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.
.
.
2011 .
517 (378)
22.11
66
:
.. , .. , ..
. . .
66 . . .. ,
.. , .. . . , 2011. 73 .
ISBN 978-985-6868-32-3
,
, ,
.
.
517 (378)
22.11
ISBN 978-985-6868-32-3
, 2011
, 2011
..........................................................................................................................4
......................................................................................4
I. (-1).................5
1.1. -1 .......................................................................................5
1.2. ....................................................................................................................................8
1.3. ...........................................................................................13
1.4. . ..........................................................17
1.5. (-1)...............................................................................24
1.6. 1- ( -1).......................................................................................26
II.
............................................................................................................................................28
2.1. (-2)............................................28
2.2. (-2) . ....................31
2.3. 2- (-2) ..........................................................37
III. ....................................................................................................42
3.1. .................................................................................................42
3.2. .................................................................................................46
3.3. -..........................................................................................................52
3.4. . .............................................................................................54
3.5. ..................................................................................................58
......................................................................................................................................62
.........................................................................................................................65
1. ........................................................................................65
2. .............................................................................................66
3. ....................................................................................................70
............................................................................................................................73
. . .
,
,
.
, .
(),
,
.
().
( ).
( ), :
, , .
.
. ,
.
: 1)
, , 2005; 2) , , 2003;
3) .
. , , , 2010,
.., .., .. .
,
...
1
()
I. (-1)
1.1. -1
()
, ,
, .
(-1),
(-2).
(-1).
,
, .
()
, .
()
, ..
, .
()
.
, ().
:
1
,
.
2
(V )
,
R3
,
.
1
1.1
1. ?
2. 1?
3.
?
x2 +
y2 z2
+
=1
2
9
-1
()
F (P),
.
:
1.
2.
()
( i )
Pi ( i )
3.
4.
(1)
( -
5.
).
6. (1):
lim S n = lim
0
( n )
F ( P ) .
0
( n ) i =1
(1)
F (P )
()
, ,
( 0)
( i )
, ,
,
Pi
( ),
(-1),
(2)
).
d
1.2
4.
F (P )
5.
()
()
-1
-1 -1
( F ( P) = ( P) > 0
d = d x.
[a; b].
F ( x)dx.
)
:
(1)
b
( D),
m = ( x) dx.
(2)
S = F ( x)dx,
a
( D ) : { a x b,
0 y F ( x )}.
2
( D) R
d =
= dS =
= dxdy.
1.
( D) :
F ( P)dS.
( )
( D) :
(3)
m=
( P)dS.
(4)
S=
( D)
dS = dxdy.
(D)
(D)
2.
(V ) ,
(5)
V=
F ( x, y)dxdy,
( D)
(V ) : { 0 z F ( x, y ),
( x, y ) ( D )}.
3
(V ) R
= d x d y .d z
d = d V =
( ) F( P)dV .
V
(V ) :
(6)
m = ( P )dV .
(V )
(7)
V = dV
=
(V )
= dxdydz
.
(V )
(V ) :
4
d = dl.
( )
( L )
L
(-1),
(9)
L ) F ( P)dl. m = ( P)dl.
(
( L)
.
5 d = d q.
( Q) R 3 .
(-1),
( Q) :
( Q)
( L) :
F ( P)dq.
m = ( P) dq.
(8)
L = dl.
( L)
( Q) :
(11)
(10) Q = dq.
( Q)
( Q)
1.3
-1.
,
F (P)
( )
.
1.
( )( F ( P) + F ( P) ) d = ( )F ( P)d + ( )F ( P)d.
1
2.
c = const.
F ( P)d = c( )F ( P)d ,
( )
3.
()
= 1 2 , 1 2 =
4.
,
F ( P ) = 1, P ()
( )d = ( )
( )
()
5.
P ( )
F ( P) 0
F ( P)d 0,
()
(,
F ( P) 0,
).
( )F ( P)d 0
6.
7.
F (P )
( )F ( P)d M
= ())
8.
F (P )
( )
P0 ( )
F ( P ) d = F ( P ) ( )
0
()
1.4
1.2.
,
,
( )
F ( P) = F ( x, y ),
(.. ),
, (. (2), 1.2), :
( D)
F ( P)dS = lim
F ( P )S = F ( x, y)dxdy,
( )
i
0
( n ) i =1
= max{i }
i
( D)
,
Si
( Di ) ,
( Di ) ,
dS
( D ).
1.5
6.
.
7. ,
(. (4), (5), 1.3):
1)
( D) :
dxdy;
x2 + y2 R2;
( D)
2)
(1 x y)dxdy,
( D) :
x 0, y 0, x + y 1.
( D)
( D)
OY ,
,
1
( D),
).
OX
y
d
( D)
x = x1 ( y )
x = x2 ( y)
c
0
. 1.
. 2.
( D)
D : a x b, y1 ( x ) y y 2 ( x),
(. 1).
OY
(1)
b
y2 ( x )
y1 ( x )
F ( x, y)dxdy = dx F ( x, y)dy.
( D)
D : c y d , g1 ( y ) x g 2 ( y ),
( D)
( D)
OX .
(2)
( )
D
x2 ( y )
x1 ( y )
F ( x, y)dxdy = dy
F ( x, y)dx.
(1) (2)
.
.
( D)
1.6
8.
:
f ( x, y)dxdy,
( )
(D)
1)
2)
D : x y 1;
D : x 2 y x.
.
)
)
1
x2
dx f ( x, y)dy;
dx f ( x, y)dy;
x2
dx f ( x, y)dy.
(
), .
,
( D)
, ..
.
( )
D
y2 ( x )
2 ( x )
y1 ( x )
1 ( x)
F ( x, y)dS = dx
F ( x, y )dy = dy
F ( x, y )dx
,
.
9. :
1)
2)
3)
1
2 x 2
dx f ( x, y)dy;
2 x x 2
dx f ( x, y)dy;
4 y y2
dy f ( x, y)dx.
.
)
, ( );
( D ) : 0 y 2,
y x 4y y2
, ();
( D) : 0 y
)
( D ) : 0 x 1,
2x x 2
( ).
x y 2 x ,
2
1.
2
2
3
dx (2 xy 4 x y )dy.
, :
y
x
y =1
2 3 8 3 32
2
8
xy x y
(
2
xy
4
x
y
)
dy
=
= x x3 ,
0
3
3
3
y =0 3
1
:
x
x 2 2x 4
8 3
2
x
x
dx
=
3 3 3 3
2
2
1
1 2 (2) 2 2( 2) 4
=
+
3
3
3 3
= 9.
10. :
1)
2)
2
2 4 x 2
dx f ( x, y)dy;
1 y 2
1/ 2
dy
f ( x, y)dx.
y
.
)
)
2
4 y y2
1/ 2
dy f ( x, y )dx;
0
dx f ( x, y )dy +
0
1 x 2
1/ 2
dx
f ( x, y)dy.
0
2. ,
y 2 + 2 y 3x + 1 = 0
7
y = + x.
3
((4), 1.3),
(D )
.
S=
dxdy
( D)
1. (. 3).
,
y 2 + 2 y 3x + 1 = 0
M (0,1).
( y + 1) 2 = 3 x.
y
3
. 3.
2.
3 x 3 y 7 = 0,
2
3 x = ( y + 1) .
A ,2
3
.
16
B , 3
3
3. ,
.
y.
S = dy
2
7
+y
3
( y +1)
3
dx =
7 + 3 y ( y + 1) 2
3
3
1
y 2 ( y + 1) 3
125
dy = 7 y + 3
=
.
3
2
3 2 18
, (..
),
:
1+ 3 x
1/ 3
S=
dx
dy +
1 3 x
16 / 3
dy
1/ 3
1+ 3 x
dy.
7 / 3+ x
3.
x 2 + y 2 1.
.
. :
y
x2 + y2 = 1
( D)
y = 1 x2.
1 x 1,
,
1 x2 y 1 x2 .
( )
D
1 x
1 x 2
f ( x, y)dxdy = dx
f ( x, y )dy.
y,
1 y2 x 1 y2
( D ) : 1 y 1,
1 y
1 y 2
f ( x, y)dxdy = dy f ( x, y)dx.
D
1. .
f ( x, y)dxdy
(D)
.
.1.1.
(1,1), (1,3), (4,3), (4,1);
( D)
.1.2.
.1.3.
.1.4.
( D)
( D)
;
y= x , y=9
2
( D)
;
y = 3x , y = 6 3x;
2
:
.1.5.
.1.6.
.1.7.
1
dx f ( x, y)dy;
0
2x
e2
ln x 2
ln x
dx f ( x, y )dy;
dx f ( x, y)dy.
. ,
.
.1.1.
.1.2.
y = 5 x;
y = x;
x + y = 25.
y 2 = 2 x.
.1.3.
.1.4.
x + y = 3;
x + y = 3.
x = 2 y;
y 4 x 4 = 0.
y 2 2 y = x;
.1.5.
y = x.
.1.6.
2
.1.7.
x + y = 9;
x = 3 y.
y 2 12 x = 36;
x + y = 6.
.1.8.
y 2 + 2 y 3 x + 1 = 0;
3 y = 3 x 7.
.1.9.
.1.10.
x = 4 y + 4;
2
x + y = 2.
x 2 = 8 y +16;
x + y 4 = 0.
1.3.
, ..
.
f ( x, y )dxdy
( D)
:
(1)
, (1)
:
1. , ..
(u , v)
2.
x(u, v)
y (u , v)
(G)
.
3. , .. :
(2)
(G)
(1)
( 4
( D)
. 5):
vD
xy
uu
0
0
.4.
v0
. 5.
(u, v)
( D ).
(G)
( D)
( D)
f ( x, y )
(1) 1 - 3.
(3)
f ( x, y )dxdy = f ( x(u , v), y (u, v)) J (u, v) dudv.
( D)
(G)
1.7
.
M ( x, y )
( )
( ),
=| OM |,
= OM , OX
( 0,
0 < 2
< )
1
XOY
, (. 6).
:
(1)
M(x,y)
x = cos , y = sin .
x
. 6.
:
(2)
= x 2 + y 2 , tg =
y
.
x
1.8
11.
XOY
, .. : 1)
2)
= 0 ;
?
= 0
12.
: 1)
2)
3)
?
= 25;
;
4
= 2a cos
(. (2), 1.7) :
(1)
,
:
(2)
((4), 1.3)
:
(3)
(G)
1 ( ) ( ) 2 ( ), ,
(.. ),
(4)
,
- .
a
, ,
b
, :
(5)
x = a cos ,
y = b sin .
(5)
J = ab .
1.9
13.
:
( D ) : 16 x 2 + y 2 25,
1)
25
16
x y x.
2)
d f d;
/4
/ 4
3)
d f d ;
4.
5 / 4
3 / 4
d f d .
,
I=
( ) x
+ y 2 dxdy
( D)
.
x + y = 9, x + y = 4
2
1.
7.
.
0
( D)
(. 7):
2.
, ((2), 1.9):
I=
( D)
3.
x 2 + y 2 dxdy = dd = d 2 d .
(G)
3
2 d = 3
3
27 8 19
= .
3
3
I=
19
19
3 d = 2 3
38
.
3
5. ,
, ,
:
.
(x 2 + y 2 )5 = a 4 x 4 y 2 , a > 0
1. , ((3), 1.9),
:
.
S = dd
(G)
2. :
.
x = cos , y = sin , ( 2 cos2 + 2 sin 2 ) 5 = a 4 4 cos4 2 sin 2
y
3.
( S1 )
( D)
(. 8). ,
, :
( S1 ) ,
0 ,
2
0 a cos sin .
(,
sin 0
cos 0
. 8.
a cos sin
S1 = d
)
0; .
2
4.
d =
0
2 a cos sin
d =
2 2
1 2
a
a cos2 sin d =
20
2
cos
( S1 ) :
d ( cos ) =
2
a2 1
a2
a2
= cos3 = (0 1) =
(..).
2 3
6
6
0
5. :
(..).
S = 4 S1 = 4
a 2 2a 2
=
6
3
2. ,
.
.2.1.
.2.2.
36 x 2
36 x 2 y 2 dydx;
4 x x 2
dydx;
.2.3.
.2.4.
(1 2 x 3 y )dxdy ,
( )
4 y 2
(x
0
+ y 2 )dxdy;
( D)
:
x 2 + y 2 4;
.2.5.
.2.6.
9 x
9 x y dydx.
2
ydxdy,
( )
( D)
+ y 2 dxdy,
( D)
:
x 2 + y 2 9;
.2.7.
x
( )
:
x 2 + y 2 4 x;
.2.8.
(x
( )
+ y 2 )dxdy,
( D)
.2.9.
x + y 6 x;
2
y dxdy,
( D)
:
1 x 2 + y 2 4.
4 x 2
dx
0
.2.10.
x
( )
ex
+ y2
dy;
.2.1.
xydxdy
,
( )
( D)
:
x 3 y 2x 3 ,
y2
y2
x
.
4
3
. :
u=
.2.2.
( )
D
2
2
x x + y dxdy,
y
y2
,
v
=
.
x
x3
( D) ( x 2 + y 2 ) 2
a 2 ( x 2 y 2 ),
x > 0.
.2.3.
x
a2
y
b2
= 2 z,
x
a2
y
b2
= 1,
z = 0,
.
:
x = a cos ,
y = b sin .
1.4. .
-1,
,
.
F ( P ) = F ( x, y , z )
(V ) R
,
((2), 1.2):
( )
V
= max diam ( Vi ) , dV
F( P)dV = lim
F ( P ) V ,
i
0
( n ) i =1
(V )
( ) F( x, y, z )dV
V
( ) F( x, y, z )dxdydz.
V
1.10
14. (. (7),
1.3),
:
( )dxdydz
,
V
1)
(V ) : 0 z
2)
R2 x2 y2
(V ) : x + y + z 2,
x 0,
y 0, z 0;
3)
(V ) : 0 z 1
x2 + y2
(V )
OZ
OZ ,
(V ) ,
(V )
,
OZ ,
(1)
(D )
xy
(V )
Z = Z 1 ( x, y )
XOY
Z = Z 2 ( x, y )
, .
, ,
(D )
OY
xy
y = y1 ( x)
x=a
,
y = y 2 ( x)
, , . .
x=b
( a < b)
xy
a x b,
(D )
(1)
y1 ( x) y y 2 ( x),
:
(2)
(D )
OX
xy
,
1
(3)
d
x2 ( y )
z2 ( x , y )
x1 ( y )
z1 ( x , y )
( ) F( x, y, z )dV = dy dx F ( x, y, z )dz.
V
F ( x, y , z )
(V )
,
.
1.11
6.
1
dx dy ( x + y)dz.
,
z
,
y
, , :
x
x
y =2
y2
dx
dy
(
x
+
y
)
dz
=
dx
(
x
+
y
)
z
dz
=
3
dx
(
x
+
y
)
dy
=
3
dx
xy
+
=
0 0 0
0 0
0 0
0
z =0
2 y =0
1
z =3
x2
= 3 (2 x + 2)dx = 3 2 + 2 x =9.
2
0
0
1
7. ,
,
3x + 2 y + 3 z = 6
.
3 x + 2 y + 3z = 6
z
2 x
2
.
( x, y , z ) = x
,
((6), 1.3):
m = ( x, y, z )dV .
(V )
(V )
z=0
. 9.
z=
6 3x 2 y
,
3
..
0 z
6 3x 2 y
.
3
XOY
, ((2), 1.11), :
0 x 2,
0 y
6 3x
.
2
2
63 x
2
63 x 2 y
3
63 x
2
m = xdxdydz
= xdx
(V )
dy dz = xdx
6 3 x
2
y2
= xdx 2 y xy
3
0
0
6 3x 2 y
dy =
3
6 3x
2
6 3x 2
6 3x
= x 2
x
2
2
3
0
dx =
3
3
3
= x 3 3x + x 2 dx = 3x 3x 2 + x 3 dx = x 2 x 3 + x 4 =
4
4
16 0
2
0
0
3
3
= 2 2 2 3 + 2 4 = 6 8 + 3 = 1 (.).
2
16
8. ,
,
,
z = 0 z = 4 x 2 x 2 + y 2 = 4.
,
z =4x
,
,
OY
z=0
( 10).
OZ
x2 + y 2 = 4
((7),
1.3).
(V )
XOY
z=0
x + y 4,
2
4 x 2
V = dxdydz
= dx
(V )
4 x 2
= dx
2
(4 x
4 x 2
)dy =
4 x 2
(4 x
)dy =
= 4 dx(4 x 2 ) y
0
dy dz =
4 x 2
= 4 dx
0
4 x 2
y = 4 x2
y =0
.
2
3
2
= 4 (4 x 2 ) dx = 12 .
0
3. ,
:
.3.1.
x 2 + y 2 = 36,
x 2 + z 2 = 36,
.3.2.
x 0,
y 0,
z 0;
.3.3.
2z = x + y ,
2
x + y + z = 6, x = 0,
z = 2;
y = 0,
z = 0;
.3.4.
x 2 + y 2 = 9,
.3.2.
z=
y2
,
2
y 2 + z 2 = 9;
x + y 4 = 0,
x = 0,
y = 0, z = 0;
9.
,
.
(V )
x2 + y2 + z 2 1
,
z
, :
x2 + y2 + z 2 = 1 z = 1 x2 y2 .
, :
.
1 x2 y2 z 1 x2 y 2
XOY
(. 3) :
x + y 1.
2
((2), 1.11), :
1 x 1, 1 x 2 y 1 x 2 .
1 x
1 x y
( ) f( P)dV = dx dy f ( x, y, z )dz.
V
1 x 2 1 x 2 y 2
.
.
F ( x, y , z )
(V )
,
XYZ
(1)
x = x(u , v, w), y = y (u , v, w), z = z (u , v, w)
-
UVW
(T )
(V )
(T )
:
(2)
(1).
'
u
'
u
'
u
x
J= y
z
'
v
'
v
'
v
x
y
z
x
y
z
'
w
'
w
'
w
1.12
.
M ( x, y , z )
,
0 < +,
( ,, z)
XYZ
0 < 2
z < .
.
<
OM '
-
(. 11).
,
XOY
OX , z
xy0z
:
2
(1)
x = cos , y = sin , z = z ,
(1)
x'
J = y'
z'
x '
y '
z '
x' z
y ' z = .
z' z
.
11.
(2)
x2 + y2 = 2.
(V )
XOY
( ).
1.13
15.
. 1)
2)
3).
z = 2 x2 y2;
z = x2 + y2 ;
: )
z = ;
z = R2 x2 y2 .
)
z = 2 ;
2
z = R2 2 .
16. ,
: 1)
2)
3).
z = z0 ;
= 0 ;
= 0.
:
) ; ) ; ) .
17. ,
:
2
4 x 2
dx
dy
x +y
dz
2
x2 + y2
: 1)
2)
2
dz
;
2
d d
/2
d d dz.
XYZ
M ( x, y , z )
xyz0
. 12.
,
M , (0 < +)
OM
,
OZ (0 )
OM
OX
(. 12).
, ,
x, y , z
:
(1)
x = sin cos ,
y = sin sin ,
z = cos ,
(1) :
.
(2)
J = 2 sin
(3)
( V ')
sin ddd ,
(1).
V
.
x +y +z =
2
()
(V )
.
1.14
18.
: 1)
2)
3)
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 81;
z = x2 + y2 ;
y=
x
3
, x 0.
: )
)
= 9;
;
6
)
=
.
4
19. ,
: 1)
2)
3)
=
3
;
4
= 3.
5
;
6
: ) :
) :
z = x2 + y2 ;
) :
x + y + z = 81;
2
y=
x
3
, x 0.
10. ,
.
z=2
z = x2 + y2
((7), 1.3):
(*)
V = dxdydz
=
(V )
( D)
dxdy
dz.
x + y2
XOY
D : x + y 4,
2
(*) :
=
V =
( D)
dxdy
x2 + y2
dz
d d dz =
0 d 0 ( 2 )d = 2 2 3 = 83 .
11.
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 1.
1. 9
:
1
V = dV
= dx
(V )
1 x 2 y 2
1 x 2
1 x
dy
2
dz .
1 x 2 y 2
2.
.
((1)-(3), 1.14), :
4
V = dV
= dx
(V )
1 x 2 y 2
1 x 2 y 2
1 x 2
1 x 2
2
2
dz = d d sin d = d d ( cos ) 0 =
dy
4
.
3
4. ,
,
.
.4.1.
.4.2.
z = 1 x 2 + y 2 , 0 z 1;
z = x2 + y2 ,
.4.3.
z = x2 + y2;
.4.4.
x 2 + y 2 = 9,
x +y
= z , z = 3;
3
2
.4.5.
y 2 + z 2 = 9;
.4.6.
z=x +y ,
2
x + y = 1,
z = 0;
z = x 2 + y 2 , x 2 + y 2 = 1,
z = 0;
.4.7.
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1, x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 16, z 2 = x 2 + y 2 ,
y = x, y = 0, z = 0, ( x 0, y 0, z 0).
.4.8.
(V ) :
( ) zdxdydz
x 2 + y 2 = z 2 , x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = R 2 , z 0;
.4.9.
( ) (x
+ y + z ) dxdydz ;
2
(V )
:
x2 + y2 = z2,
x2 + y2 + z2 = R2 ,
z 0.
. , .
.4.1.
(x
+ y2 + z2
.4.2.
2
x2 y2 z 2
x2 y2
2 + 2 + 2 = 2 + 2 , ( a > 0, b > 0, c > 0).
b
c
a
b
a
. , :
x = ar sin cos , y = br sin sin , z = cr cos .
1.5. (-1)
1- (-1) ,
6
, ((2), 1.2):
-1
()
dl
F ( x, y , z )
,
(, ,
, ).
( L)
( L ),
1.15
.
.
-1
L
dl
1
y = y ( x),
x = [a, b].
1 + ( y ( x) ) dx
(1)
2
Fdl = F ( x, y) 1 + y ( x)dx.
( L)
y = y (t ),
(2)
xt' + y t' dt
t2
x = x(t ),
r = r ( ),
[1 , 2 ].
x = x(t ),
y = y (t ),
z = z (t ),
t [t1 , t 2 ].
t1
(3)
r + r' d
Fdl = F ( )
( )
L
t [t1 , t 2 ].
r + r' d .
(4)
t2
t1
, -1 .
1.16
1
2)
( L) :
dl,
( )
x2 + y2 = a2;
( L)
dl,
( )
y=x
O (0,0)
.
A(1,1)
12.
,
x = t cost ,
y = t sin t , z = t , t [0, t 0 ],
= z.
((8), 1.3),
, ((4),
(P) : m =
( ) ( P)dl.
L
1.10) , :
xt' = cos t t sin t
t0
t0
z t' = 1
t0
1 0
1
2
1
1
1
= 2 + t 2 dt 2 = (2 + t 2 ) 2
= (2 + t 02 ) 2 (2 + 0) 2 = ( (2 + t 02 ) 3 2 3 ).
20
2
30 3
3
3
5.
:
.5.1.
,
,
( L)
xydl
( )
A(0,0)
B(4,3)
.5.2.
( ) xydl
( L)
.5.3.
y
( )
dl
( L)
;
x = a (t sin t ), y = a (1 cost ), t [0,2 ]
.5.4.
( )e
x2 + y2
dl
( L)
0 r a, 0
r,
,
4
.
.5.5.
xydl
( )
( L)
,
2
x
y
.+ 2 =1
2
a
b
.
6.
= (P )
.
P
.6.1.
.6.2.
.6.3.
.6.4.
.6.1.
.6.2.
.6.3.
( L) :
y = 2 x, 0 x 1
( L) :
x 2 + y 2 = 2ax
( L) :
=y
;
=x
O(0,0,0)
x = 3t , y = 3t 2 , z = 2t 3
,
x = e cost , y = e sin t , z = e , 0 t
( L) :
x = a cos t , y = a sin t , =| xy |
A(3,3,2) = c
;
=c>0
;
3
r = a(1 + cos ), = k r , (r ,
);
.6.1.
( L)
( L) :
( L)
( L)
r = a cos 2 , = kr, (r ,
2
).
1.6. 1- ( -1)
(-1)
((2), 1.2)
3
-1
,
.
-1
:
( Q)
( Q)
-1
( Q)
z = z ( x, y ),
( x, y ) ( D xy )
x = x( y, z ),
( y, z ) ( D yz )
(D )
f ( x, y, z )dq = ( ) f ( x, y, z ( x, y))
( )
xy
1 + z x + z y dxdy
2
Dxy
(1)
(D )
f ( x, y, z)dq = ( ) f ( x( y, z ), y, z)
( )
yz
D yz
(2)
y = y ( x, z ),
( x, z ) ( D xz )
( D xz )
f ( x, y, z )dq = ( ) f ( x, y( x, z ), z )
( )
Q
Dxz
(3)
. -1 :
1.
( Q)
.
2 ,
(1) (
z
(2) (3), ),
y
3.
dq
,
dS
(,
z = z ( x, y ),
dq = 1 + z x + z y ds =
2
).
= 1 + z x + z y dxdy
2
13. -1
I = zdq,
1.17
( Q)
z = xy,
x 2 + y 2 = 4.
(Q)
XOY
x 2 + y 2 4.
((1), 1.17)
,
I=
z
( )
Dxy
z = xy,
z x' = y,
z =x
'
y
xy
( )
1 + y 2 + x 2 dxdy =
Dxy
= d 3 cos sin 1 + 2 d =
1
sin 2 d 3 1 + 2 d = 0.
2 0
0
-1
F ( x, y, z ) = 0, F ' z 0, ( x, y, z ) ( Q ) ,
( Q)
:
(1)
,
2
( Q)
((11), 1.3)
(2)
( Q)
(. (10), 1.3):
(3)
m = dq.
(Q)
1.18
21. -1?
22. -1,
?
F ( ) = 1
23. -1?
24. -1,
: 1)
2)
dq,
dq,
(Q ) : x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = R 2 ;
(Q )
(Q)
(Q )
z = 1.
z = x2 + y2
7.
.
( Q)
( ) f ( x, y, z )dq.
Q
.7.1.
,
4
( ) ( z + 2 x + 3 y)dq
(Q)
x y z
+ + =1
2 3 4
;
.7.2.
dq,
( )
( Q)
z = x2 + y2 ,
0 z a;
.7.3.
dq,
( )
( Q)
,
z = x2 + y2
x 2 + y 2 = 2 x;
.7.1.
x
( )
+ y 2 dq
( Q)
x2 y2 z2
+
=
16 16
9
z = 3;
z=0
.7.2.
xyzdq
( )
( Q)
,
x + y + z =1
.
8.
= (P)
.8.1.
.8.2.
.8.3.
.8.1.
( Q)
( Q)
( Q)
(Q)
:
P ( x, y , z )
;
=x y
2
z = 4 x2 y2
;
=x +y
2
2az = x y ,
.9.2.
,
x +y =a
(Q)
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1, = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ;
,
z = a2 x2 y2
( Q)
= k | z | k > 0
,
| x | a, | y | a, | z | a, = k 3 | xyz | k > 0.
II.
2.1.
(-2)
()
.
i, j , k
,
a ( M ) = P ( x, y , z )i + Q( x, y, z ) j + R ( x, y , z )k
M,
()
()
()
.
a (M )
,
P( x, y, z ), Q( x, y, z ),
.
M ()
R ( x, y , z )
a ( M ) = zxi + ( z + y ) j + x 2 k
P ( x, y, z ) = zx, Q( x, y, z ) = z + y, R ( x, y, z ) = x 2 ,
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1.
2.1
y
x
()
,
b(M )
.
,
,
,
.
. 13.
, ,
( 13).
z = f ( x, y )
b(M )
,
n0
1
.
,
,
.
(. 14).
. 14.
2.2
1. :
1)
2)
?
z = x4 + y4;
z = x2 y 2
()
,
:
1.
2.
3.
()
( i )
M i ( i )
4.
5.
.
n-
S n = (a ( M i ), b( M i ))i ,
i =1
a (M )
6.
7.
i =1
,
Sn
( 0)
,
a (M )
Mi,
-2
()
a(M )
(1)
).
d
-
P ( x, y, z ), Q( x, y, z ), R ( x, y, z )
a ( M ) = P ( x, y , z )i + Q( x, y, z ) j + R ( x, y , z )k
(1)
()
()
.
2.3
, (-2)
1.
d = dl
( L)
2-
(-2)
)dl.
a (M )
( L)
2.
d = dq
(-2)
( Q)
1.
2-
a (M )
)d q.
( Q)
.
:
n
( a , b ) d = ( a , b ) d ;
i
()
i =1 ( )
i =1
c ( a , b ) d = c ( a , b ) d ,
2.
c = const.
()
= 1 2 , 1 2 = .
3.
()
2.4
2.2. (-2)
.
( L)
.
0 (cos , cos , cos )
, ,
( L)
. 0
,
a ( M ) = P ( x, y, z )i + Q( x, y, z ) j + R ( x, y , z )k
( L)
2- (-2)
( L)
(. 2.3):
W( L ) ( a ) = (a, 0 )dl
( L)
def
= lim (a ( M ), 0 ( M i ))li .
i
0 i =1
-2:
W( L ) (a) = (a, 0 )dl =
( L)
( L)
-2 :
( ((3), 2.4)).
( L ),
-2
( L ).
-1
L
(1)
( L)
( L ) : y = y ( x),
x [a, b].
( L ) : x = x(t ),
P( x, y)dx + Q( x, y )dy =
(2)
( L)
t2
y = y (t ),
t1 t t 2 .
( L) : x = x(t ),
(3)
t2
y = y (t ),
z = z (t ),
+ R[ x (t ), y (t ), z (t )] z ' (t ) dt ).
t1
t1 t t 2 .
2.5
1.
( ) x
dx + 2 xydy,
( L)
y = x2
O(0,0)
A(1,1).
1. ,
((1), 2.5).
,
dy
( L)
.
y = x dy = 2 xdx
2
2.
dy
.
y
3. -2 :
y=x
1
1
1
x3 4x5
17
2
3
2
4
= .
I = x dx + 2 xydy = dy = 2 xdx = x dx + 2 x 2 xdx = ( x + 4 x )dx = +
5 0 15
3
(L)
0
0
0 x 1
2
( x
( )
AB
+ y 2 dx + x 2 y 2 dy
2.
.
A(1,1)
y= x
1.
(.15):
y= x
y
2
A
-2
y =| x |
B
1
-1 0
.15.
B (2,2)
2.
( L)
AO
:
OB
=
( x
( )
+ y 2 dx + x 2 y 2 dy = I 1 + I 2 ,
AB
I1 =
( x
( )
+ y 2 dx + x 2 y 2 dy, I 2 =
AO
3.
( x
( )
+ y 2 dx + x 2 y 2 dy.
OB
AO : y = x, 1 x 0; OB : y = x, 0 x 2.
4.
((1), 2.5):
.
y = x
I 1 = ( x + y ) dx + ( x y ) dy = dy = dx =
( AO )
1 x 0
2
0
0
2
= ( x 2 + x 2 + ( x 2 x 2 ) (1))dx = 2 x 2 dx = x 3
3
1
1
I2 =
( x
( OB )
+ y dx + x y
2
=
1
2
2
2
0 ( 1) = ;
3
3
3
y=x
dy = dy = dx =
0 x2
2
2
2
= ( x 2 + x 2 + ( x 2 x 2 ) 1)dx = 2 x 2 dx = x 3
3
0
0
=
0
2
16
8 = .
3
3
I=
2 16 18
+
=
= 6.
3 3
3
3.
xydx + 5 y
( )
dy
x = 3 cos t , y = 2 sin t
A(3,0)
.
B (0,2)
( L)
1.
( L)
, .
A
t = 0,
2.
t=
(. 16).
dx = 3 sin t dt,
dy = 2 cost dt
((2), 2.5). :
xydx + 5 y
dy =
( L)
. 16.
=
/2
t 2 cost ) dt =
/2
/2
/2
= 22
0
/2
1
sin td (sin t ) = 22 sin 3 t
3
0
2
22
.
3
1. .
.1.1.
xydx + ( y x)dy,
.1.2.
O(0,0)
y = x2
( L)
( L)
( xy y
( )
(x
( )
y =2 x
)dx + xdy, ( L)
B(1,1);
O(0,0)
A(1,2);
.1.3.
+ y )dx + ( x y )dy, ( L)
2
B (1,1);
y=x
A(1,1)
.1.4.
( )( y + x
A(1,1)
y = 2x x 2
) dx + (2 x y )dy, ( L)
B(3,3);
.1.5.
( )2 xydx x
A(0,0)
x = 2y2
dy, ( L)
B(2,1);
.1.6.
xdy ydx,
( )
O(0,0)
y = x3
( L)
A(2,8);
.1.1.
( x + y )dx + ( x y )dy,
( )
( L)
(y
( )
( x 1) 2 + ( y 1) 2 = 4;
.1.2.
z )dx + 2 yzdy x dz ,
2
x = t , y = t 2 , z = t 3 , t [0,1];
( L)
.1.1.
(y
( L)
( L)
x + y + z =1
2
.
,
.
-,
P ( x, y )
( L)
(S)
.
Q ( x, y )
(S)
Q
x
P
y
, :
(1)
Q
, ..
(L)
.
1.
(2)
Q P
x y
(S)
, ( S ),
P( x, y )dx + Q( x, y)dy = 0
2.
Q P
x y
(S)
Pdx + Qdy
AB
,
.
A
3.
Q P
x y
(S)
,
Pdx + Qdy
,
U ( x, y )
, ..
.
Pdx + Qdy
2 = dU ( x, y )
2.
ydx + xdy
( AB )
( AB )
3.
dx + y 2 dy,
?
x +y =4
2
4.
=
I
xy dy x
2
x +y =R
2
ydx
( L)
.
1. ,
((1), 2.6). :
P Q
Q ( xy 2 )
P
( x 2 y )
2
+
= x2 + y2.
=
=y ,
=
= x2 ,
y x
x
x
y
y
2. , :
:
I=
xy dy x
( )
2
(S)
ydx = ( x 2 + y 2 )dxdy,
x2 + y2 R2.
(S)
3.
((2), 1.9):
R 4
I = ( x + y )dxdy = d d =
.
2
(G)
0
0
2
5.
dU = 2 xydx + x 2 dy.
1. ((2), 2.6)
.
(*)
Q P
=
x y
(*) , ,
P = 2 xy, Q = x 2
P
Q
= 2 x;
= 2 x.
y
x
((3), 2.6).
U
3
2.
,
U (M )
( x0 , y 0 )
. :
U ( x, y ) = 0dx + x dy = x y + C ,
2
U ( x, y ) = 2 xydx + 0dy = x 2 y + C.
. ,
( ) xdy
L
, :
(1)
S=
xdy,
( L)
,
S
( L)
(2)
S = ydx.
L
(1) (2),
:
(3)
S=
1
xdy ydx.
2 L
2.7
2.
( ) Pdx + Qdy
L
( L)
.2.1.
P = 2( x 2 + y 2 ), Q = ( x + y ) 2 , ( L )
:
Q
.2.2.
, ,
5 x + y 3;
.2.3.
P = x y, Q = xy , ( L )
4
.
x +y =4
3. ,
, .
.3.1. :
.
y = x2, y2 = x
8 xy = 1
.3.2. :
x = R(2 cost cos2t ), y = R(2 sin t sin 2t ).
4.
Pdx + Qdy
( )
A, B
L AB
.
Q
.4.1.
,
A(1,1), B (2,3) P = x + 3 y, Q = y + 3 x;
.4.2.
,
A( 1,1), B(2,3) P = xy 2 x 3 , Q = yx 2 y 3 ;
.4.3.
A(1,0), B (6,8),
P=
x
x +y
2
,Q =
y
x + y2
2
2.3. 2- (-2)
1.
a ( M ) = P ( M )i + Q ( M ) j + R ( M ) k
(V ) R
.
3
2.
( G ) (V )
n0
,
n
0
lim (a ( M i ), ni ) qi
0 i =1
(S)
,
Mi
(-2)
(1)
, P, Q , R
,
, -2
.
(G)
-2
(..
).
-2:
.
(2)
,
XOZ
( dq)
,
XOY
, . (2)
YOZ
:
(3)
( D yz ), ( D xz )
( D xy )
(G)
YOZ , XOZ , XOY
x( y, z ), y ( x, z ), z ( x, y )
(G)
(3)
.
2.8
( z R)
6.
(G ) : x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 2 Rz ,
cosdq
(G )
(. 17).
R z 2R
:
(G ) : x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 2 Rz
.
n0
x 2 + y 2 + ( z R) 2 = R 2 z = R + R 2 x 2 y 2
(. . 17), ,
, ((3), 2.8)
cosdq = dxdy
, :
P = 0, Q = 0
R( x, y, z ) cosdq = R( x, y, z ( x, y))dxdy.
(G )
( Dxy )
R ( x, y , z ( x, y )) = ( z R ) 2
z = z ( x, y )
cos > 0
OZ
(G )
= z = R + R2 x2 y2 = R2 x2 y2.
XOY
.
( D xy ) : x + y R
2
,
=
( z R)
cosdq =
(G )
( R
x 2 y 2 )dxdy.
( Dxy )
, :
= d ( R 2 2 ) d =
R 4
.
2
. 17.
( ). -2
a
((3), 2.8) .
.
-2
(G ) (a ) = ( P cos + Q cos + R cos ) dq,
(G)
,
1. ,
z = z ( x, y ), ( x, y ) ( D xy ).
(G)
(G)
(G)
( D xy )
.
XOY
1
(G)
:
OZ
(G )
+
z
. ,
OZ
(G )
(G )
(G )
.
cos > 0
+
z
cos < 0
),
, ,
OZ
+
z
(G )
(G )
+
z
(G )
, (..
+
z
n( z , z ,1)
'
x
'
y
, ((3), 2.8),
n.
:
(1)
+
2.
, -
(G)
:
y = y ( x, z ), ( x, z ) ( D xz ).
:
OY
(G )
+
y
(G )
, , ,
cos > 0
(1) :
(2)
, -
3. ,
(G)
x = x( y , z ), ( y, z ) ( D yz ),
.
OX
(G )
,
cos > 0
+
x
(G )
cos < 0
(3)
+
4.
, -
(*)
,
z = z ( x, y )
F 0,
'
z
(D )
xy
(1).
z' x =
'
y
F
F
, z' y = ' ,
F
Fz
'
x
'
z
(1):
(4)
( G ))
(*)
.
3
(G)
, ,
.
2.9
7.
-2
a = (2 z + x)i + ( x 3 z ) j + ( y + z )k
, .
3x + 2 y + 4 z 6 = 0
1.
((1), 2.9).
1. :
z=
2.
3 y 3
+ x.
2 2 4
.
z x' =
3
1
, z 'y = ,
4
2
3.
3 1
n = , ,1.
4 2
XOY .
( D xy ) : 2 x 0, 0 y 3 +
3
x.
2
4.
OZ .
,
, , ((1), 2.9) +. ,
cos > 0
( ) 4 (2 z + x) + 2 ( x 3z ) + 1 ( y + z )
Dxy
3 y 3x
z= +
2 2 4
3
3+ x
2
dxdy = dx
1
7
x 3 + 2 y dy = .
2
4
. (2)
(3), 2.
2.9.
.
4
1.
.
3 x + 2 y + 4 z 6 = 0 F = 3x + 2 y + 4 z 6 = 0
2.
F = 3, F = 2, F = 4,
'
x
'
y
'
z
n=
1
(3,2,4)
4
, ((4),
F =4>0
'
z
2.9), :
=
( ) (a, n)
Dxy
z = z ( x, y )
dxdy =
0
3
3+ x
2
1
1
(3(2 z + x) + 2( x 3 z ) + 4( y + z )) z = 3 y + 3 x dxdy = dx
4 ( Dxy )
4 2
2 2 4
1
(7 x 12 + 8 y )dy = .
2
, ,
(
), :
1
= .
2
8.
,
0
a = x2 i + y 2 j + z 2 k,
= ( a, n )dq
(G)
(G)
x = c , y = c, z = c
.
,
. 2.8
:
= (a, n 0 )dq =
(G)
c
( )
dydz +
D yz
c
( )
D yz
(1) dydz +
c
( )
dxdz +
Dxz
c
( )
Dxz
D xy
4. ,
, -
a = xi + y j + z k ?
5.
-
= ( a, n 0 ) dq
(G)
a ( P, Q, R )
(G)
.5.1.
(G ) :
a ( y z; z x; x y ),
x2 + y2 = z2;
0 z 4;
.5.2.
(G) :
a( x 1; y + 2; z x ),
z = 1 x 2 + y 2 , 0 z 1;
.5.3.
a (2 x y; x + z; z + y ),
(G) :
x + y + z = 1;
x = 0, y = 0, z = 0;
.5.4.
a(4 x z, 2 y + 3x 2 ,
(G) :
y 2 z ),
2 z = x 2 + y 2 , z = 2;
.5.5.
a (2 x z 2 , y + x 2 , 3 z y 2 ),
(G) :
z = x2 + y2 , z = x2 + y2;
.5.6.
a (4 z 2 3 x, 6 y z 2 , z + x ),
(G) :
x = 0, y = 3, x + 2 z = 3, y = 1, z = 0;
.5.7.
z2
a y + z 2 , x 3 z ,
+ x y ,
2
(G) :
x + y + z = 1, z = 0, x = 0, y = 0;
.5.8.
a( x y, y + 3 z, z 3x ),
(G) :
x + y + z = 4, z = 0, y = 0, x = 0.
6. :
.6.1.
,
( ) xdydz + z
(S)
dxdy
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1;
.6.2.
(S)
,
2
z=0
x + y z =0
2
.
OZ
,
z =1
.6.3.
(S)
( ) x dydz
2
z=
H 2
( x + y 2 ), x 0, y 0, z H .
2
R
III.
3.1.
(V )
( ),
M ( x, y , z )
()
. ,
U ( M )=U ( x,y,z)
.
U (x,y,z)
U (x,y),
.
,
.
OC 3.1
.
, ,
.
. ,
U ( x,y,z)=c=const
.
:
.
1
q
q
U= = 2
x + y2 + z2
r
2
q
q
q2 .
U= =c r= , (c 0)
x + y2 + z2 = 2
r
c
c
.
OC 3.2
1. .
,
.
U=
x
x + y2
M 0 (1,1)
.
x
=c
x + y2
2
M 0 ( 1,1 )
.
x
1
= =c
2
2
x +y
2
x
1
=
2
2
x +y
2
. .
x + y = 2x
2
M 0 (9,12,28)
U = x 2 + y 2 + ( z + 8) 2 + x 2 + y 2 + ( z 8) 2 ,
U ( x,y,z)=c
,
x 2 + y 2 + ( z + 8) 2 + x 2 + y 2 + ( z 8) 2 = c.
, :
M0
U ( M 0 ) = 9 2 + 12 2 + 36 2 + 9 2 + 12 2 + 20 2 = 64 c = 64.
1. .
(.
U = U ( x, y )
M 0 (1,1)
2).
.1.1.
; .1.2.
U=x +y
2
; .1.3.
U=x y
;
U = 3x 4 y
.1.4.
U = 2 x 2 y.
,
U = U ( x, y , z )
(.
M 0 (1,0,1)
3).
.1.1.
; .1.2
U = x2 + y2 z2
.1.4.
; .1.3.
U = 2x 2 + y 2 z 2
;
U = 2x 2 + 3 y 2 + z 2
.
U = 5x + y z
2
U=U ( M )
M 0 ( x0 , y 0 , z 0 ) (V ) R 3
( ):
(1)
:
(2)
cos , cos , cos
..
S,
:
S0 =
S
S
.
= cos i + cos j + cos k
(2) :
(3)
U U
U
=
cos +
cos .
S
x
y
OC 3.3
1. ,
U=x + 3y
2
M 0(0,2).
1
1
S
,
2
2
2.
u = x 3 + y 3 5z
S ( 0 , 3,4 ).
M 0 (1,1,1)
:
M0
U
( M 0 ) = 3, U ( M 0 ) = 3, U ( M 0 ) = 5.
y
x
z
:
S
S0 =
S
S
3
4
j + k.
5
5
3
4
cos = , cos = .
5
5
((2), 3.3), :
U
4
29
3
= 3 0 + 3 5 = .
S
5
5
5
cos = 0,
M ( x,y,z)
U= U ( x,y,z)
grad U (M ),
,
U (M )
.:
(1)
:
(2)
S0
. (2),
U
S
grad U
, ..
=0
.
grad U
S0
:
.
(3)
.
.
grad U
.
.
U = 2 x + 8 y 5z
3
M 0(1,-3,1)
.
grad U ( M 0 ) = 6 x 2 i + 8 j 10k
M0
= 6i + 8 j 10k
S = 6i + 8 j 10k
U ( M 0)
= 6 2 + 8 2 + 102 = 10 2 .
S
grad U ( M 0 ) = ( 6,8,10)
.
OC 3.4
2. ) , )
.
4
4
U = x + y 4z
M 0(1,0,2)
3.
Vmax
U=( xy) z
M 0(-1,-1,2)
U (M )
:
M0
U ( M 0 )
U ( M 0 )
U ( M 0 )
= zx( xy) z 1 = 2,
= zy( xy) z 1 = 2,
= ( xy) z ln(xy) = 0.
y
x
z
((1), 3.4), :
gradU( M 0) = 2i 2 j.
,
S = 2i 2 j
.
Vmax = gradU( M 0) = (2) 2 + (2) 2 = 2 2
2.
Vmax
.
M0
.2.1.
; .2.2.
U = 3 x + xy z , M 0(1,3,0)
2
.2.3.
;
U = x y + y z + z x, M 0(1,-1,2)
; .2.4.
.
U = x 3 y 2 z, M 0(-1,-1,-1)
U = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 , M 0(1,-2,2)
3.2.
,
a ( M ) = P ( x, y, z )i + Q( x, y , z ) j + R( x, y, z )k
.
a (M )
, ,
.
,
.
:
(1)
.
dx
dy
dz
=
=
P ( x,y,z) Q( x,y,z) R ( x,y,z)
1
, .
2
a(M ) =
mr
,
r3
, ,
m,
.
OC 3.5
4.
,
.
OZ
V = yi + x j + 0 k
((1), .3.5),
:
.
dx
dx dz
=
=
-y x 0
, , :
.
xdx + ydy = 0, d x 2 + y 2 = 0, x 2 + y 2 = c1 ,
dz = 0,
dz = 0,
z = c2 .
,
V
.
OZ
,
, ,
(. 1).
a( M ) =
mr
r3
. 1.
OC 3.6
.
-
-
a ( M ) = P( x, y, z )i + Q( x, y, z ) j + R( x, y , z ) k .
(. 2.5):
a(M )
.
W AB ( a) =
a,
( )
AB
(1)
dl = P( x, y, z ) dx + Q( x, y, z ) dy + R ( x, y, z ) dz
( AB )
,
W
.
a(M )
(1)
a(M )
()
( L)
( L)
:
(2)
C ( L ) a = a, 0 dl
( L)
( L)
.
OC 3.7
1
5.
a=
x = a cost
y = a sin t z = bt
x
y
i + j + 2k
y
x
A( a,0,0 ) , B( a,0,2b )
(a ,
( )
AB
)dl =
( AB )
.
2
6.
a = 2 y i + 3z j + k
2
( L ) : x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 25;
x 2 + y 2 = 9; z > 0,
.
((2), 3.7), :
( ) ( a,
( )
C( L ) a =
(*)
)dl = 2 y dx + 3z dy + dz.
2
( L)
(*)
( L)
x = 3 cost ;
x + y + z = 25; z = 16, z > 0; y = 3 sin t ;
( L) : 2 2
2
x + y = 9;
x + y 2 = 9;
z = 4;
0 t 2 .
2
x' = 3 sin t ;
y ' = 3 cost ;
z ' = 0.
, ((3), 2.5), :
2
3. A.
( BC ).
A.3.1.
a = yi xj BC
A.3.2.
:
,
x = 2 cos t y = 3 sin t
(0,-3),
B
(0,3);
C
(-1,-2),
B
A.3.4.
BC
a=y i
2
A.3.3.
,
x = 3 y
(2,1);
C
a = x j BC
2
,
x = 3 cos t
(3,0),
y = 4 sin t B
(-3,0).
C
a (M )
, .
.3.1.
:
a = 2 yi xj + 4 zk , ( L ) x 2 + y 2 = 4;
z = 1;
.3.2.
,
a = 3 yi + j 2 yzk
.3.3.
.3.4.
( L)
:
x 2 + y 2 4 z 2 = 0;
z = 1;
a = 3 yi + 4 xj zk , ( L ) x = 3 cos t
y = 2 sin t , z = 5.
a = 5 yi + 2 j 3 yzk , ( L ) z = 5( x 2 + y 2 ) 1, z = 4.
( L)
a ( M ) = P( M )i + Q( M ) j + R( M )k
-2
(G)
(1)
V (M )
(G)
(G)
( G ) (a )
(G)
,
(V)
(2)
( G ) (a ) = (a , n )dq,
0
(G)
. 2.
(. 2).
(2)
(
)
).
( G ) (a ) < 0
OC 3.8
7.
E=
er
r3
e, ,
.
R,
,
r
.
n0 =
r
r
((1), OC 3.8), :
( S ) ( E ) = ( E , n 0 )dq = (
(S)
(S)
er r
r2
e
,
)
dq
=
e
dq = 2
3
4
r r
R
(S) r
( ) dq = R
4R 2 = 4e.
( ,
, ..
( ) dq = S = 4R
).
8.
: )
r = xi + yj + zk
; )
x + y z ,0 z h
2
(.3).
) :
.
F ( x, y , z ) = x 2 + y 2 z 2 = 0
.
F = 2 x, F = 2 y , F = 2 z
'
x
'
y
'
z
, ..
( S1 )
OZ
cos < 0
n=
2 xi + 2 yj 2 zk
2z
.
((4), 2.9). ,
( S1 ) (r ) =
(r , n)
( S1 )
z = z ( x, y )
dxdy =
3.
=
( x 2 x + y 2 y z 2 z )dxdy =
( ) | 2 z |
S1
(x
( )z
+ y 2 z 2 )dxdy = z = x 2 + y 2 =
S1
(D )
xy
( S1 )
( )
x2 + y2
Dxy
(
( x + y ( x + y ))dxdy =0
2
, ..
XOY
).
x +y h
2
) :
:
F ( x, y , z ) = z h = 0 .
. ,
F = F = 0, F = 1
'
x
'
y
'
z
.
n = 0i + 0 j + 1k = k
((4), 2.9), :
( S 2 ) (r ) =
(r , n
)dq =
( S2 )
( S2 )
Dxy
Dxy
4. A.
a (M )
(S)
A.4.1.
,
a (M ) = x i y j + z k
2
(S)
,
x +y +z =R
2
( x > 0, y > 0, z > 0);
A.4.2.
(S)
a = xi + yj zk
2
2
z = 4 x y ,
z = 0;
A.4.3.
,
a = x 2i + y 2 j + z 2 k
(S)
,
x2 + y2 + z2 = 1
z = 0;
A.4.4.
,
a = yi + zj xk
(S)
,
x+ y+ z = 2
( )
a = a (M )
,
M0
, ,
a
(V), ,
:
(1)
(
) (
).
div a ( M 0 ) > 0
div a ( M 0 ) < 0
,
div a ( M 0 ) = 0
M0
; 4.2
div a ( M 0 ) > 0
. ( 4.1
).
div a ( M 0 ) < 0
| div a ( M 0 ) |
(, )
(V),
a (M )
M :
.
div a ( M ) =
P ( M ) Q ( M ) R ( M )
+
+
x
y
z
(2)
M0
M0
M 0.
.4.1
M 0.
.4.2
3.
OC 3.9
.
a = 2 xi + 3 yj 5 zk
3.3. -
a (M )
(S)
(V )
, , ..:
(1)
( S ) (a ) = (a , n )dq = div
a dv.
0
(S)
(V )
:
.
P
(2)
(2) -.
(1) (2)
.
a = 2 xi + yj + (3 z + 1)k
(S)
x +y +z =R
2
:
.
diva =
(2 x) y (3 z + 1)
+
+
=6
x
y
z
- :
4
S ( a ) = 6dxdydz = 6V = 6 R 3 = 8R 3
3
(V )
( ,
).
4 3
R
3
OC 3.10
1
4.
a = yi + zj + xk
x2 y2 z2
+ 2 + 2 =1
2
a b c
?
8.
a = yzi + xzj + 3 zk
(S)
.
x + y + z = 2 Rz
2
div a =
, ((1), 3.10), :
.
( S ) (a ) = 3dxdydz = 3V = 4R 3
(S)
(S)
R,
. 5.
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 2 Rz x 2 + y 2 + ( z R) 2 = R 2
, ,
4
V = R 3 .
3
9.
a = 2 zk
(. 3),
( S1 ) : x 2 + y 2 = z ,
0 z 1.
( S1 )
-,
.
-, :
( S ) = ( S1 ) + ( S 2 )
(S)
( S ) (a ) = (a , n )dq = div
a dv = 2dv = 2V
0
(S)
(V )
, V ,
(V )
( S ) = ( S1 ) + ( S 2 )
:
2
1 r 2
V = d rdr
dz = 2 (r r 3 )dr =
0
.
2
( S2 )
n 20 = k ,
S 2 (a ) =
(a, n
( )
0
2
)dq =
( S2 ) : z = 0
( S2 )
S2
S2
. :
( S1 ) (a ) = ( S1 ) (a) ( S 2 ) (a ) = .
2
5. -,
.
a (M )
(S )
A.5.1.
a = (cos 2 y + 2 x)i + ( x 2 z 3 y ) j + (e xy + 2 z )k ,
A.5.2.
( S ) : x2 + y2 + z 2 = 4y
,
a = (3x + cos y )i + ( xz y ) j + ( x + 4 + 2 z )k
2
(S) : x
+ y = z , z = 2, z = 3
A.5.3.
a = (2 x 12 y 2 z )i + ( z 3 1) j + ( x 3 y + 2 z )k
( S ) : 2 x + 3 y z = 6,
x = 0, y = 0, z = 0;
A.5.4.
a = (sin y 2 + 4 x)i + (e x
.5.1.
a = xzi + x 2 yj + y 2 zk
y
+ y ) j + ( 1) k
8
(S)
z = x 2 + y 2 , x 2 + y 2 = 1, x = 0, y = 0, z = 0
.5.2.
x + y = R , x = 0, y = 0, x = 0, z = H
2
.5.3.
a = 2x i + 3y j + z k
2
(S) : x
+ y + z = 2z + 3
2
(S)
, ;
z = x + y , z = 2R x y
2
.5.4.
z=
a = xi + yj + zk
( S )
;
2
( S )
H 2
( x y 2 ), x = R, x = 0, z = 0.
R2
3.4. .
a = Pi + Qj + Rk
( )
(1)
R Q P R
Q P
rot a =
i +
k ,
j+
Y Z Z X
X Y
.
:
(2)
i
rot a =
X
P
Y
Q
.
Z
R
V ( M ) = wy i + wx j + 0 k
OZ
(2):
i
rot a =
X
P
Y
Q
0 (x)
0 ( y )
(x) (y )
= i
j
+ k
=
Z
Z
Z
Y
Y
X
X
Z
= 2k = 2 .
, ..
OC 3.11
5.
a = x 2i + y 2 j + z 2 k
,
.
a (M )
rot a
(S)
( )
( ), ..
C ( ) (a ) =
(a ,
()
(1)
(S)
:
(2)
( )
R Q
Q P
P R
dydz +
dxdy.
=
dzdx +
(S)
.6.
(S)
( )
(S)
(.6). ,
.
( )
(S)
(2) .
,
( )
(S)
, ,
.
(. 2.6) ,
,
.
(S)
XOY
OC 3.12
10. . ,
:
a = ( 2 y 4 x 4 )i (2 x + 3 y 5 ) j + (2 z 7 z 8 )k
z = 0.
y2
x2
+
= 1,
25 144
( )
rot a =
X
2 y 4x 4
Y
2x 3y 5
= 0 i 0 j 4 k = 4 k .
Z
2z 7z 8
, ((1), 3.12), :
C ( ) (a ) = (rot a , n )dq.
(S)
z = 0,
n =k
(S)
( )
( ). ,
(*)
(S)
(S)
, .. . ,
: =5, b=12 ,
(*) :
Q = ab = 5 12 = 60
C ( ) (a ) = 4Q = 240 .
. ,
:
,
( )
a ( M ) = zi + xj + yk
x+ y+ z = R
x2 + y2 + z2 = R2
k.
( )
rot a = i + j + k
x+ y+ z = R
3
3
R R R
O' , ,
3 3 3
= 3
x2 + y2 + z2 R2
n0 =
x+ y+ z = R
A(R,0,0)
(S)
1
3
(1,1,1).
,
R1 = R
R R R
O ' , , .
3 3 3
C ( ) (a ) = (rot a , n 0 )dq = 3 dq = 3Q
(S)
(rot a , n ) =
(S)
, ,
F ( x , y , z ) = x + y + z R = 0.
(S)
2
3
(rot a , n ) =
3
3
, :
C ( ) (a ) = (rot a , n )dq = 3 dq = 3Q
0
= 3
(S)
(S)
R1 .
, Q
C ( ) (a ) = 3R12 =
2R 2
3
6.
( )
a (M )
.
.6.1.
a = ( x 3 y )i + 2 x j + 3k ,
.6.2.
.6.3.
.6.4.
.6.1.
x+ y+ z = R
.6.2.
.6.3.
.6.4.
a = x 2 z 2i + 3 j + y 3 k
a = 2 yi xj + z 2 k
a = z i +x j+ y k
2
a = 2 x 3 zi 4 j + 3 yk
( )
( )
( )
:
:
x + y =9 z =2
2
( )
( )
z = 7( x 2 + y 2 ) 1, z = 6
x2 + y2 = 4 x + y + z = 2
x2 + y2 + z2 = 4 x2 + y 2 = 1 z > 0
x +y +z =R
2
;
a = 49i + 3 j 6 yz
a = zi xj + y k
2
( )
( )
:
:
x + y z = 0 z =5
2
x + y + z =1 x = z
,
:
2
a = ( z 2 x 2 )i + ( x 2 y 2 ) j + ( y 2 z 2 )k
( )
;
,
x2 + y 2 = 2z x2 + y 2 = z 2
, (S)
a (M )
M0
( )
M0,
.
n
((1), 3.12)
M0
S 0
C ( M 0 )
( )
, :
(rot a , n 0 )
( )
M0
C ( ) (a )
= lim
( ) M 0
S 0
(1)
= C ( M 0 ),
(.. ,
a (M )
M0
.. ,
0
n ,
n0.
, ((2), 3.4):
(2)
C ( M 0 ) = (rot a , n 0 )
rot a ( M 0 )
rot a ( M 0 )
n 0 ( M 0 ).
C ( M 0 )
:
0
n (M 0 )
= rot a ( M 0 ) cos ,
(2) :
A)
M0
(rot a ( M 0 ) = max[C ( M 0 )]
rot a ( M 0 )
..
=0
, ..
.
0
n (M 0 )
,
.
.
a ( M ) = x 2 yi xy 2 j + z 2 k
M 0 (0,1,2)
:
1
i
j
rot a =
X
Y
x 2 y xy 2
= 0i 0 j ( y 2 + x 2 )k .
Z
z2
,
rot a ( M 0 ) = ( x 2 + y 2 )k
M0
= 5k .
max[C ( M 0 )] = 5k = 5.
OC 3.13
6. ,
.
M 0 (0,1,2)
a ( M ) = (3 x 2 + 1)i + (2 y 2 + 3 z ) j + (4 z 2 3 y )k
3.5.
a (M )
U (M )
a (M )
, ..
(1)
U ( M )
U ( M )
U ( M )
a ( M ) = gradU( M ) =
i+
j+
k,
X
Y
Z
(1) ,
Pdx + Qdy + Rdz
, ..
(2)
P( x, y, z )dx + Q( x, y, z )dy + R ( x, y, z ) dz = dU ( x, y , z ).
a (M )
, ..
(V )
(3)
rot a ( M ) 0, M (V ) ,
, , :
R Q
=
,
Y Z
1.
a (M )
P R
=
,
Z X
(4)
Q P
=
.
X Y
, :
,
(5)
C ( L ) (a ) =
( a ,
( )
L
)dl = 0, ( L ) (V ).
2.
U = U ( x, y , z )
, W
AB :
W( AB ) (a ) =
(a ,
)dl = U ( B) U ( A).
(6)
( AB )
3.
(. 2.5):
( x, y , z )
U (M ) =
( a ,
)dl + c =
M0
(7)
M0,M
( xo , y 0 , z 0 )
(7),
, (
, ,
OX , OY
). :
OZ
(8)
x
x0
y0
z0
(8) ,
x
.
y
( (2)).
a ( M ) = yzi + xzj + xyk ,
P( x, y, z )dx + Q( x, y , z ) dy + R( x, y, z )dz = yzdx + xzdy + xydz = d ( xyz) U ( x, y, z ) = xyz + c.
OC 3.14
7.
:
1)
2)
3)
a = xyi + xzj + xzk ;
a = x 2i + y 2 j + z 2 k ;
11.
a = (3 x 2 y y 3 )i + ( x 3 3 xy 2 ) j.
a = 2 xyi + ( x 2 2 yz) j y 2 k
, :
i
j
k
rot a =
= 0i + 0 j + 0k = 0.
X
Y
Z
2 xy x 2 2 yz y 2
.
. ((8), 3.14).
.
. 7.
OAB,
,
,
(. 7). ,
A(x,0,0) B( x, y,0) P( x, y, z ),
2
( x, y, z )
U ( x, y , z ) =
( 0, 0 , 0 )
= 0 dx + x 2 dy + ( y 2 )dz + c = x 2 y zy 2 + c.
7. , .
.
.7.1.
a ( M ) = ( x 2 y + y 3 )i + ( x 3 xy 2 ) j;
.7.2.
.7.1.
.7.2.
a ( M ) = 2 xy 4 i + (4 x 2 y 3 + 3) j;
x2
a ( M ) = ( yz xy)i + ( xz
+ yz 2 ) j + ( xy + y 2 z )k ;
2
a ( M ) = xy 2 i + x 2 yj ( x 2 + y 2 )k .
a (M )
:
(1)
div a (M) 0 , M ( V ) ,
(2)
P Q R
+
+
0.
X Y Z
a ( M ) = y 2 zi + x 2 zj + 3k
div a =
1.
a (M )
, ..
( y 2 z ) ( x 2 z ) (3)
+
+
= 0.
x
y
z
:
(3)
( S ) (a ) = (a , n0 )dq = 0, ( S ) (V ).
(S)
2. , .
, .
3.
,
:
( S1 ) (a ) = ( S 2 ) (a ).
:
, .
4.
, ..
V (M ),
a ( M ) = rotV ( M ).
OC 3.15
KB 8. :
1)
a ( M ) = 3 z ( y 2 + x 2 )i 2 y ( x 2 + z 2 ) j + 4 x ( z 2 + y 2 ) k ;
1
2)
3)
a ( M ) = x 2 yi 2 xy 2 j + 2 xyzk ;
a ( M ) = x 2 i 2 xyj.
()
( ),
, , ..
(1)
rot a 0, div a 0.
a (M )
, , ,
U (M )
V (M )
U (M )
:
(2)
U = 0,
= 2 + 2 + 2
x
y
z
2
, (
2
2
= 2 + 2
x
y
).
, (2),
.
,
, ..
U = ln r
r = x2 + y2 ,
U xx + U yy = 0.
OC 3.16
9., :
1)
2)
3)
U = Ax + By + Cz + D;
U = 3x 2 + 4 y 2 ;
U = 2 x 2 5 xy 2 y 2 .
.
( ),
(1)
=i
+ j
+k
.
X
Y
Z
2
1
a = rot b.
div a = ( , a ) = ( , b) = 0
, .. ,
, .
3
a = b
div grad U .
2
2
2
div( gradU) = ( , U ) = 2U = ( 2 + 2 + 2 )U = U
x
y
z
.
OC 3.17
10. : 1)
2)
U ;
a;
3)
( a ).
I
1.
2.
; 3.
d= 2
d = 6;
5. . 7. 1)
S = R 2 ;
2)
1
V =
6
. 8. 1)
); 2) ). 9. 1) ); 2) ); 3) ). 10. 1) ); 2) ). 11. 1) ;
2) . 12. 1)
2)
; 3)
13. 3.
y = x , ( x 0)
x 2 + y 2 = 625;
14. 1)
2 3
R ;
3
2)
4
;
3
3)
.
3
x 2 + y 2 = 2ax.
15. 1) ); 2) ) 3) ). 16. 1) ); 2) ); 3) ).
2)
24. 1)
4a ;
2.
.1.1.
2)
2
2 + .
2.
-3
x2
; .1.2.
,
9
dx f ( x, y)dy dy f ( x, y)dy
dx f ( x, y)dy dy f ( x, y)dx
.1.3.
dx f ( x, y )dy dy f ( x, y)dx
3
.1.4.
6-3 x
dx f ( x, y)dy
y
3
.1.5.
1
x2
ey
; .1.6.
.2.1.
.2.8.
64
3
; .2.2.
3 4
6
32
;
.2.3.
2 2 4
a
5
.3.5.
.4.6.
32
3
. .4.1.
2
3
; .4.7.
ey / 2
4
(2 2 1)
3
k (2a )
.7.2.
; .2.3.
4
(e 1)
4
; .4.2.
21
3
2
; .2.4.
; .2.10.
; .4.3.
. .4.8.
21
8
y
2
625
3
.4.9.
256a 3
15
; .5.4. 2
; .1.3. 3; .1.4.
; .1.10.
64
3
; .2.5.
2
3
4.5
3a
5c
. .7.1. 4
4a
3
18
; .4.1.
a3
;
45
.4.2.
ab( a 2 + ab + b 2 )
.
3(a + b)
; .6.2.
c 3
a 2 2
abc
.
4
; .5.5.
; .6.4. 2; .6.1.
; .7.3.
; .8.3. 4 ; .8.1.
; .2.7. 0;
)(
a a
(e 1) +
e
4
R 5 (2 2 )
5
; .7.2.
1
6
5
1 2 6 / 5 4 8 / 5 38 / 5
48
61
4
256
3
; .2.6.
; .6.3.
; .8.2.
; .1.2.
; .2.1.
13.5
R
;
4
128
15
dy f ( x, y)dx
ka 2
; .6.1.
ab( a + b)
8
; .6.2.
. .8.1.
3
120
125
8
4 2
.6.3.
. .1.1.
e2
.6.1.
y
2
y
3
dy f ( x, y)dx
; .2.9.
.2.2.
36
dy f ( x, y)dx
.1.5.
dy f ( x, y)dx
dx f ( x, y )dy
.1.7.
dy f ( x, y)dx
y
3
6 y
3
12
dy f ( x, y)dx
3x2
9
a 3
64
8ka (1 + 2 )
15
3
; .7.1.
;
160
3
.8.2. 27
a
2
II
1.
1. 1), 2). 2. . 3. 0. 4.
6c 2 .
.1.1. ; .1.2. ; .1.3. 6; .1.4.12; .1.5.
2.
8
15
1
12
.1.2.
.3.2.
.5.4.
.6.3.
1
35
; .1.1.
6R 2
16
4
.
3
.2.1.
; .2.2.
12
5
; .1.6. 8; .1.1. 0;
; .2.3.
cos3 cos5
. .3.1.
3
; .5.5.
1
24
32
15
3 ln 2 + 1
24
; .5.3.
; .6.2.
1
2
;
;
4 HR 3
.
15
III
1.
1. , ..
. 2.
S =grad U ( M 0) = (4,0,-4),
U
3
=
<0
S
2
U
=4 2
S max
. 3.
. 4. 0. 5. 0. 6.
div a ( M ) 0.
n = rot a ( M 0 ) = 6i .
3), (
).
. 7. : 2), 1
3
3
u
=
x
y
xy
+
c
3
3
3
u = (x + y + z ) + c
x +y =2
2
.1.3.
x y =0
2
; .1.4.
3 x 2 4 y 2 = 1,
, 2)
grad div a
, ;
, ;
2x 2 y = 1
,3)
rot (rot a )
.1.1.
x +y z =0
2
, ; .1.2.
2x + y z = 1
2
; .1.3.
, ; .1.4.
5x + y z = 4
2
2x + 3y + z = 3
2
.
.2.1.
,
.2.2.
S = (-2,0,9)
Vmax = 85;
.1.4.
0; .3.1.
A.4.3.
12
; .3.2.
A.3.1.
Vmax = 14.
12
; A.4.4. 4. A.5.1.
.5.2.
; .3.3.
32
3
; .6.4 0; .6.1.
. .7.2.
; A.5.2.
.5.3.
; .3.4.
19
3
4R 3
3 3
; .6.2.
u = x y + 3y + c
2
16
5
100
.6.1.
R2H
3
; .6.3.
2
2
; .7.1.
u = xyz
. A.4.1.
R
8
27
15
; A.4.2.
160
3
1 2 2
S = ,- ,
3 3 3
; A.3.2. 0; A.3.3.
.5.4.
3R 4
;
2
2 R 3 H R 2 H 2
+
;
3
8
12
.2.3.
,
S = (-3,-2,-1).
Vmax = 1;
; A.3.4.
16
. .5.1.
;
8
; .6.2 0; .6.3.
; .6.4. 0. .7.1.
x y y z
+
+c
2
2
; .7.2.
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
9.
1, R;
u +1
u
du
=
+ c;
+1
10.
1
u du = ln u + c;
12.
13.
du
sin 2 u = ctg u + c;
8.
u
1
a arctg a + c,
du
a > 0;
u 2 + a 2 = 1
u
arcctg + c,
a
a
14.
du
du
sh 2 u = cth u + c;
cos2 u = tg u + c;
7.
du
ch 2 u = th u + c;
cosu du = sin u + c;
6.
ch u du = sh u + c;
11.
sin u du = cosu + c;
5.
sh u du = ch u + c;
du
u2 a2
15.
du = e + c;
16.
a > 0, a 1;
1 u
a
du
=
a
+
c
,
ln a
1 ua
ln
+ c;
2a u + a
arcsin + c;
du
a
=
a 2 u 2 arccosu + c;
du
u2 a2
= ln u + u 2 a 2 + c.
2.
y
b
-a
x
-b
x2 y2
+
=1
a2 b2
( a > 0, b > 0)
x2 y2
=1
a2 b2
x = a cost ,
t [0,2 ).
y = b sin t ,
( a > 0, b > 0)
x = a ch t ,
t ( , ).
y = b sh t ,
y
b
-a
-b
x 2 = 2 py ( p > 0)
y 2 = 2 px ( p > 0).
( a > 0)
x + y 3axy = 0 (a > 0)
3
x = a cos3 t ,
t [0,2 ).
y = b sin 3 t ,
3at
x
=
,
t3 +1
2
y = 3at .
t3 +1
(x
+ y2
) ( a > 0)
= 2a 2 x 2 y 2 ,
= 2a 2 cos 2 .
10 ,
11 ,
(x
= a sin 2
(a > 0).
+ y ( x a ) a y = 0 (a > 0)
2
x = a (t sin t ),
y = a (1 cost ).
2at 2
x
=
,
t 2 +1
2
y = at(t 1) .
t 2 +1
3.
1 ,
x2 y2 z2
+
+
=1
a 2 b2 c2
x2 y2 z2
+
=
a2 b2 c2
x2 y2 z2
+
=1
a2 b2 c2
x2 y2 z2
+
= 1
a2 b2 c2
x2 y2
+
= 2z
p
q
x2 y2
= 2z
p
q
x2 y2
+
=1
a2 b2
x2 y2
=1
a2 b2
x 2 = 2 py ( p > 0).
1. .., ..
, .: , 1980. 432 .
2. .., .., .. , .2,
.: , 1990. 272 .
3. .., .., .., ..
. 2. . : .
. .. . 2- ., . .: , 2003.
504 .
4. . . 2.
: . . / ..,
.., .. . 2- . .: . . . .-.
., 1986 . 366 .
5. : .
. 3 . . 3. / .. , .. , .. , ..
: . . .. . .: . ., 1991. 288 .
6. .., .., ..
. . . .. . 2- .
.: . ., 1988. 270 .
7. .. . .
. . .: , 1973. 335 .
8. .., .. : .
. . IV. .: . ., 1987. 240 .
. . . .
.
.
1
. . .
60 84
1
16