PDF

..
--
2015
- www.phoenixbooks.ru
373.167.1:51
22.1729
444
18
18
..
/ .. . . 5-. / : , 2015. 190, [1] .
( ).
ISBN 978-5-222-24751-8
, .

, , , .
373.167.1:51
22.1729

,

:
12.02.2015.
84108 1/32. 2.
3 000 . .

344011, . --, . , 150.
E-mail: morozovatext@aaanet.ru
ISBN 978-5-222-24751-8
.., , 2010
, , 2015

(R) ,
(Q)
m , m
n
, n
.

m
, m ,
n
n .

1
= 0, 333... = 0,(3).
3
2 = 1, 4142135...

(Z)

- ,
, , - .
, 0.
(Z)

(N)
{1;2;3;4...}.
0
,

a + 0 = 0 + a = a.

,
{...3;2;1}.
N Z QR
3

,
(=).
. ,
2 + 2 =4 ( ), 3 1 = 5 ( ).
,
(<, >, , ).
. ,
2 + 1 4 ( ), 3 1>5 ( ).
1. = b, b = a
1. a > b, b < a
2. a = b b = c, a = c
( )
2. a > b b > c, a > c

( )
3. a = b, a + c = b + c
3. a > b, a + c > b + c
4. a = b c = d,
a + c = b + d
4. a > b c > d,
a + c > b + d
5. = b 0, ac = bc
5. a) > b > 0,
ac > bc
) > b < 0,
ac < bc
6. a = b c = d, ac = bd 6. a > b (a > 0, b > 0)

> d (c > 0, d > 0), ac > bd
7. a = b, an = bn
7. a) a > b (a > 0, b 0),

a2k > b2k
) a > b, a2k+1 > b2k+1
4
8. a) a = b (a 0, b 0),
2k
2k
a = b
) a = b,
2 k +1
a = 2 k +1 b
9. a = b, a 0, b 0,
8. a) a > b (a > 0, b > 0),

2k
2k
a > b
) a > b,
2 k +1
a > 2 k +1 b
9. a > b (a > 0, b > 0),
1 1
=
a b
1 1
<
a b
10. ab = 0 ,
(a = 0
b = 0)
10. a) ab > 0 ,
a > 0 b > 0 a < 0 b < 0
) ab < 0 ,
a > 0 b < 0 a < 0
b>0
11.
a
= 0 ,
b
a = 0 b 0
11. a)
a
> 0
b
, a > 0 b > 0
a<0b<0
)
a
< 0 ,
b
a > 0 b < 0 a < 0

b>0

a1 + a2 + ... + an
n
a1, a2, , an
An =

Gn =
a1a2 ...an
a1 0; a2 0; ; an 0
5

a+b
ab
2
a +b+c
abc
2
a 0; b 0
a 0; b 0; c 0
a1 + a2 + ... + an n
a1a2 ...an
n
a1 0; a2 0; ; an 0

1
2.
a

2 (
a = 1).
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1
2.
b

(2) (
b = 1).
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a, b, c
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6

a1, a2, , an, b1, b2, , bn
(a1b1 + a2b2 + + anbn)2 (a12 + a22 + ... + an2 )(b12 + b22 + ... + bn2 )
, ai bi
( ,
a
a a
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b1 b2
bn
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. -
, , , .
| 7 | = 7; | 9 | = 9;
| 0 | = 0; | a4 | = a4 ; ( a4 0)
a p a > 0
| a | = 0 a = 0 =
a a < 0
a a , 0
a a > 0
=
a a < 0 a a - 0
7

b
|
B
a
|
A
| a | = OA; | b | = OB
| a b | = AB
, .

a b a b .
1. | a | 0
2. | a | = | a |
3. a | a |
4. | a b | = | a | | b |
a a
=
(b 0)
b
b

, (
).
5.
6. | an | = | a |n
7. | a |2 = a2
8. | a |2k = a2k
8
9. | a + b | | a | + | b |
| a1 + a2 + + an | | a1 | +
+ | a 2 | + + | an |
10. | | a | | b | | | a b | | a | + | b |
( ).
1% a =
1
a
100

1.
p% a=
p
a
100
. 7% 600.
7
600 = 42.
.
100
2.
p% -
b,
:
b:
p b 100
=
.
100
p
. , 40% 16.
. x
:
40
x = 16,
100
40
= 40.
x = 16 :
100
9
3.

a
100%
b
. 25 200?
. x :
25
x=
100 = 12, 5 (%).
200
b.
. -
(

).
a c
=
b d
a : b = c : d (a, b, c, d 0)
a d ;
b c .

.
ad = bc
a=
bc
bc
; d=
d
a

,
.
10
b=
ad
ad
; c=
c
b
:
a c a b
= ; = ;
b d c d

,
.

,
, .
d c d b
= ; =
b a c a
(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
(a b)2 = a2 2ab + b2
a2 b2 = (a + b)(a b)

.
11
(a + b) =
= a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3;
(a + b)3 =
= a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b)
(a b) =
= a3 3a2b + 3ab2 b3;
(a b)3 =
= a3 b3 3ab(a b)
a +b =
= (a + b)(a2 ab + b2)
a3 b 3 =
= (a b)(a2 + ab + b2)
(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 +
+ c2 + 2ab + 2ac + 2bc

,

.

,

.

.

.

.
12
( )
(a + b) n = an + c1an1b + c2an2b2 + + cn2a2bn2 +
+ cn1abn1 + bn,
1; c1; c2 ; ; cn2 ;
cn1; 1 , .
(a + b) 0
(a + b)
(a + b)
(a + b)
(a + b)
(a + b)
(a + b)
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
4
5
1
3
6
10
15
1
1
4
10
20
1
5
15
1
6

,
,

.
. (a + b)5 = a5 + 5a4b + 10a3b2 + 10a2b3 + 5ab4 + b5
x
:
P(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + + anxn,
0, 1, , n .
13
an 0, n- x.
anxn (an 0)
P(x), a0
.
.
1. 24x 3 x 2 + 15 .
2. x2 16 .

. -
A(x) B(x)
Q(x),
A(x) = B(x)Q(x), ,
A(x) B(x).
A(x ) = B(x ) Q(x )
.
x2 1 =
= (x 1)(x + 1),

A(x) = x2 1 B(x) = x 1
(
Q(x) = x +1).
() = + 5 + + 8 20
() = 2 + 2 + 3
1.
.
14

4
3
2
2
x + 5x + x + 8x 20 x + 2x + 3
x4 + 2x3 + 3x2
x2 + 3x 8
2.
.
3
2
3x 2x + 8x 20
3.
3x3 + 6x2 + 9x

2
20
8x

.
8x2 16x 24
4. 15x + 4
: 4
3
2

x + 5x + x + 8x 20 =
2
2
= (x + 3x 8) (x + 2x + 3) + 15x + 4

. .
,
,
.

P(x) x a
P(a).
.
x = P(x) (. . P() = 0),

x .
P(x) = x5 + 2x3 + x 2
1 (1),
(1) = 0, . .
.
15
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

0 90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

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..

2. a > b b > c, a > c

6. a = b c = d, ac = bd 6. a > b (a > 0, b > 0)

7. a) a > b (a > 0, b 0),

8. a) a > b (a > 0, b > 0),

9. a > b (a > 0, b > 0),

a > 0 b < 0 a < 0

a a < 0 a a - 0

. (a + b)5 = a5 + 5a4b + 10a3b2 + 10a2b3 + 5ab4 + b5

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