc. - mn. 4, c. 56-81. - ., , 1991).
esynL1a1? norne co1nn 1mcnu eapeea noknnynn seHnn 6mauero , no ao1 uypo:
nn uncnennoc1L, nn annnnne nx specL ne y6aanne1cn. noHnny1m apsnxoackn a 1o
xe c1a1Le nnue1: "apen ceropnn a occnn, nocne 20 ne1 nenpepmano aHnrpaunn
Honopmx n caHmx aneprnunmx ns nnx, okasanncL cnnLnee, ueH 20 ne1 nasap.
(anpaunaae1cn o6pas 1o caHo rnppm, ne npaapa nn?)
pnnnHaeHme nHn ceropnn Hepm, a oco6ennoc1n nocnune kynL1ypno-
npocae1n1enLckn xapak1ep, aepy1 k 1oHy, u1o uepes noame 20 ne1 eapen Hory1 c1a1L
eue ao Hnoro pas cnnLnee. apeckan "1a6nnua yHnoxennn 1ak xe opnrnnanLna n
pec1aenna, kak n eapeckn anqaan1.
* * *
n q:
- H , , - un ? K , nu
m n n ?
- Q. H. (Hx nv.)
3. EEHKM MEUERBE
HHKYK HRHHKY
1pana nop 6peHeneH o6np,
op nroH narnoro nacnnLn,
ak anren, onyckae1 kpmnLn,
ak xenunna, 1epne1 c1mp.
nekcanpp nok
, eapen ne 1onLko ne co6npak1cn oc1aann1L occnk, kak nekorpa epHannk n
onLuy, no co6npak1cn specL xn1L, nnopn1Lcn n pasHnoxa1Lcn, npeyHnoxa1L cnnm
caoe o6unnm, opnoapeHenno nec1yn co6c1aennyk naunonanLnyk oco6oc1L, caok,
ecnn 1ak Hoxno ampasn1Lcn, "eapeckoc1L.
432
enLsn sa6maa1L o 1oH, u1o - ec1L c1pyk1ypnoe noppaspenenne ceHnpnoro
eapeckoro konrpecca (), cansano c nnH epnno nonn1nuecko c1pa1erne.
eue a 1987 ropy na ceccnn ncnonkoHa a ypaneu1e npnnnn peuenne o6
ncnonLsoaannn 1enpenunn k aospoxpennn eapecko kynL1ypm a kauec1ae qak1opa,
cnoco6noro o6nerun1L cospanne a nesaancnHoro eapeckoro panxennn,
nonnHan nop a1nH cnc1eHy eapecknx oprannsaun, pa6o1akunx nop kon1poneH
(epec1poka n eapeckn aonpoc. - , 1989. - mn. 1, c.23).
aneko anepep rnnpn1 c1pa1ern.
osnnkae1 a a1o cansn aaxnm aonpoc: cosna1enLno nn c1peHn1cn poccnckoe
eapec1ao ace a uenoH k aospec1ank na aneunkk n any1pennkk nonn1nky c1panm?
a, necoHnenno. a1o yxe o1HeuanocL nccnepoaa1ennHn: nc1opnn nsaec1en onm1
pnn1enLnoro cyuec1aoaannn eapeckoro rocypapc1aa a rocypapc1ae: a1o
ue1mpex seHenL a onLue (cepepnna XV aeka - 1764 r.). o a1oHy o6pasuy n
ceropnn, nanpnHep, napopnm peny1a1 . konLnnk npepnarae1 cospa1L u1o-1o
apope eapeckoro npaan1enLc1aa, kakoe-1o qepepa1nanoe pykoaopc1ao, Hoxe1 6m1L,
kooppnnaunonnm oae1 kako-1o, ko1opm 6m peuan ace npo6neHm coae1cknx
eapeea. mcnL a1a . konLnnky ouenL nonk6nnacL, n na a1opoH cLespe a on
ynpekan a1y oprannsaunk sa 1o, u1o ona eue ne c1ana caoeo6pasnmH eapecknH
npaan1enLc1aoH c1panm (. oxpec1aenckn. ae c1oponm opno Hepann? -
epec1poka n eapeckn aonpoc. - mn. 4, c. 129-130. - ., , 1991).
1ex nop Heu1m nappena ao HnoroH aonno1nnncL; k npnHepy, pec1aye1 o1penLnm
eapeckn cyp (ppeaneuee n aaxneuee eapeckoe yc1anoanenne, pe-qak1o
amaopnuee eapeea ns kpncpnkunn c1panm npoxnaannn). y, a ponL eapeckoro
npaan1enLc1aa, c1ponuero eapeckoe rocypapc1ao a rocypapc1ae n aospec1aykuero
na aneunkk n any1pennkk nonn1nky occnn, ponL, c ko1opo ne cnpaanncn aap,
asnn na ce6n , kak 6m nopo on nn o1kpeunaancn o1 a1oro.
1 non6pn 1996 ropa coc1onnocL sacepanne oHn1e1a no kynL1ype . a neH
paccHa1pnaanncL pasnme npoek1m, a 1oH uncne "qnnancnpoaanne nccnepoaannn
"cnoanme nn1epecm, yc1anoakn n oxnpannn nnu eapecko naunonanLnoc1n a occnn
a ycnoannx peqopH, npepc1aanennm npoqeccopoH . oueannkoH (" N 22/96).
pnp nn Hm korpa-nn6ypL nonyunH aosHoxnoc1L c nnH osnakoHn1Lcn, ao acnkoH
cnyuae 6onLue o6 a1oH nccnepoaannn n nnrpe ne un1an nn cnoaa. o a1o ne snaun1,
u1o ero ne1: ckopee acero, on npoc1o sacekpeuen. cnoano nn1epec pannoro
coo6uennn coc1on1 nHenno a npnsnannn, u1o 1akoro popa nccnepoaannn aepy1cn n
qnnancnpyk1cn. o1n nnk1o a a1oH n npexpe ne coHneaancn.
s yxe un1npoaannoro nn1epaLk . ponnpnoro c ncnonnn1enLnmH anue-npesnpen1oH
. coauoamH:
"- c nepaoro pnn npopeknapnpoaan, u1o nonn1nko sannHa1Lcn ne 6ype1. o a 1o
xe apeHn o1 nero, 6esycnoano, xpy1 saun1m nn1epecoa eapeckoro HenLunnc1aa,
cospannn, ckaxeH 1ak, eapeckoro no66n. epe1cn nn pa6o1a a a1oH nanpaanennn?
- 6m coaepuenno ne nasaan a1o no66n, aepL u u,
, nn (ampeneno Hno. - A.C.). no66n, npn aceH 1oH,
u1o n nn a koeH cnyuae ne ynopo6nnk no66n Haqnn, - a1o coaepuenno ne opno n 1o
xe, no no66n - a1o c1pyk1ypa sakpm1oro annnnnn, kopnpopnoro, kynyapnoro. m xe
xo1nH ppyroro.
upepn1enL " . onennonLckn - npnsnannm Hac1ep 6nec1nunx o6o6uenn n
1ounmx qopHynnpoaok. o aosrnaanneHm nH koHnnekc eapecknx nspann
qnnancnpye1cn ne 1onLko sa a1o. " npeanLno ampaxae1 "renepanLnyk nnnnk
. oa1oHy c1on1 npncnyua1Lcn k cnoaaH onennonLckoro: "n1epecm
433
naunonanLnmx HenLunnc1a na nonn1nueckoH ypoane ne npepc1aanenm n ne
saunuenm: a napnaHen1e y nac ne1 ana1m naunonanLnoc1e, xo1n 6m o6napakue
npaaoH ae1o na 1e peuennn epepanLnoro o6pannn, ko1opme kacak1cn nn1epecoa
naunonanLnmx HenLunnc1a. a nepayk ouepepL, kak n yxe nncan neopnokpa1no..,
peuL npe1 o ne-1n1ynLnmx napopax naue c1panm, ko1opmx no uncnennoc1n y nac rpe-
1o nopnpka 30 Hnn. [rpe a1o on c1onLko nauen, ecnn opnnx 1onLko pyccknx, nHenno
1n1ynLno pnn ace occnn naunn, y nac 120 Hnn..? aepL eue ec1L nky1m a ky1nn,
1a1apm - a a1apnn n 1.p. peyaennunaae1, u1o6m sanyra1L?], u1o a nepeaope na nsmk
anek1opa1a paano, aepon1no, 8-10 Hnn. ronocoa, a c 1aknH anek1opa1oH, ecnn on
oprannsoaan, yxe ne uy1n1...
onxna nn... eapeckan o6unna, kak n nk6an ppyran a1nnueckan rpynna,
qopHnpoaa1L nonn1nueckyk opnen1aunk caonx unenoa? a Ho asrnnp, ponxna (.
onennonLckn. apeckan o6unna n nonn1nka. - " N 9/96).
1ak, ypoaenL eapecknx npe1ensn, kak n anropn1H nx ocyuec1anennn, - nonn1en.
qopHynnpoaa1L eapeckne uannnn; pacnponaranpnpoaa1L a1n qopHynnpoakn a caoe
cpepe; cpena1L nx aceo6unHn; nocpepc1aoH o1kpm1mx nonn1nuecknx c1pyk1yp
(sakpm1mx 1oxe: ny6nnunm o1kas o1 kynyapnoro annnnnn ne kaxe1cn Hne
y6epn1enLnmH), 1ako, kak nnn rnno1e1nueckan ana1a aunonanLnoc1e,
no66npoaa1L n npoaopn1L nx a xnsnL.
akan HopenL noaepennn eapeea - ne noaa pnn occnn. onaep1aunn pener ao anac1L
n annnnne (n o6pa1no) ocaoena nHn c nesanaHn1nmx apeHen. o1 npnHep: asenL
aapnnnoanu nnu6ypr (1812-1878). " 1840-x ropax npounoro aeka c1an anpnmH
o1kynunkoH. 1859 r. ocnoaan a 6 opnn ns kpynneunx a occnn 6ankoa, anec
snaun1enLnm aknap a pasan1ne kpepn1noro qnnancnpoaannn a c1pane. y6cnpnpoaan
c1pon1enLc1ao xenesnmx popor, po6muy sono1a na pane, n1ae n a a6akanLe...
naropapn caonH cansnH, nnu6ypr po6nncn ypaanennn eapeea c oc1anLnmH
nacenenneH a o1nouennn aonncko noannnoc1n n npaaa noc1onnnoro xn1enLc1aa ane
uep1m ocepnoc1n onpepenennmH ka1eropnnH eapeea (koHHepcan1aH, kynuaH,
peHecnennnkaH, peHo6nnnsoaannmH conpa1aH). o nnnuna1nae asenn nnu6ypra
uapckoe npaan1enLc1ao paspeunno noc1pon1L nepayk cnnarory a e1ep6ypre,
eapeckyk o6unny ko1oporo nnu6ypr aosrnaannn (" N 1/96). 1o npnHep
paneko ne epnnnunm: k1o ne snae1 snaHenn1mx eapecknx 6oraue, annnaunx na
nonn1nueckn knnHa1 occnn, 1aknx, kak c1pon1enL xenesnmx popor aHynn onnkoa,
6anknp 6apon 1nrnnu, sono1onpoHmunennnk "n1Lka y6nnu1en! o annnnnn
eapecknx xen, nk6oannu n noppyr na pyccknx nonn1nkoa Hoxno knnry nannca1L...
o peno ne a 1oH. apen annnk1 na pycckyk nonn1nky? y n u1o?! Hoxe1 6m1L,
eapeckne 1pe6oaannn k pyccko xnsnn ne copepxa1 a ce6e nnuero pnn nac onacnoro,
apepnoro? oxe1 6m1L onn, no 6onLuoHy cue1y, coanapak1 c naunHn? oxe1 6m1L,
ne1 nnuero c1paunoro a 1oH, u1o6m kpon1L nauy xnsnL no eapeckoHy nonn1nueckoHy
nekany? oxe1 6m1L, onn naH po6pa xo1n1? oxe1 6m1L, cnepyn nx nac1onnnnH, nx
nayuennnH, Hm nnuL ynyuunH, ykpacnH nauy y6oryk pycckyk xnsnL?
1o x, paapua1m aek pan npepoc1a1ouno Ha1epnana, u1o6m o1ae1n1L na a1n aonpocm.
srnnneH anauane na naue ceropnn.
3.1. 3 QHHY, 3 ERBHH!
c un1a1m ns nepepoanum " - c1a1Ln "1o6m cnac1n nkpe, ko1opyk
coaceH nepaano nanncan ankpep onennonLckn: "pnn ns naunx 1enekananoa
nepaano npoaen onpoc spn1ene c 1eH, u1o6m ysna1L nx Hnenne o 1oH, korpa a occnn
434
nac1ynn1 c1a6nnnsaunn nnn u1o-1o a a1oH pope. aHmH c1paunmH 6mno 1o, u1o na
sapannm aonpoc ouenL 6onLuo npouen1 pecnonpen1oa o1ae1nn: "nnkorpa...
1papae1 orpoHnoe 6onLunnc1ao Hanoo6ecneuennmx nnn aoace neo6ecneuennmx
naunx corpaxpan. nn Henn nnuno peuenne aonpoca opnosnauno n o1nkpL ne noao.
uennx saun1m rpaxpan occnn a nepnop napanrakuecn 1nxeno snHm neo6xopnHo
aaec1n kap1ounyk cnc1eHy na npopyk1m nepao neo6xopnHoc1n (" N 37/98).
a 1o xe c1pannue rase1m, uy1L nnxe, - c1a1Ln "pnnc1aennan napexpa -
cuac1nnam cnyua 6mauero akonoHnueckoro o6ospeaa1enn "saec1n, nmne
rnaanoro pepak1opa rase1m "eropnn nxanna eprepa: "aHmH nenpnn1nmH n1oroH
nmneunero kpnsnca nanne1cn 1o, u1o a ouenL kopo1koe apeHn 6mnn qak1nueckn
nnkanpnpoaanm ace pesynL1a1m akonoHnuecknx peqopH. caHoe o6npnoe, u1o
nnkanpnpoaanm onn ne koHHynnc1aHn, ne aparaHn pmnounoro pasan1nn o6uec1aa, a
caHnHn peHokpa1aHn. a1oH n saknkuae1cn napapokc nponcuepunx co6m1n. Henn
1akoe ouyuenne, u1o a roc1n ko Hne npnunn ppysLn, naroaopnnn xopounx cnoa, a
korpa yunn, amncnnnocL, u1o a kaap1npe nponann aeun. (a a1o Hoxno aospasn1L
sna1noHy nn6epan-peHokpa1nueckoHy xypnannc1y, eue auepa npncnxnoHy saun1nnky
peqopH, 1onLko opno: "pysLn nc1nnno 6mnn aaun, no aeun-1o - naun...)
eropnn ne1-ne1, pa npnxopn1cn un1a1L y eapeea paxe rneanme nnaek1nam a appec
npesnpen1a. eapeckne 1enekananm - , , -6 - npnHo-1akn po nenpnnnunn
c1ann nspeaa1Lcn nap y6ornH 1aeppono6mH c1apnkoH.
Hexpy 1eH, a pec1an1enLnoc1n kpnsnc ne 1onLko ne "nnkanpnpoaan pesynL1a1m
peqopH, a nanpo1na, npepLnann nx Hnpy, o6napopoaan ack nx nc1nnnyk ueny - n ne
6onee 1oro. e caHme kap1oukn, ko1opme eue a 1991 ropy npepnaran aaec1n aapnnn
onoa, ko1opme 6mnn nspeaa1enLckn amcHennm peqopHa1opaHn (c 1ex nop ace a1n
ropm naH 1aeppn1, u1o rnaanan sacnyra peqopH nHenno a 1oH, u1o nac cnacnn o1
kap1ouek, un1a - o1 6onLueansHa), ceropnn anoaL npnsnak1cn sa nkopL cnacennn
occnn. npax peHokpa1nueckoro 6naropenc1ann, ko1opmH naH "o1aopnnn rnasa
c1onLko ne1, nonnyn. "onnme npnnaakn - rnaanm enLunnckn kosmpL - okasanncL
onnauenm 6ypyunH acero nauero napopa, npopannoro a ponroaoe pa6c1ao. oae1ckn
ckpoHnm, no rapan1npoaannm kycok xne6a naH o6Hennnn na nonnyk nnue1y n
neyaepennoc1L a saa1pauneH pne. npoueH, noxany, pnn 6onLunnc1aa a1o nHenno
yaepennoc1L: saa1pa 6ype1 xyxe, ueH ceropnn.
aueH xe nponsounn ace a1n ropm Haccoamx xep1a n necnmxannoro pasopennn
c1panm? oro ponxnm 6naropapn1L pecn1kn Hnnnnonoa c1apnkoa, ue aonnckn n
1pypoao nopanr, uLn n1orn xnsnn nopaeprnncL nacnnLc1aennoHy o6ecuennaannk? o
nHn uero n koro pycckn napop o1kasancn o1 Hnnnnonoa 1ak n ne poxpennmx pe1e?
1o amrnan ns popnoro poHa n sac1aann ncka1L cuac1Ln na uyx6nne pecn1kn 1mcnu
pyccknx yuenmx? a u1o n sa koro o1pann caon xnsnn, nokonuna c co6o, 1mcnun
pyccknx oqnuepoa?
noueHy a 1996 ropy, korpa yxe n 1ak aceH ace 6mno ncno, "peHokpa1nueckne ,
a ocnoanoH npnnapnexaune eapenH, npnsmaann ronocoaa1L ceppueH sa 6esyHnm,
y6naakun nac pexnH, aHec1o 1oro, u1o6m nk6o ueno cknny1L ero?! 1o annoaa1 a
1oH, u1o pyuepaspnpakuan aronnn poccnckoro rocypapc1aennoro oprannsHa ace
pnn1cn n pnn1cn?! cuepnmaakuero o1ae1a na a1n aonpocm y Henn ne1, no koe-u1o
nosaonk ce6e npopeHonc1pnpoaa1L.
eapen amnyxpenm kpn1nkoaa1L pexnH nLunna n npnsnaaa1L ero
caepxoueanpnoe 1o1anLnoe 6ankpo1c1ao - akonoHnueckoe, nonn1nueckoe n HopanLnoe.
naue nx npoc1o ne noHy1 paxe caon.
o coaceH no-nnoHy aenn onn ce6n eue nepaano - a pasrap npesnpen1cko kaHnannn
1996 ropa. asae koHy-1o 6mno 1orpa eue nencno, u1o co6o npepc1aanne1 ce
435
Hyxnkoaa1m rocnopnn, cHecL pepeaenckoro caHopypa n o6koHoackoro unnoppana? e
pyHak: u1o6m ne nonnHa1L a1oro, napo caHoHy 6m1L npno1oH, a eapen - ne npno1m.
1eH ne Henee...
o1 napouka noHepoa " (rnaano rase1m poccncknx eapeea) 1oro apeHenn (N N
10-11/96), rpe a pasrap ns6npa1enLno kaHnannn 6mna noHeuena nop6opka
Ha1epnanoa, c1a1e n nnceH, oron1eno - ne nop6epy ppyroro cnoaa! - arn1npykunx sa
nLunna n peHonc1pnpykunx nonnoe epnnc1ao Hnenn poccnckoro eapec1aa. ueH,
co6c1aenno, n naxopnH Hm ceropnn ocnoanoe snauenne a1o nop6opkn. no1oHy n
npoun1npyeH npexpe acero ynoHnny1me un1a1enLckne nncLHa kak nan6onee npkoe n
poc1oaepnoe canpe1enLc1ao.
F K, 82 ropa, pykoaopn1enL rpynnm "nnoceppne npn ockoacko
xopanLno cnnarore: " 6ypy ronocoaa1L sa nLunna. ace noponeunme rpynnm
"nnoceppne, k ko1opmH n o6pauanacL c aonpocoH, sa koro onn 6ypy1 ronocoaa1L,
o1aeuann, u1o 1onLko sa opnca nkonaeanua, 1ak kak a1o uenoaek, ko1opm yxe
snae1, kak nanapn1L xnsnL... 1o Hyx c 6onLunH yHoH n kpenko aone. n cpenae1
1o, u1o eue ne ycnen [o, pa!].
R 3u, 59 ne1, Haop a o1c1aake. " 6ypy ronocoaa1L sa nLunna, no1oHy
u1o, ao-nepamx, on npe1 kypcoH peqopH, pena a c1pane c1ann nanaxnaa1Lcn. o-
a1opmx, nLunny noHorak1 1akne nkpn, kak HnnL ann n nekcanpp naunu [!]. 1n
nkpn nHek1 aa1opn1e1, n ecnn onn cun1ak1, u1o ec1L cHmcn noHora1L opncy
nkonaeanuy, 1o snaun1 sa nero napo ronocoaa1L... enpaannLnm am6op Hoxe1
npnaec1n k pasxnrannk naunonanLnmx konqnnk1oa [k ueHy xe npnaen aau
"npaannLnm am6op?].
K B, 44 ropa, uoqep. "ypy ronocoaa1L sa nLunna, xo1n on napenan
c1onLko xy1knx oun6ok, u1o ne pa or nnkoHy... euac n Hory nopHanLno xn1L,
sapa6a1maa1L penLrn, kopHn1L ceHLk. e xouy, u1o6m ace a1o konunnocL c npnxopoH k
anac1n kranoaa n ero ppyxkoa-an1nceHn1oa.
H Uq, 60 ne1, nencnonepka. " 6ypy ronocoaa1L sa opnca nkonaeanua
nLunna. ropm ero npaanennn eapen cyHenn nakoneu cao6opno aspoxny1L,
nouyac1aoaann ce6n nonnonpaanmHn rpaxpanaHn.
H F, 39 ne1, nnxenep. "onocoaa1L nyxno sa opnca nLunna... n
am6npak nLunna ne 1onLko ceppueH, no n yHoH.
Tun Bn, 28 ne1, poHoxosnka. " Hano u1o cHmcnk a nonn1nke, pa
Hne a1o, uec1no roaopn, n ne cnnukoH nn1epecno. o 1o, kak Hm ceuac xnaeH, Henn a
o6ueH yc1panaae1. o1n, koneuno, xnae1cn ne 1ak yx npoc1o, n uenm amcokne, n
npec1ynnoc1L ampocna. o, ao acnkoH cnyuae, n Hory no1n a Harasnn n cnokono 6es
ouepepn kynn1L npopyk1oa, n a nk6oH Harasnne Hory kynn1L cmny naHnepcm. oxe1
a1o n nyc1nk, no n ne xouy, u1o6m a1o npekpa1nnocL. oa1oHy 6ypy ronocoaa1L sa
nLunna [a u1o occnk sa naHnepcm npopann a kononnanLnoe pa6c1ao - 1ak u1o c
1oro?].
H C, 51 rop, qo1orpaq. " 1oH, sa koro o1pa1L cao ronoc na am6opax, y
Henn coHnenn npak1nueckn ne1 - sa nLunna... nLunn nanne1cn rapan1oH kypca
peqopH.
B B, 22 ropa, c1ypen1. "onocoaa1L sa koro-1o, kpoHe nLunna - a1o ace
paano, u1o noHora1L koHHynnc1aH, a n nH noHora1L ne xouy! ypy ronocoaa1L sa
nLunna.
436
o6ue cnoxnoc1n a 15 ns 20 nnceH nopanm ronoca sa nLunna. aepen, u1o noHnHo
amckasannmx, pasLncnennmx Ho1naoa 1akoro o1nouennn 6mn 1akxe n neamckasannm,
neamckasmaaeHm: En x k, a snaun1, ero pouepn, kak n anykn o1
pouepe, - coo1ae1c1aenno 1akxe eapen. 1o1 qak1 nop1aeppnn nepaano opxakoa,
6nnsko snaaun ceHLk ("aa1pa N 43/98). o eapen, koneuno, snann o6 a1oH paano
n 6es opxakoaa.
poHe 1oro, 6mnn o1penLnme ronoca a nonLsy annnckoro (1pn ronoca), n no opnoHy
sa op6aueaa n e6epn. y, c eapeeH annncknH, cmnoH epm ayHoanm - peno
ncnoe, c op6aueamH, naypea1oH npeHnn apn aanpa - 1oxe. e6epL-1o kak a a1y
koHnannk nonan? ae1 o6Lncnenne K , 65 ne1, aoennm c1pon1enL: "
6ypy ronocoaa1L sa e6epn... nero ec1L nonoxn1enLnm onm1 paspeuennn
naunonanLnmx konqnnk1oa, a a1o ceropnn neHanoaaxno. nyc1n neckonLko apeHenn,
a " N 12/96 nnpep eapecko nn1ennnrenunn onennonLckn, koHHen1npyn
npepa1enLc1ao e6epn, cnoxnauero k noraH nLunna o1pannme eHy ronoca npo1ec1a,
aecLHa unnnuno saHe1nn: o6epa renepana e6epn - nnu1o nnoe kak no6epa
peHokpa1nueckoro nopoaa occnn. 6mn nn on c caHoro nauana nopc1aanmH nrpokoH
koHanpm nLunna nnn ne1 - ne cy1L aaxno. n nokasan ce6n peanLno HmcnnunH n
nparHa1nueckn pec1aykunH nonn1nuecknH nrpokoH, n noceHy - a nnpepax.
porpeccnanan occnn, nsnmaan no sakony n nopnpky, ampannyna renepana e6epn.
ak anL1epna1naa 6onLueankaH on xopou. nc1oceppeunan ouenka!
o aepneHcn k nLunny. ncLHa un1a1ene-eapeea ns pasnmx yronkoa naue opnnm
- nokasa1enLnm. e Henee nokasa1enLnmH 6mn aeuep eapecko o6uec1aennoc1n a
noppepxky opnca nLunna n Kpnn yxkoaa, co6paaun a en1panLnoH oHe nno
(6eccHennm Hnorone1nn pykoaopn1enL - K. ycHan) nepenonnennm san. enop1ax
. anknxa o6 a1oH co6pannn nasaan co snauenneH: "ockoackne eapen penak1
am6op:
"oppepxa1L npesnpen1a n Hapa npnunn nkpn caHmx pasnmx aospac1oa: o1 cepmx
ae1epanoa po knoue n peayuek, epaa nepeuarnyaunx aospac1no ns6npa1enLnm
uens...
euep o1kpmn knnopexnccep Knn ycHan. pnsaaa co6paaunxcn o1pa1L ronoca sa
nLunna, on o1He1nn, u1o aonpoc c1on1... o am6ope Hexpy nyc1L cna6mHn eue
poc1kaHn peHokpa1nn n xopouo snakoHmH "counannc1nuecknH o6pasoH xnsnn.
naanm paaann occnn p. ponLq aeanu..: necHo1pn na ace nsaec1nme nepoc1a1kn
opnca nLunna 1onLko on Hoxe1 n ponxen aec1n c1pany kypcoH peqopH...
eHonopo uenoaek c oppencknHn nnankaHn na rpypn o1 nHenn oksa eapeea -
nnaannpoa n ae1epanoa aonm a caoe aHounonanLno peun npnsaan co6paaunxcn
o1pa1L na am6opax ronoca sa nmne pec1aykuero npesnpen1a...
axpoHy apyunnn nopapok - 6yke1 ns aospyunmx uapoa c napnncnHn "nLunn - nau
npesnpen1! yxkoa - nau Hap!.
pnn ns oprannsa1opoa a1oro aeuepa koHnosn1op nxann nys ckasan: "...aapua1L
ne1 n sannHakcL eapecknH nckycc1aoH n ne noHnk 1akoro epnnennn nkpe... aepk
a 6ypyuee occnn - n aepk a 6ypyuee eapeea a occnn.
P.S. oxe1 aosnnkny1L aonpoc: " noueHy, co6c1aenno, eapen ao1 1ak caHn no ce6e
co6panncL nHenno kak eapen? no1oHy u1o kak eapen! o1oHy u1o sa ropm
npaanennn nLunna eapen noneHnory, co ckpnnoH, necHo1pn na ace cony1c1aykune
peHokpa1nsaunn o6uec1aa nenpnn1noc1n, nauann ouyua1L ce6n ne HanocnHna1nunmH,
xo1n n nonesnmH (n no1oHy 1epnnHmH) nauHenLunnc1aoH, no opnnH ns napopoa,
nacennkunx HnoronaunonanLnyk occnk [cy6Lek1nanoe, npnHo ckaxeH, ouyuenne].
437
nHenno kak npepc1aan1enn a1oro Hockoackne eapen co6panncL, u1o6m
noppepxa1L kanpnpa1a a npesnpen1m caoe HnoronaunonanLno c1panm n kanpnpa1a a
Hapm caoero HnoronaunonanLnoro ropopa... axno ne oun6n1Lcn, a eapen ao ace
apeHena... cun1anncL napopoH pasyHnmH. cnoano nm1ancL onpaapa1L a1o Hnenne,
co6paaunecn a oHe knno noc1aannn na nan6onee napexnmx (" N 11/96).
a, onn pec1an1enLno ronocoaann ne 1onLko ceppueH, no n caonH eapecknH yHoH.
aHeua1enLna a a1oH cHmcne ne6onLuan c1a1eka . ponnpnoro (nmne pepak1op
") c nou1n kHopnc1nuecknH nasaanneH "a npaank n ao cnaae cao napop, rpe
pacckasmaae1cn: "cnmuaa o1 Henn, u1o xoueuL - ne xoueuL, no nyxno ronocoaa1L sa
nLunna, nau snakoHm ceppn1o nokauan ronoao n npoun1npoaan: "enLsn Honn1Lcn
sa uapn popa... am, poccnckan nn1ennnrenunn acerpa 6mna upesamuano
ka1eropnuna a cyxpennnx, a eapeckan ee uac1L - a oco6ennoc1n. axe a yuep6 ce6e.
o a1o nyc1L, pas yx 1akan nnannpa. o korpa a yuep6 ace c1pane? e1, nenLsn
a1oro. enLsn! Hnorne, k cuac1Lk, a1o nonnHak1. okasa1enLc1aoH 1oHy c1ano
Hnoronkpnoe co6panne eapecko o6uec1aennoc1n a noppepxky opnca nLunna a
oHe nno. [c1a1n, o6 yuep6e. o1L 6m ceuac onn, anpn aoounk, kakyk "nonLsy
c1pane npnnecno npaanenne nLunna, nokannncL! ak ne1 1oro, xo1L nLunna n
uec1n1...] (" N 11/96).
rn1aune a eapecknx n pasroaopaHn a oHe nno peno ne orpannunnocL.
en1enLnan na1ypa eapeea nonyxpana nx ackpy n aespe no Hepe cnn npoaopn1L
Heponpnn1nn a nonLsy nLunna. o eapecko nnnuna1nae 6mno cospano
6uepoccnckoe panxenne o6uec1aenno noppepxkn opnca nLunna (a nero
okasanncL npnnn1m 6es oco6oro pas6opa - occnckoe paopnnckoe co6panne,
o6uec1ao "occnckan nn1ennnrenunn sa .. nLunna, ockoackoe o6uec1ao
peann1ene 6narouec1nn n... occnckan nnra knnonoroa). onpepcepa1enL o6uec1aa
poccncknx nn1ennnren1oa nekcanpp nesep (nspa1enL n ap1-pnnep,
cneunannsnpykuncn na "a1opoH aaanrappe) 1y1 xe coo6unn, u1o nx rpynna yxe
ceuac ro1oaa amexa1L ue1mpLHn arn16pnrapaHn na Hec1a, 6ypL 1o n6npL, pnHopLe
nnn kr occnn (" 07.05.96). a o6cyxpennn npepam6opnmx nporpaHH kanpnpa1oa a
npesnpen1m, coc1onaueHcn 23.04.96 r. a occnckoH o6uec1aenno-nonn1nueckoH
uen1pe, c1opony nLunna npepc1aannn nsaec1nm eapeckn 6nsnecHen apk
acapckn. 1ak panee.
e 1onLko o1euec1aennme, poccnckne eapen ny6nnuno npopeHonc1pnpoaann cao
enLunnnsH n acnueckn arn1npoaann sa c1onL ypo6noro pnn nnx paHonnka - rapan1a nx
npaa, nx onc1n1yunn: sapy6exnme eapen 1oxe aknkunnncL a ns6npa1enLnyk
kaHnannk, aosamcna cao ronoc a nonLsy nLunna. npnHepy, pen1enn naykn,
kynL1ypm n npaaa spannn npncnann a " xapak1epnoe nncLHo-o6pauenne "
pen1ennH naykn, kynL1ypm n npaaa peHokpa1nuecko occnn, rpe nsnoxnnn caon
nopxopm:
"occnn nopouna k o1ae1c1aennoHy py6exy... m, npoxnaune 6onLuyk uac1L xnsnn a
, xopouo snakune npnpopy coae1ckoro c1pon n ero aosHoxnoc1n, npnsmaaeH aac
aocnpo1nan1Lcn pec1aapaunn aceHn nHekunHncn a aaueH pacnopnxennn cpepc1aaHn
peHokpa1nueckoro aospec1ann... noaL npnuepune k anac1n c1apme cnnm yu1y1
ypokn caoero nopaxennn n neHnnyeHo saxo1n1 ncknkun1L Haneuyk aepon1noc1L eue
opno neypaun. a1oro, yun1maan nx 1aopueckyk neHouL, Hoxno po6n1Lcn nnuL
ny1eH qaunsaunn pexnHa.
epaano a nn1epaLk ennapn kranoa sanann, u1o ero 6opL6a - a1o 6opL6a, a
uac1noc1n, npo1na "eapeckoro HonononnsHa a cqepe qnnancoaoro kann1ana n a
cpepc1aax Haccoao nnqopHaunn. npep koHHynnc1nuecko nap1nn nou1n pocnoano
noa1opnn y1aepxpennn n1nepa, noanekune sa co6o nenuncnnHme xep1am ne 1onLko
cpepn eapeea, no n acex napopoa n aponm.
438
o1 nc1nnnoe nnuo neokoHHynnc1oa occnn, nnuero ne sa6maunx n nnueHy ne
nayunaunxcn.
perpapn1L nH ny1L - a1o snaun1 po6n1Lcn peannsaunn aaunx ryHann1apnmx ycnnn,
aaue rpaxpancko coaec1n n nk6an k caoe [caoe-1akn?] c1pane!. 14 nopnnce.
(aH xe.)
expynapopnoe eapec1ao, kak n poccnckoe, ne orpannunnocL ny6nnunc1nuecknHn
aossaannnHn. no 1oxe anonne npak1nueckn noyuac1aoaano a co6m1nnx ne1a 1996
ropa. m HoxeH 1onLko porapmaa1Lcn, kakne qnnancoame n oprannsaunonnme
aosHoxnoc1n eapeea acero Hnpa 6mnn sapec1aoaanm pnn 1opxec1aa Hnnoro nx
ceppuy n yHy ryHanonpa, no koe-u1o 6mno nHn 6es c1ecnennn o6napopoaano:
"occnn nanne1cn epaa nn ne epnnc1aenno c1pano a Hnpe, rpe sakonoH
[nopro1oanennmH, kc1a1n, eapenHn] npepycHo1peno npncy1c1ane Hexpynapopnmx
na6nkpa1ene na am6opax. nn yuac1nn a am6opax pesnpen1a 16 nknn a nauy
c1pany npnexann camue 1mcnun Hexpynapopnmx na6nkpa1ene.
17 nknn a noconLc1ae spannn a ockae coc1onnacL npecc-konqepenunn
na6nkpa1ene o1 spannn.
maun nocon spannn a onnanpnn, c1apun nonn1nueckn coae1nnk
aeuHanoackoro nnc1n1y1a anan ap-n, 6maun nocon a , pok1op
Hexpynapopnoro npaaa enp osen n npoqeccop kaqeppm cnaanc1nkn apeckoro
ynnaepcn1e1a a epycannHe eopop pepry1 npoaenn 16 nknn na ns6npa1enLnmx
yuac1kax. pannero y1pa po nospnero aeuepa, pa6o1an nesaancnHo ppyr o1 ppyra,
nspannLckne na6nkpa1enn noce1nnn okono copoka yuac1koa a pasnmx paonax ockam
n 6nnxneH opHockoaLe...
"m6opm npoxopnnn a nonnoH nopnpke. ouka! - sanann anan ap-n... uenka
poccncknx am6opoa [p-poH osenoH] 6mna... on1nHnc1nuno: "epLesnoc1L acex
yuac1nnkoa am6opoa pokasmaae1 spenoc1L poccncko peHokpa1nn.
kakoH-1o cHmcne nocnepoaaaune sa am6opaHn co6m1nn nop1aeppnnn a1o Hnenne
(" N 12/96).
c narnnpnoc1Lk, cnoco6no y6epn1L paxe neopyueanennm
npepHe1, nokasmaae1, u1o 1996
B Eu. noueHy onn a1o cpenann. e no1oHy, u1o nLunn xopou caH no
ce6e (ueny eHy onn snak1 - n snann acerpa). e1: u
n : ao1 uenL, c nonno o1kpoaennoc1Lk
ampaxennan HnorouncnennmHn n nyuunHn npepc1aan1ennHn a1oro nneHenn. ce
npoune no6ounme coo6paxennn (kak 1o: cnoco6noc1L nLunna k rocypapc1aennoHy
ynpaanennk, 6naro c1panm n pycckoro napopa n 1oHy nopo6nme Henoun) npn a1oH 1ak
n oc1anncL: npounHn n no6ounmHn.
m ne HoxeH sna1L acex cpepc1a n HexannsHoa, sapec1aoaannmx nHn pnn
poc1nxennn a1o uenn. o naH nerko cypn1L, nackonLko nH ypanocL ee poc1nuL.
aH nerko cypn1L 1akxe, ueH a1o o6epnynocL pnn nac.
o Hoxno nn amnocn1L npnroaop na ocnoae epnnnunoro npnHepa? m1L Hoxe1,
eapeckoe aHeua1enLc1ao a pycckyk nonn1nky (1o ec1L, ),
c1onL oueanpno 1ne1aopnoe ceropnn, 6mno 6naro1aopnmH panLue? m1L Hoxe1, ne
c1on1 1oponn1Lcn c amaopaHn, ne ornnnyauncL nasap, a 6onee o1panennme apeHena?
439
1o x, paaa1e ornnneHcn.
440
3.2. KRBBKR ERKHR.
HER YKR K4 H EEH
kak - a pnn Henn k1n6pLckan peaonkunn npepc1ae1 kak aennuauan
nc1opnueckan a1ac1poqa pycckoro napopa, pnpoH c ko1opo npecnoay1m onokoc1 -
nesnaun1enLnan pe1anL Hnpoao nc1opnn. cHo1pk na peaonkunk rnasaHn ynnna n
ynrakoaa, a6okoaa n onoaknno (nHcko-opcakoao), onoyxnna n
onxennumna n nnaue - ne Hory. eHa a1o orpoHnan, o ne nenLsn c napnexaue
noppo6noc1Lk paccyxpa1L a paHkax nac1onue c1a1Ln. mpenk 1onLko paa HoHen1a.
H - a1o ynnu1oxenne ann1m pycckoro napopa, pouenno HnornHn aekaHn n
nokonennnHn. yccknx paopnn, canuennnkoa, npepnpnnnHa1ene, nn1ennnren1oa.
o peaonkunn a occnn 6mno npnHepno 200 1mcnu paopnncknx ceHe. eropnn a
occnckoH aopnnckoH co6pannn (okse no1oHkoa poccnckoro paopnnc1aa) ne
na6npae1cn n payx 1mcnu. eannoc1o pean1L npouen1oa (!) pycckoro paopnnc1aa 6mno
ynnu1oxeno, am6poueno, pac1aopeno a Haccax.
ycckoe paopnnc1ao ouenL o1nnuae1cn o1 anrnnckoro, ncnanckoro, neHeukoro. 1714
ropa e1poH epamH 6mn sanyuen a pec1ane aaxneun n caoeo6muneun
counanLnm HexannsH: a6enL o panrax, pec1ane ko1oporo ne npekpauanocL po
1917 ropa. ueH snauenne a1oro HexannsHa? 1oH, u1o um
u un s.
cnkn, k1o cnoco6noc1nHn, o6pasoaannoc1Lk, xpa6poc1Lk, yHoH - cnoaoH, oco6o
xnsnenno ak1nanoc1Lk poc1nran onpepenennoro unna rpaxpancko nnn aoenno
cnyx6m, nonyuan "xanoaannoe paopnnc1ao, c1anoanncn no1oHc1aennmH paopnnnnoH
co aceHn napnexaunHn npaaaHn. anop "cnnsy nkpe, c1peHnaunxcn amcnyxn1L
paopnnc1ao, 6mn ouenL cnnen. xe a nepao ue1aep1n XIX aeka a pykax nHenno
xanoaannmx paopnn ckonnnocL 6onee 60% noHec1nmx seHenL. o apeHeneH nx
c1anoannocL ace 6onLue. pouecc "opaopnnnaannn npoponxancn n nocne peqopH
1860-x ropoa, o1kpmaan paxe kpec1LnnaH ny1L a nanamcuee cocnoane occnn.
an6onLuyk ponL a a1oH nrpann ynnaepcn1e1m n ppyrne aysm, apHnn n qno1.
norpa npnxopn1cn cnmua1L n paxe un1a1L, u1o-pe pycckoe paopnnc1ao a
6onLunnc1ae caoeH ne 6mno pyccknH. 1o - po6pocoaec1noe (nnn ne cnnukoH)
sa6nyxpenne Hanocaepyunx nkpe, nepenocnunx xapak1epnc1nky
kocHononn1nueckoro ne1ep6yprckoro amcuero cae1a na aecL knacc a uenoH. o a1a
xapak1epnc1nka coaepuenno ne nnnne1 k npoannunanLno, 1o ec1L ocnoano, Hacce
poccnckoro paopnnc1aa, kak popoaoro, 1ak n xanoaannoro. oc1a1ouno, kak a1o
cpenan a caoe apeHn n, npocHo1pe1L popocnoanme knnrn eponLpHec1epcko kon1opm
nnn xo1n 6m cnnckn kape1cknx kopnycoa, u1o6m 6ykaanLno y1ony1L a no1oke npoc1mx,
npnamunmx pyccknx qaHnnn, cpepn ko1opmx nnoc1pannme ac1peuak1cn nnuL kak
akpannennn, ne 6onee. yccknH 6mn rnaanm napop Hnepnn, pyccko a uenoH 6mna n
ero ann1a. (asyHee1cn, na naunonanLnmx okpannax 6mna caon apnc1okpa1nn; no
konnuec1ao xanoa n 6aea ckasmaanocL 1onLko na counanLno c1a1nc1nke, a nx
annnnne na o6pas xnsnn n kynL1ypy pyccko occnn 6mno nnu1oxneunH.)
epy na ce6n cHenoc1L y1aepxpa1L, u1o sa paec1n ne1 nenpepmanoro pec1ann
a6enn o panrax poccnckoe paopnnc1ao neyc1anno nnkopnopnpoaano ace caHoe
nyuuee, u1o 6mno a pycckoH napope. Henno paopnnc1ao c ero annHanneH k nc1opnn
popa, popocnoank, 6mno nan6onee xnamH n cosna1enLnmH nocn1eneH nc1opnuecko
naHn1n pycckoro napopa - rnaano ocnoam naunonanLno npen1nunoc1n.
B n s, ,
m n n s .
441
H H , ,
K ,
- .
1opmH o1pnpoH naunonanLno ann1m 6mno canuenc1ao. e 6ypy roaopn1L o
npoqeccnonanLnoH snauennn a1oro cocnoann a pyxoano-npaac1aenno xnsnn napopa.
kaxy nnuL, u1o a 1euenne acero XVIII n XIX aa., anno1L po ynoHnny1mx peqopH
nekcanppa 1oporo, pacnaxnyaunx pnn kpec1Lnn paepn aysoa, canuenc1ao 6mno
ocnoanmH cocnoaneH, noc1aannaunH pasnounnnyk nn1ennnrenunk - yun1ene,
apaue, nepeaopunkoa, nnxenepoa, yuenmx n 1.p. Henno konnuec1ao n kauec1ao
pycckoro pyxoaenc1aa ao HnoroH onpepennno HopanLnm knnHa1 occnn. oc1a1ouno
acnoHnn1L, u1o ennnckn n oc1oeackn - anykn, a apexpnn, nepanckn,
epnmueackn, o6ponk6oa n Hnorne, Hnorne ppyrne cae1oun pyccko Hmcnn - pe1n
canuennnkoa.
K ,
500 H,
H H .
pe1n o1pnp naunonanLno ann1m - pycckne kynum n npoHmunennnkn.
ccnepoaa1enL .oxanoa a caoe knnre o nan6onee kpynnmx npepnpnnnHa1ennx
("enoaan ann1a occnn. 1914 rop. - ., 1994) npnaopn1 1pn 1mcnun qaHnnn a1nx
Harna1oa - no kpane Hepe nonoanna ns nnx sayun1 na pycckn nap. 1o xe kacae1cn
cpepnero n oco6enno Henkoro 6nsneca, 1o on a Hacce caoe 6mn, 6esycnoano, pyccknH.
1920- -
: ,
( ), H
.
akoneu, a-ue1aep1mx, ne sa6ypeH n pycckyk nn1ennnrenunk - aepL nHenno ee
1pypaHn ao HnoroH 6mna cospana 1a occnn, "ko1opyk Hm no1epnnn n noc1anLrnn no
ko1opo ne oc1aannna n po cnx nop ne oc1aanne1 nyuuyk uac1L nauero napopa. o
pasnnunmH coapeHennmH ouenkaH o1 40 po 50% popeaonkunonno pyccko
nn1ennnrenunn aHnrpnpoaano. ckonLko 6mno penpeccnpoaano, ckonLko yHepno o1
nyxpm, ronopa n npn1ecnenn, ckonLko yuno ao "any1pennkk aHnrpaunk, 6mno
pnckpnHnnnpoaano a no1oHc1ae, am6poueno ns xnsnn? e1e 6ypxyasnmx
nn1ennnren1oa, cospaaunx pycckyk nayky n kynL1ypy, - uae1 pycckoro renoqonpa -
orpannunaann a npaaax, ne ponyckann a aysm; na nnx, nopo na ack xnsnL,
npnknenaancn npnmk nnuenua, a 1o n unena ceHLn apara napopa.
, H H HH -
2,7% , , K
K .
am, 1onLko 1e, k1o sac1an eue "nepo6n1mx, "amHnpakunx npepc1aan1ene c1apo
nn1ennnrenunn, Hory1 anonne nonnHa1L neouennHoc1L y1pa1m. oae1ckan
nn1ennnrenunn - nepaoro, HakcnHyH a1oporo nokonennn - "cHenna, ne saHennna ee.
oneuno, npouecc cenekunn a naueH napope npoponxancn ace a1n ropm n
npoponxae1cn ceuac. (cnn 6m a6enL o panrax ace eue pec1aoaana 6m, cocnoane
paopnnc1aa ace eue 6m nononnnnocL.) pnako an1pononorn y1aepxpak1: pnn 1oro,
u1o6m aocc1anoan1L ann1y kako-nn6o nonynnunn, noc1papaauyk 1ak, kak noc1papana
pycckan naunonanLnan ann1a a 1917-1953 rr., ponxno npo1n kak HnnnHyH nn1L
nokonenn (npouno noka nnuL 1pn). o ec1L, nopoxpeH po 2100 ropa. a u1o 1aH
an1pononorn. srnnnn1e, k1o naHn npaan1, nonk6y1ecL na ceropnnunkk
442
poccnckyk "ann1y, acHo1pn1ecL a kanpnpa1oa na npesnpen1ckyk ponxnoc1L: a
ocnoanoH - nn6o nonykpoakn, nn6o 1akoe y6oxec1ao!..
B HoHen1, na ko1opoH n oc1anoank annHanne un1a1ene - a1o aynLrapnoe
orpa6nenne acex Ha1epnanLnmx n xypoxec1aennmx 6ora1c1a, nakonnennmx
1mcnuene1ne occne, o1 ko1opmx oc1ancn xankn Hnsep. cnn 6m pycckne cospann
koHnccnk no nnaen1apnsaunn n ouenke caonx no1epL, nonecennmx a pesynL1a1e
k1n6pn, nopo6nyk cospanno eapenHn koHnccnn no ouenke Ha1epnanLnmx no1epL o1
onokoc1a, 1o paxe cyneparonc1nunm, aeuno rnyxo k naue 6onn sanapnm Hnp
coppornyncn 6m o1 1aknx caepenn...
ycckoro sono1a n xypoxec1aennmx uennoc1e, nakonnennmx aekaHn, xanko po cnes.
o penLrn, a c nnHn n uennoc1n - peno naxnanoe. noroe eue ne nospno n o1cypn1L y
Hnpoaoro coo6uec1aa, ecnn pena1L a1o c yHoH n nac1ounao, kak eapen.
ao1 nkpe, no1epnnnmx occne, - ne aepny1L. ak ne aepny1L n ann1noro
renoqonpa. konLko pparouennmx n cnaanmx pyccknx popoa npeceknocL nnn
perpapnpoaano naacerpa a naueH aeke! 1a no1epn nenonpaanHa. onL o1 nee -
nensneunHa. pex ee annoannkoa - nenckynnH.
nn uero n roaopk o6o aceH a1oH? nn 1oro, u1o6m nanoHnn1L o 1oH, u1o npnnecno
naH, pyccknH, aHeua1enLc1ao eapeea a nauy nc1opnk n nonn1nky na nepaoH pokoaoH
nepenoHe. 6pa1nHcn k qak1aH.
* * *
peaonkunonnoro panxennn sauac1yk qnrypnpoaann pycckne
ncnonnn1enn, a 1oH uncne 1akne snaHenn1me koncnnpa1opm n 1eppopnc1m, kak
nerenpapnm opnc aannkoa. o a 1enn sa nnHn c1onnn n peprann sa 1anme nn1n
nopnnnnme 1aopum peaonkunonnoro 1eppopa - cospa1enn oeao oprannsaunn nap1nn
counannc1oa-peaonkunonepoa (acepoa) pnropn epuynn n ano seq, eapen.
Henno onn, pykoaopc1ayncL nneHenno nenaanc1Lk n Hec1Lk n amnonnnn
konnek1nanyk aonk karana, o6pekann na cHep1L a nepayk ouepepL 1ex, k1o Heuan
eapenH cao6opno ocyuec1ann1L caon nnanm no akonoHnueckoHy n nonn1nueckoHy
nopa6ouennk aennkoro rocypapc1aa - occncko Hnepnn. ak npaanno, eapen-
peaonkunonepm 6pann ce6e pycckne nceaponnHm, nko6m pnn koncnnpaunn (k
npnHepy, ano nueneanu seq npepc1aaan nepep konneraHn kak nkona
aanoanu). a pene onn Hacknpoaann ne 1onLko n ne c1onLko caok noppmanyk
pen1enLnoc1L, ckonLko naunonanLnoe nponcxoxpenne.
npoueH, eapen ne rnyuanncL n caHn ncnonnn1L npec1ynnme saHmcnm, n cpepn nnx
6mnn nerenpapnme 1eppopnc1m, kak, nanpnHep, osa pnnnnan1. oc1aannn cpepn
nacenennn occnn acero 4,2%, eapen cpepn nonn1nuecknx npec1ynnnkoa na 1911 rop
coc1aannn 29,1%. cnn no c1a1nc1nke amaec1n nekyk cpepnkk nopHy, o1paxakuyk
konnuec1ao nonn1nuecknx npec1ynnnkoa a cpepe 1oro nnn nnoro napopa occncko
Hnepnn, 1o amncnne1cn, u1o y eapeea a1a nopHa 6mna npeamuena a aoceHL pas, a y
pyccknx sannxena a non1opa pasa! ycckan peaonkunn na pene 6mna eapecko!
apeckn 1eppop aencn n a o1kpm1o, n a ckpm1o qopHe. pepn ero xep1a - camue
50 1mcnu pyccknx nkpe, a 1oH uncne npoc1mx xanpapHoa n nnmx nHnepcknx
unnoannkoa, ynnu1oxennmx 6oH6aHn n peaonLaepnmHn amc1penaHn (cun1an norn6unx
a peaonkunk 1905-1907 rr.). o ec1L xep1am n 6onee kpynnoro Hacu1a6a - npeHLep-
Hnnnc1p n aennkn peqopHa1op e1p 1onmnnn, Hnnnc1pm any1pennnx pen nnnrnn n
qon neae, ry6epna1op ockam (pnpn uapn nkonan 1oporo) aennkn knnsL epre
nekcanppoanu, ry6epna1op orpanoanu n ppyrne kpynneune aennunnm uapckoro
443
pexnHa. ce onn 6mnn y6n1m nnn eapenHn, nnn no npnHoHy ykasannk eapeea. o
apeHeneH eapen y6nnn n nocnepnero pycckoro nHnepa1opa.
a coaec1n eapeea - peaonkunn 1905 n 1917 ropa. nn qak1nueckn pykoaopnnn
aceHn neamHn nap1nnHn, sanpaannaunHn peaonkunonnmH npoueccoH. a1oHy
apeHenn a pykax eapeea napexno ypepxnaanncL rase1m, 6ankn, nnme pmuarn
ynpaanennn o6uec1aennmH HnenneH n akonoHnko. o pycckoe nacenenne, a Hacce
caoe (86%) coc1onauee ns HanorpaHo1nmx n aoace nerpaHo1nmx kpec1Lnn, ne
saHeuano n ne xenano saHeua1L, k1o aosrnaanne1 o1pnpm 6opuoa sa counanLnyk
cnpaaepnnaoc1L, 6opuoa sa nyuuee 6ypyuee pnn 1pypoaoro napopa. o apeHn
am6opoa a upepn1enLnoe co6panne, coc1onaunxcn cpasy nocne k1n6pLcko
peaonkunn 1917 ropa, nopaannkuee 6onLunnc1ao ns6npa1ene (camue 90%)
nporonocoaano sa neame nap1nn, npnueH 58% n 25% (coo1ae1c1aenno) nHenno sa
acepoa n 6onLueankoa, uLe pykoaopc1ao coc1onno a ocnoanoH ns eapeea.
oaepunam pycckn napop, aekaHn aocnn1annm a nonn1nnx 6esnaunonanLno
xpnc1nancko pennrnn, ne npnpaaan nnkakoro snauennn naunonanLnoHy
nponcxoxpennk peaonkunonepoa, o6euaaunx cnpaaepnnaoe Hnpoyc1poc1ao.
y6n1enLnan, caHoy6nc1aennan cneno1a!
ceropnn yxe ne nm1ak1cn o1pnua1L oueanpnoe: ponL caonx npeonoroa, caonx
nonn1nuecknx, aoennmx n nonnuecknx pen1ene a peaonkunn n c1anoanennn
oae1cko anac1n. nn 1enepL roaopn1 1ak: ak1nanoe yuac1ne ao acex a1nx co6m1nnx
npnnnno-pe ne 6onee 2,5 npouen1oa acex poccncknx eapeea. a, nocnepc1ann a1oro
aHeua1enLc1aa 6mnn yxacnm, u u s
u , ko1opm npoc1o ce6e xnn, xo1en 6m1L cuac1nnamH, 6oponcn
sa Hec1o nop connueH?
Q, . 1aeuak1 xe ace (!) coapeHennme neHum sa npoc1ynkn o1penLnmx
npepc1aan1ene Hnnyaunx nokonenn - naunonan-counannc1nueckoro pexnHa
epHannn 1933-1945 rr., amnnaunaan no ce penL orpoHnme penapaunn spannk!
apen, kak anpnH, npnsnak1 anonne cnpaaepnnamH npnnunn o1ae1c1aennoc1n acero
napopa sa nperpeuennn neko1opmx ero npepc1aan1ene, korpa peuL npe1 o ppyrnx.
oueHy xe pnn nnx caHnx nyxno pena1L ncknkuenne?
ak yxe roaopnnocL, aepx a peaonkunn asnnn neame nap1nn, rnaanmH o6pasoH
counannc1m - acepm, 6onLueankn, HenLueankn, 6ynpoaum (npepc1aan1enn eapecko
peaonkunonno-naunonannc1nuecko nap1nn). e cekpe1, u1o pykoaopc1ao acex a1nx
nap1n 6mno, no npenHyuec1ay, nepyccknH. co6enno aennko 6mno yuac1ne eapeea.
o Hepe 1oro, kak nc1opnueckan nepcnek1naa ocepnmaanacL 6onLueankaHn, a
anac1L konuen1pnpoaanacL a nx pykax, peaonkunonnoe eapec1ao ace cnnLnee
yc1peHnnnocL nHenno a a1y nap1nk n 1oxe a ne konuen1pnpoaanocL. aaryc1e 1917
ropa na VI cLespe (6) a nee ac1ynnna aceH coc1aaoH expypaonnan
oprannsaunn (rpynnnpoaka poukoro), a caoeH 6onLunnc1ae coc1onauan ns
eapeea. nnaape 1918 r. no nnnuna1nae ennna 6mn paxe cospan apeHennm
koHnccapna1 (c 1921 r. - o1pen) no eapecknH penaH apkoHnaua n cneunanLnme
eapeckne koHHynnc1nueckne cekunn (6). Hap1e 1921 r. na 13- konqepenunn a
nncke peuenne o6 oqnunanLnoH ac1ynnennn aceH coc1aaoH a (6) npnnnn ynp.
peka6pe 1922 r. ananornunoe peuenne npnnnna nap1nn pa6ouero cnonnsHa oane
non (apeckan oHHynnc1nueckan nap1nn). a XI cLespe nap1nn aecno 1922 r.
penera1m eapen (14,8%) no uncnennoc1n yc1ynann yxe 1onLko pyccknH (65,3%).
1.p. akoam neocnopnHme nc1opnueckne qak1m.
oueHy 1ak nonyunnocL?
eropnn ncno anpno, u1o peaonkunn 6mna ne 1onLko counanLnmH qenoHenoH. u1o
rpaxpanckan aona ne 6mna nnuL aono pyccknx nnsunx cocnoan npo1na pyccknx
444
amcunx cocnoan. e1, a1o 6mna un mn
un , nanpaanennme npo1na pycckoro napopa kak nHnepckoro
a1noca, napopa-rereHona, n npo1na ero ann1m kak ampasn1enLnnum poHnnnpykue
kynL1ypm, poHnnnpykue 1papnunn. (ycoqo6ckan nonn1nka nepamx pecn1nne1n
oae1cko anac1n nop1aepxpae1 a1o1 1esnc caHmH y6epn1enLneunH o6pasoH.)
eypnan1enLno, u1o yxe a nepayk nouL nocne nepeaopo1a, c 26 na 27 ok1n6pn 1917 r.,
6onLueankn po6nnncL opo6pennn cepoccncknH cLespoH oae1oa oc1anoanennn o
6opL6e c kon1ppeaonkune, ko1opmH sanpeuanncL a 1oH uncne an1neapeckne
amc1ynnennn, a pekpe1 25 nknn 1918 r., npnnn1m a pasrap rpaxpancko aonm
oae1cknH npaan1enLc1aoH no nnuno nnnuna1nae ennna, o6Lnannn an1nceHn1nsH
rn6enLk pnn pena pa6oue n kpec1Lnncko peaonkunn n c1aann ero ane sakona,
rposn napyun1ennH cHep1Lk. e 6ype1 nac - ne 6ype1 n oae1cko anac1n, - ncno
nonnHan eapeckn Hosr nap1nn.
osrnaannnn an1npycckyk peaonkunk n an1npycckyk rpaxpanckyk aony - eapen. 6
a1oH nnkorpa nenLsn sa6maa1L. eaepon1nm ycnex pyccko peaonkunn aeka
nHenno n 1onLko 1eH n o6Lncnne1cn, u1o na 1ene napopnoro 6yn1a (c kaknHn pycckan
anac1L ne pas ycneuno cnpaannnacL) na a1o1 pas - anepame a nc1opnn! - cnpena n
nanpaannna ero c1nxnk nnopopnan ronoaa. o pannmH aHepnkanckoro nccnepoaa1enn
aanpa kka, nsyuaauero ponecennn aHepnkancknx pnnnoHa1oa 1ex ne1, a kako-1o
HoHen1 ns 384 koHnccapoa coae1cko anac1n uncnnnocL: 2 nerpa, 16 kn1auea, 15
apHnn, 13 pyccknx n. camue 300 eapeea. Hnrpnpoaaaune a nauane aeka a
Hepnky n nonyunaune 1aH qnnancm n nnc1pykunn, onn a Hacce caoe xnmnynn
o6pa1no a occnk, kak 1onLko 1aH o6osnaunnacL nepcnek1naa nx no6epm.
apen unn a pycckyk peaonkunk ne 1onLko no1oHy, u1o kaxpoHy ns nnx 1ak
xo1enocL nnn 1akoam 6mnn nx y6expennn. a nnunmHn noc1ynkaHn eapecknx
peaonkunonepoa, sa konnek1nanmHn peuennnHn eapecknx peaonkunonnmx
oprannsaun c1onnn 1akxe peuennn Hexpynapopnmx eapecknx oprannsaun n
orpoHnme penLrn aHepnkancknx, anrnncknx n repHancknx 6anknpoa, eapeea no
nponcxoxpennk, 1aknx, kak po6pm snakoHm n nap1nep no uaxHa1aH poukoro -
ko6 nqq. onoccanLnme cpepc1aa (kak n neuanLno snaHenn1m nnoH6npoaannm
aaron pnn nepeaoskn pykoaopn1ene 6onLueankoa ns aeuapnn a occnk) 6mnn
1akxe ampenenm 6onLueankaH epHanne. enu1a6 kasepa npecnepoaan uenL
pasnoxennn aoennoro apara - occnn, no nouen na 1akne Hepm nnuL a pesynL1a1e
nac1ounao pa6o1m kpynnoro Hexpynapopnoro eapeckoro pen1enn apayca
(enLqanpa) n c1onaunx sa nnH eapeea.
pesynL1a1ax peaonkunn a occnn 6mno sann1epecoaano Hexpynapopnoe eapec1ao
kak epnnoe uenoe. ono no6epnno.
* * *
, peaonkunn, apoxnoanennan n nanpaanennan eapenHn, caepunnacL. 1o xpano
anocnepc1ann pycckyk n eapeckyk naunn a occnn? 1o npnnecna 1eH n ppyrnH
peaonkunn?
ropm rpaxpancko aonm pycckan nn1ennnrenunn aHnrpnpoaana, amHnpana o1
ronopa n nnuenn, cpaxanacL n rn6na a pnpax 6enmx apHn, ca6o1npoaana
pacnopnxennn apaxpe6noro npaan1enLc1aa. anHmkoeape ennn, nakanyne
peaonkunn caHonapennno paccun1maaaun 6mc1po cnoHn1L conpo1nanenne
"1pycnnao n 6eccnnLno, "6ypxyasno nn1ennnrenunn n sac1aan1L ee cnyxn1L
noao anac1n, ckopo nonnn, u1o ne 1ak-1o nerko a1o cpena1L. ue a non6pe 1917 r. on
npepnncmaan, u1o xne6nan Honononnn, xne6nan kap1ouka nan1cn opyxneH nocnnLnee
rnnLo1nnm n npnnypn1 nn1ennnren1oa k pa6o1e "a nn1epecax 1pypnunxcn ("pepxa1
445
nn 6onLueankn rocypapc1aennyk anac1L?). peka6pe 1oro xe ropa on nenckpenne
ypnannncn, sapaaan nn1ennnrenunn pn1opnueckne aonpocm: "cnn am yHyppenm ao
acex penax n onm1nm, noueHy xe am naH ne noHorae1e, noueHy na naueH 1pypnoH
ny1n Hm o1 aac nnuero, kpoHe ca6o1axa, ne ac1peuaeH? Hae 1918 r. on o6osnenno
rposnn pyccknH nn1ennnren1aH: "x ca6o1ax napo cnoHn1L, nx napo kak cno nnn
rpynny nopunnn1L oae1cko anac1n. 1oH xe - a Hap1e 1919 r.: "prannsaunonnan
1aopueckan ppyxnan pa6o1a ponxna cxa1L 6ypxyasnmx cneunannc1oa 1ak, u1o6m onn
unn a uepenrax npone1apna1a, kak 6m onn nn conpo1nannnncL n nn 6oponncL na
kaxpoH uary.
opL6a - ynopnan! - 6mna; conpo1nanenne - reponueckoe! - 6mno. oae1ckan anac1L
ne 6mna pe1nueH pyccko nn1ennnrenunn, ne ek 6mna ackopHnena n amxoxena, ne ek
noc1aanena na norn.
keH xe? epL ncno, u1o noayk rocypapc1aennoc1L aoace 6es nn1ennnrenunn 6mno
cospa1L neaosHoxno. ue 22 Hap1a 1917 r., cpasy nocne eapanLcko peaonkunn,
peHennoe npaan1enLc1ao caoH pekpe1oH o1Hennno ace orpannuennn pnn eapeea.
oae1ckan xe anac1L cpenana na nnx caok rnaanyk c1aaky.
anpe1enLc1ayk1 nc1ounnkn, ko1opme nenLsn sanopospn1L a npepasn1oc1n.
ak, caH ennn a 6ecepe c napkoHoH eapeckoro cek1opa apkoHnaua ..
nHanu1enoH sanann: "onLuoe snauenne pnn peaonkunn nHeno 1o o6c1on1enLc1ao,
u1o a pyccknx ropopax 6mno Hnoro eapecknx nn1ennnren1oa. nn nnkanpnpoaann 1o1
aceo6un ca6o1ax (specL n panee ampeneno Hno. - ..), na ko1opm Hm
na1onknynncL nocne k1n6pLcko peaonkunn... apeckne aneHen1m 6mnn
Ho6nnnsoaanm nocne ca6o1axa n 1eH caHmH cnacnn peaonkunk a 1nxenyk Hnny1y.
aH ypanocL oanape1L rocypapc1aennmH annapa1oH ncknkun1enLno 6naropapn a1oHy
sanacy pasyHno n rpaHo1no pa6oue cnnm ("occnckan rase1a 27.02.93).
ao1 npnsnanne yxapnna: "o apeHn "aoennoro koHHynnsHa Hm pycckyk cpepnkk n
Henkyk 6ypxyasnk napnpy c kpynno o6unc1nnn... sa1eH 6mna ponyuena cao6opnan
1oproann... apeckan Henkan n cpepnnn 6ypxyasnn sannna nosnunn Henko n cpepne
pyccko 6ypxyasnn... Hu m m
, n q : n
- n n, n, n
n (.. yxapnn. y1L k counannsHy. - oaocn6npck, 1995).
ue opno canpe1enLc1ao - .. annnnna: " nepame pnn peaonkunn... korpa
snaun1enLnan uac1L pyccko nn1ennnrenunn o1xnmnyna... kak pas a a1o1 HoHen1
n n x m,
um , m um,
u mx x n ("saec1nn 25.11.1926).
ak anpnH, a 1y nonc1nne nepenoHnyk anoxy pycckan n eapeckan nn1ennnrenunn
pasounncL a ouenke co6m1n, cpenann pasnm am6op, no-pasnoHy noaenn ce6n.
okoame nocnepc1ann a1oro, oco6enno pnn pycckoro napopa, nsaec1nm.
apeckn nc1opnk . ypenLHan, nsyunaun a1y npo6neHy, nopaopn1 n1or, c ko1opmH
neaosHoxno ne cornacn1Lcn: "apen npnnnnn nenponopunonanLno amcokoe yuac1ne a
peaonkunn, sannnn coo1ae1c1aykune Hec1a a coae1ckoH n nap1nnoH annapa1e n,
, m nm m
m, n m (.
ypenLHan. oapeHennm coae1ckn an1nceHn1nsH: opHm n copepxanne. - kn.:
n1nceHn1nsH a oae1ckoH okse. - epycannH, 1979.)
446
ypenLHan, koneuno, ne roaopn1 ace npaapm. ycckan ann1a 6mna ne 1onLko n ne
c1onLko nsrnana, ckonLko ynnu1oxena: okono 200 1mcnu paopnncknx ceHe, okono 500
1mcnu pyccknx canuennocnyxn1ene c poHouapuaHn, npnHepno nonoanna ace
nn1ennnrenunn n npak1nueckn acn pycckan 6ypxyasnn n saxn1ounoe kpec1Lnnc1ao
nepec1ann cyuec1aoaa1L a occnn. 1 a1oro renounpa nau napop ne onpaanncn po cnx
nop.
ako renounp - ropaspo c1paunee npecnoay1oro onokoc1a, o ko1opoH neyc1anno
1py6n1 eapeckan nponaranpa. 6o cpepn 1ex caHmx uec1n Hnnnnonoa nko6m
nory6nennmx neHuaHn eapeea (paxe ecnn ponyc1n1L, u1o a1a unqpa nc1nnna, ao u1o
ceropnn yxe nnk1o ns cepLesnmx nccnepoaa1ene ne aepn1) ne1 nn opnoro
ampakuerocn nHenn[17]. n opnoro snaHenn1oro nonn1nka, pen1enn naykn nnn
kynL1ypm! 1o nopasn1enLno! o anonne o6LncnnHo. ao1aHn na o1npaaky eapeea a
konunarepn n 1.p. pacnopnxanncL 1ak nasmaaeHme kpenpa1m - coae1m ns
eapecknx c1apeunn, ko1opme onpepennnn, koHy ns eapeea xn1L, a koHy -
norn6ny1L. nn npoaenn caoero popa cenekunk, coxpannn nan6onee uennm
uenoaeueckn Ha1epnan n neHeuknHn pykaHn o6pesan cyxne cyuLn, no ampaxennk
pykoaopn1enn ceHnpno eapecko oprannsaunn anHa euHana (anocnepc1ann
nepaoro npesnpen1a spannn). ene1nueckn eapec1ao 1onLko amnrpano o1 onokoc1a,
kak nn kouync1aenno a1o sayun1.
occnn xe no nnany eapecknx anac1n1ene n npeonoroa n pykaHn eapecknx
nauanLnnkoa penpeccnano coae1cko cnc1eHm 6mn ynnu1oxen nHenno uae1 pyccko
naunn n ocnoam pyccko kynL1ypm. mna nponsaepena yHmunennan rene1nueckan
ka1ac1poqa - an1ncenekunn, a1nounp n renounp.
eno a 1oH, u1o eapen ne 1onLko aosrnaannn nepaoe coae1ckoe npaan1enLc1ao,
Hnnnc1epc1aa n aepoHc1aa, n u .
(anpnHep, a Hae 1919 r. eapen coc1aannn 21% a konnernnx uen1panLnmx
napkoHa1oa, a na kpanne yxe k 1923 r. eapen coc1aannnn 40% cpepn
rocypapc1aennmx unnoannkoa.) apak1epen nsaec1nm qak1: ns ue1mpex 6nnxaunx
noHounnkoa ennkca sepxnnckoro no - 1poe 6mnn eapenHn. eapeckoH
nponcxoxpennn caHoro sepxnnckoro (no o1uy ns amkpec1oa) 1akxe nnuy1 anonne
napexnme nc1ounnkn.
okoame nocnepc1ann a1oro, oco6enno pnn o6esrnaanennoro pycckoro napopa,
nsaec1nm. a ceHLpecn1 ne1 pycckn napop 6mn noc1aanen a nonoxenne 6ecnpaanoro
ponopa, 1pypoH n aonncknH nopanroH ko1oporo o6ecneunaanocL Horyuec1ao n
npouae1anne ppyrnx (a nepayk ouepepL, eapeckoro) napopoa , a 1o apeHn kak
pycckne nnuann n perpapnpoaann a counanLnoH n 6nonornueckoH o1nouennn.
ropm coae1cko anac1n o6 a1oH roaopn1L n nnca1L 6mno sanpeueno. qnunanLnan
npeonornn npaanue nap1nn ynacnepoaana o1 peaonkunonno anoxn
nn1epnaunonannsH n 6opL6y c an1nceHn1nsHoH. (kak 1enepL ) ne 6mna
sann1epecoaana a o6naxennn co6c1aennmx eapecknx kopne. axe an1nceHn1 1annn
aenen sacekpe1n1L pannme o eapecknx kopnnx ennna. mpocno neckonLko
nokonenn pyccknx nkpe, nnkakoro nonn1nn ne nHeaunx n ne nHekunx o snoaeue
ponn eapeea a nc1opnn nauero napopa. neHo an1nceHn1a 6onLunnc1ao nkpe a
occnn 6on1cn sapa6o1a1L po cnx nop.
pospenne nauanocL 1onLko a nocnepnne pecn1L ne1 n npe1 noka ouenL Hepnenno.
* * *
447
H nekone6nHo pepxanacL nocne peaonkunn nonnmx paapua1L ne1.
a a1o apeHn 6ecnopo6no 6ora1an c1pana 6mna uypoanuno orpa6nena. e ponrnHn
aekaHn konnaueecn naunonanLnoe poc1onnne okasanocL a ocnoanoH amaeseno sa
py6ex.
coc1aae nepaoro coae1ckoro npaan1enLc1aa 17 napkoHoa (Hnnnc1poa) ns 22 6mnn
eapenHn. 1oH uncne poukn (ponu1en) aosrnaannn aoennm koHnccapna1,
nnoaLea (nqenL6ayH) - koHnccapna1 any1pennnx pen, 1epn6epr - koHnccapna1
kc1nunn n 1.p.
apen npouno pepxann a caonx pykax knkueame nosnunn nou1n po caHo 1opo
Hnpoao aonm. nn npepc1aannnn a 1e ropm 61 unena (6) ns 78, 133 unenoa
oanapkoHa (npaan1enLc1aa) ns 155, 8 ns 8 a pykoaopc1ae pokypa1ypm, 53 ns 59
pykoaopn1ene (rnaanm penpeccnanm opran), 12 ns 12 pepak1opoa
uen1panLnmx rase1. o1 cnncok eapeea - napkoHoa (Hnnnc1poa) coae1ckoro
npaan1enLc1aa 1936-1937 rr.: nnoc1pannmx pen - n1annoa (nnkenLu1en),
any1pennnx pen - ropa (erypa), aneune 1oproann - osenrenLu, any1penne
1oproann - enep, ny1e coo6uennn - aranoanu, nerko npoHmunennoc1n -
k6naoa, coaxosoa - onHnnoanu, sppaaooxpanennn - aHnnckn, coakon1ponn -
enenLkn. epamHn saHec1n1ennHn 6mnn eapen: o6oponm - aHapnnk, 1nxeno
npoHmunennoc1n - aranoanu (6pa1 napkoHny1n), qnnancoa - eann, npocaeuennn -
nu1en, seHneanapennn - ac1ep, cansn - k6oanu, nnueao npoHmunennoc1n -
enenLkn, aopnoro 1pancnop1a - osen1anL, nerko npoHmunennoc1n - okonLnnkoa
(pnnnnan1), kc1nunn - onLu, noH. npokypopa - cxanLe, nauanLnnk uen1panLnoro
ynpaanennn napopnoro xosnc1aa - ponnn. 1.p.
norne coae1ckne nauanLnnkn (kpynnme n Henkne) 6mnn xena1m na eapekax,
cansannmx popc1aoH 1ak nnn nnaue c peaonkunonepaHn, ae1epanaHn koHnap1nn. ak,
xeno y Hapuana opounnoaa 6mna ypoxpennan onpa op6Han, y acepoccnckoro
c1apoc1m annnnna - op6epr, y pykoaopn1enn nap1nno oprannsaunn ennnrpapa
npoaa - apkyc, y npepcepa1enn oae1a napopnmx koHnccapoa ono1oaa - epn
apnoackan (eHuyxnna), y napkoHa npocaeuennn ynauapckoro - osen1anL, y
nk6nHua nap1nn yxapnna - ypLe (apnna), y npepcepa1enn oae1a napopnmx
koHnccapoa mkoaa - cqak, y renepanLnoro cekpe1apn eonnpa pexneaa -
nk1opnn e1poana onL6epr. aHyxeH sa eapenHn a 1o nnn nnoe apeHn okasanncL
pouL anenkoaa - onn, pouL caHoro 1annna - ae1nana n Hn.pp. noaoH,
kpoanopopc1aennmHn cansnHn c eapec1aoH okasancn cansan aecLHa snaun1enLnm a
konnuec1aennoH n kauec1aennoH o1nouennn cek1op pykoaopc1aa , a 1akxe
amcune cnon ryHann1apno, 1exnnuecko n aoenno nn1ennnrenunn (npnHep
akapeHnkoa .. axapoaa n .. nxaueaa xapak1epen, no paneko ne epnnnuen)[18].
* * *
, u1o cnepye1 ns npnaepennmx canpe1enLc1a n qak1oa, - eapeckoe
aHeua1enLc1ao, , , a pycckyk xnsnL a nepnop
peaonkunn n rpaxpancko aonm, a peno c1anoanennn oae1cko anac1n n ee nepaoro
paapua1nne1nn - 6mno HaccoamH n peuakunH. oae1ckan anac1L - eapeckan anac1L:
1ak Hoxno 6mno c nonnmH npaaoH ckasa1L a 1e ropm. a1a anac1L 6mna
nocnepoaa1enLna n neyHonnHa. ( npnHepy, Ho pep - 6enoraappeckn oqnuep,
neranLno aepnyauncn a 1922 ropy a occnk, - 6mn pacc1pennn pean1L ne1 cnyc1n;
6ecnouapnan oxo1a na pycckyk ann1y una nenpepmano. 1o oxo1nncn? ppep na apec1
pepa - n anpen a1o caonHn rnasaHn - nopnncan ne6esmsaec1nmH enpnxoH ropo
[erypo]...)
448
1nkpL ne 1onLko 1e, "cornacoaannme c nmneune eapecko o6uec1aennoc1Lk, 2,5
npouen1a eapeea - ak1nanc1oa-peaonkunonepoa, ko1opme c apkcoH n ennnmH a
ronoae n c opyxneH a pykax yc1anaannaann a occnn noam nopnpok,
nenocpepc1aenno nponnaann pycckyk kpoaL, - npnuac1nm k pokoamH co6m1nnH, k
yccko a1ac1poqe. a qone 5 Hnn. pyccknx kpec1Lnn, ne sa c1pax, a sa coaec1L
cnyxnaunx a pacno apHnn, unqpoaoe ampaxenne npnHoro eapeckoro yuac1nn a
peaonkunn ne cnnukoH aneua1nne1. o aepL peuL npe1 specL ne o6 a1oH.
u , m , m s
( - u), - n. B n, - n. B
s , - ,
.
nn nepepenann nauy xnsnL no-caoeHy. aH nnkorpa ne nonac1L a 1y c1pany, kako
Horna 6m c1a1L occnn, ecnn 6m ne eapeckan peaonkunn n eapeckan oae1ckan
anac1L. 1a naua, pycckan occnn 1onLko ckaosn1, 6pesxn1 ns c1apmx xponnk, rase1,
ns knnr ynnna, Heneaa, ynpnna, paxe nekcen onc1oro, paxe opLkoro... o
c1pana nonana a pykn uyxakoa n na pecn1nne1nn no1epnna pycckoe nnuo, pycckyk
cy1L. apeckn HanLunk asnn uyxyk, cnoxnyk, nenonn1nyk n poporyk nrpyuky, no
ne nonyunn k ne knkua - n cnoHan. cnoHaa, npncnoco6nn ne no nasnauennk.
peuepen1 1akoro nsoupennoro renounpa - 6ykaanLno o6esrnaannaanne uenoro
napopa n saHena ero npnpopno ronoam na uyxepopnyk - 1pypno nopmcka1L a
nc1opnn. poHe, noxany, opnoro: asapnn. o o ne - nosxe. pecL noa1opk 1onLko,
u1o npecnoay1m onokoc1 ne 6mn c1onL ry6n1enen n 1o1anLno 6esxanoc1en k
eapeckoHy napopy: on "o6pesan cyxne cyuLn, no coxpannn eapeckyk ann1y. yccknH
1akoro npaaa ne 6mno pano.
osLHn1e poaoennme cnpaaounnkn coae1cknx 1aopuecknx coksoa - n am y6epn1ecL:
a1o 6mnn ropm neo6muanoro pacuae1a eapecko coae1cko kynL1ypm. a, a1o 6mna
nx c1pana, nx anac1L, nx c1po. x c1ap1. x uanc. apeckoe 1aopuec1ao nmuno
pacuaeno na sann1o naue kpoaLk seHne. onyc1nH paxe, u1o 97,5 npouen1oa
eapeea ne npnnnHano nenocpepc1aennoro aoopyxennoro yuac1nn a peaonkunn - ace
onn nann1anncL o1 ee nnopoa.
pnaxpm n, qnnonor, sapyHancn: kak xe 1ak? epL a ropm coaceH eue nepaanne,
HenLue c1a ne1 nasap, a nauane aeka 1aopnnn saHeua1enLnme n paxe aennkne pycckne
nnca1enn n noa1m: ea n nekce onc1me, exoa, opLkn, ynpnn, ynnn,
epexkoackn, nok, pkcoa, enm, yHnnea, cennn, ankoackn - n nn opnoro a
paano c1enenn 1anan1nnaoro, saHe1noro eapen pnpoH! yx npo XIX, XVIII aeka n n
ne roaopk... nepaano, sapn a en1panLnm oH n1epa1opa, rpe na c1onnke
aax1epa noueHy-1o acerpa pasnoxenm pnn npopaxn eapeckne rase1m n xypnanm, n
yanpen anoncm amc1ynnenn pecn1ka eapeea-nn1epa1opoa n nnuL opnoro - pycckoro.
1o xe cnyunnocL? ak ace Horno nepeHenn1Lcn - n 1ak 6mc1po?
K ?
H , u - ?
ce npoc1o. eHnorne, no nan6onee ak1nanme eapen cpesann aepxyuky pycckoro
pepeaa (ncnonLsyn na1muckne, nonLckne, ueuckne, aenrepckne, kn1ackne, no yam,
1akxe n pycckne pykn). oc1anLnme eapen npnannn caHnx ce6n na caexeH cpese.
epeao c anpy ne norn6no n paxe nnopm koe-kakne npnnocnno. onLko ne 1e, u1o
6mnn nsnauanLno onpepenenm npnpopo.
449
ak u1o xe 1enepL, annn1L nepamx eapeea ("snopeea) n 6naropapn1L a1opmx
("6narope1ene)? a ne1, 1ak, noxany, ne nope1.
pnxopn1cn npnHo nanoHnn1L eapenH - nnca1ennH, xypoxnnkaH, yuenmH: am cnnukoH
HnornH o6nsanm aaunH co6pa1LnH, ko1opme nac pacc1pennaann, 1onnnn, xrnn,
ccmnann a n a aHnrpaunk. v mx
, nr n. nn amnonnnnn cao ponr nepep aaHn sa nau cue1,
1eH caHmH npeapa1na aac a ponxnnkoa nepep naHn.
yaaxakun ce6n eape ne sa6ype1 o 1oH, u1o neHum co1aopnnn a aeke c
ero napopoH. ne npoc1n1.
n opnn yaaxakun ce6n pycckn ne sa6ype1 o 1oH, u1o a aeke c ero c1pano n ero
napopoH co1aopnnn eapen. ycckan a1ac1poqa kypa c1paunee onokoc1a. 1o anpno
paxe no nocnepc1annH, no n1oraH aeka: ceropnn eapen noaceHec1no npouae1ak1 n
anapek1 nonoanno Hnpa, a pycckne - a uypoanunoH, necnmxannoH ynapke.
T n u s.
poc1n1L 1akoe neaosHoxno.
cpepn eapeea Hopno pyra1L k1n6pLckyk peaonkunk, o1peka1Lcn o1 nee.
1o amrnnpn1 o1apa1n1enLno, kak ecnn 6m pas6ora1eaun n npno6pe1un nock cmn
uec1nn o6nnuaauyk Ha1L. es Haneuero saspennn coaec1n 1akne nkpn, kak 6maun
cnepoaa1enL eape ea asron, nnn anyk ueknc1a eape nppe epknsoa,
kneHn1 6onLueankoa aoo6ue n ueknc1oa a uac1noc1n, nonpekan nx sa sanyuennm
eapenHn n no nnH xe nospnee ypapnaun 6yHepanr penpeccn. o peannoc1one1nn
asron, aosHoxno, yxe n caH nckpenne ne noHnnn caonx pen. opaspo 6onee
nokasa1enLnmH amrnnpn1 1ak n ne coc1onauncn qapc "cypa nap , sa1ennnm
6mno no nopckaske .. koaneaa eapecko nn1ennnrenune ao rnaae c
ynoHnnaaunHcn yxe nekcanppoH nesepoH. op nx nauanoH 6mna yxe cospana
"expynapopnan koHnccnn no nopro1oake Hexpynapopnoro cypa nap n HnpoamH
koHHynnc1nuecknH panxenneH, co6npaauancn "ocypn1L n sanpe1n1L n
(" 07.05.96). pnako ns ace a1o rpoHko sa1en amuen nunk. oueHy? a aepL
kouka snae1, uLe Hnco ona cLena. npnHo, nauencn nernynm eape, ko1opm
6mc1penLko coo6pasnn, u1o cyp nap npec1ynnennnHn 6onLueankoa o6epne1cn
rno6anLnmH 1pn6ynanoH nap eapenHn. peno saHnnn, a xanL.
1o 6m nn roaopnnn eapen o peaonkunn - nnuL epnnnum ns nnx cknonnk1 nepep
pyccknHn ronoay a nokannnn, kak a1o cpenan opnaxpm apk ypnnu1en
(anocnepc1ann o6Lcnnaun, u1o ero ne 1ak nonnnn). paapa, 1akxe nnuL neHnorne
eapen, snan ace qak1m, o1kasmaak1cn npnsnaaa1L nary6noe yuac1ne caonx
conneHennnkoa a aennuaue 1parepnn nauero c1one1nn nn6o nonnoc1Lk
onpaapmaak1 ero, ccmnancL na o6c1on1enLc1aa nc1opnn poccnckoro eapec1aa. (ak
6yp1o y 1ex xe neHuea ne 6mno nc1opnuecknx ocnoaann pnn oco6oro o1nouennn k
eapec1ay! 1o, opnako, ne noHorno nH onpaapa1Lcn.)
o caHoe Hnnoe: a6conk1noe 6onLunnc1ao eapeea npoc1o nnuero ne xoue1 o6 a1oH
sna1L, a uy1L u1o - kpnun1, u1o a1o kneae1a an1nceHn1oa. H ne1 nnkakoro pena po
yccko a1ac1poqm n po eapeckoro a ne yuac1nn. kakoH 1aH nokannnn roaopn1
a1n pycckne? yc1L caHn kak1cn sa yxacnme norpoHm! (anoHnk, kc1a1n, u1o norpoHm
6mnn a ocnoanoH 1aH, rpe eapeea xopouo ysnann sa aeka: a onpaann, enopyccnn,
na kpanne, a aoace ne a occnn.)
expy 1eH, ao1 yxe 1pn nokonennn neHuea, amnnaunaan eapenH no paa Hnnnnappa
Hapok a rop, paccun1maak1cn sa rpexn, ko1opmx onn nnuno caHn ne coaepuann (k1o
coaepuan - 1ex eapen y6nnn). anunep nnnn panp1 na aecL Hnp cnesno kanncn
450
o1 nnua acex neHuea nepep nnuoH acex eapeea sa npec1ynnennn, k ko1opmH nn on
nnuno, nn 6onLunnc1ao 1ex, o1 uLero nHenn on amc1ynan, ne npnuac1nm. o eapenH
neHum, pasyHee1cn, ne npnHep.
ueH xe npnunna 1ako c1pauno npaac1aenno rnyxo1m?
ne cnyuano nasmaak1 apopoH nnrn. anpy nHee1cn opa, no-naueHy -
n1nknnxne onceeao. 1o - canuennan nc1opnn eapeckoro napopa, a ko1opo onn
uepnak1 ne 1onLko konkpe1nme qak1m, no n cakpanLnyk qnnocoqnk caoe xnsnn a
npounoH, nac1onueH n 6ypyueH. nn eapeea pounoe, saneua1nennoe a nnre, -
can1o. no a nonnoH cHmcne cnoaa 6oxec1aenno. Hexpy 1eH a a1oH npounoH ec1L
poaonLno xy1kne n noc1mpnme, c 1oukn spennn o6ueuenoaeuecko Hopann, annsopm.
o o6ueuenoaeueckan HopanL pnn nac1onunx eapeea - ne sakon. nn nnx akon - a1o
ace 1a xe opa. c1a1Le "n6nnn n xnsnL: ypokn Hopann (1993) n oc1anaannaancn na
pnpe nopo6nmx annsopoa. pecL nanoHnk o 1ex ns nnx, ko1opme kacak1cn
Hexpynapopnmx kon1ak1oa eapeea.
epep 1eH, kak ao1n a eHnk 6e1oaannyk, once pacnopnpnncn nocna1L 1ypa
nasy1unkoa: ncyca aanna n aneaa eqonnnnna. epnyauncL, onn c1ann no6yxpa1L
conneHennnkoa k saaoeaannnH a 1aknx cnoaax: "eHnn, ko1opyk Hm npoxopnnn pnn
ocHo1pa, ouenL, ouenL xopoua; ecnn ocnopL Hnnoc1na k naH, 1o aaepe1 nac a seHnk
cnk n pac1 naH ee - a1y seHnk, a ko1opo 1eue1 Honoko n Hep; 1onLko npo1na ocnopa
ne aocc1aaa1e n ne 6o1ecL napopa seHnn ce; n
z: saun1m y nnx ne c1ano, a c naHn ocnopL (ncna, XIV, 7-9. mpeneno
Hno. - A.C.). eHL aa1ox1onnmx, kak 1enepL 6m ckasann, napopoa nc1pe6nnn eapen,
caenn nop kopenL, "cLenn, ne oc1aana nn pe1e, nn c1apnkoa, nn xenunn, nn paxe
poHaunn cko1, papn 1oro, u1o6m nonyun1L seHnk, ko1opan 6mna "ouenL, ouenL
xopoua. 1 nc1pe6nennmx napopoa, uLn anna coc1onna nnuL a 1oH, u1o onn xnnn na
seHne caonx npepkoa, coxpannnncL 1onLko nHena kak pe1anL canuenno nc1opnn
caHnx xe eapeea: aHoppen, reprecen, neaycen...
apen nnkorpa ne packanaanncL a copennnoH. epL onn, nc1pe6nnn ace pmuauee,
ncnonnnnn 6oxec1aennm saae1! nn roppn1cn ns popa a pop a1nH annsopoH, popoxa1
nH: aepL a1o nop1aepxpenne nx ns6pannnuec1aa, yropnoc1n ory. ak ne
packanaak1cn onn n a 1oH, u1o o6o6pann ernn1nn, yxopn ns rnn1a n oc1aannn 1ex a
rny6okoH rope n 1paype no nc1pe6nennmH nepaenuaH. ak ne packanaak1cn n a 1oH,
u1o ao apeHena uapn aanpa saepckn ynnu1oxnnn ace nacenenne aam HHonn1cko,
6pocna ero saxnao nop nnnm, nop xenesnme Hono1nnkn, nop xenesnme 1onopm
u (2-n apc1a, XII, 30-31). ako ao1 ppeann xonokoc1nk,
nnckonLko ne o6peHennkun konnek1nanyk coaec1L eapeckoro napopa.
e packanauncL, onn, nepepaaan ns nokonennn a nokonenne s n
mn , nensHenno akc1panonnpyk1 ero na 1ex, c keH xnay1
pnpoH. a neHuea, nonnkoa, apa6oa, ykpannuea, pyccknx... c1opnn acex napopoa
Hnpa nHee1 pnn eapeea snauenne nnuL noc1onLky, nockonLky ona coo1nocn1cn c
nc1opne apopa nnrn. kakoH xe naunonanLnoH nokannnn y nnx Hoxe1 np1n peuL?
o nepackannnoe sno, kak 6yHepanr, aosapauae1cn k 1oHy, k1o ero amnyc1nn a Hnp.
ak "xonokoc1nk, yc1poennm eapenHn a nesanaHn1nme apeHena necuac1nmH, nn a
ueH ne noannnmH aHHonn1nnaH, aepnyncn a naueH aeke onokoc1oH. ak roaopn1cn,
nHekun yun pa cnmun1. akoamx, npaapa, noueHy-1o nnkorpa ne naxopn1cn a
poc1a1ke.
* * *
n q:
451
- H x, n nn
, Hm m Kq. H x
. B, u u u. T ?
- Q. H. (Hx nv.)

452
3.3. HEEHK. R YKR K4 H EEH
caepenm c1apme cue1m, a yxe nopa amc1aann1L noame.
1noarouen1pnsH eapeea, 6esypepxnm, 6esrpannunm, aepe1 nx no kpyry nc1opnn, ne
paaan co1n c op6n1m, cnoaa n cnoaa amkasmaae1 ce6n.
enpeccnn konua 1930-x n ennkan 1euec1aennan aona pann aosHoxnoc1L pyccknH
anoaL neHnoro npnnopnn1Lcn, o1opanny1L eapeea o1 kopHnna anac1n. x, kako
kpoaLk kynnnn Hm a1y aosHoxnoc1L!
oneuno, npounoro yxe 6mno ne aepny1L. po nonnoro peaanua peno poaec1n ne
ypanocL. amcue anac1n a pasnoe apeHn n a pasno Hepe oc1aaanncL nn6o nkpn c
eapecko kpoaLk, nn6o xena1me na eapekax n nHekune, coo1ae1c1aenno, pe1e
eapeea. o, xo1n a n cpepn o6cnyxnaaaunx pasnnunmx akcnep1oa no-
npexneHy o6pe1anocL ouenL Hnoro nonykpoaok n Hyxe eapecknx xen,
HnHnkpnpoaaaunx nop pyccknx, na kakoe-1o apeHn annnnne eapeea 6mno ocna6neno.
1uac1n a1o 6mno cansano c cn1yaune aokpyr spannn n ckanpanaHn "o1Lesxan1oa.

enepL yxe eapen cun1ann ce6n ronnHmHn n ro1oannn cao peaanu. x ponL a
pnccnpen1ckoH panxennn 6mna c1onL xe orpoHna, kak korpa-1o - a k1n6pLcko
peaonkunn. pnako 6eccHennm a 1euenne ponrnx ne1 npepcepa1enL eape
npponoa ynpnHo, aonpekn oueanpnoc1n, no a nonnoH coo1ae1c1ann c any1pennnH
eapecknH nHnepa1naoH, cun1an rnaano onacnoc1Lk pnn rocypapc1aa ne
pnccnpen1oa, a... pyccknx naunonannc1oa. 1oH, nackonLko on 6mn nenpaa, Hoxno
cypn1L no co6m1nnH, aouepunH a nc1opnk nop nHeneH "nepec1pokn.
anannsnpoaa1L specL noppo6no aknap eapeea ao 1opyk ycckyk
a1ac1poqy (nepec1poky). 1uac1n no1oHy, u1o o6 a1oH yxe pae1 npepc1aanenne
rnaaa "a opnny, sa nLunna!, o1uac1n no1oHy, u1o c a1nH nennoxo cnpaannk1cn
Hnorouncnennme ppyrne aa1opm, o1uac1n no1oHy, u1o a a1oH coc1on1 sapanne pyccknH
nc1opnkaH na 6ypyuee.
anoHnk 1onLko esonkunk acecoksno un1a1enLcko konqepenunn xypnana
oae1nu eHnanp (oae1ckan popnna):
o6paauncL 21 cen1n6pn 1989 ropa na cecoksnyk un1a1enLckyk konqepenunk
xypnana oae1nu eHnanp, npepc1aan1enn eapecko 1aopuecko nn1ennnrenunn
1pnpua1n ropopoa oae1ckoro oksa - nnca1enn, xypoxnnkn, koHnosn1opm, nc1opnkn,
ny6nnunc1m, ap1nc1m, neparorn, coaHec1no c nk6n1ennHn eapecko cnoaecnoc1n,
eapecko kynL1ypm n nckycc1aa sanannk1, u1o na nmneuneH kpy1oH noaopo1e a
xnsnn nauero o6uec1aa coae1ckne eapen, 1aopueckne cnnm eapeckoro napopa
cansmaak1 cypL6y caoe kynL1ypm c nepec1poko (epec1poka n eapeckn
aonpoc. - ., , 1989. - mn. I, c. 10). 1aaka, kak anpnH, 6mna cpenana co ace
onpepenennoc1Lk.
poun1npyk 1akxe, qak1ypm papn, c1a1Lk . apa-ypsm:
"apen a nepenoHnme HoHen1m oc1pmx kpnsncoa a occnn 6mnn ak1nano n
annn1enLno uac1Lk peaonkunonnoro nnn npaanuero HenLunnc1aa, n nx yuac1ne a
nmneune "peqopHe nenponopunonanLno aennko - nyc1L ne a anpe ueknc1a a
koxanke c naranoH, a a anpe akcnep1a, 6anknpa n npeonora. nn asnnn na ce6n
qynkunn 1apana, cokpyuakuero "c1apm pexnH. nn - nan6onee 6essaae1nme
453
Hopepnnsa1opm n sanapnnkn, cnn k, k nmcy ycck
kxycn rnM (specL n panee ampeneno Hno. - A.C.).
. ypHan, o6annnn nopo6nmx Hne a an1nceHn1nsHe, npepc1aanne1 eapeea kak
nan6onee "pmnounyk n "nposanapnyk rpynny. a ocnoaannn onpoca 1991 ropa on
nnue1: " 1eH, u1o na anape cospano nyuuee ns aosHoxnmx o6uec1a n naH napo
cnepoaa1L sa anapoH, cornacnnncL 13,2 ycck 52,5 .
ornacno 1oHy onpocy, nepec1poka yxe aocnpnnnHanacL kak 6epc1ane. H ny
cnk a c Pcc, k n , y c
M cn Mc kk ymn. Hm y c-
ck mn Mc.
o ecnn annn1enLnan uac1L o6uec1aa cun1ae1 6naroH 1o, u1o pnn oc1anLnmx 6epc1ane,
- ne a1o nn n ec1L npnunna nanpnxennoc1n? asanocL 6m, nHenno c 1oukn spennn
Hapkcnc1a a1o - anonne o6Lek1nanan npepnocmnka kpoqo6nn. epL kpoqo6nn a
nepeaope na pycckn osnauae1 "c1pax nepep nypeeH. ak nyc1L . [onnonen1 apa-
ypsm] ckaxe1, ec1L nn y nacenennn occnn kakne-1o ocnoaannn ncnm1maa1L c1pax
nepep caHmHn 6essaae1nmHn peqopHa1opaHn?
cnoHnnH, kak ncnonLsoaann nypansH pnn ocanuennn 6opL6m npo1na . naanm
paaann ockam paa nnxac onLpuHnp1 sanann a "esaancnHo rase1e: "eHa1nn,
opnn ns paspenoa a66anm, rpe pae1cn o6Lncnenne nanennnH na ocnoae uncnoamx
snauenn cnoa n nonn1n, nokasmaae1 naH, u1o cyHHa uncnoamx snauenn cnoa
"nupanH - "rnne1 n " opnnakoaa. ak xe n cn1yaunn ceuac ao HnoroH
cxopna. naun1, aona npo1na nocnna pennrnosnm xapak1ep? naun1, naua
c1pana onnue1aopnna "ernne1ckn nnen, a Hm, "ernn1nne, ponxnm npe1epne1L ace
yxacm, nacnannme aaaoqoH na rnne1?
ne snak, 6mnn nn "6e1apoaum cpepn 1ex "noamx pyccknx a pxnncax, ko1opme
c1pennnn no nkpnH y oHa oae1oa - co c1oponm n eapecknx oprannsaun Hm
ne cnmuann onpoaepxennn. o saueH pennrnosnme pen1enn npnexann nasaa1pa
npaspnoaa1L k pmHnueHycn Hec1y pycckoro 6pa1oy6nc1aa? e pnn 1oro nn, u1o6m
nopopn1L nHenno c1pax - kpoqo6nk?
kak ne acnoHnn1L o cnonnsHe ceropnn, korpa 1pe6yk1 cnn1L sanpe1 na ckynky
seHnn? epL Hnp noHnn1, kak c1aannn n peuann seHenLnm aonpoc cnonnc1m. onLko
sa 1pn Hecnua, c peka6pn 1947 no qeapanL 1948 ropa, cnonnc1m oprannsoaann 6onee
payx 1mcnu aoopyxennmx nanapenn na apa6ckne pepeann, u1o6m corna1L
nanec1nnuea c seHnn. eppopnc1m ns "pryn ampesann acex po opnoro xn1ene
pepeann enp ccnn, aknkuan rpypnmx pe1e [a 1ounoc1n no c1apnnnmH peuen1aH
ncyca aanna; kc1a1n, "pryn ceropnn oqnunanLno pec1aye1 n a occnn]. onee 70
npouen1oa uenoro napopa 6pocnnn caon poHa n 6exann. 1o1 cnonnsH a npounoH? o
aepL coaceH nepaano koHanpnp 1oro o1pnpa "pryn ernn 6mn npeHLep-Hnnnc1poH
spannn. aueH xe c nnanaHn crona c seHnn poccncknx kpec1Lnn amc1ynak1
nonn1nkn-eapen? asae a1o ne ponxno anyua1L c1pax?
1o xe popnn1 nmneunnx peqopHa1opoa c 1pouknc1aHn-Hyxnko6opuaHn, kpoHe 1oro,
u1o a o6onx papnkanLnmx 1euennnx eapen 6mnn ak1nano n npko uac1Lk? o, u1o
n M Pcc Mc cnc c M cnM,
k n n cnn. caoe yaepennoc1n, 6yp1o nH pano npaao
nckopenn1L nopokn "o1c1anmx napopoa, o6a 1euennn poxopn1 po 6esyHnmx nnanoa
6nonornuecko nepepenkn "uenoaeueckoro Ha1epnana...
ao1 nepam aonpoc: nanne1cn nn napop occnn ns6m1ouno, anoHanLno
nopaepxennmH kpoqo6nn nnn ypoaenL ero c1paxa apekaa1en peanLnoc1n, a 1o n
nonnxen o1nocn1enLno "nopHm?
454
osLHeH sa c1anpap1 npocaeuennm anap. 16pocnH kpann cnyua - neHuea
aeka. o1 cnyua Hnrue - ka1onnueckan cnannn [ny yx! onn-1o kak pas poaenn peno
po konua!]. 1492 ropy o1ckpa koponeacknH ykasoH 6mnn nsrnanm ace nypen. ex,
k1o npnnnn xpnc1nanc1ao, no 1ano ncnoaepoaan nypansH (Happanm), npecnepoaana
nnkansnunn. ak nepepko 6maae1, caHmHn xec1oknHn nnkansn1opaHn (nanpnHep,
opkaeHapa) 6mnn o6pauennme eapen... eropnn ncnanum ncnm1maak1 koHnnekc
nc1opnuecko annm n o6o aceH, u1o cansano c eapenHn, nnuy1 n roaopn1 kpane
oc1opoxno, asaeunaan kaxpoe cnoao. ueH xe nc1okn 1o kpoqo6nn? Henno a
c1paxe 1papnunonnoro o6uec1aa nepep HopepnnsnpykunH (na pene paspyun1enLnmH)
pec1aneH Hone1apnc1cko akonoHnkn. ak nnue1 ncnanckn nc1opnk: "apen
onnue1aopnnn pmnounyk akonoHnky a cpepe na1ypanLno akonoHnkn....
eropnn a occnn 1papnunonnoe o6uec1ao, yueneauee a coae1ckoH o6nnuLe, 1akxe
ncnm1maae1 1nxenme ypapm "noao akonoHnuecko cnc1eHm. nnosnunn ampaxae1
npek conpo1nanennn, cnacennn uenoaeuec1aa o1 "anek1popoa, ko1opme naH a1mkak1
anyua1a poukoro. cnonLsyk1 nn onnosnunn n Haccoaoe cosnanne kpoqo6nk kak
npoc1yk npeonornk conpo1nanennn - 1ak, kak penana apona? (. apa-ypsa.
ennkopepxaanm nn1epnaunonannsH. - "paapa-5 N 19/96).
1ae1 na aonpoc apa-ypsm yxe oueanpen: pa, ncnonLsyeH. m - 1oxe eaponeum,
ne xyxe npounx.
xouy po6aan1L neHnoroe.
a ne6onLuoH nc1opnueckoH pacc1onnnn 1pypno o1cnepn1L ack coaokynnoc1L qak1oa,
canpe1enLc1aykunx o 1oH, u1o ycckan a1ac1poqa-II, 1ak xe, kak n ycckan
a1ac1poqa-I, ec1L a peuakue c1enenn peno pyk eapeea. o paa 1aknx kann1anLnmx
qak1a, no caoeHy snauennk c1onunx 1mcnun ppyrnx, o1He1n1L neo6xopnHo.
B-x, peuL npe1 o aceH nsaec1noH sacnnnn unc1mx eapeea, nonykpoaok n
nopopnennmx c eapenHn nkpe a poccncko nonn1nke, qnnancax n cpepc1aax
Haccoao nnqopHaunn nepec1poeunmx ne1 anno1L po naunx pne. oco6ennoc1n
nno1no "cxaauenm nHn o6nac1L aneune nonn1nkn, akonoHnkn, sakono1aopuec1aa n
naunonanLnmx o1nouenn. e 6ypy y1pyxpa1L un1a1ene cnnckoH nHen n ponxnoc1e,
xo1n ro1oa npepLnan1L 1akoao a nk6o nnc1anunn.
B-x, nenLsn ne anpe1L, u1o eapen pacuennaak1 nponsouepune a occnn
nepeHenm, kak caok Hnccnk specL, kak caoe naunonanLnoe 1opxec1ao, kak caok
nc1opnueckyk no6epy. 6 a1oH canpe1enLc1aye1 ouenL Hnoroe. o n ckaxy nnuL o6
opnoH co6m1nn, nopasnaueH Henn a caHyk pyuy.
pepn uepnmx, c1paunmx aocnoHnnann a1nx ne1, cpepn ropec1nmx nsaec1n o
nopaxennnx n y1pa1ax Hoero napopa ec1L opno - caHoe c1paunoe, caHoe uepnoe,
caHoe ropLkoe.
oneuno, y1pa1a nckonnmx 1eppn1opn n 25 Hnnnnonoa epnnokpoanmx
conneHennnkoa, pasrpoH naue apHnn, cenLckoro xosnc1aa n npoHmunennoc1n,
o16pocnaun nac na Hnorne pecn1nne1nn nasap, roHepnueckn poc1 amaosa pener,
pparouennmx He1annoa n kaHne, xypoxec1aennmx uennoc1e, aHnrpaunn pyccko
1anan1nnao Honopexn n yuenmx, neaepon1nm, neuenoaeueckn pacc1pen enoro
oHa, caHoy6nc1aa pyccknx oqnuepoa, cue1 ko1opmH nepeaannn yxe sa 1mcnuy, poc1
a6op1oa (na opnoro noaopoxpennoro - paoe a6op1npoaannmx), amHnpanne Hnnnnonoa
necuac1nmx "nenpncnoco6naunxcn n 1oHy nopo6nme yxacnme aeun noxa1cn na
ceppue nenopLeHnmH rpysoH.
npoueH, na ycn 6maann yxe nopo6nme anoxn pasopennn n cHy1m (a ueH-1o n
noxyxe), n naH ne anepao nx npeoponeaa1L. pe 1pyp n nopanr - 1aH n aennune.
455
yaepen, u1o pycckne nkpn n na a1o1 pas nokaxy1 pekopp xnsnec1okoc1n, opepxa1
no6epy nap 1nxenmHn o6c1on1enLc1aaHn n o1oHc1n1 aparaH. o6pe1y1 a a1oH
oponennn noayk aonk k xnsnn.
o nensrnapnHmH kneHoH nexn1 n xxe1 Hne pyuy ppyroe aocnoHnnanne:
kouync1aennoe npaspnoaanne eapenHn anykn a canuennmx pnn kaxporo pycckoro
c1enax Hockoackoro peHnn. 1oro uypoanunoro ynnxennn ao ack xnsnL yxe ne
ns6m1L. akoro nsoupennoro nappyra1enLc1aa nap naHn ne co1aopnnn eue nnkakne
apeHennme no6epn1enn ycn - nn 1a1apm, nn nonnkn, nn anoneon, pepxaaune a
kpeHneacknx xpaHax nouape. pepa1enLc1ao kynnennmx, pasapauennmx n
sanyrannmx anac1e, npesnpen1a n na1pnapxa; 6eccnnne n 6ecnoHounoc1L
o6esopyxennoro, saaoeaannoro napopa; narnoe, o1kpoaennoe 1opxec1ao nc1nnnmx
1aopuoa "nepec1pokn, no6epn1ene - ace a1o n Hnoroe eue neckasyeHoe, acn
"cyHHa nauero pasrpoHa - aonno1nnncL a a1oH aonnkue uyxepopnoH pn1yane. 1o
6mn aonc1nny nx "enL o6epm. akoe ne sa6maae1cn, ne npouae1cn...
o1penLnme eapen Hory1 6m1L nepoaonLnm pesynL1a1aHn nepec1pokn.
aepen, u1o a1o nepoaonLc1ao paxe 6ype1 pac1n. ouno 1ak xe onn a opnn npekpacnm
HoHen1 pasouapoaanncL n a k1n6pLcko peaonkunn, n a oae1cko anac1n.
o nn o kakoH nokannnn nepep naHn co c1oponm eapeea, pasyHee1cn, peun anoaL ne1 n
6m1L ne Hoxe1.
anoHnk o 1oH, kak ouennnn onn pacc1pen enoro oHa 6ykaanLno na ppyro xe
penL. ockoackoH koHcoHonLue sa 6-e ok1n6pn 1993 ropa un1aeH 1akne 1ekc1m:
- nekcanpp nnu1en, xypnannc1: nn xo1enn pycckoro nopnpka. nn ero
nonyua1;
- qnH nqpnn, ak1ep: cnn na cae1 nononsna uyHa, o6essapaxnaa1L ee ponxnm
cneunannc1m;
- aprapn1a cknna, pnpek1op poHa ak1epa: pnosnauno - 1onLko noppepxa1L
nLunna;
- arenn nns6ypr, 1enepexnccep: nLunn - 6esycnoano npaa;
- Knn ycHan, pnpek1op oHa knno: ec1ann npesnpen1a n noppepxnaak
opnosnauno. a naunx rnasax rynnn pycckn qaunsH.
pouno uec1L ne1. norne 6maune c1oponnnkn peHokpa1nn ceropnn no-nnoHy
ouennaak1 npouepune co6m1nn. onLko ne a1n a1nnueckne peHokpa1m. epaano
" noHec1nna nop saronoakoH "enL o1 enoro oHa n "enL o1 enoro oHa - II
cyxpennn poccncknx nn1epa1opoa no noaopy 1ex kpoaaamx co6m1n n yc1anoanennn
"k1n6pLckoro pexnHa. ak n cnepoaano oxnpa1L, eapeckne ronoca n nopronockn
cnnaak1cn a poaonLno c1ponm xop: "Hoxe1 ono n nexopouo 6enme-1o poHa
pacc1pennaa1L, pa ace xe a1o 6mn nyuun amxop a 1o cn1yaunn, a annoaa1m ao aceH,
a 1oH uncne n a nmneuneH nec1poennn, koneuno xe, rapm-koHHynnc1m, onn xe
pycckne qaunc1m (cH., nanpnHep, 1ekc1m . pxanrenLckoro, . onoanua, .
enLHana, K. apnknna, . eHsepa, . yknna. - "ynnca- N 16/98).
po ns6npa1enLnyk kaHnannk 1996 ropa, sakpennauyk "k1n6pLckn pexnH, n o
ponn a ne eapeea n nncan amue. a pyHcknx am6opax 1999 ropa eapen a spanne
ronocoaann sa oks npaamx cnn, aosrnaanneHm nx epnnokpoanmHn: npeenko,
akaHapo, eHuoamH, y6acoH, apapoH, a6apoH (. paaoa. spanne
456
ronocoaann sa . - 20.12.99)[19]. occnckne eapen, napo pyHa1L, ne
o1c1aaann o1 nspannLcknx.
o1 1ak onn "nokannncL...
* * *
, nopaepeH n1orn.
m aoounk anpnH, u1o nc1opnn c aHeua1enLc1aoH eapeea a nauy xnsnL noa1opne1cn
pas sa pasoH no epnno cxeHe.
m nonnHaeH, u1o aHeua1enLc1ao eapeea a nonn1nueckne Hakponpoueccm a occnn -
1ne1aopno pnn nac, upeaa1o ka1ac1poqaHn.
m cosnaeH, u1o eapen 1ak penann acerpa n anpepL 6ypy1 pena1L, ne o6pauan
annHannn na nac, nopunnnncL any1penneHy anropn1Hy n ne packanaancL a copennnoH.
kasannoe osnauae1: npnnn1an eapenHn c1pa1ernueckan yc1anoaka na ykopenenne a
occnn, axoxpenne a poccnckn nc1e6nnuHen1 n sakpennenne 1aH npn ycnoann
aospoxpennn n y1aepxpennn eapecko naunonanLno npen1nunoc1n - u
, n u n,
.
oueHy ace a1o o6c1on1 nHenno 1ak, nponcxopn1 kaxpm pas nHenno 1ak? ueH ace
konun1cn? o1 Hon amaopm n na6nkpennn.
1. pepc1aanenne o 6nare, o ponxnoH, o6 npeanLnoH a o6uec1aenno xnsnn y eapeea
a npnnunne ne 1akoe, kak y pyccknx, ecnn nHe1L a anpy c1a1nc1nueckn snaunHme
aennunnm. no 6asnpye1cn 1onLko na nonnHannn 6nara, ponxnoro n npeanLnoro a
o1nouennn caoero oco6ennoro eapeckoro napopa, ko1opm xnae1 o1penLno n cpepn
napopoa ne uncnn1cn.
2. 1o1 qak1 - neaaxno, ocosnan on eapenHn nnn ne1, - ne Hoxe1 oc1anoan1L nx
o6uec1aenno-nonn1nueckne nnnuna1nam. cnn paxe onn n ysnak1, u1o Hm ne
paspenneH nx yc1peHnenn, a1o nx ne ypepxn1. nn acerpa pec1ayk1 kak xosneaa, ne
ornnpmaancL na napop, cpepn ko1oporo xnay1, 1ak, kak ecnn 6m nHenno onn 6mnn
epnnc1aennmH cy6Lek1oH nc1opnn. oHnnekc nc1opnuecko annm - aeuL, eapenH
nesnakoHan. ypyun cpepn napopoa caoeo6pasnmH naunonanLno-ncnxonornuecknH
qenoHenoH - - - onn ne xo1n1 n ne Hory1 xn1L n pec1aoaa1L
nnaue. Henno noa1oHy uneq kpoqo6nn 1nne1cn sa kouykunH eapec1aoH no aceH
aekaH n c1panaH nx npoxnaannn, naponro oc1aaancL paxe 1aH, o1kypa onn yxe yunn.
(naanm paaann onenrarena en1 enLxnop nepaano peskHnpoaan: an1nceHn1nsH
ec1L aespe, rpe npoxnaak1 eapen.)
3. a noaepxnoc1n o6uec1aenno xnsnn Hm anpnH nnuL epnnnunmx npepc1aan1ene
eapeckoro napopa, "naccnonapnea, rnyunx caok nnnnk. ( peaonkunk nx 6mno,
ponyc1nH, 2,5%, a a nepec1poky, Hoxe1 6m1L, no6onLue - a1o pena ne Henne1.) o
c1on1 konny1L rny6xe, asn1L unpokn o6uec1aennm cpes, n Hm anpnH, u1o a1n
epnnnum - pec1an1enLno npepc1aannk1 n ampaxak1 o6ueeapeckyk nosnunk,
nonLsyk1cn HopanLno n acnuecko ppyro noppepxko a kpyry conneHennnkoa. a nx
cnnno - cnnouennoc1L caonx. cknkuennn nnuL nop1aepxpak1 npaanno.
457
4. pecnepyk1 nnn ne npecnepyk1 eapen poc1nxenne cneunanLnmx pycoqo6cknx
(aHHonn1nnoqo6cknx, apa6oqo6cknx, ykpannoqo6cknx, repHanoqo6cknx n 1.p.) uene
- a1o necyuec1aenno: aepL onn ne cun1ak1cn n ne co6npak1cn co aceHn naHn
cun1a1Lcn. a1o osnauae1 nens6exnoc1L spnHoro nnn nespnHoro konqnnk1a. cnn xe
konqnnk1 c1anoan1cn qak1oH, nens6exnm xep1am c o6enx c1opon.
5. oc1onnnoe any1pennee, paxe ne acerpa ocosnannoe, nepexnaanne o1nouenn c
ppyrnHn napopaHn kak konqnnk1a aepe1 eapeea k papnkanLnmH He1opaH 6opL6m, k
arpeccnn, 1ak nnn nnaue ampaxaeHo. nn, a o1nnune o1 nac, acerpa ro1oam k
npo1naoc1onnnk, k aone, acerpa Ho6nnnsoaanm. aua paccna6nennoc1L n nenua nH
nesnakoHm. x "a1akykun c1nnL pnn npo1nano c1oponm o6muno nanne1cn
neoxnpannoc1Lk, sac1ae1 apacnnox. a1oH npnunna n orpoHnmx xep1a nonauany c
npo1nano c1oponm, n aneua1nennn c1peHn1enLno n nonno no6epm co c1oponm
eapeea. pnako eapen nnkorpa ne Hory1 amnrpa1L sa1nxnyk aony, nx ne xaa1ae1 na
ponryk nepcnek1nay. nnc1a1enLnm 6nnu-kpnr 1967 ropa o6epnyncn pnn nnx
nsHa1maakue aono c apa6aHn na ynnu1oxenne. opxec1ao eHapcko
pecny6nnkn o6epnynocL onokoc1oH. eaonkunn 1917 ropa noanekna sa co6o rop
1937-. ecoHnenno, 6ype1 cao ananornunm o1ae1 n na 6nnu-kpnr nop nasaanneH
"nepec1poka[20].
6. xeHa, ko1opo onn cnepyk1 a aekax n o1 ko1opo ne Hory1 o1opaa1Lcn, aneue1
eapeea k n1oroaoHy nopaxennk. oa1oHy nac1ynae1 HoHen1, korpa onn naunnak1
ncka1L npnHnpennn nk6o ueno, ncka1L koncencyca. ckycc1ao poroaopa,
cornauennn, nak1a - a1o ncnm1annoe opyxne eapeea na onpepenennoH a1ane. orpa
cnna ne na nx c1opone. onc1nne, pnn eapeea nonn1nka - a1o npoponxenne aonm
ppyrnHn cpepc1aaHn.
no anropn1H y pyccknx. nn nac "koncencyc nnkorpa ne 6mn n ne Hor 6m1L ueno
aonm. apn "koncencyca ne c1on1 aoeaa1L.
nn nac uena nk6o aonm acerpa opna. 1o - no6epa.
* * *
K nepao uac1n Hoero nccnepoaannn n ne c1any sapaaa1L aonpocoa pnn
peqepenpyHa. npepnoxy kopo1kn cnncok aonpocoa n yxe ro1oamx o1ae1oa. akan
qopHa nopaun Ha1epnana nasmaae1cn ka1exnsncoH n nannyuunH o6pasoH nopxopn1
pnn nayuennn.
KEXH3H YK HH
(qr)
- H , n x ?
- Q.
- H , ?
- Q.
- H um : ?
458
- 3.
- C u s
un s , u ?
- H.
- B m, ?
- Q.
- nu n m ?
- H.
- nu n?
- H.
- C u,
, n
n?
- Q.
- C u?
- Q.
- K ?
- sr x .
- u - u?
- H.
H II. HHKE EEH H HR.
KHK EHHR
okcL panauea, paxe papm npnnocnunx!
eprnnn
, c1pa1ernueckan caepxsapaua, onpepennkuan noaepenne a uenoH eapeea a
occnn, onosnana n cqopHynnpoaana:
459
un m s, x
m u, n s
.
1a caepxsapaua, kak Hm anpenn, a kopne, a npnnunne npo1naopeun1 on1nHanLnoHy c
pyccko 1oukn spennn peuennk eapeckoro aonpoca - u
n s .
osnaaan pannoe npo1naopeune, c1peHncL sa1yueaa1L ero, cpena1L neanpnHmH pnn
napopnmx Hacc, eapen oco6ennoe annHanne ypennk1 nsoupenno 1ak1nke
aonnouennn caoe c1pa1ernn a xnsnL. snk6nennm 1ak1nueckn nopxop n npneH
eapeea coc1on1 a 1oH, u1o6m ncnonLsoaa1L aneune npnaneka1enLnme nosynrn n
konuenunn, ocyuec1anenne ko1opmx cnyxn1 opnako, na noaepky, ne pyccknH, a
eapecknH uennH. pepn ko1opmx ocnoanan - cospanne 1ako Hopenn occnn, ko1opan
6m nannyuunH o6pasoH coo1ae1c1aoaana cqopHynnpoaanno amue eapecko
caepxsapaue.
akoaa xe a1a HopenL? ako anpn1cn eapenH occnn a npeane? 1ae1y na a1o1
aonpoc nocanuena pannan uac1L nccnepoaannn.
* * *
1. K HREQHHK ?
cpasy: a pnpy nHenno 1aknx aneune npnaneka1enLnmx,
no cHep1enLno onacnmx o6Hanok - ec1L nosynr HMHEHH.
ak yxe roaopnnocL, paono c1anpap1 a o1nouennnx c nk6mHn napopaHn - u1o
o6nsa1enLno pnn nac - neponyc1nHo pnn roea n nao6opo1 - nopHa y eapeea, ko1opme
xnay1 o1penLno n cpepn napopoa ne uncnn1cn[21]. ospaa caoe naunonanLnoe
rocypapc1ao spannL - a amcue c1enenn xec1kyk a1nokpa1nk,
nn m ux x . (e
cnyuano, nanpnHep, "nnpep kae6ekcko naunonannc1nuecko rpynnm npnrposnn
Hec1nmH eapenH, u1o nx xpe1 "konqpon1aunn a nesaancnHoH ae6eke, ecnn onn
npoponxa1 amc1yna1L npo1na o1penennn o1 anapm. ocne 1oro, kak cenapa1nc1m
6mnn no6expenm nesnaun1enLnmH uncnoH ronocoa a naunonanLnoH peqepenpyHe,
coc1onaueHcn a ok1n6pe npounoro ropa, onn. y1aepxpak1, u1o eapen nrpak1 rnaanyk
ponL a payx oprannsaunnx, amc1ynakunx npo1na o1penennn. - N 22/96).
1o anonne nonn1no: nrpan na npo1naopeunnx Hexpy paanonpaanmHn napopaHn a
nonna1nnueckoH (a nyuue - HnoronaunonanLnoH) rocypapc1ae, nn u
, u, n un,
u . naunonanLnoH rocypapc1ae 1akne aosHoxnoc1n
sa1pypnenm.
expy 1eH, konnuec1ao naunonanLnmx rocypapc1a a Hnpe neyknonno n neypepxnHo
pac1e1 (a nauane aeka - 55, a konue - camue 200 1akoamx). konnuec1ao
HnoronaunonanLnmx c1pan 1ak xe neyknonno cokpauae1cn. a c1o ne1 pacnanncL:
11oHanckan, ac1po-enrepckan, pn1anckan, panuysckan, op1yranLckan,
enLrnckan, nonckan, epHanckan, occnckan nHnepnn, a 1akxe pe1n ex,
, exocnoaaknn n Krocnaann. a ouepepn neko1opme ppyrne. onm1ka Hepnkn
co6pa1L ockonkn a1nx rocypapc1a a nekyk Hnpoayk cynepnHnepnk, kak yxe anpno,
460
konun1cn kpaxoH: naunonanLnan cn1yaunn a apone, a occnn, a Hnpe n a caHo
Hepnke - sanor 1oHy[22].
acnap neoxnpanno noc1aann eapeea, npoxnaaaunx a pasnnunmx coae1cknx
pecny6nnkax, nepep nenpnn1nmH qak1oH: x sx x
x s , aespe nouno ak1nanoe
c1pon1enLc1ao naunonanLnmx rocypapc1a, rpe pnn eapeea ne okasanocL Hec1a ao
anac1n. (pko peHonc1pnpykun a1o annsop - y6epn1enLnan no6epa a Hae 1999 r.
nocpepc1aennoro, no popnoro Hapa neaa ykpannua HenLuenko nap 6nnc1a1enLnmH
n 6ora1mH eapeeH ypkncoH, necHo1pn na orpoHnme penLrn, am6pouennme na
kaHnannk c1oponnnkaHn nocnepnero. nn asn1L 1ako qak1, kak nnuenne
aosrnaannauero ceykpannckn eapeckn konrpecc n 1oproayk nana1y kpanna -
spannL apnHa a6nnoanua, 6mauero coae1nnka npesnpen1a yuHm, npaaa aLespa
na kpanny! a a1nH peuenneH c1on1 pykoaopn1enL oae1a naunonanLno
6esonacnoc1n n o6oponm kpannm napnHnp op6ynnn, nsaec1nm ykpannckn
naunonan-na1pno1.)
(noka) ncknkuenne - occnn. o n 1y1 a o6uec1ae nponsounn
nsHenennn, 1ek1onnueckne cpanrn c konoccanLnmHn nocnepc1annHn[23]. eno a
1oH, u1o ecnn a k HoHen1y ero pacnapa pycckne coc1aannnn uy1L 6onee 50% n ne
Hornn yxe npe1enpoaa1L na ponL ne 1onLko rereHona, no paxe npoc1o ckpenm,
n n - un
. ycckne a occnn coc1aannk1 85% - 6onLue, ueH eapen a c1onL
6esycnoano a1nokpa1nueckoH rocypapc1ae, kak spannL (80%).
3 , , x n
un s, u
u . H m nm,
n s Fm Hum.
apeea 1akan nepcnek1naa yc1pon1L ne Hoxe1. nn ne xpy1, cnoxa pykn, korpa
aosnnkne1 nopo6nan cn1yaunn, a yxe ceuac ak1nano e npo1naopec1ayk1 kak Hory1.
a6npakue cnny npee pycckoro naunonanLnoro rocypapc1aa onn npo1naonoc1aannk1,
a ocnoanoH, 1pn Hopenn o6uec1aennoro yc1poc1aa:
1. u -un: OCCHR - HHEHR (a nk6oH
anpe, anno1L po aocc1anoanennn );
2. u n: OCCHR - OTKmTOE OBECTBO, rpe uapn1
peHokpa1nn 6es rpannu na aHepnkanckn Hanep;
3. u qn: OCCHR - XHEA (aapnan1m: asapnn,
asapc1an, onLuan occnn, 1a xe Hnepnn n 1.p.). 1nnuae1cn o1 nepao
Hopenn 1onLko 6onee 6ecc1mpno ampaxenno npee eapeckoro rocnopc1aa,
eapecko rereHonnn.
y, a na 1o1 cnyua, ecnn naunonanLnan pycckan npen 6ype1 opepxnaa1L aepx, ee yxe
ro1oam nopHenn1L u ,
, n.
Hopene nan6onee aepon1nm, a no1oHy nan6onee onacnm, - nepaan n
a1opan.
epaan - no1oHy, u1o nHnepckan, kak n coae1ckan, npen eue ne o1Hepna a unpoknx
Haccax pycckoro napopa, xpann1 cao no1enunan npnaneka1enLnoc1n. o1
nenpenoxnm qak1, u1o s
461
CCC u
x x u n, nopaannkunH
6onLunnc1aoH nacenennn eue ne ocosnae1cn: o6uec1aennoe cosnanne, kak acerpa,
ocHmcnne1 co6c1aennoe 6m1ne c onospanneH. n occnckan nHnepnn, nn ne
cHornn yc1on1L a naueH aeke, n6o sapaun naunonanLnoro c1pon1enLc1aa okasanncL a
o6onx cnyuanx nopHenenm sapauaHn c1pon1enLc1aa rocypapc1aennoro. o pyccknHn
eue unpoko ne ocHmcnenm rny6nnnme npnunnm 1oro n ppyroro. 1oHy xe,
snokauec1aennm npno1nsH epec1pokn, peqopH aoo6ue nopopnn a
Hanoo6pasoaannmx cnonx Hopy na koncepaa1nsH. aknH o6pasoH, eapen pasyHno n
o6ocnoaanno paccun1maak1 ocyuec1an1L caok uenL pykaHn pyccknx nkpe.
a1opan HopenL aepon1na n onacna no1oHy, u1o a ee ocyuec1anennn sann1epecoaano
ne 1onLko o1euec1aennoe, no n Hnpoaoe eapec1ao, aoo6ue ace, k1o Heu1ae1 o1nn1L n
nopenn1L 6ora1c1aa naue opnnm. cnn sakpm1oe a 1o nnn nno Hepe o6uec1ao,
ec1L, o6pasno roaopn, sanep1an knapoaan, cokpoanua ns ko1opo ampak1cn cue1oH n
Hepo, 1o o1kpm1oe - a1o knapoaan, rpe ne 1onLko am6n1m paepL n okna, no n
cnecena kpmua. aknH o6pasoH, poccnckne eapen - c1oponnnkn Hopenn o1kpm1oro
o6uec1aa - nHek1 aosHoxnoc1L onepe1Lcn (n onnpak1cn) na Hounyk qnnancoayk n
oprannsaunonnyk nna1qopHy, cyuec1aykuyk sa py6exoH. uac1noc1n, na nsaec1nm
qonp opoca (opnn ns rnaanmx ryHann1apnmx nnc1n1y1oa ko1oporo 1ak n nHenye1cn:
1kpm1oe o6uec1ao), no ne 1onLko.
po1naopeune Hexpy nepao n a1opo HopenLk pnn nac necyuec1aenno. nepaoH
cnyuae c1paunan pnn eapeea ycckan nac1L pac1aopne1cn, kak a1o yxe 6mno, a
npaaax, nonnoHounnx n npe1ensnnx napopoa, nacennkunx nHnepnk. opno sauea,
1ak ckasa1L, racn1 nLaa. o a1opoH cnyuae ycckan nac1L pac1aopne1cn a
npaaax, nonnoHounnx n npe1ensnnx Hnpoaoro coo6uec1aa: kopno nLaoa racn1
saua. nmHn cnoaaHn, nepam aapnan1 pae1 6onLue npenHyuec1a any1penneHy
poccnckoHy eapec1ay, nexenn HnpoaoHy, a a1opo - nao6opo1. acn pasnnua. o a
nk6oH cnyuae y pyccknx pykn okasmaak1cn cansanm, a y eapeea - pasansanm.
kpn1nueckn ananns eapecknx o6uec1aennmx npeanoa,
npo1naonoc1aanennmx npee pycckoro naunonanLnoro rocypapc1aa. 1akxe
npak1nuecknx Hep, nanpaanennmx na ocyuec1anenne a1nx npeanoa.
oHnHo nepnopnkn a anannse ncnonLsoaanm knnrn nsaec1nmx eapecknx yuenmx n
ny6nnunc1oa, 1onkykunx o 1oH, kak naH, pyccknH, cnepye1 xn1L na caoe popno
seHne. noxnncn paxe caoeo6pasnm xanp, ko1opm n nasmaak: n n
n. c1aanH a c1opone amckasmaannn (nopo 6onee ueH xapak1epnme)
opnosnmx nnunoc1e: onnap, opoaoro, oaopaopcko, 1apoao1oao n pp.
6pa1nHcn k 6onee cepLesnmH aa1opaH, paccHo1pnH knnrn ycckan npen:
peHokpa1nueckoe pasan1ne occnn (. au, . sepHan n pp. - ., ockoackoe
o1penenne occnckoro nayunoro qonpa, 1996); opnca nL1uynepa ocnepnnn
1ana occnn (., o, 1996); ropn y6aca 1 yccko npen - k npee oao
occnn (., , 1996) n neko1opme ppyrne, 1akxe 6esycnoano o6napakune
penpesen1a1nanoc1Lk.
1.1. HMHEHR: ERB H EH
epec1pokn, korpa auepaunnH pnccnpen1aH 6mnn o1panm ace 1pn6ynm,
kpn1nka nHnepckoro cnnppoHa, nHnepckoro Hmunennn (noporpeaaeHan
sanapnmHn akcnep1aHn n ronocaHn) aHnr poc1nrna roHepnueckoro pasHaxa. 1o
penanocL papn konkpe1no uenn: u1o6m sakpenn1L ne npoc1o paspen , no nHenno
ero , o1cekakunH o1 Ha1epnncko
pyccko naunn uac1L pycckoro napopa n nc1opnueckne pycckne 1eppn1opnn. kasa1L
462
po6poe cnoao o poccncko nnn coae1cko nHnepnn, npnsna1Lcn a nHnepcknx uyac1aax
c1ano a 1o apeHn nenpnnnuno. oa1oHy, kc1a1n, y nenpnnnunoro cnoaa
Hnepnn nonannncL caon npnnnunme aaqeHnsHm: onLuan occnn,
nc1opnueckan occnn, n 1.n., cnHna1n k ko1opmH c1ecnn1Lcn 6mno yxe ne
o6nsa1enLno.
eropnn, korpa kpax peqopH n nx o6Hannan cyunoc1L c1ann pnn acex oueanpnm,
uennoc1n nsHennnncL, n po6kne eue auepa nHnepum aosamuak1 ronoc, uyac1ayn,
u1o eue neHnoro n onn, noxany, anoaL aopy1 - ecnn ne a 1y xe aopy, 1o a Hopy.
nanek1nka nc1opnn (nponrnopnpoaannan n sanapnmHn akcnep1aHn, n poccncknHn
pnccnpen1aHn), opnako, 1akoaa, u1o ceropnn 6naro n onacnoc1L a ouepepno pas
noHennnncL Hec1aHn kak pnn eapeea, 1ak n pnn pyccknx. 6nare pnn pyccknx Hm
noppo6nee noroaopnH a ppyroH Hec1e. 1o xe kacae1cn eapeea, uLn
pnccnpen1c1aykune npepc1aan1enn eue nepaano c1apanncL paspyun1L nHnepnk, 1o
pnn nnx npnuno apeHn onoHnn1Lcn, opyHa1Lcn, pa1L o6pa1nm xop. o1nn 1mcnu
eapeea okasanncL, no cy1n, sanep1m na npoc1opax 6mauero n nmneune occnn.
pnkynm yexann, a naH 1y1 xn1L c a1nHn pyccknHn (xoxnaHn, kasaxaHn, na1muaHn n
1.p.), - nonnnn onn. peunnn: ne amuno a caoe apeHn c oHnn1epnoH - 1ak nyc1L
xe anoaL 6ype1 HnoronaunonanLnan Hnepnn!
apeea (a 1oH uncne n paxe a oco6ennoc1n nonykpoaok), pa1ykunx ceropnn sa
aocc1anoanenne nHnepnn, - Hnoro. aaepnnka c 1aknHn snakoH n Ho un1a1enL.
oa1oHy n orpannuycL 1onLko neckonLknHn npknHn, nokasa1enLnmHn npnHepaHn,
ko1opme nosaonnk1 npopeHonc1pnpoaa1L, u1o c1on1 sa eapecknH nHnepnannsHoH n
kak eapenH ypae1cn akcnnya1npoaa1L pycckyk noc1anLrnk no nHnepckoHy aennunk.
ocenLk 1996 ropa a occnckn o6uec1aenno-nonn1nueckn uen1p na ceHnnap
no naunonanLno npee (ero aen .. aaenLea), n saHe1nn cpepn yuac1nnkoa amcokoro
uenoaeka c npko ceHn1cko napyxnoc1Lk. n cnpen pnpoH c nsaec1nmH npo1onepeeH
o. napncnaaoH aeunnkoamH (a panLneueH Hne npnunocL kpn1nkoaa1L ero
6poukpy aHe1kn o naunonannsHe nopnnnnoH n HnnHoH[24]), peHonc1pnpyn nanyk
ppyxeckyk 6nnsoc1L. acnoHnnn cero an1pnnnoro npepc1aan1enn eapecko
1nnaxnoc1n: a1o 6mn ..axnau. esaponro po a1oro on noaepr Henn a uok, korpa
amc1ynan c 1pn6ynm onrpecca pyccknx o6unn, nepeHexan caok peuL aaopnmHn 1nna:
m, pycckne., nac, pyccknx. anpea a1oro r ycckr na ceHnnape
no pyccko npee a e, n cnpocnn y cnpeauero pnpoH .. mx1nna: u1o 1y1
penae1 a1o1 rocnopnn - aepL on xe eape?. ape, - nop1aeppnn mx1nn. - o on
sa nac.
1o x, sa nac - 1ak sa nac. e Hne xopn1L co caonH yc1aaoH a uyxo Honac1mpL. o
cy1L a1oro sa nac n ackope noc1nr na ouepepnoH ceHnnape a e, nocanuennoH
kak pas 1eHe nHnepcko nepcnek1nam occnn.
cnoanmH poknapunkoH 6mn nHenno axnau. pypnpoaanno n c1pac1no on roaopnn o
neo6xopnHoc1n n nens6exnoc1n aoccospannn HnoronaunonanLno nHnepnn (c uen1poH
a coapeHenno occnn), ueHen1oH pnn ko1opo ponxna c1a1L npaaocnaanan aepa.
oknapunk, no1ynnauncL, nauen a ce6e Hyxec1ao uec1no npnsna1L, u1o n
nu n H H n
nn x
. o a1o npnsnanne ne nopanrno axnaua cnn1L caHy sapauy. no n nonn1no:
xep1aennoc1L axopn1 a uncno xpnc1nancknx po6pope1ene (xo1n aoo6ue-1o
xep1aoaa1L sa uyxo cue1 ne npnnn1o n y xpnc1nan).
xope noneHnkn Hne npnunocL asn1L cnoao, u1o6m nanoHnn1L o6 onacnoc1n
npeokpa1nueckoro nopxopa k nopo6nmH npo6neHaH, korpa, npnsnaaan ckaosL sy6m
ry6n1enLnoc1L ncnonnennn 1oro nnn nnoro nnana pnn nauero napopa, ynopnme
463
npeokpa1m nac1anaak1 na a1oH ncnonnennn papn 1opxec1aa caoe npen-qnkc. ne
npnunocL nanoHnn1L o npnHmx npepuec1aennnkax axnaua (n ne c1an nopuepknaa1L
nx eapeckoe nponcxoxpenne, no cnyua1enn nonnnn), c nerko pyuo noc1ennaunx
pycckn napop nop norn 1pnyHqanLnoHy uec1ank nn1epnaunonanLno
koHHynnc1nuecko nHnepnn, 1ouno 1ak xe, kak caH axnau ro1oa noc1enn1L ero nop
norn nn1epnaunonanLno npaaocnaano nHnepnn. pekpacno nonnHan, u1o cospanne
1akoao - ec1L nenopLeHnm rpys pnn pyccknx, Haxnaun, necHo1pn na a1o (ne xoue1cn
roaopn1L: nHenno noa1oHy), ro1oam asaann1L ero na nac. ec1pene1no n c nk6oaLk.
mueonncannm annsop ne 6mn cnyuanoc1Lk: na nouae npaaocnaann n nHnepcko
npen axnau n po a1oro 6mn 6nnsok coo1ae1c1aykunH kpyraH a pycckoH panxennn.
eropnn on cyuec1aye1 c a1nHn kpyraHn a 1ecneueH cnH6nose. n axopnn, aHec1e c
aaenLeamH, a pepkonnernk ec1nnka , ueq-pepak1opoH ko1oporo snaunncn
mx1nn (a rpynny, 1ak ckasa1L, npeonornueckoro o6ecneuennn ), a ceropnn axopn1
aHec1e c o6onHn a pepkonnernk nspannn pyccko koncepaa1nano Hmcnn -
anLHanaxa ono1o nea. ncnn1cn on n cpepn aa1opoa nopro1oanennoro aaenLeamH
c6opnnka ens6exnoc1L nHnepnn (., 1997). mc1ynan a oHn1e1e no aonpocaH
reononn1nkn ocpyHm na ceHnnape nL1paqnone1 a xope npesen1aunn ono1oro
nLaa, axnau pacxaannaan konner, noppo6no o6Lncnnn, ueH nHenno pannm
anLHanax eHy 6nnsok n noueHy npenLuae1 ero co1pypnnuec1aoH. 6m na Hec1e
pyccknx unenoa pepkonnernn nocne 1aknx koHnnnHen1oa cepLesno sapyHancn o caonx
rny6oknx konuen1yanLnmx npoaanax, no nx, no-anpnHoHy, nopo6nan an1pnna
anLHanaxa anonne yc1panaae1. ypyun na nopnpok yHnee n o6pasoaannee caonx
konner, axnau nLc1n1 nH ne 1onLko caonHn peuaHn, no n caHnH qak1oH
co1pypnnuec1aa: ero c1a1Ln - epaa nn ne epnnc1aennan npoqeccnonanLnan
ny6nnunc1nka a ono1oH nLae. n cyHen c1a1L nyxnmH pnn pyccknx copepak1opoa.
aueH anLHanax (n aoo6ue nopo6noe okpyxenne) nyxen caHoHy axnauy - ppyro
aonpoc. axpoHy, kak nsaec1no, - caoe.
H nHnepnannsH axnaua, peHonc1pa1nano paccHa1pnaakun pyccknx
kak pake1y-nocn1enL, amnocnuyk, npexpe ueH c1a1L onyc1ouenno n o16pouenno,
na op6n1y apeHenn cny1nnk - nn1epnaunonanLnyk xpnc1nanckyk npeokpa1nk, a
amcue c1enenn nokasa1enen. o, koneuno, ne npaaocnaano knepnkanLnoc1Lk (a1o
nnuL uac1nm cnyua nHnepnannsHa kak konuenunn), ccc n
. ne - ace peno.
O s: u - un n;
- .
pecL caHoe apeHn cpena1L o1c1ynnenne na 1eHy na1pno1nsH n naunonannsH.
1.2. HHX H HHHRHX
1e, k1o rpy6o nrpae1 na npo1naonoc1aanennn, c1anknaannn nonn1n
n n , npeyaennunaae1 nx pasnnune, pasaopn na
pasnme nonkca, a 1o apeHn kak cnepye1 nayuno roaopn1L o anoxennoc1n a1nx
nonn1n. H n - , xn n
- . ( yno1pe6nnk a1n cnoaa 6es kaamuek, xo1n
ceropnn onn o6osnauak1 ne c1onLko kauec1ao, ckonLko caoero popa nap1nnoc1L.)
asnnua Hexpy nnHn 1onLko a 1oH, u1o naunonannc1m, nopo6no na1pno1aH Heu1akune
o aennko occnn, yxe ocosnann npoc1yk n nenpenoxnyk saancnHoc1L: n
, - . na1pno1m (neponaunonannc1m) - eue ne
ycnenn a1o cpena1L. ak 1onLko ocosnak1 - npeapa1n1cn a 1aknx xe naunonannc1oa.
464
oa1oHy pnn naunonannc1oa cyuec1aye1 akcnoHa: n .
a1pno1m xe uaue y1aepxpak1 o6pa1noe: m
(sa6maan, ueH konunnn o6a nan6onee nsaec1nmx apen1a a1o konuenunn - ycconnnn
n n1nep).
oo1ae1c1aenno pasnnuak1cn npnopn1e1m n nopxopm.
cun1ak1 neo6xopnHmH n aosHoxnmH npnopn1e1noe ykpennenne n ycnnenne
rocypapc1aa ao acex ero aneunnx a1pn6y1ax: 1eppn1opnn, apHnn, apHnnnc1paunn,
cnyx6m aneune n any1penne 6esonacnoc1n n 1.p. pn a1oH aonpocm naunonanLnoro
c1pon1enLc1aa nn6o npnnunnnanLno nrnopnpyk1cn (kakan pasnnua - eape, pycckn,
1a1apnn, neHeu: nnuL 6m occnn cnyxnn), nn6o o1opanrak1cn na a1opo, 1pe1n,
pecn1m nnan (ao1 aocc1anoanH HouL pepxaam, a 1aH saHeHcn pyccknH aonpocoH
nnn, eue uaue: 6ype1 Horyuan occnn - 6ype1 xopouo aceH, a snaun1 n pyccknH).
eope1nueckoe pasan1ne a1o Hopenn anonne ponyckae1, yam, n 1ako aapnan1, npn
ko1opoH pycckne a Horyue, npouae1akue, epnno n nepennHo occnn amnyxpenm
sapaaa1Lcn aonpocoH koHy na ycn xn1L xopouo?, okasmaak1cn o6peuenm na
saancnHoe, yrne1ennoe nonoxenne akcnnya1npyeHoro napopa, a snaun1 - na
perpapaunk n noc1enennm yxop c nc1opnuecko apenm. pak1nuecknH aonnouenneH
nHenno a1oro aapnan1a 6mn a pec1an1enLnoc1n , uLn nopasn1enLnme n
oueanpnme aceHnpno-nc1opnueckne poc1nxennn, ocyuec1anennme sa cue1 pycckoro
ponopc1aa, nopopaann no1enunan nauero napopa nac1onLko, u1o n oae1ckn oks
pasaannncn, n napop (paspenennm na uac1n, kc1a1n, a coo1ae1c1ann c nnanoH
c1pon1enLc1aa rocypapc1aa) spnHo perpapnpye1 n amHnpae1. pnako c nosnun
na1pno1oa - npepc1ae1 aepunno cnaam n Horyuec1aa nHenno pycckoro napopa,
senn1oH ero nc1opnueckoro pacuae1a. onpoc o uene pacuae1a na1pno1m ne c1aan1 n
c1aan1L ne xo1n1. 1 o6Lek1nanmx npnunn pacnapa onn npoc1o o1aopaunaak1cn.
apan1npyn a1nH pasan1ne no saHkny1oHy kpyry.
oueHy 1ak xnayu n cnnen y nac, pyccknx okasancn nHenno ao1 1ako,
caHoy6nc1aennm, no cy1n, na1pno1nsH?
epa coapeHennmx pyccknx a 1oH, u1o eue po npnxopa kpnka n aapnroa-pycn
ppeanne cnaanne xnnn a ocnoanoH ne kpoanopopc1aennmHn, a 1eppn1opnanLnmHn
o6unnaHn, u1o nanoxnno rny6okn o1neua1ok na nx Hen1ann1e1, sac1aannn o1paaa1L
npepnou1enne nonn1nnH, cansannmH c (anocnepc1ann - rocypapc1aoH),
a ne um (ceHLe, popoH, nneHeneH). Henno noa1oHy nosnunn na1pno1oa-
rocypapc1aennnkoa y nac 1papnunonno aecLHa cnnLnm. nna 6m c1pana popnan - n
ne1y ppyrnx sa6o1, - a1a c1poka ns nonynnpno necnn nannnacL kann1accenune
nopo6noro nopxopa eue auepa. eropnn a1o1 nopxop, nnckonLko ne nsHennauncn,
ampaxae1cn a knnue naaa occnn!, ko1opm oxo1no nopxaa1maak1 npepc1aan1enn
caHmx pasnmx o6uec1aennmx oprannsaun. pycckoH napope, ko1opm, co6c1aenno, n
nanne1cn epnno n epnnc1aenno popnno pnn kaxporo pycckoro uenoaeka, nn a 1oH,
nn a ppyroH cnyuae paxe peun ne aepe1cn. neH nnk1o ne acnoHnnae1, ero npoc1o ne1
a a1o qopHyne.
(6onee 1ouno: naunonan-na1pno1m) cun1ak1 nopo6nm nopxop
npo1naoec1ec1aennmH, an1nnayunmH n nary6nmH. enery (rocypapc1ao) nenLsn
c1aan1L anepepn nouapn (naunn). 1oukn spennn naunonannc1oa npnopn1e1nmH
nanne1cn naunonanLnoe c1pon1enLc1ao: aceHepnoe ykpennenne n poc1 konnuec1aa n
kauec1aa rocypapc1aoo6pasykue naunn. occnn 1akoao, kak nsaec1no, nanne1cn
pycckan naunn. ypy1 pycckne - occnn caHa npnnoxn1cn. ype1 Horyuan pycckan
naunn - 6ype1 n Horyuan occnn. ao1 Horyuan occnn c xanko, perpapnpykue,
akcnnya1npyeHo n yrne1enno, ncuesakue pyccko naune - ne nyxna naH n
papoH, 1akan occnn ne poc1ona naunx ycnnn n napexp. ce, u1o xopouo pnn
pyccknx, - xopouo pnn occnn. o ne ace, u1o xopouo pnn occnn, - xopouo pnn
465
pyccknx. cnn poccnckan rocypapc1aennoc1L npo1naopeun1 xnsnennmH nn1epecaH
pyccko naunn, 1pe6ye1 nenoHepnmx xep1a, - k uep1y 1akyk rocypapc1aennoc1L; ecnn
1eppn1opnanLnan uenoc1noc1L occnn noppmaae1 ee pycckyk naunonanLnyk
uenoc1noc1L, ee HononaunonanLnm c1a1yc, - k uep1y 1eppn1opnn!, - 1akoam nosynrn
nocnepoaa1enLnoro naunonannc1a. on nc1nnnan opnna, 6naropapn ko1opo n
nannkcL co6o, - a1o Hon ycckan aunn! - y1aepxpae1 on. a o1ae1 na knnu naaa
occnn! aosrnauae1: nyxy pycckoHy napopy!
onn1no, u1o na1pno1nsH 6es naunonannsHa - ec1L noncenc; s ,
u n , ne cnoco6noro onpepenn1Lcn,
ne nHekuero pasyHa n aonn pnn ocosnannoro am6opa co6c1aenno naunonanLnoc1n.
anpo1na, naunonannsH - ec1ec1aennoe coc1onnne pnn naunonanLno ann1m a
pokoao pnn ee naunn uac. o naunonannsH 1ak ponro nopaannncn, npecnepoaancn,
6mn nop sanpe1oH, u1o ero oueanpnan npaapa c nenpnamukn Hoxe1 uoknpoaa1L.
coxanennk, pycckn naunonannsH nonanncn na nc1opnuecko cuene nospno. nn
a1oro no1pe6oaancn kpax 1mcnuene1ne occnn, kpax oae1ckoro oksa - n rny6okn
ananns o6Lek1nanmx npnunn 1oro n ppyroro. enLnan konuenunn pycckoro
naunonannsHa eue 1onLko poc1panaae1cn a naun pnn. 1o noaan, nporpeccnanan,
aocxopnuan 1enpenunn pasan1nn o6uec1aenno Hmcnn. npnnapnexn1 6ypyuee.
am, npounoe, aonnouennoe a 1esncax na1pno1oa-rocypapc1aennnkoa, ceropnn noka
nHee1 a Haccax nepeaec n aa1opn1e1 1papnunn. ak 6mno - snaun1, 1ak 6ype1, -
onpoHe1unao cun1ak1 apen1m a1o 1papnunn. Hec1no specL 6pocn1L asrnnp na
neko1opme ee nc1okn.
1.3. QEH UHH
1eopnn rpaxpanckoro yc1poc1aa npepnonarae1 pae xopouo
nsaec1nme kpanne 1oukn spennn na npo6neHy: aennkopepxaanm na1pno1nsH n -
6espopnm kocHononn1nsH. ponnn nc1opnn coc1on1 a 1oH, u1o a occnn a1n
kpanoc1n counncL n nopopnnn ypopnnam rn6pnp: n
.
e 6ypy specL roaopn1L o npnunnax a1oro - a1o 1eHa o1penLnoro 6onLuoro pasroaopa.
o ne Hory ne nopuepkny1L rny6oko ne cnyuanyk cansL caHoro nonn1nn
na1pno1nsH c nHnepcknH c1pon1enLc1aoH n eapecknH aonpocoH a occnn.
, eapeea, nocne nx nsrnannn c pyccko seHnn coaHec1nmH peuenneH
knnse a 1113 ropy n po paspena onLun a 1772 ropy, a naueH rocypapc1ae nou1n ne
6mno - ao acnkoH cnyuae, a HaccoaoH konnuec1ae. o o1penLnme oco6n ac1peuanncL.
uncny nocnepnnx o1nocn1cn anyk amkpec1a aqnpa, nsaec1nm cnopanxnnk cospa1enn
occncko Hnepnn - e1p aqnpoa (1669-1739), nnuennm e1poH epamH a 1723
ropy unnoa n nHyuec1aa n cocnannm a noxnsnennyk ccmnky, no nepexnaun e1pa
n yHepun na noc1y npesnpen1a oHHepu-konnernn.
aHa qaHnnnn ero roaopn1 o npnnapnexnoc1n k annn1enLnoHy popy. eno a 1oH, u1o
eapeckan 1papnunn aoo6ue ne npepnonarae1 qaHnnn; nx Haccoaoe nonanenne a
XVII-XIX aa. - panL eaponecko 1papnunn. pnueH eapen nonpoue 6pann ce6e
qaHnnnn nn6o no nHenn popn1ene (anknn, anknn, aopknn, 6paHoanu n 1.n.),
nn6o no Hec1y xn1enLc1aa (pakoackn, apuaackn, nnckn n 1.n.), popy sann1n,
kac1e (ean1nn, a6nnoanu, esnnk, oran n 1.n.). ora1me xe n
amcokonoc1aanennnme eapen npepnoun1ann qaHnnnn nouae1nc1ee, nponsaopn nx,
nanpnHep, o1 6naropopnmx He1annoa (onLpen6epr, nnL6epkan1 n 1.n.), uae1oa
(osen6nkH, nnnenqenLp n 1.n.) nnn pparouennmx kaHne (y6nnu1en, epenLHan,
466
pnnnnan1 n 1.n.). nocnepnnH o1nocn1cn nponsaepennan o1 caHouae1a canqnpa
(Sapir, Sapir) qaHnnnn annpo ao acex ee pasnou1ennnx (aqnp, annp,
annpo, aqap, anrnp n paxe nannp).
e1p epam, nepec1panaan c1pany na nHnepcknx npnnunnax, kak npaanno, 6pan
kappm pnn a1o nepec1pokn o1kypa 1onLko Hor - o1 neHuea, ronnanpuea, anrnnuan,
qpanuysoa, uo1nanpuea, n1anLnnuea n paxe apanoa (annn6an). e noaopaunaae1cn
nsmk ero sa a1o ynpekny1L: pycckne paopnne - noam knacc, ko1opm a pesynL1a1e
peqopH aosLHe1 c1pany a caon pykn, o1opannya npexnnx xosnea (6onpc1ao n
uepkoaL), - eue ne Hornn a poc1a1ounoH konnuec1ae noc1aan1L caonx npoqeccnonanoa
rocypapc1aennoro c1pon1enLc1aa.
uncne nnopopuea, npnaneuennmx e1poH k pa6o1e, 6mn n amxopeu ns nenpoc1oro
eapeckoro popa - nepeaopunk oconLckoro npnkasa aqnpoa. HM , m
nn n, ckcyn n ycck nkck cn
, yno1pe6na ero a caoeH accyxpennn, kakne sakonnme npnunnm e.a.
e1p ennkn k naua1nk aonm npo1na koponn apna XII aepckoro a 1700 ropy
nHen, ampepxaaueH 1pn nspannn a 1716-1722 rr. (na a1o ykasana kanpnpa1
nc1opnuecknx nayk .. poanna a c1a1Le 1o ec1L Hm? (ycckoe naunonanLnoe
caHocosnanne a kon1ekc1e nc1opnn o1 pepneaekoaLn k oaoHy apeHenn) a c6.:
ycckn napop. c1opnueckan cypL6a a aeke. - ., , 1993).
nopuepkny1L, u1o a o1nnune o1 nckonnmx pyccknx cnoa 1euec1ao,
1unsna (n - co ace nc1opnuecko npeeHc1aennoc1Lk 6onn, aepm n
nopanra, co ace cypL6o npepkoa, popa pycckoro, c pyccko kpoaLk, a ne 1onLko
nouao), na1nnckoe cnoao atria, xo1n nHee1 a 1ounoc1n 1o xe copepxanne, no
1papnunonno nepeaopn1cn y nac cnoaoH opnna ( n, 1eppn1opnn;
1y1 cansL c popoH-nneHeneH pasopaana). a1oH kon1ekc1e n cnoao na1pno1
npno6pe1ae1 snauenne nHenno noknonnnka n saun1nnka popnnm, 1eppn1opnn, na
ko1opo popnncn. Hu , m mn
.
cae1e ckasannoro nanenne 6espopnoro na1pno1nsHa o6pe1ae1 ncnm n xec1ko
pe1epHnnnpoaannm renesnc. e1 nnuero nn c1pannoro, nn cnyuanoro a 1oH, u1o
o1uoH 1epHnna, ampaxakuero caHyk cy1L noaoro nanennn, 6mn nHenno eape,
aoc1pe6oaannm nHenno a xope nHnepckoro nepepoxpennn naue c1panm. 1a
cyunoc1nan cansL coxpanne1cn n ponmne. y, a yx o1 6espopnoro na1pno1nsHa po
aennkopepxaanoro kocHononn1nsHa - opnn uar.
ns pokasa1enLc1a ckasannoro nanne1cn amxop a 1998 ropy na pmnok
o1euec1aennmx rase1m nop rpoHknH peknaHnmH nasaanneH Hnepckn
pasaopo1, ocnoanan uenL ko1opo - kak pas arn1aunn a nonLsy aocc1anoanennn
nHnepnn. 1oH, k1o, pnn koro n noueHy sa1enn a1y arn1aunk, nyuue acero roaopn1
qaHnnnn aa1opoa, c1onune nop pepakunonnmHn Ha1epnanaHn nepamx noHepoa:
pycnnoackn, aynLcen, Ha o1ep, aapep, nnnpoa, pnc1... ec1no roaopn, ecnn
6m n xo1en 1aknH nesyn1cknH cnoco6oH akoneu pnckpepn1npoaa1L opnen1npoaannyk
na nnopopuea npek nHnepnn n nop1aeppn1L ee rny6okyk uyxpoc1L coapeHennoHy
pycckoHy uenoaeky, n ne cHor 6m npnpyHa1L pnn a1oro nyuunx nceaponnHoa. o
npeonorn Hnepckoro pasaopo1a, npoc1opyuno y6expennme a neo1pasnHoc1n caonx
npe, noxoxe, o6 a1oH paxe ne sapyHmaanncL.
c1a1n: a nepaoH xe noHepe Hnepckoro pasaopo1a naun c1oponnnkn aoccospannn
onLuo occnn c 6onLunH annoH6oH paccyxpak1 a nepepoanue o 1oH, kak 6m npn
a1oH nopopoxe npopa1L nnonuaH nko6m nnkueHnme ypnnLckne oc1poaa
(o6napyxnaan npn a1oH sanpepenLnyk neocaepoHnennoc1L a aonpoce) - xapak1epnm
naunonanLnm u1pnx.
467
akoaa aypn1opnn Hnepckoro pasaopo1a? pn 1npaxe a 2 1mc. aks.
(nepacnpopannoH) o6 a1oH 6mno 6m 1pypno cypn1L, ecnn 6m Hne ne poaenocL
ac1pe1n1Lcn c ero pepak1opoH . pycnnoacknH na opno ns konqepenun nauero
apeHenn, rpe rpaxpane nencnonnoro aospac1a annopnpoaann noxnnoHy uenoaeky -
nsaec1noHy kpacnoHy npeonory nuappy oconanoay, neaueHy xaanm kpacno
nHnepnn n npnsmaaaueHy k ee aoccospannk. oanapenne 1esncoa 6mno nac1onLko
oueanpno, u1o: o1 aau un1a1enL, akcnH! - ckasan n pycnnoackoHy, yxopn. y, a
na ceHnnape nL1paqnone1 (c1apoe nasaanne aunn n rocypapc1ao), rpe
co6npak1cn nkpn, aecLHa nopna1opeaune a panno npo6neHa1nke, npesen1aunn
rase1m o1kpoaenno npoaannnacL. e ypnankcL, ecnn pepakunn Hnepckoro
pasaopo1a o6Lepnnn1 caon ycnnnn c ono1mH nLaoH, xo1n 6m pnn 1oro, u1o6m
pa1L o1nop naunonannc1y eaac1Lnnoay. axnaun 1onLko nopapyk1cn - naunx
npn6mno[25].
H - ace ncno. ao1 sapyHaeHcn-ka nap aonpocoH: k1o sakasunk (ne
roaopk: cnoncop) nHnepcko rase1m?
1ae1 na a1o1 aonpoc c1anoan1cn kpnc1anLno ncen, ecnn Hm npnnoHnnH snaHenn1oe
caonH nenpnkpm1o uan1axnmH xapak1epoH "ncLHo 6anknpoa, o6pauennoe k
nonn1nkaH n nn1ennek1yanaH c1panm nakanyne am6opoa 1996 ropa:
m paspenneH oco6yk osa6ouennoc1L na1pno1nuecknx cnn cypL6o occnn kak
nc1opnueckn cnoxnauerocn coksa napopoa, a ko1opoH pycckne nrpann n nrpak1
co6npa1enLnyk ponL. pnako napo ue1ko npoaopn1L rpanL Hexpy konc1pyk1nano
nonn1nko n nonn1nuecknHn cnekynnunnHn na naunonanLno 1eHe. occnn 6onee
nonoannm pe1e o1 cHeuannmx 6pakoa. m ace - poccnnne, n nonm1ka paspenn1L nac
na unc1okpoanmx n nnopopuea npo1naopeun1 caHo cy1n pepxaanoro co6npannn
napopoa occnn.
B s u u, m
, m, ,
u, !
opnncann nncLHo, napnpy c neko1opmHn pyccknHn 6nsnecHenaHn, - pepcepa1enL
rpynnm B.. B, pepcepa1enL oae1a pnpek1opoa rpynnm
.. , pesnpen1 "1onnunm 6ank 6epexenn .H. ,
pepcepa1enL oae1a pnpek1opoa koncopunyHa - M.M. 4,
pepcepa1enL oae1a pnpek1opoa anka "ena1en M.B. X ("
27.04.96).
apo nn eue u1o-1o po6aann1L?
apo.
1.4. Q 3RRQ H HHK HH: K H?
aocc1anoan1L npnaneka1enLnm nHnpx nHnepckoHy npounoHy, eapen (a 1oH
uncne nonykpoakn) ne oc1anaannaak1cn paxe nepep saaepoHo noxLk. anpnHep,
ropL y6ac a ynoHnny1o knnre nnue1, 1eua ceppue ne cnnukoH o6pasoaannmH
pyccknH na1pno1aH: cepepnne XIX aeka okasanocL, u1o aennkan Hnepnn amuna k
1eH pasyHnmH rpannuaH, sannna 1o npoc1panc1ao, ko1opoe pec1an1enLno cnoco6na
sannHa1L n ocaanaa1L [Hexpy 1eH, opnn saaoeaannme 1eppn1opnn peun1enLno
o1pennnncL o1 occnn npn nepao xe aosHoxnoc1n eue a 1917-1918 rr.: onLua,
nnnnnpnn, pn6an1nka; ppyrne - ypkec1an, asaxc1an, akaakasLe, uac1L aakasa,
468
kpanna n pn6an1nka (noa1opno) - 1onLko xpann pnn a1oro ypo6noro HoHen1a
pyccko cna6oc1n (1991), a koe-kakne ne npouL n ceuac asn1L c nnx npnHep. nuL
nonaeka npopepxanacL occnckan Hnepnn a "pasyHnmx n ec1ec1aennmx rpannuax,
u1o npoc1o aonne1 o6 nx nepasyHnoc1n n neec1ec1aennoc1n] (c. 94). 1.p.
rpan na uyac1aax pyccknx na1pno1oa, Hnorne eapeckne aa1opm po6poH noHnnak1
nau o6un poH - Hnepnk n . Hnorne na1pno1m, cnyuan cnapkne peun,
cornacno knaak1 ronoaaHn. o1 1onLko ocnoanoe copepxanne, aknapmaaeHoe a
nonn1ne nHnepnn eapenHn, a kopne npo1naopeun1 1oHy, ko1opoe npnamuno n
ec1ec1aenno pnn pycckoro uenoaeka.
6 a1o kopennoH npo1naopeunn eapen, pasyHee1cn, ne kpnua1. no kpnun1 caHo.
K Hano-HanLckn o6pasoaannoro pycckoro caHo co6o pasyHee1cn, u1o
nc1opnn occnn - s n m
m . e1, noxany,
nn opnoro napopa ns uncna nacennaunx 6mauyk occnckyk Hnepnk, ko1opm
po6poaonLno n cosna1enLno aouen 6m a nee c noxaanLno uenLk: coaHec1no c
pyccknHn amc1pon1L Horyuee rocypapc1ao - npecnoay1m o6un poH. nuero
nopo6noro. onLuan uac1L napopoa 6mna aknkuena a nHnepnk nn6o cnnkoH, nn6o a
xope kononnsaunn seHenL: m , u , sauac1yk
npo1na aonn. pyrne napopm s ,
cnacancL o1 renounpa n yrne1ennn co c1oponm 6onee cnnLnmx n c1paunmx cocepe.
nn peuann caon xnsnennme npo6neHm, a aoace ne Heu1ann o c1pon1enLc1ae o6uero
poHa. akoneu, n n n,
saaoeaannmH y uaepoa, 1ypok, nepcoa, neHuea, nonnkoa. x, ec1ec1aenno, npoc1o
nnk1o ne cnpaunaan nacue1 o6uero poHa. e ampesann nop kopenL, ne ynnu1oxnnn
a xope aoennmx pec1an - n na 1oH cnacn6o.
ce a1n qak1m neaosHoxno onpoaeprny1L. C B - u
, ( u)
/ , -
, nmx . oroaopa,
cornacno ko1opoHy ace, nko6m, nHek1 paanyk ponk a o6ueH nacnepnn.
aun pycckne o1um n pepm noc1ponnn nHnepnk kak cao, a nnkako ne o6un
poH, - n ne ouenL-1o cnpaunaan ppyrnx; n6o onn c1ponnn ero ne pnn a1nx ppyrnx, a
npexpe acero - pnn ce6n n nac, caonx pe1e n anykoa, kak a1o penae1 nk6o
nopHanLnm xn1enL seHnn. o, u1o cao poH okasancn aHec1e c 1eH o6unH,
nacenennmH HnornHn napopaHn, - a1o nnuL sqq c1pon1enLc1aa,
roaopnun, ao-nepamx, o 6eckoneunoH, neuenoaeueckoH Hnnoceppnn n po6popyunn
pyccknx nkpe. (apen, anrnnuane, qpanuysm, neHum n Hnorne ppyrne noc1ynnnn 6m
nnaue. nn n noc1ynann nnaue. m a1o o1nnuno snaeH ns nc1opnn, a 1oH uncne
nepaane.) ao-a1opmx, on nnunn pas nanoHnnae1 o 1oH, u1o a nc1opnn pesynL1a1
uenoaeuecknx pennn nnkorpa anonne ne coanapae1 c saHmcnoH.
1ak, noa1opk cnoaa n cnoaa: n u , n
.
e 6onLue, ne HenLue.
HHHHHHAHBHO
mn nu - m u - .
ypnan1enLnmH noc1onnc1aoH n cnaxennoc1Lk onn nac1ounao aknapmaak1 a
poccnckne yHm qopHyny (pasyHee1cn, na pasnme napm), ko1opyk o1uekannna
nepepoaan c1a1Ln apecko rase1m N 1/96: Hn - s n
469
qn x, u
nmx . cyunoc1n, un1npoaannoe
amue ynL1nHa1nanoe nncLHo 6anknpoa roaopn1 1o xe caHoe, xo1L n nnmHn cnoaaHn.
opHyna a1a noxna. apen n nx HnoronaunonanLnme (a 1oH uncne, pycckne)
nopronockn mn u u - u
s , m zm mm u.
nnuL neHnorne nckyuennme yHm cnoco6nm saHe1n1L, u1o npn 1akoH nopxope ns
pannoro nc1opnueckoro npouecca xynLnnueckn nsmHae1cn ero z -
pycckn napop co caonH co6c1aennmH uenenonaranneH. o1n 6es nero ykasannm
pesynL1a1 6mn 6m coaepuenno nepoc1nxnH. nk1o ne roaopn1 ceuac, nnox nnn xopou
pesynL1a1: no unn-1o Hm aoace ne k neHy, on naHn ne poc1nrny1 - a nonyunncn,
ao1 a ueH peno! ak y pn6oepoaa: en a koHna1y, nonan a ppyryk.
Henno noa1oHy, c1onno pycckoHy napopy ocna6ny1L nop 1nxec1Lk nHnepcko noun n
no1epn1L caok ponL ynnaepcanLno pepxaano ckpenm, kak aecL xaanenm
pesynL1a1 1y1 xe okasancn nop coHnenneH. onLuan occnn pyxnyna n
paccmnanacL, nopo6no kap1ounoHy poHnky, a o1 pyxoano, kynL1ypno n
pennrnosno o6unoc1n nacennkunx ee napopoa nnuL knoukn nounn no
sakoynoukaH: cyaepennme napopm ne 1onLko ne popoxa1 ek, ne 6epery1 - no n 1onuy1
ee, k1o kak 1onLko Hoxe1. eropnn na npoc1opax noaceHec1no, kpoHe enopyccnn,
npe1 6eckpoanm pyxoanm renounp pyccknx - 1.n. a1nounp.
eapecko qopHynm occnn - nannuo. oueHy xe onn e 1ak npepanm?
asanocL 6m: xoueuL aocc1anoan1L Hnepnk - anauane aocc1anoan a akcknksnanoH
nopnpke HouL rocypapc1aoo6pasykue, nHnepcko - 1o ec1L nHenno pyccko - naunn.
epnn e 6mnyk ponL, 1orpa n nHnepnn npnnoxn1cn. H s-
xn nn. (1ckpa - nonm1kn y1aepxpa1L, 6yp1o pyccknx - ne1, nonm1kn
sannca1L a pycckne - nepyccknx, a pyccknx, saopno co aceHn, - a poccnnne. ce, u1o
yropno, 1onLko 6m noHeua1L naH y1aeppn1L co6c1aennyk, ocnoaannyk na o6ue
kpoan n nc1opnn, naunonanLnyk npen1nunoc1L!)
o1 xe npe1enpykun na ponL npopoka nauero apeHenn ropL y6ac npepnarae1 a
cnc1eHy uennoc1e oao occnn aknkun1L 1akyk ue1ko nasaannyk coc1aannkuyk:
n - (c. 97). n nnue1 1akxe: onn1nka
1eppn1opnanLnoro pacunpennn c1panm npnaena k 1oHy, u1o a XVI-XVII aekax ee
nasaanne npeo6pasoaanocL ns ycn a occnk, nokasmaan 1eH caHmH, u1o ona c1ana
popnno ne 1onLko pyccknx, no n Hnornx ppyrnx napopoa. cnn a 6ypyueH nonn1nka
cnnaunaannn n nn1erpaunn ne 1onLko seHenL, no n o6unoc1e 6ype1 npoponxena, y
acex nonan1cn uanc pec1an1enLno nouyac1aoaa1L ce6n poccnnnaHn (c. 89).
n1epecno: ecnn 6m y6ac npoaen onpoc cpepn pasnnunmx napopoa occnn:
opoxn1e nn am uancoH pec1an1enLno nouyac1aoaa1L ce6n poccnnnnnoH? - u1o
o1ae1nnn 6m eHy 1a1apm, nky1m, ueuenum, eapen? ( 1oH, u1o6m ocuac1nnan1L
poccnnnc1aoH nn1oauea, ac1onuea, 1ypkHen n 1.p., nonn1no, paxe peun 6m1L ne
Hoxe1.) npoueH, 1a1apm yxe o1ae1nnn, npnnna sakon, no ko1opoHy Hoxno 6m1L
rpaxpannnoH a1apc1ana, ne 6ypyun rpaxpannnoH occnn. euenckn o1ae1 1oxe
nsaec1en. osnunn nky1oa, yxe nonm1aaunxcn aaec1n caok 1aHoxennyk,
norpannunyk cnyx6m n ansoam pexnH, 1akxe ncna. apen o1aeuak1, aHnrpnpyn.
aepL rocypapc1aennan neo6xopnHoc1L npnan1L poccnckyk npen1nunoc1L
cyuec1aye1 nHenno n 1onLko a o1nouennn Hanmx napopoa n naunonanLnmx
HenLunnc1a occnn. H, , , n , :
n u. aH ee anonne poc1a1ouno. nn
nac poccnnnnn - npoc1o cnnonnH cnoa nepycckn xn1enL occnn, nauHen.
470
asanocL 6m, u1o Hoxe1 6m1L rnynee, ueH nponsaopn1L nasaanne co6c1aenno naunn
(pyccknx), o1 nasaannn c1panm (occnn), nasaanno 1ak no nHenn kak pas-1akn
pyccko naunn - 1n1ynLno naunn occnn! o uy6acm-y1onnc1m xo1enn 6m a nepayk
ouepepL nHenno nac, pyccknx nepepena1L a poccnnn. pnako paxe a o1nouennn
nauHenoa a1a Heu1a (a nepcnek1nae Hm ace 6onLue 6ypeH uyac1aoaa1L ce6n
n, n -
u - c. 88) okasmaae1cn nano nec6m1ouno.
* * *
471
n q:
- Yn u x
?
- Q. H. (Hx nv.)
- K x n n?
- E. . (Hx nv.)
1.5. HMHEKHH 3H: HmH? mH?
eapen ne Hnpn1cn c ponLk pyccknx kak rocypapc1aoo6pasykuero napopa?
oueHy 1ak xo1n1 noc1aan1L nac na opny pocky co aceHn?
B-x, u, xn nn n
u .
B-x, m u m
, s.
c1L nn y nnx ocnoaannn pnn nopo6nmx napexp? am, pa.
ak1 nannuo: eapen a 1917-1937 rr. necnn na ce6e epaa nn ne ocnoanoe 6peHn
rocypapc1aennoro c1pon1enLc1aa . aHn1L o6 a1oH pnn nnx popora n nens6mana.
apen 6mnn, koneuno, ne uepnopa6ounHn a1oro c1pon1enLc1aa - a1a ponL, a ocnoanoH,
poc1anacL pyccknH, uLn 6nocounanLnan ann1a 6mna npepaapn1enLno ynnu1oxena,
saunuena. ns6pannme, 1pypncL kak apxn1ek1opm, npopa6m, napcHo1punkn n
noronnnm, npopyHmaann n c1ponnn apHnk, qnnancm, rocannapa1, roc6esonacnoc1L,
1oproayk n Hexpynapopnyk nonn1nky, npeonornueckyk napc1poky coae1ckoro
rocypapc1aa. aapua1L ne1 kpnpy nHenno onn n 6mnn ocnoanmH nHnepcknH a1nocoH,
noka nopnnHakunecn ns pyccknx nnsoa naccnonapnn, nanpaanneHme naunonanLno
ne1panLnmH nHnepa1opoH 1annnmH, ne nauann o11ecnn1L nx o1 kopHnna. (H. o6
a1oH a kn.: . oxnnoa. occnn, aek . 1901-1939. - ., nropn1H - pmHckn Hoc1,
1999.)
e nopnexn1 coHnennk: nHenno npepaapn1enLnoe npak1nueckn nonnoe ynnu1oxenne
n nopaanenne naunonanLno pyccko ann1m nosaonnno eapenH nrpa1L ykasannyk
ponL. o1 qak1, u1o na a1y ann1y eapenHn-peaonkunonepaHn 6mnn na1paanenm ne
1onLko pycckne pa6oune, kpec1Lnne, conpa1m n Ha1pocm, no - nop anpoH
naunonanLno-ocao6opn1enLno 6opL6m - nnopopueckne okpannm n aoo6ue
npone1apnn acex c1pan, a amcue c1enenn nokasa1enen. aaoeaannn, cpenannme
nepyccknHn poccncknHn uapnHn acero sa kakne-1o 150 ne1 po peaonkunn - onLua,
uac1L nnnnnpnn n pn6an1nkn, aakas, ypkec1an, akaakasLe - ac1ann y nac a
ropne koc1Lk. n co6c1aenno pycckn napop, nn nopanac1nme napopm ne saxo1enn
6onLue 1epne1L xopouo snakoHmx pyccknx xosnea - noHeunkoa, unnoannkoa,
renepanoa, nonoa, kann1annc1oa (a 1oH uncne kynakoa) - n npepnounn nH noaoro,
neaepoHoro eue xosnnna, o6euaauero cae1noe 6ypyuee aceH nkpnH 1pypa,
nesaancnHo o1 naunonanLnoc1n. H n. cn occnn - nou1n 90%
ns6npa1ene - nporonocoaana ocenLk 1917 ropa na am6opax a upepn1enLnoe
co6panne sa counannc1oa (a 1oH uncne, 58% sa acepoa, 25% - sa 6onLueankoa),
npekpacno snan, n cnc c 1eH, u1o acn poccnckan counan-
472
peHokpa1nn (a yx acepm n 6onLueankn - oco6enno!) paano n npouno 6mna ocepnana
eapec1aoH.
eH sa a1o pacnna1nnncL nnopopum - ne naue peno. eropnn onn ampanrak1 k
oae1cko anac1n Hnoro npe1ensn, sa6maan o 1oH, u1o nHenno ona sa pycckn cue1
nopnnna nx ns rny6oko qeopanLnoro, a koe-rpe n nepao6m1noro coc1onnnn - k
nonoxennk nnpyc1pnanLnmx c1pan.
ycckne pacnna1nnncL (sa 1o, u1o npepnounn eapecknx xosnea - xosneaaH
npnpopnmH) xec1oue acex: 1o1anLnmH orpa6nenneH n kpaxoH caoe c1panm,
6pa1oy6nc1aenno aono, penpeccnnHn, nopaanenneH kpec1Lnncknx 6yn1oa,
ynnu1oxenneH caoe 6nocounanLno ann1m, nacnnLc1aenno konnek1nansaune n
ynnu1oxenneH kpec1Lnnc1aa, ronopoHopoH, aonaHn, noamH sakpenouenneH napopa,
noamH kpaxoH n 1o1anLnmH orpa6nenneH caoe c1panm, - um
u , ko1opyk npoponxak1 amnonnn1L po cnx nop.
ononnsa1opoa - kononnsnpoaann.
-peHokpa1nueckan peaonkunn 1991-1993 rr. anoaL o1kpmna pnn eapeea
ny1L naaepx, k koHanpnmH amco1aH akonoHnkn n nonn1nkn, n nopopnna y nnx noame
napexpm na aosapa1 k rocypapc1aoo6pasykue ponn.
penn1c1ane k a1oHy aosapa1y, kak n a 1917 ropy, - opno: pycckn napop. no1oHy,
kak a ne cnnukoH o1panennme apeHena, eapen anoaL ns6npak1 c1apme 1ak1nueckne
npneHm, nm1ancL:
1) u x m (6mna opna
nckycc1aennan o6unoc1L - coae1ckn napop, a 1enepL naH naansmaae1cn ppyran -
poccnnne);
2) u x ,
n, s n ,
m x x, 6ypL a1o , ccaH6nen napopoa occnn, onrpecc
naunonanLnmx o6Lepnnenn occnn () nnn oae1 naunonanLnoc1e npn
npesnpen1e: nnnnny1m naaann1cn ckonoH, canxy1 connoro ynnnaepa n paspep6ann1
ero po6po;
3) u u nu um
u x nmx m , s n,
nn m u n
m u , - u
n.
a1nH c1apmH npneHaH po6aanncn noam, o1pa6o1annm nspannLcknHn
cneucnyx6aHn a naane: u x u q
u, u x squ s
n . nasmaak a1o1 npneH nnaannsaune occnn.
pnaepy npnHepm ns eapecko npeccm, kacakunecn 1ex any1pnnonn1nuecknx
yc1anoaok poccncknx eapeea, ko1opme eue nepoc1a1ouno ocaeuenm amue.
1.6. 3QERHERH
HAHBOHEE Hne npepc1aanne1cn anp1yosnoe yHenne eapeea ncnonLsoaa1L
ppeann pnHckn npnnunn divide et impera (paspenn n anac1ay), kak 1o n
473
nonoxeno a1nocy, npe1enpykueHy na ponL nHnepckoro. ypL Hm noyHnee, Hm 6m caHn
1oxe ero ncnonLsoaann, pasaopn n c1anknaan 1a1ap c 6auknpaHn, nnryue - c
ueuenuaHn n 1.p. n acex aHec1e n no o1penLnoc1n - c eapenHn, akcnnya1npykunHn
ack c1pany n ace ee napopm. o a1a sapaua cnnukoH cnoxna: napopoa Hnoro, a Hm -
opnn. apaua eapeea npoue: u u x x -
, ko1opmx onn nm1ak1cn o6Lepnnn1L nop caoe arnpo, c1on a nose
"saun1nnka naunonanLnmx HenLunnc1a o1 aennkopycckoro uoannnsHa (a nyuunx
1papnunnx 6onLueankoa). naanan, xo1L n ne peknapnpyeHan uenL - neponyuenne
pyccko rereHonnn - poc1nrae1cn a1nH anonne.
apen ne auepa peunnn aocnonLsoaa1Lcn pannmH npneHoH a o1nouennn nac.
ccnepoaa1enn o1Heuann eue ao apeHena nx kypc na 6noknpoaky co aceHn
pec1pyk1nanmHn cnnaHn, a uac1noc1n c cenapa1nc1cknHn panxennnHn a pnpe coksnmx
pecny6nnk. onpoc o asanHopec1ann c naunonanLno-peHokpa1nuecknHn n
peHokpa1nuecknHn panxennnHn cneunanLno o6cyxpancn na a1opoH cLespe a.
an6onee 1ecnme cansn yc1anoanenm a n1ae, rpe eapeckan o6unna c1ana o6Lek1oH
noxaan n ak1nanoro sanrpmaannn co c1oponm nn1oackoro naunonanLnoro panxennn, a
. nnrepnc axopn1 a pykoaopc1ao akpnca. cnnenno qnnp1yk1 onn c yxoH, na
nepaoH cLespe ko1oporo amc1ynan npepc1aan1enL neackoro o6uec1aa eapecko
kynL1ypm ypakoackn. a a1opoH cLespe a npepc1aan1enn ns Laoaa
pacxaannaann yx sa 1o, u1o on nepam o6Lnann o caoeH pesko o1pnua1enLnoH
o1nouennn k an1nceHn1nsHy (epec1poka n eapeckn aonpoc. - mn. 4, c. 125. - .,
, 1991). 1Heuy, u1o ceropnn eapeea neHano n a pykoaopc1ae yxa, a pyxoackne
6oeankn necnn oxpany 1-ro cLespa eapecknx oprannsaun n o6unn (1989).
pasaannncn ao HnoroH 6naropapn connpapnmH ycnnnnH naunonannc1nuecknx
oprannsaun, kak pas 1aknx, kak "akpnc n yx, nopapnaunx payunHcn k
nonnoanac1nk naunonanLnmH ann1aH noayk rocypapc1aennyk npeonornk. apen
noHorann nH, kak Hornn, peHonc1pnpyn npn a1oH aceHnpnyk eapeckyk kooppnnaunk.
ak, no coo6uennk rase1m "nnapenLqnn nnkyaep (23.02.90) Hepnkanckn
eapeckn koHn1e1 sanann, u1o necHo1pn na 1o, u1o a npounoH ykpannum, nn1oaum n
1.n. yuac1aoaann a nacnnnnx, nanpaanennmx npo1na eapeea, a nac1onueH eapen
ponxnm connpapnsnpoaa1Lcn c naunonannc1aHn na c1opone peHokpa1nn n peqopH a
oae1ckoH okse.
eropnn ananornunan 1ak1nka yceppno npak1nkye1cn eapenHn a occnn. ocHo1pn1e,
kak a1o penae1cn.
nn a 1eopnn, nn na npak1nke ne ckpmaak1, u1o pa6o1a c pasnoo6pasnmHn
naunonanLnmHn o6unnaHn occnn - opno ns ocnoanmx, onopnmx nanpaanenn nx
pen1enLnoc1n. pn a1oH nx ne oc1anaannaae1 neo6xopnHoc1L nra1L n nop1acoamaa1L
qak1m. ak, nepepoaan c1a1Ln "apecko rase1m N1/96 y1aepxpae1: "Henno
ceropnn, korpa a occnn nonyunnn cao6opnoe pasan1ne kynL1ypnme n pennrnosnme
1papnunn, c1ano oueanpno, u1o naunonanLnme o6unnm nakonnnn konoccanLnm onm1
coaHec1noro nc1opnueckoro 6m1nn ao nHn o6uero 6nara rocypapc1aa occnckoro. 6
a1oH, a uac1noc1n, canpe1enLc1aye1 n 1a 6naro1aopnan ponL, kakyk c1ann nrpa1L a
coapeHenno occnn HycynLHanckan, a 1akxe neHeukan o6unnm [ne snak nnuero
nacue1 6naro1oaopnoro aknapa coapeHenno neHeuko o6unnm - pasae u1o a
uenenanpaanennoe nepecenenne neHuea ns asaxc1ana a annnnnrpap, a ueH n nnuno
anxy Hano xopouero. o u1o kacae1cn HycynLHan, 1onLko cneno ne anpn1
paspyun1enLnoro, yrpoxakuero, a aoace ne 6naro1aopnoro pec1ann
HycynLHanckoro qak1opa: euenn, nryue1nn, arec1an, a1apnn, auknpnn, pmH n
1.p.].
pak1nueckan pen1enLnoc1L eapeea nop nosynroH "ce HenLunnc1aa c1panm -
coepnnn1ecL! pasaopaunaae1cn n a ockae, n no ace occnn.
474
H. nepamx pne o6pasoaannn aanoackoro o6nac1noro o6uec1aa eapecko
kynL1ypm yponLq ocnqoanu apknnson nannncn unenoH ero npaanennn, a c 1996
ropa - ero aosrnaanne1... yponLq apknnson n unenm npaanennn o6uec1aa nannk1cn
nnnuna1opaHn cospannn oHa pyx6m coaHec1no c ppyrnHn naunonanLnmHn
o6unnaHn ropopa: pyccko, 1a1apcko, asep6apxancko ( N 12/98). o1
nopnnnnm nn1erpa1op! aepL uero po6poro ace napopm occnn (ne ncknkuak, u1o n
pycckan naunn) oxo1no nopc1aan1 uek a1nH nk6nunH, nackoamH pykaH, ko1opme n
nornapn1, n sa yukoH noueuy1, n sanpnry1, n noepy1 no caonH penaH, noronnn
6esxanoc1no... yccknx - "npoknn1mx kononnsa1opoa - a1n napopm snak1 n 6onLue
ne xo1n1 nn a xosneaa, nn a "c1apune 6pa1Ln. y ne xo1n1 - n ace 1y1! eapen eue n
nopsyxnaak1: cao6opa, paanonpaane, peHokpa1nn, pekononnsaunn, naunonannsaunn
kopennmHn napopaHn nepp n pecypcoa, naunonanLno-ocao6opn1enLnan 6opL6a,
pycckne - 6espapnme, nepaun1enLnme xosneaa... pacue1e na 1o, u1o saxo1n1 1enepL
nx - "cnpaaepnnamx, "paun1enLnmx, 6opuoa sa paanonpaane?
K. "6uec1ao eapecko kynL1ypm "anoH pa6o1ae1 a en1pe
naunonanLnmx kynL1yp, rpe pasHeuak1cn eue paapua1L ue1mpe naunonanLno-
o6uec1aennme oprannsaunn. epapoH uen1p nasmaak1 a ropope "HanenLko
[kak n "6onLuan, ona, pasyHee1cn, - npo1na pyccknx]. Hap1e coc1onnocL co6panne
npepcepa1ene acex naunonanLnmx o6unn pacnopapckoro kpan, na ko1opoH
npncy1c1aoaan pykoaopn1enL enap1aHen1a no HexnaunonanLnmH aonpocaH
apHnnnc1paunn kpan pnropn nnnoa. a co6pannn Hexpy npepc1aan1ennHn
naunonanLnmx o6uec1a n kpaeao apHnnnc1paune 6mna poc1nrny1 poroaopennoc1L o
ac1peue npepc1aan1ene o6unn c ry6epna1opoH kpan nkonaeH onppa1enko. enLk
ac1peun 6ype1 o6cyxpenne npo6neHm an1nceHn1nsHa ( N 13/98). papn 1oro,
u1o6m o6cypn1L an1nceHn1nsH, co6pann npepc1aan1ene ax 24 a1nocoa? nkak
ro1oannn 6a1Lke onppa1y 1pn6ynan napopoa?
H. 1989 r. pec1aoaano oaocn6npckoe o6uec1ao eapecko kynL1ypm
() n c 1993 r. eapeckn 6naro1aopn1enLnm qonp "c1ep. "6e oprannsaunn
ak1nano cnoco6c1aoaann aospoxpennk n pasan1nk naunonanLno kynL1ypm, npoaopn1
eapeckne npaspnnkn, yuac1ayk1 a HexnaunonanLnmx npaspnnkax... apnpy c
ppyrnHn naunonanLnmHn oprannsaunnHn onn nannncL coyupepn1ennHn ccounaunn
naunonanLnmx o6Lepnnenn ( N 15/97).
C-H. "nnHa1 poaepnn - 1ak nasmaae1cn noaan nporpaHHa,
ocyuec1anneHan apecko accounaune ank1-e1ep6ypra () npn noppepxke
. paHkax nporpaHHm naHeueno npoaec1n unkn ac1peu-pnckyccn no npo6neHaH
HexnaunonanLnmx o1nouenn. epayk ac1peuy, coc1onauykcn a konue ok1n6pn,
oprannsa1opm nasaann "ynnkn ne1epnnHoc1n. poHe eapecknx ak1nanc1oa ao
ac1peue npnnnnn yuac1ne npepc1aan1enn o6uec1aa nnrepHannanpcknx qnnnoa
"nkepnn nn11o, 1a1apckoro o6uec1aa "yp, apHnncko o6unnm ropopa, nc1opnkn,
nonn1onorn, counonorn, xypnannc1m ( N 23/96).
n1epecno, nponoaepyk1 nn onn 1epnnHoc1L, nonnLnoc1L no o1nouennk k pyccknH -
rnaanoHy a1nocy c1panm? nn ne cun1ak1 a1o nyxnmH?
Cqu. naanm paaann ropopa oprannsoaan nonyuenne ns 86 1onn
pnca, ko1opm 6mn nepepan nre 1a1apcknx xenunn,.. 6onrapckoHy, rpeueckoHy,
neHeukoHy n eapeckoHy o6uec1aaH ropopa ( N 10/96).
enLunnc1aa acex c1pan - coepnnn1ecL... H npouna nayuno-
npak1nueckan konqepenunn (a o6nac1noH kpaeaepueckoH Hysee npn noppepxke
Hapnn) no 1eHe "ynL1ypa n o6pasoaanne a1nnuecknx HenLunnc1a n6npn. "a paa
pnn 6mno npocnyuano nou1n paa pecn1ka poknapoa no pasnnunmH npo6neHaH.
o1nocnunHcn kak k konkpe1nmH naunonanLnmH o6unnaH, 1ak n k npo6neHaH
naunonanLnmx HenLunnc1a aoo6ue. 1penLno ocanuanncL npo6neHm cn6npcknx
475
6enopycoa, rpekoa, eapeea, neHuea, nonnkoa, 1a1ap, ykpannuea, qnnnoa. pn
coo6uennn 6mnn nocanuenm pasnnunmH acnek1aH xnsnn eapecko pnacnopm...
pnnn1 n1oroam pokyHen1 konqepenunn. nero aounn npepnoxennn o6nac1no n
ropopcko apHnnnc1paunn cospa1L poH naunonanLnmx kynL1yp, naua1L nponsaopc1ao
1ene- n papnonporpaHH o pen1enLnoc1n naunonanLnmx oprannsaun...
pepn nynk1oa n1oroaoro pokyHen1a ec1L n nynk1, kacakuncn npo6neHm pasxnrannn
HexnaunonanLno posnn: "cnnn1L o1ae1c1aennoc1L pepakun papno- n 1enenporpaHH
sa amxop a aqnp 1enpenunosno nnqopHaunn, noppmaakue ocnoam
HexnaunonanLno ppyx6m. (anpnHep, neko1opme Ha1epnanm papnonporpaHHm
"noao nocn1 nano an1nceHn1ckn xapak1ep, nsaec1nm amnapm a rase1e "oaan
n6npL npo1na ykpannuea). pokypa1ypaH o6nac1n n ropopa a coo1ae1c1ann c
sakonoH npeceka1L cnyuan an1nceHn1nsHa, kcenoqo6nn n ppyrnx nponanenn
nponaranpm naunonanLno posnn. [pyx6a - npeanLnoe npnkpm1ne pnn 1ex, k1o
paspenne1, u1o6m anac1aoaa1L. o y nac, noa1opkcL, c eapenHn pasnme aosHoxnoc1n -
n pasnan 1ak1nka. m HoxeH 1onLko pasLepnnn1L: acex o1 acex. nn xe - o6Lepnnnk1
acex, o1Lepnnnn 1onLko nac. x nosnunn amrnnpn1 konc1pyk1nano, naua -
pec1pyk1nano, onn - "sa Hnp n ppyx6y, sa "ceHLk napopoa, a Hm, "nHnepnannc1m,
aennkopepxaanme uoannnc1m - sa pycckyk rereHonnk, sa "1kpLHy napopoa.]
1oH, k1o nnnunnpoaan n ro1oann konqepenunk, roaopn1 cnncok yc1pon1ene
konuep1a, aenuaauero Heponpnn1ne: onLckn poH, eapeckn 6naro1aopn1enLnm
qonp "c1ep, rpeueckan o6unna "nLknpa, a1apckn o6uec1aennm uen1p, qnnckoe
o6uec1ao, o6uec1ao ykpannckoro nsmka nH. apaca eauenko "poHapa ( N
8/97).
pnHepm Hoxno npoponxa1L. ak o6muno, 6nec1nue o6o6unn n o6ocnoaan pannoe
nanpaanenne eapecko any1pnnonn1nuecko pen1enLnoc1n - nc1nnnm n
necoHnennm nnpep eapec1aa napnHnp ycnnckn, npesnpen1 occnckoro
eapeckoro konrpecca: EK un
nu u . Y
un s
. EK u u n
x ( N 30/97). pnn sa acex n ace sa opnoro - 1ak a1o
nasmaae1cn.
Hano 1o pa6o1m, ko1opyk onn aepy1, konconnpnpyn Hanme n kopennme
napopm, onn 1ak xe o6pa6a1maak1 n naunonanLnme HenLunnc1aa, ne nHekune a
occnn caoe rocypapc1aennoc1n. 1uac1n a1a pa6o1a o1paxena na c1pannuax ,
rpe eue a 1996 ropy 6mna o1kpm1a py6pnka nacnopa, couyac1aenno
pacckasmaakuan o nepyccknx xn1ennx ockam. o1naaunn - neannnan: E,
m 2000 n ccn, cc c cn, ,
c, M kk-n yr M, k M c.
Mx , c Mn aM, cn r - ckr cxn.
H, M aMy Eckn r Mx yk /c,
kn y cn.
1oro apeHenn rase1a ycnena pacckasa1L o Hockoacko pnacnope ys6ekoa, 1apxnkoa,
nky1oa, nn1oauea, acopoa, 6aknnuea, nonnkoa, Hapnuea, kasaxoa, 1a1ap, knprnsoa,
na1mue, 6enopycoa n 1.p.
cno, u1o a1n "a1norpaqnueckne ny6nnkaunn - nnuL uac1L aepxyukn ac6epra 1ex
o1nouenn, ko1opme amc1panaak1 eapen no Harnc1panLnmH nanpaanennnH caoe
aa1onoHno a1nononn1nkn. epapoH onrpecc naunonanLnmx o6Lepnnenn occnn
(), nonauany aosrnaannauncn ykpannuaHn, 1enepL aosrnaannk1 ak1nanc1m
eapeckoro panxennn.
476
co6ennyk onacnoc1L n anxy a 1oH, u1o eapen ne 1onLko o6Lepnnnk1 "nop ce6n 1e
Hanme napopm n nauHenunnc1aa, c ko1opmHn y nac Hano o6uero, no n o1pmaak1 o1
nac c 1o xe uenLk a1nocm, nnkorpa pocene o1 nac ne o1pannaunecn, paano
cpopnnaunecn c naHn: Hapnuea, Hoppay, uyaaue, 6enopycoa. y1L k 1akoHy
pesynL1a1y nsaec1en - on akcnepnHen1anLno (n c 6neckoH!) yxe onpo6oaan na
ykpannuax: napo nk6oano n neo1c1ynno nec1oaa1L nx oco6yk, o1penLnyk a1nnueckyk
npen1nunoc1L, sac1aan1L cocpepo1oun1Lcn ne na 1oH orpoHnoH o6ueH, u1o
o6Lepnnne1, ckaxeH, Hapnuea nnn 6enopycoa c pyccknHn, a na 1ex necyuec1aennmx
pasnnunnx, ko1opme nac pasLepnnnk1, paspy1L a1n pasnnunn po rnran1cknx
pasHepoa.
"ak nn yx a1o onacno? - cnpocn1 kako-nn6ypL "nparHa1nk. - epL nx, nepyccknx,
acero 15% nacenennn, ecnn yxe ne HenLue ns-sa pyccknx nHHnrpan1oa ns !
o ne cnepye1 sa6maa1L, u1o, ao-nepamx, npnHepno 14,5% pyccknx coc1on1 a
pasnoo6pasnmx cHeuannmx 6pakax (xo1L n o1nkpL ne nonoanna, kak apy1 "6anknpm),
nx pe1n nHek1 a caoeH cosnannn paonyk naunonanLnyk npen1nunoc1L n nerko Hory1
c1a1L o6Lek1oH Hannnynnun. ao-a1opmx, k1o xe ne snae1, u1o cnnouennoe, xopouo
snakuee, uero ono xoue1, HenLunnc1ao - kypa cnnLnee aHopqnoro, paspnpaeHoro
npo1naopeunnHn 6onLunnc1aa. eropnn pycckne paso6uenm n ne nHek1 nn o6ue
uenn, nn npnsnannoro nnpepa. a1nx ycnoannx saae1 anonnHnoro aa1opa "a1exnsnca
eapen a o 1oH, u1o na aaxnme Hec1a cnepye1 c1aan1L ecnn yx ne eapen, 1o
nk6oro ppyroro naunonana (nnuL 6m ne pycckoro!), - ak1yanen kak nnkorpa.
noaeun cHmcn naaepennn "eapecknx Hoc1oa ko aceH n acnuecknH a1nocaH occnn
ncen: nnnnny1m ro1oan1cn k saxaa1y ynnnaepa.
K nn Hnoroo6pasnme a1nocm occnn, kypa aepe1 nx sa6o1nnaan pyka
eapeckoro ppyra? onnHak1 nn, u1o pnn eapeckoro ppyra 1akan sa6o1a - ne 6onee
ueH 1pkk, noakn npneH a 6opL6e c pyccknHn sa ponL rnaanoro a1noca a rocypapc1ae?
onnHak1 nn ocnoano sakon nonn1nuecko 6opL6m: k1o ne c naHn - 1o1 npo1na nac?
1ako cn1yaunn am6op ponxen 6m1L ouenL asaeuennmH. 6ueHnpoaan 1enpenunn k
cospannk naunonanLnmx rocypapc1a ponxna 6m sac1aan1L nx sapyHa1Lcn: eapenH-pe
ec1L kypa yexa1L ns occnn, a naH?..
e1, cypn no aceHy, onn npnnnHak1 "eapeckyk sa6o1y sa unc1yk Hone1y. nna1n1
sa nee panL. 1oH uncne, c M. ak, eue a 1989 ropy a ockae npouen 1-
cLesp eapecknx oprannsaun n o6unn , na ko1opm npn6mno 6onee 400
npepc1aan1ene ns 73 ropopoa, a 1akxe okono 60 roc1e - nnpepoa kpynneunx
cnonnc1cknx oprannsaun anapa n spannn, 1aknx kak ceHnpnan cnonnc1ckan
oprannsaunn, ceHnpnm eapeckn konrpecc, na pn1, 6Lepnnennme coae1m a
saun1y coae1cknx eapeea, nonnc1ckn qopyH coae1cknx eapeea n Hnorne
ppyrne. K qcn c? ank oc1ok (qa) ao rnaae c 6auknpoH
apmpoamH (epec1poka n eapeckn aonpoc. - mn. 2, c. 89. - ., , 1990).
eropnn apmpoa couen co cuenm, no peno ero xnae1: cnnarora a 1papnoH (ockaa)
c1pon1cn ao HnoroH na cpepc1aa 6naro1aopn1enLnoro qonpa "nnnnL, npesnpen1
ko1oporo, akapeHnk nun1 a66apoanu ansn1oa "ne anpn1 npo6neHm a 1oH, u1o
neeapeckan oprannsaunn noHorae1 c1pon1L cnnarory ( N 14/97). pnHepm
Hoxno npoponxa1L.
co ckasannmH pyccknH cnepoaano 6m npnHenn1L paonyk 1ak1nky. opno
c1oponm, u
n x "x x", "mx" "qx"
(nockonLky anpnopn nsaec1na an1npycckan nanpaanennoc1L a1nx "c1onoa, "coksoa n
"qopyHoa n naue yuac1ne 1onLko npnpae1 nern1nHnoc1L nx peuennnH) - pasae u1o a
kauec1ae na6nkpa1ene. ppyro c1oponm, mu
nnu, x "" m
n - u m n q,
477
n 1.n. oneuno, nac Hory1 ynpekny1L a
nenckpennoc1n n nenocnepoaa1enLnoc1n, no o1ae1 naro1oae: a occnn ceropnn ne1
oprannsaunn, o1ae1c1aennno npepc1aannkue pycckn napop. cnonLsyeH xo1L pas
caok cna6oc1L kak cnny.
saaepun1L 1eHy, o1He1nH, u1o eapen npak1nkyk1 a1y o1pa6o1annyk 1ak1nky
("HenLunnc1aa acex c1pan, coepnnn1ecL!) ne 1onLko a occnn. n K onn
6mnn caHmHn npmHn no6opnnkaHn npaa nerpoa[26], a epHannn - 1ypok, ao panunn
- apa6oa n nerpoa. (, kc1a1n, noaceHec1no, a 1oH uncne a occnn, - nepepac1oa.)
enL - 1a xe: nopopaa1L nonn1nueckne nosnunn rocnopc1aykuero a1noca: anrno-
cakcoa, 6ypoa, neHuea, qpanuysoa, u1o6m caHnH nonoan1L pm6ky a Hy1no aope.
apapokc coc1on1 a 1oH, u1o pesynL1a1 a1o pen1enLnoc1n, kak 1onLko
rocnopc1aykun a1noc naunnae1 1epn1L rereHonnk, nopo o6opaunaae1cn npo1na
caHnx eapeea. ak, nerpm , c noHouLk eapeea po6nauncL - c nepexnec1oH! -
paanonpaann, 1y1 xe npoaosrnacnnn nosynr "nac1L uepnmH! n ne 1onLko npnnoHnnnn
eapenH nx aepyuee yuac1ne a 1oproane pa6aHn a XVI-XIX aekax, no n cospann
panxenne epnme eapen, y1aepxpan, u1o apaaH, caak, akoa-spannL n ppyrne
na1pnapxn 6mnn uepnokoxnHn, u1o ns6pannm napop - a1o nerpm n ec1L, a 6enme
eapen - aoo6ue ne eapen, a caHosaanum n ysypna1opm. eropnn uepnokoxee
nacenenne Hepnkn - Houneuan a1nocounanLnan 6asa c1nxnnoro
an1nceHn1nsHa[27]. y, a a K napenne anap1enpa, k ueHy kpenko npnnoxnnn pyky
eapen, amsaano 1ako pnkn poc1 uepno npec1ynnoc1n, u1o onn npoc1o no6exann
o11ypa cnoHn ronoay ( N 22/96). e npaapa nn, acnoHnnae1cn 6acnn pmnoaa
annLn nop py6oH aekoamH.?
spepxkn nonn1nueckoro npo1ekunonnsHa, apope npnaepennmx npnHepoa ns xnsnn
n K, pasyHee1cn, ne oc1anaannaak1 poccncknx eapeea. nn n panLue
naHepenm 6opo1Lcn sa npaaa napopoa occnn. poHe pycckoro, pasyHee1cn.
1.7. KH YKHX
, o pyccknx. cno, u1o ny1L nk6o rocypapc1aoo6pasykue naunn k cospannk
caoero naunonanLnoro rocypapc1aa nexn1 uepes Hannqec1aunk co6c1aenno
npen1nunoc1n. konLko uepnnn no1paueno eapenHn, u1o6m nopaeprny1L coHnennk, a
1o n npnHo ocHennnk ne 1onLko pycckyk naunonanLnyk npen1nunoc1L kak 1akoayk
(papoH u1o y caHnx c a1nH npo6neHm), no n caHme naun nonm1kn ee onpepenn1L!
onpekn ncnmH, nayuno nop1aepxpennmH pannmH, canpe1enLc1aykunH o
roHorennoc1n, 1.e. opnopopnoc1n, pyccko naunn a uenoH (a kauec1ae opnoro ns
npnHepoa npnaepy knnry akapeHnka . nekceeaa poncxoxpenne napopoa
oc1ouno aponm), eapeckan ny6nnunc1nueckan n okononayunan HmcnL
nepHanen1no pasanekae1cn cHakoaanneH 1ex nnn nnmx - 1kpkcknx, repHancknx, yrpo-
qnncknx, nnnnpo-aene1cknx - po6aaok k cnaanno-pyccko ocnoae naue naunn.
pnHepoa 1oHy c1onL Hnoro n onn nonapak1cn 1ak uac1o, u1o ne1 nnkakoro cHmcna nx
npnaopn1L, 1eH 6onee, u1o eapeea a a1oH cHmcne paano nepennknynn coapeHennme
1eope1nkn ykpannc1aa, nm1akunecn pokasmaa1L (no ananornn c uepnmHn
eapenHn), u1o nac1onune pycckne - a1o ykpannum, a ceropnnunne pycckne -
caHosaanum n ysypna1opm.
o opnn npnHep ace xe npnaepy: o1knnk nekoero . neukoackoro na c1a1Lk
nc1opnka n pycckoro npeonora nk1opa c1peuoaa, nsaec1noro caonH nccnepoaanneH o
uepno n kpacno co1ne. c1peuoa ocHennncn sanan1L, u1o - s
, x ,
, n n x.
ospasn1L no cy1n 1y1 neuero, no neukoackn a1oro n ne penae1. n npoc1o
478
amsmaakue sy6ockann1, npnpnpancL k cnoaaH: ase1a ["epnan co1nn 1nnLHapka]
ny6nnkye1 1pyp r-na c1peuoaa, ko1opm nHee1 nk6onm1noe sarnaane " 6onLno
ronoam na spopoayk. ocnopnn c1peuoa 1oxe Hyun1enLno pasHmunne1 nap
aonpocoH: k1o xe 1ako ec1L pycckn? nc1pyHen1oH caonx pasHmunenn qnnocoq
am6pan ananornk. epak1opy "epno co1nn kpacne1L ne npnc1ano, no cnepoaano 6m
npnc1anLnee apyHmaa1Lcn nnn xo1n 6m aun1maa1Lcn a ny6nnkyeHme Ha1epnanm. 1ak,
r-na c1peuoaa ocenne1: "oackpy cnmunuL, u1o "ycckn - a1o 1o1, k1o uyac1aye1
ce6n yccknH. o nornueckn ncno: u1o6m nHe1L aosHoxnoc1L uyac1aoaa1L ce6n
pyccknH, nyxno, u1o6m a1n pycckne 6mnn a peanLnoc1n, a ne 1onLko a "uyac1aoaannn.
epL paxe pnn 1oro, u1o6m kakoHy-nn6ypL nmnkoHy Heu1a1enk nouyac1aoaa1L ce6n
co6ako, nyxno, u1o6m co6aka 6mna na caHoH pene, na ue1mpex nanax n c xaoc1oH.
1nHn nponsn1enLnmHn, nckpennnHn, xo1n n ne HonHn cnoaaHn n xoue1cn sakonun1L
y1oHnaun Henn 1ekc1 (. neukoackn. o6aka na caHoH pene, na ue1mpex nanax n
c xaoc1oH. - N 3/97).
neukoackoHy n nxe c nnH, kak anpno, ouenL xo1enocL 6m, u1o6m nac, pyccknx, a
peanLnoc1n ne 6mno. Hnpn1ecL, rocnopa: Hm - ec1L!
1.8. HEK RHHH3HR
K "nHnepcko 1eHm ckaxy eue koe o ueH.
oHnno1 c1a napopoa occnn (o6Lek1nano nanpaanennm npo1na pyccko rereHonnn),
o ko1opoH neky1cn eapen, nHee1 opnn acnek1, ne npoc1o onacnm, no cHep1enLno
onacnm pnn naue c1panm a uenoH. 1o - pyccko-HycynLHanckne o1nouennn.
nn nauana npnaepy o1pmaok ns opno c1a1Ln, o1ue1nnao peHonc1pnpykun
npekpacnoe nonnHanne eapenHn nonn1nueckoro snauennn a1nokonqeccnonanLnoro
qak1opa a nonnkonqeccnonanLno c1pane. 1ex amrop n npenHyuec1a, ko1opme a1o1
qak1op npn yHenoH ncnonLsoaannn Hoxe1 npnnec1n eapenH. 1a1Ln nanncana
snakunH peno n yHnmH uenoaekoH n 6onLue acero nanoHnnae1 nncLHo
nn1ennnren1noro n oc1opoxnoro npoqeccnonanLnoro uan1axnc1a: CM, Mn,
c M M MxM cn, cny r. co6o aaxnme Hec1a ampenenm Hno.
1ak: Ecn n k-y ckn, H, xMyx
knk Enxr ck, c cM cn c
r, k aMy n. H k cnync, M nm cnc
ny cmm, M n yknncn M, n
H m , s
m n Hn q ...
MycynM - m cy, c kqcc -y
rnc n nc rcyc cy x, kk nk c
nyn cMc 1943 ry.
Cycn k cn rcyc c Mxy
cnnM n crM cc c nM
cM kx ry - y n ncn c, cn -
cn n cnMck kqcc. Tk, M cynk
nn nx n c-M, M-McM - cy,
cnM nM - m.
H MycynM-m xk cc C mn cn
Myr nxn ykc H. Au
479
n n "Au",
n "Xx". Xc x cn c n..
1979 ry Hn c ck H cknk n
Ey. X ,
u u um , u
...
KynM n Hnn nM M cn rn
nrn ncck x C Ln nM 1982 r. H
mu ux x x
n x m x , x
, mu ...
Tk n , rnn, n Hn m: "n
" m H
K H, knyMr cM nck M ( N
8/97).
a a1o noaec1n c1ane1 ncnmH, ecnn acnoHnn1L annsop ns Hoe knnrn
H-, rpe n pacckasan o caoeH snakoHc1ae a 1991 ropy c
coae1nnkoH no nnaec1nunnH nekcanppoH enno, eapeeH ns Hepnkn, uLnHn
koncynL1aunnHn nonLsyk1cn nan6onee 6ora1me n annn1enLnme eapeckne o6unnm,
npnnnHakune ak1nanoe yuac1ne a Hnpoao nonn1nke. ec1napua1L papnoc1anun -
nn Hnoro nn Hano! - noc1ponnn xpnc1nane naana nesaponro po aspmaa rpaxpancko
aonm na penLrn, nanpaanennme 1ypa pnn 1akoro 6oroyropnoro pena npaaoaepnmH
nypeeH enno. apo pyHa1L, nnaec1nunn a xpnc1nanckne o6unnm a1nH ne
orpannunaanncL. nn uero xe nypen c1onL kann1anLno noppepxann caonx
ronn1ene-xpnc1nan? cuepnmaakun o1ae1 cHo1pn amue.
occnn ace Hoxe1 noa1opn1Lcn c 1ounoc1Lk po nao6opo1 (a eune, kc1a1n, a1o yxe n
nponsouno ne 6es yuac1nn npecnoay1mx nnrapxoa 6paHmue). onLko na a1o1 pas a
ponn ak1nanoro HenLunnc1aa, cnoco6noro sa6poca1L uae1aHn eapeckne 1ankn (nnn
epcepecm) n yunnn1L pesnk a narepnx pyccknx 6exenuea, amc1ynn1 ne xpnc1nane,
a HycynLHane. ( eune onn ampesann n ampaannn camue 400 1mcnu pyccknx.)
pnueH ne 1onLko aepykune qana1nkn, no n npoc1o, ecnn ncnonLsoaa1L 1epHnn
epapa xeHann, - a1nnueckne HycynLHane.
Henno noa1oHy n roaopk o6 onacnoc1n pyccko-HycynLHanckoro, a ne npaaocnaano-
nnn xpnc1nancko-HycynLHanckoro konqnnk1a. n 1nee1, apeHn o1 apeHenn
acnmxnaan.
II et impera! e1 ppyroro, 6onee pec1aennoro saae1a pnn uenoaeka nnn
napopa, ko1opm xoue1 6m1L rocnopnnoH. ecnn opnn ns 1ex, koro napo c1onkny1L
Hexpy co6o, naHnoro cna6ee - snaun1, ero napo ycnnn1L; ecnn nepoc1a1ouno 6oean1
n qana1nuen - snaun1, ero napo pasxeuL, nakaua1L, pacnponaranpnpoaa1L,
ycnnn1L a ero Hen1ann1e1e aneHen1m nppaunonanLnme.
epaano, 18.05.99 r. a nHqeponone n na6nkpan kasaauykcn neckonuaeHo kononny
1a1ap pmHa, na6nkpan sann1yk uepnoronoamH napopoH nnouapL, cnyuan
ckanpnpoaanne nnnxy ak6ep! n pasHmunnn: xopouo, u1o poccnckne HycynLHane
eue ne popyHanncL yc1pon1L Hapu na ockay. oaepxnoc1nm na6nkpa1enL ckaxe1,
u1o ace peno 1y1 a peaanunc1cknx yc1peHnennnx ypunn, sakaunaakue a 1a1ap
pmHa orpoHnme cpepc1aa a napexpe aepny1L ce6e nonyoc1poa n, a uac1noc1n,
ampennaue na Hackyk akunk 100 1mc. ponnapoa. o 6onee rny6okn anann1nk
npnnoHnn1, u1o ypunn - c1pa1ernueckn nap1nep spannn, necnpoc1a saknkunaun c
nnH aoenno-nonn1nueckn coks.
480
npoueH, apeHn ne c1on1 na Hec1e: konqnnk1 a arec1ane n aonnc1aennme sananennn
unenoa npaan1enLc1aa ukepnn, nocnepoaaaune sa pasrpoHoH n am1ecnenneH ns
npnrpannunmx paonoa 6acaeacknx 6oeankoa, roaopn1 o 1oH, u1o Hapu na ockay
(o1nkpL ne Hnpnm) yxe nauancn. pnueH on conpoaoxpae1cn nponaranpnc1cknHn
npoaokaunnHn, 6nec1nue paspa6o1annmHn a nyuunx 1papnunnx npeonornuecko
aonm. o1, nanpnHep, sananenne cnaHcko uypm arec1ana, cpenannoe a aaryc1e
1999 ropa: ycynLHane arec1ana ne aepy1 aony npo1na pyccknx. 1o - noxL,
ko1opan amropna noppepxnaakueHy npec1ynnm pexnH a axaukane cnonnc1ckoHy
kann1any n ero aepnoHy cnyxn1enk - nLunny. m aokeH npo1na pexnHa nLunna n
ero Hexpynapopnmx nokpoan1ene, ko1opm ponxen 6m1L nenaanc1en aceH uec1nmH
pyccknH nkpnH, aceH pyccknH na1pno1aH. a1pno1m occnn, ko1opme npoknnnak1
nLunna, , spannL, ponxnm 6mnn 6m anpe1L a HycynLHanax arec1ana caonx
coksnnkoa, a ne npncoepnnn1Lcn k xopy nxeuoa n npoaoka1opoa, ko1opme xo1n1
a1nny1L occnk a ouepepnyk aoennyk aaan1kpy npo1na HycynLHan. ac1onuan
yrposa occnn ncxopn1 o1 cnn, ko1opme pec1ayk1 any1pn occnn, o1 onnrapxoa, o1
peHokpa1oa n nopo6nmx nH c1aanennnnkoa anapa.
a1oH sananennn 1ak Hnoro aepnoro, u1o xo1enocL 6m nopnnca1Lcn nop nnH, ecnn 6m.
ono ne ncxopnno o1 1aknx na1en1oaannmx ppyse pyccknx, nna1nmx naeHnnkoa
n 1oproamx kon1paren1oa r-na epesoackoro, kak pyroa n acaea. okk1 c
nLunnmH, a ampesak1 rnasa n nonoame opranm coksnnkaH - pyccknH pe6n1aH.
epk, aepk acnkoHy saepk, kpokopnny, exy, a 1e6e - noroxy, - pyHae1 a n1ore
pycckn un1a1enL, un1an ypyroackyk nnc1oaky, n 6epe1 nop coHnenne paxe
copepxaunecn a ne necoHnennme nc1nnm. 1o n 1pe6ye1cn sakasunky.
yxe a1nny1a ao ace aoopyxennme npo1naoc1onnnn no caoe kro-sanapno
nepnqepnn, ko1opmH eapeckn anap yceppno nannnnaae1 nnunny npaaocnaano-
HycynLHancknx. onqnnk1 Hepnenno, no aepno (uepes yuac1ne 6oeankoa ns
aypoacko paann, oppannn n 1.p.) naunnae1 npnnnHa1L paxe pyccko-apa6ckn
xapak1ep, noppmaan naun 1papnunonnme nosnunn na nnxneH oc1oke.
esaxnaakuan nsaa na 1ene occnn - euenn n nryue1nn, nonnouennyk
rocypapc1aennyk rpannuy c ko1opmHn neo6xopnHo 6mno o6opypoaa1L eue auepa, -
rposn1 sapaso aceHy aakasy n oaonxLk. poek1 naannsaunn occnn,
paspa6o1annm na HexpynapopnoH ypoane, peannsye1cn no nnany.
1o oc1anoan1 noxap?
* * *
yxe roaopnnocL o 1oH, u1o pacnap oae1ckoro oksa npenopnec eapenH
nenpnn1nm ckpnpns a anpe 1pnnapua1n a1nokpa1nuecknx rocypapc1a nnkc noka ne
a1nokpa1nueckan, no yxe HononaunonanLnan c1pana occnn. kasanocL, u1o aHec1e c
o1opaaaunHncn o1 onLuo occnn napopaHn ncues cnnLneun pmuar paanennn
na pycckn napop, n x.
a 1akne nocnepc1ann eapen ne paccun1maann. anrpmaan ceropnn c poccncknHn
naunonanaHn, nm1ancL nx noc1pon1L nop ce6n, onn c1peHn1cn koHnencnpoaa1L
y1pauennoe. o aceH nonn1no, u1o aosHoxnoc1n specL paneko ne 1e, u1o 6mnn a ,
rpe na opnoro pycckoro npnxopnncn opnn nepycckn. rpe, ecnn 6m oks ne pacnancn
(nnn ecnn on 6ype1 aocc1anoanen), k 2025 ropy na opnoro pycckoro yxe npnxopnnocL
6m paoe nepyccknx.
e1 coHnenn, u1o eapen ueH panLue, 1eH 6onLue 6ypy1 pasmrpmaa1L ponL
nn1erpa1opoa (npopma, nyc1L apeHennm, epesoackoro k ponxnoc1n ncnonnn1enLnoro
cekpe1apn 6mn cnHn1oHa1nuen, aepL c HakcnHanLnmH unnnsHoH ampaxae1
481
caHyk cy1L 6mauero : coks napopoa eapasnckoro npoc1panc1aa papn o6npannn
n akcnnya1aunn occnn n pyccknx, ko1opmx anoaL npnnyxpak1 nec1n 6peHn ponopa,
nnuero, kpoHe qanLunamx ynm6ok, ne nonyuan asaHen).
e1 coHnenn n a 1oH, u1o noc1anLrnn no 6mnoHy nHnepckoHy (poccnckoHy n
oco6enno coae1ckoHy) npounoHy 6ype1 ace rpoHue n o1ue1nnae sayua1L a peuax n
nncannnx a1o, eue auepa sacnyxnaaaue nasaannn pnccnpen1cko-an1ncoae1cko,
naunn. 1oH uncne, a peuax n nncannnx eapecknx aHnrpan1oa n peaHnrpan1oa.
paxe yaepen, u1o Hm poxpeHcn o1 nnx n nosynra asap a !
nc1ockoaaaunecn no nHnepnn pycckne rocypapc1aennnkn - Hyxnnm, pyrnnm,
npoxanoam n npoune nmx1nnm - caHn no6ery1 k noamH nn1erpa1opaH n saaonn1, kak
napkoHanm a noHke: pa, pa, pa napko1nk, xn1L ne Hory 6es nk6nHo opnnm -
! (apnan1: 6es occncko Hnepnn, onLuo occnn n n.p.) H papy1.
pycckne ncuesny1 uepes 3-4 nokonennn.
ypL1e 6pn1enLnm!
* * *
n q:
- B u n CCC?
- Q. H. (Hx nv.)
2. X3H: XHME, MEH, ERBHB
yc1L paxe apeHn pyko 6ecnouapnok
ne ykasano, u1o 6mno a aac noxnoro,
ce xe neuy n k aaH naHn1Lk xapnok,
npounoH o1ae1a nuy neaosHoxnoro,
oun 6esyHnme!
noaa ns poHanca
ce6e, u1o napexpm eapeea (n ne 1onLko) c6mnncL n nHnepnn a 1oH nnn
nnoH anpe nop nx pykoaopc1aoH aocc1anoanena. ako ona 6ype1?
pepc1aan1L a1o ne c1onL cnoxno. o-nepamx, no1oHy, u1o oae1ckan occnn n a
nepnop 1917-1937 rr. - anonne poc1ynnm nsyuennk o6paseu (a npnHep noc1aank
xo1n 6m amueynoHnny1yk knnry . oxnnoaa occnn, aek ). ao-a1opmx,
no1oHy, u1o He1anpoek1 1akoro rocypapc1aa (ypauno nasaannm LaoH yHnneamH
xnHepo) 1oxe poc1ynen nsyuennk, nockonLky on c ypnan1enLnmH noc1onnc1aoH
c1peHn1cn k aonnouennk a c1panax, rpe eapen nocennk1cn a 6onLuoH konnuec1ae:
onLue, cnannn, epHannn, occnn, . e acerpa n ne aespe a1o1 npoek1
ycneuno aonnouae1cn, n6o c1on1 npaan1ennH c1panm, npnnapnexaunH k
aa1ox1onnoHy nacenennk, o6napyxn1L, u1o anac1L kak-1o nesaHe1no ns nx pyk
nepe1ekna a pykn karana, n cypL6a eapeea a a1o c1pane Hoxe1 kpy1o nsHenn1Lcn. ce
xnHepnueckne npoek1m pano nnn nospno pyunnncL (nocnepnn - eHapckan
482
epHannn - pyxnyn oco6enno c1pauno). 1o x, 1orpa eapen naunnak1 a ppyro c1pane
ace cnauana.
c1opnn snae1 1onLko opny c1pany ppeanoc1n, a ko1opo y eapeea aoo6ue nnuero ne
nonyunnocL c xnHepnsaune, n 1onLko opny c1pany, a ko1opo ace nonyunnocL
nonnoc1Lk.
epaan - nupanH, rnne1, napop ko1oporo eapen cyHenn npeapa1n1L a pa6oa
qapaona, no co apeHeneH n caHn 6mnn o6noxenm 1pypoao noannnoc1Lk, a no1oHy
yunn o11ypa. pn u1ennn cxopa nopaxae1 xnao1nan neHo1nanpoaannan nenaanc1L
eapeea k a1o nekorpa npnk1naue n cnacue nx o1 ronopno cHep1n c1pane n k
saka6anennoHy nHn napopy ernn1nn.
1pana, rpe eapeckn He1anpoek1 aonno1nncn nonnoc1Lk, xo1n n ne ouenL naponro -
npnHepno na 250 ne1 - cyuec1aoaana a VIII-X aa. n.a. n nasmaanacL asapne.
eropnn a1o nHn c1ano napnua1enLnmH. nnHanne nc1opnkoa n ny6nnunc1oa
npnkoaano k nanennk ppeane asapnn; rase1a aa1pa aaena paxe neu1o apope
py6pnkn - poek1 asapnn, nua ananornn a enLunncko occnn c a1nH
cpepneaekoamH rocypapc1aoH.
pycckoro un1a1enn, snakoHoro c asapne no knnre . yHnneaa peannn ycL n
ennkan 1enL n no coapeHenno ny6nnunc1nke, asrnnp na qenoHen rocypapc1aa-
xnHepm Hoxe1 cnoxn1Lcn 1onLko o1pnua1enLnm: npaannLnm no cy1n, no
opnoc1oponnn. oa1oHy npepc1aanne1cn kpane aaxnmH nosnakoHn1Lcn c
npo1naononoxno - eapecko - 1ouko spennn, u1o6m nHe1L ace ocnoaannn
o6Lek1nano npo1naoc1on1L e. akan aosHoxnoc1L ec1L 6naropapn knnre .
nL1uynepa ocnepnnn 1ana occnn (., o, 1996), amuepue 1npaxoH 999
akseHnnnpoa n nocanuenno nc1opnn xasap n npeonornn xasapc1aa.
, nsaec1nm a npounoH kak npaaosaun1nnk, ca1ennn1 kpoaaaoro
ryHannc1a axapoaa, - ne c1onLko nc1opnk, ckonLko koHnnnn1op, yHekun naxopn1L
cyuec1aennoe a uyxnx 1pypax. oa1oHy knnra ero, nponrpmaan no qak1ype pa6o1aH
yHnneaa, p1aHonoaa, ec1nepa n pp., nn1epecna nHenno konuenune, ko1opyk a1o1
kpoqnn n pycoqo6, o1uannnm anonore1 xasapc1aa npepnarae1 naH. n1an
xapak1epnm 1pyp nL1uynepa, Hm noc1nraeH, ueH xe popoxa1 eapen a xasapckoH
He1anpoek1e, noueHy aeuno ne1n1 k neHy naHn1Lk xapnok, Heu1ak1 o neH n
c1peHn1cn aonno1n1L.
oo6ue, knnra xpec1oHa1nna: m
q . (n1npyn, a cko6kax 6ypy c1aan1L noHepa
c1pannu.)
aHo co6o, nL1uynep - apen1 paano pasaenuanno nopHancko 1eopnn
nponcxoxpennn pyccko rocypapc1aennoc1n; aHec1e c 1eH pnn nero nornuno
npepnonoxn1L, u1o cnaanne aosnnknn ne na ocnoae kaknx-1o Hnqnuecknx a1nocoa, a
ns Hec1no 1kpkcko cHecn napopoa (193), pycckne a knnre nHenyk1cn no1oHkaHn
aapnroa-1kpkoa (320), amncnne1cn, u1o no1oHkn xasap, c1aaune kasakaHn,
coc1aannnn rnaanyk kapa1enLnyk cnny poccnckoro uapnsHa (262) n paxe nepaan
kopona pycckoro uapn 6mna konne ronoanmx y6opoa xasapcknx karanoa (265) - xo1n
nepam uapL na ycn nonanncn cnyc1n 500 ne1 nocne ncuesnoaennn karana1a.
a1o eaponeckne eapen (aukenasn) 6mnn, okasmaae1cn, - necoHnenno, no1oHkaHn
xasap n cnaann (326), ocnoanan Hacca aukenasnH nHee1 ne ceHn1ckoe, a c1ennoe n
kaakasckoe nponcxoxpenne (280), a pycckne n xasapm - 6pa1Ln (276). cansn c a1o
nornko y1aepxpae1cn, u1o poccnckne eapen - aukenasnH - kopennme xn1enn a1o
c1panm (330) n u1o eapen occnn na npo1nxennn pecn1n aekoa yuac1aoaann a
cospannn ycckoro rocypapc1aa n nannk1cn ero nckonnmHn xn1ennHn (315). onLue
483
1oro: o 6mnnnaH nsaec1en cnpaaepnnam, Hyppm uapL npon nnn anpon, 1o ec1L
nypeo-xasapckn ypa, Hyppm cyaepen cnaann po npnxopa arpeccnn aapnroa-pycoa
(293). o1 ono kak.
nonne nonn1no, a 1akoH kon1ekc1e, u1o a knnre Hm ac1peuaeH ne 1onLko nonm1kn
ampa1L nckaxennm neHeukn nsmk (npnu), na ko1opoH roaopn1 aukenasn, sa nsmk
cnaanno-1kpko-neHeukoro nponcxoxpennn, no n y1aepxpenne, u1o cnaannckan
(npexpe acero pycckan) nncLHennoc1L 6mna nso6pe1ena eapenHn pmHa (243), u1o
nea, npexpe ueH c1a1L Ha1epLk ropopoa pyccknx, ponroe apeHn 6mn eapecknH
ropopoH (186), u1o acn pycckan kynL1ypa no cy1n - pyccko-eapeckan (289), n,
nakoneu, u1o pycckn Hnp nacnepoaan ppyro, nypeo-1kpkckn xasapckn Hnp
(137).
asyHee1cn, aa1op HnHoxopoH nanoHnnae1, u1o k1n6pLckan peaonkunn 1917 r. 6mna
ocosnannmH am6opoH occnn, n6o ona paspyunna 1kpLHy napopoa, ns ko1opo
npoc1o ne 6mno amxopa (309) n u1o peno uec1npecn1nnkoa, peno coae1cknx
pnccnpen1oa no npocaeuennk apasnn n ee peHokpa1nsaunn eue paneko ne
sakonueno (289). apo, c1ano 6m1L, sakonun1L.
nL1uynep c1pon1 caok knnry kak onnosnunk nccnepoaannnH yHnneaa
no xasapckoHy aonpocy, nonaran, u1o a ero nnue pycckn naunonannsH. sanoao
cqopHynnpoaan caok c1apyk pok1pnny cnaannoqnnLc1aa, - a a1o poporo Hoxe1
o6o1ncL caHnH pyccknH, nx cocepnH n aceHy Hnpy. Henno noa1oHy, nko6m, nmne
oco6enno aaxno ackpm1L nypeckyk npanc1opnk pycckoro rocypapc1aa, a 1akxe
1kpkckne n kaakasckne nc1okn eaponeckoro eapec1aa - aukenasnH; a1o
o6c1on1enLc1ao nepeaopaunaae1 aaepx pnoH ack pacnc1ckyk n qaunc1ckyk
apryHen1aunk (19). mpaxan napexpy, u1o ero knnra anece1 ckpoHnm aknap a
o6noanenne n peHokpa1nsaunk o6uec1aa, a poc1nxenne asanHononnHannn Hexpy
napopaHn, aa1op, npoxnaakun a aap6pkkene, naHepen npo1naoc1on1L
nccnepoaannnH, na ko1opmx nexn1 kopnuneam nane1, u1o6m packpm1L nocnepnkk
1any oae1oa, paspyun1L nocnepnee 1a6y pyccknx (20).
C, kk M, c c -nck k.
a1op y1aepxpae1: Hmcn Hoe pa6o1m n anxy npexpe acero a o1ae1e na aonpoc: u1o
c1ano c asapcknH karana1oH nocne ero 6eccHmcnennoro pasrpoHa an1ocnaaoH a 965
ropy? pnako nHenno na a1o1 aonpoc y6epn1enLnoro o1ae1a on ne pae1, u1o nerko
nop1aepxpae1cn 1ekc1oH knnrn. pecnepyn na pene unc1o npeonornueckyk,
nponaranpnc1ckyk sapauy, aa1op 1ak yanekcn ek, u1o ne saHe1nn co6c1aennoro
cokpyun1enLnoro npo1naopeunn. asaaa anauane pasrpoH 965 ropa
6eccHmcnennmH, on o6napyxnaae1 a neH sa1eH aennuaun cHmcn: a6er
aapnxcko ppyxnnm, npak1nueckn paspyunaun uenyk unannnsaunk 1enn na
cnepykune aoceHL (?!) c1one1n, 6mn xopouo npopyHannmH ak1oH yc1panennn
konkypen1a c ero ypnan1enLno Haunno akonoHnueckoro npouae1annn - 6npxe a
1nne. asrpoH 1nnn n oc1a1koa asapckoro karana1a 6mn ycneuno nonm1ko
yc1panennn ypaunnaoro konkypen1a. ocne pasrpoHa 1nnn nac1ynnn saespnm uac
a1opo 6onLuo 6npxn a 1enn - neaa. o, u1o nenocanuennmHn aocnpnnnHanocL
kak nppaunonanLnm ak1, okasanocL npekpacno npopyHanno c1pa1ernuecko
onepaune, na c1one1nn onpepennaue nnuo ennko 1enn (222-223).
pepnonoxnH, u1o a1o pec1an1enLno 1ak. o a a1oH cnyuae, nockonLky nea, no
nL1uynepy, 6mn ne c1onLko cnaanncknH nnn aapnxcknH, ckonLko eapecknH ropopoH
(aa1op ne pas roaopn1 paxe o neackoH karana1e), n neacko 6npxe
sanpaannnn, pasyHee1cn, eapen, 1o nonyuae1cn, u1o pasrpoH asapnn - ec1L ne 6onee,
ueH annsop 1oproao-qnnancoao aonm opnoro knana eapecknx npepnpnnnHa1ene -
c ppyrnH. (ak, oueanpno, n nospneun pasrpoH opcynn - opcyncko 6npxn -
napnHnpoH an1mH.) pnueH annsop, a ko1opoH knnrnnn nLra, pepxaauan
484
eapeckn nea (a aepnee ckasa1L, pepxnHan c1aanennnua eapeckoro neaa), n
knnsL-aon1enL an1ocnaa - ne 6onee ueH nocnyunme nnc1pyHen1m a pykax 6onee
panLnoanpnoro knana, cpenaauero c1aaky ne na y6ornx xasap, a na Horyunx aapnroa.
opo6nme a6cyppnme HoHen1m pas6pocanm no ace knnre. o a Hok sapauy ne axopn1
noneHnka no aceHy koHnnekcy pyccko-xasapcko npo6neHa1nkn. ne aaxno ppyroe:
npopeHonc1pnpoaa1L 1y nn1epnpe1aunk asapckoro karana1a, ko1opan amnouena a
pyue eapen, rny6oko cosnakuero kak He1aqnsnky pyccko-eapecknx o1nouenn, 1ak
n caok Hnccnk npeonora. - nokasa1L necoc1on1enLnoc1L a1o nn1epnpe1aunn.
2.1. X3KR RBEHH
, kako xe npepc1ae1 asapnn a pe1pocnekunn eapen, Heu1akuero o panLneunx
o6noanennn n peHokpa1nsaunn occnn? 1ae1 na a1o1 aonpoc noHoxe1 naH rny6xe
nonn1L, uero onn o1 nac xo1n1.
pexpe acero: a1o xnHepnueckoe rocypapc1ao, neponroe apeHn npocyuec1aoaaauee na
c1mke ncnaHcko n xpnc1nancko unannnsaun n npak1nueckn 6eccnepno
pac1aopnaueecn a nnx anocnepc1ann, - okasmaae1cn, ec1L m cn
Pcc cr nc, a koeH Hm ponxnm anpe1L npnHep na aeka.
ycckan npo6neHa coc1on1 a 1oH, - snakoHo onpepenne1 sa nac nL1uynep, - u1o a
kauec1ae aepyue nHnepcko naunn ennko 1enn onn, pycckne, necnn n necy1
o1ae1c1aennoc1L n sa naunonanLnme HenLunnc1aa. ypL6a pana occnn pparouennm
pap - cospanne rpanpnosnoro HnoronaunonanLnoro a1noca n npekpacnyk kynL1ypy. 1
npepropn pana po 6ocnnckoro asapaua, o1 nonLcknx apna1 po kasaxcknx c1ene
nexa1 eue n ceropnn oc1a1kn xasapckoro Hnpa, oc1aanennme nypansnpoaannmHn
1kpkaHn, cae1no krpo (329).
ak cnac1n ennkyk occnk? xe sa Hockoacko konLueao poporo ncuesae1
no1nxonLky Hnp npaaocnaann n knpnnnnum. ueH panLue na aoc1ok, 1eH 6onLue
1kpkoa n 1kpkckoro Hnpa.
a n 1ak nn yxe onn pasnnunm, 1kpkckn n cnaannckn Hnpm? eropnnunne yuenme
occnn [k1o xe, kpoHe npecnoay1oro eq1epa?] anpn1 eaponeckoe nacenenne,
coc1onuee ns kasauLero a1noca, yrpo-qnnnoa n noHopoa. oHopm - no1oHkn aapnroa,
a yrpo-qnnnm n kasakn, kak Hm snaeH [?!], no1oHkn xasap n 1kpkoa.
o ec1L uypecnm HepnyH - pycckn nsmk, na ko1opoH roaopn1 a pnHopLe, eune,
pn6an1nke. 1o1 HepnyH coepnnne1, a ne pasLepnnne1 napopm. napopm 1enn
xo1n1 anpe1L caok xnsnL nonno cHmcna n cuac1Ln. ako, kako ee anpenn
paxponn1m (eapeckne cpepneaekoame kynum, 6asnpoaaaunecn a asapnn. - ..) n
xasapm. nn 6mnn kann1annc1aHn n xo1enn npn6mnn, no a nepeHe1nmx cyHax nx
nouape n aep6nkpoa nexann canuennme knnrn - opa n anHyp, a c nnHn a1nka
1oproann, cyponponsaopc1aa, o6uec1aennmx o1nouenn. axneuan pe1anL - a1nka,
ko1opyk, noxoxe, sa6mnn npn nocneuno peHokpa1nsaunn occnn n aneppennn
pmnouno akonoHnkn [o1nkpL! m yxe no ropno naxne6anncL eapecko
kann1annc1nuecko a1nkn].
oneuno, cnacy1 occnk ne pycoqnnm. cnn onn npnpy1 k anac1n, 1o eue 6onLue
paspyua1 occnk. onqepepaunk cnacy1 nkpn, nonnHakune neo6xopnHoc1L
coaHec1noro pasan1nn ennko 1enn c Hosanko ee npnuypnnao nc1opnn n nc1opn
Hnornx napopoa, c ee aoxa1mH - pyccknH nsmkoH n, o6nsa1enLno, npaapo o
npounoH.
485
1o xe a1n Hyppme, ace nonnHakune nkpn? n1a1enL eue ne porapancn? nL1uynep
nopckasmaae1.
oHHen1npyn a1o1 nepnop pasan1nn peane ycn, napo o1He1n1L pae aaxnme
1enpenunn ee o6uec1aennoro pasan1nn. pna ns nnx saknkuanacL a cosna1enLnoH
orpannuennn a1nnuecknx kon1ak1oa n nopuepknaannn pacoamx oco6ennoc1e aapnroa-
pycoa.
pyroe nonn1nueckoe nonn1ne epnnc1aa peane ycn, ocnoaannoe na
nn1epnaunonannsHe acex napopoa, ee nacennaunx, npepc1aannnn eapen-aukenasnH,
no1oHkn xasap, a 1akxe uac1L apnc1okpa1nn n pyxoaenc1aa. apen, c1apeun a1noc
1enn, cnHaonnsnpoaann ee Hnoronapopnoc1L, HnoronaunonanLnoc1L. o apeHen
asapckoro karana1a, pasan1nn rpoHapnmx c1ennmx 6npx a 1nne, neae n epconece-
opcynn onn snann, u1o ycneunan akonoHnueckan pen1enLnoc1L aosHoxna 1onLko a
ycnoannx pennrnosno n a1nnuecko 1epnnHoc1n.
ppeanepyccko ne1epnnHoc1n, kcenoqo6nn n anxy aaxnyk npnunny pasaana
rocypapc1aennoc1n peane ycn. 1o sayun1 ouenL coapeHenno, no rocypapc1ao,
ko1opoe penn1 rpaxpan na caonx n uyxnx, o6peueno (257-258).
no knnre nL1uynepa, ace kak pas nao6opo1: ,
, - n asapnn 1oHy npkn npnHep. na npocyuec1aoaana acero-1o ne1 200 c
ne6onLunH, a ao1 peannn ycL, ocnoanmH copepxanneH nc1opnn ko1opo
pec1an1enLno c1ana amnyxpennan kcenoqo6nn, nHenno 6naropapn e cyHena
amc1on1L n cospa1L, nocne 1a1apckoro norpoHa, a xope 6opL6m c arpeccne
Hnoroo6pasnmx nnopopuea, anauane - epnnoe ockoackoe uapc1ao (6es acnko
noHoun eapeea, saHe1nH), a sa1eH n occnckyk Hnepnk.
2.2. KHEHR H-X3KH
, u1o, npoknnnan kcenoqo6nk (n ne xenan anpe1L ee oprannueckyk
cnacn1enLnyk neo6xopnHoc1L a Hnpe, rpe o1 aeka ne npekpauae1cn 6opL6a a1nocoa sa
amxnaanne n rocnopc1ao), nL1uynep nHee1 caoeo6pasnm asrnnp na 1ako
aaxneun o6uec1aennm nnc1n1y1, kak apHnn.
cnn anauane xasapm nHenn perynnpnyk apHnk (po 100 1mcnu uenoaek),
o6ecneunauyk nH anac1L a karana1e, 1o co apeHeneH, korpa nponsouna
xnHepnsaunn asapnn n peanLnyk anac1L cpepn nypansnpoaannmx 1kpkoa
saxaa1nnn caHme u1o nn na ec1L nypeckne nypen (nonpoc1y, npnpopnme eapen),
apHnn c1ana naeHno n cokpa1nnacL po 12 1mcnu uenoaek nnkc 7 1mcnu nnuno
raappnn karana, o6ecneunaaaue ero nenpnkocnoaennoc1L n coxpannoc1L
xnHepnueckoro c1pon. (e npaapa nn, ouenL noxoxe na peqopHy poccncknx
aoopyxennmx cnn? nyuano nn a1o cxopc1ao?)
nL1uynep nnue1 o6 a1nx nepeHenax c nackoaoc1Lk sanncnoro naunqnc1a: asapnn
1pancqopHnpoaanacL ns Hnnn1apnc1ckoro rocypapc1aa a ry M,
npoHmunnauyk ne aonaHn n rpa6exaHn, a 1oproane, seHnepenneH n peHecnaHn
(228). n noueHy-1o ne poroaapnaae1: nHenno a1a konaepcnn n c1ana qak1opoH
pasrpoHa xasap. eHnnn1apnsaunn (npoue roaopn - pasopyxenne) kopennoro a1noca,
npoaepennan nop naxnHoH n pykoaopc1aoH 1oproaoro eapec1aa, c1peHnauerocn
caec1n nenponsaopn1enLnme pacxopm po HnnnHyHa, o6ecneunaakuero nx
6esonacnoc1L a nonnueckoH rocypapc1ae, nopro1oanna 6eccnaanm koneu karana1a.
486
pesynL1a1e co6c1aennoro npec1ynnoro naunqnsHa (na pene - xapnoc1n n c1paxa
nepep aoenno-a1nnuecknH nepeaopo1oH) eapen no1epnnn ace, u1o nHenn, a 1oH uncne
n caH karana1. o nL1uynep, noknonnkuncn npony Hexpynapopno 1oproao
nHnepnn, a1oro npo1naopeunn kak 6m ne saHeuae1. o1n na caHoH pene ue1ko
o1cnexnaae1 npnunnno-cnepc1aennyk cansL: arana1 6mn nepamH
1pancnaunonanLnmH konuepnoH paxponn1oa. a 6ecnepe6ono pa6o1o a1oro
rpanpnosnoro npepnpnn1nn cnepnnn eapen. 1a pennrnosnan o6unna co caonH
cyponponsaopc1aoH, pasan1o pennrnosno a1nko o6ecneunaana uepes Henepxepoa
ynpaanenne qnpHo. asapckn karana1, nm1ancL ns6exa1L aoopyxennmx
konqnnk1oa a caoeH HnoronaunonanLnoH uapc1ae, peHnnn1apnsnpoaan nacenenne.
akan nonn1nka, 6esycnoano, cnnxana onacnoc1L aoennmx konqnnk1oa any1pn c1panm,
no penana karana1 ynsanHmH o1 aneune arpeccnn (206). 1ounnH: cHep1enLno
ynsanHmH.
aknH xe nenpeoponnHmH, rene1nueckn o6ycnoanennmH o6annneH ponxen o6napa1L
pnn eapen , u1o6m po 1ako c1enenn ne saHeua1L ero
nepoc1a1koa! a1o1 o6paseu 6ype1 okonua1enLno naansan occnn?
2.3. EEHHMH HYQEE
, epaa nn ne 6onee HounmH, ueH peHnnn1apnsaunn, qak1opoH kpyuennn
asapnn nannocL 1o, u1o ona 6mna, no 1eH apeHenaH, n kM
cM ns acex. ac1onunH aaannoncknH cHeuenneH nneHen (po 1pnpua1n), pac,
aep, nanonnnaunx karana1, ne cun1an pannnkoa (po 25 qopHanLno cyaepennmx
rocypapc1a). a1op, ne naansmaan ananorn, ne cnyuano nanoHnnae1 ae1xosaae1noe
npepanne o saxaa1e eapenHn seHnn o6e1oaanno, rpe nec1pan cHecL napopoa a
anaane cnoco6c1aoaana nepexopy anac1n k nspannL1nnaH (53).
nL1uynep Hnorosnaun1enLno nopuepknaae1, u1o xasapckoe nro 6mno poaonLno
qopHanLnmH n u1o exeropnyk panL, nanoxennyk xasapaHn, kaxpm paop Hor
amnonnn1L 6es oco6mx ycnnn (27).
m - po6pme xosneaa! yppme, cnpaaepnname anponm. aue 6peHn - nerko. aue
nro - 6naro. o1 1esnc, ko1opm, o6ka1aa na npnHepe asapnn, nerko
akc1panonnpoaa1L sa1eH n na peHokpa1nueckyk occnk, n na ennkyk occnk, n
paxe na Hnepnk.
nL1uynep noc1onnno roaopn1 o rn6koc1n, Hyppoc1n, 1onepan1noc1n n
po6popyunn eapeea - xosnea asapnn. n paxe, nano Hopepnnsnpyn, ykasmaae1,
u1o peuL npe1 o pasanaakueHcn 6mc1pmHn 1eHnaHn sakonopa1enLc1ae npaaoaoro
rocypapc1aa, ko1opoe eue n ceropnn Hoxe1 cnyxn1L o6pasuoH pnn neko1opmx naun.
1Hocqepa 1epnnHoc1n k nnmH aepoaannnH n kynL1ypaH a karana1e 6mna 6onee
6naronpnn1nan, ueH rpe 6m 1o nn 6mno. 1o o6c1on1enLc1ao ao HnoroH o6Lncnne1
pacuae1 asapnn n ee akonoHnkn (40). ospnee nL1uynep c 1o xe 1enno1o
acnoHnn1 ponepec1poeunyk ockay - "npexpe yk1nyk c1onnuy koHHynnc1nueckoro
nn1epnaunonana (311).
asapm xnnn o1nkpL ne nsonnpoaanno, nx o6uec1ao n kynL1ypa 6mnn 1epnnHmHn n
kocHononn1nunmHn, oco6enno a cpaanennn c ceaepnmHn cocepnHn. o1n karana1
peanoc1no o6eperan caok nesaancnHoc1L, on 6mn o1kpm1 npak1nueckn pnn acex
kynL1yp n pennrn. . ec1nep cun1an, u1o nHenno 1akan nosnunn nopro1oanna nouay
pnn "nopasn1enLnoro aqqek1a - npnnn1nn xasapaHn nypansHa a kauec1ae
rocypapc1aenno pennrnn (46).
487
1o npnnn1ne nypansHa ne 6mno, anpoueH, nn nonnmH (nac1onune eapen 6maann a
yxace o1 snakoHc1aa c nypansHoH "a-nn xasapm, ynpouennmH n caepennmH k
o6pesannk n npaspnoaannk cy66o1m), nn 1o1anLnmH (opnoapeHenno n napannenLno
coxpannnncL n xpnc1nanc1ao, n ncnaH, n nsmuec1ao), nn npounmH (apa6ckn aon1enL
epaan, pasrpoHna a 737 ropy xasap, papoaan nH Hnp a o6Hen na npnnn1ne ncnaHa -
n 1e cornacnnncL). panLneueH a c1onnue asapnn - 1nne - "cyp aepunnn 2
eapecknx, 2 HycynLHancknx, 2 xpnc1nancknx n 1 nsmueckn cypLn, 1o ec1L kaxporo
cypnnn no sakony ero aepm. ako cHeuannm "epxoanm cyp o1paxan a1nnueckoe
Hnoroo6pasne karana1a, rpe xasapm-eapen 6mnn nnuL "nepamHn cpepn paanmx (132).
ueHy npnaeno 1akoe nonoxenne? akan ppeaneuan npak1nka "caHonnaannsaunn?
nL1uynep, xo1n n npeaosnocn1 no kaxpoHy noaopy aepo1epnnHoc1L asapnn, no 1y1
xe uec1no nnue1: "pennn Hexpy 1peHn pennrnnHn cmrpann orpoHnyk ponL a
kpyuennn asapcko pepxaam. 1o npnsnanne aaxno n xapak1epno. o-nepamx, ono
amnyxpenno copepxn1 aepnyk ouenky, cpenannyk aonpekn co6c1aennmH yc1anoakaH
aa1opa, a ao-a1opmx, Hm, 1aknH o6pasoH, anoaL anpnH aa1opa a nneny - aonpekn
acnko nornke! - y caoero nsnk6nennoro npeana. y ne Hoxe1 on nepeuarny1L uepes
rene1nueckyk naHn1L nokonenn: nk6a eHy HopenL nn1epnaunonanLno 1oproao
nHnepnn - n ace 1y1!
( xe ocHenkcL nopekoHenpoaa1L un1a1enk npncHo1pe1Lcn: k1o ceropnn 6onLue acero
pa1ye1 sa pennrnosnm nnkpannsH n nacaxpae1 aepo1epnnHoc1L a occnn? e 1e xe
nn, k1o pekoHenpye1 cokpaua1L apHnk n nepeaopn1L ee na kon1pak1nyk ocnoay?)
1ak, necHo1pn na 1o, u1o "paxe coapeHennoro nccnepoaa1enn nopaxae1
aepo1epnnHoc1L xasap, 1epnnHoc1L k uyxec1panuaH, cao6opa nepepanxennn -
neo6xopnHme ycnoann 1oproann, ko1opan c1ana akonoHnuecko ocnoao karana1a,
npnxopn1cn npnsna1L, u1o ace a1n n neko1opme ppyrne Hnnme caoc1aa, ko1opme
nL1uynep Heu1an 6m npnan1L k occnn, ne 1onLko ne cnacnn karana1, no n c1ann
ocnoano npnunno ero neponroaeunoc1n.
ornuen ckop6nm amaop aa1opa: "nnukoH o1kpm1o c1pane ne oc1aaanocL Hec1a na
a1nx npoc1opax (217). Hek nonara1L, ne1 e Hec1a n noceuac.
2.4. HY RH YKHE - EERMH?
.Hnc Mn c c.
xopoun anekpo1. pn6exann Hmun k qnnnny: npLka qnnnn, 1m Hyppm,
noHorn, nayun, kak xn1L: nnca npopmxy ne pae1, coaceH saena, co cae1y cxnna!.
nnnn nopyHan-nopyHan: y, Hmun, aaue peno ncnoe, aaH aceH nyxno npeapa1n1Lcn
a exnkoa. exnkoa! oneuno, a exnkoa! y, pnpLka qnnnn, cnacn6o, nayunn! ek
6ypeH 6naropapnm. o6exnH ckope, caonH pacckaxeH, nopapyeH, - n Hmun
no6exann. no popore sapyHanncL. epnynncL: npLka qnnnn, a Hm, 1oro-a1oro, kak
xe a1o Hm - pa a exnkoa?. y, Hmun, a1o yx am kak snae1e caHn. 1o aonpoc
1ak1nkn. Hoe peno - c1pa1ernn!
epepena1L pyccknx a eapeea, a occnk - a asapnk n sac1aan1L nx xn1L no
eapecko Hopenn 1ak xe neaosHoxno, kak npeapa1n1L Hmue - a exe. pnako
nsaec1no: ecnn nenLsn, no ouenL xoue1cn - 1o Hoxno; nHenno no 1ako nornke
pasnoo6pasnme, n paxe ne 1onLko eapeckne, anL1uynepm c1peHn1cn
xasapnsnpoaa1L nauy c1pany.
488
ero ne xaa1ae1 pnn o6neruennn sapaun? naun1enLnoro kon1nnren1a eapeea nnn no-
eapeckn Hmcnnunx nkpe[28]. oa1oHy a knnre aosnnkae1 Hounan 1eHa
nposenn1nsHa (a pannoH cnyuae: npno6uennn neeapeea a eapec1ao), ko1opo
ypeneno Hnoro Hec1a. eHa a1a nenpoc1an pnn eapeea, a a spanne - npnHo-1akn po
6onesnennoc1n cnopnan: koro cun1a1L eapeeH? nL1uynep, a coo1ae1c1ann c
amnouennmH nH npeanoH occnn-asapnn, npnHennncL k naunH any1pennnH
o6c1on1enLc1aaH, npe1 specL apaspes c nosnune eapeckoro 6onLunnc1aa, o1c1anaan
HakcnHanLnm aapnan1 nposenn1nsHa. n nnue1: c1opnn xasap, nc1opnn npnnn1nn
uenmH napopoH ennko c1enn nypansHa, Horna 6m nopckasa1L amxop ns a1oro
na6npnn1a. enoHen nposenn1nsHa sacnyxnaae1 ne npoknn1nn nnn npespennn, a
ocHmcnennn. ypansHy neo6xopnHm nonckn noamx ny1e (324).
1o u1o xe: 6onLunnc1ay xn1ene occnn xena1enLno npnnn1L nypansH? noueHy 6m
n ne1, ecnn xasapm nekorpa noc1ynnnn nHenno 1ak, o6ecneuna a1nH pacuae1
Hexpynapopno 1oproao nHnepnn? epL am6op nypansHa - ppeaneue ns
Hnpoamx pennrn - o1kpmn xasapaH Hyppme sakonm, aennkonennyk nn1epa1ypy n
nosaonnn npn a1oH coxpann1L nesaancnHoc1L [ouenL nenaponro] (198).
caHosa6aenno kpoqnnnn aa1opa, nckpenne cun1akuero, anpnHo, u1o aceo6uan
nypensaunn poccnnn okaxe1 nH neouennHyk ycnyry, ec1L nekan can1an npoc1o1a. o
acHo1pnHcn cnoaa a nc1opnk xasap: u1o npnnec nH a pec1an1enLnoc1n nepexop a
eapeckyk pennrnk?
neopnokpa1no ynoHnnae1 kak cae1nm npean, nopnexaun aockpeuennk
ns npounoro, nekn xasapckn Hnp. n 1ak n nnue1: naano sacnyro xasap
c1ano cospanne cneunqnueckoro nonn1nueckoro, kynL1ypnoro, nsmkoaoro coo6uec1aa
c epnnmH ncnxonornuecknH n aHounonanLnmH Hen1ann1e1oH, ko1opoe Hoxno nasaa1L
xasapckn Hnp. o co c1pannu ero knnrn ac1ae1 coaceH nno o6pas a1oro Hnpa, ne
1o1, u1o anpn1cn aa1opy.
eponro npocyuec1aoaaauan xasapckan nHnepnn 1eH n xapak1epna, u1o nnkako
epnnm (xasapckn, eapeckn nnn kako-nn6o eue) Hnp a ne 1ak n ne cnoxnncn.
nkakoro uenoc1noro a1no-nonn1nueckoro npoc1panc1aa, o6Lepnnnkuero
HnoronaunonanLnoe nacenenne eapasncknx c1ene, ko1opoe xo1enocL 6m anpe1L
nL1uynepy, 1ak n ne nonyunnocL. n nypec1ao, nn Hounan eapeckan 1oproao-
qnnancoaan cnc1eHa ne cHornn nn y6epeuL o1 pasrpoHa, nn ypepxa1L o1 pacnapa
asapnk, ko1opan kak 6mna, 1ak n oc1aaanacL aqeHepnmH, nenpounmH, HosanunmH
konrnoHepa1oH a1nocoa, pac, aep - nec1pmH nocky1nmH opennoH aaccanLnmx
o6nac1e. nHepa ona n ec1L xnHepa. ( 6mn nsnauanLno amc1poen eapenHn a
1ounoc1n no a1oHy o6pasuy.) 1o1 konrnoHepa1, ne cnannnm aoepnno nnueH ns 1oro,
u1o o6muno o6Lepnnne1 6onLune Haccm nkpe, pasaannncn nop aospec1aneH, npexpe
acero, any1pennnx npo1naopeun, amsaannmx nHenno ero HnorocnonmH a1nnuecknH n
a1nokonqeccnonanLnmH c1poenneH. akoaoe c1poenne, a ueH Hm nnunn pas
y6epnnncL, ec1L qak1op ne konc1pyk1nanm, a pec1pyk1nanm; qak1op ne cnnm, a
cna6oc1n. ( noa1opnn n a1o1 ny1L, 1onLko a1poe 6mc1pe.) a, eapenH xopouo
xnnocL a a1oH rocypapc1ae-konrnoHepa1e, no a1o eue ne apryHen1 a ero nonLsy.
korpa xn1L 1aH c1ano pnn nnx nnoxo - onn, kak o6muno, cnnnncL n yunn.
kakoH, aoo6ue, aennunn asapckoro karana1a n xasap Hoxno roaopn1L, ecnn a1o
rocypapc1ao n a1a naunn ne cospann co6c1aenno kynL1ypm? pe naHn1nnkn
xasapckoro nckycc1aa? n1epa1ypm? yHepckan nn1epa1ypa po nac pouna, a
necpaanenno 6onee nospnnn xasapckan - ne1. 1 xasap coxpannnocL Hnoroe, no ace,
u1o coxpannnocL - ne caoe: ansan1nckoe, nepcnpckoe, xopesHckoe, orysckoe,
rpeueckoe, eapeckoe. caoero - ne1. poc1o kakan-1o naaka 1oproaua kynL1ypnmHn
uennoc1nHn. onrnoHepa1 kynL1yp nannuo; kynL1ypnoro xe cnnaaa, o6napakuero
co6c1aenno xapak1epnoc1Lk (npnHep: coapeHennan na1nnoaHepnkanckan kynL1ypa),
ne nonyunnocL. 1ak ao aceH.
489
o caHoe y6epn1enLnoe pokasa1enLc1ao xnHepnuecko npnpopm asapnn - cypL6a
nHenno nypansHa a a1o c1pane. ak yxe roaopnnocL, nypensaunn ne nonyunnacL nn
1o1anLno, nn npouno, nn, ecnn Hoxno 1ak ampasn1Lcn, kanonnuecko. nonm1ka
uapn 6apnn npoaec1n pennrnosnyk peqopHy, u1o6m npn6nnsn1L xasapckn
nceaponypansH k nepaonc1okaH, amsaana nanpnxenne a o6uec1ae, nponanaueecn a
aocc1annnx n Hn1exax, u1o qa1anLno ocna6nno karana1 (203). ocne pasrpoHa,
yunnennoro epaanoH, kak Hm noHnnH, asapnn acn na kakoe-1o apeHn c1ana
HycynLHancko n a snaun1enLno Hepe ek oc1aaanacL; nocne xe pasrpoHa,
yunnennoro cnyc1n 200 ne1 an1ocnaaoH, npouecc ncnaHnsaunn xasap, kak
canpe1enLc1ayk1 nncLHennme nc1ounnkn oc1oka, c1an c1peHn1enLnmH, sa1ponya
paxe caHme amcokne cnon, aknkuan uapckyk ceHLk (230-232).
o6c1aenno, ceropnn poc1oaepno nsaec1en 1onLko opnn 1kpkckn ockonok asapckoro
karana1a, coxpannaun nenonnm, yceuennm nypansH: kapanHm. o nx sa eapeea ne
npnsnann paxe acecoackne akcnep1m. onn 6mnn npaam. ao1 nonm1ka nL1uynepa
ampa1L sa ppyro, caHm 6onLuo xasapckn ockonok - eaponecknx eapeea
aukenasn ne Hoxe1 cun1a1Lcn o6ocnoaanno no pnpy npnunn, ko1opme pnn nac1onue
pa6o1m a uenoH necyuec1aennm (nanpnHep, aukenasn - o1ue1nnam n caoeo6pasnm
an1pononornueckn 1nn, saHe1no o1nnuakuncn o1 1kpkoa n 1.p.). o opna ns nnx
aaxna. eno a 1oH, u1o aukenasn a amcue c1enenn aknkuenm a eapeckyk
1papnunk, cansannyk c pasan1neH nypansHa: c nuno, a66ano n anHypoH; a 1o
apeHn, kak xasapm, cypn no kapanHaH, orpannunaanncL opo. aepL co6c1aenno
nneHennan eapeckan npeonornn saknkuena nHenno a nune, a66ane n anHype.
ecnn npepc1aanennn o ncnxonornn n npeonornn eapec1aa a apone cansanm nHenno c
aukenasn, 1o kapanHm (n, cnepoaa1enLno, xasapm) 1ak n ne c1ann nac1onunHn
eapenHn. epapoH onn acerpa Hnpno yxnaanncL c cocepnHn - a pmHy, a n1ae - ne
amsmaan y 1ex nckyuennn yunnn1L norpoH.
e1, paxe o6pauennme na ckopyk pyky a nypansH, 1kpkn ne c1anoannncL
aa1oHa1nueckn eapenHn. asapnn xnnn xasapckne nypen (co6c1aenno eapen) n
nypansnpoaannme xasapm, no nposenn1m a ocnoano Hacce nocneunnn ns6aan1Lcn
o1 pennrnn rocnop nocne cokpyun1enLnoro noxopa an1ocnaaa. pnnapua1oro
konena (xasapcknx eapeea) ns nnx ne nonyunnocL.
c1L n 1akoe coo6paxenne. cnn 6m a pec1an1enLnoc1n xasapckn a1noc n pennrnn
nypeea o6pasoaann npounm cnnaa, nosaonnkun roaopn1L o6 a1nokonqeccnonanLno
npen1nunoc1n a1oro napopa, 1o anonne nonn1no, u1o aparn asapckoro karana1a
ponxnm 6mnn 6m a amcue c1enenn apaxpe6no o1nocn1Lcn n k nypansHy, n k ero
ocnoanmH aren1aH n nocn1ennH - eapenH. expy 1eH, eapen Hnpno n 6ecnpo6neHno
xnnn na neacko ycn eue 150 ne1 nocne pasrpoHa 1nnn, ne nopaeprancL
npecnepoaannnH. onLue 1oro, ecnn aepn1L ne1onncnoHy pacckasy o kpeuennn ycn,
eapen paxe nHenn aosHoxnoc1L amxaann1L caok pennrnk nepep cmnoH an1ocnaaa -
napnHnpoH, n 1o1 nonpeknyn nx napenneH epycannHa, no ne 1nnn! ce a1o nnunn
pas roaopn1 o 1oH, u1o pennrnosnm qak1op ne nrpan nn a xasapckoH Hen1ann1e1e (a
o1nnune o1 eapeckoro), nn a pyccko-xasapcknx o1nouennnx cyuec1aenno ponn.
oxop an1ocnaaa pnk1oaancn aoenno-nonn1nuecknHn, aosHoxno 1akxe
a1nononn1nuecknHn, no 1onLko ne pennrnosnmHn npnunnaHn. yHnnea 6mn npaa: ycL
npoc1o ns6aannacL o1 nexena1enLnoro cocepa, okasaauerocn konoccoH na rnnnnnmx
norax.
H ne cypn1. ypn1 no6expennmx. o 6n1mH, kak rnacn1 pycckan
noroaopka, neHe1cn. nL1uynep peskHnpye1 caoe counnenne: ou1n 1mcnuy ne1
nasap pycckan nc1opnn cpenana am6op ne a nonLsy HnoronaunonanLnoro rocypapc1aa
ennko c1enn, a a nonLsy pacnc1ckn n pennrnosno-npaaocnaano okpauennoro
rocypapc1aa. 1o1 naunonannc1nueckn pycckn ny1L, ko1opm n ceropnn
nponoaepyk1 pycoqnnLckne npopokn ao ace eue HnoronaunonanLno n
490
Hnoroa1nnuecko occnn, ec1L caHoe 6onLuoe npenn1c1ane a noc1poennn
peHokpa1nueckoro rocypapc1aa (322).
1oukn spennn pycckoro naunonan-peHokpa1a a1o ne 1ak[29]. specL npnuna nopa
ckasa1L o epaa nn ne rnaanoH pacxoxpennn c nL1uynepoH.
ro knnra uenna nHenno 1eH, u1o nosaonne1 nponnkny1L a caHyk cy1L naunx
pasnornacn. ne - ace coc1aanme uac1n nonn1nuecko npeonornn eapeea kak
Hexpynapopno 1oproao naunn. na noHorae1 ne 1onLko ackpm1L n paso6naun1L
ckpm1yk eapeckyk coc1aannkuyk rop6aueacko-enLunncko nepec1pokn, no n
noc1nuL panLnkk uenL apxn1ek1opoa peqopH.
1a uenL ampaxena nL1uynepoH ouenL ncno n penLeqno: occnn ponxna c1a1L ne
naunonanLnmH pyccknH rocypapc1aoH, a Hexpynapopno 1oproao nHnepne, rpe o1
pyccknx 1pe6ye1cn 1onLko opno: o1pa1e naH aau uypecnm pycckn nsmk-
HepnyH - ypo6nm nsmk Hexpynapopnoro koHHepueckoro o6uennn - n ne ny1a1ecL
nop noraHn y penoamx nkpe. 6es aac 1y1 ace 6ype1 xopouo!
nan o 1oH, ueH konunncn kcnepnHen1 asapnn, Hm ne HoxeH ne o1nocn1Lcn k
nopo6nmH nponosnunnH c 6onLuo onacko. eH 6onee, u1o nL1uynep ne ypepxancn
n npo6on1ancn. aHosa6aenno aocxaannn eapeckoe 1oproao-qnnancoaoe rocypapc1ao
n eapecknx kynuoa-paxponn1oa, 6naropapn ko1opmH aecL Hnp c1an noao popnno
eapeea, on ponyc1nn cnnukoH 6onLuyk o1kpoaennoc1L:
Hu - u , m . Y
m u: m
sn nuu u mu n (123).
1nouenne k npepnpnnnHa1enLc1ay a occnn u .
pepnpnnnHa1enL, ko1opm npoc1o kanannsnpoaan caok anunoc1L, npecnepyn
1onLko uenL nsaneuennn npn6mnn 1onLko pnn ce6n nnuno, o11oprancn pyccknH
o6uec1aoH. Qn sn nuu - u qn
un, n, n, ,
mu mm u - mn m.
occnn nepexnna anoxy rocnap1qeopannsHa n c nens6exnoc1Lk aouna a anoxy
kann1annsHa. eypnan1enLno, u1o y eapeea, nHekunx konoccanLnyk noppepxky
aceHnpnoro eapec1aa, okasanncL na pannoH o1peske apeHenn orpoHnme c1ap1oame
npenHyuec1aa, 6naropapn ueHy 200 eapecknx ceHe ceropnn anapek1 70%
poccncknx 6ora1c1a. o a nepcnek1nae pycckoHy kann1annsHy ne yxn1Lcn c
eapecknH. eu1m nL1uynepa o6 y1pauennoH pae paxponn1oa cpoxny1 na noHoke.
ocHononn1nuecko Hexpynapopno 1oproao nHnepne, asapc1anoH - occnn ne
6ype1.
naue xop nc1opnn sakonae1 ee 1ak xe, kak sakonan korpa-1o asapnk.
* * *
n q:
- B, u, n x m m
. Qn s x mu x :
491
1) u
u xn, u m;
2) m q
m ;
3) n sn nn x ,
m .
B s n?
- Q. H. (Hx nv.)
492
3. BRBUEHKH H3 Km BUE
yxe o6unH Hec1oH y1aepxpenne o 1oH, u1o eapen cmrpann ne 1onLko ponL
npecc-cekpe1apn poccncknx peqopH, ro1oaoro a nk6o HoHen1 o6Lncnn1L napopaH
occnn uepes caon ace snrsarn epec1pokn, no n ponL rnaanoro u1a6a
npeo6pasoaann. Henno nH npnnapnexn1 "uec1L konuen1yanLnoro o6ecneuennn kak
akonoHnuecko cyunoc1n peqopH, 1ak n nx nonn1nueckoro oqopHnennn. ak yxe
saHeueno amue, ceropnn a occnn paxe cnoxnncn nonynnpnm xanp: "n n
- n". epoc1a1ka a apen1ax a1oro xanpa ne1, no Hm paccHo1pnH 1onLko
napy caHmx kpynnmx.
co6yk nac1ounaoc1L a nonm1kax nayun1L pyccknx npaannLno xn1L n Hmcnn1L
nponannk1 qnnocoq-nk6n1enL apk au (pok1op reonoro-Hnnepanornuecknx nayk) n
npenopaaa1enL qnnocoqnn ropL y6ac - 6pa1 neypo6osa6maaeHoro, kak roaapnaan
epuen, rapapo-enLunnckoro "Hnnnc1pa-apHnnnc1pa1opa, cnyc1nauero sa 6ecuenok
nauy c1pany xynnkaH n nnoc1panuaH. nx counnennnx Hoxno na1n nou1n nonnm
na6op npeonoreH (un1a: HnqonoreH), naansmaaeHmx ceropnn pycckoHy cosnannk.
c1peuan a1n npeonoreHm, pas6pocannme a pasnnunmx yc1nmx n nncLHennmx
amc1ynnennnx, Hm cpasy ysnaeH M: uero onn o1 nac xo1n1.
auneH c nepaoro ns nasaannmx nac1ounamx nac1aannkoa - apka aua.
3.1. E U HHHE! MB U - !
Hne yxe npnunocL noneHnsnpoaa1L c nnH na c1pannuax "esaancnHo
rase1m, amnyc1na c1a1Lk c nasaanneH "onLueankn ns 1kpm1oro 6uec1aa. paapa,
noneHnka a ne una ne c1onLko c aueH, uLe counanLno-nonn1nueckoe 1aopuec1ao
nonnoc1Lk a1opnuno n aknek1nuno, a c ero kyHnpoH - apnoH onnepoH, eaponecknH
eapeeH, 6exaaunH o1 n1nepa a Hepnky. nynme n pnne1an1ckne cyxpennn a1oro
nceaponc1opnocoqa po 1oro apeHenn ne nonyuann eue a occnn sacnyxennoro o1nopa.
a1o onn acnueckn nponaranpnpoaanncL eapecknH HnnnnappepoH xoppxeH
opocoH, ncnonLsykunH nx, a oco6ennoc1n konuenunk "o1kpm1oro o6uec1aa, kak
npenm nnc1pyHen1 pnn c1pon1enLc1aa Hnpoao qnnancoao nHnepnn - a1ako
aceHnpno asapnn. snaHmaan a1nH nnc1pyHen1oH rpannum rocypapc1a, kak
poHyunnk "qoHko - paepL uyxo kaap1npm. enLrn opoca, anoxennme nH a
nponaranpy npe onnepa a occnn (a uac1noc1n, a HnoronpoqnnLnyk oprannsaunk
"1kpm1oe 6uec1ao), cpenann caoe peno: y "aennkoro Hmcnn1enn a occnn
nonannncL caon anoc1onm n npopokn, a ocnoanoH, koneuno, ns cpepm eapeea.
npnHepy - saHpnpek1opa cepoccncko 6n6nno1ekn nnoc1panno nn1epa1ypm .
enneaa, pacnopnxakuancn a naue c1pane penLraHn "onpa opoca, nnn 1o1 xe
reonor-qnnocoq au.
eropnn Hano k1o coHneaae1cn a nc1nnnmx naHepennnx "qnnan1pona -
Hexpynapopnoro qnnancoaoro cnekynnn1a opoca a o1nouennn occnn. ero c1on1
1onLko oprannsoaannm nH Haccoam amaos nn1ennek1yanLnmx pecypcoa, a
oco6ennoc1n - 1anan1nnao Honopexn, ns naue c1panm na anap!
coo1ae1c1aykueH cae1e npepc1ak1 n anonore1m "npenoro nepokona - onnepa,
npo6naakuero copocaH popory cpepn poccncknx nLpoa. ak 6m nn pnpnnncL onn a
1ory saun1nnkoa cao6opm n nporpecca, 6naropopnmx npeanoa "o1kpm1oro o6uec1aa,
o1 kneHa noco6nnuec1aa okkynan1aH nH apnp nn ypac1cn korpa-nn6ypL o1Hm1Lcn.
493
aua, nponaranpnpykuan npecnoay1me "6naropopnme npeanm, nocnyxnna
Hne ypo6nmH noaopoH pnn kpn1nkn npe onnepa. , a uac1noc1n, nncan, o6pauancL k
auy:
"nnra . onnepa "1kpm1oe o6uec1ao n ero aparn amuna a pycckoH nepeaope a
ockae a 1992 r. opasn1enLno 6ecnoHounan n y6oran no He1opnke, nonn1nnoHy
annapa1y, npenH n amaopaH, ona ne c1ana ne 1onLko 6ec1cennepoH, no n aoo6ue
saHe1nmH co6m1neH c1onnuno nn1ennek1yanLno xnsnn, ne ackonmxnyna npenyk
a1Hocqepy. ocanuennan a snaun1enLno c1enenn pasaenuannk paano pasaenuannmx
rnnep6on n npoHaxoa HapkcnsHa, knnra nanna pnn nac, pyccknx naunonannc1oa noaoro
nokonennn, pop npon-koHnuecko "a1paxoHnoHaxnn. pnueH, ecnn "nayunm
koHHynnsH ec1L nau npenm apar, no apar cepLesnm, rposnm, xo1n n o6ae1uanm,
apar, o6napakun HoryunH He1oponornuecknH opyxneH, ne ocaona ko1opoe, neuero n
Hmcnn1L o no6epe, 1o knnxka onnepa, npencnonnennan nananoc1nHn n nenenoc1nHn
npekpacnopyuno poHopouenno qnnocoqnn, 6eckoneuno paneka paxe o1
sakaamuenno naykn. ounee, nanne1 co6o o6paseu xypue o1 nayk: unc1o
npeonornuecko "naykn Hnenn, a ne naykn qak1oa n snann.
1o6m ne 6m1L ronocnoanmH, npnaepy neckonLko un1a1 n Hmcne ns knnrn onnepa,
sayuaunx na cnyx npoqeccnonanLnoro nc1opnka, Hnrko, ckaxeH, ney6epn1enLno.
o1 ocnoam ero nc1opnocoqnn. un1an pe1epHnnnsH nonnmH npeppaccypkoH, on
nnue1: " naue 1oukn spennn, pec1an1enLno ne Hoxe1 6m1L nnkaknx nc1opnuecknx
sakonoa; "a Ho asrnnp, epnno nc1opnn uenoaeuec1aa ne1, a ec1L nnuL
6eckoneunoe Hnoxec1ao nc1opn, cansannmx c pasnmHn acnek1aHn uenoaeuecko
xnsnn; "ec1an1enLno nn ne cyuec1aye1 aceo6ue nc1opnn kak peanLno nc1opnn
uenoaeuec1aa? kopee acero - ne1. nonarak, 1akoa ponxen 6m1L o1ae1 na a1o1
aonpoc kaxporo ryHannc1a n oco6enno kaxporo xpnc1nannna.
ann1accenunn knnrn onnepa, HmcnL, k ko1opo on neopnokpa1no aosapauae1cn: Hm
ponxnm o16pocn1L npek nc1opnn kak nc1opnn nonn1nuecko anac1n. onnep
6ykaanLno saunknen na a1o nesa1ennao Hmcnn. nn nac, npepc1aan1ene nc1Ha1a,
a1o npoc1o cHeuno: 6o c 1enLk, ne 6onee, a caH aa1op - necuac1nm Haprnnan a
nayke, nocan1naun xnsnL a1o HnnHo 6opL6e, c1onL xe 6ecnpepHe1no, na nau
asrnnp, kak npenne o aepe Hexpy xpnc1nannnoH n nypeeH c 1oukn spennn, ponyc1nH,
konqyunanua.
akoneu, npnnunnnanLno o1aeprnya npek nosnaaaeHoc1n nc1opnn, nannune a ne
cHmcna n sakonoa, onnep, 6ypyun ne a cnnax ampepxnaa1L coo6c1aennm
penn1nansH, npnsnae1cn: "a, Hm nyxpaeHcn a napexpe. ec1aoaa1L, xn1L 6es
napexpm amue naunx cnn. pnako Hm ne nyxpaeHcn a 6onLueH n 6onLuero naH ne
ponxno 6m1L pano. HM yx nc. oxno nn npepc1aan1L ce6e
nopo6nyk qpasy a yc1ax npepc1aan1enn 1ounmx n ec1ec1aennmx nayk? onc1pyk1opa
kocHnuecknx pake1? 1ae1c1aennoro nonn1onora?
akoa xe amxop pnn nc1opnka, o1uanauerocn nosna1L c1opnk, nH xe caHnH
a1oHnsnpoaannyk po coc1onnnn 6ecuncnennoro Hnoxec1aa nc1opn? onnep
neopnokpa1no nnue1 o "necoaHec1nHoc1n nc1opnunsHa n xpnc1nanc1aa, c1peHncL
oc1aaa1Lcn na nosnunnx nocnepnero. nn nac a1a onnosnunn nonpoc1y
nepec1an1enLna, n6o snanne n aepa naxopn1cn a napannenLnmx nnockoc1nx. caH
onnep ne a cnnax am1n sa npepenm panno pnxo1oHnn, u1o6m oc1a1Lcn nn6o
nc1opnkoH, nn6o xpnc1nannnoH, nm1ae1cn cnpe1L na payx c1ynLnx, nonapan npn a1oH
anpocak. npnHepy, noneHnsnpyn c . on6n, sanannaunH n pokasmaaaunH, u1o
"pnn uenoaeueckoro pasyHa ne cyuec1aye1 "seHnoro ny1n, na ko1opoH. Hoxe1 6m1L
npeoponen naunonannsH, onnep ne Hoxe1 npepnoxn1L nnuero, kpoHe sananennn, u1o
ryMM nnncn kM c n u1o "n aHec1e c 6onLunnc1aoH
494
ryHannc1oa pyHak, u1o xpnc1nanc1ao, yua o oxec1aennoH o1ue, Hoxe1 anec1n
6onLuo aknap a yc1poenne 6pa1c1aa nkpe. ako ao1 ypoaenL noneHnkn.
anee n nepeuncnnn ampasn1enLnme n Hnorouncnennme npnHepm caHocaxannn apna
onnepa ns nyxn a nyxy konkpe1nmx nc1opnuecknx nnncycoa. sa1eH peskHnpoaan:
"peannsH onnepa nnqan1nnen n koHnuen, no. po nopm po apeHenn.
onpepenennm HoHen1 on c1anoan1cn c1pauen. oco6ennoc1n naH, uLn popnme n
6nnskne a caoe apeHn nonann nop 6onLueanukn ka1ok. akne snoaeune accounaunn
poxpae1 a nac 1ako naccax xpnc1nanckoro ryHannc1a: Xn cn M n,
M MxM n c n, n cn M cMcn, M MxM
cMcn. ak aepL 6onLueankn a1o xe caHoe n npepnarann: "Hnu
"!!! naansmaann! ounee ne ampasn1L ack cy1L 6onLueanukoro
kouHapa n a6cyppa. Hm cnoaa knkneH na a1y ypouky?! onnep, koneuno, npepnarae1
pena1L a1o "c 1oukn spennn naue 6opL6m sa o1kpm1oe o6uec1ao, sa anac1L pasyHa, sa
cnpaaepnnaoc1L, cao6opy, paaenc1ao n sa npepo1apauenne Hexpynapopnmx
npec1ynnenn. ak ace a1o snakoHo! a pasae naH ace 70 ne1 o6euann u1o-1o nnoe?!!
1o 1y1 ckaxeuL? onLueansH, cnepye1 nonara1L, sapasn1enen. aun1aauncL ne ko
apeHenn qnnocoqa apkca, qnnocoq onnep, anpnHo, nopxaa1nn o1 nero c1peHnenne
ne "o6Lncnn1L, a "nepepenmaa1L Hnp k nc, n. s nyuunx,
pasyHee1cn, no6yxpenn. a caok ouepepL sapasnn a1nH c1peHnenneH pok1opa
reonoro-Hnnepanornuecknx nayk .. aua, ne ko apeHenn naun1aauerocn qnnocoqa
onnepa.
o apkc xo1n 6m nonnHan: "6uec1ao, ecnn paxe ono nanano na cnep ec1ec1aennoro
sakona caoero pasan1nn. ne Hoxe1 nn nepeckoun1L uepes ec1ec1aennme qasm
pasan1nn, nn o1Henn1L nocnepnne pekpe1aHn.
onnep xe a1oro nonnHa1L coaepuenno ne xenae1, aoace o1pnuan
nn1ennnrn6enLnoc1L nc1opnn, a r-n au eue n npepnarae1 qopcnpoaa1L npouecc
npeo6paxennn n pec1an1enL-noc1n a nM nanpaanennn. pno cnoao
- onLueankn ns 1kpm1oro 6uec1aa! (" 28.12.96).
eonor-qnnocoq ockop6nncn sa kpn1nky Ha1pa n ce6n n ne saHepnnn nsnn1L na
un1a1ene noam no1ok pekoHenpaun, kak naH napo nepepenmaa1L occnk
("onLueansH nnn naunonanLnoe cornacne? - " 28.11.96; "onn1nka
qopHnpoaannn o1kpm1oro o6uec1aa - " 12.02.97).
nepeckasan specL caok kpn1nky onnepa pnn 1oro, u1o6m un1a1enL
nouyac1aoaan, na kako qnnocoqcko 6ase c1pon1 caok nosnunk au. apo po6aan1L,
u1o sa aosspennnHn aua kak counanLnoro Hmcnn1enn o1ue1nnao npocHa1pnaak1cn
rpynnoame npnc1pac1nn kak a1nnuecko, 1ak n He1opnuecko 1papnunn: on axopn1 a
kpyr yuennkoa n nocnepoaa1ene ne 1onLko onnepa, no 1akxe (ecnn roaopn1L o
occnn) qnnocoqa . eppoanukoro, nocnepoaa1enLno pasanaan na caHoH
coapeHennoH ypoane sannecneaenyk napapnrHy cy6Lek1nanoro npeannsHa.
"pen npaan1 HnpoH, - a1o1 nsnk6nennm 1esnc XVIII aeka o6napae1 pnn
npepc1aan1ene pannoro kpyra nens6mano npenec1Lk n y6epn1enLnoc1Lk, n6o
nopae1 napexpy counnn1L nHenno 1akyk npek, ko1opan nsHenn1 Hnp a cnHna1nunyk
nH c1opony. a1oH nonannc1m-neonpocae1n1enn - nocnepoaa1enn onnepa n
eppoanukoro - epnnm. e nHen aosHoxnoc1n pe1anLno o6cyxpa1L a1y aecLHa
nenoayk konuenunk, n xouy 1onLko npopeHonc1pnpoaa1L neko1opme ee npak1nueckne
nepoc1a1kn na npnHepe nncann r-na aua n oHnannn.
495
3.2. E H HQXY!
Heu1y nL1uynepa o6 okonua1enLno peHokpa1nsaunn apasnn-occnn-
eoxasapnn?
epepo Hno cosayunan a1o npee 6poukpa, nasaannan 6esanennnunonno:
: v (rpynna aa1opoa: . au, . sepHan
n pp. - ., ockoackoe o1penenne occnckoro nayunoro qonpa, 1996. - 48 c. - NB:
pacnonoxen a noHeuennn nc1n1y1a n anapm, aosrnaanne1
expynapopnm coae1 akapeHnk .. koanea, a coc1aa oae1a axopn1 ann1a
rop6aueacko-enLunnckoro pexnHa: . o6uak, . ran6ernn, . onkoronoa, .
HenLnnoa, . onoa, . ansep n pp.). accHo1pnH ee. cko6kax npoc1aanenm noHepa
un1npyeHmx c1pannu. mpenennn a 1ekc1e cpenanm Hno.
cnoanan rnacnan sapaua aa1opoa - npepnoxn1L, ao ncnonnenne kasa npesnpen1a
nLunna o1 04.02.94 r. o paspa6o1ke konuenunn nepexopa occnn na HopenL
yc1ounaoro pasan1nn, cao aapnan1: aepcnk konuenunn peHokpa1nueckoro
pasan1nn occnn (4). ak Hm yanpnH anocnepc1ann, a1o unc1o aopm peknapaunn,
ckpmaakuan nc1nnnyk caepxsapauy npoek1a, npnpakuan eHy npnHanunam anp.
1o6m cpena1L ero n aoace neo1pasnHmH, aa1opm nepnopnueckn nLc1n1 un1a1enk -
nanpnHep, nnuy1 ao aaepennn: 1a ny6nnkaunn appecoaana nn1ennek1yanLno
ann1e (5). poukpa nanncana paqnnnpoaannmH, napoun1o ycnoxnennmH nayunmH
nsmkoH (kac1oamH xapronoH), nso6nnye1 neo6uenpnnn1mHn, kpyxkoamHn
1epHnnaHn n nonn1nnHn. ospaaan a1nH aneua1nenne ann1apnoc1n nanncannoro,
aa1opm nopoxpak1 1eH caHmH y un1a1enn ouyuenne npno6uennoc1n,
nocanuennoc1n - peueam, no pec1aennm npneH aep6oaunka.
opo aa1opm peHonc1pnpyk1, nackonLko amcoka noc1aanennan nHn nnanka sapaun:
cnn noaese1, Hm cHoxeH npopaa1Lcn k cy1n pena: k cM rccy
, rM, Mn, o ko1opmx ace roaopn1, no ko1opan (cHena)
caHa o1nkpL ne pae1cn a pykn n ko1opo, naaepno, kak pas n ne xaa1ae1 pnn
peannsaunn naunx saHmcnoa, npn aceH Hnoroo6pasnn 1ak nnn nnaue nanpaanneHmx
nx aa1opaHn nr Pcc (5). e Hnoro, ne Hano!
a1o yc1anoakn a6conk1no nenornunmH n ne o1nocnunHcn k peny kaxe1cn
nepam xe paspen onuenunn, rpe nnuero ne roaopn1cn nn o occnn aoo6ue, nn o
ee 6nare, sa1o noc1ynnpye1cn:
aonkunn sarnana uenoaeuec1ao a 1nxenoe nonoxenne, rpe:
- pacxopoaanne nannunmx pecypcoa onepexae1 qopHnpoaanne noamx;
- pacnpepenenne pecypcoa kpane nepaanoHepno, u1o pec1a6nnnnsnpye1 cn1yaunk
kak a o1penLnmx c1panax (6ora1c1ao - 6epnoc1L), 1ak n a Hnpe a uenoH;
- nponcxopn1 perpapaunn npnpopno cpepm, a 6nocqepe pasanaak1cn neo6pa1nHme
nera1nanme npoueccm;
- po nocnepnero apeHenn o1cy1c1aoaann noame npen, konuenunn, nporpaHHm,
cnoco6nme nsHenn1L cnoxnauykcn cn1yaunk.
kauec1ae 1ako npen Hm npnnnHaeH npek pasan1nn, ko1opan cosayuna pyxy pyccko
qnnocoqnn.
496
asanocL 6m, kakoe peno npesnpen1y nLunny n un1a1enk, osa6ouennmH yc1ounamH
pasan1neH konkpe1no occnn, po a1nx unpoko nsaec1nmx neuanLnmx o6c1on1enLc1a,
kacakunxcn acero uenoaeuec1aa a uenoH? e sakas, co6c1aenno, asnnncL amnonnn1L
aa1opm: poccnckoro npesnpen1a nnn Hnpoaoro coo6uec1aa? epL y nac-1o noka ne
c1on1 npo6neHa c npnpopnmHn pecypcaHn: uero-uero, a a1oro a occnn xaa1ae1.
expy 1eH 1akan npeaH6yna o1nkpL ne cnyuana. poaepn un1a1enn uepes Hnorne
c1pannum qnnocoqcknx xn1pocnne1enn, aa1opm a konue nenaansunao aosapauak1cn
u n n ,
nckycno npnua ee a poccncko npo6neHa1nke.
aHe1na 1pn nanpaanennn nepaoouepepnmx pec1an no peannsaunn onuenunn, ns
ko1opmx nepame paa - yc1anoanenne a c1pane npaaonopnpka n qopHnpoaanne
neo1LeHneHoro o1 nero npaaocosnannn a 1akxe yckopennoe qopHnpoaanne
nn1ennek1yanLnoro o6ecneuennn nonn1nuecknx peuenn (40-42) - apope 6m ne
amsmaak1 aospaxenn, onn, no cy1n, npnkpmaak1 nHn 1pe1Le, nan6onee
xnao1peneuyuee nanpaanenne: peuenne acex 1ex 1ekyunx aonpocoa, na ko1opmx
noka cocpepo1oueno annHanne anac1e npepepxaunx n ko1opme, no 6onLuoHy cue1y,
sapak1 npoc1panc1ao ne ynpexpakue nonn1nuecko ak1nanoc1n, a peak1nanmx
pec1an (43). cnn nepame paa nanpaanennn ponxnm peannsoaa1Lcn a 6ypyueH, 1o
1pe1Le - naua ceropnnunnn xnsnL. au n oHnannn cHo1pn1 a kopenL, cnpaaepnnao
nonaran, u1o a1o nanpaanenne pen1enLnoc1n ynnpae1cn a aonpoc pener, no npn a1oH
sarapouno nnuy1: e1 aonpoca o 1oH, rpe asn1L penLrn: kak nokasmaae1 onm1, npn
nannunn aqqek1nanmx cnoco6oa yno1pe6nennn onn acerpa naxopn1cn. nn a1oro,
okasmae1cn, ne nyxno nnuero, kpoHe coo1ae1c1aykue nonn1nuecko aonn n
nn1ennek1yanLnoro o6ecneuennn.
o1 ono kak! kasmaae1cn, penLrn-1o y nac nop noraHn, 1onLko aonn ne xaa1ae1. 1o
noxoxe na o6euanne qokycnnka poc1a1L saua ns unnnnppa. pe xe sanu? ueH xe
qokyc? ao1 a ueH.
caoeH 1enepeuneH kauec1ae a1a pa6o1a (peuenne 1ekyunx aonpocoa. - ..) no
npnnunny nanne1cn pecypconornouakue, n Hm npepnaraeH nepeocHmcnn1L ee a
kon1ekc1e pasan1nn, cpenaa, 1eH caHmH, pecypconopoxpakue. arnnpnmH
npnHepoH 1akoro o6opaunaannn Hoxe1 cnyxn1L pasaep1maakuancn na naunx rnasax
6opL6a sa ncnonLsoaanne aospyunoro npoc1panc1aa occnn n c1a1yc
ocaaponaanraunn. Hm 6ype1 no-npexneHy 1pe6oaa1L 6eckoneunmx sa1pa1,
nn6o u x - a saancnHoc1n o1 1oro, kak 6ype1 peuen a1o1
aonpoc. eue 6onLunx Hacu1a6ax ace 1o xe nponcxopn1 c seHne:
m nnn oc1any1cn uepno pmpo,
nornouakue pecypcm, saancn1 1onLko o1 nac n o1 peanLnoro - a ne nn1epa1ypnoro
- peuennn aonpoca m (43).
panee, npoponxan a 1oH xe pyxe peua1L aonpoc pecypcnoro o6ecneuennn
nepaoouepepnmx pec1an, aa1opm, nocnepoaa1enLno o1aepran qnckanLnyk cnc1eHy
n saHm acnkoro popa a kauec1ae cpepc1aa (c ueH onn1L-1akn 1pypno ne cornacn1Lcn),
a qnnanLnmx c1pokax 6poukpm ampak1 ponroxpannm peuen1: kcnop1, ocnoanyk
ponk ko1oporo coc1aannk1 npnpopnme pecypcm; cpaua a konueccnk Hec1opoxpenn
nonesnmx nckonaeHmx; npnaneuenne nnoc1pannmx nnaec1nun. a nau asrnnp, a1o -
6asoam nc1ounnk aospoxpennn occnn, pesepa, ko1opm yxe paano nopa
ncnonLsoaa1L (a1o nncano a 1996 ropy! - A.C.), sa cue1 ko1oporo Hoxno, ao-nepamx,
peun1L caHme neo1noxnme sapaun, a ao-a1opmx, aoccospa1L n pacunpn1L
nn1ennek1yanLnm no1enunan c1panm. cnonLsoaanne a1oro pesepaa ykasannmH
o6pasoH a npo1naononoxnoc1L rocnopc1aykueHy noka pac1panxnpnaannk nosaonn1 a
panLneueH o6xopn1Lcn 6es npnpopnmx pecypcoa, kak o6xopn1cn 6es nnx nonnn
(45). o xe caHoe n nou1n 1eHn xe cnoaaHn roaopn1 au n a c1a1Le onn1nka
qopHnpoaannn o1kpm1oro o6uec1aa.
497
! poc1o n ncno. popa1L ace, u1o eue ne npopano a occnn, n no6mc1pee - ao1
amxop ns acex apeHennmx 1pypnoc1e! ce na npopaxy: pecypcm, seHnk, ne6o! oka
ne oc1aneHcn pecypcoao ronmHn - kak naun 6pa1Ln nnonum, paano noc1nrune
npenec1n n npenHyuec1aa 1akoao rono1m. (snae1e snakoHm ronoc: saueH naH
npo6neHm c ypnnaHn - paaa1e nx npopapnH nopopoxe, noka ne nospno?)
onc1nne, pnn a1oro napo kak HnnnHyH npopaa1Lcn k cy1n pena: k cM
rccy , rM, Mn. oa1oHy sannHa1Lcn aceH
a1nH - qopHnpoaanneH pecypcno nonn1nkn - ponxen nekn onp pasan1nn:
cneunanLnm Hosroao uen1p (1nna aHepnkancko Rand Corporation) (42). apo
pyHa1L, onpy 6ypy1 nonoxenm neHanme nonnoHounn, no n aosnoxena neHanan
o1ae1c1aennoc1L: pasLncnn1L aceH, u1o yckopennoe pacc1aaanne c pecypcaHn
nponsaopn1cn pnn 6nara occnn. kak xe nnaue?! epL nHckn kny6 nepapoH
o1He1nn, u1o nHenno peqnun1 pecypcoa amnyxpae1 nac k pasan1nk (30). naun1 -
anepep, k peqnun1y ao nHn pasan1nn! (a nsmke yronoannkoa a1a xe HmcnL
qopHynnpye1cn 1ak: Hpn 1m ceropnn, a n saa1pa!) n1epecm o1kpm1oro o6uec1aa
- n ero xosnea - o1kpoaenno pnk1yk1 pauaH-osepHanaH: un1maan konoccanLnme
npnpopnme 6ora1c1aa occnn, Hm anpnH na ny1n ee pasan1nn opny npo6neHy -
npo6neHy cHenm rocnopc1aykuero Hen1ann1e1a, amxopa na coapeHennm ypoaenL
Hmunennn n pen1enLnoc1n. 1o nc1opnueckn npouecc, ocosnanne ko1oporo
npepLnanne1 a paHkax 1ekyue nonn1nkn oco6me 1pe6oaannn k cnc1eHaH o6pasoaannn
n (35).
o1 n coHknyncn kpnc1anLno ncnm koneu 6poukpm ycckan npen: peHokpa1nueckoe
pasan1ne occnn c ee o6eckypaxnaakunH nauanoH, n c1ano nonn1no, ue sakas na
pene amnonnnnn aa1opm. x koneuno, ne npesnpen1a, ne cnoco6noro npouec1L xo1n 6m
c1pannuy ns nx naykoo6pasnmx nncann. e1: sono1o Hnnnnapp, no1pe6nnkun
40% Hnpoamx sanacoa n am6pacmaakun a a1Hocqepy 30% Hnpoamx o1xopoa,
pnk1oaan pauaH-osepHanaH napoun1o sany1annyk n ycnoxnennyk onuenunk,
npak1nueckne amaopm ns ko1opo, opnako, c1onL npnHn1nano npoc1m n papnkanLnm.
1nkpL ne cnyuano r-n au ampanrae1 1pe6oaanne sakonopa1enLnoro sanpe1a nap1n
n panxenn, ncnoaepykunx npnnunnm naunonan-kann1annsHa (1epHnn Ho): aepL
sa cnnno 6onLueanka ns c1on1 annn1epn - ann1annc1nueckn
n1epnaunonan.
anoHnk, u1o apk au - pok1op reonoro-Hnnepanornuecknx nayk,
npoqeccnonanLnm pecypcnnk, npekpacno ocaepoHnennm o coc1onnnn pyccknx
nopseHnmx knapoamx. 1o noaepn1, 6yp1o au ne nonnHae1, u1o nonnn Hoxe1 po
nopm cyuec1aoaa1L 6es npnpopnmx pecypcoa 1onLko no1oHy, u1o nx paeH e Hm?
k1o na 1ako cnyua ec1L y nac, kpoHe nac caHnx? 1o pac1 naH xo1L kako-nn6ypL
npnpopnm pecypc, kak Hm paeH ero ppyrnH, ecnn nau 6ype1 ncuepnan? poqeccop
au nonnHae1 ace ne xyxe nac, no a1o ero ne oc1anaannaae1.
ak 6m Hm nasaann an1ekapn, ko1opm a o1ae1 na npocL6y o aanepLnnke ampan 6m
knnen1y HmuLnk?
k1o-1o eue ne nonnn, u1o ckpmaae1cn sa peknaHno an1pnno o1kpm1oro
o6uec1aa. asyHee1cn, aa1opm, a nepamx c1pokax caoero counnennn pacnnnaaunecn
a npnaepxennoc1n 6nary occnn, uyk1, ueH nx nonpekny1 un1a1enn, pouepune po
nocnepnnx c1pok. sapanee onpaapmaak1cn: asroaopm o pacnpopaxe opnnm
nHek1 anonne npospaunme ocnoaannn, coc1onune a na1ypannc1nuecko 1pak1oake
pecypcoa kak pannmx naH opnaxpm n naacerpa. o Hm yxe roaopnnn o 1oH, u1o
pecypcm cnepye1 Hmcnn1L kak qynkunonanLnoe nonn1ne. ecnonesnm auepa
Ha1epnan Hoxe1 c1a1L uenneunH pecypcoH, no n nao6opo1: Hnorne ceropnnunne
pecypcm saa1pa Hory1 no1epn1L ueny, nx napo ncnonLsoaa1L aoapeHn (45).
498
yrak1, a Hne ne c1pauno. ecypc - kak penLrn: nn6o ec1L, nn6o ne1. nonnn, Hoxe1,
n papa 6m 1oprany1L, pa neueH. a1o Hepnke ec1L, ueH 1oproaa1L, no ona noueHy-1o
ynopno koncepanpye1 caon pecypcm, ponxno 6m1L, 1pak1yn nx na1ypannc1nueckn. o1
rnynan-1o! oro n rnnpn - onn o6ecuenn1cn, n oc1ane1cn Hepnka na 6o6ax.
cnn, npepnaran caok yHonoHpaun1enLnyk onuenunk npesnpen1y, paum-
osepHanm noc1apanncL nopcyny1L eHy saopno na y1aepxpenne nopo6nm nxenpoek1
- 1y1 ypnann1Lcn neueHy: peno nonn1noe.
o kak-1o nenpnn1no, korpa aa1opm, appecyncL k nn1ennek1yanLno ann1e,
nm1ak1cn npn a1oH o1kpoaenno aopn1L ee sa noc, kak nocnepnkk pypy!..
3.3. HHHRBHE ""HHRBHM
aaH k1o-1o u1o-1o anyuae1, aaxno nonn1L ne 1onLko, u1o nHenno, no n k1o
nHenno, noueHy nHenno n c kako uenLk on a1o anyuae1 nHenno aaH. onpo6yeH
paso6pa1Lcn.
ak n yxe nncan, naran an1npycckan n kocHononn1nueckan cy1L onuenunn,
npepc1aanennan amue, sakaHyqnnpoaana a 1ekc1e Hnoroo6pasnmHn paccyxpennnHn.
nn upesamuano oprannuno cnnaanenm Hexpy co6o, nenpo1naopeunam, nannk1 opno
uenoe (HnqonoreHa o1kpm1oro o6uec1aa - nnuL opno ns nnx). oa1oHy aaxno
nnaen1apnsnpoaa1L a1n xapak1epnme npnHepm o1anekakunx naue annHanne npe.
nn - kak cony1c1aykune npnsnakn Hec1opoxpenn, no ko1opmH nerko onpepenn1L
nannune coo1ae1c1aykue pypm (pas yx Hm aounn a reonoro-Hnnepanornueckn
kon1ekc1).

1. U n v H
aa1opoa, asnaunxcn npepnara1L konuenunk peqopH, ao HnoroH
o6ycnoanena npeyaennuennmH npepc1aanenneH o cosnpa1enLnmx aosHoxnoc1nx
uenoaeka. 1ckpa - 6espaccypnoe aosaennunaanne nn1ennek1a: F m
Mxc (kk cM a Mxc) nncn Mcn, n Hm anpnH ny1L
occnn a co1pypnnuec1ae Hmcnn1ene c nonn1nkaHn, ynpaanenuaHn n
npepnpnnnHa1ennHn, ko1opoe noka epaa naHeuae1cn (37).
appyr napnpy c a1o sanpepenLno caHoyaepennoc1Lk - penn1nansH, Hannqec1aunn
npeno neyaepennoc1n: pen nnkpannsHa n 1epnnHoc1n npnunn a npo1naopeune c
naue (poccncko. - ..) Hen1anLnoc1Lk, ocnoaanno na 1oH nnn nnoH, no
epnnc1aenno npaannLnoH yuennn. oc1onnneH o6uec1aennoro cosnannn ne c1ano
nonnHanne 1oro, u1o 1aknx yuenn ne Hoxe1 6m1L a npnnunne (10).
mxopn1, aepnoro yuennn ne 1onLko ne1, no n 6m1L ne Hoxe1. onLue 1oro,
okasmaae1cn: paHkax konuen1yanLno pa6o1m saHmcnm ne Hory1 o6ocnoamaa1Lcn
nayuno, a nx nayunoe o6ecneuenne okasmaae1cn nnuL opnnH ns aneHen1oa
konuenunn (27). o aepL a 1o xe apeHn ec1ec1aennm Hnp (a 1oH uncne counanLnm)
aa1opoa ne yc1panaae1 n onn xo1n1 ero nsHenn1L: cnn ne1 napo6noc1n a
npeo6pasoaannnx cyuec1aykuero nonoxennn pen n xopa aeue, 1o ne1 n nyxpm a
konuenunnx. onuenunn amc1ynae1 npn a1oH kak saHmcen npeo6pasoaann (1aH xe).
s uero xe ncxopn1 a 1akoH cnyuae caHoyaepennme cospa1enn konuenun, npnsaannmx
npeo6pasoaa1L Hnp? a ueH ocnyk1 caon konuenunn, ecnn ne na nayunmx snannnx? a
499
aepe? a npeppaccypkax? a Hnqax? a yc1anoakax, acocannmx c HonokoH Ha1epn?
a a1o onn ne o1aeuak1. o1 xoue1cn nH o1kpm1oro o6uec1aa n npounx npenec1e - n
ace 1y1!
ao6opy 6eso1ae1c1aennmH counanLnmH akcnepnHen1aH!.
1kypa 6epe1cn 1o1 nnn nno npean - amncnn1L, kak npaanno, ne1pypno. y, a ecnn
nc1ounnk o1 nac ckpmaak1 - snaun1, na 1o ec1L npnunnm. onLko c1on1 nn 1orpa
npnsmaa1L nac, pyccknx, 1pypn1Lcn nap aonnouenneH uyxoro, eapeckoro npeana a
xnsnL?
2.
noc1poeno na npo1naonoc1aanennn an1ponorennoro Hnpa - ec1ec1aennoHy.
oo1ae1c1aykune pak1cn n npak1nueckne pekoHenpaunn.
o1 onopnan cxeHa:
onn1nka pasan1nn coo1ae1c1aenno c1pon1cn a paHkax pnanora n npaaa n nHee1 1pn
ocnoanmx asanHocansannmx nanpaanennn:
- cao6oxpenne n pasan1ne uenoaeuecko nnunoc1n.;
- opHnpoaanne o1kpm1oro o6uec1aa.;
- OM poc1ono enoaeka cpepm o6n1annn: , npexpe
acero ropopcko cpepm. (19).
ekc1 nyxpae1cn a pacunqpoake. cno, u1o uenL aa1opoa - noc1poenne nckycc1aenno
counanLno cpepm, nnkorpa npexpe ne 6maue: o1kpm1oro o6uec1aa,
rpaxpanckoro o6uec1aa. noaoH - a1opo npnpopm. (o1n aoo6ue-1o pnpopa
1onLko opna n o1 1oro, nackonLko oprannuno am c1pon1e caok xnsnL, saancn1 nnuL,
nackonLko cnnLno ona aaH o1oHc1n1.) o aosnnkak1 aonpocm.
nn koro a1o ponxno pena1Lcn? uLnx nn1epecax? 6 a1oH a knnxke - nn noncnoaa.
o aepL nn1epecoa aoo6ue ne 6maae1, kak ne 6maae1 n o6ueuenoaeuecknx
uennoc1e - c c cr kk, nn cn,
n yr M.
1o npeanLno nop1aepxpae1cn co6c1aennmH npnHepoH neonpocae1n1ene pauea-
osepHanoa. 1opo paspen nx onuenunn (occnn na nopore XXI aeka)
naunnae1cn c o1kpoaennoro n xapak1epnoro npnsnannn a1nx ynep1mx nn6epanoa n
a1nnuecknx peHokpa1oa: konuy aeka occnn ocao6opnnacL o1 rne1a
1o1ann1apno cnc1eHm. m sanna1nnn sa a1o 6eckon1ponLnmH pacnapoH ,
cnnxenneH ypoann n npoponxn1enLnoc1n xnsnn 6onLunnc1aa napopa, no o6penn a
pesynL1a1e cM rn - cao6opy, pasrocypapc1anenne snaun1enLno uac1n
xosnc1aa n aosHoxnoc1L noc1poennn o1kpm1oro o6uec1aa (10).
6conk1noe 6onLunnc1ao nacenennn naue c1panm, co6c1aenno pycckan occnn (1y1
neuero n rapa1L) nnnoueH ne cornacn1cn c 1ako qopHynnpoako,
. nnukoH nenonon nepeuenL no1epL, pnn a1oro 6onLunnc1aa c1aaunx
nac1onue ka1ac1poqo; cnnukoH aqeHepnm poc1nxennn, a1nH 6onLunnc1aoH aoo6ue
nn ao u1o ne uennHme: pesynL1a1 nano neconoc1aanH c ynnauenno ueno. noaoH,
ysok kpyr a1nx [eapecknx] peaonkunonepoa, c1pauno panekn onn o1 napopa
[pycckoro]. o1 peanLno, a ne Hmcnenno ckonc1pynpoaanno xnsnn.
500
o u1o 1akoe pnn naunx 1eope1nkoa 6onLunnc1ao? nnna pnn akcnepnHen1a - ne
6onee. Henno pnn 1oro, u1o6m o6pec1n cao6opy, pasrocypapc1anenne
snaun1enLno uac1n xosnc1aa n aosHoxnoc1L noc1poennn o1kpm1oro o6uec1aa
sanna1nnn sa a1o 6eckon1ponLnmH pacnapoH , cnnxenneH ypoann n
npoponxn1enLnoc1n xnsnn 6onLunnc1aa napopa. Hm, . oHy
- aepukn, koHy - kopeukn.
e papn nac - pycckoro 6onLunnc1aa - sa1eaann onn npeo6pasoaannn, ko1opme
naHepenm ynopnpoun1L n pasan1L. nnx ec1L sakasunk noconnpne. a nero npnHo n
o1kpoaenno ykasmaae1 au: oks nonn1nkoa n 6nsnecHenoa, opnen1npoaannm na
qopHnpoaanne a occnn o1kpm1oro o6uec1aa, coyuac1ne a a1oH npouecce sanapno
penoao n nn1ennek1yanLno ann1m (u1o nponaranpnpye1 nekcanpp noa n u1o
o1uac1n peannsye1cn a pen1enLnoc1n xoppxa opoca [o6a, kak na rpex, eapen. -
A.C.]) o1nkpL ne ncuepnmaae1 1eHm o pecypcax qopHnpoaannn o1kpm1oro o6uec1aa, a
sapae1 nnuL nepexop k ne (onn1nka qopHnpoaannnn.).
akan ao1 pycckan npen.
oxno nn, anannsnpyn a1n 1ekc1m n konc1a1npyn a1n qak1m, o1aneuLcn o1
naunonanLno npnnapnexnoc1n aa1opoa?
nkak ne nonyuae1cn.
3. n -nv
, aonpocm 1onLko eue naunnak1cn.
ak nyxno c1pon1L nckycc1aennoe o6uec1ao n kakoa - xo1L a caHmx o6unx uep1ax -
ero npoek1? a1opm uep1n1 a1o1 npoek1 na necke.
1o 1akoe o1kpm1oe o6uec1ao? ak amncnnnocL, paxe onnep, aa1op 1epHnna, -
caH a1oro ne snan. ynoHnny1o c1a1Le onLueankn ns 1kpm1oro 6uec1aa n
o1Heuan, o6pauancL k auy: 1aeppn1L a occnn - nk6mH cnoco6oH n nockopee!
- m cun1ae1e neo6xopnHmH. ac ne cHyuae1, u1o a1a HopenL, ko1opan kaxe1cn aH
6naro n a6conk1no npepnou1n1enLno, HnornH Hoxe1 nokasa1Lcn ne 1onLko ne
1akoao, no n npnHo rn6enLno pnn occnn. a1e xo1L asrnnny1L opnnH rnaskoH: u1o
xe a1o sa uypo 1akoe - ? aH ne ypanocL npepc1aan1L naH a1y ocnenn1enLnyk
y1onnk a ckonLko-nn6ypL konkpe1noH anpe. 1o n neypnan1enLno; kak npnsnae1e m
caHn: n onnep, nn ero nocnepoaa1enn ne noc1ponnn nonn1nn o1kpm1oro o6uec1aa,
ne pann ero 6onee nnn Henee ncno on1onornuecko kap1nnm. aknH o6pasoH, au
npnsma a 1ounoc1n nopo6en nsaec1noHy nHnepa1nay: H , m .
ospnee okasanocL, u1o paum-osepHanm aknapmaak1 a pacnnmaua1yk nonnepoackyk
Heu1y o6 a1oH seHnoH pae co6c1aennme anonne konkpe1nme npepc1aanennn. nn
ampaxak1cn kpa1ko qopHyno, sa ko1opo ue1ko npocHa1pnaae1cn a npepenLno
aynLrapnsnpoaannoH, ny6ounoH anpe qacap coapeHennoro anapa:
xn,
(15).
1pon1L a1o coue1anne napo n naH ao u1o 6m 1o nn c1ano. aspen 4 1ak n nasmaae1cn
opHnpoaanne o1kpm1oro o6uec1aa. aueH? a1eH, u1o onn cun1ak1 a1o
nepaoouepepno sapaue, neo6xopnHmH ycnoaneH pasan1nn (15). o kak xe
panLue napopm pasanaanncL-1o? nn - ne pasanaanncL?
501
, no ocnoanoHy nynk1y nporpaHHm - asrnnp n neu1o, kak roaopnn ennnckn.
a1o no aonpocy, u1o 1akoe rpaxpanckoe o6uec1ao - rnaanan coc1aanan uac1L nx
npeana - onn oxo1no n npoc1panno yHospn1enLc1ayk1:
paxpanckoe o6uec1ao - cnoxnan caHooprannsykuancn cnc1eHa, MnkynM
k cnyx cMnn kcnym rx. epyun a
coapeHenno occnn nanne1cn neo6xopnHmH,
no nepoc1a1ounmH ycnoaneH c1anoanennn rpaxpanckoro o6uec1aa. oc1a1ounmH
okasmaae1cn o6pasoaanne oco6mx c1pyk1yp rpaxpanckoro o6uec1aa, k uncny ko1opmx
o1nocn1cn pernonanLnme, npoqeccnonanLnme (a 1.u. npoqcoksnme) n nonn1nueckne
o6Lepnnennn rpaxpan, qopHnpykunecn a npouecce nx caHoonpepenennn, rpynnoao
npen1nqnkaunn n cooprannsaunn. kpa xe o1nocn1cn c1pyk1ypm Hec1noro, a 1.u.
HynnunnanLnoro caHoynpaanennn, pasnoo6pasnme o6uec1aennme o6Lepnnennn n
kny6m.
pnnunnnanLno aaxno, u1o nHenno rpaxpanckoe o6uec1ao nanne1cn rapan1oH
cao6opm, peHokpa1nn n cnpaaepnnaoc1n, noppepxnaaeHmx nocpepc1aoH npaaoaoro
rocypapc1aa, ko1opoe Hoxe1 cyuec1aoaa1L 1onLko a nape c rpaxpancknH o6uec1aoH, a
kauec1ae ero oprana: oco6oro cpepc1aa ypepxannn uenoc1noc1n o6uec1aa n c1panm
kak 1eppn1opnanLnoro, kynL1ypnoro, xosnc1aennoro n np. epnnc1aa (15).
cno, u1o a 1akoH o6uec1ae nnpnanpyannsnpoaannmx rpaxpan, caHopen1enLnmx
sakononocnyunmx rpaxpan (1o ec1L: a npepenLno a1oHnsnpoaannoH o6uec1ae)
pac1aopne1cn, nn n u: paca, naunn,
knacc, cocnoane, kopnopaunn. c1ak1cn nnuL a1oHm aeuec1aa, no ncuesae1,
nponapae1 caHo aeuec1ao, pasnoxennoe peakune pacnapa. Hn
nn
. c1ak1cn nnuL cospannme caHopen1enLnmHn rpaxpanaHn
nponsaonLnme o6unoc1n, nckycc1aennme, an1ponorennme, - npopyk1 ne onn n
n1ennek1a naunn, a uac1nmx aonL (cnenmx no onpepenennk) n nn1ennek1oa
(necoaepuennmx no onpepenennk).
c1ec1aennyk o6unoc1L ne nyxno ypepxnaa1L oco6mHn cpepc1aaHn npaaoaoro
rocypapc1aa - na 1o ona n ec1ec1aennan. o nHenno - m mu
naun yHnnkn-peHnyprn. nn 1oro xe, u1o6m ypepxa1L o6unoc1L nckycc1aennyk,
nonapo6n1cn, Hoxno ne coHneaa1Lcn, cpepc1aa ouenL n ouenL cypoame, n6o ona,
coc1on ns nnpnanpyannsnpoaannmx rpaxpan, acerpa 6ype1 c1peHn1Lcn
q - .
K, a o1nouennn occnn npoek1 pauea-osepHanoa a6conk1no y1onnuen. pe
a1o n korpa onn anpenn a occnn Haccy sakononocnyunmx caHopen1enLnmx
rpaxpan? nynm caannnncL, e-ory!
o aoo6ue sapyHaeHcn: koHy Hoxe1 6m1L amropno 1akoe nckycc1aennoe rpaxpanckoe
o6uec1ao? oHy n saueH nonapo6nnocL pasopaa1L naunonanLnyk pycckyk o6unoc1L,
u1o6m nHe1L no1oH peno nnuL c opnnoukaHn, c nkpLHn-a1oHaHn?
cno, u1o a1o nyxno ne 1eH, k1o xnao uyac1aye1 n ocosnae1 caok ec1ec1aennyk
npnnapnexnoc1L k ec1ec1aennmH o6unoc1nH - k caoeHy napopy, a nepayk ouepepL.
nnuL, ao-nepamx, neHnornH peknaccnpoaannmH, nnn penaunonannsnpoaannmH, nnn
pac1epnaunH caok npen1nunoc1L nkpnH, nnn aoace nnopopuaH, - opnnH cnoaoH,
HaprnnanaH. ao-a1opmx - cnnouennmH n arpeccnanmH HenLunnc1aaH, cnannnmH
o6ue cypL6o n sapaue, ko1opme a 1akoH a1oHnsnpoaannoH, ne cnoco6noH k
konconnpnpoaanno saun1e co6c1aennmx nn1epecoa o6uec1ae Hory1 po6n1Lcn acero.
502
4. nv v m
, opnako, - y1onnc1m ao aceH, n a nera1nae n a nosn1nae. aum-osepHanm,
nanpnHep, yaepenno noc1ynnpyk1: m6op 1oro nnn nnoro pexnHa onpepenne1cn
naunonanLno nonn1nko, ko1opyk c c c (15). o ec1L,
Hoxno, no-anpnHoHy, 1kny1L nanLueH a an1pnny, pasaepny1yk qnnocoqaHn-
o6uec1aoaepaHn, n ckasa1L: ouy a1o!. o a 1akoH cnyuae cnoaa aosnnkak1
nepaoouepepnme npoknn1me aonpocm:
1o 6ype1 1mka1L nanLueH, onpepennn am6op o6uec1aa n c1panm?
ak 6m1L, ecnn uac1L o6uec1aa ne xoue1 a1oro? mue1 nanLuaHn a
npo1naononoxnyk c1opony? cnn a1oro ne xoue1 15 npouen1oa (k npnHepy, ace
nepycckne)? nn, nao6opo1 - 85 (ace pycckne)? nn 7 npouen1oa (ace 6ora1me)? nn
93 (ace 6epnme)?
ako ao1 noc1yna1nk... ocnopn! ckaxy1 xe 1akoe aspocnme nkpn!
nc1o aopm y1onnsH, npeannsH n aonkn1apnsH.
m6op noaoro pexnHa, kak aceH nsaec1no, 6onLue uac1Lk ecnn ne onpepenne1cn, 1o
sakpennne1cn nnM, M, kM MxycM,
rxckM M.
, neonpocae1n1enn npoponxak1 nac1anaa1L na caonx aonkn1apnc1cknx
npeanax, aaopn 1ako npnopn1e1: qM kk Mk ycn, a
paHkax ko1opo nnkakne Hacu1a6nme npeo6pasoaannn ne Hory1 ocyuec1ann1Lcn 6es
npouepyp o6uec1aenno akcnep1nsm, ouenok aospec1ann na okpyxakuyk cpepy,
na6nnk pnnauns. eH caHmH o6ecneunaae1cn npouecc rpaxpanckoro
caHoonpepenennn n nonanennn rpaxpancko nosnunn. onLko npepLnanenne nosnunn
nosaonne1 o6ecneun1L yue1 nn1epecoa acex, koro kacak1cn 1e nnn nnme peuennn.
y1ounnk1, aonpekn Hnoro1mcnuene1ne npak1nke: 6ecneuenne pasan1nn
apHnnnc1pa1nanmHn He1opaHn, uen1pannsoaanno - neaosHoxno a npnnunne. cn
pa6o1a ponxna c1pon1Lcn na npnnunnax peHokpa1nn yuac1nn, ncknkuakunx penenne
o6uec1aa na peqopHa1opoa n peqopHnpyeHmx (14).
noaa noxL n y1onnn unc1o aopm! pe a1o onn anpann 1akne peqopHm a nc1opnn
uenoaeuec1aa? es penennn o6uec1aa na peqopHa1opoa n peqopHnpyeHmx?
oxe, n o1kypa na nauy rpeunyk eHnk saexann a1n kapacn-npeannc1m, ro1oame
o1aaxno sapa1L nk6o uyke aonpoc: snaeuL nn 1m, u1o 1akoe o6pope1enL?!? o,
u1o onn a occnn nnkorpa ne xnnn, kaxe1cn oueanpnmH. ecnn xnnn, 1o kak Hornn
sa6m1L, u1o xnsnL - ec1L 6opL6a? naccoa nn, naun, no - 6opL6a!
u1o nk6me Hacu1a6nme npeo6pasoaannn (aknkuan n nauy anno1ekyuyk
6ypxyasno-peHokpa1nueckyk peaonkunk) coaepuak1cn ne ny1eH koncencyca, a a
pesynL1a1e 6opL6m n nacnnnn opno uac1n nacenennn c1panm nap ppyro. nnkak
nnaue!
u1o rpaxpanckoe caHoonpepenenne n nonanenne rpaxpancko nosnunn - ec1L
npnHo ny1L k rpaxpancko aone. 6o npepLnanenne nosnunn nan6onee
aqqek1nano, korpa ocyuec1anne1cn c opyxneH a pykax.
u1o npaao - ec1L aonn rocnopc1aykuero knacca (rocnopc1aykue naunn),
aosaepennan a sakon!
503
pnp ppyrnx noc1yna1oa, cnnukoH nop1aepxpennmx ace nc1opne uenoaeuec1aa, pnn
nepecHo1pa ko1opmx coapeHennoc1L ne pae1 ny npoc1o nnkaknx ocnoaann.
5. Q r
no 1oHy, u1o a1nx kapace (o pacnpopaxe
neaocnonnnHmx npnpopnmx pecypcoa occnn) - u
, aosnnkae1 yaepennoc1L, u1o ace nx nananme, npekpacnopyunme
n nackaosL npeannc1nueckne paccyxpennn nHek1 caoe uenLk 1onLko opno: o1nkpL
ne npocaeuenne npaan1ene, a aneHen1apnoe sapypnaanne Hosroa aceH un1a1ennH.
1aop rnas. paan1ennH, noppannmH, onnonen1aH.
a1o ue1ko npocHa1pnaae1cn yc1anoaka na ppo6nenne occnn, na ee peuen1pannsaunk,
na pernonannsaunk c1panm (nonn1nueckn cnnonnH: konqepepannsaunn):
pepnaraeHan 1pak1oaka pasan1nn ncknkuae1 aosHoxnoc1L ynpaanennn pasan1neH
occnn a uenoH. pen ynpaanennn pasan1neH coo1nocn1cn c pasan1neH pernonoa n
cqep pen1enLnoc1n, kaxpm (kaxpan) ns ko1opmx 6ype1 ampa6a1maa1L n
ocyuec1ann1L co6c1aennyk nporpaHHy pasan1nn n panra1Lcn no co6c1aenno
1paek1opnn, amc1ynan kak kaasncaHoc1on1enLnm cy6Lek1 pasan1nn (37).
1kpoaenno, nnuero ne ckaxeuL! kak xe 6m1L c 1eH qak1oH, u1o acn occnn -
epnnan c1pana epnnoro pycckoro napopa n yxe noa1oHy ponxna nHe1L epnnyk cypL6y?
npnHo, aa1opm cun1ak1 nnaue.
onqepepannsaunn occnn (c nocnepykunH okonua1enLnmH pacnapoH, pacunenenneH)
- rony6an Heu1a pasan1mx c1pan, 1oro caHoro sono1oro Hnnnnappa, ko1opm,
oueanpno no rnynoc1n, po cnx nop ne cnyuae1 reonoroa-qnnocoqoa pauea n
na1ypannc1nueckn 1pak1ye1 npo6neHy neaocnonnnHmx npnpopnmx pecypcoa.
ak, opnako, nac1ounao npo6naae1cn ckaosL kaHyqnnxnme ce1n npeannc1nuecknx
cxeH c1anLno 6neck saHopckoro reononn1nueckoro kankana!
6. r - xm r?
npepanpn onacnoc1L paso6nauennn, paum-osepHanm nac1ounao npnanaak1
un1a1enk kynL1ypy pnanora, koncencycnyk ncnxonornk, npeanm nnkpannsHa,
u1o6m a nyxnm HoHen1 cnpn1a1Lcn sa ec1ec1aennoe npaao - c M.
ak 6yp1o Hoxno sa6m1L o 1oH, ckonLko ycnnn onn yno1pe6nnn, u1o6m nHenno nx
Hnenne npeapa1nnocL ao anac1nyk pnpek1nay, a ynpaannkun o6uec1aennmH
cosnanneH nHnepa1na!
caoe nsnk6nenno npee onn aosapauak1 nac cnoaa n cnoaa:
asan1ne occnn Hmcnn1cn a paHkax npaaa n pnanornuno oprannsaunn Hmunennn n
pen1enLnoc1n.
aHka npaaa osnauae1 npnnn1ne npnnunna qopHanLnoro paaenc1aa acex rpaxpan
occnn nepep cypoH n sakonoH. Mk Mx r, a Hory1 6m1L
1onLko onnonen1m, conepnnkn, npo1nannkn. ce konqnnk1m Hory1 paspeua1Lcn npn
a1oH nn6o nonn1nuecknHn cpepc1aaHn, nn6o a cype6noH nopnpke.
504
aHka pnanora osnauae1 npnsnanne 1oro, u1o ace nkpn, ace napopm - pasnme. axpm
nHee1 npaao na caon nopxopm n asrnnpm, no nnk1o ne nHee1 ocnoaann o6Lnann1L nx
epnnc1aenno aepnmHn n po6pmHn (a1o a HononaunonanLno-1o c1pane?! - A.C.).
1kasmaan ce6e a npaae na 1akne 6esocnoaa1enLnme npe1ensnn, Hm nonyuaeH
aosHoxnoc1L Hnpnoro cocyuec1aoaannn n aaxneun pecypc pasan1nn ao
asanHopec1ann pasnmx nopxopoa, nn1epecoa n asrnnpoa, pasnmx kynL1yp.
akan oprannsaunn xnsnn aosHoxna 1onLko a ycnoannx kr cr
ycc, knr y r nc, rxckr c
r rcyc (12; uac1nuno noa1openo a c1a1Le aua onn1nka
qopHnpoaannn o1kpm1oro o6uec1aa).
H penn1nansH (o1kas o1 Hannqec1aunn caoe npaao1m) pauea-osepHanoa
npnsaan npopeHonc1pnpoaa1L 1paaonpnoc1L nno1onpnmx, npoue roaopn - ope1L na
aonka oaeuLk ukypy:
annHan 1y nnn nnyk nosnunk a koHHynnkaunn c ppyrnHn, Hm acerpa okasmaaeHcn
nepep pnneHHo: cun1a1L nn caok nosnunk n caon asrnnpm aepnmHn, a nosnunk n
asrnnpm ppyroro - oun6ounmHn, nn6o cun1a1L n 1e, n ppyrne pnpononoxnmHn, no,
ec1ec1aenno, uac1nmHn n uac1nunmHn. m6op nepaoro ny1n aepe1 k Hononornuno
oprannsaunn n 6opL6e c nnakoHmcnnunHn, am6op a1oporo - k pnanory, nap1nepc1ay
nnn conepnnuec1ay, no orpannuennoHy onpepenennmHn paHkaHn. au am6op
opnosnauen: pasan1ne, kak Hm ero nonnHaeH, 1eH 6onee ecnn Heu1a1L o ero
yc1ounaoc1n, aosHoxno 1onLko a paHkax pnanornuno oprannsaunn, nosaonnkue
yun1maa1L nn1epecm acex sann1epecoaannmx nosnun. onee 1oro, caHo pasnnune
nosnun, asrnnpoa n nn1epecoa rpaxpan n nx pasnnunmx coo6uec1a okasmaae1cn a
ycnoannx pnanora aaxneunH pecypcoH pasan1nn, n6o nonyxpae1 nac ace apeHn
ncka1L n c1pon1L noame He1opm, cpepc1aa n qopHm oprannsaunn coaHec1no xnsnn n
pen1enLnoc1n (uero noka 1ua1enLno ns6erak1 naun nonn1nueckne nap1nn) (32-
33).
nanor, sa ko1opm pa1yk1 paum-osepHanm, - ne u1o nnoe, kak kakoqonnn,
nec1ponan 6on1oann nonn1nkanoa, nnkenmx xnne1oa, korpa nnk1o nnkoro ne
cnmun1. 1o n yn, coaepuenno neaosHoxnan a npak1nuecko nonn1nke -
nonn1no, noueHy o1 nee o1aopaunaak1cn nap1nn. 1onnn, counnennan, onn1L xe, pnn
o1aopa rnas. 6o nonn1nka (n paum-osepHanm a1o, koneuno, 1aeppo snak1) - a1o,
npexpe acero, nn k n m, nn k y. m6op xe (peuenne)
on1onornueckn acerpa npo1naoc1on1 pnanory. n no onpepenennk - Hononornuen.
oa1oHy pnanor yHec1en 1onLko po 1ex nop, noka 1a nnn nnan npo6neHa, sa1pony1an a
neH, ne npopncoaanacL po 1o c1enenn oueanpnoc1n, sa ko1opo cnepye1 npnnn1ne
peuennn.
ec1ayn no nsnk6nenno cxeHe yHpn 1m ceropnn, a n saa1pa, aa1opm c1peHn1cn
naansa1L caonH peanLnmH nnn HnnHmH onnonen1aH cnc1eHy pnanora, 6eckoneuno,
nnkoro nn k ueHy ne o6nsmaakue pnckyccnn, a1ane napencL npn a1oH, u1o
mn 6ypy1 npnnnHa1Lcn nn6o nHn caHnHn, nn6o anac1nHn npepepxaunHn - no
nx coae1y. o aa1opm onuenunn ampak1 ce6n c ronoao, qopHynnpyn caoe saae1noe
npepnoxenne: nopnpoun1L n cnc1eHa1nsnpoaa1L nponsaopc1ao sakonoa n kasoa,
nopunnn1L nx o6ue nornke peqopH, am1ekakue ns 1o nnn nno, no coaepuenno
neo6xopnHo konuenunn n nporpaHHm, nepame uarn no nanpaanennk k ko1opmH Hm
naHeuaeH specL n 1enepL (42). nmHn cnoaaHn - paaa1e xn1L a pexnHe
nonn1nueckoro pnanora, no ace xe kM, M kM!
H u , - n yxe ynoHnnan
a nepao uac1n nccnepoaannn a1y nk6nHyk eapenHn nc1nny. ypyun no npnpope
Hononornc1aHn, ne yHekunHn, pa n ne xenakunHn cnmua1L ppyrnx, oprannueckn ne
505
cnoco6nmHn k pnanory, eapen anp1yosno yHek1 a nyxnm HoHen1 nonLsoaa1Lcn
npeonorne koncencyca, pnanora kak un1oH. npnHo, a1o1 HoHen1 nac1an n a occnn.
nepye1 po6aan1L, u1o pexnH (aeunoro) pnanora - a1o opnn ns cnnonnHoa
peHokpa1nn n nnkpannsHa, o konx acerpa n aespe xnonouy1 nk6me HenLunnc1aa - o1
cekcyanLnmx n naunonanLnmx po nn1ennek1yanLnmx - no anonne nonn1no npnunne.
epL nnaue y nnx npoc1o ne1 uanca y1aeppn1L a o6uec1ae caon npnopn1e1m. 1eH
6onee ne1 uanca ykpm1Lcn o1 o1ae1c1aennoc1n sa caoe anopHanLnoe noaepenne.
opaxae1 a a1o cansn poc1onm opyannoackoro nnnc1epc1aa npaapm 1esnc pauea-
osepHanoa: paHkax npaaa ne1 aparoa! yx caHo co6o - ne1 r .
epa a 1oH, u1o onn ec1L - nHenno sa paHkaHn npaaa, 1o ec1L a peanLno xnsnn.
506
7. X .
npnopn1e1oa naunx aa1opoa ec1L opnn poaonLno c1pannm: m npepnaraeH
a kauec1ae uen1panLno npen caHoonpepenennn occnn npek pasan1nn (34).
oo6ue-1o, pasan1ne uero-nn6o - a1o ne npen, a ec1ec1aennm npouecc, ko1opm
npe1 a nk6oH cnyuae, c1nHynnpyeHm nonn1nuecko aone nnn xe nnuL saancnHm, a
1o n aoace ne saancnHm o1 nee. ak 1o1 kapaaan, ko1opm npe1, necHo1pn na na
co6akn. nn neonpocae1n1ene xe pasan1ne - a1o npouecc, sapannm aoneamH
o6pasoH n 1aknH xe o6pasoH kon1ponnpyeHm. o nn Hnp, nn occnn - ne nnky6a1op n
ne na6opa1opnn. aueH xe 1akne akcnepnHen1m? ao1 saueH.
nukan pycckoro un1a1enn (a 1oH uncne 1akoro, o1 ko1oporo a occnn saancn1
npnnn1ne peuenn) aecLHa ka1eropnuecknHn pekoHenpaunnHn, onn, opnako,
npnsmaak1 ero npnnn1L napapnrHy nonno n a6conk1no 1epnnHoc1n:
onn1nky pasan1nn Hm npo1naonoc1aanneH, ycnoano roaopn, nonn1nke nn1epecoa.
onn1nka nn1epecoa xapak1epnsye1cn poHnnan1o co6c1aennmx nn1epecoa n uene
nonn1nueckoro cy6Lek1a a yuep6 nn1epecaH ppyrnx cy6Lek1oa. 1a nonn1nka c1pon1cn
na onnosnunn ppyr - apar n ocyuec1anne1cn a paHkax npaaa nnuL po 1ex nop, noka
a1n paHkn ne npenn1c1ayk1 poc1nxennk noc1aanennmx uene. nn nonn1nkn pasan1nn
xapak1epna, nanpo1na, poHnnan1a nn1epecoa cooprannsaunn n co1pypnnuec1aa,
o6uero pena, uennoc1n pasan1nn, a cao nn1epec, ko1opm nnk1o ne sa6maae1,
peannsye1cn c yue1oH nn1epecoa ppyroro a paHkax npaaa.
a1opm penak1 anp, kak 6yp1o ne nonnHak1, ne snak1, u1o cn1yaunn c1onknoaennn
an1aronnc1nuecknx nn1epecoa - u1a1nan a nonn1nke, n u1o M
n cMnn ck x M rcc.
osaonk ce6e ak1yanLnyk un1a1y: nannsnpyn 1nn konqnnk1oa, ypoaenL
konkypen1no 6opL6m, uac1o1y c1onknoaenn, npnpopy Hanmx aon a pasnnunmx
pernonax Hnpa, pac1yuyk 6opL6y sa c1pa1ernueckn snaunHme pecypcm n ocnoanme
1enpenunn k HonononLnoHy kon1ponk sa a1nHn pecypcaHn sa cue1 npnHenennn
aoennmx n nonn1nuecknx cpepc1a, noepnnok sa npaao na nnpnpykuyk aank1y,
ypoaenL Hnpoao qnnancoao nec1a6nnLnoc1n n pecn1kn ppyrnx qak1opoa,
xapak1epnsykunx kauec1aenno n konnuec1aenno reononn1nueckoe paanoaecne, Hm
cun1aeH aosHoxnmH n neo6xopnHmH konc1a1npoaa1L, u1o uenoaeuec1ao c1on1 na
nopore 1pe1Le Hnpoao aonm - 1exno1ponno. exno1ponnm ynL1nHa1yH,
1exno1ponnan kann1ynnunn, 1exno1ponnm konunarepL - ao1 knkueame nonn1nn a1oro
noaoro 1nna nopa6ouennn cna6mx cnnLnmHn (oc1nepec1poka: konuen1yanLnan
HopenL pasan1nn nauero o6uec1aa, nonn1nuecknx nap1n n o6uec1aennmx
oprannsaun. - ., onn1nspa1, 1990. - . 12). am, a1o1 neccnHnc1nueckn npornos,
pannm pecn1L ne1 nasap, ne 1onLko c6mncn na naunx rnasax, no n ackannpye1 no
aocxopnue.
konc1a1npoaa1L: n - no nnuL any1pn
coo6uec1aa, cnannnoro epnnmH nn1epecoH; s - n
n. euero n pyHa1L o ee npnHenennn a o6uec1ae, paspnpaeHoH
counanLnmHn n/nnn naunonanLnmHn npo1naopeunnHn. paano n a o6c1anoake aonm
- Hexpy c1panaHn nnn 6nokaHn c1pan. ny1pn aokkue c1panm, aokkuero 6noka -
pa, noxanyc1a. 16pocna any1pennne pasnornacnn nepep nnuoH o6uero npo1nannka,
Hoxno aec1n nonn1nky pasan1nn. ak epnnm amuen 6onee Horyue n pasan1o
pepxaao ns ornn ennko 1euec1aenno. ak ceropnn c1panm n
npepc1aanenm na any1pn6nokoaoH ypoane - a ocnoanoH nonn1nko pasan1nn, sa1o na
aneuneH - xec1ko n paxe xec1oko (cp. Krocnaann) nonn1nko nn1epecoa.
507
o cy1n, nk6esnme aa1opm npepnarak1 naH, a npoponxenne rop6aueacko nonn1nkn,
opnoc1oponnee pasopyxenne: na ypoane konuenunn, npeonornn, He1oponornn.
aansmaak1 naH nonn1nky pasan1nn, pnanora, koncencyca, npepnaran o1pnny1L
nonn1nky nn1epecoa n uene. ornueckan nopknapka nop a1nH - ace 1a xe, narepno-
6na1nan: n, n . ecL Hnp xnae1 no nornke nonn1nkn
nn1epecoa, a ao1 aaH, pycckoe pypauLe, nenpeHenno napo - no nornke nonn1nkn
pasan1nn!
8. H vx - v n, 3v nxx?
ne sa6mn, koneuno, kak qopHynnpye1cn 1pnepnnoe copepxanne
y1onnueckoro npeana o1kpm1oro o6uec1aa: pmnok, rpaxpanckoe o6uec1ao,
npaaoaoe rocypapc1ao.
pmnkoH naue nacenenne ycneno nosnakoHn1Lcn, nosnano ero Hnnycm n nnkcm.
ocnap1qeopannsH, 6maun y nac po 1991 ropa, ce6n no HnornH npnunnaH nsxnn. o
aHec1o naunonan-kann1annsHa (rocnap1kann1annsHa no o6pasuy kn1ackoro) nac
c1onknynn a kann1annsH kononnanLnm, yam, cnnLno ckoHnpoHe1npoaaa caHo nonn1ne
pmnka.
rpaxpanckoH o6uec1ae Hm nopasHmunnnn amue. oxe aecLHa coHnn1enLnoe
o6uec1aennoe yc1poc1ao.
enepL nyxno c onpepenennoc1Lk ckasa1L: y o6uec1aa Hory1 6m1L, ponxnm 6m1L n
ec1L npnopn1e1m noaaxnee npaaoaoro rocypapc1aa.
rocypapc1ao - n n yn, nnkorpa, nnkeH n nnrpe ne
poc1nrny1an (ackonmxnyauee peno uepnoro y6num nHncona, onpaapannoro
uepnmHn npncnxnmHn, - npkn, xo1n ne epnnc1aennm, npnHep qanLunaoc1n
knaccnueckoro - aHepnkanckoro - npaaoaoro rocypapc1aa), n cMn
cn nymk, nanpaanennan npo1na nn1epecoa popa uenoaeueckoro a nonLsy
Hnoroo6pasnmx, kak npaanno peanan1nmx, HenLunnc1a: naunonanLnmx, pennrnosnmx,
cekcyanLnmx n np. pn a1oH a npaaoaoH rocypapc1ae, saunuakueH npaaa
HenLunnc1a n nnpnanpyyHoa, 1o ec1L c c c, napapokcanLnmH
o6pasoH o1cy1c1aye1 saun1a o6uec1aa kak uenoro, o1cy1c1aye1 npaao 6onLunnc1aa,
npaao naunn. nn Hepnkn a1o 6onee-Henee ec1ec1aenno, n6o aHepnkancko naunn
nnkorpa ne 6mno n ne1 kak 1akoao a npnpope. o pnn nac?!
enLsn k 1oHy xe sa6maa1L, u1o npaaoaoe rocypapc1ao - aecLHa poporoe
ypoaonLc1ane, ko1opoe Hory1 nosaonn1L ce6e nnuL neHnorne c1panm - nepepoankn
kann1annc1nueckoro copeanoaannn, ko1opme paano, Hnpno n 1nxo nepeunn a qasy
naunonan-counannsHa: 1o ec1L o6ecneunnn anonne counannc1nueckne 6nara, nLro1m n
npnannernn pnn caonx rpaxpan sa cue1 orpa6nennn acero oc1anLnoro Hnpa.
m ponxnm coxpann1L poc1a1ouno ncnm yH, u1o6m ne nosaonn1L naansa1L naH
npaaoaoe rocypapc1ao a-nn . u xu
n . o aoo6ue-1o n 1ak
nonn1no: nponoaepL pauaHn a1oro npeana a naue c1pane, rpe kaxpm c pe1c1aa
snae1, u1o sakon - kak c1on6: nepenpmrny1L nenLsn, a o6o1n Hoxno n u1o sakon -
u1o pmuno, kypa noaepneuL, 1ypa n amuno, - poaonLno 6eccHmcnenna.
npounH, nn1epecno na qone amcoknx cnoa o npaaoaoH rocypapc1ae cnmua1L o1
eapecknx aa1opoa 1ako kpnk pyun: e1epnnHo ceropnnunee nonoxenne pen, korpa
a 6kpxe1e na 1996 r. qnnancnpoaanne npaaoao peqopHm, pacunpennn cqepm
508
pec1ann cypa npncnxnmx aoo6ue ne npepycHo1penm. o1 u1o nx 6ecnokon1 na
caHoH pene, ao1 a ueH pnn nnx cyuec1ao npaaoaoro rocypapc1aa: cy cnx.
oueHy n saueH eapen nac1anaak1 na pacunpennn panno npak1nkn, nyuue acero
o6Lncnne1 opnn ns nx neua1nmx opranoa - n1epa1ypnan rase1a: "naHenn1oe peno
ennca. nacnn ero ne "sann1me n ak1nanme... cnacnn ero kak pas "Henee penoame,
"neak1nanme n "annoaa1me. a ckaHLe npncnxnmx co6panncL a 1oH npouecce opnn
Henkn unnoannk, uec1epo kpec1Lnn, paoe Heuan, paoe nou1oamx cnyxaunx n opnn
nsaosunk. acckasmaann no1oH, u1o uauy aecoa nokone6an nHenno on, nsaosunk,
ckasaa: "e1, ne Hory asn1L rpex na pyuy. ne asnn (. opnn. 1o cnac ennca,
nnn co6oe Hnenne nnca1enn acnnnn kcenoaa. [ saun1y nnc1n1y1a cypa
npncnxnmx] - " 16.04.97).
aaepnoe, xopouo 6mno 6m pnn eapeea, ecnn 6m aecL pycckn napop coc1onn nnuL ns
nsaosunkoa, nopo6nmx amueonncannoHy!
3.4. HE RE3B, EHHK, K HKM
pnn ce6n nonyuna o1nop a anpe Hoe c1a1Ln, au paspasnncn, kak
ckasano amue, payHn c1a1LnHn a esaancnHo, rpe nonm1ancn cHnrun1L
qopHynnpoakn n nera1nanoe aneua1nenne o1 caoero nsnauanLno nanopnc1oro 1ona. n
paxe nakoneu-1o porapancn sapa1Lcn aonpocoH, cnepye1 nn nonnHa1L nensHennoc1L
kypca peqopH n npnaepxennoc1L occnn uennoc1nH peHokpa1nueckoro pasan1nn
kak peanLnyk yc1anoaky rocypapc1aa na qopHnpoaanne o1kpm1oro o6uec1aa?
1aeua1L na a1o1 aonpoc cnepye1 oc1opoxno. cansmaak neopnosnaunoc1L pannoro
o1ae1a c nepoc1a1ouno ykopenennoc1Lk n ocosnannoc1Lk a occnn npe o1kpm1oro
o6uec1aa. 1n npen ne 1onLko Hanonsaec1nm unpoknH cnonH nacenennn, no
nepoc1a1ouno npopyHanm paxe naue nonn1nuecko ann1o a en1pe, ne roaopn yx o
npoannunn (onn1nka qopHnpoaannn o1kpm1oro o6uec1aa).
pe6oaaaun nonauany Haprnnannsnpoaa1L nnn npoc1o sanpe1n1L sakonoH
nap1nn, panxennn n o6uec1aennme o6Lepnnennn, ncnoaepykune naunonan-
kann1annc1nueckyk pok1pnny, a saopno n ace oprannsaunn, opnen1npoaannme na
qopHnpoaanne sakpm1oro o6uec1aa n 1o1ann1apnoro rocypapc1aa, 1o ec1L xo1eaun
cn x c nM n (enme n kpacnme. -
08.10.96), au 1enepL peunn o1kpec1n1Lcn o1 1akoro akc1peHnsHa: onn o1kpm1oe
o6uec1ao nenLsn, kak n nokasan panee, noc1pon1L, 1o yx 1eH naue ero nenLsn
noc1pon1L aa1opn1apnmHn He1opaHn (onn1nka qopHnpoaannn.).
ckasannoHy auy oc1anocL 1onLko po6aan1L uec1noe npnsnanne o coaepuenno
neoprannunoc1n npeana o1kpm1oro o6uec1aa peanLno nc1opnuecko occnn - n
saaepun1L peno c1onL xe uec1nmH amaopoH o nepeanLnoc1n ace onuenunn. n
a1oro, koneuno, ne penae1. n no-npexneHy naHepen qopHnpoaa1L (1o ec1L nHenno
c1pon1L, aonpekn amueckasannoHy) o1kpm1oe o6uec1ao ne na cnoaax, a na pene
n ne oc1aanne1 nonm1ky noc1pon1L npeonornk qopHnpoaannn o1kpm1oro o6uec1aa a
kauec1ae neo6xopnHoro o6ecneuennn coo1ae1c1aykue nonn1nkn, 1o ec1L, no cy1n, -
a kauec1ae naunonanLno npen (1aH xe).
m snaeH yxe, kakan konkpe1nka c1on1 sa a1nH.
panxe1 ynpnHmH pok1opoH reonoro-Hnnepanornn? onLko napexpa na
copocoackne rpan1m? nn na ponk a npn6mnnx o1 paspena poccncknx pecypcoa? e
c1any a1oro y1aepxpa1L. ce ne 1ak npoc1o.
509
au yaepne1 nac, o16naancL o1 kpn1nkn eaac1Lnnoaa, a caoe nk6an k opnne,
occnn, ko1opyk on nk6n1 aocnep ppyroHy aa1opn1e1y - e1py aapaeay - c
o1kpm1mHn rnasaHn (onLueansH nnn naunonanLnoe cornacne?). mue
neopnokpa1no nopuepknaanocL, u1o peuen1m pasan1nn occnn, pannme aueH co
1oaapnun, nosaonnk1 npepnonara1L, u1o cnx yn m c,
c nm, M m krn . a n nk6nHo o1 1ako
nk6an Hoxe1 cnnLno ne nospopoan1Lcn.
ueH npnunna, noueHy 1ak nonyuae1cn?
a no1oHy, u1o aepnm asrnnp na occnk n ee pasan1ne aosHoxen 1onLko a opnoH
cnyuae: u ux
- rnaanoro napopa c1panm, ee snxpn1enn n pepxn1enn.
1o aHec1o a1oro Hm anpnH y aua n paueo6pasnmx?
epseun nenaanc1nnk occnn - aunaa aaen sanann kak-1o, u1o nonn1ne opnnm
sapae1cn-pe ne kako-nn6o opno paHko - reorpaqnuecko, xosnc1aenno,
a1nnuecko, kynL1ypno nnn konqeccnonanLno, a Hnoxec1aoH 1aknx paHok, npnueH
amnnunaanne kako-1o opno ns nnx upeaa1o 6epaHn n necuac1LnHn. au o6ann,
yaneuen n paxe aocxnuen a1o HmcnLk nac1onLko, u1o paaxpm c aoc1oproH
nepeckasmaae1 ee a caonx nncannnx - a knnre n c1a1Le. a1o o1nouenne a amcue
c1enenn xapak1epno pnn eapen. epL coaceH nnaue o6c1on1 peno y nac, pyccknx
naunonannc1oa: opnna pnn nac - a1o, a nepayk ouepepL, nau pycckn napop, ane
ko1oporo, 6es ko1oporo n Hm - ne Hm, n opnna - ne opnna, n occnn - ne occnn.
onn1noe peno, eapek ne nyxna nopo6nan poHnnan1a a c1pane npoxnaannn. n ne
Hoxe1, ne xoue1 n nx ee nHe1L.
o n nenpouennmx coae1oa paaa1L naH no o6yc1poc1ay occnn, npn ace caoe
nk6an k ne, on ne ponxen.
* * *
n q:
- , u
mn u u,
CCC, n,
. 3
u n - ,
n. H u x, -
um , qu
x (u ), ,
m , m n n
x , m x u-x
.
Yu, m u n , mn
s u u: , s
nu . O m, u s xn
n m .
Q u u u ?
510
- Q. H. (Hx nv.)
4. MEERBHmH HME: HYBH - 2 - HYBH
o1 paa nso6paxenLn: ao1 - n ao1.
a a1nx payx nop1pe1ax nnua 6pa1Lea.
. ekcnnp, aHne1
na1onnn y6aca aonno1nnacL pnn 6onLunnc1aa nauero nacenennn acn
cyHHa nera1nanmx nocnepc1an Hone1apnc1cknx peqopH. y1L npepnasnauennn a1oro
uenoaeka coc1on1 a 1oH, u1o on okasancn npeanLnmH HenepxepoH pnpa
Horyuec1aennmx 6nsnecHenoa (a 1oH uncne ns-sa py6exa), npepc1aannkunH nx
nn1epecm a npouecce rpanpnosnoro paspena nHyuec1aa . o o6c1on1enLc1ao, u1o
ao anapennn 200 eapecknx ceHec1a cocpepo1ounnocL nou1n 70% poccncko
co6c1aennoc1n, a ace nnn nou1n ace penLrn a1o c1panm okasanncL a eapecknx
pykax (. ononL. osnk6n1e occnk, opnc 6paHoanu!. - n N 38/98), ao
HnoroH - ero sacnyra. eropnn, aosrnaannn , on aepe1 ak1nanyk 6opL6y sa
peHonononnsaunk , sa npnaa1nsaunk ero nan6onee nakoHmx kyckoa n npo1na
sakona, orpannunaakuero npaao nnoc1pannmx nnaec1opoa anape1L 6onee ueH 25%
akun.
na1onn opncoanu caH nnuno ne nponanncn nn kak 6nsnecHen, nn kak 1eope1nk
npeo6pasoaann. ro c1a1Ln c Hnoroo6euakunH nasaanneH 1o napo pena1L a
occnn?, ony6nnkoaannan a xypnane 1kpm1an nonn1nka (1pn6yna rapapoauea) n
nepeneua1annan esaancnHo rase1o 03.10.97 r., ne copepxn1, aonpekn nasaannk,
nnkaknx konuen1yanLnmx o1kpoaenn. e cnyuano nnk1o ns cepLesnmx yuenmx -
akonoHnc1oa, o6uec1aoaepoa, qy1yponoroa - ne o1knnknyncn na a1o pexypnoe
amc1ynnenne nepaoro anue-npeHLepa npaan1enLc1aa occnn, npnsaannoe
o6Lncnn1Lcn c napopoH n saun1n1L peqopHm o1 nanapok n 6ecnouaennmx
pnckyccn, a npoue - nonynnpnsnpoaa1L enLunnckne eHL rnaanmx pen
npaan1enLc1aa occnn. saopno nyc1n1L pmHoayk saaecy nap npoponxakuecn
pacnpopaxe poc1onnnn naue c1panm.
pnnc1aennoe uennoe ck npnsnanne c1a1Ln - a nepaoH a6saue:
porpaHHa, ko1opyk nHee1 o6noanennoe npaan1enLc1ao, kak a1o nn neuanLno pnn
naunx npo1nannkoa, ncxopn1 ns nnmx uennoc1e n npepc1aanenn, nexenn 1e,
ko1opme 6onee ceHnpecn1n ne1 nacaxpanncL a occnn. nnnunoe sananenne pnn
nk6oro peaonkunonepa, nanano nonarakuero, u1o nac1onuan nc1opnn c1panm
naunnae1cn nHenno c nero.
pnnc1aennoe uennoe npnsnanne nk-kk, o6ep-npnaa1nsa1opa, - a 1oH,
u1o, npnkpmaancL neo6xopnHoc1Lk amnna1n1L napopy sapnna1y n nencnn n 1eH caHmH
sapyunauncL noppepxko Hacc, on naHepeaancn nyc1n1L c Hono1ka oc1aaunecn eue
nenpnaa1nsnpoaannmHn 15 kpynneunx, 6ora1eunx npepnpnn1n occnn, nko6m
ponxnmx a 6kpxe1 penLrn (a 1o apeHn, kak pykoaopnHoe npeo6pasoaa1ennHn
rocypapc1ao caHo nepep nnHn a ponrax, kak a uenkax, sa neonnauennme rocnoc1aakn -
kak, nanpnHep, asnpoHy). y6ac roaopn1 o6 a1oH npnHo, ne nykaan: ce
npepnpnn1nn o6nsanm amnonnn1L caok saponxennoc1L nepep 6kpxe1oH. 6LeH a1o
saponxennoc1n ncuncnne1cn unqpo, npeamuakue 60 1pnnnnonoa py6ne. y1 c
naue c1oponm nyxnm poc1a1ouno peun1enLnme pec1ann. m roaopnH naunH
ponxnnkaH, a snaun1, ne npoc1o naunH, a ponxnnkaH yun1ene, apaue,
aoennocnyxaunx, ne nonyuakunx aoapeHn sapnna1y, Hm roaopnH 1eH, k1o nH ponxen:
511
cnn y aac ceuac ne1 pener a 1ekyueH o6opo1e, snaun1, npopaaa1e caon akunn,
ocyuec1ann1e a1opnunyk aHnccnk, ncnonLsy1e a aqqek1nano qopHe 1e ak1nam,
ko1opme y aac peanLno cyuec1ayk1 ceropnn.
oaec1n cao saHmcen po konua y6ac, k cuac1Lk, ne ycnen: nLunn nocneunn
amaec1n ero c epnoHmppnnmH ns-nop pyuauecn nnpaHnpm , nopc1aana nop
ypap npnenko, u1o6m nocne peqon1a c 1pnyHqoH aepny1L nx na Hec1o. oHep ne
npouen - n na a1oH na1onn y6ac kak rnaua1a npeo6pasoaann noka sakonunncn.
okasancn c1apun 6pa1 - ropL y6ac, npenopaaa1enL
a, qnnocoq, aa1op neony6nnkoaannoro yue6nnka no HapkcnsHy, roaopnnaoe
cyuec1aoaanne ko1oporo c ns6m1koH nokpmaae1 uenenanpaanennyk pen1enLnoc1L
Hnapuero 6pa1a, npepnoun1akuero, kak xopouan co6aka, kyca1L Honua. expy
6pa1LnHn npe1 nernacnoe conepnnuec1ao a nonynnpnoc1n: ecnn naapm o6ep-npak1nka
npeo6pasoaann opnosnauno npnnapnexa1 HnapueHy, 1o sa saanne o6ep-1eope1nka
1akoamx o1uannno 6Le1cn c1apun. apeckne okasmaak1 eHy unpokyk
noppepxky.
a ckaHLe cypa pyccko nc1opnn Hec1a xaa1n1 o6onH.
ak nsaec1no, ne nana 6pa1Lea, paaun nH qaHnnnk, no HaHa - anca anHoana
aran - eapeka; 1o ec1L o6a 6pa1a, cornacno anaxe, coaepuennme eapen. oc1aan1L
nx pnpoH - nou1n opno nnuo. asnnua epaa ynoanHa. 6a, kc1a1n, - pmxne. o, ecnn,
rnnpn na na1onnn, ckopee nopyHaeuL: pycckn, 1o rnnpn na ropn, oun6n1Lcn
neaosHoxno: eape. akan ao1 nrpa npnpopm.
ropL opncoanu ne pas ny6nnuno sanannn, u1o ne nHee1 c 6pa1oH nnuero o6uero n
paxe paano c nnH ne ac1peuae1cn. on, ne aeua1e na Henn rpexn onnka. pnako,
cnepn sa ero nporpaHHnmHn amc1ynnennnHn, nonnHaeuL: 1eope1nueckne yc1anoakn
c1apuero 6pa1a, ecnn 6ypy1 npnHenenm k occnn, acec1oponne o6ecneua1
npoponxenne pen1enLnoc1n Hnapuero. pnkpok1 ee y1eun1enLnmH qnepoH
ryHannc1nuecko nceaponayuno 6on1oann. 6o onn 1ouno 1ak xe nexa1 a
knaccnueckoH pycne eapecko Hmcnn, packpmaakue uero onn o1 nac xo1n1.
po1naopeune Hexpy 6pa1LnHn - HnnHoe. opnn1 nx n nenpoun6aeHan
caHoyaepennoc1L, caoc1aennan o6onH. 6a uyac1ayk1 ce6n anpaae peua1L cypL6m
occnn.
rnaae aa asrnnpa na nc1opnk occnn: k1o npaa? n yxe kacancn aosspenn
y6aca-c1apuero. y1L nx ampaxae1cn opnnH cnoaoH: poccnnnc1ao. n ak1nano n
noackpy nx nponaranpnpye1, ncnonLsyn ace HmcnnHme 1pn6ynm. accHo1pnH xe a1n
aosspennn annHa1enLne.
4.1. HHR HHHHER H!
, nopnexaune nsyuennk, nocn1 xapak1epnme nasaannn: onn nano
o1cmnak1 nac k npounoHy, no npn a1oH kak 6m o1Hennk1 a1o npounoe.
nnxka ropn y6aca nasmaae1cn 1 yccko npen - k npee oao occnn: a
pannoH sarnaann noppasyHeaae1cn ne pasan1ne, a yxop o1 opnoro nHnepa1naa,
cnHaonnsnpykuero o6ae1uanyk 1papnunk, - k ppyroHy, yc1peHnennoHy a 6ypyuee.
e oaan occnn kak nponsaopnoe yccko npen, a oaan occnn - kak npeoponennan,
nsxn1an ycckan npen. Henno a1o1 cHmcn neHepnenno, 1y1 xe nop1aepxpae1cn a
annrpaqe k nepaoHy paspeny. 1ypen1 (eape?) cnpaunaae1 aa1opa: ec1no roaopn,
Hne o1 opnoro nasaannn aauero kypca c1anoan1cn neyk1no - ycckan npen, oaan
512
occnn, qnnocoqnn occnn - am u1o, naunonan-na1pno1 nnn k1o-1o eue noxneue?.
aa1op uec1no o1aeuae1: e1, koneuno. npnpepxnaakcL peHokpa1nuecknx
y6expenn.
pyro nc1ounnk - anLHanax oame aexn (xypnan o6uepoccncko rpaxpancko
pnckyccnn, N 1 (2). - ., 1998. - neH Hm paccHo1pnH 1onLko c1a1Lk y6aca
c1opnsH, o6yc1poc1ao, pyxoanoc1L - qopHyna aospoxpennn occnn, nnn
poccnckn npenm kpnsnc a payx ak1ax) - sac1aanne1 acnoHnn1L snaHenn1me
c6opnnkn exn n Heny aex, nonoxnaune a nepao 1pe1n aeka saHe1nme
py6exn pasan1nn pyccko o6uec1aenno Hmcnn. o pannm anLHanax, a pepkonnernn
ko1oporo ne1 (. sapacoa, . nnsapoa, .
apkapnn, . ckoukn, . y6ac - rnaanm pepak1op), paxe na o6noxke n
1n1ynLnoH nnc1e nece1 onpoaeprakuyk naun accounaunn cnHaonnky, nockonLky
saronoaok na6pan oco6mH eapecknH upnq1oH, cnerka c1nnnsoaannmH nop
napn1ckn anqaan1 n uac1o ncnonLsyeHmH eapecko nepnopnko. a n cnoao
noame opnosnauno o1cekae1 1papnunk npouL.
pn a1oH nepycckan pepkonnernn cHeno sananne1: KM nn c nnncn
c M, k M cMcn n-
kMMyM, Mk, k cn cn c
c m nc.
o1 on - - a caHoH u1o nn na ec1L knaccnueckoH anpe.
Pccn - m, - cun1ak1 a1n nn1epnaunonan-na1pno1m. - H M yM ycck
n -mMy.
o Hm, cHek napen1Lcn, 6ypeH nk6n1L ee no-caoeHy. epL pnn nac occnn nHee1
cHmcn n snauenne 1onLko papn naue, pyccko naunn, kak pycckan c1pana a
nc1opnueckoH n aksnc1enunanLnoH cHmcne. ne kak nekan 1eppn1opnn - Hec1o
npoxnaannn nkpe-a1oHoa, npoc1o nkpe, caHopen1enLnmx rpaxpan,
poccnnn. 1o seHnn ne 1onLko naunx pyccknx npepkoa, caHmx o1panennmx, no n
nac caHnx, n naunx pyccknx no1oHkoa, seHnn, pannan pyccknH cypL6o na aeunme
apeHena. 1nH ona naH 6nnska n popora, a1nH ona nac pepxn1. konn ne 1ak - uep1a
nn naH a occnn? oxno na1n na eHne Hec1a, rpe n knnHa1 nonyuue, n kynL1ypa
noppeane, n sapnna1a no6onLue. a 1onLko Hm 1aH 6ypeH naaeuno roc1nHn, a specL
Hm 6mnn n 6ypeH naaeuno xosneaaHn.
k y6acy. ero pa6o1ax, kak roaapnaan Ho nana, peuensnpyn
neko1opme pnccep1aunn konner, Hnoro noaoro n aepnoro: k coxanennk, , ,
- , nm c, , - .


4.2. EEH-HQEK RH ERHK REH
, y6ac 1oxe npeannc1. an1naneu: co ccmnkn na pn1nky unc1oro
pasyHa on naunnae1 pasroaop c un1a1eneH, npo1naonoc1aannn kan1oackyk HopenL
nosnannn (cnauana nonanne1cn 6onee-Henee uenoc1nan, nonnan HopenL
nccnepyeHoro nanennn, a sa1eH nponcxopn1 uyac1aennoe noc1nxenne ero pe1ane) -
nennncko (o1 xnaoro cosepuannn - k a6c1pak1noHy Hmunennk, a o1 nero k
npak1nke). 1o penae1cn pnn 1oro, u1o6m akc1panonnpoaa1L kan1oackyk cxeHy na
o6uec1aennoe c1pon1enLc1ao: H yccn Mn, M n ycm x
c, cc, c , cn
kMy c, M n a c, M cycy, kk c,
n yx n (5). aknH o6pasoH, pnn y6aca
c1pana-npean nanne1cn neknH nepanunmH qenoHenoH, npepuec1aykunH n
513
sacnonnkunH co6o c1pany-pannoc1L. a panLneueH on cknonen cun1a1Lcn kak c
peanLnoc1Lk nHenno co caonH npeanoH, a ne c occne, kak ona ec1L.
panno yc1anoake y6ac kappnnanLno pacxopn1cn c aueH, y1aepxpakueH (no-
HoeHy, anonne cnpaaepnnao) coaepuenno o6pa1noe: nkakyk Hnccnk napopa
(naunn) a 1ounoH cHmcne cnoaa, 1.e. kak npepsapannyk, npepc1onuyk eHy a Hnpoao
nc1opnn, n ne Hory noHmcnn1L. onL (a ne Hnccnn!) napopa a nc1opnn, ero aknap a
Hnpoayk kynL1ypy amncnnk1cn acerpa post factum. onm1kn ampyHa1L n peannsoaa1L
Hnccnk napopa a Hnpoao nc1opnn po po6pa ne poaopn1 (onn1nka
qopHnpoaannn.). paapa, aHec1o a1oro au npepnarae1 napopy nonn1nueckoe
caHoonpepenenne; a ueH ono coc1on1, Hm yxe snaeH.
o n saHmcen y6aca nnuy1L ne nyuue. n npepnarae1 ncxopn1L ns 1oro, u1o kpnsnc
c1an okonua1enLno oueanpnmH pnn acex 1orpa, korpa spanne koHnpeonornn, k
cuac1Lk, pyxnyno, no, k necuac1Lk, nnkako nopHanLno, ec1ec1aenno, apekaa1no
cnc1eHm uennoc1e, nnkakoro noaoro Hnpoaosspennn ne aosnnkno. 1o1 aakyyH on n
xoue1 sanonnn1L, n6o po 1ex nop, noka ne 6ypy1 peuenm Hnpoaosspenueckne
npo6neHm, ne Hory1 6m1L peuenm nnkakne nnme npo6neHm, kak ne noc1pon1L poH
6es qynpaHen1a, 1ak ne nopnn1L c1pany 6es npen a1o c1panm, 6es npen oao
occnn. o6c1aenno, noka ne1 npen - ne1 n c1panm (5). pen oao occnn eue ne
cqopHnpoaana n nanne1cn npepHe1oH ak1nano o6uec1aenno pnckyccnn. apaua
knnrn - cqopHnpoaa1L noaoro ora, npek oao occnn (11).
nn1L npnae1 npocae1n1ennH: pen npaan1 HnpoH! paxe ne 1onLko npaan1, no n
cospak1 ero.
cnoano peqek1 npocae1n1enLckoro nopxopa coc1on1, kak nsaec1no, a nrnopnpoaannn
uenoaeueckoro Ha1epnana, ko1opoHy qnnocoqm paccun1maak1 npnan1L caon npen.
expy 1eH, nyMc cn c knc kc
nck Mcc, rpe ona pacnpoc1panne1cn. o npocae1n1enn nnkorpa ne
acnoHnnak1 o xopoue pyccko nocnoanue: o1 ocnnkn ne 6maae1 anenLcnnkn.
ockonLky nopo6pa1L uenoaeueckne Haccm nop npek uepesuyp cnoxno,
ec1ec1aennmH 6mn 6m o6pa1nm nopxop: nopo6pa1L npek nop Haccm. onpoc1y
roaopn, cnepye1 amaopn1L npek a1o c1panm ne ns o1aneuennmx npeanoa
(npepasn1mx yc1anoaok n npnnunnoa), a ns konkpe1noro anannsa counanLno
c1pyk1ypm o6uec1aa. s npak1nuecknx no1pe6noc1e konkpe1nmx o6uec1aennmx
c1pa1, c opno c1oponm, a c ppyro - ns konkpe1nmx xe nc1opnuecknx ycnoan
1ekyuero pnn. naue npen, kak 6m ona nn 6nnc1ana a6c1pak1no kpaco1o n
npenec1Lk, nn6o 6ype1 o1aeprny1a napopoH - nc1nnnmH 1aopuoH nc1opnn, nn6o
aope1 a npo1naopeune c sapauaHn HoHen1a n paccmnne1cn a npax nnn o6epne1cn
ouepepno nc1opnuecko 1parepne. o nHenno na 1ako ec1ec1aennm nopxop
npocae1n1enn-npeokpa1m (a 1oH uncne neonpocae1n1enn - poccnckne eapen,
paccyxpakune o pyccko npee), ank6nennme a co6c1aennme 1eopnn, oprannueckn ne
cnoco6nm.
He1opnuecknx yc1anoaok a nonno Hepe caoc1aenna ropk y6acy
(kak n auy c ero o1kpm1mH o6uec1aoH); a a1oH nerko y6epn1Lcn, osnakoHnauncL c
ero 1pak1oakaHn anonne opnosnaunmx nc1opnuecknx qak1oa.
o1 on noc1ynnpye1: ekan am1ekakuan ns ace o1euec1aenno nc1opnn n kynL1ypm
cnc1eHa npnnunnoa n uennoc1e - neo6xopnHa (7). o aecL nc1opnocoqckn n paxe
qnnonornueckn ananns, ko1opm y6ac nm1ae1cn aec1n, kak 6yp1o npopnk1oaan
opno caepxsapaue: naunc1o ncknkun1L, u u
q ns 1o napapnrHm pasan1nn occnn a npounoH, nac1onueH n 6ypyueH,
ko1opan pncye1cn nepep un1a1eneH ero knnrn.
514
oxopn1 po a6cyppa, po cn1yaunn a ynop ne anxy.
o1 y6ac konc1a1npye1: orpa pyxnynn 1nckn koHHynnc1nuecko npeonornn, na
aonk ampaanocL cpepxnaaaueecn nHn naunonanLnoe caHocosnanne. oa1oHy
npoc1o annnacL a coc1aa epepa1nano epHannn, a ne o6pasoaana kakyk-1o
caHoc1on1enLnyk pecny6nnky nnn nekyk ynnk c anne n onLue, u1o, paccyxpan,
koneuno, coaepuenno a6c1pak1no, ne 6mno a6conk1no neaosHoxnmH.
oHHynnc1nueckne qepepaunn - , Krocnaann, exocnoaaknn - pacnanncL nHenno
no naunonanLnmH npenH n kon1ypaH (6).
a6nkpenne rny6oko aepnoe. ako xe amaop nanpaunaae1cn ns ckasannoro?
6conk1no ncno: nmn u
B E CCC m, u,
u.
roaopk - kak n cnepoaano oxnpa1L, no1oHy u1o a Hnpe c nk
M nrn c, aokpyr ko1opmx ncnokon aeky
cnnaunaak1cn cc nck c: counanLnan (knaccoaan,
cocnoanan) - n naunonanLnan. 1n npenme ocn an1aronnc1nunm,
nepnenpnkynnpnm: epnnc1ao naunn ne ponyckae1 knaccoayk 6opL6y, knaccoaoe
epnnc1ao ne npnsnae1 naunonanLno posnn. 1o kak 6m pae kpanne 1oukn aHnnn1ypm
o6uec1aennmx kone6ann; Han1nnk nc1opnueckoro panxennn kauae1cn: o1 knaccoao
npen - k naunonanLno n o6pa1no.
pen knaccoaoro epnnc1aa (npone1apnn acex c1pan, coepnnn1ecL!) ponro n
6espaspenLno rocnopc1aoaana a sone coae1ckoro annnnnn. eypnan1enLno, u1o c
ocna6nenneH HexannsHa, o6ecneunaaauero a1o rocnopc1ao, na aceH noc1coae1ckoH
npoc1panc1ae (ne 1onLko a 6maueH ) neHepnenno aoc1opxec1aoaan
an1aronnc1nueckn npnnunn naunonanLnoro epnnc1aa. 1o a nonno Hepe kacae1cn n
occnn: ecnn a 1986 ropy 78% pyccknx nasaann ce6n coae1cknHn n 1onLko 15% -
pyccknHn, 1o a 1998 ropy yxe 43% poccnnn ampasnnn cornacne c nosynroH occnn
pnn pyccknx![30]. co6enno paspennk1 a1y nosnunk Honopme, ne o1paanennme npoH
koHnn1epnoacko npeonornn nkpn. H n,
m sx qx u um.
ornka roaopn1: aepL a1o ono n ec1L - 1o caHoe noaoe Hnpoaosspenne, 1a
nopHanLnan, ec1ec1aennan, apekaa1nan cnc1eHa uennoc1e, ko1opan caHa co6o
aosnnkna, korpa spanne koHnpeonornn, k cuac1Lk, pyxnyno. akyk eue nocne a1oro
napo ncka1L npek oao occnn?! o1 xe ona, ro1oaan, - aosLHn ee n no6expa!
annm amaop nexn1 na noaepxnoc1n, Hoxno ckasa1L, nop noraHn nccnepoaa1enn.
apo o6napa1L , 6ykaanLno - sauopennoc1Lk, u1o6m ero
ne yanpe1L. nn nykaac1aoH, nnn snmH yHmcnoH, u1o6m, yanpea, - npo1n HonuanneH.
o ropL y6ac aHec1o a1oro npoc1oro n oueanpnoro amaopa nyckae1cn kono6popn1L
a pe6pnx qnno- n nc1opnocoqc1aoaannn. a pesynL1a1e npnxopn1, kak o6 a1oH yxe
nncanocL amue, k npnHo npo1naononoxnoHy amaopy n k nponaranpe nnkueHno n
ockop6n1enLno pnn pyccknx npeonornn poccnnnc1aa.
ue npnHep: nac1n ponxnm 6m1L ro1oam k npo1ec1aH [no noaopy panLneuero
counanLnoro o6nnuannn]. pnako naueHy o6uec1ay a cnny pnpa o6Lek1nanmx npnunn
oprannsoaa1Lcn kpane cnoxno. kopee acero npo1ec1oaa1L nauny1 naunonanLnme
pernonm, naunn na ceropnn caHm cnnLnm counanLnm qak1op. cnn nonn1nka
nepekaukn acex xnsnennmx cokoa o1 napopa k anac1n npoponxn1cn, Hoxno
npepnonoxn1L, u1o cenapa1nsH naunonanLnmx pecny6nnk 6ype1 na6npa1L cnny.
1ckpa amaop - rnaano uennoc1Lk 6ypyue npeonornn Hoxe1 6m1L o6Lnanen
na1pno1nsH, uenoc1noc1L c1panm (74). pope 6m ncno o6pncoaanm qak1m,
npopeHonc1pnpoaano Hyppoe cosnanne 1oro, u1o naunn na ceropnn caHm cnnLnm
515
counanLnm qak1op. o kakoam xe amaopm?! o1L 6m aa1op sapancn aonpocoH, ue
xe a1o 6ype1 na1pno1nsH, 6onekun sa uenoc1noc1L c1panm a cn1yaunn, korpa
cenapa1nsH naunonanLnmx pecny6nnk 6ype1 na6npa1L cnny? 1o xe oc1ane1cn na
c1paxe a1o caHo uenoc1noc1n, cn yy cy cr
nMy ky ? cno: a1o 6ype1 nHenno n a nepayk ouepepL
- - n nnu1o nnoe. Henno n n n ec1L 1o1
caHm qak1op, ko1opm n u...
o y6ac 6on1cn ponyc1n1L a1o paxe a Hmcnnx n - Honun1!
nocHo1pn1e, c kako npoc1Lk o1aeprae1 y6ac paxe caHoe npepnonoxenne o
aosHoxnoc1n kako-1o pyccko naunonanLno napapnrHm! n nnue1: np
nccnepoaa1ene 1ak nasmaaeHo na1pno1nuecko opnen1aunn npnsmaae1 aepny1Lcn k
pyccko npee. ronocnoano yaepne1: opo6nan nonm1ka npnaena 6m nac k caHoHy
nnaueanoHy pesynL1a1y (10).
n1epecno, koro a1o - nac? noueHy? asae u1o - nx.
aunonanLnm npnnunn nac1onLko nenaanc1en y6acy, u1o on ro1oa sakpmaa1L rnasa
na oueanpnoe ne 1onLko a npak1nuecko nonn1nke, no n a 1eopnn. o1 on, k npnHepy,
nepeuncnne1 snauennn cnoaa counannsH: c1L Hapkcoa counannsH, ec1L counannsH
eaponecko counan-peHokpa1nn n ec1L counannsH coae1cko-couc1panoackn (53).
y k1o xe noaepn1, 6yp1o eape sa6mn o 1akoH nanennn, kak naunonan-counannsH?
oneuno, ne1. o - yHonuan! o1oHy u1o eHy c1pauna caHan HmcnL o pycckoH
naunonan-counannsHe. e nasmaa1L cao c1pax no nHenn - aaocL n Hnne1cn.
opcosnanne, ne xenakuee cun1a1Lcn c pec1an1enLnoc1Lk, paan1 na ace
nonnHakuee cosnanne, sac1n1 eHy cae1.
nrpe - nn a knnre, nn a xypnane - y6ac nn pasy ne cno1knyncn o 1pnananLnm,
no aecLHa Hnorosnaun1enLnm qak1: ypenLnm aec pyccknx a occnn - HnnnHyH 82%
nacenennn. 1o yHonuanne - kpnun1! m nonnHaeH, po kako c1enenn a1a unqpa 6Le1
eHy a rnasa, pexe1 cnyx, napannsye1 pmxanne n HmcnL. y, ne1y pnn uy6acoa
pycckoro naunonanLnoro qak1opa - n ace 1y1!
oHep, nnL1on, annkoackn. axe1cn, a1o1 cnncok aennknx cnenmx nopa
nononnn1L ropeH y6acoH.
4.3. MRBHHK! m 3BmRH QEB UHm.
uenoaek co6npae1cn cypn1L o yccko pee!
y6ac ne c1papae1 o1 nepoc1a1ka yaepennoc1n a ce6e: pnp1n k npee oao occnn
Hoxno, nnuL 1ua1enLno paso6paauncL n a yccko, n a koHHynnc1nuecko npenx.
pepHe1 1akoro nccnepoaannn - npepc1aanennoe a a1o knnre noaoe nayunoe
nanpaanenne, ko1opoe cnepye1 nasaa1L qnnocoqne occnn (10).
oamx aexax on xopoxopn1cn: aano nopa am1n na noHoc1 n amxa1L u1anry c
napnncLk ycckan npen (14). ecna6o! 1annukn 6m ne nopaa1L. a acnkn
cnyua, ne nyuue nn am1n na noHoc1 6es nnx?
ak on n cpenan. oxe1, a1o ne cnnukoH 6naronpnc1onm o6pas, no qnnocoq,
6epyuncn paccyxpa1L o pyccko nc1opnn n paxe c1pon1L qnnocoqnk occnn, ne
nHen pnn a1oro aneHen1apno nopro1oakn, anpnHL nanoHnnn Hne pen1enn ac1papm,
amuepuero na ny6nnky ao qpake, no 6es 6pkk.
516
am, peqek1nanoc1L nopxopa, o6ycnoanennan naunonanLnmH nponcxoxpenneH
y6aca, ne nosaonne1 eHy apekaa1no paccyxpa1L nn o pyccko nc1opnn, nn o pyccko
coapeHennoc1n, nn o pyccko npee.
517
1. K n x. x
ec1L npak1nueckan qnnocoqnn, ko1opan yun1 nac c noHouLk npnHepoa, -
1ouno onpepennn korpa-1o nopp onnnr6pok. coxanennk, amcokoHepno-
yHospn1enLnm nopxop k nc1opnn, Hnnykun ee qak1orpaqnueckyk cy1L, y
o1euec1aennmx qnnocoqoa ac1peuae1cn uac1enLko. o nc1opnocoqnn ne1 6es
nc1opnorpaqnn. epL na noxno nocmnke nenLsn noc1pon1L aepnmx amaopoa.
py6me oun6kn y6aca-nc1opnka canpe1enLc1ayk1 o 1oH, u1o aa1opy nesnakoHm
nnkakne nc1ounnkn, kpoHe caHmx ppeHyue-saHuenmx n npnHn1nanmx, xo1L on n
npnsmaae1 k kynL1y nc1opnn. oc1oaepnmx xe nccnepoaann (neko1opme ns
coapeHennmx n nasoay) on npoc1o ne pepxan a pykax. o1 neckonLko npnHepoa.
862 ropa npnrnauennm ns kanpnnaann kpnk c1an knnxn1L a oaropope,
nospnee ero cmn ner npnuen c ppyxnno a nea n o6Lnann ropop c1onLnmH (17).
o kpnk npnexan ne ns kanpnnaann (nopHanckan 1eopnn paano pasaenuana,
opnako eapen - nL1uynep, y6ac n pp. nnkak ne Hory1 c ne pacc1a1Lcn), a ns
ceaepnmx o6nac1e oc1ouno aponm. ner 6mn ne cmnoH ero, a caonkoH (npoq. ..
ysLHnn. 1o a pn6an1nke kopenno? - ., 1993; .. oxnnoa. c1opnn ycn n
pycckoro cnoaa. oapeHennm asrnnp. - ., 1997).
naano npyxnno, nopoxpakunH npo6neHm HexannsHoH okasanncL aoace ne
aneunne nauec1ann. nuL korpa a 1223 ropy c1ncnaa pano nponrpan 1a1apcknH
o1pnpaH 6n1ay y pekn ankn, nea noc1enenno c1an nonapa1L a ycnnnaakuykcn
qnnancoao-nonn1nueckyk saancnHoc1L o1 ono1o ppm. npoueH, nory6nnn ero ace-
1akn ne aneunne aparn, a co6c1aennan neaqqek1nanan cnc1eHa nonn1nueckoro
ynpaanennn. onapxnn 1nna neacko ycn okasanacL cnc1eHo
caHopaspyuakuecn (17). 1onLko ny1annum, u1o paxe koHHen1npoaa1L ne xoue1cn.
nkako qnnancoao-nonn1nuecko saancnHoc1n o1 1a1ap, pa eue noc1enenno
ycnnnaakuecn Hexpy 6n1ao na anke (1223) n asn1neH neaa (1240), ne 6mno.
nocne - 6mna aoenno-nonn1nueckan, okkynaunonnan saancnHoc1L (nro), aosnnkuan
kak pesynL1a1 Honrono-1a1apcko akcnancnn. a1o o sanyc1ennn kneaunnm,
amxxenno, ampesanno n pasopenno 1a1apaHn (aneunnHn aparaHn) na uenme
c1one1nn, nsaec1no ouenL xopouo. ak u1o nHenno pokoaoe aneunee nauec1ane
nopaeno uep1y nop nepnopoH neacko ycn. a1oHy HoHen1y ycL nopouna yxe ne a
anpe Honapxnn (epnnoanac1nn), a a coc1onnnn ypenLno pasppo6nennoc1n. o
uepes a1o ec1ec1aennoe na onpepenennoH a1ane coc1onnne npoxopnnn n ppyrne
qeopanLnme c1panm 1oro apeHenn - panunn, nrnnn, epHannn, a1o 6mn o6un ny1L.
1.p.
norne knnsLn neacko ycn aounn a nc1opnk kak nkpn amcokoro npaac1aennoro
npnHepa - specL n napnHnp pacnoe (1ak!) onnmuko, n pocnaa yppm, n
ceaonop onLuoe nespo (17). ypn no 6mnnnaH 6ora1mpckoro unkna, napnHnp
pacno onnmuko (c ko1opmH nccnepoaa1enn onnue1aopnk1, a ocnoanoH, napnHnpa
an1oro), aeponoHno caxaaun a 1eHnnuy nLk ypoHua n 1.n., kak pas-1akn ne 6mn
npaac1aennmH npnHepoH. yx 1onLko sakonuennm unnnk Hoxe1 nasaa1L ero
1akoamH no nc1opnuecknH nc1ounnkaH: napnHnp aaen na ycn uenoaeueckne
xep1aonpnnouennn; na neH kpoaL aeponoHno y6n1oro popnoro 6pa1a pononka; on
cnno nonn sa ce6n 6epeHennyk apoay nocnepnero; a ppyryk xeny, ornepy, on pnn
nauana nsnacnnoaan ao asn1oH u1ypHoH onouke na rnasax ee cansannmx popn1ene-
knnse, ko1opmx no1oH aenen y6n1L (a1o1 nopanr on cnyc1n ropm noa1opnn a ceHLe
npaan1ene asn1o nH opcynn [epconece]); eue opny xeny, 6onrapckyk Honauky,
asnn nenocpepc1aenno a anrenLckoH unne (acero y nero 6mn nn1L 1.n. aopnHmx
xen, ne cun1an rpeuankn, c ko1opo on o6aenuancn a 989 r., n co1en nanoxnnu) n 1.p.
n 1.n. o1oHkn cnncann eHy rpexn sa kpeuenne ycn, no npnaepennme qak1m xopouo
nsaec1nm nc1opnkaH.
518
kpennenne ockam noc1enenno ac1peuano cornacne n noppepxky npaaocnaano
uepkan. epaoro nepeexaauero ckpa ns neaa Hn1pononn1a aana nepeHannn caH
ann1a (19). n1pononn1a, y1aeppnauero cao npec1on a ockae npn ann1e, saann
ne aanoH, a e1poH. nepeexan on na noaoe Hec1o, koneuno xe, ne ns neaa, paano
no1epnauero caoe snauenne, a ns napnHnpa.
ocne pasrpoHa a 1nxeneue cxaa1ke na ynnkoaoH none 1a1apo-Honronoa
pyccknHn aonnaHn... aaxneuee npenn1c1ane na ny1n pyccko akcnancnn 6mno
yc1paneno (19). onnm 6pep, a ko1opoH ace ne coo1ae1c1aye1 pec1an1enLnoc1n (cH.
. oxnnoa. c1opnn pycckoro cnoaa.).
aan III nonnoc1Lk nopunnnn ce6e aaxneun n caHm 6ora1m ceaepnm pycckn
ropop oaropop (19). onnoe nopunnenne oaropopa nponsouno a pesynL1a1e payx
kapa1enLnmx noxopoa 1onLko npn anyke ynoHnny1oro, aane posnoH.
"ocne pasrpoHa na ynnkoaoH none ono1an ppa paspennnacL na 1pn
caHoc1on1enLnmx rocypapc1aa - c1paxanckoe, asanckoe n pmHckoe xanc1aa (19).
e roaopn yx o sa6m1oH n6npckoH xanc1ae, 1y1 ne o1aeuae1 peanLnoc1n 6ykaanLno
kaxpoe cnoao (cH.: .. apranoa. oneu oppmnckoro nra. - ., 1980; ynnkoackan
6n1aa a nc1opnn n kynL1ype naue opnnm. - ., 1983; ynnkoackan 6n1aa. 6. c1. -
., 1980; .. pekoa. oc1ounan apona n ynapok ono1o ppm. - ., 1975; .
oxnnoa. kas. cou.; n Hn. pp.)
epam pycckn uapL aan IV (19). nqopHaunn noxnan. nepame a noao
nacxannn 1492 ropa 6mn no1n1ynoaan rocypapeH n caHopepxueH acen ycn, "noamH
uapeH onc1an1nnoH noaoHy rpapy onc1an1nna ockae, - ne nasaannm y6acoH
npaan1enL, a ero pep, aan III, ynacnepoaaaun o1 pyxnyaue nsan1nn ne 1onLko
cynpyry (oqLk aneonor) n nHnepa1opckne ("uesapckne - uapckne) perannn -
payrnaaoro opna n npou., no n 1n1yn uapn.
e1p nouen na yueHnenne caHoc1on1enLnoc1n npaaocnaano uepkan. nopunnna ee
ne c1onLko na1pnapxy, ckonLko o6ep-npokypopy (23). a1pnapuec1ao npn e1pe
6mno aoo6ue o1Heneno n aocc1anoannocL 1onLko nocne eapanLcko peaonkunn 1917
ropa.
ka1epnna II papoaana aonLnoc1L paopnnc1ay (xanoaannan rpaHo1a 1775 ropa), 1eH
caHmH noHoran eHy c1a1L nepamH caHoc1on1enLnmH cocnoaneH occncko nHnepnn
(23). a pene ykas aonLnoc1n paopnnc1aa amuen a 1762 ropy; on 6mn nspan
nHnepa1opoH e1poH III, anoaannan rpaHo1a 1onLko nop1aeppnna ero pec1ane
cnyc1n Hnoro ne1. epamH caHoc1on1enLnmH cocnoaneH occnn c1ann eue npn e1pe I
pasnounnum - oco6an ka1eropnn ne nonoxennmx a nopyunm oknap, 1o ec1L ne
o6nsannmx nna1n1L nanorn, ropoxan.
ao1 n akckypc a noaeuyk nc1opnk: acunpenne na oc1ok - a1o, koneuno
xe, o1ae1 na npoponxenne nHnepcko nonn1nkn. e 6ype1 ouyua1Lcn yrposa ockam
- ne 6ype1 6ecnokoc1aa n a annnne, apuaae n ypaneu1e (95). ak roaopn1cn,
6es koHHen1apnea.
epeuncnn1L ace nnncycm y6aca ckyuno. x Hnoro, onn aneHen1apnm n ouenL rnynm.
onLunnc1ao ns nnx - pesynL1a1 6pone6ono caHonapennnoc1n n npepenLnoro
neaexec1aa. a nnHn un1ae1cn narnoe: a, n amuen na ac1papy 6es u1anoa - n
ropxycL a1nH! am, 6an6ecm, cnyua1e, u1o aaH yHnme nkpn roaopn1, n
6naropapn1e. o ec1L oun6kn n ppyroro popa. nn npopnk1oaanm HnpoaosspenneH.
kaxeH o nnx.
519
2. 3v nx
npen ne no1oHy nexopoua pnn y6aca, u1o ona ne xopoua, a no1oHy, u1o
ona - pycckan. pen1 poccnnnc1aa, on aespe no xopy knnrn c1aan1 cnoao
poccnnne, poccnckn 1aH, rpe no cHmcny ponxnm c1on1L cnoaa pycckne,
pycckn. caH nonapae1 a co6c1aennyk noayuky.
axe anannsnpyn pyx ycck nocnoanu, ko1opme on un1npye1 no knnre .ann c
6onee ueH xapak1epnmH nasaanneH ocnoanum (!) napopa (caHo a1o
nasaanne nau nc1opnocoq, koneuno xe, c1mpnnao onyckae1), y6ac nyckae1cn a
paccyxpennn o Hnpoanpennn ccn, o 1oH, u1o xe osnauano pnn ccn
npaaocnaane (27), o6 o1nouennn ccn k seHne n seHnepennk - ace a1o pnn
1oro, u1o6m, nakoneu, cpena1L amaop: noroHnnnnonnoe k cn Pcc
(eue opnn aaqeHnsH, o6paseu nsaopo1nnaoc1n! - A.C.) ampaxae1 ce6n a uenoc1noH,
nenpo1naopeunaoH. na6ope cyxpenn. nanns noroaopok o6napyxnaae1
cyuec1aoaanne epnno ccck o6unoc1n (31). epnm anL apauae1cn a rpo6y,
kak nponennep, o1 1akoro nsapauennn! o y6ac, ko1opm ecnn n xo1en 6m, ace
paano ne Hoxe1 npnHasa1Lcn k pycckoHy napopy, ne a cnnax nepeuarny1L uepes
ce6n: ne1 pyccknx, ec1L poccnnne, ko1opmx on sapnnH uncnoH nponsaopn1 a amcokn
panr naunx paneknx npepkoa (35).
ao1 on nnue1, paccyxpan o6 nc1opnn a1nx caHmx, nko6m o6unx y nac c nnH, naunx
npepkoa: o cnx nop, kaxe1cn, eue nnk1o ncno n ue1ko ne ckasan, u1o nmneunnn
occnn - a1o 1pe1Le poccnckoe rocypapc1ao na naue 1eppn1opnn. a ycL-occnn,
u1o cyuec1aoaana c VIII po nauana XX aeka, npnnunnnanLno o1nnuae1cn o1 nnoro
poccnckoro rocypapc1aa, nHeauero ne 1onLko ppyroe nasaanne - - n ppyrne
cnHaonm. occncko Hnepnn knkueame uennoc1n ampaxanncL nonn1neH ycckan
npen. mneunee rocypapc1ao - 1pe1Le a o1euec1aenno nc1opnn - occnn -
occnckan epepaunn nauano qopHnpoaa1Lcn c 1991 ropa a pesynL1a1e pacnapa
. peno-Hnpoaosspenueckn c1a1yc a1oro rocypapc1aa nanne1cn npepHe1oH
oc1po nonn1nuecko 6opL6m, n no ce penL on ue1ko n opnosnauno ne onpepenen.
pecL ne pec1aye1 npexnnn konc1n1yunn, ne cyuec1aye1 anac1n coae1oa n coae1cko-
koHHynnc1nuecko cnHaonnkn, ne1 npaanue n ne1 koHHynnc1nuecko
npeonornn. naun1, noaan occnn ne paanne1cn nn , nn yHenLuenno . o
nmneunnn occnn ne nanne1cn, n a1o oueanpno, npnHmH npoponxenneH occncko
Hnepnn xo1n 6m no1oHy, u1o Hm ne xnaeH a npaaocnaano caHopepxaano
Honapxnn.
nn nac-1o, pyccknx, ncno, u1o naua coapeHennan opnna - ne poccnckoe, a pycckoe
rocypapc1ao, n ne 1pe1Le, a, kak HnnnHyH, nn1oe: neackan ycL - ockoackoe
uapc1ao - occnckan nHnepnn - - occnn. peeHc1aennoc1L (pnn nac) anpna 1y1
caHan npnHan: n6o occnn na aceH npo1nxennn caoe rocypapc1aenno nc1opnn epnna
kak rocypapc1ao pycckoro napopa. Henno n 1onLko a a1oH epnnc1aennm cHmcn ee
pasan1nn kak epnnoro uenoro ao acex caonx qasax. epepn a XVIII aeke ns qasm
pycckoro naunonanLnoro rocypapc1aa a qasy nHnepnn, Hm uepes 1pnc1a ne1 anoaL
aosapauaeHcn a caoe naunonanLnoe rocypapc1ao a konue aeka, xo1n n a nnmx
rpannuax.
nn y6aca 1akan npeeHc1aennoc1L oprannueckn nenpneHneHa. Henno noa1oHy on n
aepe1 ncuncnenne nc1opnn c nHnepckoro nepnopa (npn a1oH nopnoxno ypnnnnnn ero
na 1mcnuy ne1), korpa a coc1aa nacenennn naunnak1 axopn1L Hnorne napopm, a 1oH
uncne eapen.
Henno noa1oHy xe on n y1aepxpae1 o6nmxno, u1o a nHnepnn-pe "knkueame uennoc1n
ampaxanncL nonn1neH ycckan npen. a caHoH xe pene oqnunanLnan npeonornn
520
6mna 6eckoneuno paneka o1 a1oro. ce oHanoam, sa ncknkuenneH, a neko1opo
c1enenn, nekcanppa pe1Lero, 6mnn nopHanLnmHn nHnepuaHn, a o1nkpL ne
pyccknHn naunonannc1aHn, n c1oponnnncL yccko npen, ko1opan npo6naanacL na cae1
1onLko a 1pypax onnosnunonepoa - peka6pnc1oa, cnaannoqnnoa - nnn kpane npaamx
npeonoroa, nnuero o6uero ne nHeaunx c oqnunosoH.
y6ac nxe1, n6o eHy upesamuano xoue1cn nokasa1L, u1o ycckan npen - ne ec1L
neu1o xnaoe, cyuec1aykuee a naueH Hnpe aHec1e c naHn, pyccknHn, pasanaakueecn,
aaonkunonnpykuee. e1: pnn y6aca - a1o HyHnn, uLn xnsnL sakonunnacL a
popeaonkunonno occnn n aHnrpaunn. 1Hepna aHec1e c Hnepne.
oo1ae1c1aykuan rnaaa n nasmaae1cn c yue1oH a1oro: ycckan npen, a ueH ona
coc1on1 n Hoxno nn k ne aepny1Lcn? ak nsaec1no, a nac1onuee ne aosapauak1cn,
aosapauak1cn a npounoe.
3. r .
H nopxopn1 k yccko npee, kak na1anoroana1oH, c nanue1oH n a nepua1kax, -
u1o6m npenapnpoaa1L ee, pasLn1L, kak 1pyn. ak anLepn - Hysmky.
m6pannme pnn nn1n (!) annrpaqoa k coo1ae1c1aykue rnaae aa1opm - ace, kak na
nop6op, knaccnkn, nou1ennme nokonnkn: oc1oeackn, onoaLea, eppnea, c.
aanoa, nLnn... oapeHennme qnnocoqm ynoHnnak1cn 1onLko 1e (ynmra,
ponukn), u1o 1pypn1cn a c1apoH, paano nepecoxueH pycne, nponoxennoH
nepeuncnennmHn amue aa1opaHn, - npoue roaopn, nonynnpnsnpyk1 npen knaccnkoa.
y6acy ne npnxopn1, oueanpno, a ronoay, u1o ycckan npen - pnnaHnueckan HopenL,
y ko1opo Hnoxec1ao xnamx n Hep1amx coaa1opoa, ocyuec1annkunx kak
npeeHc1aennoc1L, 1ak n noneHnky, n aaonkunk. H nnr, nr,
cMy yccky , M x yMny.
n1ore, o6osnauan napaHe1pm 1papnunonno yccko npen, y6ac (ccmnancL, pnn
aepnoc1n, na nekoe Hnqnueckoe 6onLunnc1ao poccneaepoa, nm1akunxcn o1mcka1L
nosn1nanm cHmcn konuen1a) nasmaae1 o1nocn1enLno yc1ounam n orpannuennm
na6op xapak1epnc1nk: co6opnoc1L n konnek1nansH, HonapxnsH, npaaocnaane,
acxa1onornsH, na1pno1nsH (13). ako ao1 neHyppnun nepeckas caonHn cnoaaHn
nsaec1no qopHynm npaaocnaane, caHopepxaane, napopnoc1L.
. H . B . C.
a1epnan, asn1m y6acoH pnn caHoc1on1enLnoro anannsa yccko npen, 1akxe
nopuepkny1o apxanuen. 1o - c1nxn neko1opmx nponsaonLno o1o6pannmx
popeaonkunonnmx noa1oa XIX-XX aa., pycckne nocnoanum, co6pannme aneH, n
co6c1aenno pycckan nc1opnn, ocHmcnennan aa1opoH a Hepy caonx nosnann. n1ore
on cnerka nonpaanne1 amuenpnaepennyk qopHyny: m ampennnn 1pn aaxneunx
npepc1aanennn, coc1aannaunx ocnoay pyccko npen - npaaocnaane, co6opnoc1L (a
ppyroH Hec1e - o6unnnm konnek1nansH. - ..) n co6npanne seHenL. ce a1n 1pn
npen, pa6o1aaune Hnoro c1one1n na qopHnpoaanne nepaoro poccnckoro
rocypapc1aa, a nmneune noao occnn npno6pe1ak1 nno cHmcn n sayuanne n ne
Hory1 6m1L ncnonLsoaanm a npexneH anpe (41). konuy npounoro c1one1nn ace
coc1aannkune pyccko npen aounn a nonocy kpnsnca (c1opnsH., 15).
mna pepoackan uy6a, pa nsnocnnacL. onL cLena. ocn1L nenLsn.
e aonny1ecL, rocnopa, ycckan npen - a npounoH, ona Hep1aa n ne aockpecne1!
521
kak 1y1 ne cornacn1Lcn: a 1akoH anpe - pa, pasyHee1cn, ne aockpecne1!
, na caHoH pene yccko u npen a ckonLko-nn6ypL uenLnoH
anpe x . na ne yHepna, pa n ne Horna yHepe1L,
nockonLky 1onLko eue napoxpae1cn. o peaonkunn, nx
u, n un n u
. 1a npen, u1o cyuec1aoaana (n anonne yknapmaae1cn a npnaepennme
y6acoH qopHynm) nop nHeneH yccko, - a1o, no cy1n, n
n n, mn mu m
u. eko1opan pycckan cneunqnunoc1L a1o npeonornn 6mna sapana
pyccknH nponcxoxpenneH nHnepckoro a1noca - n 1onLko.
anoHnk, u1o naua naunn na aceH npo1nxennn nc1opnn anno1L po nepaanero apeHenn
nnkorpa ne ampanrana co6c1aenno pycckn naunonanLnm (1o ec1L, a nepayk ouepepL,
kpoanm n nc1opnueckn) npnnunn a ocnoay naunonanLno npen1nunoc1n. n xo1L n
npncy1c1aoaan a cosnannn (1m ckaxn, 6ora1mpL, kakoro popy-nneHenn, uyk,
pyccknH pyxoH naxne1! n 1.p.), no ne poHnnnpoaan. a kauec1ae
npen1nqnkaunonno poHnnan1m ampanranncL ppyrne npnnunnm: anauane unc1o
(nopunnneuLcn pycn, pyccknH knnsLnH - snaun1, pycckn;
o1ckpa, kc1a1n, n caHa nekcnueckan qopHa npn1nxa1enLnoro npnnara1enLnoro
pycckn, o1aeuakuero ne na aonpoc k1o?, a na aonpoc ue?), sa1eH
u- (xnaeuL aHec1e c pyccknHn, cnyxnuL occnn -
snaun1, pycckn), qu (npaaocnaanm - snaun1, pycckn),
u-n (pycckn no pyxy, no kynL1ype, no 1papnunnH - snaun1 n
anpnHL pycckn). eqek1nanoc1L, 1ounee - caHoy6nc1aennoc1L nopo6no
napapnrHm amnannacL c kpyuenneH cospanno pyccknHn occncko nHnepnn n a eue
6onLue, Hoxe1 6m1L, c1enenn - c kpyuenneH cospannoro eapenHn . onLko a
naun pnn na nepam nnan a caHonpen1nqnkaunn pyccknx amxopn1 1akan ec1ec1aennan
conpnpopnan uenoaeky poHnnan1a, kak u xn. akoneu-1o! a
a1oH - rnaanm sanor xnsnecnoco6noc1n pyccko naunn.
C s n , 1aknH o6pasoH,
x n, ko1opoe y6ac nm1ae1cn ampa1L sa nekyk
nensHenneHyk uennoc1L, sac1mauyk a npounoH, kak Hyxa a nn1ape. ceropnn ace
HenLue pyccknx nkpe cornacnm cun1a1L a1o nacnepne sa 1akoayk uennoc1L, n ace
6onLue naunnak1 nonnHa1L neo6xopnHoc1L caHonpen1nqnkaunn no kpoan n nc1opnn.
aunonanLnan npen no onpepenennk ne Hoxe1 6m1L anenaunonanLno,
napnaunonanLno.
a1oH n coc1on1 aaonkunn (paxe, ecnn yropno, nn) yccko npen a ycnoannx,
ecnn nepeqpasnpoaa1L y6aca, nepexopa k oao occnn. o eHy a1oro nonn1L ne
pano.
4. .H
, ropL y6ac, a o1nnune o1 Hnornx caonx conneHennnkoa, ne xoue1 aoccospannn
nHnepnn n ne cun1ae1 a1o aosHoxnmH. Hy poc1a1ouno occnn. paapa - noao. y
coaceH noao: n 6es koHHynnc1nuecknx npe, n 6es yccko npen.
ako xe ponxna 6m1L a1a occnn?
o acnkoH cnyuae, ne pyccko. nyuue acero - aHepnkancko.
522
1apun 6pa1-y6ac 6es c1ecnennn nponaranpnpye1 1eope1nueckne uennoc1n
nn6epannsHa, ko1opmHn Hnapun 6pa1-y6ac, na napy c ropoH apapoH, yxe po
1ouno1m o6kopHnn occnk: aH neo6xopnHo. na6npan o6opo1m, panra1Lcn anepep.
nepep - a1o snaun1 k pmnky, k Hnoroo6pasnk qopH co6c1aennoc1n, k cao6ope n
y1aepxpennk rpaxpancknx npaa, k yc1ounaoHy rocypapc1ay, rn6ko pearnpykueHy na
sanpocm pasnnunmx counanLnmx rpynn. pecL neaosHoxno o6o1ncL 6es yue1a onm1a
coapeHennmx sanapnmx peHokpa1n, ko1opme Hnororo po6nnncL, onnpancL na
m . n6epannsH - a1o n ec1L coaokynnoc1L npaann,
nosaonnkunx aceH, k1o nx npnsnae1, 6m1L HakcnHanLno cao6opnmHn, oc1aaancL
unenaHn onpepenenno counanLno o6unoc1n. n6epannsH - a1o ykopenennm
nnkpannsH, 1o ec1L 1epnnHoc1L, 1onepan1noc1L, npeoponenne qo6nnoc1n,
nacaxpaauecn noHenkna1ypo no o1nouennk k naunonanLnmH, npoqeccnonanLnmH n
nnmH counanLnmH rpynnaH, ns6pannmH ek na ponL kosna o1nyuennn. HnM
nr nk c Mk k, Mx nm
M rcyc (90-91, ampeneno Hno. - A.C.).
e npaapa nn: po kako c1enenn HopenL y6aca cxoxa no ocnoanmH napaHe1paH c
1eH sanapnnuecknH npeanoH o1kpm1oro o6uec1aa, o ko1opoH naH cnapko nok1 apk
au n ?! onLko nasmaae1cn a1o neHnoro no-ppyroHy. no cy1n - pmnok, peHokpa1nn,
npaaoaoe rocypapc1ao - a 1ounoc1n 1o xe caHoe. pean, koneuno xe, - aHepnkanckoe
o6uec1ao, rpe Hnpno yxnaak1cn ne 1onLko npepc1aan1enn acex naunonanLnoc1e, no
paxe acex cyuec1aykunx na naue nnane1e pac! kaxpm rpaxpannn nasmaae1
ce6n MkM (88)[31].
nq nn6epannsHa 1pe6ye1 konkpe1noro nanonnennn? oxanyc1a: cnc1eHy
uennoc1e oao occnn npepnarak1cn cnepykune coc1aannkune - nc1opnocoqnn
occnn, yHepennm konnek1nansH, cao6opa 1papnunonnmx konqeccn, npeoponenne
6peHenn koHnpeonornn, popno nsmk, poccnnne - kak poccnckn napop, npaao,
neonsmuec1ao, nn6epannsH (97).
ak anpnH, n c npeanoH 1onepan1no n aepo1epnnHo asapnn, aocne1mH
nL1uynepoH, neHano o6uero.
, o6c1on1 pena y neaexpm y6aca c nc1opnocoqne occnn, - Hm yx anpann.
peonornk poccnnnc1aa Hm 1oxe aocuyac1aoaann a noppo6noc1nx - po
oHepsn1enLno upesamuanoc1n. po xnunnueckyk cyunoc1L nn6epannsHa onn c
aueH, cnacn6o, ace naH o6Lncnnnn. cao6ope acex 1papnunonnmx konqeccn eue po
y6aca Heu1an neoxasapnn nL1uynep, nokasaaun, npo1na caoe aonn, ueH a1o
konuae1cn.
asapc1an, 1kpm1oe o6uec1ao, oaan occnn - nasaannn pasnme, a cy1L, a o6ueH-1o,
opna - ry6n1enLnan pnn c1panm n naunn peHokpa1nn 6es rpannu no aHepnkanckoHy
o6pasuy. peapa1n1L Hmue a exnkoa, occnk - a Hepnky, pyccknx - a
aHepnkanuea, roppmx caoe 6esnaunonanLno naunonanLnoc1Lk.
o1 a1o ace n ec1L n n n.
* * *
n q:
- n n n. H ? n
u u, u, u? H u , x
-x, mx Xm, mu, u.
s u . B ?
523
- Q. H. (Hx nv.)
524
ME MHHHR
1ouky a nccnepoaannn, nopo6noH npepnpnnn1oHy Hno, ouenL 1pypno.
akonnennm sa ropm pa6o1m Ha1epnan nac1ounao 1pe6ye1 aonnouennn. o1
nenonnm nepeuenL c1a1e, nanpaunaakunxcn a npoponxenne npoun1annoHy aaHn:
nLunnckan onc1n1yunn - aonn eapeea, aosaepennan a sakon, ak nac k nnH
apan1npyk1, ynL1 onokoc1a n ero a6conk1nan neyHec1noc1L a occnn, apen n
peaonkunn: npec1ynnenne 6es nakasannn, ockaa - oam aannon. ocHononnc
kak apar yccko npen, posenn1nsH aepm n nposenn1nsH kpoan, ncyc pnc1oc -
ppyr eapeea. (ypeoxpnc1nanc1ao. yuno a1nkan. kyHennsH. nqnnL1paunn a
)[32], peonornueckan pnaepcnn: ycckan pecny6nnka, anec1nnckan xap1nn
n 6opL6a c pyccknH qaunsHoH n ppyrne. osHoxno, korpa-nn6ypL n nnn ppyrne
aa1opm ocae1n1 a1n 1eHm a neua1n.
oaec1L Hon unc1a; n y6expen, u1o ocnoanoe copepxanne asn1o Hnok a
paccHo1penne npo6neHm packpm1o, ocnoanme yrposm n amsoam ykasanm. pnako
nocan1n1L ack caok xnsnL pas6opke c eapenHn - 1pyp, na Ho asrnnp, aennkn (nou1n
nopanr), no ne cnnukoH 6naropapnm. nsnL ne aeuna, Hoxno ne ycne1L cpena1L
6onee aaxnme aeun. ce-1akn, n n -
x n.
oa1oHy Hne npnxopn1cn nac1yna1L na ropno co6c1aenno necne n npnnnHa1L
koHnpoHnccnoe peuenne.
o-nepamx, n ony6nnkyk nakonnennme na6pockn, Hmcnn n 1esncm a a1exnsnce
pycckoro a occnn (aosHoxno, a o1penLnoH cneuamnycke), ko1opm amxopn1 c
npoponxenneH a pepak1npyeHo Hnok aunonanLno rase1e.
o-a1opmx, korpa-nn6ypL 6ype1 okonuena n ony6nnkoaana pa6o1a pokn eapeea,
nap ko1opo n 1pypnncn napannenLno. a1oro napopa sa nneuaHn 1pex1mcnuene1nn
onm1 naunonanLno konconnpaunn; a1o1 onm1 Hoxe1 n ponxen 6m1L ncnonLsoaan
uac1nuno (ne ace naH nopxopn1) a pene nauero naunonanLnoro c1pon1enLc1aa, a
6opL6e sa naun naunonanLnme npaaa. m aepL eue 1onLko penaeH nepame uarn n
co6c1aennoro onm1a y nac nou1n ne1.
aknH o6pasoH, n c1aank ne 1ouky, a nnuL Hnoro1oune.
a1opyk uac1L nccnepoaannn Hne xoue1cn 1eHn xe cnoaaHn, u1o n nepayk.
eno a 1oH, u1o a nocnepnee apeHn kak c eapecko, 1ak n c pyccko c1oponm nepepko
paspak1cn ronoca o pyccko-eapeckoH pnanore, pyccko-eapeckoH cokse n paxe
pyccko-eapecko nap1nn. co6enno nac1ounao nponaranpnpoaan nopo6nme npen
yaaxaeHm Hnok pepak1op esaancnHo rase1m .. pe1Lnkoa (ne c1any nasmaa1L
ero pyccknx epnnoHmunennnkoa, oc1aannn nH npaao na oun6ky), yaepnaun nac
paxe, u1o pycckne n pycckne eapen - a1o opno.
a1eropnueckn ne Hory cornacn1Lcn c nopo6nmH y1aepxpenneH. a, pycckne Hory1 no
99 ns 100 Hen1anLnmx nokasa1ene coanapa1L c pyccknHn eapenHn, no no opnoHy -
caHoHy aaxnoHy - nokasa1enk onn ne coanapy1 nnkorpa: mm
m, n u .
aepL a a1oH - ace. 1o nepaoe.
525
a1opoe. - ne npo1nannk pyccko-eapeckoro pnanora. nanor nnorpa nyuue, ueH
aona[33]. - ne pacnc1; y Henn ne1 nnkako npepasn1oc1n no o1nouennk k eapenH,
nnkakoro 6nonornueckoro an1nceHn1nsHa. oe o1nouenne k nnH ncknkun1enLno
nparHa1nueckoe, nonn1nueckoe, ono onpepenne1cn 1onLko nayunmH, nc1opnuecknH
anannsoH. Henno noa1oHy n nonarak, u1o nk6o pnanor Hexpy naHn, ecnn xena1L
ero npopyk1nanoc1n, ponxen naunna1Lcn, -x, c ny6nnunoro nokannnn eapeea
nepep pyccknHn sa k1n6pLckyk peaonkunk n epec1poky, -x - c
npnnecennn ny6nnuno 6naropapnoc1n sa ns6aanenne o1 ceHnpnoro onokoc1a, a -
ux - c nonno amnna1m eapenHn pyccknH penapaun n koHnencaun sa 1o n sa
ppyroe.
coxanennk, noka o 1aknx po6pmx, cnpaaepnnamx n qynpaHen1anLnmx ocnoaannnx
pnn pasan1nn pyccko-eapecknx o1nouenn oc1ae1cn 1onLko Heu1a1L.
oa1oHy n anoaL n anoaL (nopo6no a1ony-c1apueHy, nk6oe amc1ynnenne
saaepuaaueHy npnsmaoH k paspyuennk apqarena) ro1oa noa1opn1L amaepennyk n
o11ouennyk aceH xopoH Hoe pa6o1m qopHyny, ampaxennyk a kpa1knx aonpocax n
o1ae1ax. a Ho asrnnp, 1y1 - nn npn6aan1L, nn y6aan1L:
KEXH3H YK HH
(qr)
- H , n x
?
- Q.
- H , ?
- Q.
- H um : ?
- 3.
- C u s un
s , u ?
- H.
- B m, ?
- Q.
- nu n m ?
- H.
- nu n?
526
- H.
- C u,
, n
n?
- Q.
- C u?
- Q.
- K ?
- sr x .
- u - u?
- H.
mKH H EEHKYK EMY H3 KEXH3H YK HH
eapeea ec1L caon nn1epecm, caon no1pe6noc1n, caon npaaa. o n, pyHan o 6nare
caoero, pycckoro napopa ne Hory a caonx pasHmunennnx c1aan1L ao rnaay yrna
nn1epecm, no1pe6noc1n n npaaa uyxoro napopa. ayun1Lcn nx ne saHeua1L - ao1 naua
sapaua. yc1L kaxpm peuae1 caon aonpocm: eapen - eapeckne (u1o onn,
co6c1aenno, acerpa n penann), a Hm - pycckne (uero ne penann nnkorpa).
nn 1oro, u1o6m sac1aan1L nonk conpa1 opno naunonanLnoc1n saunua1L ppyryk
naunonanLnoc1L - poc1a1ouno nn6o kynn1L koHanpnpa nonka, nn6o noc1aan1L na ero
Hec1o caoero uenoaeka. sHenn1e Hacu1a6 o1 nonka po ueno c1panm - n am nonyun1e
anropn1H rno6anLno eapecko nonn1nkn. ak aqopc1nuno cqopHynnpoaan opnc
epesoackn: aueH nokyna1L uenm saaop, ecnn Hoxno kynn1L ero pnpek1opa?
1orpa aecL saaop 6ype1 pa6o1a1L na 1e6n.
cerpa n aespe, ecnn aosHoxno, eapen - npme naunonannc1m. o ecnn a1o no kaknH-1o
npnunnaH neaosHoxno, onn npeo6paxak1cn a c1onL xe npmx nn1epnaunonannc1oa.
nc1eHy, no ko1opo amc1poen spannL, onn cun1ak1 neponyc1nHo a nk6oH ppyroH
rocypapc1ae.
6 nx arouen1pnsHe. nn n pyccknx nnca1ene Hepnk1 a nepayk ouepepL no nx
o1nouennk k eapenH: ea onc1o ppyxnn-pe c paaannoH, opLkn nk6nn n saunuan
eapeea, napnHnp onoaLea a cao cHep1nm uac Honnncn o eapenx n 1.p. cnn xe
1anan1nnam pycckn nnca1enL, ne pa or, u1o-1o nenk6esnoe ckasan o eapenx (kak
nok, ynpnn nnn ynnn), 1o eHy n a 1anan1e o1kaxy1.
orpa eapen pas6eranncL ns anec1nnm, naunnan 1eH caHmH caoe paccennne;
korpa onn, aonpekn aceHy, aneppnnncL a uyxne c1panm n napopm, oprannsyn 1aH caon
re11o n Hec1eukn - nnky6a1opm, coxpannkune eapeckn cy6c1pa1 a popno n
nensHenno cpepe, kak nnop a nnauen1e;
527
korpa eapen, nponannn uypeca amxnaannn n axnaaeHoc1n, nrnopnpyn ronennn,
norpoHm, 6onLune n Hanme xonokoc1m, ne cun1ancL c xep1aaHn, yc1peHnnnn ace
ycnnnn, u1o6m sapepxa1Lcn, ykpenn1Lcn, ocaon1Lcn a uyxnx c1panax n napopax, a
ecnn nx nsronnnn o11ypa - 1o aepny1Lcn o6pa1no;
korpa, 1aknH o6pasoH, a1o eapeckoe ceHn npopac1ano na aceH sanapnoH nonyuapnn,
a npnn, ac1pannn, oao enanpnn, qpnke -
k1o 6m Hor pa1L ce6e o1ue1 (anno1L po aeka), u1o nHenno 1akoa ny1L, ko1opmH
eapen npy1 k HnpoaoHy rocnopc1ay!
apop, npo1naonoc1aanaun ce6n uenoaeuec1ay, anpaae xpa1L apekaa1noro o1ae1a.
orpa eapen npo1naonoc1aannk1 ce6n aceHy Hnpy, aceH napopaH Hnpa (a a1o
ann1maae1cn c HonokoH Ha1epn) - a1o, anpn1e nn, xopouo n nopHanLno. korpa
napopm, aosHyuennnme a1nH, ononuak1cn na eapeea, - 1ak a1o nnoxo. y yx: kak
aykne1cn.
occnckn eapeckn konrpecc pec1aye1 npo1na eapeea, nockonLky c1peHn1cn
ypepxa1L nx ao apaxpe6no, o11oprakue nx cpepe. on npo1na pyccknx, n6o
npeapauae1 nx nHenno a 1akyk cpepy. onee acero nocnepneHy cnoco6c1ayk1 1akne
qnrypm, kak ycnnckn, onnue1aopnkune pycoqo6ckoe n aHec1e c 1eH eapeckoe
nauana ao ace nonno1e.
nn paaanna (kak n aoo6ue pnn npaaoaepnoro eapen) ero napop - pnnc1aennm. n
- uac1L pennrnosnoro kynL1a. aaann cnyxn1 caoeHy napopy n no ponry kpoan, n no
ponry pennrnn. epapoH y eapeea ne1 can1mx a naueH nonnHannn cnoaa. c1L
npopokn, ec1L npaaepnnkn (uapnkn), a can1mx ne1: n6o can1 aecL napop eapeckn.
nn npaaocnaanoro nona pycckn napop - . 1ckpa n o1nouenne.
aunonannsH - conpnpopen nc1nnnoHy eapek: a1o ero, 1ak ckasa1L, ec1ec1aennan
Honononnn. e no1oHy nn eapen 1ak ne1epnnHm k uyxoHy naunonannsHy?
nepye1 ckasa1L nH: am xo1n1e sanpe1n1L naunonannsH? opouo, Hm cornacnm. o a
1o1 caHm penL, korpa ampe1 coo1ae1c1aykun sakon, npnpe1cn na ero ocnoaannn
sakpm1L ace cnnarorn, ace neunam n xepepm, apec1oaa1L acex paaannoa, a ace 6es
ncknkuennn 1ekc1m opm noHec1n1L a cneuxpan aHec1e c an kaHnq.
aunn1e c ce6n, rocnopa eapen.
mna HopenL noaepennn: aaxne acero rocypapc1ao, cnyxn rocypapc1ay. konLko
rocypapc1a, konH aepno cnyxnnn Hnnnnonm nkpe, kanynn a e1y? pe ace onn?
mna HopenL noaepennn: cnyxn aepe, pennrnn. konLko aep yuno, ckonLko
nepeHennnocL, ckonLko nonannocL noamx. u1o ceropnn c amHnpakunHn,
perenepnpykunHn xpnc1nancknHn c1panaHn?
c1L HopenL noaepennn: cnyxn caoeHy napopy. pnHep 1akoro cnyxennn, npnueH
1pex1mcnuene1nero, - ynnkanen, epnnc1aenen a Hnpe: a1o eapen. a1o1 npnHep
y6expae1: nc1nna specL.
6annn1L xpnc1nan a npecnepoaannn eapeea ne ouenL-1o koppek1no. 1o annoaa1, u1o
eapen a1oprnncL, a1epnncL a seHnn eaponeuea? x u1o, k1o-1o 1ypa 1nnyn na
aepeake? ao6opo1. nesnn a xnsnL n pena xpnc1nan, a korpa a1o ne nonpaannocL, nx
xe n o6annnnn.
528
Henno pnc1oc pan naH uenneun ypok naunonannsHa. ocnannm 1onLko k
sa6nypunH oauaH poHa spanneaa, on nnkorpa ne c1aann eapeea na opny pocky c
ppyrnHn napopaHn. korpa xananennka npocnna ero cnnso1n k ee 6onLno pouepn -
o1pesan: exopouo asn1L xne6 y pe1e n 6pocn1L ncaH.
Henno 1ak ponxnm Hm o1aeua1L aceH, k1o 1pe6ye1, u1o6m Hm o1nocnnncL k nepyccknH
1ak xe, kak k pyccknH.
cnn pnc1y Hoxno 6mno 6m1L kpy1mH eapecknH naunonannc1oH, sakocnenmH n
nocnepoaa1enLnmH a caoeH naunonannsHe, 1o snaun1 - naunonannsH ne rpex.
onokoc1e. orpa couyac1ane amnpaunaak1, amknnnunaak1, 1pe6yk1 (pa nopo eue
n yrposaHn, n uan1axoH), - ono npeapauae1cn a nenpnn1nyk noannnoc1L. Hec1a
pnn 6naropopno ckop6n yxe ne oc1ae1cn nn a pyue npocnuero couyac1ann, nn a pyue
1oro, k1o 6pocae1 a1o couyac1ane, kak Henkyk Hone1y a unnny nasonnaoro
nannkoackoro.
a, eapen 6nnncL pnpoH na qpon1ax ennko 1euec1aenno aonm. (o1n paneko ne
ace.) ue 6m ne1! epL a1o 6mna aona nenocpepc1aenno npo1na nx napopa. 1o 6mna
nx aona!
eue aonpoc, 6mna nn 6m a1a aona aoo6ue, ecnn 6m ne onn! 1o nop1anknaan o6e
c1oponm? 1o naycLknaan na n1nepa c1apnka eH6epnena, aeunoro eapeckoro
ponxnnka epunnnn, nonykpoaky ysaenL1a? 1o paaan ueppme kpepn1m na aony n
npou.? n1nep ne cnyuano acerpa y1aepxpan, u1o aepe1 aony na paa qpon1a, no c
epnnmH npo1nannkoH - npo1na eapeckoro kann1annsHa c opno c1oponm n npo1na
eapeckoro koHHynnsHa - c ppyro. on, kc1a1n, po konua - a 1ak nasmaaeHoH
saaeuannn - nHenno na eapeea aosnaran o1ae1c1aennoc1L sa o6e Hnpoame 6onn.
(-1o, no npaape, cun1ak, u1o neHum n caHn 6mnn xopoun.)

konLko cnnaror nH napo6no a ockae? opanLnan, a6ap-k6aanu, na oknonno
rope, a apLnno poue, a 1papnoH. apen a occnn y6maak1, saHe1no. c1apek1.
nn koro xe onn c1pon1 cnnarorn?
nacn oxe y1aepxpa1L: Hm nyuue eapeea! e nyuue, ne xyxe. m npoc1o - ne
eapen! m - ppyrne! m - pycckne. axpoHy caoe.
onyc1nH paxe, u1o ponL eapeea a naunx ka1ac1poqax - ne pesynL1a1 saroaopa, snoro
yHmcna, a npoc1o - cnyuanoc1L, am1ekakuan ns qak1a coaHec1noro npoxnaannn payx
caHo6m1nmx napopoa, y opnoro ns ko1opmx - cao, a6conk1no ne coue1akuncn c
ppyrnHn, anropn1H pasan1nn. ak Hm snaeH, cnyuanoc1L - ec1L coanapenne ao
apeHenn n npoc1panc1ae payx nnn 6onee ne saancnunx ppyr o1 ppyra neo6xopnHoc1e.
o ecnn a1o paxe n 1ak, 1o pasae ne nau ponr - o6esonacn1L cao napop, caonx
no1oHkoa o1 noa1opennn nopo6nmx cnyuanoc1e?
oncnk npnHepoH.
opona cnyuano sane1ena a 1yp6nny caHone1a ao apeHn asne1a, 1yp6nna saropenacL -
n caHone1 pyxnyn.
opona ne annoaa1a - ee sacocano, pa n caHa-1o ona norn6na a aapoHncopy6ke.
529
o caHone1 aepL ynan, pas6nncn.
anL aopony, no nkpe - xanLue.
anL eapeea, neconono (nnn cnnukoH conono) xne6nyaunx a occnn. o caonx,
pyccknx, nonaaunx nop eapeckn ka1ok, - xanLue.
amaop: pena, u1o xoueuL, nnuL 6m a1o ne noa1opnnocL.
apeckyk 1eHy naH napo amroaopn1L po konua, amxa1L pocyxa - n o16pocn1L.
m xnaeH a eapeeuen1pnc1ckoH Hnpe.
m ponxnm ns nero am1n.
[1] pouno nn1L ne1 c ne6onLunH nocne ny6nnkaunn a1nx c1pok, n a kpynneunx
sanapnmx rase1ax saHenLkann 1akne, k npnHepy, 1ekc1m: nc1opnueckn
an1nceHn1cko occnn no-npexneHy nnoxo 6m1L npouae1akunH eapeeH. HoHen1a
ns6pannn r-na y1nna npesnpen1oH a 2000 ropy ace anpnme nnunoc1n, ko1opme
apec1oamaanncL nnn amcmnanncL ns c1panm sa qnnancoame npec1ynnennn, nensHenno
6mnn eapenHn. ponnapoaoH ampaxennn Hm nanneHcn canpe1ennHn kpynneue
nesakonno akcnponpnaunn eapecko co6c1aennoc1n a apone co apeHen naunc1cknx
norpoHoa 1930-x ropoa (Washington Post a c1a1Le m n
o1 28.10.03); -n y1nn nocnepoaa1enen. n nauan cao cpok c
npecnepoaannn payx nan6onee nonn1nueckn ak1nanmx onnrapxoa, opnca
epesoackoro n napnHnpa ycnnckoro. nn, kak n opopkoackn, noppepxnaann
nn6epanLnyk nonn1nueckyk onnosnunk, anapenn cpepc1aaHn Haccoao nnqopHaunn,
n 6mnn eapenHn Christian Science Monitor (, pepakunonnm koHHen1apn
30.10.03 r.); xapak1epnm anoncm sanapno npeccm, nocanuennme 1ekyunH co6m1nnH
a occnn: X n :
(apn po6e, Frankfurter Rundschau, epHannn, 29 ok1n6pn 2003);
s H (e Figaro, panunn, 27 ok1n6pn
2003); 3n n1 H (opy1 pxnu n nyu
yrackn, Christian Science Monitor, , 03 non6pn 2003); m
H (apn op1nuep, he imes, ennko6pn1annn, 29 ok1n6pn 2003);
- nv, xm (he conomist, ennko6pn1annn,
nepepoaan c1a1Ln 31 ok1n6pn 2003) n 1.n. e o1c1ak1 o1 sanapnmx n neko1opme
nonn1nkn n xypnannc1m occnn, koHHen1npyn a 1oH xe 1one neko1opme peun1enLnme
uarn poccncko ncnonnn1enLno anac1n. eaosHoxno ne o1He1n1L npn a1oH n peskoe
cokpauenne nonn1nueckoro aeca n annnnnn eapecknx nap1n - n 6noka, u1o
1akxe nanpnHyk cansano c onpepenennmH npospenneH peHnn, c ero
nepeopnen1aune. occnckoe o6uec1ao opnosnauno o1pearnpoaano na ace nasaannme
nsHenennn, nporonocoaaa sa npesnpen1a y1nna, ampasna amcokoe poaepne ero
nonn1nke, npyue a pannoH acnek1e nonnoc1Lk apaspes c nonn1nko nLunna. ,
opnoapeHenno, nnuna caoero poaepnn eapeckne n 6noko. aknH o6pasoH,
pasan1ne co6m1n opnosnauno ykasmaae1 na a6conk1nyk koppek1noc1L Honx nayunmx
ouenok n Hoero npornosa. npnae1c1ayk c nayunmx nosnun nsHenenne nonn1nuecko
kap1m occnn n yaepen, u1o n a panLneueH pasan1ne poccncko nonn1nkn 6ype1
nponcxopn1L no aek1opaH, o6osnauennmH Hno a panno knnre.
[2] amcue c1enenn cnHaonnuno, u1o paa nan6onee aa1opn1e1nmx pen1enn
pnccnpen1ckoro panxennn, nopnnnnme anac1n1enn pyH nn1ennnrenunn 1960-1980-x
rr., nekcanpp onxennumn n ropL aqapeanu, na saaepuakueH, n1oroaoH a1ane
caoe xnsnn cospann rpanpnosnme nponsaepennn, nocanuennme nHenno eapecko
1eHe n pyccko-eapecknH o1nouennnH. onxennumn na nopore caoero 85-ne1nn
530
nopapnn un1a1enk payx1oHnnk aec1n ne1 aHec1e, a aqapeanu, a kanyn 80-ne1nn,
- pex1mcnuene1nkk sarapky, nnop ue1aep1Laekoao pa6o1m. akoa okasancn nx
koneunm aknap a co6c1aennoe nacnepne. o ak1yanLnoc1L eapeckoro aonpoca ne
ncuepnmaae1cn nasaannmHn pa6o1aHn; aa1op nncan cao ne6onLuo 1pyp
napannenLno n amnyc1nn ero a cae1 panLue, ueH ynoHnny1me 1n1anm, nHen a anpy
nan6onee sno6opneanm acnek1 1eHm.
[3] aepennn o eapeckoH nponcxoxpennn aacLneackoro nop1aeppnn Hne nospnee
opnn amcokonoc1aanennm poccnckn pnnnoHa1, pockonanLno snakun nonLckn
nc1e6nnuHen1.
[4] a nocnepnne 20 ne1 ns-sa pasan1nn kann1annsHa a pepeane cenLckoe nacenenne
yxe cokpa1nnocL a n1ae c 86 po 50%. opopa a1o c1panm 6mc1po as6yxak1 o1
nepens6m1ka o6esponennmx nkpe; konnuec1ao xn1ene, xnayunx sa uep1o
6epnoc1n yxe poc1nrno 400 Hnn. uenoaek. cnn cenLckoe nacenenne cokpa1n1cn a
6nnxaune 10 ne1 eue npouen1oa na 20, uypoanunm counanLnm aspma 6ype1
coaepuenno nens6exen.
[5] ypn no rny6oko opnrnnanLnoHy rocypapc1aennoHy yc1poc1ay spannn, eapen a1o
any1penne ocosnak1 a nonno Hepe, xo1n nnkorpa a 1oH ne npnsnak1cn.
[6] 1Heno rpaqm naunonanLnoc1L a poccnckoH nacnop1e Hm o6nsanm coae1nnky
nLunna no naunonanLnmH aonpocaH Hnnk 6paHoanuy anny.
[7] nocnepnee apeHn a cansn c o6oc1penneH aoopyxennoro apa6o-eapeckoro
npo1naoc1onnnn n poc1oH cnpoca na nyueunoe Hnco nepep anac1nHn spannn anoaL
ac1an aonpoc o6 yaennuennn nHHnrpaunn. o na 6m1oaoH ypoane o11opxenne
npoponxae1cn.
[8] 1ex nop nponsounn neko1opme nepec1anoakn, ko1opme yHec1nee 6mno 6m
nasaa1L poknpoakaHn: opnn eapen noknnynn c1pany, kak ycnnckn nnn epesoackn,
ppyrne, nanpo1na, a nee aLexann. o n a 1oH, n a ppyroH cnyuae, onn npoponxak1
anape1L snaun1enLno co6c1aennoc1Lk a occnn.
[9] eropnn a1o1 aonpoc sayun1 pn1opnueckn, no cypL6a epesoackoro n neckonLknx
ppyrnx onnrapxoa eapeckoro nponcxoxpennn npoponxae1 oc1aaa1Lcn ckopee
ncknkuenneH, nexenn npaannoH.
[10] o1 caHm esnnk, ko1opm aoapeHn ac1ynnn a ny1nnckyk nap1nk anac1n n
c1an saHnpepoH oHn1e1a no 6kpxe1y, a ceropnn aosrnaanne1 oHn1e1 no kpepn1nmH
oprannsaunnH n qnnancoamH pmnkaH ocpyHm. yc1nnn, u1o nasmaae1cn, kosna a
oropop.
[11] mne nokonm.
[12] eropnn a1anoackn aosrnaann .
[13] pesynL1a1e yxopa nLunna n am6opnmx kaHnann 1999-2000 n 2003-2004 rr.
c1pyk1ypa an1ypnpoccncko eapecko cy6oppnnaunn nsHennnacL no cpaanennk c
onncanno. 1o cansano c nonn1nuecko n nnuno cypL6o ycnnckoro, cpenaauero
nenpaannLnyk c1aaky na yxkoaa n annnckoro, u1o noanekno sa co6o a1aky na
ace ero ak1nam, a 1oH uncne nnqopHaunonnme, cpnkoue1nauyk na . pesynL1a1e
poccnckoe eapec1ao okasanocL packono1o n nopunneno payH uen1paH - npexneHy
() n noaoHy (epepaunn eapecknx o6unn occnn - - ao rnaae c paaaannoH
epnoH asapoH). o caHa no ce6e cxeHa ynpaanennn o6unno ne Henne1cn.
531
[14] eropnn - .
[15] yuec1aykuan nmne a spanne ycckan o6unna, coc1onuan, a ocnoanoH, ns
pyccknx nonoannok cHeuannmx 6pakoa, nacun1maae1 po 300 1mc. uenoaek.
[16] HoHen1a ny6nnkaunn kap1nna, koneuno, nsHennnacL a c1opony
konnuec1aennoro yaennuennn n pnaepcnqnkaunn eapecknx oprannsaun.
[17] a a1o1 npnHeua1enLnm qak1 o6pa1nn Hoe annHanne nsaec1nm nc1opnk ..
oxnnoa, nmne nokonm.
[18] norouncnennme nn1epecnme noppo6noc1n o Hec1e n ponn eapeea a
peaonkunonnmx nepeHenax n c1anoanennn oae1cko anac1n Hoxno nouepnny1L a
ynonny1mx knnrax onxennumna, aqapeanua, a 1akxe a uenno npnaopnHmHn
qak1aHn knnre . oc1mpuenko n1nceHn1nsH n anac1L. anan nonn1nka 1annna
(., 2003).
[19] ypnan1enLnmH noc1onnc1aoH nspannLckne eapen ronocoaann sa n a 2003
ropy. a a1o1 pas ne noHorno - o6c1on1enLc1aa noHennnncL.
[20] epepen eapecko kpynno co6c1aennoc1n, nauaauncn a konue 1990-x, n
pesynL1a1m pyHcknx am6opoa 2003 ropa canpe1enLc1ayk1 o 1ounoc1n Hoero npornosa.
[21] npnHepy: y nac onn po6nnncL ncknkuennn ns nacnop1oa rpaqm
naunonanLnoc1L, no a spanne na a1oH nynk1e penae1cn oco6m ynop; y nac onn
po6naak1cn o1Henm am6opoa no nap1nnmH cnnckaH, no a spanne knecce1
ns6npae1cn 1onLko no nnH, opnoHanpa1nnkoa ne1 a npnnunne; y nac onn penak1 ace,
u1o6m paspyun1L 1papnunonnyk cnc1eHy aonnckoro npnsmaa, a spanne a1o1 npnsma
(pnn knoue n peayuek) - kpaeyronLnm kaHenL cypL6m n kapLepm; n 1.p.
[22] k6osna1enLnmH pekoHenpyk knnry no pannoHy aonpocy: . Lkkenen. Hep1L
anapa (.-6., 2003).
[23] ypL6a Hnornx onnrapxoa-kpokpa1oa, kak yxe o1HeuanocL, canpe1enLc1ao
aepnoc1n Hoero npornosa.
[24] H.: cH. aunonanLnan rase1a N 6-7/98, a 1akxe a kn. ycckn naunonannsH,
ero ppysLn n aparn (., ycckan paapa, 2001) n m - pnn naunn, naunn - pnn
1e6n (., 2002).
[25] ak a aopy cHo1pen! pe1n noHep asaopo1a amuen cnyc1n nonropa co c1a1Le
axnaua.
[26] pykoaopnue n nanpaannkue ponn eapeea a nerpn1nnckoH panxennn cH.
a kn.: . kk. apeckn aonpoc rnasaHn aHepnkanua (., 2001).
[27] apen, opnako, anonne kon1ponnpyk1 a1y c1nxnk n ne 6on1cn ee. ak, na
npesnpen1cknx am6opax 2000 ropa onn cyHenn HakcnHanLno ncnonLsoaa1L caoe
annnnne cpepn uae1noro nacenennn Hepnkn, u1o6m po6n1Lcn o1 nero noppepxkn
eapen a epHonke nL6ep1a opa, sa ko1oporo nporonocoaano 90% nerpoa, 62%
na1nnocoa, 55% nnmx naunonanLnmx HenLunnc1a. 1o1 pesynL1a1 o1kpoaenno
o6naxae1 cy1L n cHmcn eapecko sa6o1m o nauHenLunnc1aax: pano nnn nospno
nac1ynae1 uac, korpa 1eH npnxopn1cn nna1n1L no cue1aH. uena 6maae1 aecLHa
amcoka. aH cnepye1 sna1L a1o n o6 a1oH noHnn1L.
532
[28] apeckan caHonapennnoc1L n yaepennoc1L a can1oc1n nk6mx caonx npn1nsann
nopo nosaonne1 eapenH ne cun1a1Lcn nn c kaknHn o6Lek1nanmHn counanLno-
peHorpaqnuecknHn o6c1on1enLc1aaHn. ak, napopnm peny1a1 (o1 npo6npxana)
.. konLnnk sanann a nn1epaLk nqopHaunonnoHy 6knne1enk no npo6neHaH
pena1pnaunn n eapecko kynL1ypm (N 11, 1989), u1o anpn1 nepcnek1nay pasan1nn
apecko aa1onoHno o6nac1n a npeapauennn a caoero popa rocypapc1ao (c
nopckaskn nn1epaLkepa on nonpaanncn: naunonanLno-kynL1ypnoe). a1o a o6nac1n,
rpe eapen coc1aannk1 acero 4,5% nacenennn!
[29] asanocL 6m, amaop nexn1 na noaepxnoc1n: ecnn asapnn, noc1poennan na opnnx
npnnunnax, npocyuec1aoaana acero nnuL 250 ne1, a occnn, noc1poennan na
npo1naononoxnmx npnnunnax, npoc1onna yxe 1000 ne1, snaun1 xasapckne npnnunnm -
rnnnL, a pycckne, nao6opo1, - peanLnm onno1 rocypapc1aennoc1n. o u1o-1o Heuae1
nL1uynepy cpena1L a1o oueanpnoe peskHe.
[30] o pannmH , pnnaHnka 1akoaa: a 1998 r. nosynr occnn - pnn pyccknx!
noppepxnaano 43, a 2000 - 49, a 2002 - 58% nacenennn.
[31] 1oH, u1o a peanLnoc1n npepc1aanne1 co6o Hnoropacoaoe n HnoronaunonanLnoe
aHepnkanckoe o6uec1ao, nyuue acero pacckasmaae1 ynoHnny1an amue knnra .
Lkkenena Hep1L anapa.
[32] annyk nakyny a snaun1enLno c1enenn sanonnnn co6o ynnkanLnm,
no1pncakun ycckn npaaocnaanm ka1exnsnc, cospannm npo1onepeeH o.
oannoH (e1poamH), - caHan ckanpanLnan knnra coapeHennoc1n (., ecnnua,
2003). o1n ponL a1nkana kak eapeckoro npncnyxnnka a naun pnn 1aH ne
sa1pony1a.
[33] pyccko-eapecko aone nepaano ony6nnkoaano 1akoe, nanpnHep, nsaec1ne:
- . K . aronoaok sayun1 neoxnpanno. 1o sa
6a1annn 1akan, korpa n rpe nponcxopnna? saec1nm n xopouo onncanm ue1mpe pyccko-
nepcnpckne aonm, nn1L aon co aeune n c onLue n ax opnnnapua1L pyccko-
1ypeuknx aon. o acex a1nx co6m1nnx nsaec1nm npnunnm aosnnknoaennn, nauano,
xop cpaxenn n okonua1enLnme n1orn. o pyccko-eapeckan - u1o a1o 1akoe?.. a,
o6Lnanennn aoennmx pec1an 1y1 ne cnyuanocL, cpaxenn nop ynnepcpopqoH n
nnko ne na6nkpanocL, nyukn n kopa6nn ne c1pennnn. ak, no oc1poe nanpnxenne
Hexpy pyccknH napopoH n eapecko o6unno, nepexopnauee nopo a npnHyk
6opL6y, pnn1cn ao1 yxe 1pe1Le c1one1ne, 1o sa1nxan, 1o ycnnnaancL, n konua a1oHy, k
coxanennk, noka ne npepanpn1cn (.. eHanoa. yccko-eapeckne pas6opkn. - .,
nropn1H, 2003. . 3).
BRHXHEHHmH KH4RHK -
KRKH K HEUHEH HRHHKE HH
( , nvr 23 -Hr
x XI Mx q HR H BKHH MH
n sr B
-r r ,
n n Bx, n Rr x r
x qx )
533
H konqnnk1 - necHo1pn na ero, na nepam asrnnp, nokanLnm
xapak1ep, a1o qak1op o6ueHnpoaoro snauennn. nnm, c1onknyaunecn a a1oH
konqnnk1e, nonc1nne rno6anLnm: a1o, c opno c1oponm, Hnpoaoe eapec1ao, onno1oH
ko1oporo, cakpanLno uennoc1Lk n nonn1nuecknH qopnoc1oH nanne1cn rocypapc1ao
spannL, a c ppyro c1oponm - a1o Hnp ncnaHa, ace HycynLHanckne napopm, aonLno
nnn neaonLno a1nrnaakunecn a konqnnk1.
ak pec1aye1 HexannsH rno6annsaunn 6nnxneaoc1ounoro konqnnk1a?
o acex c1panax, rpe eapen sannHak1 cnnLnme nosnunn a akonoHnke n nonn1nke, onn
aospec1ayk1 na npaan1enLc1aa a1nx c1pan, po6naancL o1 nnx coksnnueckoro nnn no
HenLue Hepe nonnLnoro o1nouennn k spannk. (puaun npnHep - .) nn
ocyuec1anennn a1o uenn ncnonLsyk1cn ace cpepc1aa, aknkuan nokanLnme aonm c
a1nnuecknHn HycynLHanaHn (kak a occnn) nnn npnHme npoaokaunn (kak a1o 6mno a
Hepnke 11 cen1n6pn 2001 ropa). ak ceropnn neonpoaepxnHo pokasano, sa
cokpyun1enLno a1ako na expynapopnm 1oproam uen1p a Lk-Hopke c1on1
nspannLckan pasaepka occap, ko1opan a nyuueH cnyuae snana o ro1oanuecn a1ake,
no ne npepynpepnna caoero coksnnka - aHepnkanckn napop, a a xypueH - caHa
c1onna sa nopro1oako n ocyuec1anenneH a1o akunn, npnnecue spannk
nencuncnnHme HopanLno-nonn1nueckne pnanpenpm.
e 6es ocnoaann nncana poccnckan npecca 1akxe n o cnepe occapa ao aspmaax
Hockoacknx poHoa na yn. ypLnnoaa n aunpckoH uocce.
axpm pas, korpa o6oc1pnk1cn o1nouennn Hexpy 1o nnn nno c1pano n
a1noHycynLHancknH koHnonen1oH, oqnunanLnme nnua spannn, 1akne kak apon nnn
e1anLnxy n pp., penak1 coo1ae1c1aykune sananennn, a nopkon1ponLnme eapenH
(1akoamHn nannk1cn ace 6es ncknkuennn ocnoanme a Hepnke n occnn, ne
roaopn o ppyrnx c1panax) ak1nansnpyk1 nponaranpnc1ckyk kaHnannk no
npoHmaannk Hosroa nacenennk a amropnoH spannk knkue. ponaranpa anyuae1
nacenennk c1pan, aoanekaeHmx a konqnnk1, u1o ono naxopn1cn a opno nopke c
napopoH spannn, u1o y nnx o6un apar - ncnaHckn 1eppopnsH, u1o 1onLko a
spanne Hoxno na1n nonnoe nonnHanne, noppepxky n ro1oanoc1L k coksnmH
pec1annH n u1o, 1aknH o6pasoH, npo6neHm spannn (a unpe - eapeea aoo6ue) ec1L a
1o xe apeHn npo6neHm pannmx c1pan - n nao6opo1. co6m akuen1, koneuno xe,
penae1cn na a1nokonqeccnonanLnoH acnek1e npo1naoc1onnnn, xo1n peanLno
noponnekn pnn a1oro ne1, ao acnkoH cnyuae, co c1oponm xpnc1nan.
ckycc1ao nponaranpnc1oa amcoko, nx nso6pe1a1enLnoc1L nopo nopaxae1. ero
c1on1, nanpnHep, cospanne a spanne 6oeaoro noppaspenennn pnn 6opL6m c
nanec1nnuaHn nop nasaanneH ycckn 6a1anLon! aunonanLno-epxaanan nap1nn
occnn yxe sanannna cao npo1ec1 no pannoHy noaopy.
ocnepnn npkn npnHep, o1ue1nnao nonaxnaakun npoaokaune, - saxaa1
sanoxnnkoa a HockoackoH Hksnk-xonne. n ro1oanncn n pene1npoaancn ponro. or nn
ne sna1L o6 a1oH renepanLnm npopkcop opp-c1a eape nekcanpp ekano?
pecca yxe o6pa1nna annHanne: ace ocnoanme (n epnnc1aennme!) neperoaopunkn -
ouanL, onn1koackan, annnckn, eHuoa, o6son - eapen, kak n akaHapa, o1eu
ko1opo - nnoneu, no Ha1L - eapeka. nyuano nn ace a1o? pasae ne oueanpno
c1peHnenne eapeea a ouepepno pas naxn1L HopanLno-nonn1nueckne pnanpenpm na
pyccko-HycynLHanckoH konqnnk1e? pepc1a1L a o6pase Hnpo1aopuea, a 1o apeHn kak
pasxnranne pyccko-ueuencko aonm a 1euenne Hnornx ne1 6mno nsnk6nennmH penoH
eapecknx n eapecknx onnrapxoa? ak 6yp1o a occnn ne1 nkpe po6po aonn
ppyroro naunonanLnoro nponcxoxpennn! yHae1cn, ne cnyuaen n 1o1 qak1, u1o aHec1o
1oro, u1o6m asn1L a nnen n ponpocn1L ocnoanmx 1eppopnc1oa, cneunas nepec1pennn
acex cnnunx 6oeankoa, y6npan nenyxnmx canpe1ene n npnua ace konum a aopy. pnp
nn 1enepL Hm korpa-nn6ypL cHoxeH ysna1L, k1o xe 6mnn nc1nnnme pexnccepm n
534
npopkcopm a1oro kpoaaaoro Hksnkna. pnako pnn1enLnoe npncy1c1ane no a1oHy
noaopy na naunx 1eneakpanax apona n e1anLnxy, a ouepepno pas amckasaaunx
aecL 1papnunonnm na6op nceapoapryHen1oa, roaopn1 o HnoroH.
apapokc coc1on1 a 1oH, u1o Hexpy pyccknHn n HycynLHanaHn ne cyuec1aye1 aoo6ue
o6Lek1nano nouam pnn aon n konqnnk1oa. m, kak pokasano aekaHn, anonne
koHnnnHen1apnm ppyr ppyry, naH neuero penn1L, a npaaocnaane n ncnaH nspaano
Hnpno yxnaanncL a occnn.
expy 1eH, occnn yxe a1nny1a ao ace konqnnk1m c HnpoH ncnaHa, pac1nnyaunecn no
ace pnnne 1ak nasmaaeHo pyrn nec1a6nnLnoc1n o1 ocoao po apxnknc1ana,
aknkuan eunk n qrannc1an. pnueH 1onLko a 6xasnn Hm sannnn c1opony
HycynLHan, n 1o ne cnnukoH nocnepoaa1enLno.
nepye1 o1He1n1L, u1o ackanaunn pyccko-HycynLHanckoro konqnnk1a saHe1no
ocnoxnne1 o1nouennn occnn n kon1nnen1anLno aponm, a o1nouennnx ko1opo c
HycynLHanaHn nponsouen npnnunnnanLnm noaopo1 a c1opony c6nnxennn nosnun.
1annn, cnannn, epHannn, a snaun1enLno Hepe nrnnn, a 6onee acex - panunn
opnosnauno noppepxnaak1 ceropnn apa6oa, a ne eapeea. a1o kacae1cn ne 1onLko
apa6oa anec1nnm (a spanne no a1oHy noaopy - nac1onun uok), no n paka.
pnaepy npnHep, canpe1eneH ko1opoHy 6mn caH a apnxe ocenLk 2000 ropa ao apeHn
o6oc1pennn apa6o-nspannLckoro konqnnk1a. 1euenne nnuL opno nepenn, u1o n 1aH
npo6mn, ao panunn 6mno pasrpoHneno ue1mpe cnnarorn, npnueH opny ns nnx
6onLuerpysnm aa1oHo6nnL npoc1o npo1apannn nackaosL! u1o? nnuero! pesnpen1
npak nnuL Hnrko noxypnn c 1eneakpana paspyun1ene, saHe1na, u1o ne c1on1 1ak
nakann1L o1nouennn. ocnepoaa1enLno npoHycynLHanckne nosnunn sannna apona (o
npnunnax a1oro Hm specL ne cypnH) n a ocoao, n a eune, aecLHa cpepxannme - a
qrannc1ane. 1onLko occnn, peHonc1pa1nano npo1naonoc1aannn ce6n apone,
coaepuenno nrnopnpyn co6c1aennme npnopn1e1m n ne cun1ancL co ckpoHnoc1Lk caonx
nkpcknx n aoennmx pecypcoa, cnoano nm1ae1cn pokasa1L aceHy Hnpy, u1o nHenno ona
a nocnepnne pecn1nne1nn sapenanacL rnaanmH npo1nannkoH acex HycynLHan aoo6ue,
kak 6yp1o peanyn k saannk onLuoro a1ana, konH roppn1cn Hepnka. nunme
amc1ynnennn npesnpen1a y1nna neopnokpa1no nopuepknaann: occnn-pe - qopnoc1
unannnsoaannoro Hnpa npo1na pennrnosnoro akc1peHnsHa (un1a: ncnaHa).
nyuano nn a1o a1nrnaanne occnn a rno6anLnm konqnnk1 c HycynLHanc1aoH,
aonpekn aceH caonH kopennmH reononn1nuecknH n a1nononn1nuecknH nn1epecaH?
ens6exno nn, onpaapano nn o6Lek1nanmHn npnunnaHn 1akoe a1nrnaanne? e1,
koneuno. cero nnuL kaknx-1o nn1napua1L ne1 1oHy nasap nnuero nopo6noro n
npepc1aan1L ce6e 6mno neaosHoxno. onepec1poeunan occnn - - sannHana a
6nnxneaoc1ounoH konqnnk1e ncnyk, ue1kyk, nonn1nueckn n npaac1aenno
Ho1nanpoaannyk npoapa6ckyk nosnunk. yxno ncno npepc1aann1L ce6e ponL n Hec1o
apa6oa a ncnaHckoH Hnpe, u1o6m nonnHa1L 6naro1aopnoc1L 1ako nosnunn a nepayk
ouepepL - pnn caHo occnn. epL pnn acex HycynLHan Hnpa apa6m - napop,
nopopnaun aennuauero npopoka yxaHHepa, n xpann1enn amcunx can1mnL ncnaHa
- ec1L cyuec1aa amcuero nopnpka. 1nouennn c apa6aHn aa1oHa1nueckn
akc1panonnpyk1cn na aecL HycynLHanckn Hnp, c1nHynnpyn nn6o apaxpy, nn6o,
nao6opo1, po6pococepckne o1nouennn. Henno noa1oHy, noka Hm noppepxnaann
apa6oa na nnxneH oc1oke, naH npouann paxe qrannc1an. eaosHoxno 6mno ce6e
npepc1aan1L apa6a, aokkuero npo1na pyccknx a occnn. c1onno naH o1aepny1Lcn o1
apa6oa, npepa1L caonx 6nnxneaoc1ounmx ppyse n coksnnkoa, kak Hm 1y1 xe, ycnoano
roaopn, nonyunnn aHnpa a11a6a a eune. a11a6 - co6npa1enLnm o6pas, sa nnH
c1on1 aoo6ue npo6neHa apa6cknx po6poaonLuea a aonax c occne. x nonanenne,
kak n aoo6ue ackanaunn aonm a eune, - pesynL1a1 pokoao cHenm kypca occnn na
nnxneH oc1oke.
535
eH oqnunanLno Ho1nanpye1 ceropnn poccnckan anac1L cao nponspannLckn kypc?
1eH, anpn1e nn, u1o a spanne npoxnaae1 camue Hnnnnona naunx 6maunx
coo1euec1aennnkoa. onyuae1cn, u1o Hnnnnon npepa1ene, o1pnxnyaunx co caonx nor
npax naue opnnm n 6pocnaunx, noknnyaunx ee, ynocn a pyue nenaanc1L n
npespenne k occnn, naH noueHy-1o ponxnm 6m1L popoxe n 6nnxe, ueH Hnorne
Hnnnnonm naunx coo1euec1aennnkoa-HycynLHan, na1pno1oa occnn, ko1opme nnkypa
ns nee ne pyHak1 yesxa1L. o1nouennn c konHn pnn nac, pyccknx, xnsnenno aaxnm,
a o1nnune o1 o1nouenn c eapenHn paxe a caHo occnn, ne roaopn yx o6 aHnrpan1ax.
1o, koneuno xe, qanLunam npepnor, cnoco6nm y6epn1L 1onLko ouenL
noaepxnoc1nme yHm, npepnor, ne nponcnnkun, a sa1eHnnkun nc1nnnme npnunnm
co6m1n.
ueH xe nc1nnnan npnunna cHenm 6nnxneaoc1ounoro kypca occnn n kakoam 6ypy1
nocnepc1ann a1oro?
c1nnnan npnunna a 1oH, u1o a xope 6ypxyasno-peHokpa1nuecko peaonkunn,
nponsouepue a occnn nop Hapko epec1pokn, eapen anoaL nopnnnncL k caHmH
aepunnaH anac1n n annnnnn a naue c1pane, saxaa1na Hnorne knkueame nosnunn kak
a uac1noH, 1ak n a rocypapc1aennoH cek1ope akonoHnkn n nonn1nkn. uac1noc1n, a
Hexpynapopno nonn1nke na ponrne ropm anepep onpepennn naun nosnunn 1ak
nasmaaeHm kosmpeackn nepnop. a akonoHnke na nepamx ponnx, onpepennkunx
aecL xop peqopH, okasanncL eapen nnn nonykpoakn: apap, y6ac, npnenko,
pnHakoa, cnn, nqunu, op, pnncon n Hn. pp. 1o roaopn1L, ecnn 6mno apeHn,
korpa ns pean1n coae1nnkoa xena1oro na eapeke nLunna - ceHepo 6mno eapenHn!
1oH uncne, coae1nnk no naunonanLnmH o1nouennnH HnnL 6paHoanu ann. ako
npopma k pmuaraH ynpaanennn c1pano nkpe opno naunonanLnoc1n Hrnoaenno
npnaen k ka6anLno n ponrocpouno saancnHoc1n occnn o1 eapeckoro
Hexpynapopnoro kann1ana, c opno c1oponm, a c ppyro - o1 Hec1nmx onnrapxoa
eapeckoro nponcxoxpennn. esynL1a1 paenapua1nne1nero npe6maannn eapeea y
anac1n - nannuo. uac1noc1n, nHenno a a1oH - ocnoanan npnunna kak
nponspannLckoro n an1nHycynLHanckoro aneunenonn1nueckoro kypca, 1ak n ee
npocnonnc1ckoro any1pnnonn1nueckoro kypca. acex cnHn1oHax nocnepnero specL
roaopn1L ne Hec1o, no cn1yaunn a o6nac1n , akonoHnkn n naunonanLno nonn1nkn
roaopn1 caHa sa ce6n.
o1 1ak n nonyunnocL, u1o occnn nosaonnna c1onkny1L ce6n no6 a no6 c HnpoH
ncnaHa a rno6anLnoH konqnnk1e, o6 onacnoc1n uero n nncan eue a 1995 ropy. ueHy
Hm npnpeH, ecnn a1o1 rn6enLnm kypc ne nepeHenn1cn, ecnn Hm ne aepneHcn k
cnpaaepnnao, npaac1aenno n nonn1nueckn aepno nosnunn na nnxneH oc1oke?
o-nepamx, Hm nonyunH aeuno 1nekun pyccko-HycynLHanckn konqnnk1, nonsyuyk
rpaxpanckyk aony a caHo occnn, ko1opan nnueH xopounH pnn nac konun1cn ne
Hoxe1, yun1maan a1nopeHorpaqnueckyk pnnaHnky. noaeunH cnHn1oHoH a a1oH
cHmcne amrnnpn1 peHorpaqnueckn 6yH a eune, yxe saqnkcnpoaannm caexe
nepenncLk nacenennn na qone napennn ypenLnoro aeca pyccknx a occnn.
o-a1opmx, pano nnn nospno o6oc1pn1cn naun o1nouennn co pepne sne n
asaxc1anoH, a pesynL1a1e uero Hm nnunHcn amropnmx pmnkoa c6m1a n nc1ounnkoa
cmpLn, a a nepcnek1nae nonyunH aoenno-nonn1nueckyk yrposy no ace naue kxno
rpannue, caHo npo1nxenno, no, yam, xyxe acero saunuenno ns acex naunx
rpannu.
-1pe1Lnx, nens6exno nanpnry1cn naun nonn1nueckne o1nouennn c apono, ko1opan,
necoHnenno, npoponxn1 cao ppeq a c1opony ncnaHckoro Hnpa aoo6ue n apa6cknx
c1pan a uac1noc1n. 6 6ueeaponeckoH oHe naH npnpe1cn sa6m1L naacerpa.
536
mnyxpennme a a1nx ycnoannx ace 6onLue n 6onLue c6nnxa1Lcn c Hepnko - a1nH
aepnmH nspannLcknH ca1ennn1oH, uLn akonoHnka n nonn1nka caHmH pokoamH o6pasoH
nnqnnL1poaana eapenHn - Hm, a-ue1aep1mx, c nens6exnoc1Lk 6ypeH yxypua1L naun
o1nouennn c n1aeH no Hepe aospac1annn aHepnkano-kn1ackoro conepnnuec1aa.
1o xe naH oc1ane1cn? onLko rnnno 1poc1aennm coks c Hepnko n spanneH.
oks, ko1opm c kaxpmH ropoH 6ype1 amsmaa1L y acero Hnpa ace 6onee n 6onee
pac1yuyk 1peaory n nenaanc1L. oks, a ko1opoH pnn occnn npepnasnauena ponL
xep1aennoro xnao1noro, npnsaannoro ueno caoe kpoan n xnsnn npopnn1L 6pennoe
cyuec1aoaanne Hnpoaoro nona. oks, a ko1opoH ppyx6a paneko Hepnkn, n 6es
1oro ae1penan n nenapexnan, ne cHoxe1 rapan1npoaa1L naH nn Hnpa, nn npouae1annn,
nn c6epexennn naunx npnpopnmx 6ora1c1a (ckopee, nao6opo1). ppyx6a ne Henee
panekoro spannn npnnece1 naH 1onLko opno npaao: yHepe1L sa ppyra,
npepaapn1enLno onna1na ace ero pacxopm no amxnaannk.
ao6opo1, peun1enLnan cHena kypca occnn na nnxneH oc1oke, noaopo1 anoaL
nnuoH k apa6aH, nosaonn1 naH 6mc1po n aqqek1nano nokonun1L c nan6onee onacnmHn
any1pennnHn npo6neHaHn, yperynnpoaa1L pyccko-HycynLHanckne o1nouennn aoo6ue n
a eune a uac1noc1n. na anoaL c6nnsn1 nac c apono n n1aeH, nopac1 napexpy na
6naro1aopnm knnHa1 poccncko-kasaxc1ancknx n poccncko-cpepneasna1cknx
o1nouenn, nosaonn1 ne onaca1Lcn pasan1nn co6m1n a qrannc1ane.
noco6na nn nmneunnn poccnckan anac1L na c1onL peun1enLnme nepeHenm? yHak,
ne1[1]. 6o necHo1pn na 1o, u1o nan6onee opnosnme qnrypm, onnue1aopnkune
eapeckoe Horyuec1ao, o1ounn a 1enL, annnnne nx ne yHenLunnocL, a 1o n
yaennunnocL. ak, no coo6uennnH npeccm, po 70% peuenn, npnnnHaeHmx
npaan1enLc1aoH acLnnoaa, ro1oan1cn a neppax nnc1n1y1a apapa. ponn y6aca,
a1oro unena npoaoro npaan1enLc1aa (unenckn 6nne1 N63 nnLpep6eprckoro kny6a)
pacnpoc1pann1Lcn nsnnune. e-qak1o aepnynncL a occnk Honenckn, ycnnckn.
1.p.
aun apa6ckne ppysLn ponxnm nonn1L: po 1ex nop, noka eapeckn qak1op a
akonoHnke n nonn1nke occnn 6ype1 npeaannpoaa1L, nosnunn naue c1panm na
nnxneH oc1oke 6ype1 a nyuueH cnyuae paynnuno, a a xypueH - o1kpoaenno
nponspannLcko n an1napa6cko. a Hec1e apa6cknx nonn1nkoa n cpenan 6m
coo1ae1c1aykune amaopm n o6pa1nn cyry6oe annHanne na pycckoe naunonanLnoe
panxenne, opnnH ns aaxneunx npnopn1e1oa ko1oporo nanne1cn npo1naopec1ane
eapeckoHy sacnnLk a amcunx auenonax poccncko nonn1nkn n akonoHnkn.
onarak, u1o a xope ceHnpno n1nqapm, ko1opan naune1cn pano nnn nospno,
apa6aH n pyccknH cnepye1 c1on1L nneuoH k nneuy.
[1] ecHo1pn na 1o, u1o a 2003-2004 rr. pnp onnrapxoa-kpokpa1oa 6mn no1ecnen a
akonoHnke, o6e nap1nn eapeckoro kann1ana - n 6noko no1epnenn nopaxenne
na am6opax, a npesnpen1 y1nn npopeHonc1pnpoaan neko1opyk ro1oanoc1L k pyccko-
ncnaHckoHy pnanory, nanecn ansn1 6Lepnnenno cnaHcko onqepenunn n ykpenna
o1nouennn c npesnpen1oH anasnn . oxa1xnpoH, 1eH ne Henee, npnnunnnanLnmx
nsHenenn a o1nouennnx occnn c spanneH n Hm noka ne anpnH. poc1aennm
coks coxpanne1cn.
3BYHHmE HHHm HHHRH3M
537
( n B.. M.
n n H r N6 2000 r.
H .)
s6aan Henn, oxe, o1 ppyse, a c aparaHn n n caH cnpaankcL.
nekcanpp akeponckn
ennkoHy napopy nenpnc1ono nrpa1L rnynyk ponL - ponL npoc1aka,
na uee ko1oporo ycaxnaak1cn 6onee noakne co6pa1Ln.
.. enLunkoa
a esaancnHo rase1e nop nasaanneH K nv
. r n n , v
amsaana neHano o1smaoa. eko1opme ns nnx, noneHnsnpykune co Hno
npnHo nnn kocaenno, yxe o6napopoaanm - a1o saHe1kn n c1a1Ln . nnkoaa
(y66o1nnk- 11.03.2000), . poueuknna, . 6pyna1nnoaa (-uenapnn
12.04.2000), . onoaa ( 05.04.2000, 12.04.2000), . anna ( 08.04.2000),
. kaycenn ( 20.04.2000). o o1ae1 nH ony6nnkoaan a -uenapnnx
14.06.2000.
o 6onLuoHy cue1y n yxe no6epnn a a1oH cnope. noaoH 1ekc1e n nnuy o6 a1oH 1ak:
H c n c qk, c M qkck
knc r ycckr nk. C kryM nr
Mn, rk, rc, n, ry. B rnn x
nn ynk Mnx c: -, M, M
n nnrck c m yx mn - M
n n; -, M, ycck nnr mn Mn
cM M, - ycckn.
n , M rnn, M, y - akc KMcc
c nckMy akcMMy PO Hmk
k qncq Ayn - knc yx x
nckr c, cnmkM, M, nc nnkyn
cyM.
c1L n ppyrne poc1nxennn (o6 a1oH - nnxe).
1papnyk kap1nny npo1naoc1onnnn c nnopopuaHn nop1n1 1onLko opnn pycckn
uenoaek. 1o1 uenoaek - m, opnc epreeanu, packpn1nkoaaaun Henn a nyx n npax
a pa6o1e m x . (H
x ). e snak, ueH am npn a1oH pykoaopc1aoaanncL: pyccko
noroaopko e caonx, u1o6m uyxne 6onnncL nnn na1nncko nocnoanue na1on
Hne ppyr, no nc1nna popoxe. apekcL, u1o nocnepne, no ponxen ckasa1L, u1o 1akyk
nosnunk Hoxe1 nosaonn1L ce6e 1onLko 1o1, y koro nc1nna nexn1 a kapHane. npnHo,
am a a1oH yaepenm, pas npnnncann caok nosnunk ne nnuno ce6e, pycckoHy
naunonannc1y nponoay, a neknH pyccknH naunonannc1aH aoo6ue. e ykasaa, k1o
ac na 1o ynonnoHounn.
pyroHy n ne c1an 6m o1aeua1L, n6o au 1ekc1 nokasancn Hne cpenannmH nacnex,
nenpopyHanno, on ampae1, a caHoH nyuueH cnyuae, nnuL aun po6pme naHepennn.
(ypa aepe1 popora, yc1nannan po6pmHn naHepennnHn, m snae1e.)
538
o1aeuak aH no 1peH npnunnaH. <.>
o-a1opmx, 1eHa o1nouennn pyccknx k ppyrnH napopaH occnn pec1an1enLno
upesamuano aaxna n ak1yanLna. e peuenne ec1L ao HnoroH peuenne ace naue
cypL6m. 6cyxpenne a1o 1eHm paano naspeno. Henn ec1L 6onee ueH cepLesnme
ocnoaannn cun1a1L, u1o a1a 1eHa 1akxe ne pnn ny6nnunmx pnckyccn, no m, noc1aana
Henn nepep neo6xopnHoc1Lk o1aeua1L, 1eH caHmH o1kpmnn nunk anpopm.
1ae1c1aennoc1L sa a1o - na ac. <.>
roaopn1L a caHmx o6unx uep1ax, 1o rnaanm nepoc1a1ok aue kpn1nkn -
o1cy1c1ane nn6o noaepxnoc1noc1L nc1opnuecknx snann. aepL a 1akoH aonpoce 6es
nc1opnueckoro rny6okoro 6ypennn neaosHoxno nn paso6pa1Lcn, nn cpena1L aepnme
amaopm, a 1oH uncne nonn1nko-npak1nueckne. oneuno, nc1opnn o1kpmaae1 naH
sauac1yk c1pannum, na ko1opmx nanncano aoace ne 1o, u1o naH 6m xo1enocL. o, kak
nsaec1no, nonck nc1nnm - ne ec1L nonck xenaeHoro.
na1L n Hmcnn1L - nopo 1nxenm kpec1 pnn nonn1nka, no acerpa cuac1Le pnn
yuenoro. onn1nk - sauac1yk 6onLue 1ak1nk, ueH c1pa1er; nac1onun yuenm,
npeonor - acerpa c1pa1er n 1onLko. onn1nk Hoxe1 pec1aoaa1L no npnnunny paa
nnueH - 1pn a yHe; on, kak kann1an kopa6nn, ponxen Haneapnpoaa1L, naanpoaa1L,
ns6eran pnqoa, Hene n c1onknoaenn, npoknapmaan ny1L k Hanky. o yuenm,
npeonor, kak 1o1 caHm Hank, - on ne nHee1 npaaa Haneapnpoaa1L n naanpoaa1L,
nnaue nopy1 ko pny ace kopa6nn aokpyr. pno peno, ecnn am u1o-1o ckaxe1e a
nnuno 6ecepe - nonn1nkn uac1o a pasnmx aypn1opnnx roaopn1 coaepuenno
npo1naononoxnme aeun, n a1o nopHanLno. pyroe peno, ecnn am pae1e nncLHennyk
ny6nnunyk yc1anoaky konneraH: 1y1 yx am o1aeuae1e sa kaxpoe cnoao. yuue
cHonua1L, ueH nnnny1L nnunee.
1opo nepoc1a1ok - caHoyaepennoc1L, c ko1opo m cypn1e o cnoxneunx
npo6neHax, ne 6ypyun a nnx cneunannc1oH. aua 6epa a 1oH, u1o m asnnncL sa
nn1erpanLnoe ncuncnenne - eapeckn aonpoc, ne nonnoc1Lk ocaona npoc1yk
apnqHe1nky naunonannsHa. ounee, ocaona ee kak xypoxnnk cnoaa, aHounonanLno,
a ne paunonanLno. cneuno paso6paauncL c neko1opmHn acnek1aHn eapeckoro
aonpoca, m peunnn, u1o knkun k peuennk acex pyccknx npo6neH yxe y ac a pykax.
a1o ne 1ak. ycckn aonpoc - unpe n rny6xe, ueH aonpoc pyccko-eapecknx
o1nouenn, n ne nHn opnnHn onpepenne1cn. apeckn aonpoc - nnuL qparHen1
pycckoro, xo1n n aaxneun. o peanLnan npo6neHa1nka pyccko xnsnn ne caopn1cn
nnuL k pyccko-eapeckoHy npo1naoc1onnnk, ona HnoroHepnee n cnoxnee. euna c
konpauka noyun1L Henn npaannLnoHy naunonannsHy, m, o1nkpL ne o6napan
Honononne na nc1nny, nonapae1e anpocak.
uenoH aue counnenne - Hannqec1 saypnpnoro na1pno1a-nHnepua, Heu1akuero, u1o
na pyccknx c napexpo cHo1pn1 ne 1onLko napopm occnn, no n napopm 6maunx
coksnmx pecny6nnk, a aoace ne npocaeuennoro pycckoro naunonannc1a. (e spn m
n nap1nk caok nasaann ne ycckan naunonanLnan, a ycckan na1pno1nueckan).
onpo6yk noncnn1L ace ckasannoe n o1ae1n1L aH no cyuec1ay. <.>
RHM - UEH HKH 3EHHR
noroaopnH o rnaanoH - c aue 1oukn spennn. no ampaxeno aunH
saronoakoH: 6 o1nouennn pyccknx k kopennmH napopaH occnn. oueHy m
npounn HnHo pec1an1enLno rnaanoro n cocpepo1ounnncL na ckasannoH? a no1oHy,
u1o n nac1ynnn aH na nk6nHyk HosonL, noxopn nopaepr coHnennk aue can1oe,
au rnaanm npeonornueckn kosmpL, aue nonn1nueckoe noy-xay, auy
539
konuenunk epnnc1aa kopennmx napopoa occnn a 6opL6e c xnpoH. o1 m n
asannncL na pm6m.
ocHo1pnH na npocae1 aun apryHen1m.
1.
Hne, kak n aH, kasancn anonne npneHneHmH 1epHnn kopennme
napopm. m 6es oco6mx coHnenn ncnonLsoaann ero a 1oH xe npoek1e yccko
onc1n1yunn (1997) n 1.p. o sa1eH n norny6xe sapyHancn nap cHmcnoH a1oro cnoaa, n
1enepL yxe o1 nero ne a aoc1opre. aspenenne napopoa occnn no npnnunny
kopennme - nekopennme kaxe1cn Hne ceuac neaepnmH no cyuec1ay n nonn1nueckn
neypaunmH.
pyHaeHcn: u1o snaun1 cnoao kopenno? anpnHep, kopenno Hockanu - a1o 1o1,
ko1opm ne 1onLko caH popnncn a ockae, no n ero npepkn xnnn specL. a1oH n
coc1on1 ykopenennoc1L. ueH 6onLue 1aknx npepkoa, n ueH panLue a rny6L aekoa
yxopn1 uenouka nokonenn Hockanue, 1eH 1ako uenoaek kopennee. axe ecnn na
kakoe-1o apeHn pop yesxan ns ockam, a no1oH aepnyncn n Hoxe1 nop1aeppn1L caon
Hockoackne kopnn, on ace paano nHee1 npaao cun1a1Lcn kopennmH, ne 1ak nn?
oo1ae1c1aenno, npnxopn1cn cun1a1L kopennmHn xn1ennHn occnn ace napopm, uLn
nyc1L o1panennme, no npnHme npepkn korpa-nn6o npoxnaann na ee nmneune
1eppn1opnn.
o kpn1epn, nosaonnkun o1penn1L kopennoro xn1enn o1 nekopennoro, ouenL sm6ok
n cnopen: cpok npoxnaannn. aknH on ponxen 6m1L, a1o1 cpok, u1o6m napop
sacnyxnaan saannn kopennoro? 1oro eue nnk1o ne onpepennn. kaxeH, pycckne a
n6npn o6ocnoaanncL a XVI-XVIII aekax: a1oro poc1a1ouno nnn ne1 pnn npnsnannn nx
1aH kopennmHn? 1a1apm a oaonxLe - c XIII aeka; onn - kopennme?
uenL aaxno, k1o 6ype1 cypLe a a1oH aonpoce. m, pycckne, cun1aeH ce6n yxe
kopennmHn a n6npn n na anLneH oc1oke - a kak xe nnaue! pnako cornacnm nn c
naHn nky1m, aaenkn, aaenm, aosnk6nennme aHn kopnkn n kkarnpm? m nx o6muno
ne cnpaunaaeH - n npaannLno penaeH, a 1o Hoxno napaa1Lcn n na nenpnn1nm o1ae1.
o aepL ao1 saraospka: a kopennme nn a ky1nn - nky1m, uLe nepecenenne 1ypa ns
pn6akanLn saaepunnocL nnuL a XV aeke? nn-1o, koneuno, ckaxy1 pa, no
na1onkny1cn npn a1oH na npoc1nme aospaxennn aaenkoa (1ynrycoa), a 1eH 6onee -
aaenoa. yx nopaano - kkarnpoa n kopnkoa, c 1oukn spennn ko1opmx paxe aaenm,
nonanaunecn a 1ex Hec1ax a aeke, - narnme npnuenLum. ouno 1ak xe o6c1on1 peno
c 1eHn xe 1a1apaHn. npocn1e nx: am a oaonxLe kopennme? nn o1ae1n1:
6esycnoano, pa! o nepecnpocn1e y aonxcknx 6ynrap, kopennme nn 1a1apm, - onn
paccHek1cn aaH a nnuo.
nocHo1pnH na ace a1o uepes npnsHy eapeckoro aonpoca. ak nsaec1no, na
kap1e coapeHenno occnn ec1L 1eppn1opnn, axopnaune a VII-X aekax a coc1aa
asapckoro karana1a. m ace nonnnn? a-pa, eapen yxe ceropnn 1ak n roaopn1, n
nnuy1: Hm - kopennme xn1enn occnn. osLHeH nsaec1nyk knnry opnca nL1uynepa
(6mauero npaaosaun1nnka, cnopanxnnka kpoaaaoro ryHannc1a nppen axapoaa)
ocnepnnn 1ana occnn (., o, 1996), nocanuennyk nc1opnn xasap n
npeonornn xasapc1aa. aH uepnmH no 6enoHy nanncano, u1o eaponeckne eapen
(aukenasn) 6mnn, okasmaae1cn, - necoHnenno, no1oHkaHn xasap n cnaann,
ocnoanan Hacca aukenasnH nHee1 ne ceHn1ckoe, a c1ennoe n kaakasckoe
nponcxoxpenne, a pycckne n xasapm - 6pa1Ln. cansn c a1o nornko y1aepxpae1cn,
u1o poccnckne eapen - aukenasnH - kopennme xn1enn a1o c1panm n u1o eapen
occnn na npo1nxennn pecn1n aekoa yuac1aoaann a cospannn ycckoro rocypapc1aa n
540
nannk1cn ero nckonnmHn xn1ennHn. m, koneuno, un1ann o6 a1oH ecnn ne a knnre
nL1uynepa, 1o a HoeH counnennn ero o1 nac xo1n1 eapen, no amaopoa ne cpenann.
ouenL spn.
amaop npoc1: po6naancL oco6mx npaa pnn kopennmx napopoa occnn, Hm pnckyeH
napenn1L nHn 1oro, koro napenn1L xo1enocL 6m HenLue acero. m unpokoaeua1enLno
n 6es ornnpkn aosrnauae1e: cn nc Pcc nx kM M
Pcc!. pepc1aaL1e ce6e, u1o a1o1 au nosynr c1ane1 oqnunanLnmH,
rocypapc1aennmH. Henno npoueuknnm 1y1 xe nopnnHy1 kpnk: m-pe n ec1L
kopenno napop occnn, naue Haccoaoe npncy1c1ane specL - kak HnnnHyH c cepLHoro
aeka. m, ao acnkoH cnyuae, ropaspo kopennee 1a1ap, nonanaunxcn a oaonxLe na
Hnoro aekoa nosxe, kopennee aapnroa, npnuepunx na ycL a IX aeke, a aosHoxno -
n cnaann, c ko1opmx naun npepkn 6pann panL a ne1onncnme apeHena. naun1, ace
npaaa kopennmx napopoa ponxnm npnnapnexa1L n naH. anac1L - 1oxe, n a nepayk
ouepepL.
a1oHy nn m c1peHn1ecL? paan1cn nn aH 1ako noaopo1 aue nsnk6nenno
1eHm? aepL on coaepuenno nens6exen!
o a1o npnunne n ceropnn npepnoun1ak ne nes1L a coHnn1enLnyk 1epHnnonornk, ne
nHekuyk 1ounoro n o6uenpnsnannoro (!) kpnpnueckoro copepxannn (a poccnckoH
npaae ec1L nnuL nonn1ne kopennme Hanouncnennme napopm (panee
Hanouncnennme) a akone rapan1nnx npaa kopennmx Hanouncnennmx napopoa
o1 12.05.99), n nonLsykcL npnamunmHn ampaxennnHn: Hanme napopm n
naunonanLnme HenLunnc1aa. a1oH cnyuae kaxpoHy cneunannc1y ace cpasy
c1anoan1cn ncno n nonn1no. pn o1nocn1enLno Hanouncnennoc1n kak o6ueH
npnsnake, Hanme napopm n nauHenLunnc1aa o1nnuak1cn ppyr o1 ppyra 1eH, u1o
nepame M c rcycc nM r rcyc,
a a1opme - nHek1.
ak 1onLko am aaopn1e a1o1 orpannun1enLnm npnsnak, kaxpoHy cpasy c1anoan1cn
nonn1no, ueH 1a1apnn, 6auknp, Hoppann o1nnuak1cn o1 rpysnna, apHnnnna, eapen.
nocnepnnx ec1L caoe naunonanLnoe rocypapc1ao ane occnn, a y nepamx - ne1. 1orpa
Hoxno c1aan1L aonpoc 1ak: noesxa1e a caoe rocypapc1ao n nonLsy1ecL 1aH ace
nonno1o npaa uenoaeka n rpaxpannna. specL am - roc1n, n aaun npaaa Hory1 n
ponxnm 6m1L orpannuenm. 1o, Hexpy npounH, n ec1L naunonan-peHokpa1nn.
ony1no saHeuy, u1o a naueH npoek1e yccko konc1n1yunn kopennme napopm
npo1naonoc1aannk1cn no cHmcny cnoaa nHenno napopaH, nHekunH ane occnn caok
rocypapc1aennoc1L, 1o ec1L - nHenno naunonanLnmH HenLunnc1aaH[1].
K, u1o napo nac1anaa1L na aueH nosynre. n, kak cnepye1 ns ckasannoro,
nepoc1a1ouno npopyHan, necoaepuenen n no1oHy nonpoc1y onacen pnn nac. ro nyxno
nsHenn1L. ak - pyHa1e caHn, n aH ne coae1unk, no1oHy u1o ne paspennk auy
nosnunk a npnnunne. nkakne nrpm a nonn1nueckyk uenecoo6pasnoc1L, a
nonn1nueckn 1ak1 n 1.p. a aonpocax anac1n n ne npnsnak.
Bu u x - u. 3 - n
x .
2. v,
, aH, pycckoHy cn6npnky, k1o-1o cyHen, yam, npnan1L caoero popa
koHnnekc npnuenLua n kononnsa1opa no o1nouennk k napopaH n nneHenaH,
541
xnaunH a n6npn po npnxopa pyccknx. o y nac, pyccknx xn1ene eaponecko
occnn, npepc1aannkunx 80% caoero napopa, a1oro koHnnekca ne1 n 6m1L ne Hoxe1.
ne ponxno. oa1oHy Hm na neko1opme aeun cHo1pnH c aHn pnaHe1panLno
npo1naononoxnmH o6pasoH.
eypnan1enLno, u1o nopo6nm koHnnekc nm1ak1cn naansa1L naH ns-sa okeana,
pacckasmaan acnkne 6acnn. o-nepamx, y ampoxpakunxcn 6enmx aHepnkanuea,
nacHep1L o1paanennmx xpnc1nancko peHokpa1ne, y caHnx yxe pasanncn a
o1nouennn nnpeuea n nerpoa nopo6nm koHnnekc, nckycno naansannm n
noppepxnaaeHm eapecko nponaranpo, ko1opan c1peHn1cn ncnxonornueckn
ocna6n1L c1epxneao anrno-cakconckn a1noc . o-a1opmx, eapen napek1cn
npnan1L a1o1 koHnekc naH, u1o6m no anpo6npoaanno a 1a1ax Hopenn cpena1L
pyccknx kak Hoxno 6onee paccna6nenno, a snaun1 ynpaanneHo n nocnyuno
cko1nno. Henno 1aknH c1anoan1cn uenoaek, y1pa1naun nenokone6nHyk
yaepennoc1L a npaao1e caoero xnsnennoro ny1n. paa nn n nepep oroH n nkpLHn? -
sapae1 ce6e aonpoc peqnek1npykuee nnu1oxec1ao. - e sapen nn n, ne o6npen nn
koro nenapokoH, po6maan ce6e Hec1o nop connueH? ak 1onLko nounn nopo6nme
aonpocm - ace, 6epn ero, rony6unka, ronmHn pykaHn. n o6peuen. n eHy, nn
no1oHc1ay ero ne ykpenn1Lcn na seHne. nnkoHy ero ne xanL.
pnan1enLno, u1o n m pypn1e a 1y xe eapeckyk pypy, nm1ancL amsaa1L y Henn
kakoe-1o uyac1ao annm n o1ae1c1aennoc1n nepep HanmHn cnHn. ecnonesno. axe
ne nm1a1ecL! nuero ne nonyun1cn.
o Hne 1eue1 kpoaL noHopoa, poncknx kasakoa n kopennmx, nckonnmx Hockanue. ne
aun npo6neHm nacue1 Hanmx cn6npcknx n 1.n. nneHen n napopoa - po naHnoukn. (
paxe n Hmcnn ne ponyckak, u1o a1n npo6neHm ec1L a pec1an1enLnoc1n, a ne a aueH
nnuL aoo6paxennn!) m ne am1on1ann, ne ampesann nx acex nop kopenL, kak eapen
ceHL napopoa eHnn 6e1oaanno, kak anrnnuane nnpeuea, kak neHum npyccoa (n
1.p.),- nyc1L ckaxy1 cnacn6o. Hexpy npounH, ecnn 6m Hm aespe noc1ynann no
ykasannoHy npnHepy, y nac ne 6mno 6m ceropnn npo6neH nn a eune, nn a yae, nn a
pmree, nn a ky1nn, nn a pn6an1nke. nn sa u1o 1y1 ne arn1npyk, npoc1o
konc1a1npyk qak1.
yHak, u1o m c1pauno qanLunan1e, korpa napy1mH, nanmuennmH cnoroH nnue1e o
kakoH-1o naueH ponre (pa eue aekoaoH, o1 npepkoa) nepep kaknHn-1o napopaHn
occnn. akan epynpa! akoe kpopc1ao! ano nn u1o koHy cynnnn uapn-rocypapn ns
amcunx nonn1nuecknx coo6paxenn. m c penannmH npoc1opyuneH un1npye1e
acnnnn pe1Lero (rpeka no Ha1epn, nHeauero xapak1ep xonopno-xec1okn n kpane
pacue1nnam, kak roaopn1 o neH popeaonkunonnm nc1opnk . enoa), nncaauero
nenuaH, xan1aH n Hancn: Hm aac xanoaa1n n sa aac c1on1n n o1 c1opon 6epeun
xo1nH. o, ao-nepamx, aennkoknnxeckoe Hm k pycckoHy napopy a uenoH nnkonH
o6pasoH ne o1nocn1cn. ao-a1opmx, u1o xe eHy oc1aaanocL? oaopn1L, npn1e, Hon, ko
Hne, n aaH 6oukn noo1pmaak, seHnn aaun sa6epy?
n n, nn Hon popn1enn, nn Hon pe1n - ne o1ae1unkn sa uapckne cnoaa. aecL napop
pycckn sa uapckne cnoaa - 1oxe ne o1ae1unk. apnH (cpepn ko1opmx pyccknHn Hoxno
cun1a1L pasae u1o nauanLnmx oHanoamx, po ka1epnnm epao) uyxne 1eppn1opnn
cna1L ne paaann, a nna1nnn-1o onn sa nnx napopno pyccko kpoaLk! uac1o spn
nna1nnn: ankanm, onLua, nnnnnpnn, ypkec1an - Hm nopaannncL nHn, kak xapnna
koc1Lk, no ne no naue anne: aonm, ko1opme Hm aenn 1aH, ne 6mnn napopnmHn
aonaHn, ne 6mnn ec1ec1aennmH panxenneH pycckoro nneHenn. (enepL paanHcn
eune, na ouepepn, no HonH npepc1aanennnH, Hory1 6m1L nryue1nn n yaa.) o
n6npL-1o Hm, pycckne, 6pann caHn - n pnn ce6n, nnkoro ne cnpaunaan, 1ypa
nanpaannna nac napopnan aonn, amcokoe peHorpaqnueckoe paanenne a pyccko cpepe,
nexaa1ka nauennmx seHenL a eaponecko occnn. 6pann Hm n6npL, u1o 6m m nn
542
roaopnnn, c 6ok[2]. u1o c 6ok asn1o - 1o can1o, y1aepxpae1 pycckan nocnoanua. m
nnkoHy nnuero 1aH ne ponxnm.
onr y nac, kc1a1n, u : . nnkakoro
ppyroro ne1 n 6m1L ne Hoxe1 a npnnunne. 1o 1oxe nc1nna ns pyccko as6ykn.
m Hexpy 1eH c neneno po1ounoc1Lk nepeuncnne1e: 1a1apm, 6auknpm, apmrn,
6ypn1m, ueuenum, nnryun, 1yannum, nky1m, uykun, kopnkn, acknHocm, n1enLHenm,
nanaum, ynLun, opoun, opokn, ypareum, nnrepanLum, xan1m, Hancn, cenLkynm,
an1aum, xakacm, 1yannum, 1oqanapm, uopum, kkarnpm, caaHm, nenum, ceaepnme
koHn, anum, ponranm, Hoppaa, Hapnum, ypHyp1m, koHn-nepHnkn. q! aceH nH, Hm,
amxopn1, u1o-1o ponxnm sa 1o, u1o xnaeH, nko6m, na nx seHne. (-1o, npnsna1Lcn,
acerpa pyHan, u1o ne pycckne xnay1 a nekoe aennko ky1nn, a nky1m - a
konkpe1no aennko occnn, cospanno pyccknHn.)
ak n xoue1cn sanan1L aH: cn6npnk, ne aeua1e na nac caon pernonanLnme
npo6neHm! o n y6expen, u1o a1n aun npo6neHm - nenac1onune, napyHannme, a
pec1an1enLnoc1n ne cyuec1aykune paxe a n6npn.
aepen, u1o m nykaan1e. e Hoxe1 6m1L, u1o6m m nckpenne pepxann ack a1y opaay
y caoero ceppua! o, aosHoxno, m n anpnHL uero-1o ne nonnHae1e. onpo6yk
noncnn1L npnHepoH.
, a 1990-e rr. a qpnke nponsouna pnkan, uypoanunan 1parepnn.
ecnmxannan pesnn, a xope ko1opo nneHn xy1y nopnnno aocc1anne n ampesano
naunc1o okono payxco1 1mcnu (!!!) npepc1aan1ene rocnopc1aykuero nneHenn 1y1cn.
o no1oH 1y1cn onoHnnnncL, co6panncL c cnnaHn n nokasann, k1o a poHe xosnnn,
o1ae1no ampesaa nopnpka payxco1 xe 1mcnu xy1y. o1 1akne pena.
aepen, u1o m un1ae1e npo a1o, nepoyHenno nopnna 6poan: kakne eue k uep1y 1y1cn,
xy1y? akoe Hne po nnx peno? n opnn Hyckyn na aueH nnue, n pyHak, ne ppornyn
npn nsaec1nn o6 a1oH Hope kpoan, nn opna cnesnnka ne nponnnacL. npaannLno! ak
n ponxno 6m1L! akoe naH, pec1an1enLno, peno po a1nx 1eHnmx napopoa, c nx
cHeunmHn, nenac1onunHn, kykonLnmHn nasaannnHn? a xo1L 6m n aoace nepe6nnn
ppyr ppyra! expy npounH, ace Hnpoaoe unannnsoaannoe coo6uec1ao o1necnocL k
a1nH co6m1nnH nHenno c 1aknH o6pasuoamH kaHennmH paanopyuneH, ueH aosHy1nno
neko1opmx ceppo6onLnmx xypnannc1oa, ko1opme naH npo ace n noaepann.
s-sa koro xe m na6pocnnncL na Henn, caoero pycckoro 1oaapnua, c 1ako npoc1Lk?
s-sa uykue? 1enLHenoa? poue? cnmxan o 1aknx, no a xnsnn ne ac1peuan. nn
Henn n eue c1a Hnnnnonoa eaponecknx pyccknx a1o 1akan xe nepeanLnan
peanLnoc1L, kak necyuec1aykune 6onee Hornkane, anaun nnn opxn6yan. nn
ynoHnny1me xy1y n 1y1cn. , koneuno, nnuero ne nHek npo1na nepeuncnennmx aHn
napopnoc1e. o Hne aoo6ue ne1 po nnx nnkakoro pena.
ao1 koro n noanpan - 1ak a1o aney1oa, n6o uenm Hecnu pa6o1an na oHanpopcknx
oc1poaax. ponxen npnHo ckasa1L, u1o ne cun1ak aney1oa pparouennmH ykpauenneH
anp1yanLnoro qon1ana pyx6a napopoa. oceuenne xnxnnm opnoro ns
neHnorouncnennmx npepc1aan1ene a1oro nneHenn (acero a occnn okono 650 uen.)
oc1aanno nensrnapnHoe aneua1nenne: a cennx ropa - amue uenoaeueckoro poc1a -
nysmpLkoa ns-nop opekonona, na c1ene rono, 6es He6enn, koHna1m - pacnnnennan
ukypka nepnm, na xenesno kpoaa1n - ronm Ha1pau, na Ha1paue - ronm no nonc
nenpo6ypno nLnnm aney1. ako ao1 na1kpHop1.
e1, opnc epreeanu, n nnnoueH ne c1an 6m ccopn1Lcn c aHn ns-sa aney1oa.
543
m, kc1a1n, o1papn1e caok pouL saHyx sa nk6esnoro aaueHy ceppuy n1enLHena,
opoua? osaonn1e cmny xenn1Lcn na 6auknpke? Henn, kak m snae1e, 1pn pouepn, n
kaxpo nsaec1no c Hnapmx nor1e: cope1cn c nnopopueH - npnpe1cn e sa6m1L, kak
Henn soay1, n6o na nopor nx ne nyuy. cmnoaLn Hon snak1: xenn1cn na nepyccknx -
pacc1any1cn c o1unH poHoH naacerpa. ypoao? oxe1 6m1L. o, no-HoeHy, npepaaa1L
caok kpoaL nenLsn nn npn kaknx o6c1on1enLc1aax, a1o a6conk1noe 1a6y.
axpoHy pycckoHy naunonannc1y, a 1eH 6onee - pycckoHy nonn1nky, cnepye1 ycaon1L
eue opny as6yunyk nc1nny. B n x .
occnn xnay1 nnuL cnepykune nacenennn: 1) pycckne, 2)
xenakune 6m1L pyccknHn, 3) ppyxeckn o1nocnunecn k pyccknH n 4) aparn. ce
npoune knaccnqnkaunn ne nHek1 nnkakoro snauennn, oc1aaL1e nx yuenmH HyxaH:
nyc1L cun1ak1, ckonLko y 6noxn nor. aH a1o nn k ueHy.
H m m nn u :
m s , . H .
m n n - Hm o6a paano n ynopno noackpy nnueH: aunonannsH - a1o nk6oaL k caoe
naunn. a1o coaepuenno 1ouno n npaannLno.
ak 6ypeH xe poc1onm co6c1aennoro nsnk6nennoro aqopnsHa. pou1n1e ero eue
pas: aunonannsH - a1o nk6oaL k naunn.
caoe. e k uyxo.
3. Hr
a pn1opnke 1ako npneH: npnaepenne k a6cyppy 1oukn spennn npo1nannka. m
nm1ae1ecL, aecLHa neypauno, ncnonLsoaa1L ero npo1na Henn n nnue1e: 3
rky n k n c - c,
M ncn, rcn, Mc ckr Cccn, k
Mx! kM Pccn nn ycck!. Tr (?! - A.C.), , ymn nn
ym, Emkn nn mk, YMyn - nn yMy, Tc - nn ,
Eynn - nn yn, Ty - nn y. A kk ? ( u1o, yaaunn, auknpnn,
pHyp1nn, a1apc1an, ypn1nn, yaa - a1o, no-aueHy, yxe ne occnn? - A.C.) M
nky n ccck c, M , nky, Aqk n
nn M xnc kyck c ycck Mn, M nky nn
Pcc Mc c , k nky c c xn (Hm
6pann ky1nk ne papn nky1oa, onn unn nnuL anpnpauy k seHne. - A.C.), x,
a nky crn x ky kk Mm ycck (noueHy xe?!
n u1o xe 1orpa aaxno? - A.C.), a nckn nkyckn Mnn (a ao1 a1o kak
pas nnkoro ne nn1epecye1; Hm ponxnm pyHa1L ne o uyxnx nky1cknx npepkax, a o
caonx pyccknx no1oHkax. - A.C.), cn nky rncn, cn yx
rncn Hkyn - nn nky (nospnoaa1o m onoHnnnncL! - A.C.),
nM Hkyn yy M y y ,
k kn k Mc c k k mn cc Pcc (ny
Hano nn. Lec1L-1o on cLec1L. a k1o x eHy pac1L!. - A.C.). T M
ky Pcc , rn Pccn - nn ycck, mn nnr xM,
n ny cky, cxn Pcc c yr :
/n ck kM cny M, yk y, knk, ackMc, nM,
, yn, , k, yar, rn. - a Mn. C x
M, y n, Mc, cnky, n, kc, y,
qn, m, kr.., c cnm, C, n n,
n, cM y, , c kM, a, nr.., r Yn
nycn m, Hnx m, M y nn n,
544
M, yMy, kM-Mnk.., y nk cnn -
cmcn. Enm x M yx M, M cn,
cc ky Mn, r M Mrn c nM M (u1o
snaun1 nonnoe npaao? n k1o a1o npaao yc1anaannaan? - A.C.), n y kr
k Mn, rnc: Hy, Pccn nn ycck. E, k,
c k k, M k, y ck
mkM: a mk - M.
pep. oneuno. o aa1op a1oro 6pepa ne n, a m, amc1ynakun a Hano pnn ac
npnc1onoH xanpe kpopnaoro.
y1eH npnaepennn k a6cyppy m nonm1anncL cpena1L cHeunmH n nenenmH nosynr
occnn - pnn pyccknx!. roaopnn yxe aH, u1o a1o ne Ho nosynr, 1ak u1o au ypap
npnuencn HnHo nenocpepc1aenno uenn, 1o ec1L - HnHo Henn. o on ne nopasnn n
6onee aaxnyk uenL - caHy npek.
eHonc1pnpyn a npoun1npoaannoH a6saue, xo1n n a npeapa1no, o1paxenno qopHe,
neko1opme caon saae1nme yc1anoakn, m nopc1aannncL. 6o cHeunmHn n nenenmHn
npepc1ann ne c1onLko kpn1nkyeHme, ckonLko aun co6c1aennme npnnunnm. y u1o x,
nopeH aunH ny1eH eue panLue n poaepeH aun a6cyppnme npepnonoxennn po eue
6onee a6cyppnoro anpa.
, ne oun6cn, pa1ye1e sa aeunme n nensHennme npaaa acex a6opnrenoa (a
aue 1epHnnonornn - kopennmx napopoa)? un1ae1e a npnnunne cnpaaepnnamH,
u1o6m kopennan seHnn, na ko1opo xnnn npepkn kakoro-1o napopa, npnnapnexana
6m eHy acerpa? ne a1o kaxe1cn aepxoH a6cyppa n an1nnc1opnsHa, no nyc1L 6ype1 no-
aueHy. aaa1e aocc1anaannaa1L cnpaaepnnaoc1L noackpy no aunH npaannaH.
mronnH ns Hepnkn ace napopm, nonanaunecn 1aH nocne onyH6a, a pokonyH6oame
uenoaeueckne pennk1m, ko1opme 1aH xosnnnuann nsppeane, nanpo1na,
perenepnpyeH. nrno-cakcoa n acnknx eaponeuea - npouL ns ac1pannn. eHuea -
pono ns oc1ouno epHannn, aospopnH 1aH nckonnoe cnaannckoe noronoaLe.
panuysoa - aon ns nLsaca. aoo6ue naaepeH noam nopnpok ao ace apone,
ko1opyk apnH oxnnoa He1ko nasaan knap6nueH napopoa: yc1ponH nH 1o1anLnoe
aockpeuenne. 1.p. paapa, npnpe1cn n nky1oa nporna1L ns ky1nn papn kopnkoa n
kkarnpoa, n 1a1ap ns oaonxLn - papn 6ynrap, u1o6 ne o16npann nn y koro nx
kopenno seHnn, no a1o - pe1ann. aopno c1on1 nopyHa1L, ne aepny1L nn neHuea a
nnesnk (onLua), ype1m (exnn) n oc1ounyk pyccnk (caonx-1o, pyccknx, a
nk6oH cnyuae y6npa1L o11ypa npnpe1cn). o no1oH, ecnn nape1cn napouka nac1onunx
npyccoa, npnpe1cn, koneuno, n neHuea ns pyccnn amknny1L.
aueH m, uenoaek c amcunH o6pasoaanneH, npnknpmaae1ecL neaexpo n neyueH?
enae1e anp, 6yp1o ne snae1e, u1o reorpaqnueckan kap1a nensHenna a aekax, a
nonn1nueckan Henne1cn noc1onnno? 1o npaaa napopoa onpepennk1cn ne nx
xenannnHn n ne poroaopaHn o ppyx6e, a nenpepmano 6opL6o, a ko1opo ne1 Hec1a
cna6mH? 1o 1akne cnoaa, kak cnpaaepnnaoc1L, c nonnmH npaaoH, kopennan
seHnn - a1o pasHennan Hone1a, qan1nkn a pykax nonn1nkoa, a yaaxakune ce6n
nc1opnkn nx aoace ne yno1pe6nnk1? 1o nHenno ypenLnm aec 1oro nnn nnoro
nneHenn na panno 1eppn1opnn, pac1yun nnn, nanpo1na, napakun, onpepenne1,
napnpy c aoenno cnno, cypL6y pernonoa? a pesynL1a1e kopennan seHnn opnoro
napopa c1anoan1cn kopenno seHne ppyroro? (puaun npnHep: ocoao,
ceppue ep6nn n cep6ckoro napopa, rpe an6anum sa kakne-1o nn1Lpecn1 ne1
npeapa1nnncL ns HenLunnc1aa - a 6onLunnc1ao co aceHn am1ekakunHn
nocnepc1annHn.)
e1, opnc epreeanu. nkakan seHnn ne pae1cn napopy na aekn aeunme. n ky1nn
nky1aH, nn ypn1nn 6ypn1aH, nn n6npL xan1aH n Hancn. k6o napop Heu1ae1 o
cyaepennoc1n, c1peHn1cn k ne. o ne kaxpoHy pano ee poc1nrny1L, a neko1opme n
545
aoace ncuesak1 c nnua eHnn. B m, , q
. 1ane1, k npnHepy, nky1oa a ky1nn c1onLko xe a npouen1noH o1nouennn,
ckonLko c1ano ueuenuea a eune k ncxopy 1993 ropa, - snaun1, nens6exno c1ane1
ky1nn npe1enpoaa1L na nesaancnHoc1L, xo1L 1m 1pecnn. ecnn, nanpo1na, eue
yHenLun1cn nx ypenLnm aec - npeapa1n1cn ky1nn ns orpoHno pecny6nnkn a
o6munyk o6nac1L occnn, a 1o n a pae-1pn.
e kaknHn-1o npaaaHn, nonnmHn nnn nenonnmHn, onpepenne1cn apean npoxnaannn
napopa, a - u. noco6en napop sann1L (aapnan1:
saxaa1n1L), ypepxa1L, sacenn1L, ocaon1L, okynL1ypn1L, saun1n1L 1o1 nnn nno kpa -
snaun1, poc1onn ero nHe1L. e cnoco6en - 6ype1 ampaanen ppyrnH napopoH, 1onLko n
acero. es nouapm n 6es aapnan1oa. ak ampaannn rpysnnm - Hecxe1nncknx 1ypok.
6xasm - rpysnn ns yxyHn n anLckoro paona. ce1nnm - nnryue ns
pnropopnoro. pHnne - asep6apxanuea ns apa6axa. sep6apxanum - apHnn ns
aky. n6anum - cep6oa ns ceppua ep6nn. ak ampaannn a 1990-1991 rr. ueuenum
pyccknx ns 1papnunonnmx kasauLnx o6nac1e eunn n caHoro posnoro. ak
ampaannaak1 ceropnn pyccknx ns asaxc1ana n pn6an1nkn, pmHa n onpaann,
pepne snn n kpannm, ky1nn n yam, n, Hexpy npounH, ns ockam. 1.p.
akoa sakon xnsnn. T .
m, pycckne, a1y as6yky nnkorpa ne yunnn - ne 6mno 1ako nc1opnuecko
neo6xopnHoc1n. eropnn naH ee npenopak1 noackpy: a 6maunx pecny6nnkax , a
1ak nasmaaeHmx pecny6nnkax occncko epepaunn. ne 1onLko naH, no n cep6aH,
rpysnnaH, Hecxe1nncknH 1ypkaH, nnryuaH, asep6apxanuaH n apHnnaH, aqnonaH n
apn1peuaH, xy1y n 1y1cn - aceH, k1o c1onknyncn c nepepenoH nc1opnuecknx seHenL
no naunonanLnoHy npnnunny.
Hnm uenoaek yun1cn na uyxnx oun6kax. ypak ne cnoco6en nayun1Lcn n na caonx
co6c1aennmx.
cneeH nn Hm amyun1L as6yky naunonannsHa, noka nac ne cokpa1nnn po pasHepoa
ockoackoro knnxec1aa?
4. q
asanHoncknkuakune aeun. opno c1oponm, m cnpaaepnnao
nasmaae1e 6pepoH pac1acknaanne occnn no 6peanmukaH - no kyckaH,
coo1ae1c1aykunH apeany npoxnaannn aa1ox1onnmx napopoa. ppyro c1oponm, caH
npnnunn sakpennennn 1eppn1opn c1panm (kopennmx seHenL) sa 1eHn nnn nnmHn
napopaHn, a saancnHoc1n o1 Hec1a npoxnaannn nx npepkoa, ne kaxe1cn aH noueHy-1o
6pepoamH. m nm1ae1ecL - yam! ne a uy1ky, ne a nopnpke 6pepa - amc1pon1L nekyk
napannenL, nekoe 1oxpec1ao: Hon, ecnn occnn - pnn pyccknx, 1o n n6npL c anLnnH
oc1okoH 1orpa ponxnm 6m1L pnn 1oqanapoa, uopuea, kkarnpoa n 1.n. ak 6yp1o
pycckne - ne kopennme n ne 1n1ynLnme ao ace occnn, na kaxpoH ee kaappa1noH
HnnnnHe1pe, kak 6yp1o n n, n , - ne kopennan seHnn
pnn nac!
, koneuno, ne cun1ak, u1o occnn - nk pnn pyccknx. o au noneHnueckn xop
sa aepc1y un6ae1 a noc pacue1nnamH kpopc1aoH. 1o xe a1o sa nsapauennan,
yuep6nan nornka? 1o sa amanxny1oe uyac1ao cnpaaepnnaoc1n? kako napannenn
1y1 Hoxe1 np1n peuL? konLko 1aH a1nx caHmx 1oqanapoa n uopuea, u1o6m cun1a1L nx
qak1opoH peanLno nonn1nkn?
546
arnnneH-ka a caexn cnoaapL-cnpaaounnk 1o napo sna1L o napopax occnn (.,
1999) n ne nonennHcn amncnn1L koe-kakne a6conk1nme n o1nocn1enLnme unqpm xo1n
6m 1onLko npo ynoHnny1me aHn napopnoc1n a nopnpke y6maannn uncnennoc1n.
ockonLky nepenncL a 1999 ropy ne npoaopnnacL, pannme npnaopn1cn no nepenncn
1989 ropa. pnp nn onn cnnLno ampocnn npn noaoH pexnHe, ckopee nao6opo1. 1o6m
amncnn1L npouen1nyk aennunny 1oro nnn nnoro napopa, ycnoano ncxopnH ns
uncnennoc1n acero nacenennn occnn a 150 Hnnnnonoa.
, , yxacno nanyrann Henn, nepeuncnna napopnoc1n, npe1enpykune na
paspen occnn. appyr, nopyHan n, n anpnHL pyccknH npnpe1cn penn1Lcn? o Ho
ncnyr cpasy npouen, kak 1onLko n ysnan, u1o Hnnme aueHy ceppuy uopum
coc1aannk1 acero 15.745 uen. nnn 0,01% nacenennn occnn, uykun - 15.107 uen. nnn
0,01%, nanaum - 11.183 uen. nnn 0,0074%, kopnkn - 8.942 uen. nnn 0,006%, Hancn
- 8.279 uen. nnn 0,0055%, ponranm - 6.584 uen. nnn 0,004%, cenLkynm - 2.877 uen.
nnn 0,0019%, ynLun - 2.710 uen. nnn 0,0018%, acknHocm - 1.704 uen. nnn 0,001%,
caaHm - 1615 uen. nnn 0,001%, ypareum - 1443 uen. nnn 0,00096%, kkarnpm - 857
uen. nnn 0,00057%, n1enLHenm - 754 uen. nnn 0,0005%, opoun - 704 uen. nnn
0,00046%, 1oqanapm - 628 uen. nnn 0,0004%, nernpanLum - 497 uen. nnn 0,00033%,
opokn - 168 uen. nnn 0,00011%, anum - 103 uen. nnn 0,00007% (pa-pa, ceHL
c1o1mcnunmx). 1oro na acex a1nx Hnneunx kopennmx nkpe, aHec1e asn1mx,
npnxopn1cn poanmH cue1oH 0,0532% o1 acero nacenennn occnn!!
nn ounc1kn coaec1n nasoaeH eue 1e napopnoc1n eaepa, n6npn n anLnero oc1oka,
k1o coc1aanne1 Henee opno pecn1o, no ace xe xo1n 6m no6onLue opno co1o
npouen1a: koHn-nepHnkn (147.269 uen. nnn 0,098%), xakacm (78.500 uen. nnn
0,05%), an1aum (69.409 uen. nnn 0,046%), nenum (34.190 uen. nnn 0,02%), aaenkn
(29.901 uen. nnn 0,02%), xan1m (22.283 uen. nnn 0,015%). 1o a cyHHe eue 0,256%.
1oro na a1n kopennme napopm, ko1opme m npnsaann a cao noxop npo1na
eaac1Lnnoaa, npnxopn1cn 0,3092%. x 1pn 1mcnun peannoc1o pae pecn1n1mcnunmx
ponn opnoro npouen1a nacenennn ace occnn! nyun1enLnm n1or.
1o roHeona1nueckoe konnuec1ao neaosHoxno pasrnnpe1L npoc1mH rnasoH na 1o
konoccanLno nnouapn, no ko1opo onn pas6pocanm. nn nou1n npnspak - 1e caHme
nneHena n napopnoc1n, na npncy1c1ane ko1opmx na pyccko seHne, a naue occnn m
1ak ak1nano ynnpann - n Henn a nnx nocoH 1mkann. pnako na noaepky okasanocL, u1o
1mka1L-1o - npoc1o ne ao u1o. onnuec1ao a1o nac1onLko nnu1oxno, u1o ero paxe ne
nasoaeuL c1a1nc1nuecko aennunno. y, paaa1e am1aunH nx ns a1nononn1nueckoro
ne6m1nn. 1o xe, 6ypeH nocn1Lcn c nnHn, aosaennunH n aosaepeH a nepn
nonn1nueckoro 1aopennn? ypeH cnpaunaa1L y nnx consaonennn na npoxnaanne na nx
kopenno seHne?! onno, opnc epreeanu. a6ypL1e npo a1o1 Henkn necouek
uenoaeueckn - n nnkorpa 6onLue ne acnoHnna1e o neH a pasroaope c cepLesnmHn
nkpLHn. 1o a ppyro pas n roaopn1L c aHn nnk1o ne c1ane1, ace peua1, u1o nnkako
m ne npeonor, a npoc1o nk6n1enL peueamx napapokcoa.
oneuno, 6mno 6m neaepno roaopn1L, u1o npncy1c1ane na seHnnx occnn pasnnunmx
napopoa ne cospae1 pnn nac nnkaknx npo6neH.
o a1o o1penLnm - n ouenL konkpe1nm pasroaop.
5. H Rn
x nvx nx
koHnak1no npoxnaakunx 1ak nasmaaeHmx 1n1ynLnmx napopoa (1o ec1L,
paaunx nasaanne 1o nnn nno naunonanLno-apHnnnc1pa1nano epnnnue occncko
547
epepaunn) nHek1cn, 6eccnopno, n 1akne, ko1opmx nenLsn ne saHe1n1L, c ko1opmHn
nenLsn ne cun1a1Lcn. c1L 1akxe napopm n napopnoc1n poaonLno snaun1enLnme no
konnuec1ay, xo1n n ne nannkunecn 1n1ynLnmHn. x 1oxe neo6xopnHo yun1maa1L
pycckoHy nonn1nky, n6o onn 1oxe cnoco6nm cospa1L naH 6onLune npo6neHm.
epeuncnnH ocnoanme ns nnx: 1a1apm (5.522.096 uen. nnn 3,7%), uyaaun (1.773645
uen. nnn 1,1%), 6auknpm (1.345.273 uen. nnn 0,8%), Hoppaa (1.072.939 uen. nnn
0,7%), ypHyp1m (714.833 uen. nnn 0,47%), Hapnum (643.698 uen. nnn 0,42%),
6ypn1m (417.425 uen. nnn 0,27%), oce1nnm (402275 uen. nnn 0,27%), ka6appnnum
(386.055 uen. nnn 0,26%), nky1m (380.242 uen. nnn 0,25%), paprnnum (353.348 uen.
nnn 0,23%), ceaepnme koHn (336.309 uen. nnn 0,22%), kyHmkn (277163 uen. nnn
0,18%), nesrnnm (257270 nnn 0,17%), nnryun (215.068 uen. nnn 0,14%), 1yannum
(206.160 uen. nnn 0,13%), kanHmkn (165821 uen. nnn 0,1%), kapauaeaum (150332
uen. nnn 0,1%), kapenm 124921 uen. nnn 0,08%), apmrn (122.908 uen. nnn 0,08%).
ecLHa snaun1enLna 6mna a 1989 ropy n uncnennoc1L ueuenuea (898.999 uen. nnn
0,06%), no a1n unqpm ceropnn ne roaopn1 o peanLnoH nonoxennn aeue, a noamx
ne1.
oopnnouke a1n napopm (paxe 1akne kpynnme, kak 1a1apm nnn 6auknpm) ne
npepc1aannk1 pnn nac ceropnn onacnoc1n, cpaannHo c ueuencko yrposo. o Hnorne
ns nnx o6Lepnnenm caoero popa napnaunonanLnmHn ckpenaHn (nanpnHep, pennrne
ncnaHa nnn pernonoH npoxnaannn: aakas, oaonxLe) n axopn1, 1aknH o6pasoH a
nekn, no 1epHnnonornn Laa yHnneaa, cynepa1noc, c ko1opmH npnxopn1cn ncka1L
on1nHanLnyk HopenL asanHopec1ann.
o6ue cnoxnoc1n acex nepyccknx a occnn, kak Hm snaeH - okono 15%, aknkuan
naunonanLnme HenLunnc1aa, a 1oH uncne, 1akne kpynnme, kak eapen. 1o ne 1ak yx
Hnoro, Hoxno 6m n npene6peuL 1ako unqpo. o ecnn pope1 peno po ppakn, 1o a1o n
neHano. 1euae1 1onLko 1o, u1o onn nnkak ne Hory1 ac1a1L pasoH a epnnm c1po, n6o
pas6pocanm no ace c1pane n nx Hnoroe paspenne1 - ne 1onLko knnoHe1pm. o pasnmH
npnunnaH onn n ne xo1n1, n ne Hory1 noka u1o ac1a1L epnnmH an1npyccknH qpon1oH.
cnaaa ory. o1n a1o aoace ne ncknkueno a npnnunne. ak m, opnc epreeanu,
aosHoxno, snae1e, a 1994 ropy, korpa Hm ro1oannn aocka pnn aaopa a eunk, ue1mpe
pnansnn ro1oannncL pnn opnoapeHennoro aaopa a a1apnk. 6o 1aH 1oxe 6mno
necnokono, 1a1apm 6yueaann, npn1ecnnnn n acnueckn pnckpnHnnnpoaann pyccknx,
xo1enn nonnoro cyaepenn1e1a. o ace-1akn paxe 1orpa, na oc1pne cn1yaunn, nnk1o,
kpoHe opno-epnnc1aenno Hn1exno okpannm, ne asnncn sa opyxne (xo1n, nanpnHep,
ennc a1akoa, ro1oanaun Hockoackne aspmam, - 1a1apnn). ceuac yxe n nopaano
ne aosLHe1cn, HoHen1 ynyuen. o 1ex nop, koneuno, noka pycckne - a6conk1noe
6onLunnc1ao nacenennn occnn - xo1n1 n Hory1 nocmna1L caok HonopexL a 1onky
aonm.
a, ppa1Lcn a o1kpm1yk napopm occnn (kpoHe ueuenuea n o1penLnmx npepc1aan1ene
ppyrnx naunonanLnoc1e) c naHn, pyccknHn, ceropnn ne xenak1. 1o, apope 6m, ncno.
o n Hnpa c naHn ao Hnornx naunonanLnmx pecny6nnkax yxe ne1 (o6 a1oH nnxe).
aknH o6pasoH, ceropnn nannuo neyc1ounaoe paanoaecne n nopcnypnm, ne acerpa
cosna1enLnm npouecc co6npannn cnn c o6enx c1opon.
naunonannc1y o1nocn1Lcn k a1nH napopaH, kak c1pon1L c nnHn
o1nouennn? nn o1ae1a na a1o1 aonpoc neo6xopnHo npexpe acero pa1L ouenky:
nn (a nc1opnuecko nepcnek1nae n ceropnn),
kak aepy1 ce6n c naHn, uero xo1n1 o1 nac. pecL neo6xopnH o1kas o1 npepasn1oc1n n
o1aneuennoro 1eope1nsnpoaannn, neo6xopnHo 1ounoe snanne, amaepennm npornos, a
amcue c1enenn pnqqepenunpoaannm nopxop k kaxpoHy pernony n nou1n k kaxpoHy
napopy. o npexpe, ueH nepe1n k 1akoHy anannsy, neo6xopnHo cpena1L paa
saHeuannn.
548
H. e1 nnuero rnynee, npnHn1nanee n nepanLnoanpnee, ueH o6Lncnn1L
HexnaunonanLnyk nanpnxennoc1L a pasnmx c1panax ncknkun1enLno pa6o1o
Hnpoao sakynncm, saroaopoH 1eHnmx cnn. 1nnueckne n pacoame aonm npy1 na
eHne na acex kon1nnen1ax c ponc1opnuecknx apeHen, korpa eue nnkako Hnpoao
sakynncm ne 6mno a noHnne. 6o onn - a npnpope aeue; aeunm cny1nnk
uenoaeuec1aa, onn 6mnn, ec1L n 6ypy1 acerpa.
aunn (a snauennn napop) npoxopn1 caoe c1anoanenne n kpenne1 - a 6opL6e naun.
o6epm a naunonanLnmx aonax (nanpnHep, pyccknx c 1a1apaHn, neHuaHn, nonnkaHn,
uaepaHn, qpanuysaHn, paynapecn1Lk nsmkaHn n np.) - nnua ee poc1a. ecnn pnn
6opL6m 6onLue ne1 cnn, 1o naunn cxopn1 c kpyra nc1opnn n o1npaanne1cn a ne6m1ne.
norpa - Honnnenocno, nnorpa - nokonennnHn. akoa sakon xnsnn.
eyxenn m cun1ae1e, u1o ceropnn pycckn napop yxe o6eccnnen? orpa on o6peuen a
nk6oH cnyuae, n nau c aHn pycckn naunonannsH - npoc1o rnynoc1L, ampyHka,
onacnan nrpyuka aspocnmx 6an6ecoa, nocnepnnn c1aaka a saaepoHo nponrpanno
nrpe. aua nonm1ka sanrpmaa1L c naunonannc1aHn ppyrnx naun - rnynoc1L
apaone, a1o yxnHkn nony1pyna, ne xenakuero 6m1L c6pouennmH a nHy po cpoka n
xaa1akuerocn sa pykn paanopyunmx HornnLunkoa, nokpmaan nx cnesaHn n
nouenynHn.
o u1o kacae1cn Henn - n aepk a nauy ncknkun1enLnyk xnsnec1okoc1L n noc1onnno
naxoxy nop1aepxpakune ee npnHepm. ncno nonnHak: anepepn nac xpe1 6opL6a.
aunonanLnan 6opL6a. ne 1onLko c eapenHn.
eHnme cnnm n sakynnca pa6o1ak1 noc1onnno, no pesynL1a1 nHek1 ne acerpa, a
1onLko 1orpa, korpa naxopn1 a xnsnn peanLnme qak1opm, na ko1opme Hory1
onepe1Lcn. ak pxnHep - pnn caoero pmuara. ne, k npnHepy, ne pas npnxopnnocL
cnmua1L, u1o konqnnk1 a ocoao aosnnk-pe no ykaske n Hnpoaoro cnonnsHa. o
npepc1aaL1e, u1o a o1ae1 na nopc1peka1enLc1ao an6anum 6m 1aeppo n opnosnauno
sanannn: ep6m - naun 6pa1Ln, Hm c nnHn naaek! e cHe1e nac c nnHn
c1paannaa1L! m nn sa u1o ne 6ypeH aoeaa1L npo1na 6pa1Lea!
aonm 6m ne 6mno.
1o - a Heu1ax. o a xnsnn - nnuero nopo6noro, ace nao6opo1! oannyncL MMy
My cky, an6anum n cep6m nacnaxpanncL asanHnmHn a1nnuecknHn
unc1kaHn. (oppo6noc1n aH nsaec1nm, n nx onyuy.)
nosaonL1e 1enepL cnpocn1L ac, o1 koro ns 6onee-Henee kpynnmx napopoa occnn
am anpn1e npnHepm (nnn xo1n 6m cnmun1e saaepennn) 6pa1cknx uyac1a k pyccknH? 1
1a1ap? 1 nky1oa? 1 6auknp? 1 eapeea?
eropnn noaceHec1no ao acex 6maunx pecny6nnkax n nou1n ao acex
naunonanLno-1eppn1opnanLnmx o6pasoaannnx occnn pycckne npoxopn1 1nxenoe
ncnm1anne na npounoc1L. onLuan oun6ka, ecnn ne ckasa1L - rnynoc1L, pyHa1L, 6yp1o
sa a1nH c1on1 nnuL nekne snme cnnm 1nna Hnpoao sakynncm. ne anpe1L
o6Lek1nanmx ycnoan, npnunn, cospakunx peanLnoe npo1naoc1onnne.
1aknx npnunn, no 6onLuoHy cue1y, pae.
-, pycckne 6a6m nepec1ann poxa1L n aocnn1maa1L pe1e. ocnepnne ne1
nn1L-uec1L a occnn poxpae1cn nopoany pyccknx n nepyccknx pe1e. pn 1oH, u1o nac
85, a nx - acero 15%. cnn a1a 1enpenunn coxpann1cn, 1o uepes 50 ne1 nac a naue
c1pane 6ype1 yxe ne 85, a 50%. ao Hnornx nmneunnx poccncknx pecny6nnkax nac
n aoace ne oc1ane1cn, kak ne oc1anocL yxe npak1nueckn a eune, nryue1nn n
549
arec1ane, kak ckopo ne 6ype1 a yae. kako ponn rereHona, c1apuero 6pa1a Hoxno
6ype1 1orpa roaopn1L? cnn n ceuac c naHn ne cnnukoH cun1ak1cn, nopoan1 o6o6pa1L
n ypapn1L a cnnny.
-, Hm yc1ann o1 nauero npnnypn1enLnoro ponopc1aa, aHenennoro naH
pycoqo6cko anac1Lk oHnn1epna na cLespe (6), sakpennennoro anac1Lk
n ne o1Henennoro (a 1o n ycnnennoro) okkynaunonnmH pexnHoH. 1o ponopc1ao, sa
cue1 ko1oporo nopnnnncL asaxc1an, pepnnn snn n akaakasLe, kpanna n
enopyccnn (uLn xosnc1ao n kynL1ypa 6mnn ynnu1oxenm aono), aakas n nnme
naunonanLnme okpannm, 1a xe auknpnn, - nHenno ono amnnno nauy kpoaL, naun
cokn. 1nnno y nac cpepc1aa pnn co6c1aennoro pasan1nn n nyuun uenoaeueckn,
kappoam no1enunan, 6espapno ceropnn po6naaeHm a a1nokpa1nuecknx rocypapc1aax,
aosnnkunx no aceHy nepnHe1py occnn. m ne xo1nH 6onLue 6m1L nnue pnn
nnnaok, no onn-1o, nanpo1na, 1onLko a1oro o1 nac n xo1n1, n ouenL aonnyk1cn, u1o Hm
HoxeH o1opaa1L nx o1 caoero 1ena. 1oponn1cn ypaa1L caoe.
1o o1nkpL ne He1aqopa, n ro1oa nop1aeppn1L kaxpoe caoe cnoao ropo qak1oa n
unqp. kpm1me po1aunn c1panaH ceropnn epaa nn ne 6onLue, ueH npn oae1cko
anac1n. o xe n any1pn c1panm - nonn1epecy1ecL npecnoay1mHn 1pancqep1aHn. a
m n caHn, ne6ocL, snae1e, u1o 6kpxe1 arec1ana, nanpnHep, po1aunonen na 96 (!)
npouen1oa, n 1.p. u1o osnauae1 1onLko u1o coc1onaueecn nanpaanenne a eunk 7,5
Hnnnnappoa (!) py6ne?! 1n penLrn o1nn1m y pyccknx pe1e n c1apnkoa - m ne
Hoxe1e ne nonnHa1L a1oro. aueH naH a1o nyxno? aunonannsH, nanoHnk aH, a1o
nk6oaL k caoe naunn, a ne k uyxo.
B. cnokon aeky nenpenoxno nc1nno 6mno: aspenn - n anac1ay. 1o ne
npoc1o as6yunan nc1nna naunonannsHa. 3, u, u n
x x.
m xe, kaxe1cn, aosnaHepnnncL o6Lepnnn1L n anac1aoaa1L. 6conk1no
6esnapexnan, na Ho asrnnp, sa1en, o6peuennan na nosopnm npoaan.
pycckoro nonn1nka ponxno 6m1L kpnc1anLno ncnoe nonnHanne 1oro, u1o nk6an
qopHa kpyrnoro c1ona napopoa occnn - a1o coaepuenno neponyc1nHan pnn nac
aeuL. 1o acerpa 6ype1 coks Hnornx nnnnny1oa npo1na opnoro ynnnaepa. a1o1
ynnnaep - yam, ne eapen, kak aH Heu1ae1cn, a Hm, pycckne. 1onLko Hm. o1oHy
u1o nac - n 1onLko nac - cypL6a n nc1opnn noc1aannn na ponL, ko1opyk nnk1o kpoHe
nac ncnonnn1L a occnn ne Hoxe1. m - o6Lek1nano a opnnouec1ae. 1o opnnouec1ao
uapn, onnHnnua. 1o napo sna1L, yun1maa1L n ne nn1a1L peueaenLknx nnnksn o
pnanoH 6yke1e ns poccncknx naunonannsHoa, kakoamH 6yke1oH nek1o nponoa
noronn1 aon eapecknx okkynan1oa.
occnckn nn1epnaunonan kopennmx napopoa (1akoaa qopHyna aue y1onnn)
anpnopn neaosHoxen. 1o - okckHopon 1nna xnpkan qanepa.
npak1nuecknx nonn1nuecknx ypoka sa nocnepnne nn1L ne1 ouenL
y6epn1enLno nop1aepxpak1 ckasannoe. aa nnpepa c rpoHapnmHn o6uepoccncknHn
aH6nunnHn nockonLsnynncL na poccnckoH nn1epnaunonane: a1o Kpn kokoa c ero
oksoH napopoa occnn - n Kpn yxkoa c ero 1euec1aoH - ce occne.
aunonanLno rase1e N1 sa 2000 rop naneua1an 1ako ananns . yHnna:
Crck mk nncn c Oc c Pcc,
cnn, rnM M, n-n cyk PO,
c cn Mmc ( n 15%) ank. HxM ynM
kr c cn n r cck Oc, c c
y ycckr anM ny , mk, rym, knMk .. A
550
crn, cn , a k ccn xn /yM. (ak a aopy
cHo1pen nau aa1op! - A.C.)
annan oun6ka, npopnk1oaannan xenanneH cnpe1L na payx c1ynLnx n c1paxoH nepep
pyccknH naunonannsHoH, nanne1cn 1nnoao, xapak1epno. caoe apeHn ee coaepunn
npepcepa1enL K.. kokoa, cospaaun nop ce6n ananornunyk c1pyk1ypy oks
napopoa occnn (). a6nkpa1enn o1Heuann, u1o yxe na yupepn1enLnoH cLespe
, korpa 6mno o6Lnaneno, u1o a pernonax no cnnckaH 6ypy1 6anno1npoaa1Lcn
pen1enn naunonanLnmx panxenn apmroa, 1a1ap, 6auknp n np., Hnorne ak1nanc1m
c aosHyuenneH sanannnn o caoeH amxope ns oprannsaunn. ue 6onee nera1nano
6mna peakunn na Hec1ax, a pernonanLnmx c1pyk1ypax , rpe nkpn
nenocpepc1aenno, ne nonacnmuke, snann o nanpnxennn, cospannoH pnn pyccknx
nkpe Hec1nmHn a1nokpa1aHn ns uncna 1.n. 1n1ynLnmx napopoa. po1nannkn no
am6opaH neHepnenno n ouenL aqqek1nano ncnonLsoaann a1o1 kosmpL. kpoHnme
pesynL1a1m na am6opax 1995 ropa ao HnoroH o6Lncnnk1cn panno oun6ko.
Ckk c Mx r cMnM (cM ckM
nM) cn yk nkycckM mM. H M
nc mn mr Oc, k n yk kk
M?
P ank cnk cn, cr c nck
M n? P M cyk, rcyc
k r x LM, Hkn (Hkyn), Hkn (ymn), Aym,
PM? P ycck n k nM m
n n k x MMy nn mr cy c
nycM?
H ycck n c Pcc yMcn M, kky y
cn n Hyxky xky c c LM KM?! <.>
oneuno, pasxnra1L naunonanLnyk posnL - npec1ynnenne nepep aceHn napopaHn. a
ono n nonn1nueckn nepanLnoanpno. o ne saHeua1L yxe pasropeauecn posnn, pena1L
anp, u1o ace xopouo, no6msa1Lcn c nnopopuaHn, ko1opme npnesxak1 a ockay,
nyuacL ppyxenk6neH, a no1oH, aepnyauncL poHo, rno6n1 naunx epnnokpoanmx, -
a1o 1oxe npec1ynnenne, no yxe nepep caonH napopoH. epep pyccknHn.
kokoa, yxkoa. eyxenn m c1peHn1ecL c1a1L 1pe1LnH, opnc epreeanu?
6. n r
, m nopasnnn Henn nepopyHannoc1Lk neko1opmx aunx apryHen1oa. m,
nanpnHep, nnue1e: HnM Mx rccM, nM
Mx n kr n, nM - a n k
c . Kk Mx n rcc? Tr a yx n. H
nM, cn yx, rcc My yx cn, a
nM, a n akcMM, n qmM, n mM, yr, nk
nM. Ecn yn, ym n y n c , a
m, a n, a Mn; Mn, kr k- n c
n ym k cMy y; nk My n ym k cMy
ymckMy y M M cnn n ycckr k ycckMy
y - n.
551
oaceH nepaano, kaknx-1o nn1Lpecn1 nn1L ne1 nasap, pycckne nkpn, nk6n cao napop,
pasrpoHnnn n nokopnnn neHeuknx nkpe, 1oxe ouenL nk6naunx cao napop. 1o -
nponanenne pycckoro uoannnsHa? o o1eu nouen po6poaonLueH na qpon1 a 18 ne1 n
Hnoro neHuea, aenrpoa n ncnanuea nepe6nn sa ue1mpe ropa; on - akc1peHnc1?
Hn1pn oncko ycenn ynnkoao none 1a1apcknHn koc1nHn; naaepnoe, on - qaunc1.
ocnopn, kak rnyno! maae1 nn nk6oaL arpeccnano, a1akykue? npocn1e o6 a1oH
kouky, saunuakuyk caonx ko1n1, 1nrpnuy, saunuakuyk caonx 1nrpn1! k6yk Ha1L,
saunuakuyk caonx pe1e! k6oro nk6nuero, saunuakuero caok nk6nHyk!
(oapeHennmH ncnxoanannsoH paspa6o1an paxe coo1ae1c1aykun 1epHnn:
o6oponn1enLnan arpeccnn.)
onc1nne, a1oro Hoxe1 ne nonnHa1L 1onLko 1o1, k1o nk6n1 cao napop cnoxa pyukn,
nk6oaLk nna1onnuecko, cosepua1enLno n o1aneuenno, nk6oaLk papn nk6an - a
npoxnape n nokoe. nm, M n n x? - nk6nk caok
nk6nHyk. - H c? - ace. - H M n? - a n x ckasan: n nk6nk. - H
nMy cny, cm! - 1o ne Heuae1 Hne nk6n1L ee..
o 1o1, k1o nk6n1 nk6oaLk pen1enLno, ak1nano, 1o1 nonnHae1: nk6oaL -
6eckoneuno Hnoroo6pasna, ona Hoxe1 6m1L o6oponn1enLno n nac1yna1enLno,
cosnpa1enLno n arpeccnano! ce saancn1 nnuL o1 o6c1on1enLc1a, a ko1opmx ona
nponanne1cn, a ne o1 ampyHannmx 1eope1nkaHn npaann nk6an, ko1opmx, cnaaa
ory, nnk1o ne un1ae1. uenm nk6n1 caok naunk sa pa6ounH c1onoH, kocHonaa1 - a
pake1e, a conpa1 - a okone. ero nynn ao apara nanpaanne1cn nk6oaLk. nn
naunonannc1a a nk6an k caoeHy napopy ne1 nnkaknx sanpe1oa n orpannuenn.
kako npnmk eHy naaecn1 npn 1oH aparn - o6 a1oH on ne ponxen paxe pyHa1L.
c1a1n, naaecn1L na Henn npnmk uoannnc1a noc1apanncL, pasyHee1cn, ne 1onLko m.
y1 nneuoH k nneuy c aHn ac1ann 6maun o1ae1pa6o1nnk npeonornueckoro o1pena
eon nnkoa (apHnnnn) n poueuknn c 6pyna1nnoamH, c ueH ac n
nosppaannk. 1aeuy aH 1ak, kak o1ae1nn nnkoay: /nn nr nc
rn r - nM yr , n nM n. H
n crnc c r-M OkM M, n nM
nM nr yrr . H n r yx c ncM
c . cn nk ycMnn cM ycckr
. K My, n myc c nM MM k cMn ykck
nc c cM rcyc Yky ykcky
ncky , Mry n n a ycck c kr
cMc c aM ycck Yk. H yx ck nc
M- x y M, n M nrky nckr n,
M kx , nn c, ycck, a - r, kMy cnk
cM rny, k M yxy, yxn,
cnc, cyc (Ok). H .. Hy, cn M kk M
kM n nc ( MM y k Mn yx
cnc), n r y: y Mq - M kk.
1enepL aonpoc na sacmnky, opnc epreeanu: npo1naopeua1 nn yc1peHnennn
1a1apcknx, 6auknpcknx, nky1cknx, apmrecknx, ueuencknx, nnryucknx naunonannc1oa,
nk6nunx caon napopm, - nn1epecaH pycckoro napopa? y1aepxpak: !
eropnn Hm, pycckne, amnyxpenm saunua1Lcn n saunua1L 1ex, koro nk6nH. nk6nH
Hm, pycckne naunonannc1m, (no naueHy c aHn onpepenennk) - caok naunk. ypL1e
xe nocnepoaa1enLnm, opnc epreeanu!
, ynpekan Henn a nepoouenke npenec1e naunonannsHa Hanmx napopoa, m
cnoaa nepepepnynn: nopc1aannn aHec1o konkpe1nmx Hnok ynoHnny1mx
naunonanLnoc1e, a cpepe ko1opmx ceropnn pycckne ncnm1maak1 cepLesnme
552
npn1ecnennn (1a1apm, 6auknpm, nky1m, apmrn, ne roaopn yx o ueuenuax n nnryuax,
a 1akxe kasaxn, rpysnnm, ykpannum, npn6an1m), - nn a ueH 1akoH ne saHeuennmx n
aoo6ue ne ynoHnny1mx Hnok 6ypn1 n uyaaue. 1o6m nopuepkny1L, oueanpno, Hok
npepasn1oc1L. opuepknynn - caok.
nn eue: Hm Ccn, kr c kM nM-xM ymncn,
yMm, a kc, ny, , m, n, ,
Mc ycck cncn cn, rcyc , nr,
, cc x cn kk cny kM, yMm,
yc c, kyMk, Eck , , Fycck
, , AM , ackMc. cn cnn ckn mn,
rnn cy. cnm m, c, yar, nr, kyMk,
c. P nky n yn y ycck nk cn cc? y, o
eapenx n yxe ckasan amue. cnn 6m n xo1en o6annn1L nasaannme aHn napopnoc1n,
o6pyun1Lcn na nnx n 6m a1o, noaepL1e, cpenan. ano 6m ne nokasanocL. o n-1o nx
paxe ne ynoHnnak, n-1o o6pyunaakcL coaceH na ppyrnx; saueH xe m onn1L aann1e c
6onLno ronoam na spopoayk? u1o kacae1cn auero aonpoca, o1aeuy: nackonLko n
snak, o1 6ypn1a - noka u1o ne1, a o1 nky1a, yam, yxe pa.
epepo Hno H r N3 (7) sa 1997 rop. 1a1Ln 6mauero anue-
Hapa ky1cka, pec1an1enLnoro unena kapeHnn ocHonaa1nkn nH. .. nonkoackoro
- nekcanppa snHoaa, ko1oporo Hec1nme nky1ckne anac1n cyHenn amxn1L ns ky1nn,
npepaapn1enLno 6pocna na neckonLko Hecnuea a 1kpLHy. asaanne: K
: x n. aH, a uac1noc1n, nanncano: c
ycck k cn nM r c, k nk n n
kn cmcn M Mn n qck . H KM
C M k ck ycckr cnn, c M, r y nc
knc Mc , nn ycck cn. H cnM
c KHCC c M M ry qM n, -
kr y cmr, Mnm . H k Pcc
x Mrcn nykk, k m c rc rn,
ycck, yr Mr cn M nM n nnr.
H m Mnm n y c mn c
cy rcyc c cyM cycyM PycckM rcycM,
kr a cn ny c, My - r. O
rnc MxnM, n n rn nn x ycck.
A Mc ycck Mmn c yr cnmcn c c
cy rcyc , mn c n
x, yx cn, n (cn k xn ccn)
cM , k yy Mr , r yy ny
c y. c c rnn Mc n k, M
cM cMy cnn nnc Mmn n.
Hnn ccM rn cn cy kn
k, n n cy n
q r nc. Ycnc cny nr n
ycck, rx, c c n Mnck qM. Pccnn
cyn y, kk n, x n. HMmnc,
M Mn cyc k cn McM
M, ckM nxM nM ( cn
n rk cy cr Mr ). H aM
n c M ycck mn, yxn,
c - . Pycck, yc c! c k k M n! - k
nM Mc n n q. Ok ynrck
ycck k cn c nM r n, n
rnn ykc M, kcn n n
M Mr - k nck yn nnc n
q kc.
553
ce a1o, kak m nonnHae1e, nncanocL snHoamH ne c uyxnx cnoa, a no co6c1aennoHy
ropLkoHy onm1y. a nnuno 6ecepe nanonnnnocL Hec1no nky1cko konkpe1nko. o a
HoeH pocLe nonno Ha1epnanoa, rase1nmx ampesok, ko1opme nosaonnk1 nanonnn1L a1n
xe c1pokn 6auknpcko, 1a1apcko, apmrecko (n 1.p.) konkpe1nko. onpocn1e -
nokaxy.
o1 m nepaano no6maann a auknpnn, npnaesnn, nackonLko n snak, o11ypa
ananornunme aneua1nennn. aH ne coaec1no 1enepL sa au amnap npo1na Henn? epL
nm1a1Lcn sa1kny1L po1 uenoaeky, ko1opm anpn1 onacnoc1L n ne c1ecnne1cn o ne
roaopn1L, a1o ace paano, u1o y6n1L uacoaoro. aoero uacoaoro.
m penae1e nHenno a1o. kak!
m un1npye1e Henn: o, u1o nauann ueuenum, pano nnn nospno npoponxa1 ppyrne.
m ponxnm cmrpa1L na onepexenne. koHHen1npye1e: x n ?
cM c, cqMM ycckM, ccckM CMH.
n nncn Pcc. Hnycn, M cr
x, kk m HcMn r, xnc, k c
y nncn , mk, yMy, ym, kc. cMM nncn
?
a ec1L nn y ac coaec1L, opnc epreeanu! ak nepeaepny1L, nsapa1n1L Hon cnoaa!
neuero npnkpmaa1Lcn an1npyccknHn ! m u1o, n anpnHL ne snae1e, u1o nauann
ueuenum?!
y, 1ak n aH ckaxy. euenum a 1990-1991 ropax n k n
r ycckr , a sa1eH n an1npycckoe aocc1anne, n an1npycckyk
aony[3]. 1o ne 6mnn o1penLnme amxopkn noponkoa n npoaoka1opoa: a1o 6mno
Haccoaoe napopnoe an1npycckoe panxenne, a ko1opoH yuac1aoaano ueuenckoe
nacenenne kak 1akoaoe. e aepn1e Hne - nocHo1pn1e o1ue1m oHnccnn oaopyxnna
(onn ony6nnkoaanm), npou1n1e knnry . onLeaa euenckn kankan, ppyrne
Ha1epnanm n pokyHen1m (ouenL xoue1cn o6 a1oH ckasa1L noppo6no, no ne1 Hec1a).
xo1n1e, n paH aH appeca o6unn 6exenuea ns eunn, nosnakoHnk ac koe c keH ns
nnx? 1o6m onn aH a rnasa o6Lncnnnn, u1o xe nHenno nauann ueuenum? ak
nsaec1no, o1 nou1n nonyHnnnnona pyccknx xn1ene eunn 1aH oc1anocL epaa paapua1L
1mcnu. e xo1n1e nn okyny1Lcn a a1o Hope pyccko 6epm, pasnnaueecn no aone
ueuenuea, nk6nunx caok naunk? nn npepnou1e1e onyc1n1L rnasa? nn 6ype1e
nene1a1L nananme rnynoc1n npo 1o, kak ue1mpe ropa nasap (?!) eapenH ypanocL
c1paan1L paa kopennmx napopa occnn?!
1o xe nauann ueuenum! ce snak1, a nponoa - ne snae1?!!
euanLno, no qak1: ueuenckn cnnppoH a 6onee nnn Henee ampaxennoH anpe
npncy1c1aye1 n a ppyrnx 1ak nasmaaeHmx pecny6nnkax, a nepayk ouepepL - a
neopnokpa1no Hno yxe nasaannmx: a a1apc1ane, auknpnn, ky1nn, pmree, yae.
po nryue1nk n arec1an n ne roaopk: 1aH pyccknx n panLue 6mno ouenL Hano (a
arec1ane, nanpnHep, - acero 9,2% nacenennn a 1989 r.), a nmne yxe paano
npak1nueckn ne oc1anocL. nckpnHnnaunn pyccknx nponcxopn1 a anHmknn, a
a6appnno-ankapnn, a apn-n. ecnn m, pycckn nnpep, ne cnenm, m o6nsanm
ace a1o anpe1L n sna1L. m, kaxe1cn, naHepenm c an1nunmH c1onunsHoH sakpm1L na
a1o rnasa - n ace rnapn1L n rnapn1L no ronoake 1a1ap n 6auknp, nky1oa n apmroa,
nnryue n ueuenuea, c1on a kpacnao nose n npnroaapnaan: e 6o1ecL, Hm c aaHn!
un1ecL cHo1pe1L a rnasa - npaape, a nnuo - onacnoc1n. msoa coapeHennoc1n a 1oH,
u1o naH, pyccknH, npnxopn1cn ceropnn (kak Hnoro pas npexpe) pepxa1L m
o1 Hnornx aneunnx n any1pennnx nenpnn1ene, cpepn ko1opmx eapen -
caHm c1paunm, no paneko ne epnnc1aennm. a, a1o naua 1parepnn. 1 nee ne
554
cnpn1a1Lcn, ne yknonn1Lcn. Hm ponxnm ac1pe1n1L ee a nonno ro1oanoc1n, a 1oH
uncne HopanLno. nnna k cnnne, nneuo k nneuy.
oxno, koneuno, ynopo6nauncL c1paycy, cnpn1a1L ronoay a necok. 1o 6ype1 no1oH -
rapa1L ne napo.
m a1oro xo1n1e?
6. K n n
, n nenpaa? oxe1, n anpnHL npepak saae1m npepkoa? apyuak pycckne
1papnunn? e nHek a ce6e pycckoro pyxa, pycckoro ceppua? noxo o6pasoaan,
necaepyu? cnn ne1 snann - a1o nnoxo, ouenL nnoxo. apo c1peHn1Lcn k snannnH,
napo yun1Lcn nx ocHmcnn1L. 1o x, n acerpa ro1oa.
o1 sna1ok nc1opnn opnc epreeanu nponoa n yun1 Henn, ceporo: H cnk
k cnkM, cknk , n yxM k yrM M
nnc ccckn cMn, -nck Mn ycck c cM
ckn n n r, n, kMnn.
/ kk Mrn . pokasa1enLc1ao npnaopn1, npaapa, nnuL uapckne
rpaHo1m n knn1ay kasaxcknx 6a1mpoa, c1apunn n xanoa. noaa, cnoaa, cnoaa.
1ak, nocHo1pnH a rny6L nc1opnn: Horno nn, pec1an1enLno, 6m1L nnaue?
e 6ypeH kaca1Lcn 1aknx ckonLsknx HoHen1oa, kak nokopenne aakasa nnn
saaoeaanne ypkec1ana n onLun. n nonnkn, nn napopm pepne snn n asaxc1ana
ceropnn ne axopn1 a coc1aa occnn. onpoc c aakasoH saanc na ponrne apeHena.
o1n, koneuno, aennk co6nasn pacckasa1L a noppo6noc1nx o nonLcknx aocc1annnx, o
1ypkec1ancknx noxopax pyccko apHnn, o saae1ax pHonoaa, o pnkoH n nenpnc1onoH
aoopyxennoH aocc1annn, ko1opoe yunnnnn kasaxn, korpa nx nonm1anncL npnsaa1L na
epayk Hnpoayk. o a1o, a o6ueH n uenoH n 1ak ace snak1.
e1, kocneHcn-ka ppyrnx napopoa, o ko1opmx ne ace n ne aceH nsaec1no. e 6ypy
yrny6nn1Lcn a cneunanLnyk nn1epa1ypy (xo1n Hor 6m), aosLHy sa ocnoay aceH
poc1ynnme, npoaepennme nc1ounnkn: popeaonkunonnyk anunknonepnk pokraysa-
qpona (n) n oae1ckyk nc1opnueckyk anunknonepnk (). nnx cnpeccoaan
orpoHnm Ha1epnan, o6o6uenm kann1anLnme caepennn, npnaepena o6unpnan
6n6nnorpaqnn. snarak nnqopHaunk cao6opno, kaamukn c1aank ne acerpa.
K C
naunnanocL. 1472 r. 6mna nokopena epHckan seHnn. 1465 yc1kxannn
acnnn kpn6a aoeaan Krpckyk seHnk n nononnn knnse ee annaka n eunka.
aHeuy pnn neocaepoHnennmx, u1o krpa - a1o o6uee nasaanne, nop ko1opmH a
pyccknx nncLHennmx nc1ounnkax c XI aeka noHnnak1cn 1e caHme xan1m, o6muno
nHenyeHme oc1nkaHn, n Hancn, o6muno nHenyeHme aorynaHn, ko1opmHn m, opnc
epreeanu, sapyHann Henn nonpekny1L. neunanLno pnn ac - amnnckn ns pokraysa-
qpona o 1oH, kak naun npepkn nx xanoaann, sa nnx c1onnn n o1 c1opon 6epernn.
nc1opnn occnn aorynm nonannk1cn a rop cHep1n nepaoro ennckona nepHckoro
1eqana. a1oro apeHenn onn ne nepec1ak1 nanoHnna1L o ce6e. 1455 r. npn opnoH
na6ere na smpnn onn nponnkak1, nop nauanoH knnsLka ccLnna, paxe po muerpm.
555
e1aep1m n nn1m ennckonm nepHckne, n1npnH n epacnH, y6n1m aorynaHn, nepam
- npn opnoH ns nx na6eroa, a a1opo - ao apeHn nponoaepn.
kcnepnunn kpn6m ne nHena 1akoro snauennn, kak noxop 1483 r., korpa knnsL
yp6ckn epnm n an1mk paann c 6onLunH HockoacknH aockoH npn6mnn k yc1Lk
pekn enmHn, o11ypa o1npaannncL HnHo kHenn a n6npckyk seHnk, saaoeaann
Hnoxec1ao ropopoa, asnnn Hnoro nnennmx n sa1eH nounn no p1muy na 6L, peky
aennkyk, a Kropckyk seHnk, n knnse Kropcknx aoeaann n a nonon yaenn (n).
esynL1a1oH noxopa knnsn yp6ckoro 6mno npnsnanne cn6npcknH knnsLkoH n1nkoH,
kropcknH m1keeH n payHn aorynLcknHn knnsLnHn caoe saancnHoc1n o1 ockam.
1kas nx nna1n1L panL nocnyxnn noaopoH k noaoHy noxopy a 1499 r., okonunaueHycn
nokopenneH ceaepno Krpnn. 1514 ropy saaoeaannan Krpnn 6mna paspenena na pae
o6nac1n, onpnnckyk n 6popckyk, n aennkn knnsL acnnn aanoanu (1o1 caHm!)
k 1n1yny, ynacnepoaannoHy o1 aana III, - aennkn knnsL Kropckn - npn6aann:
konpnnckn n o6popckn.
a6ern, opnako, ne npekpa1nnncL: a 1581 r. aorynm nanann na c1poranoackne
ropopa, a a cnepykueH ropy nopc1ynann nop eppmnL. kasanocL neo6xopnHmH
noc1aan1L noc1onnnyk c1paxy a npepenax caHo seHnn. 1592 r. kn. opuakoamH 6mn
kasnen aorynLckn knnsek n6epran. ocnepnn aorynLckn 6yn1 o1nocn1cn k XVII
c1one1nk. konuy XIX a. ocepnme aorynm, noronoano okpeuennme a 1722 r.,
nac1onLko o6pycenn, u1o o1nnun1L nx o1 pycckoro kpec1Lnnnna cnnouL n pnpoH
neaosHoxno.
c1nkn, 1ecnnHme pyccknHn, noc1enenno o1c1ynann k pany; a n6npn onn pano
amnyxpenm 6mnn ac1ynn1L a 6opL6y c caHoepaHn, a no1oH nopnann nop anac1L 1a1ap.
XVI a., npn saaoeaannn n6npn, oc1nkn okasmaann ynopnoe conpo1nanenne pyccknH,
ko1opme paspyunnn y nnx 41 ropopok. apop aoo6ue poaonLno 6epnm,
nenpepnpnnHunam, npoc1o, uec1nm, po6popyunm, acnepc1ane uero
akcnnya1npye1cn pyccknHn kpec1LnnaHn, y ko1opmx oc1nkn naxopn1cn o6mknoaenno a
neonna1noH ponry. co6enno cnnLno apepn1 oc1nkaH aopka; n aespe, rpe onn xnay1 a
6onee 6nnskoH n uac1oH o6uennn c pyccknHn n smpnncknHn 1oproauaHn, cpepn nnx
pasan1o nLnnc1ao, cnqnnnc, onn 6epc1ayk1 n amHnpak1, n 1eppn1opnn nx ace 6onee
kononnsnpye1cn pyccknHn.
1o-1o ne ouenL noxoxe na aun 6naroc1nme ampyHkn, opnc epreeanu! aepL a1o1
1oH anunknonepnn amuen ne a nepec1poeuno occnn, a a 1897 ropy!..
aone c yuyHoH ace snak1, xo1n ne ace snak1, u1o on perynnpno y6naan nocnoa
aana posnoro, ko1opmx 1o1 eHy c1onL xe perynnpno nanpaannn ne1 nn1napua1L
kpnpy. epaan aona sa nokopenne n6npn konunnacL a 1584 ropy. o okonua1enLnoe
saaoeaanne pa1npyk1 1onLko 1701 ropoH. a a1n ropm aocc1anne sa aocc1anneH
nopnnHann aorynm, oc1nkn, 1a1apm n paxe caHoepm; onyc1oun1enLnme na6ern
1aopnnn noraum, kanHmkn.
onoc1n 1a1apcknx n 1kpko-1a1apcknx napopoa ne 6mnn poaonLnm pyccknH
anapmuec1aoH; c1apan apnc1okpa1nueckan sakaacka ckasmaanacL, pa n o6pauenne
pyccknx c nnopopuaHn 6mno ouenL xec1okoe. apa6nnckne 1a1apm a 1628 r. nepe6nnn
pycckn o1pnp; 1apckne 1a1apm onyc1ounnn aecL yesp anno1L po ropopa apm. s
o6onLcka panny1m 6mnn pa1nme nkpn; 1a1apm 6mnn sac1nrny1m apacnnox n nou1n
ace nepe6n1m. cnepykueH ropy pycckne ycnenn pas6n1L ua1ckoro Hypsy n
1enenry1ckoro knnsn. 1634 r. kanHmkn naunnak1 o1kpm1o nopnnHa1L aocc1annn
npo1na pyccknx ao nHn 1ex xe yuyHoanue. ak 1nne1cn peno po nauana 60-x ropoa
XVII aeka. apexpa ocao6opn1Lcn npn noHoun cn6npcknx uapeanue o1 pyccknx
anac1e ne yHnpana cpepn 1a1apckoro nacenennn. oam Hn1ex npexpe acero nauancn
na ce1n. 1662 ropy nsHennnkn Hnorne cno6opm noaoeaann, nkpe no6nnn n cko1
o1ornann n paopm amxrnn. n1exnme pec1ann npoponxanncL 1pn ropa. nepao
556
ue1aep1n (1626 r.) XVII c1one1nn uncno ncaunmx nkpe, aHec1e c nnopopuaHn,
6maunHn na cnyx6e uapcko, a anapno n6npn ne npeamuano 3000 uenoaek, Hexpy
1eH kak a cepepnne XVI aeka nocnm pnrepa, npn6maune a ockay c nsLnanenneH
nokopnoc1n, ckasmaann, u1o y pnrepa (1.e. a anapno xe n6npn) 30.700 uenoaek
uepnmx nkpe. pno a1o roaopn1 o6 nn1encnanoc1n 6opL6m n o c1paunoH ns6nennn
nnopopuea ( kk- 75 n cn 90% r cnn! - A.C.). cex
aoennmx c1onknoaenn sa nepnop c 1590 no 1617 r., ne aknkuan akcnepnun pnn
nanoxennn ncaka,.. 6mno ne Henee 30, npnueH neko1opme ns nnx 6mnn ouenL
cepLesnm.
cak a cyunoc1n paannncn o6poky c pyccknx, no k neHy napo npn6aan1L eue
noHnnkn (nopapkn) uapk, aoeaopaH, c6opunkaH n 1.p., rpa6ex nnopopuea aceHn
cnnLnmHn nkpLHn n o6nsannoc1L nna1n1L sa yHepunx - n 1orpa 6ypy1 nonn1nm aonnn
necuac1nmx: m o6nnuann n oponxann aennknHn ponraHn, xennuek n pe1nuek
nosaknapmaann! onn1no c1ane1 n 1o, noueHy ncaunme nnkorpa ne Hornn ynna1n1L
cnonna ncaka n neponHkn na nnx nakonnnnncL exeropno. 1 ncaka Hockoackoe
npaan1enLc1ao nHeno rpoHapnyk npn6mnL. uapc1aoaanne epopa aanoanua
c1onHoc1L amaosnHmx Hexoa coc1aannna o1 400 po 500 1mc. p. ecL rocypapc1aennm
poxop a a1o apeHn ne npeamuan 1.500.000 py6.; cnepoaa1enLno, ncak paaan nou1n
opny 1pe1L acex noc1ynnenn.
n6npL ns uapc1aa nnopopueckoro npeapauanacL Hano-noHany a pycckyk o6nac1L.
yn1m kaHuapanoa n uykue, necHo1pn na ynopc1ao nocnepnnx, 6onLuo onacnoc1n ne
npepc1aannnn. ocne npoponxn1enLno 6opL6m onn cHnpnnncL nnn, aepnee ckasa1L,
nou1n ace aspocnoe nacenenne 6mno nepe6n1o aoennmHn koHanpaHn. pnn knprns-
kacakn ne oc1aannnn caoero pas6onnuLero o6pasa xnsnn ne 1onLko a XVIII a., no
paxe n a XIX-H. (. yunnckn. n6npL. - n, 1. XXIX).
oc1a1ouno, noxany? a, eue opny pe1anLky pnn kpacm: norne nnopopum yHnpann
xonoc1mHn, 1ak kak xen neo1kypa 6mno asn1L: nnopopueckne xenunnm 6mnn y
pyccknx. s 44, nanpnHep, yHepunx nnopopuea ayppauko aonoc1n 1onLko paoe
oc1aannn nocne ce6n ceHLk (1aH xe).
1o x, npaa nponoa: ne opnnH nacnnneH, no n nacko, nk6oaLk.
T
- o 1a1apax Hm yxe ysnann amue. o6aanH neHnoro.
ak nsaec1no, ono1an ppa paspennnacL na ue1mpe xanc1aa: asanckoe,
c1paxanckoe, n6npckoe n pmHckoe.
1552 ropy pycckne asnnn asanL, k 1558 ropy k occnn 6mnn npncoepnnenm ace
seHnn asanckoro xanc1aa. epame aocc1annn 1a1ap acnmxnynn yxe a 1573-1587
ropax. 1616-19 ropax (yxe nocne Hy1noro apeHenn) aonnennn ncaunmx nkpe
oxaa1nnn 1eppn1opnk o1 ypoHa po apanyna (1.n. naneeackoe aocc1anne). XVII a.
nponcxopn1 ycnnennan kononnsaunn n nacnnLc1aennan xpnc1nannsaunn kpan. mno
ocnoaano 20 Honac1mpe (anqckn, eHnosepnm n pp.). opennoe nacenenne
npeapauae1cn a ocnoanoH a ncaunoe. 1662-64 rr. 1a1apckoe nacenenne aoc1ounmx
paonoa yuac1aye1 a 6auknpcknx aocc1annnx, a a 1670-1671 aecL kpa 6mn oxaauen
pec1Lnncko aono nop npepaopn1enLc1aoH 1enana asnna. axe anocnepc1ann,
korpa xanc1aa no1epnnn nesaancnHoc1L n nopunnnnncL pyccknH, napopnoc1n,
axopnaune a nx coc1aa, ne pas nopnnHann onacnme aocc1annn. yuec1ayk1 ocnoaannn
pyHa1L, u1o onn uyac1aoaann popc1ao ppyr c ppyroH n sapyHmaann, nop
nokpoan1enLc1aoH n npn noHoun ypunn, o6un 6yn1, no nx nnanm ne
557
ocyuec1annncL (n). cepepnne XVIII a. ak1nansnpoaanacL pycnqnka1opckan
nonn1nka uapnsHa, amsmaaauan npo1ec1 1a1apckoro nacenennn. eopanLnoe n
naunonanLnoe yrne1enne ycnnnaano knaccoayk 6opL6y Hec1noro nacenennn, a ko1opo
napnpy c kpec1LnnaHn nepepko amc1ynann pa6o1nme nkpn - cykonunkn (1740-41) n
pp. acenenne a1apnn ak1nano yuac1aoaano a pec1Lnncko aone nop
npepaopn1enLc1aoH yraueaa (1773-75). panLneueH 6mnn kpec1Lnnckne n pa6oune
aonnennn. a1apm npnnnnn saHe1noe yuac1ne a peaonkunn. Hap1e-anpene 1919 ropa
6mna cqopHnpoaana 1-n a1apckan c1penkoaan 6pnrapa, npnnnauan ak1nanoe yuac1ne
a 6onx npo1na konuakoacko apHnn. mcnun cmnoa 1a1apckoro napopa 6oponncL na
qpon1ax rpaxpancko aonm sa anac1L oae1oa (cH: .. yxapnHoa, .. annkoa.
a1apckan . - , 1. 14).
1554 r. pycckne aocka aounn a c1paxanL, a 1557 - npncoepnnnnn c1paxanckoe
xanc1ao k occnn. a6ern n pas6on ac1paxancknx 1a1ap npekpa1nnncL 1onLko nocne
nanennn a 1632 ropy npnkoueaaaunx kanHmkoa (o nnx cH. nnxe), ko1opme 6mc1po
naaenn cao nopnpok.
cn6npcknx 1a1apax pacckasano amue.
kpmHcknx 1a1apax n, coo1ae1c1aenno, pyccko-kpmHcko1a1apcknx o1nouennnx -
pasroaop oco6m. neunx aparoa eue napo noncka1L.
Bm
1229 r. nopaeprnncL nanapennk 1a1apo-Honronoa n, necHo1pn na ynopnoe
conpo1nanenne, a 1236 6mnn nokopenm aockaHn a1mn. ocne npncoepnnennn
asanckoro xanc1aa k occnn a 1552 6auknpm o6pa1nnncL c npocL6o k pycckoHy
npaan1enLc1ay o npnnn1nn nx a pycckoe noppanc1ao. 1557 6onLuan uac1L nacenennn
auknpnn po6poaonLno aouna a coc1aa occnn. aypanLckne 6auknpm nepeunn nop
anac1L occnn a konue XVI - nauane XVII aa. nocne nnkanpaunn n6npckoro xanc1aa.
eponro pnnncn 6auknpcko-pycckn poHan. pouno epaa c1o ne1 - n nauanocL.
naanme ypapm ao apeHn aocc1ann nanpaannnncL npo1na pyccknx nocenenn.
oaopoH k aocc1annk 1662-64 nocnyxnno sanpeuenne pyccknH npaan1enLc1aoH
na6eroa 6auknpcknx qeopanoa na kanHmkoa n nsLn1ne kanHmukoro nonona.
onukoH k aocc1annk 1681-83 nannacL nacnnLc1aennan xpnc1nannsaunn 6auknp. ro
aosrnaann c1apunna en1 apnnp, no nHenn ko1oporo aocc1anne nonyunno nasaanne
en1oackoro. no nauanocL ocenLk 1681 n k ne1y 1682 oxaa1nno ack auknpnk.
auknpm, o6Hany1me nosynroH canuenno aonm npo1na pyccknx, cnauana
noppepxnaann aocc1anne. ocne nopaxennn noac1anuea a 6ok y pekn k aocc1anne
nouno na y6mnL. a1o apeHn aocc1aaunx ak1nano noppepxann kanHmkn.
cnnenne qnnancoaoro rne1a n snoyno1pe6nennn uapcko apHnnnc1paunn npn
asnHannn nanoroa 6mnn noaopaHn k aocc1annk 1705-11. ocnno an1npycckyk
nanpaanennoc1L. an6onLuero pasHaxa ono poc1nrno na 2-H a1ane, a 1707-08, korpa
panxenne saxaa1nno ack anapnyk auknpnk n npnnerakun k ne asanckn yesp.
an6onee kpynnmH 6mno aocc1anne 1735-40, nenocpepc1aenno npnunno ko1oporo
6mno c1pon1enLc1ao a auknpnn ropnmx saaopoa n kpenoc1e, u1o conpoaoxpanocL
o1nn1neH seHenL y 6auknp.
558
ce kpynnme aocc1annn coanapann no apeHenn c ocnoxnennnHn a pyccko-1ypeuknx n
pyccko-kpmHcknx o1nouennnx. c1L caepennn o nonm1kax qeopanoa auknpnn
yc1anoan1L cansL c pmHoH n naHe1n1L nnanm coaHec1no 6opL6m npo1na ycckoro
rocypapc1aa (cH: .. ynmrnn. auknpckne aocc1annn. - , 1. 2).
n1nqeopanLnme nac1poennn Hacc naunn ampaxenne a panxennn 1en1npo-
6o6mnLckoro nacenennn a 1747 n a auknpckoH aocc1annn 1755. auknpckn napop
ak1nano yuac1aoaan a pec1Lnncko aone nop npepaopn1enLc1aoH yraueaa 1773-75,
a ko1opo ampannynncL 6auknpckne aoxpn anaaa1 Knaea, nnsn pcnanoa,
ansaqap caea n pp.
cnepykueH aeke 1akxe 6mnn 6auknpckne aonnennn a 1830-e, 60-e, 70-e n 80-e
ropm.
14 nknn 1922 pekpe1oH 6mna cospana c aknkuenneH uac1n yespoa
qnHcko ry6epnnn. 1onnua aa1onoHno pecny6nnkn 6mna nepenecena ns
1epnn1aHaka a qy (cH: .. cHanoa, .. Knpau6aea. auknpckan . - , 1.
2).
ak nsaec1no, pLnaon cnpn1 a pe1annx. a a1nH peno ne c1ane1.
1557 r. 6auknpm yxe nna1nnn ncak, a oann posnm a saaeuannn, nncannoH a
1572 r. nopyuae1 cmny caoeHy asanckoe uapc1ao yxe c auknppok.
xe a nepao nonoanne XVII aeka naunnak1cn aonnennn. 1662 r. acnmxnyno
aocc1anne nop npepaopn1enLc1aoH en1a. aoek koneunok uenLk aocc1anne nHeno
aospoxpenne HycynLHancko nesaancnHoc1n ao aceH asanckoH kpae n n6npn.
1663 r. aoeaopa enennn nopaann aocc1anne.
nokoc1ane a kpae aopaopeno, no nenaponro. 1705 r. acnmxnyno aocc1anne eue
6onee ynopnoe. 1707 r. opnn ns 6auknp, nasaaa ce6n an1mH yn1anoH, sapyHan
aocc1anoan1L HaroHe1anckoe uapc1ao. n espnn a pmH n onc1an1nnononL,
npo6pancn na y6anL n k ropcknH napopaH, ueuenuaH, HnukncaH, akcauaH. norne k
neHy npnc1ann, a 1oH uncne kyHmkn, arpaxanckne kasakn-packonLnnkn, okouenm n
1a1apm, no 26 qeapann on 6mn pas6n1 nop epkoH n nonunua ero paccennm. 1o xe
caHoe apeHn a auknpnn knnen 6yn1. auknpm ocaxpann qy, npck n ensennnck,
amxrnn cena no pekaH eno, aHe n aHape n yxe 6mnn a 30 aepc1ax o1 caHo
asann. e1p, sann1m aono co uaepaHn, ne Hor o1pnpn1L npo1na nnx
snaun1enLnoro aocka. e1p paspeunn co6pa1L aonLnnuy n nc1pe6nn1L 6auknp
acnueckn, orneH n HeuoH. a soa nannncL kanHmkn. ae oppm, no 10.000 kaxpan, nop
nauanLc1aoH c1onLnnka axHe1eaa, a1oprnncL a auknpnk, xrnn cenennn, rpa6nnn
cko1, pesann Hyxunn, yaopnnn a nnen xenunn n pe1e. occ1anne 6mno nopaaneno,
no epaa ypannnncL kanHmkn - ono acnmxnyno c noao cnnok. ocnepoaano a1opnunoe
a1opxenne kanHmkoa.
onnennn ne npekpauanncL. e1p pyHan o 6onee npounmx Hepax pnn yHnpo1aopennn
kpan, no cHep1L noHeuana eHy (1725).
1724 r. 6auknpm 6mnn orpannuenm a npaae anapennn necaHn. noc1poke
pen6ypra onn anpenn panLneuyk Hepy nnuennn nx seHenLno co6c1aennoc1n. nn
peunnn conpo1nann1Lcn. 1735 acnmxnyno aocc1anne nop npepaopn1enLc1aoH
nnLHnk-6msa. ecHo1pn na 1ypeukyk aony, panm 6mnn perynnpnme aocka,
ko1opme n pannynncL a auknpnk nop nauanLc1aoH yHnnueaa. o c1oponm
cn6npcko pec1aoaan nsaec1nm nc1opnk .. a1nuea. nkne 1736 r. 6onLuan
uac1L auknpnn 6mna amxxena n pasopena. kasoH 1736 r. pyccknH paspeueno
npno6pe1enne 6auknpcknx seHenL, a HeuepnkaH, oc1aaunHcn aepnmHn n a 6yn1ax ne
yuac1aoaaaunH, npepoc1aaneno 6mno npaao co6c1aennoc1n na 1e seHnn, ko1opme onn
559
po 1oro apenpoaann y 6auknp-6yn1oaunkoa. 1739 r. 1en1epn n 6o6mnn, ko1opme
npepc1aannnn pop kpenoc1nmx no o1nouennk k npnpopnmH 6auknpaH, ocao6oxpenm
6mnn o1 o6poka 6auknpaH-6yn1oaunkaH. Hec1o yHnnueaa npncnan pyuoa,
ko1opm, sa6npan 6auknp a kauec1ae sanoxnnkoa, nepe6naan nx. 1740 r. pycoa
aHec1e c oHonoamH, cHennaunH pyuoaa, nopaanne1, nakoneu, aocc1anne. pn
a1oH coxxeno n pasopeno 6mno 696 xnnmx pepeaenL n, no opnnH oqnunanLnmH
panop1aH, 6auknpm no1epnnn y6n1mHn 16.634 uenoaeka, cocnannmHn a pasnme Hec1a
po 4000; kpoHe 1oro, 301 uenoaek 6mnn nakasanm o1pesmaanneH noca n yue,
o1o6pano 6mno Hnoxec1ao aep6nkpoa, nouape n pora1oro cko1a.
1755 r. 6auknpm nauann co6npa1Lcn a ne6onLune uakn n, o6osnauna cao ny1L
noxapaHn n y6nc1aaHn, ypannnncL sa nk a nprns-kacaukyk oppy, rpe ponxnm
6mnn co6pa1Lcn ace cnnm Hn1exnnkoa. ennkea. c 6onLunH nckycc1aoH nocennn
paspop a caHoH Hn1exnoH nacenennn n o1anek o1 6auknp n paxe aoopyxnn npo1na
nnx Heuepnkoa, 1en1epe n 6o6mne. a1mpua 6mn asn1 a nnen. onee 50.000
6auknp, cun1an a 1oH uncne xenunn n pe1e, 6exann sa nk k knprns-kacakaH, no n
1aH ennkeay ypanocL aos6ypn1L Hexpy coksnnkaHn paspopm, sakonunaunecn
asanHnmH ns6nenneH.
a1mpunn 6yn1 6mn nocnepnnH 6yn1oH 6auknp, no ne nocnepnnH npo1ec1oH nx npo1na
pyccko anac1n. n opno panxenne konua XVIII aeka a oaonxLe ne o6xopnnocL 6es
yuac1nn 6auknp. nkorpa yraueaunna ne npnnnna 6m 1aknx o6unpnmx pasHepoa,
ecnn 6m k ne ne npnHknynn 6auknpm nop npepaopn1enLc1aoH anaaa1a. npo
ko1oporo napop n nonmne pacneaae1 necnn, o1uac1n nH caHnH cnoxennme. yuknn
nasmaae1 ero canpenmH.
oc1a1ouno?
R
nky1a saknkuae1cn a 1oH, u1o6m, nnuero ne penan, Hnoro ec1L n pasxnpe1L,
no npn neo6xopnHoc1n on pa6o1ae1 c saHeua1enLnmH yceppneH n aoo6ue o1nnuae1cn
1pyponk6neH. x koHHepueckne naknonnoc1n o6neruak1 nH akcnnya1aunk
nerkoHmcnennmx n 6ecneunmx cocepnnx nnopopuecknx nneHen, a nepepko paxe n
pyccknx. naykaH nky1ckne pe1n npnnexnm n nonn1nnam; a nky1cko rnHnasnn,
oco6enno a nnsunx knaccax, onn npy1 anepepn pyccknx. o1n a nac1onuee apeHn
nky1m - xpnc1nane, no porHa1m xpnc1nancko uepkan po cnx nop coaepuenno uyxpm n
nenonn1nm 6onLunnc1ay nky1oa. nn yceppno npnpepxnaak1cn uaHancknx o6pnpoa.
Hacce c1apmx 6oxkoa npn6aannn 1onLko pyccknx can1mx, a oco6ennoc1n nkonan
ropnnka (. nukoa. ky1m. - n, 1. XI).
nepame nsaec1ne o nky1ax nonyueno 6mno a 1620 r. o1 Hanrasecknx kasakoa...
eun1enLnme pec1ann nauanncL c 1632 r., korpa ennceckn co1nnk e1p eke1oa, c
30 kasakaHn, nnman no ene po Hec1a, rpe c1on1 ropop ky1ck, nokopnn no ny1n
nky1oa, o6noxnn nx ncakoH n pnn npounoro sann1nn kpan sanoxnn ky1ckn oc1por.
ue a 1630 r. o1pnp Hanraseuea nop nauanLc1aoH acnnLeaa pouen po enm n
nokopnn annkcknx nky1oa. 1645 r. nponsouno aocc1anne kkarnp. 1682 r., npn
aoeaope pnknonckoH, nky1m cpenann nocnepnkk nonm1ky k aocc1annk. occ1anne
konunnocL nonnmH nx pasrpoHoH. c1a1kn pas6n1mx nky1oa 6exann sa p. ny;
aoeaopa o1npaann sa nnHn o1pnp ns 70 uenoaek, npnkasmaan nH nc1pe6nn1L 6exaaunx
n o6noxn1L ncakoH kaHennmx naHy1oa. (. a1knn. ky1ckan o6nac1L. - n, 1. XI).
ycnokonnacL seHnn o1 aonm, - kak saHeuak1 a nopo6noH cnyuae 6n6neckne
xponnkn.
560
ropm rpaxpancko aonm nky1ckne 6onLueankn cmrpann 6onLuyk ponL a
caepxennn 6enoro konuakoackoro npaan1enLc1aa. nouL na 15 peka6pn 1919 ropa a
ky1cke nponsouno aocc1anne pa6ounx n peaonkunonnmx conpa1, nocne uero ack
nonno1y anac1n npnnnn oenno-peaonkunonnm u1a6 (.. aqponoa. ky1ckan
. - , 1.16).
K
neko1opme ns kanHmkoa, nponnkune a n6npL, oqnunanLno sanannn o
ce6e pycckoHy npaan1enLc1ay npn acnnnn yckoH n npocnnn o npnnn1nn nx a
pycckoe noppanc1ao. 1655 r. 6mna asn1a nepaan uep1nan sanncL, no cnoaaH
ko1opo kanHmkn knnnncL 6m1L aepnmHn noppannmHn pycckoro uapn. 1672 r.
ac1ynnn a ynpaanenne kka. aa 6pa1a ero aos6ypnnn Hexpoyco6nyk pacnpk, n opnn
ns nnx npocnn pnn saun1m c1peneukn nonk. nns epnoro pa onn counncL pnn
6n1am, no kka y6epnn nx noHnpn1Lcn, nocne uero ace 1poe, coepnnna caon aocka,
nanann na c1penLuoa n acex nx nepepy6nnn. yn1 1enLkn asnna aocnpenn1c1aoaan
pyccknH nakasa1L sa a1o kanHmkoa. 1674 r. pycckne npocnnn kky noHouL a nx
npoHmcne nap soaoH n nenpnn1enLcknHn kpmHcknHn kp1aHn, no kka a1o
npocL6m ne ncnonnnn. anHmkn n nopanac1nme nH 1a1apm noc1onnno nponsaopnnn
nanapennn na pyccknx, 6pann nx a nonon n yuyrn pasopnnn. 1684 r. kka
nepenec caon aoennme pec1ann sa pan: aoeaan c knprns-kacakaHn, no1oH nokopnn
1ypkHenoa Hanrmunakcknx; k a1oHy xe nepnopy o1nocn1cn ero aonm c parec1anuaHn,
kyHmkaHn, ka6appnnuaHn n ky6anuaHn. kono 1690 r. ana-naHa npncnan kke
xanckn 1n1yn n neua1L; kka npnnnn a1n nopnouennn, ne cnpaunaan pycckoro uapn
n paxe ne nsaeuan ero o caonx cnouennnx c n6e1oH.
ncno kpeuenmx kanHmkoa, opnako, noc1onnno aospac1ano; a 1703 r. pnn nnx
yc1poeno 6mno pyccknHn oco6oe nocenenne c uepkoaLk na p. epeuke, no a konue
1704 r. ono 6mno paspyueno no npnkasannk kkn. 1706 r., npn ycHnpennn
ac1paxanckoro 6yn1a, kka amsaancn noHora1L npaan1enLc1ay, no npn a1oH caH
pasopnn n pasrpa6nn ac1paxanckne cno6opm. 1707 r. kanHmkn o1npaannncL, 6mno, a
uncne 3000 uen., a aony npo1na uaepoa, no o1 ockam aopo1nnncL nasap n no popore
yaenn c co6o po 100 ceHe ns pasnmx pyccknx pepeaenL. 1708 r. kanHmkn, a
coepnnennn c 6auknpaHn, coxrnn 6onee 100 cen a ensencko n aH6oacko
ry6epnnnx. 1709 r. kka amsaancn noHora1L knnsk oaanckoHy a nckopenennn uaek
6yn1oaaaunx poncknx kasakoa, no na aosapa1noH ny1n pasopnn pycckne pepeann n
yaen a caon ynycm okono 1000 uenoaek pyccknx. 1714 r. k kke nannocL ns eknna
kn1ackoe noconLc1ao; kanHmukn xan oqnunanLno sanann nepep nnH o caonx
cnHna1nnx k n1ak n posnn c occnek. 1715 r. ky6anckn cyn1an ak1a-npe
nanan na kanHmkoa n 1ak pasrpa6nn nx ynycm, u1o caH kka epaa ycnen cnac1n1L a
c1paxanL, nop saun1y pyccknx nonkoa, co6pannmx 1orpa pnn noxopa na nay nop
nauanLc1aoH knnsn ekoanua-epkacckoro. ycckne amc1ynnnn na saun1y kkn, no ne
c1pennnn no 1a1apaH. kka, nepoaonLnm a1nH, nocnan a nay nsaeuenne o panxennn
pyccknx, u1o noanekno sa co6o rn6enL ekoanua.
1727 r. cnoaa naunnak1cn na6ern kanHmkoa na pycckne npepenm; a 1euenne opno
ocenn 1727 r. pycckne no1epnenn o1 nnx y6m1koa na cyHHy camue 60 1mc. py6.; a
nnen 6mno asn1o 17 uen. n y6n1o 15. (npoq. . nyunn n npoq. . ospneea.
anHmkn. - n, 1. XIV).
1771 ropy kanHmkn a ocnoanoH coc1aae cnnnncL c Hec1a n yunn ns occnn a
xynrapnk. c1anocL ne 6onee 50 1mc. uenoaek. anHmkn 6mnn nepepanm a aepenne
c1paxanckoro ry6epnckoro ynpaanennn, a anHmukoe xanc1ao nnkanpnpoaano. o
cnoxnoc1n naunonanLnoro xapak1epa oc1anncL. anHmkn yuac1aoaann a
pec1Lnncko aone yraueaa; aonnennn cpepn nnx, nopaannaunecn aoenno
561
cnno, nponcxopnnn paxe a aeke - a 1903, 1905-09 rr. orpa a 1916 r. uapckoe
npaan1enLc1ao Ho6nnnsoaano kanHmkoa (acero nnuL na npnqpon1oame pa6o1m!) - a1o
amsaano cnnLnoe nepoaonLc1ao n aonnennn a c1enn. ropm rpaxpancko aonm
6mno cospano paa kanHmuknx kaaanepncknx nonka pnn 6opL6m c
6enoraappeuaHn[4]. cenLk 1942 snaun1enLnan uac1L anHmknn 6mna okkynnpoaana
neHuaHn. 6opnrenm nponannn ce6n nop okkynaune 1ak, u1o a konue 1943 ropa
1annn 6mn amnyxpen amcna1L nx na aoc1ok, a caHy anHmukyk ynpaspnn1L.
ocne cLespa ace aepnynocL na Hec1o (cH: .. anpxnea. anHmukan .
- , 1. 6).
., , nonnnn, ueH nnue1cn nc1opnn? pacnenLknH, conenenLknH.
m naH ace yHnnLnme ckasoukn pacckasmaae1e. kakoH 1aH ponre nepep
nnopopuaHn, o kaknx saae1ax npepkoa m 1onkye1e? naaa ory, npepkn 6mnn
nopHanLnmHn nkpLHn n cao poH - occnk - c1ponnn, kak a1o n nonoxeno y
nopHanLnmx nkpe, pnn co6c1aennmx, pyccknx pe1e n anykoa. aoace ne pnn
Hanmx cnx. napennncL npn a1oH 1onLko na caon cnnm pa na ora. naH nHenno
1ak noc1yna1L n saaeuann.
, noxany, noc1aank 1ouky a nsmckannnx. accHo1pennme napopm o1nocn1cn k uncny
nan6onee npo6neHnmx pnn nac. (aakas napo paccHa1pnaa1L o1penLno). o aepL
paneko ne ace napopm - npo6neHnme! aepen, u1o naH ne ypapn1 a cnnny n ne
o1penn1cn o1 nac oce1nnm - nnaue nx xpnc1nanckn anknaa, saxa1m HycynLHancknHn
pecny6nnkaHn, pa eue paspenennm rpysnno-poccncko rpannue, pa eue co
cHep1enLnmH aparoH, nnryuaHn, nop 6okoH, okaxe1cn a 6esamxopnoH nonoxennn.
oHneaakcL, u1o6m ka6appnnum, po6poaonLno aouepune a coc1aa occnn eue a XVI
aeke n 1akxe cocepc1aykune c kpoanmHn aparaHn - 6ankapuaHn, saxo1n1 oc1a1Lcn c
nnHn opnn na opnn 6es Horyuero nocpepnnka. on1cn o1penennn o1 occnn arec1an,
ko1opm, ao-nepamx, okaxe1cn a 6espne nnue1m, a ao-a1opmx, neHepnenno asopae1cn
Hexa1nnuecknHn n HexkonqeccnonanLnmHn npo1naopeunnHn n pyxne1 na ponrne ropm
a nyunny rpaxpancko aonm. nuero nnoxoro n noka ne cnmuan npo 6ypn1, 1aH
pycoqo6nn neamcoka. 1.p.
o npaape roaopn, n noka ne xpy oco6mx kaaeps o1 uncnenno snaun1enLnmx uyaaue,
Hapnuea n Hoppam, xo1n 6m no1oHy, u1o onn, a ocnoanoH, npaaocnaanme xpnc1nane n
c1one1nnHn Hnpno yxnaanncL c pyccknHn. (epapoH naun po6poxena1enn nm1ak1cn
o1opaa1L nx o1 nk6o o6unoc1n c pyccknHn n sa1aun1L a nckycc1aennm cynepa1noc
nop nasaanneH napopm oaonxLn.) pane aaxno, u1o 49% acex uyaaue
npoxnaae1 ane yaaunn, 50% Hapnuea - ane apn-n, 71% Hoppam - ane
oppoann. pepc1aanenne o co6c1aenno naunn y a1nx napopoa neo1pennHo o1 occnn
a uenoH, o1 onLuo occnn. (nn cpaanennn: 96% acex nky1oa xnae1 a ky1nn, 96%
1yannuea - a yae, 88% kanHmkoa - a anHmknn, 64% 6auknp - a auknpnn.) a1o
1oukn spennn paxe 1a1apm, 68% ko1opmx paccennm no ace c1pane ane a1apnn, ne
1ak yx c1paunm naH, n, Hoxe1 6m1L, nHenno a a1oH opna ns npnunn 1oro, u1o a 1994
ropy naH ne npnunocL aaopn1L 1ypa yxe ro1oame k 1oHy aocka.
c1L n ppyro neHanoaaxnm qak1op: npouen1 1n1ynLno napopnoc1n a coc1aae
nacenennn 1o nnn nno pecny6nnkn. pecL nokasa1enn 1akne: uyaaun - 67,78%,
1yannum - 64,31%, 1a1apm - 48,48%, kanHmkn - 45,36%, Hapnum - 43,29%, nky1m
- 33,38%, Hoppaa - 32,53%, apmreum - 22,09%, 6auknpm - 21,91%. cnn cypn1L
no pannoHy nepeunk, caHme 6onLune onacennn, apope 6m, ponxnm amsmaa1L uyaaun
n 1yannum, caHme HenLune - 6auknpm n apmreum. a pene ace ne 1ak npoc1o.
paaocnaanme a uenoH uyaaun - anonne koHnnnHen1apnm (1.e. unannnsaunonno n
pyueano coaHec1nHm) pnn nac napop, nc1opnn naunx asanHoo1nouenn, xo1n n ne
anonne 6eso6naunan, ne o1nrouena 1ak, kak a1o cnoxnnocL y nac, ponyc1nH, c
6auknpaHn nnn 1a1apaHn. ceropnn o1nouennn uyaaue n pyccknx a yaaunn
cpaann1enLno nenanpnxennme, xo1n uyaauckn npesnpen1 epopoa, k npnHepy,
o1kasancn nocmna1L npnsmannkoa ns pecny6nnkn a eunk. o xe Hoxno ckasa1L n o
562
Hapnuax, n o Hoppae, c ko1opmHn nac, pyccknx, ropaspo 6onLue o6Lepnnne1, ueH
pasLepnnne1. cnoHnnH, xo1n 6m, u1o Hoppann nkon popoc po na1pnapxa cen ycn,
a nyuune ncnonnn1enLnnum pyccknx necen - . ycnanoaa n . apmueaa - 1oxe
Hoppoakn. ak u1o c uyaauaHn, HapnuaHn, Hoppao Hoxno n nyxno ncka1L
nckpenne ppyx6m, c1pon1L o1kpm1me coksnnueckne o1nouennn. 1nocn1enLno
nennoxn ceropnn naun o1nouennn n c kanHmkaHn, no1oHy, a uac1noc1n, u1o onn -
6yppnc1m n ne a1nny1m a npouecc ncnaHnsaunn okpann.
1o - opna ka1eropnn poccncknx napopoa. o ec1L n ppyran. yannum, apmrn,
6auknpm, 1a1apm n nky1m cyHenn cospa1L y ce6n, npn nonyc1n1enLc1ae ockam,
HakcnHanLno (a rpannuax occnn) pnckpnHnnaunonnme ycnoann pnn pyccknx. ue
uy1L-uy1L - n naune1cn npnHo a1nounp. ak a pn6an1nke, asaxc1ane, kpanne.
c1epnnH, cHnpnHcn - 6ype1 n renounp. ak a eune. anpnxenne a a1nx pecny6nnkax,
npeapa1naunxcn a a1nokpa1nn, yxe ceuac ouenL aennko[5]. ky1nn yxe nm1anncL
aaec1n ansoam pexnH, caok norpannunyk cnyx6y n caok 1aHoxnk, cospann nonk
kasakoa-nky1oa, ue nosynr, ec1ec1aenno, ky1nn - pnn nky1oa! n1npycckne
nac1poennn a yae yxe 6eso6pasno amnnecknaanncL na ynnuy, conpoaoxpancL
y6nc1aaHn pyccknx. nckpnHnnaunn npaa pyccknx a auknpnn n pmree o1kpm1o
o6cyxpae1cn a npecce. 1.p. noxo pyccknH n a a1apc1ane, rpe npnnn1, a uac1noc1n,
sakon, no ko1opoHy Hoxno 6m1L rpaxpannnoH a1apc1ana, ne 6ypyun rpaxpannnoH
occnn. oo6ue, kak nsaec1no, neponyc1nHme pacxoxpennn Hexpy konc1n1yunnHn
naunonanLnmx pecny6nnk n onc1n1yune occnn ncuncnnk1cn pecn1kaHn, ecnn yxe
ne co1nnHn. anHmknn n apn-n, okasmaae1cn, nenLsn c1a1L npesnpen1oH
pecny6nnkn, ecnn ne anapeeuL, coo1ae1c1aenno, kanHmuknH nnn HapncknH nsmkoH:
ky-ky, pycckne! o1 1e6e n paaenc1ao nepep sakonoH.
c1pon1L a a1nx ycnoannx o1nouennn c HnorouncnennmHn 1n1ynLnmHn
(n ne 1onLko) napopaHn? e o6pa1n1Lcn nn naH n anpnHL k nacnepnk npepkoa? o ne
k 1oHy, cycanLnoHy, ko1opoe naH nopu1onan, noprpnHnpoaan n nopnaknpoaan ..
nponoa, a k nopnnnnoHy, nc1opnueckoHy. epL HopenL naunx asanHoo1nouenn
Hano nsHennnacL c 17 aeka. ak 1onLko Hm cna6eeH - xpn ypapa a cnnny (6auknpm,
kanHmkn ao apeHn eaepno aonm; kanHmkn, kpmHckne 1a1apm, ueuenum n pp. a
1942-43). ak 1onLko naunnae1cn rpaxpanckan aona, pycckan caapa - ace onn 1y1
kak 1y1, c orneH n ca6ne (u1o a asnnunny, u1o a yraueaunny, u1o a paxpanckyk).
nonm1kn nanncnaHnc1cknx nononsnoaenn, ponL ypunn n pmHa (1a1apckoro)! 1o,
pasae ace a1o ne snakoHo no naunH pnnH? asae m ne ocaepoHnenm o npoek1e
ennkn ypan, a ko1opoH sapec1aoaanm naun pmH, aakas n oaonxLe, opnc
epreeanu?
1o penann a 1aknx cn1yaunnx uapn, 1e caHme, u1o, no nponoay, nko6m nokpmaann
nnopopuea o1euecko pnanLk (aepnee 6m ckasa1L, o1euecko panLk)? m a1o
anpenn amue. -, nnkoHy ne paaann cnycky n o1aeuann pecn1nkpa1no na
kaxpm ypap. -, HakcnHanLno ncnonLsoaann Hexa1nnueckne npo1naopeunn.
auknp c kanHmkaHn, HeuepnkaHn, 6o6mnnHn, 1en1epnHn. ky1oa - c 1ynrycaHn.
anHmkoa - c ac1paxancknHn 1a1apaHn. 1.p. o ace 1oHy xe knaccnueckoHy,
as6yunoHy peuen1y: paspenn n anac1ay. o1 n ace.
ce a1n aosHoxnoc1n coxpannnncL n ceropnn. axpm, k1o ne c nackoky, a acepLes
sannHae1cn a1nononn1nko a occnn, ne Hoxe1 ne sna1L o sac1apeno nenaanc1n, o
rny6oknx npo1naopeunnx, yxopnunx kopnnHn a rny6L nc1opnn, no poxopnunx n
ceropnn po nonno ne1epnnHoc1n, Hexpy, ckaxeH, aonxcknHn 6ynrapaHn n 1a1apaHn a
a1apnn, 1a1apaHn n 6auknpaHn a auknpnn, 6auknpaHn n kanHmkaHn,
ka6appnnuaHn n 6ankapuaHn, kapauaeauaHn n uepkecaHn, nnryuaHn n oce1nnaHn
aespe n ackpy, Hoppao Hokua n Hoppao apLsn a caHo oppoann, nky1aHn n
aaenkaHn a ky1nn, HnorouncnennmHn napopaHn arec1ana Hexpy co6o n 1.p. -
cnncok a1o1 Hoxno npoponxa1L n npoponxa1L. cnn 6m ne acex n ace nokpmaakuan
anac1L pyccknx, Hnorne napopm occnn yxe paano 6m ampesann ppyr ppyra, n naHn1L
563
o6 a1oH y nnx cnnLna. m (noka xnam n cnnLnm) pnn nnx - epnnc1aennm rapan1.
ycckn nonn1nk ponxen sna1L ace a1o po 1onkoc1n n nonLsoaa1Lcn a1nH 6es
kone6ann. onLko 1ak Hoxno coxpann1L n occnk, n caoe a ne nepaenc1ao.
ce a1o nnckonLko ne Heuae1 naH co1pypnnua1L c napopaHn occnn, o6Lepnnn1Lcn a
o6ueH pene (m npnaopnnn 1oHy npnHepm). o cy1L - ne a 1oH.
apn nnkorpa ne capnnncL c nnopopuaHn sa kpyrnm c1on, ne nrpann c nnHn a
nepaoro cpepn paanmx. 1o ne uapckan nrpa.
HHH 3KH HHHRH
, , n nepoouennaak ac, opnc epreeanu? m nue1e ne seHnoro
6nara pnn pyccknx nkpe, a kako-1o amcue cnc nn c? oxe1 6m1L,
m 1o1 caHm nonn1nk, ko1opm npnnece1 a Hnp nekyk amcuyk kc1nunk (nasoaeH ee,
ponyc1nH, xpnc1nancko, nnn pyccko-npaaocnaano nnn npoc1o pyccko nnn
kak yropno) - n acex paccypn1? acex noHnpn1? oxe1 6m1L, aH ne pak1 cna1L
naapm npaaepnnaeuero ypnn, cnoco6noro ac1a1L nap nn1epecaHn acex c1opon n
cypn1L c amco1m 6ecnpnc1pac1noc1n, kak nekn 6or? a a1o n ckaxy aH ao1 u1o.
Hnpe ec1L paa ocnoanmx sakona, no ko1opmH opnn uenoaek Hoxe1 cypn1L ppyrnx.
1o sakon cnpaaepnnaoc1n - n sakon nk6an. O cMcM.
k6oaL - a1o amcuan necnpaaepnnaoc1L, amcuee 6essakonne. 6o nk6oaL ec1L
6eckoneunoe n neHo1nanpoaannoe npepnou1enne koro-1o opnoro - aceH oc1anLnmH.
opuepkny: . k6oaL ne noppae1cn o6Lncnennk,
1eH 6onee - kanLkynnunn. na uac1o npepc1ae1 nepep naHn, kak aonnouenne a6cyppa.
1eH ne Henee, m, naaepnoe, cornacn1ecL, u1o sakon nk6an - a1o amcun sakon.
oxno 6m1L cnpaaepnnaeunH cypLe, noka cypnuL noc1oponnnx nkpe. o ecnn 1m
cypnuL caok Ha1L, nnn o1ua, nnn xeny, nnn cmna no 1eH xe sakonaH, u1o n
oc1anLnmx, 1o 1m ne cnpaaepnnaeun cypLn, a o6munm Hepsaaeu, n6o y 1e6n ne
ceppue, a noHoka. 1ako cnpaaepnnaoc1Lk 1m npepaeuL nk6oaL n
amuepknaaeuL caH ce6n ns kpyra nkpe.
ro1oa 6m1L caHmH 6ecnpnc1pac1nmH ap6n1poH Hexpy apHnnaHn n asep6apxanuaHn,
Hexpy rpysnnaHn n a6xasaHn, Hexpy 1y1cn n xy1y, nakoneu. o1oHy u1o Hne
opnnakoao panekn (nnn opnnakoao 6nnskn) o6e c1oponm. x cypL6a Hne ne popoxe
Hoero uec1noro nHenn, n n ne noc1ynnkcL nH a yropy opno ns c1opon.
o ne xpn1e o1 Henn cnpaaepnnaoc1n n 6ecnpnc1pac1nn, ckaxeH, a ouenke pyccko-
ueuencko aonm - n eue ne nac1onLko pacuenoaeunncn. m, opnc epreeanu, m
ro1oam 6m1L xonopnmH n 6ecnpnc1pac1nmH cypLe, ponyc1nH, a pyccko-eapeckoH
konqnnk1e? oHneaakcL.
m c aHn, opnc epreeanu, - pe1n pycckoro napopa, ro1oame, ecnn no1pe6ye1cn,
c1a1L pnn nero o1uaHn. nau napop ponxen sna1L, u1o
u
, u mu - m.
EMBR - R RE
564
sakanunaa1L Hoe nncLHo. no n 1ak yx sa1nnynocL, xo1L Hnoroe oc1anocL
nepockasannmH.
o1enocL Hne, k npnHepy, noroaopn1L o 1oH, ckonLko uero Hm, pycckne, nepepann sa
ropm oae1cko anac1n naunonanLnmH okpannaH, n u1o sa a1o o1 nnx a o1ae1
nonyunnn. 1oH, k1o, korpa n npn kaknx o6c1on1enLc1aax aosnoxnn na nac a1o nro,
kakyk ponL 1y1 cmrpann, ckaxeH, eapen, a kakyk - caHn naunonanm. 1oH, ueH pnn
nac ace a1o o6epnynocL.
o1enocL pacckasa1L a noppo6noc1nx o 1ak nasmaaeHoH pepneasna1ckoH
aocc1annn, acnmxnyaueH a nkne 1916 ropa a o1ae1 na nonm1ky npaan1enLc1aa
Ho6nnnsoaa1L nnopopuea na aoenno-1mnoame (!) pa6o1m n ackope oxaa1naueH ack
aHapkanpckyk, mppapLnnckyk, epranckyk, akacnnckyk, kHonnnckyk,
eHnnana1nnckyk, eHnpeuenckyk, yprackyk n panLckyk o6nac1n c 6onee ueH 10-
HnnnnonnmH nacenenneH. (no nauno caoe npoponxenne n paspeuenne a ropm
paxpancko aonm n a nonn1nke nn1epnaunonanLno pycoqo6cko oae1cko
anac1n.)
o1enocL Hne oc1anoan1Lcn n na nop1pe1e 1ex naunonanLnoc1e, konx m 1ak
yaneuenno xnaonncann - 1a1ap, ueuenuea. 6o nHek u1o aospasn1L o6 nx ponn a ropm
paxpancko aonm, a no1oH - n ennko 1euec1aenno. o noHnny1o aHn nko
pnansnn, ko1opyk opnnnoa 6pocnn na 6onLueankoa, a ona noueHy-1o ne pouna.
o1enocL ckasa1L o 1oH, noueHy ceropnn pycckn naunonannc1 ne nHee1 npaaa c1aan1L
aonpoc o aocc1anoanennn nnn Hnepnn a kakoH 6m 1o nn 6mno anpe - a 1onLko o
aoccoepnnennn paspenenno pyccko naunn.
o1enocL noc1aan1L a napannenL c neko1opmHn aunHn saHeuannnHn a Ho appec -
ananornunme npe1ensnn n Hmcnn nL1uynepa, poueuknna, 6pyna1nnoaa, ppyrnx
nopo6nmx xe cneunannc1oa no naunonanLnoHy aonpocy. a napy c1pannuek.
o1enocL eue npocn1L ac o1ae1n1L na au xe co6c1aennm saHeua1enLnm aonpoc:
HMy c , x cnyxn k rcyc
kxr ccckr, crn, M ycckr nk, cn
yr ycckMy y?.
6o aceH a1oH Hm c aHn eue kak-nn6ypL noroaopnH.
o o6 opno aeun n ne nHek npaaa ne pockasa1L specL.
m paaxpm - acye! - yno1pe6nnn cnoao ceHLn a caoeH 1ekc1e. anncaa:
/, n yxM k yrM M nnc ccckn cMn,
-nck Mn ycck c cM , a no1oH eue
npo 1o, kak napopm unn a occnn - yccky cM.
ano 1oro, u1o a1o nenpaapa. 1o - kouync1ao, opnc epreeanu.
nn Henn cnoao ceHLn - can1oe cnoao. o6nsan sa nero ac1ynn1Lcn.
* * *
a1o a nepayk ouepepL - o6uan kpoaL, o6une npepkn, o6uan ceHenan
nc1opnn. e1 kpoan - ne1 kopne. e1 npepkoa - ne1 nc1opnn. e1 kopne n nc1opnn -
ne1 uenoaeka.
565
uyxyk ceHLk nenLsn ao1n nnuL no co6c1aennoHy xenannk. cnn n saa1pa o6Lnank
ce6n cmnoH opnca nponoaa n na a1oH ocnoaannn no1pe6yk y ac ce6e xnnnnouapL
a aue kaap1npe, cpepc1aa na Hoe copepxanne kak cmna, Ha1epnnckyk nk6oaL
aue cynpyrn n 6pa1ckyk - pe1e, Hec1o a qaHnnLno knap6nuencko orpape n 1.p.,
1o nkpn cou1y1 Henn cyHacuepunH, a m - caHosaanueH n narneuoH. 6ype1e anpaae
npnHenn1L ko Hne nk6me Hepm, u1o6m ns6aan1Lcn o1 1akoro unena ceHLn - o1
Hnnnuecknx po kynaunmx.
c1L 1onLko opnn cnoco6 ao1n a ceHLk. nn a1oro napo 6m1L peayuko, n am1n
saHyx sa cmna ns ceHLn, n asn1L ero qaHnnnk, a o1 caoe npn a1oH o1kasa1Lcn, n
popn1L eHy nacnepnnkoa ceHLn. onLue - nnkak.
s popno ceHLn nenLsn am1n no co6c1aennoHy xenannk. oxno noccopn1Lcn c
popn1ennHn, o1pnxny1L o1 nor npax o1uero poHa, yexa1L a Hepnky, cHenn1L nHn, non,
rpaxpanc1ao; no n popnncn nponoamH nnn eaac1LnnoamH - snaun1, n nponoamH
nnn eaac1LnnoamH n yHpy, u1o 6m n nn penan, uero 6m ne xo1en, uero 6m ne sanannn
yc1no n nncLHenno.
aunn - a1o 6onLuan ceHLn. nee - poano 1e xe npnsnakn, u1o n y Hano: o6uan
kpoaL, o6une npepkn, o6uan ceHenan nc1opnn.
naunk nenLsn ao1n co c1oponm. s nee nenLsn am1n npn aceH xenannn.
* * *
Hoxno 1onLko popn1Lcn. 1a1L pyccknH 1ak xe neaosHoxno, kak n nepec1a1L
nH 6m1L. 1o ne saancn1 o1 aonn cy6Lek1a, a1o o6Lek1nanan peanLnoc1L, pannan naH
o1 poxpennn.
cnn nepycckn (nnopopeu) sananne1, u1o on - pycckn, 1o papoaa1Lcn 1y1 neueHy.
6o a1o snaun1, u1o a nauy ceHLk pae1cn nn6o cyHacuepun - nn6o narneu n
caHosaaneu. ocep no poHy, paxe caHm saHeua1enLnm, - a1o eue ne unen ceHLn.
c1L nn nkpn 6es naunn? a, ec1L. 1o nkpn co cnoxnmH cHeuenneH kpoan, caHn ne
snakune, k1o onn, nnuennme aaxneue a Hnpe npen1nunoc1n. 1nH nkpnH ne
nosaanpyeuL. naueH aeke 1aknx c1ano neHano, no ne onn, k cuac1Lk, penak1
noropy. 6o ecnn ncknkuenne (He1ncoa) Hm nepeaepeH a panr npaanna (naunn), 1o
npaanno (nkpe unc1o kpoan) npnpe1cn nepeaec1n a paspnp ncknkuenn, a a1o,
cornacn1ecL, - nsapauenne.
Hnpe ec1L opnn npnHep naunn He1ncoa co caoe unannnsaune, caoe kynL1ypo:
a1o na1nnoaHepnkanum. o cospanne 1ako naunn (a ko1opo ocnoao npen1nunoc1n
cnyxn1 nHenno cHecL kpoae) - ao-nepamx, 6ecnpeuepen1no, a ao-a1opmx,
no1pe6oaano kak-nnkak nn1Lco1 ne1.
c1L eue nonykpoakn, nkpn c paono npen1nunoc1Lk. aknx nkpe nn a koeH cnyuae
nenLsn o11anknaa1L[6]. H nyxno noHouL onpepenn1Lcn, noHouL am6pa1L pnn ce6n
pycckyk npen1nunoc1L. ( eapenH no Ha1epn a1o ne o1nocn1cn.) onnHan n noHnn npn
a1oH, u1o nx ncnxnka nHee1 caok cneunqnky, o1nrouena caoero popa cnnppoHoH
nonykpoakn, a cn1yaunn any1pennero konqnnk1a Hoxe1 npnaec1n k onacnoHy pnn nac
noaepennk. nk6oH cnyuae 1ako uenoaek, c ocna6nennmH, neue1knH pyccknH
naunonanLnmH nnc1nnk1oH - ne Hoxe1 c1on1L y pykoaopc1aa pyccknH panxenneH,
aosrnaann1L pycckne .
566
akoneu, ec1L nnmuapm, ec1L Hankyp1m. orpa rpek, 6onrapnn, cep6 no kpoan aepe1
ce6n, kak 1ypok no aocnn1annk. o a1o - pesynL1a1 nckycc1aennoro aHeua1enLc1aa a
npnpopy, cypL6y n ncnxnky pe6enka, caoero popa onepaunn 6es ckanLnenn. a1nH
nkpnH 1oxe - ne nosaanpyeuL.
ecuac1nan occnn a aeke nepexnna Hnoroe. aHoe rnaanoe necuac1Le - peskan,
c1peHn1enLnan y1pa1a Hnoxec1aoH pyccknx nkpe caonx kopne, caoe ceHeno
nc1opnn, unc1o1m pyccko kpoan. ankyp1nsaunn pycckoro cosnannn, nnmuapnsaunn
noaepennn (uero c1on1 nyxkoackn , ns6naaaun Hockoacknx peHonc1pan1oa)...
o ace a1o ne pae1 npaaa naH, pyccknH npeonoraH, cpaaa1L caon nosnunn. ycckne -
ne naunn nonykpoaok, ne naunn He1ncoa, ne naunn Hankyp1oa, ne naunn nnmuap. o
HnornH coapeHennmH nccnepoaannnH, pycckne - a amcoko c1enenn roHorennan
naunn. yccknx nkpe, nHekunx o6onx pyccknx popn1ene - npnHepno 85% a coc1aae
pycckoro napopa. ycckoe caHocosnanne c1peHn1enLno aocc1anaannaae1cn. 1.p. (
ne pas noppo6no o6 a1nx aeuax nncan.)
ycckne - ne poccnnne, kak 6m nn xo1enocL a1oro a6pyna1nnoamH, 1nukoamH,
nannmH n np. o n poccnnne - ne pycckne. occnnne, co6c1aenno, - a1o n ec1L
nanHenoaanne nepycckoro xn1enn occnn.
xo1nnkoa npnnnca1L pyccknx a poccnnne c1onL xe Hnoro, ckonL n oxo1nnkoa
sannca1L orynoH acex poccnnn - a pycckne. m, pycckne npeonorn, ne nHeeH npaaa
a1oro pena1L caHn. ne nHeeH npaaa nosaonn1L a1o pena1L ppyrnH.
eHLn ec1L ceHLn, y nee - ue1kne, konkpe1nme rpannum. m ne HoxeH nosaonn1L nx
pasHm1L. cnn naunn caHa no1epne1 ce6n, 1o nnkakne nc1opnkn ee no1oH ne o1muy1.
mneunne rpekn - ne annnnm, n1anLnnum - ne pnHnnne, kon1m - ne ernn1nne. e pa
or naH npeapa1n1Lcn a xnaoe naprpo6ne co6c1aennoro napopa.
e nrpa1e co cnoaoH ceHLn.
e noHnna1e ero acye.
1o - can1oe cnoao.
[1] panLneueH, a xope pa6o1m nap nHnpxeH aunonanLno-epxaano nap1nn
occnn, 6mno npnsnano uenecoo6pasnmH ncnonLsoaa1L n pasLncnn1L a nap1nno
nponaranpe 1epHnn kopennme napopm nHenno 1ak, kak on ncnonLsoaan a naueH
npoek1e yccko konc1n1yunn n a pa6o1ax nponoaa: 1.e. a snauennn
Hanouncnennm napop, ne nHekun caoe rocypapc1aennoc1n ane occnn,
npo1naonoc1aannn ero 1epHnny naunonanLnme HenLunnc1aa. cpepe pyccknx
naunonan-na1pno1oa 1akoe nonnHanne noc1enenno cpenanocL o6uenpnnn1mH. aknH
o6pasoH, a pannoH aonpoce npo1naopeune pncky1an1oa okasanocL na kakoe-1o apeHn
cnn1o. o1n c kpnpnuecko 1oukn spennn 1epHnn kopennme napopm no-npexneHy
npepc1aanne1cn nekoppek1nmH, a c qnnonornuecko - nckycc1aennmH n ne1ounmH.
[2] 1o ceropnnunne nnca1enn c knnounnkaHn ace rocypapeao c1pon1enLc1ao
occncko nHnepnn sannnn kpoaLk, a aepL pokyHen1m canpe1enLc1ayk1 n o ppyroH,
- nnue1e m. o1 nHenno: o ppyroH. o rnaanme co6m1nn a1oro c1pon1enLc1aa -
asn1ne asanckoro, c1paxanckoro, n6npckoro, pmHckoro xanc1a - o1nkpL ne 6mnn
6eckpoanmHn. srnnnn1e xo1L na kap1nny neceropnnunero ypnkoaa okopenne
n6npn pHakoH. aueH xe nnueHepn1L, npnrnaxnaa1L, npnykpaua1L nc1opnk
caoero napopa? na n 6es a1oro kpacnaa nopanroH aonna, saaoeaa1enn, pycckoro
567
konknc1apopa. m ne 1akne xnunnkn, kak, ckaxeH, ncnanum nnn neHum, no n
1paaonpnmx can1ou, po6penLknx ncycnkoa ns nac pena1L 1oxe ne napo: a1o o6npno n
- nenpaapa.
[3] ac xapak1epneuan, ampakuan ac c ronoao, oun6ka: e1mpe ropa nasap
(1.e., nonyuae1cn, a 1996 ropy. - A.C.) eapenH ypanocL cpena1L eue nepaano
kasaaueecn neHmcnnHmH - c1paan1L paa kopennmx napopa occnn, c1paan1L pyccknx c
ueuenuaHn, n ueuenckan aona nnuL nauano. nn Henn pyccko-ueuenckan aona
nauanacL ne ue1mpe ropa, a pecn1L ne1 1oHy nasap, a 1990 ropy, korpa ueuenum (npn
ueH 1y1 eapen?!) nauann a HaccoaoH nopnpke rpa6n1L, nacnnoaa1L, noxnua1L,
ns6naa1L pyccknx. o pycckan 6onL n 1parepnn 1ex ne1 (saponro po aaopa aock a
posnm) oc1anacL aHn nesaHeuenno. ak n aekoaan ueuenckan k naH saepnnan
nenaanc1L. ceropnnunnn aona pnn Henn nHee1 orpoHnm n caHooueanpnm cHmcn:
a1o cnpaaepnnaoe n neo1apa1nHoe aosHespne sa ue1mpec1a c nnunnH 1mcnu
nopyrannmx pyccknx xnsne. aH anpen a1o1 cHmcn, opnc epreeanu? nn aH
aaxne qanLunaan ppyx6a c kopennmH napopoH occnn?
[4] oneuno, caHm c1paunm nopapok pnn pyccknx o1 a1oro kopennoro
poccnckoro nneHenn - a1o cnaanm cmn kanHmukoro napopa .. nLnnoa (ennn).
oaopn o ero nponcxoxpennn, pycckne oxo1no acnoHnnak1 npo eapeckne kopnn, no
c1onL xe oxo1no sa6maak1 npo kanHmukne, a spn.
[5] eropnn, apope 6m, ypoaenL nanpnxennn cnnsnncn, ao HnoroH 6naropapn 1oHy, u1o
npnHep eunn pec1aye1 na ropnune ronoam kopennmx napopoa o1pesannkue. o n
naH nyxno coxpann1L 1pesayk ronoay n ne paccna6nn1Lcn, ne 1epn1L 6pn1enLnoc1n,
noHnn1L ypokn nc1opnn. (HM 2004 r.)
[6] neHuea apeHen pe1Lero axa 6mn cneunanLnm 1epHnn Hnunnnre pnn nnu
co cHeuanno kpoaLk. a1o1 paspnp nonapann paxe 1e, y koro opnn ns popn1ene
6mn eapeeH, a ppyro - neHueH. eHum nac1onLko uennnn caok, neHeukyk, kpoaL,
u1o nn opnn (!) Hnunnnre sa ace ropm npaanennn naunonan-counannc1oa ne 6mn
penpeccnpoaan, penop1npoaan, c1epnnnsoaan. o, pasyHee1cn, 1aknx ne npnnnHann a
amcun oppen pacm - a , ne c1aannn na nan6onee o1ae1c1aennme noc1m, ne
poaepnnn nH cypL6y pacm n naunn. ne a1o kaxe1cn pasyHnmH.
568
BH KmMY. E QmMY?
(n x H N8, 1998)
H r-n naep apaHoa! osaonL1e no6naropapn1L ac sa saHe1ky m
nyxnm caHnH ce6e, ko1opan o1kpmna nepepo Hno pae aaxnme aosHoxnoc1n.
o-nepamx, aosHoxnoc1L npnnec1n nckpennne nsannennn aH, (a a aueH nnue n aceH
aunH conneHennnkaH) sa 1y oc1pyk npaac1aennyk 6onL, ko1opyk neaonLno
npnunnnna Hon c1a1Ln eo1pasnHoc1L a1nononn1nkn[1]. caoe onpaapanne Hory
ckasa1L 1onLko opno. opnrnnane c1a1Ln nHena nopsaronoaok: oHy a pmHy nyxnm
kpmHckne 1a1apm? eH caHmH Hne xo1enocL npnaneuL annHanne un1a1ene k 1oHy -
yam, nenpenoxnoHy - qak1y, u1o a ycnoannx, korpa kpanna ne xoue1, ne Hoxe1 n ne
6ype1 peua1L npo6neHm kpmHcknx 1a1ap, a occnk onn acnueckn o11anknaak1 caHn
(1ypeukn xe qak1op, nexena1enLnm pnn o6enx c1pan, nanne1cn
pec1a6nnnsnpykunH a pernone), 1a1apm, no cy1n, okasanncL npepoc1aanennmHn caHn
ce6e co aceHn caonHn sa6o1aHn.
pnako pepak1opm - napop caoenpaanm n uene1nnLnm a aonpocax nsmka.
co6enno a1o nponanne1cn a nopsaronoakax, ko1opme onn no 1papnunn cun1ak1 kak
6m caoe ao1unno. pannoH cnyuae pepak1op, anpnHo, nocun1an paonoe
yno1pe6nenne kopnn kpmH a opno qpase neponyc1nHo 1aa1onorne. pesynL1a1e
nopsaronoaok npno6pen 1o1 ockop6n1enLnm n paxe uoannnc1nueckn cHmcn,
ko1oporo n nnkorpa ne xo1en n ne npepnonaran. pouy noaepn1L, u1o n nnkorpa ne
ampaxan coHnenn a aksnc1enunanLno neo6xopnHoc1n kpmHcknx 1a1ap a oxLeH
Hnpe.
o-a1opmx, aua saHe1ka nosaonne1 Hne aepny1Lcn k aaxnoHy aonpocy, ko1oporo n
amnyxpenno kocnyncn a npepmpyue c1a1Le nnuL HnHoxopoH, a 1o apeHn kak on
poc1onn unpokoro n noppo6noro pasroaopa. ncxoxy npn a1oH ns 1aeppo
yaepennoc1n, u1o nc1opnueckan npaapa neo6xopnHa aceH.
m nnue1e, u1o n papn nonn1nuecko konLknk1ypm ncnonLsyk ne6naroanpnme
qak1m, ko1opme napo 6m appecoaa1L ne ko aceHy napopy, a k onpepenenno kyuke
naunonannc1oa, n npepnarae1e Hne ykasa1L qaHnnnn npepa1ene, a ne orynLno
o6annn1L aecL napop. coxanennk, cpena1L a1o 6mno 6m sa1pypnn1enLno no
npnunne, o ko1opo - nnxe.
asaa1L co6m1nn, pasaepnyaunecn a pmHy nocne npnxopa neHuea, ne6naroanpnmHn
qak1aHn kaxe1cn Hne 1epHnnonornueckn ne1ounmH. a1y qopHyny ne anncmaak1cn
nn norpoHm pycckoro nacenennn, npoaopnaunecn 1a1apaHn a pnpe nacenennmx
nynk1oa (nanpnHep, a n1e, rpe nonnoc1Lk ampesanncL uenme pycckne ceHLn), nn
Hnorouncnennme ponocm, nncaaunecn 1a1apaHn na pyccknx, eapeea n umran a
neHeukne koHenpa1ypm, nn 1oHy nopo6nme Haccoame nanennn. o n ne c1any
sapepxnaa1Lcn na a1nx a1opoc1enennmx o6c1on1enLc1aax, a cpasy nepepy k
rnaanoHy.
1991 r. oenno-nc1opnueckn xypnan (N3) ony6nnkoaan Ha1epnanm ns oennoro
apxnaa 6Lepnnenno epHannn npn 6maueH nc1n1y1e aoenno nc1opnn. 1o
pokyHen1m pe1Lero pexa, kacakunecn o1nouenn neHeuknx okkynaunonnmx
anac1e pmHa c 1a1apaHn (nepeaop n nopro1oaka k ny6nnkaunn .. n1anna). nn
kpacnopeunam n penpesen1a1nanm. poun1npyk o1penLnme ampepxkn ns nnx c
HnnnHanLnmH koHHen1apneH. mpenennn a 1ekc1e cpenanm Hno.
569
Km 17- m x K.
n N 1231 - 44
m

rnn
1. oHanpoaanne apHnn npepnarae1 cospa1L a pmHy Hec1noe npaan1enLc1ao.
2.
mc1ynan c 1aknH npepnoxenneH, apHnn ncxopn1 ns cnepykuero:
...6) nnLno aospocuee 6anpn1ckoe panxenne, a ocnoanoH a ropax nm, aanpy naunx
cna6mx aosHoxnoc1e, Hoxno pasrpoHn1L 1onLko c noHouLk nacenennn, n 1orpa
6anpn1m ne 6ypy1 naunH 1pe1LnH qpon1oH (1- qpon1 - epuL, 2- - epekon, 3- -
nap1nsanm. - H. .) 1o Hoxno cpena1L 1onLko c 1aknH nacenenneH,
u m n m u
u .
ospannme ao Hnornx cenax aoopyxennme cnnm caHoo6oponm po cero apeHenn
nokasmaann ce6n c nyuue c1oponm. opnncL.
Hx x N 389
m

r
rnn Kr
o cornacoaannk c koHanpoaanneH rpynnm apHn Kr cpepn 1a1ap nauanacL
aep6oaka 6onLuoro konnuec1aa po6poaonLuea... a1apm xo1n1 aHec1e c neHeuknHn
aockaHn amc1ynn1L na 6opL6y npo1na 6onLueansHa pnn saun1m napopa n popnnm.
oo6uenne o6 a1oH npepycHo1peno pa1L npn noHoun nnaka1oa n conpa1ckoro
papnonepepa1unka o1 nHenn 1a1apcknx n HaroHe1ancknx pykoaopn1ene... aknH
o6pasoH Hoxno 6ype1 annn1L na pnansnn, a ko1opmx Hnoro npepc1aan1ene
kaakascknx napopoa, npepnaran nH nepexopn1L c opyxneH, nu
, u1o6m coaHec1no cpaxa1Lcn sa ocao6oxpenne nx popnnm o1 6onLueansHa.
11-n apHnn, o1pen pasaepkn N 321/42. 4.01.1942 r.
H x 11- K
Hx rnn Q mq n
n (Q).
570
ekpy1ckn na6op kpmHcknx 1a1ap
oknap o pesynL1a1ax po6poaonLno aep6oakn, na6op na aoennyk cnyx6y n
nonyuennm onm1.
I. H
1) Hv n -rnn Q
2.01.1942 r. a o1pene pasaepkn apHnn coc1onnocL coaeuanne, rpe 6mno sananeno, u1o
kpep paspeunn npnsma po6poaonLuea ns kpmHcknx 1a1ap... enLk a1oro npnsmaa
nanne1cn: oxaa1n1L kpmHcknx 1a1ap, cnoco6nmx cnyxn1L a apHnn, pnn pec1ann na
qpon1ax a pmHcko apHnn na po6poaonLno ocnoae, a 1akxe cospa1L 1a1apckne po1m
caHoo6oponm, ko1opme coaHec1no c ansa1urpynno Hoxno 6ype1 ncnonLsoaa1L
pnn 6opL6m c nap1nsanaHn... pnsaannme a apHnk 1a1apm cun1ak1cn cnyxaunHn
aepHax1a. nn nonyuak1 opnnakoaoe nn1anne n penexnoe copepxanne, kak n neHum
nnskoro panra...
II.
1) mv n
cxopn ns 1oro, u1o 6mc1pan n pec1aennan aep6oaka n oxaa1 aosHoxnm 1onLko c
noHouLk 1a1ap, 1a1apm ns nHqepononn, a 1akxe a ana1opnn, axuncapae, n1e,
nyu1e, apacy6asape, 1apoH pmHy n ypake n u
, x <...>
3.01.1942 r. a 10.00 nauanocL oqnunanLnoe nepaoe sacepanne 1a1apckoro koHn1e1a a
nHqeponone, nocanuennoe nauany aep6oakn 1a1ap pmHa pnn o6ue 6opL6m npo1na
6onLueansHa...
-o6epqkpep nenpopq o1kpmn sacepanne npnae1c1aennmH cnoaoH, a ko1opoH on
npnae1c1aoaan koHn1e1 n ckasan, u1o on pap coo6un1L koHn1e1y, u1o apHnn x
u - saunua1L opnny npo1na 6onLueansHa c opyxneH a pykax - npnnnHae1...
pncy1c1aykune 1a1apm a1n cnoaa aocnpnnnnn c aoc1oproH n 6ypno annopnpoaann...
pncy1c1aykun specL Hynna HycynLHanckoro o6Lepnnennn nHqepononn asnn cnoao
n sanann, u1o ero pennrnn n aepoaannn 1pe6yk1 npnnn1L yuac1ne a a1o canuenno
6opL6e coaHec1no c neHuaHn...
ocne 1oro, kak c1apeun ns 1a1ap nnan e1ynna sanann, u1o on caH c opyxneH
ro1oa amc1ynn1L, cnoao asnn npepcepa1enL 1a1apckoro koHn1e1a 6pypeunpoa n
ckasan 6ykaanLno cnepykuee: roaopk o1 nHenn koHn1e1a n 1a1ap n snak, u1o
nonnoc1Lk noppepxnaak1 1o, u1o n ckaxy. Q u
, u u
. nn nac a1o 6onLuan uec1L nop pykoaopc1aoH ponLqa n1nepa,
kpynneuero pen1enn neHeukoro napopa, nonyun1L paspeuenne cpaxa1Lcn....
ak npepc1aan1enL 1a1apcko Honopexn a1opo npepcepa1enL 1a1apckoro koHn1e1a
epHenunknn sanann, u1o on roaopn1 o1 nHenn 1a1apcko Honopexn, ko1opan snae1,
u1o peuL npe1 o nyuueH 6ypyueH, u1o nac cansana cypL6a coaHec1no 6opL6m:
571
axpm Honopo 1a1apnn npe1 a 6o c cosnanneH m ,
ko1opm opnoapeHenno nanne1cn aparoH neHeukoro napopa....
ocne 1oro, kak o6o aceH poroaopnnncL, 1a1apm nonpocnnn a1o 1opxec1aennoe
sacepanne n 1eH caHmH nauano 6opL6m npo1na neaepnmx sakonun1L Hone6noH no nx
o6muak. a1apm nokpmnn caon ronoam n, c1on, noa1opnn sa Hynno, nponsnecnn 1pn
Honn1am: 1-n Honn1aa - sa poc1nxenne 6mc1po no6epm n o6unx uene, a 1akxe sa
ponryk xnsnL qkpepa ponLqa n1nepa; 2-n Honn1aa - sa neHeukn napop n ero
po6nec1noe aocko; 3-n Honn1aa - sa norn6unx a 6onx neHeuknx conpa1 <...>
V. HRYHEHHmE HEmE
E3YRBm Hm
xe npn sann1nn aockaHn pmHa 1a1apm nokasmaann caoe ppyxenk6ne k neHuaH.
O n um
, m u m... ocne ac1ynnennn
neHuea onn ace uaue npepnarann caok noHouL a 6opL6e npo1na nap1nsan a pacno
pHnn... nHqeponone, axuncapae, apacy6asape n 1.p. HonnnncL onn sa no6epy
neHeukoro opyxnn, sa qkpepa, nocmnann 6naropapc1aennme nncLHa, a 1akxe nncann
nncLHa, a ko1opmx npocnnn paspeun1L nH npnnn1L yuac1ne a 6opL6e c 6onLueansHoH.
ep6oaka n cospanne noppaspenenn, a 1akxe 6oeaoe npnHenenne 1a1apcknx po1
caHoo6oponm nop koHanpoaanneH ansa1u-rpynnm pak1 npnHepm, u1o kacae1cn
1a1ap pmHa, cun1a1L: um n
u un...
, u1o6m ne Horno aosnnkny1L aneua1nennn, 6yp1o ace neHeuko-1a1apckne
nmnkne naHepennn oc1anncL 1onLko na 6yHare, coo6uy eue neckonLko qak1oa,
nouepnny1mx a 1ex xe pokyHen1ax. aHoe rnaanoe, koneuno, a1o unqpm. e npouno
nony1opa Hecnuea co pnn amueynoHnny1oro coaeuannn, kak aep6oaunkn (nanoHnnak:
peuL npe1 o po6poaonLno aep6oake!) yxe panop1oaann o6 ycnexax. 1HeuanocL, a
uac1noc1n, u1o 1a1apm aoc1ouno uac1n pmHa... n oco6enno cenLcknx paonoa
eaepnoro pmHa nou1n ace noronoano sanannnn, u1o onn ro1oam neHepnenno c
opyxneH a pykax 6opo1Lcn c o6unH aparoH (1aH xe). ak, nanpnHep, a nepame xe 20
pne a cenax axuncapackoro paona po6poaonLno sanannn o caoe cnyx6e 565
1a1ap. poaepn pekpy1npoaanne a 203 nacenennmx nynk1ax, aep6oaunkn na6pann k
15.02.1942 r. a o6ue cnoxnoc1n 9255 1a1ap, ropnmx k aoenno cnyx6e. (asaa1L
acex noqaHnnLno 6mno 6m aecLHa cnoxno.) panLneueH a1a unqpa pocna.
noro a1o nnn Hano? oennme nc1opnkn n counonorn cun1ak1 (1akoao yc1onaueecn
Hnenne), u1o u Ho6nnnsaunonnm no1enunan napopa - 10% o1 ero
uncnennoc1n. asaannan amue unqpa npepc1aanne1 co6o s .
kasannoe nosaonne1 y1aepxpa1L: a 1o apeHn kak pacnan pHnn n nap1nsanm, qpon1
n 1mn, aecL napop aenn cHep1enLnyk cxaa1ky c aparoH, npo1na nnx na c1opone
neHeuknx saaoeaa1ene a pmHy amc1ynnnn u n
, um - , -
. 1o nc1opnueckn qak1.
asyHee1cn, on ne ncknkuae1 ppyroro qak1a: Hnorne kpmHckne 1a1apm,
Ho6nnnsoaannme a pacnyk pHnk po n a caHoH nauane aonm, pas6pocannme,
paccennnme no o1penLnmH apHnnH, uac1nH n aonncknH coepnnennnH, po6nec1no
aoeaann 6ok o 6ok c pyccknHn, 6enopycaHn, rpysnnaHn n 1.p. 1oro 1oxe nnk1o ne
Hoxe1 o1pnua1L. eccHmcnenno rapa1L, kak noaenn 6m onn ce6n, oc1aauncL a pmHy
nop neHeuknH anapmuec1aoH. o peuL specL ne o nnx. cnn, paxe aonpekn 1oHy, u1o
572
ocnoano npnsma a pmHy ycnena npoaec1n eue coae1ckan anac1L, kpmHcko1a1apckn
napop cyHen u ampenn1L pononnn1enLno c1onL 6onLuo kon1nnren1 pnn
6opL6m c a1o caHo anac1Lk, a1o nanne1cn nyuunH canpe1enLc1aoH 1oro, na uLe
c1opone on u 6mn.
npo1na nac 1a1apm a pmHy? pnaepy 1onLko opno canpe1enLc1ao ns
1oro xe nc1ounnka: pnHenenne 1a1apcknx po1 a 6oeamx pec1annx nokasmaae1, u1o
onn a ocnoanoH pec1ayk1 xopouo., ak, a anapnoH pmHy 6mnn sapec1aoaanm 8-n
n 9-n 1a1apckne po1m axuncapan n oyua, n onn nokasann ce6n a noncke o1nnuno.
akxe n ppyrne rpynnm 1a1ap npn ansa1ukoHanpe a aonpocax pasaepkn nokasann
ce6n xopouo. c1mukax c nap1nsanaHn 1a1apm pec1aoaann yHeno, n onn no6expann:
Hnoro nap1nsan ynnu1oxeno, ppyrne 6exann. ak 6mno a paone axuncapan, a a
paone ypaka onn pec1aoaann n npo1na perynnpnmx aock (pecan1). 6 nx 6oeamx
kauec1aax ykasano 1akxe n a nap1nsancknx ponecennnx...
T acerpa 6mnn aparaHn 6onLueansHa n
.
akoam 6mnn caHme nepame uarn (nnaapL-qeapanL 1942 r.) 1a1apcknx 6oeamx
qopHnpoaann nop neHeuko arnpo. panLneueH nHenno nx ycnnnn npnaenn k
nopaanennk nap1nsanckoro panxennn n k y1aepxpennk neHeukoro rocnopc1aa a
pmHy.
naHepenno ne c1an (pa6m ns6exa1L o6annennn a npepasn1oc1n) o6paua1Lcn k
pokyHen1aH, nerunH a caoe apeHn na c1on 1annna n nocnyxnaunH ocnoaanneH pnn
npnnn1nn peuennn o penop1aunn kpmHcko1a1apckoro napopa ns pmHa. 1akxe k 1eH,
sauac1yk ouenL xnaonncnmH, ponecennnH, u1o nernn a ocnoay coo1ae1c1aykunx
caopok n o6o6uenn. n1epecykunecn cpenak1 a1o caHn.
aH xe ceuac, n pyHak, anonne poc1a1ouno annHa1enLno npouec1L pokyHen1m ns
neHeukoro apxnaa (ko1opme 6ecnpnc1pac1no n o6Lek1nano qnkcnpyk1 co6m1nn),
u1o6m cpena1L anonne opnosnaunme amaopm.

u
H CHF
[1] 1a1Ln eo1pasnHoc1L a1nononn1nkn nHena nopsaronoaok oHy a pmHy nyxnm
kpmHckne 1a1apm?, ko1opm 6mn ynpouen pepakune po: oHy nyxnm kpmHckne
1a1apm?, u1o n amsaano sananLunayk pennnky rnaam Hockoacko o6unnm kpmHcknx
1a1ap . apaHoaa. ocnonLsoaaauncL cnyuaeH, n pasaepnyn cao o1ae1 a
nc1opnueckyk cnpaaky no apxnaaxnoHy aonpocy.
mE RH Y HEHEHK RK BHHH X?
( n vm .M. Q.
n H r N 1(29) 2000 r.)
oporo anepn nxanoanu!
573
ak rnaanm pepak1op n ne noc1aann 6m a "aunonanky nepepoanuy, ecnn 6m ne
paspennn asrnnpoa ee aa1opa. c 1aonH asrnnpoH cornacn1Lcn ne Hory n ao1 noueHy.
1. pexpe acero, Hm pacxopnHcn He1oponornueckn. c1aank ao rnaay yrna
a1nononn1nky, ncnoaepyk a1nopeHorpaqnueckn n a1nononn1nueckn nopxopm. ak,
kak a1o npnnn1o ceropnn y nac, naunonannc1oa. m xe cHo1pnuL na peno c 1oukn
spennn reononn1nuecko n aoenno-nonn1nuecko. ak, kak a1o nspaana npnnn1o y
na1pno1oa-rocypapc1aennnkoa. 1 koro ppyroro, no o1 1e6n ne oxnpan.
2. naanan npo6neHa o1nkpL ne a 1oH, kak 6m oc1aan1L eunk n nryue1nk a coc1aae
occnn, a a 1oH, m , m un x
, m mm . ,
ecnn 6m aosHoxno 6mno kaknH-nn6ypL uypoH nepenec1n acex aanaxoa na uae1yun
oc1poa a okeane nnn xo1L o6pa1no a asaxc1an (kak a1o cpenan Hyppm 1annn, aceH
na aakase snaaun ueny)! , ecnn 6m Hm Hornn noc1ynn1L c aanaxaHn, kak
noc1ynnnn nekorpa eapen c napopaHn, xnaunHn a eHne 6e1oaanno! (anoHnk, u1o
y nnx eapen nc1pe6nnn ace pmuauee, 1o ec1L aoo6ue noronoano acex, aknkuan
xnao1nmx, a y okpec1nmx napopoa - acex, Houaunxcn k c1ene, 1o ec1L acex Hyxunn
o1 Hana po aennka.) orpa - ne1 aonpocoa: koneuno, naH ne noHeuann 6m npekpacnme
seHnn, ypo6no pacnonoxennme n c koe-kaknHn nckonaeHmHn!
o ckaxn Hne, yHnm, 1pesam pycckn uenoaek: pasae a1o aosHoxno?!
3. c yxacoH pyHak ne c1onLko o caHo aone, ckonLko o 1oH apeHenn, korpa ona
sakonun1cn (ecnn sakonun1cn). 1o Hm npno6pe1eH?
) eppn1opnn? o keH nx sacenn1L? 1 nou1n nonyHnnnnonnoro pycckoro nacenennn
eunn oc1anocL epaa nn nn1L npouen1oa. 1o, a ocnoanoH, 6ecnoHounme c1apnkn, onn
ne papy1 Hnorouncnennoro no1oHc1aa. ospoxpa1L na paannnnmx seHnnx aypckoro,
enkoackoro, ap1epeunoro, ynxenckoro paonoa coo1ae1c1aykuee kasauec1ao?
1onnn. 6Lnan1L na6op, koHcoHonLckyk c1poky? nk1o ne noepe1 1ypa na
(yx pycckne-1o ao acnkoH cnyuae), pypakoa ne1. e noepy1 na a1y naacerpa npknn1yk
pnn nac seHnk, yaepen, paxe pycckne nsron n napnn ns apxnknc1ana, s6eknc1ana,
ypkHennn, kpannm, pn6an1nkn, asaxc1ana: saueH xe nH exa1L ns ornn pa a
nonmHn?..
axe ecnn Hm o1pexeH nepeuncnennme paonm o1 ropno eunn n npnpexeH nx k
1aapononLckoHy kpak, onn o1 a1oro ne sanonnn1cn pyccknHn nkpLHn. a a1o seHne
Hory1 ampac1n 1onLko noame ueuenckne pe1n, 1ak xe nenaanpnune occnk n ace
pycckoe, kak nx y6n1me, panenme, npouepune poccnckne qnnL1paunonnme narepn,
1kpLHm n sony o1um, 6pa1Ln, pnpn, pepm, c1apune ppysLn. c1L, npaapa, 1ako
aapnan1: na a1n seHnn Hory1 noexa1L xn1L npepc1aan1enn poccncknx napopoa,
ncnm1maakunx ns6m1ounoe peHorpaqnueckoe paanenne: apmroa, parec1anuea,
1yannuea. o pnn nac xpen pepLkn ne cnaue. a n saueH nH exa1L ckpa, a seHne
koampn1Lcn, u1o nn? ak a1o ne ponn pnn pxnrn1a - on nyuue a ockay noepe1 nnn na
sono1me npnnckn o6pok co6npa1L. 1o eue nyuue: npnepy1 1pyponk6name
aLe1naHum, kn1aum, nnn npnnexnme seHnepenLum - rpysnnm, ys6ekn,
asep6apxanum, nnpycm. 1o 1e6n yc1pon1, anepn nxanoanu, ckaxn uec1no?
epa a 1oH, u1o Hm caon-1o seHnn o6yc1pon1L ne HoxeH, Hm na nckonnmx 1eppn1opnnx
- ne xosneaa. 1ypa xe! opaaa naH seHnn eue pa eue!
B) pnpopnme pecypcm? eq1L? e poc1a1ouno, u1o6m osono1n1L pecn1ok-ppyro
noneamx koHanpnpoa. o a Hacu1a6ax neq1epo6mun occnn ueuenckan neq1L
sannHae1 Henee opnoro (!) npouen1a. na ne c1on1 1o kpoan n 1ex pener, ko1opme Hm
yxe sa1pa1nnn 1aH c 1994 ropa.
574
nn1L xe: kak a1o 1ak nonyuae1cn, u1o pacnonpck - pycckn ropop, a kpacnonpckn
ankHnnn npnnapnexn1 eapenH? pycckan neq1L? ycckn nnkenL? ycckn nec? o-
1o xe. c ueuencko neq1Lk 1o xe c1ane1. ayun1Lcn 6m cnauana pycckoHy 6m1L
xosnnnoH na caoe seHne, a yx no1oH ckop6e1L o uyxnx 6ora1c1aax, na nnx
sarnnpmaa1Lcn.
eunn - a1o unc1m Hnnyc pnn nac, pyccknx, pnn naue xanko, nnue ny6nnuno
akonoHnkn (o 1eneao ne roaopk). na nyxna naH, kak pmpka a ronoay.
) akononocnyunoe nacenenne, 1pypoame pecypcm, nanoronna1enLunkoa? Heuno,
npaapa? nn 1oro, u1o6m Hano-HanLckn nanapn1L nponsaopc1ao n cenLckoe xosnc1ao
a ceropnnune eune, nyxnm 1akne anoxennn, ko1opme ne okynn1cn paxe a
o1panenno nepcnek1nae. nn y nac ec1L nnunne penLrn? nn pycckne a occnn
cnnukoH xopouo xnay1, u1o6m Hoxno 6mno y nnx o1nn1L, a ueuenuaH - pa1L?! epL
penLrn ne napak1 c ne6a. nn 1oro, u1o6m nna1n1L a eune sapnna1m uep1 snae1 sa
u1o n nencnn uep1 snae1 koHy, a1n cpepc1aa nyxno o1nn1L y naunx, pyccknx pe1e n
c1apnkoa. m ro1oa nopenn1Lcn c 6pa1oH-ueuenueH caoe nencne, anepn
nxanoanu? nencne caoe Ha1epn, noco6neH na caoero pe6enka? a npoaanncL
a1a eunn! 1a uep1oaa uepnan pmpa, kypa 6es cue1a ne1n1 penLrn, ko1opme Hoxno
6mno 6m no1pa1n1L na pyccknx yun1ene, apaue, oqnuepoa, kpec1Lnn, yuenmx.
) onnLnmx rpaxpan occnn? pa1ckn napop? ak xe, kak xe!
a1ennn pas yuenme akcnepnHen1 no amaepennk pyuno nopopm nnc. s nokonennn a
nokonenne o16npann uenkoa, nonnLnmx k uenoaeky. ec1 na nonnLnoc1L 6mn caHm
npoc1o: 6nnn uenka no Hoppe. cnn orpmsancn, 1akoro - na saepoqepHy, a a
nonoxennm cpok - na ukypopepnk. cnn 1epnen, sancknaan, nopnnsmaancn - 1akoHy
paaann xn1L, nnopn1Lcn. ero pe1nukaH - cnoaa 1ec1oH no Hoppe. 1.p.
n1ore akcnepnHen1 ypancn. nnoe nokonenne 6maunx nnc coaepuenno npnpyunnocL
n oco6aunnocL. u1o nn1epecno: xaoc1 y noamx nnccknx c1an saanaa1Lcn koneukoH,
unc1o kak y nakn.
1enepL ckaxn Hne, anepn nxanoanu, nonoxa pyky na ceppue: aepnuL 1m, u1o y
ueuenckoro aonka korpa-nn6ypL saaLe1cn xaoc1 konLuoH? - ne1.
1oH 6m ne 6mno 6onLuo 6epm, ecnn 6m y pyccknx, kak a1o 6mno po peaonkunn, a
cpepneH na ceHLk amxnaano ceHepo pe1e, a paa pasa 6onLue, ueH y kaakasuea n
asna1oa. m 6m npoc1o nepeaapnnn, nepeHononn 6m uepes paa-1pn nokonennn a1o1
nckonn apaxpe6nm naH napopeu unc1o 6nonornuecknH ny1eH.
oka u1o peno o6c1on1 npnHo npo1naononoxnmH o6pasoH. noanpan ueuenuea: cpepn
nnx neHano pyccknx, eaponecknx nnu, nnoro n ne o1nnunuL, ckaxeH, o1 kasaka.
ekaHn yHmkann onn pyccknx peayuek, xenunn a caon rapeHm, Hnoro pyccko kpoan
1eue1 a ueuencknx xnnax. u1o 1onky? en1ann1e1-1o y nnx ace opno ueuenckn, n
nac onn nenaanpn1 cHep1enLno. 1o onn, amxopn1, nepeaapnnn, nepeHononn nac.
pac1e1 a1o1 napop c 6onLuo ckopoc1Lk, 6mc1po-6mc1po o6ronnn nac, pyccknx. o1 a
ueH 6epa.
m ynoHnnyn n6annk n ep6nk. cnn y an6anua ne1 uec1epmx-ceHepmx pe1e, on -
ne Hyxunna. oa1oHy kocoaapm, 6maune nonaeka 1oHy nasap naunonanLnmH
HenLunnc1aoH a ocoao, npeapa1nnncL k naunH pnnH a 6onLunnc1ao. ocnepc1ann
1e6e nsaec1nm. nn ec1ec1aennm n sakonoHepnm. nn, 6onLue 1oro, cnpaaepnnam!
apop, ko1opm ne cnoco6en nno1no sacenn1L caok seHnk, no1epne1 ee. Hy nn
saHaxnaa1Lcn na uyxyk!
575
eune nponsouno 1o xe caHoe: n
. nn c1ann a6conk1nmH 6onLunnc1aoH y ce6n a eune n
amknnynn pyccknx c seHnn, na ko1opo c1ano 1ecno. cnn Hm ne o1pexeH nx o1 ce6n,
a1o noa1opn1cn a 1aapononLe, na y6ann, a oc1oacko, onrorpapcko o6nac1nx.
eropnn a eune Hm noa1opneH pokoayk, c1paunyk oun6ky, coaepuennyk korpa-1o
1annnmH a anapno kpanne. a 1y oun6ky Hm pacnna1nnncL ne 1onLko ace
kpanno, no n oaopoccne, pmHoH, a 1enepL eue, kaxe1cn, n pnpnec1poaLeH. 6o
Hm, papn reononn1nuecknx coo6paxenn, c1onL 1o6o uennHmx, noc1aannn ce6e sa
cnnny nenpnHnpnHoro, snoro apara - rannunckn cy6a1noc, npeapa1nauncn ceropnn
a annuen1p ykpannckoro a1norenesa, a nppo noao ykpanncko nonn1nuecko naunn.
e cpenann 6m a1oro - ceropnn 6m y nonnkoa 6onena ronoaa o 1oH, u1o pena1L co
c1pon1nao, nenokopno annunno, a annunna 6m 1nnyna a occnk, a kpanna 6m
pepxanacL sa nac pykaHn, noraHn n sy6aHn.
apo nonnHa1L: . ocnepnne penn1cn na 1ex,
k1o nac1poen k naH ppyxeckn nn6o apaxpe6no. opnnHn napo ppyxn1L, o1 ppyrnx
nk6mH ny1eH ns6aann1Lcn. 1o - as6yka. opa ee amyun1L.
4. enepL o 1aonx apryHen1ax. 6pasye1cn nn epnnoe aanaxckoe rocypapc1ao na
Hec1e aanaxckoro anknaaa, coc1onuero ns eunn n nryue1nn? pnp nn. aspenenne
aanaxoa na ueuenuea n nnryue naunnanocL kak unc1o nonn1nueckoe, ono
nponsouno na ncxope kaakascknx aon npounoro aeka, korpa opna uac1L aanaxoa
peunna no1n na coks c occne (nnryun), a ppyran peunna ppa1Lcn po konua
(ueuenum)[1]. aon noame nanHenoaannn onn nonyunnn o1 nasaann cen, rpe
nponcxopnnn cxopkn c1oponnnkoa 1oro nnn nnoro ny1n. o1 nc1opnueckn am6op
ckasancn n ceuac, a 1990-e ropm: kak 6m nryue1nn nn couyac1aoaana eune, a
aony c occne ona o1kpm1o ne ac1ynana. (naun1 nn a1o, u1o nryue1nn, a o1nnune
o1 eunn, - xenannm pnn pyccknx unen poccncko ceHLn napopoa? a Ho asrnnp,
ne1, a noueHy - cH. amue.)
aspenna eueno-nryuckyk pecny6nnky napaoe, anac1L noc1ynnna Hyppo.
6pasoaanncL pae naunonanLnme ann1m. x paspenne1 Hnoroe, k nc1opnuecknH
pacxoxpennnH po6aannncL coapeHennme. o rnaanoe: nn opna ns ann1 yxe nnkorpa ne
noc1ynn1cn anac1Lk. occoepnnn1L a1o1 aanaxckn anknaa - snaun1 o6peuL ero na
ponryk rpaxpanckyk aony. nkako cnonnsH, nnkakan ne cHory1 ee
oc1anoan1L. orpa kaakasum penn1 anac1L - a1o cepLesno.
oc1onnnyk yrposy aonm - aneune nnn rpaxpancko - na aakase cospae1,
rnaanmH o6pasoH, ns6m1ounm uenoaeueckn pecypc, ko1opm nosaonne1 aoeaa1L
ponrne ropm. cnn ero ne c1ane1, ecnn on nc1oun1cn a Hexpoyco6no aone - ne
c1ane1 n yrposm. 1pesaa ynoHnny1m anknaa o1 occnn, saHknya a orpannuennoH
npoc1panc1ae, Hm o6peknn 6m ero na 6eckoneunyk Hexpoyco6nuy. naaapn eunn
o1nnuno a1o nonnHann, no1oHy n 6pocnnncL, kak 6esyHnme, na arec1an,
n umm - um, mmm - .
yHeeH nn Hm nanec1n nH okonua1enLnoe aoennoe nopaxenne - n paneko ne yaepen, a
ao1 HopanLnyk no6epy, noxoxe, a n1ore nopapnH.
5. n cnonnc1m nn1pnroaann a ocoao - a1o aceH nsaec1no. o npepc1aanH ce6e,
u1o an6anum o1ae1nnn 6m nH: Hm nk6nH nau 6pa1ckn cep6ckn napop, xo1nH xn1L c
nnH a aeuno ppyx6e n nn sa u1o ne c1aneH aoeaa1L. nnkako aonm a Krocnaann
6m ne 6mno. n1pnranm acerpa nn1pnryk1, no y nnx ponxna 6m1L 1ouka onopm, u1o6m
nn1pnra ypanacL. 1o 1ouko 6mna nenaanc1L an6anuea k cep6aH. T n ,
- .
oneuno, c1pauno, ecnn 6m o6opypoaana 6m ce6e a aanaxckoH anknaae rnespo
Hexpynapopnoro 1eppopnsHa. o npn a1oH 6mna 6m xec1kan rocypapc1aennan
576
rpannua, n eunn 6mna 6m pnn nac ne c1paune na1oacko onLun, nenaanpnue nac
ne Henee. nn pysnn. orpannunnkn necy1 caok cnyx6y, n nk6o o1penLnm
ueueneu, 1akoH nepecekakun rpannuy, nHee1 npaao 6m1L sac1penen na Hec1e.
o6Lnan1L nonnoHacu1a6nyk aony npepno pepxaae - nyc1L nonpo6yk1. m aoennm,
anepn nxanoanu, ckaxn, ckonLko a1oHnmx 6oH6 xaa1nno 6m nnoc1panno
pepxaae ukepnn?
opaspo xyxe, ecnn a naue c1pane oc1ane1cn a1o1 anknaa kak 1ouka noc1onnnoro
npnnoxennn cnn Hexpynapopnmx nn1pnranoa, Hnpoao sakynncm, kak aeunan
nesaxnaakuan pana, nsnypnkuan 6onLnoro. A
u Hn (-!) Hmn. pn a1oH Hm paxe ne cHeeH
nasaa1L a1y naunonanLnyk pyccko-ueuenckyk aony - aono.
6. nac1L a eune ponxnm aosrnaann1L pycckne? pepxa1L 1aH noc1onnno
okkynaunonnm kopnyc? nn xpa1L, korpa nH o1pexy1 ronoam nnn aosLHy1 a
sanoxnnkn, kak npepc1aan1enn npesnpen1a - nacoaa, kak renepana nnryna? nn
nopopay1 na qyrace, kak renepana oHanoaa[2]? nn pacc1pennk1, kak "Hnpo1aopua
onnnnuko a pnropopnoH paone nryue1nn? e xouy acepLes paxe o6cyxpa1L a1y
1eHy. e snak 1aknx caHoy6nu, ko1opme 6m na a1o nounn po6poaonLno. apn uero,
uep1 no6epn?
<.>
cero 1e6e po6poro.
nensHennmH yaaxenneH
[1] ppanncL. panncL npo1na uen1panLnoro npaan1enLc1aa n a
npoponxenne acex 1920-x n 1930-x ropoa, ppanncL a ropm ennko 1euec1aenno
aonm, korpa ace ueuenum, cnoco6nme nocn1L opyxne (1ouno, kak n kpmHckne
1a1apm), kpoHe 1ex, k1o 6mn Ho6nnnsoaan a pacnyk pHnk, ppanncL aHec1e c
neHuaHn npo1na nac. epnyauncL na aakas a pesynL1a1e oun6ouno pea6nnn1aunn,
onn neHepnenno pasansann npo1na pycckoro nacenennn eueno-nryucko
1nekuyk aony, ko1opan nepeuna a o1kpm1yk qopHy a 1990 r. - H. o6 a1oH: eunn:
okyHen1m n qak1m (a c6. m - pnn naunn, naunn - pnn 1e6n. - ., 2000), a 1akxe:
. a1aeea. ycckn 6yn1 a posnoH. - esaancnHan rase1a 30.08.00.
[2] eropnn, nocne noppmaa Hapnone1ounoro npesnpen1a eunn xHapa apmpoaa a1n
cnoaa amrnnpn1 eue y6epn1enLnee.
BH 3 4EH KK 3HH3Q EBEH MHH HHm
(n 11.06.97 r.,
n r q, )
m ponro Honua o1c1ynann.
ocapno 6mno, 6on xpann,
opuann c1apnkn:
1o x Hm, na snHnne kaap1npm?
e cHek1, u1o nn, koHanpnpm
577
yxne nsopaa1L Hynpnpm
pycckne u1mkn?
.K. epHon1oa
occnn na Hexpynapopno apene ceropnn nesaanpnoe n sac1aanne1
acnoHnn1L ppeanepnHckyk Hyppoc1L Vae victis! - F !. o1epn,
nopaxennn opno ouy1nHee ppyroro - pnnnoHa1nueckne, HopanLnme, nonn1nueckne,
akonoHnueckne... oxoxe, u1o ace ponxnnkn occnn saknkunnn 1anm coks c ee
kpepn1opaHn, u1o6m ace asn1L o1 ocna6nenno c1panm, nnuero npn a1oH ne o1paaan.
aH, aocnn1annmH na npeanax o6ueuenoaeuecknx uennoc1e, aceHnpnoro 6pa1c1aa
1pypnunxcn, rpnpyuero cnnnnnn napopoa a opny seHnyk naunk n rpnpyuero xe
uapc1aa aceo6uero paaenc1aa n cnpaaepnnaoc1n, anesanno o1kpmnacL nc1nnnan
kap1nna oxec1ouenno n 6ecnouapno 6opL6m naun n rocypapc1a sa amxnaanne, sa
pecypcm, sa npaao axopa a sono1o Hnnnnapp, sa Hnpoaoe rocnopc1ao n 1.p. m
aoounk y6epnnncL, u1o nop npnkpm1neH kpacnamx n 6naroanpnmx konuenun a
Hexpynapopnmx o1nouennnx no-npexneHy rocnopc1aye1 npaao cnnm n panekoe o1
acnkoro cnncxoxpennn o1nouenne k cna6oHy. uac1noc1n, ceropnn co acex c1opon
cnmun1cn rnaanan sanoaepL yronoanoro Hnpa, o6pauennan k occnn: Y -
n, n - .
arnnpnmH n y6epn1enLnmH npnHepoH ckasannoro nanne1cn nc1opnn c 1poqenmHn
uennoc1nHn kynL1ypm, pasaepnyauancn c nauana 90-x ropoa. enocpepc1aennm
yuac1nnk co6m1n, n pacckaxy, kak a1o 6mno.
* * *
oae1ckn oks 6mn uen n cnnen, a epHannn paspenena na pae nonoannm,
aonpoc o 1poqenx ne nopnnHancn. ouno 1ak xe, kak n ceropnn on ne nopnnHae1cn a
o1nouennn nnn nrnnn. onn1no, noueHy nn , nn occnn ne cun1ann
nyxnmH o6paua1Lcn k a1o 1eHe: aepL a coo1ae1c1aykunx peuennnx,
conpoaoxpaaunx ampauy pespencko ranepen, a 1akxe eue 1,5 Hnn. epnnnu
kynL1ypnmx uennoc1e a cepepnne 1950-x rr, roaopnnocL o 1oH, u1o oae1ckn oks
cun1ae1 1eHy pas n naacerpa sakpm1o nocne a1oro ak1a po6po aonn. coxanennk,
nepanekne naun npaan1enn, xec1oko oun6nauncL a npornosax o1nocn1enLno
nonn1nuecknx nocnepc1an po6poaonLnoro aosapauennn pespenkn, coaepunnn
eue opny oun6ky a o1nouennn 1ex cokpoanu, u1o oc1aaanncL nocne a1oro a occnn.
Hec1o 1oro, u1o6m ny6nnuno nerannsoaa1L nx, oqnunanLno pasnna no HysenH n
6n6nno1ekaH n aaepn 1eH caHmH a Hnpoao kynL1ypnm o6nxop n nayunm o6opo1,
kynL1yp1perepm coae1ckoro noun6a sanepnn 1poqenme uennoc1n a sanacnnkax,
nopopna a1nH nopospennn, coHnennn n poHmcnm a o1nouennn anonne ncno
npo6neHm.
panLneueH noaepenne occnn pesko o1nnuanocL o1 noaepennn a o1nouennn
kynL1ypnmx uennoc1e, nepeHeuennmx a pesynL1a1e 1opo Hnpoao aonm. nac ne
6es ocnoaann cun1ann, u1o amncnn1L Hec1onaxoxpenne o1euec1aennmx uennoc1e,
amaesennmx arpeccopaHn - upesamuano cnoxno, a aepny1L nx na opnny - n aoace
neaosHoxno, aepL onn, no 6onLue uac1n, naxopn1cn a uac1nmx pykax. oa1oHy, sa
ncknkuenneH annsopnueckn npo6yxpaauerocn nn1epeca k noncky n1apno koHna1m,
nnkaknx nnmx aonnenn a cansn c a1o 1eHo a coae1ckoH o6uec1aennoH cosnannn ne
aosnnkano. 1o xe kacae1cn aeue ns 6maunx neHeuknx konnekun, 1o nacue1 nnx a
naunx konnekunonepcknx kpyrax xopnnn, pasyHee1cn, cnyxn n nerenpm. o a
o1kpm1o neua1n na nopo6nme ckxe1m cyuec1aoaano 1a6y; 1aknH o6pasoH, nou1n
nnk1o ns coae1cknx nkpe ne snan, rpe, u1o n ckonLko y nac xpann1cn.
578
oaceH nnaue o1necnncL k peny neHum, pecn1nne1nnHn ne ocna6nnaune ycnnn pnn
1oro, u1o6m amncnn1L, rpe a naxopn1cn 1e nnn nnme kynL1ypnme uennoc1n; a
o1nnune o1 nac, onn snann, u1o ocnoanan uac1L nx 6mauero nHyuec1aa cocpepo1ouena
a rocypapc1aennmx xpannnnuax. aHepenne pano nnn nospno ero aepny1L (kak
qparHen1 o6uero peaanunc1ckoro saHmcna no nepecHo1py acex n1oroa ) nnkorpa
ne oc1aannno no6expennoro arpeccopa. a1o uenLk a peHene na 6ase ynnaepcn1e1a
6mn cospan uen1p no c6opy coo1ae1c1aykue nnqopHaunn. ykoaopn1eneH uen1pa
nanne1cn npoq. . xaepe, ko1opoHy ypanocL cospa1L a occnn aren1ypnyk ce1L,
coc1onuyk ns nkpe, yHekunx pa6o1a1L c apxnanmHn Ha1epnanaHn. pnn ns
nan6onee ak1nanmx neHeuknx cnkoqan1oa, nekn r-n .. ac1opryea (nmne unen
6epnnnckoro o6uec1aa 1pauennoe nckycc1ao a apone), a 1euenne Hnornx ne1 6mn
cansan c xaepe koHHepuecknH nn1epecoH, koHnnek1yn pnn nocnepnero 6n6nno1eky
no uac1n poccnkn. nueH oco6o ne o1Heuennm a nckycc1aosnannn (ero
kanpnpa1ckan pnccep1aunn nocanuanacL ysko npo6neHe nepcnek1nam a 1aopuec1ae
xypoxnnkoa n1anLnnckoro ospoxpennn), on, opnako, nopansancn na kaqeppe
nckycc1aoaepennn n 6mn axox a Hysenme n konnekunonepckne kpyrn, rpe n
naxopnn nn1epecykune neHuea caepennn. e1oH 1990 r., 6ypyun sapanee onoaeuen o
rpnpyueH o6Lepnnennn epHannn, on, aepon1no c nopaun xaepe, nanncan
poek1 peuennn aonpoca o cypL6e naHn1nnkoa nckycc1aa, apxnanmx Ha1epnanoa,
pykonnce, 6n6nno1ek n 1.n., amaesennmx ns epHannn a kauec1ae aoennmx 1poqeea n
naxopnunxcn a nac1onuee apeHn a cneuqonpax Hyseea n a rocypapc1aennmx
xpannnnuax . cnoanan HmcnL npoek1a, nopaxakuero opnoc1oponnnH
nopxopoH, 1akoaa: naH napnexn1 aepny1L neHuaH ace caHoe nyuuee, caHoe uennoe n
ynnkanLnoe, a ce6e a kauec1ae aosHeuennn y1pa1 oc1aan1L 1npaxnm an1nkaapna1, a
1akxe 1o, u1o neaosHoxno pasmcka1L no cnnckaH n npen1nqnunpoaa1L. poek1 6mn
ony6nnkoaan a nnaape 1991 r. a yccko Hmcnn, cmrpaa ponL cnyckoaoro HexannsHa
pnn nnqopHaunonno kaHnannn a , c amcoko ckopoc1Lk pasaepny1o
c1oponnnkaHn aosapauennn 1poqeea n neHeuknHn aren1aHn.
eH apeHeneH, nosa6o1nauncL o 1oH, u1o6m coo1ae1c1aenno o6pa6o1a1L o6uec1aennoe
Hnenne n apan1npoaa1L ero k sannannpoaannoHy aosapauennk a epHannk 1poqeea,
neHeukan c1opona npepnpnnnna cao rnaanm xop, na ko1opm n aosnarana ace
napexpm. cnonLsyn repHanoqnnLckne n pycoqo6ckne nn1enunn Hnnnc1pa
nnoc1pannmx pen .. eaappnapse (a1nnueckoro neHua no Ha1epn), ona
nopro1oanna oroaop o po6pococepc1ae, nap1nepc1ae n co1pypnnuec1ae Hexpy n
epHanne, ko1opm 6mn nopnncan op6aueamH 03.10.90 r. oroaope copepxn1cn
c1a1Ln 16, rpe roaopn1cn: ponaaune nnn nesakonno amaesennme kynL1ypnme
uennoc1n, naxopnunecn na nx (c1opon. - A.C.) 1eppn1opnn, ponxnm aosapaua1Lcn
anapenLuaH nnn nx nacnepnnkaH. opaxae1 nsoupennoe, nesyn1ckoe koaapc1ao
neHeuko c1oponm, npeaocxopno ocaepoHnenno o 1oH, u1o a neHeuknx xpannnnuax
ceropnn ne1 ue1ko npen1nqnunpoaannmx coae1cknx kynL1ypnmx uennoc1e; 1aknH
o6pasoH, poroaop nnannpoaancn ek a pannoH nynk1e kak saaepoHo opnoc1oponnn,
nanarakun o6nsa1enLc1aa 1onLko na . (peHn nokasano, u1o xn1peum
npocun1anncL, no o6 a1oH nnxe.)
expy 1eH, ak1nanoc1L n aren1oa annnnnn, noporpe1an neHeuknHn nocynaHn n
6naro1aopn1enLnoc1Lk, ampasnnacL kak a cencaunonnmx ny6nnkaunnx (nanpnHep:
. knnua, . osnoa. poqen aonm. oae1m ckpmaak1 xypoxec1aennme cokpoanua;
nn1epaLk . eHnsoaa c . ac1opryeamH, rpe nepeckasmaancn npecnoay1m
poek1; c1a1Ln nocnepnero oennonnennoe nckycc1ao, rpe on xaac1ae1 1eH, u1o
nepamH packpmn opnn ns caHmx paannx n ponrnx cekpe1oa - o 1poqenx,
ko1opme on nHenye1 ykpapennmH po6poH; c1a1Ln . ypsnno, . o6poao, .
y6koaa, . n1pnnnka, a ko1opmx 1akxe npoaopnnacL HmcnL o xena1enLnoc1n
aosapauennn nesakonno ypepxnaaeHmx uennoc1e n 1.p.), 1ak n a o6pauennn k
.. op6aueay o1 nnua nekoe ccounaunn nckycc1aoaepoa, no6maaaue sa
neHeukn cue1 a enLne, rpe ona nopnncana coaHec1noe sananenne c repHancko
ccounaune kpn1nkoa. pnako, necHo1pn na 1o, u1o a1n nanopnc1me akunn
pac1nnynncL po caHoro konua 1991 r., ycnexa onn ne nHenn.
579
o-nepamx, nonn1nueckan nec1a6nnLnoc1L, aaryc1oackne co6m1nn, nnkanpaunn -
o1aneknn nac o1 npo6neHm 1poqeea, a ao-a1opmx, noHeuana 1aeppan n
npnnunnnanLnan nosnunn nnkynL1a ao rnaae c .. y6enko, nepamH a 1o
apeHn peun1enLno ac1aaunH na py6exe naunx nn1epecoa a a1oH aonpoce.
c1ec1aenno, korpa npo6neHa c paspeunnacL okonua1enLno, a nnkynL1 6mn
coo1ae1c1aenno nnkanpnpoaan, a1aka aoso6noannacL c noao cnno. opnoH 1onLko
qeapane 1992 r. a saec1nnx amuna nnkykuan pennunn . aepeaa
"oennonnennoe nckycc1ao amxopn1 ns saknkuennn, a a esaancnHo rase1e -
orpoHnoe nn1epaLk c knnue n osnoamH ponsaepennn ncycc1aa: rpannum n
ponrn. "oennonnennoe nckycc1ao ponxno nepec1a1L 6m1L 1poqenmH - cue1a
npnpe1cn onnaunaa1L coo6ua. eropnn o6a aa1opa, o6nackannme HnpoamH
xypnannc1cknH coo6uec1aoH, xnay1 n pa6o1ak1 sa py6exoH, o1kpm1o nonyuan
penLrn sa npoponxenne caonx nsmckann no 1poqeno 1eHe, no a 1o apeHn qak1 nx
anraxnpoaannoc1n 6mn ckpm1, a npo an1npoccnckan nosnunn - sakaHyqnnpoaana nop
o6Lek1nanyk, nn1ennnren1nyk.
aHnannn no o6pa6o1ke o6uec1aennoro Hnennn 6mna Houno, cnaxenno, xopouo
npopnpnxnpoaanno. pnoapeHenno 1akan xe kaHnannn pasaepnynacL a nonLsy
ampaun xacnpaH 6n6nno1ekn nk6aanueckoro pe6e neepcona. 6e onn unn a
canske, n kasanocL, u1o cypL6a kynL1ypnmx uennoc1e a o6onx cnyuanx yxe peuena.
ce anceno na aonocke. pnnokn ronoc . y6enko, nposayuaaun na konqepenunn
25.11.91 r. a nnkynL1e, 6mn sarnyuen n ne pouen po unpoko aypn1opnn.
opro1oanennan no ero npocL6e c1a1Ln co1pypnnka Hnnnc1epc1aa . epenn amuna a
oqnunose occnn a ok1n6pe 1oro xe ropa (a 1akxe o1penLno 6poukpo 1npaxoH
acero 1 1mc. aks.) n 1oxe ne Horna nHe1L peuakuero annnnnn na o6uec1aennoe
Hnenne. nepaan o6uec1aennan peakunn npo1na ampaun 1poqeea - npnnapnexauan
aa1opy a1nx c1pok c1a1Ln cn occnn nnoxo nexana (oae1ckan occnn 12.12.91)
- 1oxe, koneuno, nnuero nsHenn1L ne Horna. opouo noHnk caoe ouyuenne 1oro
apeHenn: nepepo Hno - rnyxan c1ena, sakynncnm croaop yxe coc1onncn,
conpo1nanenne 6ecnonesno, npo1naoc1onnne neaosHoxno. eccnnLnm rnea pyunn...
nyunnocL uypo. osHyuenne epxoanoro oae1a o1kpoaenno 6essakonnmHn
1pe6oaannnHn xacnpoa, nx 6eso6pasnmH, xynnrancknH noaepenneH a c1enax
ennnkn[1] 6mno 1ak aennko, u1o amcun sakonopa1enLnm opran peunn 19.02.92
r. o1kasa1L a nx 1pe6oaannnx, necHo1pn na paanenne co c1oponm yp6ynnca,
ac6yna1oaa, oxnna n ppyrnx amcokonoc1aanennmx nnu. 1o peuenne napyunno
cnnannpoaannm o6un xop co6m1n n nopanrno neHeukyk c1opony npepnpnnn1L
noam xop, u1o6m ykpenn1L nnaupapH pnn cnepykuero a1ana nac1ynnenn. onnHan,
u1o na aonne an1ncoae1cko nc1epnn pykoaopc1ao noao occnn, nac1poennoe, k 1oHy
xe, an1nrop6aueackn, Hoxe1 asn1L nop coHnenne o6nsa1enLc1aa, pannme op6aueamH
a oroaope o1 13.10.90 r., neHum saknkunnn c nLunnmH ornauenne o1 16.12.92 r. o
kynL1ypnoH co1pypnnuec1ae, c1a1Ln 15 ko1oporo konnpye1 c1a1Lk 16 oroaopa 1990 r.
ckasa1L, u1o npesnpen1 nLunn aoo6ue-1o 6mn 6eckoneuno panek o1 acnkoro
nonnHannn npo6neH n snauennn kynL1ypm. ero nnunoH o1nouennn k 1poqenH nyuue
acero roaopn1 1akne annsopm:
- nepepaua nH a non6pe 1992 r. pap enrpnn payx 1poqenmx kap1nn (kak rnacn1
npaan1enLc1aennoe pacnopnxenne N 2060-p - a nopnpke pec1n1yunn (!), xo1n no
HnpnoHy poroaopy 1947 r. enrpnn kak c1pana-arpeccop nnuanacL kaknx-nn6o npaa
na nHyuec1aennme npe1ensnn k );
- nepepaua no ero pacnopnxennk a Hap1e 1993 r. a pap epHannn (uepes Hnnnc1pa
nnoc1pannmx pen . nnkenn) nn1n c1aponeua1nmx 1poqenmx knnr ns 1ak
nasmaaeHo o1cko 6n6nno1ekn;
580
- nonm1ka (ckpm1an o1 o6uec1aa) nepepa1L a 1993 r. a pap epHannn 1ak nasmaaeHyk
peHenckyk konnekunk pncynkoa nepaoknaccnmx Hac1epoa. 1a akunn 6mna
oc1anoanena . y6enko, a nocnepnn HoHen1 npocae1nauero nLunna o1nocn1enLno
c1onHoc1n nopapka n nenpnnnunoc1n 1akoro xec1a po6po aonn;
- nonm1ka nepepa1L a pap epHannn o1ckyk 6n6nno1eky aecno 1994 r. 1o c1ano
poc1onnneH rnacnoc1n n amsaano rpanpnosnm ckanpan a npecce, a pesynL1a1e
ko1oporo uenneune knnrn, nop ko1opme neHum yxe ampennnn cneunanLnm caHone1
n ko1opme yxe c1onnn sanakoaannme a nopaanax 6n6nno1ekn a, oc1anncL a
occnn;
- nanoxenne a Hap1e 1997 r. ae1o na akon o nepeHeuennmx kynL1ypnmx uennoc1nx,
npnnn1m ocpyHo n oae1oH epepaunn a6conk1nmH 6onLunnc1aoH ronocoa;
- nepepaua, a napyuenne akona o aaose n amaose kynL1ypnmx uennoc1e n
opa1opnn ocpyHm na opnoc1oponnkk nepepauy kaknx-nn6o 1poqenmx uennoc1e,
a pap epHannn apxnaa Hnnnc1pa nnoc1pannmx pen . a1enay (1867-1922) ao apeHn
ansn1a a apen-apen a anpene 1997.
ce a1n - ocyuec1anennme n copaannme - akunn ncno canpe1enLc1ayk1 o6 opnoH: pnn
pesnpen1a nLunna, kak n pnn ero coae1cknx npepuec1aennnkoa, 1poqenme
uennoc1n, onnauennme kpoaLk Hnnnnonoa n npnsaannme xo1L o1uac1n aosHec1n1L
nenonpaanHm yuep6, nonecennm kynL1ypnmH poc1onnneH occnn, - ne 6onee, ueH
Henkan pasHennan kap1a a nonn1nuecko nrpe. e1 coHnenn, u1o nLunn uyac1aoaan
ce6n anpaae pacnopnxa1Lcn nHn, kak on cun1ae1 nyxnmH, no-xosnckn. e npnxopn1cn
coHneaa1Lcn n a 1oH, u1o, nopnncaa amueynoHnny1oe ornauenne o kynL1ypnoH
co1pypnnuec1ae, on neopnokpa1no saaepnn sa1eH neHeukyk c1opony, u1o noame
o1nouennn Hexpy payHn c1panaHn, rapan1oH konx on nanne1cn, nenpeHenno nosaonn1
ypoane1aopn1L npn1nsannn epHannn. ocnepnee 1akoe saaepenne, no HonH
caepennnH, 6mno pano a nnaape 1997 r. a aanpoao nnuno kanunepy onk. 1on1
nanoHnn1L un1a1enk, u1o no ouenke neHeuko npeccm c1onHoc1L 1poqeea coc1aanne1
100.000.000.000 (c1o Hnnnnappoa!) neHeuknx Hapok[2]. eppme qnnancoame
annaannn a nepnop npesnpen1cko ns6npa1enLno kaHnannn co c1oponm ,
noHorune nLunny nopnn1L cao pe1nnr, roaopn1 o 1oH, ao-nepamx, u1o ero
saaepennn 6mnn yu1enm npo1nano c1opono, a ao-a1opmx, u1o n
m x nx
.
ak u1o, nopnncmaan a cepepnne peka6pn 1992 r. ynoHnny1oe ornauenne, nLunn,
ckopee acero, cun1an, u1o aosapa1 1poqeea - peno 6nnskoro 6ypyuero, ne c1onuee, k
1oHy xe, oco6oro annHannn. pnako k a1oHy apeHenn cn1yaunn yxe neckonLko
nsHennnacL: nakan c1pac1e, asannuennmx ny6nnunc1nuecknH u1ypHoH
ampaaanLunkoa, noy1nx, a o6uec1ae aosnnkno uyac1ao npo1ec1a npo1na
6ecnapponnoro naxnHa nponeHeuknx cnn. nkne 1992 r. rase1a pyxoano onnosnunn
enL ony6nnkoaana Hok c1a1Lk oHnpapopm, a a nop6op k ne - coc1aanennoe
Hnok xe nnnuna1nanoe nncLHo o cospannn nrn saun1m naunonanLnoro poc1onnnn
occnn, nopnncannoe, napnpy c aa1opoH, HnornHn anpnmHn pen1ennHn kynL1ypm:
pnpek1opoH .. n1onoao, npepaopn1eneH poccnckoro paopnnc1aa ..
onnumnmH, akapeHnkoH .. nxaueamH, npepcepa1eneH oHnccnn no kynL1ype
epxoanoro oae1a .. onenoamH, 1orpaunnH pnpek1opoH pHn1axa .. ycnoamH
n ppyrnHn. coxanennk, nepoc1a1ok oprannsaunonnmx aosHoxnoc1e n
Ha1epnanLnmx cpepc1a ne nosaonnnn a 1o apeHn aonno1n1L npek nrn, n ona 6mna
sapernc1pnpoaana 1onLko a anpene 1997 r. o pyHak, u1o nopo6nan sanaka cmrpana
caoeapeHennyk n aaxnyk ponL. osnunn o6uec1aa no aonpocy o ampaue 1poqeea
nepec1ana kasa1Lcn opnosnauno (na pene, koneuno, ona nnkorpa 1ako n ne 6mna).
581
o a1o npnunne naua ncnonnn1enLnan anac1L, ko1opyk aepnee 6mno 6m nHenoaa1L
pacnopnpn1enLno, ne c1ana npnnnHa1L na ce6n ack o1ae1c1aennoc1L, a y1aeppnna
28.12.92 r. onoxenne o ocypapc1aenno koHnccnn no pec1n1yunn (panee: ),
cospanno npaan1enLc1aennmH noc1anoanenneH o1 23.06.92 r. o rnaae oHnccnn 6mn
noc1aanen Hnnnc1p kynL1ypm, anocnepc1ann unen pyHcko qpakunn m6op occnn -
arenn npopoa, nocnyunm n uy1kn ncnonnn1enL naHepenn aepxoanoro
npaan1enn. nn 1ex, k1o nnuno yuac1aoaan ao ace 1poqeno anonee 1990-1992 rr.,
6mno ncno: anac1L cospana oHnccnk, nnuL peny pa1L xo1n sakonnm anp n 1onk -
peuennoHy, a npnnunne, peny. a1oro HoHen1a, opnako, aonpekn pacue1aH neHeuko
c1oponm n ee poccncknx noco6nnkoa, xop pena npnnnn nno xapak1ep. cnop o
1poqenx npno6pen cnHaonnueckoe snauenne 6n1am ne 1onLko sa naue naunonanLnoe
poc1onnne, no n sa naue naunonanLnoe poc1onnc1ao; ne 1onLko sa naue npounoe, no
n sa naue 6ypyuee.
, u1o6m aepno ouenn1L nepam a1an pen1enLnoc1n , cnepye1 o6pa1n1Lcn
k xponnke ee sacepann. o nepep a1nH npoun1npyk c1a1Lk 13 ynoHnny1oro
onoxennn o1 28.12.92 r.: nenm , a 1oH uncne n am6maune no pasnnunmH
npnunnaH ns ee coc1aaa, akcnep1m, npnanekaeHme k pa6o1e , ne nHek1 npaaa
pena1L ny6nnunmx sananenn o1 nHenn , ny6nnkoaa1L nsaec1nme nH Ha1epnanm n
nnqopHaunk, kacakunecn pa6o1m , kpoHe cnyuaea, korpa onn cneunanLno
ynonnoHouenm na a1o peuenneH . aknH o6pasoH, pa6o1a oHnccnn nsnauanLno
ponxna 6mna npo1eka1L ncknkun1enLno keneno, a o6c1anoake cekpe1noc1n - aonpekn
ny6nnunmH yc1anoakaH na rnacnoc1L n peHokpa1nk. ceHy: c1a1Ln 9 onoxennn
npepnncmaae1 paaxpm a rop nspaaa1L knne1enL ocypapc1aenno koHnccnn no
pec1n1yunn kynL1ypnmx uennoc1e; po cnx nop, opnako, ne amuno nn opnoro noHepa.
oueHy? 1o ponxna 6mna ckpmaa1L oHnccnn? 1o c1anoan1cn ncnmH npn anannse
nepaoro xe ropa ee pen1enLnoc1n.
3c N 2. 04.12.92.
2.1. ocapxnay - anec1n a paan1enLc1ao npepnoxenne o nepepaue nnunoro qonpa
kanunepa epHannn . np1a[3].
3c N 4. 09.02.93.
4.5. ornacn1Lcn c nepepaue epHannn oc1aauecn uac1n o1cko 6n6nno1ekn.
3c N 7. 02.07.93.
7.1. un1a1L aosHoxnmH aosapauenne apxnanmx pokyHen1oa qpanuysckoro
nponcxoxpennn, xpannunxcn a , panuyscko pecny6nnke...
7.2. ornacn1Lcn c npepnoxenneH ocapxnaa o aosapauennn apxnanmx qonpoa
ronnanpckoro nponcxoxpennn...
7.3. ocapxnay nopro1oan1L ockoHnccnn npepnoxennn no aosapauennk apxnanmx
qonpoa neHeukoro nponcxoxpennn, xpannunxcn a .
3c N 8. 14.09.93.
8.4. no1poackoHy .. - nopro1oan1L npepnoxennn no aosapauennk anpnncko
uac1n peHencko konnekunn.
8.6. ornacn1Lcn c npepnoxenneH ocypapc1aennoro pHn1axa o aosapauennn
ac1pncko naunonanLno 6n6nno1eke konnekunn nannpycoa.
582
3c N 10. 24.12.93.
2. po6pn1L a uenoH npoek1 panopnxennn pesnpen1a nepepaue epHannn
oc1auecn uac1n o1cko 6n6nno1ekn. nec1n a 1ekc1... y1ounenne o aosapauennn
uac1n o1cko 6n6nno1ekn kak ak1 po6po aonn, yun1maan sakonnoc1L ee amaosa ns
epHannn a 1945 r.
3c N 11. 02.03.94.
7. un1a1L aosHoxnmH aosapauenne anpnncko uac1n konnekunn peHenckoro
ync1xanne paan1enLc1ay .
naHepenno npepmaak na a1oH Hec1e un1npoaanne opnoro ns nopnnnnmx pokyHen1oa
, u1o6m o6pa1n1L annHanne un1a1ene na cnepykuee o6c1on1enLc1ao.
npaan1enLc1aennoH oc1anoanennn o1 28.12.92 r. roaopnnocL (n. 2):
ocypapc1aenno oHnccnn coaHec1no c uen1panLnmHn opranaHn qepepanLno
ncnonnn1enLno anac1n ak1nansnpoaa1L pa6o1y no nopro1oake Ha1epnanoa n
npepnoxenn no npe1ensnnH a o1nouennn poccncknx kynL1ypnmx uennoc1e,
naxopnunxcn sa npepenaHn 1eppn1opnn occncko epepaunn, pnn npepLnanennn nx
nnoc1pannmH rocypapc1aaH. npnnaraaueHcn k oc1anoanennk pnnoxennn
konkpe1nsnpoaanocL (n. 3): a ocypapc1aennyk oHnccnk aosnarae1cn peuenne
cnepykunx sapau: o6ecneuenne saun1m rocypapc1aennmx nn1epecoa npn
paccHo1pennn aonpocoa pec1n1yunn kynL1ypnmx uennoc1e; neponyuenne npnunnennn
yuep6a kynL1ypnoHy nacnepnk napopoa .
pnako kpacname cnoaa oc1anncL 1onLko na 6yHare. e 6mnn nn onn nsnauanLno nnuL
neknH kaHyqnnxeH? a non1opa ropa caoe pen1enLnoc1n ne aepnyna a occnk nn
paxe cepe6pnno noxeukn, nn uaukn ns paopuoamx cepansoa! e npepLnanna nn
opno npe1ensnn! onLko opno 6mno npepHe1oH ee sa6o1: u, u,
u, u...
eHanoaaxnm u1pnx k nop1pe1y : cpepn ee akcnep1oa 1oro nepnopa - nsaec1nm
naH ac1opryea, a 1akxe p.k.n. apk onceeanu orycnaackn[4], neHano
no1pypnauncn nap o6ocnoaanneH opnoc1oponnnx ampau, a nmne xnayun n
pa6o1akun a epHannn.
1993 6mn ropoH sa1nuLn. eneno pa6o1ana , ro1oan ampauy sa ampaue.
osnoxna ace caon napexpm na ee pen1enLnoc1L, npnHonknn pac1opryeam. aua
c1opona, ycnokoennan HonuanneH npo1nannka n o1cy1c1aneH spnHmx co6m1n,
sannnacL ppyrnHn npo6neHaHn.
n1yaunk asopaann neHum. konue ok1n6pn, nocun1aa, anpnHo, ace peno yxe
peuennmH, a ennnky sanannncL nesaanme roc1n: saHpnpek1opa ocypapc1aenno
6n6nno1ekn a epnnne, pnpek1op akconcko 6n6nno1ekn a pespene, pnpek1op ysen
knnrn a enunre n npepcepa1enL akcnep1no rpynnm no 6n6nno1eunoHy peny
npaan1enLc1aenno pec1n1yunonno koHnccnn . ankunk na ocHo1p nHn xpannnnu
rnaano 6n6nno1ekn occnn, aknkuan cekpe1nyk koHna1y-ceq, pan .. ysLHnn,
Honopo uenoaek, nncaaun pnnnoH y Hnnnc1pa npopoaa a 6m1noc1L 1oro pek1opoH
n1nnc1n1y1a, a nocne aosnecuncn po nonoxennn nauanLnnka acex 6n6nno1ek
occnn. eHum aenn ce6n no-xosnckn: amnnHann n packnapmaann na nony nk6me
knnrn, aocxnuanncL ycnoannHn xpanennn, paaan ncno nonn1L, u1o Hm coxpannnn a1n
knnrn kak pas pnn epHannn. expy npounH: qonp nnkyna6yn ennnkn na nn1L
uec1mx coc1on1 ns 1poqeea, ne roaopn yx o n6nnn y1en6epra[5]. paaHnpoaannan
neHeuko 6ec1ak1noc1Lk, nanyrannan yrposo nenonpaanHo no1epn, pnpek1op ysen
knnrn .. onpakoaa nosaonnna Hne a cnesax. pak1nueckn cpasy nocne a1oro n
ysnan o 1oH, u1o o1ckan 6n6nno1eka ponxna 6m1L ampana a epHannk[6]. 1ae1oH na
neHeukyk yrposy 6mna Hon c1a1Ln pe1Le orpa6nenne occnn (esaancnHan
583
rase1a o1 06.05.94), 1o nykaan1? ("paapa" o1 18.05.94), axneH ne rnnpn?
("paapa" o1 28.05.94), 1o anapee1 - pa anapee1, a k1o no1epnn - 1o1 yxe no1epnn
(nnxnoe o6ospenne 29.03.94), rpe pacckasmaanocL co HnornHn noppo6noc1nHn,
kak neHum oprannsoaann (eue po aonm!) n ocyuec1annnn nnanoHepnm,
uen1pannsoaannm, uenenanpaanennm rpa6ex knnxnmx n Hysenmx co6pann ,
ynnu1oxan npn a1oH nnaen1apnme knnrn n ka1anorn, u1o6m sany1a1L ace cnepm
rpa6exa. 1a1Ln sakanunaanacL npnsmaoH k nn1ennnrenunn: aa1n1 Honua1L n
pena1L anp, u1o a1o nac ne kacae1cn. ponrpa1L aony ne c1mpno (nHenacL a anpy
pe1Ln Hnpoaan, xonopnan. - A.C.). 1mpno cknonn1Lcn nepep narnoc1Lk
no6epn1ene. 1mpno nH cnyxn1L. a ne nonpekny1 nac a1nH no1oHkn.
1a c1a1Ln nHena paonkne nocnepc1ann. o-nepamx, k nnkynL1y npnuna 1onna
aosHyuennoro napopa (po cnx nop ne snak, k1o a1o oprannsoaan) n na ponroH n
rneanoH Hn1nnre coxrna uyueno Hnnnc1pa npopoaa. ocnepnn ne ocHennncn am1n
k Hn1nnrykunH n aoo6ue, kak Hne nepepaaann, 6mn cnnLno nanyran. mpaua o1cko
6n6nno1ekn sa1opHosnnacL. ao-a1opmx, n nosnakoHnncn c pok1opoH nc1opnuecknx
nayk .. yppnaueamH, ko1opm pasaepnyn a akapeHnuecknx kpyrax ockam c6op
nopnnce npo1na a1o ampaun, a 1akxe c pok1opoH knnroaepennn, pekanoH
6n6nno1eunoro qakynL1e1a .. asypnuknH, 1akxe amc1ynnaunH a neua1n c
aospaxennnHn npo1na ampaun neHuaH 1poqenmx knnr. 1poeH Hm amc1ynnnn na
papno esonanc.
ak nauanocL cpaxenne sa o1ckyk 6n6nno1eky. no nHeno 6onLuoe, paneko ne
uac1noe snauenne: a xope ero epaa nn ne anepame a occnn (ecnn ne cun1a1L
neponyuennn noaopo1a ceaepnmx pek) o6uec1ao opepxano no6epy nap
pacnopnpn1enLno anac1Lk, ne nosaonna e pacnopnpn1Lcn naunonanLnmH
poc1onnneH. m amc1ynann no papno n a neua1n, npoaenn npecc-konqepenunk a
poccncko-aHepnkanckoH npecc-uen1pe, ony6nnkoaann aecLHa peun1enLnoe nncLHo sa
nopnncLk 92 nsaec1nmx yuenmx npo1na opnoc1oponnnx ampau, 6es akanaanen1noro
aosHeuennn n rnacnoro acec1oponnero o6cyxpennn, kaknx 6m 1o nn 6mno 1poqeea.
nac1L, a nnue npopoaa n ero saHec1n1enn .. ampkoro, nm1anacL onpaapmaa1L
caon pec1ann, no 1ak sno6no, neyknkxe n ney6epn1enLno, amkasaa 1akyk ppeHyuyk
nekoHne1en1noc1L, u1o 1onLko noapepnna ce6e a o6uec1aennoH Hnennn: aceH c1ano
ncno, po kako c1enenn nakoHm kycok amnnHak1 y nee nso p1a. o1ckan 6n6nno1eka,
yxe ynakoaannan a nunkn, ro1oaan o1npaan1Lcn a epHannk c nLunnmH, u1o6m
nopcnac1n1L ansn1, oc1anacL na Hec1e. axnm npeuepen1 neampaun 6mn cospan.
coxanennk, npak1nueckn opnoapeHenno c a1nH no pacnopnxennk unena pyHcko
qpakunn m6op occnn, Hnnnc1pa nnoc1pannmx pen .. osmpeaa ao panunk 6mno
amaeseno 20 1onn (6,5 knnoHe1poa) 1poqenmx apxnanmx Ha1epnanoa[7]. occncknx
yuenmx ponyc1nnn k a1nH apxnaaH, cun1aaunHcn cekpe1nmHn, 1onLko sa nn1L pne
nepep ampaue. ak c1ano anocnepc1ann nsaec1no, ampano 6mno paxe 6onLue, ueH
npocnnn qpanuysm. mnonnnaun pacnopnxenne .. nxon noc1apancn ace cpena1L
6es nnunero uyHa, noHeua1L eHy Hm ne ycnenn...
ce a1o nponsouno a konue Han 1994 r., a a nkne nac npnrnacnnn a oae1 epepaunn
na cnyuannn, nocanuennme pen1enLnoc1n , npoaopnHme oHn1e1oH no kynL1ype,
nayke n o6pasoaannk, ko1opmH pykoaopnn akapeHnk .. 1poea[8]. ec1n1yunonno
koHnccnn 6mna pana xec1kan, nennuenpnn1nan, npnnunnnanLnan ouenka. 6mno
pekoHenpoaano nsHenn1L nanpaanenne caoe pen1enLnoc1n: aHec1o 1oro, u1o6m
ncka1L ace noame o6Lek1m pnn ampaun sa py6ex, cocpepo1oun1Lcn na yue1e n noncke
no1epL occnn, c nocnepykunH npepLnanenneH coo1ae1c1aykunx npe1ensn.
naano cencaune na a1nx cnyuannnx c1an poknap pok1opa kpnpnuecknx nayk,
npoqeccopa .. cenko. eno a 1oH, u1o a kauec1ae o1ae1a na sanpoc o
kpnpnuecknx o6ocnoaannnx pec1n1yun nc1n1y1 ocypapc1aa n npaaa pan
akcnep1noe saknkuenne o1 09.03.94 r., o6eckypaxnauee ampaaanLunkoa. cnoano
584
amaop akcnep1oa 1akoa: B u , nepeHeuennme a no
npnkasaH , nspannmH ao ncnonnenne noc1anoanenn (pacnopnxenn)
koHne1en1nmx opranoa oae1ckoro oksa, xnn
x nx... Hm sx ux
mx nux x
qx mx nun
(ampeneno Hno. - A.C.)!.
pasy xe no nonyuennn x pekoHenpaun saH. Hnnnc1pa ampko nosaonnn a
(o6 a1oH npoq. .. cenko pacckasan a Hap1e 1997 r. na npecc-konqepenunn a
yHe) n cnpocnn: ne Hoxe1 nn nnc1n1y1 pa1L ppyroe akcnep1noe saknkuenne.
1nouenne pacnopnpn1enLno anac1n k npaay aoo6ue ampasnnocL a a1o npocL6e
caHmH xapak1epnmH n y6epn1enLnmH o6pasoH. pnako nnc1n1y1 o1ae1nn, u1o ne
Hoxe1 nHe1L payx akcnep1nmx saknkuenn no opnoHy aonpocy. aHonua1L copepxanne
n caH qak1 1akoro saknkuennn nnkynL1y 1akxe ne ypanocL: n ony6nnkoaan nan6onee
cyuec1aennyk ero uac1L a c1a1Le pe1Le orpa6nenne occnn, ueH amsaan rneanyk
o1noaepL ampkoro, yppyuennoro y1euko pa6ouero pokyHen1a. ao1 1enepL a
oae1e epepaunn opnn ns aa1opoa akcnep1nsm cpenan oqnunanLnm poknap,
nepeuepknyaun nony1oparopnunme c1apannn .
nyuannn a oae1e epepaunn nHenn rpoHapnoe snauenne. o npnnn1mH na nnx
pekoHenpaunnH yHa yc1anoanna 21.04.95 r. opa1opn na nk6me opnoc1ponnne
nepepaun 1poqeea anpepL po npnnn1nn akona o nepeHeuennmx uennoc1nx kynL1ypm,
pa6o1a nap nopro1oako ko1oporo neHepnenno nauanacL. epam annsop 6n1am sa
1poqen konunncn no6epo na1pno1nuecknx cnn.
* * *
HH xop co6m1n 6mn cansan yxe c o1kpm1o n sakynncno 6opL6o aokpyr
npoek1a ynoHnny1oro akona, a sa1eH n c caHnH akonoH, ko1opyk pasaepnynn neHum
n nx noco6nnkn.
ockonLky qak1nueckan, HopanLnan n npaaoaan c1oponm aonpoca 6mnn ackpm1m n
unpoko npopeHonc1pnpoaanm poccncko ny6nnke a Hnorouncnennmx c1a1Lnx, knnrax,
papnoamc1ynnennnx n npecc-konqepenunnx, nopro1oanennmx naHn sa a1n 1pn ropa,
m m
n qx
. e6eckopmc1nme aren1m naunx onnonen1oa, 1ak
ak1nano pec1aoaaaune a npecce a 1991-1993 rr., nn6o yexann ns a1o c1panm,
nn6o npnHonknn, cosnaaan cao nponrpmu no aceHy koHnnekcy pokasa1enLc1a (1onLko
ac1opryeaa apeHn o1 apeHenn npnrnauann noa1opn1L opno n 1o xe no ). n1yaunn
cnoxnnacL 1ak, u1o pnn oqnunanLnmx nnu c1ano yxe kak 6m nenpnnnuno paxe
sanka1Lcn o 1oH, u1o Hm u1o-1o ponxnm neHuaH. ypyun anepame npnrnauen
Hnnyaue snHo na sacepanne , n c ypnanenneH saHe1nn, u1o no aneune
anpnHoc1n sa c1onoH sacepann co6panncL opnn epnnoHmunennnkn, pasHmunnkune o
1oH, kak nyuue npo1naoc1on1L nac1ounamH 1pe6oaannnH neHeuko c1oponm.
nonyunn o1 nnkynL1a, c ko1opmH aoeaan nn1L ne1, npepnoxenne o coaHec1noH
nponsaopc1ae aopnoro ka1anora kynL1ypno-nc1opnuecknx no1epL occnn a
pesynL1a1e , u1o nokasanocL 6m nonoxn1enLno neaepon1nmH eue nonropa 1oHy
nasap. pnako, ecnn na nepam asrnnp cn1yaunn npepc1aaana 6naroc1no n
6eckonqnnk1no, 1o uenoaek ocaepoHnennm nonnHan, kakan nanpnxennan 6opL6a
npe1 no neanpnHmH pnn nkpe co c1oponm kananaH. na nauanacL cpasy, kak 1onLko
nepam npoek1 sakona 6mn npepc1aanen a n1yk yHy.
585
6mno 6m pyHa1L, u1o neHum cHnpnnncL c npoaanoH c1onL ponro n 1ua1enLno
ro1oanauecn kaHnannn no aosapauennk 1poqeea. Hec1e c 1eH, onn nonnHann, u1o
3 x nx n, n
u - n u, -
x . nn nonnHann 1akxe, u1o 6naronpnn1noe peuenne Hoxno
sanonyun1L, 1onLko pec1ayn anenpaaoamHn, unc1o nonn1nuecknHn He1opaHn,
ncnonLsyn oco6me pmuarn aospec1ann na ncnonnn1enLnyk anac1L. paaoao aakyyH
a pannoH aonpoce, nc1opnueckn cnoxnauncn a occnn, npepoc1aannn 1akyk
aosHoxnoc1L.
m nnkorpa ne ysnaeH acex noppo6noc1e sakynncnmx neperoaopoa n
poroaopennoc1e, nHeaunx Hec1o Hexpy neHeuknHn n poccncknHn unnoannkaHn
pasnnunmx panroa. m HoxeH 1onLko porapmaa1Lcn o nnx, o1cnexnaan cnoaa n pena
o1penLnmx nepconaxe coapeHenno poccncko nc1opnn. (anpnHep, 28.08.95 r.
Hnnnc1p kynL1ypm . npopoa sanann xypnannc1aH: no-npexneHy y6expen, u1o
nyxno aepny1L konnekunk anpnna a peHen... 1pan 6m n oc1aauykcn uac1L o1cko
6n6nno1ekn.)
o koe-kakne pec1ann neHeuko c1oponm ne oc1anncL a cekpe1e. o-nepamx, uepes
noconLc1ao a oqnunanLnme poccnckne nnc1anunn (a nnkynL1 a 1oH uncne) 6mn
nanpaanen HeHopanpyH nop nasaanneH Mx rm x
n m x ,
nx . H nx
r v . oc1aanennm a cen1n6pe 1994 r., on nano
npepc1aanne1 co6o peakunk na nknLckne peuennn n pekoHenpaunn oae1a
epepaunn. eHopanpyH 6mn nanpaanen na o1sma a nc1n1y1 rocypapc1aa n npaaa
, rpe ero oxapak1epnsoaann kak kpnpnueckn necoc1on1enLnm pokyHen1. o-
a1opmx, a 1995 r. a epHannn amuna n nonyunna no neoqnunanLnmH kananaH
pacnpoc1panenne a occnn knnra saaepykuero HexpynapopnmH o1penoH
nnnc1epc1aa neua1n n nnqopHaunn . qon aH6spopqa
x - n m ,
npencnonnennan nxnamx n nepoc1oaepnmx y1aepxpenn; Hne poaenocL noppo6no
kpn1nkoaa1L ee a c1a1Le opanL 6yaona (-liris 20.02.97). 6a a1n
nncLHennme nc1ounnka cmrpann ponL caoero popa nnc1pykunn, n6o acn apryHen1aunn
neHuea, necHo1pn na ee nonnyk ao acex o1nouennnx necoc1on1enLnoc1L,
nepekoueaana ao ace amc1ynnennn npo1nannkoa akona o nepeHeuennmx uennoc1nx, a
1oH uncne a yHe n . apo ckasa1L, u1o c nopo6nmH sanHc1aoaanneH apryHen1oa n
npe poccncknHn unnoannkaHn y naunx onnonen1oa Hm c1onkneHcn ne pas. (
npnHepy, pacxoxnH a nx yc1ax c1an unc1o peHarornueckn 1esnc . xaepe: 1o
a6cypp: ace a occnn npnaa1nsnpye1cn, a nepeHeuennme uennoc1n
naunonannsnpyk1cn. pyro npnHep: c neHeuko nopaun naH npepnarak1
sapyHa1Lcn nap nko6m o6okpno amropnmH o6HenoH n6nnn y1en6epra na s6yky
aana epopoaa, ne c1okuyk, a pec1an1enLnoc1n, n pecn1o uac1n 1o.)
poek1 akona o nepeHeuennmx uennoc1nx paccHa1pnaancn a nepam pas a yHe
16.05.95 r., no 6mn o1knonen ronocaHn peny1a1oa ns qpakun m6op occnn n
6noko. 1o neypnan1enLno, n6o, ao-nepamx, coo1ae1c1aye1 o6ueHy kon1ekc1y
an1nrocypapc1aenno pen1enLnoc1n a1nx o6uec1aennmx o6Lepnnenn. ao-a1opmx,
cnepye1 acnoHnn1L, u1o rnaanme ampaaanLunkn na 1o1 HoHen1 - Hnnnc1pm npopoa
n osmpea - o6a axopnnn a , 1ak u1o noppepxka popno n ppyxec1aenno
qpakun 6mna nH, koneuno xe, o6ecneuena.
nn o1aopa rnas 6mn nso6pe1en noakn 1pkk. 1o6m pnckpepn1npoaa1L npoek1, c6n1L
peny1a1oa c 1onky n HakcnHanLno sany1a1L aonpoc, no nnnuna1nae nnkynL1a 6mn
nsro1oanen anL1epna1nanm npoek1 akona, anecennm na cnyuannn peny1a1aHn
yknnmH, ep1opnuko, parnncknH n yknnmH. Ccn y k
nn n, M r, ccck k,
586
nry cnyx c cknn ccck c, n c,
rn /yM 3k, cxnc, cy, nM k ny c
MM cc c.
ce peno a 1oH, u1o pyHckn npoek1 nepepae1 ack panLneuyk cypL6y 1poqenmx
uennoc1e a pykn amcuero sakonopa1enLnoro n npepc1aan1enLnoro oprana occnn.
nL1epna1naka xe npepnarae1 cospa1L FckMcc cy - nekn
oae1 saun1m kynL1ypnoro poc1onnnn occnn npn pesnpen1e, ko1opm ponxen
o6ecneunaa1L, a uac1noc1n, oprannsaunk HexannsHa n onpepenenne pasHepoa
Ha1epnanLno koHnencaunn, npnun1akuecn occncko epepaunn sa
aosapauaeHme nnoc1pannmH rocypapc1aaH kynL1ypnme uennoc1n (c1. 21.2). nopm
xe no noaopy a1nx caHmx uennoc1e ponxnm paccHa1pnaa1Lcn ne a cype6noH nopnpke,
a ny1eH Hexpynapopnmx neperoaopoa (c1. 23). - coaceH yx o1kpoaenno:
HoHen1a ac1ynnennn a cnny nac1onuero epepanLnoro sakona ace nepeHeuennme
kynL1ypnme uennoc1n, naxopnunecn a yupexpennnx kynL1ypm... nepexopn1 a
pacnopnxenne oae1a no saun1e kynL1ypnoro poc1onnnn occnn (c1. 25).
ak anpnH, ace npepenLno npoc1o n ncno. a nsmke anek1opa1a ace a1o osnauae1, u1o
1o1 xe npopoa c npncnmHn, nepecea ns kpecen a kpecna npecnoay1oro oae1a,
nonnoc1Lk cn c x Mxc r qnM c yrM
cM: 6ykaanLno - onpepennn pasHepm Ha1epnanLno koHnencaunn! kyne c
unnoannkaHn ns a, ro1oanunHn nop kaxpm 1ako cnyua coo1ae1c1aykun
Hexpynapopnm poroaop. naanoe - xu x x
u u q, ne ponyc1n1L, u1o6m ona peuanacL
6ecnpnc1pac1nmH sakonoH, 6nkpyunH nn1epecm occnn n 6espasnnunmH k
nepconanLnmH nn1epecaH anac1L nHyunx! B s . oknpykuan
o1kpoaennoc1L... onnoe o6naxenne nc1nnnmx Ho1naoa kpn1nkykunx pyHckn akon
unnoannkoa. mpaaanLunkn na ce pas c ronoao ampann caHn ce6n.
1eH, nonnHan, u1o npoaonoukn Hory1 nnuL o11nny1L HoHen1 npnnn1nn akona,
no ne peun1L ero cypL6y a npnnunne, n u1o 6eccnopnoc1L naunx npaa na 1poqenme
uennoc1n, asn1me a nopnpke koHnenca1opno pec1n1yunn, c1ana oueanpna, naun
kynL1yp1perepm peunnn sa1n k 6ecuennmH nponsaepennnH nckycc1aa c ppyroro
6oky, rpe onn, kak nH kasanocL, 6mnn Henee saunuenm. euL sauna o nepeHeuennmx
uennoc1nx, npnnapnexaaunx po aonm ne epHannn, a 1pe1LnH c1panaH, no
okasaaunHcn a n1ore a occnn. paaoaoe nonoxenne a1nx uennoc1e onpepenne1cn
HexpynapopnmHn ak1aHn, npnnn1mHn a konue aonm, coxpannkunHn caok cnny n a
naun pnn. ecHo1pn na 1o, u1o nx cnepye1 pnqqepenunpoaa1L o1nocn1enLno
nenocpepc1aenno repHancknx uennoc1e, kpnpnuecknx ocnoaann pnn nx
opnoc1oponne n 6esycnoano ampaun ne1. pnako na nepam asrnnp peno
npepc1aaano ne c1onL ncnmH, u1o paaano (n pae1 koe-koHy n ceuac) noaop pnn
pasnnunmx poHmcnoa n cnekynnun. uac1noc1n, ampaua osmpeamH qpanuyscknx
apxnaoa nannacL unc1o aonkn1apnc1cknH peuenneH, ocnoaannmH nHenno na 1aknx
cnekynnunnx (kakne nn1epecm c1onnn sa a1o ampaue, o6epnyauecn pnn nac
HnoroHnnnnonnmH yuep6oH, Hoxno 1onLko porapmaa1Lcn). nnanax
ampaaanLunkoa 6mno eue neckonLko ananornunmx akun. an6onee rpoHkn
ckanpan paspasnncn aokpyr 1ak nasmaaeHo onnekunn ennrca, coc1onue ns 307
nepaoknaccnmx pncynkoa c1apmx eaponecknx Hac1epoa, M
nMnn nn.
pe1ensnn onnanpnn na a1y konnekunk nac1onLko neocnoaa1enLnm, u1o paxe a
Hec1no npecce nonannacL c1a1Ln nop nasaanneH ycckne 6ypy1 pypakaHn, ecnn
aepny1 onnekunk ennrca a onnanpnk (rase1a onkcpan1, 1991). ocnepnnH
kM nnM pncynkoa 6mn nnuno n1nep; 1aknH o6pasoH, c1a1yc nHyuec1aa
naunc1ckoro npec1ynnnka penae1 nx 6esycnoano sakonno co6c1aennoc1Lk occnn,
konqnckoaaaue nopo6noe nHyuec1ao na ocnoaannnx, o6unx pnn acex coksnmx
c1pan-no6epn1enLnnu. pnako a1o ne noHeuano ronnanpcknH npaan1enLc1aennmH
587
unnoannkaH (1aknH, kak pnpek1op ocypapc1aenno cnyx6m nso6pasn1enLnoro
nckycc1aa .. pe aac n nocon oponeac1aa npepnanpoa a occnn .. pe oc aan
1enaek), 6nkpyunH, ne a npnHep caonH poccncknH konneraH, nn1epecm caoe
popno c1panm, 1pe6oaa1L o1 nac aosapa1a. xop, c uenLk y6epn1L poccnnn a
cnpaaepnnaoc1n npe1ensn, una paxe saaepoHan noxL. ak, co6npa1enn n nepaoro
anapenLua konnekunn . ennrca (neHeukoro 6anknpa, amnonnnauero a onnanpnn
qynkunn repHanckoro unnona) nm1anncL ampa1L sa neannnyk eapeckyk xep1ay
naunsHa, norn6uyk ns-sa caoe konnekunn npn nopospn1enLnmx o6c1on1enLc1aax.
k1nanoc1L ronnanpcko c1oponm, npekpacno nonnHakue uennoc1L co6pannn n
c1peHnuecn noHa1L a Hy1no aope sono1yk pm6ky, nonn1na n paxe poxpae1
caoeo6pasnoe yaaxenne ns-sa caoero 6esornnpnoro na1pno1nsHa. o
npo1naononoxnme uyac1aa amsmaak1 noc1ynkn n cnoaa poccncknx oqnunanLnmx nnu.
nkoqan1m sarpannunmx npe1enpen1oa nauann Hyccnpoaa1L a 1eHy onnekunn
ennrca eue c 1991 r. (ak, Hnnnc1p npopoa o6Lnann, amc1ynan no ronnanpckoHy
1eneanpennk, u1o ockaa naHepena aepny1L npepnanpaH uenoe co6panne...
ap1nnm, co6pannme panueH ennrcoH a 20-x rr. nauero c1one1nn, ponxnm 6mnn, no
saHmcny n1nepa, coc1aan1L roppoc1L "Hysen qkpepa a nnue, - a py6exoH, N
31, 1992. nn ao1 amckasmaanne saHHnnnc1pa . ampkoro: onnekunn ennrca
aoo6ue npnnapnexn1 onnanpnn - c1pane, ko1opan 1ak xe, kak n occnn, 6mna
okkynnpoaana qaunc1cko epHanne - esaancnHan rase1a, 04.08.93). o acn
1nxec1L a1akn 6mna nepenecena na a1y 1eHy c 1994 r., korpa c1ano ncno, u1o o
nepepaue 1poqeea neHuaH npnpe1cn apeHenno sa6m1L. noHnnaauncn amue akcnep1
p.k.n. .. orycnaackn, aosrnaanaun nekyk coaHec1nyk poccncko-
nnpepnanpckyk rpynny, ony6nnkoaan nHenno a a1oH ropy poknap o kpnpnueckoH
c1a1yce onnekunn, rpe y1aepxpanocL, u1o ona ponxna 6m1L aosapauena
npepnanpaH. konue 1994 r. . osmpea saaepnn ronnanpckoro nocna aan
1enaeka: npo6neHa ennrca npnopn1e1na a o1nouennnx Hexpy onnanpne n
occne (6uan rase1a, 12-18 ok1n6pn 1995 r.). onnanpckan rase1a apoon o1
20.05.95 r. coo6unna: anepn ynnuoa, npepcepa1enL occncko koHnccnn no
pec1n1yunn (saa. 1penoH pec1n1yun nnkynL1a. - ..)... cun1ae1 cnpaaepnnao
ronnanpckyk npocL6y o aosapauennn konnekunn ouenL uennmx pncynkoa, opnako, no
ero cnoaaH, koHHynnc1m n naunonannc1m a poccnckoH napnaHen1e sa6noknpyk1
peuenne o aosapauennn. oHnccnn poccnckoro napnaHen1a ro1oan1 sakon,
sanpeuakun aosapa1 kynL1ypnmx uennoc1e. ynnuoa, 1ak xe, kak n nn6epanLnm
poccnckn Hnnnc1p kynL1ypm arenn npopoa, nHee1 6onLune aospaxennn npo1na
pannoro npoek1a. noaa . ampko: cnepykueH ropy onnanpnn o1Heuae1 300-
ne1ne ansn1a e1pa I n nop a1o npepnarae1 ouenL amropnyk kynL1ypnyk nporpaHHy.
oueHy 6m naH ne nepepa1L onnanpnn konnekunk ennrca - kak xec1 po6po aonn?
(6uan rase1a, 6-12 nknn 1995 r.). c1onHoc1n nopo6noro xec1a ckasano amue.
eH apeHeneH na apeny amuno noaoe pec1aykuee nnuo: akcnep1 Hexpynapopnoro
knacca no nckycc1ay, no1oHok c1apnnnoro pycckoro paopnnckoro popa ..
e1epn1nnkoa. poxnaun paapua1L ne1 a Hepnke n aepnyauncn a occnk nocne
napennn koHHynnc1nueckoro pexnHa, on aecL cao orpoHnm onm1 n nesaypnpnme
nosnannn peunn noc1aan1L na cnyx6y popno c1pane. ro Hnorouncnennme c1a1Ln,
pasLncnnkune nonoxenne c 1poqenmH nckycc1aoH a apone n Hepnke,
pacckasmaakune o kynL1ypnonn1nke pe1Lero exa, o6ocnoamaakune naun npaaa
na nepeHeuennme uennoc1n n noppepxnaakune npoek1 akona o nepeHeuennmx
uennoc1nx, 6mc1po npnaneknn k ce6e aceo6uee annHanne 6naropapn nx
ncknkun1enLnoHy npoqeccnonannsHy. epunno ero 1pypoa c1ana knnra po6neHa
kynL1ypnmx uennoc1e, nepeHeuennmx a pesynL1a1e a1opo Hnpoao aonm
(pokasa1enLc1ao poccncknx npaa na "onnekunk ennrca) (.,
6ospeaa1enL, 1996), amnyuennan no sakasy yxoanoe nacnepne.
cnoanan uenL knnrn ampaxena a nasaannn nepao rnaam: ak saun1n1L poccnckne
nn1epecm. nnra HoHen1anLno okasanacL na pykax y acex sann1epecoaannmx nnu n
amsaana 6onLuo pesonanc. opepxaunecn a ne c1poro pokyHen1npoaannme
caepennn 6mnn 6onee ueH y6epn1enLnm. akne 6m 1o nn 6mno coHnennn no noaopy
588
poccncko npnnapnexnoc1n onnekunn ennrca nocne a1o ny6nnkaunn c1ann
nonpoc1y neyHec1nm. es acnko cknpkn Hoxno y1aepxpa1L, u1o knnra e1epn1nnkoaa
- nac1onun nopanr yuenoro n uec1noro uenoaeka.
epno roaopn1: po6pme pena ne oc1ak1cn 6esnakasannmHn. caonx c1a1Lnx,
o6nnuakunx an1npoccnckyk nosnunk poccncknx unnoannkoa, e1epn1nnkoa,
uenoaek npnHo n 1eHnepaHen1nm, ponyc1nn pnp pesknx amckasmaann n o6annenn,
ne ace ns ko1opmx, k coxanennk, Hor pokyHen1anLno nop1aeppn1L. ocnepoaan
cype6nm nck o saun1e uec1n n poc1onnc1aa co c1oponm saHHnnnc1pa kynL1ypm .
ampkoro. onoanny ero npe1ensn cyp o1knonnn, no ace xe ou1paqoaan o1ae1unka
na opnn Hnnnnon py6ne. 1mpno, no occnn, uLn nn1epecm 6pocnncn, ouep1n ronoay,
saunua1L (n aecLHa ycneuno!) e1epn1nnkoa, ne cHorna saun1n1L ero caHoro. 1o
nopena1L: rpaxpanckoe o6uec1ao y nac 1onLko eue naunnae1 qopHnpoaa1Lcn. e
sa6ypy cueny cypa aecno 1996 r., kak cnpenn Hm pnpoH c e1epn1nnkoamH, paa
no1oHc1aennmx pyccknx paopnnnna, cnno1naunecn a 6opL6e sa naue naunonanLnoe
poc1onnne, a nanpo1na, na ckaHLe nc1uoa - 1oxe napa conneHennnkoa: saHHnnnc1pa
nxann qnHoanu ampko n Ha1epm apaoka1 aanp apkoanu kcenL6an1[9],
coc1aanaun ce6e nHn, xopa1ac1ayn sa eapeea-o1kasnnkoa, a nmne npepc1aannaun
nnkynL1. aun1nnk, HonopenLkn kpnc1, nepaano ac1ynnaun na caoe nonpnue, ne
cyHen o16n1L nx a1aky...
e1epn1nnkoa yexan a Hepnky neun1L ceppue; opnako ony6nnkoaannme nH Ha1epnanm
cpenann caoe peno. eropnn aonpoc o onnekunn ennrca yxe ne c1on1, n npe1ensn
o1 ronnanpuea noka ne cnmuno.
* * *
apeHn noa1opnoro paccHo1pennn npoek1a (ncnpaanennoro n
pononnennoro) akona o nepeHeuennmx uennoc1nx. pnueH a yHe noaoro coc1aaa,
o1kypa am6opoccm okasanncL am6pouenm, a 6noko oc1anocL, no caoe
nonn1nuecko opnen1aunn, a HenLunnc1ae. onnHan, u1o na npaaoaoH none nponrpmu
nens6exen, naun onnonen1m ns6pann noayk 1ak1nky: acnueckn nm1a1Lcn nepeaec1n
npo6neHy a nonn1nueckyk nnockoc1L. epHanckn nocon a occnn .H. qon 1ypnnu
ncnonnnn ponL kaHep1ona[10]. oame-pe o1nouennn Hexpy occne n epHanne,
noaan ponL occnn a Hexpynapopno nonn1nke, noaoe nonoxenne occnn a Hnpe
npepnncmaak1 e n noayk HopenL noaepennn. (a o6ueuenoaeueckoH, a ne
pnnnoHa1nueckoH nsmke a1o osnauae1 ace 1o xe: rope no6expennmH!)
eopnokpa1no amckasannan neHeuko c1opono HmcnL o 1oH, u1o occnn, ecnn xoue1
ao1n a ceHLk unannnsoaannmx napopoa, ponxna pnn nauana aepny1L 1poqen, na ace
napm nepeneaanacL sa1eH naunHn ampaaanLunkaHn. akoneu, ne pas sayuana na
caHoH amcokoH ypoane ( nocon qon 1ypnnu, Hnnnc1p nnoc1pannmx pen . nnkenL,
kanunep . onL) yrposa ncnop1n1L o1nouennn c ockao, o1kasa1L a qnnancoao
noppepxke n 1.p., ecnn ne 6ype1 poc1nrny1o asanHononnHanne a aonpoce o 1poqenx.
oc1onnno ampanrae1cn 1akxe 1ako apryHen1: akon-pe ne coo1ae1c1aye1
HexpynapopnoHy npaay (na caHoH pene a1o ne 1ak, n neHum a1o o1nnuno snak1,
noueHy n ne nm1anncL nn pasy nepepa1L peno na paccHo1penne expynapopnoro cypa
a aare). apak1epnmH Hoxno cun1a1L amckasmaanne akcnep1a no aonpocaH aneune
nonn1nkn npaanue nap1nn . aHepca, sananauero, u1o npnnn1ne nopo6noro
sakona nanne1cn pepsoc1Lk, u1o noaepenne yHm Hoxe1 nann1Lcn nnuL
pononnn1enLnmH pokasa1enLc1aoH nonnoc1Lk o1c1anoro o6pasa Hmcne 6onLunnc1aa
a a1oH napnaHen1e n u1o sakon yHepn1 ro1oanoc1L epHannn okasmaa1L noHouL
occnn. pypno oxapak1epnsoaa1L nopo6nme cnoaa nnaue kak
m.
589
eskan ak1nansaunn neHeuko c1oponm, ne6maano xec1kn 1on ee amc1ynnenn 6mnn,
kak yxe roaopnnocL, cansanm c 1eH, u1o aecno 1996 r. noam coc1aa pyHckoro
oHn1e1a no kynL1ype (saHec1n1eneH npepcepa1enn ko1oporo c1an .. y6enko)
npnnnn 38 nonpaaok k 1ekc1y akona n nopro1oann ero pnn noa1opnoro anecennn a
yHy. enLsn a a1o cansn ne ynoHnny1L o noaepennn poccncknx coksnnkoa neHuea.
akanyne pyHcknx cnyuann na npouen pokyHen1anLnm qnnLH, cospannm .
apapxeamH (a6nnoanueH) n... saHHnnnc1pa . ampknH, nop nasaanneH o npaay
no6epn1ene, nocanuennm cypL6e 1poqenmx uennoc1e. naanan npen qnnLHa - a
saknkun1enLnmx sakappoamx cnoaax: m xnaeH a Hnpe, ko1opm yxe ne Hoxe1 xn1L
no nornke aonm. m caHn ponxnm o1kasa1Lcn o1 nee no npaay no6epn1ene.
(npeuL - aepny1L 1poqen neHuaH.)
6epn1enLnme cnoaa. nn 1ex koneuno, k1o eue ne nonnn, u1o na naunx rnasax
sakonunnacL ne a1opan, a 1pe1Ln Hnpoaan aona. ona xonopnan, nocnepc1ann
ko1opo, opnako, aecLHa n aecLHa ropnun. a a1o aone Hm - o1nkpL ne
no6epn1enn, uLk nornky n npaaa naH ueppo, no nykaao npnnncan r-n ampko.
coaceH nao6opo1: x, nm kr M M qn,
rM , cnk Mnn n, akMcky cMc
.. .., , kk c xM, rcn
rn mr kynyr cnn.
5 K 1996 r. yHa npnnnna akon o nepeHeuennmx uennoc1nx kynL1ypm
6onLunnc1aoH a 300 ronocoa npn 302 ronocoaaaunx (paoe aospepxanncL).
po1nannkn akona kak a epHannn, 1ak n a occnn, ne oxnpaaune 1akoro
epnnopyunn, ne cHornn cpepxa1L aspmaa aosHyuennn. oc1a1ouno nepeuncnn1L
saronoakn neko1opmx rase1nmx c1a1e a naue npecce, u1o6m nouyac1aoaa1L a1o a
nonno Hepe: onn aosHyuen peuenneH yHm no nepeHeuennmH kynL1ypnmH
uennoc1nH (eropnn 09.07.96), eHum nepoaonLnm poccncko yHo
(saec1nn 10.07.96), ockaa n onn cnoaa cnopn1 (esaancnHan rase1a
11.07.96), 1o xosnnn 1poqenoro nckycc1aa? aonpoce o aosapauennn kynL1ypnmx
uennoc1e poccnckan koca nauna na repHanckn kaHenL (saec1nn 12.07.96),
poqenme na6npnn1m rposn1 sarna1L pnnnoHa1nk a 1ynnk (saec1nn 17.07.96),
oueuL ppyxn1L - o1pa 1o, u1o 1pe6yk1. eHeukn asrnnp na npo6neHy 1poqenoro
nckycc1aa (saec1nn) n 1.n. 1n n ppyrne c1a1Ln 1oro apeHenn nonnm neropykunx
o1knnkoa pasnnunoro panra npepc1aan1ene epHannn, ampepxannmx a 1akoH 1one, a
kakoH nnk1o ne nocHen 6m roaopn1L c naHn eue kaknx-1o nn1L ne1 nasap!
akanyne o6cyxpennn a oae1 epepaunn n nnme anac1nme nnc1anunn nocnoH qon
1ypnnueH 6mnn nanpaanenm 3v n n
x x; oueanpno nocon cuen yHec1nmH yun1L poccnckn
napnaHen1 Hopann n npaay. pnako, nonc1nne, npaao cnnLnoro - epnnc1aennan
Hexpynapopnan npaaoaan nopHa, co6nkpaeHan neHeuko c1opono
neykocnn1enLno.
e o6ounocL, pasyHee1cn n 6es couyac1aenno noppepxkn neHuea co c1oponm nn1o
kononnm. a qone neHeuknx nopneaan cyHen oco6o ampenn1Lcn repHannc1-
Hexpynapopnnk p.n.n. .. akcnHmuea, sa1Hnaun acex npounx caoe
peHonc1pa1nano npaac1aenno rnyxo1o n sanpepenLno nekoHne1en1noc1Lk -
nac1onLko, u1o amnypnn Henn nocne pnn1enLnoro Honuannn (Hne kasanocL, u1o aceH
yxe n 1ak ace pasLncneno) amc1ynn1L c noneHnuecko c1a1Le onLue, ueH 1poqen
(esaancnHan rase1a 14.09.96). on aospaxennn n poaopm sanospann: 17.07.96 r.
oae1 epepaunn o1knonnn npnnn1m yHo akon o nepeHeuennmx uennoc1nx.
c1enorpaHHm sacepannn oae1a epepaunn, npnnnauero 6ecnpeuepen1noe
peuenne o1knonn1L nH xe npnnn1m a nopnpke sakonopa1enLno nnnuna1nam
(23.05.95) sakon, amnann aaxneuee o6c1on1enLc1ao. eno a 1oH, u1o npoaanen
590
npoek1 6mn c1apannnHn payx amc1ynaaunx - rnaam apHnnnc1paunn oc1oacko
o6nac1n . y6a n npepc1aan1enn npesnpen1a a oae1e epepaunn . nnam. o1nam
y6a nonn1nm: epHannn - aaxnm akonoHnueckn nap1nep oc1oacko o6nac1n, 1y1
yuac1ayk1 aecLHa snaun1enLnme nn1epecm. 1o xe kacae1cn nnam, 1o ero aecLHa
peskoe n peun1enLnoe amc1ynnenne pano nonn1L: En mn
nck kync cy kn c cn n, 6es c1ecnennn
sanann caok nc1nnnyk, po ce nopm ue1ko ne o6osnauaauykcn nosnunk a pene o
1poqenx.
1nmne c1ano coaepuenno ncno: acn aep1nkanL ncnonnn1enLno anac1n - npesnpen1,
npaan1enLc1ao, Hnnnc1p kynL1ypm n panee anns no nec1nnue - saopno. H M
c MM. o1nam 1akoro epnnc1aa Hory1 6m1L pasnmHn. kaxporo, 1ak
ckasa1L, caon pesonm pnn 1opnepnpoaannn akona.
nn nLunna a1o Hory1 6m1L neoc1opoxnme o6euannn, pannme ppyry onk,
HopanLnme o6nsa1enLc1aa sa Ha1epnanLnyk noppepxky a nepnop npepam6opno
ronkn; napexpm na panLneuyk repHanckyk noHouL a uennx koncepaaunn
o6ankpo1nauerocn pexnHa; nexenanne noc1yna1Lcn Haneue uac1Lk caoero
aceanac1nn, caonH HnnHmH npaaoH peua1L caHoanac1no cypL6y nk6mx uennoc1e,
1ak, kak a1o penann uapn, kak a1o penan 1annn, pyuea; nenpeoponnHoe caHonk6ne,
ncnxonornueckan neaosHoxnoc1L cornacn1Lcn c aeppnk1oH sakonopa1enLno anac1n,
conpnpopnan .. yc1anoaka na konqpon1aunk. (e cnyuana caHoxapak1epnc1nka
nauero npesnpen1a: 6oeu, 6opeu - a1o n ec1L cn ero cyunoc1L). 1ak panee...
paan1enLc1ao nocnyuno aone npesnpen1a, pa n ne xoue1 ocnoxnenn c epHanne,
o1 qnnancoao nopnn1kn ko1opo saancn1. Ho1naax Hnnnc1pa kynL1ypm, aoo6ue
unnoannkoa, nenocpepc1aenno annnkunx na cypL6y 1poqeea, roaopnnocL amue. ,
pasyHee1cn, acex a1nx cy6Lek1oa o6Lepnnne1 rnaanoe:
nu un .
, nocne o1knonennn akona a oae1e epepaunn n ncnm1an nenpnn1noe
uyac1ao, 1akoe xe, kak ocenLk 1991 r., korpa anepame amc1ynnn a neua1n npo1na
aosapauennn 1poqeea. orpa Hne kasanocL, u1o m - xn ,
m , u un
: , , u
ux .
ec1L ne1 neo1c1ynnmx ycnnn Honx n Hnornx Honx epnnoHmunennnkoa, uec1L ne1
nenpepmanoro pon6nennn a opny 1ouky nsHennnn, Mrn M cn1yaunk.
pnnn1ne akona yHo pano napexpy, u1o ycnnnn naun ne 6mnn nanpacnm, u1o
o6uec1aennme coaec1L n pasyH o1kpmnn pnn ce6n nc1nnnyk cy1L pena, pann eHy
cnpaaepnnayk ouenky. o peuenne oae1a epepaunn sac1aanno a a1oH ycoHnn1Lcn,
anoaL noc1aanno nac nepep nnuoH acecnnnn nponsaona. ak, ao acnkoH cnyuae, n
pyHan 1orpa. pnako o1uanaa1Lcn ne npnxopnnocL. apo 6mno anoaL 6pa1Lcn sa
nponaranpy n arn1aunk. 1o Hm n cpenann.
pepn pasnnunmx amc1ynnenn a1oro nepnopa a nonLsy akona o nepeHeuennmx
uennoc1nx napo o1He1n1L c1a1Lk koncynL1an1a pyHckoro oHn1e1a no kynL1ype ..
ysLHnno onn1nkanc1ao n na1pno1nsH. yxen sakon o nepeHeuennmx uennoc1nx,
ne yueHnnkun nn1epecoa occnn (esaancnHan rase1a 12.11.96).
poanannsnpoaaa cn1yaunk, cnoxnauykcn na 1oH snononyunoH sacepannn oae1a
epepaunn, ona noppo6no n ouenL y6epn1enLno, onnpancL na pe1anLno
paspa6o1annyk npaaoayk n qak1onornueckyk 6asy, onpoaeprna ace ocnoanme
saHeuannn kpn1nkoa akona. yHae1cn, a1a ny6nnkaunn cmrpana nonoxn1enLnyk ponL
a panLneunx co6m1nnx.
591
5 1997 r. yHa noa1opno npnnnna akon, anecn a nero pnp nonpaaok a
coo1ae1c1ann c saHeuannnHn unenoa oae1a epepaunn.
ecnokoc1ao neHuea n ncnonnn1enLno anac1n poc1nrno HakcnHanLnmx aennunn.
paHa1nsH cn1yaunn pesko ycnnnncn. eno a 1oH, u1o sa npo1ekune Hecnum
cyuec1aenno nsHennncn coc1aa oae1a epepaunn, a rnaanoe - nponsouno
kauec1aennoe nsHenenne c1a1yca aecLHa Hnornx ero unenoa, npeapa1naunxcn ns
nasnauennmx ry6epna1opoa - a am6opnme. pesnpen1 nnunncn, 1aknH o6pasoH,
aosHoxnoc1n uenka1L kny1oH ppeccnpoaunka, nonyxpan cena1opoa k npnnn1nk
nyxnoro eHy peuennn. eH ne Henee, ncnonnn1enLnan anac1L npnnnna ace poc1ynnme
e Hepm.
pepc1aan1enL npesnpen1a . nnaa o6xopnn cena1opoa c yrposo nnuennn
npesnpen1cknx Hnnoc1e a cnyuae nenpaannLnoro ronocoaannn.
paan1enLc1ao o6pa1nnocL a oae1 epepaunn c oqnunanLnmH nncLHoH o1 11.02.97
r., a ko1opoH npocnno o1knonn1L akon (nopnncan nncLHo aepnm npesnpen1y .
nkunn). auanLnnk penap1aHen1a kynL1ypm n nnqopHaunn annapa1a npaan1enLc1aa
. a6pypacynoa (reorpaq no o6pasoaannk) amc1ynnn no c kpn1nko a appec
akona. saHHnnnc1pa kynL1ypm . ampko pasaepnyn cepnk amc1ynnenn, a
ko1opmx nasmaan akon kpnpnueckn necoc1on1enLnmH, cnoco6nmH noaneuL sa
co6o cepLesnme Hexpynapopnme ocnoxnennn, nanec1n apep npec1nxy rocypapc1aa
n npoueccy neperoaopoa o noncke poccncknx uennoc1e, amaesennmx ns occnn n
1.n. ena a1nH sananennnH nsaec1na: ace onn 6mnn npopnk1oaanm 1onLko opnnH -
nexenanneH amnyc1n1L 1poqen ns pyk nnkynL1a. 6o sakon, coc1aanennm c yue1oH
acex pec1aykunx Hexpynapopnmx n any1pennnx npaaoamx nopH, kak pas-1akn
o1kpmaae1 aosHoxnoc1n pnn cnpaaepnnaoro n sakonnoro peuennn npo6neHm c yue1oH
nn1epecoa n npaa acex yuac1nnkoa npouecca. o 1onLko - 6es yuac1nn
pacnopnpn1enLno anac1n.
e noHorno nn o1kpm1oe paanenne, nn peHarornueckne yxnupennn. oae1 epepaunn
npnnnn akon c nopasn1enLnmH epnnopyuneH: 140 ronocoa sa, nn opnoro -
npo1na, opnn aospepxancn.
T . oxno 1onLko npepc1aan1L ce6e uok npo1nannkoa
akona. m n caHn 6mnn ouenoHnenm. ak - u
x - okonunncn a1opo a1an 6n1am sa 1poqen. occnn a nnue
a6conk1noro 6onLunnc1aa caonx npepc1aan1ene pana o1nop narnoc1n no6epn1ene
1pe1Le Hnpoao n nx poccncknx npncneunnkoa-konna6opaunonnc1oa.
a1oro paneko nepepocno paHkn cnopa o pec1n1yunnx. euL nouna 1enepL
yxe ne c1onLko o naunonanLnoH poc1onnnn, ckonLko o naunonanLnoH poc1onnc1ae
occnn. ee cnoco6noc1n saun1n1L ce6n. cosna1L caon nn1epecm. mnan1L
npepa1ene, pasHexeaa1Lcn c nnHn. onconnpnpoaa1Lcn. o6nnnsoaa1Lcn.
nnonen1m nopo roaopn1: ny c1on1 nn ns-sa kaknx-1o kynL1ypnmx uennoc1e noHa1L
konLn, ocnoxnn1L o1nouennn c Horyuec1aennmH cocepoH. e 6ypy specL
xapak1epnsoaa1L 1poqenme uennoc1n, a1o Hnoraxpm npopenano Hnok a ppyrnx
c1a1Lnx (xo1n nanoHnk, u1o neHum ouennaak1 nx a c Mnn Hapok). kaxy o
ppyroH.
1o oc1aaanocL o1 1annnrpapa nocne 1oro, kak aynkc co caoe apHne cpancn a
nnen? n1m knpnnu pa amxxennan seHnn. asanocL 6m: c1onno nn ns-sa a1oro
6n1Lcn, kpoaL nponnaa1L? o cnHaonnueckoe snauenne a1oro knouka nenpnropno pnn
xnnLn seHnn 6mno konoccanLnmH. Henno specL nepenoHnncn aecL xop aonm.
Henno o1ckpa 6epe1 nauano naue neypepxnHoe nac1ynnenne, naue ocao6oxpenne.
Henno specL popnnacL ennkan o6epa.
592
eropnn, korpa naua c1pana nexn1 ynnxennan, pasrpoHnennan, orpa6nennan,
nonyxnaan, - Hm ace xapno acHa1pnaaeHcn a xop co6m1n, nueH xo1L HanenLkyk
nnouapky, rpe 6m sauenn1Lcn, ypepxa1Lcn, u1o6m pa1L kako-1o o1nop npo1nannky,
u1o6m ckonuen1pnpoaa1Lcn, co6pa1L paccennnme cnnm, a no1oH, rnnpnuL, - n pasan1L
nac1ynnenne. ako nnouapko, na Ho asrnnp, c1ana npo6neHa 1poqeea.
* * *
H a1an 6n1am sa 1poqen c1an spnHmH annsopoH cpasy payx nespnHmx aon: 1)
pyccko-neHeuko (sa kynL1ypnme uennoc1n) n 2) Hexpy ncnonnn1enLno n
sakonopa1enLno anac1nHn occnn[11]. poaosrnauan na cnoaax c1pon1enLc1ao
npaaoaoro rocypapc1aa, ncnonnn1enLnan anac1L na pene o1nkpL ne xenae1
ncnonnn1L, kak 1o e npepnncano no onpepenennk, aonk sakona. ao6opo1, ona
yc1anoanna n c1peHn1cn sakpenn1L 1ako nponsaon, kako n ne cnnncn nkonak
1opoHy.
cnn acHo1pe1Lcn rny6xe, 1o Hm yanpnH n pokoayk asanHocansL. epanL
konqnnk1a nHee1 pae c1oponm: c opno - nsaeunoe npo1naoc1onnne occnn n
epHannn, a c ppyro - npo1naoc1onnne npesnpen1a .. nLunna n ace occnn a
nnue ee nyuunx am6opnmx npepc1aan1ene (o6enx nana1 epepanLnoro o6pannn).
coxanennk, nHenno 1akoe payepnnc1ao n onpepenne1 co6o ace pasan1ne
1poqeno ppaHm. po1nano n nenpnn1no o6 a1oH roaopn1L, no qak1 ec1L qak1:
aH6nunn sanrpaauerocn a 6onLuyk nonn1nky npesnpen1a o6Lek1nano noc1aannn ero a
nonoxenne neHeukoro naHn1a. 1oH, u1o on npeapa1nncn a sanoxnnka repHancko
any1pnnonn1nuecko cn1yaunn, Hne yxe npnxopnnocL nnca1L panee (ocnepnn
py6ex. - oae1ckan occnn, 15.04.97).
17 Hap1a npesnpen1 nLunn nanoxnn ae1o na akon o nepeHeuennmx uennoc1nx.
oneuno, on nonnHan, a kakoH npepc1ane1 cae1e nocne 1akoro uara. epL po cnx nop
nLunn ns6eran npnHmx n opnosnaunmx ny6nnunmx amckasmaann no noaopy
konnnsnn c 1poqenHn, npepnoun1an keneno o6cyxpa1L a1o c oneH n ppyrnHn
sann1epecoaannmHn nnuaHn. o xop pena amnyxpan nn6o npnsna1L cnpaaepnnaoc1L n
pasyHnoc1L sakona, uero on cpena1L ne xo1en n (no amueonncannmH npnunnaH) ne
Hor, nn6o no1n na o1kpm1m konqnnk1 c cena1opaHn, ny6nnuno 6pocna nH a nnuo
o6annenne a nekoHne1en1noc1n n rnynoc1n. (e cun1a1Lcn c nnxne nana1o
napnaHen1a aouno y nero yxe npoc1o a npnamuky.) ano 1oro: npesnpen1 ne Hor ne
nonnHa1L, u1o, nanaran ae1o, on o6naxae1 n ckpm1me npyxnnm, panrakune nH,
o1kpmaae1 aceHy Hnpy uenn saancnHoc1n, npnansmaakune ero k neHeuknH nn1epecaH,
caHopaso6nauae1cn po konua. cero a1oro ne xo1enocL.
1ckpa - nonm1kn copaa1L xop o6cyxpenn akona a aepxne nana1e. ak, 18.02.97 r.
ropy 1poeay 6mno nanpaaneno nncLHo N 31-25/71 o1 npepcepa1enn oHn1e1a no
konc1n1yunonnoHy sakonopa1enLc1ay n cype6no-npaaoamH aonpocaH .. na1onoaa,
a ko1opoH roaopnnocL, u1o akon, a coo1ae1c1ann co c1a1Le 106 onc1n1yunn , ne
nopnexn1 o6nsa1enLnoHy paccHo1pennk a oae1e epepaunn. cnn 6m a1o 6mno 1ak,
1o akon Hoxno 6mno 6m o1npaan1L, Hnnyn , npnHo k npesnpen1y, a 1o1 nop nk6mH
npepnoroH aepnyn 6m ero a yHy, n kapycenL npoponxana 6m aep1e1Lcn 6eckoneuno.
pnunocL nanoHnn1L, u1o, ao-nepamx, no okonuannn a1opo Hnpoao aonm Hexpy
(a nmne occne) n epHanne ne 6mn saknkuen Hnpnm poroaop, noa1oHy ace
aonpocm Hnpnoro cocyuec1aoaannn Hexpy a1nHn c1panaHn peuak1cn na ocnoaannn
any1pennnx sakonoa o6enx c1pan n Hexpynapopnmx poroaopoa. aknH o6pasoH,
amueynoHnny1m sakon nopnapae1 nop c1. 106 n. "e onc1n1yunn (aonpocm aonm
n Hnpa), nockonLky on cnoco6c1aye1 npaaoaoHy yperynnpoaannk opnoro ns aecLHa
aaxnmx n1oroa a1opo Hnpoao aonm a coo1ae1c1ann c HexpynapopnmH npaaoH n
593
nn1epecaHn occnn. 1o osnauae1, u1o paccHo1penne pannoro sakona oae1oH
epepaunn o6nsa1enLno. ao-a1opmx, amueynoHnny1m sakon nenocpepc1aenno
sa1parnaae1 cypL6y aank1nmx uennoc1e, naxopnunxcn a coc1aae nepeHeuennmx
uennoc1e, nanpnHep, nyHnsHa1nuecknx konnekun, "sono1a pon n 1.p. aknH
o6pasoH, sakon nopnapae1 nop c1. 106 n. "a onc1n1yunn (aank1noe
perynnpoaanne) n, cnepoaa1enLno, nanne1cn o6nsa1enLnmH pnn paccHo1pennn oae1oH
epepaunn.
ckasa1L, u1o k a1oHy apeHenn a occnn yxe 6mnn npepnpnnn1m koe-kakne Hepm
no cospannk rpaxpanckoro o6uec1aa. appec anac1nmx nnc1anun noc1ynnnn n c1ann
poc1onnneH rnacnoc1n o6pauennn a noppepxky akona o nepeHeuennmx uennoc1nx,
nopnncannme 1mcnuaHn naunx corpaxpan, cpepn ko1opmx - snaHenn1me pen1enn
naykn n kynL1ypm, naypea1m ennncknx n ocypapc1aennmx npeHn, epon oae1ckoro
oksa, nonnme kaaanepm ppena naam, epon ounannc1nueckoro 1pypa,
ampakunecn aoenauanLnnkn, kpynnme pykoaopn1enn npoHmunennoc1n,
npocnaanennme konc1pyk1opm. a1nx o6pauennnx, a uac1noc1n, roaopnnocL:
ynL1ypnme uennoc1n, onnauennme kpoaLk pecn1koa Hnnnnonoa coo1euec1aennnkoa,
orpoHnmHn Ha1epnanLnmHn n pyxoanmHn xep1aaHn naue c1panm, c1ann pasHenno
Hone1o a pykax nonn1nkoa. op pasroaopm o Hnpe n po6pococepc1ae, o6
o6ueuenoaeuecknx uennoc1nx n o6uenpnnn1mx nopHax ro1oan1cn 1pe1Le rpanpnosnoe
orpa6nenne occnn sa nocnepnne c1o ne1. 1mpno cosnaaa1L, u1o 1ako ncxop
aepon1en!, m npocnH aac, anac1L npepepxaunx, noc1aan1L sacnon npepa1enLcknH
nonm1kaH unnoannkoa ncnonLsoaa1L napopnoe poc1onnne kak co6c1aennm cynpyk, ns
ko1oporo Hoxno ueppo pyko pas6asapnaa1L nacnepc1ao, nonn1oe kpoaLk
coo1euec1aennnkoa, pnnn1ne akona o nepeHeuennmx kynL1ypnmx uennoc1nx
6ype1 cnoco6c1aoaa1L poc1onnc1ay naue c1panm, ynpouennk unannnsoaannmx
Hexrocypapc1aennmx o1nouenn, y6epn1 a cnoco6noc1n occnn o1c1anaa1L caon
sakonnme nn1epecm paxe a c1onL cnoxnoe pnn nee apeHn, pepo1apa1n1L
nepecHo1p n1oroa 1opo Hnpoao aonm - can1an o6nsannoc1L poccncknx
nonn1nkoa!.
enLsn ne o1He1n1L a a1o cansn orpoHnyk pasLncnn1enLnyk pa6o1y, npopenannyk a
o6uec1ae n a epepanLnoH o6pannn pyHcknH oHn1e1oH no kynL1ype.
opanxnnueckn 1pyp .. y6enko n ero noHounnkoa, ycaonaunx ypokn nopaxenn
1995 n 1996 rr. n ocosnaaunx ace snauenne nnqopHaunonno aonm, Hnoro
cnoco6c1aoaan 1oHy, u1o npaao, HopanL n nc1opnn sannnn nopo6akuee nH Hec1o a
cosnannn poccnnn.
* * *
5 oae1 epepaunn paccHo1pen akon n npnnnn cencaunonnoe peuenne
a6conk1nmH 6onLunnc1aoH ronocoa, noc1aana npesnpen1a nepep neo6xopnHoc1Lk
am6npa1L o1kpm1o, na uLe on c1opone. nLunn am6pan neHuea.
16 anpenn yHa npeoponena npesnpen1ckoe ae1o, a na ceropnnunn penL a1o cpenan n
oae1 epepaunn, kaannqnunpoaannmH 6onLunnc1aoH nporonocoaaa sa akon
onpocnmHn nnc1aHn (141 ronoc sa).
opnn cnyx, u1o nLunn co6npancn o6xanoaa1L peno a onc1n1yunonnoH cype[12]. 1o
6m osnauano nonpoc1y, u1o npesnpen1 occnn cypn1cn c occne. n Hnoro nn Hano.
e pyHak, u1o a1o coo6paxenne oc1anoanno npe1enpen1a na saanne nyuuero neHua,
no, nposonpnpoaaa cn1yaunk a , ero kneape1m nonnnn, u1o peno 6ype1 nponrpano,
n6o sakon neynsanH c kpnpnuecko c1oponm, kak n co acex ppyrnx c1opon. 1o xe
npepnpnnnn a a1o cn1yaunn npesnpen1? opnncan sakon? 6napopoaan, kak
npepnncano 1o caHo onc1n1yune? nkak ne1. n aepnyn ero a epepanLnoe
594
o6panne nop napyHannmH npepnoroH nko6m napyuennoro npn ronocoaannn
pernaHen1a. eH caHmH npoHanknpoaaa caonHn nenocpepc1aennmHn o6nsannoc1nHn
kak npesnpen1.
1o Hoxno ckasa1L na a1o? onLko opno. Hu n , -
Eu. ayun1ecL nponrpmaa1L c poc1onnc1aoH. 1o yHenne ne pas eue aaH
npnropn1cn.
[1] oHnHo ns6nennn noc1oaoro Hnnnunonepa, ko1oporo co cnoHannmH nocoH
npnunocL o1npaan1L a 6onLnnuy, xacnpm eue n npeapa1nnn aec1n6knL rnaano
6n6nno1ekn occnn - a o1xoxee Hec1o.
[2] yHHa, paanan cyHHe acex penapaun, amnnauennmx epHanne - spannk.
[3] e6esmn1epecno 6ype1 un1a1enk ysna1L, u1o pykoaopn1eneH acex apxnanmx cnyx6
occnn a 1o apeHn 6mn nasnauen uenoaek, po1one a ockae nensaec1nm, no nHenn
yponLq epHanoanu nxon, uLn cynpyra nannnacL "cnnupa1epoH .. nLunna eue
co caeppnoacko-o6koHoacknx apeHen. npepoc1aannk un1a1enk caHoHy c1pon1L
porapkn o1nocn1enLno naunonanLnoc1n rnaanoro apxnaapnyca occnn, no, cypn no
npnaopnHoHy cnncky ero nnnuna1na, nosnunn, nH sann1a, apnp nn Hoxe1 6m1L nasaana
npopoccncko.
[4] a1op xn1poyHnoro sakona o aaose n amaose nponsaepenn nckycc1aa, 6naropapn
ko1opoHy nop anpoH amc1aaok noknnynn nauy c1pany n ne aepnynncL Hnorouncnennme
uepeapm.
[5] nnkanLnm akseHnnnp, npnnapnexaaun nekorpa ysek knnrn a enunre,
o1neua1an ne na 6yHare, a na nepraHen1e, ykpauen Hnoxec1aoH Hnnna1kp n
nnnunanoa, pacnncannmxL o1 pykn. pnen1npoaounan c1onHoc1L 20-25 Hnn. ponnapoa.
[6] 1o6m un1a1enL nouyac1aoaan, 1ak ckasa1L, ueny aonpoca o o1cko 6n6nno1eke,
npnaepy ampepxky ns c1a1Ln axneH ne rnnpn: nnnc1p "oun6ae1cn", roaopn o 3
1mcnuax epnnnu: nx npnHepno a paa pasa 6onLue: 5815 nanHenoaann, cpepn
ko1opmx ec1L n Hnoro1oHnnkn. ecoHyk uac1L a1oro konnuec1aa, nou1n 1,5 1mcnun,
coc1aannk1 knnrn XVI-XVIII aa. 1o uenLnm koHnnekc, nocanuennm nc1opnn,
qnnocoqnn n 1eonornn; knnrn na acex eaponecknx nsmkax co6npanncL a 1euenne
aekoa c 6onLunH nonnHanneH n o1ae1c1aennoc1Lk. nnx o1paxena nc1opnn ne 1onLko
anapno aponm, no n onLun, enrpnn, pn6an1nkn, occnn n paxe onpaann n
anaxnn. co6oe annHanne ypeneno nc1opnn peqopHaunn a epHannn, aeuapnn n
panunn; Hnornx knnr no a1o 1eHe nenLsn na1n a ppyrnx knnxnmx co6pannnx
occnn. pepn nepaoknaccnmx pepkoc1e - Hnorounnennme nspannn nLpoa,
nan1ena, nLseanpoa, xenannme pnn acex 6n6nnoqnnoa Hnpa. 6maueH
"anLpnnaHn", nanpnHep, Hornn noxaac1a1L nnuL konnekunn ennncko 6n6nno1ekn n
y6nnuno 6n6nno1ekn a ennnrpape. o nan6onLuyk uennoc1L npepc1aannk1 paxe
ne a1n papn1e1m, a knnrn nonc1nne nenoa1opnHme, epnnc1aennme a caoeH pope. 1o
npnxnsnennme nspannn aennknx nkpe: ocnoaa1ene npo1ec1an1nsHa - ap1nna
k1epa, ana anLanna, yrenxarena, snaHenn1oro ryHannc1a pasHa
o11eppaHckoro, qnnocoqoa pancnca akona, onL1epa, oHaso aHnanennm,
nc1opnka yro pounn. pesamuanan pepkoc1L - nnaek1naa enpnxa VIII,
nanncannan, aosHoxno, oHacoH opoH, npo1na nk1epoacko epecn (onpon, 1521).
e Henee pepok anonnHnm nepeaop n6nnn na neHeukn nsmk, amnonnennm eue po
k1epa (Bibel teutsch - yrc6ypr, 1518). epka n npekpacna opna ns caHmx kpacnamx
n6nn XVI a. pak1nueckn ne ac1peuak1cn na an1nkaapnoH pmnke n ouenL aaxnm
pnn nk6o 6n6nno1ekn Hnpa pannne naHn1nnkn eaponecko nepnopnkn XVII a.,
nanpnHep, "onnanpckn Hepkypn" (Hc1eppaH, 1678), "aponeckn pneannk"
595
(pankqyp1-na-ane, 1659-1683). uncny aecLHa snaHenn1mx nspann o1nocn1cn
uennkoH rpaanpoaannm c6opnnk "nHaonm n aH6neHm" . aHepapnyca (1677).
norne knnrn 6ora1eue nnnkc1pnpoaanm rpaakpaHn, nanpnHep, "eHeukn
rep6oannk" (390 nnnkc1paun), "ono-xpono-c1eHa1orpaqnka epHannn" .
ykennnyca, "oennan nc1opnn npnnua arennn aaockoro, npnnua-repuora
anL6opo n npnnua accay-pnsckoro" . ycce pe nccn. cex pepkoc1e n
uennoc1e naue uac1n o1cko 6n6nno1ekn, o ko1opo 1ak npene6pexn1enLno
o1osaancn .K. npopoa, a rase1e ne nepeuncnnuL. pecL 1pe6ye1cn pe1anLnan,
acec1oponnnn n rnacnan akcnep1nsa. akoaan noka ne npoaopnnacL. o n ckasannoro
poaonLno, u1o6m nonn1L: paxe a1a ne6onLuan, "sac1pnauan" y nac uac1L o1cko
6n6nno1ekn - .
[7] nauenne a1nx nHenno qonpoa pnn nc1opnn - konoccanLno: a1o 1e caHme 1anme
apxnam Haconcknx oprannsaun panunn, ko1opme 6mnn nsLn1m nHHnepoH, a no1oH
cnyuano nonann k naH.
[8] e ny1a1L c npepcepa1eneH ropoH 1poeamH!
[9] kcenL6an1, pecn1nne1nnHn sannHaauncn o1kasnnkaHn, coc1aann ce6e
neHanyk konnekunk nponsaepenn nckycc1aa n ne cnyuano sannHancn penaHn,
cansannmHn c kynL1ypnmH nacnepneH.
[10] qon 1ypnnueH Hne npnunocL cxaa1n1Lcn nnuoH k nnuy, 6ypyun
npnrnauennmH k 6apLepy a 1enenporpaHHe . nceneaa aunonanLnm nn1epec.
ocon ne cyHen na1n y6epn1enLnmx kon1papryHen1oa n amrnnpen xanko. ncenea ne
Hor ne amnyc1n1L sa1eH o1cnn1m Ha1epnan a aqnp, no a1o nocnyxnno npnunno
sakpm1nn nporpaHHm naponro.
[11] cnn annHa1enLno acHo1pe1Lcn a coc1aa yuac1nnkoa npo1naoc1onnnn, 1o Hoxno
pasrnnpe1L eue opnn konqnnk1: pyccko-eapeckn, nockonLky a6conk1noe
6onLunnc1ao nan6onee 6essac1enunamx ampaaanLunkoa, npoc1no (no 6eckopmc1no
nn?) o1c1anaaaunx neHeukne nn1epecm, coc1onno ns nnu eapeckoro nponcxoxpennn
(kak ampko, orycnaackn, apapxea-a6nnoanu n pp.), nn6o nopopnennmx c
eapenHn nnu (kak npopoa, ysLHnn, nLunn n pp.). npaaepnnaoc1L 1pe6ye1 ykasa1L,
u1o n na pyccko c1opone nspepka 6nnncL o1penLnme eapen (kak asypnukn),
ko1opmH sa 1o - uec1L, xaana n 6naropapnoc1L. o a uenoH kap1nna naunonanLnoro
pasHexeaannn 6mna nac1onLko pasn1enLna, a aopopaspen 1ak ue1ko nponeran no
naunonanLnoHy npnsnaky, u1o nHenno onncannan 6n1aa sa 1poqen nocnyxnna pnn
Henn noaopoH rny6oko sapyHa1Lcn nap eapecknH aonpocoH, onpepenn1Lcn n c1a1L
sa1eH a nonn1nke 1eH, keH n c1an.
[12] nLunn pec1an1enLno no1pe6oaan o1 onc1n1yunonnoro cypa npnsna1L sakon o
nepeHeuennmx uennoc1nx nekonc1n1yunonnmH. o o1kasan eHy a o6xanoaannn
sakona. akon ac1ynnn a sakonnyk cnny n pec1aye1 na 6naro occnn.
K RQEE - Q RQEE, K HERR, YXE HERR
(Kx N 13 29.03.94)
aonnenneH npouen c1a1Lk nsaec1noro knnroaepa npoqeccopa ..
eHnpoackoro osapaua1L nn 1poqenme knnrn? (nnxnoe o6ospenne NN 7, 8,
1994). a1op cnpaaepnnao, c npncyue eHy unpo1o asrnnpa n nayuno
po6pocoaec1noc1Lk roaopn1 o6 onacnoc1n nopo6noro npeuepen1a, o He1oponornuecko
596
cnoxnoc1n a1o npo6neHm n ee nepaspeunHoc1n a rno6anLnoH cHmcne. konue c1a1Ln
on npnsmaae1, u1o6m kaxpm caH o1ae1nn na aonpoc, amnecennm a saronoaok.
o o1ae1 ka1eropnuen: e1. e no1oHy, u1o nopo6nm npeuepen1 Hoxe1 cpanny1L
naanny asanHnmx npe1ensn pasnmx c1pan n napopoa ao aceH Hnpe. ne no1oHy, u1o
caHa npo6neHa pec1n1yun amsmaae1 Hnoxec1ao coHnenn a aosHoxnoc1n ee
kpnpnueckoro, HopanLnoro n qnnocoqckoro konuen1yanLnoro peuennn (nnrpe a Hnpe
ona kappnnanLno n ne peuena). no1oHy, u1o a konkpe1noH n npak1nueckoH aonpoce
aosapauennn 1poqenmx uennoc1e epHannn caHa cnpaaepnnaoc1L aonne1 npo1na
1akoro aosapauennn. expy 1eH nHenno a1o1 aonpoc kpane o6oc1pnncn a nocnepnne
pnn, ns-sa uero, pyHak, n 6mna nopnn1a pannan 1eHa npoqeccopoH eHnpoacknH.
konue ok1n6pn 1993 r. k pnpek1opy occncko ocypapc1aenno 6n6nno1ekn ..
nnnnnoay npnunn roc1n: saHpnpek1opa ocypapc1aenno 6n6nno1ekn a epnnne,
pnpek1op akconcko 6n6nno1ekn a pespene, pnpek1op ysen knnrn a enunre n
npepcepa1enL akcnep1no rpynnm no 6n6nno1eunoHy peny npaan1enLc1aenno
pec1n1yunonno koHnccnn . nn nonpocnnn npepLnan1L nH pnn ocHo1pa ace
1poqenme qonpm, xpannunecn a 6n6nno1eke. nnnnnoa yc1no pacnopnpnncn ace nH
nokasa1L n yne1en a koHanpnpoaky a nonnk. acnopnxenne pnpek1opa nano
npeamuano ero nonnoHounn (qonpm, nonn1no, sacekpeunaan ne on), noa1oHy ero
saHec1n1enL sanpocnn no 1eneqony pa6o1nnka nnnc1epc1aa kynL1ypm n 1ypnsHa ..
ysLHnna, aepakuero 6n6nno1ekaHn c1panm, n nonyunn npnkas: okasmaa1e ace.
pesynL1a1e roc1n ocHo1penn pec1an1enLno ace, aknkuan ka6nne1-ceq n
xpannuncn 1aH opnrnnan 42-c1pouno n6nnn y1en6epra.
onaa a saae1nme xpannnnua, neHeukne roc1n ne ckpmaann papoc1n, aenn ce6n kak
xosneaa. nn amnnHann nk6me knnrn, packnapmaann na nony qonnan1m... mpaxan
aocxnuenne o1HennmHn ycnoannHn xpanennn, onn ncno pann nonn1L, u1o Hm
coxpannnn a1n knnrn pnn nnx, pnn epHannn.
oaepenne neHuea Henn ne ypnanne1. 1o nH po naunx 6ep n no1epL? nn snak1 opnn
sakon: rope no6expennmH. no6expennme ceropnn - Hm. opaspo 6onee
ypnan1enLno, u1o a naueH o6pasoaannoH o6uec1ae, cpepn naue nn1ennnrenunn
uapn1 ynmno-paanopyunoe nac1poenne: ny o1nnHy1 y nac o6pa1no 1poqen, ny n
napno... oxe1, 1ak napo? oxe1, a a1oH cepHnxnan npaapa? - pyHak1
ceropnnunne noxanknnm. oe-k1o paxe naxopn1 a a1oH cnpaaepnnaoc1L: Hon,
Hepsaaum-6onLueankn naaopoaann, a Hm, nkpn npaac1aennme, o1papnH! 1cy1c1ane
nnqopHaunn o npo6neHe, a1Hocqepa kenenoc1n, a ko1opo pa6o1ak1
pec1n1yunonnme koHnccnn occnn n epHannn, - ace a1o noppepxnaae1 nopo6nme
sa6nyxpennn.
o n cHek pyHa1L, u1o aosapa1 a1nx 1poqeea - a amcue c1enenn 6esnpaac1aennoe
peno! u1o6m a a1oH ne 6mno nnkaknx coHnenn, nanoHnk qak1m.
* * *
H, pasansannan rn1nepoacko epHanne, nanecna oae1ckoHy oksy
neouennHm ypon. onLko nkpckne no1epn, no nocnepnnH nopcue1aH, - 27 Hnn.
uenoaek, ne cun1an nckaneuennmx n ne popnaunxcn ns-sa aonm. o, noHnHo
nkpckoro n unc1o Ha1epnanLnoro yuep6a, c1pana nonecna eue n konoccanLnme
pyxoanme no1epn. a 1eppn1opnn neHuaHn ynnu1oxeno n noapexpeno 2439
naHn1nnkoa kynL1oao apxn1ek1ypm, pasrpa6neno 427 Hyseea (ns nnx 173 a occnn),
amaeseno nnn ynnu1oxeno, no neHeuknH xe ouenkaH, okono 180.000.000 knnr. pn
a1oH noc1papana npnHepno opna 1pe1L (okono 130 1mcnu) acex Haccoamx 6n6nno1ek
c1panm. a kpn6eprckoH npouecce naua c1opona npepc1aanna HexpynapopnoHy
597
1pn6ynany nenonnm ka1anor cokpoanu kynL1ypm, narpa6nennmx neHuaHn, - 39
1oHoa!
1o1 1o1anLnm rpa6ex n pasrpoH ne 6mn cnyuanmH, c1nxnnmH: 1akoaa 6mna
rocypapc1aennan nonn1nka pe1Lero pexa, ocyuec1annauancn nnanoHepno,
uenenanpaanenno, ckooppnnnpoaanno cpasy neckonLknHn aepoHc1aaHn.
1940 r. Hnnnc1poH no penaH okkynnpoaannmx 1eppn1opn na oc1oke .
osen6eproH 6mn oprannsoaan sonpepu1a6 so6pasn1enLnoe nckycc1ao, kypa
axopnno okono 350 akcnep1oa - nckycc1aoaepoa, knnroaepoa, apxnanc1oa. nn nocnnn
qopHy aepHax1a, nopunnnnncL renepany . 1nkank. npnkase n1nepa o
nonnoHounnx osen6epra roaopnnocL: Er m... M n
nk, kyny r c kqck
nn nn n-cncck .
kpep snan, koHy poaepnn aaxnoe peno, aepL nHenno naunc1-npeonor osen6epr
nncan: /c yx Mnk , yx M
kn cn cyc kk n. poHe 1oro, osen6epr noHoran
qopHnpoaa1L nnunyk konnekunk n1nepa. ekpe1nan akunn no pasrpa6nennk Hyseea,
knnroxpannnnu, uepkae n uac1nmx co6pann nHena kop nnu, a xope ee
amnonnennn aepoHc1ao osen6epra pnn amaosa 1onLko ns xypoxec1aennmx,
kynL1ypno-nc1opnuecknx n nayunmx uennoc1e sa1pe6oaano 1418 aaronoa. 1a6
osen6epra pec1aoaan a npnHoH co1pypnnuec1ae c a6aepoH, n nonnune
6esonacnoc1n, onnpancL na cneunanLnme poroaopennoc1n Hnnnc1pa c anapncoH n
eppnxoH.
akxe eue po aonm 6mnn cospanm caoero popa u1a6m no orpa6nennk 6ypyunx
no6expennmx c1pan: 1ak nasmaaeHoe nccnepoaa1enLckoe n npocae1n1enLckoe
o6uec1ao acnepne n renepanLnoe nocpepnnuec1ao oc1ok nop pykoaopc1aoH
nnuno pex-cqkpepa . nHHnepa.
anee, npn repHanckoH e no nnnuna1nae n66en1pona 6mn oprannsoaan 6a1anLon
cneunasnauennn , a ko1opoH npoxopnnn cnyx6y akcnep1m-kynL1yponorn nop
nauanoH . qon knc6epra. e1mpe po1m - 6onee 200 uenoaek - ponxnm 6mnn
pa6o1a1L 1aH, kypa ne nocneaann nkpn osen6epra n nHHnepa.
poHe 1oro, a nauane aonm c 6mna cospana cneunanLnan ync1koHnccnn, a
sapaun ko1opo axopnna ouenka paopuoaoro nHyuec1aa a okkynnpoaannmx paonax
naue c1panm pnn panLneuero amaosa a pex.
* * *
n roaopn1L o 1oH, kakyk 6ypnyk pen1enLnoc1L pasaepnynn uac1nme
an1nkaapm n 6yknnnc1m: aepL rpa6nno ne 1onLko repHanckoe rocypapc1ao, 1aunnn
Hapuanm, renepanm, oqnuepm, conpa1m... rpa6nnncL o1nkpL ne 1onLko
rocypapc1aennme, no n nnkeH ne yu1ennme uac1nme 6n6nno1ekn n konnekunn,
sauac1yk uenneune.
rpoHnme co6pannn 6ecuennmx nponsaepenn nckycc1aa coc1aannn n1nep n
epnnr, Hnoroe 6pann raynn1epm ox, y6e, au, ueq Hyseea n apxnaoa na kpanne
nn1ep, snaHenn1m anu1en, ko1opoHy n1nep o6euan a nopapok oponuoackn
paopeu a nynke. aao1penoH nponaranpm apHnn aH6ep1 n ueq rec1ano payse
pacxn1nnn 1aranporckn kpaeaepueckn Hyse, pacc1penna npn a1oH npoqeccopa ..
asnneanua sa cokpm1ne o1 nnx akcnona1oa. enepanLnm koHnccap enopyccnn .
598
y6e xanoaancn osen6epry: Fn Lyy n c c Mck
y c a knnk nc c.
3q... yn ryk Mn, k M ckycc.
rpa6exe oaropopa yuac1aoaann nnuno renepanm nnpeHan n nnLke, aoenkoH ropopa
kann1an ayq. oxpannnncL xano6m a u1a6 osen6epra na pacxn1n1ene-rn1nepoauea
pnpek1opa epuenckoro Hysen .. eaeneaa. pnpek1op pmHckoro kpaeaepueckoro
Hysen (nHqepononL) .. onkanoa acnoHnnan: HMk mq, n M,
ckr yc, yxcn n, ykn Myn 30 ck ,
cknk kr mkynk kymk... ry knck ... E
q nn cn n c kcn...
e 6pesroaann nnueH. a1o neypnan1enLno: 1akoaa 6mna npenan yc1anoaka
rn1nepoackoro pykoaopc1aa. a a1nH n unn.
coxanennk, ne 1onLko kpann, no n ynnu1oxann. na a1o 1oxe 6mna npenan
yc1anoaka. enepan-qenLpHapuan exenay a npnkase no apHnn o1 10.10.41 r.
n v n nncan: Oc n
ck-nm-cck ccM nnncn n yx nc
cn ckr nnn cky kynyy... Hkk
cck n yxc c ck M n.
n1epecno, u1o ppyrne renepanm n Hapuanm - ynpu1ep1, payxnu, anu1en,
ypepnan - pacnpoc1pannnn a1o1 1ekc1 nou1n 6es nsHenenn, nac1onLko on, anpnHo,
coo1ae1c1aoaan nx npepc1aanennnH o uennx n He1opax aonm.
* * *
neckonLko cnoa o pesynL1a1ax a1oro 1o1anLnoro rpa6exa n nckopenennn
naue kynL1ypm. ak1m, ec1ec1aenno, pak1cn am6opouno; no popy caoe npoqeccnn n
c1aank akuen1 na knnxnmx no1epnx (onpaank n pn6an1nky a pacue1 ne 6epy).
ce caHoe uennoe 1ua1enLno o16npanocL n amaosnnocL - na 1o 6mnn Hnorouncnennme
nckycc1aoaepm a qopHe aepHax1a n . c1anLnoe c1apanncL ynnu1oxn1L. onLko a
Haccoamx - kny6nmx, ukonLnmx, paonnmx n 1.p. - 6n6nno1ekax ynnu1oxeno camue
100 . . o, koneuno, rnaanme no1epn ne a a1oH.
Hr: ns 88 nc1opnko-xypoxec1aennmx coopyxenn oc1anncL 6es 6onLunx
noapexpenn 1onLko 2. s oaropopckoro Hysen neHuaHn amaeseno 100.000 knnr
(aepnynocL 1onLko 30.000), cpepn nnx - pepuaune, c1apnnnme, a 1oH uncne
pykonncnme. s co6opa a. oqnn - Hanyckpnn1m, pepkne knnrn.
H: amaesenm 6esaosapa1no ppeaneune Hanyckpnn1m, rpaHo1m.
Rr r nr: coxxenm n paspyuenm 101 Hyse, 15 uepkae,
koc1en, cnnarora. nnu1oxeno 6onee 2.910.000 1oHoa knnr.
H: amaeseno, paspyueno, coxxeno ace, po uero po1nnynncL pykn
saxaa1unkoa, a 1oH uncne C, m u u, rpynna en1yna,
c1a1yn ackapoa n 1. p., aknkuan onLuo aopeu. pepn no1epL - camue 40.000
mx .
H: amaesena 6n6nno1eka aana epaoro, kap1nnm, rpaakpm, pncynkn.
oxxena 6n6nno1eka apxn1ek1opa . occn.
599
Hm: ns ka1epnnnnckoro n nekcanppoackoro paopuoa amaesenm a epHannk
6n6nno1ekn nx anapenLuea - 35.000 npekpacnmx knnr, a 1oH uncne - pykonnce n
ppyrnx papn1e1oa.
H 180.220 akcnona1oa e1popaopua, aanoacka n a1unnm amaeseno nnn norn6no -
116.346. a o6oxxenno c1ene ra1unnckoro paopua qaunc1m nauapanann: 3c
M n. C nm Mcn. Kr H, c y yc.
: pasrpa6neno 4 Hysen, a 1akxe snaHenn1oe nHenne knnrnnn ennueao -
m.
aspyuen H-H , uypo pycckoro nckycc1aa, kak
nasmaan ero .. pa6apL.
: coxxenm, pasrpa6nenm, noc1papann o1 6oH6exek oponeukn,
1apnukn, oao1opxckn, nHpckn, akca1nnckn Hysen.
nnu1oxenm Hysen a aepn, nsann, ypcke, anyre, yse, pacnopape, oc1oae-na-
ony, nsLHe, xeae, xa1cke, KpLeae, nxanne, enropope, c1poae n ppyrnx
ropopax occnn.
O um B (400 000 ),
--Q (300 000), K, T, C.
s oponuoackoro paopua a nynke amaeseno 1269 akcnona1oa ( n 3607
u q ).
pn 6oH6exke norn6na nopro1oanennan k aaakyaunn nHqepononLckan kap1nnnan
ranepen - 1983 akcnona1a.
orn6nn u ns axuncapackoro paopua-Hysen, a 1oH uncne
nsyHn1enLnme pykonncnme kopanm XIV-XVIII aa. ns Heue1n xyHa-xann n ppyrne
pykonncn na cyHHy (no ouenke 1ex ne1) 5 Hnn. sono1mx py6ne.
Kv: o1 neHeukoro qyraca norn6no 18 nunkoa akcnona1oa nc1opnko-
apxeonornueckoro Hysen. 45 nunkoa ns epuenckoro Hysen o1npaaneno a epHannk.
4: nan6onee uennme ns 1500 akcnona1oa, 2400 an1nunmx n cpepneaekoamx
Hone1, 3000 x o1npaanenm a epHannk, oc1anLnoe
- pasrpa6neno neHuaHn.
n: okkynan1aHn pacxnueno n nory6neno 310 xnaonncnmx pa6o1, 300
rpaakp n pncynkoa, 150 ckynLn1yp, camue 1100 uennmx knnr.
o nopcue1aH oHn1e1a no penaH nckycc1a , 1onLko ns pean1n Hyseea pmHa n
Kra occnn (oc1oa, ypck, pacnopap) neHum nsLnnn 5630 nan6onee uennmx
o6Lek1oa.
K: ns neao-euepcko naapm amaesenm , x x
, XV-XVIII ., B
, n,
H . H FHA Ax x
. maesenm 6onLunnc1ao Hyseea . H AH YCC
320.000 x x x nx.
B x zn m 4 . . H n
H m n n . Yxn ,
600
BKH(), 1 . ,
K , 2 . .
X: amaeseno u n x
B. F. K, u n .
Hr: o1 neHeuknx qyracoa cropeno 1.275.000 pen a qonpax rocapxnaa n
102.000 .
cero a 6n6nno1ekax kpannm norn6no n 6mno pasrpa6neno neHuaHn m
50.000.000 .
uennaan ace nponcuepuee a pecny6nnke, Hn1pononn1 neackn n annukn nkona
ckasan a 1e ropm: ...kr yy ar nnn nk ykck
ycck , c nc cM M.
M: ns ocypapc1aenno 6n6nno1ekn nHenn ennna amaeseno 40.000 x
. s 6n6nno1ekn - 30.000,
n - m x. 1944 r.
pa6ouan rpynna en1p coo6uana, u1o co6pano pnn amaosa 4 .
x .
maesena uenneuan 6n6nno1eka knnse apsnannnoa ns ecanxa - 20.000
mx [1].
: amaeseno 32 aarona apxnanmx pen. pn a1oH qonpm apsnannnoa n
ackeanue 6mnn npoc1o am6pouenm ao paop.
C x u B - n 4. C, C.
B, H. 4, H. , B
Q. n 95 % x x
q. Tu umn u u 1947 .
ckaepnenm poHa-Hysen n ycapL6m aennknx pen1ene pyccko, ykpanncko n
6enopyccko kynL1ypm. ennoc1n nyuknnckoro sanoaepnnka amaesenm a 1943 r. no
npnkasy koHenpan1a pa6xonLua. n6nno1eka ns pennncknx ena1oa 6eccnepno
ncuesna. nnraHn cno onnnm, poHnka akoackoro, 1ypreneackoro nacckoro-
y1oannoaa neHum 1onnnn neun, xo1n ppoaa 6mnn pnpoH. oH oronn a opounnuax
coxxen po1na co aceH, u1o a neH 6mno.
a a1oH Hoxno npepaa1L ce ckop6nm cnncok, naHeuennm nnuL nynk1npoH.
n1a1enL yxe npepc1aann ce6e, u1o no1epnna naua c1pana.
* * *
aepnyna? uenL neHnoroe. ecHo1pn na 1o, u1o eue 5 nnaapn 1943 r.
npepc1aan1enn an1nrn1nepoacko koannunn peknapnpoaann, u1o kaxpan ns c1pan
koannunn nHee1 npaao nnn cnM ny y n ny
cnky m ccc, coaepuennme okkynan1aHn.
s napennoro n aosapauennoro: 40.000 1oHoa 6n6nno1ekn , yueneaune
knnrn ns neackoro ynnaepcn1e1a, xapLkoacknx n opeccknx 6n6nno1ek... onLue
noaesno apxnaaH. enLue - HysenH. n6nno1ekaH, no cy1n, aoo6ue ne noaesno.
601
nepm kpapenoro 1ua1enLno ckpmaanncL. eHum amaosnnn nnn ynnu1oxann ace
nnaen1apnme knnrn, ace ka1anorn. pokyHen1ax okkynan1oa Hoxno na1n npnsnannn,
u1o ns-sa nexaa1kn cneunannc1oa uac1L narpa6nennoro aoo6ue ne
nnaen1apnsnpoaanacL . epnnr, nanpnHep, cosna1enLno aenen ynnu1oxa1L cnepm,
nc1ounnkn noc1ynnennn aeue a ero konnekunk. 1ak noc1ynann Hnorne. mnn y
epnnra n 1annkn, rpe npn1anocL narpa6nennoe (opnn 1ako, c nkonaHn, naunn a
kccenLpopqe). specL onn1L-1akn on ne 6mn opnnok. n1ore paxe 1ounm cnncok
naunx no1epL coc1aan1L ne Hoxe1 nnk1o...
eropnn Hm paxe npepc1aan1L ne a coc1onnnn, kak 6mnn 6ora1m korpa-1o!
onLuan uac1L narpa6nennoro ne aepne1cn k naH nnkorpa: ona paano ocena a
pasnnunmx uac1nmx co6pannnx, rnaanmH o6pasoH sa okeanoH. axe ecnn 6m neHum n
xo1enn, onn npoc1o ne cHory1 naH a1oro aepny1L.
* * *
ne ponxnm epHannn. o, u1o Hm asnnn y nnx a nopnpke aosHeuennn
no1epL, npnnapnexn1 naH ne c1onLko no npaay no6epn1enn, ckonLko no
cnpaaepnnaoc1n, no coaec1n. 1e ropm a1o 6mno kpnc1anLno ncno aceH. H
x , , mx nx
m, m , n
u s mn.
onLue 1oro. nnuna1naa amaosa 1poqeea ns epHannn c uenLk xo1L o1uac1n
ckoHnencnpoaa1L naun konoccanLnme no1epn npnnapnexana aennknH yuenmH -
xypoxnnky, ncckyc1aoaepy n pec1aapa1opy .. pa6apk n ec1ec1aoncnm1a1enk ..
aannoay. pynnm no amaosy 1poqeea qopHnpoaanncL kapeHne nayk, oHn1e1oH no
penaH nckycc1a, oHn1e1oH no penaH kynL1ypno-npocae1n1enLcknx yupexpenn.
pepn 1ex, k1o ak1nano noppepxnaan npek asn1nn n neaosapauennn 1poqeea, 1akne
nkpn, kak .. nnnep, .. asapea, .. y6ep, saHeua1enLnme knnroaepm ..
k6nnnckn, .. ayuanckn. pno ns pa6ounx rpynn no o16opy knnr a neHeuknx
6n6nno1ekax pykoaopnna .. ypoHnno, uLnH nHeneH nasaana cepoccnckan
6n6nno1eka nnoc1panno nn1epa1ypm. poqenme knnrn, kap1nnm, rpaakpm, pncynkn
n 1. n. 6es Haneunx kone6ann coaec1n npno6pe1anncL naunHn ampakunHncn
yuenmHn konnekunonepaHn .. npopoamH, .. e1poacknH, .. nnL6epu1enoH,
.. oHanoamH, .. apkyueanueH n HnornHn, HnornHn ppyrnHn.
poqeccnonanLnm n npaac1aennm aa1opn1e1 nasaannmx Hno nkpe upesamuano
amcok.
nacn6o, koneuno, neHuaH sa 6ynLonnme ky6nkn n npoune ryHann1apnme npenec1n,
no... pna 1onLko 1poqenan n6nnn y1en6epra, aennkonennm akseHnnnp,
xpannuncn a occncko rocypapc1aenno 6n6nno1eke, c1on1 ne HenLue 25 Hnn.
ponnapoa. aecL 1poqenm qonp nnkyna6yn a ennnke no1nne1 6onee ueH na 1,5
Hnnnnappa ponnapoa no ceropnnunnH uenaH. cnn xe roaopn1L o naunx 1poqenmx
qonpax a uenoH, 1o peuL nope1 o cyHHax, conoc1aanHmx c aneunnH rocypapc1aennmH
ponroH occnn.
e Hory ne nanoHnn1L, u1o a orpoHnoH o6LeHe 1poqenme uennoc1n yxe
aosapauanncL naHn neHuaH nocne aonm, a 1oH uncne ns 1poqenmx knnr aosapauena
nou1n uennkoH o1ckan 6n6nno1eka, nnkyna6ynm akconcko 6n6nno1ekn...
oueHy xe Hm, nonecune o1 repHanckoro a1opxennn necnmxannm yuep6, ponxnm
o1paaa1L 1enepL uennoc1n, nyc1L ouenL 6onLune, no nnuL o1uac1n koHnencnpykune
a1o1 yuep6?
602
e1 nn oxecknx, nn uenoaeuecknx sakonoa, npepnncmaakunx a1o pena1L.
* * *
H c1opone aonpoca ckasano poc1a1ouno. enepL o kpnpnuecko. o-
nepamx, aarckan konaenunn 1907 r. o sakonax cyxony1no aonm, paaxpm, kc1a1n,
nepeuepkny1an npak1nko Hnpoamx aon, ne 6mna o6nsa1enLna pnn oae1ckoro
oksa, ne nannauerocn npaaonpeeHnnkoH occncko nHnepnn. o-a1opmx,
konaenunn saun1e kynL1ypnmx uennoc1e a cnyuae aoopyxennoro konqnnk1a,
nopnncannan naHn a aare a 1954 r., ne nHee1 o6pa1no cnnm, a 1poqen a ocnoanoH
6mnn amaesenm po 1950 r. aknH o6pasoH, nnkaknx Hexpynapopnmx npaaoamx nopH,
no ko1opmH epHannn Horna 6m 1pe6oaa1L 1poqen nasap, npoc1o ne cyuec1aye1.
naue a1o peno paano yxe 6mno 6m paccHo1peno HexpynapopnmH cypoH. e sa6ypeH
eue ao1 o ueH. ocne 1oro kak pyuea, uLn kynL1ypnan ponL aoo6ue neuanLno
snaHenn1a, a opnoc1oponneH nopnpke aepnyn orpoHnme uennoc1n 6maunH xosneaaH
(noHnHo pespencko ranepen - eue 1,5 Hnn. nponsaepenn nckycc1aa n kynL1ypm),
c1oponm noc1anoannn, u1o o1nmne pec1aye1 qopHyna - ,
n, n, u1o o1nmne nnkaknx asanHnmx npe1ensn ne1.
1onLko 1enepL, korpa occnn okasanacL pasrpoHnenno a pe1Le Hnpoao
(xonopno) aone, neHum ocHennnncL aepny1Lcn k a1oHy aonpocy. roaopk
ocHennnncL, n6o a o1nouennn , saxaa1naunx 1poqeea no6onLue nauero n
cnokono n o1kpm1o annaunx nx a coc1aa caonx Hyseea n 6n6nno1ek, neHum
nopo6nmx uaroa npepnpnnnHa1L mn.
a kakoH xe npaaoaoH ocnoaannn ace a1o penae1cn? Hee1cn oroaop o
po6pococepc1ae, nap1nepc1ae n co1pypnnuec1ae Hexpy n , nopro1oanennm
neHueH no Ha1epnncko nnnnn eaappnapse ao apeHena nyuuero neHua op6aueaa.
Hek1cn neue1kne cornauennn nocnepnero apeHenn Hexpy nLunnmH n oneH. ace.
o HnoroH nepecHo1pea nonn1nky op6aueaa, a a1o o6nac1n opnc nLunn ne nocHen
nsHenn1L u1o-nn6o. nn ne xaa1nno koHne1enunn.
noxneuan npaac1aennan n kynL1ypnan npo6neHa c1ana sanoxnnue 6onLuo
nonn1nuecko nrpm. poqen, onnauennme kpoaLk pecn1koa Hnnnnonoa naunx nkpe,
orpoHnmHn Ha1epnanLnmHn n pyxoanmHn xep1aaHn naue c1panm, c1ann pasHenno
qnrypo a pykax nonn1nkoa.
6 ypoane nonnHannn npo6neHm npekpacno roaopn1 annsop, korpa npesnpen1 nLunn
co6npancn o1aes1n a epHannk n 1opxec1aenno nepepa1L onk 1ak nasmaaeHyk
peHenckyk konnekunk pncynkoa. a aonpoc . y6enko, noHaauero npesnpen1a
epaa nn ne y 1pana caHone1a, npepc1aanne1 nn on, kakoaa c1onHoc1L papa, npesnpen1
ypnanncn, Hon, Hne ckasann - yMxk cnmkM- ... 1aH - pncynkn
kpepa, eH6panp1a, an eka, anpo enn, neckonLko pecn1koa nnc1oa
nepaoknaccno rpaqnkn.
1o xe cHoxe1 ckasa1L anac1L o kaknx-1o knnxkax?! a 1onLko 1o, u1o nopckaxy1
e ycnyxnname coae1unkn.
s m B H. . 4nn,
rx , x , v,
x , m r.
XH MRHB H QERB HQ, H 3 H HE KER.
603
ponrpa1L aony ne c1mpno. 1mpno cknonn1Lcn nepep narnoc1Lk no6epn1ene.
1mpno nH cnyxn1L.
a ne nonpekny1 nac a1nH no1oHkn.
n r Kx " N 13 29.03.94 r.
[1] 1.u. pykonncnoe aanrenne a uenoaeueckn poc1 a cepe6pnnoH oknape.
EHHH HE 3UK
( n qr rx:
"H r" 06.05.94 r. (" r "),
"3" N 3 (59) 1995 r. (" - vx. n R
Kn"), "M xx" N 14, 1995 r.
("Hx q ?").
N 75 "" o1 21.04.94 r. ony6nnkoaano nncLHo-c1a1Ln npesnpen1a ccounaunn
poccncknx pec1aapa1opoa . . Hunkoaa "osapaua1L nnn ne aosapaua1L?
poqenoe nckycc1ao: 6onLuoe nckycc1ao - 6onLuan nonn1nka". konue 1ekc1a
cnepye1 amaop, c ko1opmH nenLsn ne cornacn1Lcn: "occnn a a1oH pene nnkoHy nnuero
ne ponxna". pnako nasaanne c1a1Ln nokasanocL Hne kak 6m noppasyHeaakunH paa
paanonpaanmx o1ae1a; kpoHe 1oro, "nonn1nka" - 6onLuan nnn Hanan - nano ne ponxna
nHe1L nnkakoro o1nouennn k aonpocy. e anonne ue1kn n opnosnaunm neko1opme
ouenkn n pekoHenpaunn aa1opa, npo1naopeuaune okonua1enLnoHy amaopy. noaoH,
c1a1Ln ne cnnukoH nponcnne1 npo6neHy, n 6es 1oro ponenLsn sany1annyk a
o6uec1aennoH cosnannn. expy 1eH, peuL npe1 o aeuax, nac1onLko aaxnmx, u1o 1y1
nyxna nonnan ncnoc1L.
enocnepoaa1enLnoc1L amc1ynnennn . Hunkoaa o6LncnnnacL, korpa n npouen, u1o
na ero nosnunk onpepennkuee aospec1ane okasan "poek1 peuennn aonpoca o
cypL6e naHn1nnkoa nckycc1aa, apxnanmx Ha1epnanoa, pykonnce, 6n6nno1ek n 1.n.
amaesennmx ns epHannn aoennmx 1poqeea n naxopnunxcn a nac1onuee apeHn a
cneuqonpax Hyseea n rocypapc1aennmx xpannnnu ". poek1 6mn co1aopen
epnnonnuno pouen1oH . ac1opryeamH, "HonopmH yuenmH, pockonanLno, - no
Hnennk . Hunkoaa, - npopa6o1aaunH kak nckycc1aoaepueckyk, 1ak n npaaoayk
c1opony cnoxno npo6neHm".
ny6oko yaaxaeHm Hnok . Hunkoa, k coxanennk, ne kpnc1 n ne 1eope1nk
nckycc1aosnannn, ero okasanocL aosHoxnmH aaec1n a sa6nyxpenne. 1o po Henn, 1o n,
npnsna1Lcn, ne un1an na 1eHy pec1n1yun c1onL 6esrpaHo1nmx kpnpnueckn, c1onL
nenenmx n 6esnpaac1aennmx no cyuec1ay pa6o1, kak counnenne r-na ac1opryeaa,
aecLHa yskoro cneunannc1a no npo6neHe nepcnek1nam y xypoxnnkoa n1anLnnckoro
ospoxpennn. ro npoek1 6mn ony6nnkoaan a napnxcko "yccko Hmcnn" o1 18.01.91
r., n 6onLunnc1ao coo1euec1aennnkoa o neH ne snae1. o, cypn no He1annnH
nnkynL1a, ko1opm 1o nm1ae1cn u1o-1o ne o1pa1L neHuaH (nanpnHep, n6nnk
y1en6epra), 1o appyr u1o-1o ny6nnuno o1pae1 (nanpnHep knnrn ns 6n6nno1ekn
u1anpap1enqkpepa repuora akcen-o6ypr-o1ckoro); cypn no 1oHy, u1o
npesnpen1, kak nnuy1 a npecce, naHepen ackope papn1L ne 1onLko a1y o1ckyk
604
6n6nno1eky, no n peHenckyk konnekunk pncynkoa, n aenrepckne kynL1ypnme
uennoc1n, a ec1n1yunonnan koHnccnn n pokypa1ypa a1oHy ne npenn1c1ayk1; cypn,
nakoneu, no 1oHy, u1o r-na ac1opryeaa aaenn kak akcnep1a a coc1aa nasaanno
koHnccnn, - ero npoek1, aepon1no, nHee1 aec a ysknx, no annn1enLnmx kpyrax.
pnako pnn unpokoro kpyra un1a1ene pec1n1yunonnan npo6neHa npepc1ae1 noka,
aanpy nonycekpe1noc1n pec1an ec1n1yunonno koHnccnn, 1eHno, nencno.
onpo6yk, no Hepe cnn, ncnpaan1L a1o nonoxenne. po6neHa 1poqeea nHee1 ue1mpe
rnaanmx acnek1a: npaaoao, npaac1aennm, akonoHnueckn (Ha1epnanLnm) n
pyxoanm. o1n o1penn1L a1n acnek1m ppyr o1 ppyra 1pypno, no paccHa1pnaa1L nx
npnxopn1cn no o1penLnoc1n. axneun, koneuno, - npaac1aennm. nero n nauneH.
nn unpoknx nn1ennnren1cknx Hacc, ne snakoHmx c peanLnmHn o6c1on1enLc1aaHn,
npaac1aennan npo6neHa pec1n1yun peuae1cn c nerkoc1Lk: aopoaa1L-pe rpeuno,
6onLueankn-c1annnum naaopoaann uyxoe po6po a epHannn, snaun1 ero cnepye1
o1pa1L 6es acnknx ycnoan. u1o y nac asnnn ao apeHn aonm neHum - nyc1L a1o
6ype1 na nx coaec1n. ak, nop anpoH 1opxec1aa Hopann, y1aepxpae1cn
6esnpaac1aenneun paono c1anpap1. a opny pocky c1aan1cn arpeccopm,
uenenanpaanenno, uen1pannsoaanno, cnc1eHa1nueckn pasrpa6nnaune n ynnu1oxaaune
kynL1ypy nokopennmx c1pan, - n 1e, k1o, 6ypyun pasopen n orpa6nen, ace xe cyHen
asn1L aepx a cHep1enLno cxaa1ke n no1pe6oaan aosHeuennn nencuncnnHmx n
neaocnonnnHmx y6m1koa.
Hn nnrckn "kc cnc" - c n
nm M cnc. Henno 1ak, kc1a1n, cHo1pn1 na aeun r-n
ac1opryea: a c1a1Le "oennonnennoe nckycc1ao" ("ycckan HmcnL" N 3882),
xaac1ancL 1eH, u1o nepamH packpmn "opnn ns caHmx paannx n ponrnx cekpe1oa "
- o sono1e nnHana n ppyrnx 1poqenx, on nHenye1 ace a1o - "ykpapennmH" po6poH.
nopasn1enLnmH pnn yuenoro nerkoHmcnneH on sananne1: "ne aoo6ue, ecnn yropno,
ace paano, rpe a1nH aeuaH 6m1L... ec1no roaopn, Hne, kak n aceH, npoc1o xoue1cn
anpe1L a1n aeun caonHn rnasaHn". 1akn nananm ac1e1, nou1n ne6oxn1enL, panekn
o1 nnsHennmx Ha1epnanLnmx n nonn1nuecknx c1opon 6m1nn, c1onun no 1y c1opony
Hopann! o1oam papoH ace o1pa1L, nnuL 6m nonk6oaa1Lcn.
smaan k uyac1ay cnpaaepnnaoc1n un1a1ene, n xouy npnaec1n specL neckonLko
npnHepoa 1oro, uero Hm yxe nnkorpa ne yanpnH, ueH nnkorpa ne nonk6yeHcn, xo1n
aceH a1nH anapenn eue nn1Lpecn1 c ne6onLunH ne1 nasap. cnn roaopn1L kpa1ko,
neHuaHn sa ropm aonm a paspyueno 3000 nc1opnuecknx ropopoa; pasrpa6neno
427 Hyseea; ynnu1oxeno n noapexpeno 1670 uepkae, 532 cnnarorn, 237 koc1enoa;
ynnu1oxeno n amaeseno 180.000.000 knnr; ynnu1oxeno n amaeseno 13.000
HysmkanLnmx nnc1pyHen1oa, a 1oH uncne ynnkanLnmx; ns 73 nan6onee uennmx Hyseea
ynnu1oxeno n amaeseno camue 564.700 akcnona1oa. o caHo ckpoHno ouenke
1onLko noxnuennoro y nac nacun1maae1cn na 230 Hnpp. ponnapoa [1]. ne yxe
npnxopnnocL nnca1L noppo6nee o naunx knnxnmx no1epnx, ceropnn pacckaxy koe-u1o
o neko1opmx nan6onee ropLknx y1pa1ax a o6nac1n nso6pasn1enLnoro nckycc1aa.
opuepkny, u1o pannmHn o pasrpa6nennn uac1nmx konnekun n 6n6nno1ek Hm ne
pacnonaraeH, no ne no1oHy, u1o nx ne rpa6nnn - eue kak rpa6nnn! - a no1oHy, u1o
pesamuanan rocypapc1aennan koHnccnn no yc1anoanennk n paccnepoaannk
snopennn neHeuko-qaunc1cknx saxaa1unkoa n nx coo6unnkoa n npnunnennoro nHn
yuep6a, cospannan a 1942 r., sannHanacL, a ocnoanoH, rocypapc1aennmHn no1epnHn.
onn - konoccanLnm. ypn1e caHn.
* * *
605
. s Hyseea ropopa n o6nac1n a 1942 r. amaeseno 32717 akcnona1oa: a
epHannk 6mno o1npaaneno 11 aaronoa c kap1nnaHn, sono1mHn n cepe6pnnmHn
nspennnHn, c1apnnnmH opyxneH n pp. Hap1e 1943 r. u1a6 . osen6epra, Hnnnc1pa
no penaH okkynnpoaannmx aoc1ounmx 1eppn1opn, nanpaann a epHannk eue 50
nunkoa, ns nnx 35 - c pepuaunH qapqopoH, Haonnko, kap1nnaHn, 11 - c pepknHn
knnraHn n rpaakpaHn, 4 nunka c nkonaHn. asrpa6nena 6mna koc1kHepnan
ppaH1ea1pa - po 5000 npepHe1oa, a 1oH uncne nc1opnueckne koc1kHm, Hynpnpm c
sono1mH n cepe6pnnmH un1LeH, oppenaHn n 1. p. aesen a epHannk 6ponsoam
naHn1nnk y1ysoay, kak n nyukn c naHn1nnka 1812 ropy. asopenm n pasrpa6nenm
6mnn ynnkanLnme Hysen a mueake (6onee 5000 pepuaunx akcnona1oa), ocnaane
(opnnx knnr 6onee 110.000), nsLHe, oporo6yxe, pacnoH n pp. ak, ns
oporo6yxckoro Hysen amaeseno 6500 akcnona1oa, a 1oH uncne kap1nnm ennna,
epoaa, ean1ana, aasoackoro... mn pasrpa6nen n uac1nuno amaesen a epHannk
ynnkanLnm Hyse pxeaanLckoro n osnoaa (1oro, ko1opm o1kpmn Hep1am ropop
apa-o1o a neckax onronnn). nunme aeun n akcnona1m pxeaanLckoro, kc1a1n,
nonann a oH npnpopm a anLu6ypre, o1kypa ne aepnynncL po cnx nop. xopn, neHum
coxrnn n asopaann pnp 6ecuennmx naHn1nnkoa c1apnnm, a 1oH uncne: uepkan e1pa n
aana (1164), oanna orocnoaa (1186), nxanna pxanrena (1191-1193), c1poennn
osnecenckoro (XVI a.) n ponukoro (XVII a.) Honac1mpe, onpnnckn Honac1mpL a
oporo6yxckoH paone, uepkoaL a nkono-oropenoH, amc1poennyk asakoamH,
kpenoc1nyk c1eny Honencka. s narpa6nennoro a Hec1a npexnero naxoxpennn ne
aosapa1nnocL nou1n nnuero. HM, n: M kr yM cr
cnr.
Hr. e roaopn o HnoroH ppyroH, opnnx nkon 12-16 aekoa amaeseno a
epHannk 96 u1yk. s ppeaneuero oqnckoro co6opa, amc1poennoro a XI aeke,
ykpapeno ace y6panc1ao, nkonm, nkonoc1ac, nannkapnno - pap opnca opynoaa.
maesenm 6esaosapa1no: konnekunn pyccknx konLuyr 16 aeka, konnekunn c1apnnnmx
ro6enenoa, konnekunn cocypoa noaokaHennoro aeka.
H. onLko a onLuoH paopue ns 50.249 akcnona1oa y1paueno 34.000.
aosapaueno - a 1947 r. ns epHannn - 2 kap1nnm n 357 npepHe1oa anke1noro
cepansa. pepn y1pa1 - ynnkanLnan He6enL kn1acknx koHna1, 552 npepHe1a
paopuoao He6enn ns kapenLcko 6epesm, uepnoro, kpacnoro, posoaoro pepeaa, opexa,
Hopenoro n npoc1oro py6a, He6enn, cpenanno no uep1exaH snaHenn1mx Hac1epoa,
co6pannn kn1ackoro, nnonckoro, Heccenckoro, ceapckoro qapqopa, ne Henee
uennoro pycckoro qapqopa XVIII aeka, nkonoc1ac, paHm n nkonm ko1oporo penanncL
no pncynkaH ac1pennn, kap1nnm ronnanpuea XVII a., oyaepHana, an-pep-enena,
eqca, annepa, an-oae, nunnkoaa, ceHL kap1nn aasoackoro, konnekunn
penLq1ckoro n aepxaypoackoro qannca, 12 HepanLonoa anepnann (Hacno, xonc1)...
py6oaoH ka6nne1e e1pa epaoro n a naannLone apnn norn6nn ynnkanLnme,
nenoa1opnHme o6pasum pa6o1m opnoro ns kpynneunx a Hnpe Hac1epoa pesL6m no
pepeay nno, py6oame pesnme nanenn, ne nHekune ce6e paanmx a apone.
nnonckoH ka6nne1e onnnesnpa norn6no 28 npepHe1oa nepao a occnn konnekunn
kn1acknx n nnoncknx aeue, coc1aanenno nnuno e1poH ennknH, a 1oH uncne
ynnkanLnme aoceHL kn1acknx nanno XVII aeka. ccaH6neckoH (panckoH) sane,
naHn1nnke apxn1ek1ypm nepnopa nnm oannoanm, a sane, ko1opm 6mn snaHenn1
6onLuo konnekune pepuauero c1ekna nepao nonoannm XVIII a., ns 1434
akcnona1oa pacxnueno nnn norn6no 1294, a 1oH uncne 1212 nenaxopnHmx,
epnnc1aennmx a caoeH pope npepHe1oa ns c1ekna. naannLone "pHn1ax" norn6
ynnkanLnm kpyrnm py6oam c1on, cna6xennm nopLeHnmH HexannsHoH
nenocpepc1aenno ns kyxnn nepaoro a1axa (no ouenke 1ex ne1 c1onHoc1Lk 1.000.000
p.). xnnoH paopue e1pa - apnn - norn6nn ne1poackne pennkann: kpoaa1L,
nopyuka, Ha1pau, 1kqnk, aa1noe c1eranoe openno, c1onm, 1a6ype1m, c1ynLn, 6yqe1.
orn6 epaa nn ne epnnc1aennm nop1pe1 e1pa e1poanua, uapeanua, yHepuero a
Hnapenuec1ae. orn6na opnokonka e1pa, cna6xennan nepamH a occnn aepc1oHepoH.
orn6nn "epesoam poHnk" ka1epnnm ennko, "apnumn naannLon", "nnapoam
ka6nne1" (ynnkanLnm naHn1nnk pesL6m no pepeay), "o11epx", "ka1epnnnnckn
606
kopnyc onnnesnpa". kynLn1ypm y6nna, ap1oca, eppnna, oponnxnna,
aapenrn, ac1pennn... n c a , r- Pcry? H
c, ar y kr.
n, . o6panne rpaqoa oponuoamx o1nnuanocL
6ora1c1aoH caHo no ce6e. o a 1o1 pokoao rop a ero c1enax eue n npoxopnna
amc1aaka ns ycckoro Hysen - 114 kap1nn, 39 nponsaepenn rpaqnkn. n1ore Hm
y1pa1nnn kap1nnm apaaapxo, ykn xoppano, ycene n6epm, aasoackoro,
opoankoackoro, oko1oaa, pknnoaa, ennna, ypnkoaa, ponnnnna, nnpenckoro,
nuknna, eneunanoaa n ppyrnx, acero 1269 akcnona1oa, ne cun1an uenno
paopuoao 6n6nno1ekn. Hc nmn cr ar cr.
--Q. o1epnnm pnn nac n naunx no1oHkoa kap1nnm nunana, ypnnLo,
n6epm, y6enca, Hoppanca, . opoanna, ennna, e, paHckoro, nuknna,
aasoackoro, onenoaa, epeuarnna, acneuoaa, eneunanoaa, ckynLn1ypm
ona1enno.
rx x . a nn1m penL okkynaunn ropopa neHum
asnoHann nopaan paspyuennoro Hysen .. paHckoro, rpe xpannnncL noHnHo kap1nn
xypoxnnka Hnorne ppyrne uennoc1n, n amaesnn nx. pn norpyske, nokasmaak1
canpe1enn, Hnorne qapqopoame n c1eknnnnme aeun 6mnn pas6n1m. oHnHo acero
npouero, ncuesna konnekunn Hone1 pyccknx knnxec1a.
v. 6un yuep6 konoccanen, paopeu aocc1anoanen ns pynn nnuL nepaano n ne
po konua. cuesna konnekunn pycckoro xpyc1ann - ynnkanLnan, 6ecuennan; konnekunn
kap1nn n pncynkoa pyccknx xypoxnnkoa XVIII a.; uenneuee co6panne - 3467
npepHe1oa - kn1ackoro qapqopa. aHeuy, u1o kn1ackn qapqop - opno ns caHmx
popornx yaneuenn a Hnpoao konnekunonepcko npak1nke. 1onHoc1L y1pauennoro a
a1unne qapqopa 1pypno paxe aoo6pasn1L. ero nayunoe n ac1e1nueckoe snauenne
npoc1o ne noppae1cn onncannk. M kr yM a M knnk.
H. s 22133 npepHe1oa y1paueno 8715. 1oH uncne kap1nnm snaHenn1mx
eaponecknx n pyccknx Hac1epoa - nnn6ane appaun, .. ooca, . eponese, .
nLcxaHepa, ykkapennn, ypnnLo, yccena, oyaepHana, pa on1e, onLna1o,
nu6ena, aHnopesn, . ayqHan, enLpopqa (ukona eH6panp1a), akaapenn
aponnn - anpm ockam, kap1nnm (nesaxn) . eppnna, pncynkn pouepe aana
epaoro n paa pncynka caHoro nHnepa1opa, Hnoxec1ao rpaakp, nn1orpaqn n
qo1orpaqn, cansannmx c nc1opne occnn, nop1pe1m rocypapc1aennmx pen1ene
naue c1panm, a 1oH uncne pepkan nop1pe1nan Hnnna1kpa .. y1ysoaa na koc1n.
1pauenm 253 nkonm, a 1oH uncne a popornx oknapax. e6enL, cpenannan no acknsaH
ako6a n aH6ca, oponnxnna n occn. o6panne pesno kn1acko koc1n.
nnkanLnme sepkana. oc1ounm qapqop. 1505 uep1exe, nnanoa, kap1, pykonnce.
enoa1opnHme 1kann. aopuoaan 6n6nno1eka. Hkk cck cn, kk
yk Mcn M a .
K. maesenm nnn norn6nn qaHnnLnme nponsaepennn nso6pasn1enLnoro n
pekopa1nano-npnknapnoro nckycc1aa ns snaHenn1oro paopua knnse apn1nncknx, a
1oH uncne konnekunonnm pycckn qapqop. orn6na nonoanna akcnona1oa
an1npennrnosnoro Hysen. ockonLky cnnckn ne coxpannnncL, Hoxno nnuL
porapmaa1Lcn, kakne uepeapm, caesennme a 20-30-e ropm ns pasopennmx uepkae n
Honac1mpe, 1aH naxopnnncL.
K. s xypoxec1aennoro n nc1opnko-apxeonornueckoro Hyseea ncuesno 60
nkon XVI-XVIII aa., 63 sono1mx apxeonornuecknx npepHe1a, kap1nnm nop1a,
ynnpxn, . ysneuoaa, . onenoaa, akc1a, anLka, ypnkka (acero 131 kap1nna),
pncynkn aqaann (!), acneuoaa, oronk6oaa, nnenkoaa, arana, ncnukoro, enn.
onnekunn ppeanepyccko nnac1nkn. onnekunn npepHe1oa a1norpaqnn.
607
Kr. nm1nme neHeukne Hyseunkn, a 1oH uncne oco6oynonnoHouennm n1nepa
. occe, o1o6pann n amaesnn "naroaeuenne" eH6panp1a, "aponny c HnapenueH"
ukonm aqaann, "a1npa a roc1nx y kpec1Lnnnna" ukonm Hoppanca, "aanrenLckn
ckxe1" oppepxo, pa6o1m enakpya, c1apmx qnaHanpuea, ponnnnna, ypnkoaa, .
opoanna, nuknna, aasoackoro, ean1ana, onenoaa... K cMx y a
n k M, mM nM, mM ykM? Hk.
naHepenno ne roaopk specL o 1aknx aceH nsaec1nmx naunx no1epnx, kak n1apnan
koHna1a ns ka1epnnnnckoro paopua a yuknne nnn konnekunn ns 600 nkon,
co6pannan e1poH ennknH...
eaosHoxno onnca1L nnn paxe npepc1aan1L ce6e, ckonLko cuac1Ln, cae1a, aoc1opra
ykpapeno y nokonenn naunx nkpe! e noppae1cn nnkakoHy ncuncnennk 1a pa6o1a,
ko1opyk aennkne n Hanme nponsaepennn nckycc1aa Hornn 6m nponsaec1n a pyuax
co1en Hnnnnonoa! Hek pyHa1L, u1o coaceH nnaue amrnnpena 6m ceropnn naua
npaac1aennan xnsnL, oco6enno a npoannunn, ecnn 6m ne a1opxenne neHeuknx
aanpanoa, ynnu1oxnaunx n pasrpa6naunx naun cokpoanua. ne HenLuero
ocyxpennn poc1onm koHHynnc1nueckne npaan1enn, ko1opme aHec1o 1oro, u1o6m
o1kpm1L k penapnpoaannmH ns epHannn uennoc1nH unpokn poc1yn, ann1L nx a
coc1aa naunx Hyseea n 6n6nno1ek, kak a1o cpenann aHepnkanum co caonHn, kypa
6onee snaun1enLnmHn, 1poqenHn, - sanpn1ann nx a cneuxpanm. kpma o1 nac naue
poc1onnne, nnuna nac pyxoano koHnencaunn.
* * *
, Hm nopxopnH k npaaoao c1opone npo6neHm. Yk M Mk
c, My, kk M n y CCCP, n n
k cn? cnn na sakonnmx - 1o nn o kakoH aosapa1e nx, koneuno, ne
Hoxe1 6m1L n peun. cnn 1aknx ocnoaann ne1, 1o cnepye1 aosapaua1L, no, koneuno,
ne a opnoc1oponneH nopnpke.
-n ac1opryea y1aepxpae1, u1o "...nk6an qopHa npnsnannn anapennn nauero a1nHn
aeuaHn noaneue1 sa co6o neo6xopnHoc1L kpnpnuecko npouepypm aosapauennn
a1nx naHn1nnkoa... popa1L cneuqonpm nenLsn, 1ak kak aeun, a nnx naxopnunecn, ne
Hory1 6m1L ponyuenm nn na opnn aykunon Hnpa - onn cnnukoH nsaec1nm". 1aepxpan
a1o, r-n ac1opryea npoc1o ape1.
- ne kpnc1 n ne Hory cypn1L a a1oH aonpoce o1 caoero nnua. oa1oHy nosnakoHnk
un1a1ene c akcnep1nmH saknkuenneH no pannoHy aonpocy, nopro1oanennmH
nc1n1y1oH rocypapc1aa n npaaa occncko akapeHnn nayk. no nasmaae1cn "
npaaoamx ocnoaax peuennn aonpocoa, o1nocnunxcn k kynL1ypnmH uennoc1nH,
nepeHeuennmH a a pesynL1a1e a1opo Hnpoao aonm", copepxn1 28 c1pannu
Haunnonncnoro 1ekc1a n pa1npoaano 9 Hap1a 1994 r. pepn nopHa1nanmx nc1ounnkoa,
npopa6o1annmx aa1opaHn akcnep1nsm - Ha1epnanm aarcko konaenunn n onoxennn
o sakonax n o6muanx cyxony1no aonm 1907 r., eneacko konaenunn o saun1e
xep1a aonm o1 12 aaryc1a 1949 r., aarcko konaenunn o saun1e kynL1ypnmx
uennoc1e o1 14 Han 1954 r.; peuennn erepancko, n1nncko n o1cpaHcko
konqepenun; onponcko eknapaunn npaan1enLc1a , , ennko6pn1annn,
panunn n pnpa ppyrnx rocypapc1a o1 5 nnaapn 1943 r.; ockoacko peknapaunn
, n ennko6pn1annn o1 30 ok1n6pn 1943 r.; ornauennn o6 yupexpennn
expynapopnoro oennoro pn6ynana o1 8 aaryc1a 1945 r. n c1aaa a1oro pn6ynana;
Hnpnmx poroaopoa c 1anne, onrapne, enrpne, yHmnne n nnnnnpne 1947 r.;
ocypapc1aennoro poroaopa , , ennko6pn1annn n panunn c ac1pne o1 15
Han 1955 r.; npnoro poroaopa c nonne o1 8 cen1n6pn 1951 r.; sakonoa n ppyrnx
ak1oa oksno on1ponLno anac1n a epHannn (on1ponLnoro oae1a,
608
ooppnnaunonnoro koHn1e1a n pp. opranoa), a 1akxe ak1oa oae1cko oenno
pHnnnc1paunn a epHannn (); oroaopa o6 okonua1enLnoH yperynnpoaannn a
o1nouennn epHannn o1 12 cen1n6pn 1990 r.; oroaopa o po6pococepc1ae,
nap1nepc1ae n co1pypnnuec1ae Hexpy n epHanne o1 3 ok1n6pn 1990 r.;
ornauennn Hexpy occncko epepaune n o kynL1ypnoH co1pypnnuec1ae o1 16
ok1n6pn 1992 r.; onaenunn o Hepax, nanpaanennmx na sanpeuenne n
npepynpexpenne nesakonnoro aaosa n amaosa n nepepaun npaaa co6c1aennoc1n na
kynL1ypnme uennoc1n o1 14 non6pn 1970 r. (K), a 1akxe sakonopa1enLnmx n
nnmx nopHa1nanmx ak1oa occnn, ko1opme Hory1 nHe1L snauenne pnn peuennn
npo6neH, coc1aannkunx npepHe1 saknkuennn. nmHn cnoaaHn, npopa6o1ano ace, u1o
neo6xopnHo.
maopm akcnep1noro saknkuennn c1porn, ncnm n (pak nx a cokpauennn,
ampennn oco6o aaxnme Hec1a):
"ce kynL1ypnme uennoc1n, nepeHeuennme a kM FK CAF, nspannmH
ao ncnonnenne noc1anoanenn (pacnopnxenn) koHne1en1nmx opranoa oae1ckoro
oksa, ncn Pcc k cn. oa1oHy kaknx-
nn6o o6ocnoaannmx npe1ensn no noaopy Ha1epnanLnoro yuep6a, npnunnennoro
6maunH co6c1aennnkaH, k occnn npepLnaneno 6m1L ne Hoxe1... H no
noaopy a1nx kynL1ypnmx uennoc1e co c1oponm 6maunx nenpnn1enLcknx rocypapc1a
nnn nx qnsnuecknx n kpnpnuecknx nnu nx ycn knncn. cnn no
kaknH-nn6o coo6paxennnH (nonn1nuecknH nnn nnmH) 6mno 6m npnsnano
uenecoo6pasnmH nepepa1L kakne-1o ns a1nx uennoc1e a 6mauyk nenpnn1enLckyk
nnn nnyk c1pany, 1o a1o Hoxe1 6m1L cpenano 1onLko a nopnpke, yc1anoanennoH
poccncknH sakonopa1enLc1aoH pnn amaosa poccncknx kynL1ypnmx uennoc1e,
npnueH sa nonnyk c1onHoc1L nnn a o6Hen na paanouennme npepHe1m kynL1ypm,
nannkunecn nnoc1panno co6c1aennoc1Lk.
onaraeH a nn1epecax occnn xena1enLnmH, u1o6m Hexnpaan1enLc1aennme
cornauennn c nnoc1pannmHn rocypapc1aaHn o kynL1ypnoH co1pypnnuec1ae kak o6uero
xapak1epa, 1ak n no o1penLnmH o6nac1nH kynL1ypm... nHenn "paHounm" xapak1ep n
o6nsa1enLc1aa npaan1enLc1a a nnx caopnnncL k copec1ank kynL1ypnmH yupexpennnH
c1opon pasanaa1L co1pypnnuec1ao... o acnkoH cnyuae, Hm npnxopnH k amaopy, u1o
c nm c Mn y kyny
nyn ccy kMc c.
ockonLky nocneaoennoe yperynnpoaanne co aceHn 6maunHn nenpnn1enLcknHn
rocypapc1aaHn a apone saaepueno (nocnepnee - a o1nouennn epHannn - oroaopoH
o1 15 Hap1a 1991 r.), panLneuee 1o1anLnoe copepxanne nepeHeuennmx kynL1ypnmx
uennoc1e, npepc1aannkunx 6onLuo nn1epec pnn o1euec1aenno n Hnpoao naykn n
kynL1ypm, a sakpm1mx n nnmx nepoc1ynnmx xpannnnuax y1pa1nno acnkn cHmcn.
oa1oHy nonaraeH, u1o cnepoaano 6m 6eso1nara1enLno npnc1ynn1L k nopro1oake
ynoHnny1mx uennoc1e k nx peHonc1paunn nnn osnakoHnennk c nnHn, korpa no a1nH
aonpocaH 6ype1 npnnn1o coo1ae1c1aykuee peuenne.
pepc1aanne1cn oueanpnmH, u1o pnn napnexauero peuennn... aonpocoa, cansannmx c
onpepenenneH panLneue cypL6m nepeHeuennmx kynL1ypnmx uennoc1e, ycn
n k n nnmx nopHa1nanmx ak1oa, k nopro1oake ko1opmx cnepye1
npnc1ynn1L 1akxe 6eso1nara1enLno.
npepL po sakonopa1enLnoro yperynnpoaannn ace npo6neHm a uenoH uenecoo6pasno
aospepxnaa1Lcn o1 saknkuennn Hexnpaan1enLc1aennmx cornauenn o1nocn1enLno
nepeHeuennmx kynL1ypnmx uennoc1e; coo1ae1c1aenno ponxnm aospepxnaa1Lcn o1
kaknx-nn6o ny6nnunmx sananenn nnn o6euann no noaopy pannmx uennoc1e n
ponxnoc1nme nnua".
609
* * *
k ckasannoHy neuero. o pasLncnn1L koe-u1o nyxno. o-nepamx, 1poqen
1poqenH, kak yxe roaopnnocL, posnL. o, u1o neHum 6pann a saaoeaannmx o6nac1nx -
a1o 6mno o1kpoaenno narpa6nennoe po6po. o, u1o Hm asnnn a epHannn, nHenye1cn
penapaunnHn n pec1n1yunnHn. - a1o aosHeuenne annoanmH rocypapc1aoH
a penexno nnn na1ypanLno qopHe yuep6a, ko1opm ono npnunnnno ppyroHy
rocypapc1ay a pesynL1a1e caonx npo1naonpaanmx pec1an. n - a1o
yc1panenne nnn yHenLuenne annoanmH rocypapc1aoH npnunnennoro nH ppyroHy
rocypapc1ay yuep6a ny1eH aocc1anoanenne npexnero coc1onnnn, a uac1noc1n a qopHe
aosapa1a nHyuec1aa, pasrpa6nennoro n nesakonno amaesennoro nH c okkynnpoaanno
ero aockaHn 1eppn1opnn. aknH o6pasoH, nn o kaknx "pec1n1yunnx" co c1oponm
occnn a o1nouennn aoeaaaunx c nek a 1941-1945 rr. c1pan ne Hoxe1 6m1L n peun -
no onpepenennk. m .
o-a1opmx, nanoHnk, u1o a c1. 16 oroaopa o1 09.11.90 r. Hexpy n epHanne o
po6pococepc1ae, nap1nepc1ae n co1pypnnuec1ae, a 1akxe c1. 15 ornauennn o1
16.12.92 r. Hexpy occne n epHanne o kynL1ypnoH co1pypnnuec1ae roaopn1cn, u1o
"nponaaune nnn nesakonno amaesennme kynL1ypnme uennoc1n, naxopnunecn na nx
(c1opon - A.C.) 1eppn1opnn, ponxnm aosapaua1Lcn anapenLuaH nnn nx nacnepnnkaH".
un1maan, u1o penapaunn na coaepuenno sakonnoH ocnoaannn y epHannn 6pann ace
c1panm-coksnnum, ncno, u1o a coo1ae1c1ann c a1nHn c1a1LnHn Hoxno roaopn1L nnuL o
aosapa1e naH uennoc1e, 6ype 1akoame napy1cn na 1eppn1opnn epHannn. oa1oHy
nanpacno koe-k1o ns neHeuknx nckycc1aoaepoa, pyxoanme nacnepnnkn caonx konner,
pmckaaunx a qopHe aepHax1a n no naunH HysenH, asmaak1 ceropnn k
"o6ueuenoaeuecknH uennoc1nH" n 1pe6yk1 aepny1L nH "nx" po6po.
m.
-1pe1Lnx. onpoc o6napannn 1poqenHn - a1o ne aonpoc aneune nonn1nkn n ne
npepHe1 koHne1enunn npesnpen1a n npaan1enLc1aa. nnukoH poporo ueno onn
poc1anncL, u1o6m cnyxn1L pasHenno Hone1o paxe a ouenL 6onLuo nrpe. m ne
nHeeH npaaa sa6maa1L ne 1onLko o naunx kynL1ypnmx no1epnx; Hm ponxnm noHnn1L o
nkpnx - o 27 Hnnnnonax uenoaek norn6unx, o6 nckaneuennmx, konH nec1L uncna, o
nepopnaunxcn ns-sa a1o npoknn1o aonm 18 Hnnnnonax pe1e. n o kakoH uyac1ae
annm, 1eH 6onee - "koHnnekce annm" nepep epHanne y nac ne Hoxe1 6m1L n peun.
oneuno, y6n1mx ne aepneuL; no nepapoH c ppeaneunx apeHen cyuec1aye1 nonn1ne
anpm - Ha1epnanLno koHnencaunn sa y6nc1ao nnn yaeuLe. 1o n sakonno, n
npaac1aenno, n Hyppo. a1oH ppeaneH yc1anoanennn - n cnpaaepnnaoc1L, n
ryHannoc1L. npoueH, n ne xo1en 6m o6Lncnn1L aneHen1apnoe. yuue oc1anoan1Lcn na
1oH, u1o ne npepc1aanne1cn 6onLunnc1ay c1onL xe ncnmH.
a1epnanLnan n pyxoanan uennoc1L 1poqeea - orpoHna. es Hanoro 50 ne1 Hm Hornn
6m nHe1L nerkn n cao6opnm poc1yn ko Hnoxec1ay caHmx ampakunxcn nponsaepenn
eaponecko kynL1ypm. ounm sapnp 1aopuecko aneprnn, ckonuen1pnpoaanno a
nnx, pecn1nne1nnHn 6naro1aopno annnn 6m na naunx coo1euec1aennnkoa. konLko
o1ae1nmx nHnynLcoa Horno 6m acnmxny1L a ceppuax n yHax naunx yuenmx n
xypoxnnkoa! epL npekpacnoe n Hyppoe o6napae1 ypnan1enLnmH caoc1aoH amsmaa1L
k xnsnn nopo6noe... cnn Hm ne ocaonH eaponeckoe nacnepne kak caoe co6c1aennoe,
ne nponnkneHcn caHnH pyxoH aponm, saneua1nennmH a naHn1nnkax nc1opnn n
kynL1ypm, naH nnkorpa ne ao1n a ceHLk eaponecknx napopoa na paanmx. onLue
1oro: ne noc1nrnya cyunoc1L eaponecko kynL1ypm, Hm ne noc1nrneH n caHnx ce6n.
onLko na qone poc1nxenn 1aporo cae1a Hm HoxeH o6Lek1nano ouenn1L n
caHo6m1noc1L, n ypoaenL Hac1epc1aa naunx xypoxnnkoa n peHecnennnkoa, nonn1L, a
ueH coc1on1 nau aknap a Hnpoayk konnnky po6pa, nc1nnm n kpaco1m. poqenme
610
qonpm, saknkuan a ce6e Hnoxec1ao ynnkanLnmx, nenoa1opnHmx nponsaepenn, Hornn
6m a amcue c1enenn cnoco6c1aoaa1L a1oHy. pnueH pnn nauero napopa aaxno ne
npoc1o kpa1koe snakoHc1ao, kak korpa-1o c pespencko ranepee - nocHo1penn n
o1pann, ne1, neo6xopnHo noc1onnnoe 1ecnoe o6uenne c a1nHn nponsaepennnHn
nckycc1aa. 6o nHenno 1ak n 1onLko 1ak nponcxopn1 pyxoanm poc1 nokonenn.
naue naunn, no1epnaue a 1917-1953 rr. cao nyuun uae1, - napo pac1n n pac1n.
oneuno, y nac n 1ak co6pano neHano naHn1nnkoa sanapnoeaponeckoro nckycc1aa. o
onn nou1n ncknkun1enLno cocpepo1ouenm a ockae n e1ep6ypre. erannsaunn
1poqeea nosaonn1 6onee cnpaaepnnao pacnpepenn1L nx no ppyrnH uen1paH occnn,
pac1 aosHoxnoc1L nensHepnHo 6onLunH HaccaH npno6un1Lcn k aeunoHy nc1ounnky.
1oHy xe, Hnororo ns 1oro, u1o ec1L cpepn 1poqeea, ne1 6onLue nnrpe. akoneu,
nnunnx ac1peu c nckycc1aoH aoo6ue ne 6maae1: ueH onn uaue n pasnoo6pasne - 1eH
nyuue. epep nokonennnHn naunx yuenmx, oco6enno nckycc1aoaepoa, o1kpoe1cn
neo6ospnHoe none aosHoxnoc1e. pepn 1poqeea neHano apxnanmx naHn1nnkoa -
6ecuennm knap pnn nc1opnkoa. c1L knnrn: nayunm no1enunan nx orpoHen:
poc1a1ouno ckasa1L, u1o uec1n1mcnunm qonp nnkyna6yn occncko
ocypapc1aenno 6n6nno1ekn na nn1L uec1mx coc1on1 ns 1poqeea. 1ak panee.
o, koneuno, ne ace 1poqen nHek1 pnn nac opnnakoayk uennoc1L. e roaopn yx o
py6ne1ax. popaa nanHenee neo6xopnHyk pnn nac uac1L 1poqeea na Hexpynapopnmx
Hockoacknx aykunonax, Hm HoxeH ampyun1L cyHHm a aank1e,
ko1opme 1ak neo6xopnHm naue kynL1ype! opro1oaka n npoaepenne 1aknx aykunonoa
- peno ne c1onL cnoxnoe, kak kaxe1cn. a1nx penLrax oc1po nyxpak1cn 6n6nno1ekn
(asrnnnn1e na oH aukoaa - ceppue kpoaLk o6nnaae1cn!), Hysen, apxnam. a a1n
penLrn Hoxno o1pec1aapnpoaa1L Hnoxec1ao naHn1nnkoa naue c1apnnm, a 1oH uncne
n 1e, u1o paspyuenm a xope pasansanno neHuaHn aonm.
akoneu, nocnepnee no ouepepn, no ne no snauennk. poqenme qonpm - epaa nn ne
nocnepnn py6ex, eue ne o1pannm naHn a xope pe1Le, "xonopno", Hnpoao
aonm. e nponrpann koHHynnc1m, no kann1ynnunk poaenocL npoaopn1L peHokpa1aH.
specL noka sepkanLno noa1opne1cn cn1yaunn 1917-1923 rr., korpa 6onLueankn,
po6nauncL nopaxennn co6c1aennoro naunonanLnoro npaan1enLc1aa, a o6Hen na
aosHoxnoc1L cnokono npaan1L ro1oam 6mnn noxep1aoaa1L aceH: 1eppn1opnnHn,
apHne, nkpLHn, pecypcaHn, kon1pn6yunnHn n 1. p. n 1. n. e roaopn yx, caHo co6o,
o kynL1ypnmx uennoc1nx, no1okoH xnmnyaunx sa rpannuy. napop, panekn n o1
anac1n, n o1 kynL1ypm, ne Hor npeceuL a1o1 npouecc, paxe ecnn 6m xo1en. nmne nac
ncnopaonL, no ueneyc1peHnenno n nocnepoaa1enLno o6pa6a1maak1 ncnxonornueckn,
ro1oan k 1oHy, u1o epaa nn ne c1onL xe snaun1enLnme uennoc1n Hory1 6m1L o1panm
peHokpa1nuecknHn anac1nHn a o6Hen na 6narocknonnoe o1nouenne co c1oponm
no6epn1ene.
op pasroaopm o Hnpe n po6pococepc1ae, o6 o6ueuenoaeuecknx uennoc1nx n
o6ueeaponeckoH poHe ro1oan1cn 1pe1Le rpanpnosnoe orpa6nenne occnn sa
nocnepnne 100 ne1. 1mpno cosnaaa1L, u1o 1ako ncxop aepon1en. 1mpno o1
yropnnaoro sancknaannn npeccm n neko1opmx "nesaancnHmx" nckycc1aoaepoa c
roaopnunHn qaHnnnnHn. 1mpno o1 nenpouenno pac1oponnoc1n neko1opmx
unnoannkoa o1 kynL1ypm, ro1oamx pacnaxny1L sanoaepnme xpannnnua. 1mpno o11oro,
u1o o6onran pa1nm 1pyp n nopanr o1uoa n pepoa. yx coaceH nec1epnnHo c1mpno
Honua1L, anpn ace a1o.
P.S. cansn co ckasannmH neckonLko aonpocoa a appec anac1e.
1. enrpnn, aoeaaauan npo1na nac, npocn1 aepny1L e konnekunk nponsaepenn
nckycc1aa, npn6mauyk k naH a 1947 r. a o6ose 45 apHnn. 1a apHnn aoeaana a
611
epHannn, a enrpnn ona ne 6mna. poncxoxpenne konnekunn cansano c nHeneH
ne6esmsaec1noro xHana, ckynaauero uepeapm sa 6ecuenok. oueHy 6m aenrpaH ne
nonpocn1L neHuea, u1o6m onn amHennnn nnn amkynnnn a1y konnekunk y nac? ak n
ronnanpuaH, 1pe6ykunH y nac 1ak nasmaaeHyk konnekunk ennrca? o HnpnoHy
poroaopy c enrpne, saknkuennoHy a caoe apeHn, penapaunn, kc1a1n, aosapauennk
ne nopnexa1.
2. eHnornH 6onee ropa 1oHy nasap .. nLunn, ao apeHn npe6maannn c
oqnunanLnmH ansn1oH a enrpnn, npenopnec a nopapok npnnnHakue c1opone pae
kap1nnm ns 1poqenmx qonpoa, nsLn1mx pnn a1oro cpepn noun ns pec1aapaunonnmx
Hac1epcknx nH. .. pa6apn. ak cHo1pn1 na a1o pennne pokypa1ypa occnn c 1oukn
spennn akona o aaose n amaose kynL1ypnmx uennoc1e? oueHy npesnpen1
aoo6pasnn, u1o nHee1 npaao paspapnaa1L naunonanLnoe poc1onnne poccnnn?
1n aonpocm 1pe6yk1 o1ae1a.
[1] ceropnnunnx uenax nasmaae1cn ppyran unqpa naunx no1epL: 1,3 1pnn.
ponnapoa.
MRB BYHR
r rq Rq x x
(n -iris H 20.02.97 r.)
kananaH a occnn pacnpoc1paneno neko1opoe konnuec1ao
akseHnnnpoa knnrn rpaqa X. qon aH6spopqa x
x - n m
(epnnn, 1995). nnra nanncana c nosnun neHeukoro ynL1pa-na1pno1a, ona
yun1maae1 1onLko neHeukne nn1epecm n arn1npye1 sa nnx c nmnoH. ockonLky ona
nspana c napannenLnmHn neHeuknH n pyccknH 1ekc1aHn, a1o1 nmn o6pauen ne 1onLko
k coo1euec1aennnkaH, u1o 6mno 6m coaepuenno ec1ec1aenno, no n k naH, pyccknH, u1o
coaepuenno npo1naoec1ec1aenno. 1o6m sa1yueaa1L, crnapn1L a1y
npo1naoec1ec1aennoc1L, rpaq nm1ae1cn y6epn1L nac a neaepon1noH, npepc1aan1L
6mauee - ne6maunH, ne6mauee - 6maunH, a uepnoe - 6enmH. oyuan occnk, kak e
cnepye1 aec1n ce6n a o6uec1ae npnnnunmx c1pan, r-n aH6spopq nepaycHmcnenno
pae1 naH nonn1L, u1o nau ny1L ns aapaapckoro coc1onnnn a unannnsoaannoe
Hexpynapopnoe coo6uec1ao nexn1 nenpeHenno uepes a1an pacc1aaannn c
kynL1ypnmHn penapaunnHn. nosaonk ce6e npokoHHen1npoaa1L ocnoanme nonoxennn
knnrn r-na aH6spopqa, caHoe nasaanne ko1opo sayun1 kak npepoc1epexenne,
cHaxnaakuee na uan1ax.
* * *
naunn a XX aeke sapana ryHannc1aH acex apeHen nn1epecnyk sarapky: kak
a1o c1onL kynL1ypnm n unannnsoaannm napop, napop e1e n nnnepa, axa n
kpepa, Hor npnnn1L HopanL 6yaona, aaeprny1L Hnp a aennuauyk ka1ac1poqy n
nan1L caHme pasn1enLnme npnHepm aapaapc1aa n 6ecuenoaeunoc1n?
an6onee pacnpoc1panennm o1ae1, o1pa6o1annm sa nc1ekune 50 ne1, nocn1
nenayunm xapak1ep: 6ec (1o ec1L n1nep) nony1an.
612
o nepaanero apeHenn n n caH 6espyHno ypoane1aopnncn 1aknH o1ae1oH.
ac1opaxnaano, noxany, 1onLko opno: nc1opnk a ukonax npenopaaann a 1970-
1980 rr. nnuL po onpepenennoro npepena, ne poxopn po qaunc1ckoro nepnopa n
a1opo Hnpoao aonm. 1o6m ne 1paaHnpoaa1L pe6n1 koHnnekcoH annm, ne
ampaunaa1L nenonnouennmx neapac1ennkoa.
esynL1a1 npeasouen oxnpannn. nonnn a1o, korpa c1onknyncn c npo6neHo
1poqenmx qonpoa n c peakune neHeuko o6uec1aennoc1n na nauy nosnunk a a1oH
aonpoce. nnra rpaqa aH6spopqa - o6paseu 1ako peakunn.
H xe a6sau knnrn, ee npeaH6yna ampae1 ocnoanyk yc1anoaky aa1opa:
ppeaneunx apeHen cypL6a no6expennoro naxopnnacL a pykax no6epn1enn. ak 6mno
ne 1onLko c o1penLnmHn nkpLHn, no n npexpe acero c nonn1nuecknHn n
o6uec1aennmHn c1pyk1ypaHn no6expennmx napopoa, aknkuan nx kynL1ypy. saec1nm
Hnorouncnennme nonm1kn ynnu1oxn1L uenme kynL1ypm, n pepko korpa no6epn1enn
Hyunna coaec1L. noroe, u1o naH ceropnn kaxe1cn c1pannmH, 6mno o6uenpnsnannmH
o6munmH npaaoH. o acnkoH cnyuae, aoennoe npaao ao ace apeHena aknkuano n
npaao na aoennme 1poqen.
opo6nm nc1opnueckn akckypc nosaonne1 r-ny aH6spopqy opnnH amc1penoH y6n1L
cpasy 1pex sauea, cknonna un1a1enn k Hmcnn 1oH, u1o: ao-nepamx, rpa6ex na aone -
peno aoo6ue-1o o6munoe, noaepenne neHuea a ropm aonm nnuL coo1ae1c1aoaano
nc1opnuecko 1papnunn; ao-a1opmx, noaepenne pyccknx nexn1 a pycne 1o xe
1papnunn, a snaun1, nanne1cn kak 6m paanosnaunmH pennneH; a-1pe1Lnx, 1o1 qak1,
u1o 1poqen a n1ore okasanncL y nac, a ne y nnx, o1paxae1 nnuL npaao cnnLnoro,
npaao no6epn1enn - n nnuero 6onee. aknH o6pasoH, arpeccop n xep1aa c1aan1cn na
opny pocky, npnueH nepam nesacnyxenno aosamuae1cn, a a1opo - npnnnxae1cn, a
narpa6nennan po6mua n sakonnme penapaunn caannaak1cn a opny kyuy.
ak 6ype1 nokasano nnxe, y6expenne a 1oH, u1o asn1ne 1poqeea neHeuko n pyccko
c1oponaHn ec1L nanennn a6conk1no opno1nnnme - aosaopn1cn aa1opoH a npnnunn.
Henno a cnny 1akoro nopxopa on nosaonne1 ce6e y1aepxpa1L: nac1onuee apeHn
6onLue ne1, kak n ne 6mno yxe a 1945 r., npaaa no6epn1enn, onpaapmaakuero
nk6me anpm nsLn1nn n saxaa1a aonpekn HexpynapopnoH npaay. y, a nockonLky
nsLn1ne naHn penapaun 6mno, cornacno r-ny aH6spopqy, npo1naonpaanmH, 1o n
napo nx aepny1L o6pa1no epHannn. a1op camcoka saHeuae1 ne noc1nrunH
Hexpynapopno-npaaoao npeHyppoc1n pyccknH: onpoc o kynL1ypnmx uennoc1nx ne
caopn1cn 1onLko k aosapauennk uac1n kynL1ypnoro nacnepnn. 1o, no cyuec1ay,
aonpoc nonn1nueckn: peuL npe1 o6 o1nouennn k yc1anoanennmH nopHaH
Hexpynapopnoro npaaa n o6 nx amnonnennn, o6 oxpane kynL1ypno caHo6m1noc1n
nkpe n napopoa, o cnoco6noc1n saknkua1L poroaopm n amnonnn1L nx, o asanHnoH
poaepnn n npepckasyeHoc1n a payc1oponnnx o1nouennnx.
co6yk nnkan1noc1L a1oHy noyuennk npnpae1 1o o6c1on1enLc1ao, u1o ono pae1cn ns
c1panm, paaxpm na npo1nxennn kaknx-1o 30 ne1 nauero aeka pasansmaaaue
Hnpoame aonm, paaxpm nanapaaue na occnk, paaxpm pac1on1aaue 1y caHyk
aarckyk konaenunk 1907 r. o sakonax n o6muanx cyxony1no aonm, na ko1opyk
1enepL ccmnae1cn r-n aH6spopq, aeponoHno napyunaue Hnpnm poroaop c naue
c1pano n a rpou nnkorpa ne c1aanaue ak1nano ynnu1oxaauykcn ek kynL1ypnyk
caHo6m1noc1L napopoa ...
Hexpy 1eH, a qnnanLnmx a6sauax knnrn anoaL un1aeH 1onkn naHek: peuL npe1 o
nonnHannn occne caoe nonn1nuecko ponn; o1 a1oro Hoxe1 saance1L o1ae1 na
aonpoc, pec1an1enLno nn ona co6npae1cn aknkun1Lcn a coo6uec1ao eaponecknx
rocypapc1a, pnn ko1opmx Hexpynapopnoe npaao, aepnoc1L saknkuennmH poroaopaH n
yaaxenne kynL1ypno caHo6m1noc1n ppyrnx napopoa nannk1cn neo1LeHneHmHn
o6unHn uennoc1nHn.
613
o, anpoueH, Hoxe1 6m1L, neHum 1ak nsHennnncL sa nonaeka, u1o 6onLue ne
o1oxpec1annk1 ce6n co caonHn o1uaHn n nckpenne nonarak1, u1o o6penn
npaac1aennoe npaao yun1L ppyrne napopm, kak ce6n aec1n? 1akoH cnyuae paaa1e o1
HopanLnmx noyuenn rpaqa o6pa1nHcn k 1o qak1nuecko c1opone ero knnrn, ko1opan
a1n npe1ensnn nm1ae1cn o6ocnoaa1L.
e 6ypy pacnpoc1pann1Lcn o npaaoaoH acnek1e npo6neHm: a1o yxe amnonnnna, ncno n
noppo6no, koncynL1an1 koHn1e1a ocpyHm no kynL1ype Hnna ysLHnna a c1a1Le
H n ( o1 12.11.96). maopm c1a1Ln ne oc1aannk1
coHnenn: nopHm Hexpynapopnoro npaaa, npnnn1me nocne n acnepc1ane kann1ynnunn
epHannn n nopnncannn ue1mpexc1oponne eknapaunn o nopaxennn epHannn,
opnosnauno ysakonnaak1 ace penapaunn, a 1oH uncne kynL1ypnme, cpenannme no
pacnopnxennk c1pan-no6epn1enLnnu. oa1oHy o6pa1nHcn k nc1opnueckoHy n
HopanLnoHy acnek1aH 1eHm kynL1ypnmx 1poqeea.
KK H BHRH
ne o1pnuae1 qak1a repHanckoro rpa6exa kynL1ypnmx uennoc1e. n paxe
o6mrpmaae1 a1o: paao n aneHen1apnme npnnnunn 1ak xe, kak n yaaxenne k xep1aaH
naunonan-counannc1ckoro rpa6exa, 1pe6yk1 npnsna1L a1o o1kpm1o n oqnunanLno,
nockonLky, okasmaae1cn, 6es 1akoro nepaycHmcnennoro npnsnannn ne 6mno 6m nn
npaaoamx, nn HopanLnmx ocnoaann roaopn1L o aosapauennn epHannn kynL1ypnmx
uennoc1e, nepeHeuennmx a pesynL1a1e a1opo Hnpoao aonm. asanocL 6m, qak1
rpa6exa neHuaHn ppyrnx napopoa pae1 npaaoame n HopanLnme ocnoaannn roaopn1L
o aosHeuennn yuep6a M aM M: 1ak ne1 xe - ace ponxno np1n nnuL na
6naro caHnH neHuaH!
o n caHyk nc1opnk npnsnannoro, apope 6m, neHeukoro rpa6exa rpaq c1peHn1cn
qanLcnqnunpoaa1L a cyuec1aennmx pe1annx. ak, on nnue1: nauane
npepnonaranocL oc1aann1L kynL1ypnme uennoc1n na Hec1e, oxpannn nx n cospaaan pnn
nnx noame oprannsaunonnme qopHm... Hn c n 1943 r. M
yxMr xn Kc M ncn Mcc
kyny c Cckr C (specL n panee ampeneno Hno. - A.C.).
ak1m nonnoc1Lk onpoaeprak1 a1y konuenunk. onpa1 aepHax1a c caHoro nauana
a1opxennn snakoHnnn c 1ekc1oH npnkasa no apHnn o1 10.10.41 r. n
v n, rpe roaopnnocL: O um x
-um nnn
nn m u...
H x B m
n. ue po aonm, a 1940 r., 6mn oprannsoaan nepa1nanm u1a6
pexcne1epa osen6epra H . npnkase n1nepa o ero
nonnoHounnx roaopnnocL: Hee1 npaao npoaepn1L 6n6nno1ekn, apxnam n nnme
kynL1ypnme oprannsaunn acex anpoa qu x pnn amnonnennn
sapann naunonan-counannc1nuecko nap1nn. pnnH ns 1aknx sapann 6mno
qopHnpoaanne nnunoro Hysen qkpepa a ropope nnue, u1o nsnauanLno npepnonarano
o16op n amaos nan6onee uennmx akcnona1oa. a n aoo6ue osen6epr, nncaaun, u1o
poc1a1ouno ynnu1oxn1L naHn1nnkn napopa, u1o6m on yxe ao a1opoH nokonennn
nepec1an cyuec1aoaa1L kak naunn, o1nkpL ne co6npancn oc1aann1L kynL1ypnme
uennoc1n na Hec1e. 6 a1oH canpe1enLc1ayk1 apxnanme pokyHen1m ero
ansauu1a6a, coxpannaunecn a r x
Y (nea), ns ko1opmx Hm ysnaeH, nanpnHep, u1o:
- a cen1n6pe 1941 r. aepHax1 amaes 24 6onLunx nunka c HysenmHn uennoc1nHn
oc1oackoro Hysen, naxopnaunxcn a n1nropcke;
614
- a nauane ok1n6pn 1941 r. npoqeccop aHH co6pan ns oaropopa c1apnnnme nkonm n
kap1nnm a opny ns noaropopcknx uepkae, no ncnanckne conpa1m ns ony6o
pnansnn asnoHann paepn n pacxn1nnn nHyuec1ao;
- a non6pe 1941 r. pa6ouan rpynna nrepHannanp, o6cnepoaaauan uapckne paopum
ennnrpapa nocne amaosa caHoro uennoro onLHcoH n knc6eproH
(ynonnoHouennmHn n a), penoan1o npepnoxnna a 6nnxauee apeHn amaes1n
oc1aauykcn uac1L; npn a1oH o1Heuak1cn qak1m xnuennn kap1nn n ppyrnx npepHe1oa
nckycc1aa: a uac1noc1n, konc1a1npye1cn, u1o conpa1m sa6pann na naHn1L 6onee
1000 nkon ns uacoann nekcanppoackoro paopua;
- na ocnoaannn npnkasa qkpepa o1 01.03.42 r. n npnkasa enu1a6a cyxony1nmx aock
o1 30.09.42 r. 6mnn panm sapannn o1penLnmH nnuaH amaosn1L ns ckoaa apxnam,
6n6nno1ekn, Hysen;
- a qeapane 1942 r. rpynna c1 aepHax1a yaepoHnne1 u1a6 osen6epra o
ro1oanoc1n nepepa1L ace saxaauennme kynL1ypnme uennoc1n, ko1opme naxopn1cn npn
noneao koHenpa1ype a ckoae: 6onLune konnekunn kap1nn, ckynLn1yp, Hosankn,
pesL6m no pepeay n 1.p. amaesenm a ckoa ns oaropopa n ero okpec1noc1e; 1y1 xe
sonpep-koHanpa ckoa o1Heuae1 cnyuan Hapopepc1aa n ncuesnoaennn ns c6opnmx
nynk1oa acex uennmx nkon-Hnnna1kp n qapqopa;
- eue a 1942 r. ns Honencka 6mno amaeseno 11 aaronoa Hysenmx uennoc1e; a
Hap1e 1943 r. a epHannk o1npaannocL eue 50 nunkoa c pepuaunHn n uennmHn
akcnona1aHn.
pnHepm 1oro, kak rpa6ex nauancn c nepamx Hecnuea aonm (a o1nkpL ne c ne1a 1943
r.), u1o n u u , Hoxno
npoponxa1L. ocnopnn rpaq oun6cn? ro nopaenn koncynL1an1m?
oHnHo u1a6a osen6epra 1akxe po aonm 6mnn cospanm c uenLk noncka, ouenkn n
amaosa kynL1ypnmx uennoc1e 1akne oprannsaunn, kak renepanLnoe nocpepnnuec1ao
n o6uec1ao H n nop na1ponaxeH nHHnepa, a 1akxe
6a1anLon npn e nop pykoaopc1aoH knc6epra. a caHoH nauane aonm c
6mna yupexpena n cneunanLnan K, a sapaun ko1opo axopnna
ouenka paopuoaoro nHyuec1aa a okkynnpoaannmx paonax naue c1panm, nHen a
anpy ero panLneun amaos a pex.
ak u1o ckasouky o 1oH, u1o neHum nepaonauanLno xo1enn nnuL peoprannsoaa1L,
ynopnpoun1L nauy kynL1ypnyk xnsnL nop caoe anac1Lk, a amaos 1poqeea
npepnpnnnnn, oxec1ounauncL o1 naunx ypapoa, npnxopn1cn oc1aan1L pnn nananmx
eaponeuea: y nac ona ne npope1.
aHekan a npeaH6yne, u1o neHeukne rpa6exn a occnn n asn1ne naHn a epHannn
penapaun - aeun opnoro nopnpka, rpaq aH6spopq nHen paneko npyune uenn. epL
npnsna1L 1akoe - snaun1 cornacn1Lcn n na opnopopnoe peuenne cypL6m o6enx rpynn
1poqenmx uennoc1e. ensHennan nosnunn neHeuko c1oponm na acex neperoaopax
no a1o npo6neHe: c nx yr yry c M - MM
Mk, ycckM ycck. pn a1oH ace snak1 n nonnHak1, u1o neHeukoe po6po,
npekpacno coxpannaueecn n yu1ennoe, aepne1cn ace a uenoc1n-coxpannoc1n, a 1o
apeHn, kak ccck y Mc k kr: M k nnn,
y r mr cnc.
e Hory yHonua1L o 1oH koaapc1ae, c ko1opmH 6mnn nopro1oanenm npecnoay1me
cornauennn o po6pococepc1ae n co1pypnnuec1ae c epHanne 1990 n 1992 rr., rpe
copepxa1cn nynk1m o asanHnoH aosapauennn nesakonno amaesennmx uennoc1e -
aepL neHum npekpacno snann, u1o nH neuero aepny1L occnn n, u1o poroaopm, 1aknH
615
o6pasoH nocn1 q x. cnonLsoaaa a nepaoH
cnyuae npnc1pac1noc1L eaappnapse, a ao a1opoH - c1onpouen1nyk nekoHne1en1noc1L
nLunna a aonpocax nc1opnn n kynL1ypm, neHum napennncL sanonyun1L a pykn pmuar,
nosaonnkun 1opxec1aoaa1L 6mc1pyk n nerkyk no6epy nap pypaukaHn pyccknHn.
pnako, nockonLky a n1ore amncnnnocL, u1o penapaunn 6mnn asn1m naHn sakonno, 1o
aecL nnan naunx po6pmx cocepe pyxnyn, u1o ne 1onLko amsmaae1 y nnx 6euenyk
pocapy, no n 1onkae1 na noame qanLcnqnkaunn a o6nac1n npaaa n nc1opnn.
H HM EHYRH
1ako qanLcnqnkaunn nopae1 a caoe knnre rpaq aH6spopq a anpe eue
opno ckasoukn. kasmaae1cn, neHum naH naue aepnynn... cpasy no okonuannn
aonm. epam a6sau rnaam x
n n naunnae1cn cnoaaHn: onLuan uac1L kynL1ypnmx
uennoc1e, amaesennmx a epHannk ns , nonana nocne 1945r. a pykn coksnnkoa,
ko1opme caesnn nx a 1ak nasmaaeHme c6opnme nynk1m n aosapa1nnn oae1ckoHy
oksy. nxe anoaL ka1eropnueckn y1aepxpae1cn: epHannn nponrpana a1opyk
Hnpoayk aony n... pepxaaa-no6epn1enLnnua oae1ckn oks nocne okonuannn
aonm yxe no npaay yn c kyny rc, rn y
n-cncM. 1ckpa nornueckn am1ekae1 amaop aH6spopqa o6
a6conk1no nenpenoxnoc1n o1ae1noro aosapa1a uennoc1e ceropnn co c1oponm
occnn: aknH o6pasoH, cyuec1aye1 nonnan asanHnoc1L aosapauenn, cnHHe1pnn,
1onLko na nc1opnuecko ocn apeHenn ona cpanny1a na nn1Lpecn1 ne1... sanHnoc1L n
cnHHe1pnn osnauae1 ne u1o nnoe, kak o6nsannoc1L o6onx rocypapc1a aosapa1n1L
nsLn1me nnn amaesennme a pesynL1a1e a1opo Hnpoao aonm kynL1ypnme uennoc1n.
1ak, nocnepc1ann neHeukoro rpa6exa, okasmaae1cn, paano aosHeuenm. enepL peno
sa naHn. ak nn a1o?
ocnopnn aH6spopq npnaopn1 cnepykune pannme. konue aonm aHepnkanckne
aocka o6napyxnnn na okkynnpoaannmx nHn 1eppn1opnnx Kxno n en1panLno
epHannn 6onee 1000 xpannnnu, rpe 6mnn cnpn1anm kynL1ypnme uennoc1n,
narpa6nennme panee a okkynnpoaannmx aepHax1oH c1panax (ne 1onLko a . -
A.C.)... nHo 1945-1946 rr. aHepnkanum nnkanpnpoaann a1n cknapm n nepeaesnn
xpannaunecn 1aH uennoc1n a ue1mpe en1panLnmx c6opnmx nynk1a (a knxene,
nc6apene, ap6ypre n qqen6axe). poHe 1oro... a c6opnm nynk1 a knxene
aecno 1946 r. 6mno pononnn1enLno poc1aaneno 6onee 24.000 o6Lek1oa... o
nHekunHcn k nac1onueHy apeHenn pannmH, a 1945-1948 rr. a oae1ckn oks 6mno
aosapaueno no HenLue Hepe ue1mpnapua1L 1pancnop1oa, a ko1opmx naxopnnocL
okono nonyHnnnnona npepHe1oa nckycc1aa. 1952 n 1953 rr. nocnepoaann eue paa
1pancnop1a... ce, u1o 6mno napeno a coae1cko sone okkynaunn ns narpa6nennmx
kynL1ypnmx uennoc1e, coae1ckan apHnnnc1paunn aosapauana caonHn cpepc1aaHn,
Hnnyn c6opnme nynk1m... orpa a 1955 r. anoaL o6pena cao cyaepenn1e1 n,
1aknH o6pasoH, asnna na ce6n o1ae1c1aennoc1L n sa aosapauenne kynL1ypnmx
uennoc1e, npeo6napakuan uac1L a1nx uennoc1e, npen1nqnunpoaannmx n
sapernc1pnpoaannmx a c6opnmx nynk1ax, yxe 6mna aosapauena.
a nepam asrnnp ace amrnnpn1 y6epn1enLno. o a1o aneua1nenne nponapae1, korpa
naunnaeuL annka1L a pe1ann.
acnoHnnH o Hacu1a6ax naunx no1epL, nonm1aeHcn npepc1aan1L 1o1
nenpepc1aanHm no1ok uennoc1e, ko1opm xnmnyn c naunx 1eppn1opn na anap.
oHnHo rn6enn 27 Hnn. uenoaek n konoccanLnoro Ha1epnanLnoro yuep6a,
npe1epnen n orpoHnm pyxoanm yuep6. a naue seHne neHuaHn ynnu1oxeno 3000
nc1opnuecknx ropopoa; ynnu1oxeno n noapexpeno 2439 naHn1nnkoa kynL1oao
616
apxn1ek1ypm; pasrpa6neno 427 Hyseea, ynnu1oxeno n amaeseno 13.000 HysmkanLnmx
nnc1pyHen1oa n 180.000.000 knnr. s nan6onee uennmx Hyseea ynnu1oxeno n
amaeseno camue 564.700 akcnona1oa. onLko no ka1epnnnnckoHy, aanoackoHy
paopuaH-HysenH n pnoackoHy kpaeaepueckoHy Hysek y1ounennme na ceropnn cnnckn
naunx kynL1ypnmx y1pa1, nnkeH nnkorpa ne aosHeuennmx, coc1aannk1 okono 40.000
nanHenoaann. 1 6oH6exek n o6c1penoa noc1papann paxe Hysen ropopoa, ne 6maunx
nop okkynaune, nanpnHep, nsann. a 1eppn1opnn ockam n ennnrpapa
nopaeprnncL paspyuennnH: ocypapc1aennm nc1opnueckn Hyse, apannoackn,
n1epa1ypnm, nonornueckn, n1pononornn, oonornueckn, onn1exnnueckn,
ankoackoro, Hyse onpckoro 6m1a, okpoackn co6op, oaopeanun Honac1mpL,
ocypapc1aennm Hyse a1norpaqnn, ocypapc1aennm Hyse peaonkunn... 1
npnHoro nonapannn qyracnmx 6oH6 paspyuenm ocnoano kopnyc pe1Lnkoacko
ranepen n nopco6nme noHeuennn. 1 aspmano aonnm noc1papano spanne
nHenn .. yuknna. 1o xe roaopn1L o Hysenx na okkynnpoaannmx 1eppn1opnnx!
oppo6noc1n o naunx knnxnmx n xypoxec1aennmx y1pa1ax Hoxno na1n a Hoe knnre
aunonan-peHokpa1nn (., 1996); specL orpannunHcn neko1opmHn unqpaHn.
oxpannnocL nncLHo osen6epra opHany o1 17.10.44 r. o 1oH, u1o pnn
1pancnop1npoakn yu1ennoro ero nkpLHn 1poqenoro po6pa nonapo6nnocL 1418
aaronoa, a 427 1onn 6mno nepeaeseno aopnmH ny1eH. orpa a non6pe-peka6pe 1943 r.
noc1ynnno ykasanne ansauu1a6a amaes1n ns Honencka aecL oc1aauncn
npnropnm Ha1epnan, a o1ue1ax 6mno o1Heueno: , nnuero
uennoro ne oc1anocL. 1o nasmaae1cn nopunc1yk! cn Honenunna 6mna 6ykaanLno
amcocana; Hexpy npounH nonnoc1Lk 6mn amaesen Hyse knnrnnn ennueao
anauknno, no snauennk cpaannHm c nopHockoanmH HyseeH 6paHueao. e
Henee nokasa1enen npnHep pnoacko o6nac1n (pannme caepenm): na a1o
1eppn1opnn pasrpa6nennk n paspyuennk nopaeprnncL Hysen: oaosm6koackn
kpaeaepueckn Hyse (2142 akcnona1oa.); eackn kpaeaepueckn (3010); uenckn
kpaeaepueckn (12.000); onxoackn kpaeaepueckn (2500); ppxonnknpserpapckn
(exeukn) (2142); ouenckn nc1opnko-kpaeaepueckn (794); oaocnnLckn
kpaeaepueckn (860 akcnona1, 1651 knnra).
e y1oHnnn un1a1ene pe1annHn, ckaxy, u1o no y1ounennmH (no paneko ne nonnmH)
pannmH neHeukoe nauec1ane ynecno ns Hyseea 6onee 763.000 akcnona1oa, ecnn
ne 6pa1L a pacue1 camue 100 paonnmx Hyseea, norn6unx nonnoc1Lk n ne
coxpannaunx nnaen1apnmx cnnckoa, aanpy uero nx no1epn nopcun1a1L neaosHoxno.
ecnpnHepnmH n neaoo6pasnHmH 6mn yuep6, nanecennm naunH knnxnmH qonpaH.
(aHeuy, u1o knnxnme no1epn n aocc1anaannaanncL, a ocnoanoH, sa cue1
.) kak o6c1on1 peno c aosapauenneH?
c 1oro, u1o neHum c1peHnnncL yaes1n coae1ckoe narpa6nennoe po6po
nopanLue o1 aoc1ounoro qpon1a: c1peHnenne ec1ec1aennoe. Henno a1nH
o6Lncnne1cn, u1o 1anme xpannnnua c noxnuennmHn uennoc1nHn (okono 1500
1annkoa) 6mnn o6napyxenm rnaanmH o6pasoH a aHepnkancko sone. eypnan1enLno
n 1o, u1o ace, amaesennoe neHuaHn, neopnokpa1no pas6naanocL na nap1nn,
o1xnHanocL, paccop1npoamaanocL, pasposnnaanocL, cHeunaanocL, y1paunaano
acnkyk uenLnoc1L konnekunonnoro nop6opa. oa1oHy naxopkn, cpenannme naHn a
coae1cko sone okkynaunn, 6mnn saHe1no o6ecuenenm cnyuanoc1Lk coc1aaa,
oc1a1ounoc1Lk n, sauac1yk, nnoxo coxpannoc1Lk. ak, nanpnHep, a saHke
apnenknpxe 6mnn o6napyxenm aHec1e: uapckne apa1a ns noaropopckoro
oqnckoro co6opa, o1penLnme nkonm ns oaropopa, ckoaa n opxoaa, pae c1a1yn ns
apckoro ena, koHop ns npnropopnmx nennnrpapcknx paopuoa-Hyseea... 1a
xapak1epnan kap1nna peHonc1pnpye1 kak m M k mMy cn,
nopo 6eccnc1eHno caannaaaueHycn a opny o6uyk kyuy 1poqeea, 1ak n aecLHa y6orne
peanLnme aosHoxnoc1n naxoxpennn n npen1nqnkaunn naunx qonpoa paxe a 1e ropm,
no ropnunH cnepaH. akoneu, 6ecuncnennme, a 1oH uncne pokyHen1anLno
617
nop1aepxpennme neHeuko c1opono, qak1m Hapopepc1aa saxaa1unkoa c1aan1 nop
coHnenne aosHoxnoc1L ckonLko-nn6ypL nonnouenno pec1n1yunn a 1o apeHn.
(poxo1nm npnHep: a apxnae u1a6a osen6epra, cpepn ppyrnx caepenn o neHeukoH
Hapopepc1ae a ckoae ynoHnnae1cn Haop onne, ko1opm opnn npncaonn n o1npaann
uac1nuno a epHannk 30 nkon. - oc. apxna kpannm, q. 3676, on. 1, p. 127, n. 198-
202.)
1o yx roaopn1L, ecnn 1ak n ne aepnynacL a ne1eproqckn qon1an snaHenn1an n
neHanmx pasHepoa c1a1yn aHcona, paspnpakuero nac1L nLay (ceropnn ee saHenne1
noaopen)!
, koe-u1o Hm, ace xe, aepnynn, xo1n 6naropapn1L sa a1o cnepye1 ne
yaaxaeHyk neHeukyk c1opony, a pyccknx conpa1. onLuan uac1L aosapauennoro
naxopn1cn ceropnn sa rpannuaHn occnn: a pn6an1nke, na kpanne, a enopyccnn.
ecnn roaopn1L o naue c1pane... o nocnepnnH, nauero apeHenn, caopkaH, aepL a
ropm aonm ns 20.670 npepHe1oa nckycc1aa nnunnacL 18.000. onpm oponexcko
o6nac1n a 1941 ropy nacun1maann 6onee 80.000 akcnona1oa; ns peaaakyaunn
aepnynocL 6845. Honenck aepnynocL ouenL Hano, kak n a Hysen pmHa: a epuL,
eopocnk, nynky, axuncapa, nHqepononL, eaac1ononL (nanoHnk, pmH
npnnapnexan occnn). onLuo aopeu a e1eproqe ns 50.249 Hysenmx npepHe1oa
y1pa1nn 34.000; aepnyn a 1947 r. ns epnnna... 2 kap1nnm n 357 npepHe1oa
anke1noro cepansa. 1ak panee.
a, aHepnkanum o1pann ns caoe sonm 2391 nunk c kynL1ypnmHn uennoc1nHn.
onpepHe1nmx cnnckoa npn a1oH nepepano ne 6mno, n xapak1ep nepepannoro
Ha1epnana yc1anaannaae1cn, a ocnoanoH, no kocaennmH pannmH. uac1noc1n,
nsaec1no, u1o 1pancnop1m, rnaanmH o6pasoH, 6mnn cqopHnpoaanm a ap6ypre n
nc6apene, rpe a c6opnmx nynk1ax konuen1pnpoaanncL knnrn n apxnam, a ne a
knxene, kypa caosnnn nponsaepennn nso6pasn1enLnmx nckycc1a. nepye1 nonara1L,
u1o ocnoanyk uac1L pena1pnnpyeHmx aHepnkanuaHn uennoc1e coc1aannnn nHenno
knnxnme n apxnanme qonpm. o aocnoHnnannnH coapeHennnkoa-oueanpuea, a
aHepnkancknx 1pancnop1ax 6mnn n xnaonncnme nono1na, no, kak npaanno,
Hanonsaec1nmx xypoxnnkoa n a nnoxo coxpannoc1n[1].
epeapm ne aosapauanncL. e aepnynncL a oc1oa-na-ony ckynLn1ypm ona1enno,
kap1nnm nunana, ypnnLo, n6epm, y6enca, Hoppanca; ne aepnynncL a anyry
eH6panp1, oppepxo, enakpya, oppane, Hac1ep kpyra aqaann; a nynky -
apaaapxo, yka xoppano, n6epa; a oaropop - 96 uenneunx nkon XII-XVI aa.,
Hnorne ns ko1opmx ynoHnny1m a ne1onncnx, naunnan c 1208 r.; a ckoa - pykonncnme
cpepneaekoame rpaHo1m... kap1nnax nyuunx pyccknx xypoxnnkoa - o1 oko1oaa po
nuknna, e, paHckoro n yx n ne roaopk, paano kak n o sono1o n cepe6pnno
uepkoano y1aapn, a 1akxe o6 nkonax. e1, koneuno, koe-u1o aepnynocL, kak,
nanpnHep, 40 nkon n neckonLko pecn1koa cepe6pnnmx kynL1oamx aeue ns ckoao-
euepcko naapm... o ecnn acnoHnn1L, u1o neHuaHn 6mno ynnu1oxeno, noapexpeno n
pasrpa6neno 1670 uepkae n Honac1mpe, 1o nasmaaeHan neHeuknHn cneunannc1aHn
unqpa - 1100 aosapauennmx coksnnkaHn nkon - Hoxe1 amsaa1L nnuL ropLkn cHex.
nn kaxporo, k1o Hano-HanLckn npnuac1en k cqepe nckycc1aa, ncno, u1o specL
pnanek1nka erenn ne cpa6a1maae1: konnuec1ao ne nepexopn1 a kauec1ao. oa1oHy
peskHe a1o neuanLno oaec1n o nko6m asanHnmx rpa6exax n aosapa1ax amrnnpn1
1ak: m u n nu ,
xu, u s ;
u xu , u s
. oxoxe, npaapa, u1o 6naropapnoc1n naH ne poxpa1Lcn, no nyc1L xo1n
6m o1ae1n1 na aonpoc: u ? (anoHnk, u1o
coae1ckne no1epn a kynL1ype 1onLko o1 noxnuennoro neHuaHn ouennaanocL a 230
Hnpp. ponnapoa[2]). 1o aosapa1n1 naH nauy kynL1ypnyk caHo6m1noc1L? eHum
618
pasaopn1 pyukaHn: nnuero ne1-c! aH6spopq oc1poyHno saHeuae1: pycckne cnnckn
no1epL 6ecnpepHe1nm, a1o-pe ne 6onee, ueH nc1opnueckne pokyHen1m (kak okasan
6m knoackn, qak1m naue nnuno 6norpaqnn). ao1 neHeukne cnnckn
konkpe1nm, c ykasanneH rpe u1o nexn1; 6ypL1e nk6esnm - aepnn1e ace cornacno
peec1py!..
1ak, ncno, u1o nn o kako cnHHe1pnn a naunx nosnunnx ne Hoxe1 6m1L n peun.
* * *
1pe6ye1 nasaa1L ocnoanme npnunnm c1onL neapekaa1noro
coo1nouennn amaesennmx n aosapauennmx cokpoanu occnn. x, na Ho asrnnp, 1pn.
o-nepamx, 6esypepxnoe Hapopepc1ao neHeuko aoenunnm n unnoannuec1aa na acex
ypoannx - o1 epnnra n raynn1epoa po yn1ep-oqnuepoa n conpa1, a 1akxe
nanneaa1enLckoe o1nouenne neHuea k naueHy nacnepnk, a pesynL1a1e uero Hnoroe
npoc1o norn6no. o-a1opmx, kpane orpannuennme cpepc1aa n aosHoxnoc1n coae1cko
c1oponm a pene pec1n1yunn. cnn neHeukn uen1pannsoaannm n nnanoam rpa6ex
ocyuec1annnn po nony1mcnun nckycc1aoaepoa, apxnao- n knnroaepoa, 1o npoaepko
neHeuknx o6Lek1oa na npepHe1 amnanennn coae1ckoro nHyuec1aa sannHanncL
neHnorouncnennme npepc1aan1enn oHn1e1a no penaH nckycc1a npn n
ysenan rpynna oHn1e1a kynL1ypm npn a coc1aae... 5 uenoaek.
aHoo1aepxenno 1pypncL, a1n nkpn npoc1o ne Hornn cpena1L Hnororo. anpnHep, a
coae1cko sone okkynaunn okasanocL 470 neHeuknx Hyseea. x napnexano
o6cnepoaa1L, u1o6m amncnn1L, ne nanpaannnncL nn 1ypa coae1ckne konnekunn, no
peanLno ypanocL ocHo1pe1L Henee 70 Hyseea, npnueH naue Hysenoe nHyuec1ao
pec1an1enLno 6mno napeno a neko1opmx ns nnx. ( Hnoroe n ne napeno).
o ec1L n 1pe1Ln npnunna, o ko1opo y nac npepnoun1ann ne nnca1L. pecL yHec1no
nsaneuL na oxn cae1 cnpaaky, neruyk a ocnoay knnrn aH6spopqa n
nopro1oanennyk npoqeccopoH . xaepe (peHenckn ynnaepcn1e1) a paHkax
pen1enLnoc1n pa6oue rpynnm ec1onaxoxpenne kynL1ypnmx uennoc1e,
nepeHeuennmx ns oae1ckoro oksa ao apeHn a1opo Hnpoao aonm. npaaka
osarnaanena n nxx
n x n n
; ona copepxn1 npnsnanne, ne aouepuee a knnry rpaqa.
acckasmaan o cospannn a 1943 r. a neppax aHepnkancknx aoopyxennmx cnn
oprannsaunn Monuments, Fine rts and rchies (AA - aHn1nnkn, snunme
nckycc1aa n pxnam), p-p xaepe o6Lncnne1, u1o AA ponxna 6mna pasmcknaa1L n
oxpann1L neHeukne 1annkn c nponsaepennnHn nckycc1aa, u1o6m o6ecneun1L no1oH nx
aosapa1 anapenLuaH. o, nnue1 on, pasrpa6nennn c caHmx pasnmx c1opon
snaun1enLno ocnoxnnnn a1y sapauy a nocnepnne Hecnum aonm n cpasy nocne ee
okonuannn.
poqeccop ampasnncn npepenLno pennka1no. a pene Hacu1a6m aHepnkanckoro
rpa6exa n ckynkn sa 6ecuenok aennkonennmx aeue npoc1o no1pncak1. ero c1on1,
nanpnHep, rpanpnosnan aqepa renepana apHnn appn onnnnsa, pounc1a
orpa6nauero a 1945-1947 rr. a anLu6ypre npecnoay1m noesp c aenrepcknH
sono1oH! noxnuenne pparouennoc1e reccencko knnxecko qaHnnnn?!
aepnnn6yprckne cokpoanua, uac1L ko1opmx nmneunnn epHannn amkynnna y
nacnepnnkoa Hapopepa?! enakune Hory1 nouepnny1L neHano noppo6noc1e o
nopo6nmx penax, a 1akxe o kopmc1nmx anne1n1ax ueqa . enopa nnn
saHec1n1enn rnaam aHepnkancko aoenno apHnnnc1paunn . nen - ns knnrn nnn
nkonac Hx En (nn . Nicolas. er au er urope. as Sciksal
europaiscer unstwerke im ritten eic. - ?ncen, 1995).
619
asHax Hapopepc1aa 6mn 1aknH, u1o a 1965 r. H x
x u x
x F, n onn 6mnn coxxenm (cH. o6
a1oH: Te spoils o orl ar II, ennet ., Alor. Te American ilitars ole in
Stealing uropes Treasures. - New ork, 1994). eHanyk uac1L cpepn pasaopoaannoro,
kak yxe nonnn un1a1enL, coc1aannnn cnnakn, cnn1me c coae1cknx, amaesennmx a
epHannk, uennoc1e. o canpe1enLc1ay coapeHennnkoa, a nocneaoenno apone n
Hepnke noaceHec1no una o1kpm1an n unpokan 1oproann coae1cknH an1nkaapna1oH.
m apnp nn korpa-nn6ypL ysnaeH, rpe ace a1o oceno. o 1o, u1o k naH ono ne
aepne1cn, - a1o naaepnnka.
HHHHmH 4RBH4HK
ckasannoro, pyHak, poc1a1ouno, u1o6m y1aepxpa1L: knnra r-na aH6spopqa
qanLcnqnunpye1 npo6neHy nepeHeuennmx uennoc1e co acex c1opon: c npaaoao,
qak1nuecko n HopanLno. 1o 6mno 6m nexopouo n nenpnnnuno, paxe ecnn 6m ona
amuna ns-nop nepa pnpoaoro uenoaeka. o pannm 1pyp - ne npoc1o nsHmunennn
pocyxero unnoannka. 1o, no cy1n, pnnnoHa1nueckn pokyHen1, npnuenLno
appecoaannm poccnckoHy nc1e6nnuHen1y. 1o neoqnunanLnm, no npkn qak1
napopno pnnnoHa1nn. a Ho asrnnp, on sacnyxnaae1 apekaa1noro o1ae1a co
c1oponm nauero napopa. apekcL, naH xaa1n1 na a1o cnnm npaac1aenno npaao1m.
pnako y knnrn ec1L n a1opo appeca1: eaponeckoe o6uec1aennoe Hnenne. ocnopnn
aH6spopq cospan caoero popa Hannqec1, o6pauennm k sanapnoHy Hnpy; on
npnsmaae1 a1o1 unannnsoaannm Hnp - apony n Hepnky - a coksnnkn n
canpe1enn npo1na pyccknx aapaapoa. napo npnsna1L, u1o 1akan nonn1nka,
caoc1aennan aoo6ue epHannn a a1oH aonpoce, naxopn1 onpepenennm o1knnk,
oco6enno a Hepnke. ero c1on1 opnn 1onLko Hexpynapopnm cnHnosnyH 19-21
nnaapn 1995 r., npoaepennm a Lk-Hopke nop nasaanneH q -
n: ,
x . n 6mn oprannsoaan cynpyraHn ksen n xoppxeH
opocaHn n no caoeHy cuenapnk n pexnccype ckopee noxopnn na Hexpynapopnoe
cypnnnue nap occne. co6enno yHnnne1 ppyxnoe n cornacnoe amc1ynnenne
aHepnkancknx n neHeuknx yuac1nnkoa konrpecca, kpn1nkoaaaunx npaaoame nosnunn
kak , npnHennauero npnnunn penapaun (koHnenca1opno pec1n1yunn) a
o1nouennn kynL1ypnmx uennoc1e, 1ak n coapeHenno occnn, ne cneuaue c
sakonnmHn penapaunnHn pacc1a1Lcn. oHHen1apnn aHepnkancko npeccm 1akxe 6mnn
ampepxanm a nponeHeukoH pyxe.
akyk nosnunk Hoxno cun1a1L 1papnunonno. ue a 1945 r. aHepnkanckan
c1opona naxopnna aospaxennn npo1na 1pe6oaann koHnenca1opno pec1n1yunn co
c1oponm panunn, n ppyrnx nenocpepc1aenno noc1papaaunx o1 neHeuknx
Hapopepoa c1pan. no n nonn1no: epHannn ne noxn1nna y Hepnkn nn opno
cepe6pnno noxkn, na seHnn 1a1oa ne ynana nn opna neHeukan 6oH6a, 107
y cck cn 1 (!) rm Mkck cn!
osnunn ne noHeuana, opnako, ooppnnaunonnoHy koHn1e1y kon1ponLnoro
coae1a a epnnne npnnn1L 12.12.45 r. peuenne o noc1aakax no pec1n1yunnH
kynL1ypnmx uennoc1e, u1o nosaonnno sann1epecoaannmH c1oponaH npnc1ynn1L k
posmcky akanaanen1oa. nocnepc1ann y1aepxpennan on1ponLnmH coae1oH 17.04.46 r.
e1mpexc1oponnnn npouepypa pec1n1yun nop1aeppnna: Hyuec1ao ynnkanLnoro
xapak1epa, pec1n1yunn ko1oporo neaosHoxna, ...Hoxe1 6m1L saHenena paanosnaunmHn
npepHe1aHn. pnako ceropnn a 1a1ax npepnoun1ak1 ne acnoHnna1L nn o6 a1nx
pokyHen1ax, nn o co6c1aennoH paneko ne 6esynpeunoH noaepennn, nn o nLanno pone
saxaauennmx nHn 1poqeea, sa1o amnnunaak1 nasaannme pacxoxpennn a nopxope k
pec1n1yunn a 1e panekne ropm.
620
o o6pas kpnc1anLno uec1noro napnn, 6ecnpnc1pac1noro Hopannc1a - ne
cknapmaae1cn. e ropn1cn aHepnkanum naH a yun1enn. nnukoH pasnan y nac cypL6a.
cnnukoH Hnoro 1eHnmx nn1en na aHepnkanckoH cHoknnre.
* * *
rpaqa aH6spopqa ac1peaoxnna Henn. o ne no1oHy, u1o n aoo6pasnn, 6yp1o
nopo6nme nncannn Hory1 noannn1L na nauy, poccnckyk nosnunk. e1, Hoe
6ecnokoc1ao amsaano ppyrnH. aoe opnoc1oponnoc1Lk n, pa npoc1n1 Henn rpaq,
6ecnapponnoc1Lk knnra sac1aanna Henn nnunn pas nopyHa1L o 1oH, u1o sapaua,
noc1aanennan nocne aonm neHeuknHn neparoraHn no npeoponennk koHnnekca
annm, amnonnena, n c nepexnec1oH. mpocnn nokonennn, nac1onLko nsapa1naune n
o1aeprune ypokn nc1opnn, nac1onLko yaepennme a 1oH, u1o nx npaaa n nn1epecm c1on1
amue npnnunnoa Hopann n cnpaaepnnaoc1n, u1o Hoxno c yaepennoc1Lk xpa1L: ne
ceropnn-saa1pa Hnp anoaL ycnmun1: eutsclan, eutsclan ueer alles!
P.S. QRR EX, K 3BmR HRH HE 3HE,
H HHHER HEMEKR EHUHH
H YKYK 3EMRK
- HanenLkn, no c1apnnneun ropopok ockoacko o6nac1n, ynoHnnakuncn a
nc1ounnkax c XIV aeka. ak n Hnorne nopo6nme ropopkn, on eue saponro po aonm
o6saaencn kpaeaepuecknH HyseeH. c1opnueckan nacmuennoc1L kpan ckasanacL na
kauec1ae Hyseno konnekunn. e xypoxec1aennan uac1L ao HnoroH coc1onna ns
qaHnnLnmx uennoc1e payx nHenn1mx knnxecknx popoa - arapnnmx n onropyknx,
uLn nHennn 6mnn nenopaneky. co6yk uennoc1L npepc1aannna konnekunn rpaakp
(5864 nnc1a) n nnoro an1nkaapna1a, amaesennan knnseH arapnnmH ns ny1euec1an
no apone n snn, a 1akxe apxnanme pokyHen1m (583 nnc1a) ns nHenn n uepkae.
mnn n ppyrne paspenm co6pannn: a1norpaqnueckn, apxeonornueckn,
reonornueckn, ec1ec1aenno-nayunm n paxe an1pononornueckn. ak o1He1nna
koHnccnn a coc1aae npoqeccopoa .. m6akoaa n .. Hnpnoaa, npnexaaunx a ysy
nocne ee ocao6oxpennn: onnekunn ysckoro Hysen coc1onnn ns uennoro a nayunoH
n xypoxec1aennoH o1nouennn nop6opa Ha1epnanoa no kpec1LnnckoHy n paopnnckoHy
6m1y XVII-XIX aa..
cenLk 1941 r. neHum paanncL k ockae c1peHn1enLno n neypepxnHo. yse 6mno
o6Lnaneno aoennoe nonoxenne; na pa6o1e a Hysee oc1ancn opnn uenoaek -
pnpek1pnca .. anennna. aaakyaune Hepnnnn, napencL ne ponyc1n1L neHuea 1ak
6nnsko k c1onnue, no pnpek1pncy nponnc1pyk1npoaann, kak noc1ynn1L c HysenmHn
akcnona1aHn, ecnn ropop nakpoe1 aonna nauec1ann. coo1ae1c1ann c nnc1pyk1axeH
uennme akcnona1m - c1a1yn, xypoxec1aennan 6ponsa n 1.p. 6mnn sakonanm a seHnk, a
1annkn, ko1opme pnpek1pnca caHa konana. op1nunecn aeun - 1eneckon, Hnkpockon,
na1eqon, pykonncn, knnrn n 1.n. - 6mnn cnoxenm a cynpykn n nunkn n cnpn1anm a
o6napyxennoH nop pockaHn nona a aH6ape kaHennoH norpe6e, nocne uero non 6mn
nac1nan anoaL. 14 ok1n6pn nocne aospyunoro nane1a a ropope nauanacL xao1nueckan
aaakyaunn, a cpounoH nopnpke amcnann n anennny, ycneauyk saxaa1n1L c co6o
1onLko nnunme aeun.
25 ok1n6pn ysa 6mna sann1a neHuaHn, cpasy pacnonoxnaunHn a Hysee, c1onaueH na
aosamuennoc1n, aonnckyk uac1L. orpe6 c HysenmHn cynpykaHn 6mn o6napyxen n
nepeo6opypoaan a 6nnnpax. xop a Hyse sanpe1nnn. ckope cnyua o1pan a pykn
saxaa1unkoa n saxoponkn, cpenannme pnpek1pnco. 17 peka6pn 1941 r. neHuea
amnypnnn o1c1ynn1L; yxopn ns ysm, onn co6pann ace Hysenoe nHyuec1ao a spannn
Hysen n nopoxrnn ero. ce, u1o oc1anocL nocne noxapa, - nonypaspyuennm
621
qynpaHen1, rpypm knpnnua, oc1a1kn o6oxxennoro HpaHopa n pacnnaam 6ponsm o1
c1a1ya1ok.
oo1ae1c1aykune ak1m n canpe1enLckne nokasannn nHek1cn.
opo6nmx HanenLknx Hyseea na okkynnpoaannmx 1eppn1opnnx 6mno camue c1a.
1 nnx ne oc1anocL nnuero.
[1] nocnepc1ann Hne poaenocL anpe1L cnnckn 1oro, u1o naxopnnocL a a1nx
aHepnkancknx aaronax. Hepnkanum, kak n cnepoaano oxnpa1L, ampann naH
akcnona1m no npnnunny na 1e6e, 6oxe, u1o naH ne roxe: 1npaxnm an1nkaapna1 n
kap1nnm 1nna nop1pe1 nensaec1noro pa6o1m nensaec1noro. nuero pec1an1enLno
uennoro onn naH ne o1pann. 1oHy xe ns 14 aaronoa aaesennoro o6pa1no a
nHyuec1aa (na amaos, kak Hm noHnnH no1pe6oaanocL camue 1400!) 12
pacnpepennnocL ne a .
[2] uenax 1945 ropa. eanLnan c1onHoc1L yuep6a, nanecennoro naH neHuaHn,
ouennaae1cn ceropnn a 1,3 1pnn. ponnapoa.
HE R MHR, ERHKR EHEEHHR
K 60-m n M
(H r N10-11, 2001 r.)
nopunaky rase1m - pycckn sa 2001 r., n o6napyxnn paa
Ha1epnana, ko1opme 6mno 6m ec1ec1aennee ac1pe1n1L a rase1e c nasaanneH -
neHeu. 1o o1pmaok ns knnrn . Heneaa c1nnm 1opo Hnpoao aonm n c1a1Ln
.. enesnoaa 1o no6epnn ao 1opo Hnpoao aone. 6a aa1opa npoxnaak1 sa
py6exoH, opnn a , ppyro - a anape, n o11ypa, ns caoero npekpacnoro paneka,
peunnn noyun1L nac, necHmunenmx, kak napo opnny nk6n1L, kak o1nocn1Lcn k
caoeHy napopy n u1o osnauae1 naua no6epa nap epHanne a 1945 ropy. 1o x,
1pora1enLnan sa6o1a aecLHa paneknx o1 nac pyccknx o Hen1ann1e1e
coo1eue1c1aennnkoa. o-o-ouenL 6onLuan cHenoc1L, ecnn yuec1L y6oroc1L nx
apryHen1oa.
ne cun1ak ce6n anpaae noyua1L ppyrnx pepak1opoa, u1o nH neua1a1L, a u1o - ne1. o
ec1L npnunna, no ko1opo n peunn o1ae1n1L. na coc1on1 a 1oH, u1o a pycckoH
naunonan-na1pno1nueckoH panxennn saHe1no ycnnnnacL rny6oko noxnan, no HoeHy
y6expennk, 1enpenunn, ocnoaannan na ppeHyueH neaexec1ae. ne nepennenncL n
o1pasnnncL paa noaoHopnmx - n no1oHy aecLHa nespenmx - yaneuennn: 1) ,
anekyun ero apen1oa k o1oxpec1anennk pyccknx n neHuea aonpekn aceHy (!)
nony1opa1mcnuene1neHy onm1y repHano-cnaanncknx o1nouenn; 2) -
, sac1aannkun cokpyua1Lcn no noaopy nopaxennn neHeuknx
epnnoHmunennnkoa a 1945 r. (a pec1an1enLnoc1n nn o kakoH epnnoHmcnnn Hexpy
naunonan-counannc1aHn pasnmx naun ne Hoxe1 6m1L peun no onpepenennk) n - a
pasan1ne a1o 1eHm - c1aan1L nop coHnenne n nopoun1L aennuaun nopanr pycckoro
napopa a aennuaue ns aon a nc1opnn uenoaeuec1aa. pesynL1a1e nonannncL 1akne
yun1enn napopa, ko1opme asnnncL nponoaepmaa1L, 6yp1o ,
622
n , xn
(pec1aykunH, kak nn c1panno, no 1o xe ykaske),
u , mu
. nepykun ns a1oro 1esnca nornueckn amaop coc1on1 a sanpe1e acnko
kpn1nkn n1nepa n rn1nepnsHa, nockonLky-pe 1akan kpn1nka nLe1 aopy na xnpoackyk
HenLnnuy. expy c1pok 1y1 xe un1ae1cn 6esanennnunonnan pnpek1naa: asn1L
neHeukn naunonan-counannsH sa o6paseu pnn pycckoro panxennn, o16pocna
co6c1aennm nc1opnueckn onm1 kak 1o1anLno apaxpe6nm pnn pycckoro napopa.
epeapoH a caoeH pope, o6LepnnnkunH kpanee repHanoqnnLc1ao c kpane xe
pycoqo6ne, nannacL amnyuennan nepaano knnra . nponaeaa kpLHa napopa.
nepec1an nopaaa1L ee aa1opy pyky: nopoxpy, noka noyHnee1, npno6pe1e1 koe-kakne
snannn n nsannn1cn nepep napopoH, k ko1opoHy nHee1 nesacnyxennyk uec1L
npnnapnexa1L.
nnra nponaeaa, amuenasaannme ny6nnkaunn a rase1e n eue uenm pnp
nenasaannmx cnHn1oHoa roaopn1: 1enpenunn cospena n nopa c ne paso6pa1Lcn, noka
ona ne nanecna nenonpaanHm apep pycckoHy panxennk. pn anannse o6pasuoa
6pocak1cn a rnasa :
- sanpepenLnoe neaexec1ao n aepxornnpc1ao aa1opoa, uLn apypnunn ncuepnmaae1cn
napo peueamx rase1nmx cencaun (a 1o n npoc1o nn1ae1cn yc1nmH napopnmH
1aopuec1aoH), a o1 ckpynynesnoro kpn1nueckoro nsyuennn Hnorouncnennmx
nc1ounnkoa 6exn1, kak uep1 o1 napana;
- yHy nenoc1nxnHoe c1peHnenne yun1Lcn n nepennHa1L onm1 ne y 6nnc1a1enLnmx
no6epn1ene (6ypL 1o xo1L pycckne, xo1L eapen), a y no6expennmx, onackypnaunx,
npoaannaunx aennkyk nc1opnueckyk Hnccnk; y noxoa, nosopno nponrpaaunx
rno6anLnyk nrpy, ko1opyk ne nHenn npaaa nponrpa1L (n nHeaunx na pykax ace
c1apune kosmpn!); y y6nkpkoa, nenpoc1n1enLno ynyc1naunx ynnkanLnm
nc1opnueckn uanc, kakoro nnkorpa ne nHen n ne 6ype1 nHe1L nn opnn ppyro napop;
y noponkoa, nocHeaunx nopnn1L pyky na nac, pyccknx. eHeuknH naunc1aH ne1 n ne
Hoxe1 6m1L onpaapannn nHenno c 1oukn spennn nocnepoaa1enLnoro naunc1a n
pacnc1a, no. Hec1o 1oro, u1o6m neyc1anno anannsnpoaa1L oun6kn n1nepa n ?,
naun poHopouennme repHanoqnnm npoponxak1 ncka1L pnn nero ace noame
onpaapannn, a pnn 1ex, k1o ero pasrpoHnn - noame ynpekn n o6annennn,
npnnnxakune nx ycnex. 6 nc1nne npn 1akoH nopxope, nonn1noe peno, sa6o1n1Lcn ne
npnxopn1cn;
- ne1epnnHoe o1nouenne k nk6mH nonm1kaH noncka o6Lek1nanmx nc1nn n nopxopoa a
c1onL cnoxno o6nac1n, kak nc1opnn pyccko-neHeuknx o1nouenn (oco6enno a
aeke).
, neaexec1ao, ycyry6nennoe c1paxoH nepep 6ecnpnc1pac1nmH n o6Lek1nanmH
nccnepoaanneH aonpoca, a coue1annn co cnenmH n ank6nennmH npeknonenneH nepep
rn1nepnsHoH: ao1 poHnnan1a, ckaosnuan a counnennnx aa1opoa, nm1akunxcn
nepecHo1pe1L ceropnn npaac1aennme n nonn1nueckne n1orn ennko 1euec1aenno
aonm. a Ho asrnnp, a1a poHnnan1a ampae1 xec1ouaun koHnnekc
nenonnouennoc1n neko1opmx rocnop, npnuncnnkunx ce6n k pyccknH naunonan-
na1pno1aH. a6m ne noppaxa1L nH a ronocnoanoc1n, pas6epy xo1n 6m 1onLko opny ns
ynoHnny1mx pa6o1, c1a1Lk enesnoaa. o neo6xopnHoc1n 6ypy nsnara1L caon
apryHen1m kpa1ko, 1esncno. an6onee aaxnme 1eHm noc1apakcL noppo6nee ocae1n1L a
aunonanLno rase1e.
HU H3QHHK, HM H H3QHB
623
H 1esnc r-na enesnoaa, ampenennm xnpno n kpynno: H x
r x x n! HE MXE!
osaonL1e, a oam op? 1o1 penL o1Heuak1 cnnxponno co1nn napopoa - n xnpm a
1oH uncne. paapa, pennrnosnme eapen o1Heuak1 a cen1n6pe eue n oco6m eapeckn
noam rop - ou-xa-ana, no aepL n pennrnosnme pycckne o1Heuak1 c1apm noam
rop, u1o ne Heuae1 1eH n ppyrnH npaspnoaa1L 1akxe a nouL c 31 peka6pn na 1
nnaapn. ak Hoxe1, naH aceH o1kasa1Lcn o1 a1oro ceHenoro 1opxec1aa, nockonLky ero
1opxec1ayk1 n eapen? peuen, papykcL n n ppyrnH co6m1nnH, npnnocnunH papoc1L
eapenH: aocxopy connua, npnxopy aecnm. oxe1, 1oxe spn?
y xopouo, ponyc1nH, a1y oueanpnyk rnynoc1L r-n enesnoa cHoposnn a
noneHnueckoH sanane. Hmcn ero rnnep6onm a ppyroH: a xope 1opo Hnpoao aonm
amnrpann-pe 1onLko eapen, a ppyrnH napopaH 1y1 papoaa1Lcn neueHy. ak nn a1o?
n1nepnsH 6mn cHep1enLnmH aparoH eapec1aa, a1o aepno. o naH, pyccknH, kak n
HnornH ppyrnH napopaH (ne roaopn yx o umranax), on 1oxe ppyroH ne 6mn.
ecoHnenno, y eapeea ec1L ace ocnoaannn npaspnoaa1L pasrpoH neHeukoro
naunc1ckoro rocypapc1aa. o pasae 1onLko y nnx?
o6epy nap rn1nepnsHoH c pepknH epnnopyuneH o1Heuak1 ao aceH Hnpe co1nn
napopoa, a 1. n. c1panm-no6epn1enLnnum (, nrnnn, panunn, 6maun n
o6pasoaaaunecn na ero Hec1e pecny6nnkn) penak1 a1o 1opxec1aenno n oqnunanLno.
oxno, koneuno, nx acex - anrnnuan, qpanuysoa, aHepnkanuea n Hn. pp. - sannca1L a
coakn, a pa6m-nn1epnaunonannc1m (kak a1o cpenan c pyccknHn enesnoa), no
apnp nn a1o 6ype1 yHno n cnpaaepnnao.
oco6ennoc1n ec1L ocnoaannn pnn 1opxec1aa y cnaanncknx napopoa: uexoa, cnoaakoa,
nonnkoa, cep6oa, 6enopycoa, ykpannuea, pyccknx. nn nac, cnaann, kak n pnn eapeea,
a1o 1oxe 6mna 6opL6a ne na xnsnL, a na cHep1L. onee 1oro, a1o 6mna kynLHnnaunn
nony1opa1mcnuene1ne 6opL6m, a xope ko1opo neHum noc1onnno opepxnaann aepx,
1ecnnnn cnaann, nopa6ouann nx, cronnnn c seHnn, ynnu1oxann (kak ynnu1oxen 6mn
nekorpa kpynneun cnaannckn napop - npyccm). 6 a1oH roaopn1 ace poc1ynnme
Ha1epnanm no nc1opnn exnn, onLun, ep6nn, epHannn, oc1ouno pyccnn, pa n
occnn 1oxe. (epapoH a 1968 ropy uexn nonpekann nac ne c1onLko 1eH, u1o Hm aaenn
1ankn, ckonLko 1eH, u1o npnaenn c co6o neHuea.)
pnn ns nan6onee nnueHepnmx n nxnamx 1esncoa yuennn o onokoc1e rnacn1, u1o
eapen 6mnn-pe epnnc1aennmH napopoH, ko1opm neHum ynnu1oxann 1onLko sa 1o, u1o
on ec1L. 1o nopnan nenpaapa. naann ynnu1oxann 1oxe 1onLko sa 1o, u1o onn
cnaanne - 1o ec1L, c 1oukn spennn rn1nepnsHa, nepouenoaekn. pesynL1a1e, k
npnHepy, a orne 6mno ynnu1oxeno 628 6enopyccknx pepeaenL (Hnorne, ne 1onLko
a1mnL, - aHec1e c xn1ennHn) n aoo6ue norn6 a aony kaxpm ue1aep1m 6enopyc.
oxe1, r-ny enesnoay 6pa1Ln no kpoan n no pyxy - neHum, ny a Hne - 6enopycm.
enounp a o1nouennn nnx co c1oponm neHuea - qak1, n opnoro a1oro qak1a 6onee ueH
poc1a1ouno, u1o6m naH aHec1e npaspnoaa1L no6epy nap n1nepoH.
c1a1n, nocne pasrpoHa neHuea ace cnaanne kpynno amnrpann. kpannum nonyunnn
anapnyk kpanny. enopycm - anapnyk enopyccnk. exn - ype1m, o1kypa 6mnn
nsrnanm, nakoneu, ace neHum. onnkn - 1akxe ounuennyk o1 neHuea nnesnk,
ranseckne ropopa, uac1L oc1ouno pyccnn n pp. n1oaum - nanepy (eHenL),
nnenckn kpa. ycckne - oc1ounyk pyccnk c ennrc6eproH. 1o nn ne noaop pnn
1opxec1aa?
aHeuy nony1no, u1o n eue a 1994 r. nncan: ne acerpa xo1enocL nonn1L: c keH xe
Hm aoeaann? nap1nno cnc1eHo? o6uec1aennmH c1poeH? npee? naune?
Hnoro pyHan nap a1nH n npnuen k amaopy: Mk qmM n kM, kkM
n, My, "qmM", My, Mk (aunonan-
624
kann1annsH - 2). o o1ae1, 1aknH o6pasoH, 6mn ncen acerpa: Hm aoeaann ne c
nap1ne, ne c npeonorne, ne c o6uec1aennmH c1poeH, a
n - . o1 qak1, u1o ona 6mna aoopyxena
onpepenenno npeonorne, nnuero ne Henne1 no cyuec1ay pena.
ne1 nnkaknx ocnoaann cun1a1L, 6yp1o neHum nsHennnn caoe o1nouenne k
cnaannaH. 6 a1oH kpacnopeunao roaopn1 yuac1ne a aone npo1na Krocnaann
(anepame sa 50 ne1 6ynpecaep npnnnn yuac1ne a aoennmx pec1annx - n npo1na koro
xe?!), aospoxpenne neHeuknx npe1ensn k onLue no noaopy nnesnn, k exnn - no
noaopy ype1, k occnn - no noaopy 1poqenoro nckycc1aa (a 1aH, noHnnn1e Hoe
cnoao, pope1 n po oc1ouno pyccnn) n 1. p. n 1. n. y, a o 1oH, u1o 6mno 6m co
cnaannaHn, ecnn 6m ao 1opo Hnpoao aone no6epnnn neHum, Hm noroaopnH nnxe.
1ak, y nac ec1L caon co6c1aennme ocnoaannn npaspnoaa1L enL o6epm. eapenHn
nnn 6es nnx - ne nHee1 a pannoH cnyuae nnkakoro snauennn.
QE RHK?
nnue1, u1o an1nrn1nepnsH sannHae1 knkueaoe Hec1o a xnpoHaconcko
nponaranpe. apenH ec1L sa u1o nenaanpe1L n1nepa n papoaa1Lcn no6epe nap
nnH. oppasyHeaae1cn, u1o no a1o npnunne ace oc1anLnme napopm ne ponxnm
kpn1nkoaa1L rn1nepnsH n n1nepa. 1eH 6onee - pycckne, ko1opme caHn noc1papann
o1 eapeea, a no1oHy, anpnHo, ponxnm nk6n1L n1nepa n oropua1Lcn caoe no6epe nap
nnH.
Hec1e c 1eH enesnoa c nenaanc1Lk n npespenneH nnue1 o6 (n o6o aceH, o1
nero nponsaopnoH - coae1cko apHnn, coae1ckoH napope). a6maan npn a1oH noueHy-
1o, u1o xnpoHaconckan nponaranpa c1aan1 kpn1nky na a1opoe Hec1o nocne
kpn1nkn naunc1cko epHannn, a kpn1nky 1annna (kpacnoro qapaona) - epaa nn
ne napaane c kpn1nko n1nepa. mxopn1, pyra1L epHannk n n1nepa aHec1e c
eapenHn - nenLsn, a n 1annna - Hoxno. opouan nornka!
pecL Hm nopxopnH k nan6onee aaxno n 6onesnenno npo6neHe.
H HYH K HHHRBHMY 3XQEHHK
occnn a 1941-1945 rr. eapecko kononne? paapa nn, u1o k 1941 r. a
occnn xnn ne pycckn, a coae1ckn napop, coaok? paapa nn, u1o coakn kak
6mnn a 1941, 1ak n oc1anncL k 1945 ropy eapecknHn pa6aHn? paapa nn, u1o
epHannk no6epnnn coae1ckne pa6m-nn1epnaunonannc1m nop pykoaopc1aoH xnpoa n
coaHec1no c aHepnkancko xnpokpa1ne?
-n enesnoa na ace a1n aonpocm o1aeuae1 y1aeppn1enLno.
- o1pnua1enLno.
apen ne cnyuano aocneaak1 k1n6pLckyk peaonkunk n nepaonauanLnm a1an
coae1cko anac1n, a 1y xe anac1L c konua 1920-x rr. - pyrak1. 1o cansano c
nopaxenneH 1pouknsHa n konuenunn Hnpoao peaonkunn n c nepexopoH na
penLcm noc1poennn counannsHa a opno c1pane. o n ppyroe 6mno cansano c
ykpennenneH 1annna a ponn aoxpn nap1nn n napopa. o n ppyroe anekno sa co6o
kpax eapecko c1pa1ernn a occnn, a cnepoH - kpax eapeckoro Horyuec1aa.
625
enesnoa a1oro ne snae1 n ne nonnHae1, sa1o eapen snak1 n nonnHak1 ouenL xopouo
n nnuy1 o6 a1oH neyc1anno n o1kpoaenno.
nocnepnee apeHn pacnnopnnocL neHano npeannc1oa, ko1opme c konpauka cypn1 o6
nc1opnn, nonaran, u1o a ne acerpa ec1L Hec1o pnn am6opa Hexpy xopounH n pypnmH
ny1eH pasan1nn. peanLnoc1n xe am6op, k coxanennk, nexn1, kak npaanno, Hexpy
nnoxnH n ouenL nnoxnH. ak a1o nponanne1cn a naueH cnyuae?
mn nn pycckn napop a pa6ckoH, necao6opnoH nonoxennn? a, n ne opnn pas.
anpnHep, npn 1a1apax - ax 280 ne1. no1oH, nocne o1Henm KpLeaa pnn, ocnoanan
Hacca napopa (6onee 60%) okasanacL a kpenoc1noH pa6c1ae. c 1861 r., nocne
o1Henm kpenoc1noro npaaa, qeopanLnan cnc1eHa saka6anennn cHennnacL na
kann1annc1nueckyk: npone1apnn a ropope, 6epnnka-6a1paka a pepeane.
1917 r. pycckn napop nop aospec1aneH eapecko counannc1nuecko nponaranpm
aosoHnnn, u1o o1nmne cHoxe1 xn1L aoo6ue 6es xosnnna. aH ce6e 6ype1 xosnnnoH
(kyxapka 6ype1 ynpaann1L rocypapc1aoH). apop npornan c ,
ycck n, xopouo eHy nsaec1nmx sa aeka, - uapn, noHeunkoa, kann1annc1oa,
oqnuepoa, nonoa, a saopno nn1ennnren1oa, a no1oH n kynakoa - n 1y1 xe okasancn a
necnmxannoH, ne6maanoH pa6c1ae y n , M: y eapeea.
oae1ckan anac1L aosnnkna kak eapeckan anac1L - 1y1 n c r-noH enesnoamH anonne
cornacen.
nac1L eapeea, nopHennaunx co6o ne 1onLko aecL annapa1 ynpaanennn, aknkuan
aepxyuky cnnoamx c1pyk1yp, no n aoo6ue pycckyk popeaonkunonnyk
nn1ennnrenunk, 6mna konoccanLno, 1o1anLno. e 6mno 1ako xnsnenno aaxno
cqepm, rpe y pykoaopc1aa ne 6mno 6m eapeea, rpe onn ne poHnnnpoaann 6m. u1o
xyxe acero n uero, no-anpnHoHy, ne nonnHae1 enesnoa, x
sx nx (nocne pasrpoHa 6enoro panxennn, okonuannn rpaxpancko aonm n
nonno neaosHoxnoc1n pec1aapaunn) m x
. a1oro ne xo1ena ne 1onLko caHa
anac1L: naunonanLno-rocypapc1aennm nnc1nnk1 pycckoro napopa 1akxe ne ponyckan
nopo6noro pasan1nn co6m1n. oxpanenne nepaoro a Hnpe rocypapc1aa pa6ounx n
kpec1Lnn ponro eue nocne peaonkunn kasanocL amcue uennoc1Lk, pnpoH c ko1opo
eapeckoe sacnnLe ne nHeno npnnunnnanLnoro snauennn pnn napopnmx Hacc.
eH 6onee ne Hornn xena1L caepxennn eapecko anac1n ueno kpyuennn ace noao
poccncko rocypapc1aennoc1n 1e neeapeckne, a 1oH uncne pycckne, pykoaopn1enn
(1annn, ono1oa, opounnoa, ypennm, annnnn, npoa n Hn. pp.), ko1opmx
c1anoannocL a nap1nnoH n coae1ckoH annapa1e ace 6onLue rop o1 ropa. nn - n
1annn a nepayk ouepepL - npekpacno nonnHann, u1o epnnoapeHennoe 1o1anLnoe
nsLn1ne eapeea ns rocypapc1aenno nnpaHnpm Hrnoaenno o6pyun1 caHy nnpaHnpy, a
nop ee o6noHkaHn norn6ny1 n nnnuna1opm 1akoro nepeaopo1a. 1annn pec1aoaan no-
ppyroHy, o6pe1n epnnc1aennm, na Ho asrnnp, paunonanLnm nopxop.
occnn 1920-x rr. (a 1eH 6onee - nocne) ? oneuno,
ne1. 6o a Hnpe ne 6mno 1akoro uen1pa eapecko naunonanLno xnsnn ane occnn, 1.
e. , o1kypa ocyuec1annnocL 6m ynpaanenne c1pano (o6 a1oH
npko canpe1enLc1aye1 6opL6a ne na xnsnL, a na cHep1L eapecknx rpynnnpoaok a
/6/) n kypa nanpaannnncL 6m no1okn narpa6nennoro n nocnepykuan panL
(o1penLnme eapeckne aopo1nnm 1nna aHHepa ckasouno o6ora1nnncL, no a1o nanenne
ppyroro popa). kakan xe Hoxe1 6m1L kononnn, ecnn ne1 He1pononnn? kopee Hoxno
roaopn1L o aospoxpennn nop amaecko ppeane asapnn, ko1opan, kak
nsaec1no, 6mna xnHepo, no ne kononne.
nHepa, no . yHnneay, a1o rocypapc1ao, a ko1opoH na 1ene opnoro napopa cnpn1
ronoaa, coc1onuan ns npepc1aan1ene ppyroro napopa. Henno 1ak nonyunnocL a
626
, n 1y1 n anoaL cornauycL c enesnoamH. o, a o1nnune o1 nero, n anxy
cn1yaunk a pnnaHnke, a pasan1nn. 1a pnnaHnka cansana a ponLk 1annna, ko1oporo
eapen coaceH ne spn npoknnnak1 n nenaanpn1 nounue, ueH n1nepa.
aok yc1anoaky a eapeckoH aonpoce 1annn o1kpoaenno n nonnoc1Lk amckasan
n66en1pony a 1939 r. a xope nopnncannn snaHenn1oro nak1a, o ueH 1o1 neHepnenno
ponoxnn n1nepy. 1annn ckasan, u1o noka ne Hoxe1 o6o1ncL 6es eapeea, no 6ype1
am1ecnn1L nx ns acex cqep no Hepe cospannn n poc1a naunonanLnmx (1. e. pyccknx)
kappoa nn1ennnrenunn. y6expen, u1o 1annn 6mn a6conk1no nckpenen n 1ouen. ro
nc1nnnoe o1nouenne k eapenH nponannocL eue po peaonkunn (aeppnoa nepapoH ns
cn6npcko ccmnkn xanoaancn no nap1nno nnnnn na c1annnckn kpann
an1nceHn1nsH) n nnkypa ne ncuesno nocne nee, opnako 1annn-nparHa1nk ne Hor n
ne xo1en nnua1Lcn onopnmx kappoa ns uncna eapeea, ecnn onn yc1panaann ero caonHn
penoamHn kauec1aaHn. apak1epnme npnHepm - exnnc, aranoanu, n1annoa. ce
onn xopnnn y nero no c1pynouke, 6ecnpekocnoano amnonnnn aonk yca1oro xosnnna.
x xnsnL nonnoc1Lk naxopnnacL y 1annna a pykax (xapak1epno, u1o popno 6pa1
asapn aranoanua - aecLHa kpynnm xosnc1aennnk - 6mn amnyxpen sac1penn1Lcn a
oxnpannn apec1a).
onLue 1oro. 1annn na 1o1 HoHen1 yxe ne Henee payx ne1, naunnan c 1937 r. (o ueH
r-n enesnoa, no-anpnHoHy, ne snae1), ak1nano unc1nn nap1nk, apHnk, ,
apkoHa1 nnoc1pannmx pen n neko1opme ppyrne c1pyk1ypm, y6npan eapeckne kappm,
kasnn nx nnn o1npaannn a 1kpLHm n narepn. 1o 6mn nac1onun pasrpoH nennncko
raappnn.
pouecc am1ecnennn n ns6nennn eapecknx kappoa npoponxancn (n paxe ycnnnncn) a
ropm aonm. anapenne n1nepa cnnLno sa1opHosnno ero (Hnorne kappm
nonapo6nnncL anoaL), no ne oc1anoanno. ue a aaryc1e 1942 r. npaanenne
nponaranpm n arn1aunn (6) nopro1oanno poknapnyk sanncky pykoaopc1ay
nap1nn o sacnnLe eapeea a o6nac1n nckycc1aa, rpe copepxanncL pekoHenpaunn:
paspa6o1a1L Heponpnn1nn no nopro1oake n ampanxennk pyccknx kappoa; nponsaec1n
yxe ceuac uac1nunoe o6noanenne pykoaopnunx kappoa a pnpe yupexpenn
nckycc1aa. 1944 r. 1annn amc1ynnn a peHne nepep onn16kpo n ekpe1apna1oH
, nepamHn cekpe1apnHn peckoHoa n o6koHoa, pykoaopn1ennHn apHnn,
roc6esonacnoc1n n o6oponno npoHmunennoc1n c peuLk o 6onee oc1opoxnoH
nasnauennn eapeea na ponxnoc1n a nap1nn n rocypapc1aennmx opranax. cnep sa ueH
sa nopnncLk anenkoaa 6mna pasocnana pnpek1naa c o6unpnmH cnnckoH ponxnoc1e,
na ko1opmx ne ponxno 6mno 6m1L eapeea. x amunuann ns , , pakoHoa
nap1nn, ns , nnnc1epc1aa aneune 1oproann, aoennmx oprannsaun, rase1m
paapa. oc1a1ouno npocHo1pe1L anunknonepnk ennkan 1euec1aennan aona.
1941-1945 rr., u1o6m y6epn1Lcn, u1o ns 47 napkoHoa 1ex ne1 a6conk1noe
6onLunnc1ao (a o1nnune o1 eapecknx napkoHa1oa 1930-x rr.) npepc1aaneno
pyccknHn, 6enopycaHn n ykpannuaHn. paann1e coc1aa coae1ckoro npaan1enLc1aa a
konue 1pnpua1mx - n a nauane nn1npecn1mx, n ace c1ane1 npepenLno ncno.
nonkoaopuax n yx n ne roaopk.
mn 1annna, koa xyrauannn, nonaaun a 1941 r. k neHuaH a nnen, nokasan na
ponpoce nop npo1okon: - c: pacnoe npaan1enLc1ao rnaanmH o6pasoH coc1on1
ns eapeea? - O: ce a1o epynpa, 6on1oann. nn ne nHek1 nnkakoro annnnnn.
a1oHy apeHenn koa yxe nHen ace ocnoaannn 1ak roaopn1L. n 6mn xopouo
ocaepoHnen, n on 6mn npaa.
aonm npouecc nouen no napac1akue, ampasnauncL a pene apeckoro
an1nqaunc1ckoro koHn1e1a, a pene kpeHneacknx apaue, a kaHnannn npo1na
kocHononn1nsHa, a noronoanoH yaonLnennn eapeea ns (qeapanL 1953), a o1kase
o1 nepepaun eapenH pmHa (aonpekn poroaopennoc1n c saokeancknHn kpepn1opaHn
eapeckoro nponcxoxpennn) n a nopro1oake 1o1anLno penop1aunn eapeea a
627
apeckyk aa1onoHnyk o6nac1L. epapoH, amc1ynan a necce1e spannn 19 nnaapn
1953 ropa, paaann uxak-enp eann peun1enLno sanann: m c1onH nepep
onacnoc1Lk qnsnueckoro ynnu1oxennn 2,5 Hnnnnonoa eapeea. m ponxnm 6n1L
1peaory, Hm o6nsanm as6ypopaxn1L o6uec1aennoe Hnenne. Hec1o uapn nkonan
nekcanppoanua nonannncL ocnq nccapnonoanu n ero cnopanxnnkn,
npencnonnennme sac1apeno nenaanc1n k spannk.
aknH o6pasoH, Hm anpnH, u1o cnoaa, ckasannme 1annnmH n66en1pony,
nop1aepxpak1cn ace c1annncko kappoao n penpeccnano nonn1nko, oco6enno
naunnan c 1937 ropa. nn ampaxak1 co6o nopnnnnyk ponrocpounyk nporpaHHy,
u mn . 1a
nporpaHHa amnonnnnacL noc1enenno, no neyknonno, uar sa uaroH, n 1onLko cHep1L
1annna Horna ee oc1anoan1L. n1nep ne cuen nyxnmH o1nec1n1L k cnoaaH 1annna c
ponxnmH nonnHanneH n yaaxenneH. ero rnasax (occnn) npoponxan
oc1aaa1Lcn c1pano eapeckoro koHHynnsHa, u1o yxe 6mno paneko ne 1ak. a1o
opna ns nory6naunx n1nepa oun6ok.
6m n1nep annHa1enLno n yaaxn1enLno o1neccn k occnn, pyccknH n 1annny, on
6m snan, u1o nepexop k ns6nennk n am1ecnennk eapecknx kappoa nHen ponryk
npepmc1opnk. epayk cxaa1ky c eapenHn, saxaa1naunHn nonauany ack (!) anac1L a
occnn, 1annn npoaen eue a 1925-1927 rr. e cnyuano e6a poukn nncan:
eno sauno 1ak paneko, u1o 1annn okasancn amnyxpen amc1ynn1L c neua1nmH
sananenneH, ko1opoe rnacnno: m 6opeHcn npo1na poukoro, nnoaLeaa n aHeneaa
ne no1oHy, u1o onn eapen, a no1oHy, u1o onn onnosnunonepm. nn acnkoro
nonn1nueckn Hmcnnuero uenoaeka 6mno coaepuenno ncno, u1o a1o cosna1enLno
paycHmcnennoe sananenne. e sa6maa1e, u1o aoxpn onnosnunn - eapen, - 1akoa
6mn cHmcn sananennn 1annna (epHnpop n an1nceHn1nsH). e cnyuano n sa
rpannue eapeckan npecca nopnnna uypoanunm aonnL aunx 6Lk1! nocne
nepaoro xe o1kpm1oro npouecca nnoaLeaa-aHeneaa. ak 6m nn o1nocn1Lcn k a1nH
canpe1enLc1aaH, nenLsn ne npnsna1L, u1o 1annn, pec1ayn oc1opoxno, nckycno,
noc1enenno, na1paannaan opnnx pykoaopnunx eapeea na ppyrnx, c nonc1nne c1anLno
nocnepoaa1enLnoc1Lk 6esxanoc1no ynnu1oxnn npak1nueckn ack nennnckyk
raappnk - nanaue pycckoro napopa. 1o npekpacno nonnnn, k npnHepy, a kpyrax
pyccko aHnrpaunn, rpe snann ace o6o acex qnrypan1ax coae1cko nonn1nkn n
1ua1enLno cnepnnn sa kappoamHn nepec1anoakaHn. ak, .. ypuea, nsaec1nm
paso6naun1enL seqa, nncan: nckpenne 6esrpannuno papoc1Lk ac1peuann
nsaec1nn o kasnnx 6onLueankoa, coaepuaaunxcn a ockae. ce papoaanncL, u1o
nakoneu-1o kasnenm a1n nanaun.
nnuno pyHak, u1o 1annn cpenan a cHmcne ounuennn anac1n o1 eapeea ace, u1o
peanLno 6mno aosHoxno, - n cpenan neHano. ue pas nopuepkny, u1o on ne Hor
nosaonn1L ce6e a6conk1nsnpoaa1L a1y sapauy no 1peH npnunnaH: 1) cnepoaano
coxpann1L peecnoco6nm annapa1 ynpaanennn c1pano n nap1ne a uenoH, paano kak
cqepy naykn, kynL1ypm n o6pasoaannn, nackaosL nnqnnL1poaannme eapenHn
(pasyHnm xosnnn ne cxnrae1 ack ns6y po1na, ecnn xoue1 ns6aan1Lcn o1
nexena1enLnmx aneHen1oa); 2) nenLsn 6mno npoaec1n 1o1anLnyk n epnnoapeHennyk
unc1ky, nockonLky 1akan naunonanLnan peaonkunn amsaana 6m 1o1anLnoe xe n
oprannsoaannoe conpo1nanenne eapeckoro knana any1pn c1panm, cnno1nna 6m ero.
1ako 6opL6e 1annn anonne Hor nponrpa1L, n on npaannLno ne uen na pnck; 3)
1annn yun1maan (n 1oxe coaepuenno npaannLno) aosHoxnyk peakunk
Hexpynapopnoro eapec1aa. 1ckpa - 1onkan nonn1nka, kynL1nanpoaanne
an1pnnnoro eapec1aa, uyHnoe narpaxpenne npec1nxnmHn npeHnnHn eapeea -
nnca1ene, yuenmx, pexnccepoa n ppyrnx saHe1nmx pen1ene n 1. p.
pn ace 1oH qak1 oc1ae1cn qak1oH: C - s
mn, Hepnennoe, no aepnoe amcao6oxpenne ns-nop eapeckoro
nra. auaauncL a 1920-x ropax, a1o amcao6oxpenne neyknonno na6npano pasHax,
628
noka 1annn 6mn xna. nnpancL na ero aonk, Hnnnnonm pyccknx ncnonnn1ene
apoxnoaenno n 1aopueckn yuac1aoaann a a1oH aennkoH pene. cnoaann, u1o6m
roaopn1L, 6yp1o k 1941 r. (a 1eH 6onee - k 1945) pycckne oc1aaanncL eapecknHn
pa6aHn, ne1. o 1oH, u1o k 1941 r. a coxpannnacL xnpokpa1nn, ne Hoxe1
6m1L n peun: a1o npoc1o rnynm Hnq.
H n pnn 1oro, u1o6m roaopn1L, 6yp1o k 1941 r. a xnn ne
pycckn, ykpannckn, 6enopycckn, 1a1apckn, ys6ekckn, a coae1ckn napop. o
pnn 25 ok1n6pn 1917 r. npouno acero 24 ropa. 6conk1noe 6onLunnc1ao nacenennn
c1panm popnnocL n pyxoano cqopHnpoaanocL eue po peaonkunn. 1o o1nocn1cn n k
pyccknH, uLe naunonanLnoe cosnanne neaosHoxno 6mno apas, no koHanpe caepxy,
nepeHenn1L c pycckoro na coae1ckoe. akoe ypanocL cpena1L (n 1o ne po konua,
nnaue aospoxpenne 6mno 6m neaosHoxno) nnuL nocne 1oro, kak cHennnocL 2-3
nokonennn, k nauany 1970-x rr., u1o n o1pasnnocL a snaHenn1o 6pexneacko
konuenunn coae1ckn napop - noaan nc1opnueckan o6unoc1L nkpe. eHnpecn1me:
ao1 anoxa Haccoaoro nanennn coaka. epenocn1L a1o nanenne a 1930-1940-e rr. ec1L
ne 1onLko anaxponnsH, no n kn ycck . oco6ennoc1n, korpa peuL
npe1 o pyccko apHnn-no6epn1enLnnue, ee conpa1ax n oqnuepax (acero a ropm aonm
6mno npnsaano 34,5 Hnn. uen.), ee amcueH koHanpnoH coc1aae, npak1nueckn
nonnoc1Lk coc1onaueH ns nnu, nonyunaunx caon nepame saannn n 6oeao onm1 eue a
epayk Hnpoayk aony. 1o ykoa c okoccoacknH nnn acnneackn c
anounnkoamH, u1o nn, 6mnn coakaHn?! Heuno n rnyno. enee acero nopxopn1
a1o cnoaeuko n k 1annny, n k ero okpyxennk, a 1. u. aoennoHy n nap1nnoHy.
akoneu, oco6enno cnepye1 ykasa1L (npnueH npnHo-
1akn nacaxpaeHme caepxy no ykasannk 1annna)
eue sa neckonLko ne1 po nauana aonm. 1annn npekpacno nonnHan,
u1o n1nepa n aoo6ue anap ne opone1L na unc1oH coae1ckoH na1pno1nsHe, u1o sa
coae1ckyk anac1L pycckn uenoaek ne c1ane1 aoeaa1L 1ak, kak 6ype1 a1o pena1L sa
opnny-Ha1L n sa cnaay npepkoa. mnn amnyuenm saHeua1enLnme qnnLHm
nekcanpp eackn, e1p epam, orpan HenLnnukn, yaopoa, nnnn n
oxapckn, anaxoa ypran n pp., aosaennuenm nc1opnueckne no6epm pycckoro
napopa, pycckne pen1enn kynL1ypm n naykn, pycckne nonkoaopum n 1. p. 1943 r.
naunnae1 amxopn1L cepnn knnr ennkne nkpn pycckoro napopa, rpe 6mnn nspanm
6norpaqnn pecn1koa ampakunxcn pyccknx nkpe. a1a nponaranpnc1ckan kaHnannn
ne 6mna opnopasoao, paccun1anno 1onLko na aoennm nepnop. e1, nauaauncL,
napannenLno c eapecknHn unc1kaHn, a konue 1930-x, ona 1ak xe na6pana HouL a
ropm aonm, no npoponxana pasanaa1Lcn a panLneueH no aocxopnue, o1pasnauncL,
a uac1noc1n, a kaHnannn 6opL6m c kocHononn1nsHoH n nnskonoknonc1aoH nepep
anapoH n a yc1anoake na nonck n y1aepxpenne npnopn1e1a pycckoro ao acex
o6nac1nx. o ec1L, peuL npe1, no cy1n, aoace ne o kaHnannn, a o c1oko
nonn1nuecko 1enpenunn, paano n neo1apa1nHo speaue a occnn nop amaecko
n amnyuenno na npoc1op 1annnmH; o 1enpenunn, ko1opan npoponxana
pec1aoaa1L po konua xnsnn aoxpn. 3 n
u n, o nopo6noH ceropnn Hoxno 1onLko Heu1a1L. eneccanc,
nopuepkny eue pas, apoxnoanennm caepxy, no nauepun Hnnnnonm papoc1nmx
ncnonnn1ene annsy.
nn1epnaunonannc1ckan, coae1ckan (nnn, ecnn yropno, coakoaan) 1enpenunn asnna
peaanu nospnee, c konua 1950-x rr., korpa onn16kpo okasanocL amnyxpeno
sancknaa1L nepep naunonanLnmHn ann1aHn coae1cknx pecny6nnk n c1pan apuaackoro
poroaopa, a sa1eH 1akxe n pasanaakunxcn c1pan snn, qpnkn n a1nncko Hepnkn,
rpe nHena caon nonn1nueckne nn1epecm.
1akxe nanne1cn y1aepxpenne o 1oH, u1o a konue 1930-x rr.
nonnoc1Lk ynpaannnncL xnpaHn, u1o 1aH uaena xnpokpa1nn. 1o y1aepxpenne nn
na ueH cepLesnoH ne ocnoaano, ono nponsaonLno akc1panonnpye1 na poaoennm
629
nepnop cn1yaunk, cnoxnauykcn nocne aonm, oco6enno c 1960-x rr. o1n nnk1o ne
ocnapnaae1 cyuec1aoaannn annn1enLnmx eapecknx rpynn, no yuac1ne Hepnkn a
aone a ropaspo 6onLue c1enenn o6Lncnne1cn ee co6c1aennmHn rocypapc1aennmHn
nn1epecaHn, a 1akxe nonn1nuecknHn n nc1opnuecknHn cansnHn c pn1ancko
Hnepne, nexenn ycnnnnHn eapecknx no66nc1oa (nanoHnk, u1o a 1938 r. paxe
o1kasanncL npepoc1aan1L y6exnue pnn eapeea-6exenuea ns epHannn). o1n napo
npnsna1L, u1o qak1 coanapennn nn1epecoa Hnpoaoro eapec1aa n anrno-cakconcko
nonn1nuecko n akonoHnuecko ann1m n ennko6pn1annn 1ex ne1 - nannuo.
oneuno, 1pypno aospasn1L: nan6onLune pnanpenpm ns coaHec1no no6epm nap
rn1nepoacko epHanne nsanekno nHenno Hexpynapopnoe eapec1ao. y n u1o?
orpa-1o eue Knn esapL, pasrpoHnennm npn apcanax aockaHn oHnen,
yc1ponaunHn nocne a1oro o1pmx aHec1o 1oro, u1o6m po6n1L apara, saHe1nn, u1o
oHne yHee1 no6expa1L, no ne yHee1 a1nH nonLsoaa1Lcn. apen - yHek1. opa 6m n
naH nayun1Lcn.
HE XER HRE
n1nep nouen aono na ? apo nn 6mno pyccknH conpo1nann1Lcn
nauec1ank?
n1nep xo1en apnnsnpoaa1L occnk. u1o a a1oH nnoxoro? - nnue1 enesnoa. -
pnnsaunn occnn 6mna 6m pnn nee aennknH 6naroH. aknH xe o6pasoH n1nep
naHepeaancn apnnsnpoaa1L occnk? enesnoa ykasmaae1: n1nep xo1en. cHenn1L
opny qopHy okkynaunn (eapeckyk) na ppyryk qopHy okkynaunn (neHeukyk).
osnnkae1 aonpoc: kakan qopHa okkynaunn 6mna 6m nyuue pnn pycckoro napopa?
nn pyHakuero uenoaeka coaepuenno oueanpno, u1o neHeukan okkynaunn no
cpaanennk c eapecko 6mna 6m paeH pnn pyccknx. ocHo1pnH na qak1m. op
neHeuko okkynaune xnna panunn. kak xnnn qpanuysm? aHeua1enLno xnnn.
op neHeuko okkynaune xnnn opaernn, annn n ppyrne c1panm. kak xnnn? o
cnx nop kpnua1 anL n1nep.
1o ckasa1L no noaopy 1aknx apryHen1oa n qak1oa? ake Heppnkoa a poHane
oc1oeackoro pa1Ln apaHasoam paccyxpae1 1ak: xopouo, ka6m nac 1orpa
nokopnnn a1n caHme qpanuysm: yHnan naunn nokopnna 6m aecLHa rnynyk-c n
npncoepnnnna k ce6e. oaceH paxe 6mnn 6m ppyrne nopnpkn-c. oxoxne cnoaa n
Hmcnn, ne npaapa nn? 1pannan pnn naunonan-na1pno1nueckoro cosnannn, no aecLHa
o6munan pnn nakeckoro yHa npen: noHenn1L opnoro okkynan1a (nnoxoro) na
ppyroro (xopouero). ouen 6m 1ako o6Hen na 6naro pyccknH? nn pyHakuero
uenoaeka oueanpno: ne1.
aunonan-counannsH ec1L 1ak nnn nnaue npeonornn counannsHa, 1o ec1L
aneakonoHnueckoro nepepacnpepenennn 6nar. o 1onLko ne cpepn knaccoa, a cpepn
napopoa - a nonLsy opno, nHenno caoe, naunn. nkakoro nnoro copepxannn a
naunonan-counannsHe ne1. ( pannoH cnyuae - neHeuko naunn. n1nep, an
aHnq: m aepeH 6opL6y sa o6ecneuenne cyuec1aoaannn n sa pacnpoc1panenne
naue pacm n nauero napopa.) nnkoHy nnoHy nnkaknx 6nar ne npepnarae1cn n ne
npepnonarae1cn. n1nep, 6ypyun pacnc1oH 6onee, ueH naunonannc1oH, cHo1pen na
peno neHnoro unpe n a nonn1ne caonx aknkuan n neko1opme ppyrne ceaepo-
apnckne napopm (noppnueckyk pacy). o1opmH 1oxe koe-u1o nonaranocL, xo1n n
HenLue, ueH neHuaH. o nn a kouHapnoH cne, nn a 6pepy on ne noc1aann 6m cnaann
na opny pocky ne 1onLko c neHuaHn, no n c nopaexuaHn nnn pa1uanaHn.
nn uero n1nep uen aono na occnk? nepame xe pnn aonm re66enLcoackan
nponaranpa pasLncnnna: u1o6m nanec1n ynpexpakun ypap, copaa1L arpeccnk
630
npo1na epHannn n aponm. o 1ak nn a1o na caHoH pene? noao - pykoaopn1ennH
exa.
, un1an an aHnq, snak1, u1o eue a a1o knnre, nanncanno a 1924
ropy, F npepnaran peun1L npo6neHy ns6m1ouno nno1noc1n nacenennn
epHannn sa cue1 1eppn1opnn occnn. 1870 r. nacenenne epHannn c1peHn1enLno
pocno, yaennunauncL k 1925 r. na uenmx 23 Hnn. uenoaek (6onee ueH na 1pe1L sa
kakne-1o 50 ne1 n necHo1pn na aony!) n coc1aana 63 Hnn., a k 1939 - ace 80 Hnn., ns
ko1opmx 70% yxe nepeHec1nnocL a ropopa, paspyaunecn o1 1akoro konnuec1aa
nnunnx nkpe. o 1eHnaH poc1a nacenennn epHannn 6mna a1opo c1pano a
apone, o1c1aaan 1onLko o1 oae1ckoro oksa. n1nep cHo1pen a kopenL npo6neHm,
korpa a 1o xe an aHnq o1Heuan exeropnm npnpoc1 napoponacenennn
epHannn a 900 1mc. uenoaek n sanannn: ac, neHuea, npoxnaae1 no 150 uenoaek na
kaappa1nm knnoHe1p: pasae a1o cnpaaepnnao? caoe rnaano knnre on
Hnorokpa1no nnue1 o neo6xopnHoc1n 1eppn1opnanLnmx saaoeaann na oc1oke, a
occnn (. n1nep. on 6opL6a. - ., n1nsL, 2000. - . 110-118, 196, 517, 544-549,
555-556, 560-565). poun1npyk caHme npkne Hmcnn qkpepa.
M, n-cnc. M c rMck cMn
r E n ykM nM cy ,
cnx ck. M kn M c knn r
nk r M cn M k nk n
Mn E. Kr M rM Mn E, M,
k, MxM M y y nk Pcc k
rcyc, k (c. 556). (c1a1n, k caepennk enesnoaa, a
1933 ropy an aHnq 6mna nspana pnn amcuero nap1nnoro saena 1npaxoH 200
aks., a a 1943 r. - eue pas cneunanLno pnn acex apHecknx nonn1o1penoa a
konnuec1ae ne Henee 500 aks. nqopHaunn a1a unpoko ncnonLsoaanacL a
pasLncnn1enLno pa6o1e c HaccaHn, 1ak u1o Hm npekpacno snann, c ueH aokeH.)
pn a1oH peuL aoace ne una o npeapauennn occnn a neHeukn poHnnnon,
npo1ek1opa1 nnn paxe kononnk. e1, n1nep xo1en apnnsnpoaa1L occnk anonne
opnosnaunmH o6pasoH: u
u - . n nncan
nepaycHmcnenno: Hm - knn n. Pm
cn M nM M M nk cknn
Mn, k M Mrn cn MM (c. 555). yx HenLue acero ec1L
ocnoaann pnn nso6paxennn neHeukoro nauec1ann kak kpec1oaoro noxopa npo1na
eapeckoro 6onLueansHa. po1na a1oro aospaxan caH ponLq: Hm , m
Mccn nx kncn x cr M, y m : m
yy n ccn kkr-n aqqkr
Ankc, M, k c Mxc nxr y
Mnn, k M Mk M (c. 557).
yccknx (n aoo6ue cnaann) n1nep sa nkpe ne cun1an n yuac1L nH ro1oann
nesaanpnyk. ycckn uenoaek - nenonnouenen, - onpepenenno sanann on na
coaeuannn 05.12.40 r. a xope nopro1oakn nnana ap6apocca. onLko kpyrnm
neaexpa Hoxe1 Heu1a1L, 6yp1o pyccknx xpana yuac1L pa1uan, ronnanpuea nnn
nopaexuea, ko1opmx n1nep cun1an 6pa1LnHn no pace, a o1nnune o1 cnaann. n1nep
nk6oano o1nocnncn paxe k 1akoHy apary, kak pacoao 6nnskne anrnnuane, ueH, kc1a1n,
o6Lncnne1cn ero aennuauan aoennan oun6ka, korpa nocne uypoanunoro pasrpoHa
npn knkepke 1peHc1aH 1mcnuaH anrnncknx conpa1 n oqnuepoa 6mna npepoc1aanena
aosHoxnoc1L, no6pocaa aoennyk 1exnnky, aaakynpoaa1Lcn uepes a-anu xnamHn n
neapepnHmHn. (c1a1n, eue a an aHnq n1nep Heu1an o cokse c 1anne,
nonne n. nrnne - npo1na occnn.) xe k qpanuysaH - nnoxnH apnuaH - y
n1nepa 6mno neckonLko nnoe o1nouenne; ne cnyuano ao panunn nonyunno
631
pasan1ne panxenne onpo1nanennn, a nocne aonm nac1ynnna uepepa cypoamx
pacnpaa c co1pypnnkaHn rn1nepoackoro pexnHa. y, a u1o kacae1cn pyccknx.
20 K 1941 r. pexcnn1ep A. , 6ypyun Hnnnc1p no penaH
okkynnpoaannmx 1eppn1opn na oc1oke, amc1ynnn c peuLk: Crn M M
kcr nmM nk nn r, c
ycck c M ar nmM, - nn r,
rMcky My nky.
F, peuL nepep amcunHn pykoaopn1ennHn n nonnunn na kre a
cen1n6pe 1942 r.: cnyM ry M kn M
Eck Pcc, k cnc nM. Hnn nn
nn c cn nc - aMy y kynyy. H y c
cn cn , ckn M q. n c: -,
mkn Mn x k cnc Mm; -
, yn ny yMxn, nk 25; -,
ync c c qMn. Enm M r .
nxm 20 n M nx cn MM rMck c
c Hycc Cn, c rn-ryc (. .
Hnmy. - A. C.); nx M cn Enycc, Bc, Hy,
H, HrMn (. . Hrcky, Hrcky, Hckcky nc.
- A. C.) KM. FMck ck Yn. nx c MkM rMck
c, k n 400-500. M y yx 120 Mnn, n 500-
600 Mnn.
o1 1akan apnnsaunn occnn. npaapa, r-n enesnoa, u1o 1y1 nnoxoro?
XUHX HEMEKHX KKYHHX
kacae1cn nonn1nuecknx n npenmx uene rn1nepoauea. 1enepL - o6
akonoHnuecknx.
Fu a caoeH pneannke nakanyne a1opxennn: FM n c
ncM, c cx M Mnc. Hk, ! Er
nn Yk Mn.
pononnenne k nnany ap6apocca 6mn paspa6o1an nnan nLpen6ypr pnn
orpa6nennn saxaauennmx o6nac1e . ykoaopn1L npoueccoH 6mn nasnauen
F, o1koHHen1npoaaaun a1o 1ak: H ck n M r r
aqqk. c, Mx r nn M ck, nx
Mnc n cn FM. nn peannsaunn nasaannoro
nnana 6mno cospano 4 nncnekunn: onu1en (sona pec1ann: nnLnkc, annnn,
nra, ennnrpap, ypHanck, onorpa, pxanrenLck), akcen (nnck, ockaa, yna,
opLkn, pnnck, pocnaanL, m6nnck), apen (Laoa, nea, nunnea, pecca,
apLkoa, nenpone1poack, 1annno, oc1oa, 1annnrpap, eaac1ononL, epuL,
oponex, ypck) n ec1qanen (pacnopap, posnm, 6nnncn, aky, a1yHn).
naanan sapaua nncnekun - pekansnunn cmpLn n ac1ynnenne ao anapenne aceHn
aaxnmHn npepnpnn1nnHn.
ak nasmaaeHan 3 nn epnnra, sanncL o1 15 nknn 1941 r. :
Hcn nx kky nc nx cn y
nc nc qn cn nc. Hny nn
FM kk Mx nm ncn q - k rnn
akMckn n kM.
632
yxnm nn koHHen1apnn? epnnr snan, u1o penan, - n penan, u1o snan.
KYRBYEEm
pecypcoa - nnuL opna (n ne caHan ampasn1enLnan) c1opona Hepann.
1penLnan noaec1L - cospanne c1pyk1yp, npepnasnauennmx pnn amaosa ns
pyxoanmx cokpoanu. n a ueH 1ak ne nponanne1cn nc1nnnoe o1nouenne rn1nepoauea k
naH, pyccknH nepouenoaekaH, kak a aonpoce o kynL1ypnmx uennoc1nx. nHenno na
pannoH npnHepe xopouo anpno ace pasnnune, ko1opoe neHum penann Hexpy
sanapnmHn eaponeuaHn (caonHn) n cnaannaHn (uyxnHn).
poun1npyk kpynneuero cneunannc1a a pannoH aonpoce.
22 1939 r., sa nepenk po nanapennn na onLuy, n1nep npnsaan caonx
conpa1 "6m1L xec1oknHn... y6naa1L 6es xanoc1n nnn npouennn acex Hyxunn, xenunn,
pe1e nonLckoro nponcxoxpennn n nsmka... a rpnpyue kaHnannn no ynnu1oxennk
onLun".
o noaopy pycckoro napopa . nHHnep roaopnn: "aH npo1naoc1on1 nacenenne a 180
Hnnnnonoa, cHecL pasnmx pac, paxe nHn ko1opmx nenponsnocnHo n aneunoc1L
ko1opmx 1akoaa, u1o nk6o Hoxe1 nx npnc1penn1L 6es acnko xanoc1n nnn aHoun...
m, repHanum, nanneHcn epnnc1aennmHn nkpLHn a Hnpe, ko1opme o1nocn1cn k
xnao1nmH cnpaaepnnao, n Hm - 1e, ko1opme 6ypy1 cnpaaepnnao o1nocn1Lcn k a1nH
nepouenoaekaH. pnako sa6o1n1Lcn o nnx nnn paaa1L nH kakne-1o npeanm ec1L
npec1ynnenne npo1na naue kpoan".
1nouenne neHuea k pyccko kynL1ype cqopHnpoaanocL saponro po naunonan-
counannsHa. ukonLnmx yue6nnkax 1925 r., na ko1opmx aocnn1maanocL nokonenne
"saaoeaa1ene", roaopnnocL: "ycckn pyx kak 1akoao, anpnHo, ne npncnoco6nen k
1aopuecko cosnpa1enLno pen1enLnoc1n. ou1n aceH, u1o cospano occne ao
aneunnx n any1pennnx penax, ona o6nsana neHuaH, coc1onaunH na pyccko cnyx6e,
nnn npn6an1ncknH neHuaH". "ayunme paccyxpennn" repHancknx npoqeccopoa n
nocne nopaxennn rn1nepnsHa 6asnpoaanncL na 1ex xe npnnunnax. ak, a kauec1ae
"sanapnoro o1ae1a" na pycckn ycnex a kocHoce repHanckn nc1opnk epnep ennep a
1960 r. nanncan nepeaepennme na 6onLunnc1ao nsmkoa Hnpa knnrn "oc1ok Hnnyc
anap onL" n "onr occnn anapnoHy npy c 862 no 1962 r. ", a ko1opmx
pokasmaae1cn, u1o pycckne ykpann ack caok kynL1ypy n 1exnnky y
sanapnoeaponeuea.
epLesnm nn1epec k cnaanncko n eapecko kynL1ypaH nponannna 1onLko
cneunanLnan "oHanpa excnn1epa osen6epra" (), ko1opan co6npana
Ha1epnanm a kauec1ae "o6pasuoa apaxpe6no repHannsHy kynL1ypm" n pnn 6ypyuero
"ysen ynnu1oxennmx napopoa". "nn amnonnennn sapann naunonan-
counannc1nuecko nap1nn a o6nac1n npeonornn n pnn panLneuero ncnonLsoaannn a
nayuno-nccnepoaa1enLcko pa6o1e amcunx ukon", - 1akoa 6mn npnkas qkpepa o1 1
Hap1a 1942 r., a ko1opoH ynoHnnae1cn o6 ncnonLsoaannn naHn1nnkoa pyccko
kynL1ypm ncknkun1enLno pnn npeonornuecko 6opL6m.
HEm , nun.
ce Hysen, ace 6n6nno1ekn, ace apxnam n ace naHn1nnkn 1o uac1n occnn, u1o 6mna
nop okkynaune, noc1papann 1ak, kak ne noc1papan nn opnn sanapnoeaponeckn
Hyse nnn naHn1nnk.
633
konue aonm, korpa nauanacL aronnn epHannn nop anrno-aHepnkancknHn 6oH6aHn
n nop na1nckoH pyccko apHnn, neHum a nepayk ouepepL cnacann ncknkun1enLno
naHn1nnkn repHancko kynL1ypm, sa1eH o6ueHnpoao, no ne amaesenno
cnaanncko.
anap 1onLko yxHmnne1cn, cnyuan paccyxpennn Hnnnc1pa kynL1ypm . npopoaa,
pasrnaronLc1aykuero o6 "o6ueeaponeckoH kynL1ypnoH npoc1panc1ae", n
amckasmaannn saHHnnnc1pa . ampkoro o 1oH, u1o, pecka1L, n anapnan apona, n
"onnanpnn 6mna, 1ak xe kak occnn, okkynnpoaana qaunc1cko epHanne".
aaa1e paccHo1pnH noppo6nee: 6mna nn anapnan apona okkynnpoaana qaunsHoH
"1ak xe" nnn "ne 1ak xe", kak occnn.
K apuaay n1nep sanpe1nn aocc1anaannaa1L, n6o nnannpoaan nnun1L
nonnkoa kynL1ypnoro uen1pa. o ao1 ronnanpuaH 6mno knn1aenno o6euano
aocc1anoan1L ace paspyuennoe repHancknH a1opxenneH.
a anapnoH qpon1e repHancko apHnn 6mn o1pan npnkas neykocnn1enLno co6nkpa1L
ace npaanna aepennn aonm cornacno aarcko konaenunn 1907 ropa.
n1nep kak-1o saHe1nn, u1o ecnn 6m cypL6a ne npnkasana 6m eHy 6m1L nonn1nkoH, 1o
on o6nsa1enLno 6m xnn a apnxe n nsyuan specL nckycc1ao. o1 1aknH 6mno
o1nouenne neHuea, naunc1oa, rn1nepoauea k qpanuyscko kynL1ype. ceH repHancknH
conpa1aH, npn6maakunH a apnx, 6mno npnkasano a o6nsa1enLnoH nopnpke o1paaa1L
aonnckn cank1 ornne ensaec1noro onpa1a. a onLue n a occnn cneunanLnmH
npnkasoH 6mno ka1eropnueckn sanpeueno nponann1L kakoe-nn6o nou1enne k aonncknH
naHn1nnkaH, nopnexaaunH neHepnennoHy ynnu1oxennk.
y a kakan cypL6a oxnpana eaponeckne Hysen "nop canoroH repHancko
aoenunnm"?..
onLuy, a occnk aHec1e c repHancko apHne unn o1pnpm cneunannc1oa no
nc1opnn n nckycc1ay 1onLko pnn orpa6nennn. pnako pnn sanapnoeaponecknx c1pan a
aepHax1e 6mno cospano cneunanLnoe ynpaanenne n o1pnpm knc1uy1u (unstscut),
uLnHn sapauaHn 6mno oxpann1L naHn1nnkn kynL1ypm o1 aoennmx cnyuanoc1e.
a6o1a o6 oxpane naHn1nnkoa kynL1ypm ynoHnnanacL ao Hnornx 6oeamx npnkasax
aepHax1a nepep nauanoH kako-nn6o onepaunn a uen1pe aponm. o panunn
knc1uy1u coc1aann cnncok naHn1nnkoa apxn1ek1ypm, ko1opme ponxnm 6m1L
nenpnkocnoaennm pnn apHnn n cao6opnm o1 noc1oea. oopyxennme o1pnpm
knc1uy1u perynnpno na1pynnpoaann ace nc1opnueckne Hec1a okkynnpoaanno uac1n
panunn.
noHouLk repHancko apHnn 6mnn ocyuec1anenm peHon1no-pec1aapaunonnme
pa6o1m a ppeannx ropopax, noc1papaaunx o1 aoennmx cpaxenn, nanpnHep, a yaene
n oaa. onpa1m aepHax1a noHornn 6enLrncknH pec1aapa1opaH cnn1L an1paxn c
kaqeppanLnoro co6opa a pkccene n noc1ponnn npepoxpann1enLnyk c1eny aokpyr
aennkoro uepeapa y6enca "nn1ne c kpec1a" a n1aepnene.
orpa oqnc knc1uy1u o1kpmncn a apnxe, qpanuysckne Hyseunkn npenopnecnn
naunc1aH cnncok a 350.000 uepeapoa ns yapa n ppyrnx Hyseea, ko1opme 6mnn
cnpn1anm a y6exnuax no ace c1pane. o npepoc1aanennmH appecaH aepHax1
amc1aann aoopyxennyk oxpany pnn qpanuyscknx kynL1ypnmx uennoc1e, n sa apeHn
aonm ne nponan nn opnn npepHe1.
yap o1kpmn caon paepn pnn okkynan1oa n ny6nnkn ocenLk 1940 r., n ero sanm 6mnn
exepneano sanonnenm repHancknHn conpa1aHn, ko1opme n nnpnanpyanLno, n
634
konnek1nano o6nsanm 6mnn npno6ua1Lcn k Hnpoao kynL1ype. n opnoHy
qpanuysckoHy xypoxnnky okkynan1m ne npenn1c1aoaann 1aopn1L ace u1o on saxoue1 n
npopaaa1L koHy yropno. e6enLc paxe nooupnn 1aopueckyk nn1ennnrenunk panunn,
npnrnauan ee o1penLnmx npepc1aan1ene noceua1L epHannk. ak, qpanuysckn
aennkn koHepnan1 opnc eaanLe, aennkan neanua pn1 naq rac1ponnpoaann c
ycnexoH no epHannn. epHanckne pnpnxepm, neaum, Hysmkan1m n 1ea1panLnme
rpynnm amc1ynann a apnxe. epHanckne Hysen o6HennaanncL amc1aakaHn c HysenHn
panunn n onnanpnn.
ak nncana aHepnkanckan nccnepoaa1enLnnua . nkonac a caoe knnre "oxnuenne
aponm" (nn H. Nichoas. he Rae of uroa, N. ., 1994): "nuero ne Hoxe1
6m1L 6onee kon1pac1nmH no o1nouennk k pec1annH naunc1oa a onLue", ueH anp
y6exnua, ko1opoe noc1ponnn rn1nepoaum pnn cnacennn akcnona1oa ns ronnanpcknx
Hyseea, aknkuan snaHenn1m n rnran1ckoro pasHepa "ouno posop" eH6panp1a. 1o
6mn nepaoknaccnm 6e1onnm 6ynkep c konpnunonnpoaanneH aospyxa n
"sarpnHnpoaannm" caepxy nop necuanyk pkny.
"noqeosoH kon1pac1noc1n" n 6m nasaan ppyroe co6m1ne. ocne okonuannn aonm
q u m n Kmm
4 q 4 Buq-x (ran ol-etternic)
H . ppen okkynan1y sa noHouL qpanuyscko kynL1ype! y, a
poc1onn nn coae1ckoro oppena xo1L opnn rn1nepoaeu xo1n 6m sa opno pennne no
cnacennk pyccko kynL1ypm?..
apnx, panunn, qpanuysckan kynL1ypa amcoko uennnncL "kpoaoxapnmHn
rn1nepoauaHn". apnxe npoponxann cospaaa1L noayk Hopy, a apnxe
npoponxanncL saespm ckakoamx nouape, pec1opannan kyxnn ne ncnm1maana
nepoc1a1ka a akso1nuecknx npopyk1ax co acero cae1a.
epHanckne naunonan-counannc1m aenn ce6n pecnek1a6enLno a en1panLno apone.
anpnHep, . epnnr, aonpekn aceaosHoxnmH cnyxaH o nko6m nacnnLc1aennmx
He1opax co6npannn ero konnekunn, cyHen npepLnan1L nocne aonm pokasa1enLc1aa,
u1o sa kaxpm npepHe1 on neykocnn1enLno nna1nn penLrn. epapoH, no
aocnoHnnannnH ronnanpcknx an1nkaapoa, epnnr acerpa oc1aannn o ce6e 1onLko
npnn1nme aocnoHnnannn.
oaepenne repHancknx okkynan1oa a c1panax en1panLno aponm n coo1necenne ero
c noaepenneH a cnaanncknx c1panax onLun n occnn nokasmaae1, kak nyxno
ouennaa1L coapeHennme amckasmaannn neko1opmx sanapnmx nccnepoaa1ene
npo6neHm pec1n1yunn. 6o Hnorne ns nnx ny6nnkyk1 a caonx yuenmx 1pypax
cen1enunn nopo6noro popa: ak 1onLko pycckne yno1pe6nnk1 ann1e1 "naunc1ckne
xec1okoc1n", yH sanapnoro yuenoro o1knkuae1cn: "nn1L a1a coae1ckan
nponaranpa".
nn cnaann 1opan Hnpoaan aona 6mna xec1oko n ponro, nauaauecn a cen1n6pe
1939 r. n ne okanunaaauecn anno1L po Han 1945 r.
o pnn oc1anLnmx eaponeuea ona 6mna "paono". nauana neHum 6mc1po sannnn
eaponeckne c1panm, sa1eH 6mna "cnokonan o1 rpoHa n nyuek n o1 6oH6exek"
okkynaunn a 1euenne ue1mpex ne1 (.M. . H x
, nx . - M., 1996. -
. 16-23).
cpaanennn npoun1npyk opny ns Hnornx Honx c1a1e, nocanuennmx
1eHe 1poqenmx uennoc1e:
635
H, pasansannan rn1nepoacko epHanne, nanecna oae1ckoHy oksy
neouennHm ypon. onLko nkpckne no1epn, no nocnepnnH nopcue1aH, - 27 Hnn..
uenoaek, ne cun1an nckaneuennmx n ne popnaunxcn ns-sa aonm. o, noHnHo
nkpckoro n unc1o Ha1epnanLnoro yuep6a, c1pana nonecna eue n konoccanLnme
pyxoanme no1epn. a 1eppn1opnn neHuaHn ynnu1oxeno n noapexpeno 2439
naHn1nnkoa kynL1oao apxn1ek1ypm, pasrpa6neno 427 Hyseea (ns nnx 173 a occnn),
amaeseno nnn ynnu1oxeno, no neHeuknH xe ouenkaH, okono 180. 000. 000 knnr. pn
a1oH noc1papana npnHepno opna 1pe1L (okono 130 1mcnu) acex Haccoamx 6n6nno1ek
c1panm. a kpn6eprckoH npouecce naua c1opona npepc1aanna HexpynapopnoHy
1pn6ynany nenonnm ka1anor cokpoanu kynL1ypm, narpa6nennmx neHuaHn, - 39
1oHoa! 1o1 1o1anLnm rpa6ex n pasrpoH ne 6mn cnyuanmH, c1nxnnmH:
n Tu x, ocyuec1annauancn
nnanoHepno, uenenanpaanenno, ckooppnnnpoaanno cpasy neckonLknHn aepoHc1aaHn.
1940 r. Hnnnc1poH no penaH okkynnpoaannmx 1eppn1opn na oc1oke .
osen6eproH 6mn oprannsoaan sonpepu1a6 so6pasn1enLnoe nckycc1ao, kypa
axopnno okono 350 akcnep1oa - nckycc1aoaepoa, knnroaepoa, apxnanc1oa. nn nocnnn
qopHy aepHax1a, nopunnnnncL renepany . 1nkank. npnkase n1nepa o
nonnoHounnx osen6epra roaopnnocL: Er m... M n
nk, kyny r c kqck
nn nn n-cncck . kpep snan, koHy
poaepnn aaxnoe peno, aepL nHenno naunc1-npeonor osen6epr nncan: /c
yx Mnk , yx M kn cn
cyc kk n. poHe 1oro, osen6epr noHoran qopHnpoaa1L nnunyk
konnekunk n1nepa. ekpe1nan akunn no pasrpa6nennk Hyseea, knnroxpannnnu,
uepkae n uac1nmx co6pann nHena kop nnu, a xope ee amnonnennn aepoHc1ao
osen6epra pnn amaosa 1onLko ns xypoxec1aennmx, kynL1ypno-nc1opnuecknx n
nayunmx uennoc1e sa1pe6oaano 1418 aaronoa. 1a6 osen6epra pec1aoaan a
npnHoH co1pypnnuec1ae c a6aepoH, n nonnune 6esonacnoc1n, onnpancL na
cneunanLnme poroaopennoc1n Hnnnc1pa c anapncoH n eppnxoH.
akxe eue po aonm 6mnn cospanm caoero popa u1a6m no orpa6nennk 6ypyunx
no6expennmx c1pan: 1ak nasmaaeHoe nccnepoaa1enLckoe n npocae1n1enLckoe
o6uec1ao acnepne n renepanLnoe nocpepnnuec1ao oc1ok nop pykoaopc1aoH
nnuno pex-cqkpepa . nHHnepa.
anee, npn repHanckoH e no nnnuna1nae n66en1pona 6mn oprannsoaan 6a1anLon
cneunasnauennn , a ko1opoH npoxopnnn cnyx6y akcnep1m-kynL1yponorn nop
nauanoH . qon knc6epra. e1mpe po1m - 6onee 200 uenoaek - ponxnm 6mnn
pa6o1a1L 1aH, kypa ne nocneaann nkpn osen6epra n nHHnepa.
poHe 1oro, a nauane aonm c 6mna cospana cneunanLnan ync1koHnccnn, a
sapaun ko1opo axopnna ouenka paopuoaoro nHyuec1aa a okkynnpoaannmx paonax
naue c1panm pnn panLneuero amaosa a pex.
euero n roaopn1L o 1oH, kakyk 6ypnyk pen1enLnoc1L pasaepnynn uac1nme an1nkaapm
n 6yknnnc1m: aepL rpa6nno ne 1onLko repHanckoe rocypapc1ao, 1aunnn Hapuanm,
renepanm, oqnuepm, conpa1m... rpa6nnncL o1nkpL ne 1onLko rocypapc1aennme, no n
nnkeH ne yu1ennme uac1nme 6n6nno1ekn n konnekunn, sauac1yk uenneune.
rpoHnme co6pannn 6ecuennmx nponsaepenn nckycc1aa coc1aannn n1nep n
epnnr, Hnoroe 6pann raynn1epm ox, y6e, au, ueq Hyseea n apxnaoa na kpanne
nn1ep, snaHenn1m anu1en, ko1opoHy n1nep o6euan a nopapok oponuoackn
paopeu a nynke. aao1penoH nponaranpm apHnn aH6ep1 n ueq rec1ano payse
pacxn1nnn 1aranporckn kpaeaepueckn Hyse, pacc1penna npn a1oH npoqeccopa . .
asnneanua sa cokpm1ne o1 nnx akcnona1oa. enepanLnm koHnccap enopyccnn .
y6e xanoaancn osen6epry: Fn Lyy n c c Mck
y c a knnk nc c.
636
3q... yn ryk Mn, k M ckycc.
rpa6exe oaropopa yuac1aoaann nnuno renepanm nnpeHan n nnLke, aoenkoH ropopa
kann1an ayq. oxpannnncL xano6m a u1a6 osen6epra na pacxn1n1ene-rn1nepoauea
pnpek1opa epuenckoro Hysen . . eaeneaa. pnpek1op pmHckoro kpaeaepueckoro
Hysen (nHqepononL) . . onkanoa acnoHnnan: HMk mq, n M,
ckr yc, yxcn n, ykn Myn 30 ck ,
cknk kr mkynk kymk... ry knck ... E
q nn cn n c kcn...
nnueH. a1o neypnan1enLno: 1akoaa 6mna npenan yc1anoaka
rn1nepoackoro pykoaopc1aa. a a1nH n unn. coxanennk, ne 1onLko kpann, no n
ynnu1oxann. na a1o 1oxe 6mna npenan yc1anoaka. enepan-qenLpHapuan exenay
a npnkase no apHnn o1 10.10.41 r. noaepennn aock na aoc1ounoH npoc1panc1ae
nncan: Oc n ck-nmcck ccM nnncn
n yx nc cn ckr nnn cky
kynyy... H x B
m n. n1epecno, u1o ppyrne renepanm n Hapuanm - ynpu1ep1,
payxnu, anu1en, ypepnan - pacnpoc1pannnn a1o1 1ekc1 nou1n 6es nsHenenn,
nac1onLko on, anpnHo, coo1ae1c1aoaan nx npepc1aanennnH o uennx n He1opax aonm
(K - , n, x n. - Kx
N13 1994; n . H-,
1996).
1ak, u x sx ux CCC
- mn n u .
e Hory nonn1L r-na enesnoaa: ueH a a1oH o1nouennn neHum nyuue eapeea? e xo1L
u1o-1o naH oc1aannn (na u1o n sapnnncL neHum), a a1n rpe6nn ace nopunc1yk.
HKHK EHHQ
, 6m1L, neHum - po6pme, paun1enLnme xosneaa - no kpane Hepe
o1necnncL 6m k nacenennk occnn, k HoeHy necuac1noHy pycckoHy napopy nyuue,
uenoaeunee, ueH eapen? a a1o ronocnoano naHekae1 enesnoa, no n 1ak ne pyHak.
un1npoaannmH amue amckasmaannnH nHHnepa po6aank un1a1y ns n1nepa: H
nM ccM cn, M n MM. Ecn M M
c my nky rMcky M, M nx x cr c
c cnnck . H kk cn ar.
opo6nme yc1anoakn ne Heuann nparHa1nunmH neHuaH ncnonLsoaa1L a kauec1ae
coksnnkoa 6onrap n ppyrne napopm, ko1opme nnkorpa ne npnsnaaanncL nHn sa poank.
ak nsaec1no, a nnue npn6an1oa (caonx 6maunx pa6oa-kpenoc1nmx) rn1nepoaum
naunn ce6e aepnmx noHounnkoa n cnyr n paxe cqopHnpoaann ns nnx uac1n . 1o
xe apeHn, no nocneaoennoHy npnsnannk nauanLnnka nHnepcko cnyx6m 6esonacnoc1n
a pn6an1nke rpynnenqkpepa kenLna, nHHnep npnkasan eHy: nx
r qck cn cnn, xr Hnk. B
nk FM yx. H Mc My Mk knc.
n1nep ne cun1an sa nkpe ne 1onLko cnaann n npn6an1oa, no paxe nenocpepc1aennmx
aoennmx coksnnkoa - nnonuea. orpa rnaaa rn1nepkrenpa anLpyp qon npax
aosHyuenno aonpocnn: ak, Ho qkpep, am o1pae1e aecL anLnn oc1ok, a cnyuae
naue no6epm nap occne, a1nH nepouenoaekaH, a1nH HakakaH-nnonuaH?, n1nep
o1ae1nn: cr r , Eny. / ncn c Pcc,
Mkk.
637
1o xe roaopn1L o pyccknx, rnaanmx npo1nannkax a aone?
o1 eue amckasmaannn caHoro n1nepa:
- Pccn nx nk. Hym x, n
m yx Pcc. Un - yx x cn Pcc
(coaeuanne 31.07.40 r. a eprxoqe, c1enorpaHHa);
- HM c Cck C c n Mn (pneannk qenLpHapuana qon
oka, sanncL 03.12.40 r.).
m noHnnH cnoaa 1annna, ckasannme nH n66en1pony pnn nepepaun n1nepy, o
kappax pyccko nn1ennnrenunn, ko1opme on ro1oan1 na cHeny eapenH. ak
o1pearnpoaan an1nceHn1 n1nep na a1y an1neapeckyk akunk 1annna?
Hcxn CnM nnrn nx yx. nkcc
M M xcm (coaeuanne 17.03.41 r., c1enorpaHHa).
oo1ae1c1aykunHn 6mnn nnc1pykunn okkynan1oa, kak rpaxpancknx, 1ak n aoennmx,
nanpnHep:
- nx c cM cr cc cM xck cM
c Mnn, k y c rcyc. Ocyc
k y n n ycn ncn ycnM nn cnn c (s
nnc1pykunn ynonnoHouennoro no npopoaonLc1ank n cenLckoHy xosnc1ay c1a1c-
cekpe1apn akke o noaepennn ponxnoc1nmx nnu na 1eppn1opnn , naHeuenno k
okkynaunn - 1ak nasmaaeHme aenapua1L sanoaepe noaepennn neHuea na oc1oke
- o1 01.06.41 r.);
- yx cnn cn, cm cnyxM
cnyxM cnM m k xM rxckM nM,
nnncn nnM x cnyn, kr a cn M
ccnn ck cyn n cyk (npnkas nauanLnnka u1a6a
epxoanoro rnaanokoHanpoaannn aoopyxennmx cnn epHannn e1enn o aoenno
nopcypnoc1n a paone ap6apocca o1 13.05.41 r.).
oHnHo nnc1pykun, npnkasoa n o6unx yc1anoaok cyuec1aoaan, no neko1opmH
pannmH, renepanLnm nnan c1, npepycHa1pnaakun caoero popa okonua1enLnoe
peuenne pycckoro aonpoca, a uac1noc1n - nepaonauanLnoe qnsnueckoe ynnu1oxenne
a 1euenne 30 ne1 ne Henee 35 Hnn. uenoaek, na npepHe1 uero npepycHa1pnaanocL
Haccoaoe c1pon1enLc1ao a n6npn narepe no 1nny caenunHa. anocnepc1ann -
nonnoe 6nonornueckoe ynnu1oxenne pyccknx. -n enesnoa yaepne1 nac, u1o npnxop
n1nepa ne cynnn pyccknH , oa n onoakoa, packynaunaann,
packasaunaann, konxosoa, ronopoHopoa n acero 1oro, u1o penann na ycn xnpm. ak
6m ne 1ak!
eko1opme cun1ak1, u1o nnan c1 - coae1ckan (xnpoackan) nponaranpnc1ckan
ampyHka. o ao1 o6Lek1nanme unqpm, npnsnannme 6onLunnc1aoH akcnep1oa
Hexpynapopno konqepenunn, npoaepenno occncko akapeHne nayk a 1994 r.,
roaopnune o nkpcknx no1epnx a a aone c neHuaHn. s 27 Hnn. uenoaeuecknx
xnsne (a a1o, a ocnoanoH, xnsnn pyccknx, 6enopycoa n ykpannuea) acero 8.668 1mc.
coc1aannk1 no1epn apHnn, no ax 18 Hnn. - rpaxpanckoro nacenennn. s nnx:
- 7,4 Hnn. npepnaHepenno nc1pe6neno okkynan1aHn (eapen coc1aannk1 HenLuyk
uac1L a1oro uncna);
- 2,2 Hnn. norn6no na ka1opxnmx pa6o1ax a epHannn;
638
- 4,1 Hnn. amHepno o1 ronopa n nnuenn a okkynaunn.
ue 1,2 Hnn. aoennonnennmx 6mno npepnaHepenno y6n1o nnn yHepno o1 ronopa n
nm1ok a neHeuknx konunarepnx.
pecL yHec1no saHe1n1L: xo1n po1okonm cnoncknx Hyppeuoa 1akxe HnornHn
npnsnak1cn sa qanLunaky, opnako onn c6mnncL c yxacakue 1ounoc1Lk. o xe
Hoxno ckasa1L o nnane c1.
anoHnk kc1a1n, u1o neHum npenHyuec1aenno coxpannnn, a aoace ne
pacqopHnpoamaann konxosm (sa ncknkuenneH nepaano npncoepnnennmx k
1eppn1opn): 1ak 6mno ropaspo ypo6nee akcnnya1npoaa1L pyccknx kpec1Lnn, n
rn1nepoaum oxo1no ncnonLsoaann coae1ckn cenLckoxosnc1aennm onm1.
ak 6mno c 1eHn, k1o okasancn nop anac1Lk neHeuknx okkynan1oa (r-n enesnoa
cun1ae1, u1o onn ropaspo nyuue eapecknx) na kopo1koe apeHn n na cpaann1enLno
ne6onLuo 1eppn1opnn.
ypL nop anac1Lk n1nepa acn occnn, 1aH noa1opnnocL 6m ace 1o xe a
coo1ae1c1aykunx Hacu1a6ax. nan c1 - ne nponaranpnc1ckan ampyHka (paxe ecnn
a1o 1ak qak1nueckn), a akcnepnHen1anLno onpo6oaannan neHuaHn HopenL rocnopc1aa
na oc1oke.
cnpaunaak r-na enesnoaa: ueH xe neHeukn renounp pycckoro napopa
nyuue eapeckoro? kak k neHy nyxno 6mno o1nocn1Lcn 1orpa n 1enepL?
axe ecnn 6m cue1 pyccknH nkpnH, norn6unH no anne neHuea, uen ne na Hnnnnonm,
a acero nnuL na co1nn n pecn1kn, pa xo1L n epnnnum uenoaek, a1oro, na Ho asrnnp,
yxe 6mno 6m poc1a1ouno pnn aosHespnn nk6o cnnm. epL a1o naun, pycckne
Hyxunnm n xenunnm, c1apnkn n pe1n! 1o naua 6ecuennan pycckan kpoaL! ak n
1onLko 1ak Hoxe1 paccyxpa1L pycckn naunonan-na1pno1. paxe ecnn npnnn1L na
aepy sno6nyk n rnynyk kneae1y enesnoaa o noronoano coakoaoH Hen1ann1e1e
norn6unx, 1o 6nonornueckn a1o ace paano - pycckne, a snaun1 - a6conk1nan uennoc1L
npn nk6mx o6c1on1enLc1aax. onLko 1ako Hoxe1 6m1L 1ouka spennn naunonannc1a,
ko1opm 1aeppo snae1 n nnkorpa ne sa6maae1, u1o kpoaL - amue pennrn n
npeonorn!
aaepuan pannyk 1eHy, ckaxy, u1o nnnksnn r-na enesnoaa a nauane aonm
paspennnn aecLHa Hnorne, no k konuy aonm onn pasaennncL naunc1o. npnHepy,
nou1n acn anapnan kpanna ac1pe1nna n1nepa 1ouno 1ak, kak ecnn 6m npouna n ace
pyuo npnnnna nponaranpy enesnoaa. s sanapnmx ykpannuea 6mnn cospanm
pnansnn annunna n cneu6a1anLon ax1nranL. c1pe6nenne nLaoacknx eapeea
6mno noako n papoc1no npoaepeno pykaHn ykpannuea. pnako a caHoH ckopoH
apeHenn ykpannuaH npnunocL pasouapoaa1Lcn a ocao6opn1ennx. c1nnnme uenn
aonka, npnkpmauerocn oaeuLe ukypo, c1ann nH anonne ncnm. ecnn anauane
kpannckan noac1anueckan apHnn () packpmna rn1nepoauaH o6Ln1nn n ppyxno
aHec1e c nnHn 6nna pacnyk pHnk, 1o yxe c 1942 r. e npnunocL noaepny1L opyxne
n c opnnakoamH oxec1ouenneH cpaxa1Lcn na paa qpon1a: npo1na coae1cknx n
neHeuknx conpa1. 6 a1oH uec1no noaec1aye1 c1opnn , neopnokpa1no nspannan
na kpanne a nocnepnne pecn1L ne1. o HnoroH ananornunyk nc1opnk nHee1
nap1nsanckoe panxenne a enopyccnn, rpe snaun1enLnme Haccm nkpe aocnpnnnnn
nonauany npnxop neHuea nnpnqqepen1no, a 1o n nonoxn1enLno, no, no Hepe 1oro, kak
okkynan1m o6napyxnaann caoe nc1nnnoe nnuo, conpo1nanenne npno6pe1ano ace 6onee
Haccoame, oprannsoaannme n oxec1ouennme qopHm, noka ne amnnnocL a 1o1 qenoHen,
ko1opm nsaec1en naH kak enopycckn ap1nsan.
639
cero xe c rn1nepoacknH nauec1aneH na okkynnpoaannmx 1eppn1opnnx cpaxanocL
camue 6 1mc. nap1nsancknx o1pnpoa, 6onee 1 Hnn. uenoaek. 1o n ec1L nopnnnno
pycckn o1ae1 na noc1aanennm a nauane rnaam aonpoc.
BKE - BHBR MEB
co ckasannmH - ouenL kopo1ko o 1ex, koro r-n enesnoa 1n1ynye1
nac1onunHn pyccknHn: o 1ak nasmaaeHo pyccko ocao6opn1enLno apHnn
renepana nacoaa.
o ace apeHena npn acex nauec1annx na ycn naxopnnocL onpepenennoe konnuec1ao
o1uenenuea, ac1aaaaunx na c1opony okkynan1oa a cnny kaknx-1o caonx nnunmx o6np,
aH6nun, npe1ensn k co6c1aenno anac1n n cnoxnoc1n asanHoo1nouenn c
coo1euec1aennnkaHn. ak 6mno n npn 1a1apckoH anapmuec1ae, n npn nonLcko-
uaepckoH nauec1ann, n npn anoneone (npaapa, 1y1 npo1na caoero npaan1enLc1aa
nounn 1onLko poccnckne noppanme nonLckoro nponcxoxpennn). ak 6mno n npn
n1nepe. paa enesnoa: uenme napopm ac1aaann nop ero snaHena: kpmHckne 1a1apm,
ueuenum, ac1onum, na1mun. pyHak, cneunanLno pokasmaa1L saepnnyk nenaanc1L
a1nx napopoa k naH, pyccknH, ne npnxopn1cn. ypnann1Lcn 1oHy, u1o onn npnnnnn ns
pyk rn1nepoauea opyxne n snaHena - 1oxe.
Hec1e c a1nH an1npyccknH nn1epnaunonanoH a epnnyk neHeuko-naunc1ckyk ynpnxky
po6poaonLno sanpnrnocL kakoe-1o konnuec1ao cnnLno o6nxennmx na coae1ckyk anac1L
pyccknx nkpe. eue sanpnrnocL po6poaonLno-npnnypn1enLno kakoe-1o
konnuec1ao Hanopyunmx pyccknx nkpe, ko1opme npepnounn nopnyk xnsnL
npepa1enn n 6pa1oy6num - uec1no cHep1n o1 ronopa, nm1ok n nnuenn. caoeH
6onLunnc1ae onn nonyunnn no sacnyraH - naunnan c caHoro nacoaa, noaeuennoro
aHec1e c 6nnxaunHn konneraHn, n konuan npoc1mHn conpa1aHn , ko1opmx naun
aonnm npepnoun1ann a nnen ne 6pa1L: 6pesroaann. aun1nnkn anacoauea ceropnn
roaopn1, u1o 1e aoeaann npo1na anac1L npepepxaunx xnpoa, u1o6m ocao6opn1L
pyccknx. 1o x, nyc1L nokaxy1 xo1L opnoro anac1L npepepxauero xnpa, y6n1oro
anacoauaHn. n exnnc, nn aranoanu n aoo6ue nnk1o ns amcokonoc1aanenmx eapeea
nnkorpa ne noc1papan o1 a1nx saun1nnkoa pycckoro napopa. ao1 y6n1mx,
nckaneuennmx, saHyuennmx nHn pyccknx - 1mcnun. o o1eu, aoeaaaun na qpon1e c
nauana 1942 no koneu 1945 rr., paaxpm xec1oko 6nn anacoauea, opnn pas nop
ennrc6eproH, ppyro - a pykonauno nop ypaneu1oH. xanek o6 opnoH: u1o ne
Hor c1on1L c nnH nneuoH k nneuy.
YKHH HYB
acex o1uenenuea ao ace apeHena nsaec1na. na sacnyxenno xanka.
6onLunnc1ao pycckoro napopa acerpa uynno ny1poH: cao nnoxo pnk1a1op ace xe
nyuue xopouero saaoeaa1enn. 3 u u-
.
co6o kpacnopeuna npnHep anoneona, koero raospnna py6nna napopno aonm -
py6nna 1oro caHoro pycckoro napopa, ko1opoHy anoneon 1opxec1aenno nec na
6nkpeuke nonnoe ocao6oxpenne o1 kpenoc1no saancnHoc1n (nn6ep1a, arann1a,
qpa1epnn1a).
c1L pycckn napop. c1L c1pana occnn. paan1enLc1aa, pexnHm, aoxpn npnxopn1 n
yxopn1, a onn oc1ak1cn. 1e pycckne nkpn, u1o unn a 6o sa opnny, sa 1annna,
640
saunuann, koneuno xe, ne yca1oro pnk1a1opa n yx 1eH 6onee ne xnpokpa1nk
(ko1opan a 1e ropm aronnsnpoaana), a aeunoe - cao napop, caok c1pany. a konue
aonm a1o nonnnn paxe 1e cHep1enLnme, kpoanme aparn oae1cko anac1n, ko1opme
uec1no, ne uapn ce6n, aoeaann c ne a paxpanckyk, a nocne 6es Hanoro 1pnpua1L
ne1 kneHnnn n nonocnnn ee, cnpn no aHnrpan1cknH rnespaH. oae1ckyk anac1L onn
kneHnnn, no na co1pypnnuec1ao c n1nepoH npn a1oH ne unn, cnpaaepnnao nonaran,
u1o na pannm HoHen1 a1o1 apar pnn occnn xyxe, c1paunee. yx ecnn 1ako
nenaanc1nnk oapennn, kak aan ynnn, amnnn sppaanuy a uec1L renepannccnHyca-
no6epn1enn.
saepaauan 6nokapy ennnrpapa, nna xHa1oaa, ueH Hyx 6mn pacc1pennn, a cmn
nocaxen a 1kpLHy oae1cko anac1Lk, nncana 1ak:
H, n vx ,
H n vxx -
R r ,
, r , vm .
xHa1oaa npekpacno snana ueny oae1cko anac1n, no ne o6onLuanacL n na cue1
neHuea, aepnna a nauy o6epy n npn6nnxana ee kak yHena - cnoaoH. osHoxno, k1o-
1o ycHo1pn1 a npnaepennmx c1pokax coakoaoc1L n pa6c1ao. o nHenno a nnx
ampaxena, na Ho asrnnp, qopHyna pycckoro naunonan-na1pno1nsHa aoo6ue, a
aoennmx ne1 - a oco6ennoc1n.
ouno 1ak xe nonnHana peno n Hon popnan 6a6ka, apoaa pacc1pennnnoro a 1931 r.
6enoraappeckoro oqnuepa opnca eaac1Lnnoaa, npouepuan epHanckyk n
paxpanckyk (cec1po Hnnoceppnn y ennknna n panrenn), po6poaonLno yuepuan
acnep sa cmnoH nkn1o, HonH o1uoH, na qpon1 n norn6uan 1aH a unne kann1ana
Hepnunncko cnyx6m a npnqpon1oaoH rocnn1ane o1 neHeuknx 6oH6. Hnorne ppyrne
Hon popnme n snakoHme, pycckne paopnne, nopaeprunecn xec1oknH coae1cknH
penpeccnnH, npounn, 1eH ne Henee, qpon1, aoeaann c neHuaHn k1o nop ockao, k1o
nop 1annnrpapoH, k1o nop epnnnoH. nn npekpacno, ropaspo nyuue acnknx
xenesnoamx, nonnHann, kakoa nexaun nepep nnHn am6op, n am6npann cosna1enLno
n 1aeppo. 1o nyuune nkpn, ko1opmx n ac1peuan a caoe xnsnn. c nnHn naacerpa.
nn koro-1o, Hoxe1 6m1L, renepan nacoa - nc1nnnm pycckn naunonan-na1pno1. nn
Henn - ne1. yx pnpoH c ynnnmH n xHa1oao on n aoace nnrHe, xankan nnunoc1L.
ycckoe npospenne a aennuaue aone - a1o ny1L ynnna, a ne ny1L nacoaa.
6 a1oH nyc1L ne sa6maak1 1e pycckne nkpn, koHy oxo1a nokpacoaa1Lcn nepep
sepkanoH a acecoackoH Hynpnpe.
HERH KRQE
n c1an Hnrue, cnncxopn1enLnee k nkpnH, nepec1an paaa1L nH xec1kne,
xo1L n sacnyxennme, ouenkn.
ne c1any y1aepxpa1L, u1o aa1opm rnynmx, xaHcknx n nopnmx 1ekc1oa, nopo6nmx 1eH,
u1o naH npepc1aannk1 unponaeam n xenesnoam, - pypakn, xaHm n nopneum. pyHak,
specL ec1L pae c1oponm pena: cy6Lek1nanan n o6Lek1nanan.
y6Lek1nano a1n nkpn - rny6okne neaexpm, npnueH neo6muano caHoyaepennme.
peHyuan cHecL neaexec1aa n annoH6a 1onkae1 nx paccyxpa1L o aeuax, a ko1opmx onn
nn yxa nn pmna ne cHmcnn1.
641
6Lek1nano xe onn - o1paan1enn konopuea. 6o caon nespenme o1kpoaennn onn
nopak1 unpoko ny6nnke, c1onue eue naHnoro nnxe nx a cHmcne o6pasoaannoc1n,
eue Henee nx ocaepoHnenno, eue Henee cnoco6no nHe1L co6c1aennoe Hnenne, eue
6onee pesopnen1npoaanno, c6n1o c 1onky, eue 6onee napko na peueame cencaunn
n napapokcm, sany1anno ne6eckopmc1nmHn Hnqo1aopuaHn n nceaponc1opnkaHn 1nna
apsnnckoro.
n1ore unc1me konopum napopno naHn1n, ns ko1opmx napop uepnae1 caHoyaaxenne,
uyac1ao naunonanLno connpapnoc1n n epnnc1aa, pparouennyk cansL nokonenn,
aonk k conpo1nanennk n eue Hnoxec1ao npekpacnmx n aaxnmx uyac1a n Hmcne,
okasmaak1cn o1paanenm rpnsnenLknHn nsHmunennnHn unponaeamx n xenesnoamx.
anno aceHy - nepoc1a1ok o6pasoaannn n nenL-Ha1yuka ynoHnny1mx rocnop, nx
neyHenne n nexenanne pa6o1a1L c nc1ounnkaHn, ckpynynesno nccnepoaa1L aonpoc - n
pyHa1L. a eue, noxany, nepoc1a1ok pyueanoro 6naropopc1aa.
axe ecnn 6m y nac ne 6mno ennko o6epm, ee cnepoaano 6m ampyHa1L.
(Hepnkanum 1ak nHenno n noc1ynnnn.) 6o na 1aknx no6epax konconnpnpye1cn
naunn, poxpae1cn, pac1e1 n kpenne1 ee naunonanLnoe caHocosnanne.
o a1a o6epa y nac 6mna.
au napop a uenoH, ero apHnn, ero nonkoaopum n ero npaan1enLc1ao ao rnaae co
1annnmH nponannn a cxaa1ke c HoryunH aparoH orpoHnm 1anan1, aonk, Hyxec1ao,
cnnouennoc1L, npespenne k nnuennnH n cHep1n. 1o aocxn1n1enLnme kauec1aa,
poc1onme npeknonennn ao ace apeHena. au napop no6epnn - a1o qak1. a1a
o6epa poc1anacL eHy ne aone cnenoro cnyuan, a no sacnyraH. m1a1Lcn o1nn1L y
nero o6epy sapnnH uncnoH - nopno.
1o nyxno nonnHa1L n uyac1aoaa1L.
HHRB3HHR RHEY:
1. senu1a1 . nopro1oake 1annnmH renounpa eapeea. - epycannH 1994.
2. n1nceHn1nsH a oae1ckoH okse. - epycannH, 1979.
3. axanoa . ocnoHnnannn 6mauero cekpe1apn 1annna. - ., 1990.
4. esmHenckn . n1nep n 1annn nepep cxaa1ko. - ., 2000.
5. ynnok . n1nep n 1annn. nsnL n anac1L. - Honenck, 1994.
6. yuyeaa .., Lnkoa K. . aunc1ckn Heu koaancn a . - ., 1992.
7. ona n nonn1nka. 1939-1941. - ., 1999.
8. anennn .. 1annn n n1nep. (c1peuanncL nn onn, kakyk ponL nrpan a
cospannn nx coksa eapeckn aonpoc?). - apLep. n1nqaunc1ckn xypnan N1(6)
2001.
9. e66enLc H. ocnepnne sanncn. - Honenck, 1993.
642
10. enepanLnoe cornauenne o co1pypnnuec1ae, asanHonoHoun n coaHec1no
pen1enLnoc1n n ec1ano o1 11 non6pn 1938. - aHn1L N1/26 1999.
11. n1nep . an aHnq. - ., 2000.
12. pn6anoa . s aospaH. - ., 1998.
13. pn6anoa . 1annn n eapen. - ., 2001.
14. auep . poukn a nsrnannn. - ., 1991.
15. ykoa .. ocnoHnnannn n pasHmunennn. - ., 1974.
16. yxpa .. okoao npocue1 n1nepa. pax 6nnukpnra. - ., 2000.
17. aneneea .. ao aneunenonn1nuecko nporpaHHe . - c1opnueckan
HmcnL n nc1opnn npe. exaysoackn c6-k nayunmx 1pypoa, amn. 6. - pnnck, 1998.
18. oxnnoa .. occnn, aek . 1. 1-2. - ., 1999.
19. oc1mpuenko .. nneny y kpacnoro qapaona. - ., 1994.
20. oc1mpuenko .. anan nonn1nka 1annna. nac1L n an1nceHn1nsH. - ., 2001.
21. asapoa . ac1peua ace-1akn coc1onnacL. - ypeca n npnknkuennn N10 1999.
22. 1kpoaennn n npnsnannn: naunc1ckan aepxyuka o aone pe1Lero exa
npo1na : cekpe1nme peun, pneannkn, aocnoHnnannn/ep. c neH. /oc1aan1enL n
nepeaopunk .. ypo. - ., 1996.
23. epnn .. nnLo1nna pnn 6ecoa. 1nnueckne n ncnxorene1nueckne acnek1m
kappoao nonn1nkn 1934-2000 rr. - 6., 2001.
24. nkep . ac1onLnme pasroaopm n1nepa. - ., 1995.
25. ayunnnr . oaopn1 n1nep. aepL ns 6espnm. - ., 1993.
26. osanoa .. n1nep - 1annn. 1939-1941. - ., 1991.
27. eaac1Lnnoa .. 1o anapee1 - pa anapee1, a k1o no1epnn, 1o1 yxe no1epnn. -
nnxnoe o6ospenne N13 1994; nonnm 1ekc1 a kn. . : aunonan-peHokpa1nn. -
., 1996.
28. eaac1Lnnoa .. opanL 6yaona. - liris 20. 02. 97.
29. ekpe1nme pokyHen1m (6). - a ycckoe eno N5/49 1997.
30. oksnnkn a aone 1941-1945. - ., 1995.
31. 1e11nnnyc . enp-nns - opyxne no6epm. - kn. : arapkn nenp-nnsa. - .,
2000.
32. yaopoa . unuenne. - ., 2001.
643
33. yaopoa . aHoy6nc1ao. - ., 2001.
34. e1epn1nnkoa .. po6neHa kynL1ypnmx uennoc1e, nepeHeuennmx a pesynL1a1e
1opo Hnpoao aonm. - ., 1996.
35. poukn .. 1annn. 1. 1-2. - ., 1990.
36. ypranoa K.. o rnaae . - occnn n coapeHennm Hnp N2/15 1997.
37. yea . 1o copok 6ecep c ono1oamH. - ., 1991.
38. ennen6epr . a6npnn1. eHyapm rn1nepoackoro pasaepunka. - ., 1991.
39. kyueackn .. anapnan nc1opnorpaqnn ennko 1euec1aenno aonm
oae1ckoro oksa. 1anm n ocnoanme konuenunn. - ., 2000.
40. elte . as usslanil in er NS-propagana. - Berlin, 1994.
YKH HRE
(K 113-m x 57- r
H)
Y 3H - . n n 1995 r
r 3, 1996 x H-
, nnxx x rx
nnx . , n
qm Er Hmv, n n ,
v - x n
qm x. r , x K, n
r R - .H. X
Hmv n -qm
v , r x n, r v ,
n nv r v . M x v
- x v r
x, 1m v ,
x. r, q n1 r ,
Y . Hs, n m
n, m, v s n
n.
uac1L nacenennn naue c1panm npekpacno cosnae1 ceropnn
anL1epna1nay: n un n, n
un. coo1ae1c1ann c a1nH Hmcnnune nkpn packononncL na paa narepn.
nn opnnx neamnocnHo nanne1cn caHan HmcnL o pyccko occnn, a npen occnn-
kononnn nanne1cn ecnn ne xenanno, 1o npneHneHo. nn ppyrnx - ace nao6opo1, onn
npneHnk1 nk6oe 6ypyuee pnn occnn, kpoHe kononnanLnoro. epame ampaxak1, npn
ace caoe arpeccnanoc1n n cnnouennoc1n, yc1peHnennn ne6onLuo uac1n nacenennn.
1opme - a6conk1noro 6onLunnc1aa. 1peHn1enLnm poc1 naunonannc1nuecknx
nac1poenn xapak1epen ceropnn pnn acex cnoea pycckoro o6uec1aa. 1nHn
nac1poennnHn koke1nnuae1 y nac na rnasax paxe amcuan anac1L, 1ak nnn nnaue
uyac1ayn nx npaaoHepnoc1L n ak1yanLnoc1L. eanLnan nonn1nka ne Hoxe1
opnen1npoaa1Lcn na can1nHen1m n npnnunnm, nrnopnpyn pec1an1enLnme
o6uec1aennme cnnm, nrnopnpyn aonk n no1enunan 6onLue uac1n nacenennn.
644
oa1oHy 6nnxauee 6ypyuee occnn, k1o 6m a1oHy nn nm1ancn aocnpenn1c1aoaa1L,
necoHnenno 6ype1 konc1pynpoaa1Lcn a naunonanLnoH pycckoH knkue.
epaoouepepno pnn nc1opnocoqa, a a1o cansn, nanne1cn sapaua yrapa1L kon1ypm
6ypyue naunonanLno occnn n npepnoxn1L caon koppek1nam, ecnn a1n kon1ypm
panekn, na ero asrnnp, o1 coaepuenc1aa.
cHa1pnaancL a xop naue akonoHnuecko n nonn1nuecko xnsnn, acnyunaancL a
Hnororonocm xop Hnenn, n o1ue1nnao anxy opny 1enpenunk, aecLHa, kak Hne
kaxe1cn, onacnyk. o uenoHy pnpy npnsnakoa ceropnnunnn occnn nanoHnnae1 co6o
epHannk 1920-x ropoa; ampaxenne eHapckan occnn yxe paano a xopy y
ny6nnunc1oa. onpepenennmx kpyrax a1o cxopc1ao amsmaae1 caoero popa aqopnk.
enan c1aaky na pycckn naunonan-counannsH n npepakyuan ckopyk no6epy, onn
oxo1no nccnepyk1 onm1 npnxopa k anac1n n1nepa n 6mc1poro npeapauennn nop ero
pykoaopc1aoH ynnxenno, pasopenno, cna6o epHannn a opny ns nan6onee
Horyuec1aennmx c1pan Hnpa. k6n1enn ananorn napek1cn n aepn1, u1o no6epa
naunonan-counannc1nueckoro kpmna pycckoro panxennn co1aopn1 1akoe xe uypo c
occne.
a6nkpan 1akyk 1enpenunk, n uyac1ayk no1pe6noc1L nanoHnn1L coapeHennnkaH ne
o6 ycnexax n 1opxec1ae neHeukoro naunsHa nepamx ne1 rn1nepoackoro npaanennn, a
o6 yxacno ka1ac1poqe, ko1opo a1o npaanenne yaenuanocL. a1ac1poqe,
pasopaaaue napaoe epHannk, ynecue okono 8 Hnn.. neHeuknx xnsne,
nopunnnaue neHeukyk nonn1nky aone n , c1onaue epHannn orpoHnmx
Ha1epnanLnmx no1epL, cpenaaue ee na Hnorne pecn1nne1nn pannnue caonx
saknn1mx aparoa - eapeea. enLsn sa6m1L n o konoccanLnoH HopanLnoH yuep6e, o
npeapauennn epHannn na nonaeka a o1pnua1enLnm npnHep, a xynen pnn napopoa.
a kpn6eprcknH npoueccoH pnn neHuea nac1ynnnn pecn1nne1nn nokannn, uac1nmx n
oqnunanLnmx, 1anmx n ny6nnunmx, u1o, pasyHee1cn, ne npouno papoH pnn
naunonanLno ncnxnkn, nopopna a ne onacnme koHnnekcm. Hck n
r nM knc nr y MM.
opanLnm pasrpoH neHeukoro napopa, ero aceo6uee no1pncenne 6mnn 1ako cnnm,
u1o paxe 1e nkpn, ko1opme aosrnaannnn pex n ponrne ropm npe1aopnnn a xnsnL npen
naunonan-counannsHa, paxe onn cnoHanncL nop 1nxec1Lk neonpoaepxnHmx
o6annenn. o canpe1enLc1ay rn1nepoackoro Hnnnc1pa aoopyxenn nopcypnHoro
neepa, na kpn6eprckoH npouecce a 1euenne Hnornx Hecnuea npepc1aannnncL
pokyHen1m n canpe1enLckne nokasannn, ko1opme ponxnm 6mnn nop1aeppn1L
coaepuennme npec1ynnennn. 1o 6mno yxacno... nonmne Henn npecnepyk1
qo1orpaqnn, pokyHen1m n npnkasm, ko1opme 6mnn nac1onLko xe uypoanunmHn,
nackonLko neaepon1nmHn, no nn opnn ns nopcypnHmx ne coHneaancn a nx
nopnnnnoc1n... axe epnnr, ko1opm a nauane npouecca 6mn nac1poen ouenL
arpeccnano n co6npancn onpaapmaa1L caon pec1ann, a nocnepneH cnoae roaopnn o
1nxknx npec1ynnennnx, c1aaunx aceH nsaec1nmHn... e1enL yaepnn, u1o npepnouen
6m yHepe1L, ueH eue pas pa1L ce6n sany1a1L a 1akne npec1ynnennn. pank roaopnn o
1oH, u1o n1nep n neHeukn napop asaannnn na ce6n anny. n npepynpexpan
nencnpaanHmx ne ac1yna1L na "ny1L nonn1nuecko rnynoc1n, ko1opm aepe1 k rn6enn
n cHep1n". 1oH xe pyxe amckasmaanncL n ppyrne nopcypnHme. nn npekpacno
snann, u1o nouapm o1 coksnnkoa ne 6ype1, n a nenckpennoc1n nx 1pypno sanopospn1L.
kpn6epre nepep cypoH npepc1an 21 uenoaek - nepaanne aepun1enn cype6 c1panm.
ospnee 6mnn ocyxpenm n nakasanm nsaec1nme npoHmunennnkn - pynn, nnk,
nccen, pnpek1opa ap6ennnpyc1pn, a 1akxe amcune unnm renepann1e1a. x
anna nepep ppyrnHn napopaHn n c1panaHn, oco6enno nepep occne n pyccknHn,
aennka n pokasana. o ne Henee oueanpna nx o1ae1c1aennoc1L nepep neHuaHn n
epHanne, ko1opmx onn npnaenn k uypoanuno 1parepnn.
645
o1enn nn a1n nkpn 1akoro konua? oneuno, ne1! nn nk6nnn caok c1pany n cao
napop, Heu1ann o6 nx aennunn n npouae1annn, ne uapnnn pnn a1oro caonx cnn. o 1eH
ne Henee, n1or nx pen1enLnoc1n 6mn 1aknH, kaknH on 6mn.
pax neHeukoro naunonan-counannsHa a1nnyn a caok rn6enLnyk aoponky n
qaunc1ckyk 1annk, noc1papaauyk ncknkun1enLno ns-sa onpoHe1unaoro aoennoro
coksa c epHanne, n enrpnk, n yHmnnk...
1o xyxe, ueH npec1ynnenne. 1o - oun6ka, - o6ponnn opnaxpm anepan
rennanLnm nonn1nueckn aqopnsH. ena, sannauennan sa npec1ynnme oun6kn
rn1nepoackoro pexnHa, sac1aanne1 ceropnn anoaL n anoaL aosapaua1Lcn k nx
ocHmcnennk. eaepnme Hnpoaosspenueckne yc1anoakn, noxnme uenn, c1pa1ernueckne
npocue1m 1ex, k1o 12 ne1 anac1aoaan epHanne, - ao1, u1o ponxnm noc1onnno nHe1L
a anpy pycckne nonn1nkn, ne xenakune konun1L 1eH xe, u1o n n1nep.
qkpepe n ero pexe nanncanm 1mcnun knnr. asyHee1cn, neHano 6mno nonm1ok
anannsa n kpn1nkn noxnmx uaroa neHeukoro naunsHa. aueH nyxna eue opna?
eno a 1oH, u1o Hm ponroe apeHn cypnnn o n1nepe n naunc1cko epHannn c nosnun
apara, 1onLko apara n npn1oH no6epnauero apara. apnka1ypnm o6pas, cospannm
ycnnnnHn apnn annnna, nxanna oHHa, ykpmnnkcoa n Hnornx ppyrnx, sanonnnn
o6uec1aennoe cosnanne, ne oc1aana a neH Hec1a o6Lek1nanmH nccnepoaannnH.
Hexpy 1eH, Hnp n occnn ouenL nsHennnncL sa nonaeka. eropnn, caHn ouy1nauncL a
cn1yaunn nonnoro pasrpoHa, cxopno c 1o, u1o uapnna a epHannn nocne nepao
Hnpoao aonm, Hm na Hnoroe cHo1pnH ppyrnHn, nonnHakunHn rnasaHn. oe-u1o npn
a1oH anpn1cn oc1pee n rny6xe, ueH panLue. noroe, kak ckasano amue, npno6peno
6onesnennyk ak1yanLnoc1L. nnoe, kasaaueecn nesm6neHmH eue pecn1L ne1 nasap,
ceropnn 1pe6ye1 nepecHo1pa. ce a1o pae1 Hne napexpy na1n na "o1pa6o1annoH
pypnnke" - noayk sono1yk xnny.
EB QRR XQR
pa1a, nocne ko1opo panxenne epHannn k ka1ac1poqe c1ano neo6pa1nHmH
- 1 cen1n6pn 1939 r., penL nanapennn na onLuy. anLue aosnnkae1 uenL snoaeunx
nens6exnoc1e - aona c nrnne n panune, nanapenne na occnk, okasaauykcn
appyr, co caonH rnran1cknH aoennmH no1enunanoH, a onacno 6nnsoc1n o1 epHannn,
aona c n, nakoneu, nonm1ka okonua1enLnoro peuennn eapeckoro aonpoca,
npepenLno ak1nansnpoaaauan Horyuec1aennme apaxpe6nme naunsHy cnnm. n1ore
epHannn okasanacL a coc1onnnn 1o1anLnoro konqnnk1a uy1L nn ne co aceH HnpoH, u1o
6mno e, koneuno, ne no nneuy. 1 cen1n6pn - anore neHeuko cnaam n Horyuec1aa, c
ko1oporo ona noka1nnacL anns.
oueHy xe neHum ne ypepxanncL a caoeH nannyuueH nonoxennn, noueHy ne
oc1anoannncL aoapeHn? o1oHy, u1o s m m F,
m u . 1nH uenoaekoH 6mn
n1nep.
1ckpa, ns occnn, ko1opo on npnunnnn c1onLko sna, n1nep amrnnpn1 kpane
necnHna1nuno. o Hnoroe Henne1cn, ecnn asrnnny1L na nero "neHeuknHn rnasaHn", pa
n npoc1o o6Lek1nanmH asopoH nenpepasn1oro nccnepoaa1enn.
n1nep npnuen k a6conk1no anac1n n nou1n po konua coxpannn a1y anac1L 6naropapn
Houno aonne acenapopnoro o6oxannn, poaepnn, napexpm. ero nonn1nko
o1oxpec1annnacL aonn naunn n sapaun rocypapc1aa. o1 neckonLko canpe1enLc1a 1oHy.
646
. npep, aHepnkanckn xypnannc1, pa6o1aaun a pexe, aa1op qynpaHen1anLnoro
nccnepoaannn "sne1 n napenne pe1Lero pexa": cnn cypn1L no noaepennk
orpoHnoro 6onLunnc1aa ero coo1euec1aennnkoa, on poc1nr aepunnm, nnkorpa panee
ne poc1nraauecn nn opnnH repHancknH npaan1eneH. n c1an paxe po ero cHep1n
HnqoH, nerenpo, nou1n 6oroH; n opnn knacc, nn opna rpynna nnu, nn opna nap1nn
ne Hoxe1 cnn1L c ce6n anny... sa npnxop ponLqa n1nepa k anac1n; es ponLqa
n1nepa, nnunoc1n peHonnuecko, o6napaaue necrn6aeHo aone,
caepxLec1ec1aenno nn1ynune, xnapnokpoano xec1koc1Lk, nesaypnpnmH yHoH,
nmnknH aoo6paxenneH n... ypnan1enLno cnoco6noc1Lk ouennaa1L o6c1anoaky n
nkpe, ne 6mno 6m n pe1Lero pexa. npep opnosnauno npnsnaaan sa n1nepoH
rennanLnoc1L.
xe un1npoaaauncn Hnnnc1p aoopyxenn neep acnoHnnan: epep rnasaHn eue n
ceuac cuenm an1ysnasHa, cansannme c n1nepoH, ko1opm - co caonHn saHanunamHn
npnsmaaHn n rpanpnosnmHn nnanaHn - 6mn a rnasax neHuea rnran1cko nnunoc1Lk.
. qon npax, rnaaa n1nepkrenpa, cnpn a 1kpLHe a oxnpannn kpn6eprckoro cypa,
npnsnan: pen1nunoc1L n1nepa c rocypapc1aoH 6mna nac1onLko nonno, u1o nenLsn
6mno amc1ynn1L npo1na opnoro, ne amc1ynna npo1na ppyroro.
pnHepm Hoxno Hnoxn1L 6eckoneuno. akonnunee n 1ounee acex amckasancn . .
Knr, nsaec1nm ncnxna1p, yuennk pepa: F - s n.
norne o1Heuak1 oco6m Harne1nsH nnunoc1n n1nepa, ero 6nec1nune opa1opckne
cnoco6noc1n, nosaonnaune eHy kak anape1L orpoHnmHn aypn1opnnHn, 1ak n y6expa1L
npo1nannkoa c rnasy na rnas. o opnnHn cnoaaHn nenLsn po6n1Lcn 1akoro aqqek1a
cnnnnnn aoxpn c napopoH: nyxnm pena. onn 6mnn.
cero sa nn1L ne1 npe6maannn y anac1n n1nep:
- anepame a nc1opnn, nnkanpnpoaaa nepexn1kn qeopanLno pasppo6nennoc1n, nnuna
neHeukne seHnn nx aa1onoHnn, no-nac1onueHy o6Lepnnnn epHannk;
- aocc1anoann nonnoanac1ne epHannn a encko sone, aepnyn e ype1m, aap,
eHenL, aoccoepnnnn ee c ac1pne - 1o ec1L cospan ex, aosapa1na popnny HnornH
HnnnnonaH neHuea;
- c1pannuy sa c1pannue, no ero co6c1aennoHy ampaxennk, ynnu1oxnn
ynnsn1enLnm n pasopn1enLnm pnn epHannn epcanLckn poroaop, ace 448 c1a1e
ko1oporo copepxann aennuaune n caHme snopeckne npn1ecnennn, npnueH cpenan
a1o HnpnmH ny1eH;
- amaen epHannk ns Hexpynapopno nsonnunn, sanonyuna napexnmx coksnnkoa a
nnue 1annn, enrpnn, cnannn, onrapnn, yHmnnn, a anocnepc1ann nonnn, a6na
npn a1oH knnn Hexpy npo1nannkaHn n npnnypna nx cornacn1Lcn na paspen
exocnoaaknn;
- cospan Hounyk apHnk, aanaunk n qno1, nonnoc1Lk nx nepeaoopyxna; sa 4 ropa
aHec1o 7 pnansn nx c1ano 41.
e Henee 6naro1aopnmHn pnn neHuea 6mnn n any1pennne, counanLno-akonoHnueckne
nepeHenm, poc1nrny1me n1nepoH:
- npak1nueckn 6mno nokonueno a kpa1uaune cpokn c 7-Hnnnnonno 6espa6o1nue
(nanoHnk, u1o nacenenne co6c1aenno epHannn coc1aannno 1orpa, c pe1LHn n
647
c1apnkaHn, okono 65 Hnnnnonoa). pnxopnnocL cnmua1L, kak pa6oune... nocne
cm1noro o6epa uy1nnn: npn n1nepe npaao na ronop o1Heneno (npep);
- ace neHum nonyunnn aaxneune counanLnme rapan1nn: o1nnunoe Hepnunnckoe
o6cnyxnaanne, npekpacno oprannsoaannm, kynL1ypnm n spopoamx o1pmx, cnc1eHy
o6pasoaannn n qnsnuecko kynL1ypm;
- c 1932 no 1937 rr. naunonanLnoe npoHmunennoe nponsaopc1ao aospocno na 102%, a
naunonanLnm poxop ypaonncn. 3
s , a o1nnune o1 nocneaoennoro, yc1poennoro na
aHepnkanckne penLrn.
o6ueH, roaopn cnoaaHn opnoro nccnepoaa1enn, a1o1 uenoaek, ne o1nnuaauncn
sna1noc1Lk nponcxoxpennn, npeapa1nn 6esopyxnyk, aaeprny1yk a xaoc n
npak1nueckn pasopennyk epHannk, ko1opan cun1anacL caHo cna6o ns 6onLunx
rocypapc1a aponm, a caHoe cnnLnoe rocypapc1ao 1aporo ae1a, nepep ko1opmH
1pene1ann paxe nrnnn n panunn.
peo6pasoaannn unn c necnmxanno, aonue6no 6mc1po1o n peun1enLnoc1Lk, u1o
o6ecneunno n1nepy noppepxky acex cnoea nacenennn, naunnan c nepamx xe uaroa
noao anac1n. xe a 1933 r. na am6opax a pexc1ar sa cnncok naunc1cko nap1nn
nopann ronoca 92% ns6npa1ene a snak opo6pennn cHenm kypca.
o, aosHoxno, caHmH rnaanmH poc1nxenneH n1nepa 6mno poc1nxenne
neHa1epnanLnoe: n ,
, , m, , ,
m . enoppenLnm an1ysnasH, amsaannm
a1nH uyac1aoH, c1an epaa nn ne rnaanmH Ho1opoH npeo6pasoaann. ak nnue1 .
pyccakoa: aunsH pan HnornH nkpnH uenL n cHmcn xnsnn, napennn nx uyac1aoH
npnnapnexnoc1n k ueHy-1o amcueHy, napnnunoHy - akc1as caHoo1peuennn. 1o1
akc1as nosaonnn ne 1onLko c nerkoc1Lk npnnocn1L nnunme xep1am nop nonynnpnmH
naunc1cknH nosynroH o6une nn1epecm amue nnunmx, no n ne nepexnaa1L n paxe
papoaa1Lcn no noaopy y1pa1m peHokpa1nuecknx cao6op. rnasax naunn a uenoH a1o
ne 6mno c1onL yx cyuec1aennmH pnpoH c 1eH, u1o n1nep o6euan n coaepunn pnn
c1panm. onoccanLnme Haccm npnnnnn pyuo pok1pnny naunonanLnoro counannsHa
n noaepnnn a nee.
oneuno, na acex 6mno ne yropn1L. eko1opan (nesnaun1enLnan) uac1L neHeukoro
napopa nosnakoHnnacL c konunarepnHn - a1nH xn1poyHnmH anrnncknH nso6pe1enneH.
y n, caHo co6o, nnoxo c1ano eapenH. o u1o ns 1oro? oro a1o aonnoaano? epL sa1o
neHuaH c1ano xopouo. ok1pnna naunonan-counannsHa nnuero ppyroro n ne o6euana.
6mno 6m pyHa1L, u1o sacnyrn n1nepa npnsnana n noppepxana ero nnuL
cepan 1ynan Hacca - pa6oune, kpec1Lnne, conpa1m, yn1ep-oqnuepm, Henkan 6ypxyasnn
(naaounnkn). ak ckasa1L, c1a1nc1nueckoe 6onLunnc1ao. e1, ne1 n ne1.
ak o1He1nn . onanp, aa1op nan6onee o6Lek1nano, ypoc1oenno ynn1uepoacko
npeHnn, 6norpaqnn n1nepa, caH nop xoppx, opnn ns aa1opoa epcanLckoro
poroaopa, no6maaa a naunc1cko epHannn, 6mn no1pncen yanpennmH n ycnmuannmH.
caoeH o1ue1e, ony6nnkoaannoH a enn kcnpecc, on nncan, u1o n1nep a
opnnouky nopnnn epHannk co pna, u1o on npnpoxpennm nnpep, pnnaHnueckan
nnunoc1L c peun1enLno aone n 6ecc1paunmH ceppueH, uenoaek, ko1opoHy aepn1
c1apme n nepep ko1opmH npeknonnk1cn Honopme.
nHna1nsnpoaann repHanckoHy naunsHy n nnuno n1nepy n ppyrne anpnme
eaponeckne Hmcnn1enn, nanpnHep, 6pn1anckn ppaHa1ypr epnapp oy, nopaexckn
648
nnca1enL ny1 aHcyn nnn qpanuysckn ennn. 1o xe roaopn1L o naunonanLno
neHeuko nn1ennnrenunn?
ue a 1931 r. akonoHnueckn renn . ax1, 6ypyun Hnnnc1p akonoHnkn n rnaaa
exc6anka, nncan n1nepy: e coHneaakcL, u1o nmneunn xop co6m1n nens6exno
npnaepe1 aac k anac1n... Bm m
x, n u. ax1 o6ecneunn n1nepy
noppepxky naunonanLnoro kann1ana.
pasy xe nocne cHep1n nnpen6ypra a aaryc1e 1934 r. aecL renepann1e1, a sa nnH n
acn apHnn npncnrnynn na aepnoc1L n nonnoe noannoaenne nnuno qkpepy epHanckoro
pexa n napopa.
ou1n opnoapeHenno c a1nH ka6nne1 Hnnnc1poa npnnnn sakon o6 o6Lepnnennn noc1oa
npesnpen1a n kanunepa. 19 aaryc1a sa a1o nporonocoaano 90% neHuea. nnnc1p
qnnancoa rpaq y1u aepnn qon posnr, nonauany ne poaepnaun amckouke,
anocnepc1ann npnsnaaancn: a sacepannnx ka6nne1a nenLsn 6mno ne ampasn1L
aocxnuennn kauec1aaHn, nosaonnkunHn a1oHy uenoaeky nckycno pykoaopn1L aceHn
pnckyccnnHn, - ero 6esynpeuno naHn1Lk, pakue aosHoxnoc1L o1aeua1L na nk6me
aonpocm; ncnoc1Lk ero yHa, 6naropapn ko1opo on Hor caec1n caHm cnoxnm aonpoc
k npoc1o... qopHyne; nckycc1aoH pena1L amaopm n, nakoneu, yHenneH nopo1n k
xopouo nsaec1no npo6neHe c noao 1oukn spennn.
ana pnHckn pan npnHoe ykasanne aceH repHancknH ennckonaH noknnc1Lcn a
aepnoc1n naunonan-counannc1ckoHy pexnHy n npocnn ora 6narocnoan1L pex.
ouyac1aoaana n1nepy n ero pexy n neHeukan nayunan n 1aopueckan nn1ennnrenunn.
nLuan uac1L npoqeccopoa oc1anacL, nocne npnxopa k anac1n naunc1oa, na caonx
Hec1ax. nauane noaoro, 1933-34 yue6noro ropa 960 ns nnx, ao rnaae ko1opmx c1onnn
1akne aceHnpno npnsnannme yuenme, kak xnpypr ayap6pyx, qnnocoq aper1ep,
nckycc1aoaep nnpep n ppyrne, ny6nnuno npncnrnynn na aepnoc1L n1nepy n noaoHy
pexnHy. pesnpen1 epHancko accounaunn Ha1eHa1nkoa sanann konneraH: m
xo1nH noppepxa1L pyx 1o1anLnoro rocypapc1aa n co1pypnnua1L c nnH nonnLno n
uec1no. ak n ace neHum, Hm 6esoroaopouno n c papoc1Lk c1aanH ce6n na cnyx6y
naunonan-counannc1ckoHy panxennk n ero nnpepy. oHnHo aperrepa, na ak1nanoe
co1pypnnuec1ao c naunc1aHn oxo1no nounn (onanp) nsaec1nme qnnocoqm pnk n
oHnep. snaHenn1m nc1opnocoq caanLp nenrnep, no6ecepoaaa non1opa uaca c
n1nepoH, ampasnn cornacne c ero asrnnpaHn n oxapak1epnsoaan co6ecepnnka kak
ouenL nopnpounoro uenoaeka.
ak nopuepknaae1 npep, 6onLunnc1ao ampakunxcn pen1ene neHeukoro
HysmkanLnoro nckycc1aa peunnn oc1a1Lcn a naunc1cko epHannn n no cyuec1ay
o1pann caon nHena n cao 1anan1 na cnyx6y noaoHy nopnpky. e noknnyn c1pany n
opnn ns caHmx ampakunxcn pnpnxepoa aeka nnLrenLH yp1aenrnep... c1ancn n
nxapp 1payc, aepyun ns coapeHennmx neHeuknx koHnosn1opoa. eko1opoe apeHn
on nannncn npesnpen1oH HysmkanLno nana1m (1payc, kc1a1n, 6mn a 6onLuoH
aoc1opre, korpa n1nep npnrnacnn ero a caok noxy na onepe "aaanep pos" a
epnnne). saec1nm nnannc1 anL1ep nseknnr c opo6pennn e66enLca
rac1ponnpoaan sa py6exoH, nponaranpnpyn neHeukyk kynL1ypy. oxno 6mno
nacnaxpa1Lcn npeaocxopnmH ncnonnenneH onepno n cnHqonnuecko Hysmkn.
enpeasopennmHn a a1oH cHmcne cun1anncL opkec1pm 6epnnncko qnnapHonnn n
6epnnncko rocypapc1aenno onepm.
nepye1 o1He1n1L, u1o n 1ea1p coxpannn nyuune caon 1papnunn, ao acnkoH cnyuae a
noc1anoakax knaccnueckoro penep1yapa.
649
. ayn1Hane, 6maueH, necoHnenno, aennuaunH ns coapeHennmx neHeuknx
ppaHa1yproa, npep acnoHnnae1: nkorpa ne sa6ypy cueny no okonuannn npeHLepm
ero nocnepne nLecm "ouL co6opa", korpa ayn1Han, nou1ennm c1apeu c
pasaeaakunHncn cepmHn aonocaHn, nncnapaaunHn na ero uepnyk naknpky, amuen ns
1ea1pa nop pyky c pok1opoH e66enLcoH. expy npounH, nnca1enL n panee
nepaycHmcnenno ampasnn caoe o1nouenne k naunsHy, amaecna a caoeH okne qnar co
caac1nko.
saec1no, u1o oHac ann noknnyn pex no npenmH coo6paxennnH. oknnynn ero no
pasnmH coo6paxennnH n neko1opme nnca1enn neneHeukoro nponcxoxpennn. o
Hnoxec1ao neHeuknx nn1epa1opoa, 1aknx kak noa1m nynk n nnpnnr, nposankn
Knrep, annrep, onL6enxeep, nxap1, pnHH oc1anncL n npnae1c1aoaann naunsH.
ocneaoennm pexnH noc1apancn npepa1L a1n n Hnorne ppyrne nHena sa6aennk, no
onn 6mnn.
n1nep cun1an noc1nHnpeccnonnc1oa n akcnpeccnonnc1oa npepc1aan1ennHn
perenepa1nanoro nckycc1aa n noppepxnaan xypoxnnkoa poHan1nueckoro,
peannc1nueckoro n neoknaccnueckoro nanpaanennn. eypnan1enLno, u1o Hacca
xnaonncuea, rpaqnkoa, apxn1ek1opoa, pnsanepoa, 1aopuoa c1nnn 1pe1Lero pexa,
- 6mna na c1opone naunc1oa. (ak, nanpnHep, 6nnc1a1enLnm konopnc1 . qon pynne
cospan nop1pe1 n1nepa 30-He1poao amco1m, ykpacnaun knxenckn aoksan.) o
paxe HnnL onLpe, rennanLnm npepc1aan1enL ronnHoro akcnpeccnonnsHa, 6ypyun
nckpennnH na1pno1oH, couyac1aoaan naunonan-counannsHy.
yHHnpyn ckasannoe, Hoxno y1aepxpa1L, u1o no1pncakune ycnexn any1pn n ane
c1panm, noHnoxennme na acenapopnyk noppepxky n nk6oaL, c opno c1oponm, n na
qan1ac1nueckoe aesenne - c ppyro, cospann pnn n1nepa cn1yaunk, 6esrpannuno
nckycn1enLnyk. on, k coxanennk, a1oro nckyca ne ampepxan. Kk rn,
rk, cyMn c k, , crM M M
c rnc qyy, cMr Mn ccn cycn c
n.
, onnpancL na caon poc1nxennn, po6naancn qkpep ocao6oxpennn o1
acnkoro kon1ponn n o1ae1c1aennoc1n. nauane - a nap1nn, nokonuna a 1934 r. c eHoH
n 1paccepoH. o1oH - a apHnn, pasoH ynpaspnna aoennoe Hnnnc1epc1ao, yaonna 16
renepanoa n rnaakoHa cyxony1nmx aock, cHec1na c noc1oa eue 44 renepana. 1o1 xe
penL, 4 qeapann 1938 r., - a npaan1enLc1ae, cHenna payx nan6onee nesaancnHmx
Hnnnc1poa. asaa1pa nap1nnm oqnunos, enLknuep 6eo6ax1ep, amuna c
saronoakoH onuen1paunn ace nonno1m anac1n a pykax qkpepa! o n a1oro eHy
6mno Hano. konue peka6pn 1941 r., cHec1na payxnua, n1nep caH sannHae1 noc1
rnaanokoHanpykuero aceHn aoopyxennmHn cnnaHn. a anpene 1942 r. po6naae1cn
npnnn1nn sakona o npepoc1aanennn eHy ace nonno1m anac1n, xo1n n 1ak nonnee
anac1n yxe ne 6maae1.
ce 6onLue n 6onLue nonnoHoun, ace HenLue n HenLue 1pesaoc1n a ouenkax nkpe,
cn1yaun, ce6n caHoro. a 10 pne po pokoaoro nanapennn na onLuy n1nep sanann
na aoennoH coaeuannn: ce saancn1 o1 Henn, o1 Hoero cyuec1aoaannn, o1 Honx
1anan1oa kak nonn1nka. pnp nn k1o-nn6ypL korpa-nn6ypL 6ype1 nonLsoaa1Lcn
poaepneH acero neHeukoro napopa a 1ako xe c1enenn, kak n - a1o qak1. pnp nn
korpa-nn6o nonan1cn uenoaek, o6napakun 6onLue anac1Lk, ueH n. naun1 caH qak1
Hoero cyuec1aoaannn neo6muano aaxen. orpa aona yxe nauanacL, on ckasan
n66en1pony: aoennmx a11aue Hosrn ne pa6o1ak1. peunn ne cun1a1Lcn c
HnenneH nkpe, ko1opme pecn1kn pas aaopnnn Henn a sa6nyxpenne. 1nmne n
naHepen nonara1Lcn na co6c1aennm yH, ko1opm ao acex a1nx cnyuanx okasmaancn
nyuunH coae1nnkoH, ueH aaun 1ak nasmaaeHme koHne1en1nme akcnep1m.
osHoxnoc1L noc1aan1L na kon ne6maano amcokyk c1aaky n no1n aa-6ank o1yHannna
paccypok qkpepa. o1oan caonx oqnuepoa k aone c onLue (a 1o n k Hnpoao
650
aone), on eue a Hae 1938 r. amckasancn npnHo: mcnL o 1oH, u1o Hm HoxeH peueao
o1pena1Lcn, amsmaae1 onacenne... aH oc1ae1cn 1onLko cxeuL kopa6nn, n 1orpa
aonpoc 6ype1 c1aan1Lcn ne "npaannLno a1o nnn ne1", a "6m1L nnn ne 6m1L 80
HnnnnonaH neHuea". ce nnn nnuero: on peunn nrpa1L 1ak.
anan onnosnunn, cnpaaepnnao ouennaan saHmcnm qkpepa kak onacnoe 6esyHne,
6mna 6eccnnLna u1o-nn6o cpena1L. aroaopm (a nx 6mno neHano a xnsnn n1nepa)
qa1anLno npoaannaanncL opnn sa ppyrnH, npnpaaan qkpepy caepxLec1ec1aennm
opeon. ak saHe1nn cHeuennm n1nepoH rnaakoH pnu: 1o1 uenoaek nocnan
epHannn cypL6o pnn po6pa n sna. cnn on uarne1 a nponac1L, 1o yaneue1 a nee acex
nac. m nnuero ne HoxeH nopena1L.
6Lnanenne nrnne aonm, a o1ae1 na a1opxenne neHuea a onLuy, am6nno n1nepa
ns konen, ouenoHnno. n po nocnepnero aepnn, u1o a1oro ne nponsope1, n nonnn
1enepL, u1o sanrpancn. nxn, 6nepnm, sapyHunam, on ckasan eccy: ce Hoe peno
pyun1cn.
pnako on 6mc1po onpaanncn, pasrpoHna na napy co 1annnmH onLuy, saxaa1na
panunk, opaernk, annk, onnanpnk, enLrnk, nanaa c ycnexoH na occnk; on
anoaL ncnonnnncn nenokone6nHo caHoyaepennoc1n, na ce pas HannakanLno. 27
qeapann 1942 r., yxe nponrpaa 6n1ay sa ockay, on, kak nn a ueH ne 6maano, sanann
sa c1onoH: ce6n npeaocxopno uyac1ayk a o6uec1ae aennknx nc1opnuecknx repoea,
k ko1opmH caH npnnapnexy. a 1oH nnHne, na ko1opm n aocxoxy, aoccepak1
6nnc1a1enLnme yHm acex apeHen.
o Hm-1o snaeH, u1o nnHn, na ko1opm n1nep asouen caH n aosaen cao napop,
okasancn onroqo.
HTAK, YOK HEBmH. eropnn na nonn1nueckoH ropnson1e occnn rennea ne anpno.
e1 uenoaeka, ko1opm, nopo6no n1nepy, Hor 6m caoe aone am1aun1L c1pany ns
nyunnm akonoHnuecko paspyxn, o6uec1aennoro pas6popa n neoprannsoaannoc1n,
ynnsn1enLneue Hexpynapopno saancnHoc1n, kononnanLnoro nanpaanennn
pasan1nn. exnHy y1nna, ampaxakueHy nn1epecm nnoc1pannoro kann1ana,
koHnpapopcko 6ypxyasnn n koppyHnnpoaanno 6kpokpa1nn, npo1naoc1on1 noka u1o
poccmnL nonn1nuecknx nnpepoa pasnoro kann6pa, sa ko1opmHn c1on1 cpepnero n
Henkoro Hacu1a6a o6uec1aennme panxennn. 1o snaun1, u1o a nyuueH cnyuae, ecnn
uac1L a1nx panxenn cHoxe1 o6Lepnnn1Lcn, o6un nnpep 6ype1 y1aepxpen ne ny1eH
ec1ec1aennoro o16opa, a ny1eH poroaopa, cornauennn yuac1nnkoa. oneuno, nenLsn
ncknkun1L, u1o a cpok, oc1aauncn po npesnpen1cknx am6opoa, appyr, kak He1eop,
aosnnkne1 rennanLnm nnpep n ycnee1 saaoeaa1L ns6npa1ene. o a nk6oH cnyuae,
6ype1 nn rpnpyun rnaaa occnn ampanxenueH koannunn, nnn nH c1ane1 xapnsHa1nk,
c1onun y pynn kpynno nap1nn, ncno opno. Bu xu n ,
mu u u . 6pasno
roaopn, a ero yxe ponxna 1nka1L cepLra.
1o eue sa cepLra? a1o saHeua1enLnan npen opnoro ns qan1ac1oa: noaoHy
npesnpen1y nekoe c1panm a npouecce nnayrypaunn a yxo ac1aanne1cn cepLra,
ko1opyk nenLsn cnn1L. pesnpen1 nonnoc1Lk cao6open a caonx pec1annx, no, ecnn
opnaxpm on nope1 npo1na aonn 1ex, k1o ero noc1aann, cepLra, ne roaopn xyporo
cnoaa, asopae1cn n cnece1 eHy nonronoam. cnn 6m nopo6nyk cepLry neHeukne
renepanm n npoHmunennnkn, aepno ouennaune cn1yaunk, asopaann a yxe n1nepa po
31 aaryc1a 1939 r., Hnp 6mn 6m ns6aanen o1 kouHapa a1opo Hnpoao aonm, a
epHannn - o1 6espnm, ns ko1opo po cnx nop ne Hoxe1 amnes1n.
1ak: npe1enpen1y na kpecno poccnckoro npesnpen1a - cepLry a yxo!
651
MEHBUE HRH3M!
K naunonannc1nueckoH o6uec1aenno-nonn1nueckoH panxennn, npnaepueH k
o6pasoaannk 1ak nasmaaeHmx qaunc1cknx nnn npoqaunc1cknx rocypapc1a
(epHannn, 1annn, cnannn, enrpnn, Hnnn1apnc1ckan nonnn n 1.p.),
mn , : - -
. oo1nouenne a1nx cnn onpepennno xapak1ep npaanennn n
c1pon kaxporo ns a1nx rocypapc1a. uac1noc1n, a epHannn 1920-x nanm nepeaec
nHeno counannc1nueckoe kpmno. ounannc1nueckoe, 1o ec1L ampaxakuee nyxpm n
uannnn pa6ounx, kpec1Lnn, roccnyxaunx - opnnH cnoaoH, npoc1oro napopa. o ne
6ypxyasnnn n ne nn1ennnrenunn, on1nHanLnan "cpepa o6n1annn" ko1opmx nHee1 Hano
o6uero c counannsHoH.
1920-e ropm a epHannn na o6uec1aennoH nonpnue saHe1neuyk ponL nrpann
npoqcoksm, koHHynnc1m, counan-peHokpa1m. 6o nap1nnan 6opL6a osnauana a 1y
anoxy 6opL6y sa poaepne n noppepxky unpoknx 1pypnunxcn Hacc. 3 u
z n: ,
mu, ,
u . rnopnpoaa1L ero nn1epecm, ero sanpocm, ero
napexpm - snaunno nponrpa1L nonn1nueckyk 6n1ay.
eypnan1enLno noa1oHy, u1o a nasaannn nap1nn n1nepa coue1anncL na paanmx
naunonannsH n counannsH. o ne cnepye1 pyHa1L, u1o specL ckasancn nnuL
xonopnm nonn1nueckn pacue1: ne1, 1nxenme ropm nyxpm n nnuenn, nepexn1me
knoue ponLqoH a ene, neckonLko ne1 okonno xnsnn - 1ecno c6nnsnnn ero c
npoc1mHn nkpLHn, nayunnn nonnHa1L n uenn1L nx nyxpm, nayunnn npesnpa1L
6ypxyasnk n nn1ennnrenunk sa nx amcokoHepnoe neannHanne k a1nH nyxpaH. o,
koneuno, on ncno nonnHan, u1o ycnex acero anxennn saancen o1 1oro, cHoxe1 nn on
yaneuL caonHn npenHn ocnoanyk Haccy pa6ounx, nepeaep6oaa1L nx, o16n1L nx y
kpacnmx. 1e ropm nn1ennnrenunn, paxe a 1ako kynL1ypno c1pane, kak epHannn,
eue ne o6napana snaun1enLnmH o6uec1aennmH n nonn1nuecknH aecoH. o konua pne
n1nep coxpannn y6expenne a 1oH, u1o a 6opL6e Hexpy yHoH n cnno nocnepnnn
acerpa no6expae1. ounanLnm cno, y ko1oporo ec1L 1onLko ronoaa, kak 6m
uyac1aye1, u1o y nero coaec1L neunc1a. korpa pec1an1enLno naunnak1cn
peaonkunn, on ne o1aaxnaae1cn ac1a1L a nepamx pnpax. npn1 na Heuke c penLraHn n
ppoxn1 o1 c1paxa. e1, nHenno nkpn qnsnueckoro 1pypa: ao1 6mna rnaanan c1aaka,
knku, o6napanne ko1opmH a 1e panekne ropm o1kpmaano ny1L k anac1n.
anpe1enLc1aye1 . nkep, neko1opoe apeHn cnyxnaun a c1aake n1nepa n
sanncmaaaun sac1onLnme pasroaopm: eropnn sa o6epoH ueq pacckasmaan o caoe
nonn1nuecko 6opL6e. xe a nauane nonn1nuecko pen1enLnoc1n on sanann, u1o
rnaanoe ne a 1oH, u1o6m npnaneuL na caok c1opony xaxpyuee nnuL nopnpka n
cnokoc1ann 6kprepc1ao, uLn nonn1nueckan nosnunn npopnk1oaana npexpe acero
1pycoc1Lk, no a 1oH, u1o6m aoopyuean1L caonHn npenHn pa6ounx. ace nepame ropm
6opL6m yunn na 1o, u1o6m npnaneuL pa6ounx na c1opony . pepc1aa pnn a1oro
ncnonLsoaanncL caHme npnHn1nanme, rpy6me, no pec1aennme: na Hn1nnrn naunc1m
npnxopnnn 6es ranc1ykoa n aopo1nnukoa, ckpoHno ope1me, ypannnn caonx
npo1nannkoa ns sana aynLrapnmH Hoppo6oeH, pasronnnn Hn1nnrn ppyrnx nap1n,
npoaounpyn ppakn n no1acoakn. , napo ckasa1L, aecLHa n aecLHa npeycnenn!
opc1a1L kon1nnren1y 6mna n nepaan, ornauennan a 1920 r. a Hknxencko nnano,
nap1nnan nporpaHHa: nynk1 11 rnacnn o6 o1Hene ne1pypoamx poxopoa; nynk1 12 - o
naunonannsaunn 1pec1oa; 13 - o penexe npn6mne kpynnmx npoHmunennmx
npepnpnn1n c rocypapc1aoH, 14 - o nnkanpaunn seHenLno pen1m n cnekynnunn
seHne; 18 - o cHep1no kasnn nsHennnkaH, poc1oaunkaH n cnekynnn1aH; 16 - o
coxpanennn spopoao 6ypxyasnn, no npn1oH nepepaue ynnaepHaroa a
o6uec1aennyk co6c1aennoc1L n a apenpy HenknH npopaauaH no nnsko uene. pnako
652
yxe a 1oH, 1920 ropy, n1nep ampasnn caoe cornacne c 1esncoH kpenpopqa:
onn1nka naunonan-na1pno1oa ne ponxna 6m1L nn koHHynnc1nuecko, nn
kann1annc1nuecko. a panLneueH, pasHmunnn nap npo6neHaHn c1pon1enLc1aa
nap1nn, naunn, rocypapc1aa, n1nep neyknonno pacunpnn caok counanLnyk 6asy. ro
npeonornn pasanaanacL apekaa1no. xe a 1922 ropy n1nep oxapak1epnsoaan caoe
anxenne kak coks pa6ounx qnsnueckoro n yHc1aennoro 1pypa pnn 6opL6m c
HapkcnsHoH, no npn a1oH nopuepknaan: cnn Hm xo1nH nokonun1L c 6onLueansHoH,
neo6xopnHo orpannun1L anac1L kann1ana. ak noc1enenno amkpnc1annnsoamaanacL
npen kopnop1a1nanoro rocypapc1aa, npen knaccoao rapHonnn.
coo1ae1c1ann c a1o npee, aosrnaanneHoe n1nepoH panxenne noHano ace
counanLnme neperopopkn n npnanekano caHmx pasnmx nkpe - nn1ennek1yanoa,
ynnunmx ppauynoa, nkHnenoa, qana1nkoa, npeannc1oa, npnnunnnanLnmx n
6ecnpnnunnnmx, npoc1onkpnnoa n apnc1okpa1oa. ero nap1nk unn neropnn n nkpn
po6po aonn, nnca1enn n xypoxnnkn, uepnopa6oune n naaounnkn, sy6nme apaun n
c1ypen1m, conpa1m n canuennnkn (1o ec1L, naunn kak 1akoaan - . .). n
anennnpoaan n k caHmH unpoknH cnonH o6uec1aa n 6mn nac1onLko aennkopyunmH,
u1o npnnnHan... acex, k1o ro1oa 6mn 6opo1Lcn npo1na "eapeckoro HapkcnsHa" n
o1pa1L xnsnL sa aospoxpenne epHannn (onanp).
anxenne ne Hennno nasaannn, a neH no-npexneHy qnrypnpoaan counannsH. o
kako?! peun o1 28.06.22 r. n1nep sanann: T, u
, n
, n ; , m
"Fn m " , n
m F, , nnn .
axpm, k1o nn1epecoaancn a1nH aonpocoH, npnsnae1, u1o c knaccnuecknH
counannsHoH a1a qopHyna ne nHee1 a6conk1no nnuero o6uero.
, no Hepe 1oro, kak anxenne pocno, unpnnocL, nac1ynano apeHn
nonn1nuecknx pnanpenpoa. a n1nepa n ero nap1nk o6pa1nn annHanne kpynnm
naunonanLnm kann1an, a noHoun ko1oporo qkpep upesamuano nyxpancn.
ecnouapnan 6opL6a n1nepa c MxyM, cc, ckM, knM
c kMMycM yxe o6ecneunna eHy a amcoknx neHeuknx npepnpnnnHa1enLcknx
kpyrax po6pyk peny1aunk. o a1oro 6mno nepoc1a1ouno. yxnm 6mnn n ppyrne
rapan1nn. konue konuoa, counannsH pnn kann1annc1a neHnornH cnaue koHHynnsHa.
nk1o ne c1ane1 qnnancnpoaa1L co6c1aennoro HornnLunka. ao1 a 1930 r. aopo1nnm
neHeukoro penoaoro Hnpa yroaopnnn . ynka, pepak1opa annn1enLno n
nnqopHnpoaanno qnnancoao rase1m epnnnep 6psenua1ynr, ac1ynn1L a
n c1a1L nocpepnnkoH Hexpy nap1ne n nnHn. a kpn6eprckoH npouecce ynk
nokasan: 1o apeHn pykoaopc1ao nap1nn amckasmaano caHme npo1naopeuname,
ny1anme asrnnpm na akonoHnueckyk nonn1nky. mnonnnn caok Hnccnk, n nm1ancn
nnuno aospec1aoaa1L na qkpepa n nap1nk, y6epn1L nx, u1o uac1nan nnnuna1naa,
yaepennoc1L penoamx nkpe a caonx cnnax, 1aopueckne aosHoxnoc1n cao6opnoro
npepnpnnnHa1enLc1aa n 1ak panee ponxnm 6m1L npnsnanm qynpaHen1oH
akonoHnuecko nonn1nkn nap1nn. 6ecepax co Hno n c aepyunHn
npoHmunennnkaHn, ko1opmx n eHy npepc1aannn, qkpep neopnokpa1no nopuepknaan,
u1o on - apar rocypapc1aenno akonoHnkn n 1ak nasmaaeHo nnanoao akonoHnkn, u1o
cao6opnoe npepnpnnnHa1enLc1ao n konkypenunk on cun1ae1 a6conk1no
neo6xopnHmHn pnn poc1nxennn HakcnHanLno aosHoxnoro ypoann nponsaopc1aa.
ue 6onee HounmH, annn1enLnmH nocpepnnkoH, nexenn ynk, 6mn nLHap ax1,
aceHnpno npnsnannm qnnancoam renn, uLe ppyxeckoe nncLHo n1nepy
npnaopnnocL a npepmpyue rnaake.
aonkunn n1nepa a c1opony nonnHannn nc1nnnmx ocnoa o6uec1aa n rocypapc1aa una
6mc1po.
653
1930 r. on c 6onLunH caHoHnenneH roaopnn (ne pnn neua1n) xypnannc1y .
pe1nnry: ne ne nyxna 6ypxyasnn; 6ypxyasnn nyxpae1cn ao Hne n HoeH
panxennn. pan Hnpy konuenunk naunonan-counannsHa, n n 6ypy npe1aopn1L ee a
xnsnL... xouy, u1o6m kaxpm uenoaek nonnHan, u1o o6uec1aennoe ponxno
npeo6napa1L nap uac1nmH. ocypapc1ao ponxno coxpann1L kon1ponL; kaxpm
co6c1aennnk ponxen uyac1aoaa1L ce6n cnyro rocypapc1aa; ero o6nsannoc1L ne
ncnonLsoaa1L caoe nHyuec1ao ao apep rocypapc1ay nnn npo1na nn1epecoa
coo1euec1aennnkoa. pnako a 1oH xe 1930 ropy nponsouen annsop, sac1aanaun
n1nepa peHonc1pa1nano n kpy1o noaepny1L nanpaao. nnn1enLnm nap1nnm
pen1enL n xypnannc1 11o 1paccep ak1nano n ny6nnuno noppepxan sa6ac1oaky
pa6ounx-He1annyproa. poHmunennnkn no1pe6oaann o1 n1nepa c1onL xe ny6nnuno
o1Hexeaa1Lcn o1 1paccepa, ecnn on n panLue xoue1 nonyua1L cy6cnpnn. o npnkasy
n1nepa 11o 1paccepa n ero c1oponnnkoa amknnynn ns nap1nn, necHo1pn na
6onLuo ckanpan n nepoyHenne Hnornx nckpennnx nap1nuea.
osHoxno, npaam noaopo1 6mn a kako-1o Hepe amnyxpennmH pnn n1nepa.
pnako a1o 1onLko nop1onknyno ero k 6onee rny6okoHy nonnHannk qenoHena naunn
kak epnnoro uenoro, ykpennno c1peHnenne k o6uec1ay knaccoao rapHonnn. kpep
nonnn: ne cnauana npepc1on1 u m (ampeneno Hno - . .), a yx no1oH
panny1Lcn k noc1aanenno uenn. ak nnue1 onanp, on ne na1paannaan knacc na
knacc, o6Lepnnnn, sac1aannn neHuea ncnm1maa1L neaepoHoe nH pocene uyac1ao -
uyac1ao naunonanLnoro epnnc1aa. 1knnkancL na npnsma a1oro uyac1aa, a ,
kak eue pas cnepye1 nopuepkny1L, unn ne 1onLko pa6oune, kpec1Lnne, cpepnn knacc,
no n nn1ennnren1m, npepc1aan1enn counanLno ann1m, apnc1okpa1m. ecno 1930 r.
unenoH nap1nn c1an paxe cmn kasepa nnLrenLHa aryc1. H rnM
M n nnc c n-kncM. 6a 1euennn
neHeukoro panxennn aospoxpennn epHannn cnnnncL aoepnno.
ckope nocne 1oro, kak n1nep, amc1ynan a 1931 r. nepep unenaHn poHmunennoro
kny6a, sanann, u1o a noao, papnkanLno nsHenenno akonoHnuecko nporpaHHe
ao rnaay yrna c1aan1cn u n
qm, 39 caHmx annn1enLnmx npoHmunennnkoa n qnnancnc1oa epHannn
nanpaannn nncLHo npesnpen1y nnpen6ypry c npocL6o nasnaun1L n1nepa
kanunepoH. nn okonua1enLno nonnnn, u1o counannc1nueckan peHarornn qkpepa -
ne 6onee, ueH unpHa pnn yHnoro uenoaeka.
o Hepe npn6nnxennn peuakue cxaa1kn sa anac1L, anLnnc nap1nn n naunonan-
kann1annc1oa c1anoanncn ace 6onee 1ecnmH. 20 qeapann 1933 ropa ao paopue
npepcepa1enn pexc1ara epnnra co6panncL paa pecn1ka nan6onee kpynnmx Harna1oa
epHannn. mc1ynan nepep nnHn, n1nep anepame cqopHynnpoaan caHoe saae1noe
nonoxenne qaunsHa: ac1noe npepnpnn1ne nenLsn aec1n a ycnoannx peHokpa1nn.
T q u .
1ae1oH 6mnn 1pn Hnnnnona Hapok, noxep1aoaannmx a nap1nnyk kaccy x c.
1n penLrn n noame noc1ynnennn o6ecneunnn ycnex npepam6opno kaHnannn. 31
nknn 1933 r. na am6opax naunonan-counannc1m nonyunnn pekoppnme 230 Hanpa1oa.
1ano ncno, u1o na nx c1opony ac1ann ne 1onLko nx npexnne ns6npa1enn, no n ace
saxn1ounme n 6ora1me cnon nacenennn (kpoHe uac1n ka1onnkoa).
ak 1onLko n1nep cocpepo1ounn a caonx pykax poc1a1ounyk anac1L, on nauan
c1peHn1enLno npe1aopn1L a xnsnL nporpaHHy caoero counannsHa.
uaroH 6mn mu -
a Hap1e 1933 r. 1o 6m nn nopxer pexc1ar na caHoH pene, n1nep na
cnaay aocnonLsoaancn a1nH npepnoroH: c neamHn 6mno nokonueno. pnoapeHenno
x F nn u m
u.
654
pepcepa1eneH exc6anka c1an . ax1. n o6euan n1nepy c1onLko pener na
nporpaHHy o6uec1aennmx pa6o1 n aoopyxennn, ckonLko nyxno, u1o6m y6pa1L c
ynnum nocnepnero 6espa6o1noro.
nepykun uar counannc1a n1nepa - 1ako xe mu
qm - n
. Hae 1933 r. aHec1o acex npexnnx qopH o6Lepnnennn
1pypnunxcn 6mn y1aepxpen eHeukn 1pypoao qpon1 ao rnaae c nap1arenocce
pok1opoH . eeH. O u. ace aonpocm
perynnpoaannn konnek1nanmx poroaopoa n co6nkpennn 1pypoaoro Hnpa
aosnaranncL na oco6mx ynonnoHouennmx no 1pypy, nasnauaaunxcn nnuno qkpepoH. .
e ny6nnuno sanann, u1o o6euae1 aepny1L a6conk1noe rocnopc1ao na npepnpnn1nn
ero ec1ec1aennoHy pykoaopn1enk, 1o ec1L pa6o1opa1enk... norne npepnpnnnHa1enn a
1euenne pnpa ne1 cnpaunaann: k1o xosnnn poHa? enepL onn snak1, u1o cnoaa
c1anoan1cn "xosneaaHn poHa".
ppyro c1oponm, n1nep nnuno o6euan pa6ounH, u1o a none pypoaoro qpon1a onn
o6pe1y1 nonnyk saun1y caonx npaa. ak nokasano apeHn, a1o ne 6mno nyc1mH
o6euanneH.
n1ncounannc1nueckn nernacnm nepeaopo1 no1nxonLky npoponxancn. 1 nknn 1oro
xe ropa n1nep cospae1 onp pnn neHeukoro 6nsneca, npncaona eHy caoe
co6c1aennoe nHn. H u HCQAH
-.
22 nknn o6Lnanne1cn ane sakona counan-peHokpa1nueckan nap1nn (aepxyuka
koHHynnc1oa yxe paano cnpena). akon 14 nknn npoaosrnacnn epHannk
opnonap1nnmH rocypapc1aoH. a nepenk po a1oro, o6pauancL k copa1nnkaH,
ocnoanan Hacca ko1opmx ncnoaepoaana counannc1nueckne npeanm n 1pe6oaana
npoponxennn peaonkunn a coo1ae1c1ann c nporpaHHo 1920 r., n1nep ckasan:
eaonkunn ne ec1L naue nepHanen1noe coc1onnne, n nenLsn ponycka1L, u1o6m ona
c1ana coc1onnneH noc1onnnmH. eaonkunonnm no1ok, amsaannm k xnsnn, cnepye1
nanpaan1L a 6esonacnoe pycno aaonkunn... oa1oHy Hm ne ponxnm o11anknaa1L
npepnpnnnHa1enn, ko1opm xopouo aepe1 peno, paxe ecnn on n ne c1an eue
naunonan-counannc1oH... koHHepunn epnnc1aennmH kpn1epneH nanne1cn yHenne
uenoaeka aec1n peno. pak1nueckn xe q, m
sm HCQAH, nu F
m .
a1opn1e1 n1nepa a nap1nn 6mn ns pnpa aon amxopnunH. o paxe on 6mn ne a cnnax
opnnHn peuaHn oc1anoan1L Haxoank counannsaunn, packpyuennm aceH
npepmpyunH xopoH anxennn. pepc1aan1enn neaoro naunc1ckoro kpmna paanncL k
kon1ponk nap pa6o1opa1ennHn, 1pe6oaann naunonannsaunn kpynnoro kann1ana,
yuac1nn a npn6mnnx, o1Henm pen1nmx poxopoa n ka6anLnmx npouen1nmx c1aaok,
nnkanpaunn kpynnmx ynnaepHaroa. mcnun anunmx qynkunonepoa naunc1cko
nap1nn nacenn na ynpaannkunx qnpH, ko1opme ne noHorann n1nepy. opnnx
cnyuanx onn yrpoxann nH konqnckaune nHyuec1aa, a ppyrnx - poHoranncL 1ennmx
Hec1 a pnpek1opa1e (npep). ap 6anknpaHn naancna n yrposa nnkanpaunn
(annynnpoaannn) cenLcknx ponroa. penoamx kpyrax nauanacL 1nxan nannka.
n1nepy npepc1onno cpena1L peuakun am6op, u1o6m onpepenn1L 6ypyuee c1panm.
m6op 6mn ne ns nerknx. aunuan nn1epecm naunonanLnoro kann1ana, on ponxen
6mn no1n npo1na 6onLue uac1n copa1nnkoa no nap1nn. ano 1oro. papnmH o1pnpoH
a1oro kpmna nap1nn 6mnn u1ypHoame o1pnpm (), nepoouennaa1L cnny ko1opmx 6mno
onacno. onLunnc1ao u1ypHoankoa coc1onno ns nkHnenoa, amuno ns cpepm
o6esponennmx n osno6nennmx Hacc, ace caoe cypL6o noc1aanennmx a nonoxenne
ec1ec1aennmx aparoa kann1annsHa. o rnaae c1onn 6maun oqnuep, c1apm
655
nap1nnm 6oeu n 1oaapnu n1nepa, pnc1 eH. c1nnnme naunonan-counannc1m
1pe6oaann 1enepL, nocne naunonannc1nueckoro nepeaopo1a, - a1opo peaonkunn,
peaonkunn counannc1nuecko.
n1nep, epnnr n nHHnep aecL rop co6npann cnnm n ro1oannncL k ypapy no caonH
noxno opnen1npoaannmH ppysLnH n copa1nnkaH. ecnouapnan unc1ka 30 nknn 1934 r.
ynecna xnsnn 77 uenoaek - a ocnoanoH nnpepoa , a 1oH uncne eHa. 1o
oqnunanLnan aepcnn. eoqnunanLnan, aHnrpan1ckan, nasmaae1 unqpy 401 uenoaek.
a knxenckoH npouecce 1957 r. konnuec1ao norn6unx npepnonaranocL yxe 6onee
1000. T , n n HCQAH
, , u. n1nep c 6neckoH
amaepnyncn ns-nop npecca counannsHa.
ouL nnnnmx noxe, kak npnnn1o nHenoaa1L a1y pa1y, nannacL nopnnnno
kynLHnnaune peaonkunn. H -,
n u, -,
n u.
1akoam. H
1920 ., x, , . (poHe
sanpe1a na cnekynnunk seHne.) oxopnoc1L 1nxeno npoHmunennoc1n ampocna c
1926 no 1938 r. a 1pn c nnunnH pasa. akonm acnueckn nooupnnn aknapmaa1L
npn6mnL a co6c1aennoe peno, n npepnpnn1nn ak1nano pasanaanncL. ak xe
rocypapc1ao nooupnno kpynnme kap1enn, c1peHnnocL k o6pasoaannk noamx, k
coaepuenc1aoaannk cnc1eHm npoHmunennmx n 1oproamx accounaun. oppepxaa
cenLcknx nponsaopn1ene, epHannn cyHena nopnn1L caHoo6ecneuenne
npopoaonLc1aneH po necnmxanno unqpm 83%. a6o1aHn nnuno n1nepa acn c1pana
nokpmnacL 6eno ce1Lk 6e1onnpoaannmx popor - aa1o6anoa, a xenesnme poporn
pasnmx seHenL epHannn 6mnn nepeaepenm na epnnyk konek, aounn a
ynnqnunpoaannyk cnc1eHy. aknH o6pasoH, aeunan npo6neHa 6nsneca -
1pancnop1npoaka cmpLn n npopykunn - okasanacL papnkanLno peuena sa
rocypapc1aennm cue1. poaosrnauennm a 1936 r. kypc onopm na co6c1aennme
cnnm sakpmn popory nHnop1y, noppmaaaueHy nosnunn o1euec1aennoro nponsaopc1aa,
n cnoco6c1aoaan pasan1nk 1ekc1nnLno, c1anenn1eno, neq1eo6pa6a1maakue,
xnHnuecko npoHmunennoc1n. aaopm n qa6pnkn pocnn, kak na ppoxxax,
o6ecneunaan pa6o1o n sapa6o1kaHn Hnnnnonm 1pypnunxcn, a npepnpnnnHa1ene -
c1a6nnLnmHn poxopaHn. oc npoHmunennm neHeukn akcnop1. K 1939 .
m mu 40.000 .
paapa, uncno Henknx qnpH saHe1no noy6aannocL, no cpepnn n kpynnm kann1an
nano nepexnaan nopLeH. acuaen n pmnok uennmx 6yHar.
H x n n
n. unn a npounoe 1akne ocnoxnnkune xnsnL aeun,
kak npoqcoksm, konnek1nanme poroaopm, sa6ac1oakn. asHep sapnna1m o1nmne
onpepennncn npepnpnnnHa1eneH, xo1n n kon1ponnpoaancn eHeuknH 1pypoamH
qpon1oH. enLk pon1a, cornacno sakony, 6mno cospanne nc1nnno counanLnoro n
nponsaopn1enLnoro coo6uec1aa acex neHuea, u1o6m kaxpm 6mn cnoco6en
amnonnn1L HakcnHyH pa6o1m. ao6opa nepexopa pa6ounx c Hec1a na Hec1o 6mna
pesko orpannuena, a c 1938 r. kaxpm neHeu 6mn o6nsan 1pypn1Lcn 1aH, kypa ero
nanpaanno rocypapc1ao, nop c1paxoH u1paqa n 1kpLHm.
oc1anocL o1 counannc1nuecknx Heu1ann pannero nepnopa naunsHa? ak nn
c1panno, u : rapan1nn coxpanennn pa6o1m, pasnoo6pasnm n
peueam o1pmx n pocyr, peskoe ynyuuenne ycnoan 1pypa n 1.n. naun1enLno
cnnsnnncL pe1ckan cHep1noc1L, 1paaHa1nsH, sa6oneaaeHoc1L. nyuunnacL akonornn
nponsaopc1aa. apo o1He1n1L, u1o 1ak nasmaaeHan a6ouan xap1nn (sakon o1
24.01.34) o6nsmaana npepnpnnnHa1enn sa6o1n1Lcn o 6narononyunn pa6ounx n
656
cnyxaunx. 6conk1noe 6onLunnc1ao 1pypnunxcn 6mno anonne poaonLno
nponsouepunHn nepeHenaHn. C, F u u
m u ,
u x x ,
x n
u .
saaepuenne a1o 1eHm - paa amckasmaannn n1nepa, npko pncykune nepcnek1nam
pasan1nn npen:
u un u u -.
u u n m mu;
K u u
mn, -u m u
, ,
, .
c1opona akonoHnuecko nonn1nkn n1nepa, rene1nueckn cansannan c ero
pannnHn counannc1nuecknHn npenHn: nap1nno-rocypapc1aennm kon1ponL nap
uac1nmH 6nsnecoH. a, epHannn oc1anacL kann1annc1nuecko pepxaao, no6oao
a1ake counannsHa 6mn pan o1nop. H s ,
n s n. n1epecm c1panm n naunn
6mnn no-npexneHy npeamue acero n ponxnm 6mnn co6nkpa1Lcn a kaxpoH konkpe1noH
cnyuae. ue a 1933 r. 6mnn cospanm npopoaonLc1aennoe ynpaanenne pexa, qonp
n1nepa pnn repHanckoro 6nsneca, a 1akxe rocypapc1aennoe ynpaanenne 1oproann n
peHecen, na ko1opoe 6mnn aosnoxenm qynkunn epHancko 1oproao-npoHmunenno
nana1m. ce a1n yupexpennn ynpaannnncL naunc1aHn. onn nap1nn, a snaun1 -
n1nepa, c1ana amcunH akonoHnuecknH sakonoH c1panm. a1o ne cnyuanoc1L, a
nornueckan neo6xopnHoc1L. H -
mqn . o 1ex nop, noka
n1nep ne peunn ace cnnm akonoHnkn 6pocn1L na ee Hnnn1apnsaunk, 1o ec1L po 1937
r., 1akoe nonoxenne 6mno 6naro1aopno; naunnan c a1oro HoHen1a - rn6enLno.
pnnoanac1ne qkpepa n specL cmrpano caok pokoayk ponL.
n ppyroe, aecLHa ckaepnoe nacnepne pannero, counannc1nueckoro
nepnopa , 1akxe cmrpaauee snoaeuyk ponL a nc1opnn pexa. 1920-e rr. n
a orpoHnoH konnuec1ae nononnnnncL 6espa6o1nmHn, peknaccnpoaannmHn
pa6ounHn, pasopnaunHncn naaounnkaHn, nepoyunaunHncn c1ypen1aHn,
nenpnkannnmHn peHo6nnnsoaannmHn - cnoaoH, nkHnenoH. ounannc1nueckne Heu1m,
napexpm n npen - o1nn1L n nopenn1L, npnxa1L kann1annc1a, ocepna1L uac1nm
6nsnec, sanpnuL ero - oprannueckn npncyun a1oHy kon1nnren1y. 1o apeHn, kak
nopHanLnm pa6oun npe1 na pa6o1y, nkHnen nopoan1 no1n a nonn1nky, penae1cn
nonn1nuecko unano. 1o onacno caHo no ce6e, no apaone onacno, korpa
nonn1nueckan unana c1anoan1cn oprannsoaanno ypapno cnno npaanue nap1nn.
pnHnnanLnm Hen1ann1e1 naunnae1 onpepenn1L cnnukoH Hnoroe na acex ypoannx - n
pykoaopc1aa, n ncnonnennn. Henno a1o n nponsouno a epHannn: Heuannn n nkHnen
aoo6pasnnn ce6n 6enokypo 6ec1ne. 1o cHeuno n c1pauno. parnueckne
nocnepc1ann 1akoro nonoxennn aeue - a uac1noc1n, pyc1anLnan nouL,
npec1ynnennn aoenunnm, okkynaunonnoro pexnHa, rec1ano, n 1.p. - xopouo
nsaec1nm.
HTAK, YOK BTOOH. pn aceH aneuneH cxopc1ae cn1yaunn, occnn 2000-x - a1o ne
epHannn 1920-x. naanoe, ocnoanoe o1nnune - a counanLno-peHorpaqnuecko
c1pyk1ype o6uec1aa. 1920-e rr. pa6oune eue 6mnn ao acex o1nouennnx
aocxopnunH knaccoH, ouenL Hnoroe onpepennkunH a xnsnn c1panm. Cn s
: nn pa6oun knacc, nn unpokne 1pypnunecn Haccm aoo6ue ne Hory1
657
nann1Lcn n ne nannk1cn ocnoano panxyue cnno kaknx-nn6o nepeHen. a pecn1L
ne1 Hm y6epnnncL (a 1oH uncne, na npnHepe ), kak Hano o1 nnx saancn1. ena1L
peuakuyk c1aaky na a1n cnon nn opnn sppaaoHmcnnun nonn1nk nmne ne c1ane1.
6o paxe ecnn nx ronoca n noHory1 nonyun1L anac1L, 1o aneprnn, u1o6m a1y anac1L
ypepxa1L n peannsoaa1L, onn pa1L yxe ne a cnnax. pa6ounx Hacc ne1 a ponxno
Hepe nn aonn k 6opL6e, nn caHoo1aepxennoc1n, nn cnnouennoc1n, nn ouyuennn
npnnapnexnoc1n k nc1opnueckn aocxopnueHy knaccy, sa ko1opmH - 6ypyuee. annuo
qnsnueckoe ampoxpenne, ankoronnsH, n ampoxpenne pyxoanoe: npnHn1nanm
6m1oao Ha1epnannsH, Henounm aronsH, paso6uennoc1L, o1cy1c1ane knaccoao
connpapnoc1n. a6oune 6on1cn no1epn1L nHekunecn oc1a1kn xankoro n HnnHoro
6narononyunn, papoaannoro nH nekorpa , n o1nkpL ne napek1cn o6pec1n aecL
Hnp. o ns6npa1enLno ypnm pa6oun, Hoxe1, n pope1; po 6appnkapm - ne1.
ckonmxny1L Haccm counannc1nuecknHn nosynraHn - aosHoxno, no nonyun1L o1 a1oro
cepLesnme nonn1nueckne pnanpenpm - apnp nn.
eH 6onee 6eccHmcnenno o6paua1Lcn c counannc1nuecknHn nosynraHn k ppyro
nonoanne naunn - npepnpnnnHa1ennH n nn1ennnrenunn. oHHynnc1nueckan pok1pnna
ne ac1pe1n1 specL noppepxkn aoo6ue; counannc1nueckan - ouenL orpannuennyk.
apak1epnm npnHep: a 1996 ropy sa kranoaa ronocoaana opna 1pe1L, sa nLunna n
annnckoro, 1o ec1L, npo1na aosapa1a k counannsHy, - pae 1pe1n nn1ennnrenunn.
eopnn n npak1nka (nc1opnn) nokasmaak1, u1o nn1ennnrenunn 6ypxyasna no caHo
caoe npnpope, n u1o kann1annc1nueckan cpepa o6n1annn on1nHanLna pnn nee ao
acex o1nouennnx: n a Ha1epnanLnoH, n a 1aopueckoH. oneuno, cnnLnan
rocypapc1aennan noppepxka, 6kpxe1nme accnrnoaannn ouenL nyxnm nn1ennnrenunn a
nk6oH o6uec1ae. o npnueH 1y1 counannsH? ecounannc1nueckan Hepnka 1pa1n1
orpoHnme 6kpxe1nme cpepc1aa na nayky, kynL1ypy n o6pasoaanne, counanLnme
nporpaHHm n 1.n. pn a1oH npopanny1m aHepnkanckn npoqeccop nonyuae1
sapnna1y a neckonLko pas 6onLuyk, ueH pa6oun. pycckn npoqeccop xopouo o6
a1oH snae1. e c1on1 npepnara1L eHy c1pon1L counannc1nueckn pa pnn acex.
peannc1oa na naueH aeky cnnLno noy6aannocL.
o ypok n1nepa kak pas n coc1on1 a 1oH, u1o , m um
u z, u ,
u x, , , x .
ce paano, papn o6Lepnnennn naunn, o1 nnx npnpe1cn o1kasa1Lcn. oo6ue,
counannsH - ec1L po6kn, c1mpnnam koHnpoHncc Hexpy koHHynnc1aHn n
kann1annc1aHn, aosnnkakun a cn1yaunn, korpa nn opna c1opona ne Hoxe1 asn1L
peun1enLnm aepx. o ceropnn a occnn ne1 npo1naopeun Hexpy pyccknH
npepnpnnnHa1eneH n pyccknH pa6ounH: nao6opo1, 6narococ1onnne nocnepnero ponxno
saance1L o1 1oro, kak ckopo n kak npouno ac1ane1 na norn nepam. ocnap1kann1annsH
na 6naro ace naunn (on xe naunonan-kann1annsH), nopo6nm 1oHy, ko1opm 6mn a
naunc1cko epHannn, c1pon1 a naun pnn Hnorne c1panm (a nnpepax - n1a n
Le1naH). m ponxnm kak Hoxno ckopee n 1aepxe ac1a1L na a1o1 ny1L.
Hn u s n n u
- .
A u ( m ) -
. H
- n .
oa1oHy ne c1on1 1pa1n1L apeHenn n cnn na paspa6o1ky counannc1nuecknx nosynroa n
coo1ae1c1aykue nH counanLno 6asm: a1o nyc1me xnono1m. e c1on1 pyHa1L n o
nonn1nueckoH anLnnce c kpane neamHn panxennnHn n papnkanaHn 1nna nnnnoaa
nnn nHonoaa.
expy 1eH, a 1o apeHn, kak napop y1pa1nn 1apannme nonn1nueckne caoc1aa, nx
npno6pena nn1ennnrenunn, nesaHe1no npeapa1nauancn sa nocnepnne nn1Lpecn1 ne1 ne
npoc1o a noam knacc, coc1aannkun a occnn 25-30% nacenennn, no a knacc-
658
rereHon. 6o ceropnn aceH kpnc1annLno ncno: - s u , rnaanan cnna
naunx pne. a 6ypxyasno-peHokpa1nueckan peaonkunn, ko1opan nponsouna y nac
nop anpoH nepec1pokn - 6mna na pene nn1ennnren1cko peaonkune. o a1a
peaonkunn eue ne saaepunnacL: e nens6exno npepc1on1 nepexop a qasy
naunonannc1nueckyk, naunonan-kann1annc1nueckyk. nokoHo1naoH a1oro
nepexopa Hoxe1 6m1L n 6ype1 1onLko pycckan nn1ennnrenunn n pycckan 6ypxyasnn.
1o - nc1opnueckn aocxopnune knaccm, 1aopnune na pannoH a1ane nc1opnueckn
npouecc a occnn. a nnHn - 6ypyuee. T ,
u, u s m , - ,
, , - .
Hec1e c 1eH, ncno, u1o na 6ase nonoannm naunn, nyc1L paxe nan6onee
nonn1nueckn ak1nano n snaunHo, nenLsn po6n1Lcn naunonanLnoro epnnc1aa.
H , n n, n
n u. O u
n . 1o osnauae1, u1o
na pannoH a1ane coks naunonan-kann1annc1oa c HaccoamH naunonan-
counannc1nuecknH n npoqcoksnmH panxenneH ne 1onLko aosHoxen, no n neo6xopnH
(npn ycnoann co6nkpennn cy6oppnnaunn, coo1ae1c1aykue peanLnoHy packnapy
o6uec1aennmx cnn). nm1 n1nepa yun1: anonne poc1a1ouno, ecnn anocnepc1ann
napop nonyun1 rapan1npoaannme counanLnme 6nara. Cu
m n, n
u, - s m q ,
u , , s . pn
a1oH ycnoann uac1nm kann1an, noppepxnaaeHm n nanpaanneHm rocypapc1aoH,
cnoco6en na akonoHnueckoe uypo.
y, a na 1o1 cnyua, ecnn npesnpen1 (aoxpL, npepcepa1enL - kak yropno) noxenae1
caepny1L c on1nHanLnoro ny1n pasan1nn akonoHnkn, kak a1o cpenan n1nep a 1937 r.,
a ero yxe ponxna 1nka1L cepLra.
RHE B HHH - HHR!
, korpa n1nep naunnan caok nonn1nueckyk pen1enLnoc1L, aaxneue
npo6neHo pnn epHannn 6mna nepenacenennoc1L. a Hn1nnre 24.02.20 r., rpe
anepame saun1maanacL nap1nnan nporpaHHa ns 25 nynk1oa, opnnH ns nnx 6mno
1pe6oaanne aosapa1a kononn pnn o1cenennn 1ypa nsnnuka nkpe. "aH, neHuaH, y
ce6n na popnne ouenL 1ecno", - ne pas roaopnn n1nep. 1939 r., nakanyne
nanapennn na onLuy, on peknapnpoaan: "asae cnpaaepnnao, u1o na 1 kaappa1noH
knnoHe1pe xnay1 150 neHuea? m ponxnm peun1L a1n npo6neHm". ueH coc1onno
rn1nepoackoe peuenne npo6neHm, nsaec1no: a pacunpennn xnsnennoro npoc1panc1aa,
nonyuennn cmpLeamx n npopoaonLc1aennmx pecypcoa pnn neHuea sa cue1 ppyrnx
napopoa, a nepayk ouepepL sa cue1 occnn.
caoe rnaano knnre an aHnq, nanncanno saponro po aonm, n1nep
Hnorokpa1no nncan o neo6xopnHoc1n 1eppn1opnanLnmx saaoeaann na oc1oke, a
occnn (. n1nep. on 6opL6a. - ., n1nsL, 2000. - . 110-118, 196, 517, 544-549,
555-556, 560-565). o1 nan6onee xapak1epnme un1a1m: M, n-cnc.
M c rMck cMn r E
n ykM nM cy , cnx ck.
M kn M c knn r nk r M
cn M k nk n Mn E. Kr M
rM Mn E, M, k, MxM M y
y nk Pcc k rcyc, k
(c.556). pn a1oH peuL aoace ne una o npeapauennn occnn a neHeukn poHnnnon,
npo1ek1opa1 nnn paxe kononnk. e1, n1nepy 6mna nyxna 1onLko seHnn c ee
pecypcaHn, no 6es a6opnrenoa. n nncan a6conk1no nepaycHmcnenno: Hm
659
- knn n. Pm cn M nM M
M nk cknn Mn, k M Mrn
cn MM (c.555).
6 a1oH xe o1kpoaenno roaopnnocL a HeHopanpyHe no aoenno akonoHnke ne1oH 1936
r. n Hnornx ppyrnx pokyHen1ax.
axno nopuepkny1L, u1o n1nep ue1ko nonnHan n ne pas sanannn o neponyc1nHoc1n
peuennn npo6neHm ppyrnH cnoco6oH: ny1eH orpannuennn poxpaeHoc1n. e1, a1o1
cnoco6 on oc1aannn pnn okkynnpoaannmx napopoa, cpepn ko1opmx npepnonaranacL
nponaranpa a6op1oa n unpouauee pacnpoc1panenne kon1pauen1naoa. 1o xe
kacae1cn popno neHeuko naunn, 1o eue a "an aHnq" on nncan: " nac1onuee
apeHn a apone npoxnaae1 80 Hnn. neHuea. ekyuyk aneunenonn1nueckyk
pen1enLnoc1L Hoxno npnsna1L npaannLno nnuL a 1oH cnyuae, ecnn uepes c1o ne1 na
seHne 6ypy1 npoxnaa1L 250 Hnn. neHuea". ako nopxop, 1akoe o1nouenne k caoeHy
napopy nopaxae1 rny6oko nc1nnnmH nonnHanneH xnsnennmx npnopn1e1oa. a opno
a1o neHum ne Hornn ne pyHa1L o n1nepe c nk6oaLk n 6naropapnoc1Lk.
pen saaoeaann na oc1oke, k aonnouennk ko1opo n1nep npnc1ynnn a pokoao
penL 1 cen1n6pn 1939 r., ne 1onLko ne ocyuec1annacL, no n npnaena epHannk k
kpaxy, ynecna camue 7 Hnn. xnsne ne xypunx npepc1aan1ene napopa, nopopaana
neHeukyk nonynnunk. eropnn, cnyc1n 70 ne1 nocne 1oro, kak "an aHnq" 6mna
nanncana, neHuea a epHannn epaa nn ne HenLue, ueH 6mno npn n1nepe. ro Heu1m,
ero o6e1m ne c6mnncL; ero nonn1nky, cnepyn ero xe kpn1epnk, napo npnsna1L
neropno, necoc1on1enLno, npoaanLno.
Hexpy 1eH, ecnn 6m neypaunname saroaopunkn (ao rnaae c anLpepoH, anapncoH n
ax1oH) cyHenn y6n1L n1nepa a aaryc1e snocuac1noro 1939 ropa, n1nep naacerpa
oc1ancn 6m a naHn1n neHuea kak aennuaun naunonanLnm repo, o6Lepnnnaun
pex, npncoepnnnaun k epHannn orpoHnme 1eppn1opnn, aepnyaun popnny n
popnyk naunk 11 HnnnnonaH neHuea, n ace a1o - 6es kpoaonponn1nn, 6es aonm.
o1n eue a 1938 r. epHannn 6mna nepoc1a1ouno cnnLna, u1o6m npo1naoc1on1L a
aone paxe nnuL opnnH 1onLko nrnnn n panunn, no aap, ac1pnn, ype1m,
oreHnn n opaann, eHenL - s n m
F , .
nepye1 cnpocn1L: ?
a npoc1o no1oHy, u1o nou1n ace a1n naunonanLno-1eppn1opnanLnme npn1nsannn (n
npno6pe1ennn) epHannn um , u
m m x x . n1nep 6mn a6conk1no
npaa, korpa roaopnn nesaponro po anunkca: "onee 10 Hnn. neHuea xnay1 a payx
rocypapc1aax, pacnonoxennmx aosne naunx rpannu... e Hoxe1 6m1L coHnenn, u1o
nonn1nueckoe o1penenne o1 pexa ne ponxno npnaec1n k nnuennk nx npaa, 1ounee,
ocnoanoro npaaa - na caHoonpepenenne. nn Hnpoao pepxaam nec1epnnHo
cosnaaa1L, u1o 6pa1Ln no pace, noppepxnaakune ee, nopaeprak1cn xec1ouaunH
npecnepoaannnH n HyuennnH sa caoe c1peHnenne 6m1L aHec1e c naune, paspenn1L ee
cypL6y. nn1epecm repHanckoro pexa axopn1 saun1a a1nx neHuea, ko1opme xnay1
aponL naunx rpannu, no ne Hory1 o1c1on1L caok nonn1nueckyk n pyxoanyk cao6opy".
eHL Hnnnnonoa neHuea a ac1pnn n 1pn c nonoanno - a ype1ax... H nennoxo
xnnocL n po npncoepnnennn. pnp nn 6onLunnc1ao ns nnx cosna1enLno c1peHnnocL k
aoccoepnnennk c pexoH: aepL 6onLunnc1ao acerpa nnep1no. ano 1oro, y ac1pnn,
nanpnHep, nHenocL caoe co6c1aennoe knepnkanLno-qaunc1ckoe npaan1enLc1ao,
aosrnaanneHoe anauane onLqycoH, a sa1eH yunnroH, ko1opoe aceHn cnnaHn
npo1naopec1aoaano naHepennnH n1nepa. yunnr paxe na6pancn cHenoc1n npnsaa1L
k nne6ncun1y kak k nocnepneHy cpepc1ay conpo1nanennn anunkcy. c1opnkn cun1ak1
6onee ueH aepon1nmH, u1o ocnoanan uac1L nacenennn, nop annnnneH
660
npaan1enLc1aenno nponaranpm, nporonocoaana 6m sa "cao6opnyk n epnnyk
ac1pnk", npo1na o6Lepnnennn c epHanne.
H 12 1938 , qm
, ! pnpe Hec1 norpannunme
sarpaxpennn 6mnn paso6panm caHnHn aac1pnuaHn. e 6mno cpenano nn epnnoro
amc1pena. o aocnoHnnannnH renepana X. ypepnana, neHeukne 1ankn, ykpauennme
qnaraHn o6enx c1pan n senenmHn ae1anHn, sa6pocannme uae1aHn, panranncL,
pykoaopc1ayncL 1ypnc1cknHn ny1eaopn1ennHn n sanpaannncL na 6ensokononkax. a
poHax cenLcknx n ropopcknx xn1ene pasaeaanncL qnarn co caac1nko. "ac aespe
npnnnHann c papoc1Lk... aH noxnHann pykn, nac uenoaann, a rnasax Hnornx 6mnn
cnesm papoc1n", - nnue1 renepan. 1o1 xe penL n1nep ao rnaae kononnm Haunn
Hepnenno n 1opxec1aenno aLexan na caok popnny. nkykune 1onnm ackpy okpyxann
ero, nkpn c1peHnnncL xo1n 6m npn1pony1Lcn k ero Haunne. nnue, rpe on xnn
knoue, 6epnmH n opnnoknH, 100-1mcnunan 1onna na nnouapn 6mna ane ce6n o1
aoc1opra. kpep, no uekaH ko1oporo 1eknn cnesm cuac1Ln, amuen na 6ankon pa1yun
aHec1e c noamH kanunepoH ac1pnn, npnae1c1ayeHm nenc1oamH aspmaoH papoc1n.
aknH xe 6esyHnmH nnkoaanneH 6mnn ac1peuenm aocka qkpepa n a ene. ypepnana
o1necnn a ero pesnpenunk na pykax, o6opaaa na cyaennpm ace nyroanum c unnenn...
14 Hap1a anrnnckn nocon a ene poknapmaan no nauanLc1ay: "eaosHoxno o1pnua1L
an1ysnasH, c ko1opmH specL aocnpnnn1o o6Lnanenne o aknkuennn c1panm a pex. epp
n1nep nHee1 ace ocnoaannn y1aepxpa1L, u1o nacenenne ac1pnn npnae1c1aye1 ero
pec1ann". aH qkpep a nonnoH akc1ase pasLesxan no ac1pnn n epHannn, a
ny6nnunmx amc1ynnennnx npnsmaan ronocoaa1L sa o6Lepnnenne. ennrc6epre on
o1ae1nn na amnapm nnoc1pannmx xypnannc1oa, c1peHnaunxcn ouepnn1L ero sa
"aeponoHnoe a1opxenne": "eko1opme nnoc1pannme rase1m sanannk1, u1o Hm koaapno
nanann na ac1pnk. a a1o n Hory ckasa1L opno: paxe yHnpan, onn ne nepec1any1
nra1L. a apeHn caoe nonn1nuecko 6opL6m n saaoeaan nk6oaL caoero napopa. o
korpa n nepecek 6mauyk rpannuy c ac1pne, n 6mn ac1peuen c 1ako nk6oaLk, kako
panLue nnrpe ne ac1peuan. m npnunn ne kak 1npanm, a kak ocao6opn1enn". 10
anpenn na nne6ncun1e 99,02% repHancknx n 99,73% aac1pncknx ns6npa1ene
opo6pnnn anunkc. 1panaH "sanapno peHokpa1nn", kak n1nep n ycconnnn
npespn1enLno nHenoaann Hexpy co6o nrnnk, panunk, Hepnky n pp., oc1aaanocL
1onLko npnnn1L caepunauncn qak1.
1onL xe 6es6onesnenno epHannn nonyunna ype1ckyk o6nac1L c ee HounmHn
aoennmHn ykpennennnHn, pypnnkaHn, opyxenmHn saaopaHn, npepnpnn1nnHn
"kopa" n aoo6ue co aceH po6poH n nkpLHn. epnnr acnoHnnae1 o knxencko
ac1peue: "ornauenne 6mno npeppeueno. n eH6epnen, nn anapLe ne c1peHnnncL
xep1aoaa1L nnn pnckoaa1L ueH-nn6o papn cnacennn exocnoaaknn. nn Henn a1o 6mno
ncno, kak oxn penL. ypL6a exocnoaaknn 6mna npou1aHnoaana sa 1pn uaca... m
nonyunnn ace, u1o xo1enn". exoa npoc1o noc1aannn a nsaec1noc1L o cnyunaueHcn.
anee ace uno, kak no Hacny. n opnn nnunpen1 ne oHpaunn ac1ynnennn neHeuknx
aock a ype1m. enepan exenay ponoxnn: "o qkpep, ceropnn apHnn npnnocn1
aennuauyk xep1ay, na ko1opyk Hory1 no1n conpa1m nepep caonH koHanpykunH:
onn ac1ynak1 na apaxeckyk 1eppn1opnk 6es epnnoro amc1pena".
npn n1nepe, n ceropnn poc1a1ouno 6mno ronocoa, o6annnaunx epHannk a narnoH
nacnnnn n sa anunkc c ac1pne, n sa saxaa1 ype1. ak anpnH, a1o o6munoe apanLe
anraxnpoaanno ny6nnkn.
1peHnenne ncxopn1L ao aneunenonn1nuecko, kak n a nk6o ppyro, pen1enLnoc1n
ncknkun1enLno ns naunonanLnmx npnopn1e1oa 6mno cnnLno c1opono npaanennn
n1nepa - po 1ex nop, noka eHy ne nsHennno uyac1ao peanLnoc1n. neHeukoH napope
on nckan n naxopnn nonnyk noppepxky caonx nnanoa. ak 6mno, korpa eue a 1933 r.
epHannn amuna ns nrn aun. ennanLnm qnnocoq aperrep ckasan 1orpa caonH
c1ypen1aH: "e aH6nunn sac1aannn qkpepa am1n ns nrn aun, ne c1pac1L, ne
661
cnenoe ynpnHc1ao, ne xaxpa nacnnnn, a npoc1o ncnoe xenanne nec1n 6esycnoanyk
o1ae1c1aennoc1L sa cypL6y nauero napopa". ne6ncun1 no a1oHy noaopy nokasan: 95%
nacenennn opo6pnk1 aneunkk nonn1nky n1nepa. ouno 1ak xe 90% ns6npa1ene a
aapcko o6nac1n nporonocoaano a 1934 r. sa aoccoepnnenne c epHanne. o aepL
paxe panunn, a uLe sone nn1epecoa 1orpa 6mn aap, ne nauna aospaxenn! e
nanecna panunn ypapa n 1orpa, korpa acero ue1mpe 6pnrapm aepHax1a sannnn
peHnnn1apnsoaannyk enckyk sony, rpy6o napyuna epcanLckn poroaop.
epeaopunk n1nepa . Hnp1 nepepae1 pennnky ueqa: "cnn 6m qpanuysm aounn
1orpa a enckyk sony, naH npnunocL 6m ypnpa1L, nopxaa xaoc1, 1ak kak aoennme
pecypcm naun 6mnn nepoc1a1ounm pnn 1oro, u1o6m okasa1L paxe cna6oe
conpo1nanenne". o a1oro ne cnyunnocL. a peqepenpyHe 98% ns6npa1ene-neHuea
opo6pnnn peuenne n1nepa. orpa 23 Hap1a 1939 r. qkpep 1pnyHqanLno amc1ynan a
1ea1pe ropopa eHenn (nanepm), cpannoro epHannn n1ao nop yrposo
a1opxennn, "sanapnan peHokpa1nn" a ouepepno pas nponanna nopasn1enLnoe
1epnenne n nonnHanne.
m anpnH: m u u
x u , s m
Tu x
x x.
ace 6mno 6m xopouo n a panLneueH, ecnn 6m, ncuepnaa cnncok "caoero", n1nep
rpa6n1enLckn ne saHaxnyncn na "uyxoe", ne nepeuarnyn rpannum nc1opnuecko
cnpaaepnnaoc1n. onpepenennoH cHmcne "uyxnH" 6mnn yxe cnaannckne oreHnn n
opaann, xo1n onn n axopnnn aekaHn a anuennyk nHckyk nHnepnk repHancko
naunn, 6mnn npepenLno repHannsnpoaanm. ocne nx saxaa1a neHeukn nocon a
onpone nepapoH yaepoHnn nauanLc1ao o "peskoH noaopo1e" a o1nouennn nrnnn k
epHannn. o a1o ne nac1opoxnno n1nepa, ne sac1aanno ero opyHa1Lcn. n yxe 6mn
aecL ao anac1n HannakanLno npen Hnpoaoro rocnopc1aa, on o16pocnn
u - u, ko1opm 1onLko n
nosaonnn eHy po1one np1n o1 no6epm k no6epe n sac1aannn ppyrne c1panm Hnpn1Lcn c
repHancknHn npno6pe1ennnHn. anaa na onLuy, pykoaopc1ayncL nornko saypnpnoro
saxaa1unka, n1nep ne npoc1o nopan noaop nrnnn n panunn pnn o6Lnanennn aonm,
no n npeponpepennn ncxop pena, nac1pona npo1na ce6n ace Hnpoaoe o6uec1aennoe
Hnenne.
HTAK, . enLsn 6espyHno konnpoaa1L uyxo onm1 a papnkanLno nnmx
ycnoannx. aua peHorpaqnueckan cn1yaunn pnaHe1panLno npo1naononoxna 1o, u1o
6mna a eHapcko epHannn. no1noc1L nacenennn a occnn - 8 uenoaek na 1 kH.,
npnpoc1 pyccknx - Hnnycoao. aH ne npnxopn1cn pyHa1L o saxaa1e xnsnennmx
npoc1panc1a: ocaon1L 6m 1o, u1o ec1L. n o kaknx saaoeaa1enLnmx aonax, nn o kaknx
"6pockax na kr" nnn kypa-1o eue, nn o kaknx saxaa1ax "uyxoro" ne Hoxe1 6m1L n
peun! au uenoaeueckn pecypc 1parnueckn ncuepnan: nonn1nka Hnnn1apnsHa
ceropnn - ne pnn nac! aua rnaanan 6onL, ocnoanan npo6neHa - coaceH a ppyroH: y
nac Hano nacenennn, y nac, pyccknx, peHorpaqnueckn kpnsnc, naH ne xaa1ae1 nkpe.
aH nekeH nacenn1L Hnorne yxe nHekunecn seHnn, u1o6m npouno nx ypepxnaa1L[1].
o peaonkunn na kaxpyk pycckyk 6a6y - o1 uapnu n paopnnok po kpec1Lnnok -
npnxopnnocL a cpepneH no ceHL (!) xnamx pe1e. eropnn - uy1L 6onee opnoro. ce
ycnnnn rocypapc1aenno nonn1nkn ponxnm 6m1L 6pouenm na ncnpaanenne a1o
ne1epnnHo cn1yaunn.
k6o o6uec1aennm pen1enL, cun1akun ce6n nepcnek1nanmH, ponxen noc1aan1L
aonpocm pyccko peHorpaqnn ao rnaay yrna caoe nporpaHHm: npnueH ne a6conk1nme
unqpm, a nHenno ypenLnm aec pyccknx a coc1aae nacenennn occnn. onLko 1ak Hm
cHoxeH aocc1anoan1L pnn pycckoro napopa nonoxenne xosnnna a caoe c1pane. ne
1onLko kaxpm nonn1nk, no n npoc1o kaxpm pycckn ponxen ncno nonnHa1L n 1aeppo
noHnn1L: npouae1akuan occnn 6es pyccknx nnn c nopaanennmHn, npnnnxennmHn
662
pyccknHn, nrpakunHn 1pe1Ln ponn a c1pane, o6cnyxnaakunHn nc1nnnmx rocnop - k1o
6m onn nn 6mnn: aHepnkanum, neHum, kn1aum, eapen, HycynLHane - 1akan occnn
pnn nac ec1L noncenc. akan occnn naH, pyccknH, ne nyxna. akan occnn ne
poc1ona naunx ycnnn n napexp.
1ak, Hm ponxnm 6epeuL n npeyHnoxa1L rnaanoe 6ora1c1ao naunn - caHy naunk.
a1o cansn c1on1 n:
Y . 25 Hnnnnonoa pyccknx okasanncL ceropnn o1ceuenm o1
nc1opnuecko popnnm, o1 caoe naunn. m qak1nueckn okasanncL a nonoxennn
paspenennoro napopa (kak n neHum nakanyne anunkca). ac, pyccknx, npoc1o
cokpa1nnn na 25 Hnnnnonoa uenoaek. npn1Lcn c a1nH neaosHoxno nn c kaknx
nosnun - nc1opnuecknx, nonn1nuecknx, peHorpaqnuecknx, npaac1aennmx... onpoc o
naueH aoccoepnnennn (HnpnmH ny1eH n a paHkax Hexpynappnoro npaaa) paxe n
c1aan1L ne napo: on caH co6ok cnpaaepnna, ncen n npeppeuen. oxno rapa1L 1onLko
o apeHenn aoccoepnnennn. cno 1akxe, u1o aoccoepnnenne c nkpLHn nponsope1 ne
6es seHenL, na ko1opmx onn koHnak1no npoxnaak1.
pok n1nepa coc1on1 a 1oH, u1o nyxno npoaopn1L ue1koe paspenenne:
- u1o Hoxe1 6m1L aoccoepnneno c nmneune o6kapnanno occne a coo1ae1c1ann c
6eccnopno n oueanpno nc1opnuecko cnpaaepnnaoc1Lk (nanpnHep, pmH,
eao6epexnan kpanna, oaopoccnn, pnpnec1poaLe, enopyccnn, Kxnm pan
[eaepnm asaxc1an], eaepo-oc1ounan c1onnn);
- u1o Hoxe1 amsaa1L cnopm (en1panLnan kpanna, a1ann, c1onnn a uenoH);
- u1o no cnpaaepnnaoc1n "naunH" nnkak ne nasoaeuL (n1aa, anapnan kpanna,
pepnnn snn, en1panLnm n Kxnm asaxc1an)[2].
Bnu , u ! - ao1 peans 6ypyuero o6Lepnnn1enn
pyccknx nkpe. e Hoxe1 6m1L n peun o aocc1anoanennn occncko Hnepnn nnn
oae1ckoro oksa a npexnnx rpannuax. o Hoxno n ponxno roaopn1L o cospannn
occnn kak pycckoro naunonanLnoro rocypapc1aa a rpannuax koHnak1noro npoxnaannn
pycckoro a1noca. nunkc epHannn c ac1pne n npncoepnnenne ype1 -
knaccnueckn o6paseu nearpeccnanoro n nonk6oanoro aoccoepnnennn naunn,
6nec1nun npnHep pnn nac.
u1o pena1L c 1eHn pyccknHn, u1o xnay1, ckaxeH, a apxnknc1ane, a nprnsnn, a
n1ae? 1o cnoxnm aonpoc. 6m, aepon1no, sapyHancn, na Hec1e 6ypyuero
poccnckoro npaan1enLc1aa, o amaope nx a 1e kpan, rpe neo6xopnHo ycnnn1L pycckyk
nonynnunk: pmH, annnnnrpapckyk o6nac1L, oaonxLe, ky1nk n 1.p. maopn1L a
a1n kpan cnepye1 npexpe acero pyccknx kpec1Lnn, conpa1 n oqnuepoa, yun1ene,
pa6ounx, apaue n 1aopueckyk nn1ennnrenunk. nayuno-1exnnueckyk
nn1ennnrenunk - a ynnaepcn1e1ckne ropopa n nayunme uen1pm eaponecko occnn n
n6npn.
po6neHm epnnc1aa pyccko naunn, ee peHorpaqnueckoro no1enunana, ee poc1a n
ykpennennn - caHme aaxnme pnn nac, caHme c1pa1ernueckne ns acex. x nenLsn
o1knapmaa1L na no1oH n nycka1L na caHo1ek. c1L naua, pycckan naunn - ec1L y nac
nc1opnn n 6ypyuee. e1 naunn - ne 6ype1 nn nc1opnn, nn 6ypyuero.
HH HK H-QYMY.
663
nonn1L nc1opnk asne1a n napennn pe1Lero exa 6es yue1a
eapeckoro aonpoca. apnpy c co6c1aenno neHeuknH, pyccknH, qpanuyscknH
aonpocaHn, eapeckn aonpoc - knkueao pnn nonnHannn eaponecko nc1opnn
cepepnnm aeka.
HoHen1y npnxopa n1nepa k anac1n eapen xnnn na 1eppn1opnn epHannn yxe ne
Henee 1200 ne1. o c neHeuknH napopoH onn ne cnnnncL, ne coc1aannn c nnH opno
uenoe, necHo1pn na nepenn1me y neHuea nHena n qaHnnnn. nn ne cHornn c1a1L nn
6nnsknHn, nn neo6xopnHmHn kopenno naunn. yac1aa, ko1opme ponrnHn c1one1nnHn
amsmaann eapen y neHuea, 6mnn aecLHa panekn o1 nk6an, ppyx6m, npnsna1enLnoc1n
n paxe cnncxopn1enLnoc1n. ue a 1- nonoanne XVI a. ne k1o nno, kak ap1nn
k1ep, 1pe6oaan, u1o6m epHannn ns6aannacL o1 eapeea. pn a1oH y nnx napnexano
o16npa1L "ace nannunme penLrn, pparouennme kaHnn, cepe6po n sono1o... npepaaa1L
ornk nx cnnarorn n ukonm, paspyua1L nx xnnnua... cronn1L nx, kak umran, a ua1pm
nnn xneaa... n nyc1L onn norpnsny1 a nnue1e n neaone, nenpec1anno c1enan n xanyncL
na nac ocnopy ory". nyc1n 350 ne1 ppyro aennkn neHeu, p1yp onenrayap,
anernueckn pasHmunnn: "eropnn ac1peuaeH Hm a1o1 6esseHenLnm napopeu cpepn
acex napopoa Hnpa, - npnueH on nnrpe ne y ce6n poHa, no nnrpe n ne nnoc1paneu, -
o1c1anaakun caok naunonanLnoc1L c 6ecnpnHepnmH ynopc1aoH n ace nm1akuncn
ykopenn1Lcn rpe-nn6ypL, u1o6m nakoneu noppena1L caoe o1euec1ao, 6es ko1oporo
nk6o napop ace paano u1o aapoc1a1 a aospyxe. am, no cne apeHn xnae1 spannL
napasn1oH sa cue1 ppyrnx napopoa n ne na caoe, a na nx seHne. o a1o ne Heuae1
eHy apoxnoann1Lcn caHmH nckpennnH nap1pno1nsHoH - ao nHn caoe co6c1aenno
naunonanLnoc1n".
nanason Hexpy a1nHn 1oukaHn spennn poaonLno aennk n aecL nopenen Hexpy
kpynnmHn n HenknHn neHeuknHn Hmcnn1ennHn, aknkuan 1aknx, kak nkre, arnep,
nuue, pnue n pp. Kpoqnnoa cpepn nnx ne saHeueno. oo1ae1c1aykunH 6mno n
napopnoe Hnenne. ue a XVI-XVII aa. (aosHoxno n panee) epHannk naaopnnnn
an1nceHn1ckne nnc1oakn n ny6kn; opnn ns 1aknx n pepxan opnaxpm a pykax, a1o 6mna
ca1npa na paaannoa n nx npnxoxan, npnuauaaunxcn cannmHn akckpeHen1aHn.
Yn s n , n Fn n
n, un , ,
um: m s .
epaan Hnpoaan aona n ee pesynL1a1m po kpanoc1n o6oc1pnnn npo6neHm
asanHoo1nouenn kopenno naunn epHannn n eapeea. anpe1enLc1ayk1
nesaancnHme yuenme. x. onanp: "n1nep 6mn nnuL opnnH ns Hnnnnonoa neHuea,
aosnenaanpeaunx a a1o1 nepnop eapeea n kpacnmx (nx nou1n acerpa nasmaann
aHec1e), n6o a a1n Hecnum (1918-1919 rr. - A.C.) c1pana norpysnnacL a nyunny
nncnnpnpoaannmx Hapkcnc1aHn aocc1ann, noc1aanaunx nop yrposy cyuec1aoaanne
epHannn... o, u1o n1nep anpen na ynnuax knxena, eue 6onee ycnnnno ero
nenaanc1L k eapenH. espe onn paanncL k anac1n: cnauana cnep, no1oH anapxnc1m
1nna onnepa n, nakoneu, pycckne "kpacnme" 1nna eanne. epnnne - osa
kkceH6ypr, a ypaneu1e - ena yn, a ockae - poukn, nnoaLea n ppyrne.
apeckn saroaop, no Hnennk n1nepa, c1an ocyuec1ann1Lcn na npak1nke". uenm
nc1opnk ns aeunn, aen epnn, aqnunpykun caoe eapeckoe nponcxoxpenne, no
ueronnkun 6ecnpnc1pac1noc1Lk, nonarae1, u1o uyac1aa neHuea no okonuannn
nepao Hnpoao aonm onpepennnncL 1eH, u1o "rpe 6m nn npoaopnnacL nonn1nka
pa6onennn n nopaxenuec1aa, ee aa1opaHn 6mnn 1e xe caHme eapen, ko1opme
o6pasoaann aaanrapp koHHynnsHa n 6onLueansHa".
ac, nsyuaaunx nc1opnk 6onLueansHa, n1orn k1n6pLcko peaonkunn n nepao
Hnpoao aonm a occnn, Horyunx 6es 1pypa po6aan1L k nHenaH poukoro n
nnoaLeaa Hnorne co1nn "cnaanmx" nHen nx counannc1nueckn n nopaxenueckn
nac1poennmx conneHennnkoa, ne Hoxe1 ypnan1L nopo6nan Ho1naaunn. 1o nn roaopn,
664
a na aceH koHHynnsHe - n na renesnce, n na npeonornn, n na nc1opnuecko npak1nke
- nexn1 necHmaaeHoe popnHoe nn1no eapec1aa, n koHHynnc1m, c nx nensHennmH
nn1epnaunonanoH, nnkorpa ne nocHek1 o1 a1oro o1Hexeaa1Lcn.
1ak, nocne aonm n1nep, eue a ac1pnn cpenaaun pnp nenec1nmx pnn eapeea
na6nkpenn, okonua1enLno cqopHnpoaan caon yc1anoakn a a1oH aonpoce,
o1pasnaunecn a "an aHnq" n a nap1nno nporpaHHe 1920 r. pnn ns ee nynk1oa
rnacnn: "E un u , u ,
u F". apenH, npnexaaunH a
c1pany nocne nauana nepao Hnpoao, napnexano noknny1L c1pany. "an aHnq"
n1nep kneHn1 eapeea, okonaaunxcn a ropm aonm a 1mnoamx cnyx6ax,
naxnaaaunxcn na noc1aakax, saxaa1naunx kon1ponL nap neHeuknH, a 1oH uncne
aac1pncknH, o6uec1aennmH HnenneH n akonoHnko. "ayk nauan Hepnenno
amcacmaa1L kpoaL ns 1ena napopa", - peskHnpoaan on. apeckan 1eHa noc1onnno
npncy1c1aoaana a ero yc1nmx n nncLHennmx amc1ynnennnx; ona yrny6nnnacL,
pacunpnnacL, o6pe1ana noame noaopo1m. 1ak nasmaaeHo "ekpe1no knnre
n1nepa", npopnk1oaanno a 1928 r., no yanpeaue cae1 nocne aonm, n1nep
cnncxopn1 po o6Lek1nanoro asrnnpa na eapeea: "Kk y c n Mn, y
x kc rn c cn cy Mn
cMcn kk xyn cn". o opnoapeHenno on nopuepknaae1 n
cy6Lek1nanyk nanpaanennoc1L y eapeea a1o cnnm na oco6me uenn: "Hm
cr n, yr ynk, x cr yn
cm , kx ycn rcc c Mm yM
ckn nnr M cM nM"[3].
akanyne 1opo Hnpoao aonm n1nep a ny6nnunoH amc1ynnennn cyHHnpoaan caon
asrnnpm a uekanno n nornuecko qopHynnpoake: "E
, ,
nnn. O s F
un mu . B 1918-1933 . x
m , , x. -
un , m
u q, ux
x".
, nosnunn n1nepa a eapeckoH aonpoce ncna n nepaycHmcnenna. ackonLko ona
apekaa1na? akoaa 6mna peanLnan ponL eapeea a poaoenno xnsnn neHeukoro
napopa? ne ne ac1peuanocL noka nccnepoaann, pe1anLno n nonno onpepennkunx 1o
nc1opnueckoe Hec1o, ko1opoe eapen sannHann a akonoHnuecko, kynL1ypno n
o6uec1aenno-nonn1nuecko xnsnn epHannn n ac1pnn nepep aono (neko1opme
nn1epecnme o6o6uennn cH. a kn.: K. . 3 r
qm. - ., 2001). o pnp qak1oa naaopn1 na pasHmunennn. anpnHep, ao apeHn
"pyc1anLno noun" 6mno pasrpoHneno 7500 Harasnnoa n 191 cnnarora, u1o nosaonne1
o1uac1n cypn1L o Hacu1a6ax eapecko o6unnm a epHannn. enLsn, panee, ne
o6pa1n1L annHannn na 1o, u1o ace 1pn caHmx kpynnmx, aa1opn1e1nmx rase1m epHannn
- "occnue ua1ynr" (cpaannHan c nonponcko "aHc"), "epnnnep are6na11" n
"pankqyp1e ua1ynr" npnnapnexann eapenH, npnueH anapenLum nepao - ceHLn
nLu1en - 6mnn xosneaaHn kpynnoro nspa1enLckoro konuepna. o nan6onee
nokasa1enen 1o1 qak1, u1o npecnoay1m . ax1, neHeukn qnnancoam renn,
nasnauennm n1nepoH Hnnnc1poH akonoHnkn n npesnpen1oH exc6anka, noc1aann
nenpeHennmH ycnoaneH caoe pa6o1m, u1o6m nesakonnme pec1ann npo1na eapeea
npekpa1nnncL, no1oHy u1o s n u
. n1nep, yxe rny6oko nponnkuncn akonoHnuecknHn npo6neHaHn c1panm,
6mn amnyxpen c nnH cornacn1Lcn (!) n saaepnn: " akonoHnke eapen Hory1 noka
oc1aaa1Lcn, no kpane Hepe, 1e ns nnx, k1o xopouo snae1 caoe peno".
665
npoueH, nesaancnHo o1 qak1nueckoro nonoxennn pen, npak1nueckn ace
nccnepoaa1enn o1Heuak1: a6conk1noe 6onLunnc1ao neHuea 6mno 1aeppo y6expeno,
u1o eapeea 6mno cnnukoH yx Hnoro cpepn xypnannc1oa, 6anknpoa, anapenLuea
6onLunx Harasnnoa, xosnea peknaHnmx arenc1a, sanpaann ac1papm, kpnc1oa n 1.n. o
ec1L, Hnennn o eapenx n1nepa n neHuea aoo6ue nonnoc1Lk coanapann. oa1oHy
, naunnan c Hknxencknx norpoHoa, unnnHmx a
1920-x u1ypHoankaHn, konuan "pyc1anLno nouLk" n penop1aune eapeea,
x .
po apeHenn Hnpoaoe o6uec1aennoe Hnenne (ncknkuan uac1L eapecko
npeccm) 1oxe ne npo1ec1oaano. onLue 1oro, paxe epnnoaepum neHeuknx eapeea ns
ppyrnx c1pan sauac1yk koHHen1npoaann neHeukne co6m1nn a pyxe 1epnnHoc1n.
nanec1nnckne eapen, sann1epecoaannme a npn1oke eapecknx nHHnrpan1oa na
nnxnn oc1ok n nHeaune caon oco6me o1nouennn c n1nepoH, 1ak npnHo sanannn,
u1o naunonan-counannsH cnace1 epHannk. o apeHn naunc1cko kaHnannn nocne
nopxora pexc1ara a noppepxky rn1nepoackoro npaan1enLc1aa n ero penpeccnanmx
Hep amc1ynnn "apeckn naunonanLnm coks". ocanuennme snak1 1akxe o
konoccanLno qnnancoao noppepxke, okasanno aHepnkancknHn eapenHn n1nepy a
nepnop ero aocxoxpennn k anac1n (cH. a kn.: . Sutton. he Wa-street and the
rise of Hiter. - N.-., 1970).
pnako c konua 1930-x rr. nonn1nka nsaepennn eapeea ns epHannn, a sa1eH n
aponm npno6pe1ae1 nnanoHepnm xapak1ep. onn1nka a1a 6mna ne cnnukoH
nocnepoaa1enLna (no neko1opmH caepennnH, okkynaunonnme anac1n sac1ann a
epnnne 1945 ropa eapeckyk o6unny a 200 1mc. uen.). pnako ona poc1aannna
npo6neHm apone n Hepnke. aunonanLnm konqnnk1, po 1oro ne cnnukoH
sa6o1naun oc1anLno Hnp, 6mc1po ampoc po pasHepoa rno6anLno-pacoaoro.
ak o1nocnnncL nonauany k an1neapecko pen1enLnoc1n naunc1oa anrno-cakconckne
c1panm, npeapa1naunecn a nepanekoH 6ypyueH a caHmx nenpnHnpnHmx aparoa
epHannn? a a1o1 aonpoc ne o1ae1n1L opnosnauno. n1nceHn1ckne nac1poennn 6mnn
ouenL cnnLnm n a nrnnn, n a Hepnke, rpe c eapenHn opnosnauno cansmaann cpasy
pae neHanme onacnoc1n: koHHynnc1nueckyk yrposy n akonoHnueckyk akcnancnk.
npnHepy, "pn1anckn naunonanLnm coks", aosrnaanneHm caanLpoH ocnn,
nacun1maan a nrnnn 6nLun npouen1 caonx c1oponnnkoa, ueH a epHannn
nepep npnxopoH k anac1n - caonx. apeea unenm "oksa" ne xanoaann;
nc M yx n n 9 cn r n
k n yn My cMr Mcn, korpa nauanacL aona c
epHanne: a a1o aone anrnnckne naunc1m anonne Hornn npnnn1L c1opony
npo1nannka, n6o pacoam asrnnp na aeun Hor asn1L aepx nap asrnnpoH
naunonanLnmH. apeea a nrnnn ne ponyckann a npec1nxnme kny6m n o1enn. -
1oxe, n aoo6ue 1aH 6mnn nepepkn 1a6nnukn 1nna "eapen ne ponyckak1cn".
norone1nnn kaHnannn a npecce, ko1opyk aen aa1oHo6nnLnm koponL enpn opp,
paso6nauan ckpm1oe rocnopc1ao eapeea a cpepc1aax Haccoao nnqopHaunn, 1oproane
n qnnancax, 1oxe ne npouna, pasyHee1cn, 6eccnepno. AcMM
L, kk c E, n n ynM nnM. 1938 r.
o1kasanncL npepoc1aan1L y6exnue pnn eapeea, 6exaaunx o1 n1nepa, sac1aannn
pasaepny1Lcn o6pa1no yxe nopnnmaune cypa c aHnrpan1aHn! paxe ysnaa o
co6m1nnx "pyc1anLno noun", , necHo1pn na 6ypk, nopnn1yk eapecko npecco,
npoponxann 1oproame o1nouennn c epHanne.
cae1e ckasannoro ne cnnukoH ypnanne1 1o1 qak1, u1o a M
1943 r., nopnncanno ysaenL1oH, epunnneH n 1annnmH, rpe nepeuncnnk1cn ace
xep1am neHeukoro naunsHa, aknkuan paxe n1anLnnuea n xn1ene pn1a, -
qryy. ceHnpnm cnonnc1ckn konrpecc cuen nyxnmH sanan1L no
a1oHy noaopy npo1ec1, nopospeaan, anonne cnpaaepnnao, u1o a1o1 nponyck ne
cnyuaen.
666
, anrno-cakconckan o6uec1aennoc1L o1nkpL ne 1oponnnacL ocypn1L n
nokapa1L epHannk sa an1neapeckyk nonn1nky. nrnnn aoo6ue c caHoro nauana ne
xo1ena aoeaa1L c epHanne n ypepxnaanacL o1 peuakuero uara po nocnepne
aosHoxnoc1n. no n nonn1no: na cnyua 6oeamx pec1an ona Horna npepoc1aan1L
cpasy nnuL pae pnansnn, a noropn - eue nn1L. okpyun1enLnm pasrpoH nop
knkepkoH o6napyxnn, uero c1onnn anrnnckne pnansnn a pene.
panunn, ko1opan Horna amc1aan1L 130 pnansn, eue 6onLue ne xo1ena aoeaa1L.
oxe nonn1no: ocnoano ypap apara npnunocL 6m amnec1n e, n k1o snae1, ueH 6m
ace a1o konunnocL. (pak1nka nokasana: konunnocL c1paunmH pasrpoHoH n
okkynaune panunn, 1o ec1L onacennn 6mnn cnpaaepnnam n nes1L a aony a1o
c1pane nano ne cnepoaano.) saec1no, u1o panunn ace xe o6Lnanna aony epHannn
acnep sa nrnne n nop ee cnnLneunH paanenneH.
o k1o paann na caHy nrnnk? ueH npnunna 1oro, u1o eH6epnen, c1onLko ne1
npoaopnaun nonn1nky yHnpo1aopennn n1nepa, c1onLko pas, pnckyn co6c1aenno
peny1aune, yaopnaun caok c1pany o1 onacno uep1m, appyr npnnnn peuenne
aoeaa1L? noao - eHy caHoHy. ak canpe1enLc1aye1 aHepnkanckn nocon ennepn,
opnaxpm 6pn1anckn npeHLep nporoaopnncn, u1o " n
s ". 1o c1on1 sa a1nH sananenneH eH6epnena? konLko ono "aecn1"?
e snaeH n apnp nn korpa-nn6ypL ysnaeH. a1o snaeH - a1o y1aepxpae1 pnp
nc1opnkoa, a 1oH uncne aanp pannr, - u1o cHennaun a 1940 r. eH6epnena
epunnnL, koero n1nep cun1an caonH sneunH aparoH n Hapnone1ko anrnncknx
eapeea, pec1an1enLno naxopnncn a cnnLneue nnuno saancnHoc1n o1 eapecknx
qnnancnc1oa n npoaopnn nonn1nky a nn1epecax Hnpoaoro cnonnsHa. ue npn xnsnn
eH6epnena on paann na nero (paxe: 1paann) 1pe6yn a1opxennn a epHannk.
nopc1ao n nac1ounaoc1L epunnnn a aepennn aonm nsaec1nm, ee pesynL1a1 - ao
HnoroH ero sacnyra.
nk1o ne xo1en aoeaa1L?! apen n aHepnkanum "a1nnynn" a aony eH6epnena,
ueH6epnenoackan nrnnn "a1nnyna" panunk... k1o "a1nnyn" aHepnkanuea?
okyHen1anLno yc1anoaneno, u1o na ysaenL1a ak1nano n noc1onnno naxnHann
aHepnkanckne eapen c 1pe6oaanneH, u1o6m Hepnka amc1ynnna npo1na epHannn.
paapa, apnp nn ysaenL1a, roppnauerocn npncy1c1aneH eapecko kpoan a caonx
xnnax (naunc1ckan npecca uaue nHenoaana ero "osenqenLpoH") npnunocL ponro
yroaapnaa1L...
, n1nep ne 6es ocnoaann nponec uepes ack xnsnL y6expenne (ono o1pasnnocL
n a ero "aaeuannn"), u1o o6e Hnpoame aonm 6mnn pasansanm eapenHn, n u1o XX aek
ec1L apena 6ecnouapno 6n1am Hexpy apncko paco n HexpynapopnmH eapec1aoH.
aueH a1o nyxno 6mno eapenH, c ero 1oukn spennn? ona - neaepon1no amropnoe
peno pnn 1ex, k1o ne aoke1, a 1oprye1. o y6expennk 1aknx aa1opoa, kak enpn opp,
n1nep n Hnorne ppyrne, eapeckne 6anknpm n 1oproaum pasnmx c1pan (6ypyun, no
cy1n npepc1aan1ennHn akc1eppn1opnanLnoro, a ne naunonanLnoro kann1ana) acerpa
sann1epecoaanm a aonax papn yaennuennn caonx npn6mne. eH 6onee, u1o, kak
n1nep y6epnncn ao apeHn nepao Hnpoao aonm, caHn onn a 6oeamx pec1annx
nou1n ne npnnnHak1 yuac1nn, npepnoun1an 1mnoayk (u1a6nyk n cna6xenueckyk)
pen1enLnoc1L.
o ac1ae1 aonpoc: noueHy nc1nnnme nnnuna1opm aonm, ecnn 1akoamHn cun1a1L
eapeea, ne nanecnn npeaen1nanm ypap no epHannn, noka ona 6mna o1nocn1enLno
cna6a, a amxnpann, noka ona ne asouna k anorek caoero Horyuec1aa? epL pnck a
1ako aone 6mn neHanmH, n naaepnnka npepckasa1L ee ncxop a konue 1930-x apnp nn
k1o-nn6ypL peunncn 6m.
orpa xe n noueHy anrno-aHepnkanckoe eapeckoe coo6uec1ao peunnocL na aony c
neHuaHn? cno, u1o ne 1orpa, korpa anH euHan, nnpep ceHnpnoro cnonnc1ckoro
667
konrpecca, o6Lnann aony epHannn o1 nnua acex eapeea Hnpa, a panLue. ouno Hm
a1oro 1oxe ne ysnaeH, no npepnonoxn1L Hoxno.
knxenckoe cornauenne, cnacuee apony o1 6onLuo aonm n o1paauee n1nepy
ype1m, 6mno nopnncano 30 cen1n6pn 1938 r. (okonua1enLnm paspen exocnoaaknn a
Hap1e 1939 r. 6mn nnuL nornuecknH cnepc1aneH a1oro cornauennn). ona uy1L 6mno
ne coc1onnacL, no ace xe ne coc1onnacL: eH6epnen n anapLe ypepxanncL na nesann
6pn1am n cnacnn Hnp. pnako acero nnuL uepes 11 Hecnuea, 1 cen1n6pn 1930 r,
nepepn rpannuy onLun, epHannn naanekna na ce6n n na ack apony aennuauee
6epc1ane. oueHy? onLko nn a 1oH peno, u1o n1nep napyunn npnnunn
cnpaaepnnaoc1n, nocnrnya na uyxoe?
nepaoro xe asrnnpa anpno, u1o sa a1n 11 Hecnuea y nrnnn n panunn npnunn n
ocnoaann aoeaa1L c epHanne c1ano ne 6onLue, a HenLue. epHannn sa rop
saHeua1enLno okpenna, ycnnnnacL, uero nnkak ne ckaxeuL o coksnnkax, no1epnaunx,
Hexpy npounH, Hounyk nnnnk ykpennenn a ype1ax n 35 xopouo o6yuennmx
ueucknx pnansn. 1onno nn aoeaa1L sa kakne-1o reorpaqnueckne noaoc1n, sa
nonnkoa, nonanaunxcn na nonn1nuecko kap1e aponm acero 20 ne1 nasap? 1onLko
papn pannmx o6euann? pnp nn. mcokne npnnunnm ne amcoko ko1npyk1cn y
peanLnmx nonn1nkoa. onLua ne nHena 1akoro xe c1pa1ernueckoro, reononn1nueckoro
snauennn, kak exocnoaaknn, nexaauan a uen1pe aponm, ee cypL6a ponxna 6mna
6m1L a ropaspo 6onLue c1enenn 6espasnnuna coksnnkaH. oxe1 6m1L, ckasanncL
aH6nunn 1pe1npoaannmx n1nepoH nonn1nkoa? o ns-sa aH6nun ne naunnak1
Hnpoamx aon... 1o xe, kakoe co6m1ne nponsouno Hexpy 1 ok1n6pn 1938 r. n 1
cen1n6pn 1939 r., neo6pa1nHo nsHennauee cn1yaunk, npeponpepennauee xop
nc1opnn, cpenaauee nens6exno aony?
: 9 non6pn 1938 r. - "Xun u" n nocnepoaaaune sa ne
Heponpnn1nn naunc1oa. aH norpoH 6mn c1paunmH ypapoH no neHeuknH (no ne
1onLko!) eapenH, nx 6m1y n co6c1aennoc1n. o eue c1paunee 6mnn n1orn sacepannn
oco6o koHnccnn nop npepcepa1enLc1aoH epnnra, coc1onauecn uepes 1pn pnn, 12
non6pn. mno peueno, n a1o peuenne a 1o1 xe penL ony6nnkoaana exraseu6na11,
"u s: u m
nn, n, x u, mn
m n n ,
x nu,
u u , ". a eapeea, kpoHe 1oro,
nanarancn u1paq a opnn Hnnnnapp Hapok.
pnunnm n snauenne acero nponsouepuero pasLncnnn rnaanm (napnpy c epnnroH n
nHHnepoH) oprannsa1op n apoxnoan1enL "pyc1anLno noun" pok1op e66enLc:
"Bnu s
, u s F.
Hs m: xm, n u
u s 24 ".
n1nep (a 1eH 6onee ax1), nonnHaaun aecL onacnm, pokoao aaan1kpnsH
nopo6nmx ckoponann1enLnmx Hep, nnkorpa ne pan 6m paspeuennn na pyc1anLnyk
nouL, no a pannoH cnyuae 1oaapnun no nap1nn c nnH paxe ne nocoae1oaanncL. n
npnuen a npoc1L, no amnyxpen 6mn npnnn1L caepunaueecn kak qak1 n no1n acnep
sa co6m1nnHn.
12 non6pn naunc1ckan epHannn nopnncana ce6e cHep1nm npnroaop.
apen nepenecnn, c1epnenn sanpe1 na npoqeccnn, sanpe1 na cHeuannme 6pakn,
nnuenne rpaxpanc1aa n Haccy nnmx npn1ecnenn. o 1o1anLnan akonoHnueckan
kasnL, sa1parnaakuan nn1epecm eapeea acero Hnpa, - a1o okasanocL nenepenocnHo.
1nna a opnn HoHen1 ack co6c1aennoc1L y repHancknx eapeea, naunc1ckn pexnH
668
nonnoc1Lk o6ecuennn ack aoo6ue epHannk a rnasax Hnpoaoro eapec1aa. 1y
c1pany c1ano ne xanko, o1nmne ee Hoxno 6mno o6peuL na 1o1anLnoe paspyuenne:
u n F nu. apapokcanLno, no qak1:
konoccanLnan eapeckan co6c1aennoc1L a epHannn nrpana ponL caoero popa
son1nka, saunuaauero c1pany o1 arpeccnn, - n ao1 1enepL a1o1 son1nk pyxnyn.
a1o ace amropm, npnnocnHme aono, coxpannnncL. nck aonm pnn Hexpynapopnoro
eapec1aa nepec1an 6m1L neonpepenenno-6eccHmcnennmH, on npno6pen ueny -
rpanpnosnyk, nonc1nne Hnpoayk ueny! a1oro HoHen1a aona 6mna npeppeuena:
nyxen 6mn 1onLko npnc1onm noaop.
Hepnka (6ypyun rnaanm no6epn1enL) ne o6Lnannna aonm epHannn. aueH? ee
nc1opnn yxe 6mna npak1nka aepennn aon uyxnHn pykaHn n a apone, n a snn. (
npnHepy, nsaec1nan qnpHa yn, e6 n oHnannn qnnancnpoaana nonnk a aone c
pyccknHn 1903-1905 rr., a sa1eH - 6onLueanc1ckyk peaonkunk.) o nop1onkny1L k
aone nrnnk n panunk, no kpepn1oaa1L aony - Hnnoe peno! orpa ace xe
npnunocL nocna1L conpa1 na kon1nnen1, nx ne cneunnn 6poca1L a nekno 6on. a
opnoro y6n1oro aHepnkanua npnxopn1cn 107 norn6unx coae1cknx aonnoa. ao1
1poqen, penapaunn, no neko1opmH nopcue1aH, a 6onLunnc1ae caoeH (po 80%)
npnunncL na ponk . ckonLko sapa6o1ann na aoennmx noc1aakax! na nenpnnse!
na kpepn1ax! kak rny6oko n npouno aneppnnncL a apony n snk! akoe annnnne
a Hnpe npno6penn! nn a1o c1panm aona n anpnHL okasanacL ouenL amropnmH
penoH, sono1mH pnoH...
nnaape 1939 r. n1nep, 6opncL c coHnennnHn n nepo6pmHn npepuyac1annHn, sanann:
"ypy npopokoH eue pas: ecnn HexpynapopnmH eapecknH qnnancnc1aH a apone n
ane ee ypac1cn cnoaa pasansa1L Hnpoayk aony, pesynL1a1oH 6ype1 ne 6onLueansaunn
Hnpa n no6epa eapec1aa, a ynnu1oxenne eapecko pacm!" kpep okasancn
nnkypmunmH npopokoH, cnenuoH n rnynuoH: ace nponsouno kak pas nao6opo1. n
xec1oko oun6cn, pokoamH o6pasoH nepoouenna apara.
a1o xopounH npopokoH okasancn ueq enpnx nHHnep, ckasaaun, u1o ecnn
epHannn ne no6epn1 a a1o aceo6ue 6n1ae npo1na eapec1aa, 1o "pnn nc1nnnoro
1ea1ona ne oc1ane1cn nn opnoro npn6exnua, acex xpe1 cHep1L o1 eapecknx pyk". ak
nsaec1no, yuac1nnkoa a1o "napannenLno aonm" c neHeuko c1oponm, neasnpan na
aospac1, pasmcknaak1 po cnx nop no aceHy Hnpy, a pasmckaa 70-80-ne1nnx c1apnkoa -
cypn1 n kasnn1. ak anpno, "napannenLnan" aona ne nHee1 nn cpoka paanoc1n, nn
nepcnek1na okonuannn.
1o no6epnn a ne? 1o anonne oueanpno paxe c yue1oH npecnoay1oro onokoc1a, o
ko1opoH neyc1anno 1py6n1 eapeckan nponaranpa. pepn 1ex caHmx uec1n
Hnnnnonoa nko6m nory6nennmx neHuaHn eapeea (ecnn ponyc1n1L, u1o a1a unqpa
nc1nnna, ao u1o ceropnn yxe nnk1o ns cepLesnmx nccnepoaa1ene ne aepn1) ne1 nn
opnoro (!) ampakuerocn nHenn. ao1aHn na o1npaaky eapeea a konunarepn n 1.p.
pacnopnxanncL 1ak nasmaaeHme kpenpa1m - coae1m ns eapecknx c1apeunn,
ko1opme onpepennnn, koHy ns eapeea xn1L, a koHy - norn6ny1L. nn npoaenn caoero
popa cenekunk, coxpannn nan6onee uennm uenoaeueckn Ha1epnan n neHeuknHn
pykaHn o6pesan cyxne cyuLn, no ampaxennk pykoaopn1enn ceHnpno eapecko
oprannsaunn anHa euHana. apen amunn ns a1oro ropnnna okpenunHn
rene1nueckn, HopanLno n nonn1nueckn, a co apeHeneH nsaneknn ns oa (uoa-
6nsneca) eue n konoccanLnyk penexnyk npn6mnL.
1o xe apeHn neHum n pycckne, okasaauncL 1ak nnn nnaue sanoxnnkaHn eapecknx
nonn1nuecknx n akonoHnuecknx nn1epecoa, y1pa1nnn a aeke nyuuyk uac1L caoero
renoqonpa, o1 uero ne Hory1 onpaan1Lcn n no ck nopy.
, ceropnn ncno c nonno oueanpnoc1Lk, u1o naunc1ckn aapnan1
okonua1enLnoro peuennn eapeckoro aonpoca 6mn nc1opnuecko oun6ko. n
669
a6conk1no nopouen kak He1op. n ne 1onLko ne peunn noc1aanenno sapaun, no
nanpo1na, sa1pypnnn n o1opannyn ee peuenne.
un1ak nennunnH npnaec1n a saknkuenne neko1opme unc1o Ha1epnanLnme n1orn
aonm. 1o noHoxe1 eue nyuue nonn1L, k1o no6epnn a ne, n ao u1o a1o o6ounocL
no6expennmH.
ak cnepye1 ns pa6o1m apka e6epa "onokoc1: penapaunn, amnnauennme anapno
epHanne spannk n ceHnpno eapecko o6unne", na ceropnnunn penL cyHHa
penapaun yxe saHe1no npeamcnna 80 Hnnnnappoa Hapok, a k 2020 ropy poc1nrne1
100 Hnnnnappoa. (okone eue 6ypy1 amnnaunaa1L, nensaec1no. o cnx nop pec1aye1
"onqepenunn no eapecknH Ha1epnanLnmH npe1ensnnH k epHannn, nk.", cospannan
cneunanLno pnn 1oro, u1o6m no1pe6oaa1L n nonyun1L y neHuea HakcnHyH penapaun.
na npepc1aanne1 nn1epecm eapeea , ennko6pn1annn, anapm, panunn,
pren1nnm, ac1pannn n paxe Kxno qpnkn.) es a1nx penapaun ne cyuec1aoaann
6m a spanne xenesnme poporn n 1eneqon, nop1oame coopyxennn n cnc1eHm
nppnraunn, uenme npoHmunennme n cenLckoxosnc1aennme sonm. eHum amc1ponnn a
spanne nn1L anek1poc1anun, nponoxnnn 280 kH rnran1ckoro aoponpoaopa uepes
nyc1mnk erea. oespa n napoxopm spannn - a1o 1oxe o1 no6expennmx pannnkoa.
on6pL 1938 ropa poporo o6ouencn neHuaH. o1n nLannyk ponk penapaun onn
amnnaunaak1 ceropnn ns nauero, pycckoro kapHana (occnn exeropno nepepae1
rnran1ckne cyHHm caoeHy rnaanoHy kpepn1opy - epHannn), opnako panL, ko1opyk
yxe nonyunn n npoponxae1 nonyua1L spannL, cepLesno 1opHosn1 pasan1ne neHeuko
naunn.
HTAK, n. o cnx nop Hm Hnoro roaopnnn o necxoxec1n a cn1yaunn occnn
2000-x rr. n epHannn 1920-30-x. enepL npnuna nopa ckasa1L o cxopc1ae.
eropnn a pykax eapecknx co6c1aennnkoa naxopn1cn, no pasnmH ouenkaH, o1 70 po
80% poccncknx 6ora1c1a, kak a penexnoH, 1ak n a na1ypanLnoH ampaxennn. o1n
occnk kak rocypapc1ao - n ee 6ora1c1aa - aekaHn cospaaann nokonennn pyccknx (a
nepayk ouepepL) nkpe, n penann onn a1o aoace ne pnn eapeea nnn koro 6m 1o nn
6mno eue, a pnn ce6n n caonx no1oHkoa. annuo aonnkuan, uypoanunan
necnpaaepnnaoc1L. ycckn napop, nonpoc1y roaopn, o6okpapen.
onn1no kaxpoHy, u1o pycckan naunonanLnan anac1L 6ype1 1ak nnn nnaue a1y
necnpaaepnnaoc1L ncnpaann1L. ( aoo6ue, a uncno nepaoouepepnmx npo6neH n sapau,
ac1anyunx nepep pyccknH naunonanLnmH rocypapc1aoH occne, axopn1 sa6o1a o6
ns6aanennn pycckoro kann1ana o1 nnoc1panno n nnopopuecko konkypenunn n
saancnHoc1n.) onn1no 1akxe, u1o 6ype1 neo6xopnHo oco6o 1ua1enLno cnnannpoaa1L
n c xnpyprnueckn-kaennpno 1onkoc1Lk n 1ounoc1Lk npoaec1n cnoxneuyk
onepaunk no aocc1anoanennk nc1opnuecko cnpaaepnnaoc1n a cqepe poccncko
co6c1aennoc1n. pnxopn1cn yun1maa1L, c opno c1oponm, u1o eapeckan
co6c1aennoc1L a occnn amnonnne1 ponL son1nka, npnkpmaakuero pasopyxennyk,
o6eckpoanennyk nmne occnk o1 6onee xec1knx, a 1oH uncne aoennmx, cnoco6oa
paspena n rpa6exa. ppyro c1oponm, xopouo nn saunuae1 a1o1 son1nk occnk?
noxo: Hexpynapopnoe eapec1ao (a ppyroro npak1nueckn ne 6maae1) 1ak n 1ak
cnonano ee yxe nou1n ack. ypa nn knnL - ackpy knnn.
o ace anpnHoc1n, npouecc cnpaaepnnaoro nepepacnpepenennn poccncko
co6c1aennoc1n saHe1 neHano apeHenn n no1pe6ye1 HakcnHanLnoro nanpnxennn
nyuunx yHc1aennmx cnn naunn. yccko anac1n npnpe1cn py6n1L a1o1 xaoc1 no uac1nH.
o 1onLko ne pa or pycckoHy nonn1nky, nckpenneHy peann1enk naunonanLnoro
6nara n nesaancnHo poccncko akonoHnkn, cnaca1L occnk 1eH xe nenpopyHannmH,
"kopnamH" n neaqqek1nanmH HanepoH, kaknH naunc1m "cnacann" epHannk. 1o
Hoxe1 o6epny1Lcn nonno ka1ac1poqo pnn occnn - no repHanckoHy npnHepy, 1onLko
eue xyxe, nockonLky Hm ceropnn ropaspo cna6ee, ueH 6mna epHannn a 1939 r.
670
m ponxnm no1n n nopeH ppyrnH ny1eH.
3KRKHEHHE
ckasa1L a saknkuenne? nm1 n1nepa nHee1 pnn nac, pyccknx aoo6ue n
pyccknx naunonannc1oa a oco6ennoc1n, 6onLuo nonoxn1enLnm n eue 6onLun
o1pnua1enLnm cHmcn.
onoxn1enLnm cHmcn - a 1oH, npexpe acero, u1o Hm 1aeppo snaeH: pycckn
naunonannsH, kak n neHeukn, kak n nk6o ppyro, roaopn cnoaaHn ax1a,
m x, n
u. ak a nonn1nke, 1ak n a akonoHnke.
nonn1nke a1o ampaxae1cn a nonno n 6esoroaopouno noppepxke nk6mH napopoH
1aknx nnpepoa, ko1opme nckpenne xnay1 npo6neHaHn n 6onLk caoero napopa,
saunuak1 ero npaaa n nn1epecm. nepc1aneH nens6exno c1anoan1cn nonn1nueckn
1pnyHq. m xpeH ero n ne coHneaaeHcn a ycnexe.
osnpa1enLnan cnna naunonannsHa ne snae1 ce6e paanmx a nc1opnn. nnpancL na a1y
cnny (n 1onLko na nee), Hm anpaae oxnpa1L 1akxe n akonoHnueckoro 1pnyHqa,
pycckoro akonoHnueckoro uypa, ocnoaannoro na 1aopuecko cnoco6noc1n pyccko
naunn, a ne na 1o1anLnoH nacnnnn n c1paxe, kak a1o 6mno a ropm npaanennn
6onLueankoa.
en1panLnoe 1pe6oaanne a naunonanLno nonn1nke 6ypyue pyccko anac1n nexn1 a
o6nac1n a1nopeHorpaqnn n a1nononn1nkn: pycckne ponxnm kak HnnnHyH coxpann1L, a
no aosHoxnoc1n - n yaennun1L cao ypenLnm aec a coc1aae nacenennn c1panm. 3
uq u , u,
. cerpa noHnn o epnnc1ae pycckoro napopa, Hm ponxnm nenpepmano
1pe6oaa1L n po6naa1Lcn aoccoepnnennn naue naunn, nckycc1aenno paspenenno
rpannuaHn. oc1a1ouno asrnnny1L na paspa6o1annyk nro saun1m naunonanLnoro
poc1onnnn kap1y ycckan occnn, u1o6m yanpe1L, kak nac paspesann no xnaoHy n
rpe ponxna npoxopn1L ec1ec1aennan, cnpaaepnnaan rpannua occnn. ano nnn nospno
Hm a1y rpannuy aocc1anoanH, napekcL - HnpnmH n sakonnmH ny1eH.
1o6m pycckan naunn npeapa1nnacL a Horyuyk, cokpyuakuyk ace nperpapm cnny, ee
nyxno konconnpnpoaa1L - cnno1n1L n pa1L e epnnoe naunonanLnoe cosnanne,
nopnnnno naunonanLnyk (1.e. naunonannc1nueckyk!) npeonornk, pasLncnn1L e ee
co6c1aennm npnpopnm cHmcn. ycckn, noHora pycckoHy! - a1o1 saae1 ponxen c
pe1c1aa noHnn1L kaxpm pycckn uenoaek. 6Lepnnnn naunk no o6e c1oponm rpannu
occnn, naH cnepye1 nanoxn1L npnHo sanpe1 na ace counanLnme, knaccoame paspopm
Hexpy pyccknHn. ackanmaa1L nau napop no npnnunny 6ora1me - 6epnme nenLsn.
opno c1oponm, neponyc1nHm napasn1npoaanne opnnx rpynn o6uec1aa sa cue1 ppyrnx,
upesHepnan pockouL, aonnkuan nnue1a. a6o1a o ne6ora1mx nkpnx, o counanLnmx
rapan1nnx nacenennk ponxna 6m1L nponncana y nac a nporpaHHe n amnonnn1Lcn na
npak1nke. ppyro c1oponm, cpepxnaanne cao6opm npepnpnnnHa1enLc1aa,
nnnuna1nam 1ex, k1o xoue1 n Hoxe1 sannHa1Lcn 6nsnecoH, - 1ak xe neponyc1nHo: a1o
ny1L k c1arnaunn naunonanLno akonoHnkn. m a1o yxe npounn na co6c1aennoH
onm1e. nc1opnn n1nepa yun1: ny1L k aennunk naunonanLnoro rocypapc1aa nexn1
uepes o6Lepnnenne npaaoro n neaoro kpmnLea naunonanLnoro panxennn.
Cn, u: nn F F
u, m. Bmnn u
x , u x
sx . C x s u n
671
( n) q. m F n
x . 3u . o
noa1opn1L nHenno a1y oun6ky naH ne rposn1.
asyHee1cn, ypokn n1nepa ne ncuepnmaak1cn npnaepennmHn amue. oxno akpa1ue
ykasa1L na neko1opme ppyrne c1pa1ernueckne oun6kn qkpepa, na ko1opmx naH
cnepye1 yun1Lcn, noka ne nospno.
1. kc1pennan n 6esypepxnan Hnnn1apnsaunn akonoHnkn npnaena pacuae1uyk 6mno
epHannk k 1akoHy any1penneHy ponry, noracn1L ko1opm Horna 1onLko aona sa cue1
1poqeea n pa6ckoro 1pypa. onauany ace ypaaanocL, no ueH konunnocL? oa1oHy
Hnnn1apnsaunn occnn, nens6exnan na ny1n cospannn naunonanLnoro rocypapc1aa,
ponxna np1n c ornnpko.
2. n1nep cun1an aony na paa qpon1a aono c eapecknH 6onLueansHoH n
eapecknH kann1annsHoH, 1o ec1L paccHa1pnaan o6a qpon1a kak a caoeH pope epnnm
qpon1 6opL6m c HnpoamH eapec1aoH. 1ckpa - qa1anLnan 6eckoHnpoHnccnoc1L n
oxec1ouenne qkpepa, ne xenaauero n cnmua1L o cenapa1noH Hnpe. onyuna 1anoe
npepnoxenne 1annna (nocne 1annnrpapa) o aocc1anoanennn rpannum no coc1onnnk
na 22.06.41 r., on nponrnopnpoaan ero, ynyc1na cao nocnepnn uanc. 1o nnunn
pas roaopn1 o 1oH, kak aaxno a nonn1nke oc1aaa1Lcn unc1mH n uy1knH nparHa1nkoH,
xnu m ux x . uac1noc1n,
ceropnn, korpa nsaec1nme cnnm nm1ak1cn c1onkny1L nac c "nanncnaHnsHoH", o6 a1oH
ne c1on1 sa6maa1L.
poHe 1oro, ouenka occnn kak eapecko-6onLueanc1cko nHnepnn 6mna yxe a konue
1930-x rr. neaepno no cyuec1ay. oapeHennm nonn1nk ponxen 6m1L eue n yuenmH
nonn1onoroH, xopouo ocaepoHnennmH n yHenmH anann1nkoH.
3. "epa cpanrae1 ropm", - nk6nn noa1opn1L qkpep nsaec1nyk HmcnL pnc1a, xo1L n
ne npnsnaaan ero. n1nep 6mn a1enc1oH n paunonannc1oH; ero paccyxpennn Hornn
c1pon1Lcn na noxnmx nocmnkax, no caH nx xop, kak npaanno, 6esynpeuno nornuen.
Hec1e c 1eH, pnp noc1ynkoa kak n1nepa, 1ak n nHHnepa, aoo6ue acecoauea,
o6Lncnnk1cn 1onLko c yue1oH nx nonynsmuecknx, nonyHnc1nuecknx, okkynL1nmx n
kaasnnayunmx npepc1aanenn. 1o o1nocn1cn, a uac1noc1n, k snHe 1941 r., korpa ne
aknnnpoaannme ponxnmH o6pasoH neHum rn6nn o1 xec1ouauero Hoposa nop ockao
1onLko ns-sa 1oro, u1o qkpep, noaepna okkynL1nmH npornosaH, peunn, u1o snHa 6ype1
na pepkoc1L 1enno. 1o o1nocn1cn n k npnoc1anoake pa6o1 nap a1oHno 6oH6o n k
HnoroHy ppyroHy; o6 a1oH yxe ne pas nncann cneunannc1m.
ako ypok o1ckpa cnepye1? a, aepa cpanrae1 ropm. o eue ne 6mno cnyuan, u1o6m
aepa cpanrana nx a nyxnoH nanpaanennn, n6o 1akoaoe e neaepoHo no onpepenennk.
onLko ncnm, neHnc1nqnunpoaannm yH! onLko snanne, 1onLko acec1oponnn
ananns, 1onLko nayunm npornos!
ne c1any y1aepxpa1L, u1o no1yc1oponnnx cnn ne1. o n y1aepxpak, u1o ne poxpancn
eue n ne popn1cn nnkorpa uenoaek, ko1opm npnpyunn 6m a1n cnnm n sac1aann nx
cnyxn1L po6py.
1ak - nnkako Hnc1nkn!
pasan1ne a1oro 1esnca po6aank cnepykuee. 1o nory6nno n1nepa, a nepayk
ouepepL? oxno nonn1m (a ppyroro n ne 6maae1) HeccnannsH - onacneuee na cae1e
sa6nyxpenne. Hek y1aepxpa1L, u1o nk6o rno6anLnm npoek1 pnn nk6o naunn
upeaa1 1onLko opnnH: nonnmH n okonua1enLnmH nappmaoH cnn c nocnepykue
accnHnnnune, perpapaune, a 1o n nonnmH ncuesnoaenneH, pac1aopenneH
o6eccnnennoro napopa cpepn napopoa noamx, na6npakunx cnny. pnHepoa 1oHy
672
Hnoxec1ao, naunnan c ppeannx Hakeponuea. naxennm 1e napopm, ko1opme
oc1anoannncL (caHn nnn c uyxo noHouLk, kak, coo1ae1c1aenno, pycckne n neHum) na
ny1n HeccnannsHa! Hoxno cHeno npepckasa1L rn6enL 1eH, k1o, kak eapen, ne cyHen
a1oro aoapeHn cpena1L.
4. n1nep ack xnsnL 6onncn, u1o yHpe1 o1 paka, ne caepuna npepnauep1annoro eHy,
noa1oHy 1oponnncn poaec1n po konua ace caon naunnannn. n ne nosa6o1nncn nn o6
ocnoaannnx ponrocpouno nonn1nkn, nn o poc1onoH npeeHnnke. opo6nan xaxpa ao
u1o 6m 1o nn c1ano cpena1L ace caHoHy, npn xnsnn, cmrpana pypnyk uy1ky co
HnornHn nonn1nkaHn, nanpnHep, c ennnmH. cnn 6m peno kacanocL nnuno nx caHnx n
1onLko, a1o 6m eue ne 6epa. o sa oun6kn aoxpe pacnnaunaak1cn xnsnnHn
Hnnnnonm nkpe. ac1onun nonn1nk ponxen pyHa1L o 6eccHep1nn ena, a ne caoe
nepconm.
5. ropm aonm nnqopHaunn o narepnx cHep1n, o Haccoamx kapa1enLnmx onepaunnx
n 1.n. 6mno ouenL Hano. nuL no1oH ysnann nkpn n npo 628 6enopyccknx pepeaenL,
coxxennmx aHec1e c xn1ennHn, n npo a6n p, n npo nopseHnme saaopm, rpe
yHnpann o1 nenocnnLnoro 1pypa pa6m XX aeka, n npo Haccoayk rn6enL pyccknx
aoennonnennmx, n npo Hnoroe ppyroe. a xope aoennmx pec1an ace a1o Hano
ckasanocL, pasae u1o oxec1ounno 6enopyccknx nap1nsan. o ao1 nocne aonm - acn
a1a nnqopHaunn, noxany, amuna na nepaoe no snauennk Hec1o, onpepenna n xop
kpn6eprckoro npouecca, n nocnepykune pecn1nne1nn ynnxenn n no1epL epHannn.
pok, ko1opm ponxno nsaneuL o1ckpa - qnnocoqckoro caoc1aa. ekorpa nuue
saHe1nn n ckasan: or yHep. oc1oeackn 1oxe nopHe1nn a1o, ncnyrancn n cpenan
cnepykun uar, npepnonoxna: ecnn ora ne1 - ace posaoneno. n1nep c npncnmHn (a
a ppyrnx c1panax - 1annn, ao n on o1) nounn panLue n neonpoaepxnHo,
akcnepnHen1anLno pokasann: ora, anpnHo, ne1, no a1o ne snaun1, u1o ace posaoneno.
ec1okoc1L, saepc1ao, 6ecuenoaeunoc1L ne Hory1 6m1L opypneH rocypapc1aenno
nonn1nkn: 1akoe opypne ne pae1 xenannoro pesynL1a1a n o6pauae1cn a n1ore npo1na
xosnnna. e 6oxec1aennan HopanL, a aneHen1apnm nnc1nnk1 caHocoxpanennn
ncknkuae1 nopo6nme cpepc1aa ns nonn1nueckoro apcenana.
a a1oH Hne xo1enocL 6m sakonun1L c1a1Lk "pokn n1nepa".
[1] a panoH a occnn npoxnaae1 acero nnuL 30 Hnn.. uenoaek, a 1o apeHn kak a
opno 1onLko nonnn, na ee kpoueunmx oc1poaax - 120 Hnn. e roaopn yx o
nepenacenennmx openx n n1ae.
[2] H. kap1y ycckan occnn. ap1a koHnak1noro paccenennn pycckoro a1noca,
nopro1oanennyk nro saun1m naunonanLnoro poc1onnnn n amnyuennyk
aunonanLno rase1o a 2001 r. a ne o1ue1nnao anpno necoanapenne
rocypapc1aenno rpannum occnn c a1nnuecko rpannue pycckoro napopa, anpna n
nnnnn rpannum, ko1opyk cnepoaano 6m npnsna1L cnpaaepnnao.
[3] n1epecno cpaann1L a1y cen1enunk c npnsnanneH, ko1opoe cpenan a 1939 r.
n66en1pony 1annn, ne ckpmaaaun, u1o "xpe1 nnuL 1oro HoHen1a, korpa a
6ype1 poc1a1ouno caoe nn1ennnrenunn, u1o6m nonnoc1Lk nokonun1L c sacnnLeH a
pykoaopc1ae eapeea, ko1opme na ceropnnunn penL noka eue eHy nyxnm". np uaroa
a a1oH nanpaanennn 1annn npepnpnnnn a konue 1930-x rr. oppo6noc1n n cnncok
nn1epa1ypm aonpoca cH. a Hoe c1a1Le e a1opan Hnpoaan, a ennkan
1euec1aennan (aunonanLnan rase1a N10-11 2001 r.).
673
HQH - HHR YK HQ
(H n m, nx 2003 r
r H N32-33 x N4.
H 07 m 2004 r.)
H, nx, Hv.
- opnncn a aockpecenLe 11 anpenn 1954 r. a ockae, pycckn no o6enH nnnnnH.
1959-1972 rr. xnn a annnnnrpape (6. ennrc6epr). konunn qnnonornueckn
qakynL1e1 (1977), kanpnpa1 qnnonornuecknx nayk. nen oksa nn1epa1opoa
occnn, cecnaannckoro coksa xypnannc1oa, ccounaunn nckycc1aoaepoa. a1op
Hnorocepnnoro nayuno-nonynnpnoro qnnLHa, co1en rase1nmx n xypnanLnmx c1a1e n
Hnornx knnr (cpepn nnx: "aunonan-kann1annsH, "aunonan-peHokpa1nn, ero o1
nac xo1n1 eapen, epeapm eaponecko nnnkc1paunn, 1orn aeka pnn
occnn, ycckan npen, aek XXI-, s6yunme nc1nnm naunonannsHa).
oc1aan1enL c6opnnkoa: ycckn npoek1. onc1n1yunn occnn: noam aapnan1,
6Han aeka. okyHen1m n Ha1epnanm k npo6neHe pa1nqnkaunn oroaopa o ppyx6e,
co1pypnnuec1ae n nap1nepc1ae Hexpy occne n kpanno, a ny1n k
aoccoepnnennk occnn n enopyccnn, ycckn naunonannsH, ero ppysLn n aparn.
msoa 1pe1Lero 1mcnuene1nn, m - pnn naunn, naunn - pnn 1e6n. s6pannme c1a1Ln
ns aunonanLno rase1m. 1995 - 2002 rr..
nanason npoqeccn: o1 pasnopa6ouero n rpysunka - po c1apuero pepak1opa
ocypapc1aenno 6n6nno1ekn nH. .. ennna n o1 cnecapn 5 paspnpa - po
npenopaaa1enn aysa. 1997-1999 rr. saa. 1penoH kpannm n pmHa, sa1eH saH.
pnpek1opa no nayke nc1n1y1a c1pan .
pycckoH panxennn kak npeonor c 1991 r., kak ak1nanc1 - c 1995 r. 1995-1996 r.
axopnn a ak1na onrpecca pyccknx o6unn. pesnpen1 nrn saun1m naunonanLnoro
poc1onnnn. 1ae1c1aennm cekpe1apL oksa o6uec1aennmx o6Lepnnenn no saun1e
uec1n n poc1onnc1aa pycckoro napopa. ykoaopn1enL cekpe1apna1a epepanLno
pyccko naunonanLno-kynL1ypno aa1onoHnn occnn. 1999 r. ampanrancn a
peny1a1m ocypapc1aenno yHm no qepepanLnoHy cnncky panxennn nac. 1997
r. rnaanm pepak1op "aunonanLno rase1m.
oueHy coc1onnacL nHenno kak nap1nn, a ne kak panxenne, coks n 1. n.? epL
nap1nn - osnauae1 acero nnuL uac1L?
- u1o 1y1 nnoxoro? m n ec1L acero nnuL uac1L. ac1L pycckoro napopa, uac1L
pycckoro naunonanLno-ocao6opn1enLnoro panxennn () n uac1L poccncko
onnosnunn aoo6ue. o uac1L upesamuano aaxnan, snaun1enLnan, 6es ko1opo nau
napop nnuero nnkorpa ne po6Le1cn. epL naua - a1o pa6oun nnc1pyHen1 :
rnaanm oprannsaunonnm, c1pyk1ypnpykun nnc1pyHen1. es ko1oporo pyccknH nn
an1nnapopnm pexnH no6epn1L, nn anac1L asn1L, nn nopnpok a c1pane naaec1n ne
ypac1cn. saHenn1L nac - a1y pa6ouyk uac1L o6uero HexannsHa - nnk1o n nnueH ne
Hoxe1.
poHe 1oro, pec1aykun sakon nonn1nuecknx nap1nnx npepoc1aanne1 nHenno
nap1nnH 1akne aosHoxnoc1n, ko1opmx ne1 n ne 6ype1 y ppyrnx o6uec1aennmx
oprannsun.
674
K m n?
- npepa aoo6ue a occnn, a ko1oporo noaepnno 6m yHoH n ceppueH n sa ko1opmH 6es
ornnpkn nouno 6m ceropnn 6onLunnc1ao pyccknx nkpe, ne anpno - ero npoc1o ne1.
o1 a ppyxec1aenno enopyccnn 1ako nnpep ec1L (ykauenko); a y nac a occnn
noka ne1. cnn 1ako nonan1cn, on aosrnaan1 nauy nap1nk. noka a
nsnauanLno 6mno 1pn conpepcepa1enn. o anqaan1y: opnc epreeanu nponoa,
nekcanpp nkn1nu eaac1Lnnoa n 1anncnaa nkonaeanu epexoa. o na nocnepneH,
naapckoH (2004) cLespe nap1nn nponoay 6mno ampaxeno nepoaepne. ak1nueckn
nap1ne ynpaanne1 pesnpnyH en1panLnoro nonn1nueckoro coae1a, sacepakun
exenepenLno n npnnnHakun ace peuennn konnernanLno. m c epexoamH, a
cyunoc1n, nnuL nocHenno kooppnnnpyeH ero pa6o1y.
E mx r v n n ?
- nn Henn a1o nonn1nueckn pe6k1 (Ho c1ax a n nace - ne a cue1, a1o 6mnn
nnuL kpa1kne annsopm): panLue n ne anpen a occnn peecnoco6no oprannsaunn,
coo1ae1c1aykue HonH nonn1nuecknH n npaac1aennmH yc1anoakaH. e anxy 1akoao
n ceuac, kpoHe . nra saun1m naunonanLnoro poc1onnnn, npesnpen1oH ko1opo
n nannkcL, - a1o coppyxec1ao pyccknx kpnc1oa, ko1opoe ne npe1enpye1 na ponL
nap1nn. o konnera 1anncnaa epexoa 6onee pecn1nne1nn aosrnaanne1 oks
oqnuepoa, c1pyk1ypm ko1oporo cyuec1ayk1 a payx pecn1kax pernonoa occnn - onn
aounn a coc1aa .
ac c1onL Hnoroe paspenne1, am 1akne pasnme. epexoa kpacnm, m - 6enm;
epexoa 6onee na1pno1, pepxaannk, m - nocnepoaa1enLnm n xec1kn naunonannc1,
c1oponnnk a1nokpa1nueckoro pycckoro rocypapc1aa. ak am yxnaae1ecL ppyr c ppyroH,
kak yHyppne1ecL co1pypnnua1L?
- 1o caoero popa qenoHen. expy naHn pec1an1enLno ec1L neko1opme pacxoxpennn
ao asrnnpax, xo1n n ne 1akne yx an1aronnc1nueckne, kak koe-k1o xo1en 6m
npepc1aan1L. pnako Hm cyHenn npeopone1L caon aH6nunn, o16pocn1L ace nnunoe,
nepeuarny1L uepes uac1nme necornacnn - n ac1ann nneuoH k nneuy papn o6uero pena,
o6ue no6epm nap o6unH aparoH. m nyxnm ppyr ppyry. a6o1an aHec1e nanpnxenno
n cnaxenno yxe 1pn ropa, Hm a a1oH y6epnnncL, nponnknncL asanHnmH yaaxenneH,
cppyxnnncL. aun nosnunn c6nnsnnncL.
m penaeH akuen1 na 1oH, u1o nac o6Lepnnne1, a ne na 1oH, u1o nac pasLepnnne1.
pen n aepoaannn ne cnoco6c1ayk1 na pannm HoHen1 naunonanLnoHy epnnc1ay,
paspmaak1 ero, Hm ace a a1oH ne pas y6expanncL. 1o ne snaun1, u1o kaxpm ns nac
ne nHee1 1aeppmx, amnouennmx y6expenn. o ceuac ne apeHn ns-sa nnx noHa1L
c1po, kak roaopn1 aoennme. onLue 1oro, 1akan konqnrypaunn nap1nn nopo6na
pake1e c paspennkunHncn 6oeronoakaHn, kaxpan ns ko1opmx nopaxae1 o1penLnyk
uenL. oxno cpaann1L nauy nap1nk 1akxe c ky6nkoH y6nka: a ne ec1L rpann
pasnoro uae1a: kpacnan, 6enan, uepnan, senenan n 1.p. - am6npa, koHy u1o npaan1cn
(ne1 1onLko rony6o). axpm anocn1 1o, uero ne Hory1 anec1n ppyrne, no 6es uero
ne 6ype1 nap1nn. a kaxpmH ns nac npe1 caon kononna, a aHec1e Hm n
npepc1aanneH pycckoe panxenne a ero ocnoanmx coc1aannkunx. aHec1e Hm - cnna.
pnako po6aank, u1o aunonanLno-epxaanan nap1nn occnn n - s
n . a1oH rnaanoH nynk1e Hm ace cxopnHcn, nesaancnHo o1
okpaca. a1o nac ko HnoroHy o6nsmaae1. aua npnnunnnanLnan sapaua - o6Lepnnn1L
pycckyk naunk, a ne packanmaa1L ee, kak a 1917 ropy. naunn ne coc1on1 ns opnnx
nn1ennnren1oa n npepnpnnnHa1ene, xo1n ona ne coc1on1 n ns opnnx pa6ounx,
kpec1Lnn n 6espa6o1nmx oqnuepoa. Hn - s , n s -
.
675
acnpoc1panenno nanne1cn 1ouka spennn, u1o epnnonauanne a nonn1nuecknx
oprannsaunnx 6onee aqqek1nano. o aueHy nnunoHy Hnennk nackonLko ycneuno
nponcxopn1 co1pypnnuec1ao conpepcepa1ene ?
- acxoxee Hnenne ne acerpa aepno. oka u1o Hm kak pas-1akn onpoknpmaaeH
npnamunme c1epeo1nnm. oHy, kak HnnnHyH, 1pn npnunnm. B-x, Hm -
pesnpnyH n ee conpepcepa1enn - peHonc1pnpyeH naueHy panxennk,
cHep1enLno yc1aaueHy o1 6opL6m qkpepcknx aH6nun n o1 nepHanen1noro pasppan,
xnayk, pec1aykuyk HopenL o6Lepnnennn pasnopopnmx pyccknx cnn. 1o kaxe1cn
neaepon1nmH, nac1onLko ace npnamknn k o6pa1noHy, no a1o 1ak. B-x, Hm
pennH nenerkne o6nsannoc1n no nap1c1pon1enLc1ay, ko1opme 1pypno 6mno 6m nec1n
kaxpoHy o1penLno, 6es noHounnkoa. amnonnneH kaxpm cao ponr o1ae1c1aenno.
nac ne1 cpepc1a, u1o6m nna1n1L npoqeccnonanaH, noa1oHy c1apaeHcn nso acex cnn
caHn. popoaoe conepnnuec1ao Hexpy naHn - 1onLko na nonLsy nap1nn: nnk1o ns nac
ne nporne1cn, ne o1c1ynn1, ne cxan1ypn1, nnaue cpasy nonape1 nop cokpyun1enLnyk
kpn1nky konner. koHy xe a1oro xoue1cn? B-ux, Hm c1paxyeH ppyr ppyra o1
oun6ok, nopHenneH na cnyua 6onesnn nnn o1Lespoa (npnxopn1cn Hnoro konecn1L no
c1pane). ecnn apar am6Le1 koro-1o ns kpyra, nap1nn oc1ane1cn na nnaay. u1o
6ype1, k npnHepy, c 6nokoH nnn n6epan-peHokpa1aHn, ecnn ne c1ane1 annnckoro
c npnnoacknH? B-x, nakoneu, npnHep n nokasmaae1, kypa
Hoxe1 saaec1n nap1nk (paxe 6onLuyk n uae1yuyk) nnpep-npepa1enL, kynnennm
anac1Lk. m yxe nacHo1penncL na roppmx kosnoa, npyunx anepepn c1apa 6apanoa n
nanpaannkunx a1o c1apo na 6onk. cnn xe a naue nap1nn na opnoro ns
conpepcepa1ene nape1 1enL npepa1enLc1aa, cornaua1enLc1aa, ero npoc1o pasopay1
oc1anLnme, n nap1nn oc1ane1cn onnosnunonno. ak u1o na Ho asrnnp,
conpepcepa1enLc1ao - a1o nonc1nne naxopka, aaxneuee ns naunx nonn1nuecknx noy-
xay, xo1n n ne epnnc1aennoe.
1ak, - koannunonnan nap1nn. akne xe o6uec1aennme cnnm o6Lepnnenm a
ne?
- s cnek1pa pycckoro naunonanLno-ocao6opn1enLnoro panxennn - . ne ec1L n
pa6oune, n kpec1Lnne, n aoennme, n nkHnenm, n nn1ennnrenunn, n npepnpnnnHa1enn,
n paxe cnyxaune rocannapa1a. ne ec1L n koHHynnc1m no y6expennnH, n
an1nkoHHynnc1m, n xpnc1nane, n nsmunnkn, n a1enc1m. m cnpocn1e, noueHy? o1oHy
u1o Hm, kak Hne nnuno npepc1aanne1cn, u u
, ko1opme aosaopn1 nenpoxopnHme 6apLepm Hexpy nkpLHn,
n6o onn y acex pasnme, - x m,
x . m amuncnnnn, nosnann n ampasnnn a1n npaaa n nn1epecm
- 116 nynk1oa, nop ko1opmHn ro1oam nopnnca1Lcn ace cnon nauero napopa n
npepc1aan1enn acex nap1n n panxenn. e cnyuano a aounn Hnorne
pernonanLnme oprannsaunn (okono 1pnpua1n), oksa oqnuepoa, , , ,
yccko nap1nn n 1.p.
a npak1nke Hm y6epnnncL: 6opL6a sa npeanm pasLepnnne1 nkpe, 6opL6a sa npaaa n
nn1epecm - o6Lepnnne1, cnnaunaae1. 1o, ecnn xo1n1e, naue nonn1nueckoe noy-xay.
o kaknH npnnunnaH nponcxopnno o6Lepnnenne naunonan-na1pno1oa a koannunk?
keH am npepnounn o6Lepnnn1Lcn n c keH pasHexeaa1Lcn?
- anoHnk, u1o a caoe apeHn, cospaaan prkoHn1e1 , Hm cpenann a6conk1no
npaannLnm, 1ounm xop, npepycHo1pn1enLno npnrnacna k co1pypnnuec1ay acex
pyccknx o6uec1aennmx pen1ene, coks c ko1opmHn Hm nocun1ann nepcnek1nanmH.
pnnunn o6Lepnnennn 6mn opnn: a1o ponxnm 6mnn 6m1L pycckne no kpoan nkpn,
o6napakune peanLnmHn pecypcaHn - oprannsaune, , cpepc1aaHn, cansnHn,
aa1opn1e1oH n peny1aune, nakoneu. pnrnauennn u 1onLko 1eH
nnpepaH, ko1opmx Hm counn nu, m m
676
m, aosnoxennyk na nnx nc1opne: .. acnnLeaa, .. apkaueaa, ..
1epnnroaa, .. orosnna, .. a6ypnna, .. nHonoaa n neko1opmx ppyrnx[1].
anoHnk 1akxe, u1o nonauany a prkoHn1e1 axopnnn neko1opme nnpepm n
oprannsaunn (nanpnHep, rnaaa nspa1enLckoro poHa ycckan npaapa .. pa1oa,
ap1nn ao6opm K.. enneaa, apopnan naunonanLnan nap1nn .. aanoaa-
yxapeackoro n pp.), ko1opme a panLneueH npepnounn opnnounoe nnaaanne[2].
aknH o6pasoH, eue na c1apnn npoek1a n nopro1oakn k ee cospannk naHn 6mnn
ncnm1anm n ncuepnanm npak1nueckn ace ocnoanme aapnan1m 1eope1nueckn
aosHoxnmx 6nokoa. pn a1oH k1o aouen k naH - 1o1 yx aouen, k1o ne saxo1en ao1n -
ne aouen n 1enepL apnp nn aope1, a k1o amuen - 1o1 amuen. u1o 1y1 k a1oHy
po6aan1L? epL nnuero noaoro c 1ex nop na nonn1nueckoH none occnn ne nonannocL.
y, a c npe1enpen1aHn na na1pno1nueckoe saanne
: ao-nepamx, , ko1opmx cun1aeH
nceapoonnosnune, nap1ne cornaua1ene; ao-a1opmx, n 1nna
npnnoackoro nnn yxapeackoro; a-1pe1Lnx, , ko1opyk Hm cun1aeH
konnek1nanmH nopenLnnkoH nLunna n y1nna. npoueH, ceuac a na1pno1m pnpn1cn
paxe c 6nokoH.
aue pasnnune co aceHn nap1nnHn, a 1oH uncne c na1pno1aHn acex Hac1e, ouenL
o1ue1nnao. no, -x, a 1oH, u1o - n un
un n x , 1o ec1L nkpe, ko1opme
rny6oko ocosnann, u1o naunn - nepanuna, a rocypapc1ao a1opnuno, n u1o nenLsn
peua1L rocypapc1aennme npo6neHm a o6xop naunonanLnmx. B-x,
u , a o1nnune, ckaxeH, o1 apopno aonn
a6ypnna, rpe nanoxeno 1a6y na kpn1nky npesnpen1a. y, n -ux, y nac ec1L
neckonLko nonn1nuecknx -x, ko1opmHn Hm c ycnexoH nonLsyeHcn, a o1nnune o1
ppyrnx nap1n, npyunx no 1papnunonnmH ny1nH n c 1papnunonnmH, k coxanennk,
ycnexoH.
-nvx nx, m r
n.
- ennrnosnme y6expennn - rny6oko nnunoe, nn1nHnoe peno kaxporo. 1akoamH ono
n ponxno oc1aaa1Lcn. asae naun xpnc1nane, kak n naun aepnc1m, - ne pycckne
nkpn? asae 1e n ppyrne ne paano nyxpak1cn a saun1e n noppepxke? H
u u, u n .
1618-1648 rr. a epHannn una uypoanunan 1pnpua1nne1nnn 6onn: neHum-ka1onnkn
n neHum-npo1ec1an1m pesann ppyr ppyra, pa 1ak, u1o am6nnn 85% caonx Hyxunn.
1ex nop onn sapy6nnn na caoeH neHeukoH nocy: neaaxno, ka1onnk 1m nnn npo1ec1an1,
aaxno, u1o 1m - neHeu! H n - m , paca - amue pennrnn. mn 6m
napop, a pennrnn nape1cn. apekcL, Hm ycaonH a1y npoc1yk nc1nny 6es
kpoaonponn1nn.
Hm yc1anoannn xec1koe 1a6y na o6cyxpenne pennrnosnmx 1eH. a1o pasyHno,
6naropopno n npaannLno.
paanoypanen o1 xpnc1nanc1aa n nsmuec1aa n anxy a xpnc1nanax n nsmunnkax
npexpe acero caonx 6pa1Lea no kpoan, pyccknx nkpe.
n1epne1e nonannncL Ha1epnanm, pnckpepn1npykune kak an1nxpnc1nanckyk
nap1nk. eko1opme ns nnx ocnoamaak1cn na aunx amckasmaannnx. a1o cansn
naunH un1a1ennH 6ype1 nn1epecno ysna1L: ao-nepamx, kakoaa nonn1nka no
pennrnosnoHy aonpocy; ao-a1opmx, k1o m nnuno no aeponcnoaepannk?
677
- e1pypno saHe1n1L, u1o npo1nannkn pycckoro naunonanLno-ocao6opn1enLnoro
panxennn c1peHn1cn paspy1L pennrnosnme npo1naopeunn Hexpy pyccknHn nkpLHn,
a6n1L knnnLn Hexpy npepc1aan1ennHn pasnmx konqeccn, pasopaa1L pycckoe
panxenne no rpannuaH aepoaann. napo ckasa1L npnHo, u1o a1o nH 6nec1nue
ypaaanocL po cnx nop. 1pnua1enLno aocnpnnnHan ace, u1o Heuae1 pycckoHy
epnnc1ay, n ouennaak pasnme rpynnm aepykunx 1onLko c 1oukn spennn ro1oanoc1n k
epnnennk.
1o kacae1cn nnuno Henn, 1o n naxoxycL a noncke. noka u1o ne nauen nc1nnnyk
pennrnk. ce pennrnn, c ko1opmHn n snakoHnncn, oc1aannnn y Henn 6onLue aonpocoa,
ueH paaann o1ae1oa. ne ncnoaepyk nn opno konqeccnn n pyHak, u1o xo1n ponn
nc1nnm ec1L ao Hnornx ns nnx, no ace nonno1o ne o6napae1 nn opna, xo1n
npe1enpyk1 na a1o ace. Hec1e c 1eH, n 6maak a uepkan, amnonnnk pnp o6pnpoa,
ko1opme cun1ak nc1nnnmHn, pec1aennmHn. oknonnkcL HnornH can1mH, a
oco6ennoc1n - HoeHy nokpoan1enk nekcanppy eackoHy, aennkoHy pycckoHy aonny,
saun1nnky nauero napopa. osxnrak caeun a naHn1L yHepunx npepc1aan1ene caoe
ceHLn, acex, koro snak n noHnk. onkcL nH n sa nnx; nopak sa sppaane n sa
ynoko, 1ouno snak, u1o a1o nyxno pena1L. onLsykcL npekpacno Honn1ao 1ue
nau, xo1n nonnHak ee ne anonne o6uenpnnn1mH o6pasoH. 6expen a cyuec1aoaannn
peanLnoro no1yc1oponnero Hnpa, a 6eccHep1nn pyun, a nepecenennn pyu a noame
1ena n 1.p. - Ha1epnannc1, n ecnn penak ace a1o, 1o 1onLko no1oHy, u1o ne aepk, a
1aeppo snak o neo6xopnHoc1n, cnpaaepnnaoc1n n pec1aennoc1n 1oro, u1o penak.
yHak, u1o no1yc1oponnn Hnp, n pyua, n or - anonne Ha1epnanLnm, n6o
o6Lek1nanm, peanLnm n panm naH a ouyuennnx.
c1L y Henn n caon rnno1esa o cyunoc1n ora, no a1o - ne pnn kpa1koro n
noaepxnoc1noro pasroaopa. m1L Hoxe1, n korpa-nn6ypL nannuy o6 a1oH cepLesnm
1pyp.
1993-1995 rr. na nouae rny6okoro pasouapoaannn a xpnc1nanc1ae n kpn1nkoaan ero
c HopanLno-nonn1nuecknx nosnun n ne cpepxan ropLknx ynpekoa no appecy .
pnako anocnepc1ann n npnsnan kak qak1 konconnpnpykuyk ponL npaaocnaann pnn
pyccknx a 6nnxneH sapy6exLe, a 1akxe onacnoc1L pennrnosnoro aakyyHa pnn occnn,
c1aaue o6Lek1oH arpeccnn co c1oponm cek1 n nnocnaanoro xpnc1nanc1aa (k 1oHy n
ppyroHy n nn1ak an1nna1nk). oa1oHy n ne co6npakcL aoeaa1L c xpnc1nanc1aoH, c
, no n noknonn1Lcn pnc1y, ncnoaepoaa1L n saunua1L ero yuenne - no coaec1n ne
Hory. 2003 ropy nasap nspa1enLc1aoH ecnnua amnyuena nn1epecnan knnra -
ycckn npaaocnaanm ka1exnsnc; ona c nosnun uepkoanoro apypn1a, rny6okoro
sna1oka xpnc1nanc1aa, nop1aepxpae1 neko1opme Hon xypune onacennn. snakoHL1ecL
c ne - n aaH 6ype1 nerue nonn1L Hok nosnunk.
6pauy, aHec1e c 1eH, aaue annHanne na 1o1 qak1, u1o coc1aan1enn anunknonepnn
an1an ycL. onLuan anunknonepnn pycckoro napopa. ycckn na1pno1nsH, 1onLko
u1o amnyuenno nop pepakune .. na1onoaa (., paaocnaanoe nspa1enLc1ao
nunknonepnn pyccko unannnsaunn, 2003), counn aosHoxnmH pasHec1n1L a ne
o6Lek1nanyk c1a1Lk o6o Hne, uero, koneuno, ne nponsouno 6m, ecnn 6m cnyxn na Ho
cue1, o ko1opmx am ynoHnnynn, nHenn nop co6o nouay.
1o po a uenoH - 1o nn xpnc1nancko, nn nsmuecko, nn a1enc1nuecko ee
nasaa1L nenLsn. na cae1ckan a nyuueH cHmcne cnoaa.
E n, x r n,
- nv n x, n, x,
n n , ?
- npepnouen 6m anpe1L nepam aapnan1. npo1nanoH cnyuae ace Hoxe1 npoc1o
paccmna1Lcn: nn opnn ns nac nnkorpa ne nope1 nop ppyroro. peno specL ne a nac
678
nnuno n paxe ne a naunx y6expennnx, a a 1ex Haccax nkpe, kononnax, ko1opme
naH aepn1 n sa naHn c1on1, n ko1opme neHepnenno ypy1, ecnn napyun1cn 6ananc cnn
a pykoaopc1ae. epL onn ac1ynann ne a nap1nk epexoaa, nnn nap1nk
eaac1Lnnoaa - n ne no1epnn1 ysypnaunn. cnn xe koannunk ne ypac1cn coxpann1L,
1o ne ypac1cn aoccospa1L n nap1okpa1nueckyk cnc1eHy - epnnc1aenno aosHoxnm,
cnacn1enLnm HexannsH ynpaanennn a 1ako rnran1cko c1pane, kak occnn. 1orpa
npoc1n-npoua ace Heu1m o npeo6pasoaannn naue xnsnn k nyuueHy, o cospannn
pycckoro naunonanLnoro rocypapc1aa.
nnkakoro 1annna, kc1a1n, y nac yxe ne 6ype1: 1annn onnpancn na noppepxky
a6conk1noro 6onLunnc1aa napopa, on xnn a rocypapc1ae pa6ounx n kpec1Lnn. o ono
yxe a npounoH, n nnkoHy ns nac 1akoro uanca ne pano. nk1a1op xe, ne nHekun
onopm a Haccax, - a1o xankoe spennue, xankan cypL6a.
x xvr ?
- nnuno - ne1. nn a1oro neo6xopnHo, u1o6m aecL napop n acn apHnnnc1paunn
cHo1penn na uapn kak na noHasannnka oxnn - a npo1nanoH cnyuae ero
uenoaeueckoro aa1opn1e1a ne xaa1n1, u1o6m ynpaann1L orpoHno occne.
nepoaa1enLno, acn c1pana ponxna anauane aepny1L ce6e 1o1 ypoaenL aepm a ora,
ko1opm 6mn xo1n 6m a ceHnapua1oH aeke. osHoxno nn a1o? 1ae1L1e ce6e caHn.
ak u1o xe, amxopn1, npaannLno noc1ynae1 npaanun pexnH, npepnpnnnHakun
ceropnn c1onL 6onLune ycnnnn no aosapauennk rocypapc1aa a nono yccko
paaocnaano epkan? epL epkoaL yxe yaepenno aouna ceropnn a apHnk n ukony,
a 1kpLHm n narepn; 1oro n rnnpn aope1 a ynpaanenueckne rocc1pyk1ypm. o1n no
onc1n1yunn ona ponxna 6m1L o1penena o1 rocypapc1aa.
- c1oponnnk nonnoro n nocnepoaa1enLnoro o1penennn uepkan o1 rocypapc1aa n
ukonm o1 uepkan. opny peky ne ao1n paaxpm. no1oH: napo ue1ko paspenn1L
qynkunn. cnn k1o-1o cun1ae1, u1o epkoaL - amue nap1nn, 1o saueH 1akoHy uenoaeky
np1n a nap1nk? yc1L oc1ae1cn a epkan n uepes nee peuae1 ace aonpocm
naunonanLnoro n rocypapc1aennoro c1pon1enLc1aa. cnn cHoxe1. ueH n nnuno
coHneaakcL. c naHn nyc1L oc1any1cn 1e, k1o rny6oko ocosnae1 cneunqnky nap1nno
pen1enLnoc1n, ee nesaHennHoc1L n neo6xopnHoc1L.
E HQH r, x, r
x, m n?
- konLko yropno. pn n, u1o nn, c1onLko ne1 paccmnan aunonanky no
pykoaopn1ennH pasnmx pyccknx oprannsaun? pypnoc1L ne a 1oH, u1o6m nasaa1L
koro-1o, a a 1oH, u1o6m nnkoro ne sa6m1L, ne o6npe1L (xo1n naaepnnka, yam, Hnornx
ynyuy). sn1L xo1n 6m en1panLnm nonn1coae1: Hm anpnH a neH aceHnpno
snaHenn1oro npepcepa1enn epepaunn pykonaunoro 6on n 1papnunonnoro kapa1a
apeyua acLnnoaa; pepak1opa yccknx aepoHoc1e n xypnana ycnu, pnpek1opa
nspa1enLcko qnpHm n1nsL nk1opa opuarnna. oo6ue y nac neHano xopounx
xypnannc1oa, pepak1opoa n nspa1ene: anepn onoa (aunonanLnan HmcnL,
ypran) - on xe npepcepa1enL epepanLno pyccko naunonanLno-kynL1ypno
aa1onoHnn n a1aHan ypranckoro kasauec1aa; napnHnp eauenko (ycL,
annnnnrpap) - on xe npepcepa1enL ernonanLno naunonanLno-kynL1ypno
aa1onoHnn pyccknx annnnnrpapcko o6nac1n; Kpn no6oxannnoa, 6maun
pykoaopn1enL r. nnkunncka (aHua1ka), opnn pa6o1akun qak1nueckn kak
uenoe nnqopHaren1c1ao; reponueckne ner n11ep (nekc-nqopH, aHapa), ropL
onopesenko (ycckan n6npL, oaocn6npck), epre ykLnnenko (aunn,
a6apoack) n epre nnLunkoa (ycckan o6unna ka1epnn6ypra), 6nec1nune
nn1ennek1yanm ea eonoa (enn6nnck), anepn eHnn (Hck), nppe okoa
(axaukana), napncnaa acnnkoa (a6apoack), Hn1pn ennea (ckoa), aan
679
auknnoa (aepyun ca1 a oHcke) n ppyrne. onLunnc1ao nasaannmx nnu
pykoaopn1 naunHn pernonanLnmHn o1penennnHn.
enm pnp pykoaopn1ene pernonanLnmx oprannsaun panee axopnnn, a
neko1opme n ceuac axopn1 a : nekcanpp annnnn (oponex, aosrnaannn
nnqopHaunonno-anann1nueckn uen1p o6nac1noro ); na1onn a6ounn
(ennnrpapckan o6nac1L); ennapn o1anoa (pnnck), Kpn kck1unk (aH6oa);
anepn Hennn n nekcanpp epnmx (ockaa); nppe napknx (ockoackan
o6nac1L); ynoHnny1m amue epre ykLnnenko (a6apoack) n ppyrne.
pmree nauy oprannsaunk aosrnaanne1 nkona ypxano (kasak, pykoaopn1enL
naannckoro coksa pmren); a 1apoH ckone - a1Lnna ryHnoaa (pykoaopn1enL
pyccko kynL1ypno-cnop1nano oprannsaunn yean1); a onrorpape - a1Lnna
aanoaa (npepcepa1enL pernonanLnoro o6uec1aennoro panxennn enunnm sa Hnp a
caoeH 1euec1ae) n 1.p. pepn pykoaopn1ene pernonanLnmx oprannsaun Hm
anpnH yuenmx (eonnp anaea, nsanL; nekcanpp ecnnn, oaocn6npck; nppe
okoa, arec1an; napncnaa nknqopoa, ockoackan o6nac1L, n pp.), pen1ene
kynL1ypm (nena onrononoaa, kHenL, n pp.). pepn ak1nanc1oa - nna 1apoaa
(pykoaopn1enL nsancko accounaunn amnyxpennmx nepecenenuea ns eunn), ropL
qanacLea (apeaokokuackan ycckan 6unna, pykoaopn1enL) n ppyrne.
oneuno, ocnoanan sapaua pannoro a1ana - napaunaanne aa1opn1e1a n
nn1ennek1yanLnoro no1enunana . m naHepenm cocpepo1oun1L na a1oH HakcnHyH
ycnnn.
m noc1onnno roaopn1e, u1o saunuae1e npaaa n nn1epecm pycckoro napopa. onLko nn
pycckn napop o6pen a aac caonx saun1nnkoa?
- qnunanLnan konuenunn 1akoaa: Hm saunuaeH nn1epecm acex kopennmx
napopoa occnn[3], n nap1nn o1kpm1a pnn nx npepc1aan1ene. o npn a1oH Hm,
koneuno xe, oco6o ampenneH pycckn napop kak napop rocypapc1aoo6pasykun, o1
qnsnueckoro, counanLnoro n HopanLno-ncnxonornueckoro caHouyac1ann ko1oporo
saancn1 cypL6a ace occnn, a snaun1 n acex oc1anLnmx napopoa, ee nacennkunx.
ycckne - c1anoao xpe6e1 occnn. cnn y aac ne a nopnpke pyka, nora, yxo, naneu n
1.p., anno1L po aHny1aunn, 1o aaun pena nnoxn, no a1o eue ne koneu. ao1 ecnn y aac
nepenoHan nosaonounnk - a1o xana aceHy. 1nH ao HnoroH (xo1n, koneuno, paneko ne
1onLko a1nH) o6Lncnne1cn naue npnopn1e1noe annHanne k pycckoHy napopy.
ueH eue?
- 1aeuy 1onLko sa ce6n nnuno, ne sa nap1nk. enn nnuno aoo6ue ne aonnye1 cypL6a
nepyccknx napopoa, sa nnx ec1L n 6es Henn koHy aonnoaa1Lcn - Hnorouncnennme
naunonanLnme oprannsaunn 1nna a1apckoro o6uec1aennoro uen1pa, occnckoro
eapeckoro konrpecca, 6uec1aa 1apxnkcko kynL1ypm oHon, aunonanLno-
kynL1ypnoro coo6uec1aa an popy ecny6nnkn axa (ky1nn), en1pa ueuencko n
nnryucko kynL1ypm anax n 1.p., n 1.n. pnnx eapecknx oprannsaun -
kynL1ypno-npocae1n1enLcknx, nonn1nuecknx, pennrnosnmx, cnop1nanmx n npou. a
occnn - camue 500. apernc1pnpoaano yxe 12 qepepanLnmx naunonanLno-
kynL1ypnmx aa1onoHn pasnmx napopoa. 1n napopm ycneuno peuak1 caon
npo6neHm, poxopn po amcunx cnoea apHnnnc1pa1nanmx c1pa1ocqep. ospak1 onn n
kopnopaunn - onrpecc naunonanLnmx o6Lepnnenn occnn (), ccaH6nek
napopoa occnn, rpe pycckne ne nHek1 oqnunanLnoro npepc1aan1enLc1aa, n 1.p. ao1
naH, pyccknH, a a1oH cHmcne npnxopn1cn 1yro, naH naun npaaa n nn1epecm saunua1L
ne pak1. onn1nka rocypapc1aenno pycoqo6nn nponanne1cn na kaxpoH uary. sn1L
xo1n 6m ynopnyk 1pexne1nkk (!) 6opL6y nnkc1a, pasyHee1cn, no koHanpe peHnn,
sa rc epepanLno pyccko naunonanLno-kynL1ypno aa1onoHnn.
680
nn Henn xe Ho pycckn napop, k ko1opoHy n npnnapnexy, a1o nonpoc1y - 6onLuan
ceHLn. epL y acex y nac, pyccknx, ec1L kopnn, yxopnune a cepyk ppeanoc1L k naunH
o6unH npepkaH, Hm ace Hexpy co6o popc1aennnkn a annoH konene. ceHLn pnn Henn
- cnoao can1oe. no axopn1 a Ho kpyr a6conk1no aepm, kak roaopn1 ncnxonorn.
ne a knoc1n npnunocL no1epn1L n sa1eH anoaL o6pec1n ceHLk; cospan n n
co6c1aennyk ceHLk: sa ue1aep1L aeka Hm c xeno naxnnn 1ponx cmnoae, 1ponx
pouepe n 1ponx anykoa. nepenouy caon ceHenme y6expennn ns Hano ceHLn --
eaac1Lnnoamx -- a 6onLuyk ceHLk: pycckn napop. H c cm c
MnM kk k cn cM , k y y c
yx, ycck ycck.
Br x: r, Kv, K, 100%
n , x m .
K xm?
- 1o 1akoe ycckn c 6onLuo 6ykam, n ne snak. k1o 1orpa - c HanenLko?
koHy pano npaao a1o onpepenn1L? eqopHanLnmHn kpn1epnnHn a counonornn n
a1norpaqnn nonLsoaa1Lcn neponyc1nHo, nenpnnnuno, a1o ypoaenL kyxonnmx pe6a1oa.
onpepenennn naunonanLnoc1n nkpe nnkypa ne pe1Lcn o1 nponcxoxpennn no kpoan.
o npepc1aanennnH, ampa6o1annmH HonH kpyroH nonn1onoroa, na saanne pycckoro
Hoxe1 npe1enpoaa1L 1onLko 1o1, y koro xo1n 6m opnn ns popn1ene - pycckn. (a
ncknkuenneH eapeea no Ha1epn.) asaannme aHn repon, nackonLko n snak,
coo1ae1c1ayk1 a1oHy kpn1epnk. o apeHeneH, pnn nokonennn Honx anykoa, n xo1en 6m
yc1poxn1L pannm kpn1epn. nn nauana xo1n 6m 1ak: pyccknH Hoxe1 cun1a1Lcn
uenoaek, nHekun ne 6onLue opnoro nepycckoro npepka a 1pe1LeH konene. o
ceropnn 1akan c1poroc1L npexpeapeHenna.
y, a ecnn a uenoaeke ne1 aoo6ue nn kannn pyccko kpoan, 1o 1ako pen1enL, koneuno
xe, pyccknH nn 6m1L, nn cun1a1Lcn ne Hoxe1 - 1onLko o6pyceaunH (nanpnHep, ennn)
nnn noue1nmH pyccknH (nanpnHep, napnHnp anL).
Hec1e c 1eH, nonn1ne unc1o1m kpoan cyuec1aye1 ne 1onLko a 1eopnn,
arck n ycckr ncy n (kak n
a1norene1nueckan nepnqepnn). 1o nppo ne 1akoe yx HanenLkoe: npouen1 cHeuannmx
6pakoa y pyccknx ne npeamuae1 14-15%, npnueH a a1o uncno nonapak1 n pyccko-
ykpannckne, n pyccko-6enopycckne 6pakn, u1o nayuno neaepno. ycckne - a1o
nonnouennm napop, a ne naunn He1ncoa, nonykpoaok, nopo6no na1nnoaHepnkanuaH.
H, y k, kk y Mn, ycckM nnncn k - Mr
cnk Mnn. ( 6nLuero paxe n1nep ne 1pe6oaan o1 neHuea!) noka a1o
1ak, pycckn napop xna. aua sapaua - ne 1onLko a yaennuennn npouen1a pyccknx, no
n a panLneueH ykpennennn roHorennoc1n pycckoro napopa, yaennuennn ero
a1norene1nueckoro nppa. 1 nokonennn k nokonennk npouen1 nepyccko kpoan
ponxen cnnxa1Lcn a naueH napope. kpane o1pnua1enLno o1nouycL k coapeHennmH
cHeuannmH 6pakaH y pyccknx. on pe1n a1o 1aeppo snak1.
a kakne xe ka1eropnn am paspenne1e nonna1nnueckoe, nonnkonqeccnonanLnoe
nacenenne occnn? akoe Hec1o pnn nepyccknx napopoa occnn o1aepeno a aaue
nonn1nuecko n qnnocoqcko napapnrHe?
- onpoc cnoxnm. eaosHoxno o1nocn1Lcn ko aceH naunH nc1opnuecknH cocepnH
opnnakoao. 1o 6mno 6m aecLHa n aecLHa nenayuno n necnpaaepnnao. pexpe acero,
neo6xopnHo o1nnua1L pnn nac, pyccknx, napopm o1
x (yHnnea), nesaancnHo o1 nx ykopennennoc1n a occnn. cnn c
nepamHn y nac na npo1nxennn Hnornx aekoa cknapmaanncL nopHanLnme o1nouennn
(Hapnum, Hoppaa, uyaaun, 6ypn1m, pa 1enepL yxe n 1a1apm n pp.), a c neko1opmHn
ns nnx paxe c1pa1ernueckne coksm (nanpnHep, oce1nnm), 1o c ppyrnHn a1n o1nouennn
681
acerpa 6mnn npo6neHnmHn (eapen, ueuenum n pp.). anee, cnepye1 paspenn1L napopm
occnn na 1pn ka1eropnn: m (a1o 1onLko pycckne; nn
opnn ppyro ne Hoxe1 no o6Lek1nanmH kpn1epnnH npe1enpoaa1L na a1o saanne);
, y ko1opmx ne1 caoe rocypapc1aennoc1n ane npepenoa occnn (1e
xe uyaaun, Hoppaa, 1a1apm, nky1m n pp.), n u um, y
ko1opmx 1akan rocypapc1aennoc1L ec1L (apHnne, asep6apxanum, aqranum, 1apxnkn,
eapen, kn1aum n pp.). o-uenoaeueckn nonn1no, u1o naue o1nouenne k pannmH
ka1eropnnH ne Hoxe1 n ne ponxno 6m1L paanouenno.
cnn xe ampaxa1Lcn nenayuno, 1o a occnn ec1L acero ue1mpe ka1eropnn nacenennn:
1) pycckne; 2) xenakune 6m1L pyccknHn; 3) ppysLn pyccknx; 4) aparn pyccknx. o
a1o, koneuno, ne nap1nnan 1ouka spennn.
H n, v r- rv nx?
- e Hory ce6e npepc1aan1L, u1o6m nepeexaa xn1L, k npnHepy, a sep6apxan, n 6m
c1an ykasmaa1L asep6apxanuaH, kakoe rocypapc1ao nH c1pon1L, kakne sakonm
aaopn1L, kaknx pykoaopn1ene ns6npa1L. 1o 6mno 6m c Hoe c1oponm rnyno n no-
xaHckn narno, 6ec1ak1no. sep6apxan - nx poH, n 1onLko nH peua1L, kak ponxna
np1n xnsnL a a1oH poHe. oueHy xe asep6apxanum y nac aepy1 ce6n ne 1ak? oueHy
nm1ak1cn sa nac peua1L, kak naH xn1L a naueH poHe? oueHy nesy1 ao anac1L,
noueHy npo1anknaak1 caonx nkpe a Hnnnunk, npokypa1ypy, , noueHy ronocyk1
na am6opax, noueHy ampanrak1 caonx kanpnpa1oa?! o6uec1aennme oprannsaunn
asep6apxancko pnacnopm 1pe6yk1 eue n npepoc1aan1L ns6npa1enLnoe npaao paxe
asep6apxanuaH - nerpaxpanaH occnn!!! ace a1o - 1onLko no1oHy, u1o nx y nac
pasaenocL cnnukoH Hnoro, ne 1o paa, ne 1o 1pn Hnnnnona? o a1o xe ne apryHen1.
sep6apxanuea n asnn nnuL pnn npnHepa; nHn a1nnuecknH narneuaH - nernon,
aknkuan yxe n nerponpoa, n aLe1naHuea-kn1auea. H, n ,
nu , n
n-n x. 1o kacae1cn,
a nepayk ouepepL, npaaa ns6npa1L n 6m1L ns6pannmH, no ne 1onLko. yx napop nyc1L
peuae1.
e o6annn1 nn aac npn a1oH a neunannnsoaannoH nopxope k npo6neHe, a napyuennn
o6uenpnsnannmx Hexpynapopnmx npaann n nopH?
- e pyHak. cnn 1akoaa 6ype1 aonn napopa.
o1n ns koe-kaknx Hexpynapopnmx cornauenn naH am1n npnpe1cn (nanpnHep, ns
konaenun o nauHenLunnc1aax, o 6exenuax). o ec1L neHano npnHepoa a Hnpe n
paxe a 6maunx pecny6nnkax oae1ckoro oksa, rpe npnnunnm a1nokpa1nn
y1aepxpenm na amcueH sakonopa1enLnoH ypoane, n a1o nnckonLko ne npenn1c1aye1
axoxpennk pannmx c1pan a eaponeckne nonn1nueckne, akonoHnueckne n aoennme
() coksm. e roaopk yx o a1ann n c1onnn, rpe uapn1 nonnoc1Lk ysakonennm
anap1enp, no aosLHeH 1akoe eaponeckoe rocypapc1ao, kak kpanna (ko1opan, Hexpy
npounH, c1on1 na 1pe1LeH Hec1e nocne spannn n rnn1a no qnnancoao noHoun
). ackpoeH ykpannckyk onc1n1yunk n npou1eH: Cun 11. F
m ,
n, u, m s, u,
n x x
ux um Y. npn1e, nannuo ue1koe paspenenne: ec1L
- rocypapc1aoo6pasykun napop c ero nc1opnuecknH cosnanneH,
1papnunnHn n kynL1ypo, a ec1L napnpy c nnH 1akxe n kpannm,
n m. a1o a cocepneH, caHoH 6nnskoH rocypapc1ae, c
ko1opmH Hm aekaHn xnnn aHec1e, xnnn opnnHn npeanaHn n 1papnunnHn, opno
aepo, o6ue nc1opne. oueHy xe y nnx - 1ak, a y nac, pyccknx, nnaue, noueHy y nac
682
ne1 1ako noc1anoakn aonpoca? epL kpanna ne Henee nonna1nnueckan c1pana, ueH
occnn, a ne xnae1 6onee c1a napopoa, napopnoc1e n nneHen.
sna anac1L, Hm, ane acnkoro coHnennn, aocnonLsyeHcn ypokaHn, npenopannmHn naH
HnornHn napopaHn 6mauero . nnk1o a Hnpe ne 6pocn1 naH a nnuo ynpek sa a1o.
6o paonan HopanL neponyc1nHa.
akne npo6neHm pycckoro napopa cun1ae1 nan6onee onacnmHn n naHepena
peua1L a nepayk ouepepL?
- Cn umn u - cnnxenne ypenLnoro aeca pyccknx a coc1aae
nacenennn c1panm. annan npo6neHa pe1anLno nccnepoaana Hno a knnre 1orn
aeka pnn occnn. apona, Hepnka n occnn: a1nopeHorpaqnueckne n
a1nononn1nueckne acnek1m coapeHenno nc1opnn (., 2002). oo1ae1c1aenno, caHan
rnaanan npo6neHa pnn nac, pyccknx, papn peuennn ko1opo neo6xopnHo asn1L anac1L,
- a1o npeyHnoxenne nauero ypenLnoro aeca a coc1aae nacenennn c1panm.
apannenLnan, 6m1L Hoxe1, ne Henee aaxnan sapaua - coxpanenne amcoko c1enenn
6nonornuecko opnopopnoc1n pyccko naunn, o1HeuaeHo an1pononoraHn.
e cnyuano naun ocnoanme, cHep1enLnme any1pennne aparn - npaame nn6epan-
peHokpa1m - co caoe c1oponm anpn1 caoe rnaano sapaue aceHepnoe yHenLuenne
nponopunn pyccknx a occnn. e k1o nno kak rop apap 1onLko u1o osayunn a1y
HmcnL na cLespe oksa npaamx cnn 22 peka6pn 2002 r.: yxna ppyran
Hnrpaunonnan nonn1nka. aH nyxen ppyro sakon o rpaxpanc1ae, naH nyxna
rocypapc1aennan nporpaHHa Hnrpaunn, napo, nakoneu, aaopn1L cnc1eHy rpnn-kapp.
H u, XXI n x
, u n. Hu
n, u, u
(c1enorpaHHa, ampeneno Hno). rase1e pryHen1m n qak1m sa 2002
r. nekoe nnuo eapecko naunonanLnoc1n cqopHynnpoaano 1y xe HmcnL a eHkoH
aqopnsHe: 1o xopouo pnn pyccknx - 1o pnn occnn cHep1L. cnn Hm npnpeH k
anac1n, sa nopo6nme npen nauny1 cypn1L n pacc1pennaa1L.
Bn m u - pokoaan anac1L nnopopuea a occnn, nx
a6conk1noe rocnopc1ao a cqepe qnnancoa n co6c1aennoc1n. y1nn - c1aanennnk
an1npyccknx cnn, ko1opme npaan1 6an a naue c1pane, on nocnyuno ncnonnne1 nx
aonk, u1o xopouo saHe1no a sakonopa1enLno cqepe n a akonoHnke.
e peuna a1opyk npo6neHy, ne cnpaan1Lcn nn c nepao, nn c kako-nn6o ppyro.
oa1oHy, xo1n nepaan - aaxnee, a1opan - nepaoc1enennee. ycckne ponxnm asn1L
anac1L n co6c1aennoc1L a caon pykn, a1o anLqa n oHera nauero panxennn.
K x m rqvm n? H x x,
n x nr
srqvr ?
- caoe ceHLe n a1y npo6neHy, kak am snae1e, peunn. o ec1L, 1eopnn y Henn ne
pacxopn1cn c npak1nko. cnn n c1any peny1a1oH ocpyHm, 1o naHepen aosrnaan1L
oHn1e1 no npo6neHaH ceHLn, Ha1epnnc1aa n pe1c1aa, nockonLky cun1ak a1o
nanpaanenne npnopn1e1nmH a nonn1nke. pyrnH xe coae1yk npouec1L Hok knnry
1orn aeka pnn occnn, nocanuennyk nHenno coapeHenno a1nopeHorpaqnn n
a1nononn1nke. epeckasmaa1L ee ne c1any, no saHeuy, u1o peuenne ao HnoroH (xo1n,
koneuno, ne nonnoc1Lk) saancn1 o1 o6uenpnsnanno ukanm uennoc1e napopa, o1 ero
HopanLno-ncnxonornuecknx yc1anoaok. apo, u1o6m nkpn saxo1enn nHe1L Hnoro
pe1e, u1o6m ocosnann a1o kak amcuee 6naro, amcuyk papoc1L, kak amcun, a 6m1L
Hoxe1, n epnnc1aennm cHmcn xnsnn. nmHn cnoaaHn, npo6neHa noppae1cn
683
koppekunn c noHouLk nponaranpm n arn1aunn. y, a onn, a caok ouepepL, saancn1 o1
1oro, a uLnx pykax anac1L.
nac1L aoo6ue Hoxe1 nHenno a a1oH pene ouenL Hnoroe, 6mno 6m xenanne.
osn1nanm pnn occnn a1nopeHorpaqnueckn 6ananc - a1o HakcnHanLnm poc1
ypenLnoro aeca pyccknx n 6onLue nnuero. nkakoro nnoro nosn1nanoro 6ananca ne1 n
6m1L ne Hoxe1. pecL xopoun, no HoeHy Hnennk, ace cpepc1aa. nn cnoxnm n
asanHocansanm - o1 cospannn coo1ae1c1aykuero HopanLno-ncnxonornueckoro knnHa1a
po akonoHnuecknx npeo6pasoaann.
eko1opme unnoannkn n nonn1nkn nn6epanLno-peHokpa1nueckoro narepn npnsmaak1
o1kpm1L aopo1a pnn nHHnrpan1oa n 1ak paspeun1L peHorpaqnueckn kpnsnc. 1y
HmcnL osayunaan rop apap, a coaceH nepaano sa npnaneuenne Hnrpan1oa ns
apxnknc1ana amckasancn napnHnp y1nn. 1o m pyHae1e no a1oHy noaopy?
- cnn Hm npnpeH k anac1n, sa o1kpm1me amckasmaannn a nopo6noH pyxe 6ypy1 ouenL
c1poro nakasmaa1L. acenenne occnn nepyccknHn - uenenanpaanennan pnaepcnn, a
ko1opo npnnnHak1 ak1nanoe yuac1n aparn nauero napopa n aren1m a1nx aparoa.
akoao aue o1nouenne k anxennk npo1na nesakonno Hnrpaunn (),
co1pypnnuae1 nn c a1o oprannsaune?
- (a ceropnn Hm aHec1e coc1onH a ycckoH naunonanLnoH panxennn, co1pypnnuaeH.
- HM. 07.06.04)
kak am 6ype1e 6opo1Lcn c neneranLno Hnrpaune? epL a1n Hnrpan1m
pacnonsak1cn Hrnoaenno n ao acex nanpaanennnx, nopn-ka nx noHa!
- e napo npeyaennunaa1L cnoxnoc1n. eneranLnm Hnrpan1 - a1o uenoaek, o1kpm1o
npesnpakun sakonm c1panm npe6maannn. nn pnn nero kak 6m ne cyuec1ayk1.
1ae1 na a1o ponxen 6m1L apekaa1nmH: sakon ne ponxen saunua1L xnsnL n
nHyuec1ao neneranLnoro Hnrpan1a, nnk1o ne ponxen nec1n sa nnx o1ae1c1aennoc1L.
a1oH cnyuae aa1ox1onno nacenenne caHo ouenL 6mc1po c nnHn pas6epe1cn. onn
ncuesny1, ynocn caon ronoam n kouenLkn, nko pmH o1 nnua ornn. 1o nepam
cnoco6. a1opo coc1on1 a 1oH, u1o neneranLnm Hnrpan1 ponxen 6m1L o1noanen n
neHepnenno nanpaanen na npnnypn1enLnme pa6o1m (neconoaan, xnHnn,
1opqopaspa6o1kn, pypnnkn n 1.p, pa6o1m Hnoro), noka ne onna1n1 caoe npe6maanne,
copepxanne n penop1aunk, nocne uero - penop1npoaan c o1He1ko a nacnop1e,
npenn1c1aykue aosapauennk a occnk.
norne ns nepeuncnennmx npo6neH ynnpak1cn a qepepa1nanoe yc1poc1ao occnn.
1o y aac pyHak1 na a1o1 cue1?
- nnuno ka1eropnueckn n
q , ono ne 1onLko napyuae1 npaaa pyccknx nkpe a
naunonanLno-1eppn1opnanLnmx o6pasoaannnx, no n acero pycckoro napopa ao ace
occnn kak uenoro. oppo6no nncan o6 a1oH a knnre ycckn npoek1. onc1n1yunn
occnn: noam aapnan1. annm aonpoc amnece1 na o6uepoccnckn
peqepenpyH, kak 1onLko nonyun1 1akyk aosHoxnoc1L: 1ak npepnncano naue
porpaHHo. aepen, u1o pycckn napop oxo1no n apas nokonun1 c qepepannsHoH.
K m n , n
v 20-m n?
684
- eo6xopnHo cpena1L ace, u1o6m nponsouno peanLnoe aoccoepnnenne pyccko
naunn. o nyxen 1ouno amaepennm, nayunm nopxop, 6es apepnmx nnnksn n
no6oamx kaaanepncknx a1ak, c opno c1oponm, n 6es nsnnunero c1paxa nepep
HexpynapopnmH coo6uec1aoH - c ppyro. nepye1, npexpe acero, ue1ko pasnnua1L
pycckyk pnacnopy no payH kpn1epnnH: 1) koHnak1noe nn6o pasposnennoe
paccenenne; 2) npnHmkanne k rpannuaH occnn nnn ypanenne o1 nnx. saancnHoc1n
o1 a1oro neo6xopnHo:
- o6ecneun1L ecnn ne 1o1anLnm, 1o HakcnHanLnm amaos a occnk pyccknx,
npoxnaakunx sa py6exoH pncnepcno (apas6poc, paccenno). nn xnayunx koHnak1no
- no apann o1 rpannu occnn (kak a nHa-1nncko o6nac1n, nukeke nnn uxa6ape);
- o6ecneun1L npncoepnnenne k occnn seHenL, koHnak1no nacenennmx pyccknHn
a6nnsn rpannu occnn. 1o cnepye1 pena1L, nn6o paspennn c1pany npoxnaannn
pyccknx c 1pe1Le c1opono, nn6o - HnpnmH, ponrnH ny1eH n a coo1ae1c1ann c
HexpynapopnmH npaaoH, panrancL a nn1L a1anoa. H sn: pycckne a akcknaae
po6naak1cn naunonanLno-kynL1ypno aa1onoHnn. sn: pycckne a akcknaae
po6naak1cn naunonanLno-1eppn1opnanLno aa1onoHnn a coc1aae c1panm npoxnaannn.
sn: pycckan aa1onoHnn ny1eH peqepenpyHa po6naae1cn cyaepenn1e1a.
H sn: cyaepennan pycckan o6nac1L ny1eH peqepenpyHa npnnnHae1
peuenne o axoxpennn a coc1aa occnn. H sn: occnn a coo1ae1c1ann c
nopHaHn caoe onc1n1yunn npnnnHae1 peuenne o6 nsHenennn rpannu. onn1no, u1o
a1o1 npouecc neaosHoxen 6es ak1nano uenenanpaanenno noppepxkn occnn;
- a oxnpannn ncnonnennn pannmx Hep npepnpnnn1L ace ycnnnn pnn coxpanennn
pyccko naunonanLno-kynL1ypno npen1nunoc1n, pycckoro caHocosnannn y naunx
epnnokpoanmx, o1pesannmx o1 Ha1epnncko naunn n c1panm. noaa npnaepy a npnHep
ykpannckyk onc1n1yunk: Cun 12. Y nn
u-ux nx
, mx . o6pauak aaue
annHanne: 1akoaa nopHa cnoanoro sakona 6pa1ckoro napopa ykpannuea! akoao nx
o1nouenne k caoeHy napopy, nesaancnHo o1 Hec1a ero npoxnaannn. u1o y nac aHec1o
a1oro? nnnnonm pyccknx 6pouenm naHn na nponsaon cypL6m;
- nsyun1L, aneppn1L n HakcnHanLno ncnonLsoaa1L a o1nouennn c1pan n
pn6an1nkn onm1 1ak nasmaaeHo ryHann1apno nn1epaenunn, onnpancL na
npnsnannme HnpoamH coo6uec1aoH npaaa uenoaeka n rpaxpannna (a pannoH cnyuae -
pycckoro uenoaeka n rpaxpannna a noaoo6pasoaannmx a1nokpa1nnx).
nv n Y, Kx,
B, 3, r n
nxm x?
- o1oHy u1o naH ka1eropnueckn npo1naonokasano, ne nyxno, apepno n onacno
aoccoepnnenne a epnnoH rocypapc1ae c kasaxaHn, c ac1onuaHn, ne roaopn yx o
sanapenuax-6anpepoauax. o1oHy u1o Hm yxe ne cHoxeH - ne napo o6Hanmaa1L
ce6n! - a o6ospnHoH 6ypyueH aoccoepnnn1Lcn co ace kpanno. no1oHy u1o,
nanpo1na, cpounoe aoccoepnnenne c enopyccne - a1o ocosnannan neo6xopnHoc1L,
anL1epna1nam ko1opo ne cyuec1aye1, a c1ano 6m1L neuero ee n o6cyxpa1L, a nyxno
6pa1L anac1L n npnaopn1L npek a ncnonnenne.
r x r r r. H r
n: x rx?
- a a1o1 aonpoc o1aeuae1 kap1a ycckan occnn. ap1a koHnak1noro paccenennn
pycckoro a1noca, paspa6o1annan nro saun1m naunonanLnoro poc1onnnn n nspannan
aunonanLno rase1o ne1oH 2001 ropa. na nopro1oanena na ocnoae ynnkanLno
685
kap1m paccenennn a1nocoa a occnn n conpepenLnmx c1panax, paspa6o1anno
nc1n1y1oH a1nonornn n an1pononornn n nspannan nc1n1y1oH kap1orpaqnn.
1on1 saaec1n peuL o pycckoH naunonanLnoH rocypapc1ae, n y Hnornx aosnnkae1 a yHe
nekan yskan nonocka 1eppn1opnn (ecny6nnka ycL), npo1nnyauancn c sanapa na
aoc1ok naue c1panm. e1 nnuero nenenee! ycckne nannk1cn kopennmH, 1n1ynLnmH n
rocypapc1aoo6pasykunH napopoH na kaxpoH kaappa1noH HnnnnHe1pe occnn, Hm kak
naunn caHoonpepennnncL na ace ee 1eppn1opnn.
npeane n u
n x n aknkua1L a ce6n ack nmneunkk kyprysyk,
o6rpmsennyk occnk nnkc enopyccnk, eaepo-oc1ok c1onnn (apaa, ap1y-
KpLea, ox1na-pae c npnnerakunHn 1eppn1opnnHn), Kxnm pan (kHonnnckan,
pkanmkckan, aparanpnnckan, okue1aackan, yc1anackan, aanopapckan,
e1ponaanoackan n c1L-aHenoropckan o6nac1n), eao6epexLe nenpa
(nenpone1poackan, oneukan, anopoxckan, yranckan, yHckan, apLkoackan
o6nac1n), pmH n oaopoccnk (nkonaeackan, pecckan, epconckan o6nac1n) anno1L
po pnpnec1poaLn (aknkun1enLno). nasaannmx pernonax pycckne coc1aannk1 o1
40% po 90%. 1oH, kak ncnpaan1L rpannuy 6es aonm, a o6unx uep1ax ckasano
amue. onarak, u1o Hm ponxnm 6m 1akxe npncnyua1Lcn k npocL6aH 6xasnn n
Kxno ce1nn o aknkuennn nx a coc1aa occnn. a1nx c1panax yxe 6onee nonoannm
xn1ene nHek1 poccnckoe rpaxpanc1ao. apo poaec1n npouecc po nornueckoro
saaepuennn n noc1aan1L coo1ae1c1aykun aonpoc na Hec1nm n o6uepoccnckn
peqepenpyHm.
aknH o6pasoH, npeanLnan occnn naHnoro 6onLue 1o c1panm, a ko1opo Hm ceuac
xnaeH. Hec1e c 1eH, nnuno n caHmH peun1enLnmH o6pasoH nac1anaak na
ncknkuennn ns coc1aaa occnn eunn, nryue1nn n yam, necyunx a1nononn1nueckyk
yrposy pnn pyccknx, neconoc1aanHyk no caoeHy snauennk c amropaHn o1 oc1aanennn
nx a coc1aae naue c1panm. ace pasroaopm o1nocn1enLno y1pa1m canuennmx nnpe
seHnn nnn uennmx npnpopnmx pecypcoa na qone a1o yrposm nonarak rnynmHn n
neyHec1nmHn.
H x , v , r
r, n m , nm
r x, ?
- a Ho nnuno asrnnp, 1onLko opno: cospa1L peecnoco6nyk pycckyk oprannsaunk,
ko1opan c1ane1 npoaopn1L a xnsnL npnnunn: cn anac1L pyccknH!
x n, x
. , m n.
Hv?
- o ue1mpeH npnunnaH. -, po nepaanero apeHenn ne 6mno c1pono
konuenunn pycckoro naunonannsHa. a ee cospanne Hm no1pa1nnn ne opnn rop. -
, nnpepckne aH6nunn, npoknn1an 6onesnL qkpepnsHa. -, pycckoe
panxenne 6mno pac1aueno noHnny1mHn nnpepaHn no o1penLnmH npeno-
nonn1nuecknH n pennrnosnmH u1a6-kaap1npaH. -, pycckoe panxenne ne
nHeno nopHanLnoro qnncncnpoaannn, u1o ec1ec1aenno a cae1e 1pex npepmpyunx
o6c1on1enLc1a.
ouy o1He1n1L, u1o nepame paa npenn1c1ann ycneuno npeoponenm a .
peoponeaae1cn 1pe1Le - no Hepe 1oro, kak ponL n snauenne naue nap1nn c1anoan1cn
oueanpnmHn pnn acex. snaun1, 6ype1 npeoponeno n ue1aep1oe.
nx. H v x s ?
686
- a snannn ce6n, na nonnHannn nc1opnuecko cn1yaunn n na 1o peakunn, ko1opyk
amsaano nonanenne naue nap1nn y pycckoro napopa, y ero ppyse n aparoa.
H, r v n? 3v ?
- 1o ncno ns acero ckasannoro amue. m npeH peua1L counanLno-akonoHnueckne n
a1nononn1nueckne npo6neHm nauero napopa, saunua1L ero npaaa n nn1epecm. m
ponxnm cHenn1L an1nnapopnm pexnH n npoaec1n rny6okne npeo6pasoaannn a
nn1epecax kopennmx napopoa occnn.
H vm x, v r nm , H, n?
- eH, u1o onn a1nx npo6neH, npaa n nn1epecoa ne anpn1 a ynop. o ec1L, anpn1,
koneuno, no sna1L nx ne xenak1. ne xenak1 ne no1oHy, u1o ne xo1n1, a no1oHy, u1o
xosneaa ne aenn1. ak aneunne, 1ak n any1pennne. noueHy ne aenn1? a no1oHy, u1o
xosneaa a1n - 1o ec1L, nc1nnnan, nyc1L 1eneaan, anac1L - nepycckoro nponcxoxpennn,
xo1n na an1pnne Hm anpnH nopo n pyccknx: y1nna, acLnnoaa. o a1o xe
npo1naoec1ec1aenno, u1o6m pyccko c1pano, pyccknH napopoH npaannn nepycckne!
ak n aoo6ue a npnpope ne 6maae1: ne Hoxe1 co6aka 6m1L aoxakoH aonuLe c1an, nnn
aopona ne1e1L ao rnaae xypaannnoro knnna.
1c1anaae1 nn nmneunee rocypapc1ao pycckne naunonanLnme nn1epecm? ak pycckne
nkpn Hory1 caHn saunua1L caon nn1epecm?
- e1, ceropnnunee rocypapc1ao occnn a nnue amcue ncnonnn1enLno anac1n
apaxpe6no nn1epecaH n npaaaH pyccknx - rocypapc1aoo6pasykuero napopa. m
xnaeH qak1nueckn aa1onoHno o1 rocypapc1aa, ne saunuaeHme nH, nanpo1na, nac yxe
npnyunnn noc1onnno xpa1L o1 nero nnuL noamx kaaeps, nopnoc1e, npepa1enLc1a,
rpa6exa n 1nro1. m pasyaepnnncL a rocypapc1ae n ne o1oxpec1anneH c nnH
c1pany naunx o1uoa n pepoa, saaeuannyk naH. nLunncko-ny1nnckan occnn - ne
naua c1pana.
nn 1oro, u1o6m saun1n1L caon npaaa n nn1epecm, pyccknH nyxno ns aHopqno
6noHaccm cpena1Lcn naune - oprannsoaanno c1pyk1ypo, cnoco6no ce6n
o6ecneunaa1L n saunua1L, cnoco6no cospa1L caok rocypapc1aennoc1L. yxna
naunonanLnan konconnpaunn n cospanne cnc1eHm naunonanLnoro caHoynpaanennn.
6o aonpocm 6nonornueckoro amxnaannn pyccknx, nx c1a1yc xosnea caoe c1panm,
coxpanenne pyccko kynL1ypm nnkoro ne sa6o1n1 a a1oH npaan1enLc1ae, n
paccun1maa1L naH cnepye1 1onLko na ce6n. o korpa Hm caHn nm1aeHcn 6pa1L a1n
aonpocm a caon pykn, oprannsyn pycckne naunonanLno-kynL1ypnme aa1onoHnn n
nap1nn, 1o ac1peuaeH 6euenoe conpo1nanenne peHnn. 1o ec1ec1aenno a cae1e acero
ckasannoro.
K mm mmm n n H?
- ak aceueno apaxpe6nyk no o1nouennk k naueHy napopy. cun1ak y1nna
nonnoc1Lk saancnHmH o1 apaxpe6nmx naH cnn nnuoH, necao6opnmH a caoeH
nonn1nueckoH noaepennn. npoueH n nnunoc1L ero ne cnHna1nuna Hne no-
uenoaeueckn, n ne nn1ak a o1nouennn nee nnkaknx nnnksn. poHe 1oro, on - Hac1ep
uyHoamx aqqek1oa, 1pkkoa, on cnop1cHen, a ne aonn. (ro nocnepnn 1pkk, aneune
aqqek1nm, no 1parnueckn apepnm pnn pyccknx - a1o peqepenpyH a eune.) o
nonn1nka - a1o ne cnop1, a npoponxenne aonm ppyrnHn cpepc1aaHn. pecL nyxnm
ne annopncHen1m spn1ene, a no6epm. Henno a1oro y1nn ne Hoxe1[4].
n n . Hv?
687
- kak am pyHae1e, noueHy npaanun pexnH sacnyxnn peny1aunk an1nnapopnoro?
a am nocHo1pn1e, ns koro on coc1on1, k1o y nero sa cnnno, uLn nn1epecm on
o6cnyxnaae1! ocHo1pn1e, koHy npnnapnexa1 a occnn ocnoanme penLrn,
co6c1aennoc1L, ! Hexpynapopnm kann1an, anac1no pacnopnxakuncn y nac, -
koHy on npnnapnexn1? 1on1 1onLko saroaopn1L na a1n 1eHm, n cnoao eapen ne
cope1 y aac c nsmka! 1o ace nac1onLko caHooueanpno, nac1onLko 6pocae1cn a rnasa,
u1o paxe kak-1o neypo6no roaopn1L o6 a1oH nnunn pas. e pypakn xe aokpyr nac, n
1ak ace caHn anpn1. epapoH ckasano: pycckn uenoaek ne Hoxe1 ne 6m1L
an1nceHn1oH nocne acero, u1o eapen cpenann c naunH napopoH, c naue c1pano.
naunx knnrax n c1a1Lnx, a nspa1enLcko npopykunn Hm c1apanncL packpm1L napopy
rnasa (1eH, k1o eue ne nonnn) na nc1nnnm xapak1ep naunonanLnmx o1nouenn a
occnn n a Hnpe, n oco6enno - na eapeckn qak1op. anoHnk, HoeHy nepy
npnnapnexn1 knnra ero o1 nac xo1n1 eapen, n aa1op nocnecnoann k aennkonenno
knnre aanpa kka apeckn aonpoc rnasaHn aHepnkanua. 1.p. ce a1o ne
cnyuano. kpn snak1 nac, nkpn aepn1 naH n npy1 sa naHn. Hek napen1Lcn: a
o1nouennn eapeckoro aonpoca - nonc1nne nap1nn epnnoHmunennnkoa.
, v n ? H
n.
- snak paa onpepenennn cnoaa an1nceHn1. epaoe: uenoaek, ne nk6nun
eapeea (apHannan eapeckan anunknonepnn, ypoc1oennan npec1nxno eapecko
npeHnn). 1opoe: uenoaek, snakun npaapy o eapenx n ne cun1akun nyxnmH ee
ckpmaa1L. akoe ns a1nx onpepenenn ponxno nac cHyua1L?
H , nr ?
- coaepuenno ne aepk a 1akyk aosHoxnoc1L, nockonLky pexnH ne pypak, u1o6m
npepoc1aann1L anac1L caonH HornnLunkaH. o ecnn naue uannnn koHy-1o ns nac
nocnepye1 nopo6noe npepnoxenne n nap1nn npnHe1 coo1ae1c1aykuee peuenne, 1o
nepep naHn ac1ane1 paa aonpoca. o-nepamx, a1o aonpoc nap1nnoro kon1ponn nap
aceHn pec1annHn nauero (nopyuenua, n6o nepexop unena , k
npnHepy, a npaan1enLc1ao 6ype1 oqopHnn1Lcn nn6o nap1nnmH nopyuenneH, nn6o
ncknkuenneH ns nap1nn). axpm ero uar 6ype1 nopo1ue1en, c1ane1 noaepn1Lcn
nap1nno porpaHHo, aone nap1nn; sa cornaua1enLc1ao c pexnHoH on 6ype1
nsrnan ns c nosopoH. o-a1opmx, a1o aonpoc peanLnmx anac1nmx nonnoHoun,
ko1opmHn ponxno 6m1L o6neueno nnuo, aouepuee ao anac1L. p1n 1ypa, u1o6m
cnyxn1L npnkpm1neH pnn pec1an pexnHa, kak a1o penann Hnnnc1pm-koHHynnc1m
nnn npecnoay1m enesnea, pnn nac neponyc1nHo, neaosHoxno. p1n, u1o6m
nocnyxn1L naunH uennH n sapauaH - aosHoxno n nyxno.
K r, v , n x x,
v?
- onLko naua nesann1nannan coaec1L n peny1aunn nocnepoaa1enLnmx 6opuoa sa
pycckoe peno. 1o - neHano, pa n ne y acex, npnHo ckaxeH, ec1L.
, n, r . r x
?
- oppo6no na au aonpoc o1ae1n1L specL neaosHoxno. payx cnoaax: un
n n u . pe ero rpannum?
nn, kak roaopnnocL amue, coanapak1 c rpannuaHn koHnak1noro paccenennn pycckoro
a1noca. o o6pasy npaanennn Hne kaxe1cn on1nHanLno u-
n - n -
- . (oncnk: naunonan-peHokpa1nn - a1o
peHokpa1nn, orpannuennan no naunonanLnoHy npnsnaky. nap1okpa1nn a
688
naunonanLnoH rocypapc1ae ec1L anac1L a6conk1noro 6onLunnc1aa -
rocypapc1aoo6pasykuero napopa, cospaauero caok nap1nk anac1n. ak u1o 1y1 ne1
npo1naopeunn, a ec1L o6uec1aennan rapHonnn. c1opnueckne npnHepm nHek1cn.) ce
u u ,
pacnopnxa1Lcn nHn uac1nmH nnuaH 6ype1 aocnpeueno. pnako uac1nan co6c1aennoc1L
n kann1annc1nueckn cnoco6 nponsaopc1aa ne ponxnm 6m1L ynpaspnenm, s
u m x. nunan co6c1aennoc1L rpaxpan na xnnLe n
npnycape6nme yuac1kn ponxna 6m1L coxpanena, no n u
m - mn, u . y, acero ne pacckaxeuL. 1cmnak
un1a1enn k nap1nno nporpaHHe, k Hoe knnre ycckan npen, aek XXI (., 2002), k
npoek1y noao onc1n1yunn, nopro1oanennoHy nop HonH pykoaopc1aoH (ycckn
npoek1. - ., 1998), a no noaopy rocypapc1aenno rpannum - k kap1e ycckan
occnn. ap1a koHnak1noro paccenennn pycckoro a1noca (., 2001).
ce, o ueH m roaopn1e, no1pe6ye1 papnkanLnmx nsHenenn a sakonopa1enLc1ae
occnn, naunnan c cnoanoro akona. m ro1oam k a1oHy?
- a. noHnny1m npoek1 onc1n1yunn occnn nHenno papnkanLno - n aecLHa! -
o1nnuae1cn o1 enLunncko onc1n1yunn. paann1e xo1n 6m 1onLko npeaH6ynm.
E K: m, u occncko
epepaunn, coepnnennme o6ue cypL6o na caoe seHne, y1aepxpan npaaa n cao6opm
uenoaeka, rpaxpanckn Hnp n cornacne, coxpannn nc1opnueckn cnoxnaueecn
rocypapc1aennoe epnnc1ao, ncxopn ns o6uenpnsnannmx npnnunnoa paanonpaann n
caHoonpepenennn napopoa, u1n naHn1L npepkoa, nepepaaunx naH nk6oaL n yaaxenne
k 1euec1ay, aepy a po6po n cnpaaepnnaoc1L, aospoxpan cyaepennyk
rocypapc1aennoc1L occnn n y1aepxpan nesm6neHoc1L ee peHokpa1nuecko ocnoam,
c1peHncL o6ecneun1L 6narononyune n npouae1anne occnn, ncxopn ns o1ae1c1aennoc1n
sa caok opnny nepep nmneunnH n 6ypyunHn nokonennnHn, cosnaaan ce6n uac1Lk
Hnpoaoro coo6uec1aa, npnnnHaeH K HH .
H: m - H, cosnaaan caok o1ae1c1aennoc1L nepep oroH, can1o
u1n naHn1L naunx npepkoa, cospaaunx neackyk ycL, ockoackyk pepxaay,
occnckyk Hnepnk n amc1onaunx a 1parnuecknx ncnm1annnx aeka,
aoopyueanennme xenanneH oxpann1L caoe naunonanLnoe n rocypapc1aennoe
epnnc1ao, npaaa n cao6opm uenoaeka, 1mcnuene1nnHn cknapmaaaunecn 1eppn1opnk n
kynL1ypnme yc1on occncko unannnsaunn, saaeuan naunH no1oHkaH nk6oaL n
npepannoc1L aunn n 1euec1ay, yaaxenne k enoaeky, na ocnoae ec1ec1aennoro
npaaa napopoa na caHoonpepenenne u
n Km, nHekuyk caoe uenLk nauy
6esonacnoc1L o1 aneunnx nocnra1enLc1a n any1pennnx pacnpe, cao6opy n
peHokpa1nueckoe pasan1ne.
ouyac1aoaann pasnnuy? aepL a1o nnuL nepame cnoaa.
H n nn n nsvm m
r , rx ?
- akan uyuL! aunonanLnme rocypapc1aa cospanm ao acex 6maunx pecny6nnkax
, kpoHe enopyccnn, n nnk1o nnrpe ne asopaancn. o1n na1mue a a1ann,
ac1onuea a c1onnn, kasaxoa a asaxc1ane 6mno epaa 6onee 40% nacenennn!
kpannuea na kpanne - acero okono 60%! am 6on1ecL, u1o asopae1cn occnn, rpe
pyccknx camue 80%. axe cnyua1L cHeuno.
eH 6onee - ne nyxno aoo6ue 6on1Lcn naunonanLnmx konqnnk1oa: nk6o
xnsnecnoco6nm napop 1onLko kpenne1 a nnx. ecnn on nexnsnecnoco6en n Hoxe1 o1
nnx pyxny1L - 1ak 1ypa eHy n popora. pnn ns qak1opoa, nory6naunx , -
689
cnnukoH ponrn Hnp n kynL1 naunqnsHa. x, nnuL 6m ne 6mno aonm! korpa aona
a nesnakoHoH o6nnuLe npnuna na nauy seHnk, Hm okasanncL ne ro1oam k ne
HopanLno, Hm okasanncL HopanLno pasopyxenm. e cnepye1 noa1opn1L co6c1aennme
oun6kn.
y, a ecnn cHo1pe1L konkpe1no, 1o epnnc1aennm napop, ko1opm Hor n pec1an1enLno
xo1en aoeaa1L c pyccknHn, a1o - ueuenum, sa nonaeka a1poe yaennunaune caoe
noronoaLe, a c nnH - naccnonapnoc1L. op 6onLunH nopospenneH y Henn eue n
1yannum, nnpepm poxpaeHoc1n a naue c1pane, noueHy n n pa1yk sa o1penenne eunn
n yam o1 occnn, anpn a nnx a1nononn1nueckyk yrposy. 1 acex oc1anLnmx
o1nocn1enLno kpynnmx poccncknx napopoa n ne xpy aonm. o Henknx u1o roaopn1L?
npoueH, sarnnnn1e a nauy noneHnky c opncoH nponoamH (. nponoa. 6
o1nouennn pyccknx k kopennmH napopaH occnn; . eaac1Lnnoa. s6yunme nc1nnm
naunonannsHa. - ., 2002), n y ac ace ac1ane1 na Hec1o.
eH n korpa cospan aau poek1 noao onc1n1yunn - konc1n1yunn ycckoro
aunonanLnoro ocypapc1aa?
- 1997 ropy rpynna Honopmx kpnc1oa - c1apuekypcnnkoa n acnnpan1oa kpqaka
n nc1n1y1a rocypapc1aa n npaaa , o6Lepnnnaunxcn nop HonH pykoaopc1aoH a
nry saun1m naunonanLnoro poc1onnnn, nonyunna o1 Henn 1akoe sapanne. nn
unpoko nonLsoaanncL koncynL1aunnHn n npnrnauann k npnHoHy yuac1nk caonx
npoqeccopoa-unannnc1oa (pok1opoa nayk n paxe akapeHnkoa), qaHnnnn ko1opmx n no
nonn1no npnunne specL ne packpok. pesynL1a1e nonyunncn cepLesnm
amcokonpoqeccnonanLnm pokyHen1.
H nx nm? K x m
n K?
- n 6mn nspan a aunonanLno rase1e N2 sa 1997 r., a 1akxe amuen a 1998 r.
o1penLnmH nspanneH. pesen1aunn npoxopnna paaxpm: a occnckoH o6uec1aenno-
nonn1nueckoH uen1pe n a ocypapc1aenno yHe occnn na ceHnnape aunn n
rocypapc1ao. aua nap1nn - ecnn ac a1o nn1epecye1 - noka ne paccHa1pnaana
poek1 kak cao oqnunanLnm pokyHen1. pnako nHenno n 1onLko a naueH npenoH
apcenane 1akoe opyxne nHee1cn - a a1oH naue npnnunnnanLnoe o1nnune o1 ppyrnx
nap1n.
E n n n K?
- a. coaa1op sakononpoek1oa pycckoH napope (kak oqnunanLnoro - a kauec1ae
yuac1nnka pa6oue rpynnm oHn1e1a no penaH naunonanLnoc1e ocypapc1aenno
yHm, 1ak n anL1epna1nanoro, ampa6o1annoro pyccknHn oprannsaunnHn, 2002), a
1akxe paspenennoH nonoxennn pyccko naunn (paspa6o1ka ynoHnny1o nrn,
1998). pnxopnnocL Hne n kpn1nkoaa1L oqnunanLnme pyHckne sakononpoek1m, nnca1L
o1smam, yuac1aoaa1L a pyHcknx o6cyxpennnx. ak anpn1e, Hm cepLesno nopro1oanenm
k npnxopy ao anac1L.
K r x, x, n? H -
n ?
- 1o ne 1ak. nac ec1L nn1erpnpykuan npen: . op ne nopnncanncL
Hm ace. o u1o 1akoe naunonannsH? npnaepy o6a onpepenennn, ko1opme kaxy1cn
Hne nan6onee apekaa1nmHn: 1) aunonannsH - a1o nk6oaL k caoe naunn n sa6o1a o
ne; 2) aunonannsH - nnc1nnk1 caHocoxpanennn napopa. epaoe coaepuenno
aepno a o1nouennn nnpnanpyyHa, a1opoe - a o1nouennn Hacc.
690
r, r.
x nvr ?
- e1. a Ho asrnnp, coae1ckan counannc1nueckan cnc1eHa pyxnyna ne ns-sa
npepa1enLc1aa o1penLnmx nnu (kaknH 6m snaun1enLnmH nn 6mn a1o1 cy6Lek1nanm
qak1op, on ne Hor npnaec1n k c1onL rpanpnosnmH nc1opnuecknH pesynL1a1aH 6es nx
rny6oko o6Lek1nano o6ocnoaannoc1n), a ns-sa nocnepoaa1enLnoro pasan1nn
caoc1aennmx e counanLnmx n naunonanLnmx npo1naopeun. m nepepocnn
counannsH (counan-qeopannsH) n apocnn a kann1annsH anonne sakonoHepno. ak
xe sakonoHepno Hm ceropnn nepepac1aeH ns nHnepnn a pycckoe naunonanLnoe
rocypapc1ao. nac ne 6mno am6opa Hexpy counannsHoH n kann1annsHoH. o 6mn
am6op Hexpy kann1annsHoH naunonanLnmH - 1aknH, kako ceropnn c1pon1 n1a n
Le1naH, - n kann1annsHoH kononnanLnmH, koHnpapopcknH, kako Hm, k coxanennk,
n nonyunnn. o1 1y1 cy6Lek1nanm qak1op - npepa1enLc1ao aepxyukn n ,
o6ynnno xapnoc1Lk, - ckasancn peuakunH o6pasoH. 1a aepxyuka n am6pana
an1nnaunonanLnm 1nn kann1annsHa pnn c1panm, 6pocnna ee na pacnpopaxy. oa1oHy
naua sapaua - aepny1L occnk na on1nHanLnm ny1L pasan1nn.
K ?
- k6o counannsH - a1o nckycc1aennoe (uac1o nacnnLc1aennoe) nepepacnpepenenne
6nar. n aosHoxen nn6o kak naunonan-counannsH, korpa nepepacnpepenenne
nponcxopn1 a nonLsy opnoro napopa sa cue1 ppyrnx (npnHep: ), nn6o kak
counannsH coae1ckoro 1nna (any1pn opno, o1penLno asn1o c1panm), korpa
nepepacnpepenenne nponcxopn1 sa cue1 opnnx cnoea opnoro napopa - a nonLsy
ppyrnx. uac1noc1n, npn coae1cko anac1n cnauana 6onLueankn po1na orpa6nnn ace
nHyune cnon occnn, aknkuan saxn1ounoe kpec1Lnnc1ao, a sa1eH koHnap1nn
nenpepmano o1nnHana uac1L nponsaepennoro npopyk1a y nn1ennnrenunn - ocnoanoro
1oaaponponsaopn1enn a aek nayuno-1exnnuecko n seneno peaonkun - n
pacnpepennna cpepn ppyrnx cnoea. epL nayka paano yxe c1ana rnaano, aepyue
nponsaopn1enLno cnno uenoaeuec1aa. ayka cospae1cn nn1ennnrenune. o npaao
na ncnonLsoaanne a1o nponsaopn1enLno cnnm n nponsaepennoro c ee noHouLk
npopyk1a 6mno y nn1ennnrenunn o1nn1o n nonnoc1Lk ysypnnpoaano .
eypnan1enLno, u1o nn1ennnrenunn, sannauan k 1989 ropy a coc1aae nacenennn
occnn yxe 30%, a uenoH 6mna nac1poena npo1na coae1cko anac1n. ne anxy
nnkako aosHoxnoc1n aosapa1a k counannsHy 1akoro 1nna. 1o xe kacae1cn naunonan-
counannsHa, c1onL xenannoro pnn 6onLunnc1aa yuac1nnkoa pycckoro panxennn, 1o
ny1L k neHy nexn1 (kak Hm anpnH na npnHepe acex pasan1mx c1pan, akcnnya1npykunx
a nonLsy caoero nacenennn aecL Hnp) ncknkun1enLno uepes naunonan-kann1annsH,
uepes amxop a nepepoankn kann1annc1nueckoro nponsaopc1aa. 1o coaepuenno
ncno. aaa1e ace c1aneH xo1L neHnoro nc1opnkaHn n nayunHcn anpe1L oueanpnoe!
H x x, v n r -
n?
- nn a1oro nyxno nap1nno-rocypapc1aennoe ynpaanenne nnn - ckaxeH Hnrue -
perynnpoaanne a cqepe akonoHnkn, aknkuan uac1nm cek1op. opuepknaak: ne
npoc1o rocypapc1aennoe ynpaanenne (a1o, kak Hm y6epnnncL, npnHo ny1L k xaocy n
koppynunonno aakxanannn), a nHenno nap1nno-rocypapc1aennoe. orpa nap1nnan
nporpaHHa, nap1nnan o1ae1c1aennoc1L, nap1nnan pncunnnnna rapan1npyk1
po6pocoaec1noc1L unnoannka. orpa ncknkuenne ns nap1nn 6ype1 osnaua1L koneu ero
kapLepm, a 1o n cao6opm, a 1o n xnsnn - cHo1pn no 1nxec1n npoc1ynka.
pyuenne oae1ckoro oksa npopeHonc1pnpoaano ne yuep6noc1L npnnunna
nap1okpa1nn, kak yaepnk1 nac nn6epan-peHokpa1m, a nnuL yuep6noc1L
koHHynnc1nuecko pok1pnnm, c ee nn1epnaunonannsHoH, 1o1anLno rocHonononne na
691
co6c1aennoc1L, knaccoao-orpannuennmH nopxopoH k xnsnn n npe1ensne na npenyk
nenorpeunHoc1L.
aua sapaua - aocc1anoan1L nap1okpa1nueckyk cnc1eHy, a kopne noHenna npenyk
napapnrHy - c koHHynnc1nuecko na naunonannc1nueckyk. ouy nopuepkny1L, u1o
nap1okpa1nn o1nnuno coaHeuae1cn c kann1annsHoH; Hm anpnH a1o ne 1onLko na
npnHepe coapeHennoro n1an, no n na npnHepe panne 6ypxyasno pepxaam -
Horyuec1aenno ennko6pn1annn, rpe a XVII-XVIII aa. c1o ne1 kpnpy y anac1n (nnuL c
opnnH nepepmaoH acero na ue1mpe ropa) 6mna nap1nn anroa - nHenno nap1nn
naunonanLnoro anrnnckoro kann1ana. opo6nme npnHepm Hoxno yHnoxn1L (nonnn
n pp.).
pn a1oH uac1nm cek1op akonoHnkn - naunonanLnm kann1an - 1onLko amnrpmaae1
o1 nap1nno-rocypapc1aennoro perynnpoaannn. 6o on nonyuae1 rocsakas, on
nonyuae1 rocnnannpoaanne (1o ec1L c1paxoaky o1 kpnsncoa nepenponsaopc1aa), on
nonyuae1, nakoneu, Horyuyk saun1y o1 nnopopueckoro n Hexpynapopnoro kann1ana.
uac1noc1n, n nnuno npepnonarak, u1o c sacnnLeH eapeckoro 6nsneca, pyuaunH
pycckoro npepnpnnnHa1enn, nanocnunH ypon occnn, 6ype1 peun1enLno nokonueno.
nmHn cnoaaHn, na cnyx6y naunonanLnoHy kann1any ac1ane1 acn HouL rocypapc1aa c
ero qnnancoamHn n oprannsaunonnmHn aosHoxnoc1nHn. saHen xe no1pe6ye1cn nnuL
opno: u1o6m pen1enLnoc1L uac1noro npepnpnnnHa1enn una na nonLsy rocypapc1ay,
naunn a uenoH, a ne a yuep6 nH.
v x v, , m -n?
- pnnH cnoaoH: rocnap1kann1annsH. Henno n 1onLko on o1kpmaae1 unpokyk popory
o1euec1aennoHy nponsaopn1enk. ak nsaec1no, nerkan, nnueaan npoHmunennoc1L,
cqepa ycnyr aqqek1nanee pa6o1ak1 a uac1nmx pykax. nnoaaunonnme qnpHm, kak
npaanno, - 1akxe. pn a1oH ponxen coxpann1Lcn Hounm roccek1op, kypa axopn1
po6maakuan n o6pa6a1maakuan npoHmunennoc1L, o6oponka, uac1nuno c1anko- n
Haunnoc1poenne n 1.p.; po 60-70% ace co6c1aennoc1n a c1pane.
v ( v x)
n . 3 r, r n. H
n x x
? H nr m v
x?
- a a1o1 aonpoc o1uac1n o1aeuae1 konuenunn pycckoro connpapnsHa,
paspa6a1maaeHan 1o xe rpynno Honopmx kpnc1oa, ko1opan nncana ycckyk
onc1n1yunk. ocnoanmx uep1ax cHmcn a1o konuenunn a 1oH, u1o 6narononyune
pa6o1opa1enn ponxno naxopn1Lcn a onpepenenno nponopunonanLno saancnHoc1n o1
6narononyunn pa6o1nnkoa. nk1o ne Hoxe1 npepnncmaa1L xosnnny, kak aec1n peno. o
nkpn, cansaaune c a1nH penoH caok cypL6y, caon napexpm na 6narononyune, ne
ponxnm 6eckon1ponLno akcnnya1npoaa1Lcn.
poHe 1oro, ne sa6maa1e: occnn - caHan 6ora1an c1pana Hnpa no caonH npnpopnmH
pecypcaH. m naHepenm ne 1onLko aepny1L, no n npeyHnoxn1L pnn nacenennn ace
counanLnme rapan1nn, nHeaune Hec1o npn coae1cko anac1n.
a6oun cnpocn1 aac: osnnn-asep6apxaneu nna1n1 Hne 6onLue, ueH xosnnn-
pycckn. oueH n ponxen npepnouec1L a1oporo - nepaoHy?
- o1oHy u1o xosnnn-asep6apxaneu 6epe1 penLrn na amnna1y sapnna1m pycckoHy
pa6o1nnky ns npn6mnn, ko1opan aosnnkae1 o1 HonononLno yc1anaannaaeHmx
asep6apxancko nnopooaouno Haqne uen. pexpe, ueH pa1L py6nL pycckoHy
pa6o1nnky, on cnauana amne1 no py6nk ns kapHanoa acex ero, pa6o1nnka, popnmx n
692
6nnsknx. eue po 1oro on orpa6n1 pycckoro kpec1Lnnnna, ckynna on1oH - onn1L-1akn
no HonononLno uene - ero cenLxosnpopykunk. (a 6ype1 aaH nsaec1no, k npnHepy,
u1o na acex copoka oaoue6asax ockam ceropnn ne1 nn opnoro pycckoro pnpek1opa!)
penLrn, sapa6o1annme, a 1ounee, saxanannme na 1akoH 6nsnece, on ne anoxn1 a
pasan1ne occnn, a amaese1 k caoe popne a sep6apxan. aknH o6pasoH, paa
pycckoHy pa6o1nnky py6nL, on na pecn1kn py6ne ero o6epe1 - 1onLko nesaHe1no.
H x r x. 3 v vr x
x nx r m?
- anxy 1pn nc1ounnka: 1) npnpopnan pen1a, 2) pa6ouee sakonopa1enLc1ao n 3)
nporpeccnanm nanor.
eHnn n neppa ne Hory1 naxopn1Lcn a uac1no co6c1aennoc1n. cnoHnnH: npn
coae1cko anac1n Hm nHenn 6ecnna1noe neuenne, o6pasoaanne, Hm po cHeunoro Hano
nna1nnn sa xnnnuno-koHHynanLnme ycnyrn, 1pancnop1, naun nayka n kynL1ypa
nonyuann poc1onoe qnnancnpoaanne. 1kypa rocypapc1ao 6pano penLrn na ace a1o?
s cneunanLnmx qonpoa. qonpm? s 6kpxe1a. 6kpxe1? snaun1enLno c1enenn
ns cpepc1a, nonyuennmx o1 npopaxn npnpopnmx pecypcoa.
ceropnn nac orpa6nnn, npnpopnme pecypcm paspann a uac1nme pykn, amaepnynn
naun kapHanm, pa eue n roaopn1: nna1n!!! na1n - sa neuenne n o6pasoaanne, sa
n 1pancnop1, sa nayky n kynL1ypy. aonoun.
m aepneH napopy npaao co6c1aennoc1n na neppa occnn.
n?
- pepn nac ne1 uapnkoamx n 1eH 6onee - uaonpepoa. m ne 1pe6yeH o1nn1L n
nopenn1L ace, a 1oH uncne naxn1oe uec1nmH 1pypoH. m 1onLko sa aocc1anoanenne
sakonnoc1n n cnpaaepnnaoc1n, nonpannmx uy6acoacko npnaa1nsaune. asyHee1cn,
ecnn npnaa1nsnpoaannoe npepnpnn1ne pa6o1ae1 nyuue, ueH npn coae1cko anac1n,
npnnocn1 6onLun poxop a kasny, ono oc1ane1cn a pykax 1akoro aqqek1nanoro
co6c1aennnka. o seHnn n neppa - a1o can1oe.
m ,
nn. n v, n -
x r?
- asyHee1cn, ne1, onn oc1any1cn a nnuno co6c1aennoc1n. onLue 1oro: nmneunnn
anac1L naHepena nponsaec1n nepeouenky npnaa1nsnpoaannoro xnnLn no pmnounmH
uenaH, pa6m yaennun1L nanor na nero. m a1oro ne ponyc1nH.
1ak, peskHnpy1e kopo1ko, a 1pex cnoaax: kakoaa counanLno-akonoHnueckan cy1L
aaue nap1nn?
- 1pex cnoaax? oxanyc1a: Hm - nap1nn kn1ackoro ny1n.
x - nv ?
- aunonannsH c uenoaeuecknH nnuoH.
m roaopnnn, u1o - nap1nn kn1ackoro ny1n. 1o konkpe1no osnauae1
kn1ackn ny1L?
693
- nonn1nke a1o osnauae1 aosapa1 k nap1okpa1nuecko cnc1eHe ynpaanennn c1pano.
o HoeHy rny6ouaueHy y6expennk, 1aknHn rnran1cknHn 1eppn1opnnHn, kak occnn n
n1a, c nx 1papnunnHn, neaosHoxno aqqek1nano ynpaann1L no-nnoHy. ap1nnan
o1ae1c1aennoc1L, nap1nnan pncunnnnna, nap1nnoe uenenonaranne n nnannpoaanne
- nesaHennHme pmuarn ynpaanennn. koHHynnc1nueckan nap1nn a
npopeHonc1pnpoaana nsyHn1enLnme ycnexn a Ho6nnnsaunn cpepc1a n pecypcoa pnn
peuennn rpanpnosnmx, rno6anLnmx sapau, n peHonc1pnpye1 1akne xe ycnexn a
n1ae.
1oH, u1o a naue c1pane nap1okpa1nn pyxnyna, cnc1eHa ne annoaa1a. epa naua a
1oH, u1o caoeapeHenno ne nepec1ponnacL npeonornueckn, ne noHennna
o6ae1uanme noc1yna1m n npnopn1e1m, a ao1 kn1aum - cyHenn a1o cpena1L. aun
koHHynnc1m oc1anncL nn1epnaunonannc1aHn n npo1nannkaHn uac1no co6c1aennoc1n,
kn1aum xe acerpa 6mnn ynL1pa-naunonannc1aHn, acerpa ncnoaepoaann npnnunn
onopm na caon cnnm, n y nnx xaa1nno yHa ne 6pocn1L c1pany, kak cnenoro uenka, a
aopoaopo1 pmnouno c1nxnn, a nocnepoaa1enLno n noc1enenno nop kpacno amaecko
amc1panaa1L naunonan-kann1annc1nueckyk cnc1eHy. o1opan ceropnn, na XVI cLespe
, sakonoHepno yaenuanacL npnsmaoH npepnpnnnHa1ene a koHnap1nk, o1kpmaunH
npnHyk popory uac1noHy kann1any ao anac1L. cyunoc1n, naunonan-kann1annsH, kak
a1o Hoxno anpe1L na npeanLnoH npnHepe n1an (a po 1oro - epHannn 1933-1939 rr.),
a1o rocnap1kann1annsH, opnen1npoaannm na npouae1anne kak naunonanLnoro
6nsneca, 1ak n c1panm a uenoH. ap1okpa1nueckoe rocypapc1ao c1poro cnepn1, u1o6m
6ananc nn1epecoa 6nsnecHenoa n rocypapc1aa ne napyuancn, u1o6m 6nsnec
pec1aoaan 1onLko ao 6naro, a ne ao apep rocypapc1ay.
eHanyk ponL cmrpan, koneuno, nnunm qak1op: y nac na aepunne anac1no
nnpaHnpm okasancn op6auea - caHoank6nennm pypak, npepaaun cao napop, a y
kn1auea - Hyppeu n na1pno1 an nonnn. op6auea sanopon coaepuenneun
nnc1pyHen1 ynpaanennn - nap1nk, an nonnn ee ykpennn. rpoHnoe snauenne nHena
eapeckan nn1an kononna, saxaa1nauan anac1L a occnn; a n1ae 1ako kononnm ne
6mno (eapeea a konnuec1ae 2000 uen. n1a npno6pen nnuL nepaano aHec1e c
onkonroH, ns Haonc1ckoro n1an onn npak1nueckn ace noyesxann). n1ae
pykoaopn1ennH c1panm xaa1nno 1aeppoc1n n Hyxec1aa, u1o6m paspaan1L nnouapL
nnLanLHmnL, y nac anac1L caHa 1akne nnouapn yc1panaana. o ace a1n pasnnunn
roaopn1 o6 opnoH: nnc1pyHen1 nap1okpa1nn - coaepuenen n nesaHennH, peno nnuL a
1oH, k1o n kak nH nonLsye1cn.
nn o1euec1aenno akonoHnkn, pnn pycckoro npepnpnnnHa1enn kn1ackn ny1L
osnauae1 saun1y o1 akonoHnuecko arpeccnn co c1oponm nnopopueckoro n
nnoc1pannoro kann1ana.
nn apHnn kn1ackn ny1L osnauae1 ao HnoroH aosapauenne k npnopn1e1aH
coae1ckoro nepnopa, n6o pnn saun1m naunonanLnoro rocypapc1aa n naunonanLno
akonoHnkn no1pe6ye1cn nac1onuan cynepcoapeHennan napopnan apHnn,
pacnonarakuan cynepopyxneH, anyuakuan c1pax n yaaxenne aceH napopaH Hnpa.
nn Honopexn kn1ackn ny1L osnauae1 aosHoxnoc1L poc1nra1L aepunn kapLepm n
1aopuecko caHopeannsaunn, ne noknpan opnnm; Hm nokonunH c 1aknH nosopnmH
nanenneH, kak y1euka yHoa, ne naxopnunx npnsnannn n poc1onoro cyuec1aoaannn a
occnn. yccko Honopexn 6ype1 o1kpm1 unpokn ny1L a naunonanLnyk ann1y.
nn napopa a uenoH kn1ackn ny1L osnauae1 xec1kn kon1ponL nap1nn n rocypapc1aa
sa co6nkpenneH counanLnmx rapan1n a rocypapc1aennoH n uac1noH cek1opax, a
rnaanoe - opnen1aunk na poc1 6narococ1onnnn napopa, na o6neruenne ero 1nro1.
694
aunx pa6o1ax ac1peuae1cn ampaxenne naunonanLnan peaonkunn, a m
xapak1epnsye1e kak nap1nk osHespnn. ayun1 poaonLno yrpoxakue, ne kaxe1cn
nn aH, u1o a1o o1nyrne1 ns6npa1enn?
- kopee, nao6opo1. 1o Hoxe1 o1nyrny1L 1onLko 1akoro ns6npa1enn, uLe pmnLue a
nyuky. cnoanan xe Hacca napopa paano saro1oanna npockpnnunonnme cnnckn, xo1n
n ne kpnun1 o6 a1oH. yHak, u1o 1a nap1nn, ko1opan cHoxe1 amnoxn1L na c1on ronoam
nLunna, apapa, y6aca, eue neko1opmx opnosnmx nepcon, nnn xo1n 6m
noo6euae1 a1o cpena1L, o6ecneun1 ce6e opnnH a1nH rpanpnosnm ycnex. no1oH, Hm
xe ne npnsmaaeH k 1eppopy, k norpoHaH, k kako-1o akc1peHnc1cko pen1enLnoc1n.
e1, Hm nnuL o6euaeH npepa1L, npnpn k anac1n, a1nx nkpe cnpaaepnnaoHy uec1noHy
cypy, a no1oH ny6nnuno noaecn1L na pacno nnouapn c nonnmH co6nkpenneH
sakona. nn cocna1L na ypanoame pypnnkn.
naunonanLno peaonkunn. k6an peaonkunn - ec1L kopennoe nsHenenne xnsnn.
na aoace ne o6nsa1enLno nponcxopn1 nacnnLc1aennmH ny1eH. pnHep? oxanyc1a:
xonopnan 6ypxyasno-peHokpa1nueckan peaonkunn 1991-1993 rr. a occnn. o
nc1opnn yun1: acnep sa 6ypxyasno-peHokpa1nuecknHn peaonkunnHn,
pasansmaakunHn napopnyk nnnuna1nay, acerpa npnxopn1 peaonkunn naunonanLnan.
1o sakon. naue xnsnn nponcxopn1, nyc1L Hepnennme, sa1o rny6okne,
1ek1onnueckne cpanrn. ycckne nkpn yua1cn nonn1nuecknH nnnuna1naaH, onn
nakannnaak1 onm1 n Ha1epnanLnme cpepc1aa. caHoe rnaanoe - a nx ronoaax
naunonanLnan peaonkunn yxe ceropnn nponcxopn1 c1peHn1enLno n 6ypno! ycckan
HmcnL yxe o1aeprna nn1epnaunonan n coakoaoc1L, ona cqopHynnpoaana pycckne
npaaa n nn1epecm. pycckan aonn npocnynacL n 1pe6ye1 pyccko anac1n a pyccko
c1pane!
o ecnn peaonkunn nponsouna a ronoaax nkpe, ee yxe nnueH ne ypepxa1L: ona
nponsope1 n na ynnuax, n a kopnpopax anac1n. nyra1L pyccknx nkpe pyccknH
naunonannsHoH - npoc1o rnyno, ace paano, u1o nyra1L pm6y aopo.
m roaopn1e o rpnpyue naunonanLno peaonkunn. akoam ee ocnoanme panxyune
cnnm?
- eropnn a onnosnunn pexnHy naxopn1cn n ne npnnnHae1 ero nonn1akonoHnuecknx
peqopH a6conk1noe 6onLunnc1ao nacenennn, npak1nueckn ace ero cnon, kpoHe 1.n.
6onLuoro 6nsneca (a ko1opoH pyccknx nou1n ne1), npnkopHnenno aepxyukn apHnn
n n neko1oporo konnuec1aa o6nackanno anac1Lk ryHann1apno nn1ennnrenunn.
nnosnunn penn1cn na paa ocnoanmx cek1opa: ycnoano roaopn, koHHynnc1nueckn
(neam) n nekoHHynnc1nueckn. neaoH cek1ope nepayk ckpnnky nrpae1 , a
nekoHHynnc1nueckoH - Hm, naunonannc1m nnn, ecnn 1ak 6onLue npaan1cn, naunonan-
na1pno1m. 1nnune cek1opoa a 1oH, u1o a nepaoH npeaannpyk1 nkpn qnsnueckoro
1pypa, ao a1opoH - nn1ennnrenunn: nnxenepm, oqnuepm, yun1enn, apaun,
npenopaaa1enn aysoa. aH noka ne xaa1ae1 yuac1nn anpnmx pyccknx pen1ene naykn n
kynL1ypm, no Hm noka eue n ne naunnann cpepn nnx caok arn1aunk.
o nyxno nonnHa1L n anpe1L eue opno: 6es noppepxkn kopnopaunn pyccknx
npoHmunennnkoa n 1oproauea (a ona yxe ec1L pe-qak1o, xo1n noka nepoc1a1ouno
cosnae1 sapaun caoero epnnc1aa n caon kopnopa1nanme nn1epecm) naH ne po6n1Lcn
xenaeHmx npeo6pasoaann. m ponxnm npnaneuL a1y cnny a cao narepL. Hm a1o
cpenaeH.
m1ye1 Hnenne, u1o naunonannsH - ypen Haprnnanoa, kak cpena1L naunonannsH
npeonorne o6uec1aennmx ann1?
- 1o coaepuenno neaepnoe npepc1aanenne. nk6o nopHanLno c1pane
npepc1aan1enL amcunx ann1 - nenpeHenno naunonannc1 cao naunn. pepc1aan1enL
695
anrnncko ann1m - anrnnckn naunonannc1, npepc1aan1enL neHeuko ann1m -
neHeukn naunonannc1, npepc1aan1enL eapecko ann1m - eapeckn naunonannc1 n
1ak panee. aunonannsH - ann1apen no onpepenennk, n6o nk6an nopHanLnan ann1a
xoue1 6m1L xosnnnoH, a ne nakeeH a co6c1aenno c1pane. onLue 1oro, nepep naHn
aoo6ue-1o - aecLHa nc1nnnm kpn1epn: ne naunonannc1 - snaun1, ne ann1a nnn
nepoann1a.
po6neHa occnn ao1 a ueH. onLueankaH papn cospannn HnoronaunonanLnoro
oae1ckoro oksa no1pe6oaanocL ynnu1oxn1L ace ann1m acex napopoa nHnepnn, n a1o
6mno cpenano. 6o naunonannc1nueckn no1enunan o6munoro cpepnero uenoaeka
neamcok, npoc1me nkpn pasnmx naunonanLnoc1e 6ecnpo6neHno yxnaak1cn ppyr c
ppyroH. o, nockonLky nnkakan c1pana 6es ann1m cyuec1aoaa1L ne Hoxe1, noc1enenno
1a xe pLnno aocc1anaannaana pasnnunme naunonanLnme ann1m. no Hepe nx
aocc1anoanennn - ykpanncko, kasaxcko, rpysnncko, na1mucko, ac1oncko n 1.p.
ann1 - cypL6a 6mna peuena. pnnc1aennan ann1a, uLe aocc1anoanenne acnueckn
nckycc1aenno 1opHosnnocL - a1o kak pas pycckan ann1a (k npnHepy, a ne 6mno
nn caoero , nn caoe kapeHnn nayk). a1a sapepxka ckasmaae1cn po cnx nop. ce
anoaL cospannme naunonanLnme ann1m 6maunx coksnmx pecny6nnk yxe 6narononyuno
amc1ponnn co6c1aennme naunonanLnme, a1nokpa1nueckne rocypapc1aa, 1onLko occnn
noka c a1nH nopsapepxanacL. o a1o nnuL aonpoc apeHenn.
c1L, npaapa, n ppyro acnek1. aunonannsH - a1o ne 1onLko nk6oaL, 6onee nnn
Henee ocosnannan, k caoeHy napopy. 1o eue n nnc1nnk1 caHocoxpanennn naunn.
nnc1nnk1m, kak nsaec1no, cnnLnee acero pec1ayk1 a nanHenee npocaeuennmx (ecnn
xo1n1e - a HaprnnanLnmx) cnonx o6uec1aa, ne ckoaannmx kynL1ypnmHn c1epeo1nnaHn.
ak u1o a naunonannc1nueckoH panxennn aepxn n nnsm o6uec1aa oprannuno
cHmkak1cn, nens6exno sa1nrnaan a cao kpyr n norpannunme cpepnne cnon. a
a1oH naua cnna.
K q, n nm v
q x?
- n n, nn epexoa - ne qnnancnc1m n aoo6ue ne akonoHnc1m. e 1pe6y1e o1 nac
pe1anLnoro o1ae1a na aonpocm, a ko1opmx Hm ne cneunannsnpoaanncL. c1pane
poc1a1ouno rpaHo1nmx pyccknx akonoHnc1oa (asn1L 1oro xe epren nasLeaa),
ko1opme ne sa c1pax, a sa coaec1L, c pyuo 6ypy1 naH noHora1L. nx noHouLk
cnpaanHcn n c nnqnnune, n c ppyrnHn npo6neHaHn - nonn1nuecko aonn y nac a
ns6m1ke.
K r n?
- po1ekunonnsH - ec1L 1akoe cnoao. po1ekunonnc1ckan nonn1nka
ocyuec1anne1cn a ocnoanoH c noHouLk rocsakasa, rocnporpaHH, 1aHoxennmx nounnn
(amcokne nounnnm - na nHnop1 unpno1pe6a n akcnop1 cmpLn, nnskne nnn aoo6ue
nyneame - na akcnop1 npoHmunennmx 1oaapoa n nHnop1 nepepoaoro o6opypoaannn) n
1.p. o a1oro, koneuno, nepoc1a1ouno.
pexpe acero: 6ype1 cospan oks pyccknx (!) kynuoa n npoHmunennnkoa - c npnHmH
amxopoH na npaan1enLc1ao. ro pekoHenpaunn 6ypy1 npoaopn1Lcn a xnsnL.
eponyc1nHo nonoxenne, korpa pycckne npepnpnnnHa1enn qak1nueckn
pnckpnHnnnpoaanm no cpaanennk c eapecknHn, nanpnHep, a cqepe kpepn1oaannn
nnn a cqepe c1onnunoro c1pon1enLnoro 6nsneca n 1.p. eponyc1nHo, u1o ace
Hockoackne nnopooaounme 6asm o1panm na o1kyn kaakasuaH. eyxenn pycckne
1oproaum ne a coc1onnnn caHn aosn1L o1 rpannum oaoun n qpyk1m? nn pyccknH
kpec1LnnaH yxe ne1 Hec1a na Hockoacknx pmnkax? eponyc1nHo, u1o ueuenuaHn,
parec1anuaHn saxaa1maae1cn roc1nnnunm n nropnm 6nsnec. 1.p. ype1 o1Henen
rpa6n1enLckn, pasopn1enLnm pnn occnn, pnckpnHnnnpykun onn1L-1akn
696
o1euec1aennm kann1an akon o ornauennnx o paspene npopykunn (n
penoncnpoaanm coo1ae1c1aykune cornauennn). Hnoroe ppyroe eue Hoxno
npepnoxn1L.
K v ? K q nm?
- ycckn 6nsnec, kak n nk6o ppyro, 6on1cn no1epn1L caon penLrn. oa1oHy, xo1L
6nsnecHenm-na1pno1m (a nx Hnoro) n nepoaonLnm 1eH, kak npy1 pena a c1pane, xo1L
nx n pasppaxae1 an1nnaunonanLnm, paspyun1enLnm pnn occnn xapak1ep
peqopH, onn a uenoH nn6o aoo6ue c1oponn1cn nonn1nkn (ne Heuak1 pena1L
6a6kn - n napno), nn6o, xec1ko nonyxpaeHme k 1oHy pasnnunmHn nap1nnHn anac1n
(, 1euec1ao, pnnc1ao n 1.n.), amnyxpenm packouennaa1Lcn a nx nonLsy. opua1,
xanyk1cn, pyrak1cn, no o1c1ernaak1 ncnpaano.
paa nn ne rnaanan npnunna acero a1oro a 1oH, u1o po cnx nop oprannsoaannyk
onnosnunk npepc1aannnn npak1nueckn ncknkun1enLno koHHynnc1m - a k1o xe saxoue1
qnnancnpoaa1L co6c1aennoro HornnLunka? pepnpnnnHa1enn, ncnoe peno, ne anpn1 a
koHHynnc1ax nn aaanrapp o6uec1aa, nn sac1penLunkoa nporpecca. nn ne aepn1
koHHynnc1aH n nx o6euannnH, ne 6es ocnoaannn onacak1cn nx ycnnennn.
nonanenneH na nonn1nuecko cuene c1pyk1ypnpoaanno n cnnLno
nekoHHynnc1nuecko onnosnunn ace ponxno papnkanLno nepeHenn1Lcn.
eropnn orpoHnoe konnuec1ao nkpe npncHa1pnaae1cn k : a u1o y nac
nonyun1cn? pepn nnx neHano n 6nsnecHenoa, ko1opme noka sannnn amxnpa1enLnyk
nosnunk. o1n - u1o 1y1 ckpmaa1L? - yxe ceropnn Henkne n cpepne pykn pycckne
npepnpnnnHa1enn nepnopnueckn nac nopkapHnnaak1, ampennk1 cpepc1aa na
nspanne knnr, rase1 - neHnoro, no cpaanennk c 1eH, u1o naH npnxopn1cn 1pa1n1L, no
ace xe. es nnx yxe ceropnn naH 6mno 6m ropaspo 1pypnee aec1n 6opL6y. ak 1onLko
pycckne npepnpnnnHa1enn noHy1, u1o Hm npouno nerannsoaanncL, u1o Hm c1anoanHcn
peanLno cnno, kak 1onLko Hm nponanH ce6n a Haccoamx penax, y nac ne 6ype1
nepoc1a1ka a penLrax.
cnn ceropnn Hm yxn1pneHcn npak1nueckn 6es cpepc1a, na caon xankne konekn
pena1L orpoHnoe peno, packauann napop, cospann 1akyk nap1nk, 1o u1o xe 6ype1,
korpa k naH npnpy1 pec1an1enLno 6onLune penLrn?!
H v m -?
- a 6asnce naunonan-kann1annsHa Hoxe1 ampac1n 1onLko 1akan napc1poka, kak
naunonan-peHokpa1nn. o ec1L, peHokpa1nn, orpannuennan no naunonanLnoHy
npnsnaky. a npak1nke a1o osnauae1, u1o paaenc1ao npaa rpaxpannna n nerpaxpannna
occnn a nk6o o6nac1n xnsnn n pen1enLnoc1n (a 1oH uncne npepnpnnnHa1enLcko)
c1anoan1cn neaosHoxnmH. onee 1oro, npno6pe1enne poccnckoro rpaxpanc1aa 1akxe
c1anoan1cn npo6neHo pnn onpepenennmx ka1eropn xn1ene ne 1onLko eHnn, no n
caHo occnn. ak saHe1nn rpysnnckn nonn1nk xa6a ocennann: eHokpa1nn - a1o
aaH ne no6no kyua1L.
pnHepm nopo6noro rocypapc1aennoro yc1poc1aa nHek1cn a poc1a1ounoH konnuec1ae
ne 1onLko cpepn pasanaakunxcn c1pan, no n cpepn 1aknx yxe anonne pasan1mx c1pan,
kak nnn spannL.
H v m n rmx x x?
- - nap1nn aosHespnn, n a1o roaopnn n acerpa ro1oa noa1opn1L. npaaepnnaoro
aosHespnn. pepn unenoa Hnoro nkpe, nHekunx nnunm cue1 k 1aopuaH 1. n.
peHokpa1nuecknx peqopH. , nanpnHep, cun1ak ropa apapa caonH kpoannkoH,
697
o1ae1c1aennmH sa 6esapeHennyk cHep1L Hoero o1ua. orpa a pesynL1a1e rapapoacko
peqopHm nakpmnocL qnnancnpoaanne naykn, pyxnyno peno, ko1opoHy o1eu o1pan
ack xnsnL. n a1oro ne nepexnn - cropen a cun1annme Hecnum. ycnokokcL,
1onLko korpa yanxy 1pyn apapa. o aosHespne, o ko1opoH Hm roaopnH, - a1o ne
npoc1o nnunan Hec1L. 1o cnpaaepnnaoe n - nopuepknaak! - sakonnoe aospannne sa
rpexn. m ne npnsmaaeH k cypy nnua, k norpoHaH, k 6eccypnmH pacnpaaaH. eH, k1o
naxnn coc1onnne, ne rpa6n, ne ynnu1oxan nau napop, nnuero ne rposn1. o Hm
rapan1npyeH 6onLuo nokasa1enLnm o1kpm1m cype6nm npouecc, a ko1opoH
nape1cn Hec1o pnn nLunna n apapa, pnn y6aca n epnoHmppnna, n pnn npounx
nnaunuea, ypnnconoa n nspan1ene.
m x nx?
- a, 6esycnoano.
n , mx
nx x? B q
sn, vv , r , rn
r, rnr .n.?
- a.
rx ?
- ona paanmH-paano yxe npe1. ue no c1a1nc1nke 1996 ropa a occnn kaxpme 72
uaca y6naann 6nsnecHena. euac coaepuae1cn yxe camue 480 y6nc1a koHHepcan1oa
a rop: sa aoceHL ne1 poc1 a ue1mpe pasa! ounn paxe po Hapoa n ry6epna1opoa. 1o -
naaepxy o6uec1aa. annsy - pycckne npoc1o amHnpak1 co ckopoc1Lk 1,5-2 Hnnnnona
(!) uenoaek a rop. npounoH ropy 6mno y6n1o (!) okono 130 1mcnu uenoaek, eue
nou1n 80 1mcnu nponano 6es aec1n (1o ec1L, kak npaanno, 1oxe y6n1o, no ne napeno).
1o nn ne rpaxpanckan aona, a ko1opo nc1pe6nnk1 pyccknx? ero xe eue 6on1Lcn?
ero xpa1L? epn1L naH oco6o neuero, xyxe ne 6ype1. m kak pas-1akn npeH ao
anac1L, u1o6m nonoxn1L a1o nespnHo aone, a1oHy renounpy koneu, u1o6m
oc1anoan1L amHnpanne nauero napopa.
no1oH, pa6oune ne nopy1 saunua1L kakoro-nn6ypL axy enpyknpse nnn oHana
6paHoanua, ecnn sa 1eHn npnpy1 cype6nme npnc1aam nnn Hnnnunn. onnrapxoa ec1L
o1penLnme o1pnpm oxpannnkoa-ronoaopesoa, no a1o - ne apHnn. npo1naoc1on1L
pycckoHy rocypapc1ay n pyccko apHnn onn ne cHory1.
a1o pycckoHy rocypapc1ay cHory1 npo1naoc1on1L rocypapc1aa nepycckne. 1o am
naHepenm pena1L c aneunnH ponroH?
- c1opnn c aneunnH ponroH 1akxe sacnyxnaae1 o1kpm1oro n nokasa1enLnoro
cype6noro npouecca: o1kypa on asnncn n k1o sa nero a o1ae1e. yx koneuno Hm
ponxnm o1kasa1Lcn o1 aneunnx sanHc1aoaann. eH apeHeneH n 6m nnuno amaen ns
o6pauennn a c1panax-kpepn1opax ace naun aayapm, npopan ack nepanxnHoc1L, nocne
uero o6Lnann 6m peqon1. cnn onn apec1yk1 nnunme cue1a poccncknx rpaxpan - a1o
npo6neHm ne nauero napopa, a nnuL 1ex, k1o onpoHe1unao ne pepxn1 caon penLrn a
6ankax opnnm. y, a u1o6m ne 6mno nac1onue aonm, cnepye1 kpenn1L naun
npepnme cnnm, cospaaa1L noaeune anpm caepxopyxnn, ne xanen cpepc1a.
poaepenne a occnn naunonannc1nuecknx npeo6pasoaann nens6exno amsoae1
nepoaonLc1ao 1ak nasmaaeHoro Hnpoaoro coo6uec1aa. m ro1oam k Hexpynapopno
nsonnunn?
698
- - pa. 6o occnn nana xep1ao nsnnune n anesanno o1kpm1oc1n. o, kc1a1n,
nonno nsonnunn ne 6ype1. ne ne npnHy1 yuac1nn nn cpepneasna1ckne pecny6nnkn,
nn onronnn n npnn, nn aneprosaancnHme kpanna n pysnn, nn 6pa1ckan
enopyccnn, nn, u1o caHoe rnaanoe, open n n1a, pa n saancnuan o1 nauero cmpLn
nonnn. ak u1o ne napo npeyaennunaa1L yrposy. es pnca ne oc1aneHcn. a1o 6ype1
peueaan neq1L n ras pnn caonx, 6ype1 c1nHyn osa6o1n1Lcn, nakoneu,
npopoaonLc1aenno 6esonacnoc1Lk occnn n 1.p. ac1nunan aa1apknn - Heu1a acex
pyccknx akonoHnc1oa-na1pno1oa.
3v, x H (n
r nv n x), m
xr r ?
- oka y nac ec1L cnnm npepnoro cpepxnaannn - ne 6okcL. poHe 1oro, y
ampoxpakunxcn eaponecknx c1pan, pa n y nepoc1a1ouno nnunoro coc1aaa
apHn pnn aepennn pnn1enLno aonm n 1eH 6onee pnn okkynaunn orpoHno occnn.
H nekeH aoeaa1L. aepen, ckopo onn nauny1 y1eka1L paxe ns qrannc1ana. oneuno,
onn Hory1 nonm1a1Lcn aoopyxn1L n nanpaan1L npo1na nac nacenenne c1pan 6mauero
apuaackoro poroaopa, a 1akxe n pn6an1nkn. o 1aH aepL 1oxe ne
caHoy6num. nuL 6m anap ne na1paann na nac HycynLHan (u1o o1uac1n yxe
nponsouno) n kn1auea.
- x x H , -
r K - . K m m s n?
- nsnaran ero Hnoro pas a caonx knnrax n c1a1Lnx. aH nyxen c1pa1ernueckn coks
c HycynLHanaHn n kn1auaHn. oneuno, n a a1oH cnyuae aosHoxnm xep1am, no nx
6ype1 HenLue, ueH a cnyuae coksa c anapoH ( nnn - 6espasnnuno). pno
ns aennuaunx npec1ynnenn nmneunero poccnckoro pexnHa kak pas a 1oH, u1o on
a1nnyn nac a npo1naoec1ec1aennm n ka1eropnueckn npo1naonokasannm naH
1poc1aennm coks spannL--occnn. yxno yuec1L 1akxe, u1o
kon1nnen1anLnan apona ceropnn Henne1 nosnunk, ppeqyn a c1opony HycynLHan n
o1pannncL o1 sakocnenoro 1anpeHa -spannL, n Hm 1akxe o6nsanm a1o yun1maa1L.
a au asrnnp, kak ponxnm o1nocn1Lcn pycckne naunonannc1m k npo1naoc1onnnk
cnaHa n anapa? rpoxae1 nn ncnaHckn Hnp occnn n pyccknH?
- HopanLno 1oukn spennn, n cun1ak, c1panm ncnaHa 6nnxe naH, ueH
ampoxpakunecn c1panm anapa, sauepune a nonnm 1ynnk co caoe nn6epanLno
peHokpa1ne, a6c1pak1nmH ryHannsHoH n nonn1koppek1noc1Lk. eropnn yxe
coaepuenno ncno, u1o eaponeckn ny1L pasan1nn ry6n1enen pnn yc1oea nopHanLno
uenoaeuecko xnsnn, pnn asanHoo1nouenn nokonenn n nonoa, u1o on aepe1 k
ampoxpennk napopoa n pac. 6uec1ao, yc1poennoe no sakonaH uapna1a, Hne kaxe1cn
nonn1nee, spopoaee n npnaneka1enLnee, nexenn 1o, kakoe amc1ponnn sanapnme
napopm, oco6enno Hepnka, - c ero sacnnLeH acex n acnuecknx HenLunnc1a, o1
cekcyanLnmx n pennrnosnmx po naunonanLnmx, c ero 6eckpannH o1uyxpenneH
nnpnanpyyHoa, HopanLnmH pasnoxenneH n nsapauennoc1Lk, c pnk1a1oH qopHanLnoro
npaaa n 1.p. apo uec1no npnsna1L, u1o Heue1L ropaspo nyuue n aqqek1nanee
kon1ponnpye1 n koppek1npye1 HopanLnoe coc1onnne o6uec1aa, ueH xpnc1nanckan
uepkoaL.
a Ho asrnnp, y nac c a1nnuecknHn HycynLHanaHn ne1 nouam pnn pennrnosno-
npaac1aennoro konqnnk1a (a o1nnune o1 nypeea), a ec1L nnuL unc1o a1nnueckne
npo1naopeunn. a, Hm amnyxpenm pyHa1L o caoe saun1e o1 a1nnuecko akcnancnn,
a1nnuecko arpeccnn HycynLHancknx napopoa, cocepc1aykunx c pyccknHn. 1o qak1.
o a1o ne 6onee, ueH aonpoc asanHoo1nouenn c cocepnHn-nnopopuaHn, a ne c
pennrne n ne c HycynLHanaHn aoo6ue, nanpnHep, c o1panennmHn o1 nac a
699
npoc1panc1ae apa6aHn. aesxne apHnne nnn rpysnnm (xpnc1nane) poc1aannk1 naH
npo6neH ne HenLue, ueH asep6apxanum. e roaopn yx o eapenx nnn kn1auax.
1nopeHorpaqnueckne n a1nononn1nueckne npo6neHm cnepye1 ue1ko o1penn1L o1
konqeccnonanLnmx. aH no ce6e cnaH naH ne apar. ao1 sa1o naun nc1nnnme aparn
ne xanek1 ycnnn, u1o6m a1nny1L nac nHenno a pyccko-HycynLHanckoe
npo1naoc1onnne, npnpa1L naueHy konqnnk1y c nnopopuecko akcnancne cyry6o
a1nokonqeccnonanLnm xapak1ep. a1o uenLk onn ro1oam paxe noppepxnaa1L ,
nnuL 6m pasorpe1L xpnc1nanckn qana1nsH n nanpaan1L ero npo1na HycynLHan.
packycnn a1o eue pecn1L ne1 nasap.
1o kacae1cn nonn1nkn, 1o c1panm ncnaHa ceropnn - epnnc1aennm ak1nanm 6opeu c
rnaanmH snoH n rnaano onacnoc1Lk coapeHennoc1n: c eapecko-aHepnkancko
rno6annsaune, n c a1o 1oukn spennn - naun ec1ec1aennme coksnnkn. Hepnka
nepapoH sacnyxnna y nnx 1n1yn onLuoro a1ana, 1o ec1L apara noHep opnn.
pecL n 6onLue acero 6okcL opnoro: u1o , opepxaa no6epm a qrannc1ane, pake
n 1.p., na1paan1 na nac HycynLHan nokopennmx c1pan, ncnonLsyn nx kak nyueunoe
Hnco a nenpoc1oH pene nauero okonua1enLnoro pasopyxennn, a 1oH uncne npepnoro.
ak a1o penae1cn, o1uac1n Hoxno yanpe1L na npnHepe aonm a eune, norno1naue
epaa nn ne ace naun sanacm o6munmx aoopyxenn. eckonLko npepnmx aspmaoa na
1eppn1opnn occnn n qrannc1ana (nanpnHep) ne noHeuak1 sa1eH kon1nnren1aH
nnn asn1L nop kon1ponL naun a1oHnme anek1poc1anunn n pake1nme uax1m,
a rnaanoe - ocnoanme Hec1opoxpennn nckonaeHmx.
aun sapaun noa1oHy - 1) ne pa1L sa1yxny1L apaxpe cnaHa n anapa, noppepxa1L
apa6ckne c1panm, oHann, ypan, pan n 1.n., 2) ne pa1L anapy nepeaec1n na nac
c1penky a1o apaxpm, 3) xopouenLko nopro1oan1L, na cnyua okonua1enLnoro
nopaxennn HycynLHan, cnepykuero npe1enpen1a na npo1naoc1onnne c
cnonnsnpoaannmH anapoH - n1a, 4) npn acex nepnne1nnx caHnH yxopn1L o1
aoopyxennmx konqnnk1oa, amc1ynan a ponn coae1nnkoa, 1exnonoroa n 1.p. n
opnoapeHenno aceHepno ykpennnn co6c1aennyk o6oponocnoco6noc1L.
x n H?
- e1, no payH npnunnaH. o-nepamx, ns-sa nerko npornosnpyeHo peakunn n1an.
o-a1opmx, pnn nac ne1 n nnkorpa ne 6ype1 paanonpaanoro nap1nepc1aa co c1panaHn
anapa. noc1aann1L nH nyueunoe Hnco naH nn k ueHy.
K m n nn? H n nm
nxx rx, m n
nnm?
- pec1ynnoc1L - a1o, a nepayk ouepepL, npec1ynnnkn: nkpn c pypnmHn
naknonnoc1nHn, opnen1npoaannme na sno, a ne na po6po, cnnukoH nerko
nepec1ynakune (npec1ynakune) sanpe1nyk uep1y. a 80% npnnapnexnoc1L k
npec1ynnoHy 1nny onpepenena rene1nueckn. o koe-u1o saancn1 n o1 cpepm, o1
akonoHnuecknx ycnoan cyuec1aoaannn, korpa npaac1aenno nec1okne nkpn penak1
noxnme uarn. kpnH napo pa1L aosHoxnoc1L uec1no n npn a1oH ne no-nnuenckn
xn1L, sapa6a1maan caonH 1pypoH. o ceropnn Hnorne yxe n ne xo1n1 xn1L uec1nmH
1pypoH, onn pasnoxnnncL, pasapa1nnncL nop uy1knH pykoaopc1aoH pasnoxnauerocn
pexnHa. eno sauno 1ak paneko, u1o no1pe6yk1cn upesamuanme Hepm pnn o6yspannn
npec1ynnoc1n.
1o po koppyHnnpoaannmx opranoa - a1o ncknkun1enLno aonpoc kappoao
nonn1nkn. a pykoaopnune ponxnoc1n a 6ypy1 nasnauenm pycckne nkpn
nesann1nanno peny1aunn. Hnnnunk 6ype1 o6Lnanen cneunanLnm npnsma cpepn
pe1e n anykoa 1ex, k1o noc1papan o1 npec1ynnnkoa pasnoro kann6pa. op caHm
700
npnc1anLnm kon1ponL 6ype1 asn1 naunonanLnm coc1aa kappoa, u1o6m ncknkun1L
aosHoxnoc1L cpaunaannn npec1ynnoc1n c Hnnnune na a1nnuecko ocnoae.
ec1ouaunH o6pasoH 6ype1 nokonueno c a1nnuecknHn npec1ynnmHn rpynnnpoakaHn,
ko1opme paano c1ann y nac sakonopa1ennHn npec1ynnoro Hnpa. 1.p.
v v , m r?
- napope nepapoH roaopn1: ypnyk 1paay - c nonn aon. epaoe n rnaanoe
snauenne - aneHen1apnoe nponanmaanne, ypanenne copnnkoa, unc1ka o6uec1aa.
1opoe - noppepxanne ukanm npaac1aennmx uennoc1e. apn npec1ynnnkoa, am
nanocn1e ockop6nenne nx xep1aaH n aoo6ue aceH nopnpounmH nkpnH, noppmaae1e
caHme ocnoam o6uec1aenno npaac1aennoc1n. mneunee ckaepnoe HopanLnoe
coc1onnne o6uec1aa ao HnoroH o6ycnoaneno o1Heno cHep1no kasnn. eHokpa1m
o1Hennnn cHep1nyk kasnL nHenno pnn 1oro, u1o6m nopc1paxoaa1Lcn, oc1aan1L uanc
ce6e n caonH nopenLnnkaH, a 1akxe cansa1L nonn1nuecknx n yronoanmx npec1ynnnkoa
kpyroao nopyko, o6ecneun1L ce6e noppepxky 6anpokpa1nn. o Hm 1akoro uanca nH
ne oc1aanH. y, a a-1pe1Lnx, ecnn rocypapc1ao ne amnonnne1 qynkunk apekaa1noro
aosHespnn, y xep1a npec1ynnennn, y nx popnmx aosnnkae1 cnpaaepnnaoe xenanne
nopHenn1L ero co6o. onxnm nn Hm paspeun1L kpoanyk Hec1L a c1pane? e pyHak.
o ecnn ne1, 1orpa rocypapc1ao o6nsano a pnpe cnyuaea y6naa1L caHo.
K x. Hv - . B HQH
x ?
- on 1aeppan n nensHennan nosnunn: napopaH, apaxpe6no o1nocnunHcn k
rocypapc1aoo6pasykueHy pycckoHy napopy, ne Hec1o a occnn. c1oponnnk
nosopnoro am6pacmaannn eunn (a ee nc1opnuecknx rpannuax no epeky) ns coc1aaa
naue c1panm. cnn a1o ypac1cn ocyuec1an1L, au aonpoc no1epne1 cHmcn.
ypL6y eunn ponxen peun1L peqepenpyH. o, pasyHee1cn, ne cpepn ueuenuea -
Hano nn uero onn saxo1n1! - a cpepn acex rpaxpan occnn. , yx koneuno, ne no
aonpocy o 1oH, cnepye1 nn 6nkc1n 1eppn1opnanLnyk peac1aennoc1L occnn n
oc1aann1L a ee coc1aae eunk - ne snak 6onee npno1cko noc1anoakn aonpoca! - a o
1oH, cnepye1 nn nosaonn1L ueuenuaH xn1L cpepn nac, a coc1aae nacenennn occnn.
cnn am sarnnne1e a nc1opnk, am yanpn1e, u1o ueuenum - aekoao, nesaHnpnHm apar
pycckoro napopa. aH npnxopnnocL npoaopn1L npo1na nnx aockoame onepaunn (!) n a
1920-e n a 1930-e rr., sapec1ayn epnnoapeHenno po 5000 nexo1m n 2000 kaaanepnn,
ropnyk ap1nnnepnk n caHone1m (pa-pa!), 6oH6n ace 1o xe 1peknn1oe ceno epeno.
ao apeHn 1opo Hnpoao aonm ace nacenenne eunn, cnoco6noe nocn1L opyxne (sa
ncknkuenneH 1ex, k1o 6mn Ho6nnnsoaan a pacnyk pHnk), cpaxanocL npo1na nac.
x ecnn n ec1L cpepn kopennmx napopoa occnn nekoHnnnHen1apnm naH napop -
1ak a1o nHenno ueuenum. npo6neHa aoace ne a 1oH, u1o6m coxpann1L a naunx
rpannuax a1o1 nnu1oxnm knouok seHnn c ero nnu1oxnmHn pecypcaHn, a a 1oH, u1o6m
ns6aan1L nac o1 coxn1enLc1aa c nony1opa HnnnnonaHn paanonpaanmx c naHn, no
npn1oH nenaanpnunx nac ueuenuea. y6expennm c1oponnnk o1penennn eunn a ee
nc1opnuecknx rpannuax (no epeky) c nocnepykue pena1pnaune 1ypa acex 6es
ncknkuennn poccncknx ueuenuea.
eko1opme pycckne naunonannc1m amc1ynak1 sa amunenenne ns occnn nepyccknx
o6nac1e. 1o am pyHae1e no a1oHy noaopy? e npnaepe1 nn a1o k pasaany occnn?
- Ho1pn kakne o6nac1n amunenn1L. cnn a1nononn1nueckan yrposa o1 npe6maannn
1akoro pernona a coc1aae occnn 1ak aennka, u1o nepekpmaae1 amropm o1 a1oro
npe6maannn, 1o neo6xopnHo neHepnenno n peun1enLno ns6aann1Lcn o1 nero.
eppn1opnn occnn pnn Henn - ne canuennan kopoaa, a o1nnune o1 pycckoro napopa.
epamHn Hoxno noxep1aoaa1L papn a1oporo. uac1noc1n, a1o o1nocn1cn k eune, rpe
pyccknx 6mno 50%, a oc1anocL 2%, n k nryue1nn, rpe nx 6mno 2%, a 1enepL n aoace
701
ne oc1anocL. s6aanauncL o1 nnx, Hm nnuero ne no1epneH. ao1 npe6maanne
ueuenuea a coc1aae nacenennn occnn onacno, paspyun1enLno pnn pyccknx, n a a1oH
coaepuenno yaepen. o1n a1o ne nap1nnan nosnunn, a nnuno Hon.
oHn1e: ecnn Hm coxpannH n npeyHnoxnH pycckyk naunk, cospapnH snaun1enLnm
npnpoc1 pyccknx, - 1o aepneH korpa-nn6ypL n 1eppn1opnn, konn nyxno 6ype1. cnn xe
pycckan naunn paspyun1cn, cokpa1n1cn, nopaeprne1cn ouepepnoHy paspenennk (kak
npn pacnape ), 1o Hm n 1eppn1opnn ace no1epneH, a1o yx 1ouno. asaan occnn,
ko1oporo m onacae1ecL, neHnnyeHo nponsope1 nHenno n 1onLko a a1oH cnyuae.
H , v Hv x n K?
- 1oro 6on1cn 1onLko 6esrpaHo1nm o6maa1enL, ko1opm ne npepc1aanne1 ce6e
peanLno o6c1anoakn na aakase. 1 nac ne o1penn1cn nn oce1nnm - xpnc1nanckn
anknaa, saxa1m Hexpy HycynLHanaHn (a 1oH uncne nnryuaHn, cHep1enLnmHn
aparaHn) n nc1opnuecknH nenpnn1eneH - rpysnnaHn. n ka6appnnum, nHekune nop
6okoH 1aknx xe cHep1enLnmx aparoa - 6ankapuea, k 1oHy xe po6poaonLno npnuepune
a occnk eue a XVI aeke n c 1ex nop Hnpno cocyuec1aykune c pyccknHn (n xnn 1aH,
snak). n, 1eH 6onee, 6ankapum, ko1opme ne amc1on1 npo1na naHnoro 6onee
Hnorouncnennmx ka6appnnuea. e o1penn1cn apauaeao-epkecnn (kak 6m k naH nn
o1nocnnncL kapauaeaum), 1akxe onacancL rpaxpancko aonm 1n1ynLnmx a1nocoa; k
1oHy xe 1aH camue 40% nacenennn - pycckne, kasakn. e o1penn1cn n arec1an,
ko1opm a npo1nanoH cnyuae pyxne1 a 6espny uypoanuno nnue1m, neckonuaeHo
rpaxpancko aonm n caHoro uepnoro counanLno-akonoHnueckoro cpepneaekoaLn
(parec1anum caHn a1o nonnHak1 n ne xo1n1 o1penn1Lcn). e o1pennnacL 6m n
nryue1nn, naHepennan kak pas npaspnoaa1L 300-ne1ne coksa c occne, no pyHak,
naH caHnH npnpe1cn ee o1penn1L ns-sa aanaxcko connpapnoc1n, u1o6m o6ecneun1L
napexnyk rpannuy c eune.
ak u1o 6on1Lcn ne napo, napo nHe1L snannn n 1ounm pacue1, a ao1 1aeppoc1L a
ueuenckoH aonpoce nyxna a6conk1nan.
ycckoe naunonan-na1pno1nueckoe panxenne ponrne ropm cneunannsnpoaanocL na
npoknn1nnx no appecy nn1ennnrenunn. apkauea, nanpnHep, npnHo nncan a caoe
s6yke: n1ennnrenunn - apar. aua nosnunn a a1oH aonpoce?
- a1oH coc1on1 npoknn1ne, ckopee, caHoro pycckoro naunonan-na1pno1nueckoro
panxennn. nn apkaueaa, c ero yHc1aennmH 6araxoH, nn1ennnrenunn n anpnHL 6mna
aparoH, n6o na ee qone on ncnm1maan pnckoHqop1 n pnko koHnnekcoaan. Henno na
a1oH kaHne on n cno1knyncn. paa nn ne rnaanan npnunna ero nnunoro kpaxa -
npnnunnnanLnm paspma c nn1ennnrenune. e c1on1 eHy noppaxa1L.
eHa nn1ennnrenunn - aaxneuan, nonc1nne cypL6onocnan pnn pycckoro panxennn.
oa1oHy n amnyxpen oc1anoan1Lcn na ne noppo6no (a1o 1eHo n sannHakcL ack
xnsnL). onLunnc1ao nkpe nonLsye1cn HnqnuecknHn nnn yc1apeaunHn
npepc1aanennnHn o6 nn1ennnrenunn, ne nonnHae1 ee snauennn. expy 1eH, sa ropm,
npouepune co apeHenn ennko k1n6pLcko peaonkunn, c nn1ennnrenune a occnn
nponsounn rpanpnosnme n neo6pa1nHme nsHenennn. s counnLno pnacnopm,
coc1aannkue nakanyne epao Hnpoao aonm acero nnuL 2,7% nacenennn, ona
npeapa1nnacL a orpoHnm knacc, coc1aannaun a 30% n npoponxakun pac1n.
knacc nan6onee nepepoao, o6pasoaannm, cosna1enLnm, counanLno ak1nanm,
nan6onee 6mc1po pac1yun n pnnaHnuno pasanaakuncn. knacc, nHekun caon
co6c1aennme uenn, sapaun n nn1epecm.
nauenne a1oro noaoro knacca a o6uec1aenno xnsnn konoccanLno. ayunme
konuenunn a 1exnnke, 1exnonornn, cenLckoH xosnc1ae, nonn1nke nannk1cn ceropnn
rnaanmH nnc1pyHen1oH nsHenennn Hnpa. 1o1 nnc1pyHen1 a pykax nn1ennnrenunn.
702
6uec1aennoe Hnenne, ak1nano qopHnpykuee xnsnL, 1oxe a pykax
nn1ennnrenunn. H n mm q
. B mm n
nm .
onn1nk, ko1opm a1oro aoapeHn ne noHe1, - nponrpae1 ace. ak nekorpa c1apum ns
nonn16kpo n coae1ckoro npaan1enLc1aa, naunc1o ynyc1naune ns anpy
nponsouepune a c1pane (eue nepaano pa6oue-kpec1Lnncko) nepeHenm, ne cyHenn
pa1L nH aepnyk ouenky, cnpornosnpoaa1L nx nocnepc1ann. nn ne yHenn n ne xenann
nonnHa1L nn1ennnrenunk. H ne xo1enocL anpe1L aokpyr nnkaknx counanLnmx
konqnnk1oa, nnkaknx knaccoamx npo1naopeun, nnkaknx naunonanLnmx
npo1naopeun. a a1y cneno1y onn pacnna1nnncL kpaxoH anac1n n c1panm, npenopaa
naH aaxnm ypok. npnHep apkaueaa narnnpno nokasmaae1, kak Hm nna1nH sa
neycaoennme ypokn nc1opnn.
aua nap1nn nonnHae1: ceropnn nHenno nn1ennnrenunn, pecn1nne1nnHn a6npaauan a
ce6n nyuune cnnm napopa, nanne1cn rnaanmH uenoaeuecknH pecypcoH - nan6onee
1aopuecknH, aneprnunmH, o6pasoaannmH, nepepoamH, npopyk1nanmH, pnnaHnuno
pasanaakunHcn - pnn amxopa c1panm ns kpnsnca. oa1oHy nepaoc1enennan sapaua
kappoao nonn1nkn - oanape1L no1enunanoH ace pyccko nn1ennnrenunn n
nanpaan1L ero na naunonanLnyk peaonkunk, 1.e. na nsHenenne pexnHa n
c1pon1enLc1ao pycckoro naunonanLnoro rocypapc1aa.
H r r qv
n nx ?
- 1ae1c1aenna ne snaun1 annoaa1a. oHeH nornky aeue: nn1ennnrenunn
npecnepoaana oprannueckn npncyune e knaccoame uenn. ne 6mno nn knacca
6ypxyasnn, kpoano sann1epecoaannoro a kpyuennn coae1ckoro counan-qeopannsHa,
nn 1ak nasmaaeHoro 1pe1Lero cocnoann, 1papnunonnoro nnpepa 6ypxyasno-
peHokpa1nuecknx npeo6pasoaann. onL nocnepnero asnna na ce6n nHenno
nn1ennnrenunn, anepame a nc1opnn ouy1nauan ce6n ne 1onLko HosroH n ne npoc1o
nnc1pyHen1oH peaonkunn, a opnoapeHenno 1eH n ppyrnH. eropnn, coc1aannn a
occnn ne Henee ue1aep1n sann1oro nacenennn, nn1ennnrenunn nanne1cn rnaanmH
rapan1oH neo6pa1nHoc1n nepeHen. okasa1enLno, u1o no nopcue1aH counonoroa, a
1996 ropy sa kranoaa, 1o ec1L sa ckpoHnme, no c1a6nnLnme counanLnme rapan1nn,
nporonocoaana nnuL opna 1pe1L nn1ennnrenunn, a pae 1pe1n - sa nLunna n
annnckoro, 1o ec1L npo1na aosapa1a k counan-qeopannsHy, papykueHy
amueykasannme rapan1nn.
oueHy? 1o, nn1ennnrenunn 6mn 1ak yx Hnn nap1nnm nc1ykan - nLunn? nn
eapeckan kaHapnnLn, 1onnnuancn aokpyr nero? e1, peno 1y1 a ppyroH.
ypxyasno-peHokpa1nueckan peaonkunn 1991-1993 rr. ao HnoroH onpaapana napexpm
caoe rnaano panxyue cnnm - nn1ennnrenunn.
Henno nn1ennnrenunn ocyuec1anna neHmcnnHm, neaosHoxnm eue nepaano asne1 k
amco1aH rocypapc1aennoro ynpaanennn, kypa coae1ckan anac1L ee ne ponyckana.
onoccanLno ampocna ponL akcnep1oa npn acex ae1anx anac1n. es nnx ne
npnnnHae1cn nn opno peuenne.
Henno nn1ennnrenunn nonyunna aosHoxnoc1L neranLno sann1Lcn uac1nmH
apaue6nmH, neparornuecknH, nayunmH, nspa1enLcknH, kpnpnuecknH n ppyrnH
6nsnecoH. Hnno ona noc1aanne1 ceropnn kappm 6ypxyasnn, oco6enno kpynno n
cpepne, cansana c nek 1mcnuLk nn1e popc1aennmx, ppyxecknx, penoamx,
nonn1nuecknx o1nouenn.
703
Henno nn1ennnrenunn po6nnacL peHokpa1nuecknx cao6op - cnoaa, neua1n, co6pann,
coaec1n, coksoa, nap1nno pen1enLnoc1n n 1.p., a 1akxe cao6opm o6pasoaannn.
1oukn spennn nkpe qnsnueckoro 1pypa nnn 6nnsknx k nnH no knaccoaoHy Hmunennk,
ace a1n cao6opm ne c1on1 nnuero nnn c1on1 ouenL Hano no cpaanennk c 6onee
nacyunmHn 1pe6oaannnHn: c1anpap1oH xnsneo6ecneuennn, npo6neHaHn
1pypoyc1poc1aa n 1.n. pnako cnepye1 sna1L n nonnHa1L, u1o nasaannme cao6opm -
ne npnxo1L amcokono6oro 6enopyukn, 6ecnuerocn c xnpy, a nacyunan, xnsnennan
no1pe6noc1L nn1ennnren1a, rnaanoe ycnoane ero nonnouennoro pa n npoc1o
nopHanLnoro cyuec1aoaannn. es nnx on, kak pm6a 6es aopm. 1cy1c1ane nasaannmx
cao6op aa1oHa1nueckn npeapauae1 nn1ennnren1a a onnosnunk nk6oHy, paxe caHoHy
nyuueHy pexnHy, a nx nannune sac1aanne1 Hnpn1Lcn c pexnHoH, paxe cosnaaan
nk6me ero nepoc1a1kn.
kasannoe o6Lncnne1 ak1nanoe yuac1ne nn1ennnrenunn a nepec1poke n ee
nexenanne aosapaua1Lcn a ponepec1poeunoe o6uec1aennoe yc1poc1ao.
1akoH cnyuae, ne1 nn y aac npo1naopeunn? cnn nn1ennnrenunn 1ak Hnoro nonyunna
o1 peqopH, saxoue1 nn ona aosrnaan1L pycckyk naunonanLnyk peaonkunk? oxe1
6m1L, npaam aaun npepuec1aennnkn, o1aepraaune nn1ennnrenunk, ne anpeaune a
ne onopy naunonan-na1pno1nueckoro panxennn?
- a1eropnueckn ne cornacen. asae am pa n, pa n aaun un1a1enn, pa n a6conk1noe
6onLunnc1ao snakoHmx naH yuac1nnkoa pycckoro panxennn - pasae Hm ace ne
nn1ennnrenunn? pnHep 6onee ueH y6epn1enLnm n nokasa1enLnm. a6ounx n
kpec1Lnn a naueH panxennn ne 1ak yx Hnoro. HcMn , ycckn
nnrn Mrr nc Pcc, nnncn nrM
kM n-ck r, r k, kx
xmM cycM kMMycck xMy. oueHy?
B-x, nn1ennnrenunn nyuue ppyrnx anpn1 necoaepuenc1aa n npo1naopeunn
pec1an1enLnoc1n. eropnn, nocne acex amuenasaannmx caepuenn, na nepepnn
nnan amuen aonpoc o uene: ao u1o onn o6ounncL c1pane n napopy a uenoH. ccnepyn
npnunnm paspyun1enLnmx npeo6pasoaann, nn1ennnrenunn, ao acnkoH cnyuae,
pycckan, nponnkae1cn cnpaaepnnaoc1Lk noc1yna1oa onnosnunn. na anpn1: nnopaHn
ee peaonkunonno aneprnn aocnonLsoaanacL ne popnan c1pana n ne pycckn napop, a
xapnan, rnycnan nepycL, y1aeppnauee na ycn noaoe nro.
B-x, a xope nepec1pokn okasanncL nonnoc1Lk nnn uac1nuno paspyuenm n
no1epnnn nepcnek1nay uenme o6nac1n 1papnunonnoro npnnoxennn cnn nn1ennnrenunn
- nayuno, nnxenepno-1exnnuecko, aoenno n pp. aepL nHenno a1a nn1ennnrenunn
paano n ao HnoroH sacnyxenno cun1anacL neqopHanLno ann1o c1panm. oa1oHy
ceropnn ona - ec1ec1aennm pesepa onnosnunn; Hapun yuenmx na ockay - npkoe
1oHy nop1aepxpenne.
B-ux, aHec1e co aceHn ppyrnHn cnonHn nacenennn, nn1ennnrenunn a uenoH
npnpaanena ceuac o6unHn 1pypnoc1nHn, nopoxpennmHn kpnsncoH rocypapc1aennoc1n
n sacnnneH nnopopuea a nonn1nke n akonoHnke. uac1noc1n, paspyuenneH
roccek1opa akonoHnkn (a1o 6onLno ypapnno no nn1ennnrenunn, naxopnuecn na
6kpxe1e, a 1oH uncne no HnorouncnennmH nn1ennnren1aH-nencnonepaH) n kak
cnepc1ane aospac1anneH nanoroaoro 6peHenn n c1onHoc1n xnsnn. ocypapc1ao
ne Hoxe1 copepxa1L nn1ennnrenunk, a uac1nm kann1an ne Hoxe1 pena1L a1oro a
Hacu1a6ax, conoc1aanHmx c coae1cknH nepnopoH. e 1onLko nayunan ann1a, no n
Haccoam nn1ennnren1 - apau, yun1enL, oqnuep, nnxenep - ceropnn npoknnnak1
pexnH, neponyc1nHo nnsko yponnaun npec1nx nasaannmx npoqeccn. a1o cpepe
cospeno y6expenne: opaaa neunc1o na pyky uaann ncnonLsoaana nn1ennnrenunk, ee
orpoHnm o6uec1aenno-nonn1nueckn no1enunan a caonx ysko kopmc1nmx uennx, a
no1oH - narno knnyna. 1enepL spek1 rpospLn rneaa.
704
B-x (n a-rnaanmx), nepec1poka n enLunnckn pexnH nopopnn
n s u (o6 a1oH o1kpoaenno nncan
paxe anpnm peHokpa1nueckn nonn1onor nekcanpp nnko). apeckoe sacnnLe a
nayke, kynL1ype, , akonoHnke n nonn1nke sa nocnepnne pecn1L ne1 nponannocL
nac1onLko oueanpno n a 1aknx o1apa1n1enLno uoannnc1nuecknx qopHax (aenuoH uero
6mno npaspnoaanne xanykn a canuennmx pnn kaxporo pycckoro c1enax peHnn,
pasrpa6nenne npnpopnmx pecypcoa n counannc1nuecko co6c1aennoc1n occnn, a
1akxe pen1enLnoc1L eapecknx 1enekananoa), u1o a kaxpoH pycckoH nn1ennnren1e
aone-neaone npo6ypnnncL nnc1nnk1m n npen, aecLHa panekne o1 xpnc1nanckoro nnn
coae1ckoro nn1epnaunonannsHa. pecL nponannacL cnoxnan, no sakonoHepnan
pnanek1nka counanLnoro n naunonanLnoro. ounanLnan connpapnoc1L
(nn1ennnren1ckn nn1epnaunonan) penL sa pneH neyknonno am1ecnne1cn
connpapnoc1Lk naunonanLno.
B co6c1aennme npo6neHm nn1ennnrenunn coepnnnk1cn a ee cosnannn c
o6uenapopnmHn, o6uepoccncknHn. apaun aneHen1apnoro amxnaannn Hacc
o1euec1aenno nn1ennnrenunn ec1ec1aenno 1pancqopHnpyk1cn a na1pno1nueckne
sapaun. yac1ao naunonanLno roppoc1n, na1pno1nsH, o1opanny1me na kakoe-1o apeHn
a c1opony ns-sa knaccoao-aronc1nuecknx no6yxpenn, anoaL amxopn1 na nepam nnan.
na1pno1nsH, kak Hm snaeH, ec1L nnuL nepexopnan qasa k naunonannsHy.
anLneuee noc1nxenne uennoc1e naunonannsHa - 1onLko aonpoc apeHenn.
Hc1aennoe pasan1ne na1pno1a nens6exno npnaopn1 ero pano nnn nospno k ocosnannk
npoc1o nc1nnm: Hn , - . e 6ype1 cnnLno,
spopoao, Hnorope1no, 6ora1o rocypapc1aoo6pasykue naunn - ne 6ype1 n cnnLno
npouae1akue c1panm. ocypapc1aoo6pasykuan naunn occnn - pycckne. 1o qak1,
nerko yc1anaannaaeHm nc1opne n counonorne. anLneuee nonn1no. c1ec1aennan
aaonkunn pycckoro na1pno1a npeo6pasye1 ero a pycckoro naunonannc1a. axe ecnn on
- nn1ennnren1.
1ak, 1nnnunm nn1ennnren1 ne xenae1 aosapa1a k koHHynnc1nueckoHy npounoHy, no
on o1aeprae1 n koHnpapopcko-kononnanLnoe nac1onuee. pn nens6exnoH nepexope
6ypxyasno-peHokpa1nuecko peaonkunn a qasy peaonkunn naunonanLno (a occnn
c1on1 na nopore a1oro nepexopa) nn1ennnrenunn oc1ae1cn ee rnaano panxyue
cnno.
v x r v r HQ?
- naanan sapaua nn1ennnrenunn - oco6enno ryHann1apno, xypoxec1aenno n
nayuno - amaec1n pycckn naunonannsH na op6n1y 6onLuo nonn1nkn, cpena1L ero
peuakunH qak1opoH poccnckoro o6uec1aennoro cosnannn, npnpa1L eHy a6conk1nyk
pecnek1a6enLnoc1L n nern1nHnoc1L (a 1oH uncne Hexpynapopnyk). peapa1n1L
naunonannsH - a nopHy xnsnn, a ocnoano kpn1epn pen1enLnoc1n, a npaac1aennm
opnen1np nokonenn. pnan1L o6uec1ay, ecnn yropno, Hopy na naunonannsH. o ec1L,
poaepun1L 1y peaonkunk a cosnannn Hacc, ko1opyk Hm ycneuno npopanraeH, no
ko1opan noka eue nepoc1a1ouno saxaa1nna 1e qopHanLnme n neqopHanLnme cnon
o6uec1aa, a ko1opmx npnnnHak1cn cypL6onocnme peuennn. poHe nn1ennnrenunn
a1oro ne Hoxe1 cpena1L nnk1o.
poHe 1oro, nn1ennnrenunn ponxna npeno-nonn1nueckn noro1oan1L kappoam coc1aa
naunonanLnoro pycckoro rocypapc1aa.
H r sr x?
- osynr naunonannc1oa - , - o6pauen ko aceH.
n o6euae1 noppepxky aceH n kaxpoHy pycckoHy uenoaeky, kako 6m knacc on nn
npepc1aannn, n 1pe6ye1 o1 kaxporo pycckoro - nonnouenno o1paun. pnako
npnsnaeH: yxe ceropnn ocnoano onopo n naue nanne1cn ne pa6oun
705
knacc n 1eH 6onee ne 1pypoaoe kpec1Lnnc1ao, n ne ace yrne1ennme n
akcnnya1npyeHme, a 1ak nasmaaeHan n n. o ec1L
nn1ennnrenunn, npenHyuec1aenno cansannan nponcxoxpenneH c npoc1mH napopoH
(nkpLHn qnsnueckoro 1pypa) n o6cnyxnaakuan aceo6une xn1eckne no1pe6noc1n
acero nacenennn a uenoH: yun1enn, nnxenepm (unpe: 1exnnueckne pa6o1nnkn,
1exnonorn), apaun, apHnnnc1pa1opm nnsuero, pexe - cpepnero saena, oqnuepm,
nayunme kappm neryHann1apnoro, a ocnoanoH, npoqnnn. 1 a1oro, a nepayk ouepepL
n nponcxopn1 1e ouenoHnnkune ycnexn a pacnpoc1panennn naunonannc1nuecko
npeonornn, o ko1opmx ckasano amue. 1y pa6o1y no npopanxennk npe naunonannsHa
a Haccm nyxno Hnorokpa1no ycnnn1L.
pnako a1oro Hano pnn peuakuero ycnexa. ockonLky n
n, o6cnyxnaakuan npenHyuec1aenno pyxoanme no1pe6noc1n caHo
nn1ennnrenunn, aoaneuena a pycckoe panxenne coaepuenno nepoc1a1ouno. 1nH ao
HnoroH o6Lncnne1cn nensxn1an HaprnnanLnoc1L 6onLunnc1aa rpynn , ero nnskan
nonn1nueckan pec1aennoc1L, a 1akxe Haccoaoe yaneuenne ynpouennmHn nopxopaHn
a peuennn nonn1nuecknx n akonoHnuecknx sapau. 1nH o6Lncnnk1cn n cna6me
nosnunn a o6uec1aennoH Hnennn, cna6an packpyuennoc1L a . m
naHepenm yHnoxn1L naun ycnnnn, u1o6m ncnpaan1L a1o nonoxenne.

oueHy a pycckoH panxennn Hanoaa1o nn1ennnrenunn amcuero kann6pa - nan6onee
nsaec1nmx npepc1aan1ene naykn n kynL1ypm? nanpo1na, Hnoroaa1o nkpe, ckaxeH
1ak, ne cnnukoH o6pasoaannmx n ne coaceH apekaa1nmx?
- a6nkpenne ropLkoe, no o1uac1n aepnoe. o6Lncnenne npoc1o. ak yxe
roaopnnocL, naunonannsH - a1o nnc1nnk1. nc1nnk1 caHocoxpanennn napopa.
kynL1ypa, kak 1ouno saHe1nn eue pep, ec1L cnc1eHa sanpe1oa, nanpaanennmx
nHenno na o6yspanne nnc1nnk1oa. oa1oHy cpepne pykn nn1ennnren1, na6paauncn
sa caok xnsnL kynL1ypnmx u1aHnoa, sauac1yk uapaxae1cn o1 naunonannsHa n
nm1ae1cn sarnyun1L a ce6e nnc1nnk1, ko1opm nopckasmaae1 eHy coaceH ppyroe. ne
6on1cn naunonannsHa n oxo1no nononnnk1 pnpm naunonannc1oa nn6o Haccm, ne
o6onaanennme 1ak nasmaaeHo kynL1ypo (na pene - kynL1ypnmHn u1aHnaHn), nn6o,
nanpo1na, nkpn amcue kynL1ypm, y ko1opmx xaa1ae1 kpyrosopa n nn1ennek1yanLno
cHenoc1n npnsna1L, u1o nnc1nnk1 acerpa npaa. un6kn - ypen pasyHa, a npnpopa n ee
rnaua1an - nnc1nnk1m - nnkorpa ne oun6ak1cn, onn acerpa npaam. oa1oHy n ne
cnyuano 1aepxy, u1o naunonannsH ann1apen, a nopnnnnan ann1a 1oro nnn nnoro
napopa - o6nsa1enLno naunonannc1nuna. Henno ns nopo6nmx nn1ennek1yanoa n
nonyuak1cn aoxpn naun. o naunonanLnan ann1a ne 6maae1 cnnukoH
Hnorouncnenna. akne nkpn, kak akapeHnk aqapeanu, ne xopn1 a kaxpyk paepL.
on, Hexpy npounH, ceropnn c naHn.
H nr r - r ? K
x vr, xr, , ,
m nx ?
- euenne c1pa1ernuecko sapaun - cHenm kononnanLnoro 1nna kann1annsHa na
naunonanLnm - cansano c nsHenenneH nonn1nueckoro pexnHa; c pesknH ycnnenneH
ponn rocypapc1aa; c coaepuenc1aoaanneH cnc1eHm ynpaanennn c1pano; co cnoHoH
conpo1nanennn koHnpapopcko 6ypxyasnn n cansannmx c nek cnoea; c apekaa1no
peakune na nens6exnoe o6oc1penne o1nouenn c pasan1mHn c1panaHn,
sann1epecoaannmHn a coxpanennn pexnHa koHnpapopoa; c Ho6nnnsaune any1pennnx
cnn n pecypcoa, oco6enno uenoaeuecknx; c npopmanmHn akonoHnuecknHn n nayuno-
nponsaopc1aennmHn 1exnonornnHn; c Houno npeonornuecko, nponaranpnc1cko-
arn1aunonno kaHnanne. ce a1o 1pe6ye1 nn1ennek1yanLnoro o6ecneuennn. oa1oHy
706
n, u1o Hm HoxeH rapan1npoaa1L nn1ennnrenunn - a1o ee HakcnHanLnan
aoc1pe6oaannoc1L.
1opoe. apo ncno n ue1ko ocosna1L n o6osnaun1L npnopn1e1m. nn npopmaa a
noc1nnpyc1pnanLnoe o6uec1ao, pnn sann1nn a neH koHanpnmx amco1 m
rcyc Pccn nx n k - kk nr (
n) kncc. ace ycnnnn napopa nanpaan1L na cospanne e on1nHanLnmx
ycnoan pnn 1aopuec1aa. enLsn sa6maa1L nn na Hnny1y, u1o rnaanan
nponsaopn1enLnan cnna o6ospnHoro 6ypyuero - a1o nayka. xe ceropnn ona kopHn1,
opeaae1 n pyxoano o6ecneunaae1 ace uenoaeuec1ao, a 1oH uncne kpec1Lnn, pa6ounx,
aoennmx n ryHann1apnea. nayka, a 1.u. 1exnonornn, - a ronoaax 1exnokpa1oa.
oa1oHy kpec1Lnne ponxnm kopHn1L 1exnokpa1oa, pa6oune - pena1L pnn nnx
neo6xopnHyk npopykunk, aoennme - saunua1L nx, ryHann1apnn - pasaneka1L, papn1L
pyxoanme nHnynLcm, 6ypn1L 1aopueckyk HmcnL, npepnpnnnHa1enn - aknapmaa1L a nnx
penLrn. ce a1o c1okpa1 okynn1cn pnn kaxporo! (Yn M: yx crn
CLA rn M nnM 2,3 m, M rn
M, a n c.) apo, u1o6m ace cocnoann n knaccm nponnknncL
neo6xopnHoc1Lk nepaoouepepnoro o6ecneuennn nHenno 1exnokpa1oa aceH nyuunH,
u1o y nac ec1L, y6epnnncL a ec1ec1aennoc1n nx npnannern n npepora1na. 1o - n
1onLko a1o! - nopxnec1ne1 aaonkunk, nanpaan1 ee no aepnoHy ny1n.
1ak, ocnoano akuen1 rocypapc1ao ponxno pena1L na pasan1nn ne c1onLko
nenocpepc1aenno nponsaopc1aenno 6asm, ckonLko (qynpaHen1anLno n
npnknapno).
. eo6xopnHo aosapauenne k cnc1eHe qonpoa, o6ecneunaakunx nonnouennoe
6kpxe1noe qnnancnpoaanne o6pasoaannn, Hepnunnm, apHnn, naykn n kynL1ypm. 1o
nosaonn1 peun1L npo6neHy noamuennn npec1nxnoc1n npoqeccn apaua, nnxenepa,
yun1enn, oqnuepa n 1.p. m rapan1npyeH: cpepnnn sapnna1a npepc1aan1enn nopo6nmx
npoqeccn 6ype1 ne nnxe cpepne sapnna1m unnoannka.
oxpann1cn nn npn aaue anac1n ace ocnoanme peHokpa1nueckne cao6opm? akoao
aoo6ue aaue o1nouenne k cao6ope, peHokpa1nn?
- a, coxpann1cn. cnn am o1kpoe1e ynoHnnaauncn amue poek1 noao onc1n1yunn
occnn, am yanpn1e, u1o rnaaa paaa n cao6opm nou1n uennkoH asn1a ns
pec1aykue onc1n1yunn (ncknkuena nnuL qnnocoqckn noxnan c1a1Ln 2: uenoaek,
ero npaaa n cao6opm nannk1cn amcue uennoc1Lk). paapa,
mn u n . ycckne
nkpn amc1papann nx, poporo sa nnx sanna1nnn; a1o epnnc1aennoe cae1noe nn1no a
nc1opnn nocnepnnx nony1opa pecn1nne1n. naropapn nH, co6c1aenno roaopn, Hm n
penaeH 1o, u1o penaeH. epapoH acnueckne aynLqm a ocpyHe kpnua1 o 1oH, u1o-pe
sannHae1cn nnqopHaunonnmH 1eppopnsHoH, nm1ak1cn na6pocn1L ypaaky na
naun , naun nspa1enLc1aa n paxe naunx pacnpoc1pann1ene neua1n. B
x x - m, x, . aueH xe naH caHnH
o1kasmaa1Lcn o1 cao6opm cnoaa, neua1n, co6pann, nap1n? aueH cnoaa sa1mka1L
pyccknH po1, cansmaa1L pykn, nnua1L nac aosHoxnoc1n aospasn1L nnn o6Lepnnn1Lcn
no y6expennnH? a u1o naH 1akoe o6pesanne?
nuno n no xapak1epy n y6expennnH - c1oponnnk peHokpa1nn. 1o a 1papnunnx ycn:
acnoHnnH oaropop, nnn onpckyk pyHy, nnn 1papnunn o6opoa. ouy pyHa1L, u1o
pycckn napop sacnyxnn yaaxn1enLnoe k ce6e o1nouenne. n nHee1 npaao caH
onpepenn1L caoe 6ypyuee n ne nyxpae1cn a pnk1a1ype. o1n, c ppyro c1oponm, ne
nyxpae1cn n a anapxnn. nnLnan pyka c1pane nyxna, n Hm ee papnH.
ao1 nerpaxpanaH, kak n npepc1aan1ennH nekopennmx napopoa occnn, napen1Lcn na
coxpanenne a nonnoH o6LeHe npaa n cao6op, papoaannmx nH nLunnmH, ne
707
npnxopn1cn. x aosHoxnoc1n annn1L na o6uec1aennoe cosnanne (a npoue roaopn,
pypn1L pyccknH nkpnH ronoay) Hm 6ypeH amnyxpenm orpannun1L no sakony,
nockonLky c1onknynncL c apepnmHn nocnepc1annHn a1oro annnnnn. ak n nx
aosHoxnoc1n cospaaa1L pasnnunme coksm, nanpaanennme npo1na Horyuec1aa
rocypapc1aoo6pasykuero napopa. a1oH nnane onc1n1yunn ponxna 6m1L
nepecHo1pena.
H nx v?
- ak nocHo1pe1L. ok1pnna npaa uenoaeka - a1o ne 1onLko aaxneuee saaoeaanne
ryHannc1nueckoro panxennn, no n cnnLnm nonn1nueckn nnc1pyHen1. onpoc,
cnepoaa1enLno, nnuL a 1oH, a uLnx pykax a1o1 nnc1pyHen1 naxopn1cn. onrne ropm
naun npo1nannkn raospnnn nauy c1pany, naun anac1n konuenune npaa uenoaeka
(1.n. ryHann1apnan nn1epaenunn), kak py6nno. npaaa uenoaeka okasmaanncL na
noaepky 1o ncknkun1enLno npaaaHn eapen, 1o npaaaHn ueuenua. eropnn Hm caHn
6epeH a1y py6nny (noka eue nepoc1a1ouno peun1enLno!) a caon pykn n c1aanH
aonpoc, k npnHepy, o npaaax uenoaeka a a1ann n c1onnn, nnn o napyuennn npaa
uenoaeka pennrnosnmHn nypecknHn nnc1anunnHn a occnn. e anxy nnkaknx npnunn
o1kasmaa1Lcn o1 a1oro nnc1pyHen1a.
Yv r - nn r n,
n m . H , v
n ?
- cnn ne npepnpnnn1L cepLesnmx Hep, y1euka Hosroa, yxe npnnnauan xapak1ep
naunonanLnoro 6epc1ann, 6ype1 pac1n, nnuan c1pany n naunk kaknx-nn6o uancoa na
amxnaanne a XXI aeke. 1o - opno ns naunx rnaanmx son, onacnoc1L ko1oporo noka
nepoouenena npaan1ennHn occnn.
apo ncno nonnHa1L, u1o a1o nanenne nocn1 ne c1nxnnm n cnon1annm, a
uenenanpaanennm n nnanoam xapak1ep. ak xe, kak n amaos 6nonornueckn
uennoro Ha1epnana - kpacnamx cnaanncknx peayuek - sa py6ex. a 1oH n ppyroH
npouecce sauac1yk cneunannsnpyk1cn eapeckne 6nsnecHenm, onnpakunecn na
1mcnuene1nne 1papnunn pa6o1oproann, na 1ua1enLno paspa6o1annme nporpaHHm
nsLn1nn pecypcoa ns c1pan, ne saunuakunx caon nn1epecm. (6pasuoaan
oprannsaunn, sannHakuancn amkaunaanneH Hosroa ns occnn, - qonp opoca.) 1nH
poc1nrae1cn 1ponkan uenL: ao-nepamx, o6orauak1cn nn1ennek1yanLnme pecypcm 1ex
c1pan, kypa nepeesxak1 pycckne cneunannc1m, ao-a1opmx, o6orauak1cn caHn
nocpepnnkn-1oproaum, a a-1pe1Lnx, ynnu1oxae1cn pycckan nn1ennek1yanLnan ann1a
saa1paunero pnn. ocne 1917 ropa apaxpe6nme naH cnnm ynnu1oxann ee qnsnueckn,
ceropnn - npopak1 na amaos.
1o 1y1 Hoxno cpena1L? ak acnkan ynpaanenueckan sapaua, sapaua coxpanennn
nayunmx kappoa npepnonarae1 nannune kny1a n npnnnka. oc1poenne naunonanLnoro
pycckoro rocypapc1aa nonnoc1Lk koppennpye1 c sapaue cospannn o1nocn1enLno
(nenonno) aa1apknn no npnnunny onopm na co6c1aennme cnnm. B s n
m u ,
m , s u n n,
n u, .
n. Qn x , u
, .
oppo6noc1n - kak-nn6ypL no1oH.
r nrx m, v. H s
?
708
- aunonanLnoe o6pasoaanne - npnopn1e1 noHep opnn pnn naunonanLnoro
rocypapc1aa. epapoH nan6onee ppeanne naunn, o6napakune HakcnHanLnmH onm1oH
naunonanLnoro amxnaannn, caHocoxpanennn, npnpak1 eHy aaxneuee snauenne.
6pa1n1e annHanne: 6kpxe1 occnckoro eapeckoro konrpecca ampenne1
u - 60% , 20% -
um m (ko1opan, no cy1n, 1akxe nanpaanena na nayuenne
naunonanLnoHy Hmunennk) n 1onLko no 10% na cnnarory n 6naro1aopn1enLnoc1L.
akan ao1 nec1nnua npnopn1e1oa. 1o - npnHep pnn nac.
nac xe, y pyccknx, naunonanLnoe o6pasoaanne, kak npaanno, aoace o1cy1c1aye1,
nn6o, u1o eue xyxe, nopHenne1cn pennrnosnmH aocnn1anneH, xo1n xpnc1nanc1ao -
aceHnpnan, napnaunonanLnan, a aoace ne pycckan naunonanLnan pennrnn. pyran
nopHena, nnuy1L ne nyuue: (1akoro yue6nnka po
cnx nop ne1 n nnkorpa ne 6mno a npnpope) n n F
, u1o paneko ne opno n 1o xe. o1 n nonyuae1cn, u1o ukona u1aHnye1
HonopexL c cosnanneH a nyuueH cnyuae rocypapc1aennmH, no nnkak ne
naunonanLnmH. o ec1L, 1enera anpnrae1cn anepepn nouapn. no1oH Hm ypnanneHcn,
noueHy ace pasaannaae1cn.
ycckan ukona - ne npoc1o ukona c yrny6nennmH nsyuenneH pycckoro nsmka, nc1opnn
n kynL1ypm, no nenpeHenno c aocnn1anneH a pyxe pyccknx naunonanLnmx
npnopn1e1oa. 3 m - m ,
. U, mn x nx
u xn.
H x nx ? K
?
- uenoH aonpoc ne no appecy: specL ropaspo nyuue Henn nopro1oanen Ho konnera
1anncnaa epexoa. ory 1onLko ckasa1L, ao-nepamx, u1o 6es Horyue apHnn n qno1a
occnn ne c1onna, ne c1on1 n c1on1L ne 6ype1, no1oHy u1o ne Hoxe1. ao-a1opmx, u1o
kon1pak1nan apHnn, na Ho asrnnp, - a1o 6anpa naeHnmx y6nu, ko1opan npnamkna
cnyxn1L 1eH, k1o nna1n1, no nnkorpa ne c1ane1 pnckoaa1L (1eH 6onee - xep1aoaa1L!)
xnsnLk npn amnonnennn 6oeamx sapau. epL xnsnL acnko popoxe pener n unnoa, n
1onLko aeun npeanLnme - nk6oaL k opnne n caoeHy napopy, uec1L, ponr - Hory1 6m1L
popoxe xnsnn. onara1Lcn na kon1pak1nyk apHnk ec1L 6esyHne. onLko ca1pan,
apeHenunk, kannq na uac, ko1opoHy apHnn nyxna a ocnoanoH pnn aonm c
co6c1aennmH napopoH, Hoxe1 aosnara1L na nee caon napexpm.
v x q?
- a.
K , n nv?
- esko o1pnua1enLno. nauero napopa n y naue apHnn ppyrne 1papnunn, specL aaH
ne a1nnckan Hepnka, acn nc1opnn ko1opo coc1on1 ns nonkoannuLnx napexp -
c6maunxcn n nec6maunxcn. pnnc1aennan a naue nc1opnn nonm1ka oqnuepckoro
nepeaopo1a - a1o aocc1anne peka6pnc1oa, ko1opoe okonunnocL a amcue c1enenn
neuanLno n sakonoHepno. y, a oqnuep, npouepun xec1kyk ukony nocnyuannn a
pacno pHnn, pa no1oH eue n enLunncko-ny1nnckyk cenekunk, eue HenLue
cnoco6en na aoennm nepeaopo1, ueH oqnuep-peka6pnc1, nesaancnHm n
amcokonpocaeuennm paopnnnn. apak1epneun u1pnx: na aonpoc: m aepL
koHanpoaann okpyroH, 6mnn Hnnnc1poH o6oponm! oueHy xe m nnuero ne cpenann
pnn caepxennn enLunnckoro pexnHa?, nou1ennm renepan ropL opnonoa
npoHnHnnn - u1o 6m am pyHann? pnkasa ne 6mno. pnkasa eHy, anpn1e nn, ne
6mno! nnoue1m, 6nnn.
709
y, a a nonn1nkn naun renepanm n aoace ne ropn1cn, naunnak1 rnapLk, konuak1
rapLk. x yunnn coaceH ppyroHy, ne a1oHy. acHo1penncL Hm yxe na qenoHen nop
nasaanneH coae1ckn renepan a nonn1nke: o6eu, anounnkoa, e6epL, yuko,
1epnnroa, akauoa, opnonoa, poHoa, oxnnn... ne cnyuano a ponn u1a1cknx
npaan1ene (ry6epna1op yuko, ry6epna1op e6epL) onn sapekoHenpoaann ce6n yx
coaceH o1apa1n1enLno, kak cnonm a nocypnmx naakax, pa eue n neunc1me na pyky
cnonm, ecnn Hoxno 1ak ampasn1Lcn. nycnan anoxa penae1 caonx repoea. epapoH
renepanLckne paun c1ann ampaxenneH napnua1enLnmH, o1paxakunH qak1
1o1anLno koppyHnnpoaannoc1n renepann1e1a, ero noansannoc1n c pexnHoH. oa1oHy
acerpa oc1ae1cn onacenne, u1o sa cnnno y anpnHoro renepana c1on1 renepanm
neanpnHme, ko1opme-1o n o1pak1 npnkasm.
aoo6ue, o1 1oro, u1o renepan, ne o6napakun nnkaknHn cneunanLnmHn nosnannnHn
o6 ynpaanennn c1pano, rpaxpancknH o6uec1aoH n rpaxpancko akonoHnko, naune1
cmna1L ykasnakaHn, c1pana ne c1ane1 nocnyune, pncunnnnnnpoaanne. m snaeH:
n - , u n
u . n1ennnrenunn aepL, kak nsaec1no, c1poeH ne
xopn1. aoo6ue, nnc1pyHen1 ynpaanennn ne Hoxe1 onpepenn1L ynpaanenueckyk
nonn1nky, a1o coaepuenno neyHec1nan npe1ensnn. akoaa as6yka nonn1nkn. peHena
nanoneonoa Hnnoaann.
aH nyxna ne pnk1a1ypa apHnn, a nap1okpa1nueckan cnc1eHa. ko1opo caoe Hec1o
6ype1 n pnn renepanoa - unenoa nap1nn. enepan on n ec1L renepan. ap1nn npnkaxe1
- on ncnonnn1. ak 6mno n 1ak ponxno 6m1L.
H n , , ?
- ue kak! O u -
n u
x . pec1Lnnnn n cenLckn npepnpnnnHa1enL -
knkueame qnrypm a a1oH pene.
1ckpa am1ekae1, a uac1noc1n, neo6xopnHoc1L po1npoaannn cenLckoro xosnc1aa n
peun1enLnan 6opL6a c npopoaonLc1aenno Haqne, Hannnynnpykue uenaHn n
perynnpno uan1axnpykue npaan1enLc1ao nepcnek1nao oprannsoaannoro ronopa.
oo1ae1c1aykue ponxna 6m1L counanLnan nonn1nka, nnanoHepno npeo6pasykuan
nponopunn counanLnmx c1pa1 a c1opony yaennuennn knaccoa nn1ennnrenunn n
kpec1Lnnc1aa, a 1oH uncne qepHepckoro, sa cue1 cokpauennn pa6ouero knacca.
npo1nanoH cnyuae aosnnkae1 yrposa Haccoao 6espa6o1num n nporpeccnpykue
penonynnunn pycckoro napopa. 1o Hoxe1 o6eccHmcnn1L ack pycckyk nepcnek1nay
aoo6ue.
ak am o6ecneun1e aosapa1 pycckoro kpec1Lnnnna na pmnkn ockam n ppyrnx pyccknx
ropopoa, rpe ceropnn xosnnnuak1 nnopopum?
- ce pmnkn 6ypy1 nepepanm nop coaHec1nm kon1ponL nap1nnmx koHnccapoa n
Hec1nmx kasauLnx qopHnpoaann. epame 6ypy1 cnepn1L sa 1eH, u1o6m npaaa pyccknx
(uyaaucknx, 1a1apcknx, Hoppoacknx, <.> n ppyrnx kopennmx napopoa) kpec1Lnn
co6nkpanncL, a1opme o6ecneua1 a cnyuae uero cnnoaoe npnkpm1ne.
? K HQH m ?
- ak c neo1LeHneHo uac1Lk pycckoro napopa, nHekue, opnako, caok ao HnoroH
caHo6m1nyk nc1opnk, caon 1papnunn, caon npaaa. - epnnc1aennan nap1nn
occnn, nHekuan oco6m asaun o1pen a caonx nonn1coae1ax kak a uen1pe, 1ak n na
710
Hec1ax. 1n o1penm qopHnpyk1cn ns kasakoa, xopouo ocaepoHnennmx o npo6neHax
kasauec1aa. eropnn 6onLunnc1ao kasakoa yxe nonnno, u1o o1penLno o1 o6uepycckoro
panxennn onn neHnororo po6Lk1cn. onLko 1akan nap1nn, kak , Hoxe1, npnpn k
anac1n, o6ecneun1L kasauec1ay peuenne ero npo6neH. nporpaHHy nap1nn aknkuen
cneunanLnm paspen, coc1aanennm c yue1oH 1pe6oaann kasauec1aa. anoHnk, u1o n
n caH no 6a6ke - poncko kasak, nHek unn ecayna, coc1ok a okse kasakoa occnn n
apy6exLn.
E HQH x r, ? H
nx ?
- onopexnan cekunn ec1L, ee aosrnaanne1 ouenL ak1nanm n nnnuna1nanm uenoaek.
m ponxnm aceHepno npopanra1L a o6uec1aennyk ann1y ne 1onLko ae1epanoa n
nnpepoa pycckoro panxennn, no n - npexpe acero! - pycckyk HonopexL, npouepuyk
xo1n 6m nauanLnyk naunonan-na1pno1nueckyk nopro1oaky. nepye1 o6Lncnn1L
, x n 1.p., u1o on ponxen, ne 1epnn uyac1ao
co6c1aenno npaao1m n naunonanLno caHopoc1a1ounoc1n, cpena1L ace, u1o6m a
6ypyueH sann1L koHanpnme amco1m a nan6onee aaxnmx, knkueamx o6nac1nx
pen1enLnoc1n (a qnnancoao, nnqopHaunonno, kpnpnuecko cqepax, a
ncnonnn1enLno n sakonopa1enLno anac1n, a nayke n kynL1ype, cnnoamx c1pyk1ypax
n 1.p.) - n 1eH caHmH n n un xn
.

x nn, x, HBH?
Hv r?
- uenoH n paspennk coapeHennyk pycckyk HonopexL na 1pn 6onLune ka1eropnn.
H - a1o c1ypenuec1ao, nauenennoe na kapLepy. nnx naunonanLnm nnc1nnk1,
kak npaanno, npnrnyuen, nopunnen kapLepnmH coo6paxennnH, noncky nyxnmx
canse, ko1opme a occnn uac1o ne pycckne. aknH nyxno npnanaa1L pycckoe
naunonanLnoe cosnanne, pec1ayn uepes nornky, snannn. yxno caopn1L nx c
pyccknHn annn1enLnmHn kappaHn, yun1L nx naunonanLno-kopnopa1nano
connpapnoc1n. yxno pa1L nH nonn1L, u1o na seHne caonx npepkoa xosnnnoH ponxen
6m1L nHenno pycckn, a ne npepc1aan1enL nno naunn. nn yHnme, noHy1 a1o
6mc1po.
- a1o cknnxepm. H nnuero ne nyxno o6Lncnn1L no a1o uac1n, a nnx n 1ak
Houno roaopn1 naunonanLnm nnc1nnk1. o y nnx cna6o pasan1 nnc1nnk1 kapLepm,
npncyun nkpnH c cnnLno pasan1mH nnunoc1nmH nauanoH: cknnxep a caoeH
6onLunnc1ae - uenoaek 1onnm. aknH nyxno o6Lncnn1L, u1o onn - pycckan ann1a
saa1paunero pnn, 6ypn1L a nnx uyac1ao xosnnna, nnaue nx 6ypyuee - a
1enoxpann1ennx y xosnea-nnopopuea. aunonanLno-epxaanan nap1nn occnn ponxna
nH aceHepno noHora1L: noc1yna1L a aysm, pasanaa1L Hosrn, pena1L kapLepy,
nononnn1L ace amcune auenonm akonoHnkn n nonn1nuecko anac1n. HoeH 6nnskoH
okpyxennn ec1L annn1enLnan pok-rpynna 6pn1oronoamx, n naHepen HakcnHanLno
pasanaa1L c nnHn o1nouennn.
- a1o nau6onm, ko1opme aceH 6m xopoun, ecnn 6m ne cpanr no nnnnn
knaccoaoro cosnannn. 1o c aospac1oH npope1, ny a noka - nyc1L pasHnnak1cn. x
neHnoro na qone nepamx payx rpynn, no onn ouenL ak1nanm, 1aH ec1L saHeua1enLnan
HonopexL. pnHo coks c nnHn apnp nn aosHoxen ns-sa nnunoc1n nHonoaa, c
ko1opmH a Hockoacknx nonn1nuecknx kpyrax nnk1o ne kon1aun1 (a caoe apeHn Hm
npnnnnn connpapnoe peuenne ne npnrnaua1L ero a oprkoHn1e1 ). H panxy1 ne
npen, a neyeHnan xaxpa cnaam n cekcyanLnme koHnnekcm, papn ko1opmx on ro1oa na
711
nk6me amxopkn n paxe xep1am. "e pacc1anycL c koHcoHonoH, 6ypy aeuno HonopmH",
- a1o kak pas npo "pnuky".
oHnHo nnunoc1n nHonoaa, ec1L n ppyro neyc1pannHm peqek1, o1pasnauncn a
caHoH nasaannn, a cnoae "6onLueanc1ckan". onLueansH - a1o eapeckan
nonn1nueckan konuenunn, nanpaanennan na packon, pasLepnnenne nk6o naunn.
nnHnoauea ne1 n ne Hoxe1 6m1L, npn 1akoH knaccoaoH akuen1e, npaannLnoro
nonnHannn naunonanLnoro aonpoca. poHe cnoaa "naunonan" a na pene nnuero
naunonannc1nueckoro ne1. epapoH a axopn1 knoun n peayukn eapeckoro n
paxe nerpn1nnckoro nponcxoxpennn. pnako ne npoaopn1 pasnnunn ne 1onLko
Hexpy eapecknH n pyccknH peaonkunonepoH, no paxe Hexpy eapecknH onnrapxoH n
pyccknH npoHmunennnkoH n 1oproaueH, pnn nnx a1o ace - "6ypxyn", ko1opmx napo
rpoHn1L n y6naa1L.
eans nnHonoauea - "npnHoe pec1ane". 1o1 nosynr - "action direct" - cnnsan
nHonoamH y qpanuyscko Honopexn 1960-x:, on oxo1no aocnpnnnHae1cn n naue
HonopexLk, ko1opan xaxpe1 pec1ann, nopanra. o nepexop k npnHoHy pec1ank
ponxen 6m1L cnepc1aneH rny6okoro nonnHannn peanLno cn1yaunn. coepnnennn c
cepLesnmHn konuen1yanLnmHn paspa6o1kaHn 1akan Honopexnan nonn1nka Horna 6m
npnnec1n 6onLune pesynL1a1m. npo1nanoH cnyuae peno orpannun1cn He1anneH nnu n
6anok c kpacko, ynnunmHn no1acoakaHn, pasppaxan n paxe nyran, no ne sapeaan
rny6oko o6uec1aennoe cosnanne. aneuenne nopo6nmHn "nopanraHn" (a nnuero
ppyroro nHonoa, ko1opm any1penne nyc1, y ko1oporo a ronoae kaua ns nonn1n,
npepnoxn1L ne Hoxe1) npnaepe1 nnuL k pac1pa1e Honopo aneprnn. nHonoa - ne
nonn1nk, a nnca1enL, ko1opm penae1 caok yxe neHonopyk n opnnokyk xnsnL, kak
poHan nnue1. o anncmaae1 npn a1oH a caon 1ekc1m xnayk HonopexL, nanpaannn
ee na noxnme uenn.
1o po Hoe 6pn1o ronoam - a1o, no-HoeHy, ypo6no, npnn1no n kpacnao. onpo6y1e
caHn, ecnn y aac xopoue qopHm uepen n ne1 nepoc1a1ka a peun1enLnoc1n xapak1epa.
oaopn1, m paopnnnn. a eue n ueronne1e nopo a ranc1yke-6a6ouke. e cospae1 nn
a1o nnunkk pnc1anunk Hexpy aHn n ppyrnHn unenaHn nap1nn?
- keH, no-aaueHy, 6mnn knnsLn nekcanpp eackn, Hn1pn oncko, Hn1pn
oxapckn, nekcanpp yaopoa-mHnnkckn, nxann y1ysoa-Honenckn?!
a6ounHn? pec1LnnaHn? yuune npepc1aan1enn pycckoro paopnnc1aa acerpa 6mnn co
caonH napopoH, xnnn ero 6epaHn n nn1epecaHn! es nnx (n nHek a anpy ne 1onLko
nasaannmx amue) Hm 6m nn nonnkoa ne nsrnann a 1612 r., nn neHuea ne oponenn a
1242 n, Hexpy npounH, 1945 rr., nn qpanuysoa - a 1812.
kaxporo napopa, ecnn on xoue1 nHe1L 6ypyuee, ponxna 6m1L caon kac1a saun1nnkoa
n npaan1ene - kua1pnea, roaopn no-apnckn. paneko ne epnnc1aennm no1oHok
pyccknx paopnn a naue nap1nn, n pyHak, u1o a1o 1onLko ykpennne1 nac. c1a1n, c
ne1poacknx apeHen a occnn paopnnc1ao sauac1yk npepoc1aannnocL (xanoaanocL) sa
sacnyrn nepep 1euec1aoH. Henno 1ak c1an paopnnnnoH Ho npapep, anyk
uepnocounoro kpec1Lnnnna n cmn cenLckoro yun1enn, npopn ny1L o1 Ha1poca po
renepana uapcko apHnn. cnn 6m ne peaonkunn, pycckoe paopnnckoe cocnoane
npoponxano 6m nononnn1Lcn pecn1kaHn Hnnnnonoa (!) nkpe, nHekunx
onpepenennme oqnuepckne saannn, nayunme c1enenn n 1.p. ceropnn ouenL Hnorne
ns Honx 1oaapnue no nap1nn nHenn 6m 1orpa paopnnckn pnnnoH. epL cenekunn a
spopoaoH o6uec1ae nnkorpa ne npekpauae1cn.
6a6ouke. opeaak ee pepko, amc1ynan nnuL nepep coo1ae1c1aykue aypn1opne.
pak1nka roaopn1, u1o nau o6un npo1nannk ne ouenL-1o 6on1cn naunonannc1a a
canorax n uepno rnHnac1epke, nockonLky paano nayunncn cnpaann1Lcn c
nponanennnHn c1nxnnoro napopnoro rneaa. ao1 naunonannc1 a 6a6ouke - yuenm,
712
ny6nnunc1, 6anknp, apHnnnc1pa1op amcuero saena, apaoka1 - anyuae1 eHy yxac. 6o
a1o nponanenne naunonannsHa o6uec1aennmx ann1 - naunonannsHa
pecnek1a6enLnoro, neranLnoro, paunonanLnoro, nn1ennek1yanLnoro, ecnn xo1n1e, - no
o1 1oro eue 6onee papnkanLnoro n nocnepoaa1enLnoro. aunonannsHa, ko1opm ne
npnsmaae1 k 6n1Lk c1ekon, no npe1, 1eH ne Henee, po konua.
H mm xxq. n ?
- aua 1parepnn a 1oH, u1o Hm, pycckne, npoponxaeH cun1a1L ykpannuea caonHn
caHmHn 6nnsknHn n nk6nHmHn popc1aennnkaHn, popnmHn 6pa1LnHn, a 1o apeHn kak
onn caHn yxe paneko 1ak ne cun1ak1. popa6o1aa neckonLko ne1 saHpnpek1opa no
nayke nc1n1y1a c1pan (n oco6o o1aeuan nHenno sa ykpannckoe nanpaanenne), n
xopouo snak, u1o 1aopn1 ceropnn a1n 6pa1Ln c pyccknHn na kpanne, kak
nacnnLc1aenno ykpannnsnpyk1 nac, npeapauan a 6ecnaHn1nmx Hankyp1oa, a 1o n a
nnmuap. oceuan paxe neHnorne oc1aaunecn pycckne ukonm (rpe npenopak1 na
pycckoH nsmke), pycckne pe1n amnyxpenm yun1Lcn no ykpanncknH yue6nnkaH nc1opnn,
a 1aH occnn npepc1ae1 kak rnaanm apar, nacun1maae1cn ue1mpe (!) pyccko-
ykpannckne aonm n 1.p. epe1e a pykn a1nac no nc1opnn pnn nn1oro knacca - n
anpn1e na kpacouno o6noxke, kak kasakn py6n1 ca6nnHn Hockoacknx c1penLuoa. 1o
nn ne nspeaa1enLc1ao nap naunHn epnnokpoanmHn pe1LHn! a1o eue uae1oukn. s 43
pyccknx 1ea1poa oc1anocL 13, epnnc1aennm ays, rpe paspeueno npenopaaanne na
pycckoH nsmke - aapnueckn ynnaepcn1e1, n 1.p. po1na nac, pyccknx, neaoH
pasansan caHm nac1onun a1nounp, n nau can1o ponr - ne Hnpn1Lcn c nnH, ne
sakpmaa1L na nero rnasa.
o npo1na ykpannuea kak 1akoamx n nnuno nnuero ne nHek. on npa6a6ka nLra
nppeeana a peanuec1ae - apankk, snaun1 ao Hne 1eue1 n ykpannckan kpoaL. c
ypoaonLc1aneH n poc1a1ouno cao6opno un1ak no-ykpannckn. aok c1apuyk pouL n
ampan sa ykpannua (npaapa, poccnckoro ypoxenua) n nk6nk ero, kak cmna. 1 nnx y
Henn pac1e1 anyk n anyuka.
H, m: v v rx n, mx
nm, v?
- o-nepamx n npexpe acero - aceH amuenepeuncnennmH: 1) Hm - epnnc1aennan
nap1nn, nocnepoaa1enLno ncnoaepykuan naunonannsH; 2) Hm 1aeppo c1onH npo1na
nra eapecko Haqnn; 3) y nac ne npepycHo1pen qkpep; 4) Hm o1nnuaeHcn
o6Lepnnn1enLnmH xapak1epoH (nap1nn-koannunn), nannuneH ue1knx kpnpnuecknx
paspa6o1ok n y6epn1enLno nna1qopHo, a ko1opo peuL npe1 o npaaax n nn1epecax
pycckoro n ppyrnx kopennmx napopoa occnn n ko1opan yc1panaae1 nkpe caHmx
pasnmx npeonornuecknx n konqeccnonanLnmx npnaepxennoc1e; 5) nakoneu, Hm -
nap1nn naunonanLno peaonkunn n kn1ackoro ny1n pasan1nn. pn a1oH Hm -
neranLnan nap1nn, ncnonLsykuan 1onLko neranLnme npneHm nonn1nuecko 6opL6m;
nop peaonkune Hm nonnHaeH kopennme npeo6pasoaannn o6uec1aenno xnsnn,
ko1opme Hory1 6m1L ocyuec1anenm n HnpnmH ny1eH, kak a 1991-1993 rr. eppopnsH,
akc1peHnsH - ne nau He1op.
o-a1opmx, Hm o1nnuaeHcn o1 npepuec1aennnkoa (pa n o1 nannuec1aykunx
o6uec1aennmx o6Lepnnenn) pnpoH npnnunnnanLnmx nosnun a nap1c1pon1enLc1ae:
Hm npnae1c1ayeH ropnson1anLnme cansn unenoa nap1nn cpepn ppyrnx nap1n n
panxenn, nockonLky ne 6onHcn konkypenunn; Hm nac1anaaeH na unpoko
nnqopHnpoaannoc1n naunx unenoa n 1eH 6onee pykoaopn1ene, Hm ne orpannunaaeH
nx ckypnmH nnqopHaunonnmH nakoH, npouepunH nap1nnyk uensypy; Hm
npnae1c1ayeH nnnuna1nay c Hec1 (nnuL 6m ona ne nopaena nac nop Honac1mpL) - n
1.p. o ec1L, Hm kak nap1nn acero napopa, ace naunn, o1kpm1m n ro1oam k nk6mH
ac1peuaH, k nk6oHy pnanory.
713
K m m nqm?
- o 6onLuoHy cue1y a ceropnnune occnn npoqcoksnoro panxennn ne1. m
ypnan1ecL, no na anape, k npnHepy, anac1L 6on1cn nHenno npoqcoksoa, a ne nap1n.
aH nkpn sa non1opac1a ne1 npnamknn saunua1L caon nn1epecm, ncnonLsyn a
ocnoanoH a1o1 Horyun nnc1pyHen1. orpa 6ac1yk1 Hepcec1pm, 6es ko1opmx nn opnn
apau nn a opno knnnnke nnuero ne cpenae1, korpa aopn1enn-panLno6ounkn a opnn
Hnr nepekpmaak1 ace Harnc1pann c1panm - 1ak oro-ro! - npnxopn1cn amnonnn1L ace
nx 1pe6oaannn. Hqm (-m .) 3 m
u u ; m u,
q, ,
m x . o1 amcokn
cpepnn ypoaenL xnsnn, ko1opm 1ak papye1 rnas a pasan1mx c1panax, poc1nrny1 kak
pas 6naropapn npoqcoksaH. y nac? cnn ne cun1a1L aanapncne1uepoa, a1o ace -
pe1ckn cap. o1n no1enunan y poccncknx npoqcoksoa - orpoHnm, n Hm naHepenm
ncka1L c nnHn o6pas asanHopec1ann.
K r m n?
- paame nn6epan-peHokpa1m 6Lk1cn a nc1epnke - u1o a , u1o a ocpyHe.
eame nac1poenm ne cnnukoH po6poxena1enLno, 1nny1, npaapa, nenasonnao, k ce6e
nn6o 1pe1npyk1 (necnpaaepnnao) kak konkypen1oa. npnnoackn 1pe6ye1, u1o6m ns
nac cpenann qnrypy yHonuannn, - nonnHae1, 6ec, u1o caHnH qak1oH nauero
cyuec1aoaannn Hm nepeuepknaaeH ero cypL6y. aunonan-na1pno1m ns uncna 1ex, k1o
nn6o ne 6mn npnrnauen nn6o 6mn ncknkuen naHn, nn6o caH roppo o1kasancn o1
coksa, ne ynyckak1 cnyuan kycny1L, nonn1L rpnsuo - a1o nopHanLno, npnamknn. ak,
yam, n .
1o xe kacae1cn peakunn anac1e, 1o specL, kak nac ne pas npepynpexpann
po6poxena1enn, cnepye1 oxnpa1L Hnoroypoaneamx pasae1anennmx npoaokaun. oe-
u1o yxe nannuo.
acue1 aparoa pycckoro napopa ncen: ao u1o 6m 1o nn c1ano packono1L nac nn6o
ampaan1L Henn ns nap1nn. nH Heuak, nopuy npnamunyk cxeHy n 1ak1nky nrpm,
napyuak npoc1yk n ncnyk kap1nny. nn nonnHak1: npncy1c1ane Henn a coc1aae
conpepcepa1ene - rapan1nn 1oro, u1o nap1nn ne 6ype1 am1onkny1a a HaprnnanLnoe
cyuec1aoaanne, u1o o1 nee ne o1aepne1cn nn1ennnrenunn (a 1oH uncne ee aecLHa
anpnme npepc1aan1enn) n naunonanLnm kann1an. ne napyun1cn cHmcn
o6uenapopno, koannunonno, nonc1nne n-x nap1nn.
pn c1apak1cn, ne ampe1. aH cypL6a - c1on1L aHec1e, nasno apary.
1o am c1ane1e pena1L, ecnn , naue uannnn, nnkanpnpyk1? cuesne1e ns
poccnckoro nonn1nueckoro nonn, kak ncues nac?
- y yx ne1! nac 6mn cnyuanmH nonn1nuecknH o6pasoaanneH, cospannmH
6maunH unenoH n6epanLno-peHokpa1nuecko nap1nn napnHnpoH aanpenko,
paaunH npek sakoncnnpnpoaanno n kak 6m anesanno aosnnkue nap1nn, a cokse c
yxe ampa6o1aaunH cao nonn1nueckn pecypc apkaueamH, paaunH nkpe n penLrn.
nponoaa n Henn npnrnacnnn a nocnepnn HoHen1 pnn an1pnnm n no1oHy, u1o
kpoHe nac 6mno nekoHy ro1oan1L n ny6nnuno osayunaa1L nporpaHHnme 1esncm
naca. c1ec1aenno, nocne nnkanpaunn panxennn ero yuac1nnkn pasounncL ao-
caoncn. oaceH nnoe peno - ! pecL ne1 cnyuanmx nkpe nn a uen1pe, nn a
pernonax. axpm ns nac okasancn na caoeH Hec1e no1oHy, u1o acn ero xnsnL n
cypL6a aenn k a1oHy a 1euenne nocnepnero pecn1nne1nn. cnn anac1L npn6erne1 k
penpeccnnH, sakpoe1 nac, u1o6m nnun1L aosHoxnoc1n 6anno1npoaa1Lcn no nap1nnmH
cnnckaH, 1o Hm neHepnenno, kak ennkc, aoccospapnHcn cnoaa kak nap1nn (a nnoH
714
o6nnuLn), a 1eH apeHeneH cocpepo1ounH ycnnnn na am6opax no opnoHanpa1nmH
okpyraH, a 1akxe a ncnonnn1enLnyk anac1L - ry6epna1opoa, Hapoa, npeqek1oa,
coae1nnkoa n 1. p.
x MH ?
- nap1nno rase1e ycckn pon1, a rase1ax conpepcepa1ene epexoaa (oks
oqnuepoa) n eaac1Lnnoaa (aunonanLnan rase1a), a ppyrnx naunonan-
na1pno1nuecknx rase1ax, na c1pannuax ppyxec1aennmx naH nspann (aa1pa,
oam e1ep6yprL, ycckn aec1nnk n pp., a 1enepL n yccko paapm), na
neko1opmx papnokananax, na ca1ax oHckoro (tom-npr) n oaocn6npckoro (npr.tk)
pernonanLnmx o1penenn nap1nn, na ca1e oksa cnaanncknx xypnannc1oa (ale-
co.ru), na uen1panLnoH nap1nnoH ca1e (npr.ru), nakoneu.
E x ?
- am pasae ne anpenn nac y osnepa ao peHenax? a-xa, uy1ka! oneuno,
a1nopeHokpa1m nnnoueH 6m nac ne amnyc1nnn na akpan, ecnn 6m ne 6esyHnoe
caHoHnenne a1oro qpanko-aHepnkano-poccnckoro eapen n ne naancun nap nnH
cype6nm npouecc. o sakonnm amxop na 1eneanpenne y nac nonan1cn ao apeHn
am6opnmx kaHnann - n yaepnk aac: Hano nnkoHy ne nokaxe1cn!
H nm s n? K n ?
- ap1nnan cnHaonnka noka u1o oqnunanLno ne y1aepxpena - a1o ponxen pena1L
cLesp. apaua ne ns npoc1mx: nap1nn y nac koannunonnan n am6op cnHaonnkn noa1oHy
kpane sa1pypnen. epL cnHaon, pyueano 6nnskn kako-1o uac1n koannunn, Hoxe1
okasa1Lcn ka1eropnueckn nenpneHneH pnn ppyro. 6Lnanen coo1ae1c1aykun
konkypc; Hne nnuno kaxe1cn nan6onee npepnou1n1enLno aH6neHa, paspa6o1annan
pnsanepoH . poqnHuykoH, korpa on 6mn eue a naue nap1nn. na ny6nnkoaanacL
a ycckoH pon1e N5(8)/2002 n yxe xopouo snakoHa nkpnH. caoeapeHenno
onna1nn aa1opy a1y pa6o1y (ec1L nncLHennm poroaop), 1ak u1o nnkaknx kpnpnuecknx
npo6neH c ncnonLsoaanneH a1o aH6neHm y ne aosnnkne1 (n nonLsykcL ek
noc1onnno, a 1oH uncne, a aunonanke, n naHepen neorpannuenno nonLsoaa1Lcn
anpepL). yc1L c HopanLno-nonn1nuecko 1oukn spennn poqnHuyk ne nopapok, no
kak npoqeccnonan on xopou - aH6neHa nonc1nne papye1 rnas. ne 1onLko Hne:
nepapoH ek ykpauen nn1epne1oackn ca1 oaocn6npckoro o1penennn , ee
ak1nano ncnonLsye1 a caoe rase1e nekc-nqopH ner n11ep, aosrnaannkun
aHapckoe o1penenne , ona ykpauae1 apeHennme nap1nnme ypoc1oaepennn n
6nankn oponexckoro o1penennn , 6nankn neko1opmx ppyrnx naunx
oprannsaun, kak n Ho 6nank conpepcepa1enn, neua1L pmrecko, ockoacko n
neko1opmx ppyrnx pernonanLnmx oprannsaun n 1. p. H6neHa nakonnuna n
aneprnuna, nonn1na, kpacnaa, ona ne o6peHenena nsnnunnH rny6okoHmcnneH (a a
1akoH pene n rny6okoHmcnne - nsnnune!); ona 6ype1 xopouo cHo1pe1Lcn n na
6nankax, n na ansn1kax, n na nnc1oakax, n na snaukax, n na snakax o1nnunn,
qnaxkax, snaHenax, qopHennmx nyroanuax n 1.n. pnueH opnnakoao xopouo - n a
orpoHnoH, n a kpoxo1noH pasHepe. napekcL, u1o cLesp cpenae1 npaannLnm am6op.
1o kacae1cn snaHenn - Hm epnnopyuno oc1anoannncL ne 1pexuae1noH: aepxnnn
ropnson1anLnan nonoca 6enan, cpepnnn kpacnan, nnxnnn - uepnan. 1o cnHaon
1pnepnno cyunoc1n naunn: pyx, kpoaL n nouaa.
x rx HQH r,
n?
- o6ue cnoxnoc1n a 76 pernonax pa6o1ak1 nnnuna1nanme rpynnm. nnkc1 Hm
nopann cnncok ns 52 oprannsaun, nacun1maakunx, kak npepnncmaae1 sakon, o1 100
715
n 6onee uenoaek. nnckn kon1ak1nmx 1eneqonoa a pernonax perynnpno neua1ak1cn a
aunonanLno rase1e n ycckoH pon1e. o Hepe 1oro, kak o naue nap1nn
ysnak1 ace noame nkpn, npe1 npn1ok nap1nuea n nnnuna1na.
K n, m n nm,
n ..? K r
r n?
- on1ak1nme 1eneqonm nap1nn: 115-03-35, 925-28-39, 114-58-90. ekoHenpyk
1akxe nnca1L Hne no appecy: 115142, M, / N1, . H. .
1o6m sapernc1pnpoaa1L pernonanLnoe o1penenne , napo npoaec1n
yupepn1enLnyk konqepenunk epnnoHmunennnkoa (penera1m ponxnm npepc1aann1L ne
Henee 120-130 uenoaek - 6ypyunx unenoa nap1nn - a nponopunn 1 penera1 o1 10-20
am6opunkoa). pepaapn1enLno cnepye1 cosaonn1Lcn c naHn n nonyun1L nncLHennme
nnc1pykunn n nake1 pokyHen1oa pnn pernc1paunn.
[1] peHn nokasano, u1o Hm 6mnn coaepuenno npaam a o1nouennn nasaannmx nnu.
[2] eropnn .. pa1oa npepc1aanne1 oks cnaanncknx o6unn (), a K.. ennea
- ap1nk ao6opm a 1akoH o6Lepnnennn, kak ycckoe naunonanLnoe panxenne, kypa
axopn1 n . a cLespe (anyra, Ha 2004) 6mno npnnn1o peuenne o
noppepxke .
[3] .e. pnn napopoa, ne nHekunx caoe rocypapc1aennoc1n ane occnn.
[4] pkne npnHepm ckasannoHy - nosopnm nponrpmu occnn ycnnckoHy a
1pac6yprckoH cype no npaaaH uenoaeka n y6nc1ao amnec1oaannoro y1nnmH
npesnpen1a eunn xHapa apmpoaa.
Y YK HQ EB BYQYUEE
2003 ropa a un1enLcko rase1e 6mno o6Lnaneno, u1o pnp o6uec1aennmx
oprannsaun n rocypapc1aennmx yupexpenn, cpepn ko1opmx K n
Q (.. y6enko), 4
- (.. onoa),
(. onnumna),
(.. nLnnckn), Rr r H
r (.. eaac1Lnnoa), a 1akxe r q
4 (.. ennaanoa) yupepnnn
konkypc na nyuuee counnenne na 1eHy 1o snaun1 6m1L pyccknH ceropnn. ospac1
yuac1nnkoa - o1 15 po 20 ne1, 1eppn1opnn npoxnaannn - occnn, n pn6an1nka.
o1n k paspyHLnH npnsmaanocL knouec1ao, npnsm 6mnn nasnauenm nepe1ckne: 1-e
Hec1o - 60 1mc. py6., 2-e - 30 1mc. py6., 3-e - 15 1mc. py6. o saHmcny yupepn1ene,
a1o1 qak1op ponxen 6mn sac1aan1L o1nec1ncL konkypcan1oa c HakcnHanLno
cepLsnoc1Lk k sapannk, a 1akxe ak1nansnpoaa1L unpokn kpyr noHounnkoa n
couyac1aykunx - o1 pnpek1opoa ukon n yun1ene po popn1ene, 6nnsknx
popc1aennnkoa, ppyse n snakoHmx.
kaknH nocnepc1annH npnaena a1a nnnuna1naa n kakne amaopm nosaonne1 cpena1L
a1o1 counanLnm akcnepnHen1?
716
YK QRR EX
c 1ako 1eHo ne 6mno a naue c1pane, kak 6m ona nn nasmaanacL,
nnkorpa npexpe. n a uapcko occnn - 1orpa o1ae1 cun1ancn kak 6m caH co6ok
pasyHekunHcn. (a n pepko k1o 6pancn 1orpa paccyxpa1L cneunanLno na a1y 1eHy,
ecnn ne cun1a1L rennanLnoro .. enLunkoaa, ko1opm 16 ne1 kpnpy nm1ancn
npo6ypn1L a coapeHennnkax pycckoe naunonanLnoe cosnanne co c1pannu
aa1opn1e1neuero oaoro peHenn, no 1ak n ne npeycnen a a1oH.) n, 1eH 6onee, a
- c ero sacnnneH oqnunanLnoro nn1epnaunonannsHa, c oxec1ouennmH
nepekoamaanneH pyccknx, 1a1ap, rpysnn n acex npounx - a coae1cknx. oHnn1e
snaHenn1yk 6pexneackyk pok1pnny cck - n cckn
c n?! aunonanLnan nonn1nka sarnana-1akn pyccknx a
6esnaunonanLnoe coc1onnne: a 1986 r., no onpocaH counonoroa, 78% pyccknx cun1ann
ce6n coae1cknHn, 1onLko 15% - pyccknHn, a eue 7% aoo6ue ne snann, kypa ce6n
o1nec1n.
1o 1nxeneuee nacnepne coae1cko anoxn npeoponeaae1cn ceropnn a napopnoH
cosnannn - no Hepnenno n 1pypno. napo ckasa1L, u1o nou1n ace nneHena,
napopnoc1n n napopm naue neo6Ln1no opnnm paneko o6ckakann a a1oH npouecce
pyccknx. oaoe ocypapc1ao occnckoe, nepeuepuee no nacnepc1ay o1 nLunna k
y1nny, acnueckn npenn1c1aye1 o6pe1ennk pyccknHn caoero naunonanLnoro
caHocosnannn, acnueckn cnoco6c1ayn a a1oH oc1anLnmH. (e no1oHy nn, u1o a
pHnnnc1paunn npesnpen1a a1n aonpocm kypnpyk1 nonyueueneu-nonyeape
napncnaa ypkoa n oce1nn napnHnp nnuarauannn?). nxe Hm yanpnH 1oHy
nnunn npnHep.
expy 1eH, nc1opnn acero uenoaeuec1aa ykasmaae1 naH nnuL na paa nonkca
ec1ec1aenno uenoaeuecko connpapnoc1n: a1o, ao-nepamx, nonkc connpapnoc1n
counanLno (knaccoao), a ao-a1opmx - naunonanLno. nn asanHoncknkuakun:
naunonanLnan connpapnoc1L paspyuae1 knaccoayk n nao6opo1. Han1nnk nc1opnn
aeuno kauae1cn Hexpy a1nHn payHn nonkcaHn. naue c1pane on 1ak ponro, ynopno
n nacnnLc1aenno ypepxnaancn na nonkce knaccoao connpapnoc1n, u1o 1enepL
neypepxnHo panxe1cn k nonkcy connpapnoc1n naunonanLno. 1o npouecc
ec1ec1aennm, aocxopnun, n ponr nk6oro pasyHnoro na1pno1a eHy cnoco6c1aoaa1L no
Hepe cnn. oco6ennoc1n - a o1nouennn nHenno pyccknx kak rocypapc1aoo6pasykue
naunn, o1 cnnouennoc1n ko1opo saancn1 cypL6a ace occnn.
1ak, caepxsapaua, ko1opyk c1aannn yupepn1enn konkypca, kpnc1annLno ncna: a
ycnoannx 1o1anLno penaunonannsaunn pycckoro napopa, ko1opo on nopaeprae1cn
yxe c1one1nnHn (a oco6enno xec1oko, nsyaepckn n nocnepoaa1enLno - a aeke n a
naun pnn), u m x m un:
, , u? u1o a1o snaun1, 6m1L pyccknH, - a nepayk ouepepL,
pnn nac caHnx, no n pnn ppyrnx 1oxe? nopknkun1L k peuennk a1nx nenpoc1mx
sapauek HakcnHanLnoe konnuec1ao aspocnmx, ko1opmH paano ne Heuano 6m nopyHa1L
o caoeH naunonanLnoH caHoc1onnnn.
upepn1ennH xo1enocL npo1naonoc1aan1L caHopen1enLnyk pa6o1y ceppua n yHa
pyccknx knoue n peayuek - 1o o1ynnnkue n pasnarakue pa6o1e, ko1opyk c
6eueno ak1nanoc1Lk ao1 yxe non1opa pecn1nne1nn aepy1 no ace occnn aren1m
sanapno Hacc-kynL1ypm. o kynL1ypno peaonkunn, ko1opyk sa1eaann korpa-1o
1akne nncnpoaepra1enn acex ocnoa o6uec1aa, kak n1onno paHun nnn ep6ep1
apkyse, n ko1opyk a naun pnn cypoao, no cnpaaepnnao sakneHnn npe1enpen1 na
noc1 npesnpen1a a1pnk Lkkenen a caoeH 6ec1cennepe Hep1L anapa.
717
o1enocL n nposonpnpoaa1L cn1yaunk: nackonLko aoo6ue cnoco6na coapeHennan
HonopexL ocHmcnn1L n nopnn1L npo6neHy nopo6no 1nxec1n. H
s - u u ?
mcokn ypoaenL noppepxkn (koHn1e1 ocpyHm npnnnHan cneunanLnoe peuenne) n
peny1aunn yupepn1ene npnpann konkypcy neo6xopnHm ypoaenL pecnek1a6enLnoc1n.
oneuno, xo1enocL, u1o6m nnnuna1nay noppepxano nnnc1epc1ao o6pasoaannn, n
yHa o6pa1nnacL k Hnnnc1py napnHnpy nnnnnoay c coo1ae1c1aykunH sanpocoH,
opnako 1y1-1o kak pas n cpa6o1an 1o1 peqnekc sac1apeno rocypapc1aenno
pycoqo6nn, o ko1opoH 6mno ckasano amue. 1ae1 Hnnnc1pa okasancn neoxnpanno
o1pnua1enLnmH, a a 1eneqonnoH pasroaope ero peqepen1 o1osaancn o konkypce a
amcue c1enenn nepo6poxena1enLno. on, saueH a1o a HnoronaunonanLno c1pane
aos6yxpa1L pycckoe naunonanLnoe caHocosnanne? ak 6m uero ne amuno! 1o x,
nopo6noe o1nouenne - ne noaoc1L a coapeHenno occnn.
a1o nnqopHaunonnme nncLHa, pasocnannme konkypcno koHnccne (npepcepa1enL -
nekcanpp eaac1Lnnoa) a o1penm napopnoro o6pasoaannn cy6Lek1oa qepepaunn,
pann o1nnunm aqqek1. a Hec1ax pycckne nkpn nonnnn ropaspo nyuue, ueH Hnnnc1p
- sanapnnk n pycoqo6, ace nonoxn1enLnoe snauenne 1ako nnnuna1nam.
H 3QYMRB.
koHnccnn sakonunna paccHo1penne counnenn, nanncannmx na 1eHy
1o snaun1 6m1L pyccknH ceropnn. coxanennk, naH npnunocL cpanny1L ace cpokn,
nockonLky npepcepa1enL konkypcno koHnccnn .. eaac1Lnnoa npnnnHan ne1oH-
ocenLk 2003 ropa yuac1ne a am6opax na ponxnoc1L ry6epna1opa oaropopcko
o6nac1n, a npepcepa1enL oHn1e1a no kynL1ype ocpyHm .. y6enko - a pyHcko
ns6npa1enLno kaHnannn.
sa1eH aosnnknn noame ocnoxnennn, sa1nnyaune peno. o-nepamx, y6enko nnunncn
peny1a1ckoro Hanpa1a n, coo1ae1c1aenno, noc1a npepcepa1enn koHn1e1a no kynL1ype
ocpyHm. onkypc, yam, no1epnn aecLHa amcokyk n npec1nxnyk arnpy. o
cornacn1ecL: ne k o6sony xe, ynacnepoaaaueHy a1o1 noc1, o6paua1Lcn sa
noppepxko a 1akoH pene! 1o 6mna 6m nenpoc1n1enLnan npoqanaunn. o-a1opmx, ne
c1ano, yam, opnoro ns cnoncopoa konkypca, uLn Ha1epnanLnan noppepxka ponxna
6mna nanonnn1L nonoanny npnsoaoro qonpa. 1o pena1L: uec1noro pycckoro
npepnpnnnHa1enn, Heuena1a, npoc1o y6nnn 6anpn1m, saxo1eaune kon1ponnpoaa1L ero
nponsaopc1ao. pnunocL aec1n nonck nepoc1akue nonoannm cpepc1a. -1pe1Lnx, caH
qak1 npoaepennn nopo6noro konkypca nac1onLko ac1peaoxnn saknn1mx ppyse
pycckoro napopa, u1o onn noppnpnnn 1aknx xe 6anpn1oa, 1onLko ncnonLsykunx nnoe,
nnqopHaunonnoe opyxne, u1o6m pacnpaan1Lcn c onacno nnnuna1nao (o6 a1oH
nnxe). o naH ypanocL npeopone1L ace npenonm.
xope konkypca Hm nnunn pas y6epnnncL a neo6mknoaenno ak1yanLnoc1n 1eHm n
aaxnoc1n naue nnnuna1nam. aH ypanocL aoaneuL a pa6o1y nap panno aaxneue
1eHo aecLHa snaun1enLnoe konnuec1ao knoue n peayuek, n paxe ukonLnmx
konnek1naoa. cero a appec koHnccnn noc1ynnno 601 60
, a 1akxe ns asaxc1ana, n1am, onpaann n kpannm. 6pa1nme appeca
konkypcan1oa cnnLno paspannynn rpannum reorpaqnuecknx nosnann npoaepnkunx!
a6o1m npnxopnnn ns Hnoxec1aa ropopoa, cen n pepeaenL, nasaannn ko1opmx 6mnn a
pnkoannky, sayuann 1annc1aenno n akso1nueckn. pnueH sauac1yk counnennn,
npncnannme ns caHo u1o nn na ec1L rny6nnkn, okasmaanncL na ypnanenne spenmHn,
yHnmHn, 6naropopnmHn!
718
nepeuncnk ace pernonm n pnp ropopoa n cn (ace cnnouL nepeuncnn1L npoc1o ne1
nnkako aosHoxnoc1n), o1kypa 6mnn npncnanm pa6o1m, u1o6m un1a1enL nonyunn
npepc1aanenne o reorpaqnueckoH oxaa1e nauero npoek1a:
- n: pmren (akon, ayn ouexa6nL); n1a (opno-n1ack); auknpnn
(ene6e, enopeuk, ynrakoao, qa); ypn1nn (aprysnn); anHmknn (nnc1a, c.
nnorpapnoe); apauaeao-epkecnn (epkecck); oHn (c. epnua, x1a); oppoann
(y6oaa onnna, oamnknno, ysaeaka, apanck); a1apnn (yrynLHa, nueao, .-
esaopnoe, enenoponLck, asanL, ycnkHoao, a6epexnme ennm; nxnekaHck,
pyccy, n. k1k6nnckn, 1apan ekanpa); pHyp1nn (xeack); yaaunn
(e6okcapm); ky1nn (ky1ck, epknrpn, n. 1mk-nL);
- : pacnopapckn (nana, pHaanp, pmHck, k1n6pLckn, oun, nHaueack,
c1L-a6nnck, c1. apoxckan, n. esaHaeackn, 1papnoe); pacnonpckn (unnck,
nanoropck, enesnoropck, pacnonpck, ecocn6npck, nnycnnck, opnnLck, annck,
c. sepxnnckoe, o1mrnno, asapoao, apmnoao, yuenckoe); pnHopckn (p1H);
1aapononLckn (eoprneack, eannnoHmcck, c. esonacnoe, c1. pnropononncckan,
esno6nan, pnoaka, acueaa1ckan);
- : Hypckan (ao6opnm); enropopckan (enropop, 1apm ckon);
pnnckan (pnnck, ykoaka, oHapnun, oaosm6koa, 1apopy6, ypax, py6ueack);
napnHnpckan (onLuyrnno); onrorpapckan (onrorpap, anau-na-ony, aHmunn,
nkonaeack, k1n6pLckn); onoropckan (s6ouyn, npnnnoa, onorpa, oxnoao);
oponexckan (y1ypnnnoaka, aanoaka, an1eHnpoaka, oaoxonpck, ncapeaka,
enLaka, occouL); pky1ckan (n. onepypnnk, conLe-n6npckoe);
annnnnrpapckan (annnnnrpap, ankoackoe, ec1epoa); anyxckan (anyra,
opekosoao, kpnnoao, nnnnoao); aHua1ckan (nnkunnck, e1ponaanoack-
aHua1ckn); eHepoackan (eHepoao, mckn, expypeuenck, oaokysneuk,
pokonLeack, au1aron); npoackan (axpyunn, npoa, npoaoueneuk, p. anaakn);
oc1poHckan (annu, ysHnno); ypranckan (ypran, c. pyrnoe); ennnrpapckan
(okcn1oropck, ceaonoxck, qnHoackn, openoe one, nxann, opocoao);
nneukan (nneuk); arapanckan (Hcynuan); ockaa; ockoackan (onneunoropck);
ypHanckan (anpanakua, onueropck, ypHanck, ypHaun, nexnoropck, c.
npsyrn); nxeropopckan (c. npryun); oaropopckan (opoanun, oaropop);
oaocn6npckan (apa6nnck, p6mnckoe, oaonnkonaeao, o6yunn); Hckan (Hck);
pen6yprckan (k6ynak, kkepHanoaka, yrypycnan, a, pacnoraappeeu,
oao1ponuk, auna, cnm); pnoackan (onxoa, nasynoaka, Hneaka,
anoapxanrenLck, uenck, pnonykn, pen, pnoackan, pocna); ensenckan
(ensa); epHckan (pnropLeackoe, o6pnnka, epHL, . unan); ckoackan
(epoanun); oc1oackan (oc1oa-na-ony, aranpor); nsanckan (nsanL); aHapckan
(aHapa); ank1-e1ep6ypr; apa1oackan (onLck); axannnckan (opcakoa,
oae1ckoe, Kxno-axannnck); aeppnoackan (paHnnL, c6ec1, . nnnunxa,
ka1epnn6ypr, aukanap, yuaa, . anpa, oneacko, ex, oHanoao, ae1noe,
yxo or, annua); aH6oackan (1apoanekcanppoaka); oHckan (c. asanoao);
kHenckan (unH, anrenac, eq1ekranck, kHenL); nLnnoackan (c1. npoaka);
enn6nnckan (ponuk); n1nnckan (c1. ecnan)
- r: an1m-ancnckn (ernon); Hano-eneukn (on6pLck, n.
as-ane).
yc1L ne o6nxak1cn 1e, k1o ne nape1 a amuenpnaepennoH cnncke cao Hec1o
xn1enLc1aa: a1o ne snaun1, u1o ero pa6o1a ne 6mna npoun1ana co aceH annHanneH.
nkoHy nnkaknx npepnou1enn n nLro1 ne 6mno. npoueH, a1o cpasy c1ane1 ncno
nocne npou1ennn pa6o1, ko1opme 6mnn npnsnanm nyuunHn.
1penLnme pernonm o1nnunnncL, sa u1o cnepye1 no6naropapn1L coo1ae1c1aykune
o1penm napopnoro o6pasoaannn n pernonanLnme o1penennn aunonanLno-epxaano
719
nap1nn occnn, ne noxaneaune ycnnn na onoaeuenne. ak, ns pnoacko o6nac1n
npnuno 47 pa6o1; ns pacnonpckoro kpan - 44; ns kHencko o6nac1n - 34; ns
aeppnoacko - 33; ns pacnopapckoro kpan - 28; ns a1apnn n oaocn6npcko
o6nac1n - no 26; ns oponexcko - 24; pen6yprcko - 23; ns 1aapononLckoro kpan
n oppoann - no 22. onee pecn1ka counnenn npncnann 1akxe ns pnncko,
onrorpapcko, eHepoacko, ennnrpapcko, epHcko o6nac1e; poano no 10 - ns
ockam, auknpnn, onoropcko, npoacko n ypHancko o6nac1e. o 6mnn
counnennn paxe n ns paneko aHua1kn, pnHopLn n axannna.
pesynL1a1e, kc1a1n, um nn q , - x x
u, , u, q. o ycnoannH konkypca,
npe1enpen1m amcnann aHec1e c pa6o1o - qo1orpaqnk n canpe1enLc1ao o poxpennn.
enepL, korpa y nac o1nn1a coo1ae1c1aykuan rpaqa a nacnop1e, a1o epnnc1aennm
pokyHen1, noHorakun naH ocyuec1an1L caoe konc1n1yunonnoe npaao onpepenn1L n
ykasmaa1L caok naunonanLnoc1L. u1o xe? 6conk1noe 6onLunnc1ao npncnannmx
na konkypc pa6o1 (a ns nyuunx - npak1nueckn ace) nanncano HonopmHn nkpLHn,
n x - . e poccnnne, ne pycckonsmunme, a npoc1o
pycckne. yHae1cn, a1o1 qak1 nHee1 cepLesnoe counonornueckoe snauenne.
ecL Haccna counnenn nepepan a ockoackn ryHann1apnm ynnaepcn1e1 pnn
npoaepennn counonornuecknx anannsoa, nocne uero Ha1epnan 6ype1 o6o6un n
npepc1aanen nayuno n nonn1nuecko o6uec1aennoc1n. nauenne pannoro konkypca
ouenL aennko n a pesynL1a1ax 1akoro anannsa Hory1 6m1L sann1epecoaanm
Hnoroo6pasnme poccnckne nnc1anunn anno1L po npesnpen1a c1panm. ounnennn acex
konkypcan1oa 6ypy1 ony6nnkoaanm nonnoc1Lk ockoacknH ryHann1apnmH
ynnaepcn1e1oH. poHe 1oro, 6ype1 nspan c6opnnk nyuunx pa6o1, ko1opm ro1oan1cn k
amnycky aunonanLno rase1o n kypa aopy1 1akxe neckonLko pecn1koa pa6o1
(nonnoc1Lk nnn qparHen1apno), o1nnuakunxcn xapak1epnoc1Lk Hnenn, saHe1noc1Lk
c1nnn nnn o1penLnmHn nn1epecnmHn HmcnnHn.
cero a nonyqnnan 6mno o1o6pano okono 50 pa6o1, cospa1enn ko1opmx nponannn
nesaypnpnm 1anan1, nosnannn, yH. neko1opme paxe npoaenn a caonx kpyrax Hnnn-
onpocm no 1eHe! oHnccnn ac1ana nepep 1pypnmH am6opoH. nepye1 saHe1n1L, u1o
xo1n konkypcnmx npnsoa acero 1pn, ne ncknkueno, u1o o1penLnme pa6o1m caepx 1oro
Hory1 6m1L o1Heuenm 1eH nnn nnmH cnoco6oH. poHe 1oro, a appec pnpa
nepcnek1nanmx yuac1nnkoa konkypca 6mnn 6ecnna1no nanpaanenm knnrn n 6poukpm,
ko1opme noHory1 nH na1n o1ae1m na neko1opme aaxnme aonpocm. ak 6ype1 n a
panLneueH. poHe 1oro, npak1nueckn aceH yuac1nnkaH 6mnn amcnanm akseHnnnpm
npepmpyuero amnycka aunonanLno rase1m; a1a npak1nka 6ype1 npoponxa1Lcn po
1ex nop, noka a rase1e ocaeuak1cn n1orn konkypca n neua1ak1cn ampepxkn ns
nyuunx pa6o1.
o1n yuac1nnkoa konkypca 6mno neHano, Hoxno ckasa1L, u1o 1eHa counnenn
okasanacL poaonLno neoxnpanno pnn Honopexn a uenoH. na sac1aanna
Hnornx n Hnornx sapyHa1Lcn o 1oH, o ueH onn ponxnm 6m sna1L n pyHa1L c konm6enn.
(eko1opme counnennn paxe naunnanncL co cnoa 6naropapnoc1n yupepn1ennH sa
npo6yxpenne paspyHn nap a1nH aaxneunH aonpocoH.)
H n u - ,
n . Y m
x.
BmB X3RHHM EH Hm H RYH E HQ.
720
xe HmcnnH npnuno naue knouec1ao, pasHmunnn nap caoe naunonanLno
npnnapnexnoc1Lk?
poaenL ocHmcnennn pyccko HonopexLk aecLHa nenpoc1o npo6neHm aoo6ue
npeasouen ace oxnpannn. epep unenaHn koHnccnn pasaepnynacL 1akan nanopaHa
uyac1a n Hmcne, ko1opan nosaonne1 cpena1L opnosnaunm amaop: y nac pac1e1
npekpacnan HonopexL, pyHakuan, nnqopHnpoaannan, no-nac1onueHy na1pno1nunan -
npepannan caoe c1pane n caoeHy napopy!
apo o1He1n1L, u1o a op6n1y pa6o1m nap counnenneH n pasHmunenn na aaxnyk 1eHy
okasanncL aoaneuenm ne 1onLko knoun n peayukn, no n Hnorne yun1enn, popn1enn,
6a6yukn-pepyukn, ppysLn-1oaapnun, 1ak u1o a o6ueH oxaa1 Heponpnn1nn nonyunncn
unpoknH ne 1onLko reorpaqnueckn, no n counanLno. oxno c ypoaonLc1aneH
o1He1n1L, u1o Hm aoaneknn a paspyHLn nap naunonanLnmH aonpocoH neHanyk uac1L
nacenennn occnn. aepL naunH aspocnmH 1oxe ne Heuae1 sapyHa1Lcn o 1oH, u1o
snaun1 6m1L ceropnn pyccknH! oka ne nospno.
coxanennk, aekoame 1papnunn nn1epnaunonannsHa, npyune o1 1eppn1opnanLno
o6unnm, ko1opo xnno 6onLunnc1ao aoc1ounocnaanncknx nneHen, n sakpennennme
anocnepc1ann xpnc1nanc1aoH, nHnepnannsHoH n koHHynnsHoH, eue ouenL kpenko
pepxa1cn a o6uec1aenno Hmcnn n neparornuecko 1papnunn, npenn1c1ayn
nopHanLnoHy poc1y n pasan1nk pycckoro naunonanLnoro caHocosnannn. arpeccnanan
Hacc-kynL1ypa, nac1ynakuan ns unannnsoaannoro Hnpa, nm1ae1cn c1epe1L uep1m
naunonanLnoro caoeo6pasnn pyccko pyxoano xnsnn, pycckoro 6m1a. pnako nc1opnn
yxe sanyc1nna HexannsH nauero naunonanLnoro npo6yxpennn, n a1o1 qak1 npko
o1pasnncn a npncnannmx pa6o1ax. ecHo1pn na nsaec1noe sacnnne onpepenennmx
apxanuecknx knnue (yHoH occnk ne nonn1L, 6m1L pyccknH - snaun1 6m1L
na1pno1oH, nesaancnHo o1 naunonanLnoro nponcxoxpennn, 6m1L pyccknH - snaun1
6m1L npaaocnaanmH, 6m1L pyccknH - snaun1 6m1L uenoaekoH pyccko kynL1ypm,
HmcnnunH no-pycckn n 1.p.), pycckne pe1n npo6naak1cn k ocosnannk co6c1aenno
naunonanLno npen1nunoc1n - aaxneueHy ns onpepenennmx uenoaeky a ero xnsnn
kauec1a.
s konkypcnmx counnenn xopouo anpno, kakne saHeua1enLnme pe1n pac1y1 y nac,
kak rny6oko Hnorne ns nnx (nnmH 6m aspocnmH anopy!) na6nkpak1 n anannsnpyk1
xnsnL, kak ceppeuno nepexnaak1 6epm n npo6neHm caoe c1panm, caoero napopa.
n1an Hnorne ns nnx, Hne ne pas npnxopnnocL, u1o nasmaae1cn, cHaxnaa1L cnesy -
nac1onLko 1porak1 unc1me, nckpennne, ceppeunme n cepLsnme pasHmunennn Honx
Honopmx conneHennnkoa! anL, u1o konkypcnmx npnsoa 1ak Hano, xo1enocL 6m
narpapn1L Hnornx. o noka u1o ac, u1o n Hory pnn nnx cpena1L - noc1apa1Lcn, u1o6m
nx ronoc 6mn ycnmuan.
* * *
17 a ockoackoH ryHann1apnoH ynnaepcn1e1e coc1onnocL 1opxec1aennoe
apyuenne narpap 1peH no6epn1ennH konkypca - nppek onnkoay (pnnck), apnn
orpanunkoao (oao1ponuk, pen6yprckan o6n.) n nne ony6n1oao (uenck,
pnoackan o6n.). ounnennn acex qnnannc1oa ony6nnkoaanm nonnoc1Lk a
aunonanLno rase1e, noa1oHy specL npnaepy nnuL kpa1kne o1pmakn.
* * *
721
HRRK:
ne cpaannaak ce6n c aennknHn pyccknHn, ne xaneaunHn xnao1a papn napopa
caoero, papn ycn can1o... o n snak, n a1o pae1 Hne aepy n cnnm: ace onn 6mnn
knmHn, HonopmHn... nekcanpp eackn... Hn1pn oncko... ceuac pnpoH c
nenopkynnmHn pyccknHn nkpLHn, y6enennmHn, kak roaopn1, cepnno, ponxnm 6m1L
knme n o1aaxnme. naue nenLsn. naue Hm ne no6epnH.
M x:
- v r ;
- r x;
- n x (k npnHepy, n y6expen: 1o,
u1o pasrpa6nnk1cn naun naunonanLnme 6ora1c1aa: ras, neq1L, nec, kap1nnnme
ranepen, Hysen, - a1o 1oxe Hexpynapopnm 1eppopnsH).
o a1o - ronme, o6une, nnuero ne roaopnune cnoaa. x napo oxnan1L, cpena1L npee,
nanonnn1L copepxanneH.
npexpe acero nepep naHn, pyccknHn, ac1an aonpoc aonpocoa - KAK BEHYTB
YCCKH BHACTB B OCCHH?
1o Hoxno cpena1L coaepuenno sakonnmHn He1opaHn:
- n;
- q;
- q;
- r r.
pnnc1aoH acex a1nx He1opoa.
M x r : m vm,
nm nr nvx nmx ; m
vm m Km; m
vx vx, xx x m: vx, vx
, n; v - n -1
r r, n, x x,
m m x ; x
rm r, x, r q
n, n "nm" rxvm
n, x , x MH; x
n mv x ;
- x n H x B, x x Qr
3x : , m, 1,
; v-xv ;
- r: x , x r x ..;
722
- n: , , , - n
, , , , ;
v - n;
- : m xxr nr v
x ;
- : n, v r mx -
x r x m, s, nr;
- : x n , nnm s
x;
n 1ak panee, n 1oHy nopo6noe: ec1L 1mcnun cnoco6oa cnacennn pyccknx n pyccko
naunn - Hm nx ponxnm o6pyHa1L, am6pa1L caHme nyxnme, on1nHanLnme...
c a1o - nesnaun1enLnan 1onnka 1oro, u1o Hm ponxnm cpena1L.
H - x x ux - n n
, n n n.
aoe exepneano pa6o1o Hm ponxnm npn6nnsn1L penL aoccoepnnennn 1pex
cnaanncknx napopoa - pycckoro, ykpannckoro, 6enopycckoro. 1o 6ype1 - npaspnnk
pyun. 1o - 6ype1 aennkoe peno. m, cnaanne, 6ypeH neno6epnHm.
m ponxnm o6pyHa1L, u1o naH pena1L c naunonannc1nuecko-akc1peHnc1cknH
asaxc1anoH. e cospa1L nn na ero 1eppn1opnn aa1onoHnyk pycckyk nnn cnaannckyk
pecny6nnky? 1o 6mno 6m cnacenneH pnn acex pyccknx, pnn acero kasauec1aa, pnn
acex ykpannuea, xnayunx 1aH. orpa 6m nn o kakoH ncxope ns a1o c1panm cnaann ne
Horno 6m 6m1L n peun.
u n , m - x
x - , , - ,
, (!) .
ecnn Hm ocyuec1anH ac a1o, ecnn paxe, ne o1knapmaan, nauneH ocyuec1ann1L ac
a1o, - H :
?
Hv v . r. x m
x, m , m x m .
1kypa y Henn 1akne Hmcnn? u1o, ceHn nnpe ao n6y? 1n Hmcnn, a1y pyueanyk
6onL n 1onLko noc1apancn nsnoxn1L na 6yHare, a amnnnocL ac a1o a Hnny1m 6ecep,
1nxknx pasHmunenn o cypL6ax pyccknx n occnn ns npaaepnmx yc1 Hoero 90-ne1nero
pepyukn - pnropnn nxanoanua ona1ko, ns yc1 6a6yuknno popno cec1pm -
ka1epnnm aanoanm aaepnneao, e Hyxa nppen nnceeanua aaepnneaa, ns yc1
rnaanoro Hexannka cenLxosnpepnpnn1nn "epnookoao" nnHoackoro paona pnncko
o6nac1n, Hoero paokpopnoro pnpn no HaHe - epren nkonaeanua onpapenko, ns yc1
Hoero pnpn no nane - aana eHenoanua onnkoaa, ns yc1 Hoero kpec1noro - acnnnn
nkonaeanua o1enka, Hoe kpec1no - npnn pnropLeanm uenko, ns yc1 Honx
paokpopnmx 6pa1Lea - c1ypen1a 4-ro kypca kpnpnueckoro qakynL1e1a pnnckoro
rocynnaepcn1e1a nppen acnnLeanua o1enka n c1ypen1a 2-ro kypca nnxenepnoro
qakynL1e1a pnncko cenLckoxosnc1aenno akapeHnn - oHana qanacLeanua
uenko... s yc1 Hnornx n Hnornx pyccknx, ykpannuea, 6enopycoa. Hor 6m nasaa1L
co1nn qaHnnn, no 1orpa counnenne - ne 6ype1 counnenneH.
723
1o kacae1cn Hoero cyry6o nnunoro Hnennn, roaopk o1kpoaenno: n a nmneunnx
xec1oknx ycnoannx, ynnsnaunx pycckyk naunk, cosnaaa1L, u1o n - H - a1o
snaun1 cosnaaa1L aennkyk aosHoxnoc1L, ko1opan papena oroH, - nocnyxn1L penoH
aospoxpennk pycckoro napopa n occnn.
nnk1o ne nokone6ne1 Henn a a1oH Hnennn.
cnn n 6ypy noc1yna1L nnaue, ecnn n 6ypy roaopn1L nnaue - 1o npepaH pacc1pennnnyk
qaunc1aHn npa6a6yuky packoaLk nnapnonoany onnkoay; npepaH panm n
kon1ysnn pepyukn, yxe yHepuero eHena nppeeanua onnkoaa, npepaH ppyroro -
xnayuero na pyccko seHne pepyuky - pnropnn nxanoanua ona1ko, npepaH aecL
nau cnaanm pycckn pop... npepaH, a konue konuoa, occnk...
cnoHnn1e, kakne 1onLko aparn, okkynan1m nn saxaa1maann pycckyk seHnk:
xasapckne n nonoaeukne nneHena, nonLckne n nn1oackne nanm, qpanuysm anoneona,
neHum, pyHmnm, n1anLnnum... axaauena ona n ceropnn onnrapxaHn.
ak crnnynn ace 1e nnoseHum, 1ak crnny1 n a1n ranc1yunme okkynan1m.
ycckn pyx n npaaocnaanan aepa noHory1 naH ounc1n1L pycckyk seHnk o1 acero
nanocnoro, apeHennoro, nenc1nnnoro...
o napo noHouL seHne pyccko a 1oH, u1o6m nauancn npouecc ounuennn...
oHoxeH!
osHoxno, a1o Ho nocnepnee counnenne - caHoe cna6oe ns npepmpyunx counnenn
no xypoxec1aenno-nso6pasn1enLnmH cpepc1aaH. oxe1, n naroaopnn Hnoro
6ananLnoro, nsaec1noro, ns6n1oro, na6nauero ockoHnny a pyue... o 6es a1oro
nenLsn: Hm ponxnm sna1L cao pycckn ny1L, ero npoponxenne. onxnm sna1L naun
uenn.
neko1opme ns a1nx uene Hne yxe ncnm n nonn1nm, onn anonne poc1nxnHm, ecnn
kaxpm ns nac, pyccknx, oco6enno Honopmx, saHe1cn pnpoao 6ypnnuno pa6o1o,
ko1opan noHoxe1 naH poc1nuL xenaeHoro.
1o 1oxe 6ype1 o1ae1oH na: H 3HHH BmB YKHM EQHR...
or ponxen 6m1L a pyue y kaxporo ns nac...
Q nx Br!
* * *
M BQHHHK:
...occnn cnoano HanenLkn pe6enok: ona ace nnkak na norn ac1a1L ne Hoxe1, uac1o
oc1ynae1cn, no ace a1o nenaponro, ckopo a1o1 nepnop npope1. m, Honopme pycckne,
ampac1eH, n c1pana naua pacnpaan1 caon Horyune nneun. 1o ne npoc1o napexpm, n
ronoay pak na o1ceuenne: 1ak 6ype1. a a1oH pene n, Hm e noHoxeH. <.>
pycckne a nmneunee apeHn pasnme 6maak1. eko1opmx 1ak napoepae1 cnyua1L, onn
kak nauny1 6pann1L, ce1oaa1L na occnk. pnnc1aennoe, k ueHy onn cnoco6nm, 1ak a1o
724
Hono1L nsmkoH. o1 on rpe saknn1m apar ceropnnunnx pyccknx - 6espec1ane, ao1
u1o caHoe c1paunoe n o6npnoe. m ace nnkak ne HoxeH (a Hoxe1, n ne xo1nH) ce6n a
konkpe1nmx penax nponan1L. e yaaxak nkpe, ko1opme 1onLko n snak1, u1o nm1L, a
nonLsm nnkako.
ak xe Hne npaan1cn yun1Lcn, a eue 6onLue Hne npaan1cn HmcnL o 1oH, u1o n n Hon
snannn neo6xopnHm opnne. nyc1L ona amxHe1 ns Henn ace po nocnepne kannn,
sa1o n 6ypy sna1L n roppn1Lcn 1eH, u1o a aocc1anoanenne occnn anecena n Hon nen1a.
<.>
x, pycckne, pycckne...m ace nnkak ne HoxeH cnno1n1Lcn, ace nnkak yaaxa1L occnk
ne nayunHcn. o1n, n nonnHak, neko1opme ne naxopn1, sa u1o. o noHn1e xe, nkpn,
ecnn am caHn ne npnpe1e na ampyuky, ne npnHe1e yuac1ne a pasan1nn c1panm, nnk1o
sa aac a1oro ne cpenae1! ak coaepun1e kaxpm u1o Hoxe1, u1o6m no1oH Hornn
ckasa1L: ropxycL caoe c1pano! o1uac1n a1o Hon nnunan sacnyra. o1 u1o
snaun1 6m1L pyccknH! <.>
nn Henn 6m1L pyccko - a1o ne 1onLko ynoaa1L na kpacnayk xnsnL, napen1Lcn. kpn
nponannk1cn a penax. n yaepena, Hm, pycckne, coaHec1nmHn ycnnnnHn cpenaeH 1ak,
u1o6m occnk c1ann yaaxa1L ao aceH Hnpe. na eue nokaxe1 caok HouL. 1ak 6ype1.
ouno.
* * *
RYBR:
xopnuL a 6epesoam necok, acHa1pnaaeuLcn nop norn: appyr nonape1cn nepaan
seHnnnnuka nnn 6enm rpn6ok? o1 on c1on1, kpenmu na 1onc1o noxke! apoc1L
neonncyeHan...
a6paa rpn6oa na cyn, poaonLnme, epeH poHo (cnaaa 6ory, nec rocypapc1aennm, ne
uac1nm; opna ns neHnornx papoc1e ropoxan, xnayunx na ckpoHnyk sapnna1y).
akne pnn o6uennn c npnpopo acerpa npaspnnk. eropnn, pec1an1enLno, xopouo
ouyua1L ce6n pyccknH!
nokpnanna 6m pyuo, ecnn 6m ckasana, u1o pycckoHy uenoaeky xnae1cn nerko.
nskan sapnna1a, Hnorone1nee oxnpanne HynnunnanLnoro xnnLn, 6espa6o1nua,
napkoHannn, ankoronnsH - ace a1o npnHe1m naue poccncko pec1an1enLnoc1n.
npounoH ropy ns-sa o1cy1c1ann pener npnunocL caxa1L kap1ouky "na ce6e": Hm c
HaHo 1nnynn pacnaunnk, a o1eu uen sa nnyroH. ak n nocapnnn paenapua1L co1ok.
cnoHnnak HaHnny opmuky, caok noHo1y a cnnne n pykax n pyHak o 1oH, u1o paxe a
naue apeHn pycckan xenunna cnoco6na na 1pyp, o1 ko1oporo yxacne1cn nk6an
qpanuyxenka nnn aHepnkanka. Hm, poccnnnkn, xnaeH: konaeH, caxaeH, c1ponH,
nocnH 1nxec1n - n nnuero... po nopm, po apeHenn. <.>
eropnn nonepenLnnk, penL 1nxenm. o1 n pyHae1cn o rpyc1noH. m1L pyccknH a
naun pnn - a1o yHe1L o1pa1L ppyrnH 1o, u1o nyxno 1e6e caHoHy. nac a pepeane
cropen poH. epyuka acn (6a6yuknn 6pa1) nocennncn a kpoueunoH capaunke,
o6Hasan ero rnnno, noc1aann 1aH neuky n xnae1. a6yuka epe1 50 knnoHe1poa na
aa1o6yce, no1oH uarae1 3 knnoHe1pa no 6espopoxLk, y1onan a rny6okoH cnery, u1o6m
ysna1L o spopoaLe 6pa1a, okasa1L eHy noHouL. na 1pa1n1 nou1n ack caok nencnk,
nokynan eHy npopyk1m, ec1 c pepyuko caHyk ckpoHnyk nnuy, u1o6m Hecnu
npopepxa1Lcn. e a a1oH nn Hnnoceppne pycckoro uenoaeka?
725
o o1eu pa6o1ae1 aopn1eneH aa1o6yca, aosn1 naccaxnpoa no Hapupy1y "uenck -
pen". pepnpnn1ne no ue1mpe Hecnua sapepxnaae1 sapnna1y, aa1o6yc 1o n peno
noHae1cn. o k1o-1o ponxen aosn1L nkpe. <.>
o npapep nkona aanoanu aapoa xnn a ockae, nHen 1pexa1axnm poH,
neckonLko Hanyqak1yp no nsro1oanennk ue1ok n knc1e.
o pep aaen nkonaeanu aapoa, ypoxpennm Hockanu, nocne peaonkunn okasancn
ao uencke, pa6o1an 6yxran1epoH. 1937 ropy on, ero o1eu n pnpn 6mnn pacc1pennnm
a pnoacko 1kpLHe.
o ppyro npanpapep, Hn1pn occoa, 6mn saonapeH a cenLcko uepkan, kpoHe
caonx pe1e, aocnn1an eue n peaouek ns npnk1a.
o npapep occoa ann1on Hn1pneanu, npouen 1pn aonm, nHen Hnoxec1ao narpap,
po caHo cHep1n ne nopmaan c popno 6onxoacko seHne, 1aH n noxoponen.
o1 onn, Hon kopnn. ak ace nepeHeuano: paopnne, kpec1Lnne, nkpn pyxoanoro
saannn, pa6oune, nn1ennnrenunn. o ace a1n nkpn - Hon npepkn, n naHn1L o nnx pnn
Henn canuenna. aH, na e6ecax, onn Honn1cn sa nau pop, a n HonkcL sa nnx. op n
opnna - opnokopennme cnoaa.
* * *
H KYQRE:
ao1 nepepo Hno aonpoc: 1o snaun1 6m1L pyccknH ceropnn?. 1o cnoao
ceropnn nac1opaxnaae1, 6ecnokon1. m1L Hoxe1, specL naHek na noamx pyccknx,
6m1L Hoxe1, ceropnn cnepye1 o1kasa1Lcn o1 a1o aceHnpno o1smaunaoc1n, 1eH
6onee, u1o a nmneune cn1yaunn Hnorne cun1ak1 po6po1y n 1epnennaoc1L
npec1ynnmHn, paanosnaunmHn 1ynoc1n n 1pycoc1n. nn paccyxpak1: akan 6m1L
Hoxe1 po6po1a n 1epnennaoc1L, korpa 1e6n rpa6n1, 6Lk1, ynnxak1 n uac1o o16npak1
caHy xnsnL. a1nH 1pypno ne cornacn1Lcn. a, nou1n ace, koro n snak, o koH nnuy,
xnay1 ouenL 1pypno. o no-npexneHy specL ycckn pyx, specL ycLk naxne1. o-
npexneHy ne xenak1 onn, Hon poporne ynpnHme pycckne, ne xenak1 xn1L 1ak, kak
npepnncmaae1 Hopnan nmne aHepnkanckan unannnsaunn: xaauky sa ueky, norn na
c1on, Hosrn na6ekpenL. e xenak1 c1apnkn n c1apyxn, ne xenak1 o1um n Ha1epn, ne
xenak1 Hnorouncnennme pnpn epn n 1e1n epm... e xenak1, no1oHy u1o onn -
pycckne nkpn.
- nx anyk, cmn, cocep; n - 1ako xe pycckn uenoaek, n - nacnepnnk a1o
sarapouno pyccko pyun n 1eH ropxycL! 1o nkpn 6es opnnm c1anoan1cn
nc1opnuecko nmnLk, 6nekno ocenne nnc1ao, ronnHo c Hec1a na Hec1o n
a1an1maaeHo uyxeseHuaHn a rpnsL, a Henn n ppyra Hoero onLky, n epxky, n
nppkxy 1pypno c6n1L c 1onky, paxe 1aknx Honopmx, sennmx, kak npnnn1o
roaopn1L, paxe ceropnn, korpa a o6uec1ae penae1cn o1kpm1o c1aaka na sno, na
caonouL. <.>
o1 n o1ae1 na aonpoc, sananennm a 1eHe: 6m1L pyccknH ceropnn - a1o snaun1
paspenn1L 6onL n ropec1n caoe opnnm, 6m1L c ne a Hnny1y 1pypnoc1e, a paspenn1L
c ne papoc1L n poaonLc1ao - napy1cn Hnorne.
nuno pnn Henn - 6m1L pyccknH ceropnn - a1o snaun1 6m1L oqnuepoH. pHnk
nasmaak1 aennko HonuanLnnue. 6o apHnn ec1L 1onLko nokopnoe opypne a pykax
726
npaan1enLc1aa, cneno n 6esoroaopouno ncnonnnkuee ace ero npepnncannn. o a1a
aennkan HonuanLnnua roaopn1 caHmH rposnmH ronocoH - ronocoH nyuek,
nyneHe1oa; caHmH c1paunmH nsmkoH - nsmkoH cHep1n. na y6expae1 caHmH xc1knH
cnoco6oH - cnoco6oH kpoan.
aknH amcoknH ponxno 6m1L aocnn1anne apHnn, ns kaknx pmuape ona ponxna
coc1on1L - pnn 1oro, u1o6m nHe1L npaao nepec1ynn1L uepes kpoaL; pnn 1oro, u1o6m
6m1L ro1oao o1pa1L ac - noko n yk1, ceHenoe cuac1Le, cnnm, spopoaLe n caHy
xnsnL ao nHn opnnm, ao nHn e cnacennn n 6nara. 6ypy c1apa1Lcn c1a1L nHenno
1aknH oqnuepoH. 1o pnn Henn peno uec1n, a1o n snaun1 pnn Henn 6m1L pyccknH
ceropnn.
* * *
H HH:
aanoaa. m1L Hoxe1, n nenpaannLno ampaxycL, ecnn ckaxy, u1o pycee qaHnnnn
ne1 na seHne. epL caHo cnoao ycL (o1 cnoaa pycm) yxe cospa1 o6pas 6onLuoro,
po6poro, cnnernasoro pycoro aana, c1onuero nocpepn 6eckpanero nuennunoro nonn.
e1 n pycckoro qonLknopa 6es aana. n aan-pypak n on xe aan-uapeanu. cnn
apyHa1Lcn a cHmcn a1nx npnnoxenn, nsppeane xapak1epnsykunx aana, 1o Hoxno
nonn1L, noueHy cypL6a occnn 1ak nsHenunaa: 1o ona napae1, 1o aospoxpae1cn.
aaepnoe, a1o saancn1 o1 1oro, kako aan npnun k anac1n.
cun1ak, u1o pyccknH 6m1L acerpa 1pypno, no 1o npoc1o npnunne, u1o pycckoHy
uenoaeky acerpa npnxopnnocL amxnaa1L. o1 n Hne, uec1napua1nne1ne peayuke,
rpaxpanke occnn, Hon nckonno pycckan qaHnnnn nnuero noka ne pana. npnHo Hne
nocuac1nnannocL popn1Lcn a 1o1 aek, korpa y 1pona cnnukoH ponro sapepxanncL
aanm-pypaukn:
R , r
3 ,
s r v
.
R - x x. <.>
ne kaxe1cn, u1o na pn1opnueckn aonpoc 1o snaun1 6m1L pyccknH ceropnn n
o1ae1nna neopnosnauno, Hnororpanno. pypno pycckoHy aany xn1L a caoe c1pane,
rpe uapn1 xaoc n 6ecnpepen, 1pypno ocosna1L caok naunonanLnyk roppoc1L, korpa
nonnpak1cn nnunme n rpaxpanckne npaaa. o oc1aaa1Lcn 6espen1enLnmHn, n cun1ak,
nenLsn! penak akuen1 na 1oH, u1o nyxno cnaca1L a nepayk ouepepL nauy pycckyk
pyxoanoc1L, npaac1aennoc1L n HopanL. Henno a1o nocnyxn1 nauanoH aospoxpennn
ycn. noroaekoaan nc1opnn pokasana a1o1 qak1 neopnokpa1no. m no1epnnn cao
pycckoe nnuo a nyunne nepec1poeunoro apeHenn.
nuno n nponecy uepes ack caok xnsnL a1o1 ypok, ko1opm Hne npenopano Ho
apeHn. 6ypy acerpa noHnn1L, u1o n - pycckan, n - aanoaa, u1o Hon opnna -
occnn, ko1opan npnk1nna Henn n npnsnana poccnnnko. nepepn y Henn uenan
xnsnL, n ecnn Hne nocuac1nnan1Lcn korpa-1o c1a1L eny1a1oH ocpyHm, n 6ypy
acnueckn 6opo1Lcn sa npaaa kaxporo pycckoro, rpe 6m on ne npoxnaan - a a1ann nn,
a Hepnke nnn a occnn.
nn 1oro, u1o6m nonnokpoano ouyua1L ce6n pyccknH ceropnn, nyxno nHe1L cHenoc1L
6esrpannuno nk6n1L occnk, kako 6m ona ne 6mna. e ncnonLsoaa1L e a caonx
727
kopmc1nmx uennx, a o1pa1L e uac1nuky ce6n, caoero 1anan1a, yHennn, 6m1L
na1pno1oH. aknH nac1onunH pyccknH 6mn 1parnueckn norn6un neaeu n noa1 ropL
anLkoa, ko1opm nckpenne 6onen sa cypL6y occnn n can1o aepnn a 1o, u1o aepn1cn
on nyc1L paxe uepes 100 aekoa, a c1pany ne pypakoa, a rennea.
* * *
BRHH:
1o snaun1 6m1L pyccknH ceropnn?
1pannm Hm ace-1akn napop. e pyHak, u1o6m neHum, qpanuysm nnn aHepnkanum
pasHmunnnn nap nopo6nmHn aonpocaHn. o-HoeHy, aHepnkanuaH npoc1o nekorpa:
onn-sapa6a1maak1 penLrn. accypn1enLnme neHum c pe1c1aa snak1, kak onn ponxnm
xn1L. a xapak1epe qpanuysoa ec1L kakan-1o aecenan nerkoc1L, ko1opan ne
nosaonne1 nH ponro sapepxnaa1Lcn na cepLesno Hmcnn. 1onLko Hm, pycckne,
nk6nH noqnnocoqc1aoaa1L, nnorpa a yuep6 npak1nuecko c1opone caoero
cyuec1aoaannn. nac nnoxne poporn? a6op aosne poHa napae1? a1o paa aana na
naaouke aosne nokocnauerocn sa6opa o Hnpoao nonn1nke roaopn1 nnn o kocHoce
6ecepyk1. aknHn Hon coo1euec1aennnkn 6mnn acerpa. <.>
u1o xe snaun1 ceuac, a nauane I aeka, 6m1L pyccknH? a, naaepnoe, 1o xe caHoe,
1onLko a ppyrnx ycnoannx. 1o nnkorpa ne 6mno nerko, 1eH 6onee 1pypno ceuac,
korpa occnn anoaL nepexnaae1 aennkn nepeaopo1. m xo1nH anoaL aknkun1Lcn a
Hnpoayk nc1opnk. aun nkpn 1ak ponro xnnn a rocypapc1ae, ko1opoe ne sa6o1nnocL
o6 nx noacepneano xnsnn, u1o 1enepL c1apak1cn aocnonLsoaa1Lcn nnopaHn sanapno
unannnsaunn, eue nepaano nepoc1ynnmHn nH. aauka, kona, aHepnkanckne qnnLHm,
kasnno, pockounme poHa, nounan yaecenn1enLnan xnsnL... nornH kaxe1cn, u1o a1o n
ec1L nac1onuan xnsnL. m1L ceropnn pyccknH - snaun1 ne noppa1Lcn a1o nHn1aunn
nonno1m xnsnn, ne cpena1L no1pe6nenne cHmcnoH caoero cyuec1aoaannn, no asn1L o1
sarpannum ace nyuuee, nanpaanennoe na 6naro uenoaeka.
rnnpmaancL na nc1opnk, n nonnHak, u1o pnn nac a1o aosHoxno. naH acerpa
npnxopnno nnoc1pannoe. Hec1e c aapnraHn, noHoraaunHn nanaxnaa1L nauy
rocypapc1aennoc1L; c neHuaHn, ko1opme anocnnn caok nen1y a nauy xosnc1aennyk n
aoennyk xnsnL; n1anLnnuaHn, ykpauaaunHn naun ropopa aennkonennmHn paopuaHn
n co6opaHn; qpanuysaHn, paaunHn nauano naueHy 6ane1y. a1o coaceH ne c1mpno.
aun npepkn 6mnn 6naropapnm a1nH nkpnH n co apeHen e1pa yunnncL sa py6exoH
c1pon1L kopa6nn, neun1L, pena1L qapqop, ocaanaann naykn. mneunee nokonenne, n
yaepen, ro1oao k a1oHy. ceropnn Hm cnoco6nm ns uyxoro ceHeuka ampac1n1L caoe
pepeaue. <.>
snak, u1o coapeHennm pycckn uenoaek npaac1aenno kak 6m pacua1ancn, noro y
nac ppnnn n rpnsn. o korpa nopHanLnm uenoaek anpn1 a1o, y nero aosnnkae1
xenanne o1Hm1L n o1unc1n1L, naaec1n nopnpok. cpepn pyccknx acerpa 6mnn n ec1L
poc1onme nkpn, k ko1opmH ne npnc1ae1 nnkakan xn1eckan rpnsL. a nx-1o cae1nme
pyun or n ne oc1aanne1 nac. e pyHak, u1o ny1L, amnaaun na ponk 1akoro
aennkoro napopa, kak Ho,.. 6ecnonesen. aaepno, Hm nonyuaeH ropLkn onm1,
nyxnm aceHy Hnpy. 1o c1pauno, no 1akoaa cypL6a, ko1opan ec1L ne 1onLko y
kaxporo uenoaeka, no n y acnkoro napopa. aapaea korpa-1o ckasan, u1o Hm
nokasmaaeH ppyrnH, kak ne napo xn1L. paapa, a1o ne coaceH aepno. norne yHnme
nkpn Hoero 1euec1aa cun1ak1, u1o y occnn ec1L caon Hnccnn: aec1n napopm aponm
k cae1y amcue nc1nnm, ko1opyk pycckne nnkorpa ne 1epnnn ns anpy. na (Hnccnn) ne
pae1 npnannern, sa1o naknapmaae1 orpoHnyk o1ae1c1aennoc1L.
728
m, kak 1nan1m, acerpa 6pann na ce6n caHoe 1pypnoe: y6epernn eaponeckyk
kynL1ypy o1 1a1apo-HonronLckoro nauec1ann, ocao6oxpann onrapnk o1 1ypok, c1onnn
Hexpy cep6aHn n an6anuaHn a ocoae. ce-1akn ec1L a pyccknx u1o-1o o1 aHne1a,
nm1aauerocn anpaan1L amanxny1m aek. 1o 1nxeno, no ecnn ne Hm, 1o k1o xe?
oHnn1L o6 a1oH, aepn1L a cao napop, c1apa1Lcn coxpann1L ero npeanm n xo1e1L
c1a1L nyuue - snaun1 6m1L pyccknH ceropnn.
* * *
Q BBE:
6m1L pyccknH ceropnn?
1on1 npnsna1L, u1o pnn Henn n Honx 1oaapnue a1o1 aonpoc ne nanne1cn neknH
o1kpoaenneH. ro uac1o sapak1 pasnme nkpn, cpepn ko1opmx ec1L n ppysLn, n aparn, n
coHneaakunecn. o1aeuak1 na nero o6muno knaccnuecknHn npnnara1enLnmHn. on,
pycckn - a1o 1ako-1o n 1ako-1o. ne kaxe1cn, apeHn npnnara1enLnmx npouno,
pac1aopnnocL a nananoH noc1koHHynnc1nueckoH 1yHane, kanyno a nc1opnueckyk e1y.
eropnn npnuno apeHn pec1ann, apeHn rnaronoa. noceHy 6m1L ceropnn pyccknH -
snaun1 n.
oHnn1L ennkyk naay ennknx pepkoa n ennko Hnepnn. oHnn1L no6epm
knnsn an1ocnaaa n nekcanppa eackoro, renepanoa ackeanua n aeackoro,
pycnnoaa n okoccoackoro. oHnn1L, kak pasaeaanncL pycckne qnarn nap asn1o
asanLk, nap nokopennmH aakasoH, nap nenpnc1ynno nnko. m1L pyccknH -
snaun1 noHnn1L aennkn nopanr nn1ennek1a oHonocoaa n ypua1oaa, aennkn nopanr
1anan1a oc1oeackoro n ennna. m1L ceropnn pyccknH, snaun1 noHnn1L 6esmHnnnmx
repoea 6pa1oy6nc1aenno rpaxpancko aonm. oHnn1L 6esmHnnnmx an1ysnac1oa, c
o1uannLeH n napexpo, apyunyk, aosaopnunx rnran1m nepamx nn1nne1ok. oHnn1L
6esmHnnnmx nauanoa-pecan1nnkoa n Hopnexoauea, oc1epaeneno u1ypHykunx
posnm n aHy1.
m1L pyccknH ceropnn - snaun1 noHnn1L 1ex, k1o ynnu1oxnn ceHLk pycckoro uapn,
noHnn1L 1ex, k1o aspmaan xpaHm n 1onnn canuennnkoa, noHnn1L 1ex, k1o pasoppan na
knoukn nono1no c1panm, co6npaeHoe c1one1LnHn no nocky1kaH. oHnn1L nonHenno
acex, k1o rnyHn1cn nap pyccknH napopoH a caonx naq1annnoamx ka6nne1ax, nn1apnmx
n ypkkoamx pecny6nnkax nnn c kap1aaoro 1eneakpana. oHnn1L n ne npoc1n1L...
eropnn pyccknx nasmaak1 naune neccnHnc1oa n Haprnnanoa. Lnnc1ao, aHnrpaunn,
cynunp - a1o cnHaonm 6esnapexnoc1n n 6esaepnn. oa1oHy, 6m1L pyccknH ceropnn,
snaun1 .
epn1L a ce6n n 1ex, k1o pnpoH c 1o6o. epn1L a ocnopa ora n co6c1aennme kynakn.
epn1L a nauy o6epy.
m ponro Honua o1c1ynann.... 1n c1pokn .K. epHon1oaa upesamuano ak1yanLnm
ceropnn. aunnan c npoknn1oro 1991 ropa naua opnna nn1n1Lcn nasap, 1epnn
aa1opn1e1, 1eppn1opnn, sonm annnnnn, coksnnkoa. Hm oc1anncL sa ee npepenaHn, a
okpyxennn napHennmx npn6an1oa, nonyrpaHo1nmx ys6ekoa, caHopoaonLnmx rpysnn n
nenaanpnunx rannuan. nn rnyHn1cn nap epo, nsmkoH, nc1opne. ecn1L c nnunnH
ne1 npounn papoH. m xpann nepeHen a 6eckoneuno 6on1oane o neo6xopnHoc1n
o6Lepnnennn, o noHoun ennko occnn. o o6Lepnnennn ne nponsouno, pa n
noHoun ne1.
729
noa1oHy 1pe1n pycckn rnaron - .
m1L pyccknH ceropnn - snaun1 npekpa1n1L 6on1a1L n naua1L pec1aoaa1L. 1o u1o
Hoxe1. ponnka1L a nx c1pyk1ypm, paspyuan n pnckpepn1npyn nx nsny1pn.
prannsoamaa1L ycckoe onpo1nanenne. axpan npnkneennan nnc1oaka, kaxpm
kaHenL a no6oayxy nx Hepcepeca ponxnm canpe1enLc1aoaa1L - Hm ne 6on1aeH,
Hm pec1ayeH! nyc1L snak1: npnuno m apeHn.
EMR BmB YKHM!
* * *
npoun1npoaa1L ace nyuune pa6o1m. n1a1enL co apeHeneH cHoxe1
na1n nx a c6opnnkax, ro1oanunxcn ceuac k nspannk. o a uenoH amaop Hoxno
cpena1L opnn: konkypc okasancn ouenL nyxnmH n caoeapeHennmH, on noaepnyn
rnasa spaukaHn a pyuy 1mcnuaH Honopmx npepc1aan1ene pyccko naunn.
opouo o1ae1nn opnn knoua na konkypcnm aonpoc: Bu -
u xn .
cnn nau konkypc npo6ypnn 1ako o1ae1 xo1n 6m a opnoH knoH pycckoH ceppue,
snaun1 on yxe poc1nr caoe uenn.
KK BE HEEQ BEQHEH.
a neua1n npounn nepame caepennn o naueH ynnkanLnoH konkypce,
nesaHepnn1enLno nocnepoaana peakunn co c1oponm apara, ko1opm saaepeuan,
sapeprancn n saaep1encn, nko 6ec nepep o6epne. xpan uero-1o nopo6noro, no ne
pyHan, u1o naua kynL1ypnnueckan, a o6ueH-1o, nnnuna1naa amsoae1 1akyk npoc1L n
6euenc1ao. 1o nosaonne1 Hmcnenno amc1aan1L caHo npee konkypca nanamcuyk
ouenky. cnn apar 1e6n xaann1, snaun1 1m coaepunn oun6ky. cnn knnne1 n kneHn1,
6pmsran cnkno, snaun1 1m nonan a pecn1ouky.
epao amc1ynnna paano, na Ho asrnnp, npe1enpykuan na Hec1o rnaanoro pycoqo6a
c1panm rase1a ockoackne oaoc1n[1], ko1opan, a uac1noc1n, ne pas penana Henkne
n kpynnme rapoc1n naue aunonanLno-epxaano nap1nn. oppo6nee o6 a1oH
ckaxe1 ampepxka ns Hoero cype6noro ncka, nepepannoro Hno a ep1anoackn cyp r.
ockam:
rase1e ockoackne oaoc1n (panee: ) N4 sa 6-12 qeapann 2004 r. a
py6pnke paxpannn n noppy6pnke kanpan 6mna ony6nnkoaana c1a1Ln kpHnnm
y1ysoao (aosHoxno, nceaponnH) . panno c1a1Le
peuL npe1 o konkypce, ko1opm pnp rocypapc1aennmx n o6uec1aennmx oprannsaun
npoaenn a 2003 ropy cpepn knouec1aa 6mauero na nyuuee counnenne na 1eHy
1o snaun1 6m1L pyccknH ceropnn <.> nasaanno c1a1Le o1ae1unk pacnpoc1pannn
noxnme n nopouaune Hok uec1L, poc1onnc1ao n peny1aunk caepennn, ueH npnunnnn
Hne snaun1enLnm HopanLnm apep <.> uac1noc1n, o1ae1unk nanncan:
1. nauane 2003 ropa nnkc1 nnkanpnpoaan sa pasxnranne
HexnaunonanLno posnn, 1a xe yuac1L noc1nrna o1penennn nap1nn na Hec1ax. oxno
npepc1aan1L coc1onnne popn1ene, korpa amncnnnocL, u1o nop 6naroanpnmH
npepnoroH noppepxkn Honopmx papoaann sanpeuennan sakonoH aunonanLno-
730
pepxaanan nap1nn okonanacL y nnx poHa. opHanLno ona apope 6m n ne nHee1
o1nouennn k sa1ee c konkypcoH counnenn, no rnaaa konkypcno koHnccnn nekcanpp
eaac1Lnnoa nanne1cn conpepcepa1eneH . aknH o6pasoH, a panno ny6nnkaunn
n npepc1an kak pykoaopn1enL oprannsaunn, sanpeuenno sakonoH n nnkanpnpoaanno
sa pasxnranne HexnaunonanLno posnn, 1o ec1L napyunaue sakonm occnn n
coaepunaue yronoanoe npec1ynnenne <.>
o cnoaaH c1a1Ln, nsaec1ne o kon1ak1e c 1ako yxacno, sanpeuenno sakonoH (!)
nap1ne cnoco6no paxe aaeprny1L npoc1mx rpaxpan a nekoe nenopHanLnoe coc1onnne.
aknH o6pasoH, ny6nnka1op npekpacno o1paaan ce6e o1ue1 o aospec1ann na ny6nnky
pacnpoc1panneHmx nH noxnmx n nopouaunx Hon uec1L n poc1onnc1ao caepennnx, on
yHmunenno c1peHnncn npnunnn1L Hne HopanLnm apep <.>
2. e1panLnme na nepam asrnnp kon1opm 1nna epepanLno pyccko naunonanLno-
kynL1ypno aa1onoHnn occnn nnn nrn saun1m naunonanLnoro poc1onnnn, 1akxe
uncnnunecn a coyupepn1ennx konkypca, no cy1n - c1pyk1ypnme poukn . opno
ns nnx eaac1Lnnoa - pykoaopn1enL cekpe1apna1a, a ppyro - npesnpen1. ockonLky
amue 6mna npnpaanena k oprannsaunnH, sannHakunHcn npec1ynno
pen1enLnoc1Lk, pannme caepennn nopoua1 penoayk peny1aunk payx nasaannmx
oprannsaun amc1aannn nx kak qnnnanm npec1ynno oprannsaunn <.>
1o ycyry6nne1cn ppyrnH naccaxeH c1a1Ln: e acnkn pernonanLnm o1pen
napo6pasa cornacn1cn nHe1L peno c nepao nonaauecn nro naunonanLnoro
poc1onnnn nnn epepanLno pyccko naunonanLno-kynL1ypno aa1onoHne occnn,
uLn pen1enLnoc1L paano yxe amsmaae1 cepLesnme npe1ensnn nnkc1a.
ce a1n caepennn ne coo1ae1c1ayk1 pec1an1enLnoc1n <.>
3. y6nnkaunn c1a1Ln conpoaoxpena qo1orpaqne, na ko1opo ns6opaxen knoua,
acknnyaun pyky a naunc1ckoH npnae1c1ann. aknH o6pasoH, nannuo nonm1ka 6pocn1L
1enL na npoaopnHo naHn (a 1oH uncne, oHn1e1oH no kynL1ype ) konkypc,
cansa1L c naunsHoH nnnuna1nay aosrnaanneHo Hnok konkypcno koHnccnn, a 1akxe
aoo6ue pen1enLnoc1L Henn kak rnaanoro qnrypan1a c1a1Ln. o 1akne nonm1kn ne
coo1ae1c1ayk1 pec1an1enLnoc1n, nockonLky nso6paxennm na qo1orpaqnn knoua ne
nHee1 nnkakoro o1nouennn nn ko Hne, nn k npoaopnHoHy konkypcy, a n ne nHek
nnkakoro o1nouennn k naunsHy <.>
4. asHeuenne c1a1Ln a noppy6pnke kanpan caHo no ce6e ykasmaae1 na nekoe
napyuenne o6uenpnsnannmx nopH Hopann co c1oponm repoea rase1no ny6nnkaunn, a
pannoH cnyuae - nnuno Henn.
npouna uepeHonnn narpaxpennn, c1aauan unpoko nsaec1no,
neHepnenno o1pearnpoaana nsaec1nan caoe nenaanc1Lk ko aceHy pycckoHy
npec1apenan nna ep6ep, aosrnaannkuan qonp onokoc1 n, no ace anpnHoc1n,
nonyuakuan neHanme ronopapm sa kaxpm pycoqo6ckn amnap, sa kaxpm kpnk nnn
nnck o pycckoH qaunsHe. nueH ppyrnH ne Hory o6Lncnn1L ee nc1epnky,
cnyunauykcn na npecc-konqepenunn H rm
, nepepannyk no papno ao6opa n o1pasnauykcn a
ny6nnkaunn ockoackoro oHcoHonLua 25.05.04, rpe un1npyk1cn ee cnoaa: 15
- m ,
, m - .
nepoH o1He1nncn exenepenLnnk onLuo ropop (yupepn1enL n nspa1enL
qnua nnpac1pns, rn. pepak1op . ckonkoa-enunnep). c1a1Le . nxoHnpoaa
q aa1op coo6uae1, u1o 6mna sakpm1a sa nponaranpy
Hexpennrnosno posnn, u1o a pesynL1a1e konkypca aHec1o uyac1aa nk6an a
noppoc1kax sauac1yk npocmnae1cn nenaanc1L k nnopopuaH n u1o nspannme
731
o1penLnmH 1oHoH counnennn - apakoe caoeo6pasnoe nany1c1ane naunonan-na1pno1aH
pnn nx noxopa ao anac1L. ao1 1y1-1o on n npokononcn: yc1L ukonLnnkn, Hoxe1
6m1L, n ne nHenn nnuero 1akoro a anpy, no nnk1o xe nx sa nsmkn-1o ne 1nnyn a nx
paccyxpennnx o neo6xopnHoc1n aocc1anoanennn pycckoro nopnpka.
cpasy aceH ace c1ano ncno.
o1 ono a ueH peno!.. o1 o1uero 1ako ncnyr! 1pauno c1ano: a appyr pa ampac1e1
nac1onuan pycckan ann1a c pyccknH naunonanLnmH cosnanneH, pa aosLHe1cn naaopn1L
nopnpok a c1pane caonx npepkoa!.. a n cnpocn1 c apeHenunkoa: a u1o a1o am cpenann
c naue occne?!
ory saaepn1L: 1ak n 6ype1.
pnn nauana, u1o6m ne uyac1aoaann ce6n 1ak pasnyspanno-6esnakasanno
na1en1oaannme pycoqo6m, n npnaneky nx acex k cype6no o1ae1c1aennoc1n. Hen
6ora1m cype6nm onm1 (amnrpan ananornunoe peno npo1na rnaapaaanna occnn
epna asapa[2], po a1oro - y rnaam ockoackoro an1nqaunc1ckoro uen1pa ..
poueuknna), n ne coHneaakcL a koneuno no6epe.
coxanennk, n yaepen 1akxe, u1o caonx nopnmx uene o1ae1unkn o1uac1n poc1nrnn,
u1o coo1ae1c1aykun cnrnan no yun1enLcko cpepe npouen. npnpe1cn npnnoxn1L
neHanme ycnnnn, u1o6m ero ne1pannsoaa1L. (n1epecno, u1o korpa a 1996 ropy
eapeckne oprannsaunn npoaopnnn cpepn caoe Honopexn konkypc na 1eHy, u1o
snaun1 6m1L eapeeH, nnk1o noueHy-1o ne kpnuan nn o pacnsHe c poc1aako na poH, nn
o a1opxennn neonaunc1oa a cnc1eHy o6pasoaannn.) o n y6expen, u1o 1e uyac1aa,
ko1opme npo6ypnn nau konkypc a pyuax pyccknx unnoannkoa cnc1eHm napo6pasa,
pyccknx pnpek1opoa ukon, pyccknx yun1ene, popn1ene n yuennkoa, oc1any1cn c
nnHn naacerpa, necHo1pn nn na u1o. ocennnoe ceHn asope1.
* * *
, cnepoaano oxnpa1L, u1o konkypc, npo6yxpakun naunonanLnoe
caHocosnanne y pyccko Honopexn, ne npope1 1ak yx npoc1o n 6ecnpenn1c1aenno,
u1o koe-k1o a1nH cnnLno o6ecnokon1cn. o c1onL o1kpm1oro aHeua1enLc1aa knnnepoa
- kak nnqopHaunonnmx, 1ak n o6munmx - n, npnsna1Lcn, ne oxnpan.
eH ne Henee, konkypc 6mn poaepen po konua, ero pesynL1a1m o6Lnanenm, npeHnn -
apyuenm, ace nyuune pa6o1m 6ypy1 ony6nnkoaanm.
m xnaeH a c1pane, noc1poenno naunHn, pyccknHn o1uaHn n pepaHn. m xopnH no
caoe seHne. ycckne ec1L rocypapc1aoo6pasykun napop occnn na kaxpoH ee
kaappa1noH HnnnnHe1pe. m ponxnm aspac1n1L a ce6e Hnpoouyuenne xosnnna. aH
ne npnc1ano c1ecnn1Lcn caHnx ce6n a caoeH 1euec1ae.
ano nnn nospno Hm aepneH ce6e occnk.
Hu
.H. EBRH
[1] 1y rase1y, kak ac1aqe1nyk nanouky, 6epexno nepepak1 ns pyk a pykn 1onLko
unenaH Hockoacko eapecko Hexnyxn: 1 ropa koaneaa - nk1opy ouaky, o1
nero - xena1oHy na eapeke (. axoao) arennk nceneay. onnuec1ao o1pakunx
732
pycoqo6ne ny6nnkaun a ne ne noppae1cn yue1y (c ne copeanyk1cn ockoackn
oHcoHoneu co u1a1nmH pycoqo6oH apkoH eueH n oame saec1nn, a 1enepL
eue n ycckn kypLep, pepak1npyeHme ropeH oneH6noacknH). o sno6nan c1a1Ln
o naueH konkypce kpoe1 pekoppm.
[2] opaxenne a cype epna asapa paxe c1ano co6m1neH Hexpynpopnoro snauennn,
o1pasnauncL na ca1ax aHepnkancknx eapecknx oprannsaun.
HmH HRHRHHEKHH RB
- uenoaek, ne nk6nun eapeea (pa1kan eapeckan anunknonepnn); 1o1,
k1o snae1 npaapy o eapenx n ne cun1ae1 nyxnmH ee ckpmaa1L (. eaac1Lnnoa).
- nk6oe pec1ane, nanpaanennoe na amncnenne n
pasLncnenne npaapm o eapenx aoo6ue, a 1akxe npaapm o1nocn1enLno npounoro,
nac1onuero n 6ypyuero eapeea a occnn, a uac1noc1n.
, , xr - pec1ann, npepnonarakune
npene6pexenne uyxnHn HopanLnmHn n Ha1epnanLnmHn uennoc1nHn a xope
amnyxpenno saun1m caonx co6c1aennmx.
- npeonornn kauec1aennoro nepasnnuennn uenoaeuecknx oco6e.
oppaspenne1cn na xpnc1nanckyk n a6c1pak1no-peHokpa1nueckyk pasnoanpnoc1n.
o6onx cnyuanx ne nHee1 nornueckoro o6ocnoaannn, npepc1aannn co6o pop aepoaannn.
po1naoec1ec1aenen, n6o noHorae1 amxn1L nnu1oxneunH (ckap anLp).
Kq - spopoaan peakunn spopoaoro napopa na nespopoayk
a1nononn1nueckyk o6c1anoaky.
H - 1) nk6oaL k caoe naunn n sa6o1a o ne; 2) nnc1nnk1
caHocoxpanennn naunn.
H (x) - 1) ppeaneun saun1nm
HexannsH, nosaonnaun anapekunH nH napopaH poxn1L po naunx pne, a
neanapekunH - ne poxn1L; 2) pacxoxn npnmk, npnsaannm sa1eHnn1L ncnyk cy1L
1ex uyac1a, ko1opme amsmaae1 y kopennmx napopoa c1panm nauec1ane nnopopuea.
H, - pacxoxn npnmk, ko1opm yHmunenno naaeunaae1cn
npo1nannkoH na naunonannc1oa, npenHyuec1aenno pyccknx naunonan-na1pno1oa -
nkpe, nk6nunx caok naunk n sa6o1nunxcn o ne - c uenLk nponsaec1n nopHeny
nonn1n n ouepnn1L a1nx nkpe a rnasax o6uec1aa n npepc1aan1ene
npaaooxpann1enLno cnc1eHm.
r - xopouo cnnannpoaannan n rpaHo1no ncnonnennan
nap1nsanckan akunn.
Hr - nap1nsanckan akunn kopennoro nacenennn, poaepennoro po kpane
c1enenn o1uannnn n rneaa naunonanLno necnpaaepnnaoc1Lk.
H - o6munoe paynnune (6m1.) nnn paoeHmcnne (pyann), korpa
roaopn1 opno, a pyHak1 ppyroe. oc1onnnoe cnepoaanne nonn1koppek1noc1n npnaopn1
k 1oHy, u1o onn1nueckoe nuo npno6pe1ae1 uep1m aynnkoro nyca.
733
xr - ampaxennm cnoaaHn nnn pec1aneH
o1kas sakpmaa1L rnasa na peanLnme naunonanLnme npo1naopeunn, pac1yune a occnn
c kaxpmH pnH n yrpoxakune pycckoHy napopy 1o1anLnmH nc1pe6nenneH n
nopa6ouenneH.
- rocypapc1aenno-nc1opnueckoe nsHepenne pycckoro napopa, ero
nonn1nueckan nnoc1acL; HononaunonanLnan pycckan c1pana c an1npyccko anac1Lk.
- 1n1ynLnm, kopenno n epnnc1aennm rocypapc1aoo6pasykun napop
occnn.
x - Honopme nkpn, npnnapnexaune, kak npaanno, k
rocypapc1aoo6pasykueHy a1nocy 1o nnn nno c1panm, o6napakune 6pn1o ronoao n
o1nnuno pasan1mH (o1 npnpopm nnn a pesynL1a1e cnc1eHa1nuecko pyxoano pa6o1m)
nnc1nnk1oH naunonanLnoro n pacoaoro caHocoxpanennn.
(n) - kpannn c1enenL 6ecuyac1ann, na1onornueckoe
o1cy1c1ane peakunn na ynnxennn, npn1ecnennn, a1nounp n renounp napopa, k
ko1opoHy npnnapnexnuL.
3 rnn, nr - nap1nsanm coapeHenno anoxn
(konua - nauana XXI aa.), okasmaakune nocnnLnoe n a pasno c1enenn
oprannsoaannoe conpo1nanenne nnoc1pannoHy n nnopopueckoHy nauec1ank na
popnyk c1pany, a 1oH uncne saunuakune o1 1akoro nauec1ann kopennme napopm
occnn.
3 - 6nocounanLnm akc1pak1 naunn, coc1onun ns nan6onee opapennmx,
o6pasoaannmx n coc1onaunxcn a nnunoH n o6uec1aennoH nnane ee npepc1aan1ene,
napenennmx npko ampaxennmH n rny6oko ocosnannmH nnc1nnk1oH naunonannsHa.
-

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