Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 341

CHRIS FRITH

MAKING UP
THE MIND
How the Brain Creates
our Mental World

2007 .

159.9:616.89
88.3+56.14
88


""

, .
88

: /
; . . . . - : : CORPUS, 2010. 335, [1] . ()
ISBN: 978-5-271-28988-0 ( " ")
, , . , ,
, , , ,
, . " "
.
159.9:616.89
88.3+56.14
ISBN: 978-5-271-28988-0 ( " ")

Chris D. Frith, 2007


All Rights Reserved. Authorised translation from the English language edition published
by Blackwell Publishing Limited. Responsibility for the accuracy of the translation rests solely with The Dynasty Foundation and is not the responsibility of John Blackwell Publishing
Limited. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without
the written permission of the original copyright holder, Blackwell Publishing Limited.

"", , 2010

. , , 2010

. , , , 2010

" ", 2010


CORPUS

""
2002
,
"".


, .

.
elementy.ru,

,
" ""

- ,
-.
, ,
.
""

w w w . dy n a s t y f d n. r u

:


,
?


?

13
14

17
20
22
25
28
37
38
39

41

1.



,

43
45
47
52





, , ?

56
58
62
65
67

2.



72
78
83
86

3.
?
?
,
?



?
""?

101
102
105
108
111
114
120
122
125

4.


,

,


5. ,


133

136
157
163
167
171

175
175

?



?
?
?

, ,


,


, , ?

182
183
186
192
194
195
198
202
204
207
208
209
211
212

6.

-,

216
217
221
224
227
229
232
237
239
241

245

7.





?

247
250
251
253
255

:


?

,

( -)

256
258
259
262
264
266
268
272

278
279
282
284
286
287
289
293
319
325



-
-
-

BOLD (blood oxygenation level dependent)


. ,
, ,
, . ,
: . , ,
. - ,
. , . ,
, . , .

| |




.
-
().
,
, .
, , . ,

. ,
.

| | |

{ 15

, , , , , ,
. ,
, ,
, ,
. ,
, ,
.
.
,
, . - , , , , , , , ,
, , , ,
, , , ,
, , . .
, ,
. ,
,
.
.
, .
,

| |

{16
. .
.

.
, .

:



, . .
, .
, . , , ,
. ", .
, - , ". .
, , , "", .
. ,
. , , : " ?"
, : " ".

| |

6
, 30 . . , .
.1 6 "", " ".


( )


(
)

(
)

. .
, (). ,
, . ()
,
.
.
1

, , , -
. . .

| | |

{ 19
: " ?" ,
. ,
" " . , , , , : ", !" , : "
!".

. , " ".
, ,
,
.
" " (British Journal of Psychiatry), , . , . ,
.
, .
,
, , , . " . (Box, , 1964)". 1
. , . , 1

, , , . . . .

| |

6
.
,
, .
" , , ,
. . ".
" , ,
, ".1
, ,
: " ".
?


""
, "" . , , ,
, . "" , ,
,
. , , , . , ( )
299 79 2 458 . 31
, . .
1

.
. . (
, . . .)

| | |

{ 21
,
.
- , .
, , .
1
, 960
: ...
, . 7, , .2
.
, 1956 , " - ". ,
, , 3 0 % . , , . . - , , -. 3 " ?

, , .
. .
2 .
, , , , . ,
, . . .
3 - . , ,
. , -, ,
, -, , , -. - . .

| |

6
. , . ".
. ,
. .
. ,
XVIII .
. ,
"" , , ,
, , .
. ,
, ,
,
.

. 1 , , . ,
, , .
.
. " ,
2
99 79 2 458 ? . !" , ,
, .
1

. . .

| | |

{ 23
.
. .
.
,
, ,
. .
"Escape", .
. , ,
.
, .1 , . , , , ?
.
, .
,
. , .
, . , , ,
, ,
. ?
?
, ?
. ?

, .
1

.
, ,

, ,

, . . .

| |

6
"Nullius in verba" 1 : " , ,
".2 ,
,
,
,
.
, , , , . 3
.
. ,
, .
, .4
, . ,
, , .
, , ? , , : , , -

1 : " " (.). . .


2 "Nullius addictus jurare in verba magistri" "He " (, ""). . .
3 ,
. , , ,
. , ,
, . . .
4 , , . . .

| | |

{ 25
. : , , ,
, .
,
. , ,
. , . ,
, .

, (. . 1 ). ,
, ? . , ,
, ?
,
.


?
" "1,
.
, XX
.
.
,
, , , " (big science) ,
(
). - . .

| |

6
1.
. ,
(), .
.
,
. (), , . ,

() -. , ( )
( ), .

.
,
, - ().
,
.2
. - , -


, , . , , . . .
2 , , , , : J.P. Hornak, The Basics of MRI (" MPT"), http://
www.cis.rit.edu/htbooks/mri/index.html. . .

| | |

{ 27

. .2.
,
,
.
, -
().

. ,
, . , ,
,
.

. , - , ,
.
.

| |

{ 6
,
, ,
. ,
. . , , 15 .

. .. -,
,
.
, .

,
. , , . "" ?


.
, .

| | |

{ 29
. , 15
()
- . 2 0 % , 2% .
,
, .
, , ,
. , , , (. . 2 ).
, .
, .1 ( -
(), -
) , , .

,
. , . , ,

928 ,
. ,

, ,

- - . .

| |

{ 6

. .4.
,
.

| | |

{ 31
, ,
, , - ,
, . , , - , ,
1
, . , ,
.
- "" . , , , 2 .
. . ,
, , . .
, , , ,
.

.
. ! , , , ,
. . .
,
, "", " " .
- ,

.
.
0
, ,
. . .

| |

6
,
. , , ,
. (
) ,
. ,
, , ,
, , . , , , , . ,

. ,
, ,
, . ,
. , , , , ,
. , , , .
, , . , (
), , ( ), , 1. -

, ,
1995 .
"fusiform face area" (FFA) , .
"parahippocampal place area" () , . . .

| | |

{ 33
()

()

. .5.
.
("") (
).
. , ,
.


, . , , (
).

| |

{ 6

. .6. ,

"" . ,
. ,
. , ,
.
.
. . ,
. , - .
"- , . , . ,
. , . , -

| | |

{ 35

. 11.7.

, (
), .
, ,
, , ,
, .

| |

{36

. .8. ,
( ), , .
-
, - .
, .

1. . . ".
, .
. . 1

. . .

| | |

{ 37

. , . , .


?
, , , .

.
. , , ,
, ,
. , , .

.
,
. . . , ,
.
, , ,
,
.

,
,

| |

. , ,
, ,
, , , ,
, , . , , .
, .
, . .


,
. , , , .
" ? , ?"
, , .
? .
, . , . . . , !
, ?
,
. ,

| | |

{ 39
, , .

, .
,
, ,
. , . ,
, ,
.


, ? , "" ? . . .
?
,

. , . , ,
, , .
, . , ,

. ,

| |

4 0

.
, ,
, .

. , , , 1.
, , , ,
.
" , ,
. ".
, , , . ,

.

, , .
40 1120 .
25, 33. , , ,
, . . .

l.


, . ,
, , .
, ,
. . ,
, .
!
.
,
. ,
, . .
.
, , , . , -

I 1.

{ 6

. l.i. ,

, ,
(), ,
. ( )
-. ,
(,
). -,
.
.

1 . ,
,
. .
, ,

. , ,
1

. , ,
. . .

| | |

{ 45
^ 1 . ,
.
.
, , . , 2
, , ( ,
) . , .


,

, . .
, , - , , . ,
, ,
. ,
1


(. 5). . .
,
, .
, ,
00
. , , , ,
, " "? . .

I 1.

6
. , , ,
, . . . .
, ,
1.
, , , ( ),
, , 2.
, ,
.
() ,
. . . .
, , ,
3. , ,

. . . ( , . . .)
2 . ,
. , , " ,
", " ". ,
. , , . , . , , , . . .
3 , ""
(representing) - . , , , . , . ,
" , ". . .

| | |

{ 47
. , ,
0 : " ? :
?" 1 , ,
, . , .
, , : " ?"
, , . , .



2. , . , , : , , . 1

. "
? .
, , -
. , , , . , ?"
. .

, (SemirZeki) " " ("A Vision of the Brain"). . . (



, -
", , ". . .)

1.

6
(Vi 1 ) ( )
, .
, , , , . "" 2,
,
?
.
, .
, , , ,
. .
, , - ,
- . ,
"" ,
.
, .

, -

1
2

"visual" (). . .
,
, (retina). , . . . .

| | |

{ 49

. 1.2.

.
.

, , .

.
,
,
. , (V4), ( , ). ,
, . ,
, (V5).
1, ,

I 1.

{ 6

it*
^

^ ft


it*

/}


^>jjt

ft

. 1.3.

.
().

().


( ).

, ( ). ,
, , . , , , ,
.

| | |

{ 51

**

f)

, **

10

. 1.4.
,
, .


, ,

. , ,
, ,
, .
.
, , . 1. , .

( , ). 1

"" ,
- - . .

I 1.

52
, , , .
,
, .
, .
, .
,
.
.

,
1 ,
,
.
, . -,
, ( ). -, ,
, .
", , , ",
.
, . ,
. , , . ,
.
2 , , , . . .
,
, . . .

| | |

{ 53
.

. , ,
. " ", . .
,
, .
, ,
. ,
, . ,
, ,
. , ,
. , .
,
- .
, , D.F.
, .
D.F. ,
.

. ,

, ,
, . , D.F.,
,
, ,

1.

6
, .
. ,
, , .
, , .
D.F., . , , ,
- . , . . . , .
,
. ,
D.F. "", , ,
. D.F. ,
, . - , .
,
D.F. ,
. ,
"" (blindsight),
. ,
, . ,
1. -

. , .
. .

| | |

{ 55

D.F.

. 1.5.
D.F. ,
, , ,
, . , ""
. ,
.

, , . .
. ,
, .
, ,
, .
,
, -

I 1.

6
. 8 % ,
, . , ,
, ,

- , "" . , ,
?


,
, . , ,
.
.
, . , .
. ,
.

% ,
. ,
1, . , 1


, .
. . .

| | |

{ 57

A V4 ,

^^
,

. 1.6. , (
)
,
. .

, , , ,
, . . ,
. , , , .
XVII , . , .
. .
, -

I 1.

. ,
- ,
,
. , , ,
, .



, , ,
.
. 2 , . ,

- ,
(). ,
.

, .
, "". ,
, , ,
, .
.
. . , .

| | |

{ 59
5% .
,
/10
. , , , (. . ).
, ,
,
, .
.

,
1. , ,
.
. , . ,
. - . .
. .
.
, :
, , 6
. - . .

I 1. |

{ 6

, .
, , , ,
, - , ...
, .
, :
, . [ ]
, . , -
, , .
, , [ ].
,
, ,
. , , , .
, . ,
, -
, . , -

| | |

{61

. 1.7.

, ;
.
,
.

,
. ,
, . ,
, .
, , , , . ,
.

I 1.

21: ". , . ,
. , . ,
. , - ".
13: " - , ".
: ", . ,
. , ". , : ",
. ,
. ".
15: , : " , ".
: ", ,
!" : " , -
, ".
, , .
. ?


.
.
"" ,
- , , , .

| | |

{ 63
, ,

" ". ,
, 1
?
2
, : "

, ".
, " , ".
, :
" " " ".
" ". " ", .
, - . , .
, , , .
?
. .
(Lophophora williamsii) 1886 . , "",
- . , .
XX ,

80
, .
,
.
- - . .

I 1.

,
. " , ,
, ,
,
..."1
.
, ,
, .
; , , , ,
.
, ""
.
. , .
, 2.

1
2

. .
1943 . . , , . . .

| | |

{ 65

. 1.8. ,

, , .
, , .
1.

,
, "Erowid". Erowid.org

. - . .

{66
, . - ,
. - ,
. , , ,
,
1.
, . . - , , , , . ,
, ,
, , . , , ,
.
, , , .
,
XVII , . - , 2, ,
. ,
, .
, , ? ,
1 , . . .
2
. . , ,
, . , . . . .

| | |

{ 67
, , -
,
. , ,
.
, ,
, 1.

, , ?

, .
, ( )
, , , .
"
".
1714 ,
. , 20 .
, ,
, ,
, .

, , . - . .

, , -
, ... ... . <...> , , , , , ,
.
, ,
"". -
, .
, ,
, .
, , , , .
XX ,
- .
. , , , : " :
!"
, ""
. , ,
, ,
, . , , ,
. : ,
?
, ,
, .

| | |

{ 69
, ?
? ! ,
, , , , ,
, ,
.
, ,
,
""
, ,
, ,
.
"" , ,
, ,
, .
, ,
, . [sic!],
, ,
.
, ,
"" ,
. <...> , , , , , , ,
. .

I 1.

7
,
.
, .
, ", ,
". , ,
,
. , " ", . , , ,
. .
,
. , , ,
, 1.
, ,
. ,
.
- - .
. , , .
2.
. - ,
" , -, . , ". . .
, . ? , , -
, , ?
, ,
, . . .

| | |

{ 71
, - ,
. ,
. ,
, .
", - , . , , ".
, . , .
.
,
, .

2.


,
.
, ,
, ,
.

, . ,
. , ,
, ,
. , , .

| | |

{ 73
XIX

. ,
,
1 . ,
( ), ,

, ,
. ,
, , . ,
. ,
, . 1852

, . i 20 . " ":
, . , , . ,
. , , -
,
. ,
, "1

791 . 1826 "


". (, ..)

"", . . .

| 2.

74
" 1 . ,
- , ,
, ,
.
,
, ,
. . ,
. , ( ) ().
() .
.
. , ,
. ,
, , -
. 1997 " " (change blindness), , , .
,
- .
. , ,
. " ", "
,
" (, ). (18211894)
XIX . , . 1882 ,
. . .

| | |

{ 75

''/f L

f . , #

. 2.1. , ,
.
.

-, , , ,
.
, , , . - , .
,
. .
,
. - ,

- . . .
(, -

| 2.

{ 76
, ).
. ,
1.
" . ?"
,
: -
- . .
,
(" !"). ,
, .
. , , .
, , . , , . ,
, .
, ,
.
, , , ,
. , 1

, , . , - ,
( ). , (., , http://people.usd.edu/~schieber/coglab/Rensink.html,
). . .

| | |

{ 77

. 2.2.
?

" ",
.
,
. ,
, , " . ,

, -

| 2.

, , . . , , ,
, .


, , , ,
, ? .
,
-, ,
.
(subliminal perception), . ,
,
, , , , , 1. , ,
. ,
, ,
1

1957 , "" : " !" " -!". , ,


. ,
5 8 % , - 1 8 % . , , , 1962 ,
. , " ". . .

| | |

{ 79
. ,
, ,
- . , .
. ,
, , "" , .

. , , , . .
, ,
? - , , .
. .
, 1. ,
. , , , .

1970
. , (, "") , (, ""),
, .

. - . .

| 2.

81

. 2.3.
, .
, 40 ,
, .

, , . : ", ?"
, . : " ?"
, .
,
: "
,
, ?"
, , . . .
, ( ),

| | |

{ 81

,


( )


,
, .

. 2 . 4 . , ,

, - . ,

.
. . , .
, -

| 2.

{ 82
,
, .
, .
. . ,
, . ,
, .
. ,
, ,
.
, , .
: ...

( )
,
.


,
,
.

. 2.5. , ,
: : Beck, D.M., Rees, G.,
Frith, C.D., & Lavie, N. (2001). Neural correlates of change detection and change
blindness. Nature Neuroscience, 4(6), 645-656.

| | |

{ 83


( ).
,
, . , .
: .

. 2.6.
,
, .
, 1861 .

.
, , . ,
. , , - ,
.

. -

| 2.

{ 84
. .

.
, .
, , 1.
,
, , ,
, . . "" - ,
.
,
.
, . ,
, , .
.
, . ,
( ).
1

1846 (Society of Dilettanti) , , , ,


, . 1847
, "
", , . . . (
, . . .)

| | |

{ 86

, ,

. 2.7.
, (Pennethorne, 1844);
.

, , - ,
.

.
. , , ,
.
, , , , , , .
"
!" .
, ,

, ,

| 2.

{ 86

. 2.8.
- (Adelbert Ames, Jr.) 1946 ,
.
,
.
: Wittreich, W.J. (1959)- Visual perception and personality, Scientific
American, 200(4), 56-60 (58).
.

. : .
, .


, . , , .

| | |

{ 87
, , , , , .
, ,
, 1.

. ,
. ,
. , , , , . D.S., ,
: ,
, , , . .
.

. ,
(. . i )2. , " "
. , G.S., , .
G.S.
1


. . . .
, . ,

.
, , ., "
": "

> . .
, , ,
". . .

| 2.

. "" (, ), . , , . , , , , .
, , . , .
.. , - 1.
, , .
, ,
, ,
, . -,
, -, 2.
, , ,
, , ,
, . " , ?
.
? , , ?"
1

., , . . .
2 , , , . . .

| | |

{ 89
,
, , , ,
, , .


. . , , .
, ,
. , .
, . , , , . , , . ,
, . , , - . ,
- . , , , . - ,
. , , -
1 .
, ( 5%).
" , , ?" .
50- ,
.
, . . .

| 2.

90
,
.
, .
, , ,
.
.
, .
, - (
).
, , ( 90%), , ,
, ,
. ,
, . , . ,
.
, ,
, .
, , 1. ,
, -
. -
, . " , ,
-". , , , , , , - , .
"" .
, "".
, , "": " , . , . , ". . .

| | |

{ 91

vV-jyy^^^^vA^WvV

/ V

. 2.9.
,


,



,
,

, , , , , 1.
,
... ,
.
, ,

1

, , , : "

, ,
". . .

| 2.

{ 92
,

, .
...
( " ", 1914)1
,
(. . 4 ). , ,
, . " ( ),
-, , , , "2.
, ,
, . , , "
. "3.


. ,
. , - ?
,
17 , XIX
.
, 1
2

. .
. - , ( ).
, , . . .
3 , . . .

| | |

{ 93

, - . , .
5 1863 .
.
, . .
, . <...> , ,
.
, ,
.

. 1.
,
" ", ,
-.
1

(Society for Psychical Research)


1882 ,
. - ,
, , ; , ^ , ,
. : " , - , ,

". . . (
XIX , -
. - . .)

| 2.

{ 94
,
1894 ,
. ,
, , ,
. ,
.
, :
-, ,
, , ,
, ,
?
400
, . ,
( 8 % ) \ , .
, 1891

1886 1887 ,
1

, , . " ,
, , ,
3 : 1 , 5 : 1 " . . .

| | |

{ 95
, , ( ) 1.
>

, ,
, , ,
,
, , , , , . . .

, , , .
, : .
. .


,
.
, ,
, : ", . ,
.
, ". . .
(1826-1911) ,
"". . .

| 2.

,
. , ^
, , - - 0.
, .
. ,
, .
, , ,
, , , .
,
. ,
, . , , ,
.
W.

, , , .
,
, . , , , , , , ,
. , , : " ?" , ,
...

| | |

{ 97
0
, W. .
, ,
,
, , , , , ! , , ,
,
, . ,
, .
, .
?
, , , .
,
, . , , , ,
.
, ,
, ,
, , , , , .
,
, .

| 2.

W. , Q
,
. W. . ,
, *
. , , , .
. .
, ""
.
! ,
, .


, <...>. , , ,
. <...>
, , , <...>
. <...>
, . , <...>. ,
. . , ;

| | |

{ 99
<...>. ,
.
,
, .
<...>, , , ,
, ; , . <...>
[ , 1, :]
<...> Sphinx, Crepuscularia,
Lepidoptera, Insecta, . :
"<...>
- ,
, ".
,
, , .
, ! . ,
, , .
, . <...>
, 2,
.
( "", 1850)3
1

( Acherontia,
Sphinx,) , ,
, -, , . . .
, , :
, .. , ,

(.. )
0
- . . .
. .

| 2.

{ 100
, ,
. ,
, , , . . , , .
,
.
?
, ?

3.

?
.
, , . ,
. .
. . , , , ,
.
.
- , ?
, ? ?

I 3.

{ 102

?
, .
1, .
. ,
. ,
.
. , , , . , . , . - .

. 3.1. ,

. . .

| | |

{
, ,
. 1

2 ( ) , , - . , .
, -
. -, , . ,
, , - 3 . .
, . ,
,
, .
, ,
, .

, , , 1 . .5 . , . . .
2
"primate" (), "" ( ) "monkey" (, ).
. . .
(monkeys) . () . : , . Monkeys : , , .
. . ( , ,
, . . .)
3
, , . 1996 ,


. . .

I 3.

{ 104

. 3.2.
- ,
.
, ,
. ,
,
, .
: . ic : Obayashi, S., Suhara, ., Kawabe, .,
Okauchi, ., Maeda, ]., Akine, Y., , H., & Iriki, . (2001). Functional brain mapping of monkey tool use. Neuroimage, 14(4), 853-861.

.
? . -, , .
, -

| | |

{ 105
.

,
,

-^

, ,
.

,

,
- 1 .
, .
.
.
, .
, , . 6 , . , , . ,
.
,
.
.
1

975 , ,
PDP-11.
, 16 . . .

I 3.

{ 106
,
? ,

. , . , ,
. ,
1. , .
( ), -
. , ,
, ,
, .
, , , . ,
? , ,
.
, , , . ,
, . , ,
, , 1

. . . , ,
, , .
, . . .

| | |

{ 107

. 3.3. ,
, . ,
, ,
.
: : Fourneret, ., & Jeannerod, . (1998). Limited
conscious monitoring of motor performance in normal subjects. Neuropsychologic7,
36(11), 1133-1140.

I 3.

8
. .
, 1 .
, ?

?
, . , . , .
. - ,
.
1983 . . , , ,
" ". . , ,
- , ,
.
, , . ,

, .

,
. . .

| | |

{ 109
3

, 1
, " " .
200 . , , ,
500 , . ,
, 300 , , .
, ,
, , , .
, , , , . , ,
. , ,
, .
, , , ,
.
,
? , ,
, . , .

. , 1


, " ".
, , , . . .

I 3.

{110

p r U Y M U P f ^ M P rnflklTMQ

""

-1.5

-1

-0.5

. 3.4. , ,
. ,
, ,
, "" ,
, .
,
(. 6).
: : Libet, ., Gleason, .., Wright, E.W., & Pearl,
D.K. (1983). Time of conscious intention to act in relation to onset of cerebral activity
(readiness potential): The unconscious initiation of a freely voluntary act. Brain, 106
(Pt. 3), 623-642.

. , . . , , . . , ,

| | |

{ 111
,

. ,
. ,
, , . , ,

, .

. , , , ,
. , , , . , , .
. , , .
,
.


, . .
, . , , "" , . ,
. ,

I 3.

{112
, ,
, *
. . , . .
, , 150
, , ,
, . , , ,
,
. ,
. ,
. , ,
, , 1.

,
. ,
, .
, . .
. ,
.
, : " ". , , , , ,
, , . . .

| | |

1 1 3

<

. 3.5.
, ,
, .
,
, .
: : Bridgeman, ., Peery, S., & Anand, S. (1997)Interaction of cognitive and sensorimotor maps of visual space. Perception and
Psychophysics, 59(3),

456-469.

, 1.
, ,
. "", , , .
, , , , ,

1

, 1935 . . .

I 3.

{ 114
. , , , , ,
.
, ,
. , , , . . , .


, ,
. ,
. . , , ,
, .
. , ,
. ,
. , , .
,
- ,
. .
, , , . , - ,

| | |

{ 115

.
, . ,
. , , .
1 .
, , ,
0 .
,
- , .
. .
, .
, , , , .
, , , , , 2 .
(Peter Halligan) , . , . , . , 1

, ,
, .
, , . . .

. .
.

I 3.

0 |

{116

. ..
, ,
.
.
, , .
, .
: Wright, Halligan & Kew, Wellcome Trust Sci Art Project, 1997.

, .
. , , . . ..
. ,
, , . ..

| | |

{ 117

. 3.7. " "


,
"" .
, . ,
,
. , ,
,
.
.
: : D.j. McGonigle,
The body in question: Phantom phenomena and the view from within (http://www.artbrain.org/the-body-in-question-phantom-phenomena-and-the-view-from-within/).

, . .. .
, . , "" . , ,

. .. , ,

I 3.

{ 118

. 3.8.
D.M.
.
,
.

.
: . 2 : Halligan, P.W., Marshall, J.C., Wade, D.T., Davey. J., &
Morrison, D. (1993). Thumb in cheek? Sensory reorganization and perceptual plasticity
after limb amputation. Neuroreport, 4(3), 233-236.

. , . .. ,
, , . , , , ,
, , .
..,
, ( -

| | |

{ 119

. 3.9.
..
, ( ).
, , , .
: . 2 : Hari, R., Hanninen, R., Makinen, ., Jousmaki, V., Forss, N.,
Seppa, M., & Salonen, 0. (1998). Three hands: Fragmentation of human bodily
awareness. Neuroscience Letters, 240(3), 131-134.


, , , ). ,
, , 1 . .. 1

-
^ . , ,
: , , , .

"" ,
. . .

I 3.

{120
,
( !), ,
.
,
,
- 1 . ? .. , -
-,
, .
- . , , ,
.
? .. , ,
, 2 .
, .
, , .
,
.


.. . ,

.

. . .
, : (0) . . .

| | |

{ 121
, * . , , , , , ( "").
.
> , .
F.D.
.

: F.D., ?
F.D.: .
: ?
F.D.: .
: ?
F.D.: , , !
, , , , .
: L.R., ?
L.R.: , -, . , .
, ,
, .

I 3.

{ 122
: ?
F.D.: , .
: ?
, ,
.
: ?
F.D.: , .
F.D., , , ,
.

?

, . , -
, . , , ,
, .
. .
"" , ,
- .
: " , ". .
,
. ,
, .

| | |

{ 123

. 3.10.
" ,
" (1964) (
) .
, .

" , . . , , , . , ".
" , . ".
, , 1 . ,
,
, , , . , , 1

" ". - . .

I 3.

{ 124
. *
.
, . , ,
, , ,
, . . ( ). ,
,
. , 1 . . , - .
, . ( ) , , . ,
. , , ,
. , .

1 5 , ,
,
.
. , ,
1


. . .

| |

{ 125

. " "

. -

. ,

. , -

, , ,
- . , .

" " ?
, ,
. , , . . ,
- . .
, , ,
. , , ,
- .
. ,

,
. . ? -

I 3.

0 |

{ 126
-? "",
?
, ,
, . -
. . , , ?
,
. ,
.
, - .
, . ,
.
, . ,
.
, , , .
, .
,
, , . ,

, , . , ,
, , .

| | |

{ 127
, -, , .
1
:

.
, . ,
"". [ , , ,
.] <...> .
!
:
?
:
.
?
!
,
?
! , .
. . 1

"",
". ,
- , .
: ,
. . .
0

I 3.

0 |

{ 128
.
. *
( ), ^
. .
, , . 1784 XV|

(
), .
,
. " " (.. ), - .
, 1, , XIX . , . , , , ,
.
, ,
, .
.
, , - , ,
, . . , , , . - , ,
1

,
, . . .

| | |

{ 129
. - , , .
- ,
.
, .
,


. . ,
,
( , , , ..
..). , -
, , , .
, , .
. "" , , ,
, :
?

", , . .
"" , ,
".

" ,
- , ".

, ,

, ,

| 3.

{ 130
, . ^
1 .
, .
, .
, ,
, , , .
, .
. -,
: " ,
". -,
, , . -, , .
, , . ,
. ,
,
.
, . ,
, ,
, , ?
, , , . ,
1

,
, .
.
. . .

| | |

{ 131

. 3.11. ,



.
, . ,
, . , .
- , . - ? ,
?
,
,
, ( ).

4.

, , ,
, . , , - .
.
, ,
.
, , ,
. ,
.
, . ,
, , ,
,
. , -

I 4.

{ 136
,
. ?


. , , .
,
. , . ,
, , .
. - , ,
. , , -, ,
, , ,
. ? , ? - , - .
,
. .
, .
. .
, . , .

| | |

{ 16 7
-
, , -.
?


, -
. , - , .
, - , , ,
, .
. , , ,
. . ,
, ? 1
, -
? , , ? ,
?
, ,
, . 1

- 1828 .
1856 , . 132 , 1988 , - . . .

4.

{ 138

. 4.1. (1849-1936)
( ) .

.

, 1 .
, . ,
,
, .
.
. . ,
. 1

, 1904 . , ,
XX , .
. , , . . .

| | |

{ 16 7

.
, ,
, , , .
, , -
. . , .
. , , . , 1 .
" " , , . . , ,
.
, .
. . ,
, , . , . , . ,
.
1

, " "
.
. . .

4.

{ 140
, ,
.
- ,
, ,
( ). , ,
, , , *
.
,
.
,
(, ) (, ). .
, , .
, , . , ,
, - .
. .
"" .
, , .
,
, 374
. , 5 - 1 0 , . ,
, . -

| | |

{ 16 7

- , -

.
, . , .
. , , . , , , , .
, ,
, , .
, -
, - . ,
, . ,
, , . , , ,
. ,
, . ,
1 . . , 1

. , . ( -
.) , -, .
, . . .

4.

{ 142

. 4.2. -

.
, .

, ,
. ,
. ,
, .
, , .
, .
, . , , '

| | |

{ 16 7

, .
, , .
/ 1
. ,
,
, .
,
. (
) (
). . , , , , , - . , , . , - .
( , ,
). ,
.
, .


, , , , . , " " , ,
. ,

4.

{ 144
,
, 1 ,
, , ,

- . ( )
( )
. .
"" . -

,
.

.
,
.
. "":
.
,
. "",
1

-.
, . " " ( ). , ( ).
, ,
. ,
. ,
, , ,
. . .

| | |

{ 16 7
, , , .
QH , .
, ,
, . , . ,
.
-
.
, 1968
,
, ,
, .
,
, , . , . , , , .

, , . , .
,
. , , . ,
, ,
.

4.

{ 146

?
,
. ,
, .
, , .
, , .
. ,
, 1.
, , . , ,
(. 5)2. ,
? . .
. , . , , , .
1

,
. (David Hubel) (Torsten Wiesel) 1958 , , ( 1981
). , , . . .

, : ( )
, , , ( -
, , , ). , . . .

| | |

{ 16 7
,
, , . . ,
, . (, , ). , , .

. 4.3.


1. ( )
.
2. -
.
3. ,
, .
,
. ,
.
,

, .

, .

4.

{ 148
. .

. (reward cells),
, . ,
,
. 1 .
, . ,
, ( ) .
,
, . , ,
. ,
,
. , .

, ,
. ,
, .
,
,
, .
1

"-" (The Terminal Man)


, . . .

| | |

{ 16 7

LI

uWkii

. 4.4.

()
, (),
,
() , , .
.
() , .
. , .
, ,
,
() , .
.
: . : Schultz, W. (2001). Reward signaling by dopamine neurons. Neuroscientist, 7(4), 2 9 3 - 3 0 2 .

4.

{ 150


.
, . . ,
, ,
, . , , , .
, , , , . ,
,
, . - , ,
- ,
.
, ,
, , .

"". () (). ,
, , , , .

- .
. , , -

| | |

{ 16 7
, .
. , . , ,
,
.
, .
, .
, , , : , , , ,
.
, , , ,
. , . ,
. ,
-, , , , , .
, , , ( ), .
.
, , ,
- . " ". , "", ,

. , "", -

4.

{ 152
, .
,
, .
, .

( " "). ,
, .
. . ,
. , , , . , .
,
, , , , , .
, , . .
, , , 1 .
, ,
.

BP . . .

| | |

{ 16 7
^

0

- '/ ' ;

:<
\/:

. 4.5.
(reward space)
: -.
-
.
: - .
.
.
, ,
- .
( , ).
, , .
, . .
: : Bugmann, G.
(1996, March 2 6 - 2 8 ) . Value maps for planning and learning implemented in cellular
automata. Proceedings of the 2nd International conference on adaptive computing
in engineering design and control (ACEDC'96), Plymouth (pp. 307-309).

I 4.

154


,
. , .
, , , , , . ,
, ,
, , ,
.
,
, . , ,
,
. , ,
, , , 1. -

. - , ,

.
, , ,
,
, ,
, . ,
- ,
, .
1

. , *
, ,
. . .

| | |

{ 16 7

HaUJy

. ,
, .
, .
.
, .
.
" , , -
, - , , , -
?"
, -, , .
, ,
. . , .
, . , .
.
" , ,
, . ,
. , , , , ,
.
, , .
, ,
". ,

I 4.

156

, ,

, ,

/
, , ,
\
I ,
,

. 4.6.

, ,

( ), ,
,
.
.
- ,
.
, , .
, , , ,
, , .
, , ,
.

.
: : Castiello, U. (2005). The neuroscience of
grasping. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 6(9), 726-736.

| | |

{ 16 7


"1.

"


,
, . ,
,
.
,
?


,
, . ,
, ,
. , ,
. , .
, ,
. . , ,
, .
1

, ,
, ,
"",
.
. , , , ,
)
. - . .

I 4.

1 5 8

? ,
,
, , , , . .
,
.
, , , .
, ,
. .
, . ,
.
,
. , , .
, , , 1.

. .
.
.
.
1

"" ,
,
( ). . .

| | |

{ 16 7


? , - ,
,
. , , , . , ,
, . , , ,
, . . ,

. , . ,
,
. .
, :
, , , ?
, , . , , ,
, , , . ,
,
.
. ,
.
, , , 1. ,

, ?

,
. . . .

I 4.

160

, ,
. , .
, , 1.
.
, , ,
,
.
.
.
- , ,
, .
, ,
.
, .
.


, ,
, . .
1

, , ? , -,
.
-, , , , , ,
. . .

{161
.
, , ,
1
.
,
. , - ,
. , , . . , , ,
.
, . , (
. .7 ). ,
.

2, .
, .

, , .
. ,
() . (i) " , , " (2) "
, ".
. .
, , , , ? ,
. ,

, , . . .

I 4.

{ 162

f nk

us
%
W,

,f

^ -Tlffff-

ipi

/'

Sit
^

<

<sif?

'

"
<

X ^

( )

. 4.7.
, ,
( ).
, - ,
,
.
("")

"" .
: , - ,
: Blakemore, S.J., Wolpert, D.M., & Frith, C.D. (1990) Central cancellation of self-produced tickle sensation. Nature Neuroscience, 1(7), 6 3 5 - 6 4 -

| | |

{ 16 7

,
. " ,
0 . ,
. , . ,
".
,
.
, . ,

.
,
. ,
. , , , ,
. , ,
, .
- (
),
. , , -
,
.

,
, .
, , ,
^ .

Mb|

4.

1 6 4

, -
. , , ,
, ,
.
, . , , . , ,
, , , , . , , .
,
,
, .
,
, ,
, .
, , , ( ), ,
. , ,
.
.


, .
" , , ,
, - , ". ", . , .
, . ,
, , ".
(. 3.3)? -

| | |

{ 16 7

, ,
. , ,
. .
, .
, .
,
, . ,
, . , ,
.
.
.
- . , , ,
, ,
, . , , , -
, . ,
, .
, ( 4 ), , -

I 4.

{166
. , , ^
, . , , , .
,
- , 3 0 % ,
, , 2 2 % , .
2,3%. ,
. ?
. ,
, ,
,
1. ,
,
. . , , ?
,
. -, ,
, , , . ,
,

(, ), , (, ). -,
, , 1

- , - ,
, , . , -
, , , .
(. ). . .

| | |

1 67


^. , 0 , (, ), ,
( ). ,
,
. , ,
. ( ) ( ) . , , .
1.


, ,
, . .
1

, , (.
5). , " ", . ,
(wake-sleep algorithm). : (recognition), .. ,
0
13 ( ), (generation), ..

, ( ).
, . ,

. . .

4.

{ 168
. ,
,
, . , , , .


I.W. , .
, . , - .
, , .
, , , ,
. , I.W., ,
.
I.W. . ,
, . , , .
, , ,
, .
.
, I.W. ,
. .

| | |

{ 16 7

.
. . , ,
, , , .
. I.W.
. ,
.


.. . , . " , . ". " ", , -
. , , - .
, - . ,
1. .. . , , , - .
..
I.W. ,
.
, , - .
1

,
. . .

4.

1 7 0

, - ?
XX , ,
, . ,
, ,
- ,
, - . . " " ,
.
" , . ".
, " ".
, -,
.., , . , . ,

. - ? ,
- . , .., - . , , . ,
- .

| | |

{ 16 7

. " ,
?"
" ". ,
. ,
..
.
, ,
. , . ,
,
, . , . , - .



,
.
; , , ,

. ,
, . , , , ,

, . , -

I 4.

{ 172

. 4.8. ,

: " " (1935), .

,
.
, -
,
, , . , , .
.
, , .
- ,

| | |

173

.
, , , ,
, .

,
, .

5.
,

, ,
, . :
. . , ,
- .
, ,
, :
, , ,
,
- . . ,
? ,
?

| | |

175




, .
, .
, .
, ,
.
,
, , . , ,
, ,
.


XIX .
. ,
(. . .4
). , 1
.
--1

, 70 ,
( ) . . .

| 5.

... |

1 7 6

. ,
, ,
. , , , . , (. . 4.3).
-- ,
, , .
" "1.
, , ,
? XIX -
. XIX ,
. ,
,
,
. ,
?

, 1


1954 , . 1906 --
, . , , . --
" " , " , ". . .

| | |

177

. 5.1. ,
, .
--
, , .
.
: . 117, "Coupe tranversale du tubercule quadrijumeau ante{i}rieur;
lapin a{4}ge{i} de 8 jours, Me{i}thode de Gotgi", : Cajal, S.R. y. (1901).
The great unraveled knot. , ,
.

. : , .
,
, . ,
,
,

| 5.

...

{ 178
Bell Telephone Laboratories . ,
1.
, , .
2 , ,
.
,
, . :
, .
:
, .
, - ,
. , , ,
,
. , ,
2,58 3. , ,
1
2

(Ralph Hartley) 1928 . . .


(Claude Shannon) 1948 . .
.

. 2,58 ( ) , "" "", , , .


: " ?" "", ,
. : " ?" "", , . "", , ,
. ,
. . .

| | |

{ 179
0

( , )
. 300
6 , (,
) 5 .
, , , . , , ,
, , , Z. U,
1
Q . U
. , . , , , ?
,
:
, , 2. , , ,
. , , . , , ,
.
, 1

Q QU,
, . . .
, ,
, . , , , ,

, , - . . .

| 5.

... |

{ i8o
. , . ,
, , - . ,
, - , . ,
, , , , .
, , . , . , . , , , ,
, .
. , ,
,
, "", "". , . , , , . , . ,
, ( , ), , - , .

| | |

{ i8i
1 . , ,
. (, "" "" ) ,
, . , .
, . , .
1943 ,
,
. , "" . , , , , , .
1

, , . ,
. , ,

. . .

| 5.

... |

{ 182
, " ". ,
.


?
1956 , , " ". , , ,
. . , ,
,
, .
, .
. ,
, .
, ,
, 1.
, , . -
, .
?
, ,
,
1

1997 IBM Deep Blue , .


.
2 . . . .

| | |

{ 183
. . ,
, .
, ,
, ?
,
, . ?
, .
. , ?
-
?


. ,
(). . , ,
, . , .
, , . Q
, U . . , ( ),
.

| 5.

... |

{ 184
.
? .
, ,
.
, , . , , .
. , , , -
.
.
, , , , . , , . , -


()

. 5.2.
(),
().
: Livingstone, M.S. (2000). Is it warm? Is it real? Or just low
spatial frequency? Science, 290(5495), 1299.

| | |

1 8 5

. 5.3.
, ,
.

, "". , , , , . ,
, , , 1.
, . - , . . 1

. , ,
: ,
. . .

| 5.

... |

{ 186
. . 5.4. . "
" , 1915
,
. , , 1, . , .

. 5.4. " " ( XX ).


,
? ,
1

, . . .

| | |

1 8 7

( )
. ,
,
.
, , , .
, . .
. . .
,
, 1 . , , ,
, . ,
, . ?
, , , , . (1702-1761)
, 1742 .
" ". .
XX .

"" (belief) :
, . . .

| 5.

... |

{ 188
, , , " ,
".
, . , ,
, .
. ,
: ", , ,
". , , ,
, New York Times 20 2004 ?
"" - , ", , ".
- ?
:
(1) = (1) {) /().
(), , (X), -
. ,
X.
.
,
. . ,
-. -
(, , ), [
: ( ) = 1]. ,
- , [(

| |

1 8 9

"") = ]. ^ [(,
, ) = 0,5].
,
. , ,
(
...).

. 5.5.
- .
XVIII 1,
. 1969 ,
" ".
: ' .
1

, (, , .). . .

| 5.

... |

1 9 0

,
. g
()
, !
X, {1) X , , {1) , , X. .
, , , , , . , , .
1.
, . ( ), 40
i% (() = 0,01). ,

( ).
8 % ({1) =
,8) 9,6% ({1~) = 0,096). , . , ,
. , ,
, , , , {1}1
, , ,
1 "
(An Intuitive Explanation of Bayes' Theorem), h t t p : / / y u d k o w s k y . n e t / b a y e s /
bayes.html. . .

1 9 1

? , ,
, . , .
, . 40 .

:
1: ;
2: 9900 .
1 1% , : ()

:
: 8 ;
: 20 ,
.
8 % ,
: pQC/A)
: 950 ,
;
: 8 950
.
9,6% , ,
: {1~).
,
950 , , 8 ,

. "
,

| 5.

... |

1 9 2

?",
(
).
7,8%. , 9 0 % , .
,
.
, ,
.
1. ,
40 . . , , " ", , .
, , , ,
, , .

?


, , .
, , .
, 1 , , , . . .

| | |

1 9 3

.
, , . , , ,
,
1. , ,
,
,
, . ,
, , .

:
, ,
. ,
? , ?

(Jeremy Wolfe) . , ,
, .
,
, 7% ,
,
. 1

. . .

| 5.

...|

50%
1% .
,
, .
, , .
.
, , ,
, . ,
, ( ) ( ). - , , ( ) ( ). , . . , ,
, , , , .


?
, , .
: {\) (|). |)

| | |

{ 195

, ()
. (\) , () , {). ,
. ,
, , :
(\). , ? , : {\).
,
, . .
, "",
. ,
. , ,
, , .

?
-. ,
. , , , ,
,

| 5.

...

{ 196

. .
,
.
. , ,
. . .
, , .
,
. , 1 . , . ,
, 50 ,
, , , , , , .
, , , .

, , , .
,
. ,
. " ", .
" , ? . ".
1 , ,
, " ,
, ".
. . .

| | |

{ 197

. 5.6. ?
, 1551 ,
, .
, ,
.
: Gesner, . (1551). Historic animalium libri l-IV. Cum iconibus. Lib. I.

De quadrupedibus uiuiparis. Zurich: C. Froschauer.

.
, ,
.
. ,
,
, ,
. . , ,
.
, -

| 5.

...

{ 198

,
. ^
, /
.
, , ,
. .
. ,
.
, ,
. ,
.
,
.
, , . ,
, ,
. , , ,
, . , , , , , . ,
, .

?
,
,
? ? -

| | |

199

^ ,
.
,
^ ? ,
. ,

, . .
.

, , . ,
,
. ,
. . . , , .
.
, .
, . 5.7. : ,
. ,

. , . ,

, ,
, , .

| 5.

... |

{ 200

. 5.7.

.
. .
- .
, ,
, .
, , .

,
, .
, .
, .
.
, ,
, .
( . 5.8),
. '
, , ,
, .

| | |

{ 201

. 5.8.
(
). ,
, ,
. , ,
, .
: (Richard Gregory),
, .
, .
,
,
.
, ,
, ,
1 .
1

, , ,
.
:
http://www.richardgregory.org/experiments/index.htm.

| 5.

... |

{ 202




. ,
.
, .
.
. . .
.
.

.
, , .
, ,
?
, , , , -,
. , ,
,
.
.
, , .
.
, ,
, . , ,
. ,
, ,
, ,
.
, -

| | |

203

. 5.9. , ,
, , ,
, ,
. .
, ,
.

(. . 4.6). ,
, ,
. , ,
. , - -

| 5.

... |

204

, ,
,
. ,
, , .
,
. - .
,
, .
. ?

, ,

, , ,
, .
1. ,
.
.
, , . , 1 " :
" (. . 5 ), ,
" , ".
, " ". : "
?" : ",
". . .

| | |

205

. ,
, , , , . , . ,
? , , 1. ,
. ,
. ,
. ,
, ,
.
,
, (. . 2.8). , , , .
, , , ,
, . () ,
, ,

.
1

. . , .
. . .

| 5.

... |

206

,
?

? (
.)

. 5.10.
: : Necker, L.A. (1832). Observations on some remarkable
optical phenomena seen in Switzerland; and on an optical phenomenon which
occurs on viewing a figure of a crystal or geometrical solid. The London and
Edinburgh

Philosophical Magazine

and Journal

of Science,

1(5),

329-337.

( ): Rubin, E. (1958). Figure and ground. In D. Beardslee & M.


Wertheimer (Ed. and Trans.), Readings in perception (pp. 35-101). Princeton, NJ:
Van Nostrand. ( 1915 .) /: Boring, E.G.
(1930). A n e w a m b i g u o u s f i g u r e . American Journal of Psychology, 4 2 ( 3 ) ,

444-445-


6 1915 .

,
? , ,
. ,
. . ,

| | |

207

.
, . ,
.
, , ,
, . ,
,
, ,
.


, .
. . . . .
.
, , .
,
. , ,
, , ?
. .
, .
, .

. -

| 5.

... |

{ 208
? . ? . - .
, , ,
"" ,
.
, , . , ,
"" , , , , - (. . 6
)1.

,

, .
, , .
, , , . , , . ,
,
. , .
, ,
, ,
. . ,
1 : http://www.lottolab.org/.

| | |

209

, , .
, ,
.

. , . - , ,
. ,
,
, .
, , ,
, . ,
, , , .
, ,
, , . , ,
, , ,
.


, . , , ,
?

| 5.

... |

{ 210
. ,
. , , . ,
. , ,
,
- .
- . ,
, .
. , 1.
, .
, - .
- - . , . .
<...> . <...> . , , . ,
[ ].
,
.
,
. , .
.
, , - ,
1 ,
. . . .

| | |

{ 211
, ,
, . , - (. . .8).
. . , .

, , ?
. -, ,
?
.
, .
.
? , .
, ""
, , ,
.
.
, - . ,
, ?
. , ?
, .
.
,

| 5.

... |

{ 212
, . .
, , ,
. , . , .


, , . (. . 5.10). ,
. , ,
.
. ,
, . .
.
, , .
, , ,
, ? ,
. . , ? ,
.

| | |

213

.
.
. , , ,
, .
.
,
, . ,
, . , . , . , . , , .

6.

", ",
.
" ?"
" , , . , , ,
".

" ,
, .
. . ,
.
".
" , .
, . ".

| | |

215

" " 1
, .

" , . -
".
, ,
.
, , , .

, , .
,
, , ,
, .
.
, . ,
, ,
. ,
. , , . . , ,
, .
1

, , , Social Text. , , ,
. . .

| 6.

216

, ?
,
, ,
, .


, , , , .
. , , , , , .
. 1973
( , , .. )
. . ,
. , , . ,
.
, , , ,
. , 1. ,
. 6.1 , , ,
.
1

, ,
lab.ca/projects.php. . .

http://www.biomotion-

ch

217

. 6.1.

http://www.biomotionlab.ca/Demos/BMLgender.html
(Nikolaus Troje).


. , , , , .
, , , .

| 6.

{ 218
. , ,
. , . ,
. , , , ,
, ,
.
- .
-
. -


,
.
, ,
( ), ,
( ).

. 6 . 2 .

: . i : Gergely, G., Nadasdy, Z., Csibra, G.,


& Biro, S. (1995). Taking the intentional stance at 12 months of age. Cognition,
56(2), 165-193.

| |

219


(. " " . 6.2).
, .
.
, . ,
, .
, , , ,
, ,
- . . ,
.
? ,
. . . . ,
. .
, .
1 , : . , , . , 1


, . . .

| 6.

220

. . ( )
.
, ,
. .
. ,
?
,
. , .
, , , .
, ,
, .

. - , .
1 , 2 .
.
, .
, , ,
.
. 6.3, , ,
.
,
. , ,
. ?
. , ?

| | |

221

. 6.3. ,
, .
.
: . lb : Lee, ., Eskritt, ., Symons, L.A.,
& Muir, D. (1998). Children's use of triadic eye gaze information for "mind reading."
Developmental Psychology, 34(3), 525-539.

, .

, .
. , . ,
.
,
-

| 6.

222

, . , - ,
. , ( ) ,
.
, ,
, - . ,
, - . ,
, ,
, .
. , , , .

U L K T A ,

. 6.4.
,
, - .
( ).
, .
. 2 : Rizzolatti, G., Fadiga, L., Gallese, V., & Fogassi, L.
(1996). Premotor cortex and the recognition of motor actions. Cognitive Brain

Research, 3 ( 2 ) ,

| |

131-141.

223

.

. , ,
, ,
,
(. . .7). ,
- .
, , .
, , ,
.
,
- , .
, . ,
, , , .

1. , : , , .
, .

1. .
. . . .

| 6.

224

-,

. , . ,
. ,
, . , , .
,
.

, ? ,
. , , ,
, .
. , , , , ?
, , .

. ( , ) , (
), .
. . , , , , . -

| | |

225

.
, ,
.
"",
.
, ,
. . . ? .
, .
. , . . . .

:
'".

:
" ".

. 6.5. , :
?
( ),
( ).
, .
: . i : Bekkering, ., Wohlschlager, ., & Gattis, . (2000).
Imitation of gestures in children is goal-directed. Quarterly Journal of Experimental
Psychology, section A, 53(1), 153-164.

| 6.

226

? .
.
.
- . .
. ? ? , . -

. 6.6. , :
?
,
.
,
.
,
.
: . i : Gergely G., Bekkering, ., & Kiraly, I. (2002). R a t i o n a l

imitation in preverbal infants. Nature, 425(6873), 755.

227

, , , , .
,
, - .
, , .
, .
, ,
. . , ,
.


,
. , ,
"": , . , . . , ,
( '), .
,
, . , , . , . , - ? -

| 6.

{ 228
, , , .
. , .
,
-, ,
. ,
. -

(subject, S)

(experimenter, )

(S)
()

, ,
, .
,
()

. 6.7.

. 1 2 : Kilner, J.M., Paulignan, Y., & Blakemore, S.j. (2003). An interference effect of observed biological movement on action. Current Biology, 13(6),
522-525.

I | |

229

. , , .
,
, ,
. , . , 1.

.
. .
. ,
, 2.
, , . ,
.

. , ,
- ? , ,
, 1

, ,
. . . .
, , . ( ).
, . ,

, . . .

| 6.

230

.
- , ,
, , . , " " (pain matrix), , . .

.

, - , .
(), .
.
.
.
, ,
? , , . ,
? , ,
1 ,
,
, .
? , ? , ,
1 , , " , , ". , " , " . .

| | |

{
BOLD

231

. 6.8.

.
, .
, , , , ? ()
. (),
, .

.
, (, ,
, ).
, - 1 .
1

, - , , . , , ,
. . .

| 6.

232

1.
, - . , ,
. , , ,
. , , ? ,
, - .
,
. , ,
.


, , ,
. , , , -, . , . .
. . , . ,
. .
. , , 1 . , , ( ). - ,
. . .

| | |

233

, ,
, . , , . . , ,
. : , .
" ?
. , ,
, . , , .
, ?"
,
.
, ,
, , ,
, . - ?
. , ,
. . "
, , , , ". , , . , ,
, , .
, ,
, -

| 6.

234

. , ?
, ?
, ""
,
. ,
. ,
.
, -, , .
, .
, .
, , . ,
. , , . . . , .
- .
. . . , ,
. . , ,
.
, . 1 .

| | |

235

, , , 1. (
, , ,
.)
, , , ,
. ,
, . , , , , , ( , ). . ,
. , . , , ,
. .
. , ,
. , ,
.
.
, . ,
,
1 , , , .
.

| 6.

236
,

250


. 6.9.
, -
250 .
, ,
, .
,
,
. .

( ),

.

| | |

237

, , ? , . .
, , . . ,
, ,

, , . ,
, ,
.
.
, , -
?
- ?


, .
, , .
, .
. , ,
,
- . . .
. ,

| 6.

{ 238
,
? , , ,
, ?
.
,
, .
, , , , , ,
?
. , ,

. , , .
, ,
, . . ,
.
" - ,
. , , , , .
, , , ,
. , , ".
"", , ,
.
. , , -

| | |

239

- ,
.
, . ,
, : .
,
. , . ,
,
, . ,

,
.


. , , .
( ) , ,
( , ). ,
.
, - ,
. , , , -

| 6.

240

, , . ,
, , , , . , .
, , -
.
, " ".
,
. ,
.
, ,
, , . ,
. , . ,
, . ,
. ,
, .
, , , . ,
, .
, . -
. , . .

| | |

241

,

,
. "".
,
. -, , .
: , . -, , . 1.
, , , ,
,
, .
.
, .
, ,
( ). ,
, ( ).

, . , . .
, . . , , . , 1

. . .

| 6.

242

. , ,
, ,
, .
" , .
", , - .
.
. , , - .
, .
.
. . , [
] . ,
. <...> , .
, .
: .
, , 1. <...> , , .
, , ? 1

. . .

| | |

243

", , ". , -,
. , ,
, 1. ,
. ,
, ,
. " , ". , , ,
: " ,
?" . - .
"" ,
-
, .
? , ?
, ,
, .
, .
,
.
, ,
. ,
, 1

, . . .

| 6.

244

pa ,
. - , .
" ,
. , ".
, , , .
, , , .
. ,
. ,
, ,
,
.

7.



, ,
. ,
,
. , . , . . .
, , . .
,
.
, ,
. ,

I 7.

248

.
, .
. ,
, ?
. . 7.1 , , - (8i2?-858). .
: The Patterned
Lute (" "), The Inlaid Harp ("
"), The Ornamented Zither (" ").
:1
, ,
?
, , .
, ,
.
, ,
.
,
? ,
. - , . , 1 .
(" ") : "
/ . / , / ". . .

| | |

249

- 2 - + S*,

, ,

ft ^ &

, ,

&
&,,

,

G T I ^

jfctt A ii to,

- , ,

. IRFTI" 5

. 7.1.
- (8127-858) " ".

I 7.

250

, "" .
,
, 1 .
" ,
. , , ".
.
, .
. . ,
, ?
.
, ?
, .
.


.
, . , , , , , .
. .
. , , ,

. . .

| | |

2 5 1

1 , .
, .
. " " , .
" " , .
, 1.


.
, . (), . , . ,
? .
. , , (, ) ( ). , ,
, .
. , , ? .
,
. ,
1

, ,

. . .

| 7.

252

. , ? , ,
. . ,
, , , 1.
, . . ?
, , , , . ( ) , , . , . ,
,
(. . 5.10). , ,
, .
,
, .
(, )
, ,
, . , - ,
, .

, "" . , , , . -

. .

| | |

253


?
, , . , . "" ,

1.
, ,
. , ,
(. . 5.7). ,
. , ,
, ( , ).
. , , .
. .
, .
- , . ,
1

, , - ( ). , ( )
, , -

. . .

| 7.

254

, , , .
,
"", "BOLD-" 1 " ".
"BOLD"2 "" . ,
, 3.
.
. . , ,
.

. , . - . ?
. , . - ,
, .
?
. , . - , .
?
.

Blood oxygenation level dependent signal (, ) , --

. . .
2
3

Bold (.) , ,
). . .

, ( ) (

, . -

. .

| | |

255

. , .
, , . , - ,
,
. .
, , . , . -
, ,
.

?
. ,
, ,
. , , . , ,
.
, , . , , .
, ,
.
, .
,
.
, . -

| 7.

. 7.2. ,

" 2 " ,
. , , ,
, ? , ,
,
.

, . : " ,
. . 950 ". ,
,
. ,
.


, ,
"".
. ,
, . -

| | |

,
. . .
.
. ,
, , . . , ,
.
, -,
, .
.
. , . .
, .
, " ".
. ,
: "", ""1, "", "", "" ..
. , , . , , , , . , ,
.
,
. 1


. . .

, - -

I 7.

. , .


, ,
?
,
,
, , , .
, ?
.
, . ( ). .
, - , , , , ( ). : (i) (2) . . , , , ,
. , , .
, ,
, , . .
, , .
,
.

| | |

259

, .
.
.
? , , , .
, , . - , , , , , .



, , . ,
.
, -.
,
, , .
- ,
. "" (baby talk) " " (motherese)1.
. .
1

" " (fatherese), , ,

. . .

| 7.

259

, .
, , ,
.
, . "", ""
"" , . " "
,
, .
, . ,

300

Fl

900

7.3. ,

, " " ( " " ) " s h e e p " (), " a h "


" " ) " s h a r k " () " " ( " " ) " s h o e "
(Fi

()

F2).

, .

, "
" (motherese). ,
.

,
, ,

| | |

260

. , . , .
.
. , , . , , ,
, ,
, .
, . . - . , , 1.
. ,
, . ,
, , .
" ", . , . , , ,
"!", , -

, , , .
.
,
, , ,
, , (. 4).

| 7.

. .

""1. ,
, .


, ,
. . . , , . ,
, . " ".

, .
,
.
:
: , , ,
.
: ?
: . ?2
. - " " 1

, , .

, , "Peter, P e t e r , p u m p k | n
eater" .
eater!", - .

"Peter

. .

("Peter, P e t e r '

pumpkin eater" .
. ", , ". . .)
2

"Viaduct" () " W h y a d u c k ? " (" ? ) , ,


, " H o w are you d o i n g ? " ( "
?"). .

| | |

. 1999 , ,
" " (Fork Handles)
1.
, ,
, , .
" ": ( )
" "
. . .
(): . .
(
.)
: Fork 'andies! ( !)2
: Four candies? ( ?)
: Fork 'andies. ( .)
.)
: No, fork 'andies! (, !)
( ): Well there you are, four candles! (
, !)
: No, fork 'andies! 'Andies for forks! (, !
, !)
.
.)
(): . , " ".
1

2005
^ .

. .

" ("fork h a n d l e s " ) " h " , " " ("four candles").

. .

| 7 . |

2 6 4

: Got any plugs? ( ?) 1


: Plugs. What kind of plugs? ( ?)
: A rubber one, bathroom. (, .)

.)
( ):
?
: !
( .. ..)
. .,
("fork 'andles"). , , . : "Four candles?" (" ?"). . "fork'andles". , . . . . ,
, . ( ), . ,
. : "'Andles for forks".
! .
.


, ,
, . ,
. .
, ,
. 1

" p l u g " (, .).


.

. .

| | |

2 6 5

. , .
, ,

, .
. . , .
. , - , ,
, . .
, , , .
,
, , , . ,

.
1 . ,
, .

. ,
, .

.
, , ,
? . .

| 7.

266




.
. ,
. , . , ( ).
. ,
, , , ,
.
, .
, .
.
, : ", !" , ,
. , , .
.
, ,
, . ,
.
. , , .
, .
. , . -

| | |

{ 23
()
:
:

()
:
:

. ' .. .

.;-'

:-

()

:
:
:
.

. 7.4. -
?
: ,
.

. .
: ,
.
. .
, .

.
: ,
.
. ,
.
.
, .

| 7.

2 6 8

, ,
( ) . , , ,

.
1. , , .
,
. .
, ,
. ,
,
. ,

, . , , .


" ,
. , .
,
1

, , , , ,
. ( )

(. . 2.4). . .

| | |

23

. , ".
. , ,
. , , .
, , .
.
,
. , ", !".
. ,
.
, , . ,
,
. .
, , ,
. ,
, , -, , . , .

, - , , .
.
,
.
, , , -

| 7.

2 7 0




(. . 2.4)

. 7.5. ,


,
( ).
, , ,
.

, .
, ,
, . . .
, : " "

| | |

271

" ". ,
, . , : " " " ". " ,
<...>
".

,
.
""
, .

,
- . <...>
.
, ,
, ,
. , ,
, . , , ,
, . <...> , [ ], ,
. , .
.
.
, ,
. , , .

| 7.

272


, .
. ,
. , , ,
.
, , .
, . ,
, ,
, ,
. .
? . , ,
.
. , .
, ,
: "
?"
- . .

| | |

2 7 3

, '- ".
, , , .
: . , .
. , . , ,
, . . . , , , , . , , . , , ,
. (),
, .
, , , , . , - , . , () , , . , ,
, , , -, , . . , ,
, .

, , , , , - .
. ,

.
, /
, .
/
, /
,
(
.
\

, ,
.

.
,

,
.
,
, .

. 7.6. , " "

| 7.

274

,
.

. ,
.
. " ".
. , "
" .

, "" , .
, .
, . - , -,
.
18 1978
911
, ,
.
. , . , , -

| | |

2 7 5

.
, , .
. .
,
,
.

, , , . .
: . . , ,
. , ! ,
- , " ", - ? .
. .
" " . .
, . . .
. . , ,
. . , . , , .
: ! !
: . , . - .
.
. .

, . , , ,

| 7.

275

1. , .
.
, .
,
. , .
,
.
, . , , ,
. ,
, , . . , ,
, . ,
. ,

.
.
" , , ,
".
1

14 ,
, , . ,
, , ? -, ( " ")-
, . . .

| | |

2 7 7

. . .
, ,
. , . , , .
""
- , .
, , " , "
(. . 7 ). , " , ; , , , ". ,
.
" ",
.
" ", .
" ", .
, (
, ),
. ,
, . ,
.

,
. ,
, , . . , . , .


, , .
. .
, , , .

| | |

2 7 9

, , . " ?"
. .
"",
,
"", ,

. , , "" .

.
, , .
, .
. "",
, .


,
""? , , , , .
1,
, , , , ,
, , - ,
.
1

, , ,
,
. , ,
. . .

| |

2 8 0

, , , , .
,
.
,
, " , ". (stimulus-driven). () . ( , ). , . ,

.
,
.
, , . (willed).

,
,

.
. . ?

| | |

2 8 1


.

: " , , "1. .
, . , , - , . . ,
, , . ,

( ),
, , .
, ?
,

, . ,
,
. . .
, .
, .
1

. .

| |

2 8 2

. .
,
. ?

?
,
, .
, ,
, .
. . ,
. ,
, , ,
, " " 1 . " , "?
, ,
.

: " ( ), ,
1

, ,
" " .
: " , !"

| | |

". .

2 8 3

"1.
. .
,
? ,
? , ?
. ,
.
. .
. ,

. . 2 .
,

.
,
.

: " 2 - 7 " , ,

"". . .

| |

2 8 4

, , . , ,
, . , , , , , .
.
, . . . , , .

,
, . ,
. ,
.
"",
. ""
. ""
, "", ?
, . -, - , , -

| | |

2 8

. ..
" " .

, .
:
( , ), ( ,
),
( ,
).
. ,
. .
, . , , ,
, .
: "".

| |

2 8 6

,

, , ,
, . , ,
1 . ,
, , , .
,
. ,
. , .
,
,
. , ,
, , . , . , ,
,
: " ?" , , "
?" , .
, . .
1

, - -

. . .

| | |

286


( -)
. . 1. 2. ,
,
3.
.
"":
, . ("")
.
30 . ?
, "".

. . ,
.
.
1

, ,
, .

. .

2 , ,
. , , , , ,

. . .
3


. ,
,

, -

.
XX .
, , .
: "
". ?

. .

| |

2 8 8

, . , , , ,
30 . ?
, .
,
, .
(),
. "" , , . , ,
. .

, ?
" ", .
,
. ,
. "" , , , . , . ,
-,
.
, .
.
.
,
, -

| | |

nday
TLJ

da,

56

12

L
NM

. ,

. , .

. 2. -
()
.
"" .
.
- , .
;
.
. , ,
( ).
, ,
, , .
, . ,
.
,
: , , . , .

, . .



,
... ,
...

.
.

. 4. .

.5.
. . . :

.6.
. .

./. ,
, ,
: , .
, ,
. ,
.

2 8 9

. ,
1, , .
,

. , .
. .
,
.


?
,
, . ,
. , .
- , , .
- , ,
. , .
. *

" ". , ,
, . . .

| |

2 9 0

. , ,
.
, , , . , ,
.
, , 1 .

, ,
, , , .
,
. ,
. . , , , ,
.
, ,
,
. ,
, .
, .
,
1

, , ,
, .

, . . . .

| | |

2 9 1

().
,
16 .

V^jfc,

(2/

. ,
.

. .

("") .
, ,
.

. .4. " "

| |

2 9 2


, , .
, , .
, ,
.
. . .


B o x , G.E.P., & , D.R. (1964). An a n a l y s i s of transformations. Journal of the

Royal Statistical Society, Series B, 26(2), 211-243.



M I L L E R , G . A . (1956). The magic n u m b e r seven, p l u s or m i n u s two: S o m e limits
on our capacity for p r o c e s s i n g information.

Psychological Review,

63, 8 1 - 9 7 .

-
MURRAY. . , & J O N E S , D . M . (2002). A r t i c u l a t o r complexity at item b o u n d a r i e s
in serial recall: The case of W e l s h a n d English digit s p a n . Journal of Experimental
Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition, 28(3), 594-598.

MATHER, G . , VERSTRATEN, F., & A N S T I S , S. (1998). The motion aftereffect:


A

modern

perspective.

Cambridge,

MA:

MIT

Press.

(.

http://www.lifesci.sussex.ac.uk/home/George_Mather/Motion/MAE.HTML.)

E I S E N B E R G E R , N . I . , L I E B E R M A N , M . D . , & W I L L I A M S , K . D . (2003). D o e s rejection hurt? An f M R I study of social exclusion. Science, 3 0 2 ( 5 6 4 3 ) , 2 9 0 - 2 9 2 .

I |

2 9 4

Y U E , G., & C O L E ,

K.J. (1992). Strength increases from the motor program:

C o m p a r i s o n of training with maximal voluntary and i m a g i n e d muscle contractions.

Journal of Neurophysiology, 67(5), 1114-1123.


ENGELIEN,

A.,

HUBER,

W.,

SILBERSWEIG,

STERN,

D.,

E.,

FRITH,

C.D.,

D O R I N G , W., T H R O N , A., & F R A C K O W I A K , R . S . (2000). The neural correlates of


" d e a f - h e a r i n g " in man: C o n s c i o u s s e n s o r y a w a r e n e s s enabled by attentional
modulation. Brain, 123^Pt. 3), 5 3 2 - 5 4 5 .

FULTON, J.F. (1928). O b s e r v a t i o n s u p o n the vascularity of the h u m a n occipital
lobe d u r i n g visual activity. Brain, 51 (Pt. 3), 3 1 0 - 3 2 0 .

L A S S E N , N.A., I N G V A R , D.H., & S K I N H O J , E. (1978). Brain function a n d blood
flow.

Scientific American, 239(4), 6 2 - 7 1 .


R O L A N D , . . , & F R I B E R G , L. (1985). Localization of cortical areas activated by
thinking,

Journal of Neurophysiology, 53(5), 1 2 1 9 - 1 2 4 3 .


STEPHAN,

K.M.,

FINK,

CEBALLOS-BAUMANN,

G.R.,

A.O.,

PASSINGHAM,

FRITH,

C.D.,

&

R.E.,

SILBERSWEIG,

FRACKOWIAK,

R.S.

D.,

(1995)-

Functional anatomy of the mental representation of upper extremity movements


in healthy subjects.

Journal of Neurophysiology, 73(1), 3 7 3 - 3 8 6 .

,
P U C E , A . , A L L I S O N , ., G O R E , J . . , & M C C A R T H Y , G . (1995). Face-sensitive
regions in h u m a n extrastriate cortex studied by functional MRI.

Journal of

Neurophysiology, 74(3), 1 1 9 2 - 1 1 9 9 .
K A N W I S H E R , N . , M C D E R M O T T , J., & C H U N , M . M . (1997). The fusiform face
area: A m o d u l e of extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception. Journal of

Neuroscience, 17, 4 3 0 2 - 4 3 1 1 .

| | |

2 9 5

,
E P S T E I N , R., & K A N W I S H E R , N. (1998). A cortical representation of the local
v i s u a l environment. Nature, 3 9 2 ( 6 6 7 6 ) , 5 9 8 - 6 0 1 .

O ' C R A V E N , . . , & K A N W I S H E R , N. ( 2 0 0 0 ) . M e n t a l imagery of faces a n d places
activates c o r r e s p o n d i n g stiimulus-specific brain regions.
Neuroscience,

12(6),

Journal of Cognitive

1013-1023.


P A U L E S U , . , M C C R O R Y , . , F A Z I O , F., M E N O N C E L L O , L., B R U N S W I C K , N . ,
C A P P A , S . F . , COTELLI, M . , C o s s u , G . , CORTE, F., L O R U S S O , M . , P E S E N T I , S . ,
G A L L A G H E R , A . , PERANI, D., PRICE, C., FRITH, C . D . , & FRITH, U. (2000). A
cultural effect on brain function.

Nature Neuroscience,

3(1), 9 1 - 9 6 .

l
, ,
M I L L E R , .. (2000). The neural b a s i s of the top-down control of visual attention

in the prefrontal cortex. In S. Monsell & J. Driver (Eds.), Control of cognitive process-

es: Attention and Performance i8{pp. 511-534). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
,
L A S H LEY, . (1941). Patterns of cerebral integration indicated by s c o t o m a s of

migraine. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 46, 331-339. ( -

: Kapur, N. (Ed.). (1997). Injured brains of medical minds:

Views from within

(pp. 121-127). Oxford: Oxford University Press.)


Z E K I , S. (1993). A vision of the brain. Oxford; B o s t o n , M A : Blackwell Scientific
Publications.


Z E K I , S. (1990). A century of cerebral a c h r o m a t o p s i a . Brain, { Pt. 6), 1721-1777.


Z E K I , S. (1991). Cerebral a k i n e t o p s i a (visual motion b l i n d n e s s ) : A review. Brain,
{Pt.

2),

811-824.

2 9 6
:
B R O K S , . (2003).

Into the silent land: Travels in neuropsychology. New York:

Grove Press.

B R O O K S , D.N., & B A D D E L E Y , A . D . (1976). W h a t can a m n e s i c patients learn?

Neuropsychologic,

14,111-122.

D.F.
GOODALE,

M.A.,

&

MILNER,

A.D.

(2004).

Sight unseen. Oxford: Oxford

University Press.

WEISKRANTZ,

L.

Blindsight: A case study and implications. Oxford:

(1990).

Clarendon Press.

, T.A., M C Q U I L L E N , M.P., & C O H E N , . . (1983). M u s i c a l hallucinations associated with acquired d e a f n e s s .

Jourrnal of Neurology, Neurosurgery &

Psychiatry, 46(6), 570-572.



ffytche, D.H 1 (2005). Visual hallucinations a n d the Charles Bonnet syndrome.

Current Psychiatry Reports, 7(3), 168-179.



FFYTCHE, D . H . , HOWARD, R.J., B R A M M E R , M . J . , DAVID, A., W O O D R U F F , P., &
W I L L I A M S , S. (1998). The anatomy of c o n s c i o u s vision: An fMRI study of visual
hallucinations.

Nature Neuroscience, 1(8), 7 3 8 - 7 4 2 .


P A N A Y I O T O L O L O U S , .P.

(1999). Elementary visual hallucinations, blindness,

a n d h e a d a c h e in idiopathic occipital epilepsy: Differentiation from migraine.

Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 66, 536-540.


1

, - . ., , http://www.iop.kcl.ac.uk/staff/profile/default.aspx?go=

11136. . .

| | |

2 9 7

M I Z E , . (1980). Visual hallucinations following viral encephalitis: A self report.


Neuropsychologici, i8{2), 1 9 3 - 2 0 2 . ("Upon closing my e y e s . . . " (pp. 31-32) c. 194.)
( : Kapur, N. (Ed.). (1997). Injured brains of
medical minds: Views from within (pp. 129-137). Oxford: Oxford University Press.)

W I N A W E R , M . R . , O T T M A N , R., H A U S E R , A., & P E D L E Y , T.A. ( 2 0 0 0 ) . A u t o s o m a l
d o m i n a n t partial e p i l e p s y with

auditory features:

Defining the

phenotype.

Neurology, 54, 2173-2176.


,
P E N F I E L D , W . , & P E R O T , P. (1963). The b r a i n ' s record of auditory a n d visual
experience. Brain, 86(Pt. 4), 5 9 5 - 6 9 6 .

The doors of perception & Heaven and hell. Harmondsworth: Penguin


http://lib.ru/INOFANT/HAKSLI/doors.txt)
H O F M A N N, A . (1983). LSD - My problem child (j. Ott, Trans.) Los Angeles: J.P. Tarcher.
.: http://www.flashback.Se/archive/my_problem_child/chapter1.html#5.)1
HUXLEY, A. (1959).

Books. ( ., :

,
F F Y T C H E , D . H . , & H O W A R D , R.J. (1999). The perceptual c o n s e q u e n c e s of v i s u a l
loss: " P o s i t i v e " p a t h o l o g i e s of vision. Brain, 322(Pt. 7), 1 2 4 7 - 1 2 6 0 .

M A N F O R D , M . , & A N D E R M A N N , F. (1999). C o m p l e x visual hallucinations. Brain,
i2i{ Pt. 10), 1 8 1 8 - 1 8 4 0 .

COOPER,

A.F.

(1976).

Deafness

and

psychiatric

illness.

British Journal

of

Psychiatry, 129, 216-226.



T R O S S E , G. (1982). The Life of the Reverend Mr. George Trosse, Late M i n i s t e r of
the G o s p e l in the City of Exon, W h o died January 11th, 1712/13. In the Eighty

., : http://www.behigh.org/behigh/site/content/
library/science/hofmannjsd.html. . .

| |

2 9 8
S e c o n d Year of His Age, Written by Himself a n d Published A c c o r d i n g to His Order.
Exon: Richard White, 1714. In D. Petersen (Ed.),

A mad people's history of madness

(pp. 2 6 - 3 8 ) . Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press. (


1714 .)
KING,

L.P.

(pseud.).

(1964).

Criminal

c o m p l a i n t s with

probable

(a true account). B o u n d , circular letter, ca. 1940. In B. Kaplan (Ed.),

causes

The inner

world of mental illness. New York: Harper & Row. ( 1 9 4 0 .)



C H A D W I C K , .. (1993). The s t e p l a d d e r to the i m p o s s i b l e : A first h a n d p h e n o m -

enological account of a schizo-affective psychotic crisis. Journal of Mental Health,


2(3), 2 3 9 - 2 5 0 .

2

HELMHOLTZ, . VON. (1866).

Handbuch derPhysiologischen Optik. Leipzig: Voss.


Selected

H E L M H O L T Z , . V O N . (1971). The facts of perception. In R. Kahl (Ed.),

writings of Hermann von Helmholtz (pp. 366-381). Middletown, CT: Wesleyan


University Press. ( 1878 .)

R E N S I N K , R . A . , O ' R E G A N , J.., & CLARK, J.J. (1997). To see or not to see: The need
for attention to perceive changes in scenes.
NOE,

A.

(ED.).

(2002).

Psychological Science, 8{5), 3 6 8 - 3 7 3 .


a g r a n d i l l u s i o n ? Journal of

Is the v i s u a l world

Consciousness Studies, special issue, 9 ( 5 - 6 ) .



M A R C E L , A.J. (1983). C o n s c i o u s a n d u n c o n s c i o u s perception: An a p p r o a c h to the
relations between p h e n o m e n a l experience a n d perceptual p r o c e s s e s . Cognitive
Psychology,

25(2),

238-300.

Ku N S T - W I L S O N , W.R., & Z A J O N C , R . B . (1980). Affective discrimination of stimuli that c a n n o t be recognized. Science, 2 0 7 ( 4 4 3 0 ) , 5 5 7 - 5 5 8 .



W H A L E N , P.J., R A U C H , S . L . , ETCOFF, N . L . , M C I N E R N E Y , S . C . , L E E , M . B . , &
J EN IKE,

M . A . (1998). M a s k e d presentations of emotional facial e x p r e s s i o n s

| | |

{
modulate a m y g d a l a activity without explicit k n o w l e d g e .
18(1),

2 9 9

Journal of Neuroscience,

411-418.


M O R R I S , J . S , FRITH, C . D . , PERRETT, D . I . , ROWLAND, D., Y O U N G , A.W., C A L D E R ,
A.J., & DOLAN, R.J. (1996). A differential neural response in the h u m a n amygdala to
fearful and happy facial expressions. Nature, 383(6603), 812-815.

B E C K , D . M . , R E E S , G . , F R I T H , C . D . , & L A V I E , N. (2001). Neural correlates of
c h a n g e detection a n d change b l i n d n e s s . Nature Neuroscience, 4(6), 6 4 5 - 6 5 0 .

BARON-COHEN, S.,
and

& H A R R I S O N , J.E.

contemporary readings.

MILLS,

C.B.,

Oxford:

BOTELER,

..,

&

A case study using a Stroop-type test.

( E D S . ) . (1997).

Synaesthesia: Classical

Blackwell.
OLIVER,

G.K.

(1999)

Digit s y n a e s t h e s i a :

Cognitive Neuropsychology, 26(2), 181-191.

Dream
psychology and the new biology of dreaming (pp. 265-283). Springfield, IL:
J O N E S , R . M . (1969). A n epigenetic a n a l y s i s of d r e a m s . In M. Kramer (Ed.).
Charles C. T h o m a s .

H O B S O N , J.A. (1988).

The dreaming brain. New York: Basic B o o k s .


A S E R I N S K Y , E., & KLEITMAN, N. (1953). Regularly occurring periods of eye motility,
and concomitant p h e n o m e n a , during sleep. Science, 228(3062), 2 7 3 - 2 7 4 .
,
S t i C K G O L D , R., M A L I A , A . , M A G U I R E , D . , R O D D E N B E R R Y , D . , & O ' C O N N O R ,
M . ( 2 0 0 0 ) . Replaying the g a m e : H y p n a g o g i c i m a g e s i n n o r m a l s a n d a m n e s i c s .

Science, 290(5490), 350~353 -


BORGES,

J.L.

(1966).

Other inquisitions (R.L.C. S i m m s , Trans.). New York:

W a s h i n g t o n S q u a r e Press. ( " , ..."

| |


DESCARTES,

R.

(1996).

M e d i t a t i o n s on

First P h i l o s o p h y in w h i c h

are

d e m o n s t r a t e d the e x i s t e n c e o f G o d a n d the d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n the h u m a n


s o u l a n d the b o d y . First M e d i t a t i o n w h a t can be called into d o u b t . In J.
Cottingham

(Ed.

and

Trans.),

Descartes: Selected philosophical writings.

C a m b r i d g e : C a m b r i d g e University P r e s s . ( 1 6 4 1 .)1

S C H W A R T Z , S . , & M A Q U E T , P . ( 2 0 0 2 ) . S l e e p i m a g i n g a n d the n e u r o p s y c h o -

logical assessment of dreams. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6(1), 2 3 - 3 0 .



R E V O N S U O , A. (2003). The reinterpretation of d r e a m s . In E.F. Pace-Schott, M.
S o l m s , M . Blagrove, & S. H a r n a d (Eds.),

Sleep and dreaming (pp. 8 5 - 1 0 9 ) .

C a m b r i d g e : C a m b r i d g e University Press.
" "
SIDGWICK,

(WITH

JOHNSON,

A.,

MYERS,

F.W.H.,

PODMORE,

S I D G W I C K , E . M . ) . (1894). Report on the C e n s u s of Hallucinations.

F.,

&

Proceedings

of the Society for Psychical Research, 10, 25-422.


GAULD,

(1968). The founders of psychical research. London: Routledge &

Kegan Paul.

M A N F O R D , . , & A N D E R M A N N , F. (1999). C o m p l e x visual hallucinations. Brain,
J2J, 1 8 1 8 - 1 8 4 0 .



B O T V I N I C K , . , & C O H E N , J. (1998). R u b b e r h a n d s " f e e l " touch that e y e s see.

Nature, 392(6669), 756.

" ,
". ., :

http://psylib.0rg.ua/b00ks/dekar02/index.htm. . .

| | |

3 0 1


IRIKI, A., T A N A K A , . , & IWAMURA, Y. (1996). C o d i n g of modified body s c h e m a
during tool use by m a c a q u e postcentral neurones. Neuroreport, 7(14), 2 3 2 5 - 2 2 3 0 .

FOURNERET,

P., & J E A N N E R O D ,

M. (1998). Limited c o n s c i o u s monitoring of

motor performance in normal subjects.

Neuropsychologic,

NIELSEN,

new experimental a p p r o a c h . Scandinavian

T.I.

(1963). Volition a

36(11), 1133-1140.

Journal of Psychology, 4(4), 225-230.


,
LIBET, ., G L E A S O N , . A . , W R I G H T , E.W., & PEARL, D.K. (1983). Time of conscious
intention to act in relation to onset of cerebral activity (readiness-potential): The unconscious initiation of a freely voluntary act. Brain, io6(Pt. 3), 6 2 3 - 6 4 2 .
H A G G A R D , P., N E W M A N , C . , & M A G N O , E. (1999). On the perceived time o f v o l -

untary actions. British Journal of Psychology, po( Pt. 2), 291-303.



H A L L E T T , P . E . , & L I G H T S T O N E , A . D . (1976). S a c c a d i c eye m o v e m e n t s to flashed
targets,

Vision Research, 16(1),

1 0 7 - 1 1 4 . Pisella, L., Grea, H.,Tilikete, C., Vighetto,

A., Desmurget, M., Rode, G.,


B O I S S O N , D . , & R O S S E T T I , Y. ( 2 0 0 0 ) . An " a u t o m a t i c pilot" for the h a n d in
human

posterior parietal cortex: Toward

Neuroscience,

reinterpreting optic ataxia.

Nature

3(7), 7 2 9 - 7 3 6 .


ROELOFS,

(1935). O p t i s c h e Localisation.

Archiv fur Augenheilkunde, 109,

395-415.

B R I D G E M A N , . , PEERY, S . , & A N A N D , S. (1997). Interaction of cognitive a n d sensorimotor m a p s of visual space.

Perception and Psychophysics,

59(3), 4 5 6 - 4 6 9 .


N O T T E B O H M , F. (1981). A brain for all s e a s o n s : Cyclical anatomical c h a n g e s in
s o n g control nuclei of the canary brain. Science, 224(4527), 1 3 6 8 - 1 3 7 0 .

R A M A C H A N D R A N , V . S . , STEWART, M . ,

ROGERS-RAMACHANDRAN,

D . C . (1992).

Perceptual correlates of massive cortical reorganization. Neuroreport, 3(7), 5 8 3 - 5 8 6 .

3 0 2
H A L L I G A N , P.W., M A R S H A L L , J . . , W A D E , D . T . , DAVEY, J., & M O R R I S O N , D.
(1993). T h u m b in c h e e k ? S e n s o r y reorganization a n d perceptual plasticity after
limb amputation. Neuroreport, 4(3), 2 3 3 - 2 3 6 .

MCGONIGLE,

D.J.,

HANNINEN,

R., S A L E N I U S , S . ,

HARI,

R.,

FRACKOWIAK,

R . S . , & F R I T H , C . D . (2002). W h o s e arm is it a n y w a y ? An fMRI case study of


supernumerary p h a n t o m limb.

Brain, i2s(Pt. 6), 1 2 6 5 - 7 4 .

()
R A M A C H A N D R A N , V . S . (1996). What neurological s y n d r o m e s can tell us about
h u m a n nature: S o m e l e s s o n s from p h a n t o m limbs, capgras syndrome, and

anosognosia. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, 61,115-134.



M A R C H E T T I , . , & DELLA S A L L A , S. (1998). Disentangling the alien a n d anarchic hand.

Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 3 , 1 9 1 - 2 0 8 .


W E G N E R , D . M . (2002).

The illusion of conscious will. Cambridge, MA: Bradford

Books.

V A R R A I N E , E . , B O N N A R D , M . , & P A I L H O U S , J. (2002). The top d o w n a n d bottom up m e c h a n i s m s involved in the s u d d e n a w a r e n e s s of low level sensorimotor

behavior. Cognitive Brain Research, 13(3), 357-361.



E S T A B R O O K S , G.H. (1957).

Hypnotism. New York: E.P. Dutton & Co.

K O P E L M A N , M . , & M O R T O N , J. (2001). P s y c h o g e n i c a m n e s i a s functional


m e m o r y l o s s . In G. D a v i e s & T. D a l g l e i s h (Eds.),

Recovered memories: The mid-

dle ground (pp. 2 1 9 - 2 4 6 ) . Chichester: John Wiley.



S H I M A M U R A , . P . (1986). Priming effects of a m n e s i a : Evidence f o r a dissociable

memory function. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, A, 38(4),


619-644.

| | |

3 0 3

4

KUHL, .., T S A O , F . M . , & L i u , . . (2003). Foreign-language experience in
infancy: Effects of short-term exposure a n d social interaction on phonetic learning.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 100(15), 9096-9101.


, , ,
KRINKE,

G.J.

(ED.).

(2000).

The laboratory rat

( H a n d b o o k of Experimental

A n i m a l s ) . L o n d o n : A c a d e m i c Press.

PAVLOV, L P . (1927). Lecture II. In

Conditioned reflexes

(G.V. Anrep, Trans.; pp.

1 7 - 3 2 ) . L o n d o n : Oxford University Press. (


Classics in the History of Psychology: http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Pavlov/lecture2.htm.)1

S M I T H , . . , B U C H A N A N - S M I T H , . . , S U R R I D G E , . . , O S O R I O , D., & MUNDY,
N.I. (2003). The effect of colour vision status on the detection and selection of fruits

by tamarins (Saguinus spp.) Journal of Experimental Biology, 206(18), 3159-3165.



T H O R N D I K E , E . L . (1911). An experimental study of associative p r o c e s s e s in animals. In

Animal intelligence

(pp. 2 0 - 1 5 4 ) . New York: M a c m i l l a n . ( -

Classics in the History of Psychology: http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Thorndike/Animal/chap2.htm.)


SKINNER,

B.F.

(1948). "Superstition" in the pigeon. Journal of Experimental

Psychology, 38(2), 1 6 8 - 1 7 2 . ( Classics in


the History of Psychology: http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/ Skinner/Pigeon/.)

: .. (1927). .; .: . 372 .
IQlib: http://www.iqlib.ru/book/preview/87FAC2A2C69942iiAA3iBCB530i93iAi. . .
.

| |

3 0 4

F L E T C H E R , .., Z A F I R I S , ., F R I T H , C . D . , H O N E Y , R.A.E., C O R L E T T , P.R.,
Z I L L E S , ., & F I N K , G.R. (2005). On the benefits of not trying: Brain activity a n d
connectivity reflecting the interactions of explicit a n d implicit s e q u e n c e learning,

Cerebral Cortex, 15(7), 1002-1015.



H U B E L , D . H . , & W I E S E L , T . N . (1959). Receptive fields of single n e u r o n s in the
cat's striate cortex.

Journal of Physiology, 148(3), 5 7 4 - 5 9 1 .


LEDOUX, J. (2002). Synapticself: Howour brains become who we are. New York: Viking.

W I S E , R . A . , & R O M P R E , P.P. (1989). Brain d o p a m i n e a n d reward.

Annual Review

of Psychology, 40,191-225.

S C H U L T Z , W. (2001). Reward signaling by d o p a m i n e neurons.

Neuroscientist,

7(4), 2 9 3 - 3 0 2 .
B A R T O , A . G . (1995). Adaptive critic a n d the basal ganglia. In J.C. Houk, J.L. Davis,
& D.G. Beiser (Eds.),

Models of information processing in the basal ganglia (pp.

2 1 5 - 2 3 2 ) . Cambridge, M A : MIT Press.


S C H U L T Z , W . , DAYAN, P., & M O N T A G U E , P.R. (1997). A neural substrate of prediction and reward. Science, 275(5306), 1 5 9 3 - 1 5 9 9 .

MONTAGUE, P.R., DAYAN, P., P E R S O N , . , & SEJNOWSKI, T.J. (1995). Bee foraging in
uncertain environments using predictive Hebbian learning.

Nature, 377(6551), 725-728.


TESUARO,

G.

(1994). T D - G a m m o n , a self-teaching b a c k g a m m o n

achieves master-level play.

program,

Neural Computation, 6(2), 2 1 5 - 2 1 9 .

CASTIELLO

U.

(2005).

The

neuroscience

Neuroscience, 6(9), 7 2 6 - 7 3 6 .

| | |

of

grasping.

Nature

Reviews

3 0 5


L O D G E , D. ( 2 0 0 2 ) .

Consciousness and the novel.

L o n d o n : Seeker & Warburg.

" "
M O R R I S , J . S . , O H M A N , A . , & D O L A N , R.J. (1998). Conscious and unconscious emotional learning in the h u m a n amygdala.

Nature, 3 9 3 ( 6 6 8 4 ) ,

467-470.

,
ELM LTZ, . VON. (1866).

Handbuch derphysiologischen Optik, Bd. 3. Leipzig: Voss.

B R I D G E M A N , ., V A N DER H E J I D E N , . . . , & V E L I C H K O V S K Y , B . M . (1994). A


theory of v i s u a l stability a c r o s s s a c c a d i c eye m o v e m e n t s . Behavioral and Brain

Sciences, 17(2), 247-292.



W E I S K R A N T Z , L., E L L I O T T , J., & D A R L I N G T O N , . (1971). Preliminary o b s e r v a tions on tickling oneself.

Nature,

230(5296), 5 9 8 - 5 9 9 .


B L A K E M O R E , S . J . , W O L P E R T , D . M . , & F R I T H , C . D . (1990). Central cancellation
of self-produced tickle s e n s a t i o n .

Nature Neuroscience, 1(7),

635-640.


WEILLER,

.,

JUPTNER,

.,

FELLOWS,

S.,

RIJNTJES,

M.,

LEONHARDT,

G.,

K I E B E L , S . , M U L L E R , S . , D I E N E R , . . , & T H I L M A N N , A . F . (1996). Brain representation of active a n d p a s s i v e m o v e m e n t s .

Neuroimage, 4(2),

105-110.


Y U E , G.,

& COLE,

K.J. (1992). Strength i n c r e a s e s from the motor program:

C o m p a r i s o n of training with maximal voluntary a n d i m a g i n e d m u s c l e contractions.

Journal of Neurophysiology,

67(5), 1114-1123.


W O L P E R T , D . M . , & M I A L L , R . C . (1996). Forward m o d e l s for physiological motor

control. Neural Networks, 9(8), 1265-1279.



H I N T O N , G . E . , DAYAN, P., FREY, B.J., & N E A L , R . M . (1995). The " w a k e - s l e e p "
algorithm for unsupervised neural networks. Science, 268(5214), 1158-1161.

I.W.
C O L E , J. (1995).

Pride and a daily marathon. Cambridge, M A : M I T Press.

Existentialism from
Dostoyevsky to Sartre (pp. 1 3 1 - 1 5 8 ) . N e w York: P e n g u i n . (

J A S P E R S , . (1956). O n my p h i l o s o p h y . In W. K a u f m a n (Ed.),
1 9 4 1 .)
,
B L A K E M O R E , S . J . , S M I T H , J., S T E E L ,

R., J O H N S T O N E , C . E . , & F R I T H , C . D .

( 2 0 0 0 ) . The perception of self-produced s e n s o r y stimuli in patients with auditory


hallucinations a n d passivity experiences: Evidence for a b r e a k d o w n in self-monitoring.

Psychological Medicine, 3 0 ( 5 ) , 1131-1139.

JONES,

E.G.

(1994). The neuron doctrine 1891. Journal of the History of the

Neurosciences, 3(1), 3-20.


--
CAJAL, S . R . Y. (1996).

Recollections of my life (.. Craig, Trans., with the assistance

of Juan Cano). Cambridge, M A : M I T Press. ( 1937 .)



HARTLEY,

R.V.L.

(1928). T r a n s m i s s i o n of information.

Bell System Technical

Journal, 7, 535-563.
S H A N N O N , C . E . (1948). A mathematical theory of c o m m u n i c a t i o n .

Bell System

Technical Journal, 27, 379-423, 623-656.



M C C U L L O C H , W . , & P I T T S , W. (1943). A logical calculus of ideas i m m a n e n t in

nervous activity. Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics, 5,115-133.



B A Y E S , . (1763). An e s s a y t o w a r d s s o l v i n g a problem in the doctrine of chances.

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 53, 3 7 0 - 4 1 8 .

I | |

3 0 7


G O T Z S C H E , . . , & O L S E N , . ( 2 0 0 0 ) . Is s c r e e n i n g for breast cancer with m a m m o g r a p h y justifiable? Lancet, 3 5 5 ( 9 1 9 8 ) , 1 2 9 - 1 3 4 .

SUTHERLAND,

S.

(1992).

Irrationality: The enemy within.

Harmondsworth:

Penguin Books.

WOLFE, J.M.,

HOROWITZ, T.S.,

&

KENNER,

N.M.

(2005). Rare items often

m i s s e d in v i s u a l s e a r c h e s . Nature, 435(7041), 4 3 9 - 4 4 0 .

E R N S T , . . , & B A N K S , M . S . (2002). H u m a n s integrate v i s u a l a n d haptic information in a statistically optimal fashion. Nature, 4 1 5 ( 6 8 7 0 ) , 4 2 9 - 4 3 3 .

KERSTEN,

D.,

MAMASSIAN,

P.,

& Y U I L L E , A. (2004). Object perception as

Bayesian inference. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 271-304.



R E G A N , B . C . , JULLIOT, C . , S I M M E N , . , V I E N O T , F., C H A R L E S - D O M I N I Q U E , P.,
& M O L L O N , J . D . (2001). Fruits, foliage a n d the evolution of primate colour vision.

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series Biological


Sciences, 356(1407),

229-283.


H E N S C H , . . (2005). Critical period plasticity in local cortical circuits.

Nature

Reviews Neuroscience, 6(11), 877-888.



G R E G O R Y , R. (1997).

Eye and brain: The psychology of seeing

(5th ed.). Oxford:

Oxford University Press. (1- 1 9 6 6 .)



H I L L , . , & B R U C E , V. (1993). I n d e p e n d e n t effects of lighting, orientation, a n d
s t e r e o p s i s on the hollow-face illusion. Perception, 22(8), 8 8 7 - 8 9 7 .

3 0 8
( )
G I B S O N , J.J. (1950).

The perception of the visual world. B o s t o n , M A : H o u g h t o n

Mifflin Co.

LOTTO, R . B . , & P U R V E S , D. (2002). The empirical b a s i s of color perception.

Conscious Cognition, u{4), 609-629.



R A M A C H A N D R A N , V . S . , & G R E G O R Y , R . L . (1991). Perceptual filling in of artificially i n d u c e d s c o t o m a s in h u m a n vision.

Nature, 3 5 0 ( 6 3 2 0 ) , 6 9 9 - 7 0 2 .

,
JACK, A . I . (1998). Perceptual a w a r e n e s s in visual masking. U n p u b l i s h e d Psychology
Ph.D., UCL ( , !).
,
L H E R M I T T E , F. (1986). H u m a n a u t o n o m y a n d the frontal lobes. II. Patient behavior in c o m p l e x a n d social situations: The " e n v i r o n m e n t a l d e p e n d e n c y s y n d r o m e . "

Annals of Neurology, 19, 335-343.



K A S T N E R , S., & U N G E R L E I D E R , L.G. (2001). The neural b a s i s of b i a s e d competition in h u m a n visual cortex.

Neuropsychologia, 39(12), 1 2 6 3 - 1 2 7 6 .


C H A M B E R S , D . , & R E I S B E R G , D. (1985). Can mental i m a g e s be a m b i g u o u s ?

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 11(3),


317-328.

-
SOKAL,

A.

(1996). T r a n s g r e s s i n g the b o u n d a r i e s : Toward a t r a n s f o r m a t i v e

h e r m e n e u t i c s of q u a n t u m gravity.

Social Text, 46/47, 2 1 7 - 2 5 2 .

| | |

3 0 9

( )
GALLAGHER,

S.

(2004). Hermeneutics a n d the cognitive sciences. Journal of

Consciousness Studies, u{ 10-11), 1 6 2 - 1 7 4 .



J O H A N S S O N , G. (1973). V i s u a l perception of biological motion a n d a m o d e l for
its analysis.

Perception and Psychophysics, 14(2), 2 0 1 - 2 1 1 .

P O L L I C K , F.E., L E S T O U , V., RYU, J., & , S . B . (2002). Estimating the efficiency of recognizing g e n d e r a n d affect from biological motion. Vision Research,
42(20), 2345-2355.

F o x , R., & M C D A N I E L , . (1982). The perception of biological motion by h u m a n
infants. Science, 218(4571), 4 8 6 - 4 8 7 .

B L A K E , R. (1993). Cats perceive biological motion.

Psychological Science, 4(1),

54-57.
,
G E R G E L Y , G . , N A D A S D Y , Z . , C S I B R A , G., & B I R O , S. (1995). Taking the intentional stance at 12 m o n t h s of age. Cognition, s6{2), 1 6 5 - 1 9 3 .
,
A N S T I S , S . M . , MAYHEW, J.W., & MORLEY, . (1969). The perception o f w h e r e a f a c e
or television "portrait" is looking. American Journal of Psychology, 82(4), 4 7 4 - 4 8 9 .

LEE, ., ESKRITT, ., S Y M O N S , L . A . , & M U I R , D. (1998). Children's use of triadic
eye gaze information for " m i n d reading."

Developmental Psychology, 34(3), 5 2 5 - 5 3 9 .


RIZZOLATTI,

G.,

& CRAIGHERO,

L. (2004). The mirror-neuron system. Annual

Review of Neuroscience, 2 7 , 1 6 9 - 1 9 2 .

R O B E R T S O N , . . ( 2 0 0 0 ) . Tourette s y n d r o m e , a s s o c i a t e d c o n d i t i o n s a n d the
complexities of treatment. Brain, i23(Pt. 3), 4 2 5 - 4 6 2 .


S E A R L E , J. (1984).

Minds, brains & science: The 1984 Reith Lectures. British

B r o a d c a s t i n g Corporation (: P e n g u i n B o o k s , 1992).

B E K K E R I N G , . , W O H L S C H L A G E R , A . , & G A T T I S , M . ( 2 0 0 0 ) . Imitation o f gestures in children is goal-directed.
Section A, 53(1),

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,

153-164.

G E R G E L Y , G . , B E K K E R I N G , . , & KIRALY, I. (2002). Rational imitation in preverbal infants. Nature, 425(6873), 755.

KILNER, J.M.,
effect

PAULIGNAN, Y.,

of o b s e r v e d

biological

& BLAKEMORE,
movement

on

S.J.

(2003). An interference

action.

Current Biology,

23(6),

522-525.

WICKER,

.,

KEYSERS,

.,

PLAILLY,

J.,

ROYET,

J.P.,

GALLESE,

V.,

&

R I Z Z O L A T T I , G. (2003). Both of us d i s g u s t e d in My insula: The c o m m o n neural


b a s i s of s e e i n g a n d feeling d i s g u s t .

Neuron, 4 0 ( 3 ) , 6 5 5 - 6 6 4 .


WAGER,

T.D.,

RILLING,

J..,

SMITH,

..,

SOKOLIK,

A.,

CASEY,

K.L.,

D A V I D S O N , R.J., K O S S L Y N , S . M . , R O S E , R . M . , & C O H E N , J . D . (2004). Placeboi n d u c e d c h a n g e s in f M R I in the anticipation a n d experience of pain.

Science,

3 0 3 ( 5 6 6 1 ) , 1162-1167.
,
S I N G E R , . , S E Y M O U R , . , O ' D O H E R T Y , J., K A U B E , H . , D O L A N , R.J., & F R I T H ,
C . D . (2004). E m p a t h y for pain involves the affective but not s e n s o r y c o m p o n e n t s
of pain.

Science, 3 0 3 ( 5 6 6 1 ) , 1157-1162.

, -
A V E N A N T I , A . , B U E T I , D . , G A L A T I , G . , & A G L I O T I , S . M . (2005). T r a n s c r a n i a l
magnetic stimulation highlights the s e n s o r i m o t o r side of e m p a t h y for pain.

Nature Neuroscience, 8(7), 9 5 5 - 9 6 0 .

I | |

3 1 1


P l o g h a u s , A., TRACEY, I., G A T I , J., C L A R E , S., M E N O N , R., M A T T H E W S , P., &
R A W L I N S , J. (1999). D i s s o c i a t i n g pain from its anticipation in the h u m a n brain.

Science, 284(5422), 1979-1981.


,
F O L Z , E . L . , & W H I T E , L . E . (1962). Pain "relief" by frontal cingulotomy. Journal of

Neurosurgery, 19,

89-100.


H A G G A R D , P., C L A R K , S . , & K A L O G E R A S , J. (2002). Voluntary action a n d conscious awareness.

Nature Neuroscience,

5(4), 3 8 2 - 3 8 5 .


W O H L S C H L A G E R , A . , H A G G A R D , P., G E S I E R I C H , . , & P R I N Z , W . (2003). The
perceived o n s e t time of self- a n d other-generated actions.

Psychological Science,

14(6), 586-591.

WEGNER,

D.M.,

FULLER,

V.A.,

&

SPARROW,

(2003).

Clever h a n d s :

Uncontrolled intelligence in facilitated communication. Journal of Personal Social

Psychology, 85(1), 5-19.


G R E E N , G. (1994). Facilitated c o m m u n i c a t i o n : M e n t a l miracle or sleight of h a n d ?

Skeptic,

2(3), 6 8 - 7 6 . .

(Resolution on Facilitated C o m m u n i c a t i o n ) (American Psychological A s s o c i a t i o n ) . 1

FRITH, C.D., & JOHNSTONE, E.C. (2003). Schizophrenia: A very short introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
,
CAHILL, . , & FRITH, C . D . (1996). False perceptions or false beliefs? Hallucinations and
delusions in schizophrenia. In P.W. Halligan & J.C. Marshall (Eds.), Methods in mad-

ness

(pp. 2 6 7 - 2 9 1 ) . Hove: Psychology Press. Mellors, C.S. (1970). First-rank s y m p t o m s

of schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 217(536), 15-23.

1 http://www.apa.org/divisions/div33/fcpolicy.html. . .

| |

3 1 2

G A L L A G H E R , S. ( 2 0 0 0 ) . Self-reference a n d s c h i z o p h r e n i a : A cognitive m o d e l of

Exploring the self:


self-experience (pp.

immunity to error t h r o u g h misidentification. In D. Zahavi (Ed.),

Philosophical

and psychopathological perspectives

on

2 0 3 - 2 3 9 ) . A m s t e r d a m / P h i l a d e l p h i a , PA: John B e n j a m i n s .

7

G R A H A M , . . (Ed.). (1977).

Poems of the late Tang. H a r m o n d s w o r t h : Penguin.


Q U I N E , W.V.O. (i960).

Word and object. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

?
S P E R B E R , D . , & W I L S O N , D. (1995).

Relevance: Communication and cognition

(2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell. (1- 1 9 8 6 .)



F L A S H , . , & S E J N O W S K I , T.J. (2001). C o m p u t a t i o n a l a p p r o a c h e s to motor control.

Current Opinions in Neurobiology, n{6), 6 5 5 - 6 6 2 .

H A R R I S , C . M . , & W O L P E R T , D . M . (1998). S i g n a l - d e p e n d e n t noise determines


motor planning. Nature, 3 9 4 ( 6 6 9 5 ) , 7 8 0 - 7 8 4 .

G A D A M E R H . - G . (1989).

Truth and method ( 2 n d rev. ed.; J. W e i n s h e i m e r &

D.G. M a r s h a l l , Trans.). N e w York: C r o s s r o a d . (1-


1975 .)1

W I L L I A M S , J . E . , B E S T , D . L . , & B O S W E L L , D . A . (1975). C h i l d r e n ' s racial attitudes
in the early s c h o o l years.

Child Development, 4 6 ( 2 ) , 4 9 4 - 5 0 0 .

: .. (1988). . .: , 1988. 704 . Fort / Da: http://yanko.lib.ru/books/philosoph/

gadamer-istina_i_metod=a.htm. . .

| | |

313

,
REPP, . . , & K N O B L I C H , G. (2004). Perceiving action identity: How pianists recognize their o w n performances.
KNOBLICH,

G.,

Interactions

&

of

FLACH,

Psychological Science, 15(9),

R.

perception

(2001).
and

604-609.

P r e d i c t i n g the effects o f a c t i o n s :

action.

Psychological Science,

12(6),

467-472.
:
B A R G H , J.A., C H E N , . , & B U R R O W S , L. (1996). Automaticity of social behavior: Direct effects of trait construct a n d stereotype-activation on action.

Journal of

Personal Social Psychology, 71 (2), 230-244.



KUHL,

P..,

ANDRUSKI,

KOZHEVNIKOVA,
LACERDA,

F.

E.V.,

J.E.,

CHISTOVICH,

I.A.,

RYSKINA, V.L., STOLYAROVA,

CHISTOVICH,

L.A.,

E.I., S U N D B E R G ,

U., &

(1997). C r o s s l a n g u a g e a n a l y s i s of phonetic units in l a n g u a g e

a d d r e s s e d to infants. Science, 277(5326), 6 8 4 - 6 8 6 .


BURNHAM,

D.,

KITAMURA, C., & VOLLMER-CONNA,

p u s s y cat? O n talking to b a b i e s a n d a n i m a l s .

Science,

U . (2002). W h a t ' s new

2 9 6 ( 5 5 7 2 ) , 1435.


B Y R N E , R . W . , & R U S S O N , . . (1998). Learning by imitation: A hierarchical

approach. Behavioral & Brain Sciences, 2i{5), 667-721.


M A E S T R I P I E R I , D . , R O S S , S . K . , & M E G N A , N.L. (2002). M o t h e r - i n f a n t interactions in western lowland gorillas

(Gorilla gorilla gorilla). Journal of Comparative

Psychology, 116(3), 219-227.


,
B L O O M , . ( 2 0 0 0 ) .

How children learn the meanings of words.

C a m b r i d g e , MA:

MIT Press.
, , -
F R I T H , U. (2003).

Autism: Explaining the enigma

(2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell.


W O L P E R T , D . M . , DOYA, ., & KAWATO, M. (2003). A unifying computational framework for motor control a n d social interaction. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society of London, Series B Biological Sciences, 358(1431), 593-602.

314
,

LEDOUX,

J..

(2000).

Emotion

circuits

in

the

brain.

Annual

Review

of

Neuroscience, 2 3 , 1 5 5 - 1 8 4 .
M O R R I S , J . S . , O H M A N , A . , & D O L A N , R.J. (1998). C o n s c i o u s a n d u n c o n s c i o u s
e m o t i o n a l learning in the h u m a n a m y g d a l a . Nature, 3 9 3 ( 6 6 8 4 ) , 4 6 7 - 4 7 0 .
, ,
P H E L P S , . . , O ' C O N N O R , .J., G A T E N B Y , J . . , G O R E , J . . , G R I L L O N , . , &
D A V I S , M. (2001). Activation of the left a m y g d a l a to a cognitive representation of
fear.

Nature Neuroscience, 4(4), 4 3 7 - 4 4 1 .


F R I T H , C . D . , & F R I T H , U. (1999). Interacting m i n d s a biological b a s i s .

Science,

286(5445), 1692-1695.
G R E Z E S , J., F R I T H , C . D . , & P A S S I N G H A M , R . E . ( 2 0 0 4 a ) . Inferring false beliefs
from the actions of o n e s e l f a n d others: A n fMRI study.

Neuroimage, 22(2),

744-750.
J., F R I T H , C . D . , & P A S S I N G H A M , R . E . ( 2 0 0 4 b ) . Brain m e c h a n i s m s for
inferring deceit

in

the

actions

of others.

Journal of Neuroscience, 2 4 ( 2 4 ) ,

5500-5505.
,
C H A D W I C K , ., & B I R C H W O O D , . (1994). The o m n i p o t e n c e of voices: A cognitive a p p r o a c h to auditory hallucinations.

British Journal of Psychiatry, 264(2),

190-201.
,
MACDONALD,

N.

(i960).

Living

with

schizophrenia.

Canadian

Medical

Association Journal, 82, 218-221.



S A C K S , M . H . (1988). Folie a deux.

Comprehensive Psychiatry, 29(3), 2 7 0 - 2 7 7 .


V A N K I N , J., & W H A L E N , J. (1995).

The 60 Greatest Conspiracies of All Time.

S e c a u c u s , NJ: Carol P u b l i s h i n g Group.

| | |

315

"
" " " ) , - (San D i e g o State University):

http://Jonestown.sdsu.edu/.


C L A R K , . ( i 9 6 0 ) .

Looking at pictures. New York: Holt, Reinhart & W i n s t o n .


B O R G E S , J.L. (1964). B o r g e s a n d I. In Labyrinths: Selected stories and other writings (pp. 2 4 6 - 2 4 7 ) . New York: New Directions. 1

F R I T H , C.D., F R I S T O N , ., L I D D L E , P.F., & F R A C K O W I A K , R.S.J. (1991). Willed

Proceedings of the
Royal Society of London, Series Biological Sciences, 244(1311), 241-246.
action a n d the prefrontal cortex in m a n a study with PET.


S H A L L I C E , . (1988). The allocation of p r o c e s s i n g resources: Higher-level control.
In

From neuropsychology to mental structure (pp. 3 2 8 - 3 5 2 ) . C a m b r i d g e :

C a m b r i d g e University Press.

JAHANSHAHI,

.,

JENKINS,

1..,

BROWN,

R.G.,

MARSDEN,

C.D.,

P A S S I N G H A M , R.E., & B R O O K S , D.J. (1995). Self-initiated v e r s u s externally triggered m o v e m e n t s . I: An investigation u s i n g m e a s u r e m e n t of regional cerebral
blood flow with PET a n d movement-related potentials in normal a n d P a r k i n s o n ' s
d i s e a s e subjects.

Brain, n8(pt 4), 9 1 3 - 9 3 3 .

JENKINS, 1.., JAHANSHAHI, M., JUEPTNER, M., PASSINGHAM, R.E., & BROOKS,
D.J. (2000). Self-initiated v e r s u s externally triggered movements. II: The effect of
m o v e m e n t predictability on

regional cerebral

blood

flow.

Brain, i23(Pt. 6),

1216-1228.

" " "" . -

.: http://lib.ru/BORHES/sozdatel.txt. . .

| |

3 1 6

R O E P S T O R F F , . , & F R I T H , . (2004). W h a t ' s at the top in the t o p - d o w n control
of action? Script-sharing a n d " t o p - t o p " control of action in cognitive experiments,

Psychological Research, 68(2-3), 1 8 9 - 1 9 8 .



KING-CASAS,

.,

TOMLIN,

D.,

ANEN,

.,

CAMERER,

C.F.,

QUARTZ,

S.R.,

M O N T A G U E , P.R. (2005). Getting to k n o w you: Reputation a n d trust in a two-pers o n e c o n o m i c exchange. Science, 3 0 8 ( 5 7 1 8 ) , 7 8 - 8 3 .



M O N S E L L , S., & D R I V E R , j. ( 2 0 0 0 ) . B a n i s h i n g the control h o m u n c u l u s . In S.
Monsell

& J.

Driver

(Eds.),

Control of cognitive processes: Attention and

Performance XVIII (pp. 3 - 3 2 ) . Cambridge, M A : M I T Press.


?
D A W K I N S , R. (1976).
HALDANE,

j.B.S.

The selfish gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1 .

(1999). A l t r u i s m .

In

K. C o n n o l l y & M.

M a r g a r e t (Eds.),

Psychologically speaking: A book of quotations 10. Leicester: B P S B o o k s , New Scientist 8 1974 .


?
B O Y D , R., G I N T I S , . , B O W L E S , S . , & R I C H E R S O N , P.J. ( 2 0 0 3 ) . T h e evolution o f

altruistic punishment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA,


100(6), 3531-3535.
" " ""
H E N R I C H , J., B O Y D , R . , B O W L E S , S . , C A M E R E R , C . , F E H R , E . , & G I N T I S , H .
( 2 0 0 4 ) . Foundations of human sociality: Economic experiments and ethnographic evidence from fifteen small-scale societies. Oxford: Oxford University
Press.

H. : . (1993). . .: ,
1993. 318 . http://macroevolution.narod.ru/gene/gene_ru.html. .
.

| | |

317


FEHR,

.,

& GACHTER,

S.

(2002). Altruistic p u n i s h m e n t in h u m a n s . Nature,

425(6868), 137-140.

D

QUERVAIN,

D.J.,

FISCHBACHER,

U., TREYER,

V.,

SCHELLHAMMER,

M.,

S C H N Y D E R , U., B U C K , A., & F E H R , E. (2004). The neural b a s i s of altruistic puni s h m e n t . Science, 3 0 5 ( 5 6 8 8 ) , 1 2 5 4 - 1 2 5 8 .



S I N G E R , . , S E Y M O U R , . , O ' D O H E R T Y , J.P., S T E P H A N , K . E . , D O L A N , R.J., &
F R I T H , C . D . ( 2 0 0 6 ) . Empathic neural r e s p o n s e s are m o d u l a t e d by the perceived
fairness of others. Nature, 4 3 9 ( 7 0 7 5 ) , 4 6 6 - 4 6 9 .

S H U L T Z , T.R., W E L L S , D., & S A R D A , M. (1980). D e v e l o p m e n t of the ability to
d i s t i n g u i s h intended actions from mistakes, reflexes, a n d p a s s i v e m o v e m e n t s .

British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 29 (Pt. 4), 301-310.



S I N G E R , . , K I E B E L , S . J . , W I N S T O N , J . S . , D O L A N , R.J., & F R I T H , C . D . (2004).
Brain r e s p o n s e s to the acquired moral status of faces. Neuron, 42(4), 6 5 3 - 6 6 2 .

. . ,

69-314,

http://www.brainmuseum.org.

, .
. .2

.
. .3. . 2 : E N G E L I E N , A . ,
STERN,

E.,

FRITH,

C.D.,

H U B E R , W., S I L B E R S W E I G ,

DORING,

THRON,

W.,

A.,

D.,
&

F R A C K O W I A K , R . S . ( 2 0 0 0 ) . The neural correlates of " d e a f - h e a r i n g "


in man: C o n s c i o u s s e n s o r y a w a r e n e s s enabled by attentional mod-

Brain, 12(Pt.

ulation.
. .4. . i i . 2

3), 5 3 2 - 5 4 5 .

: Z E K I ,

S.

(1993)- A vision of the brain. O x f o r d :

B l a c k w e l l . . E1-3 :
(1977).

POPPER,

K.R.,

&

ECCLES,

J..

The self and its brain. L o n d o n : R o u t l e d g e & K e g a n Paul.

. .6

. ./ . I 3 : S T E P H A N , . . , F I N K , G . R . ,
PASSINGHAM,

R.E.,

SILBERSWEIG,

D.,

CEBALLOS-BAUMANN,

A.O., F R I T H , C . D . , F R A C K O W I A K , R . S . (1995). Functional anatomy

| | |

{
of the mental representation
h e a l t h y s u b j e c t s . J o u r n a l of
. n.8

3 1 9

o f u p p e r extremity m o v e m e n t s i n

Neurophysiology, 73(1), 3 7 3 - 3 8 6 .

O'CRAVEN,

..,

&

K A N W I S H E R , N . ( 2 0 0 0 ) . M e n t a l i m a g e r y o f f a c e s a n d p l a c e s activates

corresponding

stimulus-specific

brain

regions.

Journal of

Cognitive Neuroscience, 12(6), 1 0 1 3 - 1 0 2 3 .


. 1.1 .

, -

, .
. 1.2

. 3.3

: Z E K I ,

S.

(1993)- A vision of the brain. O x f o r d ,

B o s t o n : B l a c k w e l l Scientific P u b l i c a t i o n s .
. 1.3

. 3.7 : Z E K I ,

S.

(1993). A vision of the brain. O x f o r d ,

B o s t o n : Blackwell Scientific Publications.


. 1.4

L A S H LEY, K. (1941). Patterns of cerebral integration i n d i c a t e d by s c o t o m a s of m i g r a i n e .

. 1.5

Archives of Neurological Psychiatry, 46, 3 3 1 - 3 3 9 .

: . 7, " " : . 2.2


: G O O D A L E ,

. . & M I L N E R , A . D . (2004).

Sight unseen.

Oxford: Oxford University Press.


. i.6

FFYTCHE,

D.H.,

HOWARD,

R . J . , B R A M M E R , M . J . , D A V I D , A . , W O O D R U F F , P., & W I L L I A M S , S .
(1998). The a n a t o m y of c o n s c i o u s vision: An fMRI study of visual
hallucinations.
. 1.7

Natural Neuroscience, 1(8), 7 3 8 - 7 4 2 .

2 (. 613) : P E N F I E L D W., & P E R O T , P. (1963).


T h e b r a i n ' s record of a u d i t o r y a n d v i s u a l e x p e r i e n c e . Brain, 86{Pt. 4),
595-696.

. i.8
. 2.2

KOKTO.

, ,

.
. 2.3 :

EKMAN,

.,

&

FRIESEN,

W.V.

(1976). Pictures of

facial affect. P a l o Alto, C A : C o n s u l t i n g P s y c h o l o g i s t s P r e s s .

3 2 0
,2.WHALEN,

.].,

RAUCH,

S.L.,

ETCOFF,

N.L.,

MCINERNEY,

S.C.,

L E E , M . B . , & JEN I K E , M . A . ( 1 9 9 8 ) . M a s k e d p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f e m o t i o n a l facial e x p r e s s i o n s m o d u l a t e a m y g d a l a activity w i t h o u t explicit k n o w l e d g e

Journal of Neuroscience, 18(1), 4 1 1 - 4 1 8 (. 2);

: E k m a n , P., & F r i e s e n , W.V. (1976). Pictures of facial affect.


P a l o Alto, C A : C o n s u l t i n g P s y c h o l o g i s t s P r e s s .
. 2.5.

BECK,

D.M.,

REES,

G.,

F R I T H , C . D . , & L A V I E , N . ( 2 0 0 1 ) . N e u r a l correlates o f c h a n g e detection a n d c h a n g e b l i n d n e s s .


. 2.8. W I T T R E I C H ,

W.J.

(1959).

Nature Neuroscience, 4 ( 6 ) , 6 4 5 - 6 5 6 .
Visual

perception

and

personality,

Scientific American, 2 0 0 ( 4 ) , 5 6 - 6 0 (58). .


. 3.2. . i c : O B A Y A S H I , S . , S U H A R A , . ,
K A W A B E , ., O K A U C H I , ., M A E D A , J., A K I N E , Y., O N O E , H . , &
IRIKI,

A.

(2001). Functional brain m a p p i n g of m o n k e y tool use.

Neuroimage,
. 3.3.

14(4),

853-861.
FOURNERET,

P.,

&

JEANNEROD,

M.

( 1 9 9 8 ) . Limited c o n s c i o u s m o n i t o r i n g o f m o t o r p e r f o r m a n c e i n normal subjects.


. 3.4.

Neuropsychologia, 36(11), 1 1 3 3 - 1 1 4 0 .

LIBET,

.,

GLEASON,

.A.,

WRIGHT,

E . W . , & P E A R L , D . K . (1983). T i m e o f c o n s c i o u s i n t e n t i o n t o act i n


relation

to o n s e t of c e r e b r a l activity ( r e a d i n e s s

potential): T h e

u n c o n s c i o u s initiation of a freely v o l u n t a r y act. Brain, 106 (Pt. 3),


623-642.
. 3.5. : B R I D G E M A N , . , P E E R Y , S . , & A N A N D , S .
(1997). Interaction o f c o g n i t i v e a n d s e n s o r i m o t o r m a p s o f v i s u a l
space.

Perception

and

Psychophysics,

59(3),

456-469.

. 3.6. W R I G H T , H A L L I G A N & K E W , W e l l c o m e Trust S c i Art Project, 1997.


. 3.7. : D . J .

M C G O N I G L E , The

body in question: Phantom phenomena and the view from within


http://www.artbrain.org/the-body-in-question-phantom-phenomena-and-the-view-from-with
inf).

| | |

3 2 1

. 3.8. . 2 : H A L L I G A N , P . W . , M A R S H A L L , J.., W A D E , D.T.,


D A V E Y . ] . , & M O R R I S O N , D . (1993). T h u m b i n c h e e k ? S e n s o r y reorganization

and

perceptual

Neuroreport, 4(3),
. 3.9. .

IOUSMAKI, v.,
Three

hands:

dopamine

after

HANNINEN,

R.,

N., SEPPA,

Fragmentation

:
neurons.

. 4.5.

HARI,

FORSS,

Neuroscience Letters,
. 4.4. .

plasticity

limb

amputation.

233-236.

240(3),

of

M.,

R.,

MAKINEN,

.,

& S A L O N E N , 0 . (1998).

human

bodily

awareness.

131-134.

SCHULTZ,

W.

Neuroscientist,

(2001).
7(4),

Reward

signaling

by

293-302.

B U G M A N N , G . ( 1 9 9 6 , M a r c h 2 6 - 2 8 ) . V a l u e m a p s for p l a n n i n g a n d
l e a r n i n g i m p l e m e n t e d i n cellular a u t o m a t a . P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e 2 n d
International

conference

on

adaptive

computing in

engineering

d e s i g n a n d c o n t r o l ( A C E D O 9 6 ) , P l y m o u t h (pp. 3 0 7 - 3 0 9 ) .
. 4.6. : C A S T I E L L O , U. ( 2 0 0 5 ) . T h e n e u r o s c i e n c e

of grasping. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 6(9), 726-736.


. 4.7.

, -

, -

: B L A K E M O R E , S . J . , W O L P E R T , D . M . , &
F R I T H , C . D . ( 1 9 9 0 ) Central c a n c e l l a t i o n o f s e l f - p r o d u c e d tickle s e n -

sation. Nature Neuroscience, 1(7), 6 3 5 - 6 4 0 .


. 4.8.

" " (1935), .

. 5.1. . 117, " C o u p e t r a n v e r s a l e du t u b e r c u l e q u a d r i j u m e a u anterieur;


lapin age de 8 jours, M e t h o d e de Golgi", : C A J A L , S . R . Y.
(1901).

The great unraveled knot. ,

, .
. 5.2. : L I V I N G S T O N E , M . S . ( 2 0 0 0 ) . Is it w a r m ? Is it real? Or just
l o w s p a t i a l f r e q u e n c y ? Science, 2 9 0 ( 5 4 9 5 ) , 1 2 9 9 .
. 5.5.

' .

. 5.6. G E S N E R , . (1551). Historia animalium libri 1-iV. Cum iconibus. Lib.


I. De quadrupedibus uiuiparis. Zurich: C. F r o s c h a u e r .

I |

3 2 2

. 5.8.

(RICHARD

GREGORY),

, .
. 5.10. : N E C K E R ,

L . A . (1832). O b s e r v a t i o n s o n s o m e r e m a r k -

able optical p h e n o m e n a s e e n in Switzerland; a n d on an optical


p h e n o m e n o n w h i c h o c c u r s on v i e w i n g a figure of a crystal or g e o metrical

The London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine

solid.

and Journal of Science,


RUBIN,

1(5),

329-337.

(1958). Figure a n d g r o u n d . I n

WERTHEIMER

D.

):

BEARDSLEE

&

M.

(Ed. a n d Trans.), Readings in perception (pp. 3 5 - 1 0 1 ) .

P R I N C E T O N , NJ: V a n N o s t r a n d . ( 1915 .) / : B O R I N G ,

E . G . (1930). A n e w a m b i g u o u s figure.

American Journal of Psychology, 42(3), 4 4 4 - 4 4 5 .

6 1915 .

. 6.2. . i 3 : G E R G E L Y , G . , N A D A S D Y , Z.,
C S I B R A , G . , & B I R O , S . (1995). T a k i n g t h e i n t e n t i o n a l s t a n c e a t 1 2

months of age. Cognition, 56(2), 165-193.


. 6.3.

. lb : L E E , ., E S K R I T T , . , S Y M O N S ,
L . A . , & M U I R , D . ( 1 9 9 8 ) . C h i l d r e n ' s u s e o f triadic eye g a z e i n f o r m a tion for " m i n d r e a d i n g . "

Developmental Psychology, 34(3), 5 2 5 - 5 3 9 .

. 6.4. . 2 : R I Z Z O L A T T I , G . , F A D I G A , L., G A L L E S E , V.,


&

FOGASSI,

L.

motor actions.

( 1 9 9 6 ) . P r e m o t o r cortex a n d the r e c o g n i t i o n of

Cognitive Brain Research, 3(2), 1 3 1 - 1 4 1 .

. 6.5. . L : B E K K E R I N G , . , W O H L S C H L A G E R , . , & G A T T I S ,
. ( 2 0 0 0 ) . Imitation of g e s t u r e s in children is goal-directed. Quarterly

Journal of Experimental Psychology, section A, 53(1), 153-164.


. 6.6. . L : G E R G E L Y G . , B E K K E R I N G , . , & K I R A L Y , I. ( 2 0 0 2 ) .
R a t i o n a l imitation

in

p r e v e r b a l infants. Nature, 415(6873), 755.

. 6.7. . L 2 : K I L N E R , J . M . , P A U L I G N A N , Y., & B L A K E M O R E ,


S.J. ( 2 0 0 3 ) . A n interference effect o f o b s e r v e d b i o l o g i c a l m o v e m e n t

Puc.6.8

on action. Current Biology, 13(6), 522-525.


. 2 : S I N G E R , ., S E Y M O U R , . , O ' D O H E R T Y , J.,
K A U B E , . , D O L A N , R . J . , & F R I T H , C . D . ( 2 0 0 4 ) . E m p a t h y for p a i n

| | |

{
i n v o l v e s the affective but not s e n s o r y c o m p o n e n t s of p a i n .

3 2 3

Science,

303(5661), 1157-1162.
Puc.6.9

: H A G G A R D , P., C L A R K , S . , &
KALOG E R A S , j. (2002). Voluntary action a n d c o n s c i o u s awareness.

Nature Neuroscience,
. 7.2.

5(4), 3 8 2 - 3 8 5 .
KNOBLICH,

G.,

SEIGERSCHMIDT,

E.,

F L A C H , R., & P R I N Z , W . ( 2 0 0 2 ) . A u t h o r s h i p effects i n t h e p r e d i c tion o f h a n d w r i t i n g s t r o k e s : E v i d e n c e for a c t i o n s i m u l a t i o n d u r i n g

action perception. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,


Section A, 5 5 ( 3 ) ,

1027-1046.

. 7.3. . I C : B U R N H A M ,

D.,

KITAMURA,

C.,

& VOLLMER-

C O N N A , U . ( 2 0 0 2 ) . W h a t ' s n e w p u s s y cat? O n t a l k i n g t o b a b i e s a n d
a n i m a l s . Science,
Puc.7.5.

296(5572),

1435.

. L . 2a : M O R R I S , J . S . , O H M A N , A . , & D O L A N ,
R.J. (1998). C o n s c i o u s a n d u n c o n s c i o u s e m o t i o n a l learning in the
human amygdala.
:

affect.
Puc.7.6

Nature,

EKMAN,

P.,

393(6684), 4 6 7 - 4 7 0 .

&

FRIESEN,

W.V.

(1976). Pictures of facial

P a l o Alto, C A : C o n s u l t i n g P s y c h o l o g i s t s P r e s s .

. l : G R E Z E S , J., F R I T H , C . D . , & P A S S I N G H A M , R . E .
( 2 0 0 4 a ) . Inferring f a l s e b e l i e f s f r o m the a c t i o n s o f o n e s e l f a n d others: A n f M R I s t u d y . Neuroimage, 21(2), 7 4 4 - 7 5 0 ;
: G R E Z E S ,

FRITH,

C.D.,

&

PASSINGHAM,

R.E.

( 2 0 0 4 b ) . B r a i n m e c h a n i s m s for inferring deceit i n t h e a c t i o n s o f


others.
.

Journal of Neuroscience,

24(24), 5 5 0 0 - 5 5 0 5 .

: F R I T H , C . D . , F R I S T O N , ., L I D D L E , P . F . , &
F R A C K O W I A K , R . S . J . (1991). W i l l e d a c t i o n a n d t h e prefrontal cortex

Proceedings of the Royal Society of


London, Series Biological Sciences, 244(1311), 241-246.
in m a n a s t u d y with PET.

..4.

FEHR,

( 2 0 0 2 ) . Altruistic p u n i s h m e n t in h u m a n s .

.,

&

GACHTER,

Nature, 415(6868),

S.

137-140.

51
50; .
287, 317
121, 302
,

(Eugene
Aserinsky) 89
58
262, 269, 314
( )
49; .

, (Thomas Bayes) 186,


1 8 7 , 1 8 8 , 1 8 9 , 1 9 0 , 1 9 1 , 1 9 4 , 253

1 8 8 , 1 9 0 , 1 9 1 , 1 9 2 ,
194, 307
1 8 5 , 1 9 2 , 1 9 3 , 1 9 4 , 3 0 8
207

| | |

, (Ronnie Barker) .
" "
"" 288, 289
, (Diane Beck) 82
, (Richard Byrne) 261
130, 270
2 4 , 1 2 8 , 1 3 8 , 1 4 4 , 1 6 5
, - (Sarah-Jayne
Blakemore) 1 5 , 1 6 1 , 1 6 2 , 3 3 2

114-116,155

, (Charles Bonnet) 56;


.
, Gorge Luis
Borges) 196, 316

272, 315

1 6 4 , 1 6 9 - 1 7 0 , 2 4 2
298

{
272
"" 69, 242, 290

, (Korbinian
Brodmann) 33
BOLD- 231, 254

3 2 5

297
(Francis Galton)
87, 8 8

, (Hermann
von Helmholtz) 73, 74, 86, 111,
159,160,167, 306

, (Vacary James) 78
, (Laurence
Weiskrantz) 54, 55
, (Elodie Varraine) 126
, (Wegner Daniel)
123,124, 239

1 8 8 - 1 9 0 , 2 0 5
253
, (Torsten Wiesel) 46
273
, (Ludwig
Wittgenstein) 229
280, 281, 283, 284
212, 213, 214
273
78, 299

235
, (Jeremy Wolfe) 193
, (Virginia Woolf)
157
.

50; .

50; .

, (Ewald Hering) 83, 84


, (Conrad Genser) 197
, (Simon Ga_chter) 288
1 2 7 , 1 2 8 , 1 2 9 , 1 3 0 , 2 3 0 , 3 0 3
, (William Gladstone)
93. 300

260

67, 2 9 8

, 56, 6 6 - 6 7

, (Camillo Golgi)
176,177, 307

284, 285, 289, 317


117

261
265
, (Richard Gregory)
15, 2 0 1 , 3 2 3

, - (Hans-Georg
Gadamer) 313

, (Julie Gre4zes) 273


, (Mel Goodale) 53, 54

5 6 , 57, 5 9 , 6 3 , 6 6 ,

242, 297

, (Peter Dayan) 152


" " (The Two Ronnies) 263

296
56, 7 0 , 95, 241, 2 9 7
70, 2 9 8

35

| |

3 2 6
1 8 0
2 1 6 , 217, 3 0 9
203, 3 0 8
163

(Gergely Gyorgy) 218


-, (Emil du
Bois-Reymond) 176
, (Albrecht Du_rer)
197

) 23, 5 0 , 2 9 3

4 8 , 8 9 , 91, 159,

160, 220
.
154, 212, 213, 241

109,

280,

281,

283,

2 8 4 , 3 1 6 , 317
55
289, 318
2 8 9
279, 2 8 9 , 3 1 8

287

, (Marc Jeannerod) 106


110112, 1 2 3 - 1 2 6 , 2 2 3 , 2 3 2 , 2 6 1

158
/ ( ) 206, 323; .

, (Georges
Giles de la Tourette) 223

, (Renef Descartes) 91,


242, 243, 3 0 0

247, 287, 288, 291

237, 2 3 8
232, 237

, (Marjan
Jahanshahi) 283
, (Henry James) 157
, (William James)
128,157

, (Jim Jones) 2 7 4 , 2 7 5 , 3 1 5
, (Richard Jones) 89
40, 88, 92
148
124
220, 266
46

| | |

111
, (Robert Zajonc) 79
314
199
130
, (Semir Zeki) 47, 279
, (Tania Singer) 15, 290
198, 199, 200,
205, 253

184
49, 2 0 8
74
4 4 , 4 8 , 5 0 , 5 1 , 5 3 - 5 9
50
50
4 8 , 51, 2 9 5

{
50

44, 47

199, 2 0 0

, (David Ingvar) 31
1 8 1 , 1 8 8 , 1 8 9 , 2 4 8

44, 74
44
44, 46

178,179

44, 74

179

51, 2 0 8 , 2 0 9
Vi

3 2 7

144, 178,

181,183,185,186, 300

) 4 8
V4 ( )

49 57
V5 ( ) 4 9

, (Atsushi Iriki)
251, 290, 313
272, 276, 311

103,104

, (Gunnar Johansson)

216

Ivanisevic) 145

(Goran

1 5 3 , 1 5 5 , 1 9 6
, (Bradley . Carlin)

" " 2 8 7 , 317


" " 288, 291

188,190

" " 287, 2 8 8 , 317

1 8 0 , 1 8 1

20, 207

50, 2 9 3
200, 201
83, 84
2 3 9 , 2 4 0 , 312
83, 2 0 5 , 212, 295,
308

, 182
, (Umberto
Castiello) 156
, (James Kilner) 1 5 , 2 2 8
, (L. Percy King) 6 8 , 7 0 , 2 4 1
, (Nathaniel
Kleitman) 89, 328
.
- 1 4 1 , 1 4 4 , 1 5 1
, (Jean Cocteau) 320
,
166,167,168

171-172,

213,

2 4 4 , 269-271, 275, 2 9 0

242,

240

102, 3 0 1

113, 3 0 2

18, 23, 26, 2 8 , 45,

234

79,105, , 107,161

84, 84

3 4 , 3 6 , 1 4 8 , 1 8 2

| |

3 2 8

.
( ) .

, (Benjamin Libet)
1 0 8 , 1 0 9 , 1 1 0 , 1 1 1 , 235, 2 8 2

33

223

28, , 6
162

, (Ronnie Corbett) .
" "
, (Kelly Cole) 165
1 4 1 , 1 4 2 , 1 4 3 , 1 5 1
, (Michael Crichton)
148

2 9 , 1 9 4
1 3 7 , 1 4 4 , 1 4 8 , 2 6 8 , 3 0 3
, (Willard
Van Orman Quine) 250
, (Stanley Kubrick) 123
62, 245, 247
,

(Nancy
Kanwisher) 32, 33
, (Marie Curie) 37

8 , 81, 2 9 9

187

222
284

(Royal Society of London) 24,

49

18

103,104, , 301

63, 6 4 , 6 5
, (Karl Lashley) 51
XVI (Louis XVI) 128

, (Kathryn Mize) 59
, (Dave McGonigle)
118

, (Pierre Maquet) 15, 92


,

(Warren
McCulloch) 181
, (Ian McEwan) 234
, 186
, (Groucho Marx) 262
, (Chico Marx) 262
, (Anthony Marcel) 79
8

(Medical Research Council)
14, 2 6

, (John Lanchester)
276

, (Niels Lassen) 31
274
, (Francois Lhermitte)
210

- 248, 249

| | |

63
, (Anton Mesmer) 128
48, 51; .

, (George Miller) 21
, (David Milner) 53
, (Mills, Carol) 87

80, 8i, 158,


268, 270, 299, 315; .

13, 24, 25, 26, 38,

" " .
" " 170
115
.

3 9 , 4 0 , 7 0 , 1 2 5 , 157, 2 1 4 , 215,

29

216, 218, 2 3 2 , 2 3 9 , 241, 243,

244, 247, 265, 2 6 6 , 272, 275,

2 4 , 31, 3 2 , 1 6 3

276, 278, 292, 312; .

39, 43, 44, 45,


66,

100,

102,

155,

157,

158,

214, 239, 2 4 4 , 265, 272, 278,

2 8 0 , 281, 283, 2 8 4
36

31,

35,165
.

285

, (Weir Mitchell) 63
218, 219, 220, 263, 303

152

3 2 9


265, 278, 3 1 7

""

70

70

198, 2 0 4

75, 8 3

. -

2 9 , 31, 3 5 ,

36,37,38,44, 57,58, 63,89, 90,

91, 9 2 , 1 0 4 , 1 0 8 , 1 0 9 , , 1 6 2 ,

163, 223, 2 3 0 ,

231,

232,

273,

281, 283, 3 0 1

11, 8 9 , 9 0 , 1 0 8

18

181

18, 2 6

2 9 6 , 316

18

121, 3 0 2

14

2 0 9

() 11, 2 6

53

B O L D - ! . B O L D -

51

121

119, 2 8 1

() 11, 2 9

| |

3 3 0
- () 319
28

- () 11, 2 6 , 2 7 , 2 9

33, 8 2
33

.

, 175
, 32, 36

2 8 8

108, , 123, 156, 164,


165, 215, 217, 2 1 8 , 2 2 9 , 2 3 7 , 2 3 9 ,
2 4 2 , 2 5 0 , 255, 2 6 7 , 2 7 0 , 271, 2 7 3

220, 310; .

() 305
1 4 7 , 1 4 8
181

103,115, 2 2 1

2 2 2 , 310

176
46, 74

, 32, 36
33
( ) 48
3 3 , 1 0 3
.

, (Reed Montague) 152,


283

, (John Morris) 8 0 , 1 5 8
, (John Morton) 129

14, 4 6 , 5 2 , 1 2 9
2 0 6 , 2 1 2 , 3 0 9 , 3 2 3 ; .

225;
.
91
6

58, 73,

221

38, 39
93

73, 90, 1, 104, 115, 155,


1 6 0 , 163, 1 6 5 , 1 6 6 , 1 6 7 ,

168,

177, 2 2 4 , 2 5 1

, 8 7
53, 296

1 3 9 , 1 4 0 , 1 4 8 , 1 4 9

| | |

7 3 , 1 4 6 , 1 4 7

(Torsten Ingemann Nielsen) 106


1 9 5 , 1 9 6 , 1 9 7 , 2 0 5
-^\11 College)
93

103, 104, , 148, 149,


152, 199, 221, 222

97, 269
9, 205, 251, 252
1 6 6 , 1 6 7 , 3 0 6

3 3 1

137, 138,
139,140,141,143,148 150,158,
174, 2 6 6 , 3 0 3

155
167

5 2 , 53, 9 0 , 1 2 9 ,

151,152

329

151,
152

138,

142,

143,

145,146,150
306
2 0 5 , 2 0 7
136

14, 247, 248, 250, 262


(Society of
Dilettanti) 85
(Society for Psychical
Research) 93
188
, 289
213, 244
() 204,
266, 269

103

, 168

259

60

313

21, 2 9 3

247, 248, 249,

40

95
. (
)
I.W. (, ) 306
D.F. ( ) 55
.. (
) 119
.. (, , - ) 1 6 9 , 1 7 1
63
, (Pennethorne,
John) 85
,

(Penrose,
Francis) 84
, (Wilder Penfield)

152,

166,

195,

, (Walter Pitts) 181


.
, (Edgar Allan )
98

261, 314

313

| |

3 3 2

252, 253, 255, 258

2 5 4

51, 55, 8 2 , 1 6 7 , 2 8 0
.
, (Ronald Rensink)

74 320
152,

166,195, 259

.
()161
1 4 6 , 1 7 6
.
101,
125, 237

58, 59, 6, 61; .

- 234
142, 153,
266; .
51
167
.
17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 28,
3 4 , 74, 1 2 8 , 1 2 9 , 1 3 8 , 2 0 1 , 2 5 7 ,
323

115, 302
, (Aina Puce) 32
.

266
158
1 9 0 , 1 9 1 , 3 0 7
(Vilayanur
S. Ramachandran) 1 1 5 , 1 2 1 , 1 2 2
--, (Santiago
Ramor'n Cajal) 175 V6, 307

| | |

26, 37
, (John Ruskin) 204

48

139
138, 139, 143,
1 4 8 , 1 5 8 , 2 6 6 , 2 6 8 , 2 7 0 , 315

, (Giacomo
Rizzolatti) 221
, (Per Roland) 31
206, 323; .

107,

112,

165,

1 6 8 , 251, 2 5 2

""

156,164

122,123

(Stuart
Sutherland) 193
148, 304
274, 275

237, 312
280
, (Peter Sellers) 123
, (John Searle) 224
.
2 4 , 4 6 , 4 8 , 4 9 , 7 3 , 1 1 4 , 1 1 5 ,
1 4 6 , 1 5 0 , 161, 1 6 3 , 1 7 6 , 1 9 8 ,
204, 205, 207

, (Henry Sidgwick)
93

147, 176, 304, .

89, 299
, (Burrhus
Frederic Skinner) 2 4 , 1 4 4
.
267
5 4 , 5 6 , 2 9 6
75, 77, 298; .

.
1 7 8 , 1 8 1 , 1 8 7 , 2 4 0 , 2 4 8 , 2 5 0 ,

61,176

, (George
Johnstone Stoney) 95, 96
6, 9 2 , 9 8 , 9 9 , 1 5 8 , 2 6 7 , 2 6 8 ,
2 7 0 , 2 7 5 , 315

143, 304
"" . ""

251, 2 5 2 , 2 5 8

120,146, 248

92

90

104,105

"" 90
90
144

, (Sokal Alan) 215

, (William Turner)
277, 3i6

92, 94, 243

97,

"" 90
, (Edward Thorndike)

92

3 3 3

141,142,143,151,174,304

(Wellcome Trust) 14,


26,169

, (George Trosse) 67,

241

, 9>
91

90

()

1 7 8 , 1 8 0 , 1 8 7 , 2 5 8 , 2 5 9
229, 230, 311
45
288, 289, 318
, (Dan Sperber) 251
288; .

2 8 5 , 2 9 0

257

190,196,197, 254
241, 2 6 9 , 274

53
, (Deirdre Wilson) 251
, (James Whistler)
204

129,
225

73,
77, i l l , 167, 2 9 8

| |

3 3 4

, (Daniel Wolpert)
15,161

, (John Watson) 24

279

117

,
(John
Burdon
Sanderson
Haldane) 287
,

(Albert
Hofmann) 64
, (David Hubel) 4 7 , 1 4 6

166
267
, (PaulWhalen) 80,81,158

112, 165, 219, 220, 224, 225,

25, 44, 45, 46, 51, 53, 58, 6,


6 3 , 6 4 , 74

174, 208, 210, 211


116
, (Ernst Fehr) 288
, (David Ferrier) 176
14, 300
, (Ronald Fisher)

226, 227, 252


218, 2 2 9

150, 151, 152, 153, 154,


276; .
1 4 9 , 1 9 5 197 1 9 8 , 2 5 4 , 2 6 1

188

53, 8 7 , 1 8 4 , 2 0 1
34
, (Benjamin
Franklin) 128
92
, (Sigmund Freud)
19, 2 0 , 23, 51, 7 4 , 1 2 8

, (Robert Frost) 91
, (Pierre Fourneret)
106,164

262,

263,

264, 277

, (Chadwick Peter .)
70
- 90, 249, 300
273, 310
40
37, 39, 43, 44, 72,
195 243

X
, (Patrick Haggard)
15109, 235

, (Aldous Huxley) 63
, (Peter Halligan)
115,116

, (Ralph Hartley) 178


103, 233
122

| | |

56, 57, 58,


296

182
, (Sophie Schwartz) 92
, (Claude Shannon)
178

241

, (Eamonn Andrews)

242

.
" " .

- .

, (George .
Estabrooks) 127
.
, (Maurits Escher)
172,332

241

1 0 3 , 1 4 1
,

(Arthur
Schopenhauer) 74
(Karlheinz
Stockhausen) 282
, (Wolfram Schultz)
148,152
31, 6 8 , 1 5 8 , 1 7 9 , 1 8 0 , 1 8 1

8 9 , 1 5 1 , 2 2 0 , 241, 2 4 2 , 2 5 7 ,

285

. -

335

161,162,163, 238

, 88
84, 85, 86, 206

1 7 6 , 1 7 7

11, 8 9 , 9 0 , 1 0 8

, (GuangYue) 165
,
Yudkowsky) 190

(Eliezer

248, 262, 295


21, 2 9 3

40

""

("")

259, 261, 314


"" 259

, (Karl Jaspers) 170, 306

" "

" ",
" Corpus"
129085, . , - ,
24.07.09. 60x90/16
. "MetaNormalC"
. . . .
4000 . 2862.

-005-93, 2; 953000 ,
-
77.99.60.953..012280.10.09 20.10.2009 .
.
.
.

" "-", . , www.pareto-print.ru

" ACT", " "

"ACT" :
. , , 21, 7-
.: (495) 615-01-01, 232-17-16

Hn

Tt

elementy.ru

CHRIS

FRITH

MAKING UP
THE MIND
How the Brain Creates
our Mental World
/

,
. " "
,

, .

, ,
.
,
. ,
, ,
. !

7 5 2 7 1 EflTflflD

Вам также может понравиться