epe oa o ax oc aae II . . .

pcx (Ta) peecx

(oee) coax.
eea aa oec, V . . . oc eee co xe (aaco) o
(co), ee opoe c c Pc ceepo pao.
B aae X . oaac cocece c e p xpcaco apoa,
aoa ea paoca pcc, pe e Kape c Pocc, a
aae e.
B peae pecox oxoo ecoo opo pa e oop ac cx ee,
1155 . , poe Kape, caa eco poe.
B 1240 . e oepe opaee o pccx oc Aeca pa Hecoo a co oepe,
oo o ooop 1323 . aaa Kape ooa e, a ocoa Hoopo,
pee coe aoeae cpoeco paocaoo oacp a ocpoe Baaa.
1362 . o pao acoa opax opo. Oao 1364 . c ocece a
ec po Apexa Meepa poe o cpo a, a x paa copac.
Cpa e poa eoco papco ope.
K 1374 . co poe aae ec op p, ep ee pao
paac caocoeo, ocaac o ec paee.
Kaapca 1397 ., oea o ac ococo e, Hope a,
ao e ooee o, aa x, oao, o cec po aoea co
copo Pocc.
Bec XV . pocxo c a opax eppopx Pocc. paee Kapa
VIII, paoo opoe 1438 ., pacaao caac co ao cepee pe
e ee ae. oce eoo opee Kapa VIII 1458 . o opo
Xpca I oca ap cpe ex o. ece oca oca peoc
Tp. ac op p Axecco To coa pecaee co ce , copae
coacoc pa Xpcaa I co opoe.
B 1475 . To ocoa peoc Oaa (copee opo Caoa) a o
Mococoo apca.
Koa 1481 . To ep, Ce Cp, pee e, ca aaa paee
eo coco.
oce oex cooe c Pocce, ocae co c ae 1493 ., o ooop
occao pcco-c pa XV ., o oco po copo ocee ea.
B 1520 . Peopa peca epaco a eppop eco , a
Ceep Kape aa.

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K aa pae ecoo opo caa Ba (1523) ppao paoe oc oe

epe. o ce e oop o-c, o ac x aa ao e, a ac
Pocc.
B 1555 . opa aaee Pocc, ca a pea co peoa
eco opo. B peae ece oca oee oco , a 1556
. pcce oca o o Bp, Bae poc apoa. B o e o ca
Baa pooac Be epoco oa ee coe c oxa. oxa oop
o-c, epeexa ao Tp, op ce co a poco, ocoa
aaeco. poeae oxaa pepaoc eo opee o 1563 ., a o
ec apae poop oxaa cep, epa a eo opoecoe pocxoee.
.
B 1568 . oxa ca opoe oca ec p, aep Cee o.
15701595 ., oee c cop o ee oa poc, oaeoa
e o c Pocce, e apcoa a IV po. o Tco po
ooop coa a eea paa. Pocc oa o-ocooe oepee coo
aa, o oepa ac oee ceepx ee.
C aaa XVII . e caa pa Epoe a po, e o
pepaaac ca e ecx po.
ooee ee oe xoc aae XVIII ., oco Ceepa oa e
Pocce ee eac a ee eppop.
B 1711 ., p ape epe I, pcce axa Bp. C 1714 . aac 8 e ooo pccoo
ococa.
o ooop 1721 . Pocc oaaac o oe ac . Bocoa paa
oaaac e a.
B 1741 . ec pca (apae) o o Pocc, o o peo oo
oa . o po ooop 1743 . Pocc epeeca co pa c e
ee ae a aa.
1807 ., p ape Aecape I, Pocc coa opoaa , a 1809 .
caa caocoe poccc e eco.
B 1812 . pcc ap o coe Xec ( ecopc), oco Tp
pacooe co o e.
ace o oae ocoo occa pcco-peo oe, aaee pa
A a Kpco oe pe poccco-ce c.
B o pe aa opoc a pae coeo a, opaec eap a co
e, 1835 . eaaec copae apecx cao a co e, 1858 . c
oec oao o oace c oa c aceee.
B 1894 . aaec pca cpa, pcc oec ocapce o,
pac ce e, apec ce co ap c pcco ce o o
coppoao apco Opco Maece.

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Haao XX . oaeoaoc p eocpa, paoa aaa, co

eepa-epaopa opoa, pac pao coa-eopaec ee. ce
e ep Epoe o pao ooca, a coa-eopa o 80 ec 200
co apaee. Hecop a ae coo apaea, ce ao epac
pcc ape.
B 1910 . ap Hoa II copa paa apaea occao poecc pca.
B epo poo oe a coe Pocc, aae 1917 . paeco
Kepecoo occaoo aoo cpa, a eape 1917 . oa
eacoc.
Heeo caaec ooe c Coeco Pocce xc oce oca
e aa o eaae 1932 ., eappoaeo epae coapoc
co aac cpaa.
1939 . pec Ceep o, peae oopo cpaa oepa ac Kape.
B aae Bopo poo o a coe epa, o cepe 1944 .
aa epepe c Coec Coo opoac c ee oca aa. Ta
ooc o (ceo 40), oope ea c Pocce.
1948 . , ;
, 1992 .
.
1955 . .
1956 . , . .
1961 . , . .
, . .
1962 . . .
1963 . . .
1967 . -
.
1968 . . .
1973 . .
1 1978 .
19731975 . ,

( 35 , ).
1978 . . .
1981 . .
. . ,

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-.
1983 . ,
1948 .
1987 . , .
.
1989 . .
1994 . . .
1995 . .
1997 . -
( 12 6).
1999 . - .
.
2000 . . .

. 2006 . .

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