CCNA Cisco Certified Network Associate. Учебное руководство PDF

CCNA
Cisco Certified
Network Associate

640-507
SrBEX
100 000

""
CCNA
Cisco Certified
Network Associate
Study Guide
Second Edition
Todd Lammle
SVBEX
CCNA
Cisco Certified
Network Associate

640-507

CCNA
Cisco Certified Network Associate
Study Guide
Second Edition
Todd Lammle
Copyright 2000
All rights reserved
CCNA
Cisco Certified Network Associate

640-507

.

.
.
Copyright 2000 SYBEX Inc., 1151 Marina Village Parkway, Alameda, CA 94501
All rights reserved.
Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or
retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher, with the exception that the program listings may be entered, stored, and executed in a computer system, but they may not be reproduced for publication.
ISBN 0-7821-2647-2
"", 2002
. N : OAI (03)
N : 070612 30.09.97 .
ISBN 5-85582-180-3
5.07.2002 70x100/16

.. 36 3200 N 646

"". , 123557 . ., . 40, . 2
: (095)259-01-62
WWW.LORY-PRESS.RU
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109044, , . . 18
Cisco .
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CCNA Sybex.
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OSI
OSI
Ethernet
Ethernet
Ethernet
Ethernet

Cisco

Cisco
Ethernet
Ethernet
UTP (RJ-45)

Cisco
Cisco
Cisco
Cisco
1.1. OSI
1.2. OSI
1.3.

1.1
1.2
1.3

2
2
2

1
2
2
. 3
3
5
18
19
20
25
26
28
29
31
.31
32
32
33
34
36
40
40
41
,42
44
44
45
46
47
50
.50
51
51
52
53
54
54
55
2
55

. . . . . . . .
55

. . . . . . . 57
. . . . . . . .
57
STP Spanning-Tree Protocol. . . . . .-. . . . . <. . . . . 58

59
. . . . . . . . . . . .'
59
.
61
. . . . . 6 1
. . . 62

63
" "
64
( )
.
64

65
.
65
. . . . . ' . . . . . . . ^. . ;
66
b'oq; . ; . . .; . . ,
69
. . . . . * . . . . . . . . ." . . 70
. . . . . . . . . . . . 71
TCP/IP DoD
72
/
73

78
.
. . . . . . 85
IP
93
IP- . . . .; . .
93
IP- . . . . . . . . .
94

.100

./....
101

102

109
..
115
. . . . . . . '
118

118

.
122
. . . . . . . . . . .
122
4 IOS . . . . . . 123
Cisco
IOS Cisco
Cisco

()

CLI

124
124
124
125
130
, . 131
132
133
135
xi

139

140
146

147

151
.
151
. . . .
152

. . - . . . . . . . 154
. .
158

159
4.1. . . 159
4.2.

160
4.3.
161
4.4. .
162
4.5. ,
, IP-
164

165

,.169

169
5 IP .
171
172
IP- .
172
IP-
176
IP-
180

181

186

187

188

189

191
RIP
194
RIP
195
RIP
195
RIP . . . . . 197
RIP . 199
IGRP
199
IGRP
200
IGRP
200
IGRP
201
2621
201
2501
202
2501
202
2501.
. . . . . . 202
|[
*,

IGRP
203

204
Show Protocols
, .
205
Show IP Protocol
..". . . 205
Debug IP RIP
207
Debug IP IGRP
208
209

,210
5.1. . . . . 210
5.2.
RIP
212
5.3.
IGRP
213

.
. . . . 214

217
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
(VLAN) . . . . . . . . . 219
(Virtual LAN)

. . ......

VLAN
. .
VLAN
.
VLAN
VLAN
, .

VLAN
ISL

VLAN
VTP
VTP

VTP
.
. . . . . . .... . . .
. . . . . .

. .
220
220
221
222
. 223
223
. 224
. 224
225
225
226
227
227
228
229
230
231
. 231
232
235
236
Cisco
237
Cisco

. . . . . . . . . .

238
239
239
239

.. .

. . . . . . 241
. . . . . . . . . . . 241
,. '
242
Cisco IOS .. . . . . . 245
-
245
Cisco IOS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Cisco IOS . . 248

Cisco . . . . . . . 250

Cisco
251
Cisco . . . . 252
. .
. 253
Cisco Discovery Protocol . . . . . . . 254

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .254

255
. . . . . . . 257
. ... . . 257
Telnet
. . . ....,.,,.,, . . . . . 259
Telnet

. . .... . . . . . . . 260
Telnet
......... . . . . .... 262
Telnet
262
Telnet
262

264

.....
264
DNS . . . . . . . . . . . 266

268
Ping
. . 268
Trace . . . . . . .,,........... . 269
... ^ ..... f 270

. . . . . . 270
7.1.
IOS
. .
270
7.2.
IOS
271
7.3.

271
7.4. . . 272
7.5. Telnet , . . . . . . 273
7.6.
274

. 275

: . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278

. . . . . . . . . . . 279
xiii
Xl'v
8 Novell IPX . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

Novell IPX.
282
Novell IPX . . .
. . . . . ; . . . . 282
. .
. . 284
.
285
IPX-
. . . . . . 289
290
IPX Cisco
292
IPX
292
IPX . . . . . . . . . 292
IPX
294
IPX 2621
. 294
IPX 2501
294
IPX 2501
295
IPX 2501 . . . . . .
295
IPX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
. . . . . . .
297

298
298

Ethernet . . . . . ; < . . .
... . . . . 299

2621
.
299

2501
300

2501
301

2501
301
IPX
302
IPX Cisco
303
Show IPX Servers
. . .
303
Show IPX Route
304
Show IPX Traffic . . .
305
Show IPX Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . 306
Show Protocols . . .
307
Debug IPX.
. 307
RouterA#IPX Ping
309
. .
310

310
8.1.
Internetworking Packet Exchange (IPX)
311
8.2. IPX
312

314
.
317

318
XV
319

IP
VTY (Telnet)
IP
IP
IPX
IPX
IPX
SAP IPX
IPX

9.1. IP .
9.2. IP .
9.3. IPX

. . ..... .
10
.
.
.
.
320
322
326
326
332
332
332
334
334
335
336
337
337
338
340
341
345
345
347

.
. .
348

348
.
349
.
350
HDLC
351

. 352
Link Control Protocol (LCP)
353

353
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Cisco
354

355

. 356
Frame Relay
357
Frame Relay
. 357
Frame Relay
359
Data Link Connection Identifier (DLCI)
360
Local Management Interface (LMI) .
361
362
Frame Relay
366
Frame Relay . . . . . ' . "
367
CIR (Committed Information Rate) . . . . ' .
367
Frame Relay
368
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
371
ISDN
372
Basic Rate Interface (BRI)
375
Primary Rate Interface (PRI) . . . . . . , .'. . . . . . . . . . 375
xyi
ISDN Cisco
376
Dial-on-Demand Routing (DDR)
377
DDR
377

378
""
378

378

380
DDR
381
ISDN
381
382

383
10.1.

383
10.2. HDLC . . 384
10.3. Frame Relay

385
10.4. ISDN BRI386
.
. . . . . 389

. . . 392

393
395

396
. . . . . . . . 407
Catalyst 1900
409
1900
410

411

411
1900
412
Ethernet
413
IOS Cisco 1900 . . . . . . 414

414

417
IP
418

419

422

423
IP
424

425
-
425
-
427

429
Show Version.
430
'

. . . . . . . . . . 431
VLAN
431
VLAN. . . . . . . 433
. . , . , . . . . .... '. '. . . .". .'. 434
VLAN . . . . . .". . . . 435
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
ISL
437

. , , , . ; -> 438

. . . . . . . . . . . . 438
VTP
439
VTP
. . . . . . ' . . .'.'440
IOS
Catalyst 1900
440

Catalyst 1900 . . . . , . , .
441
CDP 1900 . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . 442
. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . '.' . . . . 443

.444
.1.
1900
,,.'. , . . . . . . . . . . .'."444
.2. 1900 . . 445
.. VLAN
446
.4.
VLAN
447
.5. . 449
.6. VTP
.450
.7.
VLAN ISL
. . ." 1" . . . 4 5 1

452

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . * . 456
. ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
Cisco. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
. . . . . . . . . . .../.'. . . . . . . . . . . . .469
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xix

Cisco CCNA. , , , MCSE
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San Francisco Systems,
. ? 1992 . Cisco Systems, Inc.
, , AGS (Advanced Gateway Server ). MGS (Mid-Range Gateway Server ), CGS
(Compact Gateway Server ), IGS (Integrated Gateway Server ) AGS+.
1993 . Cisco 4000,
7000, 2000 3000. -
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'Cisco. -
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Network Associate (CCNA) 2
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Cisco Cisco. Cisco CCIE.
CCNA, $100
.
Cisco Certified Network Professional
(CCNP Cisco).
CCNP ,
CCIE.
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CCNA
Microsoft Novell, Cisco ,
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CCNA
Cisco IOS Cisco, , . ( Cisco) Cisco,
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Cisco. , Virtual Networks/Ikon Technologies CCNA, Cisco.
Cyberstate University, Sybex Cisco (www.cyberstateu.com).
Cisco Keystone Learning Systems
(www.klscorp.com).
[ "CCNA: Cisco Certified Network Associate Study Guide"
Sybex, CCNA. ,
CiscoTests (http://www.networkstudyguides.com) ,

CCNA, CCNP CCIE.
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Web- Cisco
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CCNP, CCIE
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640-025 Cisco
Internetwork Design (CID Cisco)
Installing and Maintaining Cisco Routers (IMCR
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350-001 CCIE-R/S Exam Qualification (
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CCIE, :
1. Authorized Cisco Training
Center ( Cisco). $15 000 $20 000 ,
.
2. Drake/Prometric. ($200 ,
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3. Cisco.
$1000,
. (
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Cisco Certified Design Associate (CCDA)

CCDA, 640-441
DCN (Designing Cisco Networks, Cisco). :
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Cisco Certified Design Professional (CCDP)

CCNP CCDP,
CID 640-025. CCNP, ACRC, CLSC, CIT CMTD.
CCDP :
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CCDA
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800
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(800)
755-3926. Sylvan Prometric Registration Center.
CCNA, :
1. , . (
CCNA 640-507.)
2. Sylvan Prometric Registration Center. . $100,
, , 6 . - ,
24 . Cisco .
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,
.
CCNA
CCNA 70 , 90 .
24 ( Novell Microsoft) .
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, .
Novell Microsoft
Cisco , . , . Cisco . :
access-list 101 deny ip any eq 23 denies Telnet access to all systems.
, , 23,
, Telnet. , IP ( UDP TCP)
.
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, , Cisco.
,
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4. .
5. ,
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Globalnet System
Solutions, Inc. (www.lammle.com)
todd@lammle.com.

1. , 0x0101?
A. -
B. ROM
C. Boot ROM
D. NVRAM
XXX
2. SAP 1010 Ethernet ?

A. ip access-group 1010 in
B. ip access-group 1010 out
C. ipx access-group 1010 in

D. ipx input-sap-filter 1010
E. ipx input-sap-filter 1010 in
3. 2 ISDN?
A. NT2 U
B. S/T U
C. -ISDN ISDN
D. ISDN
4.
Atlanta,
Telnet?
A. Description Atlanta Router
B. Banner Motd$
C. Hostname Atlanta
D. Host name Atlanta
E. Set prompt Atlanta
5. PDU ?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
6. IP- 192.168.168.188 255.255.255.192?
A. 192.168.168.129-190
B. 192.168.168.129-191
C. 192.168.168.128-190
D. 192.168.168.128-192
7. IP?
A. 1-10
B. 1-99
C. 100-199
D. 1000-1999
xxxi
8. show interface serial 0 , ?

RouterAtfshintsO
SerialO is up, line protocol is down
A. keepalives ( ) "-".
B. .
C.
no shutdown.
D. .
9. IPX (
)?
A. show ipx address int eO
B. show protocol
C. show ipx protocol

D. show ipx interface
10. ?
A.
B. ,

C. 255
D. Login <, >
11. ?
A. , VLAN
("") VLAN
B. , VLAN
C. ,
D.
12. IP-
Ethernet?
A. IP
B.
C. RARP
D. TCP
13.
192.168.99.20 255.255.255.252?
A. 192.168.99.127
B. 192.168.99.63
C. 192.168.99.23
D. 192.168.99.31
14.
192.168.10.33 255.255.255.224?
A. 192.168.10.32-63
B. 192.168.10.33-63
C. 192.168.10.33-62
D. 192.168.10.33-61
15. ?
A.
B.
C.
D.
16. IPX RIP,
?
A. Showip rip
B. shipxint
C. debug ipx routing activity
D. debug ipx interface
17. IP- 192.168.100.30 255.255.255.248?
A. 192.168.100.32
B. 192.168.100.24
C. 192.168.100.0
D. 192.168.100.16
18. ?
A. , VLAN
("") VLAN
B. , VLAN
C. ,
D.
19. ( ).
A. Token Ring.
B.
.
C.
.
D. -.
XXXJil
20.
Cisco TFTP?
A. copy run tftp
B. copy flash tftp
C. copy nvram startup
D. copy tftp flash
21. show cdp entry * (
)?
A. IP-
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
. , show version
I.
J.
.
22. ?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
23.
( )?
.. Cut-through ()
B. Store and forward ( )
C. FragmentCheck ( )
D. FragmentFree ( )
24. Cisco ?
A.
B.
C.
D.
2 ).646
xxxiv
E.
F.
25. ,
, "cl"?
A. Show commands cl
B. Cl?
C. Cl?
D. Cl? more
26. VLAN?
A.
B.
C.
D.
27. ( )?
A.
B.
C.
D.
28. , Telnet?
A. show vty line
B. showvers
C. show users
D. show connections
29. ?
A.
B. .
C.
D. 0
30. IP ?
A. access-list 110 permit ip any host 1.1.1.1 eq ftp
B. access-list 10 permit tcp ip any any eq 21
C. access-list 99 permit udp any host 2.2.2.2 eq ip
D. access-list 199 permit tcp any 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 eq 21
31.
STP ( )?
XXXV
A.
B.
C.
D.
.
BPDU.
.
BPDU.
32. 1900?
A. FastForward ( )
B. Cut-through ()
C. 1
D. FragmentFree ( )
E. Store and forward ( )
33. ( )?
A. .
B. .
C. .
D. .
E.
.
F.
.
34.
RIP?
A. 1
B. 100
C. 120
D. 150
35. , (
)?
Routertfclock set 10:30:10
% Incomplete command.
A. IOS .
B. .
C. " "
.
D. " ", Tab.
E. .
xxxvi
36. 175 ?
Ip route 150.150.0.0 255.255.0.0 150.150.150.150175
A.
B.
C.
D. ,
37. ,
?
A.
B.
C.
D.
38. 7c8.0001.00c8.1234?
A. : 78.0001, : 008.1234
B. : 78, : 0001.00c8.1234
C. : 0001.00c8.1234, : 78
D. : 7c8.0001.00c8, : 1234
39. PDU ?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
40. Cisco
?
A. Virtual Trunk Protocol (VTP)
B. 802. Iq
C. ISL
D. VLANs
41. RIP IPX ( )?
A.
B.
C.
D. , 1/18
42. ?
A. 1-10
B. 1-99
xxxvii
C. 100-199
D. 1000-1999
43.
Access-list 110 permit ip any 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255?
A. IP,
0.0.0.0
B. IP,
0.0.0.0
C. ,
D.
44. VLAN?
A. VLAN,
B. VLAN,
C. , VLAN
D. , VLAN VTP
45. isdn switch-type?
A.
B.
C. ,
.
D.
46. - Frame Relay?
A. HDLC
B. DLCI
C. FECN
D. BECN
47. Frame Relay
PVC IP-?
A. ARP
B. LMI
C. SLARP
D. DLCI
48. Ethernet IPX ?
A.
B.
C.
D.
xxxviii
49. ?
A. 5
B. 50
C.
D. 100
50. Telnet CLI
1900?
A. telnet Atlanta.
B. telnet 172.16.10.1.
C. ping 172.16.10.1.
D. He CLI 1900
51. -, -?
A. (config)#delete nvram
B. #delete nvram
C. (config)#dear mac-address-table dynamic
D. #dear mac-address-table dynamic
52.
1900 ( )?
A. Clear config
B. Delete nvram
C. Delete vtp
D. Delete start
E. Erase startup-config
F. Just reboot the switch.
53. 27
1900?
A. Show port 27
B. Show trunk
C. Show trunk
D. Show trunk fO/27
E. Show trunk eO/27
54. 1900
VTP?
A. Show vtp stat
B. Show stat
C. Sh vtp domain
D. ShinteO/9
XXXIX

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
(. 7)
D (. 9)
D (. 10)
(. 4)
(. !)
(. 3)
(. 9)
(. 4)
, D (. 8)
(. 5)
(. 6)
(. 3)
(. 3)
(. 3)
(. 2)
(. 8)
(. 3)
(. 6)
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( Ethernet)
02:07:01:22:de:a4
81-37 ( NetWare)
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23
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Flags:
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Status:
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Packet Length:64
Timestamp: 12:45:45.192000 06/26/1998
Destination: ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff Ethernet Broadcast
( Ethernet)
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08:00:11:07:57:28
Length:
34
802.2 SNAP
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24
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Packet Length:64
Slice Length: 51
Timestamp: 12:42:00.592000 03/26/1998
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( Ethernet)
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00:80:c7:a8:fO:3d
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( LLC)
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( )
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( ).
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Packet Length: 78
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09:32:48.26400001/04/2000
802.3 Header
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( 2)
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802.2 Logical Link Control (LLC) Header
( )
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( )
Protocol:
0x0800078098 AppieTalk
SNAP, DSAP SSAP , 3.
, 802.3
Ethernet. (ether-type).

LLC IEEE SNAP. AppieTalk
25
. Cisco SNAP GDP (Cisco Discovery Protocol Cisco), 7.
Ethernet
Ethernet

.
. .

. , (). 1984
IEEE Ethernet () Carrier Sense Multiple Access
with Collision Detect (CSMA/CD). ,
.
Ethernet , .. . , Ethernet
(baseband technology), ..

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.
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3 ).646
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26
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.

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(Distribution layer)
(Access layer)
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32
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( ).
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.
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- , " ".
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10 / ,

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FastEthernet ( Gigabit)
. , .
.
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Telecommunications Industry Association) Ethernet. EIA/TIA
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30 .
AUI.
10Base5 50- ( Ethernet). 500 208 .
AUI. 2500 1024 .
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UTP (unshielded twisted-pair).
100 . RJ-45 "" .
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. 100 . RJ-45 "" .
34
100BaseFX - 62.5/125 . "-" 400 .

ST SC ( ).
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25 .
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50 . 780 260 .
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3 10 .

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100 /.
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),
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2
3
4
5
6
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PairSTS
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Pair 1 T1
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35
. , .
, 5 6
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: (straight-through) (crossover).

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. . 1.18 .
1
2
3
4
5
6
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(WAN, wide area network)
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WAN. ISDN BRI. '
Cisco .
37
HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control

), (Point-to-Point Protocol "-"), ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network ) Frame Relay. 2400 / 1.544 / (1).

( 10.
HDLC, Frame Relay , ISDN

.

, .. .
8 ,
.
Cisco 60-
, Cisco .
, . : EIA/TIA-232, EIA/TIA-449, V.35 ( CSU/DSU), X.21 ( .25)
EIA-530.
(). (bandwidth).
(/),
.
' ; : -
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Unit / ). CSU/DSU (demarc, demarcation location), ().
RJ-45, .
.
CPE (Customer Premise Equipment ), ,
.
38

DTE . DCE CSU/DSU,
,
CSU/DSU .
(.. ).

Cisco ,
. (, 2500) . , 2501 AUI lOBaseT.
,
! 1600, 1700, 2600, 3600
,

. 1600 1700 , , ,
2600 , FastEthernet .
ISDN
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) BRI (Basic Rate
Interface ) (Bearer ) 64 k (Bata, )
16 k .
ISBN BRI U S/T. U ISBN ISBN.
S/T , Network Termination type 1 (NT 1) ISBN.
( I ISDN 10.
U NT 1. NT 1, S/T. Cisco BRI U S/T.
ISBN BRI RJ-45
5. , . Cisco
, - .
39
[ PRI (Primary Rate Interface

) 1 (1.544 /)
1 (2.048) .
PRI.
i

Cisco , , . ,
RJ-45.
:
1-8
2-7
3-6
,
4-5 .
5-4
6-3
7-2
8-1
RJ-45: , .
DB9 (com port)
HyperTerminal. Cisco RJ-45,
Catalyst 5000 DB25.

9600 /, 8 , (no parity), (no flow control).
(dumb-terminal) VT100, ,
.
(aux port,
auxiliary port) . aux.
.
, Telnet.
(out-of-band management), " ". Telnet (in-band).
40
Cisco
Cisco . Cisco.
Cisco
, . ,
, .
, .
, Frame
Relay . , Cisco, -.
:
, 1.544 /, Frame Relay ISDN ( ). xDSL, , .

. , -
, Frame Relay. , ISDN
.
I
'
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Cisco .
,
: 10 100 /. Cisco 10 /,
10 100 /. .
,
. . 1.20 Cisco . .
:
- (10 100 /)

41
Cisco
FastHub400
Cisco
FastHub300
Cisco 1528
Micro Hub 10/100
Cisco 1500
Micro Hub
. 1.20. Cisco
Cisco
Cisco, , , .
Cisco .
.
, Cisco .

-. ,
IP, Frame Relay (VPN), IPX, AppleTalk
DECnet. Cisco.
()
(port density) . , . ,
12000 Cisco .
.
12000
, $12 . $100 . . , 12000 .
. Cisco , .
42
1
Cisco
12000 GSR
Cisco 7000
(p^iliji
Cisco 4000
AS 5000

SOHO ( / )
. 1.21. Cisco
. 1.21 Gisco.
Cisco 800 Cisco 700, 700 Cisco
IOS. , Cisco 700,
.
Cisco :

Cisco
, .
Cisco , Catalyst 2900 30%. 12-
10/100 Catalyst 5000 $15 .
Catalyst 5000 10/100
43
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. ,
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Cisco :
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( VLAN)
Catalyst 8500
Catalyst 5000
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1900/2820
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44
1.1. OS/
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45
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Ethernet.

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46
1.3.

. 1.23 .
. 1.23.

47

1. Cisco
?
A.
B.
C.
1 D.
E.
F.
2. PDU OSI?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
3. Cisco ?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
4. PDU ?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
5. OSI
?
A.
B.
C.
D.
48
1
E.
F.
6. ?
A.
B.
C.
D.
7.
?
A.
B.
C.
D.
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A. 18
.
B. 18 .
C. 1 3 , 2 6.
D. 2 3 , 1- 6.
9. OSI ?
A.
B.
C.
D.
10. OSI
?
A.
B.
C.
D.
11. OSI ?
A.
B.
C.
D.
12. Cisco ?
49
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
13. ?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. PDU
14. OSI ?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
15. ?
.
A.
B.
C.
D.
16. Cisco
?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
17. ?
A. 6
B. 16
C. 46
D. 48
50
1
18.
?
A.
B.
C.
D. "plug-and-play"
19. ?
A. 100BaseFX
B. 100BaseTX
C. lOOVG-AnyLAN
D. lOBaseT
E. lOOBaseSX
20. "Base" lOBaseT?
A. , .
B. ,
.

1.1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
51
14.
15.
16. , , ,
17. , , ,
1.2
OSI
LLC

.
Ethernet.

.

.

MAC
.
.

.

,
.
1.3

D
4
52

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
?.
10.
D
,
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
1.
20.
, , , D
, , D
54
2
() 2 , ..
- . ASIC (Application-Specific Integrated
Circuits ),
. 2 .
2 , , .
2:
(MAC)

2 , , , , , .
2
( ).
, lOBaseT. 2 , ()
,
.
2
2 , . , ..
. ,
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,
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.
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.
55

2
. :
, ,
ASIC
.

,
(. ).
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.
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2 :
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-.
,

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.
, ,
.

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.
,
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56
. 2
. .
. 2.1 -.
.
, -
.
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0000.8c01.2222
0000.8c01.3333
/1: 0000.8c01.3333
0000.8c01.4444
/3: .01.4444
. 2.1.
57

, /
-. , , . , ,
. , (frame filtering).

-,
, ,
. , - ().

,
. , , . , , .
:
1. ,
.
(broadcast storm). . 2.2
. , !
2
. 2.2.
4 $.646
58
2. , . . 2.3
.

2
. 2.3.
3. - , . ,
, - . "" (thrashing) -.
4. . , ,
.
()
Spanning-Tree Protocol (. ).
STP Spanning-Tree Protocol

Spanning-Tree Protocol (STP) Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC),
Compaq. IEEE STP, 802.Id. Cisco IEEE 802.Id STP,
DEC.
STP
2 ( ). STP .
59

STP ,
.
(root bridge), . . ^
(designated port),
(forwarding-state).
.

(nonroot bridge) . . 2.4.
( )
(root port) .
100BaseT
(F)

soo/Lf
(F)
LjJfiOJLr
(F)
^ ()
. 2.4.
,
. (nondesignated) (blocking mode).

STP BPDU (Bridge Protocol
Data Unit). BPDU . BPDU
.

. 8
- .
, STP IEEE,
32 768.
,
- .
, -
. ,
32 768,
-. - 0000..1111.1111,
- - ..2222.2222,
.

BPDU 1900.
BPDU . , , 2,
3.
1 , 802.2, 802.3 DSAP SSAP LLC.
Flags:
0x80 802.3
Status:
OxOO
Packet Length: 64
Timestamp:
19:33:18.726314 02/28/2000
802.3 Header
Destination:
01:80:c2:00:00:00
Source:
00:bO:64:75:6b:c3
LLC Length:
38
Dest. SAP:
0x42 802.1 Bridge Spanning Tree
Source SAP:
0x42 802.1 Bridge Spanning Tree
Command:
0x03 U n n u m b e r e d Information
802.1- Bridge Spanning Tree
( 802.1)
Protocol Identifier: 0
Protocol Version ID: 0
Message Type:
0 Configuration Message
Flags:
%00000000
Root Priority/ID:
0x8000 / 00:bO:64:75:6b:cO
Cost Of Path To Root: 0x00000000 (0)
Bridge Priority/ID: 0x8000 / 00:bO:64:75:6b:cO
Port Priority/ID:
0x80 / 0x03
Message Age:
0/256 seconds
()
Maximum Age:
5120/256 seconds
( 20 )
Hello Time:
512/256 seconds
( 2 )
Forward Delay:
3840/256 seconds
( 15 )
Extra bytes (Padding):

...... ...
0000000000000000
Frame Check Sequence:
Ox2e006400
BPDU, . , . .

, , (path cost).
STP
, . 2.2 Ethernet.
2.2.
Ethernet
IEEE
IEEE
10 /
1 /
100 /
19
10
10 /
100
100
IEEE 802.Id . 1900

IEEE 802. Id.

, STP, :
Blocking () ,
BPDU.
.
Listening () BPDU
, .
Learning () -
, .
Forwarding () ,
.

. ,
,
(,
), .
.
, , BPDU.
,
, . BPDU, .
() .
. .
. ,
, . 50 . STP,
. .

, .
. 2.5 32 768.
-, - ,
.
1900 - .
, 1900
.
1900 1900
. 0 100 / ( ),
0.
63
190QA
-8110000
32768
(F)
-8111111
32768
-8222222
32768
(F) 1
(BLK)
. 2.5.

. .
1900 1900 , 1900,
.
, 1900, 1900 1 .

. :
Store and forward ( ) , CRC, - .
Cut-through () ,
-.
FragmentFree ( ) Catalyst 1900, (modified cut-through). 64
(- ) .
. 2.6 ,
.
.
64
SFD
2 1500 4
(
)
FCS

( )
" "
( ,
)
. 2.6.

"
'
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.
CRC. , .
CRC , ( 64 , CRC)
( 1518 , CRC) .
,
. . Catalyst 5000
.
( )
, . ( ).
- , .
,

.

. .
" ",
65
.
, .

FragmentFree , (64
) .
, 64 .
( , , ). -.
1900.
.
1900
-8110000
32768
1900
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32768
100BaseT
1. ?
2. ?
3. ?
4. ?
1900
- 8222222
32768

1. CRC
?
A.
B.
C.
D.
2. ?
A.
B.
C.
D.
3.
STP? ( ).
A. ,
B. BPDU.
C. BPDU.
D. .
4. ' 2?
A. (MAC)
B.
C.
D.
5. ? (
)
A.
B.
C. -
D. IP-
6. ?
A.
B.
C. -
D. IP-
7. STP?
A. Learning ()
B. Learned ()
67
C. Listened ()
D. Heard ()
E. Listening ()
F. Forwarding ()
G. Forwarded ()
. Blocking ()
I. Gathering ()
8. 2?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F. IP
9. BPDU?
A. IP
B.
C. STP
D. .
10. ,
, ?
A. Unblocked ()
B. Forwarding ()
C. Listening ()
D. Listened ()
E. Learning ()
F. Learned ()
11. 2? (
.)
A.
.
B.
.
C.
.
D.
.
12. 2? (
)
'. .
B. .
C. .
D. .
13. , '
?
A.
B.
C.
D.

14. , - ?
A.
B.
C.
D.
15.
1900?
A.
B.
C.
D.
16. , ?
A. IP
B. STP
C. STP
D. Bridge Protocol Data Units
E.
17. ?
A.
.
B.
.
69
C. BPDU
,
.
D. ,
.
18. ?
A. 10
B. 1
C.
D. 20
19. , ?
A.
B.
C.
*
D. IP
20. STP ?
A. 32768
B. 3276
C. 100
D. 10
E. 1

1. 1900
2. 0 1 , 0 1900 1900
3. 1 1900
4. 1 1900
70
2
'

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
,
,
,
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11. ,
12. , D
13.
14. D
15. D
. D
17.
18.
19. ,
20.
72
TCP/IP DoD
DoD (Department of Defense
) OSI. DoD 4 ( ) :
/ (Process/Application)
(Host-to-Host)
(Internet)
(Network Access)
. 3.1 . ,
, .
DoD
051
. 3.1. DoD OSI
/ DoD , OSI (, ).
. / , ,
.

OSI , .
73
,
, .
OSI.
.

IP-, .

. , OSI,

.
DoD OSI ,
-.
DoD OSI .
. 3.2 TCP/IP, DoD.
>\
DoD
Telnet
FTP
LPD
SNMP
TFTP
SMTP
NFS
X Window
UDP
TCP
ICMP
ARP
FtARP
IP
Ethernet
Fast
Ethernet
Token Ring
FDDI
. .2. TCP/IP
/
IP.
:
Telnet
FTP
NFS
74
SMTP
LPD
X Window
. SNMP
DNS
BootP
DHCP
Telnet
Telnet ,
, ,
Telnet,
Telnet. Telnet
, , . , , ,
.
,
. Telnet
Telnet,
Telnet.
1 Telnet "telephone network" (
),
Telnet.
FTP
FTP (File Transfer Protocol ) ,
. , .
FTP ,
. , FTP
, . FTP
Telnet
FTP .
FTP .
, ,
, ,
. ,
"anonymous" (),
.
75
FTP , , .
.
TFTP
TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol ) FTP, , ,
. TFTP ,
FTP; , .
TFTP , , FTP.
, TFTP .
- .
| | TFTP
IOS (Internetwork Operating System
) Cisco.
NFS
NFS (Network File System ) . . , NFS Windows NT, a
Unix. NFS
Unix Windows NT, Unix.
Windows NT Unix ( , , ..),

.
SMTP
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol ) , . ( ).
.
.
LPD
LPD (Line Printer Daemon )
. LPD LPR
(Line Printer)
.
76
X Window
/ X Window /, . , , , ,
,
, .
SNMP
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol
1
)
.
. , , . SNMP
, . , ,
(trap) - .
DNS
(Domain Name Service)
() , , ,
www.routersim.com. . IP- . IP-
, DNS . Web- ? IP-
. DNS IP-. IP-,
Web-.
DNS FQDN (Fully Qualified Domain Name), www.lammle.com todd.lammle.com. FQDN ,
.
"todd", FQDN
(.. todd.lammle.com), . , Cisco ip domain-name lammle.com lammle.com . ,
FQDN, DNS .
77
Bootstrap Protocol (BootP)

BootP (Bootstrap Protocol).
, BootP. BootP -
BootP. , , IP- TFTP .
BootP :
IP-
IP-
,
, BootP ,
. BootP .
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol).
DHCP
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) IP-. ( ). DHCP
, Cisco.
DHCP BootP , BootP IP- ,
BootP. DHCP BootP. , BootP , . DHCP
.
DHCP , IP-. DHCP:
IP-

()
DNS
WINS
DHCP , .
78

, .

.
.
TCP
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol )
. , TCP
. TCP ,
.
TCP TCP .
. . TCP ,
.

.
TCP ,
, .
TCP
. ,
. , ,
.
TCP
, , TCP ,
. .
.

.
. 3.3 TCP TCP.
TCP 20 . TCP:
: , .
79
15
(16)
31
16
(16)
(32)
N5
(32)
(4)
(6)
(6)
(16)
(16)
( 1 6)
(0 32, )
( )
. 3.3. TCP
: ,
.
: .
:
.
(HLEN): 32- .
: .
: .
: , .
: CRC. TCP .
: .
:
TCP.
: , TCP .
TCP, :
TCP Transport Control Protocol
Source Port:
5973
80
Destination Port: 1223

Sequence Number: 1456389907
Ack Number:
1242056456
Offset:
Reserved:
Code:
Ack is valid
Push Request
Window:
Checksum:
5
%000000
%011000
Urgent Pointer:
61320
1
No TCP Options
TCP Data Area:
VL5.+.5.+.5.+.5 76 4c 19 35 11 2b 19 35 11 2b 19 35 11 2b 19 35 .+. 11 2b 19
Frame Check Sequence: OxOdOOOOOf
. , TCP . TCP, ,
, UDP.
UDP
UDP (User Datagram Protocol ) TCP. UDP "" , ,
,
TCP.
, , . ( UDP RFC 768.)
UDP,
TCP. SNMP, , , . ,
.
, UDP TCP ,
/. NFS , TCP . ,
, .
UDP
.
1 .
UDP
. , . UDP , ,
, . , UDP ,
.
, UDP .
. UDP
() , .
: TCP UDP .
UDP
UDP, , (. . 3.4).
0
15
16
31
i
Jt
(16)
(16)
(16)
(16)
09
( )
. 3.4. UDP
UDP :
,
.
, .
UDP.
CRC
UDP.
.
TCP, UDP
. ,
FCS .
UDP, :
UDP User Datagram Protocol
Source Port:
1085
82
Destination Port:
Length:
Checksum:
UDP Data Area:
5136
41
Ox7a3c
..Z
00 01 5a 96 00 0100 00 00 00 0011 00 00 00
...C..2...._C._C 2e 03 00 43 02 le 32 Oa 00 Oa 00 80 43 00 80
Frame Check Sequence: 0x00000000
,
, ( UDP).
,

, TCP UDP:
TCP
UDP
TCP . ,
TCP. , : " ?". (acknowledgment) TCP.
: "
?", .
TCP.
UDP .
. UDP, .
( , ),
. ,
UDP .

TCP UDP .
,
83
. - 1023. RFC 1700

.
.
.
TCP.
. 3.5 TCP
UDP.
53
69)^4110)-144
. 3.5. TCP UDP

:
1024 RFC 1700.
1024 , TCP TCP.
TCP:

Etherpeek, TCP. - , 5973. 23, (Telnet).
TCP - Transport Control Protocol
Source Port:
5973
Destination Port:
23
Ack Number:
1242056456
Offset:
5
Reserved:
%000000
%011000
Code:
Ack is valid
Push Request
Window:
61320
1
Checksum:
Urgent Pointer:
0
No TCP Options
TCP Data Area:
VL.5.+.5.+.5.+.5 76 4c 19 35 11 2b 19 35 11 2b 19 35 11 2b 19 35 +. 11 2b 19
Frame Check Sequence: OxOdOOOOOf
TCP , -. -. , . TCP

-, . . , ,
FTP.
TCP:
1024 .
, Etherpeek:
Source Port:
1144
Destination Port:
80 World Wide Web HTTP '
Ack Number:
0
Offset:
7
Reserved:
%000000
Code:
%000010
Synch Sequence
Window:
8192
Checksum:
Ox57E7
Urgent Pointer:
0
TCP Options:
Option Type:
2 Maximum Segment Size
Length:
4
MSS:
Option Type:
Option Type:
Option Type:
Length:
Opt Value:
No More HTTP Data
536
I No Operation
1 No Operation
4
2
0x43697363
85
1024,
80 (.. HTTP).
.
, "syn". syn
.
TCP: Syn
. "Ack is valid" ( ) ,

.
Source Port:
80 World Wide Web HTTP
Destination Port:
1144
AckNumberr
9356571
.(
Offset:
Reserved:
%000000
Code:
%010010
Ack is valid
Synch Sequence
Window:
8576
Checksum:
Ox5F85
Urgent Pointer:
0
TCP Options:
Option Type:
2 Maximum Segment Size
Length:
4
MSS:
1460
No More HTTP Data
Frame Check Sequence: Ox6E203132
80, 1144
.

.
. .
.
86
,
Ethernet, Token Ring .. IP , IP
.

IP. He ,
IP. .
IP
IP (Internet Protocol
). IP
" , ", .. .
() , IP-.
IP .

, . , IP, , ( ).

. ? ? ,
, ( ).
( ). , IP- , . ( IP RFC
791.)
IP
(). IP .
IP- IP- . ( 3), , IP- .
3.6 IP-, ,
.
IP- :
: IP
: , 32-
(ToS):
; .
87
(4)
15
(4)

(8)
(16)
(8)
31
16
(16)
(3)
(8)
(13)
(16)
IP- (32)
IP- () (32)
(0 32, )
( )
. 3.6. IP-
: ( )
: , IP
:
: ,
. MTU
(Maximum Transmission Unit)
TTL (Time to Live):
. TTL,
(
).
: (
TCP 6, UDP 17 )
: CRC
IP- : 32- IP- -
IP- : 32- IP- ,
: , , ..
:
IP, , :
IP Header Internet Protocol Datagram
Version:
4
Header Length:
5
Precedence:
0
%000
Type of Service:
%00
Unused:
187
Total Length:
Identifier:
22486
Fragmentation Flags: %010 Do not Fragment
0
Fragment Off set:
Time To Live:
60
IP Type:
0x06 TCP
Header Checksum:
Oxd031
Source IP Address:
10.7.1.30
Dest. IP Address:
10.7.1.10
No Internet Datagram Options
, , ..
IP-.
( , ) , ,
, IP , .
. 3.7 , , .
TCP
UDP
. ()
> ":
. 3.7. IP-
IP TCP
6, UDP 17 ( ). UDP TCP, . ICMP
89
(Internet Control Message Protocol), ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)

.
3.1 , .
3.1
IP

1
ICMP
9
IGRP
41
IPv6
GRE
IPX IP
47
111
115
ICMP
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol ) , IP.
IP-. ICMP RFC 1256
(ICMP Router Discovery Messages ICMP ), .
, IP- .
, . ,
.
ICMP:
1- , . , , , ,
ICMP- -.
ICMP- ,
, , .
IP- , , .
, ,
, , .
ICMP- .
5 {. 646
90
ping Packet Internet Groper - ICMP

.
Traceroute - ICMP .
- ICMP,
. ,
ICMP , IP ping. IP- OxOlh, ICMP.
Flags:
Status:
Packet Length:
Timestamp:
Ethernet Header
Destination:
Source:
Protocol Type:
IP Header - Internet
OxOO
0x00
78
14:04:25.967000 05/06/1998
00:aO:24:6e:Of:a8
00:80:c7:a8:fO:3d
08-00 IP
Protocol Datagram
Version:
Header Length:
Precedence:
Type of Service:
Unused:
Total Length:
Identifier:
Fragmentation Flags:
Fragment Offset:
Time To Live:
IP Type:
Header Checksum:
Source IP Address:
Dest. IP Address:
4
5
0
%000
%00
60
56325
%000
0
32
0x01 ICMP
Ox2dfO
100.100.100.2
100.100.100.1
No Internet Datagram Options

ICMP Internet Control Messages Protocol
ICMP Type:
8 Echo Request
Code:
0
Checksum:
Ox395c
Identifier:
0x0300
Sequence Number:
ICMP Data Area:
4352
abcdefghijklmnop
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 6a 6b 6c 6d
91
qrstuvwabcdefghi 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 61 62 63 64 65 66
0x00000000
I , Ethernet.
, Ether-type. Ether-type
EthernetJI ( SNAP Ether-type,
802.2 LLC, ).
ARP
(Address Resolution Protocol ) IP-. IP , (,
Ethernet Token Ring) ( IP- ). IP ,
ARP.
IP ARP
IP-, .. ARP
(IP) (, Ethernet , ).

MAC (media access control). . 3.8
ARP.
! ARP IP- Ethernet.
/ ^
,
.

Ethernet.^

Ethernet
10.1.1.2
'"
10.1.1.2
10.1.1.1
. ^.,
IP- 1 1 1 9 -- '?'?'?
.,,,
IP: 10.1. 1.2

Ethernet: 4523.7985.7734 ~*
'
. 3.8. ARP
92
ARP. , F ( 1) .
Flags:
0x00
Status:
OxOO
Packet Length: 64
Timestamp:
09:17:29.574000 01/04/2000
Ethernet Header
Destination: FF: FF: FF: FF? FF: FF E thernet Broadcast
Source:
00:AO:24:48:60:A5
ProtocolType: 0x0806 IP ARP
ARP - Address Resolution Protocol
Hardware:
1 Ethernet (10Mb)
Protocol:
0x0800 IP
Hardware Address Length: 6
Protocol Address Length: 4
Operation:
1 ARP Request
Sender Hardware Address: 00:AO:24:48:60:A5
Sender Internet Address: 172.16.10.3
Target Hardware Address: 00:00:00:00:00:00 (ignored)
Target Internet Address: 172.16.10.10
OA OA OA OA OA OA OA OA OA OA OA OA OA OA OA OA OA OA
0x00000000
RARP
IP ,
IP-, -. RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol )
, -,
IP-, -.
, RARP.
IP- .
. RARP Ethernet IP-.
. 3.9 IP-
RARP.
93
,
> (
IP-
L
192.168.10.3.
Ethernet: 4523.7985.7734 IP = ????

Ethernet: 4523.7985.7734
IP: 192.168.10.3
. 3.9. RARP
IP
TCP/IP
IP-. IP- , IP.
. , IP- , ""
. IP- .
IP-
.
| | IP-
,
2 (. ).
IP-
,
(IP).
:
Bit () , 1 0.
Byte () 7 8 , . ,
8 .
Octet () 8 (). Base-8.
94
Network address ( ) , , 10.0.0.0,

172.16.0.0 192.168.10.0.
Broadcast address ( )
.
: 255.255.255.255 (
), 172.16.255.255 ( 17.16.0.0),
10.255.255.255 (
. 10.0.0.0).
IP-
IP- 32 ,
() , . IP-:
, , 172.16.30.56
,
10101100.00010000.00011110.00111000
, 10 IE 38
IP-.
,
, , , Windows IP- .
32- IP- , () . ,
.
, ,
32- , 0 1,
232 4.2 . ,
IP-. ,
, , , .
: , .
.
( ) . () . ( )
. IP- . 32- , .
95

. 3.10.

. IP- , , . ,
IP- 172.16.30.56 172.16.
.
, ,
.
. 30.56.
,
.

. . .
IP- . . 3.10 .
. , , - 0,
. , , .

IP- , (.. 0). , 0 127.
:
: 7 , , .
00000000=0
01111111=127
96
, , 0 127. (
).
| ,
,
.

IP- .
8 .
() , .
8- :
128
64
32
16
8 4 2 1
:
128
64
32
16
1
8 4 2 1
0 1 1 0
,
:
( 1) ""
. :
01010101=85
64
16
4
1
=85
00001111=15
10001100=140
11001100=204
97
,
:
00000000=0
10000000=128
11000000=192
11100000=224
11110000=240
11111000=248
11111100=252
11111110=254
11111111=255

RFC ,
,
. , , :
10000000=128
10111111=191
, 128
191.

RFC ,
.
:
11000000=192
11011111=223
, IP- 192 223,
.
D
224 255 D
. D ,
.
.

IP-
. 3.2

.
98
3.2
IP-
" ".
" ".
127.0.0.1
. ,
.
'
'
" ".
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128.2 ( )".
IP-
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.
IP- (255.255.255.255)

, " ".

IP- ,
. IP-
:
...
, IP- 49.22.102.70 49,
22.102.70. , 49.
1 , , . ,
128 . ?
0 1, .. 27 128 .
, (0000 0000) , (. 3.2). - , ,
: 1 127.
128-2, .. 126.
IP- 3 (24 ). 224 16 777 216 . , , ,
224 - 2=16 777 214.
99

:
10.0.0.0 ,
.
10.255.255.255 .
: 10.0.0.1
10.255.255.254. ,
255. ,
,
.

IP- ,
. IP-
:
. ..
, IP- 172.16.30.56 172.16,

30.56.
16
, 16 , 2
. ,
10.
14 ; , 214 16 384 .
IP- 2 .
, , , 216 - 2=65 534.

:
172.16.0.0 ,
.
172.16.255.255 .

: 172.16.0.1
172.16.255.254.

, IP- ,
. IP- :
...
100
, IP- 192.168.100.102 192.168.100,

102.
110.
24 - 3= 21 . 21
, 2 2 097 152 .
IP- 1 . 8
, 2 - 2=254 .

:
192.168.100.0 , .
192.168.100.255
.

: 192.168.100.1
192.168.100.254.

, .
. , ,
? (subnetting), .. .
, :

. . . ; ,
. ,
, .
.
,
, ,
.

. .
101
IP-. , . ,
,
.

, . :
1. :
A.
B.
2. :
A. /1-
B.
3. , :
A.
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C.
2
2 IP. ,
:
21=2
22=4

, .
. 32- , IP
IP- .
32- ,
0 1. , .
102
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3.3 ,
. . ,
255.0.0.0. .
, 255.0.0.0. , 255.255.255.255, " ".
255.255.0.0, - 255.255.255.0.
3.3.

...
255.0.0.0
...
255.255.0.0
...
255.255.255.0

,
.
, .

8 . . :
10000000=128
11000000=192
11100000=224
11110000=240
11111000=248
11111100=252
11111110=254
RFC
, , ,
. , 192, 252,
.
:
. , . , 255.255.255.192.
103
192=11000000 ,
6 . ? , :
01000000=64 ( )
10000000=128 ( )
, , .

, ,
.
. 3.4 64, .
3.4.
64
01
000000=64
( )
01
000001=65
01
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01
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( )
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128
10
000000=128
10
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10
111110=190
JO
111111=191
,
. , 9, 10 20
? , .
104
:

, , . :
1. ?
2. ?
3. ?
4. ?
5. ?
2 (.
). :
1. ? 2 - 2 = _, X (.. ). , 11000000
22 - 2, .. 2 .
2. ? 2 - 2 = ___,
X (.. ). , 11000000 2 6 - 2, .. 62 .
3. ? 256-_ = _. , 256 - 192 = 64.
4. ? , " " " ".
5. ?
, .
, .

.
.
.
1:255.255.255.192
, (255.255.255.192), . 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.192.
192.168.10.0=
255.255.255.192=
105
:
1. ? 192 (11000000),
22 - 2=2. ( 2 , ).
2. ? 6 (11000000),
, 26 - 2=62 .
3. ? 256-192=64 , (). ,
. 64+64=128. 128+64=192, , . ,
: 64 128.
4. ? .
, .
5. ?
.
3.6 64 128,
.
3.6.
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64
128
( )
65
129
( )
126
190
127
191
( )
, ,
. . , , . , ,
.
2:255.255.255.224
192.168.10.0 255.255.255.224.
192.168.10.0=
255.255.255.224=
1. ? 224 11100000, , 2 3 - 2=6.
2. ? 25 - 2=30.
106
3. ? 256-224=32. 32+32=64. 64+32=96.

96+32=128. 128+32=160. 160+32=192. 192+34=224, ( ).
, 32, 64, 96, 128,160 192.
4. ?
5: ?

( ,
). . 3.7
255.255.255.224 .
3.7.
255.255.255.224
6
32
1 2 3 4 5
64
96
128
160
192
33
65
97
129
161
193
62
94
126
158
190
222
63
95
127
159
191
223
3:255.255.255.240
:
192.168.10.0=
255.255.255.240=
1. 240 11110000 . 2 4 - 2=14 .
2. 2 4 - 2=14.
3. 256-240=16. 16+16=32. 32+16=48. 48+16=64. 64+16=80. 80+16=96.
96+16=112. 112+16=128. 128+16=144. 144+16=160. 160+16=176.
176+16=192. 192+16=208. 208+16=224. 224+16=240 , . , 16, 32, 48, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 144, 160, 176,
192,208 224.
4. ?
5. ?
4 5 , , . , .
16
17
30
- 31
107
32
33
46
48
49
62
64
65
78
80
81
94
96 112 128 144 160 176 192 208 224

97 113 129 145 161 177 193 209 225
110 126 142 158 174 190 206 222 238
47
63
79
95
111 127 143 159 175 191 207 223 239
4:255.255.255.248
:
192.168.10.0=
255.255.255.248=
5
1. 248 11111000. 2 - 2=30 .

3
2. 2 - 2=6 .
3. 256 - 248=8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 72, 80, 88, 96, 104, 112, 120, 128,
136, 144,152,160, 168,176, 184, 192, 200, 208, 216, 224, 232 240.
4. .5 ,
. 4 .
5. , , .
( ),

255.255.255.248 .
24
224
232
17
25
225
233
241
22
30
230
238
246
31
231
239
247
16
14
15
23
240
5: 255.255.255.252
192.18.10.0=
255.255.255.252=
1. 62.
2.2.
3. 4, 8,12 .. 248.
4. .5 ,
. 4 .
5. , , .
108
( ),

255.255.255.252 .
12
240
244
248
13
241
245
249
10
14
242
246
250
11
15
243
247
251
6: 255.255.255.128

, . . , 126 . ,
.
ip subnet-zero, ,
.
128 1000000 , .
, : 0 128.
,
. ,

255.255.255.128 .
128
129
126
254
127
255
, IP- 192.168.10.5
255.255.255.128, 0 128
. IP- 192.168.10.189, 128
, 128.
.

, . :
192.168.10.33=
255.255.255.224=
109

IP-. . 256-224=32. 32+32=64. !
192.168.10.32. 64, 63 ( ). : 10.33
10.62.
.
:
192.168.10.33=
255.255.255.240=
IP- ? 256-240=16. 16+16=32. 32+16=48.
32 48. ,
192.168.10.32, 47.
33 46.
,
.

. ,
, .
255.255.128.0
255.255.192.0
255.255.224.0
255.255.240.0
255.255.248.0
255.255.252.0
255.255.254.0
255.255.255.0
255.255.255.128
255.255.255.192
255.255.255.224
255.255.255.240
255.255.255.248
255.255.255.252
16 , .. 14 ,
.
.

.
110
, .
.
, .
, , 255 . .
16.0
32.0
16.255
32.255
.
1:255.255.192.0
172.16.0.0=
255.255.192.0=
1.2 2 -2=2.
2. 2 -2=16 382.
3. 256 - 192=64. 64+64=128.
4. . 5, . 4 .
5. ,
.
, .
64.0
128.0
64.1
128.1
127.254
191.254
127.255
191.255

. ,
.
2: 255.255.240.0
172.1..=
255.255.240.0=
1. 24-2=14.
111
2. 212-2=4094.
3. 256 - 240=16, 32, 48 .. 224. , 240.
4. . 5, . 4 .
5. ,
.
, 255.255.240.0.
16.0
32.0
48.0
16.1
32.1
48.1
31.254
47.254
63.254
31.255
47.255
63.255
3:255.255.254.0
1. 2 7 - 2=126.
2. 29-2=510.
3. 256-254=2, 4, 6, 8 .. 252.
4. . 5, . 4 .
5. ,
.
, 255.255.254.0.
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
2.1
.4.1
6.1
8.1
3.254
5.254
7.254
9.254
3.255
5.255
7.255
9.255
4:255.255.255.0
, 255.255.255.0 . , . 8- ..
. :
8
1.2 -2=254.
2. 2 8 - 2=254.
112
3. 256-255=1, 2, 3 .. 254.
4. , 5, . 4 .
5. ,
.
,
255.255.255.0 .
1.0
2.0
3.0
254.0
1.1
2.1
3.1
254.1
1.254
2.254
3.254
254.254
1.255
2.255
3.255
254.255
5:255.255.255.128
! ,
.
, 500
126 .
1. 2 9 - 2=510.
2. 27 - 2=126.
3. . 256-255=1, 2, 3 .. . .
? ( 1-
).
, .. 510 . ,
3, 3.0 3.128.
4. . 5, . 4 .
5. ,
.
, 255.255.255.128 .
0.128
1.0
1.128
2.0
2.128
3.0
3.128
0.129
1.1
1.129
2. 1
2.129
3.1
3.129
0.254
1.126
1.254
2. 126
2.254
3.126
3.254
0.255
1.127
1.255
2. 127
2.255
3.127
3.255
113
6:255.255.255.192
. 0 192 . .
1.210-2=1022 .

' ,
'
2. 26 - 2=62 .
3. 256-192=64 128.
, 0 .
, ,
192 .
4. . 5, . 4 .
5. ,
.
, :
0.64
0.128
0.192
1.0
1.64
1.128
1.192
0.65
0.129
0.193
1.1
1.65
1.129
1.193
0.126
0.190
0.254
1.62
1.126
1.190
1.254
0.127
0.191
0.255
1.63
1.127
1.191
1.255
,
0, 64, 128 192 .
0 255.
, 1
: 0, 64, 128 192.
7:255.255.255.224
,
.
1. 2" - 2=2046 .
2. 25 - 2=30 .
3. 256-224=32, 64, 96, 128, 160, 192. ,
224 , 0 255. , .
4. . 5, . 4 .
5. ,
.
:
114
0.32
0.64
0.96
0.128
0.160
0.192
0.224
0.33
0.65
0.97
0.129
0.161
0.193
0.225
0.62
0.94
0.126
0.158
0.190
0.222
0.254
0.63
0.95
0.127
0.159
0.191
0.223
0.255
, . ,
.
1.0
1.32
1.64
1.96
1.128
1.160
1.192
1.129
1.224
1.1
1.33
1.65
1.97
1.161
1.193
1.225
1.30
1.62
1.94
1.126
1.158
1.190
1.222
1,254
1.31
1.63
1.95
1.127
1.159
1,191
1.223
1.255
255.0
255.32
255.64
255.96
255.128
255.160
255.192
255.1
255.33
255.65
255.97
255.129
255.161
255.193
255.62
255.62
255.94
255.126
255,158
255.190
255.222
255.63
255.63
255.95
255.127 255.159 255.191 255.223

?
, :
: IP-
172.16.10.33 255.255.255.224?
: 256-224=32. 32+32=64. - 33 32 64.
, ,
: 10.32. 10.63,
10.64 .
:
: IP-
172.16.90.66 255.255.255.192?
: 256-192=64. 64+64=128. - 172.16.90.64. 172.16.90.127,
90.128.
: IP-
172.16.50.97 255.255.255.224?
: 256-224=32, 64, 96, 128. - 172.16.50.96, ' 172.16.50.127,
50.128.
115
: IP-
172.16.10.10 255.255.255.192?
: 256-192=64. 172.16.10.0, -172.16.10.63.
: IP-
172.16.10.10 255.255.255.224?
: 256-224=32. 172.16.10.0, -172.16.10.31.

, 24
16 .
:
255.128.0.0
255.192.0.0
255.224.0.0
255.240.0.0
255.248.0.0
255.252.0.0
255.254.0.0
255.255.0.0
255.255.128.0
255.255.192.0
255.255.224.0
255.255.240.0
255.255.248.0
255.255.252.0
255.255.254.0
255.255.255.0
255.255.255.128
255.255.255.192
255.255.255.224
255.255.255.240
255.255.255.248
255.255.255.252
.
, , .
116

IP-
, , . , (. ).
1:255.255.0.0
255.0.0.0, 22
, .
255.255.0.0 .
8
1.2 - 2=254.
16
2. 2 - 2=65, 534.
3. 256-255=1, 2, 3 .. ( ).
10.1.0.0, 10.2.0.0, 10.3.0.0 .. 10.254.0.0.
4. . 5, . 4 .
5. ,
.
3.8 ,
.
3.8.

10.1.0.0
10.254.0.0
10.1.0.1
10.254.0.1
10.1.255.254
10.254.255.254
10.1.255.255
10.254.255.255
2: 255.255.240.0
255.255.240.0 12 , 12
.
1. 212-2=4094.
2. 212 - 2=4094.
3. 256-240=16. 255 (
), 0, . , 10.1.0.0, 10.1.16.0, 10.1.32.0, 10.1.48.0 .. 10.1.240.0. : 10.2.0.0, 10.2.16.0, 10.2.32.0, 10.2.48.0 ..
10.2.240.0. , 240 ,
.
117
, 10.255.240.0 ,
.
10.255.224.0.
4. . 5, . 4 .
5. ,
.
3.9 .
3.9.
255.255.240.0

10.1.0.0
10.1.16.0
10.255.224.0
10.1.0.1
10.1.16.1
10.255.224.1
10.1.15.254
10.1.31.254
10.255.239.254
10.1.15.255
10.1.31.255
10.255.239.255
3:255.255.255.192
; ,
, .
1. 218 - 2=262 142 .
2. 26 - 2=62 .
3. ,
. 1 255,
, . 256-192=64. 0, .
, 192 ,
.
4. . 5, . 4 .
5. ,
.
,
255.255.255.192 .
118
10.1.0.192
10.1.0.0
10.1.0.64
10.1.0.128
10.1.0.65
10.1.0.129
10.1.0.193
10.1.0.1
10.1.0.62
10.1.0.126
10.1.0.190
10.1.0.254
10.1.0.63
10.1.0.127
10.1.0.191
10.1.0.255

255.255.255.192 .
10.255.255.0 ,
10.255.255.64
10.255.255.128
10.255.255.1
10.255.255.65
10.255.255.129
10.255.255.62
10.255.255.126
10.255.255.190
10.255.255.63
10.255.255.127
10.255.255.191
,
:
1. 172.16.10.5255.255.255.128
2. 172.16.10.33 255.255.255.224
3. 172.16.10.65 255.255.255.192
4. 172.16.10.17255.255.255.252
5. 1726.10.33255.255.255.240
6. 192.168.100.25255.255.255.252
7. 192.168.100.17 4
8. 192.168.100.66 3
9. 192.168.100.17 255.255.255.248
10. 10.10.10.5255.255.255.252

1.
?
A. IP
B. ARP
C. TCP
D. UDP
119
2.
?
A. IP
B. ARP
C. TCP
D. UDP
3. ?
A. IP
B. ARP
C. TCP
D. UDP
'-'
'
:
4. , , IP-,
?
A. RARP
B.
C. ICMP
D. TCP
E. IPX
5. ,
TCP/IP ?
A. RARP
B. ARP
C. ICMP
D. IP
E. TCP
6. IP- 172.16.10.22 255.255.255.240?
A. 172.16.10.20 172.16.10.22
B. 172.16.10.1 172.16.10.255
C. 172.16.10.16 172.16.10.23
D. 172.16.10.17 172.16.10.31
E. 172.16.10.17 172.16.10.30
7. ?
A. 1-126
B. 1-127
120
C. 128-190
D. 128-191
E. 129-192
F. 192-220
8. ?
A. 1 -127
B. 129-192
C. 203-234
D. 192-223
9. Ethernet?
A. 3
B. 4
C. 5
D. 6
E. 7
F. 8
G. 16
10.
?
A. RARP
B.
C. IP
D. ICMP
E. BootP
11.
?
A. 172.16.10.255
B. 172.16.255.255
C. 172.255.255.255
D. 255.255.255.255
12. IP- 254
?
A.
B.
C.
D. D
E.
13. 10.254.255.19
255.255.255.248?
A.
B.
C.
D.
121
10.254.255.23
10.254.255.24
10.254.255.255
10.255.255.255
14. 172.16.99.99
255.255.192.0?
A. 172.16.99.255
B. 172.16.127.255
C. 172.16.255.255
D. 172.16.64.127
15. 12 ,
?
A. 255.255.255.252
B. 255.255.255.248
C. 255.255.255.240
D. 255.255.255.255
16. ,
?
A. 1-1023
B. 1024
C. 1 - 256
D. 1-65534
17. ?
A. 1-1023
B. 1024
C. 1-256
D. 1-65534
18.
10.10.10.10 255.255.254.0?
A. 10.10.10.255
B. 10.10.11.255
C. 10.10.255.255
D. 10.255.255.255
19. 192.168.210.5
255.255.255.252?
A. 192.168.210.255
B. 192.168.210.254
C. 192.168.210.7
D. 192.168.210.15
6 {. 646
122
20. 510 ,
?
A. 255.255.255.252
B. 255.255.255.128
C. 255.255.0.0
D. 255.255.255.192

1. 172.16.10.0, 172.16.10.127, 172.16.10.1 126.
2. 172.16.10.32, 172.16.10.63, 172.16.10.33 10.62
3. 172.16.10.64, 172.16.10.127,
172.16.10.65 172.16.10.126
4. 172.16.10.16, 172.16.10.19, 172.16.10.17 18
5. 172.16.10.32, 172.16.10.47, 172.16.10.33 46
6. 192.168.100.24, 192.168.100.27,
192.168.100.25 26
7. 192.168.100.16, 192.168.100.31,
192.168.100.17 30
8. 192.168.100.64, 192.168.100.95,
192.168.100.65 94
9. 192.168.100.16, 192.168.100.23,
192.168.100.17 22
10. 10.10.10.4, 10.10.10.7,
10.10.10.5 6

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
?.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
D
D
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

/OS
124

Cisco
() Cisco IOS (Internetwork Operating System
) Cisco.
Cisco Fusion,
Cisco, .
Cisco .
, .
Cisco IOS, .
Cisco IOS, Cisco,
, CLI (Command-Line Interface ).
IOS
Cisco
IOS
. Cisco IOS Cisco
Cisco Catalyst, Catalyst 1900 (.
).
IOS Cisco
, Cisco:

()

Cisco IOS , Telnet. IOS EXEC ( ).
Cisco
Cisco (), .
Cisco, .
IPS
125
RJ-45 . .
.
Cisco (auxiliary port). .
.
.. () ,
.
Cisco
Telnet. ,
(dumbterminal). Telnet , Ethernet .
. 4.1 Cisco 2501.
.
. 4.1. 2501
,
2501
(WAN) AUI
(Attachment Unit Interface, )
10 / Ethernet. , 2501
RJ-45.

Cisco, POST (power-on self test). , Cisco IOS -, . -
" "
EEPROM (electronically erasable programmable read-only memory). IOS
,
(startup-config),
NVRAM (nonvolatile RAM).
NVRAM , (setup mode). .
126
, setup, (global configuration mode).

. ,
DECnet.

: Basic
Management ( ) Extended Setup ( ). Basic Management , Extended
Setup , .
System Configuration Dialog
( )
Would you like to enterthe initial configuration dialog? [yes/no]:
( ?)
At any point you may enter a question mark'?' for help.
( )
Use ctrl-c to abort configuration dialog at any prompt.
( ctrl-c
)
Default settings are in square brackets'[]'.
( )
Basic Management , Extended Setup .
Would you like to enter basic management setup? [yes/no]: n
( )
First would you like to see the current interface summary? [yes]:return
( )
Any interface listed with OK? value "NO" does not have a valid configuration
( , OK? "NO",
)
Interface IP-Address
(IP-
FastEthernetO/0
OK?
unassigned
Method Status
Protocol
NO
unset up
up
up
(FastEthernetO/0
NO
FastEthernetO/1
unassigned NO
unset up
Configuring global parameters:

( )
Enter host name [Router] :Todd
( )
The enable secret is a password used to protect access to privileged EXEC
and configuration modes. This password, after entered, becomes encrypted
IPS
127
in the configuration.
(
EXEC .
.)
Enter enable secret: todd
( )
The enable password is used when you do not specify an enable secret password,
with some older software versions, and some boot images,
( , ,

)
Enter enable password: todd
( )
% Please choose a password that is different from the enable secret
(, , )
Enter enable password: toddl

, .
, " ". IOS 10.3,
. , ,
.
Telnet . Telnet (VTY)
, VTY,
Telnet .
The virtual terminal password is used to protect access to the router over
a network interface.
(
)
Enter virtual terminal password: todd
( )
Configure SNMP Network Management? [yes]:enter or no
( SNMP?)
Community string [public] :enter
( )
Configure DECnet? [no]:enter
( DECnet?)
Configure AppleTalk? [no] :enter
( AppleTalk?)
Configure IP? [yes]:enter
( IP?)
Configure IGRP routing? [yes]: n
( IGRP?)
Configure RIP routing? [no]:enter
( RIP?)
128
Configure bridging? [no]:enter

( ?)
Configure IPX? [no]:enter
( IPX?)
,
. CLI, ,
.
, .
Async lines accept incoming modems calls. If you will have users dialing in via
modems, configure these lines.
( .
,
)
Configure Async lines? [yes]: n
( ?)
ISDN BRI, ISDN. :
BRI interface needs isdn switch-type to be configured
( ISDN BRI)
Valid switch types are:
( )
[0]
none
Only if you don't want to configure BRI.
(, BRI)
[1]
basic-ltr6
1TR6 switch type for Germany
( 1TR6 )
[2]
basic-5ess
AT&T 5ESS switch type for the US/Canada
( AT&T 5ESS )
[3]
basic-dmslOO Northern DMS-100 switch type for US/Canada
( Northern DMS-100 )
[4]
basic-net3
NETS switch type for UK and Europe
( NETS )
[5]
basic-ni
National ISDN switch type
( ISDN)
[6]
basic-tsOlS
TS013 switch type for Australia
( TS013 )
[7]
ntt
NTT switch type for Japan
( NTT )
[8]
vnS
VN3 and VN4 switch types for France
( VNS VN4 )
Choose ISDN BRI Switch Type [2]: 2
( ISDN BRI)
, IP-.
IOS
129
Extended Setup
. FastEthernet: FastEthernet / FastEthernet 0/1. .
Configuring interface parameters:
( )
Do you want to configure FastEthernetO/0 interface? [yes]:return
( FastEthernetO/0?)
Use the 100 Base-TX (RO-45) connector? [yes]:return
( RJ-45 100 Base-TX?)
Operate in full-duplex mode? [no]: and return
( ?)
Configure IP on this interface? fyes]:return
( IP?)
IP address for this interface: 1.1.1.1
(IP- )
Subnet mask forthis interface [255.0.0.0]: 255.255.0.0
( )
Class A network is 1.0.0.0,16 subnet bits; mask is /16
( 1.0.0.0 , 16 , /16)
Do you want to configure FastEthernetO/1 interface? [yes]:return
Use the 100 Base-TX (RJ-45) connector? [yes]:return
Operate in full-duplex mode? [no]:y and return
Configure IP on this interface? [yes]:return
IP address forthis interface: 2.2.2.2
Subnet mask forthis interface [255.0.0.0]: 255.255.0.0
Class A network is 2.0.0.0,16 subnet bits; mask is /16
, . /16,
16- 32- (. 3).
Extended Setup
(running configuration):
The following configuration command script was created:
( )
hostname Todd
enable secret 5 $!$BOwu$5FOm/EDdtRkQ4vy4a8qwC/
enable password toddl
line vty 0 4
password todd
snmp-server community public

I
no decnet routing
no appletalk routing
ip routing
130
no bridge 1
no ipx routing
i
interface FastEthernetO/0
media-type lOOBaseX
full-duplex
ip address 1.1.1.1255.255.0.0
no mop enabled
i
interface FastEthernetO/1
media-type lOOBaseX
full-duplex
ip address 2.2.2.2 255.255.0.0
no mop enabled
dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit
dialer-list 1 protocol ipx permit
end
[0] Go to the IDS command prompt without saving this config.
( IOS )
[1] Return back to the setup without saving this config.
( )
[2] Save this configuration to nvram and exit.
( NVRAM)
Enter your selection [2]:0
( )
Extended Setup . CLI
running-config [0], [1]
NVRAM, startup-config.
.
"", .. IOS . CLI.

CLI (Command-Line Interface) ,
. CLI
Initial Configuration Dialog.
.
IOS
131
Would you like to enter the initial configuration dialog? [yes]: n

( ?)
Would you like to terminate autoinstall? [yes]:return
( ?)
Press RETURN to get started!
( RETURN)
00:00:42: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface EthernetO, changed state to up
( EthernetO )
00:00:42: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface SerialO, changed state to down
( SerialO )
00:00:42: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Seriall, changed state to down
00:00:42: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface EthernetO,
changed state to up
00:00:42: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface SerialO, changed >
state to down
00:00:42: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Seriall, changed
state to down
changed state to down
00:01:31: %LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface SerialO, changed state
to administrativelydown
( SerialO )
00:01:31: %LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface EthernetO, changed state to
administratively down
00:01:31: %LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Seriall, changed state to
administratively down
00:01:32: %IP-5-WEBINST_KILL: Terminating DNS process
( DNS)
00:01:38: %SYS-5-RESTART: System restarted -( )
Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500-DS-L), Version 11.3(9),
RELEASE SOFTWARE (fcl)
Copyright (c) 1986-1999 by cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Tue 06-Apr-99 19:23 by dschwart
()

Return Router>. (user mode),
,
(privileged mode). , Cisco
,
enable.
132
Router>
Router>enable
Routertf
Router#, . .
disable.
Routertfdisable
Router>
logout, .
Router>logout
Router conO is now available
( conO )
Press RETURN to get started.
( RETURN)
logout exit
.
Router>en
Router#logout

CLI , config terminal ( :
config t), running-config.
config , Return .
Routertfconfig
Configuring from terminal, memory, or network [terminal]?return
( , )
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
( , .
CNTL/Z)
Router(config)#
, .
running-config, DRAM (Dynamic RAM) config terminal
IOS
133
(config t). NVRAM ( startup-config) config memory (config mem).

,
TFTP (. 7), config network (config net).
, RAM. .. config
mem config net running-config , NVRAM
TFTP.
CLI
, .
, Cisco.
.
,
, .
interface :
Router(config)#interface ?
Async
Async interface
BVI
Bridge-Group Virtual Interface
Dialer
Dialer interface
FastEthernet
FastEthernet IEEE 802.3
Group-Async
Async Group interface
Lex
Lex interface
Loopback
Loopback interface
Multilink
Multilink-group interface
Null
Null interface
Port-channel
Ethernet Channel of interfaces
Tunnel
Tunnel interface
Virtual-Template
Virtual Template interface
Virtual-TokenRing Virtual TokenRing
Router(config)#interface fastethernet 0/0
Router(config-if)#
, Router(config-if)#, . , (, Cisco ,
Windows).
134
. Router(config-subif)# (. 10
)
Router(config)#int fO/0.?
<0-4294967295> FastEthernet interface number
Router(config)#int fO/0.1
Router(config-subif)#
Line
line.
Router (config-line)#.
Routertfconfigt
Router(config)#line ?
<0-70> First Line number
aux
Auxiliary line
console Primary terminal line
tty
Terminal controller
vty
Virtual terminal
Router(config)#line console 0
Router(config-line)#
line console 0 () ( ,
config-line).

(, RIP IGRP)
(config-router)# (
5).
Routertfconfigt
Router(config)#router rip
Router(config-router)#
I , .
,
.
IOS
135

Cisco. (?)

( . -
).
Routertf?
Exec commands:
access-enable
access-profile
access-template
Create a temporary Access-List entry

Apply user-profile to interface
Create a temporary Access-List entry
bfe
For manual emergency modes setting
clear
Reset functions
clock
Manage the system clock
configure
Enter configuration mode
connect
Open a terminal connection
copy
Copy configuration or image data
debug
Debugging functions (see also 'undebug')
disable
Turn off privileged commands
disconnect
Disconnect an existing network connection
enable
Turn on privileged commands
erase
Erase flash or configuration memory
exit
Exit from the EXEC
help
Description of the interactive help system
lock
Lock the terminal
login
Log in as a particular user
logout
Exit from the EXEC
mrinfo
Request neighbor and version information from a multicast router
More
, Return .
.
, , , (?), .
Routertfc?
clear clock configure connect copy
Router#c
"?" , "". , Router#.
136
,
.
, !
, .
Routertfclock ?
set Set the time and date
Routerflclock set ?
hh:mm:ss Current Time
Router#clock set 10:30:10 ?
<1-31> Day of the month
MONTH Month of the year
Router#clock set 10:30:10 28 ?
MONTH Month'of the year
Router#clock set 10:30:10 28 may ?
<1993-2035>Year
Router#clockset 10:30:10 28 may 2000 ?
<cr>
Routertf
clock, . ,
, <cr> (carriage return, ).
, :
Routertfclock set 10:30:10
% Incomplete command,
( )
. " "
, .
:
Router(config)#access-list 110 permit host 1.1.1.1
% Invalid input detected at ' ' marker.

( '')
"" , . .
:
Router#sh te
% Ambiguous command: "sh te"
( "sh te")
IOS
137
, . ,
.
Routertfsh te?
WORD tech-support terminal
4.1 ,
Cisco.
4.1.

Ctrl+A
Ctrl+E
Esc+B
Ctrl+F
Esc+F
Ctrl+D
Backspace
Ctrl+R
Ctrl+U
Ctrl+W
Ctrl+Z
EXEC
Tab
/
( ) .
. ($)
.
Routertfconfig t
Router(config)#$ 110 permit host 171.10.10.10 0.0.0.0 host
(history)
, 4.2.
138
4.2.

Ctrl+P " "
Ctrl+N " "
Show history
10
Show terminal
Terminal history size
( 256)
show history ,
show terminal.
show history 10 .
Routerftsh history
en
sh history
show terminal
shcdpneig
sh ver
sh flash
shinteO
sh history
shintsO
shintsl
show terminal
.
Router#sh terminal
Line 0, Location: "",Type:""
[ ]
History is enabled, history size is 10.
( , 10)
Full user help is disabled
( )
Allowed transports are lat pad v!20 telnet mop rlogin nasi. Preferred is lat.
( : lat pad v!20 telnet mop rlogin nasi.
lat)'
No output characters are padded
( )
No special data dispatching characters
( )
Group codes:
( )
IOS
139
terminal history size .

Routertfterminal history size ?
<0-25> Size of history buffer
Routertfterminal history size 25
'
show terminal
Router#sh terminal
Line 0, Location:"", Type:""
[ ]
Editing is enabled,
( )
History is enabled, history size is 25.
( , 25)
Full user help is disabled
( )
Allowed transports are lat pad v!20 telnet mop rlogin nasi. Preferred is lat.
( : lat pad v!20 telnet mop rlogin nasi.
lat)
No output characters are padded
( )
No special data dispatching characters
( )
Group codes:
( )

show version , ,

.
Router#sh version
IOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500-JS-L), Version 12.0(8), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fcl)
Copyright (c) 1986-1999 by cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Mon 29-Nov-99 14:52 by kpma
Image text-base: Ox0305lC3C, data-base: 0x00001000
ROM: System Bootstrap, Version ll.O(lOc), SOFTWARE
BOOTFLASH: 3000 Bootstrap Software (IGS-BOOT-R), Version ll.O(lOc),
RELEASE SOFTWARE (fcl)
RouterA uptime is 5 minutes
( 5 )
System restarted by power-on
( )
140
System image file is "flash:c2500-js-Ll20-8.bin"

( )
cisco 2522 (68030) processor (revision N) with 14336K/2048K bytes of memory,
( cisco 2522 (68030) N 14336/2048 )
Processor board ID 15662842, with hardware revision 00000003
( 15662842
00000003)
Bridging software.
( )
.25 software. Version 3.O.O.
SuperLAT software (copyright 1990 by Meridian Technology Corp).
TN3270 Emulation software.
( TN3270)
Basic Rate ISDN software, Version 1.1.
( ISDN 1.1) ".
1 Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s)
2 Serial network interface(s)
8 Low-speed serial(sync/async) network interface(s)
1 ISDN Basic Rate interface(s)
32K bytes of non-volatile configuration memory.
(32 )
16384 bytes of processor board System flash (Read ONLY)
(16384
" ")
Configuration register is 0x2102
( 0x2102)
show version ,
, , IOS,
,
DRAM. , (.
7).

Cisco .
, . enable.
, Telnet.

.
Router(config)#enable ?
last-resort
Define enable action if no TACACS servers respond
IOS
password
secret
use-tacacs
141
Assign the privileged level password

Assign the privileged level secret
Use TACACS to check enable passwords
Last-resort ( ) tacacs, . . tacacs.

Password () (enable
password) 10.3. ,
(enable secret).
Secret () . .
Use-tacacs ( tacacs) tacacs. ,
. 200
? tacacs ,
.
Router(config)#enable secret todd
Router(config)#enable password todd
The enable password you have chosen is the same as your enable secret.
This is not recommended. Re-enterthe enable password,
( .
. )
. ,
. , . ( ) .
line.
Router(config)#line ?
<0-4>
First Line number
aux
Auxiliary line
console Primary terminal line
vty
Virtual terminal
Aux ()
. , .
Console () .
142
Vty ( ) Telnet. , Telnet .

(line), login no login
.

line ?.
0-0, .
Router#config t
Router(config)#line aux ?
Router(config)#line aux 0
Router(config-line)#login
Router(config-line)#password todd
login, .

line console 0.
line console 0 ?,
. line console 0,
.
"exit".
Router(config-line)#line console ?
% Unrecognized command,
( )
Router(config-line)#exit
Router(config)#line console ?
Router(config)#line console 0
Router(config-line)#passwordtoddl
, line console 0.

, .
IOS
143
exec-timeout - EXEC (.. - ).

, - 1, !
" " - .
logging synchronous , . , .
.
:
Route r(config)#line con 0
Router(config-line)#exec-timeout?
<0-35791> Timeout in minutes
(- )
Router(config-line)#exec-timeout 0 ?
<0-2147483> Timeout in seconds
(- )
<>
Router(config-line)#exec-timeout
Router(config-line)#logging synchronous
Telnet
Telnet
line vty. ,
Enterprise Cisco IOS, VTY ( 0 4). Enterprise 198 (0 197). -.
.
Router(config-line)#line vty 0 ?
<1-197> Last Line Number
<cr>
Router(config-line)#line vty 0197
Router(config-line)#passwordtodd2
Telnet , VTY,
" , ".
Telnet
, no login.
Router(config-line)#line vty 0 197
Router(config-line)#no login
144
( IP- Telnet . Telnet telnet ( DOS Cisco).

Telnet 7.

.
-
.
, show running-config
.
Routertfsh run
[ ]
enable secret 5 $l$rFbM$8.aXocHg6yHrM/zzeNkAT.
[
[ ]
line con 0
password toddl
login
lineauxO
password todd
login
Iinevty04
password todd2
login
Iinevty5197
password toddZ
login
I
end
Router#
service
password-encryption. :
Rputertfconfigt
Router(config)#service password-encryption
Router(config)#enable password todd
Router(config)#line vty 0197
IOS
145
Router(config-line)#passwordtodd2
Router(config-line)#line con 0
Router(config-tine)#passwordtoddl
Router(config-line)#line aux 0
Router(config-line)#passwordtodd
Router(config-line)#exit
Router(config)#no service password-encryption
/v
Router(config)# Z
show running-config ,
.
Routertfsh run
Building configuration...
( )
[ ]
i
enable secret 5 $l$rFbM$8.aXocHg6yHrM/zzeNkAT.

enable password 7 0835434AOD
[ ]
i
line con 0
password 7 111D160113
login
i
line aux 0
password 7 071B2E484A
login
line vty 0 4
password 7 0835434AOD
login
line vty 5 197
password 7 09463724B
login
|
end
Routertf
146
Cisco (banner ), ()

Telnet, , (
,
, ,
.). ,
. ( ):
Router(config)#banner ?
LINE
_ , '' -
exec
-
incoming
Login
()
motd
Message of the Day ( )
Message of the Day, , ( ) Telnet, .
Router(config)#banner motd ?
LINE banner-text , where '' is a delimiting character
Router(config)#banner motd #
Enter TEXT message. End with the character's1.
Sized to be in Acme.com network, then you must disconnect immediately,
ft
Router(config)#AZ
Route r#
00:25:12: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
Routertfexit
If you are notauthorizedtobeinAcme.com network, then you must disconnect
immediately.
( Acme.com, )
Route >
MOTD , .
. . ,
IOS
147
. ,
. ,
Return, ,
Return. , , , .
:
Exec (line-activation, exec) EXEC (, VTY).
(incoming banner)
, Telnet. Telnet.
(login banner) . MOTD, (
). .
banner login.

. .
. : ,
, .
. , 2522 10- ( 0 9):
Router(config)#int serial ?
<0-9> Serial interface number
,
. , 5:
Router(config)#int serial 5
Router(config)-if)#
2522 Ethernet lOBaseT. interface ethernet 0 .
Router(config)#int ethernet ?
<0-0> Ethernet interface number
148
Router(config)#int ethernet 0
Router(config-if)#
i
2500 ,
.. . . 2600, 3600,
4000 7000
. , 2600 interface type slot/port:
Router(config)#int fastethernet ?
Router(config)#int f astethernet 0
% Incomplete command.
Router(config)#int fastethernet 0?
/
Router(config)#int fastethernet 0/?
, int fastethernet 0.
type slot/port int fastethernet /. ,
type int fa /.
media-type.
.
Router(config)#int fa /
Router(config-if)#media-type ?
lOOBaseX Use RJ45 for -TX; SC FO for -FX
Mil
Use Mil connector

shutdown, no shutdown. " " (administratively down) show interface. show running-config
"" (shut down).
.
RoutertfshinteO
EthernetO is administratively down, line protocol is down
[ ]
no shutdown:
Routertfconfigt
Router(config)#inteO
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#AZ
IOS
149
00:57:08: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface EthernetO, changed state to up

changed state to up
Routertfsh int eO
EthernetO is up, line protocol is up
IP-
He IP ,
. IP- ip address
.
Router(config)#int eO
Router(config-if)#ip address 172.16.10.2 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)#no shut
He no shut. , show interface eO. ( ). show running-config
.
,
secondary. IP- Enter, IP- . IP- secondary.
Router(config-if)#ip address 172.16.20.2 255.255.255.0 secondary

show running-config ( : sh run).
Router#sh run
Current configuration:
[ ]
I
interface EthernetO
ip address 172.16.20.2 255.255.255.0 secondary
ip address 172.16.10.2 255.255.255.0
VIP
7000 7500 VIP (Versatile Interface
Processor ) interface type slot/port adapter/port number,
:
7000(config)#interface ethernet 2/0/0
150

. CSU/DSU,
.
" ", .
DCE. Cisco DTE, , .
clock rate ( ).
Routertfconfigt
Router(config)#int sO
Router(config-if)#clock rate ?
Speed (bits per second)
1200
2400
4800
9600
19200
38400
56000
64000
72000
125000
148000
250000
500000
800000
1000000
1300000
2000000
4000000
<300-4000000>
Choose clockrate from list above
Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000

%Error: This command applies only to DCE interfaces
(: )
Router(config-if)#int si
Router(config-if)#clockrate 64000
, , clock rate
.
IOS
151
, bandwidth.
Cisco
(.. 1.544 /). .
IGRP, EIGRP OSPF . RIP,
.
Router(config-if)#bandwidth ?
<1-10000000> Bandwidth in kilobits
Router(config-if)#bandwidth 64
clock rate, bandwidth .

hostname.
, .. .
Routertfconfigt
Router(config)#hostname todd
todd(config)#hostname Atlanta
Atlanta(config)#
, ,

.
, ,
, . , .
Atlanta(config)#int eO
Atlanta(config-if)#description Sales Lan
Atlanta(config-if)#int sO
Atlanta(config-if)#desc Wan to Miami circuit:6fdda4321
s h o w running-config show interface.
Atlanta#sh run
[ ]
interface EthernetO
152
description Sales Lan

ip address 172.16.10.30 255.255.255.0
no ip directed-broadcast
interface SerialO
description Wan to Miami circuit:6fdda4321

no ip address
noip mroute-cache
Atlantatfsh int eO
Hardware is Lance, address is 0010.7be8.25db (bia 0010.7be8.25db)
Description: Sales Lan
[ ]
AtlantatfshintsO
SerialO is up, line protocol is up
Hardware is HD64570
Description: Wan to Miami circuit:6fdda4321
[ ]
Atlanta*

,
. yes, DRAM (.. ) , NVRAM startup-config.
DRAM NVRAM
running-config startup-config. : copy run start
also.
Routertfcopy run start
Destination filename [startup-config]?return
Warning: Attempting to overwrite an NVRAM configuration previously written
by a different version of the system image.
(: NVRAM ,
)
Overwrite the previous NVRAM configuration?[confirm]return
( NVRAM)
( )
, startup-config. IOS
12.8, 11.3.
IPS
153
show runningrconfig
show startup-config . sh run (
show running-config) .
Router#sh run
version 12.0
service timestamps debug uptime
service timestamps log uptime
no service password-encryption
t
hostname Router
ip subnet-zero
frame-relay switching
i
[ ]
s
sh start ( show startup-config) , , NVRAM startup-config.

Routerftsh start
Using 4850 out of 32762 bytes
version 12.0
j
hostname Router
ip subnet-zero
frame-relay switching
i
[ ]
startup-config erase startup-config.

(startup-config).
Route rtferase startup-config
Erasing the nvram filesystem will remove all files! Continue? [confirm]
7 .646
154
[OK]
Erase of nvram: complete
;
Routertfsh start
,
%% Non-volatile configuration memory is not present
( )
Routerfl
i

,
show running-config. show startup-config , .
running-config,
, Ping Telnet.
Ping ping ? .
Routertfping ?
WORD
Ping destination address or hostname
appletalk Appletalk echo
decnet
DECnetecho
ip
IP echo
ipx
Novell/IPX echo
srb
<cr>
srb echo
, show cdp
nei detail ,
Ping.
Trace ,
. .
Routertftrace ?
WORD
Trace route to destination address or hostname
appletalk AppleTalk Trace
clns
ISO CLNS Trace
ip
IP Trace
oldvines Vines Trace (Cisco)
vines
Vines Trace (Banyan)
<cr>
IOS
155
Telnet. IP TCP . Telnet,

, IP. Telnet IP-, Windows
Telnet.
Routertftelnet ?
WORD IP- or hostname of a remote system
<cr>
1
'
' "' '
'
- r
'
'
telnet. IP-, Telnet.
Show Interface

show interface. show interface ?, .
, , Ethernet
Serial ().
Routerflshint?
Ethernet
IEEE 802.3
Null
Null interface
Serial
Serial
accounting Show interface accounting
crb
Show interface /bridging info
irb
Show interface /bridging info
<cr>
show interface ethernet 0 , ,
.
Router#shinteO
Hardware is Lance, address is 0010.7b7f.c26c (bia 0010.7b7f.c26c)
Internet address is 172.16.10.1/24
MTU 1500 bytes, BW10000 Kbit, DLY1000 usec,
reliability 255/255, txload 1/255, rxload 1/255
Encapsulation ARPA, loopback not set keepalive set (10 sec)
ARP type: ARPA, ARP Timeout 04:00:00
Last input 00:08:23, output 00:08:20, output hang never
Last clearing of "show interface" counters never
Queueing strategy: fifo
Output queue 0/40,0 drops; input queue 0/75,0 drops
156
5 minute input rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec

5 minute output rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
25 packets input, 2459 bytes, 0 no buffer
Received 25 broadcasts, 0 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles
0 input errors, 0 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 0 ignored, 0 abort
0 input packets with dribble condition detected
33 packets output 7056 bytes, 0 underruns
0 output errors, 0 collisions, 1 interface resets
0 babbles, 0 late collision, 0 deferred
0 lost carrier, 0 no carrier
0 output buffer failures, 0 output buffers swapped out
show interface .
Ethernet 0, .
, .
RouterAflsh int eO
. , . (keepalive) .
,
RouterAttsh int sO
SerialO is up, line protocol is down
, ,
(keepalive) . keepalive . ,
( )
.
RouterAtfsh int sO
SerialO is down, line protocol is down
, . ,
, . no shutdown in interface configuration.
RouterB#shintsO
SerialO is administratively down, line protocol is down
MTU (Maximum Transmission
Unit ) 1500 .
, Cisco (BW, bandwidth) 1.544 Kbs (/).
IOS
157
IGRP, EIGRP OSPF.

(keepalive) 10 .
keepalive 10. keepalive, .
clear counters.
Routertfsh int sO
Hardware is HD64570
MTU 1500 bytes, BW1544 Kbit, DLY 20000 usec,
reliability 255/255, txload 1/255, rxload 1/255
Encapsulation HDLC, loopback not set keepalive set (10 sec)
Last input never, output never, output hang never
Queueing strategy: fifo
Output queue 0/40,0 drops; input queue 0/75,0 drops
0 packets input, 0 bytes, 0 no buffer
0 packets output, 0 bytes, 0 underruns
0 carrier transitions
DCD=down DSR=down DTR=down RTS=down CTS=down
Routertfclear counters ?
Ethernet IEEE 802.3
Null
Nullinterface
Serial
Serial
<cr>
, Router#clear counters sO
Clear "show interface" counters on this interface [confirm]return
Routertf
00:17:35: %CLEAR-5-COUNTERS: Clear counter on interface
SerialO by console
Route r#
Show Controllers
^ show controllers . , . DTE,
DSU (Data Service Unit).
158
Route r#sh controllers s 0

HD unit 0, idb = Oxl229E4, driver structure at Oxl27E70
buffer size 1524 HD unit 0, V.35 DTE cable
cpb = OxE2, eda = 0x4140, cda = 0x4000
Routerflsh controllers s 1
HD unit 1, idb = Oxl2C174, driver structure at 0x131600
buffer size 1524 HD unit 1, V.35 DCE cable
cpb = , eda - 0x2940, cda = 0x2800
, serial 0 DTE, serial 1 . serial 1 , clock rate. serial

DSU. ,
, .
Routerttsh controllers si
% Invalid input detected at '' marker.
(), .
1.
64k .
2. Telnet "connection refused, password not set" ( ,
).
.
3. show inter et 0 , . ?
4. NVRAM.
5. .
6. cisco.
7. , .
8. .
9. Cisco , TFTP?
10. Chicago?
IOS
159

Cisco,
.
Cisco, .
4.1.

1. Return .
.
2. Router> (?).
3. more .
4. Enter .
5. .
6. ' q .
7. enable en, Enter. , .
8. Router# (?).
.
9. q .
10. config Enter.
1 1. Enter .
12. Router(config)# (?), q .
13. interface eO int eO Enter. Ethernet 0.
14. Router(config-if)# - (?).
15. int sO interface sO ( interface serial 0)
Enter. serial 0.
.
16. encapsulation?.
17. exit. .
18. Control Z. .
19. disable. .
20. exit, .
160
<> 4.2.

;
1. , en enable.
2. (?).
3. cl? Enter. , "cl".
4. clock ? Enter.
| . 3 4. 3
,
, "cl". 4
, ,
.
5. clock ?, ,
.
6. clock ?.
7. clock set ?.
8. clock set 10:30:30 ?.
9. clock set 10:30:30 14 March ?.
10. clock set 10:30:30 14 March 2001.
11. Enter.
12. show clock, .
13. show access-list 10. Enter.
14. Ctrl+A. .
15. Ctrl+E. .
16. Ctrl+A, Ctrl+F.
.
17. Ctrl+B, .
18. Return, Ctrl+P. .
19. " ".
.
20. sh history. 10 .
1OS
161
21. terminal history size ?. .

22. show terminal
.
23. terminal no editing. . . 14 18,
.
24. terminal editing Enter .
25. sh run, Tab. .
26. sh star, Tab. .
4.3.

1. , en enable, Enter.
2. NVRAM sh start
Tab Enter, show startup-config Enter. . ,
.
3. NVRAM (
startup-config) :
copy run start Enter.
copy running, Tab, start, Tab,
Enter.
copy running-config startup-config Enter.
4. sh start, Tab, Enter.
5. sh run, Tab, Enter.
6. erase start, Tab, Enter.
7. sh start, Tab, Enter. .
8. reload Enter. , Enter. .
9. Ctrl+C.
162
4.4.

1. , en enable.
2. config t Enter.
3. enable ?.
4. , enable secret password ( password )
Enter. He password
secret ( password). todd .
5. , . , Ctrl+Z,
exit Enter. . . , .
6. . , config t Enter. no enable secret
Enter. , .
7.
. , , .
:
config t
8. , . .
9. config t,
, line ?.
10. line , vty . .
11. Telnet ( vty) line vty 0 4 Enter. 0 4
Telnet. Enterprise IOS . , .
12. . login Enter
Telnet. ,
.
IOS
163
| I no login Telnet
.
,':(";'-'',
;"'.'
'' .'
" " '
"
' . ' '
13. vty password. password password ( password ).

14. VTY:
Config t
Line vty 0 4
Login
Password todd
15. , line
auxiliary 0 line aux 0.
16. Login.
17. password password.

18. , line console
line con 0.
19. login.
20. password password. :
Config t
Line con 0
Login
Password toddl
Line aux 0
Login
Password todd
21. Exec-timeout 0 0 console 0. - . :
config
> t
.
N
line con 0
login
password todd2
exec-timeout
22. , logging synchronous.
config t
line con 0
logging synchronous
164
4.5.
, , IP-

1. , en enable.
2. hostname. , . :
Routertfconfig t
Router(config)#hostname RouterA
RouterA(config)#

Enter.
3. banner.
4. config t, banner ?.
5. .
Message of the Day (MOTD).
6. MOTD,
,
Telnet. :
config t
banner motdft
This is an motd banner ( MOTD)
#
7. #. . - .
8. MOTD:
config t
no banner motd
9. (login banner):
config t
banner login #
This is a login banner ( )
ff
10. MOTD,
.
,
, vty.
IOS
165
11. :
config t
no banner login
12. IP- IP address. , ,
:
config t
int ( int Ethernet 0 too)
ip address 1.1.1.1 255.255.0.0
no shutdown
IP- (l.l.l.l) (255.255.0.0) . no shutdown ( no shut)
() .
.
13. description.
. , . :
config t
tat sO
ip address 1.1.1.2 255.255.0.0
no shut
description Wan link to Miami
(: )
14. ,
(WAN). :
config t
int sO
bandwidth 64
clock rate 64000

1. IOS ?
A. Boot ROM
B. NVRAM
C. -
D. ROM
2. ?
166
A. clear flash
B. erase start
C. setup
D. setup mode
3. ?
A. Exit
B. Quit
C. Disable
D. Control+Z
4. ?
A. Ctrl+E
B. Ctrl+F
C. Ctrl+B
D. Ctrl+A
5. ?
A. Ctrl+E
B. Ctrl+F
C. Esc+B
D. Ctrl+A
6.
?
A. Ctrl+E
B. Ctrl+F
C. Ctrl+B
D. Ctrl+A
7.
?
A. Ctrl+E
B. Ctrl+F
C. Esc+B
D. Ctrl+A
8. IOS, ?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Show flash
Show flash file
Show ip flash
Sh ver
9. EEPROM ?
IOS
A.
B.
C.
D.
167
Show flash
Show flash file
Show ip flash
Sh ver
10. DTE DCE serial ?

A.
B.
C.
D.
Sh intsO
Shint serial 0
Sho controllers s 0
Sho controllers sO
11. ?
A. No logging
B. Logging
C. Logging asynchronous
D. Logging synchronous
12. Telnet
?
A. Login
B. No login
C. You can telnet by default, so no command is needed.

D. No password
13. - ?
A. Timeout 10
B. Timeout 1
C. Exec-timeout 1
D. Exec-timeout 01
14. bob 1 Telnet?

A. line vty 1
Login
Password bob
B. line vty 0 4
Login
Password bob
C. line vty 1
Login
Password bob
D. line vty 1
Password bob
Login
168
15. ?
A. Line aux I
B. Line aux 0
C. Line aux 0 4
D. Line aux port
16. Telnet Cisco?
A. Line telnet 0, encryption on, password todd
B. Line vty 0, password encryption, password todd
C. Service password encryption, line vty 0 4, password todd
D. Password encryption, line vty 0 4, password todd
17. ?
A. (Config)#copy current to starting

B. Routerftcopy starting to running
C. Router(config)#copy running-config star
D. Router#copy run startup
18. ?
A. Basic ()
B. Advanced ()
C. Extended ()
D. Expanded ()
19. NVRAM ?
A. Delete NVRAM
B. Delete Startup-config
C. Erase NVRAM
D. Erase start
/
20. , show
interface serial 0 :
( SerialO ,
)
A.
(keepalive).
B. .
C. Ping.
D. .
IOS
169
' . ' - - .

1. clock rate 64000
2. config t line vty 0 4, no login
3. config t int eO, no shut
4. erase startup-config
5. config t, line console 0, login, password todd
6. config t, enable secret Cisco
7. show controllers s 0
8. show terminal
9. config net
10. config t hostname Chicago

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8. D
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17. D
18. ,
19. D
20.

IP
172
.
, . () , . :

,

.
, , .
, ,
. ,
() .
(
)
. , .
. , . ,
.
IP-
IP- ,
. , . 5.1 .
172.16.10.2
172.16.20.2
>ping 172.16.20.2 8i
0:172.16.10.1 i*-^' : 172.16.20.1
. 5.1. IP-

IP
173;
Ping IP- .
, :
.'. 1. ping 172.16.20.2.
IP
ICMP.
2. IP ARP
, IP- .
, .. ,
.
3. ,
, .
.
, ARP.
4. IP- ARP,
ARP IP- 172.16.10.1. Ping -,
. - .
5.
Ethernet, .

. - ICMP (Ping) , , . IP- (ICMP)
.
6. , , .
, , ( , IP Ethernet_II). . 5.2 ,
.
. 5.2 , : , IP- , , CRC , FCS (Frame Check
Sequence).
174
172.16.10.2
>ping 172.16.20.2
172.16.20.2
1
: 172.16.20.1
0:172.16.10.1
ARP:

172.16.10.1?
ARP:

. 0000.1234
FCS
. 5.2. ,
7. .
.
8. Ethernet 0 ,

. CRC,
FCS. ,
.
9. .
, .
IP, IP, . .
( )
.
10. IP IP- , , .
IP- 172.16.20.2,
, 172.16.20.0 Ethernet 1.
11. Ethernet 1.

175
IP
.
ARP, ,
.
ARP, ARP Ethernet 1
IP- 172.16.20.2.
12.
ARP. Ethernet 1
. . 5.3 ,
.

172.16.10.2

172.16.20.2
>ping 172.16.20,2
: 172.16.10.1
0:172.16.20.1
ARP:

172.16.10.2?
ARP:

.0000.4321
FCS
. 5.3. ,
, Ethernet 1 ,
Ethernet 1 . , ,
, , IP- . , .
13. CRC.
, , IP. IP- . IP- , IP
.
176
14. - ICMP, - ICMP IP- ,

, IP- , .
, . ,
ARP.
,
.
/''
IP-

IP.
. ,
? . 5.4
: 2501, 2501, 2501 2621.
.
. 5.4. IP-
. 5.4 2501,
, 2621, 2501
Ethernet. Ethernet.
,
. 5.1 IP-. ,
IP-. 24- (255.255.255.0).
,
IP-, no shutdown. . IP- .
IP
177
5.1.
IP

.2621
172.16.10.0
172.16.10.1
2501
172.16.10.0
sO
sO
s1
172.16.10.2
2501
172.16.20.0
2501
172.16.20.0
2501
172.16.40.0
2501
172.16.30.0
2501
2501
172.16.40.0
172.16.50.0
sO
172.16.20.1
172.16.20.2
172.16.40.1
172.16.30.1
172.16.40.2
172.16.50.1
2621
2621 IP- FastEthernet /. .
;
Router>en
Routertfconfig t
Router (config)#hostname 2621A
2621A(Config)#interface faO/0
2621A(Config-if)#ip address 172.16.10.1 255.255.255.0
2621A(Config-if)#no shut
(
4).
Cisco IP- show ip route. . , ..
172.16.10.0.
2621A#sh ip route
Codes: - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, - BGP D - EIGRP, EX EIGRP external, 0 - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 OSPF NSSA external type 2 El - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E EGP i - IS-IS, LI - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, * - candidate default U - per-user
static route, - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route - traffic engineered
route
(: - , S - , I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - , BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP, - OSPF, IA - OSPF N1 OSPF NSSA 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA 2 El - OSPF 1, E2 - OSPF 2, E - EGP i - IS-IS, LI - IS-IS 1, L2 IS-IS 2, * - U - , - ODR, P -
- )
178
> 5
Gateway of last resort is not set
( )
172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, I subnets
( 172.16.0.0/24, )
172.16.10.0 is directly connected, FastEthernetO/0

( 172.16.10.0 , FastEthernetO/0)
2621#
172.16.10.0. "". show ip route.
.
2501
. 2501 : Ethernet 0 serial 0.
Router>en
Routertfconfigt
Router(config)#hostname 2501A
2501A(config)#inteO
2501A(config-if)#ip address 172.16.10.2 255.255.255.0
2501A(config-if)#noshut
2501A(config-if)#intsO
2501A(config-if)#no shut
serial 0 172.16.20.0, Ethernet 0 172.16.10.0. show ip route:
2501A#sh ip route
Codes: - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M [ ]
Gateway of last resort is nqt set
172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets
172.16.20.0 is directly con netted, SerialO
172.16.10.0 is directly connected, EthernetO

2501A#
:
. . . . " . . ' . -
'
' -
2501 , 172.16.10.0
172.16.20.0. 2621 , .
. '
2501
2501 , clock rate
, (
clock rate 4).
IP
179
Router>en
Routertfconfig t
Router(config)#hostname 2501B
2501B(config)#inteO
2501B(config-if)#ip address 172.16.30.1 255.255.255.0
2501B(config-if)#no shut
2501B(config-if)#intsO
250lB(config-if)#ip address 172.16.20.2 255.255.255.0
250lB(config-if)#clock rate 64000
250lB(config-if)#no shut
250lB(config-if)#intsl
2501B(config-if)#ip address 172.16.40.1 255.255.255.0
2501B(config-if)#clock rate 64000
250lB(config-if)#noshut
IP-, .
show ip route 172.16.20.0,
172.16.30.0 172.16.40.0.
2501 Btfship route
172.16.40.0 is directly connected, Seriall
172.16.20.0 is directly connected, SerialO

2501B#
, . 2621, 172.16.10.0.
Ping 2621
2501, 2501 2621 "" .
2501C
2501C 2501 .
Router>en
Route r#configt
Router(config)#hostname 2501C
2501C(config)#inteO
2501C(config-if)#ip address 172.16.50.1 255.255.255.0
2501C(config-if)#no shut
180
5
2501C(config-if)#intsO
250lC(config-if)#ip address 172.16.40.2 255.255.255.0
2501C(config-if)#noshut
Ethernet 0 172.16.50.0, serial 0 172.16.40.0. show ip route ,
2501:
250lC#ship route

2501
2501 2501,
. . 2501
" " .
IP-

IP-. ?
,
. . ,
, ?
.
, . . ,
.
:

,

.
IP
181

.
,
.
:

(
)
:
.
, .
, .
()
:
ip route [_] [] [__
_] [_][]
:
ip route .
_ (destination network) , .
(mask) .
__ (next hop address) ,
. . ,
Ping.
_ (exit interface) . "-" (, ), , Ethernet.
_ (administrative distance) , 1. ,
"" .
982
(permanent)
, . ""
.
,
. 5.4.
2621

.
.
2621 172.16.10.0.
2621 ,
:
172.16.20.0
. 172.16.30.0
172.16.40.0
172.16.50.0
2621 . 2621 ,

, . , 172.16.10.2, 2621 .
2621A(Config)#ip route 172.16.20.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.10.2
2621A(Config)#ip route 172.16.30.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.10.2
2621A(Config)#ip route 172.16.40.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.10.2
2621A(Config)#ip route 172.16.50.0 255.255.255.0 172.160.2
show running-config show ip route . ,
,
. permanent
, .
-D
2621A#ship route

IP
183
S
172.16.50.0 [1/0] via 172.16.10.2
S
172.16.40.0 [1/0] via 172.16.10.2
S
172.16.30.0 [1/0] via 172.16.10.2
S
172.16.20.0 [1/0] via 172.16.10.2

262.
2621 , .
2501 ,
2501 .
2501
2501 172.16.10.0 172.16.20.0.
:
. 172.16.30.0
172.16.40.0 172.16.50.0
2501 :
2501A(Config)#ip route 172.16.30.0 255.255.255.0172.16.20.2
2501A(Config)#ip route 172.16.40.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.20.2
2501A(Config)#ip route 172.16.50.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.20.2
, ,
2501 , .
2501A#sh ip route
S
172.16.50.0 [1/0] via 172.16.20.2
S
172.16.40.0 [1/0] via 172.16.20.2
S
172.16.30.0 [1/0] via 172.16.20.2

2501A#
S , . [1/0],
0.
2501 . , 2501
.
184
2501
2501 172.16.20.0,
172.16.30.0 172.16.40.0. : 172.16.10.0
172.16.50.0.
2501B(Config)#ip route 172.16.10.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.20.1
2501B(Config)#ip route 172.16.50.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.40.2

2501.
2501B#ship route
S
172.16.50.0 [1/0] via 172.16.40.2

S
172.16.10.0 [1/0] via 172.16.20.1
250
250IB
, . 172.16.50.0,
2501C.
2501
2501 172.16.40.0
172.16.50.0.
172.16.10.0, 172.16.20.0 172.16.30.0. :
2501C(Config)#ip route 172.16.10.0 255.255.255.0172.16.40.1
2501C(Config)#ip route 172.16.20.0 255.255.255.0172.16.40.1
2501C(Config)#ip route 172.16.30.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.40.1
show ip route, 2501.
2501C#sh ip route
S
S

172.16.30.0 [1/0] via 172.16.40.1
172.16.20.0 [1/0] via 172.16.40.1
IP
S
2501C#
185
172.16.10.0 [1/0] via 172.16.40.1

\
,

.
, . ,
.

. Ping. Ping
2621 2501
.
Ping 172.16.50.0 2621:
2621A#ping 172. 16.50.1
Type escape sequence to abort.
( escape )
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 172.16.50.1, timeout is 2 seconds:

( 5 100- - ICMP 172. 16.50. 1 , - 2)
.!!!!
Success rate is 80 percent (4/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 64/66/68 ms
( 80% - 5 , " "
// = 64/66/68 )
2621#
,
Ping ARP. ARP ,
IP-B-Ethernet ARP, . IP

-, ARP.
250 1C Ping 172.16.10.0 IP. :
2501C#ping 172.16.10.1
escape sequence to abort.

Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 172.16.10.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
Ping -, ARP , . Ping ,
!
8?. 646
186

,
. (stub network), .. , .
2621 2501.
2501 2501, ,
.
2501C ,
172.16.50 .
2501 172.16.40.1, ..
2501. 2621
172.16.10.1 2501.
- (wildcards). , .
2501.
2501
172.16.40.0 172.16.50.0. 172.16.10.0, 172.16.20.0 172.16.30.0.
. . , .
2501C(Config)#no ip route 172.16.10.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.40.1
250lC(Config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0172.16.40.1
,
, S*.
, .
2501C#sh ip route
- IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, * - candidate default U - per-user static route,
o-ODR
Gateway of last resort is 172.16.40.1 to network 0.0.0.0172.16.0.0/24
is subnetted, 5 subnets
IP
187
S*
0.0.0.0/0 [1/0] via 172.16.40.1
2501
,
(gateway of last resort).
IP.
: ip classless. Cisco
, .. .
, , . ip classless,
.
12.x
IOS, ip classless . ,
, :
250lC(Config)#ip classless
. ,
ip classless.
. ip classless,
.

. ,

. ,
.
: RIP (Routing Information Protocol )
IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
). ,
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) Open
Shortest Path First (OSPF), CCNP: Routing Study Guide Sybex,
Advanced Cisco Router
Configuration.
| I CCNA 2
RIP IGRP.
188
: (Interior Gateway Protocol )

EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol ).
IGP AS (autonomous system). AS . EGP
AS. EGP
BGP (Border Gateway Protocol ),
CCNP: Routing Study Guide.

AD (administrative distance). , .
0 255, 0 , 255
.
5.2 , Cisco
.
5.2.

EIGRP
90
IGRP
100
OSPF
110
RIP
120
EIGRP
170
255 ( )
,
.
,
. , 1.
IP
189

:
(Distance vector)
. (hop). . .
RIP IGRP.
(Link state) " - " (shortest path first). .
, , . , ,
, . IP- OSPF.
(Hybrid)
(, EIGRP).
. .
.

.

.
.
" ",
, ,

.
, .
. , .
RIP . RIP
, (
190
round-robin load balance). RIP .

,
, . . 5.5
172.16.50.0.

,*
172.1JJJO.O SO |
. 16.10
""
D
172.16.50.0
. 5.5. "
172.16.30.0 1
1.544 /, 172.16.20.0 56,
1, 56. RIP ,
"". " " (pinhole congestion).
. . 5.6 , ,
.

172.16.30.0
172.16.20.0
172.16.40.0
172.16.50.0
Routing Table -
. 5.6.
191
IP
, .
. 5.6,
.
. , .
. 5.7 ,
.
(convergence, ).
. , ,
. , RIP .
172.16.30.0
172.16.50.0
2501
2621
Routing Table
Routing Table
Routing Table
172.16.10.0
172.16.20.0
SO 0
172.16.40.0
SO
172.16.20.0
SO
172.16.30.0
EO
172.16.50.0
EO
172.16.30.0
SO
172.16.10.0
SO
172.16.40.0
SO
S1 0
172.16.10.0 SO 1
172.16.20.0
SO 1
172.16.50.0
SO
172.16.50.0
S1 1
172.16.30.0
so
172.16.40.0
Routing Table -
. 5.7.
, ,
. , (), .

" "
.
. ,
.
.
192
" "
(routing
loop).
( ) - . ,
5 . 5.8. , 5 . 5 , . 5, .
, 5
. , D 5, ,
.
,
5, , , D
. 5
, , .

"
. 5.8.
30 : ", , ".
5. D , 5
, 5. 5 , , .
. : "
?".

(counting to infinity) "" .
,
.
IP
193
. (RIP) 15, 16 (). , 15

5 . ,
. ,
^ .
- ,
() 16.
()
(split horizon).

. ,
. ,
.

(route poisoning). , 5,

5 16, .. ( " " infinite). 5
5.
, , " " (poison reverse). ,

.
(. )
,
30 ( )
.
(holddown) , ,

, .
194
5
.
,

. .
, , , . ,
,
. ,
, ,
. .
.
, .
, , . .
,
:
1. .
2.
.
3.
() .
RIP
RIP (Routing Information Protocol) . 30 . RIP
, .
15 , .. 16 . RIP ,
,
.
RIP 1 , ..
. , RIP 1
. RIP 2
IP
195
(prefix routing) . , .
RIP 1, CCNA.
RIP
RIP
:
(Route update timer)
( 30 ) . .
(Route invalid timer) (90 ),
. ,
. , , .
(Route flush timer) (240 ) .
.
.
, .
RIP
RIP
router rip RIP , .
RIP .
2621
RIP 120.
1 ,
,
RIP.
.
no ip route. , 2621 ip route
.
2621A#configt
196
2621A(config)#no ip route 172.16.20.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.10.2


RIP route rip network.
network , . , , ,
. RIP .
2621A(config)#router rip
2621A(config-router)#network 172.16.0.0
2621A(config-router)# A Z
2621A#
, , , .

.
2501
RIP 2501 , . ,
120, RIP.
, RIP.
2501A#configt

2501A(config)#router rip
2501A(config-router)#network 172.16.0.0
2501A(config-router)#AZ
2501A#
2501B
2501 . RIP.
2501B#configt
2501B(config)#no ip route 172.16.10.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.20.1

2501B(config)#no ip route 172.16.50.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.40.2
IP
197
2501B(config)#router rip
2501B(config-router)#network 172.16.0.0
A
2501B(config-router)# Z
2501B#
2501C
2501C ,
default route. , RIP.
RouterC#configt
RouterC(config)#no ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.40.1
RouterC(config)#router rip
RouterC(config-router)#network 172.16.0.0
RouterC(config-router)#AZ
RouterC#
05:10:31: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
. 0, 1,
RIP 120. RIP "
",
.

RIP

, "
RIP .

2621.
2621A#sh ip route
R
172.16.50.0 [120/3] via 172.16.10.2, FastEthernetO/0
R
R
R

262
198
, , . R RIP. [120/3]
(120) (3).

2501.
2501A#ship route
R
172.16.50.0 [120/2] via 172.16.20.2,00:00:11, SerialO
R
172.16.40.0 [120/1] via 172.16.20.2,00:00:11, SerialO
R
172.16.30.0 [120/1] via 172.16.20.2,00:00:11, SerialO

2501A#
,
.
2501
2501.
2501B#shiproute
R
172.16.50.0 [120/1] via 172.16.40.2,00:00:26, Seriall

R
172.16.10.0 [120/1] via 172.16.20.1,00:00:04, SerialO
2501B#
RouterC#sh ip route

R
172.16.30.0 [120/1] via 172.16.40.1,00:00:06, SerialO
R
172.16.20.0 [120/1] via 172,16.40.1,00:00:06, SerialO
R
172.16.10.0 [120/2] via 172.16.40.1,00:00:06, SerialO
RouterCfl
IP
199
RIP . 15 ( 16
)
30 ,
.

RIP
RIP
. ,
RIP .
RIP . passive-interface. RIP.
RIP.
passive-interface:
RouterAtfconfig t
RouterA(config)#router rip
RouterA(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0
RouterA(config-router)#passive-interface serial 0
RIP serial 0, RIP .
.
. ,
IGRP
IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) Cisco . IGRP
Cisco. Cisco

RIP.
IGRP 255,
100. ,
15 , RIP. , IGRP , RIP. IGRP ,
.
(composite metric). , MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit ), .
200
IGRP
IGRP :
(Update timer) , . 90 .
(Invalid timer) , , .
.
(Holddown timer) .
10 .
,
(Flush timer) , . .
IGRP
IGRP
,
RIP. : (AS). AS.
. IGRP:
RouterA#configt
RouterA(config)#routerigrp 10
RouterA(config-router)#network 172.16.0.0
,
IGRP , RIP, AS.
, .
IGRP . RIP , IGRP
. .

variance, .
IP
201
IGRP: traffic-share balanced traffic-share min.

router igrp.
Router(config-router)#variance ?
<1-128> Metric variance multiplier
( variance "")
Router(config-router)#traffic-share?
balanced Share inversely proportionalto metric
( )
min
All traffic shared among min metric paths
( )
, variance
' . traffic-share : balanced
min. traffic-share balanced
IGRP
, traffic-share min "".
|
CCNP: Routing Study
Guide Sybex.
IGRP
IGRP ,
RIP. AS
. , AS, . AS, 10.
IGRP.
2621
AS
1 65535. AS,
.
2621A#configt
2621A(config)#routerigrp ?
<l-65535> Autonomous system number
: .
V
202
5
2621A(config)#routerigrp 10
2621A(config-router)#netw 172.16.0.0
A
2621A(config-router)# Z
2621A#
router igrp IGRP. RIP, , . IGRP , .. .
2501
2501 IGRP AS, 10, :
2501A#configt
2501A(config)#routerigrp 10
2501A(config-router)#netw 172.16.0.0
2501A(config-router)#AZ
2501A#
2501B
2501 , , IGRP
AS, 10.
2501B#configt
2501B(config)#routerigrp 10
2501B(config-router)#netw 172.16.0.0
2501B(config-router)#AZ
2501B#
\
2501C
2501C,
AS, 10.
2501C#configt
2501C(config)#routerigrp 10
2501C(config-router)#netw 172.16.0.0
2501C(config-router)#AZ
RouterC#
IP
203

IGRP
. show ip route.
,
IGRP. RIP, , , , .
, RIP, IGRP
RIP
2621 ( ,
).
2621A#sh ip route
Codes: - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - [ ]
- traffic engineered route
I
I
I
I

I , IGRP. [100/160360] IGRP . , .

2501 .
2501A#shiproute
U - per-user static route, - ODR
I
172.16.50.0 [100/160350] via 172.16.20.2,00:00:49, SerialO
I
172.16.40.0 [100/160250] via 172.16.20.2,00:00:49, SerialO
I
172.16.30.0 [100/158350] via 172.16.20.2,00:00:49, SerialO

2501A#
204
/
2501:
2501B#ship route .
Gateway of lastVesort is not set
I
172.16.50.0 [100/8576] via 172.16.40.2,00:01:11, Seriall

I
172.16.10.0 [100/158350] via 172.16.20.1,00:00:36,SerialO
2501B#
2501:
i<
2501C#shiproute
Codes:-connected,S-static,I-IGRP,R- RIP,- []
'.

I
172.16.30.0 [100/8576] via 172.16.40.1,00:00:28, SerialO
I
172.16.20.0 [100/160250] via 172.16.40.1,00:00:28, SerialO
I
172.16.10.0 [100/160350] via 172.16.40.1,00:00:28, SerialO
2501C#
.

,
. , Cisco .
. .
show ip route
show protocols
show ip protocol
debug ip rip
debug ip igrp events
debug ip igrp transactions
IP
205
Show Protocols
show protocols .
2501B#sh protocol
Global values:
Internet Protocol routing is enabled
( IP)
( EthernetO , )
( : 172.16.30.1/24)
Seriall is up, line protocol is up
250.1
IP- Ethernet 0, serial 0 serial 1 2501.
IPX AppleTalk,
.
Show IP Protocol
show ip protocol ,
. ,
(RIP IGRP), , IGRP , .
show ip protocols . , RIP 30 , . , RIP
172.16.0.0, 172.16.40.2 172.16.20.1.
2501B#ship protocol
Routing Protocol is "rip"
Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 6 seconds Invalid after
180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240
( 30 ,
6 . 180 , ,180,
240)
Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is

( )
Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is
( )
206
Redistributing: rip
( RIP)
Default version control: send version 1, receive any version
( : 1,
)
Interface
Send
Recv
Sena 11
12
(
EthernetO
1
12
SerialO
I
12
Key-chain
Routing for Networks:

( )
172.16.0.0
Routing Information Sources:
( )
Gateway
Distance
Last Update
(
)
172.16.40.2
120
00:00:21
172.16.20.1
120
00:00:23
Distance: (default is 120)
(: 120)
RIP (120).

IGRP.
90 , 100.
Routing Protocol is "igrp 10"
Sending updates every 90 seconds, next due in 42 seconds
Invalid after 270 seconds, hold down 280, flushed after 630
Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is
Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is
Default networks flagged in outgoing updates
( )
Default networks accepted from incoming updates
( )
IGRP metric weight Kl=l, K2=0, 3=1, 4=0, 5=0
( IGRP: 1=1, 2=0, 3=1, 4=0, 5=0)
IGRP maximum hopcount 100
( IGRP: 100)
IGRP maximum metric variance 1
( IGRP: 1)
Redistributing: eigrp 10, igrp 10
Routing for Networks:
172.16.0.0
Routing Information Sources:
IP
Gateway
Distance
172.16.40.2
100
172.16.20.1
100
Distance: (default is 100)
207
Last Update
00:00:47
00:01:18
show ip protocols .
AS, , , ,
(100).
270 ,
. , . 280 ,
.
.
,
. ,'
.
Debug IP RIP
debug ip rip
. Telnet, terminal monitor, debug.
, - RIP serial I, serial 0 Ethernet 0.
debug ip rip , .
2501B#debugiprip
RIP protocol debugging is on
2501B#
07:12:56: RIP: received vl update from 172.16.40.2 on Seriall
07:12:56:172.16.50.0 in 1 hops
07:12:56: RIP: received vl update from 172.16.20.1 on SerialO

07:12:56:172.16.10.0 in 1 hops
07:12:58: RIP: sending vl update to 255.255.255.255 via
EthernetO (172.16.30.1)
07:12:58: subnet 172.16.40.0, metric 1
07:12:58: subnet 172.16.20.0, metric 1
SerialO (172.16.20.2)
07:12:58: subnet 172.16.40.0, metric 1
07:12:58: subnet 172.16.30.0, metric 1
Seriall (172.16.40.1)
208
07:12:58: subnet 172.16.30.0, metric 1

07:12:58: subnet 172.16.20.0, metric 1
2501B#undebugall
All possible debugging has been turned off
2501B#
undebug all no debug all. un all.
Debug IP IGRP
debug ip igrp : events () transactions
(), :
2501B#debugip igrp ?
events
IGRP protocol events
transactions IGRP protocol transactions
.
Debug IP IGRP Events

IGRP . , ,
, .
.
2501B#debug ip igrp events
IGRP event debugging is on
07:13:50: IGRP: received request from 172.16.40.2 on Seriall
07:13:50: IGRP: sending update to 172.16.40.2 via Seriall
(172.16.40.1)
07:13:51: IGRP: Update contains 3 interior, 0 system, and 0 exterior routes.
07:13:51: IGRP: Total routes in update: 3
07:13:51: IGRP: received update from 172.16.40.2 on Seriall
2501B#un
2501 B#un all
undebug all.
IP
209
Debug IP IGRP Transactions

debug ip igrp transactions , ,
.
172.16.40.2 serial 1 2501. 2501 .
2501B#debug ip igrp transactions
IGRP protocol debugging is on
07:14:05: IGRP: received request from 172.16.40.2 on Seriall
07:14:05: IGRP: sending update to 172.16.40.2 via Seriall (172.16.40.1)
07:14:05: subnet 172.16.30.0, metric=1100
07:14:05: subnet 172.16.20.0, metric=158250
07:14:05: subnet 172.16.10.0, metric=158350
07:14:06: subnet 172.16.50.0, metric 8576 (neighbor 1100)
2501B#unall
250
undebug all ( :
un al).
.
1. 172.16.10.0/24 172.16.20.1 150.
2. RIP
10.0.0.0.
3. RIP serial 1.
4. AS 10
IGRP 172.16.0.0.
5. 172.16.50.3.
6.
?
210
7.
?
>.
8. , ?
9.
.
10.
?

, 2501 2621.
. 5.9
.
172.16.30.0
172.16.50.0
. 5.6.
5.1.

, . Ping.
1. 2621 172.16.10.0/24.
172.16.20.0/24, 172.16.30.0/24, 172.16.40.0/24 172.16.50.0/24.
2621 ,
"" .
2621#configt
2621(config)#ip route 172.16.20.0 255.255.255.0172.16.10.1
2621(config)#ip route 172.16.30.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.10.1
2621(config)#ip route 172.16.40.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.10.1
2621(config)#ip route 172.16.50.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.10.1
IP
211
2. 2621,
(enabled mode), copy run
start Enter.
3.
172.16.10.0/24, 172.16.30.0/24, 172.16.40.0/24 172.16.50.0/24.
RouterA#configt
RouterA(config)#ip route 172.16.30.0 255.255.255.0172.16.20.2
RouterA(config)#ip route 172.16.40.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.20.2
,
172.16.30.0/24 IP- 172.16.20.2, ,
172.16.30.0/24 (.. ). 172.16.40.0/24 172.16.50.0/24.
4. , , copy run start Enter.
5.
172.16.10.0/24 172.16.50.0/24,
.
"" :
RouterB#config t
RouterB(config)#ip route 172.16.10.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.20.1
RouterB(config)#ip route 172.16.50.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.40.2
,
172.16.10.0/24 172.16.20.1.
172.16.50.0/24 172.16.40.2.
, copy run start
Enter, .
6. 172.16.50.0/24
172.16.40.0/24. 172.16.30.0/24,
172.16.20.0/24 172.16.10.0/24. ,
"" :
RouterC#configt
RouterC(config)#ip route 172.16.30.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.40.1
RouterC(config)#ip route 172.16.20.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.40.1
, copy run start
Enter, .
Ping . ,
.
212
5.2.
RIP
RIP
.
1. no ip
route. :
RouterAtfcbnfigt
RouterA(config)#no ip route 172.16.10.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.11.2
,
2621. sh run Enter , .
2.
,
config t.
3. RIP,
router rip Enter:
config t
router rip
4. , , network 172.16.0.0 Enter.
5. Ctrl+Z ().
6. , 2621 :
Config t
Router rip
Network 172.16.0.0
7. RIP ,
:
show ip protocol
show ip route
show running-config or show run
8. .
run start copy running-config startup-config Enter.
IP
213
9. , Ping
.
5.3.
IGRP
IGRP
RIP.
1. , en enable.
2. RIP . RIP,

no router rip, :
config t
no router rip
3. router igrp ?.
4. . AS . 10 Enter. AS.
5. (config-router)
network 172.16.0.0.
.
6. Ctrl+Z .
7. , 2621 :
RouterB(config)#routerigrp 10 '
RouterB(config-router)#network 172.16.0.0
8. IGRP, :
show ip protocol
RIP IGRP,
.
ship route
"" : 10, 11, 15, 20, 30,
40, 50 55. ,
, I, ..
IGRP. RIP,
(100/23456).
(100) .
RIP 120,
IGRP ,
214
5
RIP. ( ) ,
.
show running-config
, RIP IGRP.
9. copy running-config startup-config copy run start Enter .
10. , Ping , .

1. RIP?
A.
B.
C.
D.
2. IGRP?
A.
B.
C.
(
D.
3. IGRP?
A. sh ip route
B. sh ip protocol
C. sh ip broadcast
D. debug ip igrp
4. RIP?
A.
B.
C. TTL
D. ,
5. ?
A. Router(config-if)#no routing
B. Router(config-if)#passive-interface
C. Router(config-router)#passive-interface sO
D. Router(config-router)#no routing updates
IP
215
6. IGRP? ( .)
A.
B.
C. TTL
D.
E.
7. 16
RIP?
A. 16
B.
C.
D. 16-
E.
8. ?
A.
B.
C.

D.
9. ?
A. .
B. () .
C.
.
D. .
10. ?
A. , ,
B. , ,

C.
D. , ,
216
11.
IGRP?
A. 90
B. 100
C. 120
D. 220
12. ?
A. route ip 172.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 sO
B. ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.20.1
C. ip route 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 172.16.20.1
D. route ip 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.10.1150
13. IP?
A. RIPV2
B. EIGRP
C. OSPF
D. IGRP
14. RIP? (
)
A. sh ip route
B. sh ip rip
C. sh rip network
D. debug ip rip
15. ?
( .)
A. 60 .
B. 60 .
C. 30 .
D. 90 .
16. Cisco IOS
IP?
A. sh ip config
B. shiparp
C. sh ip route
D. sh ip table
17. ?
A.
B.
C. 0 255
IP
217
D. 0 1023
18. S ?
A.
B.
C.
D.
19. IP-?
A. IP- .
B. IP- .
C. .
D. .
20. ? ( )
A. .
B. .
C. .
D. .
E. .

1. ip route 172.16.10.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.20.1150
2. config t
router rip
network 10.0.0.0
3. config t
router rip
passive-interface serial 1
4. config t
router igrp 10
network 172.16.0.0
5. config t
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.50.3
6.
7.
8.
9. variance
10. debug ip rip
9 ). 646
218

1. D
2. D
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
D,E
D
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
A,D
D
B,D

(VLAN)
220

(Virtual LAN)
2 "" (.
. 6.1). , ,
.

. 6.1.
2
,
Ethernet, ..
.
, .
"" 2 . , "" . .
.
VLAN 2, .

,
, .
, . , .

(VLAN)
221
.
,
. , .
,
. "",
.
,
.
.
, ""
VLAN.
VLAN . , VLAN.
, 3 RSM (route switch module) , VLAN
.
, . .
, , . ,
.
.
VLAN .

.
.

,
. VLAN, . ,
.
222

2 , ,
. . VLAN . VLAN
VLAN.
VLAN
(
switch fabric) ,
.
(NIC,
network interface card) .
VLAN ,
VLAN,
.
VLAN, .
, VLAN , . . 6.2 (collapsed backbone),
.
.
. . . 6.3
, .
,
.
, VLAN.
. 6.1. ,
223
(VLAN)

. . . 6.3 VLAN ( ). VLAN
, VLAN
. VLAN (. . 6.2).
. 6.2 ' ?
3,
VLAN (. . 6.3). VLAN, , 3.
VLAND
. 6.3.
VLAN
VLAN ,
. , (static VLAN) . , VLAN.
VLAN
VLAN . .
VLAN ,
224
. VLAN
, VLAN , .
. .
VLAN
VLAN . VLAN
(MAC), . , - VLAN. , VLAN ,

VLAN. . , VLAN.
.
Cisco VMPS
(VLAN Management Policy Server, ) -,
VLAN. VMPS
- VLAN.
VLAN
VLAN .
, VLAN. (frame tagging).
.
:
(Access link) ,
VLAN .
, ,
VLAN. , . VLAN
.
VLAN, .
(Trunk link) VLAN.
(VLAN)
225
,
.
, .
Fast Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet.

VLAN, Ethernet, Cisco : ISL 802. lq. VLAN VLAN.
"" VLAN (..
),
.
N
,
VLAN. , VLAN. {) , .
VLAN ID .
Cisco , Ethernet .
() VLAN .

VLAN ID,
. , , .
, VLAN. - VLAN.
VLAN
, , VLAN.
VLAN . :
ISL ISL (Inter-Switch Link ) Cisco FastEthernet Gigabit Ethernet.
,
, . VLAN,
226
"80/20".
VLAN ( ). 3 , .
IEEE 802.1q IEEE
. VLAN. Cisco
802.lq,
.
LANE LANE (LAN emulation)
VLAN ATM.
802.10 (FDD!) VLAN FDDL.
SAID VLAN. Cisco.
| I CCNA ISL.
ISL
ISL (Inter-Switch Link) VLAN Ethernet. VLAN . LSL
VLAN, , . ISL
FastEthernet
- .
ISL Cisco, ISL Cisco. VLAN, 802.lq (. CCNP: Switching
Study Guide).
ISL , ..
, 26- ISL.
, 4- FCS (frame check sequence).
, , ISL. 1522 . ISL , , Ethernet
1518 .
VLAN ( ) . (NIC, network interface card), ISL,

(VLAN)
227
VLAN. VLAN , .
.
, . , ISL VLAN.
, ISL VLAN
, . ISL , .

"-"
100- 1000 / , . VLAN
( 1 1005 ). 10 /.

VLAN, , ,
. 3 ()
. ,
VLAN.
,
VLAN.
VLAN ,
.
Cisco DTP (Dynamic Trunking
Protocol, )
Catalyst 4.2 ISL 802.lq. DTP "-",

802. lq.
VLAN
VLAN . VLAN 2 OSI.

VLAN 3.
228
,
VLAN,
ISL.
ISL 2600. 1600, 1700 2500 ISL .
VLAN (
),
lOBaseT FastEthernet. lOBaseT,
FastEthernet.
VLAN , , ISL FastEthernet RSM (route switch module) 5000. RSM
1005 VLAN, . FastEthernet
ISL Cisco
(router-on-a-stick : "
").

Cisco VTP (VLAN Trunk Protocol ) VLAN . VTP
, VLAN, .
VTP :
VLAN
VLAN ,
Ethernet ATM LANE FDDI
VLAN
VLAN
VLAN Plug-and-Play ( )
VTP VLAN , VTP. ,
VLAN, ,
. ,
VTP ,
VTP.
VTP , . VLAN,
VTP . VTP
.
(VLAN)
229
VTP,
VLAN.
VTP . VTP. "" (VTP
transparent mode).
VTP
, , .
VLAN VTP,
,
VLAN. VLAN ID,
802.10 SAID LANE. , . ,
, , .
VTP
VTP (. . 6.4).

NVRAM

NVRAM

NVRAM
. 6.4. VTP
(Server) Catalyst. VTP VLAN. ,
VLAN VTP. VTP
. , , VTP.
230
(Client) VTP, , .
VLAN, VTP
VLAN. ,
VLAN, .
(Transparent)
VTP, VTP . VTP VLAN ,
. .

(revision number) VTP. . 6.5
.
1. VLAN
2. N+1
4.N+1
5.
VLAN
4.N+1
5.
VLAN
VTP ,

. 6.5. VTP
"N." VTP . VTP .

, NVRAM
.
(VLAN)
231

, VTP ,
, .
(pruning).
VTP , .
, . ,
, VLAN 5, VLAN 5,
.
VTP .
VTP ,
. VLAN 2 1005 . VLAN 1
, VLAN.
.
1. VTP
VLAN ?
2. VLAN Cisco?
3. VLAN?
4. ?
5. VTP ?
6. ?
7. ?
8. : ISL ,
?
9. VLAN "" VLAN?
10. Cisco VLAN ?
232

_ 1. VLAN ? (
.)
A. VLAN Cisco.
B. VLAN
.
C. 10 .
D. VLAN , .
2.
VLAN?
A. DHCP
B.
C.
D.
3. ISL?
A. 1518
B. 1522
C. 4202
D. 8190
4. VLAN ?
A.
B.
C. DHCP
D. Management Policy Server VLAN
5. ? ( .)
A. Virtual Trunk Protocol
B. VLAN
C. Trunk
D. ISL
6. ? ( .)
A. .
B. .
(VLAN)
233
C. VTP 5000 .
D. VTP
, VTP.
7. Cisco FCS?
A. ISL
B. 802. lq
C. 802.3z
D. 802.Su
8. VTP?
A.
, .
B.
, .
C. .
D. .
9. VTP
? ( .)
A. VLAN 1
B.
C. VLAN
D. VLAN
, Ethernet ATM LANE
FDDI
E. VLAN
F. VLAN
G. VLAN Plug-and-Play
. Plug-and-Play
10. VTP?
A. VTP.
B. VTP.
C. VTP Cisco
Cisco.
D. VTP.
234
11. ?
A. .
B. Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI
ATM.
C. 10-,
100- 1000 /.
D. VLAN.
12. VTP?
A. 60 .
B.
,
NVRAM .
C. ,
NVRAM .
D.
,
NVRAM .
13. IEEE ?
A. ISL
B. 802.32
C. 802.1q
D. 802.3u
14. ?
A. VLAN.
B. VLAN ,
.
C.
VLAN, .
D. VLAN VLAN.
15. ?
A. VLAN.
B. VLAN ,
.
C.
VLAN, .
D. VLAN VLAN.
(VLAN)
235
16. ?
A. VLAN
B. VLAN VLAN
C. FastEthernet Gigabit Ethernet
D. VLAN ""
VLAN
17. IEEE ?
A. ISL
B. LANE
C. SAID
D. 802.1q
18. , VTP ?
A. ISL
B.
C.
D.
19. ISL?
A. 2
B. 6
C. 26
D. 1522
20. ?
A. VLAN
B. VLAN
C. ISL
D. 802.lq

1.
2. ISL
3.
4.
5.
236
6.
VLAN.
7. () . VLAN ID .
8.
9.
10. ISL

1. D
11. D
2. ,
12.
3.
13.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
D
C,D
B,D
B.C.D.E.F, G
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
A,D
,
D
D
Cisco
238
Cisco
Cisco
Cisco (.
7.1).
7.1.
Cisco
Bootstrap ( )

ROM
.
IOS.
POST (power-on self test

)
POST ROM
,
.
ROM monitor (
" ")
ROM
.
Mini-IOS (-)
: RXBOOT (bootloader)
Cisco.
IOS ROM, Cisco IOS -.
minMOS
.
RAM (random access memory

)
, ,
, .
Running-config RAM, a IOS

RAM.
ROM (read-only memory

" ")
Flash memory (-)
Cisco IOS.
- . - EEPROM Intel.
NVRAM (nonvolatile RAM,

)

. NVRAM .
Configuration register
( )
.
show
version. 0x2102, IPS -.
Cisco
239

:
1. POST, , . , POST . POST ROM.
2. Cisco IOS. ROM, .
IOS .
IOS -
Cisco.
3. IOS NVRAM. startup-config , NVRAM.
4. startup-config NVRAM,
. . startup-config NVRAM, (setup
mode configuration).
Cisco 16- .
NVRAM.
Cisco IOS -
startup-config NVRAM.

15-0,
. Cisco 0x2102. 13, 8 1 (. 7.2). , 1, 2, 4 8 .
| | ,
.
240
7.2.

15141312
11 10 9 8
7654
3210
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
0000
0010
7.3
. 6 NVRAM. (. ).
7.3.

0-3
0x0000 -OxOOOF
(. 7.4).
0x0040
NVRAM.
0x0080
OEM.
0x0100
10
0x0400
IP- .
11-12
0x0800-0x1000
13
0x2000

ROM ,
.
14
0x4000
IP- .
15
0x8000
NVM.
( 0 3) . 7.4 .
0 9
F (=10, =11, =12, 0=13, =14 F=15). .. 210F
210(15)
1111 .
Cisco
241
7.4.
( 00 03 )

00
ROM
01
ROM
02 F
ROM 2100.

. rommonX
ROM IOS
2101.

router(boot)>.
2102 210F
, NVRAM.

show version ( : sh version show ver):
Router#sh version
IOS (tm) C2600 Software (C2600-I-M), Version 12.0(3)73, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fcl)
[ ]
Configuration register is 0x2102
( 0x2102)
. 0x2102, .. .
show version IOS. IOS 12 0(3).

:
ROM

( Break)

ROM
TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol
)
242

.
show version.

config-register. , ROM
:
Router(config)#config-register 0x0101
Router(config)#AZ
Routertfshver
[ ]
Configuration register is 0x2102 (will be 0x0101 at next reload)
( 0x2102, 0x0101
)
show version ,
, .
() .

, , . 6 NVRAM
.

0x2102, .. 6 . NVRAM (startup-config).
,
NVRAM (
. . .}. 6 0x2142.
:
1. Break.
2.
(.. 0x2142).
3. .
4. .
5. startup-config running-config.
Cisco
243
6. .
7. .
8. .
,
2600 2500.
. ( Break) Ctrl+Break, HyperTerminal.

I j HyperTerminal Windows NT
.
Windows 95/98.
:
System Bootstrap, Version 11.3(2)XA4, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fcl)
Copyright (c) 1999 by cisco Systems, Inc.
TAC:Home:SW:IOS:Specials for info
PC = OxfffOaSSO, Vector = Ox-500, SP = Ox680127bO
C2600 platform with 32768 Kbytes of main memory
PC = OxfffOaSSO, Vector = 0x500, SP = 0x80004374
monitor: command "boot" aborted due to userinterrupt
(: boot - )
rommon 1>
"boot" aborted due to user interrupt.

rommon 1>.

config-register. , 0x2142.
Cisco 2600
Cisco 2600
rommon 1>:
rommon 1 > confreg 0x2142
You must reset or power cycle for new config to take effect
(
/ )
244
Cisco 2500

2500 . .
/,
.
2501:
System Bootstrap, Version ll.O(lOc), SOFTWARE
Copyright (c) 1986-1996 by Cisco Systems
2500 processor with 14336 Kbytes of main memory
Abort at OX1098FEC (PC) ( Oxl098FEC)
>
Configuration register = 0x2102 at last boot
( = 0x2102)
Bit# Configuration register option settings:
( )
15
Diagnostic mode disabled
( )
14
IP broadcasts do not have network numbers
( IP )
13
Boot default ROM software if network bootfails
( ROM
)
12-11 Console speed is 9600 baud
( 9600 )
10
IP broadcasts with ones
(IP- )
08
Break disabled
( )
07
OEM disabled
( OEM)
Ignore configuration disabled
( )
03-00 Boot file is cisco2-2500 (or 'boot system' command)
( cisco2-2500 boot system)
>o/r0x2142

:
2600 reset.
2500 I
(.. initialize ).
( startup-config). No
Cisco
245
, Enter , enable
.

. startup-config running-config:
copy startup-config running-config

:
copy start run

RAM
, .. . , :
config t
enable secret todd

, config-register:
config t
config-register 0x2102
.

Cisco IOS
Cisco
IOS TFTP
() . TFTP.
Cisco IOS - . -, Cisco IOS
- TFTP, .
-
Cisco IOS
IOS , - . show flash ( sh flash)
- ():
246
Router#sh flash
System flash directory:
( -)
File
(
1
Length
8121000
Name/status
/)
c2500-js-l.112-18.bin
[8121064 bytes used, 8656152 available, 16777216 total]
( 8121064 , 8656152 , 16777216)

16384 bytes of processor board System flash (Read ONLY)
(16384K " " )
Routertf
(c2500-js-l.H2-18.bin),
:
2500 Cisco 2500.
j .
s .
I - .
11.2-18 (revision number).
.bin Cisco IOS.
,
- 16 384 ( 16 ). , 10 . . , - IOS, .
Cisco IOS
Cisco IOS TFTP
flash tftp. - IP- TFTP.
TFTP. Ping , :
Routertfping 192.168.0.120
Sending 5,100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.0.120, timeout is 2 seconds:
Cisco
247
| | Ping (Packet Internet Groper

) .

.
Ping IP TFTP, copy flash tftp IOS TFTP (.
). -,
/
.
Router#copy flash tftp

File Length Name/status
1
8121000 c2500-js-l.H2-18.bin

Address or name of remote host [255.255.255.255]? 192.168.0.120
( )
Source file name? c2500-js-l.H2-18.bin
( )
Destination file name [c2500-js-l.H2-18.bin]? (press enter)
( )
Verifying checksum for 'c2500-js-lH2-18.bin')file#l)...OK
( )
Copy '/c2500-js-l.ll2-18' from Flash to server as '/c2500-js-l.H2-18'? [yes/no]y
( /c2500js-l. 112-18
/c2500-js-l.l 12-18)
[ ]
Uploa'd to server done
( )
Flash copy took 00:02:30 [hh:mm:ss]
( )
Routertf
-
TFTP. IP-
TFTP. -.
| copy flash tftp

. TFTP "
",
, .
248
Cisco IOS

Cisco IOS - , , IOS. - TFTP
copy tftp flash. IP- TFTP - .
,
TFTP.
TFTP. TFTP, .
| | IOS TFTP -
.
IOS 9
.
copy tftp flash IOS ROM:
Routertfcopy tftp flash
**** NOTICE****
Flash load helper vl.O
( vl.O)
This process will accept the copy options and then terminate the current system
image to use the ROM based image for the copy. Routing functionality will not be
available during that time. If you are logged in via telnet this connection will
terminate. Users with console access can see the results of the copy operation.
( ,
ROM
. . Telnet,
.
)
********
Proceed? [confirm](press enter)
Enter . TFTP,
Enter.
1
8121000 /C2500-JS-1.112-18
Cisco
249
Address or name of remote host [192.168.0.120]? (press enter)

,
-.
TFTP.
Source file name? c250Q-js56i-L120-9.bin
Destination file name [c2500-js56i-l.l20-9.bin]? (press enter)
Accessing file 'c2500-js56i-l.l20-9.bin' on 192.168.0.120...
Loading c2500-js56i-Ll20-9.bin from 192.168.0.120 (via EthernetO):! [OK]
,
-.
| | -
, ("") -,
-
.
, , -. copy run start, ,
.
Erase flash device before writing? [confirm] (press enter)
( )
Flash contains files. Are you sure you want to erase?
[confirm] (press enter)
( , )
System configuration has been modified. Save? [yes/no]:
( , )
Building configuration... ( )
[04
'c2500-js56H.120-9.bin' from server

as 'c2500-js56i-l.120-9.bin' into Flash WITH erase? [yes/no] .
"yes" -
ROM IOS. -,
.
- TFTP -.
%SYS-5-RELOAD: Reload requested
( )
%FLH: c2500-js56i-l.120-9.bin from 192.168.0.120 to flash ...
1
8121000 /c2500-js-l.H2-18
IOtoH.646
'
250
7
Accessing file 'c2500-js56i-Ll20-9.bin' on 192.168.0.120...
Loading c2500-js56i-l.l20-9.bin .from 192.168.0.120 (via EthernetO):! [OK]
( c2500-js56i-1.120-9.bin 192.168.0.120
EthernetO)
Erasing device...
( )
Loading c2500-js56i-l.120-9.bin from 192.168.0.120 (via EthernetO):
[ ]
-. (!) UDP.
:
[ -10935532/16777216 bytes]
Verifying checksum... OK (Ox2E3A)
( )
Flash copy took 0:06:14 [hh:rnm:ss]
%FLH: Re-booting system after download
( )
- , IOS.
I Cisco TFTP
, -.
tftp-server
_5.

Cisco

running-config. copy run start
running-config,
/ . , , ,
.
TFTP,
.
Cisco
251

Cisco
TFTP
copy running-config tftp copy startup-config tftp.

, DRAM, NVRAM.
'->''
DRAM show running-config

( : sh run):
Routerttsh run
i
version 12.0
,
12.0 IOS.

,
NVRAM. show startup-config ( : sh
start):
Router#sh start
i
version 11.2
.
.
NVRAM 32 , 366 . NVRAM 11.2 (
running-config startup-config).
, , running-config, copy running-config startup-config (. ).
NVRAM
running-config NVRAM , running-config . IOS 12.0 ,
. , IOS
252
11.2. copy run start 12.0.

Router#copy run start
Destination filename [startup-config]? (press enter)
Warning: Attempting to overwrite an NVRAM configuration previously written
by a different version of the system image.
(: NVRAM,
)
Overwrite the previous NVRAM configuration?[confirm](press enter)
( NVRAM)
[OK]
, show starting-config 12.0:
Routertfsh start
i
version 12.0
TFTP
NVRAM
TFTP copy running-config tftp ( :
copy run tftp):
Route rtfcopy run tftp
Address or name of remote host []? 192.168.0.120
Destination filename [router-confg]? toddl-confg
11
487 bytes copied in 12.236 sees (40 bytes/sec)
Router#
(!!),
UDP. toddl-confg, .
,
-confg .

Cisco
running-config startup-config.
copy startup-config running-config ( :
copy start run).
Cisco config mem. ( ) running-config NVRAM.
Cisco
253
TFTP ,
tftp running-config ( : copy tftp run) the copy tftp startup-config
( : copy tftp start).
config net.
Router#copy tftp run
Address or name of remote host []? 192.168.0.120
Source filename []? toddl-confg
Destination filename [running-config]? (press enter)
Accessing tftp://192.168.0.120/toddl-confg...
Loading toddl-confg from 192.168.0.120 (via EthernetO):
i;
[OK-487/4096 bytes]
487 bytes copied in 5.400 sees (97 bytes/sec)
Router#
00:38:31: %SYS-5-CONFIG: Configured from tftp://
192.168.0.120/toddl-confg
Routertf
ASCII. , TFTP ,
.

startup-config Cisco
erase startup-config:
Router#erase startup-config
Erasing the nvram filesystem will remove all files!
Continue? [confirm](press enter)
( NVRAM .
?)
[]
Erase of nvram: complete
( NVRAM: )
Routertf
' NVRAM .
. ,
254

Cisco Discovery Protocol
CDP (Cisco Discovery Protocol Cisco) , Cisco
. CDP
. .
CDP

show cdp ( : sh cdp) CDP, Cisco:
CDP , CDP
.
CDP , .
Cisco
.
:
Router#sh cdp
Global CDP information:
( CDP)
Sending CDP packets every 60 seconds
( CDP 60 )
Sending a holdtime value of 180 seconds
( 180 )
Router#
CDP
cdp holdtime cdp timer.
Router#configt
Router(config)#cdp ?
holdtime Specify the holdtime (in sec) to be sent in packets
( ,
)
timer
Specify the rate at which CDP packets are sent(in sec)
( CDP )
Router(config)#cdp timer 90
Router(config)#cdp holdtime 240
Router(config)#AZ
Cisco
255
cdp r u n .
no cdp enable cdp enable (. ).

show cdp neighbor ( : sh cdp nei) . ,
Cisco, "" .
"" , .
show cdp neighbor 2509:
Todd2509#sh cdp nei
Capability Codes: R - Router, - Trans Bridge, - Source Route Bridge
S - Switch, H - Host, I - IGMP, r - Repeater
( : R - , -
, - , S - , - , I IGMP, r - )
Device ID
Local Intrfce
Holdtme Capability
Platform
Port ID
(
)
1900Switch E t h O
'238
TS
1900
2
2500
SerO
138
R
2500
SerO
Todd2501#
!
'
' ; ; . . . . . ;
- ' . ^
; .
7.5 , show cdp
neighbor .
show cdp neighbor detail ( : show cdp nei de) . .
:
Todd2509#sh cdp neighbor detail
Device ID: 1900Switch
Entry address(es):
( /)
IP address: 0.0.0.0
Platform: cisco 1900, Capabilities: Trans-Bridge Switch
Interface: EthernetO, Port ID (outgoing port): 2
Holdtime: 166 sec
Version:
V9.00
256
Device ID: 2501B

Entry address(es):
IP address: 172.16.10.2
Platform: cisco 2500, Capabilities: Router
Interface: SerialO, Port ID (outgoing port): SerialO
Holdtime: 154 sec
Version:
IDS (tm) 3000 Software (IGS-J-L), Version 11.1(5), RELEASE
SOFTWARE (fcl)Copyright (c) 1986-1996 by cisco Systems,
Inc.Compiled Mon 05-Aug-96 11:48 by mkamson
Todd2509#
7.5.
show cdp neighbor
Device ID ( ) .
Local Interface ( ) , CDP.
Holdtime ( )
CDP.
Capability ()
, ,
.
.
Platform ()
Cisco.
Cisco 2509, Cisco 2511
Catalyst 5000. 2509 2501, serial 0.
Port ID ( )
,

CDP.
IP- .
show cdp neighbor (. 7.5). show cdp nei g h b o r detail IOS
.
show cdp entry * , show cdp
neighbor details. show cdp entry * :
Todd2509#sh cdp entry *
Device ID: 1900Switch
Entry address(es):
IP address: 0.0.0.0
Cisco
257
Platform: dsco 1900, Capabilities: Trans-Bridge Switch

Interface: EthernetO, Port ID (outgoing port): 2
Holdtime: 223 sec
Version:
V9.00
Device ID: 2501B
Entry address(es):
IP address: 172.16.10.2
Platform: dsco 2500,Capabilities: Router
Interface: SerialO, Port ID (outgoing port): SerialO
Holdtime: 151 sec
Version:
IDS (tm) 3000 Software (IGS-J-L), Version 11.1(5), RELEASE
SOFTWARE (fcl)Copyright (c) 1986-1996 by cisco Systems,
Inc.Compiled Mon 05-Aug-96 11:48 by mkamson
Todd2509#

show cdp traffic ,
, -
.
show cdp traffic :
Routertfsh cdp traffic
CDP counters:
( CDP)
Packets output: 13, Input: 8
( : 13, : 8)
Hdr syntax: 0, Chksum error: 0, Encaps failed: 0
( : 0, : 0,
: 0)
No memory: 0, Invalid packet: 0, Fragmented: 0
( " ": 0, : 0, : 0)
Routertf

show cdp interface ( : sh cdp inter)
.
no cdp
run. no cdp
enable. cdp enable. CDP.
,
258
show cdp interface

, , , .
:
Router#sh cdp interface
Encapsulation ARPA
Holdtime is 180 seconds
Encapsulation HDLC
Seriall is administratively down, line protocol is down
Encapsulation HDLC
CDP
no cdp enable :
Routertfconfig t
Router(config-if)#no cdp enable
show cdp interface:
Router#sh cdp int
Encapsulation ARPA
Seriall is administratively down, line protocol is down
Encapsulation HDLC
Router#
serial 0 .
Cisco
259
Telnet
Telnet TCP/IP. Telnet
,
.
Telnet
. Telnet telnet
(DOS Cisco).
VTY.
, .
Telnet
.
telnet ,
:
Todd2509#telnet 172.16.10.2
Trying 172.16.10.2... Open
( 172.16.10.2. )
Password required, but none set
( , )
[Connection to 172.16.10.2 closed by foreign host]
( 172.16.10.2 )
Todd2509#
, ! VTY , .. VTY no login (.
4).
Cisco tetr
net. IP-,
Telnet, :
Todd2509#172.16.10.2
Trying 172.16.10.2 ...Open
Password required, but none set

Todd2509#
VTY, Telnet. :
250lB#configt
260
7
2501B(config)#line vty 0 4
2501B(config-line)#login
2501B(config-line)#password todd
2501B(config-line)#AZ
2501B#
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
( )
( 2509).
Todd2509#172.16.10.2
Trying 172.16.10.2... Open
User Access Verification ( )
Password: ()
2501B>
VTY ,
. , Telnet 2501:
2501>
% No password set
2501>
.
Telnet enable,
.
Telnet .
Telnet

Telnet
, exit!
,
, Ctrl+Shift+, , X.
Todd2509:
Todd2509#telnet 172.16.10.2
Trying 172.16.10.2... Open
User Access Verification
Password:
Cisco
261
2501>
Todd2509#
Telnet 2501.
password . Ctrl+Shift+, X (
, ). ,
Todd2509.
Telnet 1900. 15 ,
Telnet ( 1900 ).
Telnet 1900,
.
Todd2509#telnet 192.168.0.148
Trying 192.168.0.148... Open
Catalyst 1900 Management Console
Copyright (c) Cisco Systems, Inc. 1993-1999
Enterprise Edition Software
Ethernet Address:
00-BO-64-75-6B-CO
PCA Number:
PCA Serial Number:
73-3122-04
FAB040131E2
Model Number:
WS-C1912-A
System Serial Number: FAB0401UOJQ

Power Supply S/N:
PHI033108SD
PCB Serial Number:
FAB040131E2,73-3122-04
1 user(s) now active on Management Console.
( )
User Interface Menu
( )
[] Menus
()
[] Command Line
( )
Enter Selection:
( )
Ctrl+Shift+, X, Todd2509.
Todd2509#
262
"_
Telnet

show sessions.
Todd2509#sh sessions
' Conn Host

Address
1172.16.10.2
172.16.10.2
* 2192.168.0.148 192.168.0.148
Todd2509#
Byte
0
0
Idle
0
0
Conn Name
172.16.10.2
192.168.0.148
"" (*) ,
. , Enter. Enter.
Telnet
VTY show users.
Todd2509#sh users
Line
*OconO
User
Host(s)
172.16.10.2
192.168.0.148
Idle Location
00:07:52
00:07:18
con . IP- (..

).
show users 2501, Telnet
Todd2509.
2501B>sh users
Line
User
0 con 0
*2vtyO
Host(s)
idle
Idle Location
9
, VTY
2.
.
Telnet
Telnet . exit disconnect.
exit.
Cisco
263
2509# ( Enter)
[Resuming connection 2 to 192.168.0.148... ]
( 2 192.168.0.148)
switch >exit
( 192.168.0.148 )
Todd2509#

disconnect
Todd2509#disconnect ?
<1-2>
The number of an active network connection
( )
WORD
The name of an active network connection
( )
<>
Todd2509#disconnect 1
Closing connection to 172.16.10.2 [confirm]
Todd2509#
1,
2501. show
sessions.
, Telnet, . show users.
2501B#sh users
Line
User
* 0 con 0
Host(s)
idle
Idle Location
0
1 aux 0
idle
2vtyO
idle
0172.16.10.1
, VTY 2 IP-
172.16.10.1. Todd2509.
clear line.
2501B#clearline2
[]
[OK]

show users.
2501B#sh users
264
Line
* 0 con 0
lauxO
User
Idle Location
Host(s)
idle
idle
0
1
250
, .
}
IP- , , , ()
IP-. :
DNS (Domain Name System ),
.
,,
,.--,-.-:.
- '
,;
-.'.

, .
:
ip host name __ 1_
TCP 23. Telnet TCP,

IP-.

2501 :
Todd2509#configt
Todd2509(config)#ip host?
WORD
Name of host
Todd2509(config)#ip host 2501B ?
<0-65535>
A.B.C.D
Default telnet port number
( Telnet )
Host IP address (maximum of 8)
(IP- , )
Todd2509(config)#ip host 2501B 172.16.10.2 ?

A.B.C.D Host IP address (maximum of 8)
<cr>
Todd2509(config)#ip host 2501B 172.16.10.2
Todd2509(config)#ip host 192.168.0.148
Todd2509(config)#AZ
show hosts.
Cisco
265
Todd2509#sh hosts
Default domain is not set
Name/address lookup uses domain service
( )
Name servers are 255.255.255.255
( -255.255.255.255)
Host
Flags
2501
(perm,OK)
switch
(perm, OK)
Todd2509#
Age
Type
IP
0
IP
Address(es)
/)
172.16.10.2
192.168.0.148
IP-. perm Flags . temp, DNS.

. , ,
telnet. Telnet .
Ctrl+Shift+ X
Todd2509.
Todd2509#2501b
Trying 2501B (172.16.10.2)... Open
User Access Verification
Password:
2501B>
Todd2509#(control+shift+6,thenx)
Todd2509#switch
Trying switch (192.168.0.148)... Open
Ethernet Address:
00-BO-64-75-6B-CO
PCA Number:
PCA Serial Number:
Model Number:
System Serial Number:
PowerSupplyS/N:
PCB Serial Number:
73-3122-04
FAB040131E2
WS-C1912-A
FAB0401UOOQ
PHI033108SD
FAB040131E2J3-3122-04
.:; .
266
' -

User Interface Menu
[M] Menus
[K] Command Line
EnterSelection: (control+shift+6,then x)
Todd2509#
. Telnet
. show session ,
IP-.
Todd2509#sh sess
Conn Host
Address
Byte Idle
Conn Name
( )
1 switch
192.168.0.148

switch
*22501b
172.16.10.2

2501
Todd2509#
no ip
host:
RouterA(config)#no ip host routerb
,
, .
, DNS.
DNS

,
DNS.
Cisco ,
DNS. ,
Cisco todd.
Todd2509#todd
Translating "todd"...domain server (255.255.255.255)
( todd )
% Unknown command or computer name, or unable to find computer address
( ,
)
Todd2509#
todd
,
DNS. . -,
Cisco
267
todd. -, ,
.
DNS no ip domain-lookup, .
DNS,
DNS:
ip domain-lookup . , (.. no ip domain-lookup).
ip name-server IP- DNS.
IP- .
ip domain-name , . . DNS FQDN (Fully Qualified
Domain Name, ), DNS _..
:
Todd2509#configt
Todd2509(config)#ip domain-lookup
Todd2509(config)#ip name-server?
A.B.C.D Domain server IP address (maximum of 6)
Todd2509(config)#ip name-server 192.168.0.70
Todd2509(config)#ip domain-name lammle.com
Todd2509(config)#AZ
Todd2509#
DNS DNS. Ping Telnet
.
Todd2509#ping 2501b
Translating "2501b"...domain server (192.168.0.70) [OK]
Sending 5,100-byte ICMP Echosto 172.16.10.2, timeout is
2 seconds:
, DNS .
DNS show hosts , :
Todd2509#sh hosts
268
Defaultdomainislammle.com
Host
Flags
2501b.lammle.com (temp, OK)
(perm, OK)
Todd2509#
Age
0
0
Type
IP
IP
Address(es)
172.16.10.2
.
192.168.0.148
temp,
perm (.. ). ^
. ip domain-name lammle.com, ping 2501b.lammle.com,
.
'
: : . . ; ' ' ' ' ' -

ping trace. ,
IP.
Ping
Ping,
IP
DNS. ping ?.
Todd2509#ping ?
WORD
Ping destination address or hostname
apollo
Apollo echo
appletalk Appletalk echo
clns
CLNS echo
decnet
DECnetecho
ip
ipx
srb
tag
vines
xns
<cr>
IP echo
Novell/IPX echo
srb echo
Tag encapsulated IP echo
Vines echo
XNSecho
ping , Ping , :
Todd2509#ping todd2509
Translating "todd2509"...domain server (192.168.0.70) [OK]
Cisco
269

Sending 5,100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.0.121, timeout is 2 seconds:
Mill

Todd2509#
, DNS, Ping 32 ().
Trace
trace . trace ?.
' *
Todd2509#trace ?
WORD
Trace route to destination address or hostname
appletalk AppteTalk Trace
clns ISO CLNS Trace
ip
IP Trace
ipx
IPX Trace
oldvines Vines Trace (Cisco)
vines
Vines Trace (Banyan)
<cr>
,'>
! 7
. ,
- .
- ' " .
'
i trace IPX AppleTalk ,

. .
trace ,
. :
Todd2509#trace2501b
( escape-)
Tracing the route to 2501b.lammle.com (172.16.10.2)
12501b.lammle.com (172.16.10.2) 16 msec * 16 msec
Todd2509#
.
270
:
1. Cisco IOS TFTP?
2. startup-config Cisco
TFTP?
3. startup-config DRAM?
4. startup-config DRAM?
5. IP- ?
6. , , ?
7. Telnet ?
8. Telnet ?
9. Cisco IOS?
10. Bob, IP- 172.16.10.1 172.16.20.2?

( ) , TFTP.
| RouterSim, www.routersim.com,

.
7.1.
/OS
1. , en enable.
2. TFTP,
IP- Ping .
3. show flash -.
Cisco
271
4. show version
, IOS. - ,
show flash show version .
show version ,
show flash -.
5. Ethernet TFTP IOS, IOS.
copy flash tftp.
- ( IOS)
TFTP.
6. IP- TFTP IOS.
TFTP.
7.2.
IOS

1. , en enable.
2. TFTP
Ping IP- .
3. , Ethernet TFTP,
copy tftp flash.
4. ,
. .
5. IP- TFTP.
6. IOS, .
7. -.
8. IOS -
IOS.
- , ROM.
, .
7.3.
1. , en enable.
272
2. Ping TFTP,
IP.
3. copy run tftp.
4. IP- TFTP (, 172.16.30.2)
Enter.
5. .
confg ( config). .
Name of configuration file to write [RouterB-confg)?
Press enter to accept the default name
( .
Enter )
Write file RouterB-confg on host 172.16.30.2? [confirm] Press enter
( Enter RouterB-confg 172.16.30.2)
!! UDP .
7.4.

1. , en enable.
2. sh cdp Enter. ,
CDP , 60 180 (
).
3. 90 ,
cdp timer 90 .
RouterCtfconfigt
RouterC(config)#cdp timer ?
<5-900> Rate at which CDP packets are sent (in sec)
RouterC(config)#cdp timer 90
4. CDP show cdp.
RouteC#shcdp
5. CDP . , sh cdp ?.
RouterCtfsh cdp ?
entry
Information for specific neighbor entry
Cisco
273
interface
CDP interface status and configuration
neighbors CDP neighbor entries
traffic
CDP statistics
<cr>
6. sh cdp int ,
.
7. sh cdp entry * ,
.
8. show cdp neighbor (
).
9. show cdp neighbor detail. , show cdp entry *.
7.5.
Telnet
1. , en enable.
2. Telnet , telnet ip_address.
3. IP-
. Telnet IP-.
telnet IP-.
4. Ctrl+Shift+6, X .
Telnet . Ctrl+Shift+6,
X .
5. show sessions. . Enter.
. Enter.
6. . show user.
. disconnect
. , exit .
7. ,
show sessions . show
user .
8. clear line Telnet.
274
7.6.

1. , en enable.
2. todd Enter . .
IP- DNS.
no ip domain-lookup .
3. ip host.
, :
ip host routerb ipjaddress
ip host routerc ipjaddress
:
ip host routerb 172.16.20.2
ip host routerc 172.16.40.2
4. , piiig riuterb ( config).
RouterAtfping routerb
Sending 5,100-byte ICMP Echosto 172.16.20.2,
timeout is 2 seconds:
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/ avg/max = 4/4/4 ms
5. , ping routerc.
RouterAtfping routerc
Sending 5,100-byte ICMP Echosto 172.16.40.2,
timeout is 2 seconds:
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/ avg/max = 4/6/8 ms
6. , . Ctrl+Shift+6, X.
7. Telnet , routerc.
8. . Ctrl+Shift+, X.
9. , show hosts Enter.
Cisco
Default domain is not set

Host
Flags
Age
Address(es)
routerb
(perm, OK)
0
172.16.20.2
routerc
(perm, OK)
0
172.16.40.2
275
Type
IP
IP

1. , IP- ?
A. sh router
B. sho hosts
C. sh ip hosts
D. sho name resolution
2. IOS ?
A. transfer IOS to 172.16.10.1
B. copy run start
C. copy tftp flash
D. copy start tftp
E. copy flash tftp
3.
TFTP NVRAM?
A. transfer IOS to 172.16.10.1
B. copy run start
C. copy tftp startup
D. copy tftp run
E. copy flash tftp
4.
TFTP DRAM Cisco?
A. config netw
B. config mem
C. config term
D. copy tftp run
E. copy tftp start
5. Cisco ?
276
A.
B.
C.
D.
RAM
ROM
NVRAM
6. Cisco?
A. bob ip host 172.16.10.1
B. host 172.16.10.1 bob
C. ip host bob 172.16.10.1172.16.10.2
D. hostbob!72.16.10.1
7.
?
A. sh sess
B. sh users
C. disconnect
D. clear line
':
' ':'.. '
.<'.
8. ,
?
A. sh cdp
B. sh cdp interface
C. sh interface
D. sh cdp traffic
9. CDP ?
A. 240,90
B. 90,240
C. 180,60
D. 60,180
10. DRAM Cisco TFTP ?
A. config netw
B. config mem
C. config term
D. copy run tftp
E. copy start tftp
11. Telnet?
A. +
B. Ctrl+X, 6
C. Ctrl+Shift+X, 6
D. Ctrl+Shift+6, X
Cisco
277
12. , show cdp neighbors

detail?
A. show cdp
B. show cdp ?
sh cdp neigh
D. sh cdp entry *
13. cdp timer 90 do?
A. CDP
B. CDP
C. neighbor CDP
90
D. CDP
14. CDP ?
A. no cdp run
B. no cdp enable
C. no cdp
D. disable cdp
15.
?
A. ping
B. trace
C. RIP
D. SAP
16. IP?
A. ping
B. trace
C. RIP
D. SAP
17. ?
A. clear connection
B. clear line
C. disconnect
D. clear user
18. VTY ?
A. clear connection
B. clear line #
C. disconnect
D. clear user
278
19. show cdp neighbor Cisco? ( .)

A. IP-
B. /
C. , show version
D.
E. , show cdp entry *
F.
G.
.
I.
J.
20.- IOS ?
A. copy tftp run
B. copy tftp flash
C. copy tftp start
D. copy flash tftp
E. boot system flash IOS_name

1. copy flash tftp
2. copy start tftp
3. copy start run
4. config mem
5. show cdp neighbor detail or show cdp entry
6. show cdp neighbor
7. Ctrl+Shift+6, X
8. show sessions
9. copy tftp flash
10. ip host bob 172.16.10.1172.16.20.2
Cisco
279

. .'
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
A, D
D
D
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
. . '
D
D
B.D.F.G.H.I

Novell IPX
282
- -
IPX. . -, Novell NetWare IPX . -,
80- 90-
. IPX. Novell NetWare 5 TCP/IP, IPX. ?
IPX.
.
IPX, , Cisco
IOS IPX.
Novell IPX,
, IPX
, TCP/IP.
IPX, Cisco IOS,
IPX.
Novell IPX
Novell IPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange ) 80- . XNS (Xerox Network Systems),
Xerox - 60- ,
TCP/IP. IPX .
Novell IPX
IPX OSI,
. IPX ,
. IPX OSI.
. 8.1 ,
IPX OSI.
IPX IPX 3 4 OSI.
IPX ( ),
,
, (RIP
NLSP). IPX ( UDP TCP/IP), ..
283
Novell IPX
OSI
Novell NetWare
RIP
NLSP
SAP
NCP
NetBIOS
SPX
IPX

(Ethernet, Token Ring,
..)
. 8.1. IPX OSI
, ' .
IPX . , , TCP/IP.
SPX SPX (Sequence Packet eXchange ) IPX . . SPX
, , IPX.
RIP RIP (Routing Information Protocol ) , IPX .
, "" (tick, 1 = 1/18 ), , ( ).
SAP SAP (Service Advertising Protocol )
. , .
NLSP NLSP (NetWare Link Services Protocol NetWare) Novell
.
RIP SAP.
284
NCP NCP (NetWare Core Protocol NetWare) ,

, , .
, , IPX , .
IPX (, Cisco).

Novell NetWare / (
): NetWare , . NetWare , , . . . NetWare ,
MacOS, DOS, MS Windows, Windows
NT, OS/2, Unix VMS. Novell
NetWare. NetWare :

NetWare
. NetWare SAP,
, (
).
, IPX,
GNS ( GetNearestServer ).

NetWare, .
, GNS, SAP NetWare, , GNS ( GetNearestServer).
, . , GNS , SAP , ,
, .
, Cisco
SAP ,
NetWare. , Cisco , NetWare, Cisco GNS NetWare.
Novell IPX
285
GetNearestServer NetWare, NetWare Cisco, NetWare, ,

.
, GNS
Cisco, , , IPX. NetWare. : GNS
NetWare NetWare, (.
. 8.2).
NetWare
. 8.2. IPX

:
, . GNS ,
SAP, .
NetWare .
,
. GNS .

.

NetWare ,
. ,
,
286
. , ,
.
, : SAP (Service Advertising Protocol),
RIP (Routing Information Protocol).
[I He RIP IPX
RIP TCP/IP.
.
SAP
NetWare SAP
. 60 NetWare SAP, ,
, . , SAP, SAP,
. SAP
, , , GNS .
SAP , ,
.
Cisco? SAP , NetWare. SAP
Cisco. SAP SAP,
IPX,
60- , , NetWare. . SAP
,
. SAP Etherpeek.
Flags:
OxOO
Status:
0x00
Packet Length: 306
Timestamp:
23:48:36.362000 06/28/1998
Ethernet Header
Destination: ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff Ethernet Brdcast
Source:
00:80:5f:ad:14:e4
Protocol Type: 81-37 NetWare
IPX - NetWare Protocol
Checksum:
Oxffff
Novell IPX
287
Length:
288
Transport Control:
Reserved:
%0000
Hop Count:
%0000
Packet Type:
4 PEP
Destination Network: Oxcc715bOO
Destination Node:
ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff Ethernet Brdcast
Destination Socket:
0x0452 Service Advertising Protocol
Source Network:
Oxcc715bOO
Source Node:
00:80:5f:ad:14:e4
Source Socket:
0x0452 Service Advertising Protocol
SAP - Service Advertising Protocol
Operation:
2 NetWare General Service Response
Service Advertising Set#J
Service Type:
263 NetWare 386
Service Name:
BORDER3
Network Number:
Oxl2db8494
Node Number:
00:00:00:00:00:01
Socket Number:
0x8104
Hops to Server:
1
Service Advertising Set#2
Service Type:
4 File Server
Service Name:
BORDER3 :
Network Number:
Oxl2db8494
Node Number:
00:00:00:00:00:01
Socket Number:
0x0451
Hops to Server:
1
Service Advertising Set#3
Service Type:
632
Service Name:
BORDER
'
R.S.I@@@@@D.PJ..
Network Number:
Oxl2db8494
Node Number:
00:00:00:00:00:01
Socket Number:
0x4006
Hops to Server:
1
SAP NetWare BORDERS.
,
, . .. SAP
, IPX ( ),
.
288
RIP
RIP , SAP. , ,
, , IPX.
RIP IPX RIP . RIP ,
. RIP, SAP, 60- . ,
IPX RIP Etherpeek.
Flags:
0x80802.3
Status:
0x00
Packet Length: 94
Timestamp:
15:23:05.642000 06/28/1998
802.3 Header
Destination:
Source:
00:00:0c:8d:5c:9d
LLC Length:
76
Dest. SAP:
OxeO NetWare
Source SAP:
OxeO NetWare Null LSAP
Command:
0x03 Unnumbered Information
IPX-NetWare Protocol
Checksum:
Oxffff
Length:
72
Transport Control:
Reserved:
%0000
Hop Count:
%0000
PacketType:
1 RIP
Destination Network: 0x00002300
Destination Node:
Destination Socket:
0x0453 Routing Information Protocol
Source Network:
0x00002300
Source Node:
00:00:0c:8d:5c:9d
Source Socket:
0x0453 Routing Information Protocol
RIP - Routing Information Protocol
Operation:
2 Response
Network Number Set #1
Network Number:
0x00005200
Numberof Hops:
3
Number of Ticks:
14
Novell IPX
289

Network Number:
0x00004100
Number of Hops:
2
Number of Ticks:
8
Network Number Set # 3
Network Number:
0x00003200
Number of Hops:
1
Number of Ticks:
2
Network Number:
0x00002200
Number of Hops:
1
Number of Ticks:
2
Network Number:
0x00002100
Number of Hops:
1
Number of Ticks:
2
r
72
IP RIP, IP-. IPX- .
.
1/18 ,
. IPX
.
,
60 , !
IPX-
IP IPX . IPX ,
TCP/IP.
IPX- 80 , 10 .
TCP/IP,
: . 4
, 6 . IPX
, TCP/IP
. !
IP, IPX IPX. . - .
TCP/IP. -,
290
(), DHCP IPX- . -,

( 2)
( 3), IPX ARP
TCP/IP.
TCP/IP, IPX-
. : , 0000780.0000.8609.339.
(0000780)
, (0000.8609.9) ,
- . IPX . ,
IPX- 780.
(0000.8609.339)
. .
, . - .
, ,
, , . , 2 OSI.
IPX IPX ( 3) ( 2)
. IPX :
Ethernet
Token Ring
FDDI
? NetWare
, . , Ethernet NetWare , (. . 8.1), .
, Ethernet_802.2,
Ethernet_II. , ,
. ,
. IPX (
)
.
.
. 8.3.
Novell IPX
291
8.1.
Novell Ethernet
NetWare
Ethernet_802.3
NetWare 3.11
Ethernet_802.2
NetWare 3.12
EthernetJI
TCP/IP IPX
Ethernet_SNAP
AppleTalk, IPX TCP/IP
Ethernet.802.2
A, Novell
1
Ethernet II
Ethernet_802.3
, Novell
2
Ethernet 802.2
EthernetJI
, Novell
3
Ethernet 802.3
. 8.3. Ethernet
, . 8.3 IPX. Ethernet, IPX ,
, IPX.
60
.
1
, EthernetJI. 2
, 3 . , , .
,

. ,
(802.2). NetWare 5 ""
IP, ,
.
292

IPX ,
.
config NetWare.
IPX
Cisco
IPX IPX . IPX Cisco
:
IPX
IPX
IPX
IPX
ipx routing, :
RouterA#configt
RouterA(config)#ipx routing
IPX
RIP SAP. ,
IPX .
IPX
IPX
IPX .
:
ipx network [encapsulation -] [secondary]
:
IPX!
[encapsulation ] . 8.2
.
[secondary] ( ) .
IPX 2501 :
2501A#configt
2501A(config)#ipx routing
2501A(config)#inteO
2501A(config-if)#ipx network 10
Novell IPX
293
. IPX ,
. .
Ethernet 0 2501 ? Novell-Ether
(802.3).
encapsulation. 8.2
( ), IPX.
8.2.
Novell IPX

Novell
Cisco
Ethernet
Ethernet_802.3
novell-ether (no )
Ethernet_802.2
sap
EthernetJI
arpa
Ethernet_snap
snap
Token Ring
Token-Ring
sap ( )
snap
FDDI
Token-Ring_snap
Fddi_snap
snap ( )
Fddi_802.2
sap.
Fddijaw
novell-fddi
Ethernet 0 2501 IPX,

sap (802.2), encapsulation :
2501A#configt
2501A(config)#inteO
250lA(config-if)#ipx network 10 encapsulation sap

802.2. ,
secondary, , (subinterface). .
Cisco
IPX IPX .
"config" NetWare. ,
Cisco, Novell.
294

IPX
Cisco IPX . . 8.4 ,
IP IPX.
IPX.
IP IP. ,
IPX IP, IP IPX
.
IPX 30
2501
2501
2501
2621
IPX 10
IPX 20
IPX 40
IPX 50
. 8.4.
Novell-Ether (802.3)
Ethernet. , . HDLC (. 10).
IPX 2621
IPX 2621
IPX ipx routing, FastEthernet / IPX 10.
2621 :
2621A(config)#intfO/0
2621 IPX FastEthernet / IPX 10.
IPX 2501
2501 ,
2621 . 2501 : Ethernet 0 IPX 10 serial 0 IPX 20.
Novell IPX
295
2501:
2501A(config)#inteO
IPX 2501 IP.
IPX 2501
IPX 2501 : Ethernet 0 30, serial 0 IPX
20 int serial 1 40.
2501:
2501B(config)#ipx routing
2501B(config)#inteO
2501B(config-if)#ipx network 30
2501B(config-if)#intsO
2501B(config-if)#intsl
IPX 2501.
IPX 2501
IPX 2501 : Ethernet 0 IPX 50 serial 0
IPX 40.
2501C:
2501C(config)#ipx routing
2501C(config)#inteO
2501C(config-if)#ipx network 50
2501C(config-if)#intsO
2501C(config-if)#ipx network 40
.
show ipx route.
IPX
IPX show ipx route. IP, IPX "" .
296
8
IPX ( ),
RIP IPX.
RIP IPX IPX
. , IPX .
2621
2621 IPX 10,
IPX RIP IPX.
2621:
2621A#sh ipx route

Codes: - Connected primary network, - Connected secondary network
(: - , -
)
[ ]
5 Total IPX routes. Up to 1 parallel paths and 16 hops allowed.
( 5 IPX. 1 16 )
No default route known.
( )
10 (NOVELL-ETHER),
FaO/0
R
20 [07/01] via
10.0000.0c8d.3a7b,
16s, FaO/0
R
30 [07/02] via
10.0000.0c8d.3a7c,
17s,FaO/0
R
40 [07/02] via
10.0000.0c8d.3a7c,
17s,FaO/0
R
50 [13/03] via
10.0000.0c8d.3a7c,
17s,FaO/0
262
IPX, a R
IPX, RIP. [07/01]
.
2501
2501 "" IPX 10 20,
. IPX RIP 2501
30, 40 50. 2501:
2501A#sh ipx route
[ ]
20(HDLC),
10 (NOVELL-ETHER),
R
R
R
250
30 [13/02] via
40 [07/02] via
50 [07/03] via
SeO
EtO
20.0000.0c8d.2b8c,
20.0000.0c8d.2b8c,
20.0000.0c8d.2b8c,
16s, SeO
17s, SeO
17s, SeO
Novell IPX
297
, RIP. IPX ,
, .
2501
, IPX RIP 2501, 10
20. 2501:
2501B#shipxroute
[ ]

R
R
2501B#
20(HDLC),
40 (HDLC),
30 (NOVELL-ETHER),
10 [07/01] via
50 [07/01] via
SeO
Sel
EtO
20.0000.0c8d.3d8e,
40.0000.0c8d.5c9d,
16s, SeO
17s,Sel
2501
2501C RIP IPX 10, 20
30. 2501:
2501C#sh ipx route
[ ]
40 (HDLC),
SeO
50 (NOVELL-ETHER),
EtO
R
10 [13/02] via
40.0000.0c8d.5c9d,
16s,SeO
R
20 [07/01] via
40.0000.0c8d.5c9d,
17s, SeO
R
30 [07/01] via
40.0000.0c8d.5c9d,
17s,SeO
2501C#

Ethernet Novell-Ether (802.3). encapsulation,
.
, ,
Ethernet. . , .
:
298
8
, .
secondary . .

.

Ethernet ipx network secondary, .
Ethernet
2501 :
2501A#configt
2501A(config)#inteO
2501A(config-if)#1px network lOa encap sap sec
ipx network secondary, (
sec encapsulation secondary).
, IPX. 10 .
802.3 10, 802.2.
IPX , , secondary . .

IPX. , ,
IPX .
interface ethernet
port.number. .
.4292967295. 802.2:
2621A(config)#int eO.10
2621A(config-subif)#ipx network 10a sap
2621A(config-subif)#AZ '
2621A#
, IPX
secondary subinterface.
.
i
Novell IPX
299
. , .
,
"" , .

Ethernet
,
, , 802.2,
802.3. , IPX
.
.
Ethernet. .
,
.

2621
2621
IPX, .
. 10 802.2, 10 Ethernet_II 10
SNAP.
.
.
2621. ipx
network 10a encap Cisco.
2621A(config)#intfO/0
2621A(config-if)#ipx network encap ?
arpa
Novell Ethernet_II
hdlc .
HDLC on serial links
novell-ether Novell Ethernet_802.3
novell-fddi Novell FDDI RAW
sap
IEEE 802.2 on Ethernet FDDI, Token Ring
300
snap
IEEE 802.2 SNAP on Ethernet Token Ring, and FDDI
RouterA(config-if)#ipx network encap sap sec
.
, , . Cisco secondary. ,
.
,
(int fO/0.?). IPX .
2621A(config)#intfO/0.?
<0-4294967295> Ethernet interface number
2621A(config)#intfO/0.10
2621A(config-subif)#ipx network lOb encap arpa
2621A(config)#int f 0/0.100
2621A(config-subif)#ipx network encap snap
FastEthernet / 2621 . ,
2621 IPX,
.

2501
2501 IPX 2621 , IPX .
2501 :
2501A(config)#inteO
2501A(config-if)#ipx network 10a encap sap sec
2501A(config-if)#int eO.10
2501A(config-if)#ipx network lOb encap arpa
2501A(config-if)#int eO.100
2501A(config-if)#ipx network 10 encap snap
,
. rimning-config IPX Ethernet:
hostname RouterA
I
ipx 0060.7015.63d6
i
Novell IPX
301
interface EthernetO
ip address 172.16.10.1 255.255.255.0
ipx network 10
ipx network 10A encapsulation SAP secondary
i
interface EthernetO.10
ipx network 10B encapsulation ARPA
I
interface EthernetO.100
ipx network IOC encapsulation SNAP
interface SerialO
ip address 172.16.20.1255.255.255.0
ipx network 20
Ethernet
IPX: Novell-Ether (802.3) - SAP (802.2).
EthernetJI (arpa) SNAP , secondary.

2501
2501
Ethernet 0. IPX 30 802.3 .
Ethernet 0. 2501:
2501B(config)#inteO
2501B(config-if)#ipx network encap sap sec
2501B(config-if)#inte0.30
2501B(config-subif)#ipx network 30b encap arpa
2501B(config-subif)#int eO.300
2501B(config-subif)#ipx network 30c encap snap
2501 Ethernet
IPX Ethernet. Ethernet .

2501
2501C
IPX 50. 802.3.
Ethernet 0 IPX.
2501:
302
2501C(config)#inteO
250lC(config-if)#ipx network 50a encap sap sec
2501C(config-if)#int eO.?0
2501C(config-subif)#ipx network 50b encap arpa
2501C(config-subif)#int eO.500
250lC(config-subif)#ipx network 50c encap snap
, IPX Ethernet.
? show ipx route,
.
IPX
IPX IPX
. ( IPX 2621 , ),
2621A#sh ipx route
[ ]
10 (NOVELL-ETHER), FaO/0
lOA(SAP),
FaO/0
lOB(ARPA),
FaO/0.10
lOC(SNAP),
FaO/0.100
R
20 [07/01] via
16s,FaO/0
10.0000.0c8d.3a7b,
R
30A[07/02] via
10.0000.0c8d.3a7c,
17s, FaO/0
R
30B[07/02] via
17s, FaO/0
10.0000.0c8d.3a7c,
R
30C[07/02] via
10.0000.0c8d.3a7c,
17s, FaO/0
R
30D [07/02] via
10.0000.0c8d.3a7c,
17s, FaO/0
R
40 [07/02] via
10.0000.0c8d.3a7c,
17s, FaO/0
R
50A[13/03] via
10.0000.0c8d.3a7c,
17s, FaO/0
R
50B[13/03] via
10.0000.0c8d.3a7c,
17s, FaO/0
R
50C[13/03] via
10.0000.0c8d.3a7c,
17s, FaO/0
R
50D[13/03] via
10.0000.0c8d.3a7c,
17s, FaO/0
2621
14 IPX
. .
- , . 60
Novell IPX
303
IPX . ,
20 ?

SAP. Service Advertisement Protocol (SAP) 60 . ,
. SAP, . SAP , 60 .
IPX Cisco
IPX . .
Show IPX Servers

display servers
NetWare. SAP Cisco, .. SAP.
, , SAP , .
, ,
IPX .
2501A#shoipx servers
Codes: S - Static, P - Periodic, E - EIGRP, N - NLSP, H - Holddown, + = detail
9 Total IPX Servers
Table ordering is based on routing and server info
Type Name
Net
Address
Port Route Hops Itf
P 4BORDER1
350ED6D2.0000.0000.0001:0451 2/01
1 EtO
P 4 BORDERS
12DB8494.0000.0000.0001:0451
2/01
1 EtO
P 107BORDER1
350ED6D2.0000.0000.0001:8104 2/01
1 EtO
P 107 BORDERS
12DB8494.0000.0000.0001:8104
2/01
1 EtO
P 26B BORDER
350ED6D2.0000.0000.0001:0005
2/01
1 EtO
P 278 BORDER
12DB8494.0000.0000.0001:4006 2/01
1
tO
P 278 BORDER
350ED6D2.0000.0000.0001:4006
2/01
1 EtO
P 3E1BORDER1
350ED6D2.0000.0000.0001:9056 2/01
1 EtO
P 3E1 BORDERS
12DB8494.0000.0000.000.1:9056
2/01
1 EtO
IPX,
SAP.
SAP (4
7 ).
, NetWare. Net Address
304
IPX,
. Port . NetWare Core Protocol (NCP) 451.
Show IPX Route

IPX, .
, , ,
.
2501A#sh ipx route
Codes: - Connected primary network, - Connected secondary network,
5 - Static, F - Floating static, L - Local (internal), W - IPXWAN, R - RIP, E - EIGRP,
N - NLSP,X - External A - Aggregate, s - seconds, u - uses
10 (NOVELL-ETHER),
EtO
20(HDLC),
SeO
lOa(sap),
EtO
(ARPA),
EtO.10
R
40 [07/01] via
20.OOeO.lea9.c418,
13s, SeO
R
50 [13/02] via
20.OOeO.lea9.c418,
13s, SeO
RouterAtf
IPX.
IPX
IPX,
, Cisco IOS .
. "up to I parallel paths and 16
hops allowed" ( 1 16 ).
"" ,
, ipx maximum-paths 2
( 512).
Cisco IOS . , . ,
,
, ,
IPX per-host-load-share.
ipx maximum-paths, IPX RIP ^
.
Novell IPX
305
Router#configt
Router(config)#ipx maximum-paths 2
Router(config)#AZ
Router#sh ipx route
Codes: - Connected primary network, - Connected
[ ]
[ ]
show ipx route , .
:
. . ' ' ' '
Show IPX Traffic

IPX, . , IPX RIP
SAP.
2501A#sh ipx traffic

System Traffic for 0.0000.0000.0001 System-Name: RouterA
Rcvd: 15 total, 0 format errors, 0 checksum errors, 0
bad hop count 0 packets pitched, 15 local destination, 0
multicast
Beast:
10 received, 249 sent
Sent: 255 generated, 0 forwarded
0 encapsulation failed, 0 no route
SAP: 1 SAP requests, 0 SAP replies, 0 servers
0 SAP Nearest Name requests, 0 replies
0 SAP General Name requests, 0 replies
0 SAP advertisements received, 0 sent
0 SAP flash updates sent, 0 SAP format errors
RIP: 1 RIP requests, 0 RIP replies, 6 routes
8 RIP advertisements received, 230 sent
12 RIP flash updates sent, 0 RIP format errors
Echo: Rcvd 0 requests, 5 replies
Sent 5 requests, 0 replies
0 unknown: 0 no socket, 0 filtered, 0 no helper
0 SAPs throttled, freed NDB len 0
Watchdog:
0 packets received, 0 replies spoofed
Queue lengths:
IPX input: 0, SAP 0, RIP 0, GNS 0
SAP throttling length: 0/(no limit), 0 nets
306
pending lost route reply

More
show ipx traffic RIP SAP IPX. RIP SAP, , show ipx interface (. ).
Show IPX Interfaces

show ipx interfaces IPX . .. show ipx interface
IPX .
, IPX, IP.
2501A#shipxinteO
IPX address is 10.0000.0c8d.5c9d, NOVELL-ETHER [up]
Delay of this IPX network, in ticks is 1 throughput 0 link delay 0
IPXWAN processing not enabled on this interface.
IPX SAP update interval is 1 minute(s)
IPX type 20 propagation packet forwarding is disabled
Incoming access list is not set
Outgoing access list is not set
IPX helper access list is not set
SAP GNS processing enabled, delay Oms, output filter list is not set
SAP Input filter list is not set
SAP Output filter list is not set
SAP Router filter list is not set
Input filter list is not set
Output filter list is not set
Router filter list is not set
Netbios Input host access list is not set
Netbios Input bytes access list is not set
Netbios Output host access list is not set
Netbios Output bytes access list is not set
Updates each 60 seconds, aging multiples RIP: 3 SAP: 3
SAP interpacket delay is 55 ms, maximum size is 480 bytes
RIP interpacket delay is 55 ms, maximum size is 432 bytes
More
RIP SAP . , show ipx traffic RIP SAP ,
Novell IPX
307
Show Protocols
IPX show protocols. .
show protocol 2501:
2501A#sh protocols
Global values:
Internet Protocol routing is enabled
IPX routing is enabled
IPX address is 10.0060.7015.63d6 (NOVELL-ETHER)
IPX address is 10A.0060.7015.63d6 (SAP)
EthernetO.lOis up, line protocol is up
IPX address is 10B.0060.7015.63d6
EthernetO.100 is up, line protocol is up
IPX address is 10C.0060.7015.63d6
IPX address is 20.0060.7015.63d6
, . , .
.
IPX : show ipx interface show protocols.
Debug IPX
debug ipx IPX .
RIP SAP IPX,

.
IPX: debug ipx routing
activity debug ipx sap activity:
RouterA#debug ipx routing?
activity IPX RIP routing activity
events IPX RIP routing events
.
308
Debug IPX Routing Activity

debug ipx routing activity
IPX, .
RouterAtfdebug ipx routing act
IPX routing debugging is on
RouterA#
IPXRIP: update from 20.OOeO.lea9.c418
50 in 2 hops, delay 13
40 in 1 hops, delay 7
IPXRIP: positing full update to lO.fffMfff.ffff via
EthernetO (broadcast)
IPXRIP: src=10.0000.0c8d.5c9d, dst=20.ffff.ffff.ffff,
packet sent
network 50, hops 3, delay 14
undebug all ( :
un al), :
RouterA#undebug ipx routing act
IPX routing debugging is off
RouterAtf
Debug IPX SAP Activity

debug ipx sap activity SAP IPX,
.
SAP 60
( RIP IPX). SAP
.
IPX
SAP, .
RouterAtfdebug ipx sap activity
05:31:18: IPXSAP: positing update to llll.ffff.ffff.ffff
via EthernetO (broadcast) (full)
02:31:18: IPXSAP: Update type 0x2 len 288 src:1111.00e0.2f5d.bf2e
dest:llll.ffff.ffff.ffff(452)
02:31:18: type 0x7," MarketingPrint",
10.0000.0000.0001(451), 2 hops
02:31:18: type 0x4, "SalesFS", 30.0000.0000.0001(451), 2 hops
Novell IPX
309
02:31:18: type 0x4, "MarketingFS",

30.0000.0000.0001(451), 2 hops
02:31:18: type 0x7, "SalesFS", 50.0000.0000.0001(451), 2 hops
debug undebug all ( : un al). :
RouterAtfundebug
ipx sap activity
\
IPX routing debugging is off
Router A#iPX Ping

Telnet , show cdp neighbor detail show cdp entry *, IPX .
Ping IPX.
IPX- Ping Ping.
IPX .
RouterCtfsh cdp entry *
Device ID: RouterB
Entry address(es):
IP address: 172.16.40.1
Novell address: 40. 0000. Oc8d.5c9d
Platform: cisco 2500, Capabilities: Router
Interface: SerialO, Port ID (outgoing port): Seriall
Holdtime : 155 sec
IPX , Ping. ping ipx [],
:
RouterC#ping ipx 40.0000.0c8d.5c9d
Sending 5, 100-byte IPX Novell Echoes to 40.0000.0c8d.5c9d, timeout
is 2 seconds:
Ping, .
RouterCtfping
Protocol[ip]:ipx
Target IPX address: 40.0000.0c8d.5c9d
Repeat count [5]:
Datagram size [100]:
Timeout in seconds [2]:
310
8
Verbose [n]:
Novell Standard Echo [n]:
Sending 5,100-byte IPX Novell Echoes to 40.0000.Oc8d.5c9d, timeout
is 2 seconds:
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max= 4/7/12 ms
IPX.
1. ,
.
2. IPX.
3. IPX .
Ethernet 0 IPX 11, Token Ring
IPX 15 serial 0 IPX 20.
4. IPX.
5. IPX .
6. IPX .
7. Ethernet_II Ethernet 0, . IPX .
8. 802.2 SNAP Ethernet 0 . IPX l i b 11.
9. IPX.

2501 IPX.
IPX 802.3,
. , . 8.5.
IPX 30
)FO/0[2621
IPX 10
IPX 20
IPX 40
. 8.5. IPX
IPX 50
Novell IPX
311
8.1.
Internetworking
Packet Exchange (IPX)
1. , en enable.
2. show protocol sh prot . IP, .
3. IPX :
RouterA#configt
RouterA(config)#ipx routing
A
RouterA(config)# Z
4. ,
IPX. sh prot show
protocol. IPX ,
IPX IP-.
5. IPX ipx network. , ( F 0 9).
2501 :
2501A#configt
2501A(config)#inteO
2501A(config-if)#inttoO
6. IPX.
7. . show
ipx route.
8. show protocol command show ipx interface
IPX .
9. IPX ,
* Ping IPX (
show protocol
show ipx interface, , sh cdp entry *).
face show protocol

7. .
12 $.646
312
10. ipx maximum-paths Cisco (

IPX ;
, ,
).
11. show ipx route.
8.2.
IPX
314

1.
?
A.
B. NLSP
C. SPX
D. NCP
2. GNS? (
)
A. NetWare
B. NetWare
C.
D. Cisco
3. RIP SAP,
?
A. 15
B. 30
C. 60
D. 120
4.
Ethernet?
A. ConfigtinteO.24010
B. Coring t, int elOO.O
C. config 124000 eO
D. config t, 24000 elOO
5. IPX IPX- 71.000.2494.939?
A. . 2494 E9S9
B. 71. OOaO.2494.e939
C. 0.2494. 939
D. 71 . 2494.939
6. , Novell NetWare?
A. .
B. NetWare.
C. .
D. NetWare IPX.
7. ? ( )
Novell IPX
A.
B.
C.
D.
315
.
.
.

.
8. SAP
RIP?
A. sho ipx route
,.
B. sho ipx traffic
C. sho ipx interface
D. sho ipx servers
9.
SAP?
A.
B.
C.
D.
, ; .
; !
_ , : .
sho ipx .route

sho ipx traffic
sho ipx interface
sho ipx servers
10. IPX ? ( )
A. sh ipx route
B. sh int
C. sh prot
D. debug i p x i n t
E. show ipx inter
11. IPX ?
A. ipx forward maximum-paths
B. ipx maximum-paths
C. ipx forward
D. ipx forward-paths
12. Cisco? ( )
A. arpa = IPX Ethernet
B. hdlc = HDLC
C. novell-ether = IPX Ethernet_802.3
D. novell-fddi = IPX FddiJRaw
E. sap = IEEE 802.2 Ethernet, FDDI Token Ring
F. snap = IEEE 802.2 SNAP Ethernet, FDDI Token Ring
13. IPX?
A. IPX routing, IPX number, network 790
B. IPX routing, int eO, IPX network number 980
316
C. IPX routing, int eO, IPX network 77790 encapsulation arpa

D. IPX routing, IPX encapsulation SAP, int eO, network 789
14. Ethernet Novell?
A. SAP
B. 802.2
C. SNAP
D. Token.SNAP
E. 802.3
F. Ethernet_II
15.
IPX ?
A. show ticks
B. show ip route
C. show ipx route
D. show ipx traffic
16.
802.2 Ethernet?
A. SNAP
B. 802.2
C. Ethernet_II
D. SAP
E. Novell-Ether
17.
EthernetJI Ethernet?
A.
B.
C. sap
D. rip
E. snap
F. novell-ether
18. ,
Cisco ?
A. show ipx traffic
B. showip route
C. show protocols
.
D. show ipx protocols
19. ?
A. sh novell
B. sh ipx sap
Novell IPX
317
C. sh ipx servers
D. sh servers
20.
RIP IPX?
. showip rip
B. shipxint
C. debug ipx activity
D. debug ipx interface

1. show protocol
2. Config t Ipx routing
3. RouterAtfconfigt
Enter configuration commands, one per line
End with CNTL/Z.
RouterA(config)#int eO
RouterA(config-if)#ipx network 11
RouterA(config-if)#int toO
RouterA(config-if)#int sO
4. show ipx route
5. show proto and show ipx int
6. sh cdp nei detail and show cdp entry *
7. RouterAtfconfig t
RouterA(config)#int eO
RotuerA(config-if)#ipx network lla encap arpa sec
8. RouterA#config t
RouterA(config)#int eO.10
RouterA(config-subif)#ipx network lib encap sap
RouterA(config-subif)#int eO.ll
RouterA(config-subif)#ipx network lie encap snap
9. Sh ipx route
Sh protocol
Shipxint
318

1.
11.
2. A.D
12. , , , D.E.F
3.
4.
5.
6.
13.
14.
15.
1.
17.
18.
19.
20.
7.
8.
9.
10.
D
,
320
. .
. . ,
.
(permit) (deny)
, Telnet (VTY)
, DDR (dial-on demand,
),
.

(access list) . . .
, .
IP IPX , , . ,
, . ,
,
.
, :
, .. 1, 2, 3 ..
. , ,
.
"deny" , .
32^
IP
IPX.
IP IPX :
(Standard access list) IP IP- . . IPX IPX- .
(Extended access list) IP- ,
.
IPX IPX- , .

(inbound) (outbound) :
(Inbound access list) .
(Outbound access list) ,
.
:
,
. ,
IP, .

.

.
, . .
(named access list).
permit any, , .
permit, \
.
. ,
.
322
, . , .
IP
.
IP
.
IP
IP IP-
IP. 1 99.
.

IOS.
RouterA(config)#access-list ?
<1-99>
IP standard access list
<100-199>
IP extended access list
( IP)
<1000-1099>
IPX SAP access list
( IPX SAP)
<1100-1199>
Extended 48-bit MAC address access list
( 48-
-)
<1200-1299>
IPX summary address access list
( IPX)
<200-299>
Protocol type-code access list
( )
<300-399>
DECnet access list
( DECnet)
<400-499>
XNS standard access list
( XNS)
<500-599>
XNS extended access list
( XNS)
<600-699>
Appletalk access list
( AppleTalk)
<700-799>
48-bit MAC address access list
( 48- -)
<800-899>
IPX Standard access list
( IPX)
<900-999>
IPX extended access list
( IPX)
1 99, IP.
RouterA(config)#access-list 10 ?
deny
permit
323
Specify packets to reject

( )
Specify packets to forward
( )
: you permit deny. deny:

RouterA(config)#access-list 10 deny ?
Hostname or A.B.. D Address to match
any
Any source host
( -)
host
A single host address
( )
.
. any / ,
IP- IP,
host .
host:
RouterA(config)#access-list 10 deny host 172.16.30.2
172.16.30.2. host. access-list 10 deny 172.16.30.2 172.16.30.2.
(wildcard, ). ,
.
, . , . . .

64
32
16
8
4

. , 34 64.
18 , 32.
, 4.
. , :
172.16.30.50.0.0.0
324
' 9
. ,
. 255. :
172.16.30.00.0.0.255
, .
. ? ,
. 20 , . , 16 32, 20.
, 172.16.8.0
172.16.15.0. 8. 172.16.8.0, 0.0.7.255. 7.255 . 172.16.8.0
172.16.15.0.
,
. 8 7. 16 15.
. , ,
.
RouterA(config)#access-list 10 deny 172.16.10.0 0.0.0.255
, ,
.
:
172.16.16.0 , 4. : 172.16.16.0 172.16.19.0.
,
172.16.16.0 8
, 172.16.23.0.
172.16.32.0 32
172.16.63.0:
172.16.64.0 64
172.16.127.0:
325
:
0. ,
8 12. 0 7, 8 15, 16 23 ..
32 0 31, 32 63, 64 95
..
any 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255.
IP
IP
.
. 9.1 .
.
.
.

172.16.10.0

172.16.30.0

172.16.40.0
. 9.1. IP

Acme IP:
Acmetfconfig t
Acme(config)#access-list 10 deny 172.16.40.0 0.0.0.255
Acme(config)#access-list 10 permit any
, any :
326
Acme(config)#access-list 10 permit 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255

.
? 2, Ethernet,
, . .
Acme(config)#int eO
Acme(config-if)#ip access-group 10 out
172.16.40.0 Ethernet 0, .
- . . - V ! ' , ; . - . . ' ' ' , - .
f-A'c
VTY (Telnet)

Telnet , VTY. IP. VTY.
:
1. IP,
Telnet .
2. VTY access-class.
Telnet
172.16.10.3:
RouterA(config)#access-list 50 permit 172.16.10.3'
RouterA(config)#line vty 0 4
RouterA(config-line)#access-class 50 in
deny any, Telnet
, 172.16.10.3.
IP
IP
,
. , ,
? IP ,
. IP
IP- ,
, ,
.
327
IP. . 100 199.

RouterA(config)#access-list ?
<1-99>
IP standard access list
<100-199>
IP extended access list
<1000-1099>
IPX SAP access list
<1100-1199>
Extended 48-bit MAC address access list
<1200-1299>
IPX summary address access list
<200-299>
Protocol type-code access list
<300-399>
DECnet access list
<400-499>
XNS standard access list
<500-599>
XNS extended access list
<600-699>
Appletalk access list
<700-799>
48-bit MAC address access list
<800-899>
IPX standard access list
<900-999>
IPX extended access list
deny.
RouterA(config)#access-list 110 ?
deny
Specify packet
( )
dynamic Specify a DYNAMIC list of PERMITS or DENYs
( PERMIT
DENY)
permit Specify packets to forward
( )
":
,
. ,
, OSI.
, Telnet FTP TCP. IP, .
RouterA(config)#access-list 110 deny ?
<0-255> An IP protocol number
eigrp
Cisco's EIGRP routing protocol
( EIGRP Cisco)
gre
Cisco's GRE tunneling
( GRE Cisco)
,
icmp
Internet Control Message Protocol
( )
igmp
Internet Gateway Message Protocol
( )
328
igrp
ip
ipinip
nos
ospf
tcp
udp
Cisco's IGRP routing protocol

( IGRP Cisco)
Any Internet Protocol
( )
IP in IP tunneling
( "IP IP")
KA9QNOS compatible IP over IP tunneling
( KA9Q.NOS, "IP IP")
OSPF routing protocol
( OSPF)
Transmission Control Protocol
( )
User Datagram Protocol
( )
TCP,
IP- .
any .
RouterA(config)#access-list 110 deny tcp ?
A.B.C.D Source address
any
Any source host
host
A single source host
, .
RouterA(config)#access-list 110 deny tcp any ?
A.B.C.D
Destination address
any
Any destination host
( )
eq
Match only packets on a given port number
( )
gt
Match only packets with a greater port number
( , )
host
A single destination host
( )
It
Match only packets with a lower port number
( , )
neq
Match only packets not on a given port number
( )
range
Match only packets in the range of port numbers
( )
IP- , IP- 172.16.30.2.
RouterA(config)#access-list 110 deny tcp any host 172.16.30.2 ?
eq
( )
329
established
Match established connections

( )
fragments
Check fragments
( )
gt
( , )
log
Log matches against this entry
( )
log-input
Log matches against this entry,including inputinterface
( ,
)
It
( , )
neq
( )
precedence Match packets with given precedence value
( )
range
( )
tos
Match packets with given 70S value
( )
<>
Enter, .
: , .
, .
RouterA(config)#access-list 110 deny tcp any host 172.16.30.2 eq ?
<0-65535> Port number
bgp Border Gateway Protocol (179)
( )
chargen
Character generator (19)
( )
and
daytime
discard
domain
echo
Remote commands (rcmd, 514)
( )
Daytime (13)
( )
Discard (9)
()
Domain Name Service (53)
( )
Echo(7)
()
exec
finger
Exec (rsh, 512)

()
Finger (79)
( Finger)
330
ftp
ftp-data
gopher
hostname
ident
ire
klogin
File Transfer Protocol (21)
( )
FTP data connections (20,21)
( FTP)
Gopher (70)
( Gopher)
NIC hostname server (101)
( )
Ident Protocol (113)
( )
Internet Relay Chat (194)
( )
Kerberos login (543)
( Kerberos)
kshell
Kerberos shell (544)
login
Login (rlogin, 513)
Ipd
Printer service (515)
nntp
smtp
sunrpc
syslog
tacacs
talk
telnet
time
uucp
whois
www
( Kerberos)
(, rlogin)
( )
Network News Transport Protocol (119)
( )
Post Office Protocol v2 (109)
( 2)
Post Office Protocol v3 (110)
( 3)
Simple Mail Transport Protocol (25)
( )
Sun Remote Procedure Call (111)
( Sun)
Syslog (514)
( )
TAC Access Control System (49)
( )
Talk (517)
( Talk)
Telnet (23)
( Telnet)
Time (37)
( Time)
Unix-to-Unix Copy Program (540)
( Unix-Unix)
Nicnarne (43)
( Whois)
World Wide Web (HTTP, 80)
( World Wide Web HTTP)
331
Telnet ( 23) 172.16.30.2. FTP, . log

.
,
.
RouterA(config)#access-listllO deny tcp any host 172.16.30.2 eq 23 log
, deny any. , , deny all.
:
RouterA(config)#access-list 110 permitip any 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255
, 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 any.
, .
IP:
RouterA(config-if)#ip access-group 110 in
RouterA(config-if)#ip access-group 110 out
IP
. 9.1 IP, Telnet FTP 172.16.10.5 .
.
:
Acmetfconfig t
Acme(config)#access-list 110 deny tcp any host 172.16.10.5 eq 21
Acme(config)#access-list 110 deny tcp any host 172.16.10.5 eq 23
Acme(config)#access-list 110 permit ip any any
, .
, ,

, deny .
,
.
, Ethernet 0. ,

.
, ,
Ethernet 2.
Acme(config-if)#ip access-group 110 out
332
IP
.
:
show access-list , . , .
show access-list 110 110.
, .
show ip access-list IP, .
show ip interface , .
show running-config , .
IPX
IPX .
access-list , access-group.
IPX:
IPX IPX-
. 800 899. IPX
IP, IP- . IPX
IPX- .
IPX IPX-
, IPX
. 900 999.
_.
SAP IPX SAP . SAP IPX 1000 1099. IPX IPX,

IPX SAP .
IPX
IPX
IPX .
IP. IPX:
333
access-list 800-899 deny permit __

IPX- , -I .
. 9.2 IPX
IPX.
40
'-,
20
. 9.2. IPX
. 9.2 :
Ethernet 0 40, Ethernet 1 10, Ethernet
2 20 Ethernet 3 30.
. IPX 20 Ethernet 0
40.
Router(config)#access-list 810 permit 20 40
Router(config)#int eO
Router(config-if)#ipx access-group 810 out
.
IPX IPX 20 Ethernet 2
40,
Ethernet 0. , ( deny all ):
10 40.
40 10, .
30 10, 10 30.
30 40.
40 30, 30 .
20 .
Router filter list is not set

Netbios Input host access list is not set
Netbios Input bytes access list is not set
Netbios Output host access list is not set
Netbios Output bytes access list is not set
334
9
i.
IPX
336
Updates each 60 seconds, aging multiples RIP: 3 SAP: 3

SAP interpacket delay is 55 ms, maximum size is 480 bytes
RIP interpacket delay is 55 ms, maximum size is 432 bytes
More
show ipx access-list IPX

.
Routerflsh ipx access-list
IPX access list 810
permit FFFFFFFF 30
IPX SAP access list 1010
permit FFFFFFFF 4 Sales
Route r#
F , ..
permit any. -1 IPX, running-config F.
:
1. IP 172.16.0.0 Ethernet.
2. Ethernet.
3. , 196.22.15.5
Ethernet.
4. .
5.
Ethernet.
6. ,
172.16.10.1 Telnet Ethernet 0
172.16.30.5 Ethernet 1.
7. .
8. SAP IPX Ethernet 0 SAP
, IPX- 45.0000.0000.0001.
9. SAP IPX
Ethernet.
337

, 2500, RouterSim.
, . 9.3.

172.16.10.2
IPX 30
172.16.30.0/24

172.16.10.0/24
IPX 10
172.16.20.0/24
IPX 20
172.16.40.0/24
IPX 40
172.16.50.0/24
IPX 50
. 9.3.
9.1.
IP
172.16.10.0
172.16.30.0.
1. 2501 config t .
2. access-list ?
.
3. IP ( 1 99).
4. 172.16.30.2:
2501A(config)#access-list 10 permit 172.16.30.2 ?
A.B.C.D Wildcard bits
<cr>
172.16.30.2
0.0.0.0:
RouterA(config)#access-list 10 permit 172.16.30.2 0.0.0.0
338
5. , :
2501A(config)#inteO
2501A(config-if)#ip access-group 10 out
'
i:
6. :
RouterAtfsh access-list
Standard IP access list 10
permit 172.16.30.2
RouterAtfsh run
,
-cut-
interface EthernetO
ip address 172.16.10.1 255.255.255.0
ip access-group 10 out
ipx network 10A
7. Ping (172.16.30.2)
(172.16.10.2).
8. Ping 2501 2501 (172.16.10.2).
, .
9.2.
IP
IP
172.16.10.2 Telnet 2501
(172.16.20.2). Ping 2501. IP
, 2501.
1. 2501
2501 .
2. IP,
100 199.
3. deny ( permit .
7, ).
2501A(config)#access-Ust 110 deny ?
<0-255> An IP protocol number
ahp
Authentication Header Protocol
eigrp
Cisco's EIGRP routing protocol
esp
Encapsulation Security Payload
gre
Cisco's GRE tunneling
icmp
Internet Control Message Protocol
igmp
Internet Gateway Message Protocol

igrp
ip
ipinip
nos
ospf
pep
tcp
udp
339
Cisco's IGRP routing protocol

Any Internet Protocol
IP in IP tunneling
KA9Q NOS compatible IP over IP tunneling
OSPF routing protocol
Payload Compression Protocol
Transmission Control Protocol
User Datagram Protocol
4. Telnet, TCP
:
2501A(config)#access-list 110 deny tcp ?
A.B.C.D Source address
any
Any source host
host
A single source host
5. IP- , IP- . host .
2501A(config)#access-list 110 deny tcp host 172.16.10.2 host 172.16.20.2 ?
ack
Match on the ACK bit
eq
established Match established connections
fin
Match on the FIN bit
fragments
Check fragments
gt
log
Log matches against this entry
log-input
Log matches against this entry,
including input interface
It
neq
precedence Match packets with given precedence value
psh
Match on the PSH bit
range
rst
Match on the RST bit
syn
Match on the SYN bit
tos
Match packets with given TOS value
urg
Match on the URG bit
<cr>
6. eq telnet. log,
.
2501A(config)#access-list 110 deny tcp host 172.16.10.2 host
172.16.20.2 eq telnet log
340
7. permit:
2501A(config)#access-list 110 permit ip any 0.0.0.0
255.255.255.255
" . , .
/
8. permit, deny.
permit .
9. Ethernet 0
2501 Telnet .
RouterB(config)#int eO
RouterB(config-if)#ip access-group 110 in
A
RouterB(cortfig-if)# Z
10. Telnet 172.16.10.2 ,
IP- 172.16.20.2. 2501 , ping .
From host 172.16.10.2: >telnet 172.16.20.2
' ' .!',
:
01:11:48: %SEC-6-IPACCESSLOGP: list 110 denied tcp
172.16.10.2(1030) -> 172.16.20.2(23), 1 packet
01:13:04: %SEC-6-IPACCESSLOGP: list 110 denied tcp
172.16.10.2(1030) -> 172.16.20.2(23), 3 packets
9.3.
IPX
IPX IPX IPX 30, IPX 50.
i
1. 2501.
IPX
, IPX- , .
2. , IPX . 9.3. show
ipx route .
3. 2501
IPX 30 IPX 50. IPX 800 899.
2501A#configt
RouterC(config)#access-list 810 ?
deny
Specify packets to reject
permit
Specify packets to permit
4. IPX 50, . IPX -1.
341
2501A(config)#access-list 810 deny ?

-1
Any IPX net
<0-FFFFFFFF>
Source net
N.H.H.H
Source net.host address
5. 50 :
2501A(config)#access-list 810 deny 50
-1
Any IPX net
<0-FFFFFFFF>
Destination net
N.H.H.H
Destination net.host address
<cr>
6. 10 :
2501A(config)#access-list 810 deny 5010
7. IPX:
2501A(config)#access-list 810 permit -1 -1
8.
2501 , :
2501A(config)#intsO
2501A(config-if)#ipx access-group 810 in
2501A(config-if)#AZ
9. , IPX.
50 IPX
2501. , show access-list
show ipx access-list .

1. IP?
A.
B.
C.
D.
1
2. IP?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
342
3.
IP 172.16.0.0 ?
A. 255.255.0.0
B. 255.255.255.0
C. 0.0.255.255
D. 0.255.255.255
E. 0.0.0.255
4. 172.16.30.55 IP?
A. 172.16.30.55 0.0.0.255
B. 172.16.30.550.0.0.0
C. any 172.16.30.55
D. host 172.16.30.55
E. 0.0.0.0172.16.30.55
F. ip any 172.16.30.55
5. WWW
196.15.7.0?
A. access-list 100 permit tcp any 196.15.7.0 0.0.0.255 eq www
B. access-list 10 deny tcp any 196.15.7.0 eq www
C. access-list 100 permit 196.15.7.0 0.0.0.255 eq www
D. access-list 110 permit ip any 196.15.7.0 0.0.0.255
E. access-list 110 permit www 196.15.7.0 0.0.0.255
6. , IP?
A. showip port
B. show access-list
C. showip interface
D. show access-list interface
E. show running-config
7. 172.16.16.0
172.16.23.0?
A. 172.16.16.00.0.0.255
B. 172.16.255.255255.255.0.0
C. 172.16.0.00.0.255.255
D. 172.16.16.00.0.8.255
E. 172.16.16.00.0.7.255
F. 172.16.16.00.0.15.255
8. IPX?
A. access-list 800 permit 30 50
B. access-list 900 permit 30 50
343
C. access-list permit all 30 50

D. access-list 800 permit 30 50 eq SAP
E. access-list 900 permit -1 50
9.
172.16.63.0?
A. 172.16.0.00.0.0.255
B. 172.16.255.2550.0.0.0
C. 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255
D. 172.16.32.00.0.0.255
E. 172.16.32.00.0.0.31
F. 172.16.32.00.0.31.255
G. 172.16.32.00.31.255.255
. 172.16.32.0 0.0.63.255
172.16.32.0
10. IPX SAP 1050

, , ?
A. ipx access-group 1050 in
B. ipx input-sap-filter 1050
C. ipx access-list 1050 in
D. ipx input-sap-filter 1050 in
E. ipx access-group 1050
>
'
, '
11. 187?
A. sh ip int
B. sh ip access-list
C. sh access-list 187 '
D. sh access-list 187 extended
12. IP?
A. 1 - 99 .
B. 200-299
C. 1000-1999
D. 100-199
13. IP?
A.
B.
C.
D.
access-list 101 permit ip host 172.16.30.0 any eq 21

access-list 101 permit tcp host 172.16.30.0 any eq 21 log
access-list 101 permit icmp host 172.16.30.0 any ftp log
access-list 101 permit ip any eq 172.16.30.0 21 log
14. IPX?
A. 100-199
B. 900-999
344
C. 1000-1999
D. 700-799
15. -1 IPX?
.
B.
C.
D.
16. IP?
A. sh int
B. sh ip interface
C. sh run
D. sh access-list
17. access-list 110 deny
tcp any any eq ftp?
A. access-list 110 deny ip any any
B. access-list 110 permit tcp any any
: .
C. access-list 110 permit ip any
D. access-list 110 permit ip any 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255
18.
172.16.0.0 int sO?
A. Access-list 10 permit 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255, int sO, ip access-list 10 in
B. Access-group 10 permit 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255, int sO, ip access-list 10 out
C. Access-list 10 permit 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255, int sO, ip access-group 10 in
D. Access-list 10 permit 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255, int sO, ip access-group 10 out
19. ?
A.
B.
C.
D.
20. ?
A.
B.
C.
D.
345
^*
1. access-list 10 deny 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255

access-list 10 permit ip any
2. ip access-group 10 out
3. access-list 10 deny host 196.22.15.5
access-list 10 permit any
,
4. show access-list
5. show running-config sh ip interface
6. access-list 110 deny tcp host 172.16.10.1 host 172.16.30.5
eq 23 access-list 110 permit ip any any
7. Int eO
IP Access-group 110 in
8. Access-list 1010 permit 45.0000.0000.0001 4

9. Int eO
ipx input-sap-filter 1010

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
13 (.646
B,D
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
,
D
D
, , D
D
348
10
Cisco IOS
(WAN), . ,
. . (
)
, .
,
Cisco. , Cisco. HDLC, PPP, Frame Relay ISDN.

.
, .

,
.
(CPE, Customer premises equipment) , (Demarcation, demarc) . , .
RJ-45, . CSU/DSU ISDN, .
(Local loop) ,
.
(, Central office) .
(POP, point of presence).
349
(Toll network) . .

.

. 10.1
.

, ISDN

,., ..,,.-.;..
. 10.1.
:
(Leased line) "-" .
.
. 45 /.
(Circuit switching) . .
ISBN. .
350
10
(Packet switching) ,
.
.
(..
), . .
Frame Relay
.25. 56 / 2.048 /.

: Frame Relay, ISDN, LAPB, HDLC . ,
Cisco.
Frame Relay , 90-
. Frame Relay
. Frame Relay , .25, . Frame Relay "-"
64 / 1.544 / . Frame Relay
.
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)
. ISDN
, . ISDN , Frame Relay -1.
LAPB LAPB (Link Access Procedure, Balanced
) .25. LAPB . LAPB
, -
. LAPB
HDLC,
. .
HDLC HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control
) SDLC (Synchronous
Data Link Control ),
IBM
. HDLC
, LAPB.
351
HDLC . HDLC , "" HDLC. HDLC

. ..
HDLC .
(Point-to-Point Protocol - "-") . ,
HDLC , "-" "
. Network Control Protocol
. .
HDLC
HDLC (High-Level Data-Link Control) ISO .
. HDLC "-" . .

, . SDLC, LLC, HDLC, TCP, IP ..
Cisco
HDLC. HDLC
Cisco ,
HDLC. He Cisco
HDLC . . 10.2
Cisco HDLC.
Cisco HDLC
FCS
HDLC

HDLC
FCS

. 10.2. Cisco HDLC
352
10
HDLC , HDLC
. HDLC
3, HDLC .
() HDLC.
Cisco (, Bay), Cisco, HDLC
.
- , ISO
.

(Point-to-Point Protocol) , (, ) (ISDN) LCP (Link Control Protocol)
.
3
"-". . 10.3
OSI.
OSI

(IP, IPX, AppleTalk)
NCP {Network Control Protocol)

LCP (Link Control Protocol)
HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control Protocol)
(1-232, V.24, V.35, ISDN)
. 10.3. "-"
:
EIA/TIA-232-C .
353
HDLC .
LCP , , "-".
NCP . , IPCP (Internet Protocol Control Protocol) IPXCP (Internetwork Packet Exchange Control Protocol).
,
. NCP
.
|
[ !
Link Control Protocol (LCP)

Link Control Protocol :
(Authentication)
,
. : CHAP.
(Compression)
.
. Cisco Stacker Predictor,
Advanced Cisco Router Configuration.
(Error detection) Quality and Magic
Number ( )
.
(Multilink) IOS 11.1
Cisco. ,
(bundle).

, ..
. :
354
10
(Link-establishment phase)
LCP . LCP Configuration Option ( ), , . Configuration Option ,
.
(Authentication phase) , CHAP
. .
(Network-layer protocol phase) Network Control Protocol .

: PAP (Password Authentication Protocol )
CHAP (Challenge Authentication Protocol ).
Password Authentication Protocol (PAP)

Password Authentication Protocol (PAP) , CHAP. ,
, .
.
.
Challenge Authentication Protocol (CHAP)

Challenge Authentication Protocol (CHAP) .
(challenge request).
MD5. .
.
Cisco

. :
Routertfconfig t
355

Router(cohfig-if)#encapsulationppp
A
Router(config-if)# Z
Router#
, , help.

,

. ,
.
,
.
Routertfconfig t
Router(config)# hostname RouterA
RouterA(config)#username todd password Cisco
hostname , . ,
.
show run. service password-config,
. ( ), .
,
(CHAP ).
RouterA#config t
RouterA(config)#int sO
RouterA(config-if)#ppp authentication chap
RouterA(config-if)#ppp autherntication pap
RouterA(config-if)#AZ
RouterAtf
( ),
. ,
.
356
10
,
. show interface:
RouterAtfshowintsO
SerialO is up, line protocols up
Hardware is HD64570
MTU 1500 bytes, BW1544 Kbit, DLY 20000 usec, rely 255/255, load 1/255
Encapsulation PPP, loopback not set, keepalive set (10 sec)
LCP Open
Listen :IPXCP
Open:IPCP,CDPCP,ATCP
Last input 00:00:05, output 00:00:05, output hang never
Input queue: 0/75/0 (size/max/drops); Total output drops: 0
Queueing strategy: weighted fair
Output queue: 0/1000/64/0 (size/max total/threshold/drops)
Conversations 0/2/256 (active/max active/max total)
Reserved Conversations 0/0 (allocated/max allocated)
670 packets input 31845 bytes, 0 no buffer
707 packets output, 31553 bytes, 0 underruns
21 carrier transitions
DCD=up DSR=up DTR=up RTS=up CTS=up
RouterA#
,
LCP. LCP
. IPCP, CDPCP . NCP
IP, GDP AppleTalk. "" IPXCP.
|
debug ppp authentication.
357
Frame Relay
, Frame Relay .
OSI Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN). Frame Relay .
Frame Relay Cisco :
IP
DECnet
AppleTalk
Xerox Network Service (XNS)
Novell IPX
Connectionless Network Service (CLNS)
International Organization for Standards (ISO)
Banyan Vines

(transparent bridging)
Frame Relay
DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) DCE (Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment, ). DTE
, ,
, . DCE , ( ).
, Frame Relay
.25,
.
Frame Relay , .25. DTE,
. DLCI
(Data Link Connection Identifier )
, .25, Frame Relay PVC (Permanent Virtual
Circuit ) SVC (Switched Virtual Circuit
), Frame Relay PVC. .
Frame Relay
Frame Relay,
. . 10.4 , Frame Relay.
358
10
Frame Relay DTE

DCE. ,
Frame Relay. ,
, 10 /
Ethernet, "" .

CSU/DSU
(demarc)
CSU/DSU
(demarc)
PVC
DLC116
""
"
DLC117
'
""
. 10.4. Frame Relay
. 10.4 ,
DTE. :
1.
.
( ).
2. ,
. IP- .
3. , ( , ). Frame Relay,
Frame Relay,
Frame Relay. DLCI, . DLCI
(PVC SVC)
Frame Relay.
4. / (CSU/DSU) , PSE (Packet Switch Exchange
359
). PSE .
5. CSU/DSU (demarc), (
). RJ-45,
CSU/DSU.
6.
. (local loop) (),
(POP). ,
- .
7. "" Frame Relay . ( )!

IP- DLCI.
DLCI
IP-B-DLCI. Frame Relay ,
Inverse ARP (IARP). "" .
8. , .
CSU/DSU. , .
.
ARP
ARP.

Frame Relay. , .
Frame Relay
Frame Relay Cisco .
, : Cisco IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force
).
Frame Relay Cisco:
360
10
Route rA(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay ?
ietf Use RFC1490 encapsulation
<cr>
Cisco,
IETF. , Cisco
Cisco. IETF Frame Relay Ciscfo -Cisco.
(
, ).
Data Link
Connection Identifier (DLCI)
PVC Frame Relay
DLCI. Frame Relay, ,
DLCI,
Frame Relay. , ()
Frame Relay, DLCI.
IP -,
IP- DLCI.
Frame Relay
, . IARP frame relay map.
Frame Relay DLCI .25
.121, .. Frame Relay DLCI , .
DLCI .
' PVC. (PVC) . , DLCI,
20. , DLCI 20 PVC .
DLCI.
.. DLCI . DLCI , Frame Relay
DLCI . DLCI
DLCI.
361
DLCI, PVC, 16.

DLCI:
RouterA(config-if)#frame-relay interface-did ?
<16-1007> Define a DLCI as part of the current subinterface
RouterA(config-if)#frame-relay interface-did 16
Local Management Interface (LMi)
-'
. ;
'
LMI (Local Management Interface

) 1990 Cisco Systems, StrataCorn, Northern Telecom Digital Equipment Corporation,
Gang-of-Four LMI (LMI ) Cisco
LMI.
Frame Relay CCITT Frame
Relay.
LMI ,
() . LMI . LMI
:
Keepalives ( )
Multicasting ( )
DLCI PVC
Multicast addressing ( )
DLCI
| IOS 11.2 LMI .

LMI.
(auto-sense) ,
Frame Relay LMI.
Cisco, ANSI Q.933A.
LMI .
RouterA(config-if)#frame-relay Imi-type ?
CISCO
ansi
q933a
LMI :
Cisco LMI Gang of Four ( )
362
10
ANSI D 1.617 ANSI

ITU-T (q933a) Q.933
LMI, , :
(Active state)
.
(Inactive state) , .
(Deleted state) LMI
. , .
, . ,
IOS.
, ,
IP , IPX .

Frame Relay . , IP .
, ,
, . , Frame Relay,
PVC .
. 10.5 1 . ,, 2. 2, , , 3,
.
3
Frame Relay .
, ,
D, D "-".
D ,
.
363
, .
, .
Frame Relay network. , , .
1
D

. 10.5.

int sO.subinterface number . , .
RouterA(config)#encapsulation frame-relay
RouterA(config)#int sO.?
<0-4294967295> Serial interface number
364
10
RouterA(config)#ints0.16 ?
multipoint
Treat as a multipoint link
( )
point-to-point Treat as a point-to-point link
( "-")
( ). 16,
DLCI, .
0 4 292 967 295.
:
"-" (Point-to-point) , . "-" .
(Multipoint) , "" .
, .
.
DLCI. ,
. ,
LMI, .. Cisco Cisco IOS 11.2 . . , IPX
AppleTalk ( AppleTalk ):
interface SerialO
no ip address
^_ no ip directed-broadcast
encapsulation frame-relay
i
interface SerialO.102 point-to-point
ip address 10.1.12.1 255.255.255.0
appletalk cable-range 12-1212.65
appletalk zone wan2
appletalk protocol eigrp
no appletalk protocol rtmp
ipx network 12
frame-relay interface-did 102

ip address 10.1.13.1255.255.255.0
appletalk cable-range 13-13 13.174
appletalk zone wan3
ipx network 13
i
ip address 10.1.14.1 255.255.255.0
appletalk cable-range 14-1414.131
appletalk zone wan4
ipx network 14
frame-relay interface-dlci 104
i
ip address 10.1.15.1 255.255.255.0
appletalk zone wan5
ipx network 15
i
ip address 10.1.16.1255.255.255.0
appletalk zone wan6
ipx network 16
I
ip address 10.1.17.1 255.255.255.0
365
366
10
appletalkzone wan7
ipx network 17
interface SerialO. 108 point-to-point

ip address 10.1.18.1 255.255.255.0
appletalkzone wan8
ipx network 18
Frame Relay
IP ,
DLCI.
:
frame relay map.
tnverse-arp.
Frame Relay:
RouterA(config-if)#encap frame
RouterA(config-if)#ints0.16 point-to-point
RouterA(config-if)#noinverse-arp
RouterA(config-if)#ip address 172.16.30.1 255.255.255.0
RouterA(config-if)#frame-relay map ip 172.16.30.17 16 ietf broadcast
RouterA(config-if)#frame-relay mapip 172.16.30.18 17 broadcast
RouterA(config-if)#frame-relaymapip 172.16.30.19 18
. serial
Cisco ( ), . inverse arp
DLCI.
, . frame map .
broadcast ,
367
, . Frame Relay NBMA (nonbroadcast multiaccess), .

broadcast neighbor.
, IP-
DLCI inverse-arp.
:
RouterA(config)#int sO.16 point-to-point
RouterA(config-if)#encap frame-relay ietf
, ,
. inverse-arp
,
.
Frame Relay
Frame Relay.
DE (Discard Eligibility, ) Frame Relay
Frame Relay, DE
Frame Relay. , DE.
CIR, , DE.
FECN (Forward-Explicit Congestion Notification, ) Frame Relay , 'FECN, Frame Relay. ,
.
BECN (Backward-Explicit Congestion Notification
)
Frame Relay, BECN Frame
Relay -. .
CIR (Committed Information Rate)

Frame Relay .
. Frame Relay ,
368
10
. Frame Relay
() .
Frame Relay , . ,
. , . Frame Relay,
. ,
Frame Relay, "-" -1.
Frame Relay
,
. Frame
Relay .
CIR (Committed Information Rate
). , 256k, -1. CIR ,
Frame Relay CIR,
PVC.
CIR, .
Be (Committed Burst ),
CIR . DE.
CIR . Frame Relay
CIR. ,
. DE .
Frame Relay
Frame Relay PVC:
RouterA>sho frame ?
ip
show frame relay IP statistics
Imi
show frame relay Imi statistics
map
Frame-Relay map table
pvc
show frame relay pvc statistics
route
show frame relay route
traffic
Frame-Relay protocol statistics
369
Show Frame-Relay Lmi

show frame-relay Imi LMI Frame Relay.
Routertfsh frame Imi
LMI Statistics for interface SerialO (Frame Relay DTE) LMI TYPE = CISCO
Invalid Unnumbered info 0 Invalid Prot Disc 0
Invalid dummy Call Ref 0 Invalid Msg Type 0
Invalid Status Message 0 Invalid Lock Shift 0
Invalid Information ID 0 Invalid Report IE Len 0
Invalid Report Request 0 Invalid Keep IE Len 0
N urn Status Enq. Sent 0
Num Status msgs Rcvd 0
Num Update Status Rcvd 0 Num Status Timeouts 0
Router#
LMI.
Show Frame-Relay Pvc

show frame pvc PVC
DLCI.
PVC . BECN
FECN, .
RouterA#sho frame pvc
PVC Statistics for interface SerialO (Frame Relay DTE)
DLCI = 16,DLCI USAGE = LOCAL,PVC STATUS =ACTIVE,INTERFACE = SerialO.l
input pkts 50977876
output pkts 41822892 in bytes
3137403144
out bytes 3408047602 dropped pkts 5 in FECN pkts 0
in BECN pkts 0 out FECN pkts 0
out BECN pkts 0
in DE pkts 9393 out DE pkts 0
pvc create time 7w3d, last time pvc status changed 7w3d
DLCI = 18,DLCI USAGE =LOCAL,PVC STATUS =ACTIVE,INTERFACE = SerialO.3
input pkts 30572401
output pkts 31139837
in bytes 1797291100
out bytes 3227181474 dropped pkts 5
in FECN pkts 0
in BECN pkts 0
out FECN pkts 0
out BECN pkts 0 .
in DE pkts 28
out DE pkts 0
pvc create time 7w3d, last time pvc status changed 7w3d
PVC 16 show
frame-relay pvc 16.
370
10
Show Interface
show interface LMI. 2 3.
LMI DLCI,
LMI. 1023,
LMI Cisco. LMI DLCI , ANSI
LMI.
RouterAttshointsO
Hardware is HD64570
MTU 1500 bytes, BW1544 Kbit, DLY 20000 usec, rely 255/ 255, load 2/255
Encapsulation FRAME-RELAY, loopback not set, keepative
set (10 sec)
LMI enq sent 45175UMI stat recvd 451750,LMI upd recvd
164,DTE LMI up
LMI enq recvd 0, LMI stat sent 0, LMI upd sent 0
LMI DLCI 1023 LMI type is CISCO frame relay DTE
Broadcast queue 0/64, broadcasts sent/dropped 0/0, interface broadcasts 839294
show interface , ,
DLCI LMI.
Show Frame Map

show frame map DLCI.
RouterB#show frame map
SerialO (up): ipx 20.0007.7842.3575 did 16(0x10,0x400),
dynamic, broadcast,, status defined, active
SerialO (up): ip 172.16.20.1 dlci 16(0x10,0x400),
dynamic, broadcast, status defined, active
Seriall (up): ipx 40.0007.7842.153a dlci 17(0x11,0x410),
dynamic, broadcast/ status defined, active
Seriall (up): ip 172.16.40.2 dlci 17(0x11,0x410),
dynamic, broadcast, status defined, active
: IP IPX.
Inverse ARP (IARP). , "static" .
DLCI . 0x10 16
DLCI, serial 0,
0x11 DLCI 17 serial 1. 0x400
371
0x410 DLCI Frame Relay. ,

.
|
[ clear
frame-relay-inarp.
Debug Frame Lmi.

debug frame Imi .
Frame Relay. , LMI.
Router#debug frame-relay Imi
Serial3/l(in): Status, myseq 214
RTIEl,lengthl,typeO
KA IE 3, length 2, yourseq 214, myseq 214
PVC IE 0x7, length 0x6, did 130, status 0x2, bw 0
Serial3/l(out): StEnq, myseq 215,yourseen 214, DTE up
datagramstart = Oxl959DF4, datagramsize = 13
FRencap = OxFCF10309
00 75 01010103 02 D7D6
Serial3/l(in): Status, myseq 215
RT IE 1, length 1, type 1
KA IE 3, length 2, yourseq 215, myseq 215
Serial3/l(out): StEnq, myseq 216,yourseen 215, DTE up
datagramsta it = Oxl959DF4, datagramsize = 13
FRencap = OxFCF10309
00 75 01 01 01 03 02 D8D7
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)

(ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network) . ISDN , .
ISDN . ISDN
(, Group IV), , .
ISDN ,
( )
. , , , , ,
. ISDN
372
10
ITU-T ,
OSI. ISDN
.
ISDN , . ISDN:
,

ISDN
ISDN (function) (reference point). . 10.6
ISDN.
He-ISDN
()
ISDN
(1)

NT1
NT1 |
ISDN
. 10.6. ISDN
ISDN
.
"U". NT1 ,
(, terminal adapter) ISDN. NT1 (U).
373
. 10.7 , Cisco ISDN BRI.

ISDN - irit briO
'
1 1
mi
ISDN - int serial 0

(S/yiTA-232,V.35,X.21)
. 10.7. ISDN BRI
ISDN
ISDN (terminal equipment)
NT (network termination). :
1 1 , ISDN ISDN.
2 2 ,
ISDN. 2 (terminal adapter), ISDN.
NT1 1 ISDN
ISDN.
NT2 2 , ().
. .
2
1 NT1
ISDN.
374
10
ISDN
, ISDN . ISDN , :
R -ISDN (2) .
S
NT2. .
NT1
NT2. S .
S/T.
U NT1
( , NT1
).
ISDN
ISDN ITU :
, , ISDN .
, /,
, .
, Q, .
ISDN
ISDN AT&T Nortel, . 10.1 " " isdn
switch-type . , .
10.1.
ISDN

AT&T Basic Rate
Nortel DMS-100 Basic Rate

Basic-5ess
Basic-dmslOO
375
10.1.
()
National ISDN-1
Basic-nil
AT&T 4ESS ( ISDN PRI)
Primary-4ess
AT&T 5ESS ( ISDN PRI)
Primary-5ess
Nortel DMS-100 ( ISDN PRI)
Primary-dmslOO
Basic Rate Interface (BRI)

ISDN BRI (Basic Rate Interface, 2B+1D) D. BRI 64 / ,
D 16 / .
D ,
. D , , ,
. 16 /. D
LAPD.
ISDN BRI SPID
(Service Profile Identifier ), SPID . SPID . ISDN SPID ISDN,
BRI PRI.
SPID ISDN
.
BRI :
1. D ISDN.
2. ISDN SS7 .
3. D
.
4. .
Primary Rate Interface (PRI)

Primary Rate
Interface (PRI 23B+D1) ISDN- 23
376
10
64 / D
64 /,
1.544 /.
, ISDN 30 64 / D
64 /.
2.048 /.
ISDN Cisco
ISDN Cisco , NT1 ( U)
ISDN ( ). BRI,
. . BRI 1 ( 1), ,
, 2 (
2, terminal equipment 2).
ISDN
(IP, IPX, AppleTalk ..),
, HDLC LAPD.
|
I ISDN , .
isdn switch-type ? . ,
.
ISDN BRI SPID

isdn spidl isdn spid2.
ISDN ( SPID ). SPID .
SPID .
SPID . . .
:
RouterAtfconfig t
RouterA(config)#isdn switch-type basic-nil
RouterA(config)#int briO
RouterA(config-if)#encap ppp (optional)
377
RouterA(config-if)#isdn spidl 086506610100 8650661

RouterA(config-if)#isdn spid2 086506620100 8650662
|
I isdn switch-type
.

BRI . ,
.
Dial-on-Demand Routing (DDR)

DDR (Dial-on-demand, ) Cisco
ISDN . DDR
PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network,
) ISDN. DDR .
DDR , , . "" (interesting traffic).
DDR "" :
1. .
2. DDR.
3. .
4. .
5. ,
-.
DDR
DDR :
1. ,
.
2. "" .
t
3. ,
.
14 iiK.646
378
10

ISDN * .
ISDN, . . :

.
.
ISDN:
RouterA(config)#ip route 172.16.60.2 255.255.255.255 briQ
, 172.16.50.0
172.16.60.2.
172.16.60.2.
""
,
ISDN. "" dialer-list.
, IP:
804A(config)#dialer-list I protocol ip permit
804A(config)#int briO
804A(config-if)#dialer-group 1
dialer-group
BRI. dialer-list
"" .

.
1. .
2. IP-.
3. .
4. "" .
5. ().
:
804A#configt
379
804A(config)#int briO
804A(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
804A(config-if)#dialer-string 8350661
dialer-string dialer map, .
804A(config-if)#dialer map ip 172.16.60.2 name 804B 8350661
dialer map dialer-group,
. dialer map IP- , ,
.
804:
804B#sh run
version 12.0
no service pad
i
hostname 804B
ip subnet-zero
isdn switch-type basic-ni
!
-
interface EthernetO
ip address 172.16.50.10 255.255.255.0
!
'
interface BRIO
ip address 172.16.60.2 255.255.255.0
encapsulation ppp
dialer idle-timeout 300
dialer string 8358661
. '
..,-.
'. ' ' ' - . '
380
10
dialer load-threshold 2 either

dialer-group 1
isdn switch-type basic-ni
isdn spidl 08358662018358662
isdn spid2 08358664018358664
hold-queue 75 in
I '';'-
ip classless
ip route 172.16.30.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.60.1
ip route 172.16.60.1 255.255.255.255 BRIO
dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit

i
BRI -
300 . load-threshold BRI ( , ).
, , dialer-group 1.
.
hold-queue 75 ,
""
75 BRI. 75 , .

BRI: dialer load-threshold dialer idle-timeout
dialer load-threshold BRI,
.
1 255, 255 , 100% .
in, out either, , . out (outbound).
dialer idle-timeout
, "" .
120 .
RouterA(config-if)#dialer load-threshold 125 either

RouterA(config-if)#dialer idle-timeout 180
dialer load-threshold 125 BRI ,
50% . dialer idle-timeout 180
120 180 .
381
DDR
"" .
, IP. , DDR.
Telnet.
:
804A(config)#dialer-list I list 110
804A(config)#access-list 110 permit tcp any any eq smtp
804A(config)#access-list 110 permit tcp any any eq telnet
804A(config)#intbriO
dialer-list . IP,
. ,
BRI dialer-group.
ISDN
DDR ISDN:
Ping Telnet IP .
"" , Ping Telnet . ping telnet
"" .
Show dialer ,
, , , .
Show isdn active
.
Show isdn status . , SPID,
1 3
.
Sho ip route .
Debug isdn q921 2.
Debug isdn q931 3,
.
382
10
Debug dialer .
Isdn disconnect int briO . shutdown .
1. serial
Cisco.
2. sO .
3. todd cis Cisco.
4. CHAP Cisco BRI.
5. DLCI 0 1. 16 sO 17 si.
6.
"-". dlci 16 IP- 172.16.60.1/24. IPX
16.
7. sic-ni BRI Cisco.
8. Cisco
.
9. ""
ISDN , IP.
10. Cisco . 9.
11. Cisco.
12. .
13. 75
"" , ISDN.
14. .
15. DDR "" .
383

Cisco .
10.1.

Cisco High-Level Data
Link Control (HDLC) "-" .
-Cisco .
. 10.8.
. 10.8.
1. sh int sO , .
2. ,
:
RouterAflconfigt
RouterA(config)#hostname RouterA
RouterBtfconfig t
RouterB(config)#hostname RouterB
3. (HDLC)
encapsulation
.
.
RouterA#Configt
RouterA(config)#Int sO
RouterA(config)#Encap ppp
4. serial 0 .
RouterBtfconfig t
RouterB(config)#intsO
RouterB(config)#encap ppp
5. sh int sO.
6. IPCP, IPXCP CDPCP. (
) ISO HDLC MAC.
384
10
7. .
.
, .
RouterA#configt
RouterA(config)#username RouterB password todd
RouterB#configt
RouterB(config)#username RouterA password todd
8. CHAP PAP .
RouterA(config-if)#ppp authentication chap
RouterB(config)#int sO
RouterB(config-if)#ppp authentication chap
9.
:
sh intsO
debug PPP authentication
10.2.
HDLC
HDLC. 10.1 . ' HDLC
.
| . 10.8
10.1.
1. encapsulation hdlc .
RouterA#config t
RouterA(config-if)#encapsulation hdlc
RouterBtfconfigt
RouterB(config-if)#encapsulationhdlc
2. HDLC show interface sO
.
385
10.3.
Frame Relay
10.3 . 10.9, Frame Relay.
2522, 10 .
2501.
DLCI102 I
I DLCI201
. 10.9. Frame Relay

1. frame-relay switching Frame
Reley.
Routertfconfig t
Router(config)#hostname RouterB
RouterB(config)#frame-relay switching
RouterB(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay
RouterB(config-if)#int si
RouterB(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay
2. Frame Relay. He IP- ,
Frame Relay .
RouterB(config-if)#int sO
RouterB(config-if)#frame-relay route 102 interface Seriall 201
RouterB(config-if)#frame intf-type dee
RouterB(config-if)#int si
RouterB(config-if)#frame-relay route 201 interface SerialO 102
RouterB(config-if)#frame intf-type dee
route , PVC 102 int si PVC 201. serial 1. ,
int si, serial 0 PVC 102.
386
10
3. "-".
Router#configt
Router(config)#hostname RouterA
RouterA(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay
RouterA(config-if)#int sO.102 point-to-point
RouterC(config-if)#ipx network 10
RouterA(config-if)#frame-relay interface-did 102
4. "-".
Routertfconfig t
Router(config)#hostname RouterC
RouterC(config)#intsO
RouterC(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay
RouterC(config-if)#int sO.102 point-to-point
RouterC(config-if)#ip address 172.16.10.2 255.255.255.0
RouterC(config-if)#ipx network 10
RouterC(config-if)#frame-relay interface-dlci 201
5. ;) :
RouterA>sho frame ?
ip
show frame relay IP statistics
Imi
show frame relay Imi statistics
map
Frame-Relay map table
pvc
show frame relay pve statistics
routes how frame relay route
traffic
Frame-Relay protocol statistics
6. , Ping Telnet.
10.4.
ISDN BRI
. 10.10,
ISDN Cisco.
804 804
ISDN 172.16.30.0 172.16.50.0 172.16.60.0
ISDN BRI.
1. 804 ISDN.
RoutertfConfigt
Router(config)#hostname 804B
804B(cohfig)#isdn switch-type bask-ni
387
172.16.60.0
bri
^ ^ ^
,1*
|
172.16.30.0
172.16.50.0
. 10.10. ISDN
2.
804. 1 2,
.
Router#Configt
Router(config)#hostname 804A
804B(config-if)#isdn switch-type basic-ni
3. 804 SPID BRI 0 IP-
171.16.60.1/24. ISDN
ISDN, SPID.
804a#config t
804A(config-if)#isdn spid 10835866101 Idn 8358661
804A(config-if)#isdn spid 2 0835866301 Idn 8358663
4. SPID 804 IP-
172.16.60.2/24.
804A#configt
804A(config-if)#isdn spid 10835866201 Idn 8358662
804A(config-if)#isdn spid 2 0835866401 Idn 8358664
5. ISDN. : (1) ISDN (2) , .
CCNA
(RIP IGRP). ISDN .
388
'
10
804A(config)#ip route 172.16.50.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.60.2

804A(config)#ip route 172.16.60.2 255.255.255.255 briO
804B(config)#ip route 172.16.30.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.60.1
804B(config)#ip route 172.16.60.1 255.255.255.255 briO
6. "" ISDN.
IP. .
804A(config)#dialer-list I protocol ip permit
804B(config)#dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit
7. BRI dialer-group 1, .
804B(config)#configt
804B(config)#intbriO
804B(config)#dialer-group 1
8. .
804A#Configt
804A(config)#IntbriO
804A(config-if)#Dialer string 8358662
804B#Configt
804B(config)#Int briO
804B(config-if)#Dialer string 8358661
9. dialer load-threshold multilink, (idle-time) 804.
804A#Configt
804B(config-if)#Dialer load-threshold 125 either
804B(config-if)#Dialer idle-timeout 180
804B#Configt
804B(config-if)#Dialer load-threshold 125 either
804B(config-if)#Dialer idle-timeout 180
10. ,
""
ISDN.
804A#Configt
804B(config-if)#hold-queue 75 in
804B#Configt
389
804B(config-if)#hold-queue 75 in
11. ISDN.
Ping
Telnet
Show dialer
Show isdn status
Sh ip route
1. ?
A. HDLC
B. LCP
C. SDLC
. NCP
. LAPB
2. ISDN?
A. IBM
B. (LAN)

C. , ,
D.
3. Frame Relay Cisco?

A.
B.
C.
D.
i
4. LMI?
A.
B.
C.
D.
5. Frame Relay?
. Cisco
-Cisco.
390
10
B. ANSI
-Cisco.
C. IETF
-Cisco.
D. Q.933A -Cisco.
6. LMI ?
A. Q.933A
B. ANSI
C. IETF
D. Cisco
7. PVC 2?
A.
B.
C.
D.
.25
ISDN
Frame Relay
HDLC
8. ISDN ?
A. I
B.
C. S
D- Q
9. DLCI,
Frame Relay? ( .)
A. sh frame-relay
B. show running
C. sh int sO
D. sh frame-relay did
E. sh frame-relay pvc
10. IARP?
A. .121 .25
B. DLCI
SMDS
D. ATM
11. ISDN Basic Rate Interface (BRI)?
A. 23 D 64 /
B. 1544 /
C. 56 / D
64 /
D. 64 / D
16 /
391
\ 2. DLCI Frame Relay?

A. DLCI Frame Relay.
B. DLCI .
C. DLCI DTE.
D. DLCI ,
.
13. PVC DLCI?
A. sh frame pvc
B. sh frame
,
C. sh frame Imi
D. sh pvc
14. "-"
Cisco?
A. SDLC
B. HDLC
C. Cisco
D. ANSI
15. Local Management Interface? ( )
A.
B. DLCI
C. DLCI
D. LMI
16. , ,
?
A. LCP
B. NCP
C. HDLC
D. X.25
17. ,
?
A. LCP
B. NCP
C. HDLC
D. X.25
18. Frame Relay PVC?
A. NCP
B. LMI
392
10
C. IARP
D. DLCI
19. LMI?
A. LMI DLCI .
B. LMI X. 121 .
C. LMI .
D. LMI DLCI.
I
20. Frame Relay?
A. DLCI
B. IARP
C. LMI
D. BECN

1. shintsO
2. Config t
IntsO
Encap ppp
3. Config t
username todd password Cisco
4. Config t
int briO
ppp authentication chap
5. Config t
IntsO
Frame interface-dlci 16
Int si
Frame interface-dlci 17
6. config t
intsO
encap frame
intsO.16 point-to-point
ip address 172.16.60.1 255.255.255.0
ipx netw 16
frame interface-dlci 16
7. Config t
Isdn switch-type basic-ni
8. Config t Interface bri 0 Isdn switch-type basic-ni
393
9. Router(config)#dialer-list I protocol ip permit

10. configt
intbriO
dialer-group 1
11. Config t Int briO Dialer string 8358662
12. Configt
Int briO
Dialer load-threshold 125 either
Dialer idle-timeout 180
13. Configt
Int briO
Hold-queue 75 in
14. 1.
2. IP-
3.
4. ""
5. ()
15. 1. .
2. "" () DDR.
3. .
4. .
5. ,
-.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
-8.
9.
10.
D
,
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
1.
20.
, ,
D
C,D
D
396

1.
?
A. NCP
B. ISDN
C. HDLC
D. LCP
2.
(MIS, management information system). 10 /
NT. - , . . 10 /,
100 /. 3 /. ,
?
A. 10 /
100 /.
B.
, .
C. 2,
10 / 100 / .
D. .
3. IPX Cisco . Ethernet 802.3 802.2.
WAN HDLC.
IPX.
4. routerA(config)#line cons ?
A. Telnet.
B. .
C. .
D. .
5. ISDN BRI 50%
?
A. load balance 50
B. load share 50
397
C. dialer load-threshold 125

D. dialer idle-timeout 125
6. , ?
A. NCP
B. HDLC
C. LCP
D. X.25
7. , , DLCI LMI ?
A. sh pvc
B. show interface
C. show frame-rely pvc
D. sho runn
8. 1 99?
A. IP
B. IPX
C. IP
D. IPX
E. IPX SAP
9. passive ?
A.

B.
,
C.
D.
10. Ping?
A. TCP
B. ARP
C. ICMP
D. BootP
11. IPX RIP SAP, .
12. Telnet Cisco?
A. Line telnet 0 4
B. Line aux 0 4
3 9 8
. . - . .
C. Line vty 0 4
D. Line con 0
13. 1900 VLAN 5 Marketing?

A. 1900A#vlan 5 name Marketing
B. 1900A(config)#vlan name Marketing 5
C. 1900A(config)#vlan 5 name Marketing
D. 1900A(config)# Marketing vlan 5
14. ?
A.
B.
C.
D. 100 /
15. NVRAM?
A. Erase startup
B. Erase nvram
C. Delete nvram
D. Erase running
16. IPX SNAP
Ethernet 0.
17. IP-
?
A.
B.
C.
D.
18. BPDU 2?
A.
B.
C. 10
D. 30
19. VLAN? ( .)
A. Cisco
VLAN.
B. VLAN Cisco. He , .
399
C. 10 VTP.
D. VTP VLAN VTP.
20.
CRC, ?
A. STP
B. Store and forward ( )

C. Cut-through ()
D. FragmentFree
21. 12- ?
A.
B.
C.
D. 12
22. PDU ?
A.
B.
C.
D.
23. ? ( .)
A. Virtual Trunk Protocol
B. VLAN
C. Trunk
D. ISL
24. (stub network)?
A.
B.
C. ,
D.
25. OSI ?
A.
B.
C.
D;
26. Cisco,
VLAN? (
.)
400
A. DHCP
B.
C.
D. VTP
27. show controllers s 0?
A. (.. Ethernet
Token Ring)
B. (.. DTE )
C. , IP-
D.
28. IOS 10.3
NVRAM DRAM?
A. configt
B. config net
C. config mem
D. wr mem
..
*
29. OSI?
A. , DoD
B.

C. -
D. Cisco
30. OSI ?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
/
31. DHCP?
A. IP
B. TCP
C. UDP
D. ARP
32. IOS TFTP?
A. copy run starting
B. copy start running
C. copy running tftp
D. copy flash tftp
401
33. CSU/DSU,
64000 ?
A. RouterA(config)#bandwidth 64
B. RouterA(config-if)#bandwidth 64000
C. RouterA(config)#clockrate 64000
D. RouterA(config-if)clock rate 64
E. RouterA(config-if)clock rate 64000
34. ?
( .)
A.
B.
C.
D. CeraVLAN
35. Telnet Cisco?
A. Line telnet 0 4
B. Line aux 0 4
C. Linevty04
D. Line con 0
36. Cisco?
A. RouterA(config)#enable password todd
B. RouterA(config)#enable secret todd
C. RouterA(config)#enable secret password todd
D. RouterA(config-if)#enable secret todd
37. Ethernet IP-?
A. IP
B.
C. RARP
D. BootP
38. IOS Cisco?
A. copy tftp run
B. copy tftp start
C. config net
D. copy tftp flash
39. DRAM NVRAM?
A. copy run start
B. copy start run
402
C. config net
D. config mem
E. copy flash nvram
40. , ?
A. .
B. .
C. .
D. .
41. Ethernet ISL
Ethernet, ?
A. 1518
B. 1522
C. 4202
D. 8190
42.
12- ?
A.
B.
C.
D. 12
43.
?
A.
B. 1
C. 10
D. 100
44. ? .
A.
B.
C.
D.
45. Destination Network
Unknown ( )?
A. TCP
B. ARP
C. ICMP
D. BootP
403
46. lOOOBaseSX MMF 62.5-

50- 780-?
A.
B.
C.
D.
100
260
400
1000
47. ?
A.
B.
C.
D.
48. ?
A.
B.
C.
D.
49. DRAM ,
TFTP?
A. copy run start
B. copy start run
C. copy tftp flash
D. copy tftp running
50. VLAN?
A.
B.
C. DHCP
D. Management Policy Server VLAN
51. 100 199?
A. IP
B. IPX
C. IP
D. IPX
E. IPX SAP
52. Ethernet 0 802.3.
53.
?
A. RIP
404
B. Static
C. IGRP
D. OSPF
54. 1000 1099?
A. IP
B. IPX
C. IP
D. IPX
E. IPX SAP
55. IOS 10.3 TFTP DRAM?
A. configt
B. config net
C. config mem
D. wr mem
56. RIP?
A. RouterAtfrouting rip
B. Router(config)#routing rip
C. RouterAtfrouter rip
D. Router(config)#router rip
E. router(config-router)#router rip
57. 800 899?
A. IP
B. IPX
C. IP
D. IPX
E. IPX SAP
58. PVC?
A. sh pvc
B. show interface
C. show frame-rely pvc
D. sho runh
i
59. Cisco 3Com -1,
?
A. Cisco 3Com .
B. 3Com Cisco.
C. .
405
D. Ethernet .
60. Ethernet?
A. FastEthernet
10Base2.
B. "-" .
C. " ".
D. .
61. . . ?
A. Frame Relay
B. Ethernet
C. ISDN
D. Token Ring
E. ATM
62. NetWare.
63. 2?
A. BPDU
B. STP
C. VLAN
D.
64. Ethernet 0 Ethernet_II.
65. 1900 VLAN?
A. Show config
B. Showvlan
C. Show vlan info
D. Sh startup-config
66. BECN?
A.
B. BRI ISDN
C. Frame Relay
D. HDLC
67. IPX.
406

68. IP- 192.168.168.188
255.255.255.192?
A. 192.168.168.129-190
B. 192.168.168.129-191
C. 192.168.168.128-190
D. 192.168.168.128-192
69. 900 999?
A. IP
B. IPX
C. IP
D. IPX
E. IPX SAP
70. ?
.

C.
D. 12
407

1. (. 10)
2.
3. Configt
Ipx routing
InteO
Ipx network 10
InteO.10
Ipx network encap sap
IntsO
Ipx network 20
(. 8)
4. (. 4)
5. (. 10)
6. (. 10)
7. (. 10)
8. (. 9)
9. (. 5)
10. (. 3)
11. show ipx traffic
(. 8)
12. (. 4)
13. (. )
14. (. 2)
15. (. 4)
16. Configt
Ipx network 10 encap snap

secondary
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
(. 8)
(. 3)
(. 2)
D (. 6)
(. 2)
(. 2)
(. 1)
, D (. 6)
D (. 5)
(. 1)
, (. 6)
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
34.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
(. 4)
(. ?) .
(. 1)
(. 1)
(. 3)
D (. 7)
(. 4)
, , D (. 1)
(. 4)
(. 4)
(. 3)
D (. 7)
(. 7)
(. 4)
(. 6)
D (. 2)
(. 5)
(. 5)
(. 3)
(. 1)
(. 1)
(. 5)
D (. 7)
D (. 6)
(. 9)
Configt
InteO.100
Ipx network lOa encap
novell-ether
(. 8)
(. 5)
(. 9)
(. 7)
D (. 5)
(. 9)
, D (. 10)
(. 10)
408
60.
1.
62. show ipx servers
(. 8)
63. (. 2)
64. Configt
InteO.10
Ipx network lOb encap arpa
(. 8)
65. (. ).
66. (. 10)
67. show ipx route
(. 8)
68. (. 3)
69. D (. 9)
70. (. 2)
Catalyst 1900
,<
410
CCNA CCNA Cisco Catalyst 1900, .

1900
Cisco Catalyst. Catalyst 1900: 1912 1924. 1912 12 lOBaseT, 1924 24 lOBaseT.
100 / - .
1900 Cisco IOS,
Cisco.
Cisco IOS, .
Cisco Catalyst 1900 CLI (Command-Line Interface). , 1900,
1900.
, VLAN (Virtual LAN), ISL VTP (Virtual Trunk Protocol, ).
, , 1900.
1900
Catalyst 1900 CLI Cisco IOS (Internetworking
Operating System ).
CLI 1900 .
CLI , . Cisco Catalyst 5000 ( Cisco)
set. Catalyst 1900.
Cisco
:
IOS
CLI Cisco. Catalyst 1900,
2820 2900 CLI IOS, .
Catalyst 1900
411
Set CLI set. Cisco 2926, 1948G, 4000, 5000 6000.

Catalyst 1900.
CCNA.
, CLI
IOS,
5000. 1900 , 10 / 100 /.

Catalyst CLI, (. 4).
Web
VSM (Visual Switch Manager).
IP- Web-. IP- .
1900 ,
. Telnet VSM
IP-.

1900 ,
2500 (. 4).
RJ-45 .
|
; 1924 -
.
, HyperTerm Windows. :
9600 /
."..,
'
8

1

| Ethernet, ISDN
.
.
412
1900
:
.
.
.
, . . . .1
(LED, Light Emitting Diode)
1900.
. B.I. Catalyst 1900

()
. ,
. RPS (redundant power supply). ,
.
1900 (mode button). :
Stat () . .
( ,
). , .
UTL () . 1912 , , 0.1 1.5 /.
,
1.5 20 /, 9 12 20 120 /.
FDUP , .
1900 POST (power-on self test ). .
POST. POST ,
System .
, ,
.
Catalyst 1900
413
POST . , Command-Line Interface,

. I IP,

CLI. IP, I .

.
( )
User Interface Menu
( )
[] Menus
()
[] Command Line
( )
[I] IP Configuration
( IP)
Enter Selection:
( )
CLI session with the switch is open.
To end the CLI session, enter [Exit].
( CLI . CLI
Enter)
Ethernet
Catalyst 1900 5000. 1900 seT 100BaseT FX (uplink).
12 ( 1912) 24 ( 1924)
lOBaseT ,
FastEthernet. lOOBaseX . . .

, ,
.

.
414

, , ,
(.
).
, ,
.
IOS
Cisco 1900
Catalyst 1900.
CCNA, .

,
.
,
( ). , .
( )
.
.
Cisco.
I
. .
1900 IOS
CLI, . enable password, . ,
Cisco, 1900.

1900 .
.
. enable,
config t. , ,
.
Catalyst 1900
415

User Interface Menu
[M] Menus
[K] Command Line
Enter Selection:
>enable
flconfigt
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z
(config)#

.
enable password.
:
(config)#enable password ?
level Set exec level password
(config)#enable password level ?
<1-15> Level number

1, 15.
. :
(config)#enable password level 1 toddlammle
Error: Invalid password length.
Password must be between 4 and 8 characters
1900:
(config)#enable password level 1 todd
(config)#enable password level 15 toddl
(config)#exit
exit
CLI session with the switch is now closed,
( CLI )
Press any key to continue.
( )
Enter . , enable .
416

(

).
Ethernet Address:
00-30-80-CC-7D-00
PCA Number:
73-3122-04
PCA Serial Number:
FAB033725XG
Model Number:
WS-C1912-A
System Serial Number: FAB0339T01M
Power Supply S/N:
PHI031801CF
PCB Serial Number:
FAB033725XG,73-3122-04
User Interface Menu
[M] Menus
[K] Command Line
EnterSelection:
Enter password: ****
>en
#
en (
enable)
.
| I ,
1900 ,
.
Cisco.
. 1900
.

,
. .
Catalyst 1900
417
, .
(config)#enable secret toddZ
1900 enable password enable secret , . show running-config
( show run).
#sh run
enable secret 5 $!$FMFQ$wFVYVLYn2aXscfB3J95.w.
enable password level 1 "TODD"
enable password level 15 "TODD1"
,
.
.
,
running-config .
, , .

( )
. ..
. . .
1900 hostname ( ).
. . ,
, enable
. hostname .
User Interface Menu
[M] Menus
[K] Command Line
Enter Selection:
418
>
#configt
(config)#hostname Todd 1900EN
Toddl900EN(config)#
Enter . ,
(
config t) running-config.
.
IP
IP. ( ). IP- :
Telnet
, VLAN ( VLAN
6).
Catalyst 1900
, :
IP- : 0.0.0.0
GDP:
: FragmentFree
100BaseT:
lOBaseT:
(Spanning Tree):
:
IP- .
2
( ). show ip ( sh ip) IP , .
Toddl900EN#ship
IP Address: 0.0.0.0
Subnet Mask: 0.0.0.0
Default Gateway: 0.0.0.0
Management VLAN: 1
Domain name:
Name server 1:0.0.0.0
Name server 2: 0.0.0.0
HTTP server: Enabled
Catalyst 1900
419
HTTP port: 80
RIP: Enabled
IP-,
IP. IP
1900 ip address. ip default-gateway.
IP-
1900:
Toddl900EN#configt
Toddl900EN(config)#ip address 172.16.10.16 255.255.255.0
Toddl900EN(config)#ip default-gateway 172.16.10.1
Toddl900EN(config)#
IP, show ip.
Toddl900EN#sh ip
IP Address: 172.16.10.16
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway: 172.16.10.1
Management VLAN: 1
Domain name:
HTTP server: Enabled
HTTP port: 80
RIP: Enabled
Toddl900EN#
IP-
IP no ip
address no ip default-gateway.

.
1900 type slot/port. ,
Ethernet 0/3 lOBaseT 3. FastEthernet
0/26. FastEthernet 1900.
type slot/port 1900 interface show. interface . 1900 : zero (0).
.
1 25 Ethernet 26/27
420
__^
FastEthernet. 1912 1 12.

25 .
AUI (Attachment Unit Interface )
, 1900 Ethernet .
lOBaseT
1900 interface. type
slot/port interface .- ( ): Ethernet FastEthernet. Ethernet.
Toddl900EN#configt
Toddl900EN(config)#int ethernet ?
<0-0> IEEE 802.3
. 1900 , . (/) /.
Toddl900EN(config)#int ethernet ?
/
Toddl900EN(config)#int ethernet /?
<1-25> IEEE 802.3
0/ . 1912 1 12 25 , 26 27
100 /.
FastEthernet, Ethernet. FastEthernet.
:
Toddl900EN(config)#int ethernet 0/1
(fig-if). ,
.
Toddl900EN(config-if)#?
Interface configuration commands:
( )
cdp
Cdp interface subcommands
( CDP)
description
Interface specific description
( )
Catalyst 1900
duplex
exit
help
no
port
shutdown
spantree
vlan-membership
421
Configure duplex operation

( )
Exit from interface configuration mode
( )
Description of the interactive help system
( )
Negate a command or set its defaults
( )
Perform switch port configuration
( )
Shutdown the selected interface
( )
Spanning tree subsystem
( )
VLAN membership configuration
( )
int e 0/#, .
FastEthernet
FastEthernet type
slot/port, FastEthernet Ethernet, interface fastethernet 0\#.
1900 Fast
Ethernet. interface fastethernet, 0. 26 27.
Toddl900EN(config)#int fastEthernet ?
<0-0> FastEthernet IEEE 802.3
Toddl900EN(config)#int fastEthernet 0/?
<26-27> FastEthernet IEEE 802.3
Toddl900EN(config)#int fastEthernet 0/26
Toddl900EN(config-if)#int fast 0/27
Toddl900EN(config-if)#[control+Z]
show interface.

lOBaseT FastEthernet.
Toddl900EN#shinteO/l
Ethernet 0/1 is Suspended-no-linkbeat
Hardware is Built-in 10Base-T
Address is 0030.80CC.7D01
MTU 1500 bytes, BW10000 Kbits
802.Id STP State: Forwarding Forward Transitions: 1
422
[ ]
Toddl900EN#shintfO/26
FastEthernetO/26 is Suspended-no-linkbeat
Hardware is Built-in 100Base-TX
Address is 0030.80CC.7D1A
MTU 1500 bytes, BW 100000 Kbits

802.Id STP State: Blocking Forward Transitions: 0
[ ]

1900. ,
.
1900
on.
.

descripti, -

, description. .
, :
Toddl900EN#configt
Toddl900EN(config)#int eO/1
Toddl900EN(config-if)#descriptionFinance_VLAN
Toddl900EN(config-if)#int fO/26'
Toddl900EN(config-if)#descriptiontrunk_to_Building_4
Toddl900EN(config-if)#
10 / 100 /.

,
show interface show running-config.
Toddl900EN#shinteO/l
Ethernet 0/1 is Suspended-no-linkbeat
Hardware is Built-in 10Base-T
Address is 0030.80CC.7D01
MTU 1500 bytes, BW 10000 Kbits
802.Id STP State: Forwarding Forward Transitions: 1
Port monitoring: Disabled
Unknown unicastflooding: Enabled
Catalyst 1900
423
Unregistered multicast flooding: Enabled

Description: Finance_VLAN
Duplex setting: Half duplex
Back pressure: Disabled
Toddl900EN#sh run
hostname "ToddlQOOEN"
ip address 172.16.10.16 255.255.255.0
ip default-gateway 172.16.10.1
interface Ethernet 0/1

description "Finance.VLAN"
!
[ ]
sh int /1 show run

.

1900 12 24 lOBaseT
FastEthernet. duplex 1900
,
duplex .
FastEthernet:
Toddl900EN(config)#int fO/26
Toddl900EN(config-if)#duplex ?
auto
Enable auto duplex configuration
( )
full
Force full duplex operation
( )
full-flow-control
Force full duplex with flow control
( )
half
Force half duplex operation
( )
Toddl900EN(config-if)#duplex full
B.I 1900. FastEthernet
auto duplex, .. . ,
FastEthernet
.
424
B.I.

Auto
.
100BaseTX.
Full
10 100 /.
Full-flow-control
100BaseTX.
.
Half
.
.
, show interface.
Toddl900EN#shintfO/26
FastEthernet 0/26 is Suspended-no-linkbeat
Hardware is Built-in 100Base-TX
Address is 0030.80CC.7D1A
MTU 1500 bytes, BW100000 Kbits
802.Id STP State: Blocking Forward Transitions: 0
Port monitoring: Disabled
Unknown unicastflooding: Enabled
Unregistered multicast flooding: Enabled
Description: trunk_to_Building_4
Duplex setting: Full duplex
Back pressure: Disabled
.
IP
IP .
1900 Ping Telnet. 1900 telnet
traceroute.
Ping CLI . ,
(!).
(.), -.
Toddl900EN#ping 172.16.10.10
Sending 5,100-byte ICMP Echos to 172.16.10.10, time out
is 2 seconds:
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max
Catalyst 1900
425
0/2/10/ ms
Toddl900EN#telnet 172.16.10.10
% Invalid input detected at '' marker.

Telnet , telnet 1900.
Telnet ,
IP.

NVRAM, . startup-config
NVRAM. running-config. running-config, NVRAM. ,
copy running-config startup-config.
1900 .
NVRAM 1900
( )
delete nvram.
, :
nvram vtp. NVRAM .
Toddl900EN#delete ?
nvram NVRAM configuration
vtp
Reset VTP configuration to defaults
Toddl900EN#delete nvram
This command resets the switch with factory defaults. All system parameters will
revert to their default factory settings. All static and dynamic addresses will be
removed.
Reset system with factory defaults, [Y]es or [N]o? Yes
delete nvram.
yes,
.
-
.
- ( ), (NIC)
, . MAC, , .
,
- .
426
- MAC
-, .
-. , .

show mac-address-table. ,
.
Toddl900EN#sh mac-address-table
Number of permanent addresses: 0
Number of restricted static addresses: 0
Number of dynamic addresses: 4
Address
Interface List
OOA0.246E.OFA8
0000.8147.4E11
0000.8610.C16F
OOA0.2448.60A5
Dest Interface
Type
Soi
Ethernet 0/2
Ethernet 0/5
Ethernet 0/1
Ethernet 0/4
Dynamic
Dynamic
Dynamic
Dynamic
All
AIL
AIL
All
, 1900. , .. , ,
.
1, 2, 4 5.
Catalyst 1900 1024 -. ,
,
.
- clear
mac-address-table, , .

clear mac-address-table.
#clear mac-address-table ?
dynamic
Clear802.1d dynamic address
( 802.Id)
permanent Clear 802. Id permanent addresses
( 802. Id)
restricted
Clear 802.Id restricted static address
( 802.Id)
<>
Catalyst 1900
427

-
(permanent address) . . , ..
, .
, . ( , ).
-
- mac-address-table permanent
[_] [].
:
(Aging-time)
- ( ).
(Permanent) .
,
.
(Restricted) static
. .

mac-address-table permanent :
Toddl900EN#configt
Toddl900EN(config)#mac-address-table?
aging-time Aging time of dynamic addresses
permanent Configure a permanent address
restricted
Configure a restricted static address
mac-address-table permanent
. .
Toddl900EN(config)#mac-address-table permanent ?
.. 48 bit hardware address
Toddl900EN(config)#mac-address-table permanent
OOA0.2448.60A5 eO/4
428
. show mac-address-table.
Toddl900EN#sh mac-address-table
Number of dynamic addresses :3
Address
Interface List
OOA0.2448.60A5
OOA0.246E.OFA8
0000.8147.4E11
0000.8610.C16F
Toddl900EN#
Dest Interface
Type
Sou
Ethernet 0/4
Ethernet 0/2
Ethernet 0/5
Ethernet 0/1
Permanent
Dynamic
Dynamic
Dynamic
All
All
All
All
4
0.2448.605. 4,

-.
-
. restricted
static ,
.
mac-address-table restricted static : ,
.
mac-address-table restricted static
:
Toddl900EN(config)#mac-address-table restricted static ?
.. 48 bit hardware address
Toddl900EN(config)#mac-address-table restricted static
OOA0.246E.OFA8 ?
Ethernet
IEEE 802.3
FastEthernet FastEthernet IEEE 802.3
, ,
.
Toddl900EN(config)#mac-address-table restricted static
OOA0.246E.OFA8eO/2?
Ethernet
IEEE 802.3
Catalyst 1900
FastEthernet
<cr>
429
FastEthernet IEEE 802.3
, .
Toddl900EN(config)#$-table restricted static
OOA0.246E.OFA8 /2 /5
,
- .
show mac-address-table ( : sh mac).
Toddl900EN#sh mac
Number of dynamic addresses: 2
Address
Dest Interface
Type
Source Interface List
OOA0.2448.60A5
OOA0.246E.OFA8
0000.8147.4E11
0000.8610.C16F
Toddl900EN#
Ethernet 0/4
Ethernet 0/2
Ethernet 0/5
Ethernet 0/1
Permanent
Static
Dynamic
Dynamic
AIL
EtO/5
All
All
0/5 0/2 OOA0.246E.OFA8.

mac-address-table [dynamic/permanent/restricted] [_] [_].

,
. 132 . port secure max-mac-count
port secure
max-mac-count 0/2
.
Toddl900EN#configt
Toddl900EN(config)#int eO/2
Toddl900EN(config-if)#port secure ?
max-mac-count Maximum numberof addresses allowed on the port
<cr>
Toddl900EN(config-if)#port secure max-mac-count ?
430

<1-132> Maximum mac address count foe this secure port
Toddl900EN(config-if)#port secure max-mac-count 1

" " (sticky-learned) .
,
. Sticky-learn
Cisco
-.
Show Version
show version :
, IOS -.
- , 1900 .
- Cisco , .
:
,
, :
Toddl900EN#sh ver
Cisco Catalyst 1900/2820 Enterprise Edition Software
Version V9.00.00
Toddl900EN uptime is Oday(s) 03hour(s) 37minute(s)
15second(s)
Cisco Catalyst 1900 (486sxl) processor with 2048K/1024K
bytes of memory
Hardware board revision is 5
Upgrade Status: No upgrade currently in progress.
Config File Status: No configuration upload/download is in
progress
15 Fixed Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s)
Base Ethernet Address: 00-BO-64-75-6A-CO
Toddl900EN#
15 Ethernet
802.3, 1912 . 1912
12 lOBaseT, 1 AUI 2 FastEthernet, .. 15 . 1924 24 lOBaseT, 1 AUI 2 FastEthernet, .. 27 .
Catalyst 1900
431

1900
show port system.
switching-mode . : store-and-forward FragmentFree.
show port system , FragmentFree. switching-mode
store-and-forward ( ).
1900EN#sh port system
Switching mode: FragmentFree
Use of store and forward for multicast: Disabled
Network port: None
Half duplex backpressure (10 Mbps ports): Disabled
Enhanced Congestion Control (10 Mbps ports): Disabled
Default port LED display mode: Port Status
1900EN(config)#switching-mode ?
fragment-free
Fragment Free mode
store-and-forward Store-and-Forward mode

.
VLAN
(VLAN).
VLAN (
). VLAN
, VLAN.
1900 64 VLAN,
(spanning-tree).
VLAN 1900
, IOS. VLAN 1900,
CLI. Cisco IOS. , CCNA 1900
CLI.
1900.
CLI enable config t
.
1 user(s) now.active on Management Console.
User Interface Menu
432
[] Menus
[] Command Line
Enter Selection:
VLAN IOS vlart [_] name [_].
VLAN .
>
#config t
(config)#hostname 1900EN
1900EN(config)#vlan 2 name sales
1900EN(config)#vlan 3 name marketing
1900EN(config)#vlan 4 name mis
1900EN(config)#exit
VLAN,
show vlan. VLAN 1. VLAN ,
.

| , VLAN
.
VLAN 1.
VLAN
show vlan ( : sh vlan).
1900EN#shvlan
VLAN Name
Status
Ports
1 default
2 sales
3 marketing
4 mis
1002 fddi-default
1003 token-ring-defau
1004fddinet-default
1005 trnet-default
Enabled
Enabled
Enabled
Enabled
Suspended
Suspended
Suspended
Suspended
1-12,AUI,A,B
[ ]
Catalyst 1900
433
VLAN, . VLAN. , , VLAN (. ).
VLAN
VLAN
vlan-membership. VLAN . 1900 VLAN .
. CCNA
VLAN.
2 VLAN 2, 4 VLAN 3 5 VLAN 4.
1900EN#configt
1900EN(config)#int eO/2
1900EN(config-if)#vlan-membership?
dynamic Set VLAN membership type as dynamic
static
Set VLAN membership type as static
1900EN(config-if)#vlan-membership static ?
<1-1005> ISL VLAN index
1900EN(config-if)#vlan-membership static 2
1900EN(config-if)#iht eO/4
1900EN(config-if)#int eO/5
1900EN(config-if)#exit
1900EN(config)#exit
show vlan, VLAN.
1900EN#sh vlan
VLAN Name
Status
Ports
1 default
2 sales
3 marketing
4 mis
1002 fddi-default
1003 token-ring-defau
1004fddinet-default
Enabled
Enabled
Enabled
Enabled
Suspended
Suspended
Suspended
1, 3, 6-:
2
4
5
434
1005 trnet-default
Suspended
[ ]
VLAN
show vlan [].
1900EN#sh vlan 2
VLAN Name
Status
Ports
Enabled
sales
VLAN Type SAID
MTU
Parent RingNo
2 Ethernet 100002 1500 0
BridgeNo Stp
1
Transl
Unkn
Trans2
1900EN#
VLAN
show vlan-membership. , VLAN (
).
1900A#sh vlan-membership
Port VLAN Membership
1
1 Static
2
2 Static
3
1 Static
4
3 Static
5
4 Static
6
1 Static
7
1 Static
8
1 Static
9
1 Static
10
1 Static
11
.1 Static
12
1 Static
AUI
A
1 Static
1 Static
1 Static
1900A#

1900 DISL
(Dynamic Inter-Switch Link
Catalyst 1900
435
). FastEthernet
trunk [].
26
.
1900EN#config t
1900EN(config)#intfO/26
1900EN(config-if)#trunk ?
auto
Set DISL state to AUTO
desirable
Set DISL state to DESIRABLE
nonegotiate Set DISL state to NONEGOTIATE
off Set DISL state to OFF
on Set DISL state to ON
1900EN(config-if)#trunk on

.
Auto ()
, .
Desirable () .
, ,
.
Nonegotiate ( ) ISL .
Off () .
On () ISL
.
VLAN ? . VLAN ( VLAN).
VLAN
, VLAN ,
. VLAN
: VLAN ,
VLAN.
436
1900 VLAN no trunk-via .

VLAN 5 :
1900EN(config-if)#notrunk-vlan ?
<1-1005>ISL VLAN index
1900EN(config-if)#notrunk-vlan 5
1900EN(config-if)#
, 1900 VLAN.
VLAN,
VLAN. , .

show t r u n k .
, , show trunk [_].
1900 FastEthernet 0/26
, 0/27 .
26:
1900EN#sh trunk?
A Trunk A
Trunk
1900EN#shtrunka
DISL state: Auto,Trunking: On, Encapsulation type: ISL
DISL auto, , VLAN, ISL.
VLAN show trunk [ ] allowed-vlans. VLAN 26:
1900EN#sh trunk?
A Trunk A
Trunk
1900EN#shtrunka?
allowed-vlans
Display allowed vlans
joined-vlans
Displayjoined vlans
joining-vlans
Displayjoining vlans
prune-eligible Display pruning eligible vlans
<cr>
Catalyst 1900
437
1900EN#sh trunk a allowed-vlans

1-4,6-1004
1900EN#
VLAN 5, VLAN 5 .
ISL
ISL FastEthernet
VLAN. . VLAN, . VLAN ,
:
VLAN 1
172.16.10.0/24
VLAN 2
172.16.20.0/24
VLAN 3 172.16.30.0/24
VLAN 4 mis
172.16.40.0/24
VLAN .
VLAN :
1. ISL , .
2. ISL .
3. IP-
, (, IPX).
FastEthernet, .
(config-subif) .
ISL
encapsulation isl [_1].
IP-, IPX, AppleTalk ..
VLAN .
, .
2621 ISL VLAN. , VLAN. ,
.. . . IP- .
VLAN 1 172.16.10.0. .
438
2621#configt
2621(config)intfO/0.1
2621(config-subif)# encapsulation isl 1
2621(config-subif)#ip address 172.16.10.1 255.255.255.0
2621(config-subif)# int fO/0.2
2621(config-subif)# int f 0/0.3
2621(config-subif)#ip address 172.16.40.1255.255.255.0
2621(config-subif)#exit
2621(config)#intfO/0
262l(config-if) no shutdown
IP- VLAN 1, VLAN 2, 3 4.
.

Catalyst 1900
VTP, . VTP (. ),
VTP.

VTP , (pruning).
vtp .
VTP Lammle todd.
Toddl900EN(config)#vtp?
client
VTP client
domain
Set VTP domain name
password
Set VTP password
pruning
VTP pruning
server
VTP server
transparent VTP transparent
trap
VTP trap
Toddl900EN(config)#vtp server
Catalyst 1900
439
Toddl900EN(config)#vtp domain lammle

Toddl900EN(config)#vtp password todd
VTP
show vtp.
Toddl900EN#sh vtp
VTP version: 1
Configuration revision: 0
Maximum VLANs supported locally: 1005
Number of existing VLANs: 5
VTP domain name:
lammle
VTP password:
todd
VTP operating mode:
Server
VTP pruning mode:
Disabled
VTP traps generation :
Enabled
Configuration last modified by: 0.0.0.0 at 00-00-0000 00:00:00
Toddl900EN#
VTP, VTP .

. VLAN, VTP
. Cisco
VTP VTP .
NVRAM 1900.
VTP , VTP NVRAM.
1900 VTP
delete vtp. VTP NVRAM:
Toddl900EN#delete ?
nvram NVRAM configuration
vtp
Reset VTP configuration to defaults
Toddl900EN#deletevtp
This command resets the with VTP parameters set to factory
defaults.
All other parameters will be unchanged.
Reset system with VTP parameters set to factory defaults,
[Y]esor[N]o?Yes
VTP .
440

1900. ,
VTP VTP
.
Toddl900EN(config)#vtp ?
client VTP client

domain
Set VTP domain name
password
Set VTP password
pruning
VTP pruning
server
VTP server
transparent VTP transparent
trap
VTP trap
Toddl900EN.(config)#vtp pruning ?
disable
Disable VTP pruning
enable
Enable VTP pruning
Toddl900EN(config)#vtp pruning enable
Toddl900EN(config)#
VTP .
VTP ,
VLAN.
IOS
Catalyst 1900
IOS
Cisco Catalyst 1900,
IOS Catalyst 1900
TFTP.
IOS '
1900:
11://__"/__105 opcode
:
copy tftp IOS TFTP.
//aflpec_xocTa_TFTP TFTP.
_,_8
TFTP (, catl900EN_9_OO.bin ).
opcode -.
Catalyst
1900
441
:
1900# tftp://192.168.0.120/catl900EN_9_OO.bin opcode
TFTP operation succeeded
1900B#

Catalyst 1900
Cisco Catalyst 1900
nvram 1900.
TFTP:
copy nvram ://_!_'[/__

TFTP Ping,
:
1900B#ping 192.168.0.120
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.0.120, time out
is 2 seconds:
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max
0/2/10/ ms
, copy nvram tftp:
:
1900# nvram tftp://192.168.0.120/1900en
Configuration upload is successfully completed
TFTP-. Wed June 01 14:16:10 2000: Receiving '1900en' file from
192.168.0.120 in ASCII mode
##
Wed Mar 01 14:16:11 2000: Successful.

TFTP UDP, "" (#) ASCII.
TFTP :
1://__/__ nvram
TFTP IP-, :
1900B#copytftp://192.168.0.120/1900en nvram
TFTP successfully downloaded configuration file
16 taK.646
442
TFTP
( nvram).
startup-config ( nvram)
1900 delete nvram, :
1900B#delete nvram
This command resets the switch with factory defaults. All system parameters
will revert to their default factory settings. All static and dynamic addresses
will be removed.
( .
. )
Reset system with factory defaults, [Y]es or [N]o? Yes
, VLAN. , IP-
.
^
'
'
1900
Cisco, Catalyst 1900. 1900:
switch#sh cdp
CDP version: 2
#
, 60 , 180 (. 7).
, , 180 .
, .
[
I 1900 CDP 2
CDP Cisco.
1900
CDP 1 2,
CDP 1. CDP
2.
cdp timer cdp holdtime :

s witch #configt
Catalyst 1900
443
switch(config)#cdp?
advertise-v2 CDP sends version-2 advertisements
( CDP 2)
holdtime Specify the holdtime (in sec) to be sent in packets
( , )
timer Specify the rate at which CDP packets are sent(in sec)
( )
, 1900:
switch(config)#cdp timer 90
switch(config)#cdp holdtime 240
:
1.
2. IP
3. -
4. /2
5. - 1234.4567.8912 /1
6. , /1
7. /5
8. VLAN : Purchasing, Sales MIS
9. 2 3 Sales, 4 5 Purchasing, 6 7
MIS ( )
10.
11.
12. VTP
13.
14. VLAN
15. 5 VLAN 2
444

, 1900. CCNA e-trainer Sybex,
RouterSim 2.0 (. www.routersim.com).
' -
. . , ' '
' -
',
-'
'
. 1.
1900
Cisco Catalyst
1900 .
1. 1900 CLI.
2. 1900 Enter, (>) enable.
3. show running-config . .
4. show version IOS, .
5. hostname:
config t
hostname 1900A
i. show ip IP-,
.
7. IP-,
:
config t
ip address 172.16.10.3 255.255.255.0
8. show ip .
9. CLI Ping ping
[1_].
10. show mac-address-table
, .
11. show interfaces .
12. show int ? Ethernet FastEthernet.
13. sho int Ethernet ? 0. <0-0>
12 24 .
14. sh int e /? .
Catalyst 1900
445
15. sh int e 0/2 Ethernet 2.

16. delete nvram startupconfig.
| I startup-config,
running-config.
, running-config
NVRAM.
' '
'-'':
'
.2.
1900
, IP-
1900.
1. 1900 1900
CLI.
2. en enable .
3. :
config t
enable password level 1 todd
enable password level 15 toddl
enable secret todd 2
4. sh run .
.
5. Ethernet 0/5 .
config t
inteO/5
duplex full
6. Ethernet 0/6
.
config t
int /6
duplex half
7. sh interface, sh int eO/5
sh int eO/6.
8.- IP:
Config t
no ip address
9. IP show ip.
446
10. IP-, .
config t
ip address 172.16.10.100 255.255.255.0
1 \. show ip.
12. show mac-address-table . - .
13. , permanent:
config t
mac-address-table permanent 083c.0000.0001 eO/9
14. show mac-address-table /9.
15. mac-address-table restricted static
:
Config t
Mac-address-table restricted static 083c.0000.0002 eO/3 eO/4
083c.0000.0002 /.
/4.
16. /1 port secure max-mac-count 1
,
-. 132 -.
.
Config t
InteO/1
Port secure max-mac-count 1
17. show mac-address-table security.
/1.
..
VLAN
. .4 , VLAN .
1. Telnet
1900. 1900.
Catalyst 1900
447
ttconfigt
(config)#hostname 1900A
1900A#
2. VLAN (2-5)
:
VLAN2=Sales
VLAN3=Management
VLAN4=Engineering
VLAN5=Marketing
1900A#configt
1900A(config)#vlan 2 name Sales
1900A(config)#vlan 3 name Management
1900A(config)#vlan 4 name Engineering
1900A(config)#vlan 5 name Marketing
1900A(config)#exit
VLAN show via .
1900A#shvlan
VLAN Name
Status
Enabled 1-12,
Enabled
Enabled
Enabled
Enabled
Suspended
Suspended
Suspended
Suspended
2
3
4
5
1002
1003
1004
1005
default
Sales
Management
Engineering
Marketing
fddi-default
token-ring-defau
fddinet-default
trnet-default
Ports
# [ ]
13.4.
VLAN

VLAN.
1. 1 2 VLAN 2.
VLAN 1, .
1900A#config t
1900A(config)#inteO/l
448
1900A(config-if)#vlan-membership static 2
1900A(config-if)#int eO/2
2. 3 4 VLAN 3.
5 6 VLAN 4.
1900A(config-if)#irit eO/6
7 8 VLAN 5.
1900A(config.-if)#int eO/7
1900A(config-if)#exit
1900A(config)#exit
3. show vlan.
1900A#sh vlan
VLAN Name
Status
Ports
Enabled
Enabled
Enabled
Enabled
Enabled
Suspended
Suspended
Suspended
Suspended
8-12,AUI,A,B
1-2
3-4
5-6
7-8
2
3
4
5
1002
1003
1004
1005
default
Sales
Management
Engineering
Marketing
fddi-default
token-ring-defau
fddinet-default
trnet-default
i VLAN show vlan-membership.

1900A#sh vlan-membership
Port
VLAN
Membership
Static
Catalyst 1900
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
AUI
1900#
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
449
Static
Static
Static
Static
Static
Static
Static
Static
Static
Static
Static
Static
Static
Static
. 5.

.
, , VLAN 1.
, VLAN .
1. 1900 26
. ,
.
1900A#configt
1900A(config)#int f 0/26
1900A(config-if)#trunk ?
auto
desirable
off
Set DISL state to OFF
on
Set DISL state to ON
1900EN(config-if)#trunk auto
2. 1900 1900.
26 .
#configt
450
''
(config)#hostname 1900B
1900B(config)#intfO/26
1900B(config-if)#trunk ?
auto
desirable
off
Set DISL state to OFF
on
Set DISL state to ON
. 1900B(config-if)#trunk on
.6.

1900 VTP, VTP .
1. Telnet
1900. VTP (
,
).
1900A#configt
1900A(config)#vtp server
2. VTP Classrooml.
1900A#configt
1900A(config)#vtp domain Classrooml
.
.
.
.
>
3. VTP.
1900A#showvtp
4. Telnet
1900, VTP VTP.
1900B#config t
1900B(config)#vtp domain Classrooml
1900B(config)#vtp client
5. VTP
show vtp, VLAN
. show vlan.
6. 1900 show vlan VLAN 1900.
1900B#shvlan
VLAN Name
Status
Ports
1
2
Enabled
Enabled
1-12,AUI,A,B
default
Sales
Catalyst 1900
3
4
5
1002
1003
1004
1005
Management
Engineering
Marketing
fddi-default
token-ring-defau
fddinet-default
trnet-default
451
Enabled
Enabled
Enabled
Suspended
Suspended
Suspended ,
Suspended
VLAN, 1900
VLAN 1. ,
VLAN. ( VLAN,
).
.7.
VLAN
ISL
VLAN VTP (
VLAN ), 2600 VLAN.
1. 2600 FastEthernet
. .
2. .
1900A#configt
1900A(config)intfO/027
1900A(config-if)# trunk on
3. FastEthernet 2600 VLAN.
2621#configt
2621(config)intfO/0.1
2621(config-if)no shutdown
2621(config-subif)# ip address 172.16.10.1 255.255.255.0
2621(config-subif)#intfO/0.2
2621(config-subif)#intfO/0.3
452

2621(config-subif)#exit
2621(config)#intfO/0
, VLAN .

1. 1900?
A. Ping 1900,
.
B. Ping 1900,
.
C. Telnet 1900, .
D. Telnet 1900, .
2. /10 1900
Ethernet?
A.
B.
C.
D.
full duplex on
duplex on
duplex full
full-duplex
E. set duplex on full

3. 1900 , ?
A. flow on
B. duplex flow control
C. duplex full-flow-control
D. full duplex-flow
4. 26
1900?
A. show port 26
B. showint26
C. showinteO/26
D. showintfO/26
E. showintgO/26
F. show int hO/26
Catalyst 1900
453
5. ?
A. .
B. RTS.
C.
.
D. , .
6. startup-config 1900?
A. erase startup-config
B. delete startup-config
C. delete nvram
D. delete startup
7. , 3 1900
Finance Server?
A. int eO/3, description Finance Server
B. int eO/3, description Finance_Server
C. set port name eO/3 Finance Server
D. set port name eO/3 Finance_Server
8. ?
A.
*
B.
C.
D. -
9.
1900?
A. usermode password todd
B. enable password todd
C. enable password level 1 todd
D. enable password level 15 todd
10. 1900?
A. 1900EN(config)#enable password level 1 todd
B. 1900EN(config)#enable password level 15 todd
C. 1900EN#set enable password todd
D. 1900EN(Config)#enable password todd
11. IP 1900?
A. sh ip config
B. ship
C. sh int config
D. sh int
454
12. IP- 1900 ( )?

A. ip address 172.16.10.16 255.255.255.0
B. ip default-gateway 172.16.10.1
C. ip address 172.16.10.1 mask 255.255.255.0
D. default-gateway 172.16.10.10
13. Catalyst 1900?
A. .
B. .
C.
.
D. .
14. ?
A.
B. 1900
C. ,

D. ,
15. -
?
A. Toddl900EN#sh mac-filter-table
B. Toddl900EN#sh mac-address-table
C. Toddl900EN(config)#sh mac-address-table
D. Toddl900EN#sh filter-address-table
16. 1900?
A. VSM
B. VLSM
C.
D. CLI
E. CLIM
17. ?
A. Switch name Ciscol900
B. Description 1900switch
C. host name 1900
D. hostname 1900ethernet
18. 1900?
Catalyst 1900
455
A. :
B. IP-: 192.168.10.2
C. : 0.0.0.0
D. : FragmentFree
E. :
F. 100BaseT:
G. :
. : Cisco
19. 2 ?
A. showint 2
B. showinteth 0/2
C. shinte/2
D. show inter fO/2
20. 27?
A. showint27
B. showinteth 0/27
C. shintf/27
D. shinterfO/27
21. -?
A. Toddl900EN(config-if)#port secure max-mac-count 1
B. Toddl900EN(config-if)#port max-mac-count secure 1
C. Toddl900EN(config)#mac-address-table restricted
static OOA0.246E.OFA8 eO/2
D. Toddl900EN(config)#mac-address-table permanent
OOA0.2448.60A5 eO/4
22.
/4 , -
0.2448.605?
A. int eO/4 set MAC OOA0.2448.60A5
B. Toddl900EN(config)#mac-address-table restricted
static OOA0.2448.60A5 eO/2
C. Toddl900EN(config)#mac-address-table permanent
OOA0.2448.60A5 eO/4
D. Toddl900EN(config-if)#port secure max-mac-count OOA0.2448.60A5
23. /5 1900
OOA0.246E.OFA8?
A. int eO/5 out OOA0.246E.OFA8
B. Toddl900EN(config)#mac-address-table permanent
OOA0.246E.OFA8 eO/4
456
C. Toddl900EN(config-if)#port secure max-mac-count

OOA0.246E.OFA8
D. Toddl900EN(config)#mac-address-table restricted
static OOA0.246E.OFA8 eO/2 eO/5
/
1. show running-config
2. sh ip
3. show mac-address-table
4. port secure max-mac-count 1
5. mac-address-table permanent 1234.4567.8912 eO/1
6. clear mac-address-table permanent 1234.4567.8912 eO/1
7. show int eO/5
8. config t
vlan 2 Purchasing
vlan 3 Sales
vlan 4 MIS
9. int eO/2
vlan-membership static 3
int eO/3
inteO/4
inteO/5
inteO/6
inteO/7
10. config t vtp client
11. config t vtp transparent
12. show vtp
13. int fO/27, trunk auto
14. show vlan
15. config t int eO/5, vlan-membership static 2
Catalyst 1900
457

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
1.
20.
21.
22.
23.
C.D
A, C.D
D
, , D, G
|
Cisco
, .
0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255
, , any
access-class
IP VTY
access-list

0.0.0.0255.255.255.255
Backspace
bandwidth
banner
cdp enable
cdp holdtime
CDP
cdp run
CDP
cdp timer
CDP
clear counters
clear line
Telnet

clear mac-address-table
clock rate
config memory
startup-config
running-config
config network
TFTP
running-config
config terminal
4
running-config
config-register
copy flash tftp
- TFTP
any
.
461
Cisco
copy running-config star- 4,7

. .
copy run start
tup-config. NVRAM
copy run tftp
running-config TFTP
copy tftp flash
TFTP -
TFTP
running-cqnfig
copy tftp run

Ctrl+A
Ctrl+D
Ctrl+E
Ctrl+F
Ctrl+Shift+6, X

Telnet
Ctrl+U
Ctrl+W
4

4
EXEC

10
Ctrl+R
Ctrl+Z
debug dialer
debug frame-relay Imi
LMI Frame Relay
5
IGRP
- 5

debug ip igrp transactions
debug ip rip
.
debug ipx
debug isdn q921
debug isdn q931
delete nvram
delete vtp
description
dialer idle-timeout
number
10
5
RIP,
RIP SAP,
3
NVRAM
1900
VTP

BRI ,
""
10
10
7, .
.
4, .
10
462
10
dialer list number protocol "" DDR
protocol permit/deny
10
dialer load-threshold
BRI ISDN
number inbound/
outbound/either
dialer map protocol address
name hostname number
dialer-string
disable

ISDN
BRI

10
10
4
disconnect
duplex
.
4
4
.
.
4, .
Frame Relay
Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF) Cisco

HDLC

ISL VLAN 2

startup-config
NVRAM

-
10
enable
enable password
enable password Level 1
enable password Level 15
enable secret
encapsulation
ietf
encapsulation hdlc
encapsulation isl 2
encapsulation ppp
erase startup
erase startup-config
Esc+B
Esc+F
exec-timeout
exit
10
10
.
10
4
7
4
4
4
Telnet - 7
463
Cisco
frame-relay interface-did
10
frame-relay Imi-type

LMI
frame-relay map protocol

address
Frame
Relay
10
Host
hostname
4, .
inteO.10
intfO/0.1
interface
.
show
interface eO/5
Ethernet 5
/1
interface ethernet 0/1
10
interface fastethernet 0/0
FastEthernet 26
FastEthernet.
show
interface fastethernet
interface fO/26
0/0.1
interface fastethernet 0/26 /26
interface sO.16 multipoint
- 10
Frame Relay
interface sO.16
point-to-point
"-" - 10
Frame Relay
serial 5, 4
show
interface serial 5
ip access-group
IP
ip address
IP-

,

DNS ( )

DNS

4, .
ip classless
ip default-gateway
ip domain-lookup
ip domain-name
ip host
.
7
7
7
464
ip name-server
ip route
ipx access-group
ipx input-sap-filter
ipx network
ipx output-sap-filter
ipx ping
ipx routing
isdn spidl
isdn spid2
isdn switch-type
line
line aux
line console 0
line vty
\
logging synchronous
logout
mac-address-table
permanent
mac-address-table
restricted static
media-type
network
IP-
DNS

IPX

IPX SAP
IPX

IPX SAP
Packet Internet Groper
IPX
IPX

DSO ISDN

DSO ISDN
ISDN .

1900 CLI

VTY
(Telnet)

-

-,

7
5
9
9
8
9
8
8
10
10
10
4
4
4
4
4
4
.
.
4
5
465
Cisco
no cdp enable
CDP
CDP
7'
7
no inverse-arp
IARP
Frame Relay.
10
no ip domain-Lookup
DNS
no ip host
no IP route
5

4
no cdp run
no shutdown
o/r 0x2142
2501 - 7
NVRAM
ping
IP 4,7, .
port secure max-mac-count .
CHAP

10
10
IP IGRP
RIP
5
4,5
secondary
IPX

Service passwordencryption
show access-list

110
9
9
show cdp
CDP
show cdp entry *
show cdp neighbor detail, 7

1900
show cdp interface
,
CDP

IP-, IOS ,
show cdp neighbor
CDP
(DTE DCE)
ppp authentication chap

ppp authentication pap
router igrp as
router rip
show access-List 110
show cdp neighbor

show cdp neighbor detail
show cdp traffic
Show controllers s 0
7
7
7
7
4
466
show dialer
show flash
show frame-relay Imi
show frame-relay map
show frame-relay pvc
Show history
show hosts
show int fO/26
show inter eO/1
Show interface sO
showip
show ip access-list
show ip interface
showip protocols
showip route
show ipx access-list
show ipx interface
show ipx route

show ipx servers
show ipx traffic
show isdn active
show isdn status
show mac-address-table
10
, ,
,

-
7
LMI

PVC
PVC
nDLCI
10-
( )

fO/26
/1
serial 0
IP
IP
,
IP

IP
IPX,

RIP SAP, . IPX
IPX
SAP Cisco
RIP SAP,
Cisco

SPID

10
10
10
4
7
.
.
4
.
9
9
5
5,10
9
8, 9
8
8
8
10
10
.
467
Cisco
show protocols
5, 8
show run
show sessions
show start
show running-config.

Telnet
show startup-config.
,
NVRAM
4, 7, .
7
4, 7
Show terminal
show trunk A
26
show trunk
27
show version
show vlan-membership
IOS - 4,7, .
,
Ethernet
VLAN
.
, VLAN
.
show vtp
VTP
shutdown
Tab
telnet
4, 7
Terminal history size
( 10,
256)

IGRP

IGRP

show vlan
trace
traffic-share balanced
traffic-share min
trunk auto
4, 7
5
5
.
trunk on
username name password

password
.
Cisco
10
variance
468
vtp pruning enable
VLAN 2 Sales
VLAN
VTP
VTP
VTP

.
.
.
.
.
.
vtp server
vlan 2 name Sales

vtp client
vtp domain
vtp password
470
& bit signaling , 1, 24- 1

. "24- ".
AAL (ATM Adaptation Layer) ATM. , . AAL ATM (ATM layer) 48- ATM.
: (CS)
(SAR).
,
(CBR) (VBR) , ,
. ITU-T ATM: AAL1, AAL2,
AAL3/4, AAL5. . AAL1, AAL2, AAL3/4, AAL5, CS, SAR, ATM ATM
layer.
AAL1 ATM 1.
ITU-T ATM. , ,
,
. . AAL.
AAL2 ATM 2.
ITU-T ATM. ,
,
- . . AAL.
AAL3/4 ATM 3/4. ITU-T ATM,
. , ,
, ATM SMDS. . AAL.
AAL5 ATM 5.
ITU-T ATM. , ,
,
IP ATM LANE. AAL5 SEAL
. ,
, . . AAL SEAL.
471
AARP (AppleTalk Address Resolution Protocol) AppleTalk. AppleTalk, .

AARP probe packets AARP.
AARP , AppleTalk. , , , , . ,
. . AARP.
ABM (Asynchronous Balanced Mode)
. ( ) HDLC , .
ABR (Area Border Router) . , OSPF
. ,
OSPF,
. .
access layer . Cisco. .
access link . , (VLAN).
.
access list . ,
(, IP-
).
access method .
.
access server . " ".
,

.
.
acknowledgment ,
(, ). . NAK.
ACR (Allowed Cell Rate) . , ATM .

472
MCR PCR.
.
.. MCRuPCR.
active monitor . Token
Ring. - : .
address learning . ,
.
-.
address mapping .
, .
address mask . ,
, , .
. subnet mask.
address resolution () .
.
( 3) ( 2).
. address mapping.
adjacency . ,
. , .
administrative distance .
. 0 255. , .
administrative weight . , . , PTSP ATM.
ADSU (ATM DSU) (DSU) ATM. , ATM
, (HSSI). . DSU.
advertising . , . ,

.
473
(AppleTalk Echo Protocol) - AppleTalk.

AppleTalk.
.
API (Authority and Format Identifier) . ATM NSAP,
, (IDI)
ATM.
AFP (AppleTalk Filing Protocol) AppleTalk.
,
, . pleShare Mac OS File Sharing.
AIP (ATM Interface Processor) ATM.
Cisco 7000, " ", "-": ATM
AAL3/4 AAL5. . AAL3/4 AAL5.
algorithm . . .
alignment error . Ethernet,
, .. 8.
- .
all-routes explorer packet . ,
, .
" ". . explorer
packet, local explorer packet u spanning explorer packet.
AM (Amplitude Modulation) . ,
. FM . . modulation.
AMI (Alternate Mark Inversion) . , 1 1.
01, 11 00. , -
. . " ". B8ZS. . ones density.
amplitude . .
17 1.646
474
analog transmission . ( ), , .
ANSI (American National Standards Institute) . , , . ,
. , .
ANSI- IEC ISO.
any cast . ATM ,
.
, .
AppleTalk , Apple Computer. . Phase I ,
.
Phase II
.
Application layer . OSI, (, ), OSI.
, ,
.
ARA (AppleTalk Remote Access) AppleTalk.
Macintosh AppleTalk.
area . (, CLNS, DECnet OSPF) . , . . autonomous
system.
ARM (Asynchronous Response Mode) . HDLC , , , , .
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) . , -
IP-. RFC 826. RARP. . proxy ARP.
475
ASBR (Autonomous System Boundary Router)

. OSPF
, OSPF. OSPF , RIP.
OSPF. . ABR, non-stub area
OSPF.
ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
. 8- (7 1
).
ASICs (Application-Specific Integrated Circuits) . . ASIC -
, .
. , .
ASN.1 (Abstract Syntax Notation One) . OSI
.
ISO 8824. . (2).
ASP (AppleTalk Session Protocol) AppleTalk.
. , , .
. .
AST (Automatic Spanning Tree) . , , . ,

. IEEE 802.1. . IEEE 802.1
uSRB.
asynchronous transmission . ,
. .
(
"" ""), . isochronous transmission, pksiochronous transmission u synchronous
transmission.
ATCP (AppleTalk Control Protocol) AppleTalk.
AppleTalk , RFC 1378. . .
476
^__
ATOM (Asynchronous Time-Division Multiplexing) . , . ,

, . FDM, statistical multiplexing TDM.
ATG (Address Translation Gateway) . Cisco DECnet,

DECnet .
ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) . ,
(, -, - ) (53 ).
, . ATM

, SONET .
ATM ARP server ARP ATM. ,
IP IP ATM.
ATM endpoint ATM. ATM, ATM. , ATM, ATM.
ATM Forum ATM. , 1991 .
Cisco Systems, NET/ADAPTIVE, Northern Telecom Sprint

ATM. , ANSI ITU-T,
.
ATM layer ATM. ATM,
. ATM
AAL 48- 5- , ATM. . . AAL.
(ATM management) ATM. ,
ATM (VCI) . . ATM.
ATM user-user connection ATM. ATM - ATM (,
477
).
(VCC) . . ATM layer, ATMM.
ATP (AppleTalk Transaction Protocol) AppleTalk.
, . , .
,
-.
attenuation . .
AURP (AppleTalk Update-Based Routing Protocol) AppleTalk . AppleTalk , AppleTalk (,
TCP/IP) AppleTalk. "" AURP. , AURP
AppleTalk . . AURP tunnel exterior
router.
AURP tunnel AURP. , AURP AppleTalk,
(, TCP/IP). . AURP.
authority zone . , (DNS).
, . . DNS.
\
auto duplex , .
automatic call reconnect ().
.
autonomous confederation . , , , , ,
.
478
autonomous switching . Cisco, ciscoBus .

autonomous system (AS) .
. . 16- IANA. . area ().
autoreconfiguration . , , Token
Ring. , .
auxiliary port . Cisco, .
B8ZS (Binary 8-Zero Substitution) 8- .
, 1 1, ,
,
.
. B8ZS
. "
8- ". AMI. . ones density.
backbone . ,
, .
back end . , . . server.
bandwidth . ,
. .
baseband . , . Ethernet.
" ". broadband.
Basic Management Setup . Cisco, . ,
, , -
Telnet .
baud . , (/),
.
479
,
, .
channel -. Bearer channel (-)
64 / ISDN, .
. D channel (), channel (-), channel (-).
beacon (). Token Ring FDDI , . . . failure domain.
BECN (Backward Explicit Congestion Notification)
. Frame Relay 1
, ,
, . DTE, BECN,
. FECN.
- , - , ' - .
BGP4 (BGP Version 4) BGP 4.

. (CIDR)

. . CIDR.
binary . 0 1.
BIP (Bit Interleaved Parity) . ATM - , .

, .
BISDN (Broadband ISDN) ISDN. ITU-T, , (, ). BISDN
ATM SONET,
155 622 / . N-ISDN.
. , ISDNuPRI.
bit-oriented protocol . .
. byte-oriented protocol.
Boot ROM .
. , , .
Cisco IOS.
480
border gateway . ,
.
BPDU (Bridge Protocol Data Unit) . ,
.
BRI (Basic Rate Interface)
( ). ISDN,
- D- -,
- . PRI. . BISDN.
bridge . , .
( 2)
OSI. -
.
broadband . , .
,
, (4 ). , . baseband.
broadcast . , (
).
,
, . "local broadcast"
(" "). directed broadcast.
broadcast domain .
, , . , .
broadcast storm . ,

.

-.
buffer . , . . ,
. " ".
481
bus topology .
, , , . ring topology star topology.
bus . , ,

.
BUS (broadcast and unknown servers) .
, ()
, ATM. . LANE, LEG, LEGS LES.
.25 .25, AT&T. . X.25.
bypass mode . FDDI Token Ring .
bypass relay .
Token Ring
.
byte-oriented protocol .
, .

. bit-oriented protocol.
cable range . , AppleTalk. .
.
(Connection Admission Control) . ,
ATM ,
(QoS) .
ATM.
call admission control . ATM, ,
.
call priority .
.
482
______
, . ( ) .
call setup time . , DTE.
CBR (Constant Bit Rate) . QpS, ATM ATM. , . ABR VBR.
CD (Carrier Detect) . , . , , , .
CDP (Cisco Discovery Protocol) Cisco.
Cisco
, , Cisco. SNAP .
CDVT (Cell Delay Variation Tolerance) . , ATM ATM. (CBR)
(PCR). . CBRuPCR.
cell . ATM. , , . 5- 48- . . cell relay.
cell payload scrambling . ,
ATM

.
cell relay . ,
, . . , ATM . .
cell.
Centrex , , , .
Centrex ,
. . .
CER (Cell Error Ratio) . ATM
, , , .
483
channelized E1 El .
2.048 / , 29 - 1 D-.
DDR, Frame Relay .25. channelized T1.
channelized 1 1 .
1.554 / , 23 - 1 D-,
64 /, . DDR, Frame Relay
.25. channelized El.
CHAP (Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol) . . CHAP
, .
. .
checksum .
. , .
, .
cCRC.
choke packet . ,
.
CIDR (Classless Interdomain Routing) . BGP4 , .
, . IP-, ,
, .
CIDR IP-
4- , "/" () , .
. BGP4.
CIP (Channel Interface Processor) . Cisco 7000. ,
(FEP) .
CIR (Committed Information Rate) . ,
Frame Relay
484
. /,
.
circuit switching . , ISDN. , , .
Cisco FRAD (Cisco Frame Relay Access Device)
Frame Relay Cisco. Cisco, SNA Frame Relay Cisco IOS

. Cisco FRAD SDLC
Frame Relay, . Cisco
FRAD SDLC Ethernet Token Ring. . FRAD.
CiscoFusion Cisco , Cisco IOS. .
Cisco IOS software (Cisco Internetwork Operating System software)
Cisco. Cisco, ,
, CiscoFusion.
,
,
, , . .
CiscoFusion.
CiscoView
, ,
Cisco, .
Cisco, CiscoView

SNMP.
Class A network .
. 16 16
.
Class network .
. 16
8 .
Class network .
. 24
8 .
485
classical IP over ATM IP ATM. IP ATM ATM. RFC 1577. CIA.

Classless routing . , . VLSM (
) . RIP 2, EIGRP OSPF.
CLI (Command Line Interface) .
Cisco .
CLP (Cell Loss Priority) .
ATM, . CLP 0, (insured traffic) , , .
CLP 1, , (best-effort traffic), ,
.
CLR (Cell Loss Ratio) . ATM
.

(QoS) .
(Central Office) ().
, .
collapsed backbone .
, .- , ,
, .
collision . Ethernet .
, , . . collision domain.
collision domain . Ethernet , , . ; ,
. . collision.
486
composite metric . , IGRP

EIGRP,
. IGRP EIGRP . , .
configuration register . Cisco 16- , .
. .
.
congestion . ,
.
congestion avoidance . , ATM , , .
(edge) ,
.
congestion collapse . , ATM , , . ATM
,
(ABR).
connection ID . , Telnet . show sessions .
show users , Telnet .
connectionless . ,
. connection-oriented. . virtual circuit.
connection-oriented .
, ., . . connectionless virtual circuit.
console port . , RJ-45 Cisco, .
487
control direct VCC . ATM , LANE LANE.

, Phase I LANE. configuration direct VCC control distribute VCC.
control distribute VCC
. ATM , LANE LANE.
, Phase I LANE.
(int-to-multipoint). configuration direct VCC control direct VCC.
convergence .

.
core layer ( ) Cisco, , Cisco.
.
.
cost . , , ,
.
: , .
" ". . routing metric.
count to infinity . , ,
.
.
CPCS (Common Part Convergence Sublayer) . AAL, . CS
SAR. CPCS ATM,
48- , ATM.
. AAL ATM layer.
CPE (Customer Premises Equipment) ,
. , ,
, , .
488
crankback ATM , , . ,
GCAC,
.
CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) . , , ,
, . : checksum ( ).
CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detect) . , ,
, . , .
, , .
.
CSU (Channel Service Unit) .
, . CSU/DSU. . DSU.
CTD (Cell Transfer Delay) . ATM ,
UNI UNI . ATM ,
ATM.
cut-through frame switching .
, ,
, . ,
, ,
.
data direct VCC
. ATM , LANE (LEG).
, Phase 1 LANE. He ,
(UBR)
(ABR) . control distribute VCC control direct VCC.
489
data frame .
OSI. .
datagram . , . IP- .
OSI
"", "", "", "" "",
Data link control layer . 2- SNA,

OSI.
Data Link layer ( ). 2 OSI, . , , ,
,
. IEEE
(MAC)
(LLC). SNA. . Application layer, LLC, MAC, Network layer, Physical layer, Presentation layer, Session layer
Transport layer.
DCC (Data Country Code) . *
ATM, ATM . , ATM ATM.
cICD.
DCE (Data Communications Equipment ( 1) Data Circuit-terminating Equipment ( ITU-T)) ( EIA)
( ITU-T). , "-". , ,
DTE. .
DTE.
D channel I. Bata channel. -, . ISBN 16 (BRI) 64 /
(PRI). channel, E channel channel. 2. SNA , .
490
DDP (Datagram Delivery Protocol) . AppleTalk,

AppleTalk.
DDR (Dial-on-Demand Routing) . ,
. , .
ISDN ISDN .
DE (Discard Eligibility) .
Frame Relay , , . DE , , (CIR) 0.
default route , . , , .
delay . ,
. ,
.
. : latency.
demarc () .
,
().
demodulation .
. , , () . .
modulation.
demultiplexing .
, .
. multiplexing.
designated bridge . ,
,
.
designated port . STP

. , STP , .
designated router . OSPF,
LSA OSPF.
OSPF- ,
491
, ,
OSPF Hello.
. , ,
.
destination address
, .
().
directed broadcast . ,
. , , .
discovery mode . , AppleTalk , . " ".
distance-vector routing algorithm
. , ,
,
. , ,
. , , . " -". . link-state routing algorithm SPF.
distribution layer . Cisco, , Cisco. .
.
DLCI (Data-Link Connection Identifier)
. Frame Relay.
DNS (Domain Name System) . , .
DSAP (Destination Service Access Point) . ,
. SS. . SAP (1).
DSR (Data Set Ready) .
,
1/1-232.
492
'
,_
DSU (Data Service Unit) .

, DTE , 1 1.
.
DSU/CSU. . CSU.
DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) . DTE
/ . DTE DCE (, )
, DCE. DTE , , , . . DCE.
DTR (Data Terminal Ready) " ".
EIA/TIA-232, DCE , DTE .
DUAL (Diffusing Update Algorithm) .
, IGRP
. , , , ,
, , . . Enhanced IGRP'.
DVMRP (Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol) .
, RIP . . DVMRP
IGMP. . IGMP.
''
DXI (Data Exchange Interface) . ATM, RFC 1482. , (, )

ATM,
DSU, .
dynamic entries . .
dynamic routing . ,
. " ".
dynamic VLAN .

493
.
.
1 1. 2.048 /, . 1
.
.164 1. ITU-T , ISDN, BISDN SMDS.
. 2. ATM, .164.
channel (Echo channel) -, -. ISDN, 64 /.
ISDN, ITU-T 1984 ., 1988 . channel, D channel channel.
edge device , ( Ethernet Token Ring) ATM- . -
, .
EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) . ,
,
. . EPROM,
PROM.
EFCI (Explicit Forward Congestion Indication) . ATM , (ABR). , ,
.
- ,
, . . ABR.
EIGRP .: EnhancedIGRP.
EIP (Ethernet Interface Processor) Ethernet.
Cisco 7000.
(10 /) AUI, Ethernet Version I

Ethernet Version 2 IEEE 802.3,
.
ELAN (Emulated LAN) . ATM,
- Ethernet
Token Ring. LANE
494
(LEG), LANE (LES),

(BUS) LANE (LEGS).
ATM . LANE. . LANE, LEG, LEGS LES.
ELAP (EtherTalk Link Access Protocol) EtherTalk. EtherTalk. ELAP Ethernet.
encapsulation . , , . , - ,
(IP), (TCP), .
encryption . .
, .
Enhanced IGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) IGRP, Cisco. ,
. IGRP. . , OSPFuRIP.
,}
enterprise network . , . - (MAN) , .

EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory)
. , . .
EEPROM PROM.
ESF (Extended Superframe) . , 1: 24 193 . 193- . . SF.
Ethernet Xerox Corporation, Xerox, Digital Equipment
Corporation Intel. Ethernet IEEE 802.3 , CSMA/CD, 10 /. - DIX (Digital/Intel/Xerox) Ethernet.
. : WBaseT, FastEthernet IEEE.
495
EtherTalk , Apple Computer AppleTalk Ethernet.

ETSI (European Telecommunication Standards Institute) . , ,
.
excess rate . ATM , .

. , , .
maximum rate.
expansion , .
expedited delivery . ,

( ) .
explorer packet . SNA, Token Ring .
extended IP access list IP.
IP, , .
extended IPX access list IPX. IPX, IPX,
.
Extended Setup .
,
. .
failure domain . Token Ring, ,
(beacon). (, ),
, , ,
(NAUN) , . , "".
. autoreconfigwration, beacon NAUN.
496
fallback . , ATM,
. , (, ), , .
Fast Ethernet Ethernet. Ethernet 100 /. Fast Ethernet 10
, Ethernet, Fast Ethernet Ethernet , - (MTU).
Fast Ethernet ,
lOBaseT. Fast Ethernet IEEE
802.3. Ethernet. . 100BaseFX, 100BaseT, 100BaseT4, 100BaseTX, WOBaseX IEEE 802.3.
fast switching . Cisco,
. process switching.
FDM (Frequency-Division Multiplexing) . ,
. . ATOM, statistical multiplexing ( ) TDM.
FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) - . , ANSI X3T9.5, 200 /
. FDDI .
FECN (Forward Explicit Congestion Notification) . Frame Relay FECN 1,
DTE, ,
. DTE, FECN,
. BECN.
FEIP (Fast Ethernet Interface Processor) Fast

Ethernet. Cisco 7000.
100BaseT
100 /.
firewall , . ,
.
.
497
Flash . - ; Cisco IOS.

flash memory -.
. Intel.
. -
, . .
flat network . , .
flooding . ,
: , ,
, , .
flow control . ,
, . ,
.
FRAD (Frame Relay Access Device) Frame
Relay. , Frame Relay. . Cisco FRAD FRAS.
fragment . ,
. , . . fragmentation.
fragmentation . , .
FragmentFree , ,
, . cut-through.
frame . ,
. ,
.
OSI "", "",
"", "" "".
Frame Relay ,
.
,
498
, HDLC. Frame Relay .25 . .

.25.
Frame Relay bridging Frame Relay. , RFC 1490. ,
,
Frame Relay.
framing . OSI.
, , .
FRAS (Frame Relay Access Support) Frame Relay.
Cisco IOS,
Frame Relay IBM,
SDLC, Token Ring, Ethernet Frame Relay, IBM.
. FRAD.
frequency .
; .
FSIP (Fast Serial Interface Processor) . Cis 7000. 4 8 .
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) .
TCP/IP,
. RFC 959.
full duplex . . half duplex
simplex.
full mesh . , . , , . ,
, . . : partial mesh.
GNS (Get Nearest Server) . , IPX
. IPX GNS, , , ,
. GNS
(Service Advertisement Protocol, SAP) IPX. . IPX SAP.
GRE (Generic Routing Encapsulation) . , Cisco
499
IP-, Cisco IP. , IP-,

GRE, .
guard band . ,
.
half duplex .
- -. BSC. . full duplex.
handshake . ,

.
channel (High-speed channel) -, . ISDN 384 /.
. channel, D channel channel.
HDLC (High-level Data Link Control) . ISO
.
SDLC, HDLC
. . SDLC.
helper address . ,

.
hierarchical addressing . - , . IP- , ,
.
HIP (HSSI Interface Processor) HSSI. Cisco 7000.
HSSI ATM, SMDS, Frame Relay
, .
holddown . , ( ). .
- , .

hop (). ,
, .
. hop count.
hop count (). ,
.
RIP . .
hop RIP.
host address . , .
.
HSCI (High-Speed Communication Interface) . Cisco , 52 /.
HSRP (Hot Standby Router Protocol)
. . , ,
. ;

.
HSSI (High-Speed Serial Interface)
. ( 52 /) .
hubs . , . , , , ,
.
ICD (International Code Designator) .
ATM, ATM . , ATM
ATM. . DCC.
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) . , ,
IP-. RFC 792.
IEEE (Institute or Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
. ,
501
. IEEE .
IEEE 802.1 IEEE,
. STP ( Spanning Tree Protocol) IEEE 802.Id. STP
SPA . IEEE 802. lq.
IEEE 802.3 IEEE,
Ethernet, 10 /. Ethernet
, MAC
. IEEE 802.3 CSMA/CD
( ), . FastEthernet 802.3, Gigabit Ethernet
802.3q. . CSMA/CD.
IEEE 802.5 IEEE,
Token Ring.
IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) . IP- , ,
. .
IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol) .
,
. , IGRP, OSPF RIP.
ILMI (Interim Local Management Interface) , . ATM
, - ATM.
ATM. ILMI ,
ATM LEGS. , ILMI ATM.
in-band management . .
Simple Network Management Protocol
(SNMP ) Telnet . cut-of-band management (
).
insured burst . ATM , (PVC).
502
. .
interarea routing . , . infra-area routing. . area.
interface processor . , Cisco 7000. . AIP, CIP,
EIP, FEIP, HIP, MIP TRIP.
Internet . " ", .
, .
, . . TCP/IP MBONE.
internet "internetwork". He . .
internetwork.
Internet protocol . , TCP/IP. . TCP/IP.
internetwork . ,

. internet. He .
internetworking ,
. , , .
intra-area routing . , . interarea routing.
Inverse ARP (Inverse Address Resolution Protocol)
. , , ,

(PVC). Frame Relay, TCP/IP , DLCI .
IP (Internet Protocol) .
TCP/IP, . IP , , . RFC 791.
503
IP address IP-. 32- , ,

TCP/IP. IP- (, ,
, D ) ( ), . , .
, . IP- . (CIDR)
IP- . IP- " ". . CIDR, IP subnet mask.
IPCP (IP Control Program) IP. IP . . IP
.
IP multicast IP-. , IP- . ,
, IP-, .
IPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange) . ( 3) NetWare,
. IPX
IP XNS.
IPXCP (IPX Control Program) IPX. ,

IPX . . IPX .
IPX WAN WAN ( ), IPX.
,
IPX.
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) . , ,
. . BISDN, .
ISL routing (ISL-) Inter-Switch Link Cisco
.
.
isochronous transmission .
. . asynchronous transmission synchronous transmission.
504
___
' '-
ITU-T (International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector) ITU. , .

LAN (Local Area Network) . ,
( ). , , ,
, .
OSI. Ethernet,
FDDI Token Ring. MAN.
LANE (LAN Emulation) . , ATM .
ATM , - ATM- ,

.
Ethernet Token Ring. . ELAN.
'
''',
' ' .
LAN switch . , . ,
-. "
"
:
. . . multilayer switch, store and forward packet switching.
LAPB (Link Access Procedure, Balanced) -
, .25
SDLC. . SDLC .25.
LAPD (Link Access Procedure on the D channel) D-. ISDN -.
LAPB
ISDN. ITU-T Q.920 Q.921.
latency . 1.
. 2.

.
Layer 3 switch . . multilayer switch
( ).
505
layered architecture . .
,
.
LCP (Link Control Protocol) . ,
, , . . .
leaky bucket . ATM (GCRA), , . " "
, , " " .
learning bridge . - . ,
- ,
.
LE_ARP (LAN Emulation Address Resolution Protocol) LANE. ATM-, -.
LEG (LAN Emulation Client) LANE. , ,
(ES) (ELAN). LANE
. LANE ATM- -,
ATM-. . ELAN LES.
LECS (LAN Emulation Configuration Server) LANE.
, LANE (ELAN), LANE
(LES) .
LANE,
, . .
ELAN.
LES (LAN Emulation Server) . ,
.
LES ATM
. , ,
ATM, . . ELAN, LEG LECS.
18 iak-.646
506
link-state routing algorithm . , .

. . (

). . distance vector routing algorithm.
LLAP (LocalTalk Link Access Protocol) LocalTalk. , LocalTalk. ,
, , .
LLC (Logical Link Control) .
, IEEE. , , MAC. LLC IEEE 802.2
. .
Data Link layer MAC.
LMI (Local Management Interface)
Frame Relay.
, .
LNNI (LAN Emulation Network-to-Network Interface) . LANE 2 ,
.
local explorer packet -. SRB- Token
Ring , , . , -
- .
local loop (). , .
LocalTalk Apple Computer,
OSI. LocalTalk CSMA/CD
230.4 /.
LSA (Link-State Advertisement) . , .
. " " (LSP).
507
LUNI (LAN Emulation User-to-Network Interface) "-" LANE. ATM LANE ATM. LUNI
LANE (LEG) LANE
(LES). . LES LECS.
MAC (Media Access Control) .
, IEEE. MAC
. . Data Link layer
LLC.
MAC address -. , , . -
. -
IEEE. " ", " MAC", " ".
MaclP , IP
DDP AppleTalk. ARP.
MAN (Metropolitan-Area Network) . . , . . LAN.
Manchester encoding . IEEE
802.3 Ethernet , ,
.
maximum burst . , (PVC) ATM. ,
. ; , .
. insured burst. . maximum rate.
maximum rate ,
; , .
. , , ,
. . excess rate insured rate. .
. maximum burst.
508
'
MBS (Maximum Burst Size) . ATM , ,

.
MBONE (Multicast Backbone) . . ,
.
MCDV (Maximum Cell Delay Variation) . ATM CDV
.
, PTSP ATM.
MCDV.
MCLR (Maximum Cell Loss Ratio)
. ATM , , ,
. ,
PTSP
ATM.
, (CBR)
(VBR) , CLP 0. . CBR, CLPu VBR.
MCR (Minimum Cell Rate) . , ATM,
ATM. (ABR) ABR.
. ACRu PCR
MCTD (Maximum Cell Transfer Delay)
. ATM MCDV ,
. , PTSP ATM.
MCTD. .
MCDV.
MIB (Management Information Base) ,
(, SNMP CMIP). MIB SNMP CMIP . MIB ,
() ( ) .
509
MIP (Multichannel Interface Processor) MultiChannel. Cisco 7000.

1 1 , CSU. MIP 24- 1 30- 1,
.
mips (Millions of instructions per second) . .
MLP (Multilink PPP) . ,
.
(Multichassis Multilink PPP) MLP .

ISDN. ,
.
modem (modulator-demodulator) -, . ,

, .
, . .
modulation demodulation.
modem eliminator () . , DTE .
modulation .
. : (AM), (FM) - (). .
AM.
MOSPF (Multicast OSPF) OSPF. OSPF, IP. . OSPF.
(Multiprotocol over ATM) ^ ATM. ATM
(IP, IPv6, AppleTalk, IPX)
ATM ,
.
510
MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit) .

( ), .
multicast . , , .
, . . broadcast (), directed broadcast ( ).
multicast address . , . group address.
broadcast address unicast address. . multicast.
multicast send VCC VCC . ATM - (VCC),
LANE (LEG) BUS. , Phase I LANE. . control distribute VCC
control direct VCC.
multilayer switch . . -
. . . .
LAN switch ( ).
multiplexing . .
demultiplexing.
NAK (Negative Acknowledgment) . ,
-,
. acknowledgment.
NAT (Network Address Translation) . , IP-. ,
, , NAT . " ".
NBP (Name Binding Protocol) .
AppleTalk,
DDP . AppleTalk , , , .
511
neighboring routers . OSPF , .

Hello, OSPF.
NetBEUI (NetBIOS Extended User Interface) NetBIOS. NetBIOS, , LAN Manager, Windows NT, LAN
Server Windows for Workgroups, LLC2
OSI. NetBEUI ,
NetBIOS, . . OSI.
NetBIOS (Network Basic Input/Output System)
-. , IBM .
.
NetView IBM . NetView VTAM, SNA.
NetWare , Novell.
, .
network address .
. , , . ,
172.16.10.5 172.16 , 10.5 .
Network layer . 3 OSI.
. .
SNA.
. Application layer, Data Link layer, Physical layer, Presentation layer, Session layer Transport layer.
NFS (Network File System) . Sun Microsystems,
.
Sun, RPC, XDR
.
NHRP (Next Hop Resolution Protocol)
.
- , NBMA.
,
ATM, Frame Relay, SMDS .25.
512
NHS (Next Hop Server) . NHRP. . IP- ATM- , ,

.
NIC (Network Interface Card) ( ). , .
NLSP (NetWare Link Services Protocol)
NetWare. , IS-IS.
NMP (Network Management Processor) .
Catalyst 5000,
.
node address .
.
, .
nondesignated port .

.
.
non-stub area .
OSPF, , , , , , . OSPF,
(ASBR). stub area. . ASBR OSPF.
NRZ (Nonreturn to Zero) .
( ).
NRZI.
NRZI (Nonreturn to Zero Inverted) . (
), ,
. NRZ.
NT I (Network termination 1) 1. ISDN , ISDN.
513
NT2 (Network termination 2) 2. ISDN , ISDN.

NT2, ().
NVRAM (Non-volatile RAM) . , .
(Optical Carrier) . ,
-1, -2, -3 .. SONET. STS , 51.84 / (-1).
, 51.84. . SONET.
octet . ,
- IP-. .
100BaseT IEEE 802.3u FastEthernet 100 /, . 100BaseT ( , lOBaseT)
. . : lOBaseT, FastEthernet IEEE 802.3.
100BaseTX IEEE 802.3u FastEthernet 100 /, . , .
100BaseTX
100 .
ones density . , . CSU/DSU .
, ,
, ,
. . CSUuDSU.
OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) .
, ISO ITU-T
, .
OSI reference model OSI. ,
ISO ITU-T. ,
(, , , , ). ()
.
- , . ( )
514
. OSI .
SNA. . Application layer, Data Link
layer, Network layer, Physical layer, Presentation layer, Session layer Transport layer.
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) " ".
, () RIP.
OSPF: , . OSPF
IS-IS. . Enhanced IGRP, IGP IP.
OUI (Organizational Unique Identifier) .
, . . OUI 3 (24 ).
3- , .
48 (6 ) -.
out-of-band management . . ,
, . in-band management ( ).
out-of-band signaling . , , .
,

, . in-band signaling.
packet . . , /
, , .. , , , .
packet switch . ,
; .
packet switching . ,
.

, .
515
PAP (Password Authentication Protocol) . , , , . ,

. CHAP,
() .
, . . . CHAP.
parity checking .
. ( ) , ( ) ( ).
partial mesh . , , , . , ,
.
, , . . full mesh.
PCR (Peak Cell Rate) . ATM, ,
, .
PDN (Public Data Network) . ( ), . , .
, .
PGP (Pretty Good Privacy)
,
.
Physical layer . 1 OSI. , ,
, . SNA. . Application layer, Data Link
layer, Net-work layer, Presentation layer, Session layer Transport layer.
ping (packet internet groper) Unix , ,
IP. (
516
" ") (
"ping" -
. ,, .).
() ,
ping , , .
plesiochronous . ,
,
, .
PLP (Packet Level Protocol) .
.25. .25 Level 3 .25 Protocol. . .25.
PNNI (Private Network-Network Interface) -.
ATM , .

, .
point-to-multipoint connection "- "
(--). .
ATM ,
- ( ) - (). point-to-point connection.
point-to-point connection "-". . ATM
ATM. point-to-multipoint connection.
poison reverse updates " ". , . "
" .
polling (). , ,
. .
POP I. Point of presence. . (OSS) , , ,
517
. 2. Post Office Protocol. . .

port security . . , .
.
PDU (Protocol Data Unit) . OSI. PDU
, , , . .
(Point-to-Poirtt Protocol) .
, SLIP.
,
CHAP , . : Link Control
Protocol (LCP) , ; - Network Control Program (NCP) , , IPX. . CHAP, PAP, SLIP.
Presentation layer . 6
OSI. , ,
, .
, ,
. SNA. . Application layer, Data Link layer, Network layer, Physical layer, Session layer Transport
layer.
PRI (Primary Rate Interface) . .
D-
(64 /) 23- (1) 30- (1) -
. . ISDN.
priority queueing . : , ,
.
process switching .
, , . .
,
518
. , , , .
PROM (Programmable Read-Only Memory) .
. EPROM.
propagation delay . ,
.
protocol . ,
.
protocol stack . .
PSE (Packet Switch Exchange) . .25,
.
PSN (Packet-Switched Network) . , .
" "
(PSDN). . packet switching.
PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network)
. , . " " (POTS).
PVC (Permanent Virtual Circuit) . .
, , , .
ATM " ". SVC. . virtual circuit.
PVP (Permanent Virtual Path) .
. . PVC.
tunneling (Permanent Virtual Path tunneling) PVP. ATM
. , .
QoS (Quality of Service) . ,
.
queue . , , , .
519
,
.
R reference point R. ISDN
ISDN- NT1 S/T. S/T 4- 2-
ISDN.
RAM (Random-Access Memory) , . ,
.
RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) () . TCP/IP,
IP-, -. . .
rate queue . , . , . ,
ATM. .
RCP (Remote Copy Protocol) . ( )
.
TCP .
redistribution . , ,
, . " ".
redundancy . ,
, , .
reload . , Cisco, , .
RIF (Routing Information Field) . , . (RII) , RIF
( ). RII ,
RIF , .. .
Token Ring , .
520
ring .
.
. Token Ring, FDDI CDDI .
ring topology . ,
, , . .
,
. bus topology star topology.
RIP (Routing Information Protocol) . (IGP), UNIX BSD.
. RIP . . Enhanced
IGRP, hop count, IGP u OSPF.
RJ connector (Registered Jack connector) . , .
ROM (Read-Only Memory) . ,
; .
root bridge . .
. (32 768 )
. ,
.
routed protocol . (, IP IPX)
. , (, RIP, IGRP OSPF)
.
route poisoning " ". ,

, (
, , ). , . . : poison reverse updates ( " ").
521
route summarization . . OSPF, EIGRP IS-IS , .

router . ,
,
.
.
"" ( "" ).
routing . .
, , , .
routing domain . , . ,
.
routing metric . ,
, . .
, ,
, , , , , . .
cost.
routing protocol .
. IGRP, OSPF RIP.
routing table . ,
,
, .
RP (Route Processor) . Cisco 7000, ,
, . " ".
RSP (Route/Switch Processor)
Cisco 7500, RP SP. .
RP SP.
522
RTS (Request To Send) . EIA/TIA-232, .
-1-.
d
S reference point S. ISDN, 4-

ISDN 2- ISDN,
ISDN .
sampling rate . ,
.
-I
1.'
SAP I. Service Access Point. . ,

802.2 .
, DSAP .
SSAP. . DSAP SSAP. 2. Service Advertisement Protocol. . IPX . . IPX.
SCR (Sustainable Cell Rate) . , ATM
ATM. (VBR) SCR
.
i
-
SDLC (Synchronous Data Link Control)

. SNA.
, ,
HDLC LAPB. . HDLC LAPS.
seed router . AppleTalk,
.

(nonseed) , ,
. AppleTalk
.
server . ,
(client).
set-based set.
set . Cisco set
(CLI) .
Session layer . 5 OSI.
,
523
, . .
SNA. . Application layer, Data Link
layer, Network layer, Physical layer, Presentation layer Transport layer.
setup mode . , ,
.
. , .
SF (Super Frame) . ,
1. 12 , 193 ,
193- .
, - . " D4". . ESF.
signaling packet . , ATM
. ATM- NSAP ATM,
(QpS), . , , , . . QpS.
silicon switching . SSE. (SSP). . . SSE.
simplex .
. .
sliding window . , TCP .
. "", ,
.
, ,
, . , .
SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol) . ,
TCP/IP. . . .
524
SMDS (Switched Multimegabit Data Service) . , .

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) .
,
.
SNA (Systems Network Architecture) .
, OSI, ; IBM
1970- . , , .
SNAP (Subnetwork Access Protocol) . , . IP ARP
IEEE. SNAP : , (QpS).
socket . 1. , . 2. , AppleTalk. , " ". AppleTalk
: (SAS), (, AppleTalk), (DAS), DDP . AppleTalk
TCP/IP.
SONET (Synchronous Optical Network) . ANSI , Bell Labs. 51,84 /
, , 2,5 /.
SP (Switch Processor) .
Cisco 7000,
CxBus. " ciscoBus".
span , . , .
SPAN (Switched Port Analyzer) . Catalyst 5000,
Ethernet
.
SPAN SPAN ,
525:
, SPAN,
Catalyst.
spanning explorer packet .
SRB. " " " ". . all-routes explorer packet, explorer packet u local explorer packet.
spanning tree . , . ,
, , .. ,
. - , . ,
. . Spanning Tree Protocol spanning tree algorithm.
spanning-tree algorithm (STA) . . STA. . spanning tree Spanning-Tree Protocol.
Spanning-Tree Protocol (STP) .
, .
. , , . IEEE 802.1 (Spanning-Tree Protocol),
, DEC
. IEEE .
, DEC. STP. . BPDU, learning bridge, MAC address, spanning tree
spanning-tree algorithm.
SPF (Shortest Path First algorithm) " ".

. . " ". . link-state routing algorithm.
SPID (Service Profile Identifier) . , ,
BRI. SPID , ISDN. ISDN , .
526
split horizon " ".

.
, , , .
spoofing . 1. , , ,
.
, ,
, .
, DDR (
),
. . DDR.
2. , . , .
spooler . ,
, . . .
SPX (Sequenced Packet Exchange) .

,
.
SQE (Signal Quality Error) . , , , .

SRB (Source-Route Bridging) . , IBM Token Ring. ,
. transparent bridging.
SRT (Source-Route Transparent bridging)
. IBM ,
.
(EN) .
SR/TLB.
SR/TLB (Source-Route Translations! Bridging) . , , ,

,
. SRT.
SSAP (Source Service Access Point) .

, . . DSAP SAP.
SSE (Silicon Switching Engine) . :
( ). .
(SSP)
Cisco 7000.
,
.
standard IP access list IP. IP,

IP-.
standard IPX access list IPX.
IPX, IPX-.
star topology . ,

. -
, . bus topology ring topology.
startup range . (
65280 65534), AppleTalk
, .
state transitions . ,

. 5 , 1.
0 , 0.
static route . . . , .
static VLANs .
. .
statistical multiplexing . , , , .
528
,
. " ".
STM-1 (Synchronous Transport Module level 1) 1. SDH,
ATM 155.52 /.
store and forward packet switching . , .
. , (, ), .
STP 1. Shielded Twisted-Pair. " ". , . , . UTP. 2. . Spanning-Tree Protocol.
stub area . OSPF, , , , .
; (ASBR). . non-stub area, ASBR OSPF.
stub network . , .
STUN (Serial Tunnel) . , SDLC- HDLC- , ( Cisco).
subarea . SNA, .
subarea node . SNA
, .
subchannel .
.
subinterface . ,
.
529
subnet . .: subnetwork.
subnet address . IP-,
. . IP address, subnet mask u subnetwork.
subnet mask . 32- , IP IP-, . . . address mask IP address.
subnetwork . 1. IP , .
. . IP address, subnet address u subnet
mask. 2. OSI ,
.
SVC (Switched Virtual Circuit) . . ,
() . ATM " ". PVC.
switch . 1. , ,
. OSI.
2. ,
,
.
switch fabric ,
.
switched LAN , (LAN switch). . LAN switch.
synchronous transmission . ,
.
, ( ), . . asynchronous transmission u isochronous transmission.
reference point . S 4- ISDN 2- ISDN.
1 , 24
DSO 64 1.536 / , 1.544 / .
, 44,763 /.
530
tag switching .
,
. : , ,
.
tagged traffic () . ATM, (CLP) 1.
,
. ", ".
. CLP.
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) .
, . .
TCP/IP.
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) / . ,
1970- .
. TCP IP . . IP TCP.
TDM (Time-Division Multiplexing)
().
, .
,
. . ATOM, FDMu multiplexing.
(Terminal Equipment) . , ISDN ,
. 1 , ISDN- ISDN. TE2 , ISDN- ISDN.
2 .
1 1 .
ISDN .
2 , 2,
ISDN, .
telco (telephone company) .
531
Telnet
TCP/IP. , , . Telnet RFC 854.
lOBaseT lOBaseT IEEE
802.3. Ethernet , 10 / 3, 4 5:
, . lOBaseT 100 . . Ethernet u IEEE 802.3.
terminal adapter . , ISDN BRI (,
EIA/T1A-232). ISDN.
terminal emulation . ,
, , , .
TFTP , FTP,
, ,
. TFTP , FTP. , ; , .
thicknet .
lOBaseS. ,
Ethernet 500 .
thinnet . 10Base2.
,
Ethernet 185 .
token . , .
, ,
. . token passing.
token bus . ,
. IEEE 802.4
. . IEEE.
token passing . , , , "".
circuit switching contention. . token.
Token Ring , IBM.
4 16 /. IEEE 802.5.
. ring topology token passing.
532
toll network . , (PSTN) .

trace IP ,
.
transparent bridging . , Ethernet IEEE 802.3:

, . , () .
SRB.
Transport layer . 4 OSI,
.
,
,
. SNA. . Application layer, Data Link layer, Network layer, Physical layer, Presentation layer Session
layer.
TRIP (Token Ring Interface Processor) Token
Ring.
Cisco 7000. Token Ring
Token Ring IEEE 802.5, (4 16 /) .
trunk link . . .
, .
TTL (Time To Live) . IP-, , .
tunneling . , . . encapsulation.
TUD (Trunk Up-Down) Trunk Up-Down ATM . , ATM , TUD
. , TUD
, .
533
U refer point U. 1 ISDN. U ISDN 2- .

UDP (User Datagram Protocol) .

TCP/IP. , . UDP RFC 768.
unnumbered frames . HDLC, , .
UTP (Unshielded Twisted-Pair) .
, .
.
VBR (Variable Bit Rate) . QoS, ATM ATM. (RT)
(NRT).
.
, , , .
VCC (Virtual Channel Connection) .
, (VCL)
ATM.
VIP 1. Versatile Interface Processor. ,
Cisco 7000 7500. Cisco IOS . VIP
VIP2. 2. Virtual IP. , IP
Catalyst 5000,
Virtual Networking Services.
virtual circuit . , . VPI/VCI .(PVC), (SVC). Frame Relay, .25
ATM. . PVC u SVC.
virtual ring . , (SRB).
534
VLAN (Virtual LAN) . , (

) , , .
VLSM (Variable-Length Subnet Mask) .
. .
VTP (VLAN Trunk Protocol) VLAN Trunk Protocol;
, VTP. VTP VTP, VTP .
. ,
' VTP. VTP .
WAN (Wide-Area Network) . , (
). , WAN PSTN.
WAN Frame Relay, PPP, ISDN HDLC.
wildcard .
, OSPF.
.
windowing . , TCP
OSI.
WinSock (Windows Socket Interface) , . (DLL) (,
, ).
workgroup switching . ,

Ethernet Ethernet FDDI CDDI.
X.2S ITU-T, , DTE DCE
(PDN). X.25 LAP PLP. Frame Relay .25.
ZIP (Zone Information Protocol) .
AppleTalk,
535
. NBP ,
. . ZIP storm zone.
ZIP storm ZIP-. , ,
AppleTalk , .
,
ZIP-. . ZIP.
zone . AppleTalk . .
ZIP.
CCNA
Cisco Certified
Network Associate

Cisco
Certified Network Associate (640-507).
:
,

Cisco

200 ,
Cisco

CCNA 2.0
:
Cisco IOS
RIP IGRP

Frame Relay,

Frame Relay

IP- IP-
IP-
,

TCP/IP
Cisco IOS
CCNP, MCT, MCSE, CNI MCNE.

GlobalNet Training Solutions, Inc.
(www.Lammle.com) RouterSim,
LLC. 18- ,
.
""
www.lory-press.ru
CCNA
Cisco Certified
Network Associate

640-507
SVBEX
100 000

""

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CCNA

... ^ ..... f 270

8 Novell IPX . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP)

Cisco CNE MCSE, .

Cisco Certified Internetworking Expert (CCIE)

Cisco Certified Design Associate (CCDA)

Cisco Certified Design Professional (CCDP)

2. SAP 1010 Ethernet ?

C. ipx access-group 1010 in

8. show interface serial 0 , ?

C. show ipx protocol

NFS (Network File System ) Sun Microsystems Unix

' ' gftfet^.

Logical Link Control (LLC)

Media Access Control (MAC)

MAC (Media Access Control, 802.3)

. 1.11. 802.3 Ethernet

ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff Ethernet Broadcast

"" 802.3 Raw) . , IPX.

. 1.12. 802.2 SNAP

. Cisco SNAP GDP (Cisco Discovery Protocol Cisco), 7.

, - (transceiver, transmitter/receiver) 15-

100BaseFX - 62.5/125 . "-" 400 .

HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control

HDLC, Frame Relay , ISDN

DTE (Data Terminal Equipment ),

[ PRI (Primary Rate Interface

Cisco 1548 Micro

. 1.22. Cisco Catalyst

STP Spanning-Tree Protocol

Extra bytes (Padding):

Frame Check Sequence:

IEEE 802.Id . 1900

. 3.1. DoD OSI

Bootstrap Protocol (BootP)

Destination Port: 1223

. - 1023. RFC 1700

. 3.5. TCP UDP

(Internet Control Message Protocol), ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)

ping Packet Internet Groper - ICMP

No Internet Datagram Options

! ARP IP- Ethernet.

IP: 10.1. 1.2

. RARP Ethernet IP-.

Ethernet: 4523.7985.7734 IP = ????

Network address ( ) , , 10.0.0.0,

, IP- 172.16.30.56 172.16,

, IP- 192.168.100.102 192.168.100,

3. ? 256-224=32. 32+32=64. 64+32=96.

96 112 128 144 160 176 192 208 224

111 127 143 159 175 191 207 223 239

1. 248 11111000. 2 - 2=30 .

255.127 255.159 255.191 255.223

, setup, (global configuration mode).

Configuring global parameters:

Enter enable password: toddl

Configure bridging? [no]:enter

snmp-server community public

dialer-list 1 protocol ipx permit

Would you like to enter the initial configuration dialog? [yes]: n

(config t). NVRAM ( startup-config) config memory (config mem).

Create a temporary Access-List entry