..

budylin@mph.phys.spbu.ru

26 2002 .

JJ

II

1 127

JJ

II

2


2 127

T = 2l

JJ

II

3 127

1.

1.1.

, .
1755 1

x
sin 2x sin 3x
= sin x +
+
+ ,
2
2
3

an =

f (x) cos nx dx ,

bn =

x (0, 2) .

JJ

II

Z
f (x) sin nx dx ,

4 127

f 2,

a0 X
+
f (x) =
(an cos nx + bn sin nx) .
2
n=1
2

,
, [0, 2] .

1805 2 ,

.

Z

, 1744
" " 1822

, , , ( 2)
,
,
.
,
.3
(, , , ),
.
. , ,

X
sin nx
ln n
n=2
, ( )
.
, , ( XX )

( ) .
.4
, , ,
,5
, ?
3 ..
1915
4
5 ,

JJ

II

5 127

1.2.

,
(x, y)
(x1 , y1 ) + (x2 , y2 ) = (x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 )

(1.1)

(x1 , y1 ) (x2 , y2 ) = (x1 x2 y1 y2 , x1 y2 + x2 y1 ) ,

C. , (1.1)

c(x, y) = (cx, cy) ,

C
R2 , .. . (x, 0) x. R2 : 1 (1, 0) i = (0, 1),

z = (x, y) = x + yi = x + iy .

JJ

II

. ,

6 127

lim zn = lim xn + i lim yn ,

X
X
X
zn =
xn + i
yn ,

zn = xn + iyn . ,
z = z(t) = x(t) + iy(t) t,


lim z(t) = lim x(t) + i lim y(t) ,

tt0

tt0
0

tt0

z (t) = x (t) + iy (t) ,

Zb

Zb
z(t) dt =

x(t) dt + i
a

Zb
y(t) dt .
a

, C , d

d(z1 , z2 ) = |z2 z1 |
-
, (
). , zn : zn
, , ..
> 0 N N :

JJ

II

n, m > N |zn zm | < .

()
exp(it) eit .

eit = cos t + i sin t ,

t n
eit = lim 1 + i
,
n
n

X (it)n
eit =
.
n!
n=0

7 127

, 2
|eit | = 1

(t R) .

t [0, 2), eit . ,

eis eit = ei(s+t) .

2
, eint , n Z, |n|
(n 6= 0),
2 . n 6= 0, eint
eint

, 2,
in
(
Z2
2 , n = 0
eint dt =
(1.2)
0,
n = 1, 2, . . .

JJ

II

cos t =

eit + eit
,
2

sin t =

eit eit
.
2i

, , .
1.1 ( ). f (t) T . a R
a+T
Z

ZT
f (t) dt =

8 127

f (t) dt .
0

.
a+T
Z

Z0
f (t) dt =

ZT
f (t) dt +

a+T
Z

f (t) dt +

f (t) dt

Z0

ZT

Za

f (t) dt +

f (t) dt +
0

Z0

ZT

Za

f (t) dt +
a

f (t) dt +
0

f (s + T ) ds

ZT
f (s) ds =

f (t) dt .

1.3.

1.2 ( ). an bn
.
a0 +

(an cos nx + bn sin nx) ,

x R.

JJ

II

9 127

n=1

, n N
an cos nx + bn sin nx = an

einx + einx
einx einx
+ bn
= cn einx + cn einx ,
2
2i

cn =

an ibn
,
2

cn =

an + ibn
.
2

 ,
cn einx +cn einx = cn (cos nx+i sin nx)+cn (cos nxi sin nx) = an cos nx+bn sin nx ,

an = cn + cn ,

bn = i(cn cn ) .

1.3 ( ). cn , n Z
.
c0 +

inx

(cn e

inx

+ cn e

+
X

inx

cn e

x R.

n=

n=1

c0 = a0
an ibn
an + ibn
cn =
, cn =
,
2
2
an = cn + cn , bn = i(cn cn ) ,

n N.

(1.3)

1.4.

n=1

|an |

|bn | ,

JJ

II

nN

1.4.

10 127

n=1

X
n=1

|cn |

|cn | .

n=1

R 2 f ,
1
cn =
2

Z2

inx

f (x)e

dx ,

n Z,

1
an =

Z2
f (x) cos nx dx ,

n N,

1
bn =

Z2

f (x) sin nx dx ,

n N.

JJ

II

.
|an | 6 |cn | + |cn | ,
|cn | 6

|an | + |bn |
,
2

|bn | 6 |cn | + |cn | ,

|cn | 6

|an | + |bn |
.
2

11 127

|cn einx + cn einx | 6 |cn | + |cn | ,

(|cn | + |cn |),

n>1

x. ,
R. 2, (

 ). f (x):
f (x) = c0 +

(cn einx + cn einx ) ,

x R.

n=1

inx

|(cn e

inx

+ cn e

ikx

)e

| 6 |cn | + |cn | ,

c0 eikx +

(cn einx + cn einx )eikx ,

x R,

n=1

f (x)eikx , . (1.2) [0, 2] , n = k:

1
2

Z2

ikx

f (x)e
0

Z2
+
X
cn
dx =
ei(nk)x dx = ck ,
2
n=

k Z.

JJ

II

ak bk (1.3) .

12 127

1.5. an , bn , cn 1.1

, ,
cn =

1
2

f (x)einx dx ,

n Z,

1
an =

bn =

Z
f (x) cos nx dx ,

n N,

f (x) sin nx dx ,

n N.

JJ

II

13 127

2.
2.1.

. f (x) 2 . an , bn , cn
cn =

1
2

Z2

f (x)einx dx ,

n Z,

(2.1)

a0 =

Z2
(2.2)

f (x) dx ,

1
an =

Z2
f (x) cos nx dx ,

n N,

(2.3)

JJ

II

1
bn =

Z2
f (x) sin nx dx ,

n N,

(2.4)
14 127

., , 1.5.
f (x).
a0
,
2
an + ibn
an ibn
, cn =
, n N,
cn =
2
2
an = cn + cn , bn = i(cn cn ) , n N .
c0 =

(2.5)
(2.6)

(2.7)

( n = 0).
f (x)
f (x)

cn einx =

n=

a0 X
+
(an cos nx + bn sin nx) ,
2
n=1

x R.

[] f .
? , , f ?
, f , , ?
, , , .

2.2.

,
V ha|bi , a, b V .
:
1. ha + b|ci = ha|ci + hb|ci ,

JJ

II

15 127

2. hb|ai = ha|bi ,

3. ha|ai > 0 ,
4. ha|ai = 0 a = 0 .

,
ha|b + ci = ha|bi + ha|ci .

kak =

ha|ai

 [] a. ,
1. kak = ||kak ,
2. ka + bk 6 kak + kbk ,

3. kak = 0 a = 0 .

2.1 ( ).

|ha|bi| 6 kak kbk .

. = argha|bi, ha|bi = |ha|bi|ei . x R
hxei a + b|xei a + bi = x2 ha|ai + xei ha|bi + xei hb|ai + hb|bi

= x2 kak2 + 2x|ha|bi| + kbk2 > 0 ,

( ) .

JJ

II

d(a, b) = ka bk
[] a b.
a b ,
:
a b ha|bi = 0 .
e1 , e2 , . . . ,
:
(
0 , m 6= n ,
hem |en i = mn =
1, m = n.

16 127

 a V
cn (a) = ha|en i
a
(en ).

2.2 ( ). a V .
b=

n
X

ck ek ,

k=1

ck = ck (a) a (ek ).
a b b.
. , k 6 n
ck (b) = ck (a) ,

JJ

II

k 6 n
17 127

ha b|ek i = ha|ek i hb|ek i = ck ck = 0 .

ha b|bi = ha b|

n
X
k=1

ck ek i =

n
X
k=1

ck ha b|ek i = 0 .

 2.3 ().
ab

ka + bk2 = kak2 + kbk2 .

ka + bk2 = ha + b|a + bi = ha|ai + ha|bi + hb|ai + hb|bi = kak2 + kbk2 .

2.4. (ek ) ,
k

n
X

ck ek k2 =

k=1

n
X

|ck |2 .

k=1

. (n 1) ,
kck ek k = |ck |kek k = |ck | .

JJ

II

2.5 ( ). ck = ck (a)
a (ek ).

18 127

|ck |2 6 kak2 .

k=1

. b =

n
X

ck ek . a = (a b) + b 2.2

k=1

2.3
kak2 = ka bk2 + kbk2 ,

 kbk2 6 kak2 ,
n
X

|ck |2 6 kak2 .

k=1

n ( )
.

2.6 ( -). a cn (a)

(en ).

cn (a) 0 .
n

. .
.

JJ

II

2.7 ( ).
e1 , . . . en a V .

(1 , . . . n ) = ka

n
X

k ek k,

1 , . . . n C ,

19 127

k=1

1 = c1 (a) , . . . n = cn (a) ,

.. a .

. ck = ck (a) , k = 1, . . . n b =

n
X

ck ek . a b

k=1

ek 1 6 k 6 n.
ka

n
X

k ek k2 = ka b

n
X

(k ck )ek k2 = ka bk2 +

|k ck |2 .

k=1

k=1

k=1

n
X

, , , k = ck , k = 1, . . . n:
min ka

1 ,...n

n
X

k ek k = kak

k=1

n
X

|ck | ,

(2.8)

k=1

ka bk2 = kak2 kbk2 = kak2

n
X

|ck |2 .

k=1

2 .
, . . 1.
a
e1 , . . . en :
a

n
X

k ek .

JJ

II

20 127

k=1

( ) . , , (..
n) (.. ):
(c1 , . . . cn , cn+1 ) 6 (c1 , . . . cn , 0) = (c1 , . . . cn ) .
(2.9)

JJ

II

e2

1
e1 + 2
e2

21 127

e1

c1
e1 + c2
e2

. 1:

2.3.

, [] 2 :
. ,

Z2
1
hf |gi =
f (x)g(x) dx .
(2.10)
2
0

1
kf k =
2

Z2

1)3) .
. ,
2

|f (x)|2 dx = 0 ,

JJ

II

f (x) 0 . 6
[] 2 C2 . en , n Z,
x 7 einx . , en
C2 .
Z2
Z2
1
1
inx imx
hen |em i =
e e
dx =
ei(nm)x dx = nm ,
2
2
0

22 127

. (1.2).

 f 2 ,
(en )
1
cn (f ) =
2

Z2

f (x)einx dx .

(2.11)

, -

Z2

f (x)einx dx 0 .
n

+
X

1
|cn | 6
2
n=
2

Z2

|f (x)|2 dx ,

1
kf k =
2

Z2

II

cn = cn (f )
2

JJ

|f (x)|2 dx ,

23 127

, f C2
Z2
+
X
1
|cn |2 =
|f (x)|2 dx
2
n=
0


Tn (x) =

n
X

k eikx

k=n

. n ( ) f (x)

n
X

f (x)

ck (f )eikx .

k=n

2.4.

2.8. f g 2 . f g
f g (x) =

1
2

JJ

II

Z2
f (t)g(x t) dt ,

x R.

, f g 2 :
f g (x + 2) =

1
2

Z2
f (t)g(x + 2 t) dt =

1
2

Z2
f (t)g(x t) dt = f g (x) ,

24 127

g . , , g , ..
> 0 > 0 :

|x2 x1 | <

|g(x2 ) g(x1 )| < .

 > 0

M,

M = max |f (t)|.
06t62

|x x0 | <
 1 Z2



|f g (x) f g (x0 )| = 
f (t)[g(x t) g(x0 t)] dt
2
0

1
2

Z2

|f (t)||g(x t) g(x0 t)| dt

1
6

M 2

Z2

|f (t)| dt 6
M = .
M

2.9. f 2 . g
2, f g
2
1
(f g) (x) =
2
0

Z2

f (t)g 0 (x t) dt .

JJ

II

25 127

. :

[f (t)g(x t)] = f (t)g 0 (x t)

x

 2.10. g k , f g (
f ) k
(f g)(k) = f g (k) .
.

2.11. , , ..

1. (f + g) h = f h + g h ,

2. f g = g f ,
3. f (g h) = (f g) h .

.
. ,
. .

f g (x) =

1
2

Z2

JJ

II

f (t)g(x t) dt = [x t = u, dt = du]
26 127
0

1
=
2

x2
Z

1
f (x u)g(u) du =
2

Zx
g(u)f (x u) du

x2

1
=
2

Z2

g(u)f (x u) du = g f (x) .
0

 .
1
(f g) h (x) =
2

Z2

1
f g (t)h(x t) dt =
4 2

1
4 2

Z2
0

f (s)g(t s)h(x t) dsdt

0

2s
Z

g(u)h(x s u) du =

ds f (s)

Z2Z2

1
4 2

1
2

Z2

g(u)h(x s u) du

ds f (s)
0

Z2

Z2
f (s)g h (x s) ds = f (g h) (x) .

,
, .
2.12. f g 2 .
cn (f g) = cn (f ) cn (g) ,
cn en .

Z2

in(xt)

f (t)e
0

II

27 127

. , ,
1
f en (x) =
2

JJ

inx

dt = e

1
2

Z2

f (t)eint dt = cn (f )en (x) ,

f en = cn (f )en .

(2.12)


cn (f g) = (f g)en (0) = f (gen ) (0) = f [cn (g)en ] (0) = cn (g)f en (0) = cn (g)cn (f ) .

f 7 f g f
g. cn (f ) n-
cn (g). , -, , :
6 g :

f g =f.

1
1
2.13 ( C2
C2 ). C2
C2 ,
1
.. f C2 > 0 g C2 :
def

max |f (x) g(x)| < .

06x62

. f , ,
> 0 > 0 :

|x2 x1 | <

|f (x2 ) f (x1 )| < .

1
> 0 . C2
,
:

1. (x) > 0 ,

2.9. .
1
C2

2 . C2 .

kf gk =

JJ

II

28 127

JJ

II

. 2:

2. ,

29 127

3. (x) = 0 x [, ] ,
4.

1
2

2
R

(x) dx = 1 ,

. . 2.
. , k(cos x
+
1), (, ), [, ] .
k , (4).

 ( 2.9), f
g. , ,
1
2

Z2

1
(t) dt =
2

Z2

1
(t) dt =
2

Z2
(x t) dt = 1 .

0

Z2
Z2


1
1


|f (x) g(x)| = f (x)
(x t) dt
f (t)(x t) dt
2
2
0

1
2

Z2
|f (x) f (t)|(x t) dt =
0

1
2

Z
|f (x) f (t)|(x t) dt
|xt|6

JJ

II

(x t) dt = .
|xt|6

30 127

2.5.

-.
2.14 ( -). f [a, b],

Zb
f (x)eix dx 0 .

 1. [a, b]
g.
Zb

ix

g(x)e
a

Zb
dx =

eix
g(b)eib
g(a)eia
1
g(x)d
=

i
i
i
i

Zb

g 0 (x)eix dx 0 .

> 0. f g.
, f . , f ,
[a 1, b + 1] (, (a, f (a)) (a 1, 0)
(b, f (b)) (b + 1, 0) , f .
f , > 0, > 0 , |x2 x1 | <
|f (x2 )f (x1 )| < . (x) ,
R +
|x| > ,
(x) dx = 1 . ,
, [, ].

+
Z
g(x) =
f (t)(x t) dt ,

JJ

II

f . ,
+
Z

+
Z

(t) dt =

+
Z

(x t) dt = 1

(t) dt =

31 127

, ( ), |f (x) g(x)| < x, ,

f , a 6 x 6 b.

g , kf gk = max |f (x) g(x)| <

a6x6b

. , ,
2(b a)

Zb



 g(x)eix dx 6 .
2


Zb
 Zb
 Zb



 
 

ix
ix
 f (x)e dx 6  (f (x)g(x))e dx+  g(x)eix dx 6 (ba)kf gk + = .
2
a

2. , f
[a, b].
Zb

ix

f (x)e

b+h
b+h
Z
Z
i(th)
ih
dx =
f (t h)e
dt = e
f (t h)eit dt .

a+h

a+h

h = .

Zb

b+h
Z
ix
f (x)e dx =
f (t h)eit dt .

a+h

2
a

f (x)eix dx =

Zb
a

f (x)eix dx -

II

32 127

,
Zb

Rb

JJ

Za

b+h
Z
it
f (t h)e dt
f (t h)eit dt .

a+h

[f (t) f (t h)]eit dt

f . : M |h|,
M f .

, ,
.
2.15.
n
X

Dn (x) =

eikx .

k=n

2.16. Dn
2

sin (2n+1)x
2
Dn (x) =
,
sin x2

1
2

Z2
(2.13)

Dn (x) dx = 1 .
0

.
Dn (x) =

n
X
k=n

ikx

inx

=e

2n
X

ix j

inx 1

(e ) = e

j=0

ei
= einx

JJ

II

33 127

ei(2n+1)x
1 eix

2n+1
x
2
ix

e2

ei

2n+1
x
2
ix

ei

2n+1
x
2

ix

e 2 e 2

sin (2n+1)x
2
=
,
sin x2

, , . (2.13) (1.2).

, f f , (2.12)


n
X

f Dn = f

ek =

n
X

ck (f )ek .

k=n

k=n

k=n

n
X

f ek =

2.17 (). f 2, f :
1
f C2

+
X

f (x) =

cn einx ,

x R,

cn =

n=

1
2

Z2

f (x)einx dx .

.
1
f (x) f Dn (x) = f (x)
2

Z2

1
Dn (x t) dt
2

Z2
f (t)Dn (x t) dt
0

Z2
1
=
[f (x) f (t)]Dn (x t) dt
2
0

1
=
2

Z2
0

f (x) f (t) x t
(2n + 1)(x t)

sin
dt 0 .
n+
xt
2
sin xt
2

- ( t)
f (x) f (t)
=
xt

Z1

f 0 (t + (x t)) d

JJ

II

34 127

xt
sin xt
2

().
2.18 (). f 2, f .

. .
1
f C2
.
1
cn (f ) =
2

Z2
0

1
f (x)einx dx =
2

Z2

einx
1
f (x) d
=
in
2in

Z2
0

+
X

|cn (f 0 )|2 .

n=

X 1
. ,
n2

n6=0

+
X

cn (f 0 )
f 0 (x)einx dx =
.
in

 c (f 0 )  1  1

 n

0 2
|cn (f )| 6 
+
|c
(f
)|
.
6
n
n
2 n2

JJ

II

|cn (f )| . 1.4,

n=

f .
, f (x).

35 127

2.19 (). f
2, f , ..
kf

n
X
k=n

cn en k 0 ,
n


en (x) = einx ,
Z2
1
f (x)einx dx ,
2
0
v
u
Z2
u
u 1
t
kf k =
|f (x)|2 dx .
2
cn =

. > 0. f
1
g C2
, kf gk < . ,
2
n
X

ck (g)ek k 6 .
n kg
2
k=n

kf

n
X
k=n

ck (f )ek k 6 kf

n
X

ck (g)ek k 6 kf gk + kg

k=n

6 kf gk + kg

n
X

JJ

II

ck (g)ek k

k=n
n
X
k=n

36 127

ck (g)ek k

= + = .
2 2

2.20.
C2 ( ). ,
, ,
( ).

 2.21 ( ). f 2,
Z2
+
X
1
2
|cn | =
|f (x)|2 dx ,
2
n=
0

cn = cn (f ).

. (2.8):

kf

n
X

ck ek k = kf k

k=n

n
X

|ck | .

k=n

, . ,
, .

Z2

|a0 |
1X
1
2
2
+
(|an | + |bn | ) =
|f (x)|2 dx ,
4
2 n=1
2

JJ

II

(2.6)

37 127

|an |2 + |bn |2
,
|cn |2 + |cn |2 =
2

2.6.

n N.

. e1 , e2 , . . . V . ,
a en

(n)

a = 0.

( , ,
). ,
a V :

kak2 =

|cn (a)|2 ,

n=1

.. ( ). , (
) a
, ..
a V :

ka

n
X

ck (a)ek k 0 .

k=1

,
. , , , , , , .
( ), .
, , ,
en (x) = einx (n Z) 2 .

2.7.

, () ,
- ,
( ) , . [1]. , , ,

JJ

II

38 127

 , . [5]. ,
. ,
(
), .
. ,
f
Z2

|f (x)| dx

,
f . , . , > 0 g 2
, f ,

kf gk 6 . g ,
2
n
X

kg
ck (g)ek k 6 .
2
k=n

kf

n
X
k=n

ck (f )ek k 6 kf

n
X
k=n

ck (g)ek k 6 kf gk + kg

n
X

ck (g)ek k 6 .

JJ

II

39 127

k=n

- .
, ( ), .
? ( , , ).

 2.22 (). f 2. x
f (x 0) + f (x + 0)
,
2
.. ,
.
, 2- ,
().
, , ,
(
, , ).
f .
, x0 f , ,
f (x0 0) < f (x0 + 0),
lim sn (x) > f (x0 + 0) ,

xx0

sn =

n
X

lim sn (x) < f (x0 0) ,

JJ

II

xx0
40 127

ck ek , .. ,

k=n

.
, . . 3.

2.7.1. .
f , (0, 2) f (x) = x
. . , x = 2n , n Z -,

. 3:

. , x 6= 2n , n Z (,
: ).
x = 2n , n Z ,
, . . 3. ,
1
c0 =
2

Z2

1
2

JJ

II

41 127

x dx = ,
0

cn =

Z2

xeinx dx =

1
,
in

n 6= 0 ,


f (x) =

X einx
X
sin nx
=2
,
in
n
n=1

x 6= 2m,

m Z.

n6=0

,
1
kf k =
2
2

Z2

4 2
x dx =
.
3
2

2 + 2

2.8.

X
1
4 2
=
,
2
n
3
n=1

X
1
2
=
.
n2
6
n=1

JJ

II

42 127

2.23. f, g C2 .
hf |gi =

+
X

X


cn (f )cn (g) c0 (f )c0 (g) +
cn (f )cn (g) + cn (f )cn (g) ,

n=

n=1

1
hf |gi =
2

Z2

f (x)g(x) dx .
0

. . ,

n
X
sn =
ck (f )ek ,
k=n

.. f . kf sn k 0 n +.
hsn |gi =

n
X

ck (f )ck (g)

k=n

|hf |gi

n
X
k=n

ck (f )ck (g)| = |hf sn |gi| 6 kf sn k kgk

n+

0.

f
g, ( ),
. . 2.7. ,
g, x [0, 2]
(
1 , x (, ) [0, 2] ,
g(x) =
0 , x
/ (, ) .

, . .4. ,
r g S
, S .4
2
.

JJ

II

43 127

JJ

II

2
44 127

. 4:

, . 2.7, g , , , 2.23
g.
2.23 2 f g, .
1
cn (g) =
2

1
einx dx =
2

inx

dx ,

Z2
f (x) dx =

f (x)g(x) dx = 2
0

+
X

cn (f )cn (g) =

n=

+
X
n=

Z
cn (f )

einx dx ,

f . , ( )
. ,
,

2|c0 (f )| + 2

X |cn (f )|
.
n

n6=0

2.24. 2
, (, ).

JJ

II

45 127

 .
(
), f
2 ,
cn (f 0 ) = in cn (f ) ,
(2.14)

f (, , ) . -,
n
1
C2
(.. , ):
1
cn (f ) = o
,
n
.. n1 . f k , k (2.14)
cn (f (k) ) = (in)k cn (f ) ,

 1 
cn (f ) = o k
n
k
2 .
, k
(k 1) . k- k-
, .
:
, . ,

JJ

II

46 127

 2.25. ( 2) f :
cn (f ) =

n
nk

+
X

(n 6= 0) ,

|n |2 < .

n=

f (k 1) .
. , , (k 1) ,
(in)k1 cn (f ) = ik1

n
n

, , , .

2.9.

JJ

II

T = 2l

,
T = 2l. ,
T = 2 () . , f T = 2l,
g,
g(x) = f

47 127

 lx 

T = 2.
 x 
f (x) = g
.
l

 f g 2l. fe
ge 2, ..
 lx 
 lx 
fe(x) = f
, ge(x) = g
.

1
hfe|e
gi =
2

Z2

Z2    
Z2l
1
lx
lx
1
e
f (x)e
g (x) dx =
f
g
dx =
f (t)g(t) dt .
2

2l

f g
2l:

hf |gi =

1
2l

Z2l
f (t)g(t) dt
0

( , ). en

en (x) = ei l nx .

(2.15)

2l f . fe ( 2)
einx [0, 2].
f (2.15)
[0, 2l] :
f (x)

+
X
n=

i l nx

cn e

x R,

1
cn =
2l

Z2l

II

48 127

i l nx

f (x)e
0

JJ

dx .

f (x)

a0 X
nx
nx
+
(an cos
+ bn sin
),
2
l
l
n=1

x R,

1
a0 =
l

Z2l

f (x) dx ,

1
an =
l

Z2l
f (x) cos

nx
dx ,
l

n N,

1
bn =
l

Z2l

nx
f (x) sin
dx ,
l

n N.

JJ

II

, ,
1
kf k2 =
2l

Z2l

|f (x)|2 dx .
49 127

2.10.

a0 X
nx
nx
f (x)
+
(an cos
+ bn sin
),
2
l
l
n=1

x R,

 :
Zl

1
a0 =
l

(2.16)

f (x) dx ,
l

an =

Zl

1
l

f (x) cos

nx
dx ,
l

n N,

(2.17)

bn =

Zl

1
l

f (x) sin

nx
dx ,
l

n N.

(2.18)

, f ( ),
Za
f (x) dx = 0

(a > 0) .

JJ

II

f ( ),
Za
f (x) dx = 2
a

50 127

Za
f (x) dx (a > 0) .
0

f , 2l .
bn = 0 n
:

a0 X
nx
f (x)
+
, x R.
an cos
2
l
n=1

 f , 2l .
an = 0 n n = 0
:
f (x)

bn sin

n=1

nx
,
l

x R.

. [0, l] f . ?
. , , T = l . ,
[l, l] T = 2l.

. ,
.
, an

a0 =

2
l

JJ

II

Zl
f (x) dx ,

51 127

2
an =
l

Zl
f (x) cos

nx
dx ,
l

n N,

bn
2
bn =
l

Zl
0

nx
dx ,
f (x) sin
l

n N.

 , . .
( ) (1 ) x = l ( 2l).
.

2.11.

(2.7). , , ,
1
, cos x , sin x , cos 2x , sin 2x , . . .
2

1
hf |gi =

Z
f (x)g(x) dx

2 an bn
(
a0 ,
2).

|a0 |2 X
1
+
(|an |2 + |bn |2 ) =
2

n=1

JJ

II

52 127

|f (x)|2 dx .

2l
1
x
x
2x
2x
, cos
, sin
, cos
, sin
,...
l
l
l
l
2


hf |gi =

1
l

Zl
f (x)g(x) dx .
l

2.12.

,
, ,
( ).
,
, .
() f ,
, , f
(, )
, f , (
).
f , ... ,
n1 .
,
f (x) =

+
X

(1)n

n=2

n3
sin nx ,
n4 1

x (, ) .

JJ

II

53 127

n
1
1
.
= + 5
1
n n n

n4

 , x (, )
+
x X (1)n+1
=
sin nx ,
2 n=1
n

f (x) =

+
X

(1)n
x
+ sin x +
sin nx ,
2
n5 n
n=2

x (, ) .

JJ

II

54 127

3.
3.1.

p0 y (n) (x) + p1 y (n1) (x) + + pn y(x) = q(x)

(3.1)

q(x) 2.
2?

y(x) =

+
X

yk eikx .

k=

q(x) =

+
X

qk eikx ,

JJ

II

k=

k Z

55 127

p0 (ik)n yk + p1 (ik)n1 yk + + pn yk = qk

( ).

P (z) = p0 z n + p1 z n1 + + pn ,
(- (3.1))
P (ik) yk = qk

(k Z) .

(3.2)


P (ik) 6= 0 (k Z) ,

yk =

(3.3)

qk
,
P (ik)

.. y(x) , ,
. , , n-
y(x) .
q(x). ( P (ik) p0 (ik)n
k )
|P (ik)| > c|k|m

c > 0 , ,
|yk | 6

|k |
,
c|k|n+1

k q 0 (x).
2.25 ,
n- y(x).
, . , 2-

p0 y (n) (x) + p1 y (n1) (x) + + pn y(x) = 0 ,

, , ex ,

JJ

II

56 127

P (z) = 0 ,

 2 =
ik (k Z) (3.3).
, (3.3)
2- (3.1).
m

P (im) = 0 ,

(3.1) 2 ,
: qm = 0.
2- : ym
( , eimx
).
, m
P (im) = 0

qm 6= 0 ,

3.2.

JJ

II

57 127

, 0 x
[0, ]. , ,
, f (x), , .
. u(x, t),
t:

2
2u
2 u
=
a
,
t2
x2

(3.4)

 a . (3.4)

(
u(x, 0) = f (x) ( ),

u 
( ).
t t=0 = 0

u(0, t) = u(, t) = 0 .

u(x, t) =

bn (t) sin nx ,

n=1

. (3.4),

b00n (t) = a2 n2 bn (t) (n N) .

,
(
bn (0) = bn ,
b0n (0) = 0 ,
bn f (x):

JJ

II

58 127

bn =

f (x) sin nx dx.

bn (t)

bn (t) = bn cos(ant) ,


u(x, t) =

bn cos(ant) sin(nx) .

(3.5)

n=1

, u(x, t) , (3.5) t,
x . ,

|bn |n2 .

n=1

, f (x), , [0, ]
f 00 (0) = f 00 () = 0 .

JJ

II

2
bn = 3
n

f 000 (x) cos nx dx ,

n
,
n
,

.. bn n2 =

59 127

|n |2 .

n=1

cos(ant) sin(nx) =

sin n(x at) + sin n(x + at)

2

f (x) =

X
n=1

bn sin nx .

f (x at) + f (x + at)
.
2
a
. , f (x) . f (x)
[0, ].
[, ] 2.
, , .
u(x, t) =

JJ

II

60 127

4.

4.1.
.

. .
.
[a, b] y = y(x)
p2 (x)y 00 + p1 (x)y 0 + p0 (x)y = f (x) ,
( )
(
0 y(a) + 1 y 0 (a) = c1 ,
0 y(b) + 1 y 0 (b) = c2 .

(4.1)

(4.2)

p0 , p1 , p2 f . c1 = c2 = 0,
. .

7 [a, b] , , .
V1 . V1
V2 . : y V2 ,
L(y) = f ,

JJ

II

61 127

(4.3)

L , V2 8

L(y) = p2 (x)y 00 + p1 (x)y 0 + p0 (x)y .

7

8 L, , V
2

 : L, ..
f (4.3) ? , ? L. ,
L, .. (, y), C
y V2 , y 6= 0 ,
L(y) = y .

,
( ) .
L ( - ) 1 , 2 , . . . ,
n , . , f
... n

X
f=
cn (f )n .
n=1

y
y=

cn (y)n .

JJ

II

62 127

n=1

, ,
L

X
 X
L
cn (y)n =
cn (y)L(n )
n=1

n=1

, (4.3), L(n ) = n n ,
n cn (y) = cn (f ) ,

n = 1, 2, . . .


y=

X
cn (f )
n .
n
n=1

y
V2 .

4.2.

. ,

p2 y 00 + p1 y 0 + p0 y = y

,
(py 0 )0 + qy = y .
,

JJ

II

p1 = (p2 )0 ,
63 127

p = p2 . , p2 ,
R

p = Ce

p1
p2

dx

p
.
p2

L,
L(y) =

(py 0 )0 + qy

(4.4)

 .
(, y) L
(py 0 )0 + qy = y ,
(
0 y(a) + 1 y 0 (a) = 0 ,
0 y(b) + 1 y 0 (b) = 0

(4.5)
(4.6)

, , p, q
, p ,
p . 1 , 2 , 1 , 2
,
(1 , 2 ) 6= 0 6= (1 , 2 ) .

y(a) = 0 ,

y(b) = 0

(4.7)

.
y 0 (a) = 0 ,

y 0 (b) = 0

(4.8)

.
. t
Z
dx
t=
p(x)

JJ

II

64 127

(, p 6= 0),
dx d
d
d
=

=p
,
dt
dt dx
dx

d2
y + pqy = py .
dt2

Z
y = k(t)u(s) ,

s=

dt
,
k 2 (t)

k , s u, ,
.
dy
dk
du ds
dk
1 du
=
u+k

=
u+
,
dt
dt
ds dt
dt
k ds
d2 y
d2 k
dk du ds
1 dk du 1 d2 u ds
d2 k
1 d2 u
=
u
+

=
u
+

,
dt2
dt2
dt ds dt
k 2 dt ds
k ds2 dt
dt2
k 3 ds2

1 d2 u 
d2 k 

+
pqk

u = pku .
k 3 ds2
dt2

( k)
pk 4 = 1 ,

r = pqk 4 k 3

JJ

II

65 127

d2 k
,
dt2

d2 u
+ ru = u .
ds2

( ).

4.3.

L (4.4) ,
p, > 0. (4.5)(4.6) , L .
.
1. .
, y(x0 ) = 0 y 0 (x0 ) = 0,
y(x) 0.
2. (..
).
, y1 y2 , . , (
0 1 )
(
0 y1 (a) + 1 y10 (a) = 0 ,
0 y2 (a) + 1 y20 (a) = 0

JJ

II

, , . ,

66 127

W [y1 , y2 ] = y1 y20 y2 y10

( a , , ),
y1 y2 .
3. . .

 , ,

Zb

b Zb

[qf (pf ) ]g dx = pW [f, g] + f [qg (pg 0 )0 ] dx .
0 0

f g ,
(.. f, g V2 ),
W [f, g] a b. 9
,
Zb
hf |gi =

f g dx ,

kf k =

p
hf |f i .

(4.9)

( ) 10
hL[f ]|gi = hf |L[g]i .
L. y , ,
2

JJ

II

67 127

kyk = hL[y]|yi = hy|L[y]i = kyk ,

kyk =
6 0 = , .. .
, L[y] = y
p, q
y .11
9

.
10 p q.
11 , , , .


.
4. 1 2 y1 y2 :
Zb
hy1 |y2 i = y1 y2 dx = 0 .

,
(1 2 )hy1 |y2 i = hL[y1 ]|y2 i hy1 |L[y2 ]i = 0 .
5. ,
1 < 2 < . . . < n < . . . ,

n .

JJ

II

, .
var.pdf.
,
(4.6), (4.9). yn
:
Zb
2
kyn k = |yn (x)|2 (x) dx = 1 .

68 127

.
f ( )

 12
Zb
cn (f ) = hf |yn i =

f (x)yn (x)(x) dx .
a

X
f
cn (f )yn .

n=1

,
(), .

4.4.

, :
1. = 1 ,

JJ

II

69 127

2. V1 ,
(4.7).

Zb
hf |gi =

f (x)g(x) dx .

a
12


Zb
I(y) hL(y)|yi =

Zb

0 0

[(py ) + qy]y dx =
a

[py 02 + qy 2 ] dx .

, . var.pdf, I(y)
y(a) = y(b) = 0 ,

kyk = 1 ,

min I(y) = 1 ,

1 = I(y1 ) ,

1
y1 , ky1 k = 1. ,
, .
y1 , y2 , . . . yn1 , n 1 , 1 < 2 < . . . < n1 .
I(y)
y(a) = y(b) = 0 ,

kyk = 1 ,

y yk

JJ

II

70 127

k = 1, 2, . . . (n 1) ,

,
min I(y) = n ,

n = I(yn ) ,

n n-
yn .
() L V1 .


rn = f

n1
X

ck yk ,

k=1

ck = hf |yk i f , yk rn k < n.

hL(rn )|rn i = hL(f )|rn i

n1
X

ck hL(yk )|rn i = hL(f )|rn i

k=1

n1
X

ck k hyk |rn i ,

k=1

hyk |rn i = 0

hL(rn )|rn i = hL(f )|rn i .

, krn k =
6 0,
rn = krn ken ,

JJ

II

ken k = 1 ,

en y1 , . . . yn1 .

hL(rn )|rn i = krn k2 hL(en )|en i > krn k2

min

kyk=1,
yy1 ,...yn1

hL(y)|yi = n krn k2 ,

71 127

n krn k2 6 hL(f )|rn i 6 kL(f )k krn k ,
.. n + n
krn k 6

kL(f )k
0.
n n

 .
, ,
L(y) = f .
, L

cn (L(y)) = hL(y)|yn i = hy|L(yn )i = hy|n yn i = n hy|yn i = n cn (y) ,

n cn (y) = cn (f )
L(y) f . ,

X
cn (f )
y=
yn
n
n=1
,
.

4.5.

JJ

II

.
4.1 (). y1 y2 , ,
y 00 + a1 (x)y = 0 ,
y 00 + a2 (x)y = 0 ,

a1 a2 ,
a1 (x) 6 a2 (x)

(4.10)
(4.11)

72 127

(x) .

 y1 (4.10)
y2 (4.11):
y1 (x1 ) = y1 (x2 ) = 0 ,

x1 < x2

x3 [x1 , x2 ] :

y2 (x3 ) = 0 .

.
y100
y2 ,

+ a1 y1 = 0

y200 + a2 y2 = 0

y1 .

(y1 y20 y2 y10 )0 + (a2 a1 )y1 y2 = 0 .

x1 x2 y1 . , [x1 , x2 ]
y2 . ( )
, y1 y2 [x1 , x2 ].
[x1 , x2 ],
x2 Zx2
0
0 
(y1 y2 y2 y1 ) + (a2 a1 )y1 y2 dx = 0 ,
x1

x1

JJ

II

73 127

y2 (x2 )y10 (x2 ) + y2 (x1 )y10 (x1 ) 6 0 .

y1 y1 > 0
[x1 , x2 ] , y10 (x1 ) > 0 y10 (x2 ) < 0. , , y2 > 0
[x1 , x2 ], ..

y2 (x2 )y10 (x2 ) + y2 (x1 )y10 (x1 ) > 0 ,

.


. :
y 00 + ry = y

y 00 + ( r)y = 0 .
, n +. n , n r > k 2 ,

yn

k
. ,

y 00 + k 2 y = 0
y = C1 cos kx + C2 sin kx, .
, ( )
.

JJ

II

74 127

 II

JJ

II

75 127

5.
5.1.

f (x):
+
Z
1
f C (R) :
|f (x)| dx < .

[l, l] 2l:
Zl
+
X

1
f (t)ei l n(xt) dt ,
f (x) =
2l
n=

x (l, l) .

R
n =

n
l

n =
l

l+

in (xt)

f (t)e

76 127

+
Z
dt
f (t)ein (xt) dt

II

0.

, l +
Zl

JJ

(n Z) ,

( ),
+
+
Zl
Z
Z
+
1
1 X
in (xt)
n f (t)e
dt
d
f (t)ei(xt) dt ,
f (x) =
l+ 2
2 n=
l

.. x R
1
f (x) =
2

+
+
Z
Z
d
f (t)ei(xt) dt .

(5.1)

,
f.
(5.1)
+
Z
fb() =
f (t)eit dt ,

1
f (x) =
2

+
Z
fb()eix d ,

(5.2)

, ,
1
fb() =
2
1
f (x) =
2

+
Z
f (x)eix dx ,

+
Z
fb()eix d .

JJ

II

(5.3)

(5.4)

77 127

fb ( ) f .
.
, -

 f (x) ,
1
f (x) =
2

+
+
+
+
Z
Z
Z
Z
i
d
f (t) cos (x t) dt +
d
f (t) sin (x t) dt
2

1
=
2

+
Z

1
f (t) cos (x t) dt =

+
Z

+
Z
d
f (t) cos (x t) dt .

+
Z

+
+
Z
Z
d
f (t) cos (x t) dt

1
f (x) =

(5.5)

( ,
).
, (5.5)

1
f (x) =

+
+
+
+
Z
Z
Z
Z
1
d cos x
f (t) cos t dt +
d sin x
f (t) sin t dt .

JJ

II

78 127

f (x) ,
+
Z
f (t) sin t dt = 0

( )


2
f (x) =

+
+
Z
Z
d cos x
f (t) cos t dt .
0

(5.6)

, f (x) ,

+
+
Z
Z
2
d sin x
f (t) sin t dt .
f (x) =

(5.7)

f (x) [0, +),

. (5.6), (5.7).

r
Fc :

f (x) 7 fbc () =

JJ

II

+
Z

f (x) cos x dx ,
0

r
Fs :

f (x) 7 fbs () =

+
Z
2
f (x) sin x dx ,

, , - - .
(5.6), (5.7),
, ..
Fc2 = I ,
I .

Fs2 = I ,

79 127

5.2.

f (x) () :
+
Z
|f (x)| dx < + .

F :

f 7 fb = F f ,

1
fb(x) =
2

+
Z
f (x)eix dx ,

() . F
( ):

JJ

II

f\
+ g = F (f + g) = F f + F g = fb + b
g,

, C . f .
1. fb() ,
kfbk

80 127

1
6 kf k1 ,
2

kfbk = sup |fb()| ,

+
Z
kf k1 =
|f (x)| dx .

2. fb() .
,
eix eix = eix
..

+
2

(eix

eix

) = 2ieix

+
2

sin

x( )
,
2


x( ) 

|eix eix | = 2sin
.
2

1 
|fb() fb()| = 
2

+
+
Z
 r2 Z

x( ) 


ix
ix
(e
e
)f (x) dx 6
 |f (x)| dx
sin

= I1 + I2 ,

r
I1 =

r
Z

x( ) 
2

sin
 |f (x)| dx 6
2

|x|>N

JJ

II

|f (x)| dx

|x|>N

r
I2 =


x( ) 

sin
 |f (x)| dx .
2

81 127

|x|6N

N ,

I1 < ,
2
. > 0 ,

r
Z
N

N
2

<

|f (x)| dx < .
2
2
2

2
|x|6N

 | | < |x| 6 N

x( )  N

sin
<
2
2

I2 < .
2

| | < |fb() fb()| < .

3. fb() 0 .

,
1
fb() =
2

1
I1 =
2

+
Z
f (x)eix dx = I1 + I2 ,

f (x)eix dx ,

1
I2 =
2

JJ

II

1
|I1 | 6
2

|x|>N

|f (x)| dx ,
|x|>N

f (x)eix dx .

|x|6N

82 127

N ,
|I1 | <

,
2

.
,

|I2 | < .
2

 :
Z
1
I2 =
f (x)eix dx 0 .

2
|x|6N

|fb()| < .

5.3.

,
DN (x t) =

1 sin N (x t)

xt

5.1. N > 0 x R
1

+
Z

sin N (x t)
dt = 1 ,
xt

(5.8)

JJ

II

83 127

N N > 1.

. . T , |x| < T .
+
Z

sin N (x t)
dt =
xt

+
Z

t=T

d cos N (x t)
cos N (x T )
=

N (x t)
N (x T )

+
Z

cos N (x t)
dt
N (x t)2


+
+
Z

Z


sin
N
(x

t)
1
dt
2

dt 6
+
=

xt
T x
(t x)2
T x
T

T +

0.

ZT

sin N (x t)
dt .
xt

(5.8) ( N > 0)
1

+
Z

sin N t
dt = 1 .
t

N N , = N t , d = N dt:
1

+
Z

sin N t
1
dt =
t

+
Z

sin
d .

JJ

II

84 127

2
(x) =

+
Z

ext sin t
dt ,
t

x > 0.

, , x > 0. ,

 T > 0
+
Z

2i

ext sin t
dt =
t

+
Z

e(x+i)t
dt
t

+
Z

e(xi)t
dt
t

T
+
Z

(x+i)t

1 e
d

t x + i

t=T

1 h e(x+i)T
T

(xi)t

1 e
d
t x i

t=T
+
Z

+
h 1 e(x+i)t
1 e(xi)t i
=

+
t x + i
t x i t=T
=

+
Z

h e(x+i)t
x + i

e(xi)t i dt
x i t2

e(xi)T i

+
x + i
x i

+
Z
h

e(xi)t i dt
e(x+i)t

,
x + i
x i t2

JJ

II

+
+
Z
Z
ext sin t 
1
dt
2

dt 6 +
=

2
t
T
t
T
T

T +

0.

T
85 127

(x) ( x > 0
):

0 (x) =

+
Z

ext sin t dt =

1
i

+
Z

[e(x+i)t e(xi)t ] dt

+
1 h e(x+i)t
e(xi)t i
1h 1
1 i
2
1
=

= 2
.

i x + i
x i t=0 i x + i x i
x +1

, ,
2
|(x)| 6

+
+
Z
2 ext 
2
xt
e
dt =
=

x t=0 x

= 0.

x+

+
Z

+
2
(x) dx = arctg x0 = 1 .

(0+) = lim (x) (0+) =

x+

x (x)
2
(0+) =

+
Z

sin t
dt ,
t

..

+
Z

sin t
1
dt =
t

+
Z

sin t
dt = 1 .
t

JJ

II

86 127

5.2 (). f
x.
1
f (x) = v.p.
2

+
Z
1
fb()eix d
2

ZN
lim

N +
N

fb()eix d .

5.3. v.p.
.

.
1
fN (x) =
2

Z+N

1
fb()eix d =
2

ZN

+
Z
d
f (t)ei(xt) dt .

(5.9)

fN (x) =

1
2

ZN
N

1
=

+
+
Z
ZN
Z
i
d
f (t) cos (x t) dt +
d
f (t) sin (x t) dt
2

+
+
Z
ZN
Z
1
sin N (x t)
dt f (t) cos (x t) d =
f (t)
dt .

xt

JJ

II

1
f (x) fN (x) =

+
+
Z
Z
sin N (x t)
1
sin N (x t)
f (x)
dt
f (t)
dt
xt

xt

+
Z

87 127

f (x) f (t)
sin N (x t) dt .
xt

:
ZT

+
Z

ZT
+

+
Z
+
,
T

(5.10)

, T , |x| < T . T
,
N N > 1. , ,
+
Z

f (x) f (t)
sin N (x t) dt = I1 + I2 ,
xt

+
Z

I1 = f (x)

sin N (x t)
dt
xt

+
Z

I2 =

f (t) sin N (x t)
dt ,
xt

JJ

II

( )
|I1 | 6

2|f (x)|
T x

T +

88 127

( f )
1
|I2 | 6
T x

+
Z
|f (t)| dt

T +

0.

T ,
+
 ZT Z



< ,
+

 2

 ,
(5.10)
N + :
ZT

f (x) f (t)
sin N (x t) dt 0 .
N +
xt

, t
f (x) f (t)
t 7
xt
[T, T ],
t = x :
lim

tx

f (x) f (t)
= f 0 (x) .
xt

JJ

II

N ,
 ZT 
 
 < ,
  2

89 127

|f (x) fN (x)| < .

5.4.

, f (x)
, -


F :

f 7 fb = F f ,

1
fb() =
2

+
Z
f (x)eix dx ,

fb 7 f = F 1 fb,

1
f (x) = v.p.
2

+
Z

fb()eix d .

, fb , F 1

F 1 = P F ,
P
P :

f (x) 7 f (x) .

JJ

II

FP = PF ,

90 127

Z
Z


1
1
ix
F P f () =
f (x)e
dx =
f (t)eit dt
2
2

1
=
2

+
Z


f (t)eit dt = P F f () .

5.5.

f (x)
+
Z
|xf (x)| dx ,

fb() ,
d b
f () ixf (x):
d
+
Z
dfb()
1
(ix)f (x)eix dx .
=
d
2

, , f ,
.
, f (x) |x|n , fb() n ,
(ix)n f (x)

dn b
f () .
d n

JJ

II

91 127

 5.4. f ,
f f 0 :
+
Z
|f (x)| dx < + ,

+
Z
|f 0 (x)| dx < + .

fb0 () = i fb() ,

1
fb() = o
.

||

.
Zb
f (b) f (a) =

f 0 ,
lim f (a) ,

lim f (a) = 0 ,

92 127

lim f (b) .

b+

, f
R,
a

II

f 0 (x) dx

JJ

lim f (b) = 0 .

b+

, ,
1
fb0 () =
2

+
+
Z
Z
f (x)eix +
1
0
ix

f (x)e
dx =
f (x)(i)eix dx


2
2

+
Z
(i)
f (x)eix dx = (i)fb() .
=
2

, f n
R , ||n :
 1 
fb() = o
,
||n

dn
F
f (x) 7 (i)n fb() .
dxn
,
x ( )
i, x
i:
F

d
dx

d
d

i .

JJ

II

93 127

5.6.

S(R)
. ,
|x|:
 dn f (x) 
Cn,k



6
n
dx
1 + |x|k

Ck
|f (x)| 6
,
1 + |x|k

n, k N .

F .
P , ,
:
F :
F

S(R) S(R) ,

JJ

II

S(R) S(R) .

94 127
+
Z

hf |gi =

f (x)g(x) dx .

+
Z
2
kf k =
|f (x)|2 dx .

, V A
A,
hAa|bi = ha|A bi .

a , b V :

A ,
AA = A A = I ,

.. A = A1 .

, ,
:
hAa|Abi = ha|A Abi = ha|bi , kAak = kak .
5.5. :
F = F 1 .

. f, g S(R).
+
+
+
+
Z
Z
Z
Z
1
1
ix
dx
d f (x)eix g()
dx f (x)e
g() =
hF f |gi =
d
2
2

+
+
Z
Z
1

=
dx f (x)
eix g() d = hf |F 1 gi .
2

II

95 127

5.6 ( ).
+
+
Z
Z
2
b
|f ()| d =
|f (x)|2 dx .

JJ

F = PF ,

F :

f 7 fe,

1
fe() =
2

+
Z
f (x)eix dx ,

5.7. ,

hF f |gi = hf |F gi
, . , f g ( ), . ,
hfb|b
g i = hf |gi ,
f , , gb g.
, , , g = F 1 gb
hfb|b
g i = hF f |b
g i = hf |F 1 gbi = hf |gi .
,

JJ

II

96 127

kfbk = kf k

, fb f . , ,
!

6.

f g
1
f g(x) =
2

+
Z
f (t)g(x t) dt .

(6.1)

(6.1). , f g ,
g f . , ,
:
f g =gf.
, , . f
. > 0 ,
|x y| <

JJ

II

|f (x) f (y)| < .

97 127

( ) , :

1. (x) > 0 ,
2. ,
3. (x) = 0 |x| > ,
4.

1
2

+
R

(x) dx = 1 .

,
1

+
Z
(x t) dt = 1 .

g = f :

1
g(x) =
2

+
Z
f (t)(x t) dt .

|x t| 6 . g , , ,
1
g (x) =
2
0

+
Z
f (t) 0 (x t) dt .

JJ

II

g f :
+
 1 Z



|f (x) g(x)| = 
[f (x) f (t)](x t) dt
2

1
|f (x) f (t)|(x t) dt 6
6
2
2
|xt|6

98 127

Z
(x t) dt = .

|xt|6

, , .
.

 6.1. f g
:
+
Z
|g(x)| dx < + .

+
Z
|f (x)| dx < + ,

(F f ) g = F (f F g) ,

fb g = fd
ge ,

ge = F g .

.
fb.
1

+
+
+
Z
Z
Z
1
1
b
f (x)eix() dx
d g()
f ( )g() d =
2
2
+
+
+
Z
Z
Z
1
1
ix 1
ix

dx f (x)e
g()e d =
f (x)e
g (x)eix dx
=
2
2
2

JJ

II

6.2.
(F f ) g = F (f F g)

99 127

. ,
+
+
Z
Z
f (t)g(x t) dt =
f (u)g(x + u) du ,


P (f g) = (P f ) (P g) .

P (F f g) = F f P g

P F (f F g) = F (f F P g) .

F f P g = F (f F P g) .

P g g .

6.3. f g ,
:
+
Z
|f (x)| dx < + ,

+
Z
|g(x)| dx < + ,

+
Z
|f (x)|2 dx < + ,

+
Z
|g(x)|2 dx < + ,

f g

JJ

II

100 127

f[
g = fb gb .

. , f g ,
x:
 Z


|t|>T

Z
2

f (t)g(x t) dt 6
|t|>T

|f (t)|2 dt

|t|>T

|g(x t)|2 dt =

Z
|t|>T

|f (t)|2 dt

+
Z

|g(s)|2 ds .

, , :
+
+
+
+
Z
Z
Z
Z



dx
f (t)g(x t) dt 6
dx
|f (t)g(x t)| dt

+
+
+
+
Z
Z
Z
Z
=
dt |f (t)|
|g(x t)| dx =
|f (t)| dt
|g(s)| ds .

+
+
Z
Z
ix 1

f (t)g(x t) dt
dx e
2

+
+
Z
Z
1
1
it

=
dt e
f (t)
ei(xt) g(x t) dx
2
2

JJ

II

1
=
2

+
+
Z
Z
1
it
dt e
f (t)
eiu g(u) du .
2

6.4. , ,

f g = F (fb gb) ,
fb gb , ,
, f g

101 127

(
).

JJ

II

102 127

7.
7.1.

1.

(
ex , x > 0,
f1 (x) =
0,
x < 0.

+
+
Z
1 1 i
1
1
1
1 ex(1i) 
.
=
=
fb1 () =
ex(1i) dx =
2 1 + 2
2 1 + i
2 1 i 0
2
0

2.

(
0 , x > 0,
f2 (x) =
ex , x 6 0.

JJ

II

f2 = P f1 , fb2 = P fb1 , ..
1
1 + i
fb2 () =
.
2 1 + 2

103 127

3.
f3 (x) = e|x| .

f3 = f1 + f2
r
fb3 () =

2
1

.
1 + 2

4.
f4 (x) = sgnx e|x| .
f4 = f1 f2
r
2

b
f4 () = i

.
1 + 2

5.
f5 (x) =

, F f5 () =

1
.
1 + x2

||
e
. F = P F
2
r
||
b
f5 () =
e
.
2

6.
f6 (x) =

x
.
1 + x2

sgn e|| . , ,
, F f6 () = i
2
r

b
sgn e|| .
f6 () = i
2

JJ

II

104 127

7.

(
1 , x [1, 1],
f7 (x) =
0 x
/ [1, 1].


1
fb7 () =
2

Z1

ix

e
1

1
ei ei
dx =
=
i
2

2 sin

8.

sin x
f8 (x) =
.
x
, F f8 () =

f7 () . ( )
2
r

fb8 () =
f7 () .
2

:
+
Z


9.

sin x 2
dx =
x

Z1

dx = .
2

JJ

II

105 127

f9 (x) = ex .
,
1
fb9 () =
2

+
+
Z
Z
2
1
x2 ix
e
e
dx =
ex cos(x) dx .
2


1
d b
f9 () =
d
2

+
+
Z
Z
2
1
dex
x2

xe
sin(x) dx =
sin(x)
2
2

+
Z
2

=
ex cos(x) dx = fb9 () .
2
2 2

,

2
4

fb9 () = Ce

1
fb9 (0) =
2
,

+
Z
2
1
ex dx = .
2

e 4
fb9 () = .
2

JJ

II

106 127

, 6 8 f6 f8 .

.
F
f (x)
fb() .

1. f (ax)

1 b 
f
, ,
a a
F

2. f (x)eix
fb( ) , ,
F

3. f (x b)
fb()eib , .

:
+
+
Z
Z

du
ix
,
f (ax)e
dx =
f (u)ei a u
a

+
+
Z
Z
ix ix
f (x)e e
dx =
f (x)ei()x dx ,

+
+
Z
Z
ix
f (x b)e
dx =
f (u)ei(u+b) du .

, , :

JJ

II

107 127

 1:

f (x)

fb()

f (ax)

1 b 
f
a a

f (x)eix

fb( )

f (x b)

ib

dn f (x)
dxn

fb()e

(i)n fb()

JJ

II

108 127
n

x f (x)

+
Z
f (t)g(x t) dt

dn fb()
in
d n

fb() gb()

1 i
1

1
+ 2
2

ex H(x)

e|x|

1
2

1 + 2

e|x| sgnx

1 + 2

1
1 + x2
x
1 + x2

||
e
2

r
||
i
e
sgn
2
r

H(x + 1) H(x 1)

2 sin

JJ

II

109 127

sin x
x

[H( + 1) H( 1)]
2

e 4

ex

H(x):
(
1,
H(x) =
0,

x > 0,
x < 0.

.
fN , . ,
sin N x
N sin(N x)
DN (x) =
=

.
x

Nx
-, ,
r




1  
1 
d
DN () =
H( + N ) H( N ) .
H
+1 H
1 =
2
N
N
2
fN , . . 87:

fN = 2f DN .

JJ

II

110 127

(


fb() , [N, N ] ,
b
fc
N () = f () H( + N ) H( N ) =
0,

/ [N, N ] .

7.2.

,
u(x, 0) = (x).

2u
u
= a2 2 ,
x R, t [0, +) ,
t
x
u(x, 0) = (x) , x R .

t, u(x, t) :

U (, t) = (F u)(, t) .
:

U
= a2 2 U, R, t [0, +) ,
t
U (, 0) = () , R .

JJ

II

= F . , :
2 2

U (, t) = ()ea

111 127

u(x, t) = (F 1 U )(x, t) .

6.2:
2 2

F [ea

2 2

] = F (ea

F ) .

,
( ) (

a t)
x2
2 2
2 2
1
F [ea t ] = F [ea t ] = e 4a2 t .
a 2t
( x ).
u(x, t) =

2a t

+
Z
(xy)2
(y)e 4a2 t dy .

, , a
. , ( ):
t > 0 u(x, t)
( x)!

7.3.

, 5.1,
.
f 2l.

JJ

II

112 127

a0 X
+
(an cos n x + bn sin n x) ,
f (x) =
2
n=1

n
.
l
n ,
1 , n = n1 , , .

n =


A0 =

a0
,
2

An =

a2n + b2n ,

n > 1.

X
f (x) A0 +
An sin(n x + n ) ,

n
an
,
An

cos n =

bn
.
An

An ,
, .
, , 2l- ,

f (x) = x ,

x [l, l] .

f (x) =

n=1

sin n =

JJ

II

113 127

+
X

(1)n+1 2l
sin n x ,
n
n=1

An =

2l
,
n

. . 5.
, f (x) .

An

f (x)

. 5:

l ,
f (x):
Z
f (x) = [a() cos x + b() sin x] d ,

JJ

II

+
Z
1
f (x) cos x dx ,
a() =

+
Z
1
b() =
f (x) sin x dx .

,
p
A() = a2 () + b2 () .

114 127

,
r
fb() =

[a() ib()] ,
2


r
A() =

2 b
|f ()| .

A() f (x).
6 .

f (x)

2
A() =



 sin 





f (x) = ex H(x)
0

A() =

1
1
p

1 + 2

JJ

II

115 127

. 6:

A.

, f
+
+
Z
Z
sin N (x t)
1
f (t)
dt ,
fN (x) =
f (t)DN (x t) dt =

xt

f , f , ..
v
uZ
u +
u
kf fN k 0 ,
kf k = t
|f (x)|2 dx .
N

DN (x) =

2 DN (x) ,

fN (x)

JJ

II

fN (x) = f DN (x) .
N . f ,
(
g(x) , x [N, N ] ,
N f (x) =
0,
x
/ [N, N ] .
, fb = F f f ,

fN = F N F f .
.

116 127

 A.1 ( ). f (x, y)
.
v
v
u b  d
2 Zd u
Z
uZ
uZb


u
u


t dx f (x, y) dy  6 dy t |f (x, y)|2 dx .
a

( ).

Zd
g(x) =

f (x, y) dy .

v
v
u b
u b
Zb
uZ
uZ
u
u
|f (x, y)g(x)| dx 6 t |f (x, y)|2 dx t |g(x)|2 dx .
a

JJ

II

a
117 127

,
Zb
a

Zd
2 Zb



dx f (x, y) dy  = |g(x)|2 dx .
c


Zb

Zb

|g(x)| dx 6
a

Zd
|f (x, y)| dy

dx|g(x)|
a

Zd
=

Zd
|f (x, y)g(x)| dx 6

dy
c

Zb
a

v
v
u b
u b
uZ
uZ
u
u
2
dy t |f (x, y)| dx t |g(x)|2 dx ,
a

v
v
u b
u
Zd uZb
uZ
u
u
t |g(x)|2 dx 6 dy t |f (x, y)|2 dx ,
a

A.2 ( ). f (
) fb .
kfbk = kf k ,
+
+
Z
Z
2
b
|f ()| d =
|f (x)|2 dx .

..

JJ

II

118 127

. , , . , f (x)
[, ]. 2-,

 [, ] .
f (x)
+
X

f (x)

cn einx ,

cn =

n=

1
2

f (x)einx dx ,

:
Z

+
X

|f (x)|2 dx = 2

|cn |2 .

n=

[0, 1). f (x) eix f (x),

Z

+
X

|f (x)| dx = 2

1
cn () =
2

|cn ()| ,

n=

f (x)ei(n+)x dx .

JJ

II

,
fb(n + ) =

2 cn () ,
119 127

|f (x)|2 dx =

+
X

|fb(n + )|2 .

0 1, ,

n+1
Z1
Z
2
|fb(n + )| d =
|fb()|2 d .
0

n=

+
Z
Z
+ n+1
X
2
b
|f (x)| dx =
|f ()| d =
|fb()|2 d .
2

n= n

, , f (x)
[l, l]. g(x) = f (ax), a = l ,
[, ]
+
+
Z
Z
Z
2
2
|g(x)| dx =
|g(x)| dx =
|b
g ()|2 d .

+
+
+
Z
Z
Z

2
2


|g(x)|2 dx
f (at) a dt = a
|f (x)| dx =

, ,
b=

1
,
a

+
+
+
Z
Z
Z
2
2
b
b
|f ()| d =
|f (b)| b d = a
|b
g ()|2 d .

II

gb() = bfb(b) ,

JJ

120 127

 g(x) , 5.2
ZN

gb()eix d = g DN (x) = F N gb (x) = F N F g (x)

g(x) N . ,
x .
g [a, b] K
, [a, b] (K, K).

max |g(x) g DN (x)| 0 .
N

x[K,K]

kg g DN k 6

2K

max
x[K,K]

v Z
u
|g(x) g DN (x)| + u
t

|g DN

(x)|2

II

dx .

|x|>K

121 127

|g DN (x)|2 dx =

|x|>K


1
dx

Zb
g(t)

2
sin N (x t) 
dt
xt

|x|>K

v
u Z
v Z
2
 Zb
Zb
u
u
1

sin
N
(x

t)
1
u
u
dx
g(t)
dt 6
dt |g(t)|t
t

xt

|x|>K

JJ

|x|>K

sin2 N (x t)
dx
(x t)2

 x N
t [a, b] , K ,
N . > 0 .
K , N
v Z
u

u
|g DN (x)|2 dx < ,
t
2

|x|>K

K, N ,

2K

max
x[K,K]

|g(x) g DN (x)| <

,
2

, N g
kg g DN k 0 .
f .
, . 6.
, f
g ( ) . > 0
kf gk <

.
3

JJ

II

122 127

,
kf f DN k 6 kf gk + kg g DN k + kg DN f DN k .
N ,
kg g DN k 6

.
3

 ,
g DN f DN = h DN = F N F h, ,

h=gf,

A.2

kF N F hk = kN F hk 6 kF hk = khk .

( ).

kf f DN k < ,

..
kf f DN k 0 .

, .. ,
.
, , f (x) . , A.2

JJ

II

123 127

v
uZB

u

u
t dx
A

K6|t|6L

v
u +
2 u Z



u
f (t)DN (x t) dt 6 t
dx

2

f (t)DN (x t) dt

K6|t|6L

= kF N F (L f K f )k = kN F (L f K f )k 6 kF (L f K f )k
v Z
u
= kL f K f k = u
|f (x)|2 dx .
t

K6|x|6L

 L L
v
uZB
 Z
2 v
u
u Z


u
f (t)DN (x t) dt 6 u
t dx
t
A

K6|t|

|f (x)|2 dx .

K6|x|

v
uZ
u +  Z

u
dx
t

2 v
u Z

f (t)DN (x t) dt 6 u
t

K6|t|

|f (x)|2

dx .

K6|x|

kf f DN k 6 kf K f k + kK f F N F K f k + kF N F K f F N F f k ,
..
v
uZ
+
Z
u + 
2 v
u Z
u


t
dxf (x)
f (t)DN (x t) dt 6 u
t

K6|x|

JJ

II

|f (x)|2 dx

v
v
uZ
u +
+K
Z
u + 
2 u Z
 Z
u



u
+t
dxK f (x)
f (t)DN (x t) dt + t
dx

2

f (t)DN (x t) dt .

K6|t|

K N .
K
N ( K f ). ,

kf f DN k 0 .

124 127


, 70
, 61
, 66
, 66
, 77
, 23
, 68
, 17
, 14
, 61
, 61
, 19, 30
, 19

, 18, 23
(), 117
, 16
, 16
, 80

, 66
, 16
, 16
, 38
, 37
C 1 C, 28
, 77, 80
, 89
, 94
, 23, 37, 118
, 95

, 69
, 15, 48

, 97
, 24
, 15, 22, 48

, 34, 35, 39
, 17
, 77, 86

JJ

II

125 127

 , 95
, 23
, 64
, 64
, 110

, 112

, 64
, 64
, 40
, 33
, 83

JJ

II

126 127


[1] .. . , ., 1961.
[2] . . , ., 1963.

[3] . . , ., 1948.
[4] .. . , , 1985.

[5] . , .12. , ., 1965.

[6] .. . , , 1969.
[7] .. . , ., 1934.

[8] .. , .2. , ., 1974.

[9] . . , ., 1955.
[10] . . , ., 1948.

JJ

II

[11] .. . , ., 1980.
[12] .. . , 3.
, ., 1970.
[13] . , .12. , ., 1985.
[14] Katznelson Y. An introduction to harmonic analysis. Dover publications, N.Y.,
1976.

127 127