Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
2010
517.98
22.162
33
. . .
33
. .
. | : , 2010. | 176 c.
ISBN 978-5-94057-573-3
, 2003 . .
(
-)
. .
,
.
.
22.162
18.11.2009 . 60
.
. . 11.
90
1000 .
1/ .
16
189.
119002, , ., 11. . (499) 241-74-83.
.
, 2- ., . 7.
ISBN 978-5-94057-573-3
. ., 2010
.............................. ..
.........
1. :
.......
. . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.
2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
2.4.
2.5.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
15
15
20
25
29
32
35
...............
, .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
.
.
.
36
39
45
49
.................
. . . . . . . . . .
: .
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.
3.1.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
50
50
54
63
66
...................
. . . . . . . . . . . .
* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . .
: . . . . . . . . . . .
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
67
67
70
74
76
79
85
4.
4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
5.
5.1.
5.2.
5.3.
5.4.
5.5.
6.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. 36
C - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
6.1.
C - . . . 87
C -.
| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.3. :
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 91
. . . . . . . 95
. . . . . . . 99
................
. . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- B (X ) . . . . . . . .
- B (H ) . . . . .
:
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
6.2.
7.
7.1.
7.2.
7.3.
7.4.
7.5.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. 100
. 100
. 102
. 105
. 107
. 108
. 114
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
C (X ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
8.3. | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
8.
8.1.
8.2.
........
, , . . . . . . .
- . . . . .
: . . . . . . . . . . . .
L - .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 141
. 149
..........................
C (X )-
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 150
. 152
. 160
. 164
. 170
9.
9.1.
9.2.
9.3.
9.4.
10.
10.1.
10.2.
10.3.
. 127
. 127
. 131
. 135
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
,
2003 . , , C - (
- ).
,
, ,
, , (,
, ).
,
, ,
, |
. . (. [45]) ( ). | | . (. [44]) . ,
.
, | ,
A (D), ,
, | .
, . ,
( XX .), ,
.
, , | ,
, , . . ,
. | , , L - .
| . , , , (, ,
C -),
(. . ) , .
, , , (
, ) . C - , (. . ) , . . , , ,
,
,
, .
. . ,
[30],
.
, , .
pirkosha@yahoo.com.
1. :
. , :
, . | . ,
30- . ,
(. . , , ,
, . .) , (,
). , .
, . ;
, , .
,
, f (T ), T : E
E | 1 E ,
f | , -
.
, , ,
: p C[t] | , p(t) = an tn + : : :
: : : + a1 t + a0 , p(T ) | an T n + : : : + a1 T + a0 1E (
1E | E ).
T ? ,
, .
E = Cn , T - :
1.1.
T =
1
0
...
n
1 .
1. :
, p C[t] p(T )
:
p(1 )
0
...
p (T ) =
:
0
p ( n )
, p f , | 1 ; : : : ; n . M C, 1 ; : : : ; n , f : M C
f (T ) :=
f ( 1 )
...
0
f ( n )
T ,
(. . T )?
. L (E )
, E ,
p : C[t] L (E ), p
p(T ). T .
,
p :
1)
p ;
2)
p (fg) =
p (f )
p (g) f; g C[t];
3)
p (1) = 1E ;
4)
p (t) = T ( t C[t] | ).
1)|3) ,
p | ,
4) . ,
,
, .
C[ ] L ( ).
T : E E | ,
, T
p : C[t] L (E ),
, ' : C[t] L (E ) T = '(t).
. M C, A | -
10
1. :
w
p /
L (E )
w;
w
w
w
A
(1.1)
F (M )
M C. , 1.1,
.
1.1. E = Cn . , T
L (E )
1 ; : : : ; n .
M C, 1 ; : : : ; n , (1.1) A = F (M ).
1.1. , M {1 ; : : : ; n }
, (1.1) A = F (M ).
{1 ; : : : ; n }, , | ,
(T ) T . ,
T L (E ), E , , . . C, T x = x x E .
( E
-; | .) , 1.1 1.1, ;
. - T -
-
,
( ),
T
.
, (1.1). E
( ) , ( L (E ) (1.1) B (E )
E ). A B (E ), ,
1. :
11
- ; ,
A .
, 1.1, . -, : ,
. , 1.1, ,
, ,
.
| |
, .
, 1.1 .
, H = Cn , T | H ,
, . ( , .) 1 ; : : : ; k | .
: 1 < : : : < k . R
H () = {x E : T x = x} |
L
. , H =
H () E 6
H .
{H }R , : H H 6 . ,
H = 0 < 1 H = H > k . , H [i ; i+1 ) (
H ), i :
H (i ). , T
, ,
i
T=
k
X
j =1
j ( E
Ej 1 )
(1.2)
( E0 = 0). ,
1.1,
f (T ) =
k
X
j =1
f (j )(E
E j 1 ) :
12
1. :
H . . 8 , .
T H
{H }R (, , ,
), , T
T=
dE ;
(1.2). T
f (T ) =
f () dE :
,
, T ( | !),
.
, , . (- )
. H = Cn . ,
T L (H ) , ,
L
H = H ().
R
(. . )
T=
R
1H () ;
f (T ) =
R
f ()1H () :
, ,
1. :
13
T=
f (T ) =
R
Z
, H () T ( | ); , ,
, H . | .
, Cn
, . | -, , Cn ?
.
1.2. T L (C2 ) -
T = 00 10 :
, (T ) = {0}. 1.1 , , |
. , ,
f (t) = t.
1.2. T | 1.2. ,
1) S L (C2 ), S 2 = T ;
2) , n > 2
S L (C2 ), S n = T ;
3) T (1.1) () A = C (R).
,
,
t . ,
.
1.3. 1) , T 1.2
(1.1) A = C 1 (U ), U R |
.
2) T L (Cn ). , (T ) R. ,
U R, (T ), (1.1) A = C n1 (U ).
n
14
1. :
1.2 , Cn
. , , ,
, . (c ), ,
.
2.
2.1.
, . .
2.1. (, ) C,
, , :
. , |
. .
1. 1 C[t].
2. F (S ) ( CS ),
S , .
3. ` (S ), .
S - , F (S ) , ,
2.1 ( ).
1 , | ,
. C , C.
16
2.
. .
4. C () .
5. C (M ) M .
6. O (V ) V .
, , ,
.
7. C(t) .
8. C[[t]] . ,
P
an tn ( an C |
n=0
P
),
an tn
bn tn = cn tn ,
n
n
n
P
cn =
ai bj ( C[t] C[[t]]).
P
i+j =n
2.2 ( ). .
1. L (E ) E .
2. B (E ) E .
2.3. A | . a A , a1 A,
aa1 = a1 a = 1. a1 a.
2.1. , a ,
.
A
. , a; b ,
b1 a1 ab. A Inv(A).
.
2.4. A | . a A ( ), 1
1
a
` A ( ar A),
1
1
a` a = 1 ( aar = 1).
2.1.
17
2.2. 1. a .
1
a
` ?
2. , a , ,
1
1
1
a
` = ar = a .
3. , A a A ( ), .
4. A?
,
.
2.3. 1. C C(t) .
2. p C[t] deg p = 0 (. . p |
).
P
3. a = an tn C[[t]] a0 6= 0
n=0
(!).
4. f F (S ) f (x) 6= 0 x S .
C (), C (M ) O (V ).
5. f ` (S ) " > 0,
|f (x)| > " x S .
6. T L (E ) .
7. E | . T B (E ) .
2.1. . 6, , . 7 |
( ) :
,
.
2.3. . 7, E | (
) ?
, , .
2.5.
A | , a A.
a
A (a) = { C : a 1 }:
18
2.
2.4. A = F (S ), f A.
2.3 (4) ,
(f ) f 1 x S : (f 1)(x) = 0
x S : f (x) = f (S ):
, (f ) = f (S ) (
). ,
C (), C (M ) O (V ).
2.2. , C.
, S C, S 6= , S = A (a) A = F (S )
a(t) = t.
2.4. f ` (S ). , ` (S ) (f ) = f (S )
( f (S )).
2.5. 1. C[t], C(t)
C[[t]].
2. A a A, .
2.5. A = L (E ), E |
, T L (E ).
(T ) = { C : Ker(T 1E ) 6= {0}}
| T .
,
.
2.6. , E , , .
2.3. ,
, , E ( ).
, .
2.1. ' : A B | .
(1) a A , '(a) B
'(a)1 = '(a1 ).
(2) a A B ('(a)) A (a).
( ). (1) , (2) (1) a 1.
2.1.
2.4.
19
A | , B A | ,
A, A (b) B (b) b B . , A (b) 6= B (b) (. 2.4 2.4).
2.6. A | , B A | , A. B , , A, B .
2.2. A | , B | . A (b) = B (b) b B .
, | , C () | F (). , S ` (S ) F (S )
(. 2.4 2.4).
,
. ,
-, A | .
2.1. 1 ab 1 ba .
. , A = C, ,
C . , |a| < 1 |b| < 1,
P
c = (1 ab)1 . c = (ab)n . ,
n=0
(1 ba)1 =
n=0
1 ab c = (1 ab)1 .
d = 1 + bca. , d(1 ba) =
= (1 ba)d = 1, . . d = (1 ba)1 .
2.3. a; b A (ab)
{0} = (ba) {0}.
.
= (ab) 6= 0. 1 1 ab
. 2.1 1 1 ba .
ba 1 , . . = (ba).
2.7. 1. A a; b A, (ab) 6= (ba).
2) , A , (ab) = (ba)
a; b A.
.
20
2.
2.2.
,
( 2.2), ( 2.5).
, , ` (S ) ( 2.4). | ,
.
2.7. | A C, , kabk 6
6 kakkbk a; b A. A ,
, k1k = 1. |
.
kabk 6 kakkbk ( ,
)
,
k1k = 1. ( , | ...) ,
, , |
A .
2.1. E; F | . T : E F ,
, . . C > 0, kT xk 6 C kxk
x E . C T .
2.8. E; F; G | . , R : E F G
, . . C > 0, kR(x; y)k 6 C kxkkyk
x E , y F .
, .
2.2. k k1 k k2 |
E . , k k1 k k2
( k k1 k k2 k k2 k k1 ), C > 0, kxk2 6 C kxk1 x E . k k1 k k2
(k k1 k k2 ), k k1 k k2 k k2 k k1 .
Ti | E ,
k ki (i = 1; 2).
k k1 k k2
T1 , T2 .
2.2.
21
, .
A
A A A
2.4.
| , ,
.
k k0 , .
, , k1k0 = 1.
. 2.8 C > 0,
kabk 6 C kakkbk a; b A. , , k k00 = C k k . , A . a A La : (A; k k00 )
(A; k k00 ), La (b) = ab, kak0 = kLa k. , k k0 .
, .
2.6. | B (E )
E . B (E ) | L (E ).
` (X ), X | , kf k = sup |f (x)|.
2.7.
xX
2.8. | .
C () |
` () , , . , C () | ` ().
1. C n [a; b] , .
2. C n [a; b], .
2.9.
22
2.
2.10 ( ). X | , 2X | . ,
A 2X -,
:
1) X A ;
2) S A , X \ S SA ;
3) {Sn }
n=1 A , Sn A .
n
A | - X . , f : X
C A -, f 1 (U ) A
U C. BA (X ) A - X . ,
, , BA (X ) | ` (X ) , ,
.
. X |
, A | - , . . -, .
A - ,
BA (X ) B (X ).
, A - ,
. . : A [0; +), S
P
,
Sn = (Sn ) n=1
n=1
{Sn } A . (X; A ; ) . (, ) - A , - . - M A ,
- M. X , M,
- . BM (X )
BA (X ), M 6= A . , [a; b], , B [a; b] 6= BM [a; b]
( , ).
2.11 (
. , f; g : X C
- ( ),
, . . {x X : f (x) 6= g(x)} = 0.
f [f ].
f : X C ,
2.2.
23
E X ,
(X \ E ) = 0. (- : , .)
f
ess sup |f | = inf {kf |E k : E X; (X \ E ) = 0}:
, ,
ess sup |f | . L (X; ) X .
, M- A -
: , M-
A -. (,
), L (X; ) |
, k[f ]k = ess sup |f | f [f ]. , L (X; ) |
.
, ,
L (X; ), , ,
.
,
. .
2.8. A | .
I A ( ),
ab I a A b I ( a I
b A). , , -
, .
I A | , A=I
,
(a + I )(b + I ) = ab + I .
E | , E0 E | . E=E0 , kx + E0 k = inf {kx + yk : y E0 }. , x + E0 . , , | , . . , E E=E0 ,
x 7 x + E0 , . E=E0 (!).
24
2.
, A | , I A | . A=I |
.
2.10. , A=I . , , A k1A k = 1,
k1A=I k = 1.
, A=I A
I .
2.11. (X; ) | .
I0 = {f BA (X ): f = 0 }. , I0 |
BA (X ) BA (X )=I0 L (X; ).
2.5. f : X C
L (X; )
, (f 1 (U )) = 0 U C.
. , f | L (X; ) , 1=f E X , (X \ E ) = 0.
, " > 0 E |f (x)| > ". ,
U "- C. ,
U ,
E = X \ f 1 (U ).
2.9. f : X C | . C
f , (f 1 (U )) > 0
U 3 , U C.
2.1. f L (X; ).
(f ) .
2.12. , | C.
, , ,
, . , ,
.
2.3.
25
, , ,
.
2.12 ( ). K |
C, Int K | .
C (K ):
P (K ) = {p|K :
p C[t]} ( C (K ));
A (K ) = {f C (K ): f |Int K }:
, P (K ) A (K ), A (K ) | C (K ).
D = {z C : |z | < 1} T = {z C : |z | = 1}. A (D)
.
2.13. ,
1) P (D) = A (D);
2) P (T) 6= A (T);
3) P (T) A (D) .
2.14. , P (T) (f ) f P (T)
f (T), f .
, P (T) C (T) .
P (T) (f ).
2.3.
,
.
2.1.
A | .
P
an .
n=0
(2) Inv(A) A.
(3) Inv(A) Inv(A), a 7 a1 , .
n
P
n
P
(1)
kak k 6
kakk , A
k=0
k=0
, , (1) A kak < 1
n
P
b A. n Sn =
ak . .
k=0
, (1 a)Sn = Sn (1 a) = 1 an+1 . n
(1 a)b = b(1 a) = 1, . . b = (1 a)1 , .
26
2.
P
kbk < 1. (1) , (1 b)1 = 1 +
bn , n=1
k(1 b)1 1k 6
n=1
kbkn =
kbk
:
kbk
(2.1)
. : A C ,
, kk > 1, a A, kak < 1,
(a) = 1. 2.1 1 a . ,
(1 a) C. .
.
2.3.
27
2.6. , .
2.16. 2.1 ? 2.2?
.
2.2.
| ,
.
(1) ( ) | C;
(2) ( ), | | 6 k k.
a
a
a A |
. Ra Inv(A) ( 2.1). ,
, |
. .
, ,
.
2.12. E | , U C | . ' : U C ,
28
2.
'(z ) '(z0 )
z0 U zlim
.
z0
z z0
' z0 '0 (z0 ).
2.7. ' : U E | , f E f ' : U
C (f ')0 (z ) = f ('0 (z ))
z U . (. .
f ' f E '),
.
2.6 ( ).
a ( ) a ( ) = ( ) a ( ) a ( ).
R
R
R R
.
a 1 a 1.
Ra z C \ (a).
2.7.
0
C \ ( ), a
( ) = a ( )2
a
R z
R z
2.3. , |: E |
, x E , x 6= 0,
f E , f (x) 6= 0.
2.3. .
2.4 (, ).
| (. . ,
).
C.
2.4.
29
. a A.
(a) 6= , a 1 C. A | ; , a 1 = 0, . . a = 1.
a A A = C1, .
2.17.
| -
2.4.
.
A | , a A | .
.
2.13. a
p : C[t] A,
p (t) = a.
2.8.
.
f
f (a).
a A a
C[t]
p (f )
2.5 ( ).
= f ((a)) f C[t].
a ;:::;a
2.3. 1
n | . 1
1
n
n .
a :::a
2.18.
a ;:::;a
2.19. 1. , a1 ; : : : ; an .
2. , dim A < a1 ; : : : ; an .
. deg f = 0 (?).
deg f > 0. C
f : f (t) = c(t 1 ) : : : (t n ), c 6= 0. ,
{1 ; : : : ; n } = f 1 (). f (a) 1 = c(a 1 1) : : : (a n 1),
30
2.
2.3 ,
(f (a)) f (a) 1
i : a i 1
(a) f 1 () 6= f ( (a));
.
2.20. .
1. a; b,
[a; b] = ab ba 1.
2. , L (E ), E | ( | ) .
2.8. ,
. , q p
[q; p] = i~1, ~ | .
,
( ).
, .
(, , ), ...
.
2.21. 1. A | , a A | . , (a1 ) = {1 : (a)}. (,
, (a1 ) = (a)1 .)
2. E | , T B (E ) | . , (T ) T.
.
M C R(M ) C(t), M .
,
R(M ) = {f C(t): p; q C[t]; f = p=q; q(z ) 6= 0 z M }:
, , A | , a A | .
2.4.
31
2.14. a M
r : R(M ) A,
r (t) = a.
a M , .
f R(M )
r (f ) f (a).
2.6.
, ( )
; .
a
( ). , (a) M .
f R(M ) f = p=q, p q | q M .
, q(a) A .
r (f ) = p(a)q(a)1 . ,
r : R(M ) A |
.
r (. 2.1 (1)). (a) M .
2.9 ( ).
2.7.
| ,
C | .
{a A : (a) M }
R (M ) A
, ,
, ,
,
: ( )
( ), ( ) = .
a A
RM
A
z M
f R(M ) z M . f f = p=q,
p; q C[t] q M ,
t
tz
32
2.
f (z ) = p(z )=q(z ). f~ M ,
f~(z ) = f (z ) z M . f 7 f~
R(M ) CM . , , M ;
R(M ) CM .
2.22 ( ).
6=
2.10. , f R(M ) , f (z ) 6= 0 M , . . f~ | CM .
R(M ) (f ) = C (f~) = f (M ):
M
A (
r (f )) = R((a)) (f ):
,
r (,
; . 2.1 (2)). .
2.5.
A | , a A |
.
r a) = sup{|| : (a)}
a A.
2.15. (
2.23.
C n [a; b]?
2.5.
33
2.24. A = B (Cn ), Cn
. , T B (Cn ) . ,
r(T ) = kT k.
2.14. A = B (C2 ), T
0
1
T = 0 0 (. 1.2). (T ) = {0}, r(T ) = 0;
, kT k 6= 0.
, , .
2.25. A | , a
A | (. . an = 0 n). , (a) = {0}.
2.4. , |.
| ,
| . ,
( ) C
.
.
fM
A |
a A
r(a) = nlim
kan k1=n = inf kan k1=n :
2.8 ( ).
, .
, r(a) 6 inf
kan k1=n
n
r(a) > lim
kan k1=n ; n
, r(a).
(a), n (an ) .
|n | 6 kan k || 6 kan k1=n . inf n N, sup
(a), r(a) 6 inf
kan k1=n .
n
D = { C :
|| < 1=r(a)} ( r(a) = 0, D = C),
f A f () = f ((1 a)1 ), D.
, 7 (1 a)1 = 1 Ra (1 )
D \ {0} 1 0 (. 2.7 2.1).
, f D ( P
) : f () = cn n
n
D.
.
34
2.
2.3. (. 2.25.)
, lim k n k1=n = 0.
(a) = {0}
a A ,
.
2.26. , ?
, , . ,
,
.
2.16.
B A|
b B.
2.4.
| ,
, 1A . B ( ) = A ( )
r b
r b
.
M C @M
.
2.27. ,
@B (b) @A (b) b B .
2.17. A | , a A.
(a)
a f (a).
2.5.
35
, f (a) (a) .
2.28. 2.4 , f;B (b) =
= f;A (b) b B .
,
A = A (K ) B = P (K ) (, K = T a(z ) = z ).
. . [29]; . [30]. , |
. . [15]. ( ) [4].
, , |
. . [21]. A (K ) P (K ) (. 2.12)
. [5].
. [26, 20, 10].
3.
3.1. , .
B (E ), E | , ,
.
3.1 ( ). E | `p (
1 6 p 6 ), c0 (, c0 | , sup-).
, E | x = (xn ),
. ` M B (E ), M (x) = (n xn ) x = (xn ) E .
3.1. , ' : ` B (E ), 7
7 M , . , , kM k = kk = sup |n |.
'
3.1.
, , : B(E ) ( ( )) = ` ( ). ,
'
. , Im ' |
B (E ), . . `
M .
n N en E
n- ,
M en = n en . ` , . . 0 {n }nN , .
1) n, n = 0. M en = 0,
M , , .
2) n n 6= 0. {n } {n }, . M (en ) =
= n en 0 k . , , , . M .
k
3.1.
37
, ' : L (X; ) B (E ),
f 7 Mf , . , , kMf k = kf k = ess sup |f |.
3.2.
3.1.
,
, T 1 .
, S | E . ? -, , Ker S 6= 0 ( | ).
-, , Ker S = 0, Im S 6= E (
!). : Im S E , . S = T 1
.
3.1.
T B (E ) -
r (T ) = { C \ p (T ): Im(T 1) 6= E }:
, (T ) = p (T ) t c (T ) t r (T ). ,
p (T ) | T . E , (T ) = p (T ), c (T )
r (T ) . , .
38
3.
3.2. E = `p ( 1 6 p < ) E = c0 ,
M B (E ) | ` (. 3.1). p (M )= {n }, c (M )= {n }\{n }
r (M ) = .
. M en = n en ,
{n } p (M ). , C 6= n n, M 1 = M1 | 1 = (n ) . , ,
Ker(M 1) = 0 = p (T ). , (M ) = {n },
=
6 n n. en = (n )1 (M 1)en
Im(M 1) n.
en (n N) E ; , Im(M 1) E ,
. . c (M ).
3.4.
E = ` .
E = Lp (X; ) ( 1 6 p < ), Mf
B (E ) | f : X C (. 3.2). , p (Mf ) =
= { C : (f 1 ()) > 0}, c (Mf ) = (Mf ) \ p (Mf ) r (Mf ) = .
3.5.
3.1. 3.5 |
Mt , L2 [0; 1]
(Mt g)(x) = xg(x). (Mt ) = c (Mt ) = [0; 1],
.
, ,
. , .
3.6. 1. f | . , |
.
2. f L (X; ); , f
?
3. , ,
f L (X; ) ?
3.7.
E = L (X; ).
3.2.
39
3.2. .
,
.
3.1. E; F | , T : E
F | . T : F E , T f = f T ,
T . , kT k = kT k.
,
.
3.8. , T B (E; F ) | , T |
.
3.2. , (?)
. E F ( ).
(T 1E ) = T 1E T B (E ), .
3.1. T B (E ); (T ) = (T ).
, T T .
| , ?
.
3.9. T B (E; F ) | . ,
1) Im T = F Ker T = 0;
2) Im T = E Ker T = 0;
3) , E , | .
T 1 (
T B (E )), .
3.3. T B (E ).
1) p (T ) p (T ) r (T );
2) c (T ) c (T ) r (T );
3) r (T ) p (T );
4) p (T ) p (T ) r (T );
5) c (T ) c (T );
40
3.
6) r (T ) p (T ) c (T ).
7) c (T ) = c (T );
8) r (T ) p (T ).
.
E = `p ( 1 6 p 6 )
E = c0 . Tr B (E ) Tr (x) = (0; x1 ; x2 ; : : :) x = (x1 ; x2 ; : : :) E . , , kTr k = 1. T` B (E )
Tr (x) = (x2 ; x3 ; : : :). , , (
), kT` k = 1 (?).
3.3 ( ).
`q (`p ) ; y 7 fy ; fy (x) =
xi yi ;
. `1 (c0 ) .
, .
, (` ) `1 .
3.10.
, `p
1 < p < , c0 , `1 ` | .
3.11.
(`p ) `q , , ,
. , , .
: , |
1 .
3.2. S B (E ) T B (F ) | . ( ),
1 : ,
3.2.
41
( ) U : E F ,
E
U
S /
E
T /
F
, S B (E ) T
, (S ) = (T ) p , c , r .
3.13. 1 6 p < 1=p + 1=q = 1. Tr | `p ( c0 ), T` | `q ( `1 ). , (Tr ) T` .
(T` ) Tr .
3.4. 1 < p < Tr ; T` B (`p ) |
3.12.
B (F )
1) (Tr ) = (T` ) = D;
2) p (Tr ) = , c (Tr ) = T, r (Tr ) = D;
3) p (T` ) = D, c (T` ) = T, r (T` ) = .
. -, , D, 1.
. ,
42
3.
1 : , ( n )
, , .
3.2.
43
(. 3.1 3.2).
|
.
3.5. 1. Tb `2 (Z)
Mz B (L2 (T)), (Mz f )(z ) = zf (z ), .
2.
2
( n ) B ( (Z)), ( n ) ( ) =
.
T L2 (T)
( n xn )nZ ,
: (Uf )n = hf; z n i =
Z
= T f (z )z n dz .
(.
3.5),
3.12.
3.2. Tb B (`2(Z)) | . (Tb ) = c (Tb ) = T.
3.3. T B (L2 (T)) | . p (T ) = { n }nZ r (T ) = . ,
1) | , (T ) = { n }nZ ;
2) , (T ) = T.
. | , { n }nZ
. ,
.
3.1 3.2.
3.15. :
1) Ts B (L2 (R)) Me
B (L2 (R)), (Me
f )(t) = eist f (t), .
2) (Ts ) = c (Ts ) = T.
. .
3.16. (, , ) 3.4,
`p - Lp - p 6= 2, c0 (Z)
( ) C0 (R), C (T).
ist
ist
44
3.
3.5 3.15 ,
`2 (Z), L2 (T) L2 (R) | . | ,
, ,
. .
, . ,
`2 .
3.3. | L2 (T), :
H 2 = {f L2 (T): hf; z n i = 0 n < 0}:
, H 2 f L2 (T),
.
,
.
3.17. f
D C 0 < < 1
kf k =
1
2
Z
|f (eit )|2 dt
1=2
, H 2 , , :
H 2 = {f : D C : f kf k = lim
kf k < }:
1
.
.
3.18. , `2 Mz (.
3.5 (1)) H 2 .
, , , .
, .
3.3 3.4 (
), : . , -
3.3.
45
,
, . , , .
3.4. S B (E ) T B (F ) | . ( ), ( ) U1 ; U2 : E F ,
E
U1
S /
E
T /
F
U2
.
, , , . , , : 1E . ,
. ,
(!), , ,
. .
.
3.19. T | 3.3
3.4, , T. ,
T 1 T 1 . , ,
(T ) 1 (T ) p , c r .
3.3.
3.5. T B (E; F ) , T : E
Im T | .
3.20. .
1. T ,
. . c > 0, kT xk > ckxk x E .
2. T
Im T .
?
46
3.
3.6.
T B (E )
ap (T ) = { C : T 1 }:
T
su (T ) = { C : Im(T 1) 6= E }:
T
com (T ) = { C : Im(T 1) 6= E }:
.
3.6.
1) p (T ) su (T ) = (T ),
2) ap (T ) com (T ) = (T ),
3) p (T ) ap (T ),
4) com (T ) su (T ).
. . ,
, .
, . ,
, 1
:
ap
com
2
5
p ( T ) = 1 2
ap (T ) = 1 2 3 4
com (T ) = 2 4 5
r ( T ) = 4 5
c ( T ) = 3
su (T ) 2 3 4 5
| ap (T ), |
p (T ), | com (T ). ,
, .
1 . ; . [28].
3.3.
47
T
( T B (E )), .
3.7.
1) ap (T ) = su (T );
2) su (T ) = ap (T );
3) com (T ) = p (T );
4) p (T ) com (T ).
5) p ( ) = com ( ).
T
1
T B (E ).
, , ,
(., , 3.2 3.4) |
, . ,
. , .
T
@ T
3.8. ap ( )
B ( ) ( ).
su ( ). ,
ap ( ) su ( ) | C.
T
T
T
( ). -
3.23. :
1)
B (E ).
2) ap (T ) .
48
3.
3.24. A | . :
1) a A kbk < ka1 1 k , a b ;
xn
;
n )1 xn k
n .
)
kyn k = 1 (T n )yn 0
,
(T )yn = (T n )yn ( n )yn 0 (n ):
, ap (T ), .
3.25. , su (T ), . 3 3.21.
. ,
B (E ) ap (T ) su (T ).
. T B (E ) | F E | , T (. . , T (F ) F ).
T |F | F . | (T |F ) (T )? ( !) , (T |F ) (T ),
| . , , f (T )
(. 2.17), (T )
. , .
3.9. T B (E ) | F
E | ,
(T |F ) f (T ).
T.
( ). U = C \ f (T ); f (T ) , ( ) C.
U || > kT k,
(T 1)1 = 1 (1 1 T )1 =
(n+1) T n
3.3.
(. 2.1). , (T
x F .
1)1 x F
49
-
U
E | , F E | , f : U E | . ,
f (M ) F M U , U . f (U ) F .
3.1 ( ).
C | ,
.
,
f (x) = (T 1)1 x ( x F | ). , (T 1)1 x F U , T |F 1F B (F ) U , . .
= f (T ).
3.5. 3.9,
( ) , Tb B (E ) ( E {`p ; c0 }) c T. ,
F = {x E : xn = 0 n 6 0};
T |F Tr ,
(Tr ) = D (. 3.4). 3.9 , D | C \ (Tb ).
, Tb | E ,
(Tb ) T (. 2.21).
, (Tb ) = T.
3.26.
, ,
,
[30]; . . [26], . [5, 8].
, . . [43];
. . . [28].
4.
,
,
(. 2.4). , . . ,
. A | , : ,
.
,
.
4.1.
, , , . , ,
,
(. .
), .
. |
, .
4.1. k k : E [0; +) E ( ), :
1) kxk = ||kxk C, x E ;
2) kx + yk 6 kxk + kyk x; y E .
, | , .
4.2. E , {k ki : i I } ( I | ), .
4.1.
51
E | , ,
. , x E , " > 0 i I
52
4.
,
, ,
( ; . 4.4),
|, . , . , ,
.
(E; {k ki : i I }) | ,
.
4.3. , {xn } E x E , kx xn ki 0 i I .
4.4. , E
, x E
i I , kxki > 0.
. , .
4.1. U C | , O (U ) | U . K U k kK O (U ), kf kK = sup |f (z )|. ,
zK
, -. 4.3 , fn f , f
U .
.
().
( ) O ( ).
RU
U C
, , | , ,
(). ,
.
4.1.
53
{k kK :
K DR | };
{k kr :
0 < r < R}
{k krn :
n N}
O (DR ) .
, - O (U ), U = DR , (, , U ). ?
4.8. ,
(E; {k ki : i I }) , I0 I , {k ki : i I0 } .
4.9. , O (U ) .
4.3. ( ),
E (,
54
4.
) I0 I , , .
, , ,
.
, .
4.5. | A, ,
a A
La : A A; b 7 ab; Ra : A A; b 7 ba;
. A A A, (a; b) 7 ab,
A .
,
(
| ). .
4.10. , O (U ) | .
4.2. :
,
, . ,
A | , a A | , U C |
. , O (U )
U , - . t O (U ) t(z ) = z .
4.6. a U
h : O (U ) A,
h (t) = a.
4.1. ,
a U
.
(. .
1)
2) (a) U ;
3) .
h |R(U ) = r );
4.2.
55
h (t) = a, | .
,
h
.
U | .
4.2. DR = {z C : |z | < R} | R,
(a) a A. ( R = DR = C.) a DR
.
. f O (DR ) P
P
: f (z ) = cn z n . , cn an n
n
A. , r(a) < < R; (.
2.5) , N N, kan k1=n < n > N .
, C := sup kan k=n < .
|cn |kan k 6 C
|cn |n
(4.3)
cn an .
h (f ).
n
,
h : O (DR ) A ,
h (t) = a. , (4.3) ,
k
h (f )k 6 C kf k f O (DR ) (. 4.2),
h .
P
, , . , a A exp(a) =
P
=
an =n!.
n=0
U C | , (a),
a U ,
, : U
U . , U
.
56
4.
4.1. V U | , U V ,
@V .
f O (U ) z V -
f (z ) =
1
2i
@V
f ( )
z
d
(4.4)
( @V , , ).
a A : V
, (a) V V U , a z (4.4)
f (a) =
h (f ). ,
, ,
.
:
E |Z , f : [a; b] E | . b
a f (t) dt , , . .
4.7. x E f
Z b
[a; b] ( a f (t) dt), ! E b
Z b
Z b
f (t) dt
6 kf (t)k dt 6 kf k (b a);
a
a
kf k = sup kf (t)k.
t[a;b]
Z b
4.2.
57
4.8. ` | C,
: [a; b] C C 1 .
f : ` E Z
Z b
` f (z ) dz = a f (
(t))
0 (t) dt.
, f
. , V C | , @V
, f @V ,
V .
a A
4.1.
| ,
|
,
C | , ( ).
h : O ( )
.
a
U
. V
@V , , , (a) V V U .
f O (U )
h (f ) =
1
2i
@V
,
h : O (U ) A ( ) . , (!), C > 0,
k
h (f )k 6 C kf k@V f O (U ). ,
h .
, ,
h |
h (t) = a. ,
:
(1)
h (1) = 1;
(2)
h ((t )f ) = (a 1)
h (f ) f O (U ), C.
, ,
h (f ) = f (a) f ; ,
h (t) = a. , = U , (a 1)n
h ((t )n ) =
h (1) = 1,
h ((t )n ) =
= (a 1)n n N.
58
4.
h | . ,
(1) (2).
(1)
! A R > 0, R > kak V DR .
7 !(( 1 a)1 ) DR \ V , .
,
!( h (1)) =
1
2i
@V
!(( 1 a)1 ) d =
1
2i
, @ DR
@ DR
( 1 a)1 = 1 (1 1 a)1 =
n=0
n1 an
(. 2.1), @ DR .
(4.5) :
::: =
n=0
!(an )
1
2i
@ DR
n1 d = !(1):
!
(1).
(2):
A -
@V
= 2i
1
Z@V
@V
f ( )( 1 a)1 d =
@V
f ( )( 1 a)( 1 a) d =
1
2i
@V
f ( ) d 1 = 0;
4.2.
59
f U . , (2)
. , ,
h | .
,
.
4.12. (a) V U , U; V | C. rUV : O (U ) O (V ) , U V .
hU
hV | a U V . , :
O (U ) O
U
rU V
O (V )
OOhO
OO'
7A
ooo
oooV
h
,
,
h (f ) f (a) f ,
(a).
-
, . . .
, .
4.13. A | , a A |
, f | ,
(a). ,
f (a):
1) A = C (), a A | ;
2) A = ` , a A | ;
3) A = L (X; ), a A | ;
4) A = B (`p ) B (c0 ), a = M | ;
5) A = B (Lp (X; )), a = Mf | ;
6) A = B (`2 (Z)), a = Tb | ;
7) A = B (`2 ), a = Tr | .
, . -
60
4.
, .
.
K | C. (U; f ),
U K | f O (U ).
, (U; f ) (V; g),
W K , W U V f |W = g|W . K , O (K ). ,
O (K ) ,
.
R(M ) (. 2.4),
f O (K ) f (z ) z K , f (z ) z
. f~: K C, f~(z ) = f (z ). O (K ) CK , f 7 f~, , , . , , K
(?). , ,
(. 2.10).
4.14. 1. , f O (K ) , f~ CK , . . f (z ) 6= 0
z K .
2. , O (K ) (f ) = C (f~) = f (K )
f O (K ).
O (K ) .
U K rUK : O (U ) O (K ) , . k k O (K ) , U K f 7 krUK (f )k O (U ).
O (K ) ,
.
4.4.
; - .
: O (K ) =
lim
O (U ).
K
U K
, , D , .
4.15. E | . , T : O (K ) E -
4.2.
61
, U K T rUK : O (U )
E .
O (K ). , .
4.16. O (K ) - , , . , , , , O (K ).
, O (K ) | .
4.17 .
a A
4.2.
| ,
|
,
C | , ( ). K : O ( ) , h
K
h ( ) = .
a
K A
t a
. f O (K ) | ,
g O (U ) ( U K ) | .
hK (f ) =
hU (g). 4.12 ,
hK | ,
hK (t) = a
hK rUK =
hU U K .
hK 4.15, |
(. 4.1, . 3).
hK : O ((a)) A, , a A K (a).
4.9.
4.3.
| ,
C | ,
C | .
n o
O (U ) A
n
o
n o
a A : (a) K O (K ) A
a A : (a) U
62
4.
, ,
( ), , ,
( ), ( ) =
(
).
a A
z K
t
tz
z U
, , 4.2, | (a).
(a)
.
h (f ) ,
, f (a).
4.4 ( ).
O ( (a))
4.14
.
(a) : O ( (a)) A .
4.40 .
h
,
h(a)
(
) . f O ((a)) ; f () = 0
(a). , f = (t )g g O ((a)). ,
(f ) = (a 1)
(g). a 1 ,
(f ) (. 2.3).
4.1. a A exp(a) .
,
. ,
.
4.18. T B (E ) | .
p (f (T )) = f (p (T )),
1) f C[t];
2) f R(M ) ( M (T ));
3) f O (U ) ( U (T ) | );
4) f O (U ) ( U (T ) | ).
c (T ), r (T ), ap (T ), su (T ), com (T ).
.
4.19 ( ).
' : A B | , a A.
, '(f (a)) = f ('(a)) f O ((a)).
.
4.3.
63
4.20 ( ). a A, f O ( (a))
g O ((f (a))). , g(f (a)) = (g f )(a).
.
4.21. (a) ,
. ,
1) n N b A, bn = a;
2) b A, exp(b) = a.
(n n)- , .
4.2. a Mn (C) | , a = exp(b)
b Mn (C). ,
exp: Mn (C) Inv(Mn (C)) | .
4.22.
B (E )? C [a; b]? C (T)? ` ? L (X; )?
exp: A Inv(A), Inv0 (A)
Inv(A) , exp(A)
Inv0 (A) A.
4.23. A | . ,
1) Inv0 (A) | Inv(A);
2) exp(A) Inv0 (A) ;
3) Inv0 (A) = exp(A), A .
4.24 ( ). A = C () |
. , Inv(A)= exp(A) H 1 (; Z).
4.3.
, , B (E ) . ,
p : C[t] B (E ) T B (E )
r : R((T )) B (E ), |
h : O ((T )) B (E ). , - ,
64
4.
( ) :
C[t]
/ R( (T ))
/ O ( (T ))
/A
CC
l l
w
l
w
CC
CC
h wwww l l l
C
r
l
w
C
p CC
ww l ?
C! {wwvlw l l
B (E )
, A
, .
T ,
.
,
.
4.25 (-). :
1) M B (`p );
2) Mf B (Lp (X; ));
3) Tb B (`2 (Z))?
, - U C, , | C (U ).
,
.
.
U Rn | . () = (1 ; : : : ; n ) Zn+ , , || = 1 + : : : + n
| |
D = @x1 @: : : @x . K U
n
1
Zn+ k kK; C (U ), kf kK; = sup |Df (x)|.
xK
C (U ) . , (?).
4.26. 1. , C (U ) |
.
2) , U C, -
O (U ) , C (U ).
. .
n
4.3.
65
4.10.
B ( ) , -
: C (C) B (E ),
(t) = T (,
, t(z ) = z | ).
4.5. , ,
, .
, .
4.27. T B (E ) | . ,
?
, .
4.28. T B (E ) | . , C = U V U; V T - F; G E , (T |F ) U , (T |G ) V
F + G = E.
. , .
4.6. , ,
, ( ).
.
4.29. ,
.
C (T) T C.
-
dn
it
kf kn = sup dtn f (e )
tR
(n Z+ ). (!), C (C) C (T), f 7 f |T , .
4.30. T B (E ) | . ,
: C (T) B (E ),
(t) = T .
, T | .
. f C (T)
t.
66
4.
.
4.31 . ,
`2 .
. [30]. , ,
[30] (
) .
,
, , . ,
(. 4.2).
. [26],
. [32] [25].
[29]; . [26].
. [39].
[43]; -
. . [11].
5.
,
. , ,
, (. 4.25). .
,
.
, , | ,
.
5.1.
A | ( ) .
5.1. I A , (. . I 6= A)
.
5.1.
.
I A -
. M , A, I .
() : J1 J2 , J1 J2 . , . ,
C S M | ; , , J = {K : K C } | A. 1 = K
K C , 1 = J , , J | . , J | C . ,
, M . , I .
5.1. , , ( ).
68
5.
, , . .
5.2.
| .
.
. I A | , I
. I I 6= I , I = A.
, I A, Inv(A) (. 2.1). , I = A. .
5.1.
O (U )?
C (U )? O (K )?
, , , .
5.2. A | .
, I A A=I | .
.
A .
5.2. ( | ) A (A)
. A X (A) .
, .
. .
5.4. A = C[t] | .
z C z X (A), z (f )= f (z ).
, : C X (A) | .
, | . ,
.
5.1.
69
5.5. 1.
A, .
2. X (A), (A) C(t), C[[t]], R(M ), C (T)
C[t]=(t2 ).
3 . O (K ).
4. X (A) O (U ) C (U ).
, (
), .
5.3.
| . : X ( ) ( ), 7 Ker , | .
A
. I (A) | .
5.2 , A=I | (. 5.2). |, A=I
= C. A A=I A=I C |
X (A), Ker = I . , | , 5.3.
5.1.
|
.
( ) 6= 0 X ( ).
a A
a
.
: a A ,
Aa, ,
I , .
, , A .
5.3. A | .
a A
a^ : X (A) C, a^(x) = x(a) x X (A).
(), A
CX (A) , a 7 a
^, | .
5.4. `A : A CX (A) , `A (a) = a
^, A.
5.2. ,
.
Ker `A =
{Ker :
X ( A) }:
,
A Im `A X (A).
, , -
70
5.
, ,
. , ( , ,
): | .
, X (A) , . . .
| . | , , ,
, ()
(, ).
, , | , , , ...
K - .
, C -.
5.6.
C[t], C[[t]], R(M ), O (U ), C (U ), O (K ) C[t]=(t2 ).
, A X (A) (A) | . , A | , X (A) ( (A); . 5.3) , A
. , .
5.2. *
E | . f E
k kf E , kxkf = |f (x)| x E .
5.5. E ,
{k kf : f E }, E
(E; E ).
5.2.
71
:
k kx E kf kx = |f (x)|
x E
f E .
E ,
{k kx : x E }, * E
(E ; E ).
5.3. , {xn } E x E (E; E ) , f (xn ) f (x) f E (. 4.3).
, {xn } x. {fn } E f E
(E ; E ) , fn (x) f (x) x E .
5.7. , (E; E ) (E ; E ) .
,
.
5.8. 1. , (E; E )
, E , dim E < .
2. , * (E ; E ) , E , kf k = sup |f (x)|,
5.6.
kxk61
dim E < .
, .
5.9. , (E; E ) (E ; E ) , E . ,
(E; E ) , E , (E ; E ) , E ,
kf k = sup |f (x)|.
kxk61
.
5.10. X | .
1. , ' : X (E; (E; E )) , f E
f ' : X C .
2. , ' : X (E ; (E ; E ))
, y E X C,
x 7 '(x)(y), .
72
5.
iE (x) = Fx ; Fx (f ) = f (x) f E :
.
( , E E ),
E .
-. 1) , `p Lp (X; )
1 < p < , ,
2) , c0 , `1 , ` , C [a; b], L1 [a; b], L [a; b]
.
E , * .
5.13. , F : E C
* , -
5.2.
73
Fx () x E ; ,
(E ; (E ; E )) = Im iE .
5.2.
:
1) ;
2) : C
, * .
F E
5.14. , E , E
, * .
* . T B (E; F ) |
. , T
T (. 3.9). , .
5.15. , T B (E; F )
, Im T * E .
, *
.
5.1 (|). -
E UE =
= {f E : kf k 6 1} * .
( ). DU ,
UE = {x E : kxk 6 1} D C. | .
UE DU ,
UE . (!), . , UE
.
5.5. ,
.
5.3.
.
UE
74
5.
5.16. , UE E
(E; E ) ,
E .
5.3.
A. (. 5.3),
() X (A) (A), .
X (A) (A).
* (A ; A) X (A) A X (A) =
= (A).
5.7.
5.4.
.
(A) |
, X (A) UA (. 2.2).
| X (A) UA . f X (A) (
* ) ,
. a; b A " > 0 X (A) , * Ua;b;ab (f; ")
f . : , f a, b ab ".
,
.
5.3.
75
5.2.
| . :
(1) ^ (( )) ;
(2) `A : (( )) | 1;
(3) k^k = ( ) ;
() (. . `A );
(4) A ( ) = ^T
(5) Ker `A = { : ( )} = { : ( ) = 0}.
a C
A
a r
a
A
C
a
a
I I
a A
a A
a A
A
a A a
. (1) a
^ ,
X (A) A Fa = iA (a) A ,
* (. 5.13).
(4) a A , a^() = (a) = 0 X (A) (. 5.1), a^ |
C ((A)). , `A , , .
(3) . (4)
sup- C ((A)).
(2) . (3) , ka^k = r(a) 6 kak a A.
(5) . (3), 5.2 5.3.
, . (5)
, .
5.8. |
T
Rad = {
, Rad = {0}.
I : I (A)}.
5.6. ( ) . ., , [16].
, , , |
.
(. 2.2).
5.17. A B | , B . ,
A B .
76
5.
5.4. :
, .
C (X ) X . , ,
.
5.3. X | .
x; y X , x 6= y, f C (X ), f (x) 6= f (y).
; , ,
:
z 7 (x; z ).
C (X ), 5.3, : C (X ) X .
5.5. X | , A = C (X ) | -
X .
X : X (A); x 7 X;x ; X;x (f ) = f (x);
.
. X
5.3.
.
5.1 ( ). I C (X ) | .
x X , f (x) = 0 f I .
. ; x X
fx I , fx (x) 6= 0.
fx Ux 3 x, fx (y) 6= 0
y Ux . X ,
x1 ; : : : ; xn X , Ux1 : : : Ux = X ,
n
n
P
P
f = |fx |2 = fx fx . f I f (x) 6= 0
i=1
i=1
x X . , I f
. .
5.1 , ,
I A Ker X;x x X , ,
Ker X;x . X | .
n
5.4.
77
X 5.10. , f A X C, x 7 X (x)(f ), f .
, X | X (A). , X | .
5.7. 5.5
5.4. ,
-
X X . 5.5 , : -,
X , -, . ,
C[t1 ; : : : ; tn ] ;
| (Nullstellensatz). ( ,
C (X ) C[t]) , ,
[24].
C (X ). , X (C (X )) . ,
.
X Y | , ' : X
Y | .
' : C (Y ) C (X ); ' (f ) = f ' (f C (Y )):
, ' | 1. , ' '.
.
5.6. (1) ' : X Y
: Y Z |
, ( ') = ' .
(2) (1X ) = 1C (X ) .
(3) ' | , ' | .
. (!).
C (X ).
5.7.
| ,
= ( ) | . -
A CX
78
5.
`A :
C ((A)) |
X .
X
A ` C ((A)) C (X )
(5.1)
| A = C (X ) . ,
[X `A (f )](x) = `A (f )(X;x ) = X;x (f ) = f (x)
f C (X ), x X . , X `A = 1A . , X |
(. 5.5), X |
A
(. 5.6). , `A `A = (X )1 .
5.8. , A | - A = C (X ), ,
, X `A | A
C (X ). X | X (A) ( , ), `A A | A.
, C (X ) . , ,
.
5.18. A |
, ( ) a A (
, A {1; a; a2 ; : : :}). ,
a^ : (A) C (a) a^ (A)
(a).
.
5.19.
C n [a; b] A (D).
, , , (. 5.8).
. .
5.5.
79
b | 5.20. K C | , K
K .
, P (K ) (. 2.12) Kb .
.
, ,
( 3.1).
. | ,
.
5.21. A | 2 - , sup-. (A).
5.9. 2.2 : |
. , :
-
- X , a A a^ (A)
(. 5.2, . 4).
5.10. L (X; ) | , ,
. , ` (,
, N ) -
N N.
| .
5.22. A | , a A | , U C | (a)
f O (U ) | . , fd
(a) = f a^.
5.5.
: ( , ).
,
| .
80
5.
.
().
,
.
5.9. , C ,
1) Ob C ( C );
2) X; Y C
hC (X; Y ) ( X Y ); '
' hC (X; Y ) ' : X Y X
Y;
3) X; Y; Z Ob C
.
5.1. S et. | ,
| , | , | . S et | .
5.5.
81
; ,
.
5.2. G r : | ,
| .
: , , ,
, ... ( ).
| .
5.3. T op: | , | .
Comp, | . ,
T op, Comp | .
5.4. | B an, | ,
| ( = ) .
B an | , . . , (
, ).
5.5. B an () B an1 , ,
B an, | , . . ,
1. B an1 | , . . , .
5.6.
, BA . ,
, CBA .
5.7. ,
. C | . X Ob(C ) X X . End(C ) : | (X; '), X Ob(C )
' hC (X; X ), (X; ') (Y; ) |
82
5.
u : X Y C ,
X
u
' /
X
/
(5.2)
. , (5.2) End(C ) , u | C .
, ' . ,
C = B an ,
C = B an1 | (. 3.2).
5.8. C C
: Ob C = Ob C hC (X; Y ) = hC (Y; X ).
C | C ,
.
. , ,
. .
5.12. C D | . ,
F : C D ,
1) X Ob(C ) F (X ) Ob(D );
2) X; Y Ob(C )
F : hC (X; Y ) hD (F (X ); F (Y ));
) F (' )= F (') F ( ) : X Y ' : Y Z ;
) F (1X ) = 1F (X ) X .
, F (') . ,
.
5.13. C D | C D .
, . 2
hC (X; Y ) hD (F (Y ); F (X )), )
F (' ) = F ( ) F (').
5.5.
83
, .
5.8. F : C D | (
), ' | C , F (') |
D.
.
, , ;
(. ) . , , , , .
[22].
-
(.
). ,
.
5.9. : B an
B an E E , T : E F |
T : F E . B an1 B an1 .
, .
5.4.
5.10. C : Comp CBA X C (X ),
' : X Y | ' : C (Y ) C (X ), f 7 f '
(. 5.6).
5.11. : CBA Comp, , A (A),
: A B |
( ): (B ) (A), (B ) (A). , ( ) |
: B A (B ).
5.23. ( ) ?
84
5.
, C ,
. (. 5.5), - X C , ,
, , X .
: X
= (C (X )), X , . ,
.
C , D | F; G : C D | .
5.14.
)
: |
X : F (X ) G(X )
D , X Ob(C ), ,
' : X Y C
F (X )
X
G(X )
F (' ) /
F (Y )
G (' ) /
G(Y )
.
X | X Ob(C ),
( ).
5.12. , B an : 1Ban : B an B an, (. 5.9)
. E iE : E E . (!),
{iE : E E : E Ob(B an)}
| 1Ban .
RB an, , . (
,
, , .)
5.5.
85
5.11. ,
,
, . . , - -.
(, , , , ...) . . 1945 .
(. [38]).
C .
5.24. ,
{X : X (C (X )): X Ob(Comp)}
1Comp C : Comp Comp.
5.25. ,
{`A : A C ((A)): A Ob(CBA )}
| 1CBA
C : CBA CBA .
.
5.26 . , A X hComp (X; (A))
= hCBA (A; C (X )).
A X ( ).
5.12. C , , , .
(. . 2). [29];
,
. 5.3 , , . [13].
. [4, 39, 21] [5].
| . [17]; . . . [3]. ,
86
5.
, | . . . . [7],
. . [18]. , , . [30].
.
* . [30] -
(.
. 4).
6.
C -
. | , . . , .
, :
( | ). ,
, ( ) .
, .
6.1.
-
6.1. H | .
HO 1 o
H1 o
JH1
HO 2
JH2
H2
, T +=JH11 T JH2 . T + , , kT + k =
= kT k. T +
H2 H1 , hT x; yi = hx; T + yi x H1 , y H2 .
88
6. C -
, , T + ( )
T T ( ).
.
, - H , : B (H ) B (H ),
T 7 T , B (H ). , .
6.1. S; T B (H ) ; C.
+ T ;
1) (S + T ) = S
2) (ST ) = T S ;
3) T = T ;
4) kT k = kT k;
5) kT T k = kT k2 .
. 4 , 1|3 | . 5.
, kT T k 6 kT kkT k = kT k2 4. ,
kT xk2 = hT x; T xi = hT T x; xi 6 kT T xkkxk 6 kT T kkxk2
x H . .
.
6.1. A | . : A A, a 7 a ,
, 1|3 6.1. , , . | ,
, ka k = kak
a A. C -,
ka ak = kak2 (a A). C -.
, .
6.2. ' : A B
( - ),
'(a ) = '(a) a A.
, ( , C -) ( ) .
6.1.
C - 89
.
C C -, .
6.1.
6.2.
6.1, B (H ) | C -.
, n > 1,
1) C n [a; b] C -;
2) C n [a; b] C - (. . - C n [a; b] C - A);
3) C n [a; b] C -
;
4) C n [a; b] C - ;
5) A (D).
6.1.
- C -.
6.7. (X; ) | , H =
=L2(X; ). ' : L(X; )B (H ), f L(X; )
Mf B (H ), -. , Mf = Mf
(!), 3.2.
, L (X; )
( ) B (H ). , C -.
6. C -
90
6.1 ( |).
C - A H - A B (H ).
,
,
.
A | .
6.3. a A , a = a. A Asa .
, .
a A b; c Asa ,
a = b + ic. a = (a + a ), b = i (a a ).
6.2.
1
(!).
u A , uu =
= u u = 1 (. . u = u1 ).
6.4.
6.5.
= a a.
a A , aa =
,
.
6.6.
p = p2 = p.
p A ,
.
6.2. 1. , U B (H )
hUx; Uyi = hx; yi x; y H .
2. , P B (H ) | H0 H , P x = x
x H0 P x = 0 x H0 .
6.3. , (.
3.4) L2 - .
6.2.
C -
91
6.2. -.
|
| |
, , , , -
- | , .
C -, .
6.3. A | ,
a A | .
1) a a ; (a )1 =
= (a1 ) .
2) (a ) = { : (a)}.
A | C -, u A | . kuk = 1 (u) T.
6.4.
6. C -
92
A | C -, a A | . eia .
6.5.
.
6.6. A | .
1. , a; b A , ea+b = ea eb .
2. , (ea )1 = ea a A.
.
(eia ) =
X ((ia) )n
n!
X (ia)n
n!
= eia = (eia )1 :
A | C -, a A | . (a) R.
. (a), ei (eia ) 6.6.
. ,
|ei | = 1, R.
6.7.
A | C -.
: A C | -.
. a Asa . (a) R, ((a)) R, . . (a) R. a A ,
a = b + ic, b; c Asa (. 6.2). (b); (c) R
(a ) = (b ic) = (b) i(c) = ((b) + i(c)) = (a),
A | C -, a A | . kak = r (a).
. b Asa kbk2 = kb2 k.
b = a a a,
kak4 = ka ak2 = k(a a)2 k = k(a2 ) a2 k = ka2 k2 :
, kak2 = ka2 k. ,
1
kak2 = ka2 k n. r(a) = lim ka2 k 2 = kak.
n
6.8.
6.7. ?
6.2.
C -
93
|. ,
| |. ( ).
6.2 (|).
| ,
( ) | :
B CX
1) 1 B ;
2) f B , f B ;
3) B X (. . x; y X ,
x 6= y, f B , f (x) 6= f (y)).
B C (X ).
6.3 ( |).
|
-. `A :
(( )) | -.
. a A x (A) = X (A)
6.7
, `A , , . , , B = Im `A
C ((A)) |
(!) C ((A)). .
6.2. ,
C -, C (X ), . ` ? : `
C (X ), X = (` ) = N | - N, (. 5.10).
, - C -, ,
, X C (X ) | C --
6. C -
94
. : , .
, .
6.7. C D | , F : C D | . , F (
) C D ,
G : D C , F G 1D , G F 1C . G F .
F : C D | , ,
C D , F : C D | .
| . C A lg
C - -,
CC A lg | , C -.
|).
.
:
A C
.
: 1Comp
`: 1CC A lg
| .
6.4
C : Comp
CC A lg
CC
lg
omp
6.9.
|
,
| -, :
| -.
k k = 1.
'
' A
'
a a,
6.3.
95
- -
6.3. |
, | ,
C -. (. . ) C - (, , ). C - . . ,
( ) |
, . .
.
C -,
.
A | C -, B A | -, A. B (b) = A (b) b B .
. , B | , . . b B , A,
B . , b B Inv(A); b b Bsa Inv(A), B (b b) R ( 6.6). , t R b b + it1 B . (b b + it1)1 B
(b b)1 A A. t B , , (b b)1 B .
(b b)1 b B | b.
bb , , b B . , b Inv(B ), .
6.5.
6.3. :
, , , ( |
C -) .
96
6. C -
A | , a A |
, K C | . , t C (K )
t(z ) = z .
6.8. a K
-
c : C (K ) A,
c (t) = a.
6.10.
, .
. P C (K ) | , t t (. . t t).
| , P C (K ); ,
c
P .
6.8. , a
K , (a) K .
A , . , .
6.9. A a A, .
A | C -, a A | . K C, (a),
c : C (K ) A a
K . K = (a),
c .
. K = (a) (?). B A | C -, a (. . B = span{am (a )n : m; n Z+ }). , B . = (B ) | . 6.6.
|
`B : B C () | -. ' : B (a), '(x) = a^(x) x . , ' | ; , B (a) = (a)
6.5. ' ,
' : C ((a)) C (), f 7 f ', .
c : C ((a)) A -
6.3.
97
, :
BO
AO
c
1
`
B
C () o
'
C ((a))
( | B A). ,
c | -. , x
1
' (t)(x) = t('(x)) = a^(x),
c (t) = `
B ' (t) = a. ,
c | a K = (a).
6.10. , ' :
(a), , , (. 5.18). ,
' : C ((a)) C () | -.
6.6 (. 2.7
4.3).
6.7.
A | C -, K C |
a A:
(a) K
(
C (K ) A
, ,
, , , : ( )
( ),
( ) = .
a A
tz
z K
CK
t
, .
. A | C -, a A |
.
-, , , .
6.11.
h
c | a (a). , :
O ( (a))
Q
C ((a))
QQhQ
QQ(
6A
mmm
mm
mc
6. C -
98
( | , ).
6.12. (. . 4.12).
, ,
c (f ) f (a)
f , (a) (
, ).
6.13 ( ). ,
f C ((a)) (f (a)) =
= f ((a)).
6.14 ( ). , f
C ( (a)) g C ( (f (a))), g (f (a)) = (g f )(a).
6.15 ( ).
' : A B | - C -. ,
'(f (a)) = f ('(a)) f C ((a)).
6.2 ( ). -
( ( )).
Ca
fd
(a) = f a^
.
, ' A.
(. 4.18),
,
. , ,
.
6.16. T B (H ) | . ,
r (T ) = ; ap (T ) = su (T ) = (T ); p (T ) = com (T ):
. :
1) Ker T = Ker T T T B (H );
2) T , Ker T = Ker T = (Im T ) .
6.17. T B (H ) | , f
C ( (T )). , p (f (T )) = f (p (T ))? c .
6.3.
99
(. 6.1).
6.18. (X; ) | ,
f L (X; ). Mf , L2 (X; ).
, , (
), . , .
6.19 (-). A | C -, a1 ; : : : ; an A |
. (a1 ; : : : ; an )
, Cn n = 1 .
a1 ; : : : ; an
.
C -,
, | . [20].
C - . [12].
. [29, 30, 26, 21]. , (
[30]) | ( 6.1).
( , C -) . . . [2]. | ( 6.2) [26] [23].
. [34]; |
. [42] . . [41].
7.
,
C -
C, . |
,
. C - ,
, ; , , C - | B (H ) | .
. .
7.1.
H | ( , C).
: H H C ; C x; y; z H -
7.1.
,
1) (x + y; z ) = (x; z ) + (y; z );
(x; y) + (x; z ).
2) (x; y + z ) =
, (x;y)= (y;x)
x; y H .
H C, x 7 (x; x), , .
,
.
7.1. , | ,
(x; y) =
1
4
3
X
k=0
ik (x + ik y; x + ik y):
7.2. , , (x; x) R x H .
7.1.
101
H | . ( ) T : H H T H T (x; y) = hT x; yi
(x; y H ).
, T , .
7.3. , S; T : H H | , S = T S = T hSx; xi = hT x; xi x H .
7.1. , R : 90 .
7.4. :
1) T B (H ) T
hT x; xi R x H ;
2) T B (H ) T T = 1;
3) U B (H ) .
7.2. , . 2 3 , . (. . 3).
(. . ), , ,
.
, , , , , , .
.
7.2. 1. T B (H ) ,
T T = 1.
2. V B (H ) ,
(V V ) 2 = V V .
7.5.
.
, T H
T . , .
102
7.
7.3. H , C > 0,
|(x; y)| 6 C kxkkyk x; y H . C
kk.
,
H . ,
7.1.
7.1. , T H T kT k 6 kT k.
, .
7.1.
B (H )
n o
H ; T 7 T ;
| .
. T 7 T
7.3.
| .
y H y : H C, x 7 (x; y). ,
y H ky k 6 kkkyk. S (y) H , (x; y) = hx; S (y)i x H . , S : H H | ; ,
kS (y )k = ky k 6 kkky k y H , . . S kS k 6 kk. T = S ; = T , T 7 T | . , kT k = kS k 6 kT k 6 kT k.
7.2.
. (
); .
X | , A 2X | - .
7.2.
7.4.
,
A1 ; : : : ; An A
103
: A
G
n
i=1
Ai =
n
X
i=1
( Ai ) :
, -.
7.5. , , C > 0,
{Ai }ni=1 A n
P
|(Ai )| 6 C .
i=1
, .
7.1.
.
-
7.6. | A .
| | : A [0 +),
X
n
||(A) = sup
i=1
|(Ai )| :
7.2.
A=
n
G
i=1
Ai ; Ai A :
|| A .
MA (X ) A . , MA (X ) | .
7.3. 7 kk = ||(X )
MA (X ). MA (X )
.
(. 2.10), BA (X ) A - X .
A X A ().
SA (X ) = span{A : A A } BA (X ):
SA (X ) A -.
(), SA (X ) | BA (X ).
7.6. , SA (X ) BA (X ).
104
7.
f BA (X )
I (f ) Z
f X f (x) d(x).
7.7.
7.2 (, ).
MA (X ) BA (X ) ;
7 I ;
| .
X | , A = B or(X ) | - .
BA (X ), SA (X ) MA (X ) B (X ),
S (X ) M(X ) .
7.8.
B or(X ).
X |
7.9. X ,
B B or(X ) " > 0 U B K B , ||(U \ K ) < ".
7.4.
.
--
7.3. : - .
M (X ) M(X ) , .
MX
7.5.
( ) |
M( ) (, ,
).
, .
7.3 (, , ).
M (X ) C (X ) ; 7 I ;
| .
7.3.
- B (X )
105
7.4. jM : M (X ) M(X ) jC : C (X )
B (X ) . | || jC M(X ) M (X ). , jC jM = 1M (X ) . , M (X ) | M(X ), jC |
M(X ) M (X ). ( -
.)
7.3. -
B(X )
- X |
. f B (X )
Ff M (X ) , Ff () = X f d.
B (X ) M (X ) .
M (X ) C (X ) , , : B (X ) C (X ) |
iC (X ) : C (X ) , C (X ) . ,
M(X ) B (X ) , Ff M (X ) | M (X ) iB(X ) (f ) M(X ) , iB(X ) : B (X ) ,
, B (X ) = M(X ) | (. ):
iB(X )
/ B (X )
M(X )
WWWWW
WWWWW
j
WWWWW
WWWWW M
W+
iC (X )
B (X
) WWWWW
O
jC
C (X )
C (X )
M (X )
, k (f )k 6 kf k f B (X ).
, ,
.
7.8. , : B (X ) M (X ) | .
. (f ) , .
7.9.
:
f B (X ) (f ) C (X ) , C (X ) B (X ) , (f ) B (X ) ,
, f B (X ) , B (X ) . ,
k (f )k = kf k.
, B (X ) M (X ) .
.
106
7.
7.10. - B (X )
* (M (X ) ; M (X )) : B (X )
M (X ) .
- B (X ) wm.
Z
{k k : M (X )}, kf k = f d.
X
, fn B (X )
f B (X ) wm
f .
, E
iE : E E E (
, E ). E
, , (E ; E ). , .
7.11. , Im iE E (E ; E ).
, Im iE F E , . C (X ) .
7.1. C (X ) B (X ) 7.10 .
- .
, C (X ) B (X ) , f (x) = f (x). C (X ) B (X ) ( C -;
. 6.3 6.4).
7.11. |
, .
7.1. B (X ) | - .
. f B (X ) ,
Lf : B (X ) B (X ), g 7 fg, - . Z M (X ) f (f )(A) = A f d.
|(f )(A)| 6 ||(A)kf k f . , g S (X )
7.4.
- B (H )
107
fg d = X g d(f ). X
g B (X ) ( ), S (X )
B (X ), , g B (X ). , kfgk = kgkf
g B (X ), Lf : g 7 fg - (. 4.5). , (B (X ); wm) | .
kf k = kf k .
7.12. , X ,
(B (X ); wm) . , , , (. . fn f gn g wm, fn gn fg wm).
Z
H)
7.4. - B (
108
7.
7.5. :
H | , T B (H ) |
, K C | .
, t B (K ) t(z ) = z (z K ).
7.13. T K | -
b : (B (K ); wm) (B (H ); wo),
b (t) = T .
.
7.3.
.
(1) ;
(2) K (T );
(3)
b |C (K ) =
c (. . );
(4)
b : B (K ) B (H ) k
b k = 1.
. (4) ,
b | - C - (. 6.9).
(3) (2) (4) .
(1) (3) C (K ) (B (K ); wm) (. 7.1).
C -,
.
7.4.
|
, : ( ) B ( ) | -.
-
~: ( ( )
) (B ( ) ), :
CX
B X ; wm
H ; wo
/
B (H )
v;
v
v
v
v ~
C (X )
jC
B (X )
. x; y H
Fx;y C (X ) Fx;y (f ) = h(f )x; yi. -
7.5.
109
|| x;y
M (X ),
h (f )x; y i =
f dx;y f C (X ):
(7.1)
X
kx;y k = kFx;y k 6 k kkxkky k = kxkky k (. 6.9).
, ,
x;z
x+y;z = x;z + y;z x;y+z = x;y +
x; y; z H ; C.
(7.2)
, (7.1)
, f . , f B (X )
Z
f (x; y) = f dx;y (x; y H ):
X
(7.2) , f | H .
, x; y H
|f (x; y )| 6 kf k kx;y k 6 kf k kxkky k;
. , 7.1 ~ (f ) B (H ),
Z
h
~ (f )x; yi = f (x; y) = f dx;y (x; y H ):
(7.3)
X
f B (X ),
~ : B (X ) B (H ) . , (7.3) , x; y H
k
~ (f )kx;y = kf k . , ~ - B (X ) - B (H ).
, ~ | -,
.
x;y
A; B
7.1.
| , 0 | , :
|
,
0 -. | -.
'
' A
. , a A
La ; Ra : A A ( )
110
7.
a. ,
'(ab) = '(a)'(b) a; b A0 :
,
(' La )|A0 = (L'(a) ')|A0 a A0 :
A,
A0 A, A. ,
C (X=)
C (X1 )B
jC
==
==
=
F ===
=
C
~
F
B (X )
jC
/ B (X )
|
11BB
11 BBB
~ | |
B
11 BB
|
|
11 BB
!
}|
11
Fx;y 11 B (H )
F~x;y
11
11 "x;y
11
1
C
7.5.
111
, F
C (X ) ( ) wm- B (X ). , Z M (X ), F , F~ (f ) = X f d f B (X ). , ,
, . "x;y B (H ), T B (H )
"x;y (T ) = hT x; yi. :
Fx;y = "x;y T C (X ), F~x;y B (X ) (. ),
F~x;y ~
.
- 7.4 .
7.5.
|
.
C (X ) B (H )
( )
-
:
(B (X ); wm) (B (H ); wo)
, ,
: ( ) B ( ) ( ),
, , : ( ) B ( ) ~
( ).
BX
CX
BX
CX
T
H K
7.6.
B ( ) |
,
C | , ( ).
b : ( ) B ( )
T
BK
. ,
c : C (K ) B (H ) T
K .
6.7 7.5
.
112
7.
7.7.
| ,
.
( )
T B (H ) :
(T ) K
(
C (K ) B (H )
K C | -
)
( )
-
:
(B (K ); wm) (B (H ); wo)
,
, 6.7, | , 7.5.
7.6. | (. . 1): | C[t].
, |
C[t], ,
C[t]. ,
E | E O (C), E
K | E O (K ) (. . 4). 7.7, ,
.
, , .
7.15. (X; ) | , ' : X C |
.
M' , L2 (X; ).
:
1) M `2 ;
2) Mt L2 [a; b],
(Mt f )(x) = xf (x).
`2 (Z), L2 (T) L2 (R).
. | -.
7.16 ( ).
7.5.
113
, .
(. 4.12 6.12).
7.17. K; L C | (T ) K L.
bK
bL T K L , rLK : B (L) B (K ) | .
, :
B (L) QQ
rLK
B (K )
QQbQ
Q(
B (H )
mm6
m
m
mm
K
b
, (T ),
b (f ) f (T ) (
f (T )).
, , :
(. 4.2 6.3). , ( 6.6).
, .
7.18. 1.
b : B ((T )) B (H )?
2. , (f (T )) = f ((T )) f B ((T ))?
3. K (T ) | , f B (K ), L f (K ) | , g B (L). , g(f (T )) = (g f )(T )?
7.7. , (f (T )) = (
b (f )) (f ) = f (K ) L.
(.
4.21).
7.19. U B (H ) | . , T B (H ),
U = exp(iT ).
, , , .
114
7.
7.20 . , H U B (H ),
exp(T ) T B (H ).
. H L2 (V ) O (V )
V C. (.
4.22.)
8.
| , , , ,
.
| 1 . , ,
.
, . ,
T B (H ) H
T=
m
X
k=1
k E k ;
Ek | .
. , , (, , )
T H
.
,
.
, - T , Ek
, k . ,
, T .
.
(. ).
x;y , x; y H . (. (7.3)),
f (T ) f (T )
hf (T )x; y i =
(T )
1 . [23].
116
8.
, f ()
Z
hT x; y i =
(T )
dx;y ():
: T
( | )
T=
(T )
d(?)()
( - , )? , .
(, ).
, , , . .
. , , .
8.1.
H | . PR(H ) H . ,
PR(H ) H ,
. , . .
8.1.
(
, P; Q PR(H ) -
Q), Im P Im Q.
, P Q P Q =0 QP =0 P + Q
Im(P + Q) = Im P Im Q.
8.1.
PR(H ),
8.1.
8.3.
117
P1 ; : : : ; Pn PR(H ) Pi Pj i 6= j .
n
X
P
|k |
k k
= 1max
6k6n
k=1
1 ; : : : ; n C.
X | , A | - .
8.2. E : A PR(H ) ,
1) E () = 0;
2) E (X ) = 1H ;
n
n
P
F
Ak = E (Ak ) , Ai Aj = i 6= j ;
3) E
k=1
k=1
4) E (A B ) = E (A)E (B ) A; B A .
, , E (A) E (B )
A B = . , 1 3.
8.4. , 3 4.
8.5. - A X .
A PR(C).
8.1. E : A PR(H ) | .
x; y H A A Ex;y (A) = hE (A)x; y i.
Ex;y MA (X ) kEx;y k 6 kxkkyk.
. , Ex;y | A . ,
, {Ai }ni=1 A k = 1; : : : ; n k C ,
|hE (Ak )x; y i| = k hE (Ak )x; y i |k | = 1. 8.3
n
X
k=1
n
X
k=1
X
n
k E (Ak )x; y 6
k=1
X
n
6
k E (Ak )
kxkkyk 6 kxkkyk:
k=1
k hE (Ak )x; yi =
118
8.
8.1. (X; A ; ) | , H =
= L2 (X; ). A A E (A) = M ( A). , , E | A . , ,
1, L2 (X; ) = E1;1 .
.
8.2. : BA (X ) B (H ) | -.
E : A PR(H ); E (A) = (A );
| A .
, . , .
8.1. E : A PR(H ) | - A 2X . - IE : BA (X ) B (H ), IE (A )= E (A)
A
A A .
hIE (f )x; y i =
f dEx;y
(8.1)
f BA (X ) x; y H .
. f BA (X ) x; y H -
f (x; y) =
f dEx;y :
Ex;y , f |
H . , 8.1
|f (x; y )| 6 kf kkEx;y k 6 kf kkxkky k;
f kf k 6 kf k. , IE (f ) B (H ), (8.1). , IE : BA (X )
B (H ) kIE (f )k = kf k 6 kf k f BA (X ).
(8.1) , IE (A ) = E (A) A A ,
8.1.
119
IE SA (X ) BA (X ) , IE : BA (X ) B (H ) | .
IE . ,
Ey;x = Ex;y x; y H ,
hIE (f)x; y i =
f dEx;y =
f dEy;x =
= hIE (f )y; xi = hx; IE (f )yi = hIE (f ) x; yi:
, IE | -. .
8.3. f BA (X ) IE (f ) f E
Z
f () dE ():
X
8.1. , , , 7.4
C (X ) B (X ):
.
8.2 .
8.2. X | , A 2X | - -
n o
-
:
A PR(H )
BA (X ) B (H )
, , : A ( ) B ( ) (. 8.2),
, ,
: A PR( ) E : A ( ) B ( ).
B X
E
B X
, .
8.1. T B (H ) | , K C |
, (T ).
E : B or (K ) PR(H ),
T=
dE ():
(8.2)
120
8.
f B (K )
f (T ) =
f () dE ():
(8.3)
8.2.
( ).
CX
8.1 . ? ,
, , (8.2) (, , (8.3)
E (A) = A (T ) E ). | -
B (X ) B (H ), - wm B (X ) - wo B (H ). ,
,
, , .
, X |
.
8.4.
, E : B or(X )
x; y H Ex;y
PR(H ) ,
or X
8.2.
: B ( ) PR( ) E : ( ) B ( )
- ( ) -
B ( ).
BX
BX
. () E , x; y H
f B (X )
Z
kIE (f )kx;y = |hIE (f )x; y i| = f dEx;y = kf kEx;y :
X
IE .
() x; y H . wm-wo-
IE , 1 ; : : : ; n M (X ) C > 0,
8.2.
C (X ) 121
kIE (f )kx;y 6 C max kf k
16k6n
(8.4)
n
P
|k |; M (X )
f B (X ). =
k=1
> 0. (8.4) f B ,
|Ex;y (B )| = |hE (B )x; y i| 6 C max |k (B )| 6 C(B ):
16k6n
, B =
m
X
|Ex;y (Bk )| 6 C
k=1
|Ex;y |(B ) 6 C(B )
m
X
k=1
m
F
k=1
Bk
(Bk ) = C(B );
B .
Ex;y .
.
8.3.
|
.
C (X ) B (H )
( )
-
(B (X ); wm) (B (H ); wo)
(
)
B or(X ) PR(H )
7.5, | 8.2.
, 7.7, .
8.4.
| ,
.
K C | -
( )
( )
T B (H ) :
-
(T ) K
C (K ) B (H )
( )
(
(B (K ); wm) (B (H ); wo)
B or(K ) PR(H )
122
8.
, , .
8.5 ( ).
| ,
B ( ) | ,
C | , ( ). : B ( ) PR( ),
Z
H
K
T
T
E
T=
or K
dE ():
K
f B (K )
Z
f (T ) =
(8.5)
f () dE ():
. .
8.6. 8.5 , E (B ) =
= E (B (T )) B K ( , E (T )).
8.5. E , , T , E (B ) ( B K ) | . (8.5) T .
8.7. 7.15 7.16 .
, .
8.3. T B (H ) | ,
E : B or(K ) PR(H ) | .
1) Ker(T 1) = Im E ({}) (T );
2) p (T ) = { (T ): E ({}) 6= 0}.
. , B (K ) (t ){} = 0 (, , t t(z ) = z ).
b , ,
(T 1)E ({}) = 0, . . Im E ({}) Ker(T 1). .
8.3.
123
8.8. S B (H )
Ker S = Ker S S . , S ,
Ker S = Ker S .
, Ker(T 1) = Ker(T 1). , x Ker(T 1) m; n Z+
T n (T )m x = n m x:
(8.6)
P B (K ) ,
t t. (8.6) , f (T )x = f ()x
f P .
y H . ,
f 7 hf (T )x; yi f 7 f ()hx; yi
(B (K ); wm). , P B (K ). (B (K ); wm)
(?), B (K ).
y H , f (T )x = f ()x f B (K ) x Ker(T 1).
f = {} , E ({})x = x, . . x Im E ({}). 1. 2 |
1.
8.3.
|
,
|. , ,
, | . , , .
|
. ' : [a; b] R | .
-
a = 0 < 1 < : : : < n = b
[a; b] [i1 ; i ] i . P (; );
124
8.
S (f; P (; )) =
n
X
i=1
I=
Z b
f () d'():
'() , .
, , [a; b] |.
, ' |
PR(H ). , ,
PR(H ).
8.9. H | ,
P; Q PR(H ) | . , :
1) Im P Im Q;
2) P Q = QP = P ;
3) hP x; xi 6 hQx; xi x H ;
4) Q P PR(H ).
8.6. P; Q PR(H )
, , P Q, P 6 Q.
8.10. E : [a; b] PR(H ), E () = E | , Ea = 0, Eb = 1H .
1.
f : [a; b] C. |Z b
a f () dE H ,
, Z f .
b
2. T = a dE . , T = T , (T ) [a; b]
b
8.3.
125
,
E : [a; b] PR(H )
Z b
T = a dE B (H ). , T B (H ) E .
, T = T B (H ). , (T ) R (. 6.6), - (a; b], (T ).
; > 0;
t+ () =
0; < 0;
(
t () =
(
;
0;
6 0;
> 0:
8.2.
T .
8.12 ( ). ,
1) Ea+ = 0 > 0 Eb = 1H ;
2) E : [a; b] PR(H ), E () = E | ;
3) x H [a; b] H , 7 E x,
; Z
b
4) T = a dE ;
5)
E : [a; b] PR(H ) 1)|4) ;
Z b
6) f (T ) = a f () dE f C [a; b].
. 5. E | - 1, 2
4, E 0 | T . 4.
, E 6 E 0 ([a; ]) 6 E < ,
. 3.
126
8.
B( ) :
(T ) (a; b]
E : [a; b] PR(H ):
Ea+ = 0, Eb = 1H , :
7 E x
> 0:
, ,
, , ,
b
dE .
a
.
8.14. T B (H ) | ,
E : [a; b] PR(H ) | , 0 (T ). ,
0 c ( T )
7 E x 0
x H:
| , .
[29, 30, 20] (
, | |;
. 8.3). . [14, 10, 23, 26].
9.
,
. |
. |
, , M'
', L2 (X; ). ,
. , ,
(. . 3).
9.1. , ,
.
, | ,
. ,
, , - | , .
, ,
, .
A | ( , C), M | . , M A-,
A M M , (a; x) 7 a x,
(ab) x = a (b x) a; b A, x M . A 1 x = x x M , M .
M | A-. a A La : M M , x 7 a x. , A L (M ),
a 7 La , | , . . A M . , M | , : A L (M ) | A M , M A- a x = (a)x (a A,
x M ). , (
) . -
128
9.
A , , .
9.1. A | . A- | M ,
A- , A M M , (a; x) 7 a x, .
(. 2.8), C > 0,
ka xk 6 C kakkxk a A x M . , ,
, La L (M ) kLa k 6 C kak
a A. ,
A B (M ), a 7 La , . . A. , : A B (M ) A
M , M A- a x = (a)x (a A, x M ).
9.2. M; N | A-, M N ' B (M; N ),
'(a x) = a '(x) a A, x M .
( , A- |
A-, .)
, A- ; A-mod. A-mod1 A-mod, , A-mod, |
, 1:
hA-mod1 (M; N ) = {' hA-mod (M; N ): k'k 6 1}:
A-mod1 | (. 5.5).
, A | .
A-,
.
9.3. A | .
A- | H A-, A-,
ha x; yi = hx; a yi x; y H , a A.
,
, A B (H ), a 7 La , | -. ,
9.1.
, ,
129
H | , - A B (H ) H A-.
9.1.
, (. [36]).
C -.
, C - | M C - A, A- h; i : M M A. , C - . C - ,
. [19] [27].
,
(T ) K
Ob(C (K )-Hmod) = Ob(C (K )-Hmod1 ): (9.1)
, C (K )- , , . , C (K )- .
9.1. S B (H1 ) T B (H2 ) | , K C | , , U : H1 H2 |
130
9.
. , :
1) U S T , . .
H1
S /
H1
U
T /
H2
H2
;
2) U | C (K )-Hmod1 .
,
S B (H1 ) T B (H2 )
H1
= H2 C (K )-Hmod1
.
9.1. A | () , () A-
a b = ab.
9.2. A An = A : : : A
A- a (a1 ; : : : ; an ) =
= (aa1 ; : : : ; aan ). A-, An , A-. A | ,
n
P
An | A- k(a1 ; : : : ; an )k = kai k
i=1
P
(,
max |
i
i
). , X | A = C (X ), An
C (X; Cn ) X Cn .
9.3 ( ). - X |
, : E X | X .
`(X; E ) = {f : X E : f f = 1X }
C (X )- .
, E X
9.2.
131
F X , E F ,
. . X CN N .
`(X; E ) `(X; F )
= `(X; X CN )
= C (X; CN )
= C (X )N :
P A
, A-. ,
`(X; E ) | C (X )-. | , C (X )- ; , `
( )-.
CX
, |;
( 60- . ) | K -.
, ,
`(X; E ) |
,
, -, .
9.4. X |
, M (X ) |
. L2 (X; ) C (X )- .
9.5. . - X | , (X ; A ; ) | , ' : X X | ( A B or(X )). f C (X ) g L2 (X ; ) f g L2 (X ; )
(f g)(x) = f ('(x))g(x). , (!), L2 (X ; ) C (X )-.
L2 (X ; )' .
| , C (X ), 9.5, .
9.2. -
,
, |
132
9.
9.4. ,
C (X )-.
9.4. A | , M |
A-, x M .
Ax = {a x : a A}
, x. x M , M = Ax, M
, x | M .
9.6. X |
, M (X ) |
C (X )-
, 9.6 ( ) C (X )-.
, .
X | ,
H | C (X )-. - : C (X ) B (H ) -
~ : B (X ) B (H ), -
B (X ) - B (H ) (. 7.4).
, ( - ; . 6.9). H B (X )-.
E : B or(X ) PR(H ) (. 8.2); , E (B )x = B x
B X x H . x H
x M (X )
9.2.
h
~ (f )x; xi =
133
f dx (f B (X ))
(9.3)
(. 8.1 8.3).
x - f X
[f ] x .
9.1.
( )- x : 2 (
x ) , x ([1]) = .
x Im x = ( ) .
CX
j L X;
H
j
CXx
,
B (X ) L2 (X; x ); f 7 [f ];
| C (X )-. B 2 (X; x )
L2 (X; x ) . ,
L2 (X; x ) ( ).
(9.3) ,
.
h
~ (f )x; ~ (g)xi = h~ (f g)x; xi =
f g dx
(9.4)
f; g B (X ). f = g, , f = 0 x -. .,
~ (f )x = 0. ,
B (X ) H; f 7 ~ (f )x;
B 2 (X; x ). , jx0 : B 2 (X; x ) H ,
jx0 ([f ]) = ~ (f )x f B (X ). , jx0 |
C (X )-; , (9.4) ,
. , jx0 C (X )- jx : L2 (X; x ) H . [1]
L2 (X; x ), x = jx ([1])
Im jx . jx .
C (X )-.
9.1.
|
| ( )-.
( ), > 0,
2(
) ( )1.
L X;
C X Hmod
MX
CX
134
9.
.
9.5. T B (H ) -, x H ,
H = span{T n (T )m x : n; m Z+ }:
x - T .
9.2. H ,
.
9.3. , T B (H )
- H | C ((T ))-.
.
9.2. T B (H ) | - . M ( (T )), > 0, U : H L2 (X; ),
T Mt :
H
U
L2 ((T ); )
U
Mt / 2
L ((T ); )
Mt
9.3.
9.4.
e0 .
135
9.5. , T B (H )
-, ;
H , .
9.3. - 1. .
9.6. M
B (`2 ) -?
9.7. L2 (R)
L2 (T) -?
9.3. :
(. . ) C (X )-.
: , , 9.5. , , ,
M' , L2 (X ; ) (M' f )(x) = '(x)f (x); (X ; ) | , ' |
X . :
( ) ,
.
. |
:
- , .
: ( | ), ( |
), ( | ),. . . (
.)
136
9.
: | Z, | C[t],
| CG. , ( CG) . , , :
C (X )- (
!) .
, .
,
.
.
P
9.4.
xi ,
iI
I | xi C.
. , P
, J = {i I : xi 6= 0}
|xi | - ( ) iJ
J . xi = xi ;
iI
iJ
J .
{Hi }iI | .
9.6. {Hi }iI :
M
_ H = nx = (x ) Y H : X kx k2 < o:
P
iI
iI
iI
9.8. , H =
L
Q
Hi ,
= _ Hi
iI
x; y H
hxi ; yi i
iI
hx; yi = hxi ; yi i
iI
iI
H , H
.
9.5. i I Hi H . Hi H ,
Hi H .
P
9.3.
137
L
I = N Hi = C i I , _ Hi = `2 .
iI
I , `2 (I ).
.
9.9. i I Ti B (Hi ), sup kTi k < . , T (x) =
i L
= (Ti xi )iI ( x = (xi )iI _ Hi ) T
9.9.
iI
L
_ Hi , kT k = sup kTi k.
iI
9.7. T , ,
L
{Ti }iI _ Ti .
iI
9.10.
L
I = N Hi = C i I , _ Ti | -
iI
M `2 .
, .
9.1.
| ,
|
-. k k 6
6 k kk k , .
H
a x
a A x H
a x
. ,
(. 6.9).
9.9, .
9.2.
| , { i }iI |
A-.
( i )iI = ( i )iI .
a x
a x
A-
L
_
iI
Hi
, Hi
H ,
. , .
138
9.
A | , H |
H0 H | . H0 |
9.2.
-,
.
x H0 a A, y H0
ha x; yi = hx; a yi = 0. , a x H0 .
.
9.3.
|
,
|
-. { i }iI
P
,
=
i . , -
H
H
H
L
_ Hi A-Hmod1 .
iI
iI
. M | , H . . , M . ,
S C M , = { : C } M
C . ,
M
P
= {Hi }iI . H0 = Hi , H0 = H .
iI
, H0 6= 0 H0 | H .
x H0 ; Ax H0 |
, Hi .
. , H0 = H ,
.
9.1 .
9.3.
|
,
| ( )-. { i }iI -
CX
9.3.
,
L 2
_
(
)
( ).
i
iI
L X;
C X Hmod
139
H
9.4.
B ( ) | . { i }iI ( ),
-
T
T
Mt , i I Mt
iI
L2 ( (T ); i ) (Mt f )(z ) = zf (z ).
L
_
9.4 . :
T Mt , , . , Mt
. , .
i
9.11. , 1 , 2 - K C ,
Mt B (L2 (K ); ) Mt1 _ Mt2 .
9.6. , , 9.4, , .
A B | , : A B | .
B - M
A-, a x = (a) x a A, x M .
u : M N | B -mod, A-mod
A M N .
# : B -mod A-mod.
.
| A
140
9.
9.5 ( ).
|
,
|
( ).
(X A ) : X ,
2 (X
)' ( )1.
CX
; ;
'
X
H
C X Hmod
. H , 9.3,
F
X = Xi , Xi = X
L
;
i I . - A
:
A
nG
iI
: A
[0; +]
Bi : Bi B or(Xi ) ;
iI
(P
iI i (Bi );
Bi =
+
iI
G
2X
,
.
, ' : X X , '(x) =
= x x Xi i I .
H L2 (X ; )' ,
i I
Hi = {f L2 (X ; )' : f = 0 Xi }:
, Hi Hj i 6= j . , Ui : L2 (X; i )
Hi , f L2 (X; i ) Xi , , , C (X )-Hmod1 .
9.10
9.4.
L - . 141
L
U : _ L2 (X; i ) L2 (X ; )' , -
iI
L2 (X; i ) Ui , Hi . iI f L2 (X ; )
, U . ,
f Hi , f = 0 Xi . i I ,
f = 0 X . , (Im U ) = 0, U | .
.
9.6 ( ). T B (H ) | P
. (X A
) : X C,
'
B ( 2 (X )), ( ' )( ) = ( ) ( ).
; ;
;
'
M f x
'xfx
9.12. H , T
, X R, .
| ,
. , T , T
U 1 M' U ( U | ,
T M' ) f (T ) = U 1 Mf ' U .
T (. 7.15 8.7).
.
9.13. T B (H ) | .
1. , Im T 0 |
(T ).
2. ? ?
9.4. - .
. ,
, , . ,
142
9.
, (. . 7). , . , . , ,
, .
|
L - .
(X; A ; ) | . ,
fg d g L1 (X; ):
, L (X; ) * (L ; L1 )
(. 5.2).
9.14. X | , M (X ) | .
1. , C (X )
L (X; ), , * .
2. , B (X ) L (X; ) - B (X ) * L (X; ).
T B (H ) | , K C | , M (K ) | . , t L (K; )
t(z ) = z (z K ), , .
9.8. L - T (K; )
-
: L (K; ) B (H ), * L (K; ) - B (H ) ,
(t) = T .
9.15. , L - T (K; ) . ,
1) ;
2) (T ) K ;
9.4.
L - . 143
3)
B (K )
/ B (H )
9
s
s
ss
s
s
s
sss
L (K; )
(
b | T ,
| ; . 9.14).
, L - ( !).
, T (T ), L - T .
T .
.
, X | , H | C (X )-, : C (X ) B (H )
~ : B (X ) B (H ) | , E : B or(X )
PR(H ) | (. 8.3).
M (X ) H B B or(X )
9.9.
,
E (B ) = 0 (B ) = 0 .
.
:
X | , A | - .
9.10. ; | -
A , > 0.
1. , ,
(A) = 0, A A , (A) = 0.
.
2. > 0, , (
), , . .
A A (A) = 0 (A) = 0 .
144
9.
;
9.7 (, ).
| - - A , > 0.
:
(1) ;
(2)
- : X C,
Z
(A) = A d A A (. ., . 7, = );
(3) " > 0 > 0, A A , (A) < , ||(A) < ".
> 0, > 0 -. . ( ) . d
|
d
( ).
9.7. | | (1) (2) . (2)
(3) | , (3) (1) .
.
, , ,
.
.
9.11. x H ~ , f B (X ) ~ (f )x = 0 ,
~ (f ) = 0.
x
9.4.
,
(. (9.2))
.
, x (B ) = kE (B )xk2
B X . x (B ) = 0 E (B )x = 0
E (B ) = 0.
.
9.16.
, .
,
.
9.4.
L - . 145
H
9.5.
, . ,
.
H H =
iI
Hi , Hi | -
H (. 9.3).
H , I , , I = N I = {1; : : : ; n}. iP
I xi Hi , kxi k = 1,
x = x2ii . , x | . ,
i
~ (f )x = 0 f B (X ), Hi , ~ (f )xi = 0 i I .
xi | Hi , , ~ (f )|H = 0
i I , . . ~ (f ) = 0. , x | .
: - H , , 9.4? H .
9.17. , H
x ( , H ).
1. , M (X ), > 0 x , = y
y H .
2. , H y (, )
y H.
. |.
. , .
9.18 . , :
1) H ;
2) H .
H y
y H .
. |
: {i : i I }
, (B ) = 0 i (B ) = 0 i I ,
.
i
146
9.
, (. . H ) 9.5 .
.
9.19. , .
. - > 0 , ({x}) > 0
x X , (X \ S ) = 0
S X .
L - .
9.6.
| H .
(B ) = 0 E (B ) = 0
B X
kE (B )xk2 = 0 x H x (B ) = 0 x H:
.
Z
k~ (f )xk2 = X |f |2 dx .
, .
9.12. A | .
I A -, a I
a I .
9.20. , I | -
A, A=I (a + I ) = a + I . ,
A | , , A=I , , .
9.8.
|
,
| . ,
, : ( ) B ( ) | -, ~ | ( ),
( ) | . -) B ( ), : (
CX
L X;
BX MX
H
9.4.
L - . 147
B (X )
~
/ B (H )
9
s
s
ss
s
s
s
sss
L (X; )
* L (X; ) -
B (H ).
. ; . I0 = Ker ~ ; ,
- B (X ).
: B (X )=I0 B (H ); f + I0 7 ~ (f ):
, ,
-. 9.6 - B (X )=I0 L (X; ), f + I0
f (. 2.11).
B (X )=I0 L (X; ), : L (X; ) B (H ).
x; y H
L1 (X; ) ,
k (f )kx;y 6 kf k f L (X; ):
(9.5)
, x; y H .
Z
~ (f )x; yi| = f dEx;y
(9.6)
k (f )kx;y = |h
X
( , , f
).
, Ex;y .
= dEx;y =d; (9.6) ,
Z
k (f )kx;y = f d = kf k ;
X
(9.5). .
9.21. , .
, .
148
9.
A; B | C -, ' : A
-.
9.22 .
B |
' .
: - ?
9.23. M (X ), > 0,
9.8? ( .)
9.8 .
9.9. T B (H ) | -
H K
,
C | , ( ),
( ) | . -
(
) . , .
T MK
L
K;
L - .
, L -
(. 7.17).
, .
.
9.13. X | . M (X ) |
supp X , :
x = supp U 3 x : (U ) = 0:
, supp | .
9.8. ,
- ,
, , (
). , , .
9.24. T B (H ) | H , | , K (T ). ,
supp = (T ).
9.1. K; K1 C | , (T ) K1 K ,
M (K ) | T B (H ). -
9.4.
L - . 149
|Bor(K1 )
.
M (K1 )
9.25. K
K1 L - T K K1 ,
L (K; ) S
rKK1
SS
SS
SS)
B (H )
kkk5
kkkkK1
K
L (K1 ; )
L - (. 9.15) K (T ),
(f ) f (T ),
.
L - , , |
.
9.26 ( ). T
B (H ) | H , | ,
K (T ). ,
f L (K; )
(f (T )) = { f (T )}:
[29].
; . . . [36]. | , , . [1].
[30, 14, 23];
C (X )- . | [15, 14, 9].
L - . . [35].
10.
, , , T T 1.
? , ,
. ,
, , ,
. ,
, ,
,
. ,
, .
,
( , ), .
, . , H | , T B (H ) | ,
. , , H
T :
M
H = _ H (); H () = Ker(T 1 ):
(10.1)
H
(T )
, T
M
T = _ 1 :
(T )
H ( )
(10.2)
mT (T ) mT () =
= dim H (). ((T ); mT ) T :
S T (S ) = (T ) mS = mT
(10.3)
10.
151
10.1. , .
((T ); 1 )
|
((T ); 2 )
(X ; )
{z
((T ); 3 )
...
(X ; ) ' ; T
M' L2 (X ; ).
, , ((T ); i )
, , -
152
10.
...
((T );3 )
((T );2 )
((T );1 )
(T )
(T ), . . ,
, . ,
; , i- i- (T ), i .
, . . (T ), |
. , T , (T );
T ,
(T ) .
, H , (T )
H (). | Mt , L2 [0; 1] (Mt f )(t) = tf (t).
L2 [0; 1] C ( [0; 1]), Mt |
C .
.
10.1.
X | , A | - ,
X } |
. Q
H () X
. ,
{H ():
X
H () = u : X
n
X
H () X .
10.1.
153
, | {H (): X } ,
.
10.1. ( : ) (X; A ) |
H = ({H (): X }; F ),
Q {H (): X } F
H (),
X
:
(1) u; v Q
F 7 hu(); v ()i X ;
(2) u
H () , 7 hu(); v()i
X
v F , u F ;
(3) {un }
n=1 F ,
Hn H () = Hn
154
10.
Xn .
F
= u
n
X
H (): u|X : Xn Hn n N :
o
(1)|(3).
, ,
, .
, .
10.2.
H = ({H (): X }; F ) H 0 = ({H 0 (): X }; F 0 ) (X; A ). ( ) T : H H 0 | 0
Q{T (0) B (H (); H ()): X }, u F
H (), (T u)() = T ()u(),
T u
10.3.
X
F 0 .
| - A ,
T : H H 0 - ,
7 kT ()k - .
T : H H 0 ,
T () | X .
10.4 ( ). f : X C | . Df : H H Df () = f ()1H () (,
). , Df , f , ,
|f ()| = 1 X .
10.3.
,
(. 10.2).
N N {0} {}.
10.1.
H |
n A H |Xn . , H (. 10.3). ,
.
10.1.
155
10.2 ( ). , :
!
| , ; , , ,
, .
...
S
Xn = Yn+1 \ Yn , X0 = Y1 X = X \ Xn A .
n=0
, H
Xn , , X = Xn .
10.1. H | , dim ( ) =
( N). n
{ i }n
i=1 , { i ( )}i=1 |
( ) .
H
X
H
X
e
10.4. .
.
|. , {uP
i }, , u1 : fi ui (
i>2
fi | ) ,
u01 , e1 = u01 =ku01 k.
ui ( i > 2) u0i = ui hui ; e1 ie1 ; e1 .
,
ui ; e2 , . . {ei }.
156
10.
hu; v i =
10.5.
(10.4)
10.1.
157
10.6.
, `2 (X; H ) | -
X
10.6.
H () d()
=
M
_
16k6n
H (k ):
H | C.
Z
H () d()
= L2 (X; ):
H () d()
= L2H (X; ):
X X = Xn , Xn A
n
n, H () = Hn Xn n N (. 10.3).
F
10.8.
M
_ L2 (X ; ):
H () d()
=
n
H
nN
10.2 ( ).
H | (X; A ; ).
n N Xn = { X : dim H () = n}. H | { k }kN . N n =span{ 1
n}
0 = {0}.
e ;:::;e
H () d()
=
u() Hn
Xn n N}:
158
10.
. 10.1
10.8.
.
10.6. H (X; A ; ) , ({ X : H () = 0}) = 0.
, . X+ = { X : H () 6= 0},
0 X 0 (Y ) = (Y X+ )
Y A.
10.7. , H (X; A ; 0 )
H () d()
=
,
| .
, . ,
.
10.1. T : H H 0 | (X; ). u L 2 (X; H ) T u L 2 (X; H 0 ).
, T : `2 (X; H ) `2 (X; H 0 ), -
. , k k 6 ess sup k ( )k.
Tu
u L 2 (X; H
X
T
) kT ()u()k2 6 C 2 ku()k2 X ,
T u L 2 (X; H 0 ). ,
kT uk2 6 C 2 kuk2 , .
k = ess sup kT ()k.
10.8. , kT
X
,
.
, 10.1,
10.7. T
T ={T (): X }
10.1.
159
Z
,
| , (. ).
, ,
.
10.10. H |
(X; ). f : X C
Z
Df =
f ()1H () d();
X
L (X; ) B
Z
H () d() ; f 7 D f ;
(10.5)
160
10.
-. ,
H () d() -
L (X; )-.
X
X
H X ;
X; or X ; Z
H () d()
X
C (X )-.
10.1.
| , |
, H = ({ ( ): } F ) |
(
B ( ) ). (10.5) -
10.9. , H ,
Z
X H () d().
C X )-
10.2. (
| , C (X )- `2 (X; H )
H X (. 10.1).
C (X )-,
.
10.3.
|
,
| ( )-,
( ) | . -
MX
CX
10.2.
C (X )- 161
H =
= ({ ( ): } F ) ( B ( ) ),
H X ;
X; or X ;
H
=
H () d()
C (X )-Hmod1 :
, .
H | (X; A ; ), H = `2 (X; H ) | ,
M L 2 (X; H ) |
.
HM =
X
n
i=1
ai ui : ai C (X ); ui M; n N
H;
, H , M . , HM
M .
10.2. M = {ui : i I } L 2 (X; H ) |
, HM `2 (X; H ) | -
X
. ,
span{ i ( ): }
( ). M
`2 (
H ).
u i I
X;
H
v HM
. i I f C (X )
0 = hfui ; vi =
. . HM
= 0, .
. H L
: H = _ Hn . xn Hn |
n
, n = x | . n , - n > 0, n
162
10.
n = n . Xn0 = { X : n () 6= 0}
0
m : X N, m() = Card{n N : Xn
}.
N
X
=
{
X
:
m
(
)
=
p
}
.
,
,
p
p
F
, X = Xp .
pN
, Xp .
.
K {en }nN , n N Kn =
= span{e1 ; : : : ; en }; K0 = 0. X
H () = Km() H X (. 10.3); ,
Xp (p N) H
Kp . , H | ; ,
n (X0 ) = 0, n N,
( ), (X0 ) = 0.
10.10.
K=
H () d() =
10.2.
C (X )- 163
10.3.
N
( )- n : n ,
( n ) = n . .
'x
CX
'
. 'n ,
xn | . , f C (X )
kf xn k2Hn
Z
XZ
. {ui }. 10.2 ,
X K = span{ui (): i N} H (). p N, Xp ;
p < . n1 < n2 < : : : < np ,
Xn0 1 : : : Xn0 = Xk0 k = {n1 ; : : : ; np }. ui ,
un1 () = n1 ()e1 ; un2 () = n2 ()e2 ; : : : ; un () = n ()ep ;
, , n () 6= 0 j = 1; : : : ; p. ,
e1 ; : : : ; ep K , . . K = H (). p = , , ( , n1 < n2 < : : :
), , en K n N, . . K
H (). .
p
164
10.
L
' :
Hn K , '|H = 'n
n
n. , '
. ,
L
' : _ Hn = H K . n
.
.
n
10.4.
| ,
B ( ) | ,
| . H =({ ( ): ( )} F ) ( ( ) B ( ( )) ),
H T ;
H () d().
TZ ; or T ;
10.3.
,
. , 10.2.
10.6. H |
(
A ),
= `2 ( H ) | 2
,
L ( H ) | , M
| ,
.
,
M . span{ ( ):
} ( ) .
X;
H
u u M
X; ; H
H
X;
X
10.3.
165
, un = HM , . .
X
MX
10.5.
|
0
,
( ) | , H H 0 |
(
B ( ) )
(
B ( ) 0 ) ,
= `( H ) 0 = `( H 0 ) |
. :
(1)
= 0 ( )1;
(2) 0 , dim ( ) = dim 0 ( ) -. .
;
X; or X ;
H H
C X Hmod
H
X;
X; or X ;
X;
H
=
. 0
d
0
(), = 1 . , 10.3, ,
T : H H 0 ,
p
(T u)() = ()u(), ,
C (X )-.
p ,
S : H 0 H , (Su)() = 0 ()u(),
, , T . , T |
C (X )-Hmod1 .
(1) (2). 0 10.9.
166
10.
10.2 , H , e1 ; : : : ; ep , H . k = 1; : : : ; p vk : X Hq ,
'(ek ). , ' | ,
, v1 ; : : : ; vp H 0 .
10.6 , span{v1 (); : : : ; vp ()} = Hq
X , p < q.
.
10.3 10.5, ,
, -, ( ) .
10.6 ( ).
| . .
I.
( )-
( )
H (
B ( ) ),
= `2 ( H ) ( )1 .
.
II.
0 |
( ), 0 | , H H 0 | . :
(1)
= 0 ( )1;
(2) 0 dim ( ) = dim 0 ( ) -. .
X;
H H
CX
H H
C X Hmod
H
CX
MX
X; or X ;
C X Hmod
H
H
10.6 .
10.8. H | C (X )-, | , H =
= ({H (): X }; F ) | , H
= `2 (X; H ) (. . I 10.6).
mH : X N
H , mH () = dim H () -. . mT
T B (H ) H H C ((T ))-.
10.6 , - H .
10.3.
167
, 10.6 C (X )- .
. , . H | , T B (H ) | , p N
pH ( pT )
p H ( T ).
10.11. p N, Hp |
p, M (X ) | . , C (X )- L2H (X; ) pL2 (X; ) .
(; m), M (X ) | m : X N | . (; m)
, m() > 0 -. .
(; m) (0 ; m0 ) , 0
m() = m0 () -. . m : X N
p N Xpm = { X : m() = p}. , p M (X ) p (B ) = (B Xp ).
p
10.7 ( ).
( )-
CX
(
)
; m), )
(
( ) | ,
MX
m : X N |
, ,
.
, , (
)
( )-
CX
; m
M
_
pN
M
_ pL2 (X m ; ):
pL2 (X; p )
=
p
pN
. 10.6,
10.2 (. 10.8) 10.11.
10.6 10.7
.
= .
168
10.
10.8 ( ).
|
. .
I.
B ( )
( ( )) H = { ( ):
( )} ( ( ) B ( ( )) ),
T
H
MT
H T
T ; or T ;
T
(T )
.
II.
B ( ) 0 B ( 0 ) | 0
,
0
| , H H 0 | . :
(1) 0 ;
(2) ( ) = ( 0 ), 0 dim ( ) = dim 0 ( ) -. .
T T
T T
H
H
, T | T , mT | , ((T ); T ; mT )
T . -
(10.3)
. .
10.9 ( ).
)
K; ; m
(
):
C | ,
) |
(
),
( ) |
, supp = ,
: N |
(; m
M
m K
; m
K
, , ,
. , , L
p
p
(
) _
t . t
K; ; m
pN
pM
10.3.
7 ( 7
( )).
9.24.
zf z
169
L2 (K; p )
= L2 (Kpm ; ),
10.7 10.8 -
L
T _ pMt , pN
, | ,
9.6.
10.4.
, , .
10.12. S B (H ) T B (K )
, . ,
, .
1) H = K = L2 [0; 1], (Sf )(t) = tf (t), (T f )(t) = t2 f (t);
2) H = L2h[0; 1], Ki= L2 [1; 1], (Sf )(t) = tf (t), (T f )(t) = t2 f (t);
3) H = L2 2 ; 2 , K = L2 (R), (Sf )(t) = tf (t), (T f )(t) = arctg t f (t).
10.13. `2 .
10.14. L2 (T) L2 (R).
10.15. T B (H ) | H , | , m | . , T
- , m = 1 -. .
170
10.
10.17. X | , 1 ; 2 M (X ) | ,
, . . X = X1 t X2 X , 1 (X2 ) = 0
2 (X1 ) = 0. C (X )- Hi = L2 (X; i )
(i = 1; 2). H1 H2 .
. ,
.
10.18 . I = [0; 1] [0; 1] | , H = L2 (I ), K = L2 (R). S B (H ) T
B (K ), (Sf )(x; y ) = xy f (x; y ) (T f )(x) =
= 21 (sin x + 1) f (x). , S T .
10.5.
: Mf B (L2 (X; ))
f : X C (Mf ) f 1 (). ,
: , . , , [33].
C (X )-,
, (
. [2]),
. .
. . . . [6]. , , [39].
(-, ).
[30, 35] (. 10.9).
( ) . [33].
.
. [40].
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
K -. | .: , 1967.
., . . | .: , 1982.
., . . |
.: , 1972.
. . | .: , 1972.
. . | .: , 1973.
. ., . . . . | .: - ,
1961. | ( , . 4).
. ., . . . I.
. | .:
, 1988.
. . | .:
, 1963.
., . . I. . |
.: , 1962.
., . . II.
. | .: , 1966.
., . . III.
. | .: , 1974.
. C - . | .: , 1974.
. . | .: , 1981.
. ., . . . | .: , 1988.
. ., . . . | .: , 1976.
. . | .: , 1971.
. . | .: , 2004.
. . . I.
. | .: , 1970.
.
172
[19]
[20]
[21]
[22]
[23]
[24]
[25]
[26]
[27]
[28]
[29]
[30]
[31]
[32]
[33]
[34]
[35]
[36]
[37]
[38]
C - . | .:
, 2001.
. C - . | .: ,
1997.
. . . | .: , 1968.
. . . | .: , 1984.
., . .
1. . | .: , 1977.
. . | .: , 1991.
., . . | .: , 1967.
. . | .: , 1975.
. ., . . C - . | .: , 1996.
. . | .: , 1970.
. . :
, , . | .: , 1989.
. . . | .:
, 2004.
., . . I. | .:
, 1975.
. . | .: , 1969.
Abrahamse M. B. Multiplication operators. Hilbert space operators //
Proc. Conf., Calif. State Univ., Long Beach, Calif., 1977. | Berlin:
Springer, 1978. | (Lecture Notes in Math.; V. 693). | P. 17|36.
Connes A. Noncommutative geometry. | San Diego, CA: Academic
Press, 1994.
Conway J. B. A course in Functional Analysis. | New York: Springer,
1985.
Douglas R. G., Paulsen V. I. Hilbert modules over function algebras. |
Harlow: Longman Scientic & Technical, 1989. | (Longman Research
Notes; V. 217).
Edwards R. E. Integration and harmonic analysis on compact groups. |
London: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1972.
Eilenberg S., MacLane S. General theory of natural equivalences //
Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. | 1945. | V. 58, no. 2. | P. 231|294.
. ., . .
[39]
[40]
[41]
[42]
[43]
[44]
[45]
173
Special topics in topological algebras. | New York: Gordon and Breach, 1968.
Halmos P. Introduction to Hilbert Space and the theory of Spectral
Multiplicity. | New York: Chelsea Publishing Company, 1951.
Higson N., Roe J. Introduction to Noncommutative Geometry. Clay
Symposium Lectures, 2000. :
http://www.math.psu.edu/gfa/ClaySymposium/Overview.html.
Landi G. An introduction to noncommutative spaces and their geometries. | Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1997. : hep-th/9701078.
Laursen K. B., Neumann M. M. An introduction to local spectral theory. | Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000.
Pisier G. A polynomially bounded operator on Hilbert space which is
not similar to a contraction // J. Amer. Math. Soc. | 1997. | V. 10,
no. 2. | P. 351|369.
Taylor J. L. A general framework for a multi-operator functional calculus // Adv. Math. | 1972. | V. 9. | P. 183|252.
Guichardet A.
15
| 20
154
| | 88
| 25
| 84
| 88
88
| 15
-
56
| 20
| 54
| 104
| | 106
| 119
| 75
| | 124
| 15
108
C -
-
| 54
88
| | 61
22
| 96
103
144
| 132
|
| 29
| 31
|
L -
142
134
80
137
| | | 136
15
| 88
| 82
101
103
|
| 15
143
| 104
15
| | 104
| 103
23
| 143
| 23
| 117
| | 67
| | 120
| 23
146
153
-
103
127
| 128
| 128
| | 154
| 127
80
| 132
128
51
| 80
50
| | 80
| | 80
175
69
| | 69
|
154
| 84
| | | | 154
167
| | | |
116
154
| 122
| 84
19
144
20
72
| 102
| 50
| 20
| 22
148
| 51
| | | 51
80
42
| 68
| 44
| 159
| 36
156
| | 158
| 40
| 65
75
| 45
122
| 40
| 65
153
| | 159
| | | 153
| 135
| | | 153
| 42
| | | 158
| 39
| | | 154
| | 87
60
|
152
45
| 37
|
134
90
| 153
|
156
152
80
68
| 80
132
46
40
| | 37
| | 45
| | 37
| 82
| | 46
50
| | 46
176
| | 37
23
| 17
23
| | | 34
100
122
| | 102
32
| | 100
23
33
| 56
24
82
| 82
| 73
| | 28
| |
90
C (X )-
167
| | 168
| 63, 98
| 140
| 29,
32, 62, 98, 149
| | 144
| ||
104
| 52
| 122, 125, 166, 168
| | 93
| |
104
28
| 100
|
| 83
| 83
A -
A - 103
-
| | 93
| 139
- 88
74
| - 52
|
51
| 70
| * 71
| - 106
| - 107
22
| 22
| 27
| 166
| 27
| 125
| 22
26
101
143
| 20
| 40
| | | 45
| 167
| 53
| 84
| 22
34
| 90
| 16
| | 16
| | 16
| 16
| 90
24
22
| 90