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квалификационная
работа студентки V
курса, факультета
иностранных языков
Журавлёвой А.А.
Содержание
● Введение…………………………………………………………………...……… 3
● Глава I. Модальные глаголы как основной способ
выражения предположения.......…………………………………………...…..5-26
§1. Общая характеристика модальных глаголов…..……………………………….5
§2. Глагол must…………………………………………………………….…......…...6
§3. Глагол may – might……………………………………………………....……….9
§4. Глагол should – ought……………………………………………… ….....……14
§5. Глагол will – would…………………………………………………….......……17
§6. Глагол can –could……………………...………………………………......…….20
§7. Глагол need. ……………………………………………………………......……23
§8. Выводы…………………………………………………………………………..23
● Глава II. Использование модальных слов для
выражения предположения…………………………………………………..26-34
§1. Статус модальных слов………………………………………………........…...26
§2. Лексический состав и классификация модальных слов……………........…...28
§3. Морфологическая структура модальных слов……………………..........……29
§4. Синтаксические функции модальных слов………………………...........……30
§5. Отличие модальных слов от наречий…………………………..........…...31
§6. Выводы…………………………………………………………………………..33
● Глава III. Способы выражения предположения в романе Р.
Чэндлера «Прощай, любимая».....................………………….........……………...34
§1. Использование модальных
глаголов…………………………………………...34
§2. Использование модальных слов………………………………………………..42
§3. Выводы…………………………………………………………………………..51
● Заключение.....................................................................................................…….52
● Библиография.................................................................................................…….54
3
Введение.
He may not have come yet. Он, может быть (возможно, ещё не приехал.)
[16.231]
Е.А.Зверева обращает внимание на то, что составному модальному
сказуемому с глаголом may в значении предположения соответствует в
русском языке простое или составное (немодальное) сказуемое с глаголом в
настоящем или будущем времени (при неперфектном инфинитиве) или в
прошедшем времени (при перфектном инфинитиве), причём этому
сказуемому предшествует вводный член предложения, выраженный словами
«может быть», «возможно», а в случае вопросительного предложения –
«интересно».
Интересно отметить, что глагол may в значении предположения очень
распространён как в художественной, так и в научной литературе; для
последнего более характерно употребление глагола may с перфектным
инфинитивом. [11.109]
He was not young. He might have been forty-five. – Ему можно было бы дать
лет 45.
“I don`t know how long the silence lasted. It might have been for half and hour.”
“Had she been fourteen instead of twenty-four, she might have been changed by
then (but she was twenty-four, conservative by nature and upbringing). [2.326]
14
It ought not to be very hard to find a man who is prepared to come and talk
German to me for an hour. – «Вероятно, не очень трудно найти человека…»
He/you ought to know it (=he is/ you are supposed to know it).
You ought to be ashamed of yourself. [18.126]
17
The reader will have noticed that some words were given as examples both of
substantives and adjectives. – «Читатель, вероятно, уже заметил…»
And she was completely demoralized – she would be the silly creature! – «…она,
конечно, была деморализована…»
Just then they heard footsteps in the hall. “That will be Julia”, Holland
gasped, “we’ll have to hide you somewhere.”
В длительной форме:
“…My mother was to have gone with him as far as Bedford, where she will
be at this moment staying with the Vanes.” [7.112]
20
…But we hope that you will have gathered from the review of your book in
this morning’s Whirlpool that our scientific staff has been quick to seize even
remoter implications of your discovery.
Но и в устной речи эта форма вовсе не является редкостью, например:
You can`t really love me, or you wouldn’t hesitate. – «Не может быть, чтобы
ты любил меня…»
You can`t have tried. – «Не может быть, чтобы ты пытался (ты, наверное,
и не пытался)».
But the war can`t last forever. – «Но не может же быть, чтобы война
продолжалась вечно (но война не может же продолжаться вечно)».
He can`t have been a real gardener, can he? – «Не может быть, чтобы он
был настоящим садовником (он не мог быть настоящим садовником)».
It needn`t take you very long. – «…это необязательно займёт много времени
( это необязательно должно занять много времени)».
§8. Вывод
Как было уже сказано выше, модальные глаголы передают различные
оттенки предположения, начиная с предположения, граничащего с
уверенностью и заканчивая предположением, в котором говорящий не
24
MUST 95% уверенности Mary isn't in class. She must Mary must have been sick
be sick. (только настоящее) yesterday.
Where is John? He may have been at the
MAY Менее 50% уверенности
He may be at the library library
MIGHT Менее 50% уверенности Where is John? He might have been at the
He might be at the library library
SHOULD 90 % уверенности She should do well on the She should have done well on
test. (только будущее) the test.
OUGHT TO 90 % уверенности She ought to do well on the She ought to have done well
test. (только будущее) on the test.
He will be here at 6:00
WILL 100 % уверенности
(только будущее)
COULD Менее 50% уверенности Where is John? He could have been at the
He could be at the library library
The Use of Modal Verbs to Express Near Certainty, Doubt, Strong Doubt.
6) need не not necessarily, It needn`t mean It need not have It needn`t take
обязательно, it should be not immediate war. meant you very long.
не necessary immediate war.
обязательно
должно быть
undoubtedly
§6 Вывод
Наряду с модальными глаголами, модальные слова являются еще
одним способом выражения предположения. Из таких модальных слов как:
perhaps, maybe, probably, possibly, наиболее часто для выражения
предположения используется модальное слово probably. Некоторые
лингвисты не выделяют такой категории как модальные слова и причисляют
их к наречиям. В целом же лингвисты упоминают о модальных словах очень
кратко, просто выделяя их из общей системы частей речи.
It looks like an amateur job, but if course it might be meant to look like an
amateur job. (22.86)
Might be nothing at all. (22.126)
“Will you have some coffee?” I asked. “It might make you human. (22.210)
Brunette might be any place. (22.275)
So he might handle reefers, or touch a percentage from some one of his
workers he gave the business to. (22.277)
He might know Sonderborg and might not. (22.277)
Red thought for a moment. “He might. He probably has.” (22.277)
That might buy you something. (22.283)
“Hell, there is a dozen grapevines that might help him to do that, pal.”
(22.301)
“You thought she might know where Velma was.” (22.302)
You say that was your idea, but he may have been hoping you would
suggest it, and if you didn’t suggest it, he would have had the idea
himself. (22.87)
You didn’t tell Marriott you had a gun, but he may have seen the bulge
under your arm or at least suspected you have a gun. (22.89)
But she may have known. (22.311)
Or it may not have been very much money and he may gone trough it pretty
fast. (22.146)
She may have just hid it with the idea of selling it to me later on. (22.311)
It was octagonal, draped in black velvet from floor to ceiling, with a high
remote black ceiling that may have been of velvet too. (22.161)
36
Amthor might have told him, or Moose Malloy might have mentioned to
him that I went to see Jessie Florian, or he might have thought putting me in there
was a police gag. (22.255)
One or two of them might have had red hair. (22.35)
It might have been an act, but I didn`t care. (22.39)
He might have been thirty-five or sixty-five. (22.162)
If he had been a smaller man and more quietly dressed, I might have thought
he was going to pull a stick-up. (22.4)
I thought his pearl was a little too large, but that might have been jealousy.
(22.288)
It might have been a slammed door. (22.14)
Afterwards I thought I might have heard the swish of a sap. (22.68)
He might have had – once.” (22.75)
They might just as well have been a bunch of bananas, I looked at them.
(22.182)
Nothing but a cigarette butt that anybody might have smoked. (22.303)
His other hand held a brush poised in the air, as if he might be going to do a
little work after a while, if somebody made a down payment. (22.44)
37
2%
Then he handed one of the rings back and said that would give us an idea
what kind of people we were dealing with and to wait for a phone call before
reporting to the police or the insurance company. (22.58)
Sitting in a dark room with a good night glass you can see a lot more details
then you would think possible. (22.68)
Okey, what I mean is, that would be 10.15, say. (22.70)
He would be a lad who would have a lot of lady friends. (22.79)
That would make me suspect Marriott of having socked me – other things
being equal. (22.88)
I should think you would want somebody to answer the phone” she said.
(22.96)
A weed that would grow anyway. (22.108)
“Anybody would have an idea out of all that,” I said. (22.146)
But naturally there are certain elements which would like to show me in a
bad light. (22.167)
He would be a man of position, worth tipping your hat to. (22.190)
He would always need a shave. (22.191)
I didn’t feel very well, but I didn’t feel as sick as I ought to, not as sick as I
would feel if I had a salaried job. (22.208)
“He wouldn’t want it,” I said.
“You wouldn’t tell me how you found out about this loading port?” (22.294)
Now suppose Marriott wanted that money and wanted to make you the fall
guy – wouldn’t he have acted just the way he did? (22.88)
I said: “ If he had any of those, I should think he would have smoked a
couple tonight.”(22.92)
13%
Indefinite Infinitive
Perfect Infinitive
87%
The liquor bills of your lady friends must be something fierce, she
said and sipped. (22.310)
29%
Indefinite Infinitive
Perfect Infinitive
71%
He thinks the people here should know where his girl is. (22.14)
I should prefer not to discuss that over the phone. (22.45)
But shouldn’t somebody stay with him? (22.82)
Or should I try minding my own business and not asking impertinent
questions? (22.97)
What you ought to have done. (22.41)
I ought to have seen him as I came down, but I had been bent over, peering
at the ground with a fountain-pen flash, trying to read tire marks by a light
the size of a quarter. (22.77)
33%
Indefinite Infinitive
Perfect Infinitive
67%
7%
21% May-Might
44% Will-Would
Must
Should-Ought
28%
43
They probably knew all about you before that anyway. (22.61)
You probably did not expect to see me again so soon. “ (22.96)
She probably goes out with a hundred men. (22.104)
They probably sounded like words. (22.117)
“You probably won’t run short”, she said. (22.137)
Then he probably misled you a little about the time. (22.140)
It probably wouldn’t be wise. (22.146)
He probably allowed himself four. (22.215)
I’ll give you a theory, but you are probably way ahead of me on it. (22.215)
“It probably did. That is why they knocked him off” (22.216)
“They probably have another finger lined up,” I said. (22.216)
“For instance, I think your hunch about Marriott is probably right. “ (22.218)
“He probably did not know he had broken her neck. He was sore at her,” he
said. (22.233)
And you probably have a reader of him by now. (22.255)
44
The big man would probably take it away from me and eat it. (22.6)
It had probably seemed like a good idea at the time, but the position of Mr.
Montgomery`s head proved that the idea had been wrong. (22.17)
Malloy would probably have said something if the name had been changed.
(22.26)
It is probably known to everyone in the trade, all over the country. (22.58)
Tomorrow I will probably ask you for a sworn statement. (22.91)
I thought the best jeweler in town would probably know, so I went and
asked the manager of Block’s (22.101)
You are probably lying – but I can find out. (22.170)
They had probably rung it for the volunteer fire brigade back in the good old
chaw-and-spit days. (22.239)
Across the street a bingo parlour was going full blast and beside it a couple
of sailors with girls were coming out of a photographer’s shop where they
had probably been having their photos taken riding on camels. (22.261)
Around a cornet we looked at a short dirty wop in a purple silk shirt who sat
in a wired-together office chair, under a naked handing light, and read the
evening paper with the aid of a black forefinger and steel-rimmed spectacles
that had probably belonged to his grandfather. (22.282)
45
One of the velvety tough guys leaned against the middle of my spine with
something that was probably not a fishing rod. (22.289)
I thought it would probably be too late to catch her, but it wasn’t (22.296)
There was an iron ladder bolted close to the plates, curving with the hull, its
rungs probably as slippery as a greased pole. (22.280)
I talked with a small and somehow very human yellow-eyed man who was a
racket and probably worse. (22.298)
It was burst out in one shoulder seam, probably just getting it on. (22.299)
On the way up a shabby old woman recognized her – probably heard her
singing at the radio station and recognized the voice and went to see…
(22.307)
Между подлежащим и
5% сказумым
12%
В середине
34%
предложения
В составе сказуемого
23%
В начале предложения
“Maybe you got something there,” he said, “but I wouldn`t squeeze it too
hard.” (22.16)
“Maybe he`s a parole breaker,” I said. (22.20)
Maybe you remember? (22.24)
“Maybe you`ve just had lunch,” I said. (22.25)
48
Maybe she saw a chance – not to get away – she was tired of dodging by
that time – but to give a break to the only man who had ever really given her
one. (22.318)
“There’s just one more thing,” I said, “then I’ll maybe run out for some gin.
“ (22.125)
50
3%
22%
Между подлежащим и
сказумым
В начале предложения
В середине предложения
75%
21%
В начале
предложения
В середине
предложения
79%
P erhaps
13%
Probably
Maybe 53%
34%
52
§3. Вывод
Сравнительный анализ модальных глаголов и модальных слов,
использующихся в значении предположения, показывает, что первое место
по частоте использования в качестве предположения занимают модальные
глаголы, в то время как модальные слова используются реже. Некоторые
лингвисты даже не выделяют категории модальных слов, относя их к
категории наречий. Оттенки предположения, выражаемые модальными
словами, также не сильно варьируются как у модальных глаголов, но в тоже
время могут служить хорошим средством для выражения предположения. Из
модальных глаголов наиболее употребляемым является глагол may-might, а
из модальных слов следует выделить probably. Процентное соотношение
использования модальных глаголов и модальных слов можно увидеть на
диаграмме.
0%
Модальные глаголы
49%
Модальные слова
51%
53
Заключение.
Библиография
Художественная литература
1. Raymond Chandler “Farewell, My Lovely” M.2000