C++ Для чайников2

by S t e p h e n R.
Davis
IDG
BOOKS
WORLDWIDE
iDG
An
Books Worldwide,
International
Data
Group
Inc.
C o m p a n y
F o s t e r C i t y , C A C h i c a g o , IL I n d i a n a p o l i s , I N N e w Y o r k , N Y
- *
2003
32.973.26-018.275
94
681.3.07
"""
.. . . .
. . .
""
: info@dialektika.com, http://www.dialektika.com
94
, , .
C++ "", 4- . : . . : . :
'"", 2003. 336 . : . : . . .
ISBN 5-8459-0160- (.)
, ,
C++. : - .
C++, ""1 ,
"". C++ , . . ,
C++ , ,
, .
.
32.973.26-018.275

.

, , ,
IDG Books Worldwide, Inc.
Copyright 2001 by Dialektika Computer Publishing.
Original English language edition copyright 2000 by IDG Books Worldwide, Inc.
All rights reserved including the. right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form.
This edition published by arrangement with the. original publisher, IDG Books Worldwide, Inc.,
Foster City, California, USA.
Windows is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation... For Dummies, Dummies Man, and the IDG
Books Wordwide logos are trademarks under exclusive license to IDG Books Worldwide, Inc., from
International Data Group, Inc. Used by permission.
ISBN 5-8459-0160- (.)
ISBN 0-7645-0746- (.)
"", 2001
& IDG Books Worldwide, Inc., 2000

I. C++
21
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
.
23
33
41
46
55
67
6.
7.
8. C++
9.
10.
11. C++
69
79
90
100
111
119
III. ""
139
12. -
13. C++
14.
15.
16. : !
17. :
18.
19.
20.
IV.
141
144
149
160
173
179
187
201
211
225
21.
22. -:
23.
227
233
245
V.
265
267
280
286
299
306
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
VI.
315
29.
.
317
322

C++
,

...
1. C++
2.
3. ""
4.
5.
6.

I. C++
1.
C++

GNU Windows
GNU C++

C++

Convert ...
2.

, C++

,

3.
12
13
14
14
14
14
15
15
15
16
16
17
17
17
17
17
17
18
18
19
21
21
22
22
23
23
25
26
26
27
27
27
27
28
28
29
29
30
30
31
31
32
32
33
34
35
36
36
37
39

4.

C++

5.

while

for

39
40
41
42
42
44
44
44
45
47
47
48
48
49
49
50
51
52
53
53
55
55
56
57
59
60
62
63
II.
65
6.

7.

,
C++
wchai i

8. C + +

67
67
69
70
70
73
74
75
77
77
78
80
81
81
82
82
84
84
86
87
87
88
88
89

90

91

93

93

93

94

94

94

96

96
9.
98

98

99
100

101

104

104

105

106
main()
107
10.
109

109

110
FunctionDemo
111
sumSequenceQ
111
MainModule.cpp
113

113
GNU C++
114
Visual C++
114
#include
115
C++
116
. C++
117

117

117
"" 1
118
"" 2
121

124

124

124

125

126

128

129

129
BUDGET
132
I I I . ""
137
12. - 139

139

140
"-"
140

140

141
8
13. C + +

14.

-
-
-

-
-
-

-
-
-
15.

LinkedListData
16. : !

" ..."
17. :

142
142
142
143
144
147
147
148
148
149
149
150
150
151
151
153
154
155
156
158
158
159
160
160
161
161
161
162
162
164
165
165
165
166
167
168
168
171
171
171
172
173
173
174
174
174
177
177
178
178
179
182
182

18.

main()

,
19.

"" ""

20.

-
-
-
BUDGET2.CPP
IV.
21.

22. -:

23.

: BUDGET3.CPP
10
183
185
185
186
186
188
190
191
195
196
196
196
197
198
198
199
199
199
200
201
203
206
209
209
209
210
210
212
212
215
223
225
225
227
229
229
231
234
235
237
239
241
243
243
246
248
249
251
251
253
V.
24.
263
265
:

?
operator+()
operator*-+()
-

25.
, , ...

26. -
...
fstream
strstream

""
27.

?
28.

265
266
269
269
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
279
279
280
281
282
283
283
285
285
287
290
291
294
296
299
300
301
303
306
306
307
308
312
313
VI.
29.
315
317
317
318
318
318
320
320
320
320
321
321
322
327
11
,
" " ,

. (Stephen R. Davis) , , C++ " ", More C++for Dummies Windows 95 Programming for Dummies. Valtech,
(, ).
TxuuoqafiHOctnu
, , , , . ...
"" .
( Corder)
(Claudette Moore), .
, (Susan
Pink) (Kelly Ewing) (Colleen Williams). , (Greg Guntle),
(Garrett Pease) (Jeff Bankston) (,
) .

(Suzanne Thomas), . ,
, , , .

.
, .
, , ,
.
, , , . , ,
.
, , More C++for Dummies,
, .
C++, , : srdavis@ACM.org.

0<5*
C++ " ". C++ ,
.
/
, , C++.
: -
( ,
).
C++,
"" , "".
C++ , .
.
, , , . ^ C++
, , , .
Windows.
. C++, Windows 95
Programming for Dummies.
tfuucoe
C+
C++ - , ANSI
(International Standards Organization ISO). C++ ,
, . , C++ . ANSI ISO C++:
.
, C++ . C++
, , . , , . C++
, ,
.
C++
. , -.
. , ,
14
C++, -
. C++ , . , C++
" " .
,
, ,
:
i mom!
:
//
void ma in()
, , , ,
.
, ,
. , myFavoriteFunction () .

. , :
<Ctrl+C>, , <Ctrl>,
<>. "" .
, FileÔpen.
File .

C++ , . , . , ,
(. " ").
.
, ,
( ,
, - ).
C++ "",
- . , , ,
.
15
,
. , C++
. . , C++ , .
C++ - ,
.
C++ " " ,
.
- . ,
, .
/ &
:
| / ;
S ;
| S .
.

.
.
.
. ,
, , <Enter>.
.
& ...
2, 3 4
BUDGET. , .
, C++
. , , . ,
. , .

BUDGET. , . , ,
BUDGET - . , . , (, , ).
, , BUDGET,
C++.
16
/. & C+ +
C++.
. .
2.,
C++ .
:
C++. , .
& 3. "
: -
.
,
C++. C++, . ,
, , , . , , .
\
, . ,
C++,
. : ,
- .
5. *
C++. . ,
, .
6. qecsufltca
"" ?
.
17
/
,
, .
. ,
.
. , , . ,
!
18
C++
/ ...
,
, .
.
,
.,, :.

& ...
s C++
^
S ..
S
S
S
S
v., . , . .
, .
, ( !), , .
,
, , - . , : " , ".
. (
. , , - ,
.)
, . .

, C++. , .
C++
Muitix.
, , ,
(, ). , ,
.
, , Muitix ,
Unix (Un-ix, Mult-ix , ?).
,
. ,
.
, , ,
.
1.
21
.
(,
- ), . , , C++.
C++ :
, ;
( ),
.
. , .
nfwzficuuta
, , C++.
(, , ). C++ . , Microsoft Word . DOC MS DOS ..
. , , ,
.
,
,
. - . 1 .
C++ .
, ? . ...
//
;
.- ,
.-, . ,
, .
.
.
Visual C++ Microsoft.
, ;
-
(, , Windows ). , C++, GNU C++.
, , , . . .
22
I. C++
Internet.
-
. GNU C++ .
GNU "GNU Unix"
(GNU is Not Unix). C++, . GNU
,
(Free Software Foundation).
GNU C++ , C++.
C++ "
( C++) 2 .
GNU C++ Windows.
, ,
Visual C++.
, www.deloreon.com (
, GNU C++), GNU C++ ,
.
. , , .
nefitfou//
C++. CONVERT. CPP,
.

C++ . GNU C++
r h i d e . , GNU C++ . r h i d e Convert. .
1. MS DOS MS DOS
1
Windows ^.
GNU C++ , . r h i d e MS DOS.
2. : \CPP_For_Dummies\Chap01 (,
).
, MS DOS, . , ,
C++,
. . .
1.
23
.
ChapOl, r h i d e MS DOS.
, New File. ,
( ).
: ,

. C++ : ,
1
.
rhide
Windows-. Windows "" , .
r h i d e . , r h i d e . r h i d e
, (80x25 ). r h i d e , : , , ,
"" .
, r h i d e "" Borland.
//
// :
// Fahrenheit = NCelsius * (212 - 32)/100 + 32
//
#include <stdio.h>
#include <iostream.h>
int main(int nNumberofArgs, char* pszArgs[])
{
//
int nNCelsius;
cout << " : ";
cin >> nNCelsius;
//
//
int nNFactor;
nNFactor = 212 - 32;
//
//
//
int nFahrenheit;
nFahrenheit = nNFactor * nNCelsius/100 + 32;
C++ , , int main i n t Main, ,
. . .
24
I. C++
//
cout << " :
cout << nFahrenheit;
return 0;
Save As File Conversion.cpp.
, C++!

Conversion, cpp .
Make Compile
<F9>. r h i d e ,
. , C r e a t ing Conversion. no e r r o r s .
GNU C++
, . , .
Bad command or f i l e name , MS DOS
gcc.exe, .. GNU C++.
c : \ d j g p p \ b i n ,
gcc.exe. GNU C++ ,
a u t o e x e c . b a t SET PATH=c: \djgpp\bin; IPATH&.
.
g c c . e x e :
Conversion.cpp:
No
such f i l e
or d i r e c t o r y
{ENOENT) , gcc (
MS DOS). ,
: \dj gpp\dj gpp. env LFN Y.
\
: GNU C++ , i
. , .
;
GNU C++ - , .
, . , ,
Conversion, cpp. , 13 c i n > > n C e l s i u s ;
cin>>>nCeiEius; , .
r h i d e :
Compiling: Conversion.cpp
I n function ' i n t m a i n ( i n t , char * * ) ' :
Conversion.cpp(13) E r r o r : p a r s e e r r o r before
There were some e r r o r s
1.
'>'
25
, GNU C++ ">>>" 13- .

parse , C++.
, ">". , <F9>, Ccnversion.exe.
1
C++
, C++ , . GNU C++ , ?

. GNU C++ ,
">>",
.
: , .
, , GNU C++
.
; , .
. , . ,
GNU C++ , . , ] , ?..
n/tozftaMMbt
.
CONVERT.EXE . .
GNU C++, Run Run <Ctrl+F9>.
, . - ,
100. <Enter> , .. 212. , r h i d e , ; r h i d e
,
. " ", .
, User Screen
Windows <+5>.
MS DOS. 25 ,
.
! GNU C++, , .
GNU - Windows
, GNU C++ Windows.
Windows- GNU C++ , , Visual C++, .
26
I. C++
Windows- -
. Ccnvension.exe 32- ,
Windows, Windows- .
, 32- 16-, . ,
Windows. , GNU C++,
MS DOS.
Windows- : . C++
Windows-.
GNU C++
GNU C++
r h i d e . , ,
<F1>. .
Helpolndex.
, GNU C++, , (,
Microsoft Visual C++). " i n t " <F!>,
, , ,
. GNU C++ . ,
C++, GNU C++
.
nfwtfiaMM
, , ,
. Conversion. , .
C++
, ,
:
// ,
#include <stdio.h>
#include<iostream.h>
i n t main(int nNumberofArgs, char* pzArgs[ ])
{
/ / . . . ...
return 0;
}
, ,
.

, Conversion, . , GNU C++ , , .
1.
27
. , . .
C++ (//) . .
, , ,
, 80 .
.
. , .
, , /*
*/; C++
.
C++ (
) . . .
, . , , .

C++ , .
, Convert.
, . , , (
, ; ,
).
, , .
, , ,
. . , .

( !).
, C++ . , f u l l speed Fulispeed, , .
i n t nNCelsius; . , . ,
. .
"" ,
:
= 10
= 3 *
28
I. C++
, *.
? - .
10,
20, 30 -1. .
= 10. C++,
.
C++ . , II, nNCelsius. (
, ,
i n t i n t e g e r ) .
C++ .
-z a-z 4 .
, 0 9 (_). , .
,
. , myVariable.
, . , , .
lengthOfLineSegment.

, cout cin, -,
I/O (input/output) ( ,
).
I/O " " cout
( "-"). C++ cout .
.
.
nNCels i u s . C++ .
10
C++. nNCelsius ,
.
. C++ , - .
, , . , , .
, Conversion " "
nNFactor
, ,
. . .
1.
29
. 212 32.
"'' ("-"), "212-32".

. . "" (, ), " ".
, C+i- " = " . , " = " , , . ,
" nNFactor 212-32".
Convert ...
, Conversion, , . : " * " , " / " , " + " . , , , .
nNFactor (, ) nNCelsius ( ).
100 32. nFahrenhe.it.
" :"
nFahreriheit.
30
I. C++
C++ .
\ S , , . .
X
1 . 1, .
C++ . = 1;

1 . , 3.
, C++ , .
, C++.
, C++, "",
. .
[ - + 4 = v
.Hv_
, , . , C++ ( ,
!).
, :
i n t x;
= 10;
i n t ;
= 5;
, , , i n t ( ).
, .
2.
31
//
, , ,
, .
:
= 1;
= 2.3
= " - ."
=
C++ . ( , C++
. ,
5.) C++ _
. , .
, .
, .
ir.t:
i n t ;
= 1;
C++ i n t . , , .
.
, ,
6. C++, 90%
i n t 7 .
, ir.t . ,
, ( ) :
. ,
.

. . , -
.
, ++
C++ i r . t . , .
, ,
. . .
; , . . .
- . . .
32
I. C++

. nValuei, nVaIue2, nValue3.
(n.Valuel f nValue2 ( nValue3)
/ 3
, . , I, 2 2 5. 5 3, 1-|, 1,666....
( ), (
) ,
. 1,666 "" 1.

. (, ).
. ,
:
+ nValue2/3 + nValue3/3
1, 2 2, 0.
, , 1.
0, , , 0. , , .

i n t .
2 147 483 647, -2 147 483 648, ..
4 8.

i n t . , , C++ , ( ). ,
. ,
, , . C++
1.0 , 1.5.
1.
C++ , fican. " ", , ( )
, .
, i n t :
float fV&lue;
, int , int , ,
int -2 ?2 +2^-1, . . .
2.
33
, fValue
f l o a t .
: fValue . ,
.
( f l o a t ) :
1/3 + 2/3 + 2/3

0.333... + 0.666... + 0.666...,

1.666...
,
,
. , . , , ( , i n t ) .
.
C++ , .
, , 1.0 1. 0.9 1.1? 1? C++ ,
.

, , . 1000
,
200 .

.
, , .

.
, , 15 .
, 1/3 0.333....
, -
( ). , 1, 2, 2, ,
1. 666667.
34
I. C++
C + + ; ,
, 0 . 9 9 9 9 9 9 C + +
1.

f l o a t , .
i n t 2 .
18
f l o a " - , .. 1 38 ^.
, C++
. .
123 000 000 - , 123 456 789 .
*/
,
. . 2.1
C++ .
2.1. C++
int
float
double
OF
long

f l o a t : ,

char
string
________^_________
; , , .

"this is
string"
10L
,
i n t . GNU C++
Microsoft Visual C++ l o n g i n t
l V a r i a b l e long dVariable
double :
// 1
long lVariable;
lVariable - 1
, , float
1ffs ; , . . .
2.
35
// double
double dVariable;
dVariable - 1.0;
:
i n t nVariable = 1; //
. .
char , . ,
, ( s t r i n g
, ). 9,
" ", .
.
( ),
, .

(, 1, 0.5
*')- , . = 1; 1 i n t . 1 long, n = 1L;.
: 1 , 1L .
, ,
.
1 1.0. , double.
1. double, f l o a t .

char s t r i n g . , , . . 2.2 .
2.2.

\
\t
\0
\\
.
. ,
" \ "
:
36
I. C++

\t
. ,
, . "
, ,
, : \\.
"

C++ MS DOS
MS DOS . , r o o t \ f o l d e r A \ f i l e
f i l e folderA, root.
, MS DOS
C++ . C++
, \\. MS DOS root\folderA\file C++
root\\folderA\\file.
A
C++ . , .
nValue :
//
// nValuel double
i n t nValuel = 1;
double fValue = nValuel + 1.0;
, ,
. . nValuel double.
, :
//
// fVariable nVariable
float fVariable = 1.0;
i n t nVar iable;
nVariable = fVariable;
, ,
(,
fVariable
nVariable).

, , , , (
). , d v a r i a b l e double.
2.
37
,
. , ,
( long ):
- nVariable = IVariable;
C++ .
i n t . ""
; ,
.
;
int
long
float
'
sz
double
character
;
.-
string

(demotion),
(promotion).
C++ ; , C++ .
38
I. C++

/ ...
S
^
s
^
^
*77
/ / , +S * - . : , , ..
.
C++.
.
, ?
C++ ,
;
:
int varl;
int var2 = 1;
varl = 2 * var2;
, v a r l var2. var2 l, varl var2.
C++.
SuHa/i/
, .
v a r l op var2 op .
, . , C++,
. 3.1.
3.1.
1
1
2
2
+ ()
- ()
++ ()
, 1
()
, 1
3.
39
. 3.1
* ()
/ ()
% ()
( )
+()
- ()
()
, , , , . ,
:
float var = 133 / 12;
,
.
. ,
4 15 , 3. C++,
15, 4, 3.
int var = 15 % 4; // var 3
, C++ :
IntValue % IntDivisor
IntValue -
(IntValue / IntDivisor)* IntDivisor
:
15 % 4
15 - (15/4)
15 - 3*4
15 - 12
3
* 4
,
( 2, " ").
d/
C++ . C++ (
), . .
. , 1 + 2
3, , ( ,
i n t ) .
, , ,
.
40
I. C++
, . C++ , . , , 1;.
, 1, i n t .

z = * + w;
:
* + w
*
X
C++ , , .. 1,- C++.
nc/uujjca
. , .
int
var
= 2 * 3 + 1 ;
,
2 * 4 = 8. , + 1 = 7.
. . 3.1
, , , ..
7 { , C++ ).
, ?
i n t var = 8 / 4 / 2 ;
: 8 2 2 4?
,
( ).
8 4, 2, 2, 1.

/ 100 + 32
100 32. , 100 32? :
/ (100 + 32)
132.
,
/ 100 4 32
:
( / 100) + 32
? C++
. , . ,
, .
:
, .
3.
41
tjHafutMX
. , ( ).
, , -.
+ , -, ++ --. :
int varl = 10;
int var2 = -varl;
" - " .
"" ( v a r l ) . . "" .
++ - - .
1 ( . increment () decrement (). . .). . 11.
int var = 10; //
var++;
// ; II

( ), ( ). , .
( ).
, 5.
(++ ++) 6.
, ++ ,
5. :
//
int nl, n2, ;
nl - 5;
n2 = ++nl; // - nl 2 -
nl = 5;
= nl + + ; // nl 6, - 5
, .2
nl, n l .
oneftcunoftoe/
, . " = "
.
42
I. C++
.
.
C++ ,
variable = variable # constant
# - . ,
, :
nVariable = nVariable + 2;
, nVariable nVariable.
.
,
, , .
.
nVariable += 2;
: " nVariable 2".

-f-f- , 1 ,
. , .
,
, . ,
C++, .
,
, .
3.
43

/ ...
S
/
S C++
s
C++ * * . (+), (-) {*).

.
.
, .
, . . . . , , .
. . , ,
, .
.
//
: "
1
, ?' . ,
"" . ,
, (,
). .
//
/totf
C++ . Convert , , , .
C++ .
. 4.1.
: t r u e () f a l s e ().
44
I. C++
4.1.
; ,
!=
>,<
>= , <=
;
, ; , { )
, ; , > ==
( < ==)
&&
; ,
I I
; , ,
; ,
. 4.1 . . ,
, 0, :
== 0;
== =.
, C++, ,
, !
= 0; //' , ==
"" (>) ""
(<). , t r u e .
int nl = l;
i n t n2 = 2;
n l < n2
"" "" , . , , - t r u e , .
> < , nl
2, .
" " (>-), " " (<=), , .
&& () | | ().
:
// , 2 nl
(nl < n2)&& (2 < ) ;
: " "
nl <= n2 (nl < n2) I I (nl == n2)

, ,
. : , , , ..,
: . , , (a==b) (! (>) &&! (<)). . .
4.
45
1, 2, 3 .
4.535887 (
- , ~
, 11 ).
f l o a t , C++ , .. , ,
,
. :
float fl - 10.0;
float f2 - fl / 3;
fl == (f2 * 3 0)
/ ?
, . , , . f2 , ,
3.3333, 3f. ,
. 3.3333 3, , , 10.0, 9.9999.
, . .
.
, ,
, C++ .
, :
float fl = 10.0;
float f2 = 120 % 11;
f1 == f2;
// ?
f 1 f 2 (
3, " ").
. : , .
:
float
float
float
(fl -
fl = 10.0;
f2 = fl / 3;
f3 = f2 * 3 . 0 ;
f3) < 0 . 0 0 0 1 SS
(f3 - f l )
< 0.0001;
, f 1 f2 -
( 0.0001);
.
C++
:
! && 2
1 , , 2.
1 || 2
! , 2, .
, ,
. . .
46
/. C++
C++ ]., ,
( &&) ( I |), 2
.

> , > 10 . , t r u e (),
f a l s e ().
, 2, " ", () . , C++ t r u e f a l s e .
> 10?
C++ i n t . 0 false, (true). > 10 0 (false) , , 1 (true).
Microsoft Visual Basic f a l s e t r u e ,
0 (false), -1 (true).
ANSI C++
bool, t r u e f a l s e .
' C+ +
, , , .. ,
: 0 1. ,
, ,
. .
,
.
. , ,
.

, , , 10. C++
. , , var 123.
123 1*100+2*10+3*1.
100, 10, 1 10.
123 = 1 * 100 + 2 * 10 + 3 * 1,
:
123 = 1 * 102 + 2 * 10 1 + 3 * 10
, 1.
4.
47

10 , , , . ,
12 {.. 20).
,
( "", ,
). :
123i,- = 1 * 8'" + 7 * + 3 * 8 = 173,
10 8 : 10 . 8 . .

, , ( , ?). . 123
:
12 3-.U =
0*128
1*64
1*32
1*16
1-8
0*4
1*2
1*1
011110112
, , 4, 8, 16 32 ( ..) , . .
, , . , ,
.
, .
, 123,, 01111011,.
.
0
15, (hexadecimal), .. 16. hex.
0 9 ,
10 15 :
10, 11 . . , 123, 7Bi6.
123
161
3(-..
II)*
16
VBie-
4, 8, 16
32 , 1, 2, 4 8 ( 0).
, , , 7: .
, , . 0 (
). , 7 [6 07.
, 07 123, 0x123 291.
, . *
, , , .
12
, . . .
48
\. C++

,
, .
:
XIX + XXVI = XXV
:
) IX+VI: i V "" I , XV;
) +-, , , XL.
. ,
, ( , , X
, x*iv XL). ...
<5*
C++ , ..
0 I . . 4.2 , ; " ".
4.2.
: 0 1 , 1
&
I
. ,
(, , ). (),
( ). ,
( , ). C++ . , 4 , i n t
32 .
, . 32 .

&, | ~ . 0 f a l s e 1 t r u e ( ,
), ~ :
~ l ( t r u e ) 0 ( f a l s e )
- (true) 1 (false)
4.
49
& :
l(true) & 1 (true) l(true)
1 (true) & 0 (false) O(false)
O(false) 5 0 (false) O(false)
0 (false) & 1 (true) 0(false)
|:
l(true)
1 (true)
0 (false)
0 (false)
I
I
I
!
1
0
0
1
(true)
(false)
(false)
(true)
l(true)
1(true)
(false)
1(true)
, " " (XOR),

. t r u e ,
- ( !) . (. 4.3).
4.3.
1
_
, , ,
.

. ~.
~ .
~0110 2
1002;
(0x6)
(9)
, - 0x9.
&:
0110 2
&
0010:
, : 0 & 0 0. 1 & 0
0. 1 & 1 1, 0 & 1 0.
.
, .
0x06
0110 2
&
0x03
0x02
&
0011
0010 2
, , & 0x3 0x2.

( 0x6 | 0x3. ,
.
. .)
50
I. C++

. , &, |, .
.
// BitTest
//

//
~,&,I
#include <stdio.h>
#include <iostreara.h>
i n t main(int nArg, char* pszArgs[])
{
//
c o u t . s e t f ( i o s : :hex, i o s : : h e x ) ;
//
int nArgl = 0x1234;
int nArg2 = OxOOff;
//
// NOT
= " << nArgl << '\"
cout << "Argl
- " << nArg2 << ' \ "
cout <:< "Arg2
= " << -nArgl << "\
cout << "-nArgl
M
= "
-nArg2 "\
cout -nArg2
// -
cout << "nArgl & nArg2 = "
<< (nArgl s nArg2)
<< "\n";
cout "nArgl | nArg2 - "
(nArgl | nArg2)
<< "\n";
cout << "nArgl 2 = "
(nArgl 2)
<<
retui:n );
(,
main) c o u t . s e t f ( i o s : :hex) ;
( , ).
. nArgl, nArg2,
.
:
Argl
= 0x1234
Arg2
- Oxff
-nArgl
- Oxffffedcb
~nArg2
= OxffffffOO
nArgl S nArg2 = 0x34
nArgl | nArg2 = 0xl2ff
nArgl nArg2 = 0xl2cb
4.
51

.
- + . ,
| |. , .
& . , ,
:
0x1234
&
OxOOOF
0x0004
0001
&
0000
0000
0010
0100
0000
0000
0000
0000
1111
0100
.
,
. 1. , 1, , 1 ,
. . 4.4.
4.4.
1 -^
1 ->
1 -
1 -
,
01. , , C++, ( !):
(databaseValue & 1011) == 0010
-
-

-
*
-
1011 , ,
, .
52
I. C++

3 SfHOU ...
S
S
/
, , , .
,
. :
,
.
, <Ctrl+C>, . ,
. .
, ,
.
, , ,
-
( 4, " "). : (
), .
xoqoucnftozftauutbt
/
,
, , ,
.
+ - if:
i f (m ~- n;
-
//, ,
//
}
else
5.
53
//2-
//,
//
}
m > .
t r u e , . , .
e l s e : , C++ , , .
if ,
. , , , C + + .
. , !
i f :
// BranchDemo .
// ,
// ,
#include <stdio.h>
int main(int argc, char* pszArgs[])
(
// ...
int argl;
cout << " argl: ";
cin >> argl;
// ...
int arg2;
cout << " arg2: ";
cin >> arg2;
// , :
if fargl > arg2)
{
cout << " 1 , 2\n";
}
else
{
cout << " I , 2\";
return 0;
}
, , .
"argl arg2" , cout
" 1 , 2\";. ,
, e l s e : cout
<<
" 1 , 2\.";.
54
I. C++

,
.
,
.
.
.
, .
,
. .
while
while. :
while
{
{)
// ,
//
}
. var > 10,
v a r l == var2 . ,
. ,
, . , while ,
, ( ,
... ).
, ? :
// WhileDemo .
//
// while
#include: < s t d i o . h >
# include: < l o s t ream. h>
i n t main(ir.t
arg,
char*
pszArgs[])
//
int loopCount;
cout: << " loopCount:
cin
>> loopCount;
";
/ /
while (loopCount > 0)
{
loopCount
l o o p C o u n t 1;
out << " "

<< loopCount << " \";
5.
55
return 0;
}
whileDemo , loopCount.
w h i l e . loopCount.
, ( ), loopCount 1, .
,
loopCount .
, .
, 5.
, :
4
3
2
1
0
,
.
, 4
.
w h i l e , d o . . . w h i l e .
, , .
do
{
//
} while ();
, do. . .while .
while
do. . .while. - ,
.

-
. ,
WhileDemo :
//
{
loopCount = loopCount 1;
cout " "
}
, :
56
I. C++
//
{
loopCount--;
cout << " "
loopCount << " \";
}
. .

, while. ,
:
//
while (loopCount-- > 0)
(
cout << " "
}
, , C++ . , ; ?
. , , .
loopCount--, --loopCount loopCount

; loopCount
1, .
WhileDemo,
1? , - - l o o p C o u n t 0 .
loopCount-- 1
.
, , , ,
. .
, ,
,
.
for
for.
while. for :
for (; ; >
i
//...
}
for .
, -
5.
57
. , for.
. while, for
, .
, for () . , . , ,
.
for while:
;
while ()
/ / ...
}
;
}
for . C++ , , C++ for ( -
).
for .
ForDemo , whileDemo, while for.
// ForDemo. .
//
// for
#include <stdio.h>
int
main(int
arg,
char*
pszArgs[])
//
int loopCount;
cout " loopCount: " ;
in >> loopCount;
// ,
for (int i = loopCount; i > 0; i>
{
cout << " " << i-1 << " \";
}
return 0;
}
ForDemo , WhileDemo. loopCount
.
i
loopCount. , i
. , 1 i .
58
I. C++
for ,
, .
for.
// ForDeno. .
/ /
// for
#include <stdio.h>
int main!int arg, char* pszArgs[])
{
//
int loopCount;
cout << " loopCount: ";
cin loopCount;
// ,
for (int i = 1; i <= loopCount;
cout << " " << i " \";
}
return 0;
, for,
. C + + , for. ,
r e t u r n , .. , i . ,
, ,
.
: for while, ? for , for (, , )
.

, .
, , - .
:
f
cout << " " <<loopCount << " \"
}
loopCount,
. , . ,
. , .., , .
5.
59
... ! , , Microsoft ... , .

, ; ,
.

C++ break
continue. ,
, - . , . , .
, ,
, . .
C++ break. . break
, .
break :
while()
{
if (- )
{
break; //
}
}
// break,
//
break, BreakDemo
.
// BreakDemo .
//
,
//

//

#in1ude <sraio.h>
in: main(ir.t arg, char* pszArgs[])
{
//
int accumulator = 0;
out << " , "
<< " \";
cour. < < " "
<< " "
<< " \";
//
for(;;)
{
//
int value = 0;
cout << " : ";
cin >> value;
60
I C++
// ...
if (value < 0)
// ...
break;
1
// ...
accumulator = accumulator + value;
//
//
cout << "\ "
accumulator
"\";
return 0;
( , ,
)
for. .
, . , break . , break
.
.
,
. accumulator
, .
c o n t i n u e . ,
. . ,
, :
while (1)
//
cout << " ";
can
inputVal;
//
if (inputVal < 0)
//
cout " "
" \";
//
continue;
//
5.
61

. ,

(
?).
? ( , , '.')
, , , .
,
. BreakDemo
, . , NestedDemo,
, , .

, .
// NestedDemo .
//
,
//
.
//
,
//
0.
#include <stdio.h>
int main(ir.t arg, char* pszArgs[])
{
out << " "
<< " .\ "
<< " "
<< " \"
<< " , "
<< " \ \";
//
int accumulator;
do
{
//
accumulator = 0;
cout << "\ \";
//
(;;)
{
//
int value = 0;
cout << " : ";
cin >> value;
// ...
if (value < 0}
{
// ...
break;
}
// ...
62
I, C++
//
accumulator = accumulator + value;
// ...
cout "\ "
<< accumulator
<< "\";
I / ...
// ,
//
//
} while (accumulator != 0 ) ;
cout << " \n";
return 0;
//
,
. if, :
switch ()
{
case c l :
// , == cl
break;
case c2:
// , == 2
break;
default:
// ,
//
1
{int, long char); c l , 2,
. switch :
, ,
case.
, .
, d e f a u l t .
:
cout << " 1, 2 3 : " ;
cin >> choice;
switch (choice)
{
case 1:
// " 1 "
break;
case 2:
// "2"
break;
5.
63
case
3:
//' " 3 "
break;
default:
out << " 1, 2 3\"
, switch
if ( if-); , -
, switch .
switcn
break, .
64
I. C++
. w &:
Od?uw,uuHtw! O(buu,uuHtw! Mf-
!' . MHt
& &...

( ) ,
.
,
.

/ ...
S
^
S
S
S
\S , . , - .
( !) . , .
C++ , .
.
" " "". , sumSequence{) , . .

.
, , ( 12,
" - ", .)
/{
.
FunctionDamo, , 5 NestDeno, . FunctionDemo , .
.
NestDeno . . , , .
.
FunctionDemo , NestDemo sumSequence {] .
6.
67
C++ . .
// FunctionDemo
//
.
//

//

#include <stdio.h>
// sumSequence
//
, ,
//

//
.
int sumSequence(void)
{
//
for (;;)
{
//
int value = 0;
cout << " : ";
cin >> value;
// ...
if (value < 0}
{
// ...
break;
// ...
// accumulator
accumulator = accumulator 4 value
//
return accumulator;
int main(int arg, char* pszArgs[J)

f
cout << " \"
<< ". \"
<< " .\"
<< " \"
<< " \";
// ...
int accumulatedVaiue;
do
I
// ,
//
cout << "\ \";
68
If.
accumulatedValue = sumSequence(};
//
<< " "
<< accumulatedValue
"\";
// . . .
} w h i l e ( a c c u m u l a t e d V a l u e != 0 ) ;
c o u t << " \ " ;
r e t u r n 0;
sumSequence ()
,
m a i n ( ) .
NestDemc.
, main(>
accumulatedValue - sumSequence ().
sumSequence ().
accumulatedValue, .
, ,
, 0. ,
.
,
. ,
.
sumSequence ()
i n t sumSequence (void).
. ,
sumSequence () NestDemo.
: main
, (, NestDemo ) sumSequence (). ,
main , .

C++.
, .
C++, :
< > name(< )
{
retui<>;
}
, . ,
. , square (10)
10 , 100.
6.
69
, . - , void. , void,
( FunctionDemo). void, .
FunctionDemo sumSequence ( ) , .
void,
i n t fn (void) i n t fn ().

FunctionDemo . sumSequence () , .
main ()
sumSequence () (
, , ).

sumSequence () .
, double char (
5, " ").
, void.
. , , . ,
, void-.
, , .
void echoSquare(>
{
cout << " :";
cin >> value;
cout << "\n"value*value "\n";
return;
)
,
return (
). .
r e t u r n void- .
, .

,
, .. .
.
70
II.

,
. s q u a r e {>, d o u b l e :
// SquareDemo
// ,
# i n c l u d e <stctio . h>
#include <lostrearn.h>
// square
//
doubleVar
//
returns doubleVar
double square(double doubleVar)
{
return doubleVar * doubleVar;
// sumSequence
// ,
// ,
// .
//
//
int accumulator^ 0;
for (; ; )
//
double dValue = 0;
out << " : ";
cin >> dValue;
// ...
if (dValue < 0)
// . . . :
break;
}
// ...
int value = (int]square(dValue);
//
// accumulator
accumulator^ accumulator + value;
//
return accumulator;
int main (int arg, char* pszArgs
6.
71
cout " \n"

<< " . \."
<< " ^"
<< " \"
<< " .\"
" \."
<< " , \"
<< " \.";
// ...
int accumulatedValue;
do
{
// ,
//
cout << " \ \." ;
accumulatedValue - sumScquence();
//
cout << " "
<< accumulatedValue
"\";
// ...
} while (accumulatedValue != 0 ) ;
cout << " \n";
return 0;
}
, FunctionDemo,
. square ()
.
sumSequence (): ,
, square ().

. . , :
int product(int argl, int arg2)
{
return argl*arg2;

, :
: accumulator = accumulator + (int)dValue;
( i n t ) dValue , dValue (
double) i n t .
.
C++
. C++
: , .
.
72
//.
main ()
ir.ain() ,
(, ).
C++ , , main ().
, ,
.
main(),
. main (), C++
.
JCefiezjUfetca/
C++
(function overloading).
, ,
C++ .

( ),
:
void someFunction(void)
{
//...
}
void someFunction(int n)
(
//...
}
void someFunction(double d)
i
//... :
}
void someFunction(int nl, int n2)
{
//... ,
//
)
C++ , someFunction (void) , someFunction ( i n t ) ,
someFunction(double), s o m e F u n c t i o n ( i n t , i n t ) . ,
. .
, void . ,
SumFunction (void) SumFunction () .
, someFunction (),
, .
, .
, - ,
(, ,
). , ,
. , ,
.
6.
73
,
.
:
int intVariablel, intVariable2;
double doubleVariable;
//
someFunction();
// someFunction(void)
soraeFunction(intVariablel);
// someFunction{int)
someFunction{doubleVariable); // someFunction(double)
someFunction(intVariablel, intVariable2);
// someFunction(int, int)
//
someFunction(1);
// someFunctionfint)
someFunction(1.0);
// someFunction(double)
someFunction(1, 2 ) ;
// someFunction(int, int)
,
.
(
) . ()
:
int someFunction(int n ) ;
// someFunction(int)
double someFunction(int n ) ; //
:
int someFunction(int n);
double d = someFunction(10) ,
//
i n t
double. :
int someFunction(int n ) ;
double someFunction(int n);
double d = someFunction(10);
//
// ?
C++ , double- .
Hfwtfiotnunotf
,
, , .
sumSequence () square , ,
, . , .
( C++).
74
//.
- ,
main () , . :
int main(int argc, char* pArgs[])
{
someFunc(1, 2) ;
}
i n t someFunc(double argl, i n t arg2)
(
//... -
}
someFunc () main .
, someFunc ( i n t , i n t ) void. , , .
, C++
. , "
13. : .
main()
. .
. :
int someFunc(double, int);
(
someFunc(1, 2);
|
int someFunc(double argl, int arg2)
{
//... -
}
( , ), someFunc () some?unc (double, i n t ) . mainf) ,
1 double. , main () ,
someFjnc () .
, , . , ,
.
/
. ,
, . l o c a l Variable f n {):
int globalVariable;
void fn{}
1
, ,
. .
75
int localVariable;
static int staticVariable;
}
f n () l o c a l V a r i a b l e .
. , fn (),
.
g l o b a l V a r i a b l e .
s t a t i c V a r i a b l e - . ,
( , ). s t a t i c V a r i a b l e fn (). ,
l o c a l V a r i a b l e , s t a t i c V a r i a b l e
. fn () s t a t i c V a r i a b l e
- , f n ().
76
II.

/3 * ...
^
/
S
/
/
J[JM , ~
4 / 1 / 1 * ; . . , , , . C++ . ,
,
.
, , . , C++ char.
71
. , , . , . ,
, .
, :
cin >>
if (valuc.l >= )
{
in >> value2;
if ;-/alue2 >= 0)
, , , , . , , , ,
. .
7.
77
. valueArray,
128 . , .
int value;
// ,
// 12 8 int
int valueArray[128];
// ,
// ;
// 128
for (int i = 0; i < 128;
cin >> value;
// ,
//
if (value < 0) break;
valueArray[i] = value;
)
( ) valueArray. ( i n t ) ,
,
, .
valueArray 128 .

valueArray.
, . valueArray [0], valueArray [1] ..
valueArray [i] i- . i , .. char, i n t long.
valueArray , vaiueArray [ij i n t .

( ),
.
// ArrayDemo
// .
//
#include <stdio.h>
#include <lostream.h>
//
int sumArray(int integerArray[], inr sizeOfloatArray);
void displayArray(int integerArray[], int sizeOfloatArray);
int main(int nArg, char* pszArgs[]}
{
//
int nAccumulator = 0;
cout << " ,"
78
II.
<<
cout <<
<<
<<
" \";
" , "
" "
" \";
//
int inputValues[128];
int umberOfValues = 0;
for f; numberOfValues < 12 8; numberOfValues+ +
{
//
int integerValue;
cout << " : ";
cin >> integerValue;
// ...
if {integerValue < 0)
\
II ...
break;
// ...
inputValues[numberOfValues] = integerValue
//
displayArray(inputValues, numberOfValues);
cout << " "
<< sumArray(inputValues, numberOfValues)
"\";
return 0;
// displayArray
// integerArray sizeOfloatArray
void displayArray(int integerArray[], int sizeOfArray)
{
cout << " "
<< " :\";
for (int i = 0; i < sizeOfArray; i++)
{
cout.width(3);
cout i ": " integerArray[i] << "\n";
}
cout << "\n";
// sumArray
//
int sumArray(int integerArray[], int sizeOfArray)
{
for (int i = 0; i < sizeOfArray; i++)
{
accumulator += integerArray[i];
}
return accumulator;
7.
79
ArrayDemo sumArrayf)
displayArray (), . . i n p u t v a l u e s .
for. integerValue. ,
break . , integerValue .
nuraberOfValues
. for. . for , 128, .. ( 128
, ).
i n p u t v a l u e s ,
128. ,
,
.
. , ;
, .
main
. displayArray () for, .
accumulator. sizeOfArray , .
, C++ 0, 1.
, , for ,
i sizeOfArray. 128
integerArray accumulator? ,
sizeOfArray, .

, . , - , .
:
- , . ,
.
.
, , :
float floatArray[5] = {0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0);
f l o a t A r r a y [0]
0,
f l o a t A r r a y [1] 1, f l o a t A r r a y [2 ] 2 ..
.
, , floatArray . C++ (
, ). , :
f l o a t
80
f l o a t A r r a y [ ]
{0.0,
1.0,
2.,
3.0,
4 , 0 } ;
II.

, 1.
(1).
1. C++
0! C++
valueAriray [01. C++ ; 128- i n t e g e r A r r a y [127], i n tegerArray [128].
, C++ .
i n t e g e r A r r a y [200]. , C++
i n t e g e r A r r a y [-15].
.
. . ,
, .
,
10- .
, .
, , . ..,
, .
, 20 .
(, ?). ,
. , -
- ( !). , , , - .
, (- , , , ).
. 20-
(array L;*0]) 10- ,
( , ).
! 2 0 ] - , .
, ,
.
i n t e g e r A r r a y 1128].
,
, .

, ArrayDemo ,
, . , , .

.
.
displayArray () , SumArray ;) .
7.
81

. .
,
( ).
C++ :
int intMatrix[10][5];
10 5 ,
50 . , i n t M a t r i x 10 , 5 .
, i n t M a t r i x [0] [ 0 ] , i n t M a t r i x [ 9 ] [ 4 ] .
i n t M a t r i x .
10 , .
, :
i n t
i n t M a t r i x [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
{{1,
2,
3 ) ,
(4,
5,
6}};
:
i n t M a t r i x [0] I, 2 3, a i n t M a t r i x [1] 4, 5 6 .
. C++ f l o a t , double, long,

.
.
, , :
c h a r
sMyNarae[]
{ ' S
' t ' ,
' e ' ,
' p ' ,
' h ' ,
' e ' ,
' n ' } ;
:
// CharDisplay
// MS DOS
#include <stdio.h>
//
void displayCharArray{char stringArray[],
int sizeOfloatArray);
int main(int nArg, char* pszArgs[])
{
char charMyName[] = { ' S ' , ' t', 'e', 'p', 'h', 'e 1 , 'n'};
displayCharArray(charMyName, 7 ) ;
cout << "\n";
return 0;
//displayCharArray ,
//
void displayCharArray(char stringArray[],
int sizeOfloatArray)
82
II.
f or i int i = 0 ; i< sizeOfloat. Array;

{
cout << stringArray[i];
, ,
, ( ?).

displayCharArray ()
displayCharArray () displayArray ()
, .
; - :
. , . ,
, .
.
0, , .
0 0x30. - , 0 (.. 0x00). 0,
\0.
\ , . , :
// DispiayString
// MS DOS
#include <stdio.h>
//
void dLspIayString(char stringArray[]};
int maii(int nArg, char* pszArgs[j)
{
char charMyName[] =
{'S', 't', 'e', 'p', 'h', 'e', 'n',
displayString(charMyName);
cout << "\n";
retarn 0;
// displayString
void displayString(char stringArray[])
{
for (int i = 0; stringArray [ i ] != 0; i+-O
{
cout << stringArray[i];
charMyName
(\0) . d i s p l a y S t r i n g , -.
d i s p l a y S t r i n g () - , , displayCharArray ().
7.
83
d i s p l a y S t r i n g () ,
. ,
( 6, " ").
, C++
. .
.
C++ .
, ,
. 8 9 :
char szMyName[] = "Stephen";

sz. .
"Stephen" ,
!
{/
. C++
,
. , , - .
,
.

. :
// Concatenate ,
// " "
#include <stdio.h>
// ,
//
#include <string.h>
//
void concatString(char szTarget[], char szSource[]);
int rnain(int nArg,
i
char* pszArgs[])
// ...
char szStringl[256];
cout << " #1: ";
cin.getline(szStringl, 12 8 ) ;
// ... ...
char szString2[128];
84
II.
cout << " #2: ";

cin.getline Is2String2, 128);
// ... " "
concatString(SzStringl, " " ) ;
// =treat(szStringl, " - " ) ;
// ... ...
concatString(szStringl, szString2);
// =treat(szStringl, szString2);
// ...
cout << "\n" << szStringl << "\n";
return 0;
// concatString ~ szSource
//
szTarget
void concatString(char szTargetf], char szSource
(
//
int targetlndex = 0;
whiJ e (szTarget[targetlndex] )
(
targetlndex++;
//
int. sourcelndex = 0 ;
whil.e (szSource [sourcelndex] )
{
szTarget[targetlndex] =
szSource[sourcelndex];
targetlndex++;
sourcelndex +j-;
// -
szTarget[targetlndex] = ' \ 0 ' ;
}
main , g e t l i n e { ) . ( cir. >> s z S t r i n g , .)

main () , c o n c a t S t r i n g {) . c o n c a t S t r i n g ()
(szSource) (szTarget). .
szTarget. concatString; s z T a r g e t , t a r g e t l n d e x
.
t a r g e t l n d e x ssTarget.
while (value !=0) : while ( v a l u e ) ,
f a l s e , value 0,
t r u e .
7.
85
szSource,
, , szTarget. , sourcelndex szSource. c o n c a t s t r i n g ()
, .
j_[e ,
.
"" , ,
.
, . C++ :
char dash [ ] = " ",c o n c a t S t r i n g ( d a s h , szMyName);
, dash
. c o n c a t s t r i n g (> dash.
C++
C++
. , .
, , . ,
. 7.1, .
7.7. ,
int strlen(string]
(
)
char*" strcat (target, source)
s o u r c e t a r g e t
char* strcpy(target, source)
s o u r c e t a r g e t
char* strstr(sourcel,
source2)
source!
int strcmp(sourcel, source2)
int stricmp(sourcel, source2)
source2
, # i n c l u d e < s t r i n g . h > .
Concatenate c o n c a t S t r i n g () C++ s t r c a t (). .
. , ! c o n c a t s t r i n g () , , C++.
86
II.
wchar_t
+-1- char 8- ,
256 ( 0 255). 10 , 26
26 .
.
,
, . , , , .. , 8-
.
C++ wchar_t, char. , char,
C++ . , w s t r s t r ( ) wchar_t. , , . , , .
C++ . p r i n t f ,
. :
p r i n t f ( " ");
p r i n t f
, %. , :
i n t n l n t = 1;
double doubleVar = 3.5;
printf(" %i; "
" %f",
nlnt, doubleVar);
%i, %f,
:
1; 3.5

.
7.
87
C++
3 01 ...
/
s
/
^
*77
/ / C++ ,
* ^ * , , ,
. ,
(.. ).
. , , C++.
tncucoe aqftec
, C++ - .
, 0, 1, 2 ..
intRandy 0x100, a floatReader
0x180 ( ).
, , ( , ). ,
, . 8.1 (
Pentium GNU C++ Visual C++).
8.1.

( )
ir.t
long
float
double
, (
& , ).
// Layout
//

88
//.
//

#include <sttiic.h>
int main(int intArgc, char* pszArgs[])
{
int
ml;
int
n;
long
1;
float f;
double d;
int
ir.2;
//
cout.setf (ios: :hex) ;
//
// ,
//
cout << "
= Ox" << (long)&ml << "\n
cout << "&n = Ox" << (long) &n < "\n
cout << "&1 = Ox" << (long)Si <<= "\n
cout << "sf - Ox" << (long) &f <<< "\n
cout << "&d = Ox" << (long) &d <i "\n
cout << "
= Ox" << (long)&m2 << "\n
return 0
He , .
. .
, ,
, 1 .. ( ).
GNU C++, Visual C++
.
/(
- , .
. 8.2 .
8.2.
& ()
* ()

, ( ).
( )
8. C++
89
void
fn()
in" irit.Var ;
iriL* pintVar;
pi ntVar - 6intVar; // pir.tVar intVar

*ntVar = 10;
// 10 int
// , pintVar
f n () intVar;
pir.tVar H;I i n t .
,
*,
.
i n t . .
,

. , _ i n t , d double ..
.
& " ". , in-Var pintVar.
, fn <} 0x100,
i n t v a r 0x102, pintVar 0x106 ( Layout;
).
s i n t v a r (0x102)
pintVar. 10 ,
, pintVar ( 0x102,
.. intVar).

. ,
.
. , : 123 Main Street ( ,
! ,
). (, 123456).
123 Main Street,
0x123456.
123 Main Street. ,
, . :
, ,
, ( ).
C++, :
House myKouse;
House" houseAddress;
houseAddress = &nr.yHouse;
'houseAddress = couch;
: myHouse , a houseAddress
. myHouse houseAddress , houseAddress.
90
i n t :
int myInt;
int* intAddress;
intAddress = sraylnt;
*intAddress = 10;
, : my i n t
i n t . raylnt intAddress 10 , , intAddress.

, , .
sintVar i n t , .. i n t * .
pintVar , :
i n t * pintVar = SintVar;
//
// * i n t
pintVar int*, a *pintVar int:
*pintVar = 1 0
//
// int
, pintVar, i n t . ,
bouseAddress , , , houseAddress
.
:
double dDubleVar
double* odoubleVar = sdoubleVar
*pdoubleVar =10.0
Pentium ,
, 14.
. ,
, :
int nl;
int* pintVar;
pintVar = &nl;
*pintVar = 100.0;
, , , , . , 100.0 i n t , .
:
int iVar;
double dVar = 10.0;
iVar = (int)dVar;
:
int* piVar;
double dVar = 10.0;
double* pdVar;
piVar - (int*)pdVar;
14
, ,
,
. . .
8. C++
91
, ,
, . ,
, , , .
Layout Err :
// LayoutError
//

#include <stdio.h>
int main(int intArgc, char* pszArgs[])
rnt
rnt
int
upper = 0;
n
= 0;
lower = 0;
//
cout << "upper = " <<: upper << " \n" ;
cout << "n
= " n
"\n";
cout << "lower = " << lower << "\n";
// double
// , int
cout << "\ double int\n";
double* pD = (double* ) .n;
*pD = 13.0;
//
cout << "upper = " upper << "\n";
cout << "n
= " ' n
<< "\n";
cout << "lower = " << lower "\n";
main()
i n t . , .
. , .
* = 13.0;, , double, ., i n t . .

upper "" - .
:
house* houseAddress = &"123 Main Street";
hotel * hotelAddress;
hotelAddress = (hotel*)houseAddress;
*hotelAddress = TheRitz;
houseAddress .
hotelAddress . . "" . ,
"" , ,
, ( - !).
,
.
92
II.
* p i n t v a r = 100. , C + + ,
p i n t V a r 1 0 0 . 0 .
Jtefteqana
.
, , .

, ,
. :
void fn(intArg)
{
int intArg = 10;
// intArg 10
}
void parent(void)
{
int nl = 0;
fn(nl);
// nl 0
}
p a r e n t () nl .
nl fn (). f n () intArg 10. fn() . n l ,
, p a r e n t () 10.
nl 0.
, C++ , ,
. ,
.
, , - "
f n

O " ,
.

, , .
void
fn(int*
pintArg}
*pintPrg = 10;
void parent(void)
{
int r. - 0;
8. C++
93
fn(Sn);
i
//
// 10
f n () .
, , , fn ().
, 0x102. f () , 0x102. f n () *pintArg = 10 10 i n t ,
0x102. , 10,
0x102 .

C++ ,
.
.
(, ,
).
void fnfints. intArg)
{
intArg = 10;
i
void parent(void)
i
int n - 0;
f n (ri)
// 10
}
frs () , ,
, 10 i n t , intArg.
/
(heap) ,
. , .
, ,
. , ,
:
double* f n ( v o i d ) ;
.
, , (.. , ...).

, C++
, .. , .
:
94
//.
//
//
//
// ( )
int intGlobal;
// intChild child
//
// child()
// ( )
void child(void)
{
int intChild;
// intParent
void paremt (void)
{
i n t i n t P a r e n t = 0;
c h i l d () ;
int i n t L a t e r = 0 ;
intParent = intLater;
int main(int nArgs, char* pArgs[])

{
parent();
)
main (). main () p a r e n t ().
i n t P a r e n t , , . .
p a r e n t c h i l d ().
i n t C h i l d , c h i l d O . i n t P a r e n t c h i l d () (
i n t P a r e n t c h i l d ), .
c h i l d () i n t C h i l d , .. ,
(, ,
).
c h i l d ()
p a r e n t (), i n t L a t e r ,
, p a r e n t (). main () i n t L a t e r i n t P a r e n t
.
,
.
( ).
i n t G l o b a l ,
.
8. C++
95

, .
double1 child(void)
{
double dLocalVariable;
return fidLocalVariable;
)
void parent(void)
<
double* pdLocal;
pdLocal = child ();
*pdLocal = 1.0;
)
, dLocalVariable
c h i l d ( ) . , dLocalVariable c h i l d () , - .
5
* '
, . , . ,
, d L o c a l V a r i a b l e ,
. , .

, C++
. , .
, "" C++. (heap).
, new; , . double.
double* child{void)
i
double* pdLocalVariable = new double;
return pdLocalVariable;
I
, pdLocalVariable c h i l d ( ) , , ,
.
. d e l e t e .
void p a r e n t ( v o i d )
{
// child()
//
double* pdMyDouble = child();
96
II.
//
*pdMyDouble = 1.1;
//
delete pdMyDouble;
pdMyCouble = 0;
, c h i l d O ,
double , .
, ,
pdMyDouble . ,
. ,
- , pdMyDouble, .
, ,
, .
8. C++
97

/ ...
/
/
C++ , . ( 8, "
C++".)
; .

, 3, " ", . (
7, " "). . 9.1
.
9.1.
pointer+offset
o f f s e t p o i n t e r
pointer-offset
pointer2-pointerl
,

pointer2
pointeri
offset i n t ( , , ++ +=, ).
, (
), ,
. , . , 123 Main Street, 124 Main Street
( 122 Main Street, ,
).
,
127 Main Street.
123 Main Street + 4 = 127 Main Street
, , 123
127, :
127 Main Street - 123 Main Street = 4
, :
123 Main Street - 123 Main Street =
98
II.

. . . . .
0 , 1 ..
32- ,
charArray. 0x110,
0xl2f. , charArray[0; 0x110, c h a r A r r a y [ l ] 0x111, charAr[2] 0x112 ..
p t r .
p t r = ScharArray[0];
p t r 0x110. .
. 9.2. , charArray.
9.2.
0x110
+1
0x111
charArray[0]
charArray[1 ]
+2
0x112
charArray[2]
+n
0110+
charArray[n]
,
.
, char* p t r - scharArray [0] ;, * ( p t r + ) charArray [n] .
* , ,
* p t r + ,
p t r . , .
* ( p t r + n) , p t r
.

, C++ a r r a y f n ] * ( p t r + n), p t r
a r r a y . C++ a r r a y []
* ( s a r r a y [0] +). , char charArray [20], charArray s c h a r A r r a y [ 0 ] .
, ,
( ). ,
, a r r a y [n] C++
* ( a r r a y + n) .
9.
99

( , ).
, d i s p l a y A r r a y (), , :
// displayArray ,
// nSize
void displayArray(int intArray[], int nSize)
{
cout << " :\";
for (int n = 0; n < nSize; n++)

{
cout n << ": " << intArray[n] M \n";
}
cout << "\n";
,
. , :
// displayArray ,
// nSize
void displayArray(int intArray[], int nSize)
{
cout << " :\n";
int* pArray = intArray;
for(int n - 0; n < nSize; n++, pArray++)
{
cout << n ": " << 'pArray "\n";
}
cout << "\n";
}
displayArray
intArray.
, "
15.
.
for
intArray. pArray,
.
, , , , . .
.
, . . .
100

,
( C++ ). (, ), 7, " ".
C++ .
,
.

,
. ,
, .
7, " ",
c o n c a t S t r i n g {), . :
void c o n c a t S t r i n g ( c h a r s z T a r g e t [ ] , char s z S o u r c e [ ] ) ;
,
. ,
, .
szTarget c o n c a t S t r i n g () while:
void c o n c a t S t r i n g ( c h a r s z T a r g e t [ ] , char szSource[])
{
//
i n t intTargetlndex = 0;
while(szTarget[intTargetlndexj)
{
intTargetIndex++;
, :
void c o n c a t S t r i n g ( c h a r * pszTarget,
char* p s z S o u r c e ) ;
:
void concatString(char* pszTarget, char* pszSource)
{
//
while(*pszTarget)
{
pszTarget++;
c o n c a t S t r i n g while ,
szTarget [ i n t T a r g e t l n d e x ] 0.
pszTarget.
9.
101
ptr++ p t r
p t r + 1.
while pszTarget , . , pszTarget ,

, .
c o n c a t s t r i n g ( )
:
// ConcatenatePtr
//
" - ",
//

//

#include <stdio.h>
void concatString(char* pszTarget, char* pszSource);
{
// ...
char szStringl [256];
cout " #1: ";
cin.getline (szStringl, 128);
// ... ...
char szString2 [128];
cout << " #2: ";
cin.getline(szString2, 12 8 ) ;
// ... " " ...
concatString(szStringl, " " ) ;
// ... ...
// ...
cout << "\" szStringl "\";
return 0;
// concatString *pszSource
//
*pszTarget
void concatString(char* pszTarget, char* pszSource)
{
//
while(*pszTarget)
{
pszTarget++;
}
//
// (
// , ,
102
// )
while(*pszTarget++ = *pszSource++)
main f) , c o n c a t s t r i n g ()
.
, c o n c a t s t r i n g
char*. , while c o n c a t s t r i n g {) pszTarget.
c o n c a t s t r i n g () pszSource pszTarget.

while (), .
1. , pszSource.
2. pszSource
.
3. ,
pszTarget.
4. pszTarget
.
5. , .
while (). , pszTarget
.

: ? , char* ?
c o n c a t e n a t e ()
C++, .
,
C++. , C++, ,
, . ,
,
while (*pszTarget++ = *pszSource++) {} ,

.
. , , FORTRAN, .
, ,
C++,
.
9.
103
, , C++,
. C++
.
.
//
*pszArray++ = '\0';
/ /
*pszArray2 - '\0';
pszArray2 = pszArray2 + 1;
//
//
, ,
.

.

, szTarget + n s z T a r g e t [ ] ,
szTarget . szTarget
0x100, 0x105.
, i n t , .
, 0x114 {0x100 + (5*4) = 0x114).
, , a r r a y + n a r r a y [n], , C++
.
. 123 Main Street
126 Main Street, Main Streel .

. -, ,
.
void arrayPointer()
{
// 128
char charArray[128];
// ,
// ,
char* pArray;
}
charArray 128 , , , .
.
void arrayVsPointer{)
{
//
char charArray[128];
104
charArrayflO] - '';
* (charArray + 10) = '';
// ,
chai* pArray;
pArrayflO] = "";
* {pArray + 10} = '0' ;
}
charArray[10] *(charArray + ) . pArray
. C++ , pArray
, ,
. , [10] * (pArray + 10)
.

(segment violation).
( , ) .
, charArray , pArray . for,
, .
void arrayVsPointer()
{
char charArray[10] ;
for ;int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
"charArray = '\0' ;
// ...
charArray++;
// ...
charArray++ , 10++.
:
void arrayVsPointer{)
{
char charArray[10];
char* pArray = charArray;
for (int i - 0; i < 10; i++)
{
""pArray = ' \0 ' ;
//
pArray++;
//

, ,
. .
,
. :
int*
pints[10];
9.
105
, p i n t s [0] i n t .
, :
void f ()
(
int nl;
i n t * p i n t s [3];
pints[0] = snl;
* p I n t s [ 0 ] = 1;
}
:
void fn ()
{
int nl,n2,n3;
i n t * p l n t s [ 3 ] - { s n l , &n2,
f o r f i n t i - 0 ; i < 3;
{
* p l n t s [ i ] = 0;
&n3,};
:
void
fn()
int nl,n2,n3;
int* pints[3] =
for
{(new i n t ) ,
(new i n t ) ,
(new i n t ) } ,
( i n t i = 0 ; i < 3;
p l n t s [i]
= 0;
,
.. .
. , .

C++ , ,
. C++ ,
( ...). . ( , .)
, , . , 1,
"". ,
1 12.
:
// int2month()
char* int2month{int nMonth]
{
char* pszReturnValue;
switch(nMonth)
106
II.
case 1: pszReturnValue = "";

break;
break;
break;
// ...
default: pszReturnValue = " "
return pszReturnValue;
switch {> , if.
,
, . :
// int2ironth ()
char* i n t 2 m o n t h ( i n t nMonth)
{
//
if (r.Month < 1 I I nMonth > 12)
{
ieturn
"invalid";
}
// r.Month
//
char"* pszMonths [ ] = ( "" ,
"",
"",
"",
"",
"",
"",
"",
"",
"",
"",
"",
""};
return
pszMonths[nMonth];
nMonth, ..
1 12 ( , , d e f a u l t ) . nMonth ,
, .
main ()
main () . , . ,
MS DOS:
MyProgram file.txt /w
9.
107
MS DOS , MyProgram.exe, f i l e . t x t /w. , (/)

(-), , :
, . , <, >, >> | ! ( ),
.
main (). pszArgs, main ,
, a nArgs .
.
// PrintArgs
//

,
#include <stdio.h>
{
//
cout << " " << pszArgs [0] " \" ;
//
for (int i = 1; i < nArg; i++)
{
cout << i << ": " pszArgs[ij "\n";
}
//
cout << " \";
return 0;
}
, main() .
i n t , nArgs.
. char*;
pszArgs.
.
PrintArgs
PrintArgs a r g l arg2 arg3 /w
MS DOS, nArgs 5 ( ).
. , pszArgs [0] , ( "argl", "arg2'\ ...). MS DOS
/, "/w".
108
10

...
/
S
S
FunctionDemo
/ #include
J C++
tw r , * . -.
. , ,
.
[ nftotftcuunf
,
. , .
(linking).
,
. -,
. GNU C++ Visual C++ ""
. .
, .
,
, . , (
).
-, , ,
, . ,
. ,
.
(, , ) , .
10.
109
flfuuiefi nftozftoMMM
, , ...
, , (, , ?). , FunctionDemo 6, " ",
.
, , , FunctionDemo. cpp :
// FunctionDemo
//

//
NestedDemo
//

#include <stdio.h>
// suraSequence
//
,
//
.
//

{
//
int nAccumulator = 0 ;
for (;;)
{
//
int nValue = 0;
cout << " : ";
cin
nValue;
// ...
if (nValue < 0)
{
// ...
break;
// ...
//
nAccumulator = nAccumulator + nValue;
//
return nAccumulator;
{
cout << " \"
<< ". ,\"
<< " .\"
<< " ,\"
<< " ";
110
II.
// ...
int nAccumulatedValue;
do
// ,
//
cout << " ^";
nAccumulatedValue = sumSequence();
//
cout << "\ "
<< nAccumulatedValue
"\";
// . . .
} w h i l e (nAccumulatedValue != 0 ) ;
c o u t << " \ " ;
r e t u r n 0;
, FunctionDemo . , , main () sumSequence ().
nftozfuuutM
FunctionDemo
FunctionDemo. cpp ,
. main , . sumSequence ()
.
, , , ,
.
FunctionDemo
: sumSequence (), main ().
, . sumSequence () , FunctionDemo
, . .
sumSequence ()
sumSequence .
SeparateModule. cpp
sumSequence():
// SeparateModule ,
//
,
//
;
//
,
10.
111
//
main()
#include <stdio.h>
// sumSequence -
//'
,
//
.
//

int sumSequence(ostreams out, istreams in)
I
//
int nAccumulator = 0;
for(;;)
{
//
int nValue = 0;
out << " : ";
in >> nValue;
// ...
if (nValue < 0)
{
// ...
break;
// ...
//
nAccumulator = nAccumulator + nValue;
//
return nAccumulator;
}
SeparateModuIe- cpp , ,
main().
, () .
, .
sumSequence () ,
FunctionDemo 6, " ", .
cin,
cout.
.
c i n i s t r e a m , ,
. , sumSequence () ,
. 26, " -",
.
, -
, .
,
.
112
II.
MainModule.
sumSequence () , MainModule . main ():
// MainModuie- ,
//
,
//
;
//
main()
#include <stdio.h>
int surn3-aquer.ee (ostreams. out, istreams in);
int mainfir.t nArg, char* pszArgs[])
{
out << " \"
<< ". ,\"
<< " .\"
<< " ,\"
<< " \";
// ...
int nAccumulatedValue;
do
{
// ,
//
cout << "\ \";
nAccuirLulatedValue = sumSequence (cout, cin) ;
//
cout " "
<< nAccunulatedValue
<< "\";
// ...
} while (nAccumulatedValue != 0);
cou~ << " \";
return 0;
}
sumSequence (),
:
i n t sumSequence(ostreams out, i s t r e a m s i n ) ;
6, " ".
,
, ,
.

SeparateModule.cpp MainModule.
r h i d e . Compile^Make
<F9>. r h i d e
a o u t . e x e ( , ).
10.
113
GNU C++
, , : . ,
, . , ,
, .
.
1. ProjectÔpen Project.
2. , Separate ( ).
<empty>.
3. Projects Add Item. ,
.
4. MainModule.cpp.
5. Cancel, . Separate .
6. Compile^Make.
, r h i d e
, ,
Visual C++.
Visual C++
Visual C++, .
1. File^Close Workspace,
.
2. MainModule.cpp Compile ( Make).
Make, ,
.
3. Visual C++ . , Visual C++
.-, .
, MainModule.cpp.
4. , , View ^Workspace.
, : (Class View) (File View).
. . -.
5. ,
.
6. Mainmodule,
,
MainModule.

MainModule..
114
II,
7. Add Files, , , , , Microsoft Word.

8. SeparateModule. cpp . MainMcdu l e . c p p SeparateModule.cpp.
9. Build .
#include
main () subsequence (;. . ,
- .
,
, .
C++ , . , .
.
1. SeparateModule .h,
sumSequence {). . h ,
:
// SeparateModule.h
//
SeparateModule.cpp
int sumSequence (ostreams out, istreams ir ) ;
2. MainModule. cpp,
SeparateModule . h .
// MainModule- ,
//
,
//
;
//
main()
#include <stdio.h>
//
#include "SeparateModule.h"
i n t main(int nArg,
char* pszArgs[])
ttinclude , SeparateModule.h. ,
, .
# i n c l u d e .
10.
115
,
. , ,
, , .
, .h-
#def ine. ( ) .
, #ifdef.
ifendif,
tiifdef (#ifndef
).
//Mylnclude.h
//, ;: #define MyModui e_h
// . , ,
//
#ifndef MyModuIe__h
// MyModuie_h ,
//;'^
//
#define MyModuie_h
//;.; , >:
/ / D O
// #ifndef
wendif
, .
++
, ,
, # include < s t d i o . n > ^ i n c l u d e <io:;tream.h>.

.
, . h-
, .h- . ,
C++ , ,
( ), , ,
, . ,
.
116
II.
11
C++
/3 sfnou ...
S
S
/
/ BUDGET
t w ( ""),
** .
.
, .
, . , ,
.
/ tfauta
: , , , , (compile-time error).
, ,
. ,
( !), , , .
, , (run-time error).
, , , ,
(, , "" ).
"" .
,
. , , . .
.

,
, ( WRITE).
WRITE , FORTRAN,
WRITE.
11. C++
117
""
.
.
, , , .
// ErrorProgram
//
,
//

#include <srdio.h>
int mainfint argc, char* pszArgs[])
{
cout << " !\n";
// ,
// ,
//
ir.t nSum;
for (int r.Nums = 0; ; )
i
//
int nValue;
cout << "\ :";
cin >> nValue;
// ...
if {nValue < 0)
(
// ...
cout << "\ : "
<< nSum/nNums
<< "\";
break;
// ,
//
nSum += nValue;
}
return 0;
}
( <F9>).
1, 2 3, -1. ,
? , . 11.1.
"" 1
, . 11.1, .
(
). :
Division by zero at . . . ( . . .). ,
-
( , ?).
118
: : \wiNNT\System32\command.com
-jDlxl
|) :!
:2
^ :
[ :-1
[Exiting Hue to s i g n a l SIGI-Pf
d i v i: s i o n by Zero at eip=0O00161a, x87 status-0000
|eox -000o81ba ebx-0O0901c5 ecx-000n81bci odx-00880800 esi-00000054 edi-0
Iebp"000a81a8 esp-000a817c progranHI A6CC\III\CRR0R.CXC
" "' - base-01c58800 l i m i t O00bf
jcs: e1ids: sel=01af base=Olc5O000 limit-O80bffff
limit=BO0bffff
ies: sel-Olaf
}fs: sel=017f base=O0006d20 H m i t - 0 0 0 0 f f f f
sel=01bf
base=0800UOO0 linit=O010ffff
kjs:
sel=01af
limi1=QO0bffff
stack: I800n81cc. 08O281cc] bxceptn stack: 100028128.,080261e01
i l l frame traceb^ck CIPs:
0*0000161d
0x00010/46
|H:\GCC\J1J>
. .1.
. , "" , (
). , (
, : ,
- ).
, " ". , , , .
,
, Visual C++ GNU C++, .
GNU C++ ( Visual C++
).
rhide, ,
<Ctrl+F9>. 1, 2 3, -1, .
f B
-r ^
,
. ,
, ,
.
r h i d e , "Program exiting code 255(0xfT)" (" 255(0xfT)"), . 11.2. , ,

0.
, , , - .
, Oxff.
, r h i d e
.
11. C++
119
f File Fdit Search Run Compile Debug-Project Options Windows HeJE

h:/gcc/ni/Error.cpp
15/
// ErrorPrograra -
//
. .
//

ttincluifc <stciio.h>
int maintint argc,

-.. cout "
Program exit code: 255 (0x00ffj-
//
//
: //
int nStim;
1:1
F3 Open F5 ZOOM F6 Next
F18 Menu Hlt*K Quit
- 11.2. Oxff ,
^ 4 ^
,
. , <F6>.
,
, , . 11.3.
! " . , , * '
' -
'
JLJ j
Kile bdit~Search Hun Coetpile Debug t'roject Options Hindows'tielp

...
... h-/QCC/jj 1 / j : r r o r c p p
// trrorProgram -
//
,
//

înclude <stc!io.h>
Kinclude <iostreara.h>
int main!int argc, char* pszfirgsH)
{ :
cout " !\';
// ,
// ,
//
.- int nSuM;
E r r o r , C P D 2 8 J in function Main
in function ,crtl,,staHup*178
ilnter JUMP to source l"b Zoom f-6 Next
HU Henu RH-X Quit
. 11.3. rhide ,

"Call frame tmccback" (" ") ,
.
, , .
120
II.
main {},
c r t l _ s t a r t u p ( , ?). ,
28 ErrorProgram. cpp. ...
28 :
cout << "\nAverage is : " // 2 6
<< nSum/nNums
// 27
<< "\";
// 28
, 28 . .
, C++ , .. 26, 27 28 . ,
2628 28- .
, 27.
, , nNums . .
, , nNums ,
. nNums for, , for, :
for
( i n t nNums = ;
;nNums+-)
"" 2
, I, ,
, . , , .
- .
!
:
:
:
:
: 22 952 3
1
2
3
-1
C++
, MS DOS
Windows, ( Visual C++
r h i d e , , ).
?
C++ .
C++ . ,
,
, , , 200 16 .
C++
, .
. , .
11. C++
121
, - nNums nSum ( , ) . , ,
. , nValue, nSum.
.
nValue. nSurn nNums, for ,
:
for (int nNums = 0; ;nNums++)
{
//
int nValue;
cout << "\ :";
cin >> nValue;
// ...
if (nValue < 0)
{
// ...
cout << "\ : "
nSum/nNums
"\";
break;
//
cout << "nSura = " << nSum
<< "\n";
cout "nNums= " << nNums << "\n";
cout << "nValue= "<< nValue << "\n";
cout << "\n";
// ,
//
nSum += nValue;
, nValue, nSum nNums .

1, 2, 3 -1 .
nSum - , ( ).
!
:!
nSum = -858993460
nNums= 0
r.Value= I
:2
nSum = -858993459
nNums= 1
nValue= 2
:3
nSum = -858993457
nNums= 2
nValue= 3
122
II.
:
, , nSura , . , :
i n t nSum = 0;
. , .
, , ,
:
// ErrorProgram
//

//
#include <stdio.h>
int main(int argc, char* pszArgs[])
{
cout << " !\n";
// ,
// ,
// .
int nSum = 0;
for (int nNums = 0; ;nNums++)
{
//
int nValue;
cout << "\ :";
cin >> nValue;
// ...
if (nValue < 0)
{
// ...
cout << "\ :"
<< Sum/nNums
<< "\";
break;
// ,
//
nSum += nValue;
return 0;
}
.
!
:1
:2
11. C++
123
:3
:-1
: 2
, , .
.
,
, .
,
. , , . , . ,
.
, , . , ,
, , , , .
, ,
. , (, , ).

, , , r h i d e Microsoft Visual C++
( ,
).
, , ,
. .

. , .
, .
( r h i d e , Visual C++ ).

C++, ,
, . , .
, . GNU
C++ Visual C++
. . 11.1 .
124
11.1. Microsoft Visual C++ GNU rhide

VISUAL C++
GNU C++
(RHIDE:)
(Build)
<Shift+F8>
<F9>
(Step In)
<F11 >
<F7>
<F10>
<F8>
(Step Over)
(View Variable)
<Ctrl-rF4>
(Set Breakpoint)
<F9>
<CtrkF8>
; (Add watch)
<Ctrl+F7>
(Go)
<F5>
(View
Screen)
(Program Reset)
User

<Shift+F5>
<CtrkF9>
<Alt+F5>
<Ctrl+F2>

. , .
//
Concatenate
//
" - "
bill .
//
( )
#include <sndio.h>
#include <ios~rearr.. h>
void concatString(char szTarget[], char szSource[]};
int main.int nArg, char* pszArgs[])
cout << " \" ;
cout << "( .)\\";
// ...
char szStrir.gl [256] ;
cout << " #1:";
cin.getline(szStringl, 128);
// ... ...
char szString?. [128];
cout << " #2:";
cin.getline(szString2, 12 8; ;
// ... " " ...
concatString ( szSr_ringl , " " ) ;
// ... ...
// ...
cout << "\n" << szStringl << "\";
return 0;
// concatString - * pszSource
11. C++
125
//
* pszTarget
void concatString (char szTarget[], char szSourcel])
int nTarget Index;
int nSourcelndex;
//
while(szTarget[++nTargetIndex])
//
while(szSource[nSourcelndex])
szTarget[nTargetlndex] =
szSource[nSourcelndex];
n7argetlndex++;
nSourceIndex++;
. , " ", " "

(, , ).
Oxff. ( ). , , :
Call frame traceback
Concatenate.epp(4 9) in function concatString FPcTO
Concatenate.epp(28} in function main
in function
crtl__startup+174
, 49 Concatenate, epp, c o n c a t S t r i n g (), 28 main ().
49
while(szTarget[++nTatIndex])
28
concatString(szStringl, " " ) ;
49,
28. , .
. , .

, ,
. rhide Runoprogram Reset.
. . 11.1 , rhide
<Ctrl+F2> { <Shift+F5> Visual C++). , . 11.1. , , , .
Program Reset {
, ).
.
Step Over ( ). r h i d e MS DOS, ,
, -
126
II.
. ( , . .)

main (), . .
Step Over r h i d e
. . (User Screen),

.
. ,
. , ,
.
Step Over
c i n . g e t l i n e (), , .
, , : , , g e t l i n e () , .
<Enter>.
cout << " #2 : ". .

, , -
. , .
c o n c a t s t r i n g {)
Step Over , (. 11.4).
SelNH- Run Conpile
15/16
l-tll-l
h:/sss.cpp
// . . . n<"'iriWTh .. . .
concatStringtszStringl, s7String2);
// ...
cout << " << szStringl << "\n";
return f>:
// concatString - n
//
v o i d conccitStringlc
t
i n t nTargetlnde
34:1
Program has r e c e i v e d s i g n a l :
SIGftBRT. flborted
Open Fb ZOOM 1-6 Next
9 L
10 Menu i l l l ~ K Quit
. 11.4. concatstring
11. C++
127

.
.
.
Program Reset.
Step Over,
c o n c a t s t r i n g (). Step In (
),
c o n c a t s t r i n g (>, . 11.5.
r
cFC/rhkte
File'Edit"Setfrch^-Buh'-Conpiie Debug Project Options Windows Help

(*I======-_======= h:/sss.cpp
//
" pszTarget
void concatStringichar szTargetll, char szSourceN)
{ int nTargetlndcx;
int nSourcelndex;
15/16"
'\
//
while(szSourcclnSourceIndexl}
U.I
F2
Save
F3
">"-~
~~
Open F5
Zoon
F6
Next flli*F9 C o m p i l e
F10
Menu fill* Quit
. 11.5. Step In
Step In Step Over ,
.
Step In,
, . , - .
Cancel
(
). , , , , Go.
Step Over,
. r h i d e ,
.
128
II.
, while . , ,
while .

. , ,
, .
, ,
Program Reset. while
, ,
.
. while
Set breakpoint. , . 11.6.
lFC/W:rWde
file Edit Search BtiH 1041 Options Hindows Helt
h:/sss-cpp
int nlargetlndex;
int nSourcelndex;
15N/17H
1-IM-j
//
hile(szTargeU**nTargetIndex])
[
//
whilefszSourcelnSourcelnclexlJ
(
szTargetlnlargetlndex] szSourcetnSourcelntlex];
J :
' 44:1
is.
' 1-2 Save h3 Open Fb ZOOM 1-6 Next R1M9 Conpile I-IB Hcnu 11 Quit
. 11.6.
,
. . , ,
,
.
Go. , while.
.
, .

while, ,
. ,
, . , , nTarget Index while.
11. C++
129
> t FC/W: rMde

Fdit Search Run &
h:/sss.cpp
15/
1-f T1-3
int nTargetlndex;
int nSourcelndex;
iiTarflet Index
Help
. 11.7.

nTarget Index,
View Variable.
. Eval,
. . 11.7.
, ,
n T a r g e t l n dex nSourcelndex. , (New Value) 0 (
nScurcelndex). Step Over.
, , . Step Over Step In while. ,
while. n T a r g e t l n dex 1.
nTargetlndex
, nTargetlndex
Add Watch. .
Step In .
nTargetlndex 1, .
,
c o n c a t s t r i n g , Go. .
,
szTarget View Variable. . 11.8.
0x68298 .
. .
130
II.
! _cSfc/*it*le
E File Edit
t
1
// none
"
SearchRun
COM
ilfi
JiJe I)
*-buh
Q:/sP
i nsWnidow
s
Helt
ssro
.cie
pcptOoto
tieoDOrt
cir
111
_jni_xj
15H/14H
xpr6ssion
I
H i
esult
ew
value
I szTarget:
iJB
BBS1
Bflft
. 11.8.

( ) .
, , , ( , ). Program Reset c o n c a t s t r i n g , :
void
{
corcatString(char
szTarget[],
char
szSource[])
i n t nTargetIndex = 0;
int nSourcelndex = 0 ;
//
while (szTarget [+J-nTargetIr.dex] )
//
whij e(szSource[nSourcelndex])
{
szTarget{nTargetlndex; =
szSource[nSourcelndex];
nTargetIndexi-+;
r.SourceIndex + + ;
//
szTarget[nTargetlndex] = ' \ G ' ;
)
To, , ,
"". . r.Targetlndex r.Sourcelndex
.
11. C++
131
.
, , ,
, .
, , Go. .

( .)
#1:
#2:
-
!
, ,
( ) .
BUDGET.
. , . , , , .
"" (.. ) C++.
BUDGET ( ). :
| / ;
fi
. / ;
| / ;
I ^ ,
.
,
( , !).
.
BUDGET .
// BUDGET1.CPP ""
#include <stdio.h>
//
const int maxAccounts = 10;
//
unsigned accountNumber[maxAccounts];
double
balance[maxAccounts];
//
void process (unsigned^ accountNurnber,
doubles
balance);
132
II.
void init(unsigneds accountNumber,

doubles
balance);
// main
/ /
{
//
int noAccounts = 0; //
//
while (riOAccounts < maxAccounts)
{
char transactionType;
cout << " , X :'
c;.n >> transactionType;
/'/ , X
;.: (transactionType == ' ' | |
transactionType == 'X')
1
break;
...
(transactionType == '1 ||
transactionType == '')
// ... ...
init(accountNumber[noAccounts],
balance[noAccounts]) ;
// ...
process(accountNumber[ncAccounts],
balance[noAccounts]>;
//
noAccounts++;
//
//
double total = 0;
cout << " :\n";
for (int i = 0; i < noAccounts; i++)
i
ccut << " "
<< accountNumber[i]
<< " = "
<< balance[i]
<< "\n";
//
total += balance[i];
//
11. C++
133
cout << " = "

<< total
<< "\";
return 0;
1
// init ,
//

void init(unsigned& countNumber,
doubles
balance)
{
ccuc << " :";
cin >> accountNumber;
balance = .0;
// process
//

void process (unsigneds accountNurober,
doubles
balance)
{
cout << " \"
<< " \'
double transaction;
do
(
cout << ":";
cin >> transaction;
// ?
if (transaction > 0)
{
balance += transaction;
// ?
if (transaction < 0)
{
//
transaction = -transaction;
if (balance < transaction)
{
cout << " :
<< balance
<< ", "
<< transaction
<< "\";
}
else
{
balance -- transaction;
} while (transaction != 0) ;
134
II.
,
( , ):
X :
-: : 1234

:200
:-100
200
: 100, 200
:0
X :
:2345

:200
:-50
:-50
:-50
:0
X :X
1234 = 100
2345 = 50
= 150
, ,
: ,
.
"". ,
:
, - .
, ,
'' , . , ,
. , ,
! .
, , ,
; . , .
< , , , ? , , , = , .
,
.
, , ,
. , ,
= , -.
, BUDGET.
, , .
, b a l a n c e [n]
accountNumber [n], .
11. C++
135
, ,
MAXACCOUNTS : ;
, ,
. , , , . X
. X, main ().
,
MAXACCOUNTS, , .
,
'X', '' .
'', i n i t o ,
.
process (> .
i n i t () process {) , .
.
,
.
. .
i n i t () .
. (, ).
p r o c e s s ! ) . , .
.
0 . , .
, .
BUDGET.
C++. ,
- C++.
136
//.
III
""
^^
/...
C++
- .
-
.
,
-.
,
.
- ?
.
12

& ...
S
S
/
- ? , , ,
: .
, , .
tf/
,
, .
, , , .
, , .
( , ).
, , .
S .
,
:
; , .
'i s He ,
.
S .
*/ ,
, .
.
. ,
. ,
, . ,
,
.
12. -

. , , "" , , .

, . , , , , - " , , " ..
, : " ".
. "" . , , , ,
. . ""
, . ,
.

. , .
"-"
- ,
, : , ,
. ,
.
( ) .
, ,
( ).

. , . C++.
/<11
.
: " ?"
: " , ...". : " ?"
- : ", , ...". ( , , , .)
, , . ,
, .
. , , , .
140
///. ""
. .
, , .
, , "" "". ,
, , - ,
. . , .
, , , , .. ,
.
,
. , ", ...", , (, ). . , . .

? .
, . - ?
,

. ,
. ,
. , , . , ?

!
,
" ". . : " . .
3000 . .
, ". !
.
%
|
I
I
S
fV
|
|
. , .

, , .
. - . ,
.
,
.
.
. , ,
, . ,
.
12. -
13
C++
S
: , ,
^ ^ .. , . ,
, ,
. ,
.
, , . .
( , ). ,
, , .
/&

. , .
C++ ,
, .

, ,
, ;
// dataset
class NameDataSet
{
public:
char firstName[128];
char lastName [128];
int creditCard;
}
// dataset
NameDataSet nds;
c l a s s ,
, .
s t r u c t ,
c l a s s , p u b l i c .
public. (He
, , .
, p u b l i c p r i v a t e .
p r i v a t e , p u b i i c :-).)
142
///. ""
p u b l i c . , NaneDaraSet , . , i n t
( , ).
,
.
nds,
NameDataSet. , nds , .
, nds KameDataSet
, NameDataSet. , firstName , . .

:
NameDataSet nds;
nds.creditCard = 1;
cin >> nds.firstName;
cin >> nds . lastNairve;
nds NameDataSet ( NameDat a S e t ) ; n d s . c r e d i t C a r d nds;

nds. c r e c i t C a r d i n t , ,
nds . firstName, char [ j .
, : nds,
. - 10 (, !).
.
nds , , .
i n t getlJata (NameDataSet& nds)
{
coir: << " : " ;

cin >> nds.firstName;
if fstricmp(nds.firstName, "exit") == 0)
{
return 0;
cout << " :";
cin. >> nds . lastName;
cout << " :
cir >> nds.creditCard;
return 1;
13. C++
743
// displayData
void displayData(NameDataSetfi nds)
{
cout << nds.firstName
<< " "
<< nds.lastName
"/"
<< nds.creditCard
"\n";
}
{
const int MAX = 25;
// 25 NameDataSet
NameDataSet nds[MAX];
// ,
//
coat << " / :\"
<< " 'exit'\"
" \";
int index - 0;
while (getData(nds[index]) & index < MAX)
{
index++;
}
cout "\:\n";
for (int i = 0; i < index; i++)
{
displayData(nds[i] ) ;
}
return 0;
}

NameDataSet,
// DataSet
//

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
// NameDataSet
/ /
class NaineDataSet
{
public:
char firstName[128] ;
char lastName [128];
int creditCard;
};
int getData(NameDataSetS nds)
{
cout << " : ";
144
HI. ""
cin
>> nds.firstName;
if (stricmp(nds.firstName, "exit") == 0)
{
return 0;
out << " : ";
cin >> nds.lastName;
out << " :
cin
nds.creditCard;
return 1;
// displayData
// NameDataSet
void displayData(NameDataSet& nds)
{
cout << nds.firstName
<< " "
<< nds.lastName
"/"
nds.creditCard
<< "\n";
}
int mainfint nArg, char* pszArgs[])
{
const int MAX = 25;
// 25 NameDataSet
NameDataSet nds[MAX];
// ,
//
cout << " / \"
<< " 'exit' ";
int index = 0;
while (getData(nds[index]) & index < MAX)
{
index++;
}
cout << ":\n";
for (int i = 0; i < index; i++)
i
displayData(nds[i]);
)
return 0;
}
main () 25 NameDataSet,
.
while getData ,
. , getData ()
0
( 25). displayData, .
13. C++
145
g e t D a t a O NameDataSet,
rids. "&"
15, " ".
g e t D a t a O firstName. s t r i c m p O , " e x i t " , getDataO
main (), , . (
s t r i c m p O , . "EXIT",
" e x i t " .) " e x i - " ,

nds.
dispIayData () nds.
:
/
'exit'
: Stephen
: Davis
: 123456
: Marshall
: Smith
: 5678 90
: exit
:
Stephen Davis/123456
Marshall Smith/567890
, .
(, !). e x i t , . . Marshall Smith . e x i t . , ,
.
146
III, ""
14

6 ...
/
-/ -
S -
/ -
S
S -
S -
S -
*77

^ *' . Savings
.
class Savings
{
public:
unsigned accountNuraber;
float balance;
};
Savings :
void fn(void)
(
Savings a;
Savings b;
a.accountNumber = 1; // , ...
b.accountNumber = 2; // ...
}
a.accountNuniber b. accountNumber.
, ( ).
.
C++ , . ,
Savings , - .
14.
147

-, . , :
, ,
..
. C++ strcmp ()
getLine () . 26,
" -", ,
- (in >> cout <<) , .
Savings
:
class Savings
{
public:
unsigned accountNumberefloat balance;
unsigned deposit(unsigned amount)
{
balance += amount;
return balance;
Savings d e p o s i t (). Savings . , MicrowaveGven ( )
cook () (), Savings d e p o s i t ().
, , -.
-
-?
:
class Savings
{
public:
unsigned accountNumber;
float balance;
I;
unsigned deposit(Savings & s, unsigned amount)
s.balance + = amount;
return s.balance;
i
: "&"
.
deposit() " ".
, Savings. ,
, -
.
148
III. ""
, "",
. -
, -
.
, . , ,
.. ,
" ". , - Savings, dep o s i t (), . , , . ,
, , ( )
. Savings,
, , "".
2)<5 cfti/-
: -
( , ?).
-
-,
Student :
class Student
(
public:
int
semesterHours;
float gpa;
//
float addCourse(int hours, float grade)
{
//
//
float weightedGPA;
weightedGPA = semesterHours * gpa;
//
semesterHours += hours;
weightedGPA += grade * hours;
gpa = weightedGPA / semesterHours;
//
return gpa;
addCourse ( i n t , f l o a t ) - Student.
, Student, semesterHours gpa.
, , , ,
- .
14.
149
- . -
, C++. ,

C + + , , ,
"-" (, ,
).
" ",
"" "-", .
"" C++ , .

- .
a d d C o u r s e ( i n t , f l o a t ) s t u d e n t : : a d d C o u r s e ( i n t , f l o a t ) ,
.
addCourse ( i n t , f l o a t ) , - .
, Student (: : -).
, .
.
addCourse ( i n t , f l o a t ) ,
Student; ,
, ( : ,
).
Teacher: : addCourse (ir.t, f l o a t )
Golf: : addCourse (int., f l o a t ) . addCourse ( i n t , f l o a t )
, , .
-
- , ,
- :
class Student
{
public:
int
semesterHours;
float gpa;
};
Student s;
void fn(void)
{
// - s
s . seines terHours = 10;
s.gpa = 3.0;
}
,
. , .
150
III. ""
Student s;
void fn(void)
{
//
semesterHours = 10;
/ / ?
Student::semesterHours = 10;
// , ,
// ,
//
-
- - , .
Student f;
void fn(void)
{
// s
s.semesterHours = 10;
s.gpa = 3.0;
s . a d d C o u r s e ( 3 , 4 . 0 ) ; / / -
}
, - , - . , , .
, .
: "s ,
addCourse () "; , , s , .
, , .
- ,
- .
2) -
, : " -
! -
! ..." , - s t u dent : : addCourse () ... ? addCourse () ,
!
: - , ? , . ,
Student addCourse (), ,
addCourse (). ? :
#include "student.h"
float Student: :addCourse (int hours, float grade)
{
float weightedGPA;
//
14.
151
weightedGPA += hours * grade;
return gpa;
int main(int argcs, char* pArgs[])
Student s;
Student t;
s.addCourse{3, 4.0); // 4
t. addCourse (3, 2.5); /'/ 2 ...
return 0;
addCourse () s,
s. , s e mesterHours s . addCourse () s. semesterHours, gpa s.gpa. main (), addCourse () t
Student, t t . semesterHours t . gpa.

- , ?
-
. , - :
s . a d d C o u r s e ( 3 , 2 . 5 ) S t u d e n t : : a d d C o u r s e f&s, 3, 2.5)
(, , ;
, ).
, , , .
.
, - ,
, ,
(this) . , t h i s . S t u d e n t : :addCourse ()
:
float Student::addCourse(int hours, float grade)
{
float weightedGPA;
weightedGPA - this->semesterHours * this->gpa;
//
this->semesterHours += hours;
weightedGPA += hours * grade;
this->gpa = weightedGPA / this->semesterHours;
return this->gpa;
}
, t h i s - >
, .
152
III. ""
, -, "",
, -, . ,
.
^ &
: : , ,
. ,
.
: : , . addCourse ()
: : a d d C o u r s e ( i n t , f l o a t ) .
: : , . :
// addCotrse
f l o a t adcCourse(in hours, f l o a t grade)
{
return
hours*grade;
}
class Student
{
public:
int
semesterHours;
float g p a ;
//
<
//
vêightedGPA = addCourse (semesterHours, gpa);
//
//
weightedGPA += addCourse(hours, grade);
//
return gpa;
, - S t u d e n t : : addCourse ()
: : addCourse (). : : addCourse
Student S t u d e n t : : addCourse () .
-
, .
,
. : : ( ):
14.
153
// addCourse
float addCourse(in hours, float grade)
{
return hours*grade;
}
class Student
[
public:
int
semesterHours;
float gpa;
//
float addCourse{int hours, float grade)
{
//
weightedGPA = ::addCourse(semesterHours, gpa)
//
//
weightedGPA += ::addCourse(hours, grade);
gpa = weightedGPA / semesterHcurs;
//
return gpa;
, .
, : , ,
. - , "
" " -" - . .
.
,
.
-
- , .
, , s t u dent . h:
class Student
(
public:
int semesterHours ;
float gpa;
//
{
//
//
float weightedGPA;
154
III. ""
//
sernesterHours += hours;
pa = weightedGPA / semesterKours.
//
return gpa;
-
-, , (, inline) (
, ). inline-, -, , ,
.
inline- . , .
, , , inline- - , .
, - inline-. ,
. - .
, .
, , ,
. C++. -,
, inline-, .
^
;' -, ; ,
-

. , C++
- .
s t u d e n t , , :
class Student
(
public:
int
semesterKours;
float; gpa;
14.
155
//
//
// Student
float Student::addCourse(int hours, float grade)
float weightedGPA;
//
return gpa;
addCourse ().
.
- , , ,
.
Student S t u d e n t : : addCourse ()
. , .
Student , s t u d e n t . h ,
,
Student..
S t u d e n t ,
. S t u d e n t .
.obj-,
.
6, " ".
-
- , (
6, " ", , ). ,
,
.
class Student
{
public:
//grade
float grade();
//grade
//
float grade(float newGPA);
II... - ...
};
class Slope
{
public:
//grade
156
///. ""
float grade () ;
//... -...
};
//grade
char grade{float value);
{
Student s;
s.grade(3.5};
//Student::grade(float)
float v = s . grade ();//Student::: grade ()
char = grade(v);
//::grade (float)
Slope o;
float m = .grade();//Slope::grade()
return 0;
}
main () .
,
, ,
( ). .
-
S t u d e n t : : grade ( f l o a t ) S t u d e n t : : grade () .
.
s . grade ()
S t u d e n t : : grade () , s Student.
: : grade ( f l o a t ) ,
.
Slope, - Slope : :grade ( f l o a t ) .
14.
157
15

...
S
S
S
/
S
Linked List Data
*77
C++ -. * * , ;
? (
, ). Student,
, , .
OnfteqeAettue

. , .
, , 0.
C++ , .
int array[10];
// 10
,
:
a r r a y [ 0 ] = 10;
[ 9 ] = 20;
// 10
// 20
( 0) 10, 2 0.
, C++ 0 , , 1.
, ,
, .
. .
158
///. ""
innvariable;
//
int" pVariable = &.variable;
// pVariable
*pVariable = 10; // 10 ,
// pVariable
pVariable , v a r i a b l e . ,
pVariable, 1.
( , !),
:
S v a r i a b l e ;
^ pVariable ;
, 10, , .
, ( , ).
7, " ",
() , 8, " C++ 1 ', 9, " ",
.
, . :
c l a s s Student
{
public:
int
semesterHours;
float gpa;
float addCourse(int hours, float g r a d e ) ;
};
void someFn()
{
// 10
Students[10;;
// 5.0
s [ 4] .gpa = 5 . 0 ;
(!]
// ,
// ...
s [ 4 ] . a d d C o u r s e ( 3 , 0.0) ;
}
s s t u d e n t . s [ 4 ]
, , s [ 4 ] -gpa
. s [ 4 ] . a d d C o u r s e ()
.
15.
159

, .
class Student
{
public:
int
sernesterHours;
float gpa;
float addCourse fint hours, float grade) {return 0.0};
};
{
// Student
Student s;
// Student
Student* pS;
// pS s
pS - &s;
return 0;
}
pS " s t u d e n t " ; ,
s t u d e n t * .

, s.
{
//
Student s;
Student* pS= &s; // s
// gpa ,
// pS ( )
*pS.gpa = 3.5;
return 0;
}
, . ,
". " " * " .
C++ . ,
, .
i n t i = 2* (1+3);
//
.
i n t m a i n ( i n t a r g c , char* pArgs[})
{
Student
s;
Student* pS= Ss; // s

// gpa ,
// pS ( )
(*pS).gpa = 3.5;
160
III. ""
return 0;
"ps , pS, , .gpa .

* .
, .
C++ ->, *; , pS->gpa (*pS) .gpa.
,
( ).
/

.

, C++ . ( 6, " ", .)
, :
.
#include "Student.h"
// Student no
void soneFn(Student valS)
cout << "GPA = " valS.GPA "\n";
i
Student s;
s.semesterHours = 10;
.gpa = 3.0;
// s
s ome Fn(s);
return 0;
}
main () s,
s ome Fn ().
5^^-
, .
15.
161
v a i s soraeFnO
s main (). valS s main {).

,
.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <iostreara.h>
class Student
(
public:
int
semesterHours;
float gpa;
float addCourse(int hours, float grade){return 0.0};
};
void someFn(Student* pS)
f
pS->semesterHours = 10;
p5->gpa = 3.0;
pS->addCourse (3, 4.0); // -
}
{
Student s;
// s someFn(>
someFn fSs);
// pS
Student* pS;
pS = Ss;
someFn(pS);
return 0;
}
, someFn (), Student. s someFn () s. : ps -.

someFn ().

, :
? , , ,
.
-, , . , :
162
III. ""
#include <stdio.h>
class Student
{
public:
int
semesterHours;
float gpa;
float addCourse(int hours, float grade)(return 0.0;};
};
void someFn(Student copyS)
{
copyS.semesterHours = 10;
copyS.gpa
= 3.0;
copyS.addCourse(3, 4.0); // -
}
int mainfint argc, char* pArgs[])
{
Student s;
s . gps. = 0.0;
// s.gpa someFn
cout " s.gpa = " s.gpa << "\n";
//
cout << " someFn(Student)\n";
someFn(s) ;
// s.gpa someFn 0
cout << " .gpa = " << s.gpa << "\n";
return 0;
}
someFn () s. someFn () ,
. , copyS s, soraeFn ()
s, , main .
.
s.gpa = 0
someFn(Student)
s.gpa = 0
someFn () , , :
#include <:stdio.h>
class Student
{
public:
int
semesterHours;
float gpa;
float addCourse(int hours, float grade){return 0.0;};
15.
163
void someFn(Student * pS)

{
pS->sernesterHours = 10;
pS->gpa
= 3.0;
pS->addCourse(3, 4.0);
// -

{
Student s;
s.gpa = 0.0;
// s.gpa someFn
cout << " s.gpa = " << s.gpa << "\n";
//
cout << " someFn(Student)\n";
someFn(&s);
// s.gpa someFn 3.0
cout << " s.gpa = " << s.gpa << "\n";
return 0;
)
someFn ()
s ( , ).
:
s.gpa = 0
someFn(Student)
s.gpa = 3 . 0

9, " ",
, .
#include "Student.h"
// ,
void someFn(Students refS)
I
refS.semesterHours = 10;
refS.gpa = 3.0;
refS.addCourse(3, 4.0); // -
}
Student s;
{
someFn(s);
return 0;
}
someFn () ,
. , s ome Fn () s, ma in ().
s;
C++ .
164
III. ""
[ tct/
, , . , ,
. ,
, :
MyClass* myFunct)
{
//
MyClass me;
MyClass* pMC = &mc;
return pMC;
}
myFunc () , ,
, myFunc (), .
:
MyClass* myFunc(}
{"
MyClc.ss* pMC = new MyClass;
return pMC;
}

.
:
.
, , .
,
:
MyClass :[100];
[ 3 ;
// 100
/ / (+1) -
.
.
, , , , .
void
(
fnfint nSize)
//
//MyClass
MyClass* pMC = new MyClass[n];
//
15.
165
//
}
, .
MyClass YourClass .
, .
,
. ( , , .)
, . , , .

, ,
, . .
, .
. , .
class LinkableClass
{
public:
LinkableClass* pNext;
//
};
LinkableClass.
,
. ,
.
pNext , . , , , "".
.
LinkableClass*,
, ,
"" ( ,
LinkableClass).
0. , , "".
0 .
L i n k a b l e C l a s s t . C++ 0 ( ,
" ").
, , .
void addHead(LinkableClass* pLC)
{
pLC->pNext = pHead
pHead = pLC;
166
III, ""

. :
void addlail(LinkableClass* pLC)
{
//
LinkebleClass* pCurxent = pHead;
// ,
//
// pNext
while- (pCurrent->pNext != f LinkabieClass* ) 0]
{
pCurrent = pCurrent->pNext;
}
// LC
pCurrent->pNext = pLC;
// 0
// ,
//
pLC->pNext = (LinkableClass&*}0;
}
addTail ()
, pNext . . addTail () pLC* .
( . ,
pHead. pHead , .)
remove () .
1, , 0 .
void remove(LinkableClass* pLC)
{
LinkableClass* pCurrent = pHead;
// , *pLC
if {^Current == (LinkableClass*) 0)
{
return 0;
}
//
//
while (pCurrent->pNext);
{
//
if(pLC==pCurrent->pNext)
{
//..-
//
pCurrent->pNext = pLC->pNext;
// ,
//
pLC->pNext = (LinkableClasss*)0;
return 1;
return 0;
}
15.
167
removed , . ,
0 ( *pLC ).
, remove ,
. ,
pNext pNext . , ,
, ,
.

, . .
. , , .
, . ,
.
.
JlfiOiftcuuta fjnked&stData
LinkedListData
, .
// LinkedListData
//

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
// NameDataSet
//
class NameDataSet
{
public:
char szFirstName[128];
char szLastName [128];
int nSocialSecurity;
//
NameDataSet* pNext;
};
//
NameDataSet* pHead = 0;
// addTail
void addTail(NameDataSet* pNDS)
{
// ,
//
pNDS->pNext = 0;
// ,
//
168
///. ""
//
if {pHead == 0)
{
pHead = pNDS;
return;
}
// ,
NameDataSet* pCurrent = pHead;
while(pCurrent->pNext)
{
pCurrent = pCurrent->pNext;
}
//
pCurrent->pNext = pNDS;
}
// getData
//
; ,
//

NameDataSet* getData()
{
//
NameDataSet* pNDS = new NameDataSet;
//
cout << " : ";
cin >> pNDS->szFirstName;
// 'exit'...
if ((stricmp(pNDS->szFirstName, "exit") == 0))
{
// ... ...
delete pNDS;
// ... ,
return 0;
}
//
cout << " : ";
cin >> pNDS->szLastName;
cout " : ";
cin >> pNDS->nSocialSecurity;
//
pND->pNext - 0;
//
return pNDS;
}
// displayData - NameDataSet
void displayData{NameDataSet* pKDS)
{
cout; pNDS->szFirstName
<< " "
pNDS->S2LastName
15.
169
<< pNDS->nSocialSecurity
"\n";
cout << " / \"
" 'exit' \";
// NameDataSet
NameDataSet* pNDS;
while (pNDS = getDataO)
f
//
// NameDataSet
addTail(pNDS);
//
// ( ,
// )
cout ":\";
pNDS = pHead;
while(pNDS)
//
displayData(pNDS);
//
pNDS = pNDS->pNext;
I
return 0;
, LinkedListData . main () getData (), NameDataSet . " e x i t " , getData () . main (} addTail (), , getData (), .
NameDataSet,
main () , displayData ().
g e t D a t a O NameDataSet.
getData ()
. " e x i t " ,
0. g e t D a t a O , pNext
.
! : " ".
addTail ()
addTail , ,
. pHead , addTail
.
d i s p l a y D a t a () .
170
III. ""
16

!
/3 1 ...
S
/
S
13, " C++", .

p u b l i c , .. , . , p u b l i c .
, . , (public)
.

, ,
- .
i / .
1
( - ), ?

)
. ,
|
.
1
.
' S , I
. t

I
( , \

I
).
1
S .
i
,
|
( ).
, (
;,
|
).
I
, 8, " I
C + + " .
16. : !
171
I ^ I
. , |
- .
, : " ! ,
".
, . , , .

p u b l i c
, , . p r o t e c t e d , , .. , . .
, s t u d e n t .
, , (
spendKoney ( ) drinkBeer ( ), ):
addCourse ( i n t h o u r s , f l o a t grade) ;
grade f) ;
hours () .
s t u d e n t , "" s t u d e n t .
class Student
{
public:
// grade
float graded
{
return gpa;
}
// hours
int hours f)
{
return semesterHours;
}
// addCourse
//
//
protected:
int semesterHours; //
float gpa;
//
};
semesterHours gpa
Student, .
Student s;
172
III. ""
// ( ,
// )
s.gpa = 3.5;
//
float gpa = s.grade(); //
// ,
//
return 0;
}
gpa
.

,
p u b l i c p r i v a t e . , .
.
p r i v a t e . ,
p r i v a t e . p r o t e c t e d p r i v a t e 21,
" ".
xoftouiu
, ,
, .

p r o t e c t e d gpa . , .
gpa,
, , :
class Student
{
public:
// grade ,
float grade()
{
return gpa;
}
//
float grade(float newGPA)
{
float oldGPA = gpa;
//
if (newGPA > 0 && newGPA <= 5.0)
{
gpa = newGPA;
}
return oldGPA;
16. : !
173
II...
protected:
float gpa;
};
grade ( f l o a t ) gpa. , .
gpa , ,
0 5.0.
s t u d e n t ,
.

.
, , , . , .
, , (
).
.

, .
f r i e n d ().
" .,."
-. ""
, ,
.
,
, .
, , .
,
. , , ,
.
Student.
class Student;
{
friend void initialize(Student*);
public:
// ,
protected:
float gpa;
774
III. ""
// Student
//
void initialize(Student *pS)
f
pS->cpa=Q;
//
pS->=emesterHours = 0;
}

. , , . ,
,
. , , .
class Student;
class Teacher
i
friend void registration();
protected:
int noStudents;
Student *pList[100];
public:
void assignGrades();
};
class Stjdent
{
friend void rpî.t:". .' '
public:
// ,
protected:
Teacher *;
float gpa;
};
r e g i s t r a t i o n s t u d e n t Teacher, ,
.
, s t u d e n t ,
. : .
, , , , Teacher,
s t u d e n t . ,
. - :
class Teacher
{
// ,
public:
);
class Student
{
friend void Teacher::assignGrades();
public:
// ,
protected:
16. : !
175
float gpa;
};
void Teacher::assignGrades {);
{
//
// Student
}
, -
, s t u d e n t .
. , -
, :
class Student;
class Teacher
{
protected:
int noStudents;
Student *pList[100];
public:
};
class Student
{
friend class Teacher;
public:
--
// ,
protected:
Teacher *pT;
float gpa;
);
- Teacher
s t u d e n t . .
176
///. ""
17
:

& ...

,
\S . , . C++
, C++ (,
, , ). , , " ".
. ? ?
Dog,
. , . ,
Dog (, :
...).
, .
Dog , .
,
Dog, , .
, . , Dog ( ) .
.
, . ,
.
, -
. , , . ,
pickOne ().
int me;
void pickOne (}
<
int noMe;
17. : 177
- , .. , , .
, , .
C++ -, . - , . , , .
.
-, . , .

, :
struct Student
{
int
semesterHours;
float gpa;
};
void fnf)
{
Student s = {0,0};
// ... ...
}
C++,
.
.
class Student
{
public:
// ... ...
protected:
int
semesterHours;
float gpa;
};
void fn()
{
Student s = {0,0);
// ,
// -
// ... ...
}
f ()
semesterHours gpa, ( ).
178
///. ""
, ,
, .
, .
.
class Student
(
public:
void init()
{
semesterHours = 0;
gpa = 0.0;
}
// ... ...
protected:
int semesterHours;
float gpa;
};
void fn ()
{
Student s;
// ...
s . init {);
// ...
// ... ...
}

. , ,
- i n i t (). .
, .

!

~ -, . ,
. ( , - . , C++ , , : "
i n i t { ) ' \ , ; .) , , ( ,
).
:
class Student
!
public:
Student ()
{
out << " Student\n";
semesterHours = 0;
gpa = 0.0;
17. : 179
// ... ...
protected:
int
semescerHours;
float gpa;
void fn()
{
Student s;
//
// ... ...
}
s t u d e n t : : s t u d e n t (]
, s.
(inline) . ,
:
class Student
{
public:
Student();
// ... ...
protected:
int
semesterHours;
float gpa;
i;
Student: :Student
(
cout << " Student\n";
semesterHours = 0;
gpa = 0.0;
I
void f.n (]
{
Student s;
//
// ... ...
int main(int arges, char* pArgs[])
{
f n () ;
return 0;
I
main(),
.
, .
GNU C++ 29, "
".
,
s. (Step into), s t u d e n t : : s t u d e n t () (
inline- , , Outline
inline functions, ;
).
. , .
180
///. ""
. , ,
:
v o i d f. n ;!
Student s [5];
//
//... ...
}

.
, , , ( ) .
, .
! -, ,
s t a d e n t :
void n i)
{
Stucent s;
//
// ... ...
s . St udenz () ; // ,
//
}

void.
-, ,
. , , , :
# i n d u c e <iostream. h>
c l a s s Student
{
public :
SU.dent ()
{
coui << " Student\n";
semes torHours = ;
gpa = 0.0;
)
// ... ...
protected:
int
semesterHours;
float gpa;
};
class Teacher
(
public:
Tea-her()
cout << " Teacher\n";
class T jitorPair
17. : 181
public:
TutorPair()
{
cout << " TutorPair\n";
noMeetings = 0;
)
protected:
Student student;
Teacher teacher;
int noMeetings;
};
{
TutorPair tp;
cout << " rnain()\n";
return 0;
}
:
Student
Teacher
TutorPair
main()
tp main;) T u t o r P a i r .
T u t o r P a i r ,
- s t u d e n t t e a c h e r .
s t u d e n t ,
. Teacher. T u t o r P a i r ,
.
, T u t o r P a i r
s t u d e n t t e a c h e r .
, .
qeanftiffctnofi
, .
,
. - .

; . , ,
. : , ,
. , - .
182
III. ""

, , (-) (C++ : ,
"", .. ). , . Student :
class Student
{
public:
Stucent ()
{
sernesterHours = 0;
gpa = 0.0;
}
-Student ()
{
//
}
// ... ...
protected:
int
semesterHours;
fleet gpa;
};
, , C++, .
(" "),
. " ". , , , r e t u r n .
, .
, , . ,
-. T u t o r P a i r , .
#incluae <stdio.h>
# includes < lost ream. h>
class Student
{
public:
Student()
{
semesterHours = 0;
gpa = 0.0;
}
-Studentf)
{
}
// ... ...
protected:
int: semesterHours ;
float gpa;
17. : 183
class Teacher
I
public:
Teacher ()
cout " Teacher\n";
-Teacher()
cout << " Teacher\n";
class TutorPair
pub-1 i :
TutorPair()
cout << " Tutor?air\n";
noMeeHings = 0;
-TutorPair(>
cout << " T u t o r P a i r W ;
protected:
Student s;
Teacher t;
i.nt noMeetings ;
};
i n t rnain ( i n t a r g c s , c h a r * pArgs [ ] )
TutorPair
tp;
cout << " main()\n";

return 0;
, :
Student
Teacher
TutorPai r
main()
TutorPair
Teacher
Student
, T u t o r P a i r t p , main . .
184
III. ""
18

1 ...
S
S
S
/
^
. ,
\* Student .
, , .
, , ""
. , s t u dent. , .
C++ -, .
.
, 17, " :
", , .. ,
. .
faucCHcufyutHbsccHaflfUfKMo/
//
C++ , :
#include <string.h>
class Student
{
public:
Student(char *pName)
{
out << " " << pName << "\n";
strncpy(name, pName, sizeof(name));
name[sizeof(name) 1] = '\0';
}
// ... ...
protected:
char name(40];
int
sernesterHours;
float gpa;
};
18.
185

,
, , . -, .

, ,
, . ,
, : .
,
, . , ( ) . -
, , .
, (C++ ,
, - ). BankAccount , .
, ,
.

. , -
, , -, .
,
. ,
s s t u d e n t ,
Student (char* ). s main ().
#include <string.h>
class Student
{
public:
Student(char "pName)
{
cout << " " << pName << "\n";
s t r n c p y (name, pNarrLe, s i z e o f (name) ) ;
name[sizeof(name) 1]
= '\0';
semesterHours = 0;
gpa = 0.0;
}
-Student()
{
cout << " " << name << "\n";

// ,
name[0] - '\0';
// ... ...
protected:
char name[40];
int
semesterHours;
float gpa;
186
///. ""
int main(int argcs,
char* pArgs[])
Student s ( " D a n n y " ) ; //

r e t u r n 0;
)
/ /
, 17, " : ", , pName, char*.
- ,
name, .
s main (). , , s . s Danny. main()
Danny.
:
Danny
Danny
"
inline-". ( !).
:
#include <string.h>
class Student
{
public:
Student(char *pName)
-Student ()
//... ...
protected:
char name[40];
int
semesterHours ;
floa'i
II (
// )
Student::Student(char *pName)
{
cout << " " pName << "\n";
strncpy(name, pName, sizeof(name)I;
name[sizeof(name) 1] = '\0';
semesterHours = 0;
gpa = 0 . 0 ;
}
// ,
Student::-Student()
cout << " " << name << "\n";
}
C++, .
18.
187

-, : .
" " , , .
, ,
6, " ".
C++ , ,
. , Student , :
#include <string.h>
class Student
{
public:
Student ()
i
out << " ";
semesterHours = 0 ;
gpa = . ;
name[0] = '\0';
}
Student (char ^pNair.e)
{
out << " " < <" pNane << "\n";
strncpy (narr.e, pName, sizeo: (name) ) ;
name [ sizeof (name ) 1'. = ' \0 ' ;
semesterKours = 0 ;
gpa = 0;
}
Student (char "*pName, int xfiEcurs, t'loat xfrGPA)
{
cout << " " << p.Mame << "\n";
strncpy (name, pName , size of (narr.e) ) ;
name [ si zeof (name ) 1 ] = ' \Q ' ;
semesterHours = x f u rs;
gpa = xfrGPA;
}
-Student()
j
cout << " \";
}
// ... ...
protected:
char name[40];
int
semesterKours;
float gpa;
};
//
//
7
int main (int arges, char* pArqs[])
{
Student noName;
188
HI. ""
Student freshMan("Smell E. fish");

Student xfer("Upp R. Classman", 80, 2.5);
return 0;
}
noName , s t u d e n t : : s t u d e n t ,
. ( , , , .)
freshMan ,
char*; xfer .
, ( ) . ,
, .
#include <io5treairi. h>
#include <string.h>
class Student
{
public:
S t u d e n t ( c h a r *pName ="no name",
i n t xfrHours = 0,
f l o a t xfrGPA = 0.0)
{
cout << " " << pName << " \ n " ;

strncpy{name, pName, s i z e o f ( n a m e ) ) ;
name [sizeof(name) 1] = ' \ 0 ' ;
semesterHours = xfrHours;
qpa = xfrGPA;
}
-Student()
{
cout << " \";

}
// ... ...
protected:
char name[40];
int semesterHours ;
float gpa;
f
Student noName;
Student freshMan("Smell E. Fish");
Student xfer{"Upp R. Classman", 80, 2.5);
return 0;
}
, , f r e s h Man noName.
C++ , . .
, .
18.
189
fcofiaitftifkJH0fto6
no
, C++ .
, C++ ,
, . , , , C++ ( ,
), - .
, C++ (
C++ , , ).
: , , .
.
.
class Student
{
//... , ,
};
{
Student noName;
return 0;
}
noName , C++ . s t u d e n t C++ ,
- .
.
class Student
{
public:
Student(char *pName);
}
};
int main(int arges, char* pArgs

{
Student noName;
return 0;
To, s t u d e n t ( c h a r * ) , ,
C++ . GNU C++ ( , :
):
Error: no matching function for call Student::Studentf)
(: ,
Student::Student())
190
III. ""
, s t u d e n t : : Student ().
, :
class Student
{
public:
Student(char *pName|;
Studentf);
};
{
Student noName;
return 0;
}
, , C++
.
/&>&///#
- , ,
f l o a t i n t . , . , , ? .
#include <string.h>
int nextStudentld = 0;
class Studentld
(
public:
Studentld()
{
value = +rnextStudent!d;
coat << " "
<< value << "\n";
}
protected:
int value;
class Student
{
public:
Student(char "pName = "no name")
{
out << " " << pName << "\n
:;trncpy (name, pName, sizeof (name) ) ;
name [sizeof(name) - 1] = '\0';
}
protected:
char
narr.e [40] ;
Studentld id;
int main!int argcs, char* pArgs[])
18.
191
Student s("Randy");
return 0;
}
s t u d e n t . "" ,
nextStudent 13.
Student id. Student ID. Student id, Student St.uder.tlD.
s t u d e n t SLudentlo, - , ,
. StudentiD Student.
C++ , id
StudentiD: : StudentiD ().
Student, , . ( , ,
. Outline inline functions.) :
1
Randy
: StudentiD ,
Student.
( , , . "".)
,
, C++, - . .
- (, , ).
, . , ? ?
: , , s t u d e n t , ,
, stuaen_iD.
, .
#include <string.h>
class Student Id
{
public:
Studentld(int id = 0)
{
value = id;
out << " id, "
<< value << "\n";
}
-Studentld(}
{
cout << " " << value << "\n";
192
III. ""
protected:
int value
class Student
{
public:
Student(char *pName = "no name", int ssld = 0)
f
cout " " << pName << "\n";
s-rncpy(name, pName, sizeof(name));
name[sizeof(name} - 1] = '\0';
/'
/ / -
S-udentld id(ssld);
}
protected:
char name[40] ;
StudentId id;
};
(
Student s("Randy", 1234);
cout " main\n";
return 0;
)
Studer.tID ,
( , , ; ). s t u d e n t (.. ) id
S t u i e n t l D .
,
, , ,
id, 0
Randy
id, 1234
1234
main
0
, s t u d e n t l D : 1234.
, 1234
main{). , s t u d e n t l D
Student.
. id
Student.
id
s t u d e n t .
.
, , .
. C++ :
18.
193
Student(char *pName = "no name", int ssld = O):id(ssld)

{
cout " " << pNarae "\n";
strncpy{name, pName, sizeof(name));
name[sizeof{name] 1] = '\0';
}
protected:
char name[40];
Studentld id;
);
. , .
. C++ :
" id s s l d . -,
, ".
, ,
.
id, 1234
Randy
main
1234
" : "
. , .
class SillyClass
{
public:
SillyClass(int& i) : ten(10), refl(i)
{
}
protected:
const int ten;
intS refl;
};
{
int i;
SillyClass sc (i);
return 0;
}
S i l l y C l a s s - ten r e f l
.
. ,
.

s t u d e n t
:
Student noName;
Student freshMan("Smell E. Fish");
Student xfer("Upp R. Classman", 80, 2.5);
Student, noName, , . noName ?
194
, ""
,
:
Student noName();
, , . noName, Student, ,
s t u d e n t . !
, ; C++. (- , , , ?..)
, , .
Student thislsAFunc(int);
Student thisIsAnObject(10);
, , ; . C++ , (
void ; ,
...).
/&^^
, , ,
. , , .
.
S ,
.
S .
S main().
S - .
/ ,
.
^ , .
,
,
. , - .
.
18.
195

,
- . (,
, , "'1 . , .)

, . ,
.
, , C++ ,
, .
.
#include <string.h>
class DoNothing
{
public:
DoNothing(int initial)
{
out << " DoNothing "
<< initial
<< "\n";
void fn(int i)
{
static DoNothing dn(i);
cout << " - fn i = " << i << "\n";
}
int main(int argcs, char* pArgs[]}
{
fn(10) ;
f n (2 0) ;
return 0;
}
:
DoNothing 10
- fn i = 10
- fn i = 2 0
, f n (} , DoNothing f n ().
1 ()
. , , main {) .
196
III. ""
.
, main ,
.
, main()
, . C++
,
main() .
"",
, !
.
, ,
. , , ,
, . ,
, , .

.
. , . :
? ( , ,
.) , ,
, .
,
, . ,
.

. , ( , ).
.
// Student.H:
class Student
{
public:
Student (unsigned id) : studentld(id)
const unsigned Studentld;
I;
class Tutor
{
public:
Tutor (Students s)
{
tutoredld = s.studentld;
i
protected:
unsigned tutoredld;
};
// FILE1.CPP
//,
18.
197
Student randy(1234);
// FILE2.CPP
//
Tutor jennyfrandy);
s t u d e n t , Tutor , . randy, jenny.
, randy , jenny; -
. ,
. jenny ,
s t u d e n t , , randy .
. , , . , .

,
. , .
.
class Student
{
public:
Student (unsigned id, unsigned age) : sAge(age), sld(id)
{
}
const unsigned sld;
const unsigned sAge;
};
s l d sAge,
. , ,
- ,
, - .
,
, , . ( ,
C++ "", " " " " )
198
III. ""
19

& / ...
S
S
/ "" ""
</
Mt^ ,
V"* C++ , . 17, " : ", , 18, " ", . , ( ).
, C++ ,
. ::(&) ( x : : X ( c o n s t X&>),
X . , , X. , , ,
"" C++.

, , :
void fn(Student fs)
{
//
}
{
Student ms;
fn (ms) ;
return 0;
}
f n ()
, .
, . , ( ). C++ -
19.
199
, , , ? .
? ( , ""
. !) ,
.
C++ .
, , ms f n ().
S t u d e n t : : Student: (Students)
(- ...).

, ,
. Student.
#include <string.h>
class Student
{
public:
//
Student(char *pName = "no name", int ssld = 0)
{
cout << " "
<< pName
"\n";
strncpy (name, pNarne, sizeof (name) ) ;
name[sizeof(name) 1] = '\C';
id = ssld;
//
Student(Students s)
{
cout "
s.name
<< "\n";
strcpy(name, " " ) ;
streat(name, s.name);
id = s.id;
Student{)
cout << ": " << name << "\n
protected:
char name[40] ;
int id;
// fn
void fn(Student s)
200
III. ""
cout << " fn(}\n";

}
int main 'int argcs, char* pArgs [ ] )
{
Student rar.dyC'Randy", 1234);
cout << " f n ( ) \ n " ;
fn (i cindy) ;
cout << " fn()\n";

return 0;
}
:
Randy
fn()
Randy
fn()
: Randy
fn()
: Randy
, . ; main{) ". . . ". C++ randy

( f n () ). f n (); randy
main () .
, . ( , ,
, - , "
. . .'". . ,
, , .)
*
.
, C++ . , C++
. ( ,
,
.)
, C++, -. , C++, . ,
( ), . , .
19.
201
#include <string.h>
class Student
public:
Student(char *pName = "no name")
cout << " "
pName "\n";
s t r n c p y (name, pNarne, s i z e o f (name) ) ;
n a m e [ s i z e o f ( n a m e ) 1] = T \ 0 ' ;
Student(Students s)
{
cout << " " << s.name << "\n'
strcpyfname, " ") ;
streat(name, s.name);
-Student ( )
cout << " " << name << " W
protected:
char name[4 0 ] ;
class Tutor
{
public:
Tutor(Students s) : student(s)
//
// s tudent
(
cout << " \";
)
protected:
Student student;
};
void fn(Tutor tutor)
(
cout << " fn()\n";
}
int mainfint arges, char* pArgs[])
i
Student randy("Randy") ;
Tutor tutor(randy);
cout << " fn{}\n";
fn(tutor);
cout << " fn( ) \n" ;
return 0;
}
:
202
III. ""
Randy
Randy

fn()
Randy
fn()
Randy
fn(}
Randy
Randy
randy s t u d e n t , .
t u t o r Tutor ( S t u d e n t s ) .
T u t o r : : s t u d e n t , s t u d e n t . .
fn() t u t o r .
Tutor , t u t o r , C++ . ,
, t u t o r . s t u d e n t Student.
"" ""

. ?
- ,
- ?
, , . ,
, , . , .
.
#include <string.h>
class Pe rson
{
public:
Person(char *pN)
{
cout << " " << pN << "\n";
pMame = new char[strlen(pN) + 1];
if (pName != 0)
{
strcpy(pName, pN) ;
-Person()
{
cout << " " << pName << "\n";

II
19.
203
pName[O] - '\0';
delete pName;
protected:
char *pName;

I
Person pi ("Randy");
Person p2 = pi;
return 0;
//
}
Person
, . . p i , , 2.
. , 2 C++ , . , p i 2 , , .
, -
, . ?

. , C++,
, .
, 2
. .
p i , , .
, . . 19.1. p i 2, . , p i 2 ( ). "" (shallow) , .
1
pName
pName
pName
. 19.1. pi 2
204
III. ""
, .
, .
class Person
(
public:
//
//
Perscn{Persons p)
{
cout << " " .pName
<< " \";
pName = new char[strlen(p.pName) + 1];
if {pName != 0)
i
strcpy(pName, p.pName);
//...
...
,
(. 19,2).
"" (deep), , (, , ,
, ).
1
pName
pName
2
pName
. 19.2. pi 2
:
Randy
Randy
Randy
Randy
19.
205
, ,
, , ,
(, ) .. ,
. , :
, .
/&
, . , . .
Student fn();
//
int main (int argcs, char* pArgs[])
{
Student s;
s = fn(};
// fn()
//
return 0;
)
f ) . s, ?
C++ ( ). ", , C++ , , ?" ( !) ,
,
s. , s ?
(
Students refs - fn();
//.. . ?. . .
return 0;
}
,
r e f s !
,
.
Student f n l ;
int fn2(Students);
{
int x;
// Student, fnl(),
// fn2().
// fn2() ,
//
// .
// ,
// fnl (),
- 3*fn2 (fnl () ) + ;
206
lit. ""
// , f n l ( ) ,
//
//... . . .
return 0;
}
, , , a ref S .
, - . , ?
.
.
, C++ ?
, , .
'.'
, , .
, ,
c l a s s Student
{
protected:
Student(Students s){}
public:
//... ...
i;
, C++, , s t u d e n t ( -).

. .
class Student
{
public:
Student()
{
//..., ...
}
Student(Student s)
{
11. -, . . .
void fn(Student fs)
{
|
int main (int argcs, char" pArgs[])
{
Student rns;
fn(ms};
return 0;
)
, student
s t u d e n t : : student (Student) ? !
19.
207
.
,
? , . , main() f n {), C++
s t u d e n t .
, ,
s t u d e n t .
, ,
s t u d e n t .
, ,
student...
.
208
III. ""
20

#...
S
^ -
S BUDGET2 .
*77
- . * * , .
, , -, , .
-, -,
. .
On/teqeAeHue
- , (static). - ( , -...).

. (, ) , ,
, , , . , , ,
.
( )
. ,
s t u d e n t .
, , "" . , , . , , , , , , (, , - ).
, , , , ,
. .
, , . , , .
20.
209

-
s t a t i c , .
class Student
(
public:
Student fchar *pName = "no name")
{
strcpyfname, pName);
noOfStudents++;
-Student ()
{
noOfStudents;
|
int number()
{
return noOfStudents;
}
protected:
static int noOfStudents;
char name[40];
};
Student si;
Student s2;
noOfStudents s t u d e n t , s i s2. , s t u d e n t name noOfStudents,
s t u d e n t .
", , noOfStudents s t u d e n t , ?" : . , .
int Student::noOfStudents - 0;
. - ( ).
, , , .
-
- , . ,
. , , .
class Student
{
public:
Student()
210
///. ""
noOfStudents++; //
/'/. . . . . .
//... , ...
void fn(Student&
si,
Student s2)
//
cout " - "
<< si.noOfStudents
//
<< " \ " ;
//
}
fn () noOfStudents s i . , s i s2 noOfStudents,
: s i ? s2? . , , , :
//... , ...
void fn:Student& si, Student s2)
1
//
cout << " - "
<< si.noOfStudents "\n";
cout << " - "
<< s2.noOfStudents << "\n";
!
, :
/ / . . . , ...
void fn;student& s i , Student s2)
//
cout << " - "
<< Student::noOfStudents
<< " \ n " ;
, , C++ .
, , , . , ,
.
class Student
Students nextStudent ();
//... , ...
void fn(Student& s)
cout s.nextStudent().noOfStudents << "\n";
20.
211
- n e x t s t u d e n t (> . ,
C++ noof s t u d e n t s , ,
. "
16
, .
-
-, . -,
, . , s t u d e n t , .

S t u d e n t . ,
, ( ),
17 .

. , Radio

tune, .
, tune . ,
.
, . , " ",
( , , ).
&
-
- .
-, , - . , -, -, . , .
, - number
.
#include <string.h>
, . , GNU C++ , Borland C++ Watcom C++ .

. .
17
: ,
, .
. .
212
III. ""
class Student
{
public:
static int number{)
f
return noOfStudents;
//. .. , ...
protected:
char name[40];
};
int Student::noOfStudents = 0;
{
Student s;
cou- << s.number!) << "\n";
coun << Student::number() << "\n";
return 0;
}
, - -. - -
, . ,
.
class Student
{
public:
//
static char *sName()
{
return name;
// ?
//... , ...
protected:
char name[40];
};
, - -. :
#include <string.h>
class Student
(
public:
// , ,
//
lit ( ,
// ...
Student (char *pName);
-Student () ;
//findName
static Student* findName(char *pName);
protected:
20.
213
static Student *pFirst;

Student *pNext;
char name[40];
};
Student* Student::pFirst = 0;
//findName
//

//
,
//
.
Student* Student::findName(char *pName)
f
// ...
for (Student *pS = pFirst; pS; pS = pS->pNext)
{
// ...
if (strcmp(pS->name, pName) == 0)
{
//,..
return pS;
}
}
// { )
return (Student*)0;
}
{
Student si("Randy");
Student s2("Jenny");
Student s3("Kinsey");
Student *pS = Student::findName("Jenny");
return 0;
}
findName () p F i r s t ,
. findName s t u d e n t ,
name , ,
. - , .
int main(int argcs, char* pArgs[]}
{
Student si("Randy"};
Student s2("Jenny");
Student s3("Kinsey");
Student *pS = si.findName("Jenny");
return 0;
}
s i findName ;
, , findName () .
- ,
, . , -
Duck: : f l y () (: : ( ) ) ,
"" Duck: : g o E x t i n c t (> ( { ) : : ( ) )
(: ).
214
III. ""
this
, t h i s ,
, t h i s
-. , .
- t h i s ,
.
class SC
{
public:
void nFn(int a ) ;
// , SC::nFn(SC * t h i s , int a)
s t a t i c void sFnfint a ) ;
// , SC::sFn(int a)
};
v o i d fn(SC s)
f
s.nFn(lO);
// S C : : n F n ( s s , 10);
s.sFn(lO);
// S C : : s F n ( 1 0 ) ;
}
, nFn () , void SC::nFn(SC * t h i s , i n t ) . nFn f)

s ( ,
).
, SC: :sFn
t h i s .
SC: : sFn () t h i s ,
, . , - .
- BUDGET2 .
BUDGET,
. ,
"" , - , .
,
.
( ) ( ). ( , , .) ,
, .
:
% S 20 ,
:~
500 ;
f S 20 , 500 .
20.
215
:
".. / ;
S 5.00 .
, ,
Checking Savings. -
, , .
, checking Savings , ( , ). , d e p o s i t ()
()
withdrawal () ().
, -, d i s p l a y (); .
, ,
, (

, , , ).
.
// BUDGET2.CPP , .
#include <stdio.h>
//
const int maxAccounts = 10;
// Checking
class Checking
{
public:
Checking(int initializeAN = 0)
{
accountNumber = initializeAN;
balance = 0.0;
//
int accountNo()
{
return accountNumber;
}
double acntBalance()
{
return balance;
)
//
void deposit(double amount)
{
balance += amount;
)
void withdrawal(double amount);
// cout
void display()
{
cout << " " << accountNumber
216
III. ""
<< " = "

"\n";
<< balance
protected:
double balance;
};
// withdrawal -
//
inline-
void Checking::withdrawal(double amount)
{
if (balance < amount)
{
out << " :
<< balance
<< "( " << amount
<< "\";
}
else
{
balance -= amount;
// ...
if (balance < 500.00)
{
II ...
balance -= 0.20;
// Savings
class Savings
{
public:
Savings(int initialAN = 0)
1
accountNumber = initialAN;
balance = 0.0;
noWithdrawals = 0;
//
int accountNo()
return balance;
//
balance += amount;
void withdrawal(double amount);
20.
217
// display 'cout
void display()
{
cout << " " << countNumber
<< = " << balance
<< " ( = "
noWithdrawals
<< ")\n";
}
protected:
double
balance;
int
noWithdrawals;
};
void Savings::withdrawal(double amount)
{
if (balance < amount}
{
cout << " : "
<< " " << balance
<< ", " << amount
<< "\";
// ...
if (++noWithdrawals > 1)
{
// ... S5
balance -= 5.00;
//
balance -= amount;
//
void process(Checking* pChecking);
void process(Savings* pSavings);
//
Checking* chkAcnts[maxAccounts];
Savings* svgAcnts[maxAccounts];
// main
{
1
// 'X ''
int nChkAccounts = 0; //
int noSvgAccounts = 0;
char accountTyoe;
// 'S' ''
while (1)
{
cout << " S , "
<< " , "
<< "X :";
cin >> accountType;
// , X
218
III. ""
if (accountType == 'x' II accountType == 'X')

i
break;;
}
// E
switch (accountType)
{
//
case '':
case ' :
if {noChkAccounts < maxAccounts)
{
int acnt;
cout << " :";
cin >> acnt;
chkAcnts[noChkAccounts] = new Checking(acnt);
process(chkAcnts[noChkAccounts]);
noChkAccounts++;
}
else
{
cout << " \";
}
break;
//
case 's':
case 'S':
if (noSvgAccounts < maxAccounts)
{
int acnt;
cout << " :";
cin >> acnt;
svgAcnts[noSvgAccounts] = new Savings(acnt);
process(svgAcnts[noSvgAccounts]) ;
noSvgAccounts++;
}
else
{
cout << " \
}
break;
default:
cout << " ...\";
/ /
double chkTotal = 0;
cout << " :\";
for (int i = 0; i < noChkAccounts; i++)
{
chkAcnts[i]->display();
chkTotal += chkAcnts[i]->acntBalance
double svgTotal = 0;
cout << " :\n";
20.
219
for (int j = 0 ; j < noSvgAccounts; j-t-r)

i
svgAcnts[j]->display{);
svaTotal += svaAcnts [~ j ->acr.tBalance () ;
double total = chkTotal + svgTotal;
out << " = "
chkTotal
<< " \n" ;
out << " = "
<< svgTotal
<< "\n";
out << "
<< total
<< "\n";
return 0;
= "
// (Checking)
void process (Checking* pCheckir.g)
out << " ,\"
<< " , 0 \'
double transaction;
do
{
cout << " : ";
in >> transaction;
//
if (transaction > 0}
{
pChecking->deposit(transaction);
//
{
pChecking->withdrawal(-transaction);
) while (transaction J = 0);
// (Savings)
void process(Savings* pSavings)
{
cout << " ,\"
<< " , 0 \";
double transact!on;
do
{
cout << ":";
cin >> transaction;
//
220
III. ""
pSavings->deposit(transaction) ;
/ /
pSavings->withdrawai(-transaction) ;
}
, , ( - ).
, .
8 ,
, X :S
:123
,
, 0
:200
:-20
:0
;= ,
, X :S
:234
,
, 0
:200
:0
3 ,
, X :
:345
,
, 0
:200
:-20
:0
3 ,
, X :
:456
,
, 0
:600
:-20
:0
S ,
, X :
:
345 = 9 . 8
456 = 580
:
123 = 180 ( = 1)
234 = 175 ( = 2)
= 7 59.8
20.
221
= 355

= 1114.8
-, checking.
. "= 0"
, .
Checking cl = new Checking(124};
Checking c2 = new Checking();
c l checking , 123,
2 , .
accountNof) acntBalance ()
ccountNurr.be balance.
, . , , ,

.
d e p o s i t () withdrawal ()
. d e p o s i t () ,
inline-. withdrawal (), ,
, .
d i s p l a y (} .
Savings, , checking, noWithdrawals, .

svgAcnts chkAcnts .
maxAccounts.
main () Budget!, . "" main () switch,
: S . switch
: -, ,
; -, d e f a u l t (
) .
, main , .
, Checking Savings
main (). , , main () ,
, ,
.
process (), ,
- deposit () withdrawal (), . , , , process ()
. .
.
, .
, , Budget2 , Budget 1. Savings,
, (
Checking). main (), .
: Savings
Checking , . 4, "",
Budget3.
222
III. ""
IV
* ...
-
3 ,
,
- .
.

.
( ), ,
.
, ,
( ).
,
,
:
.

, , ,
, ,
.
,
C++
-
, .
C++
, ,
.
.
21

* ...
/
S
S
* (inheritance), ..
^ ' .
. (
...). , ( ), (,
), , , .
. ,
, , , , .
, , .
. , : " ?", : " , ". ,
( , ) . , , ,
"".
-
. , , ( ), , ,
.
C++ :
class Student
class GraduateStudent : public Student
I
};
GraduateStudent Student.
, GraduateStudent . , GraduateStudent , .

C++ . ,

( ).
21.
225
. , Student
GraduateStudent.
, . ,
GraduateStudent, , .

. - ,
, .

. , ? , ,
. ,
, ,
.
,
. , , . , , ,
.

( ,
...).
: " - , ,
". , ,
,
, , .
.
, . ,
.
. ,
. ,
, .
, ,
. ,
.

, ,
. , , , ..
.
, ,
(, ). ,
* ( , ). , , . , .
226
IV.
C++ , s t u d e n t Person. ,
, Person s t u d e n t . ,
, s t u d e n t Person ( ; ).
C++ -
.
, student Person, . Person
Student ( ,
, , ). , Person student.
, student , a Person .
. ,
GraduateStudent s t u d e n t ,
Person. , : GraduateStudent
Student Student Person, GraduateStudent
Person.
ftcuc
GraduateStudent,
.
#include <string.h>
class Acvisor
class Student
{
public:
Student {char *pNarr.e = "no name")
{
strncpy(name, pName,
average = 0 . 0 ;
semesterHours = 0;
sizeof(name));
v
addCourse(inthours,floatgrade)
{oidav
e
r
a
g
e
=our
(s
sem+e=
ste
r
H
orus
r;
s*average+grade};
s
e
m
e
s
t
e
r
H
h
o
u
} average=average/semesterHours;
i
hou
fn
ln
oat
gr
ps
a(
{)
){
{r
re
et
tu
ur
rn
ns
ae
vr
ea
re
as
gtee;riHours;}
protc
eh
ca
tredn
:ame[40];
i
n
t
sem
e
s
t
e
r
H
o
urs;
f
l
o
a
t
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
;
);
classGraduateStudent:publicStudent
21.
227
public:
int qualifier( > { return qualifierGrade;}
protected:
Advisor advisor;
int qualifierGrade;
int main{ )
{
Student llu("Lo Lee Undergrad");
Graduatestudent gs;
llu.addCourse(3, 2.5);
gs.addCourse (3, 3.0);
return 0;
}
Student , . l i u
Student. GraduateStudent
Student; p u b l i c s t u d e n t GraduateStudent Student.
p u b l i c , , (
?).
gs S m a e n t , .
-
name,
senesterHcurs,
average
\-
addCourse (). , GraduateStuder.t q u a l i f i e r (),
a d v i s o r q u a l i f ierGrade- , gs
Student - .
.
void fn(Students s)
{
// ..., ...
int main( )
{
GraduateStudent gs;
fn(gs);
return 0;
}
, f n i )
s t u d e n t . main ()
G r a d u a t e S t u d e n t . ,
( - , !) "GraduateStudsnt Student".
- Student
GraduateStudent, .
i n t main( )
[
GraduateStudent
gs;
// Student::addCourse()
gs.addCourse (3, 2.5) ;
return 0;
228
IV.

, ,
, , . .
, GraduateStudent,
Student ( ). s t u d e n t
, Person, s t u d e n t . , , "" , .
-,
. , - ( ).
{
public:
GraduateStudent(char *,
Advisors adv) : Student(pName),
advisor(adv)
{
qualifier-Grade = 0;
}
// ,
};
void fn!Advisors advisor)
{
GradaateStudent gsC'Yen Kay Doodle", a d v i s o r ) ;
// . . . , ...
}
GraduateStudent Student, pName. -, , Student

Advisor. Advisor ( adv i s o r ) GraduateStudent.
, ,
, GraduateStudent.
! , Advisor,
Student. s t u d e n t Person, Student.
. s t u d e n t ,
GraduateStudent . .
, GraduateStudent
Student Advisor, -. -
Advisor, , Student -
Advisor, , GraduateStudent Advi-
21.
229
sor. , GraduateStudent Advisor.

?
. , , , . , .
, (, ,
, ).

, ( ), .
, , , , , , .
. :
class Vehicle
class Motor
f
};
class Car : public Vehicle
{
public:
Motor motor;
};
void VehicleFn(Vehicles v);
void raotorFn(Motors m);
i n t ma i n()
!
Car c;
VehicleFn();
//
motorFn(c);
//
motorFn(.motor);
//
return 0;
}
VehicleFn () , Vehicle.
motorFn () , Motor, Motor.
, , : motorFn ( .motor).
230
IV.
22

-:

& ...
S
/
S
</
S
^ , \* , .
( ):
void son'5Fn{int)
void ' (char*)
void som- (char* ,
..
double)
someFnO .
: someFn(int) someFn (char*)
+- , ,
.
,

, .
, - .
- .
. , , - ? :
c l a s s S t utient
(
public:
// . . . , . . .
floc.t c a l c T u i t i o n ( ) ;
class G::aduateStudent
public Student
public:
float calcTuition ( ) ;
};
22. -:

{
Student s;
GraduateStudent gs;
s.calcTuition();
// Student::calcTuition()
gs.calcTuition (); //. . .
//GraduateStudent::calcTuition()
return 0;
}
,
calcTuition (), C++ , c a l c T u i t i o - ()
. , .
, , ,
, , .
s.calcTuition()
Student::calcTuition;),
s S t u d e n t , g s . c a l c T u i t i o n ()
G r a d u a t e S t u d e n t : : c a l c T u i t i o n { ).
, ?
,
:
class Student
!
public:
// ,
float calcTuition()
{
return 0;

{
public:
floatcalcTuition()
(
return 0;
void fn(Students x)
{
x.calcTuition();
// calcTuition()
// ?
}
int main{int arges, char* pArgs[]}
{
Student s;
GraduateStudent gs ;
f n {s ) ;
fn(gs);
return 0;
)
c a l c T u i t i o n ()
f (). ,
fn () , Student, Graduate-Student.
GraduateSudent Student!
232
IV.
, ,
. , 21, " ".
, fn ().
Student. ,
C++ fn () Student.
Studer.t fn ()
, fn (Students) f n ( s t u d e n t * ) . , , 15,
" ".
. c a l c T u i t i o n {>
Student: : c a l c T u i t i o n (),

Student,
GraduateSudent::calcTuition(),
G r a d u a t e S t u d e n t . C++ "",
! ? .
,
. ,
C++ ( GNU C++ , , Visual C++) ,
, .
fn()
. Student,
GraduateStudent. ,
( " "). fn()
, C++ , : Student GraduateStudent.
, ,
.
Student,
f (). , ,
. f n ()
Student, fn ()
s, GraduateStudent, f n () gs. ?
, ,
. (.. ) (), - . C++ . ( . ,
C++!) ,
.
.
, , C++ . .
(overriding).
,
.
22. -:

( ),
- . , , , .
, , , -. ,
, Ada.
.
, , . , , ,
s t u d e n t . , ,
. ( "",
Microsoft... .)
,
, , -
(, , !).
, -
someFunction () - c a l c T u i t i o n () (
...).
void someFunction(Students s)
//..., ...
s . calcTuition{);
//... .. C++ , someFunction {) , ,
GradusteStudent.
define STUDENT 1
#define GRADUATESTUDENT 2
void someFunction{Students s)
i
//..., ...
// ,
//
switch (s.type)
case STUDENT:
s.Student::calcTuition();
break;
case GRADUATESTUDENT:
s.Graduatestudent::calcTuition{);
break;
//. . . . . .
234
IV.
type.
type = STUDENT type = GRADUATESTUDENT
GraduateStudent. type s. , , , .
, . -,
. ,
c a l c T u i t i o n () , . , , .
-, ( ) , , .
, .
.
?..
, ,
, (, ,
). ( ?), .
, ,
( : ...).
, !
, ,
. , .
.
. , ? ,
. : . : , ,
. ( ) , ( ,
) , () , (
Oven) (), ,
(Microvawe). , :
, ,
.
/
C++ ; , , , , C++ .
, . ( ) . - C++ , , C++ ,
.
.
- , C++ v i r t u a l , .
22. -:
class Base
public:
virtual void fn()
f
cout << " Base\n";
}
};
class Subclass : public Base
public:
virtual void fn()
{
cout << " Subclass\n";
void test(Bases b)
b.fn ();
//
)
int mainfint argcs, char* pArgs[])
Base be;
Subclass sc;
cout << " test(be)\n";
test(be);
cout << " test(sc)\n";
test(sc);
return 0;
v i r t u a l C++ , f n ()
-. f n (} ,
, - , f n () .
fr, ()
t e s t (). t e s t () , b . f n O
Base: : f n (). t e s t ()
Subclass, Subclass : : () .
:
test(be)
Base
test(sc)
Subclass
C++, .
. .
, .
236
IV,
/
-
, , . .
#include <dos.h>
c l a s s Stuff !) {};
// sleep{}
class Nachos : public Stuff {};
//
//
class Oven
{
public:
virtual void cook(Nachos& nachos);
//
void turnOn();
//
void turnOff();
//
void insert(Stuff& s) ; //
void remove(Stuff& s ) ; //
protected:
float temp;
};
void Oven::cook(Nachos& nachos)
{
//pa ( )
// 3 50)
turnDn();
while (temp<350) {}
// 15
insert(nachos);
sleep(15*60) ;
//
remove(nachos) ;
turrOff () ;
}
class Microwave : public Oven
{
public:
virtual void cook(Nachosk nachos);
void rotateStuff(Stuff& s);
};
void Microwave::cook(Nachos& nachos)
{
//
// ,
insert(nachos);
turnOn(; ;
/ /~
// ( ^ )
sleepOO);
// 30
rotateStuff(nachos);
sleep(30);
// 30
22. -:
// ,
turnOff () ;
remove(nachos);
Nachos makeNachos(Oven& oven)
f
//
Nachos n;
//
// ,
oven.cook{n);
// ...
return n;
}
Nachcs, s t u f f ().
Oven turnOn ( ) , t u r n o f f (), i n s e r t ()
remove () (
). , Oven - cook (Nachos& ), .
cook (Nachos&) ,
Microwave, Oven, -. Oven: : cook (Nachos&) 350, 15 .
. Oven , Microwave: : cook (Nachoss) , 30 , 30 , .
, , .
makeNachos () Oven . oven (),
, oven, cook ().
Oven : : cook () Microwave : : cook () ,
. makeNachos (} , .
? -, , , . , .
-, . ,
, -
makeNachos!) ( ,
,
!). , ConvectionOver.
- ConvectionOven: : cook (Nachos&),
makeNachos {), . .
, , , !
238
IV.

tfufuni/
, , , .
C++ ,
.
, - , . - , , , . ,
, ,
.
class Base
{
public:
virtual void fn(int x)
{
cout << " Base, int x = " << x << "\n";
c
lassSubclass:publicBase
{
publv
ii
cr
:tualvoidfn(floatx)
{
cout " float x = " x "\n";
void test(Bases b)
(
int i = 1;
b. fn (i);
//
float f = 2.OF;
b.fn(f);
//
{
Ease be;
Subclass sc;
cout << " test(be)\n";
test; (be) ;
cout << " test(sc)\n";
test(sc) ;
return 0;
22. -:
,
f n () Base f n ( i n t ) , Subclass
fn ( f l o a t ) . ,
. :
test(be)
Base, int =
Base, int =
test(sc)
Base, int x =
3ase, int =
2
2
1
2
i n t , , f n ( i n t ) be, sc. , f l o a t i n t t e s t (}
Base: : fn (). , , t e s t (), .
.() B t e s t { ) Base: : fn ( i n t ) .
, .
, , -
, - . , .
class Base
{
public:
//
Base* makeACopy()
{
//... ,

1
public:
//
Subclass* makeACopy{)
{
//... ,
)
};
void fn (BaseClassS be)
{
BaseClass* pCopy = be.makeACopy(};
// . . .
}
:
Subclass,
Base: imakeCopy{) .
240
IV.
.
-, - .
- ,
, , .
-,
, .
, B a s e : : f n ( ] ,
, , f n () .
void test (Bases b)
{
b.base::fn f);
//
, .
, . , - .
, , - . , ,
.
.
, .
, , , , , :
class Base
f
public:
-Base () ;
);
(
public:
-Subclass();
void finishWithObject{Base* pHeapObject)
{
delete pHeapObject; // -Basef)
//
// pHeapObject
)
, f inishWithObject (), Subclass, Subclass : , . ,
, .
?
: .
, C++
22. -:
!
, , .
.
,
( !): ,
(, ),

. , !
242
IV.
23

- ...
J
/
/ : BUDGET3.CPP
.
; ,
.
, .
, .

. :
. .
. ,
. , , ,
. , ,
, .
, , (factoring)
( , ; , : 12 2, 2 3...).
, ,
Checking Savings, BUDGET,
. , ,
, -
. Checking Savings . 23.1.
, .
; S . .
| S -.
% S -.
'- / , ,
\
, ; ,
1
. , I
, .
" S .
/ .
23.
243
Savings
Checking
I withdrawal!)
1
1
deposit!)
. . - " ^ pRrst
accountNoQ
p N e x t
| first)
j count
accountNumber
withdrawal!):
deposit!)
accountNo{)J pNext
~] count
i ,
-j accountNumber
next(}
noAccountsfJ DoWtihdrawasl
. 23.1. Checking Saving

.
. 23.1 , checking Savings

.
,

-
wit-hdrawal (}
d e p o s i t (). , , , (
). .
, . Savings
, Checking, Savings
Checking. . 23.2. Savings
Checking. , noWithdrawal
w i t h d r a w a l ! ) . ,

(
, ,
Checking
).
Savings
| wfttidrawal!)
=
Checking ,
deposit;)
| accountNo() pi-ret
,
pNext
count
Ifirctf)
.
accountNumber 1
next()
, s a v i n g s
noAccountsO
checking.
" ? . ". , , ,
Savings
. | withdrawal!)] noWittidrawals
,
. , Puc. 23.2. Savings
"",
Checking
, ,
244
IV.
. .
, . ,
, .
, , .
checking. ,
, checking,
. rninimumBalance.
. Savings Checking, ,
Savings . , .
. ,
miniraumBalance. ,
.
. , -. Savings ,
Checking. , Checking Savings .
? Checking Savings,
. ( Account),
, Checking Savings. . 23.3.
Account
[ withdrawal)
j deposit!)
pfirst
1 accountNoQ" pNext
count
accountNumber
balance
| noAccountsj)"
Checking
withdrawal!) j minimumBalance
Savings
withdrawal!) noWrthdrawals
. 23.3. Checking Savings, Account

Account ? , (
). ( , )
-, .
.
, Savings Checking
( ).
, Account,
23.
245
.
, Checking,
Savings.
. - , , ,
. : ,
...
, ,
, .
Mouse J o y s t i c k ""
. . Mouse Display .
( ) . , , "" ,
, . 23.4.
, Checking Savings
Account . Conventional . ,
, .

( , , . ,
).
, .
. , . 23.4, , (. 23.5). , , .
, , . ,
Account. ,
Account.
- Account ,
. Account .withdrawal () .
. Savings : :withdrawal () ,
Checking: : withdrawal ( ) . Account: : withdrawal () ?
.
:
" ?" .
" , ?"
.
" , , !"
...
246
IV.
Account
Conventional
Savings
Timed
CD
Checking
Market
K501
Stock
Mutual Funds
SpecialChecking
Puc. 23.4.
Account
RemotefyAccessible
Stock
LocallyAccesable
Checking
SpecialChecking
Market
CD
MutualFunds
Savings
K501
Puc. 23.5.
, . ,
" ". ( ) . , . , , w i t h d r a w a l ()
( , ,
" ").
, . , .
, ,
, , "".
, , .
- . , "".
, , - .
, . .
, ,
; , -
.
, C++
.
23.
247

.
, ...
, -
( . , , , ).
, w i t h drawal () Account. , , . C++ w i t h d r a w a l ( ) ,
,
, , .
18 ( ,
).

Account.
//Account
class
Account
protected:
Account(Accounts ) ;
public:
Account(unsigned accNo, float initialBalance = 0.0F);
unsigned int accountNo{);
float acntBalance{};
static Account *first(};
Account 'next();
static int noAccounts();
//
void deposit();
//
virtual void withdrawal(float amount) = 0;
protected:
// ,
//
static Account *pFirst;
Account *pNext;
static int count;
//
float balance;
I;
withdrawal (} = 0 ,
. ,
. Account ,
.
, ,
. . .
248
IV.
,
, .
, .
, . :
.
; ,
. , .
void fn()
Account acnt(1234,100.00);
acnt.withdrawal(50);
//
//, -,
// ?
}
,
, . ,
? ,
Account: :withdrawal () .
. Account .
, Account,
.

, . Savings , withdrawal () . Savings ,
withdrawal () . checking:
, withdrawal ()
, .
, , . .
class Display
{
public:
virtual void initialize () = 0;
virtual void writefchar *pString) = 0;
class SVGA : public Display

{
// - "
virtual void initialize!);
virtual void write(char *pString);
class H W G A : public Display
{
//
23.
249
virtual void write(char *pString);

class ThreedVGA : public HWVGA
virtual void initialized;
};
void fn()
SVGA me;
VGAvga;
//
S
Display, ,
: i n i t i a l i z e () w r i t e f ] .
. -.
SVGA . ,
, . , SVGA i n i t i a l i z e d w r i t e f ) ,
.
HWVGA . , VGA-. Display , ThreedVGA, 3-D,
.
, VGA ( , ,
). , HWVGA,
w r i t e () ( HWVGA ).
i n i t i a l i z e () ,
HWVGA -.
, w r i t e () HWVGA,
, i n i t i a l i z e () .
ThreedVGA HWVGA,
, i n i t i a l i z e {), . , f n () ThreedVGA.

(.. ).
.
,
, . , , . .
250
IV.

, . , , ,
. :
void fn(Account *pAccount);
//
void otherFn ()
Savings s;
Checking c;
//Savings Account
f n (& ) ;
//Checking
fn(sc);
pAccount Account. ,
- ,
Checking Savings.
, f n ( ) , Checking,
Savings ( Account). , Account,
.

w i t h d r a w a l ; ) ,
? Savings Checking, , Account? -
. C++
, .
,
, . ,
.
, Account:
class Account
// , ,
// withdrawal()
class Savings : public Account

{
public:
virtual void withdrawal(float amnt);
void fn(Account *pAcc;
{
//
23.
251
pAcc->withdrawal(100.OOf);
// ,
// withdrawal()
// Account
int main f)
!
Savings s;
//
fnf&s);
//
}
, s.
f n (},
withdrawal (). , withdrawal () Account,
.
, ,
. : raain() f n () s. fnf),
, withdrawal (), ,
w i t h d r a w a l ! ) . , .
. , - , ,
withdrawal , , , . ,
.
, .
Account:
class Account
{
// , ,
// withdrawal()
virtual void withdrawal(float amnt) = 0;
};
{
public:
virtual void withdrawal(float amnt);
};
void fn(Account *pAcc)
i
//
//
pAcc->withdrawal(100.OOf);
int main()
{
Savings s;
//
fn(&s);
//
252
IV.
, Account - withdrawal {).

, , pAcc->withdrawal (),
Account::withdrawal (). .
. , . ( ,
, .)

, , ,
. , .
.??
Budget 1, 2, - Budget2,
3. -
Budget3.
Budget
. .
,
. Budget2 Budget3 Checking ()
Savings () .
, 500 ,
, .
Budget2 3udgetl : , , ,
. , Budget2
Savings Checking, ,
.
Budget3 :
, , ;
-
;
, ;
, .
"" -
,
, Account
.
.
23.
,
,
253
// BUDGET3.CPP
//
.
//
,
//
Budget2,
//

//
.
//

//
( ,
//
).
//
//
, ,
//
,
//
.
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <string.h>
class LinkedListObj ect
{
public:
LinkedListObject()
f
//
//
addToEnd();
//
static LinkedListObject* first()
{
return pFirst;
}
LinkedListObject* next()
{
return pNext;
i
void addToEnd() ;
protected:
// ,
//
//
static LinkedListObj ect J pFirst,:
LinkedListObject* pNext;
//
//
LinkedListObject* LinkedListObject::pFirst = 0;
//
void LinkedListObject::addToEnd()
// this
// count
254
IV.
if (pFirst == 0)
{
// ;
pFirst = this;
}
else
{
//
LinkedListObject* pA;
for (pA = pFirst; pA->pNext; pA = pA->pNext) {}
,' /
pA->pNext = this;
)
pNext = 0;
//
// Account
//
: ,
//
.
//
withdrawal() - ,
//

class Account : public LinkedListObject
{
public:
Account::Account(unsigned accNo,
double initialBalance = 0.0)
{
// -
;CcountNumber = accNo;
balance = initialBalance;
//
count++;
//
int accountNo()
{
}
{
return balance;
}
stati int noAccounts{)
{
return count;
// ,
// .
//
static Account* first(]
{
return (Account*)LinkedListObject::first
23.
255
Account* next()
return (Account*)LinkedListObject::next()
}
//
balance += amount;
virtual void withdrawal(double amount) = 0;
//
void display()
cout << type()
<< " " << accountNumber
<< " = "
<< balance
"\n";
virtual char* type() = 0;
protected:
static int count;
//
double
balance;
//
int Account::count = 0;
// Checking
//
. ?
class Checking : public Account
{
public:
Checking::Checking(unsigned sccNo,
double initialBalance = 0.0) :
Account(accNo, initialBalance)
//
virtual void withdrawal(double amount);
char* type()
f
return "";
// withdrawal -
//
Account::withdrawal() ,
//
20
//
$500
void Checking::withdrawal(double amount)
{
if (balance < amount )
256
IV.
:out << "

" " << balance
<< ", " << amount
<< "\";
balance -= amount;
.'/ ,
.'/
..1 (balance < 500.00)
balance -= 0.20;
// Savinqs , Checking,
//
{
public:
Savings::Savings(unsigned accNo,
double initialBalance = 0.0)
Account(accNo, initialBalance}
{
noWithdrawais = 0;
i
//
virtual void withdrawal(double amount);
char' type()
{
return "";
protected:
int noWithdrawals;
// withdrawal - -
//
Ac:ount::withdrawal() ,
//

//
$5
void Sav Lr.gs : : withdrawal (double amount)
{
if (balance < amount)
{
;out << "
" " << balance
<< ", " << amount
<< "\";
}
else
23.
257
if (++noWithdrawals > 1)
{
balance -= 5.00;
}
balance -= amount;
//
unsigned getAccntNo(};
void
process(Account* pAccount);
void
getAccounts();
void
displayResults(>;
// main
{
// ,
getAccounts();
//
displayResults(>;
return 0;
// getAccounts
void getAccounts(>
{
Account* pA;
// , "" "X"
char
accountType;
// S
while (1)
{
cout " S ,\"
<< " , X : ";
cin >> accountType;
switch (accountType)
{
case '':
case ' :
pA = new Checking(getAccntNo(Inbreak;
case 's':
case 'S':
pA = new Savings(getAccntNo()) ;
break;
case 'x':
case 'X 1 :
return;
default:
cout << " .\";
}
//
process(pA);
258
IV.
// displayResuits ,
//

void displayResults()
(
//
double total = 0 . 0 ;
coir: << " :\";
for (Account* pA = Account::first();
; pA = pA->next())
{
pA->display() ;
total += pA->acntBalance();
}
cou~ << " = " << total << "\n";
// getAecntNo
unsigned getAecntNo()
{
uns igned acentNo;
cou~ << " : ";
cin >> accntNo;
return accntNo;
// process(Account)
void process(Account* pAccount)
{
coin << " ' , \"
<< " , "
"0 ";
double transaction;
do {
cout << ":";
cin >> transaction;
//
{
pAccount->deposit(transaction);
}
//
if (transaction < 0) {
pAccount->withdrawal(-transaction);
}
}
, , {, , ). ,
.
S ,
, X : S
23.
259
: 123
,
, 0
:200
:-20
:0
S ,
, X : s
: 234
,
, 0
:200
:0
S ,
, X :
: 345
,
, 0
:200
:-20
:0
S ,
, X :
: 456
,
, 0
:600
:-20
:0
S ,
, X :
:
123 - 180
234 = 175
345 = 179.8
456 = 580
- 1114.8
- Budget3
LinkedListObject. , . , - f i r s t () next (). ,
LinkedListObject, , -.
, Budget3, Account.
, , :
? S ;
5 S ;
/ .
, ,
d e p o s i t {) Account. ,
260
IV.
, . Account: w i t h d r a w a l ()
( " " ).
Account
LinkedListObject, Account. Account
, (
, ).
count, Account.

. .
accountNoO accountBalar.ee (} ,
, .
- Account: : f i r s t (; n e x t ()
L i n k e d L i s t O b j e c t .
L i n k e d L i s t O b j e c t , f i r s t () n e x t ( ) ,
Account.
d i s p l a y () type() .
checking Account .
Checking , Account.
- withdrawal ,
.
Savings Checking: , , withdrawal (J.
Account,
withdrawal (), ,
.
, , . ge~ Account () checking Savings (
, ). , Account.
d i s p l a y R e s u l t () , , , ( )
.
p r o c e s s ! ) . ( Account: : d e p o s i t ( ) ) ( S a v i n g s : : w i t h d r a w a l { ) C h e c k i n g : : w i t h d r a w a l ( } , , pAccount).
,
p r o c e s s ( ) . -, ,
. , p r o c e s s ! ) .
23.
261
, .
, Budget3, . Budget
(Budgetl) -
(Budget2) -
(Budget3).
262
IV.
& ...

C++,
C++
- .

- .
, C++
,
,
.
, ,
,

( ).
:
24

/ &...
:

?
-

f
, C++ (+, -, & ..)
^* . (, )
, i n t , double char ( ). , ,
, ( ).
, : C++ ,
, . , , .
"". , , C++. , C++
. ,
, , .
, ; - ,
, " " ">>"... , , ( ). , , .
( - , - - , ):
, .
, , , - .
///oneftcufiofto6:
qaautiie * /
C++ , ,
, int char. , ?
24.
265
, ,
. , USDollar,
.
. ,
( -) ?
? ? ,
. ,
USDollar USDollar. ,
USDollar . .
USDollar USDollar...
USDollar
.
:
//expense
//
( )
USDollar expense{USDollar p r i n c i p l e , double rate)
{
//
USDollar interest = principle.interest(rate);
//
//
return principle, add (interest) ,}
, :
//expense
//
( )
USDollar expense(USDollar principle, double rate)
{
USDollar interest = principle*rate;
return principle + interest;
, ?
, ,
.
/
, ? . , +
+(,)? , , a d d ( a , b ) ? . ,
.
C++ ,
o p e r a t o r , . , +,
i n t i n t , , : i n t o p e r a t o r + ( i n t , i n t ) .
, , , double ( double operat o r (double, double)). , ,
i n t double.
. ,
266
V.
. , (, ,
).
, USDollar (
, ).
// USDoliar ,
//
.
//

class USDDllar
friend USDollar operator+ (USDollar&, USDollarS) ;
friend USDoilarS operator++(USDollarS);
public:
USDollar(unsigned int d, unsigned int c ) ;
protected:
unsigned int dollars;
unsigned int cents;
//
USDollar::USDollar(unsigned int d, unsigned int c)
{
dollars = d;
cents = c;
while (cents >= 100)
dollars++;
cents -= 100;
// operator+ si s2
//

USDollar operator+(USDollars si, USDollarS s2)
{
unsigned int cents = si.cents + s2.cents;
unsigned int dollars = si.doliars + s2.doliars
USDcJlar d(dollars, cents);
return d;
// operator++ ,
//

USDollarS cperator4-f (USDollar& s)
{
s.cents++;
if {:;.cents >= 100)
!
3.cents -= 100;
.dollars++;
i
return s;
24.
267
int main(int argcs, char* pArgs[

USDollar dl {1, 60)
USDollar d2(2. 50)
USDollar d3(0. 0);
d3 - dl + d2;
++d3;
return 0;
USDollar , . 100.
, , ,
.
o p e r a t o r + operator++
, USDollar.
, ...
f r i e n d 16, " :
!". ,
.
. ,
. o p e r a t o r + () ,
USDollar.
,
. , ( , ). , , , . . , , ,
.
, ;
, . : . , f r i e n d
.
. , . I
, ,
. - . , - ;
: , .
;
o p e r a t o r + ( ) (.. ),
( s i s2). o p e r a t o r + ( )
s i s2.
U Dollar.
, o p e r a t o r + + ( ) , . o p e r a t o r + + ( ) , .
100, , ,
1, , , ,
268
V.
, operator+ (USDollars, USDollaru)

. operator+()
; -,
, - . ,
. ,
.
+= , + =. , .
o p e r a t o r + + ( ) operat o r (), , . , C++ , C++ .
C++
++ ++.
, . operator++ (ClassName) , a operator++ (ClassName, i n t ) . 0.
--.
. , d3 = d l + d2 ++d3?
noq/^?
o p e r a t o r ^ () , a operator++ ()
? ,
!

, .
operator+()
.
, + , , , o p e r a t o r + () - .
// ,
// ,
//
USDollarA. operator+ (USDollarS s i , USDollar& s2)
{
si.cents += s2 .cents;
if (si.cents >=100)
{
si.cents -= 100;
si.dollars++;
}
si.dollars
+=
s2.dollars;
24.
269
return
si;
, , u l = u2 -
u 3 ; , ul 2.
, o p e r a t o r + ( ) , . o p e r a t o r + () , .
-! ,
.
USDollarS operator+(USDollarS si, USDollarS s2)
{
unsigned int cents = si.cents + s2.cents;
unsigned int dollars = si.doliars 4 s2.dollars;
USDollar result(dollars, cents);
return result
1. , . , r e s u l t , . , ,
, r e s u l t .
, ?
USDollars operator+fUSDollars s i , USDollarS s2)
f
unsigned i n t cents = s i . c e n t s + s 2 . c e n t s ;
unsigned i n t d o l l a r s = s i . d o l l a r s i- s2. d o l l a r s ;
r e t u r n *new USDollar(dollars, c e n t s ) ;
2, , , , ,
: .
, .
, ""
.

. .
: , o p e r a t o r + () ? ,
,
.
, .
, , :
SomeClass f ( ) ;
LotsClass g 0 ;
fn()
270
V.
int
i;
i = f !)
12 - g {) ) ;
, f ( ) , ,
() . , ,
.
operator++()
o p e r a t o r * (), o p e r a t o r * * (} .
,
. s.
.
//
USDollarfi operator**(USDollarb s)
{
s.cents++;
if (E.cents >= 100)
{
s.cents -=100;
.dollars**;
}
retuin s;
}
,
.
//
USDollar operator**(USDollar& s)
{
s . cents**;
if {<;:.cents >= 100)
{
'.. cents - = 100 ;
.dollars**;
}
return s;
3. s , . = ++, ++(++)?
, 2. , 1, 1 , .
+* (*+) , . , .
: , .
, . .
24.
271
Oneficwiofibi -
-. USDol l a r :
class USDollar
{
public:
USDollar (unsigned i:it d, unsigned inc. c} ;
L'SDoilar& operatcr+-i () ;
USDollar operator*(USDollarS s);
protected:
unsigned int cents;
'JSDollar: : USDol lar {unsigned int d, unsigned int )
{
dollars = d;
cents = ;
whi]e (cents >= 100;
(
cents -- IOC;
// operator* - this s2
//
D HCJ
USDollar USDollar::operatorÛSDollarS s2)
{
// "this->"
ur.signed int = this->cent s t- :-/' . cents ;
unsigned int d = t.hi s->dol . ars + s2 . del .1 ars ;
USDollar t (d, c) ;
return t;
// operator++ ,
//

USDollar& USDoliar::operator++()
{
this->cents++;
if" (this->cents >= ICO)
{
ihis->cents -- 100;
return ^this;
{
USDollar dl{1, 60);
USDoliar d2(2, 50);
272
V.
USDoIlar d3 (0, 0) ;
d3 - dl + d2;
+ + d3;
return 0;
}
" t h i s - > " ,
-
. , , t h i s .
USDoIlar: : o p e r a t o r s fUSDollars)
: : operator*
(uSDollarb, U S D o l l a r s ) . , . .
//operator!
USDoIlar operators fUSDollars s i , USDollars s2)
(
unsigned i n t = s i . c e n t s + s 2 . c e n t s ;
unsigned i n t d = s i . d o l i a r s + s 2 . d o l i a r s ;
USDoIlar d ( d o l l a r s , c e n t s ) ;
return d;
}
//operator+ -
USDoIlar operator! (USDollars si, USDollars s2)
{
unsigned int = this->cents + s2.cents;
unsigned int d = this->dollars + s2.doliars;
USDoIlar t(dollars,cents);
return t;
}
, . , s i
s2, - " " (, t h i s ) s2.
, ,
, ; , .
oqna /
, , ,
C++ o p e r a t o r * (double, USDollars)
o p e r a t o r * ( U S D o l l a r S , double).
4. .
,
. -,
. o p e r a t o r * () ,
, :
USDoIlar o p e r a t o r * (double f, USDollar& s)
24.
273
//... ...
}
inline USDollar operator* (USDollars s, double f)
{
//
return f*s;
}
, .
inline-
.

: -,
?
-.
()
[]
->
- , . ,
-.
USDollar operator*(double factor, USDollarS s);
void fn(USDollarfi principle)
i
USDollar interestExpense = interest^principle;
: -, o p e r a t o r * {) double.
.
, .
, "" , ; . , , , ,
i .
onefuundfwg
//*
, . .
i n t i = 1;
double d = 1.0;
// 1
d = i + d;
274
V.
// 2
i = i t ;
i n t double. C++ opera tor+ ( i n t , double), o p e r a t o r + (double, double).
( i n t , double) C++ i n t i double (,
"i double"), (double, double).
, , double i, .. i n t .

, C++ , . ,
double JSDollar.
class
USDollar
{
f r i e n d U S D o l l a r o p e r a t o r ^ ( U S D o l l a r b s i , USDollarfi
public:
U S D o l l a r { i n t d, int c) ;
USDollar(double value)
{
dollars = (int)value;
c e n t s = (int) ( ( v a l u e - d o l l a r s ) * 1 Q O + 0.5) ;
}
s2);
//. . . , ...
}
C++ double
USDollar. (, C++ ,
"" double.)
:
void fn (\JSDollar& s)
{
//
// operator-f (USDollar&, USDollars)
s = USDollar(1.5) + s; // ...
s = 1.5 + s;
// ... ..,
s = s + 1.5;
// ... ...
s = s + I;
//
// int double,
//
}
o p e r a t o r + (double, USDollars), operat o r * (USDollars,, double). C++ double USDollar
operator--)- (USDollars, USDoilar&).
,
. ,
.
, .
24.
275
5. C++ . , ,
.

. :
class USDollar
{
public:
USDollar(double value = 0.0);
operator double()
{
return dollars + cents/100.0;
}
protected:
unsigned int cents;
};
USDollar:rUSDollar(double value)
{
dollars = (int)value
cents = (int)((value - dollars) * 100 + 0.5);
}
o p e r a t o r double () USDollar double,
, , 100.
:
int mainfint argcs, char* pArgs[])
{
USDollar dl(2.0), d2(1.5), d3;
//
d3 = USDollar((double)dl + (double)d2);
//
d3 - dl + d2;
return 0;
}
o p e r a t o r , . - us Doll a r : : o p e r a t o r double () USDollar
double. , ,
. ( C++ : "
, ". , C++ .)
USDollar double,
opera t or + (double,
d o u b l e ) , USDollar .
276
V.
, . C++ d3 = dl + d2, dl d2 double, USDollar. -$,

, , ,
C++.
,
. C + + USDollar
double,
. USDollar , double.
, , . double, USDollar double , . ,

. ,

, ..

, , C++ USDollar dl double d2. .
1 C++ o p e r a t o r + (USDollar, double).
2. , C++ , USDollar double.
3 , C++ , -
.
, ;
.
6. , .
, .
7. . ,
.
class A
{
public:
(& ) ;
};
class
{
public:
operator
A{);
24.
277

, ,
: : o p e r a t o r A() : :(&) , .
, , . ,
. , ,
.
278
V.
25

* ...
S , , ...
S
/
24, " ",

. ,
,
.
, C++ . ,
, c p e r a t o r = () .
fiaxfotfia,
/ ftaJotfia...
, : . , source d e s t i n a t i o n :
v o i d fn()
{
struct mistrust source,

destination = source;
destination;
C++
operator={) .
. ,
, o p e r a t o r - ()
.
,
19, " ".
:
void fn(MyClass& me)
{
MyClass newMC = me; //
newKC = me;
//
}
, ,
newMC, newMC . . newMC MyClass.
25.
279
,
. , , , , . , , .
nefizfUj3K6U
oneftoj&ofia /
. , Name ( , ).
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <ctype.h>
class Name
{
public:
Name()
{
pName = (char*)0;
)
Name(char *pN)
{
copyName(pN);
}
Name(Names s)
{
copyName(s.pName);
}
-Name()
{
deleteName();
//
Namei operator^(Names s)
{
// ...
deleteName();
//... ,
copyName(s.pName);
//
return *this;
protected:
// copyName pN
//

void copyName(char *pN)
280
V.
int length = strlen(pN) + 1;

pName = new char[length];
strncpy(pName, pN, length);
i
// deleteName pName
void deleteName()
(
// ...
if (pName)
i
// ... ...
delete pName;
// .,. ,
//
= 0;
// pName ,
// ASCIIZ
char *pName;

Name s("Claudette") ;
Name t("temporary") ;
t = 3;
//
return 0;
Name , . Name ,
.
o p e r a t o r = ( ) . ,
.
. . t
(temporary). t = s,
deleteName (), , , , , copyName ().
deleteName ( ) ,
, ,
.
. ,
.
.

, ?
, , ,
, Name .
25.
281
Name ,
, , pName. , . ( ) copyName ().
// copyName pN
//

J
voici copyName (char pN)
{
int l e n g t h = s t r l e n ( p N ) + 1;
pName = new char[lengthj;
strncpy(pName, pN, l e n g t h ) ;
}
, ,
, pN 19.
Name,
,
(, ?).
Name , ( deleteName{)), copyName ().
.

, " ". "", .
, ,
,
class MyClass
{
public:
Name n a m e ;
int age;
MyClass(char* pName,
(
age = newAge;
int newAge)
: name(pName )
void fn()
{
MyClass a f"Kinsey", 16);
MyClass
a - b;
bfChrista",
1);
( : name fpName), 18, " ".)

19
, ,
, ( ). . .
282
V.
.
, name Name: : o p e r a t o r ^ {).
: ... !., ( , ),
.

: o p e r a t o r = ( )
Names. void C++ ,
.
void otherFn(Names);
void fn(Kamefi oldN)
{
Name newN;
//:, . . .
otherFn{newN = oldN);
//... , ...
Name newerN;
newerN = newN = oldN;
}
newN = oldN void, , .
, . , (i = I) 1.
i = j = 1; C++. i
j = 1, 1.
o p e r a t o r = ( )
* t h i s C++.
, : o p e r a t o r = ( )
-. , ,
.
- . ,
+= *=;
.

,
, .
, , , , :
class Name
{
/ / . . . , ...
protected:
25.
283
//
Names operator^(Name& s)
{
return * this;
.
void fn(Name& n)
{
Name newN;
newN = n;
// : operator^()!
}
f n () .
, .
284
V.
26
-
/3 & ...
/
S
S
S
S
S
...
fstream
strstream

" "
11, " C + + " , , -. 24, " ", , - - << >>, ,

, . (
, 24, "
".)
- .
: ,
; . ,
-.
, -, i o s t r e a m . h , operator>>()
operator<< (). ,
.
// :
istream-i operator>> (istreams source, char* pDest) ;
istreani operator (istreams source, ints dest) ;
istream.i operator {istream& source, chars dest) ;
II. . . ...
// :
istreamS operator<<{ostreams dest, char* pSource);
istreamS operator(ostreams dest, ints source);
istrearas operator(ostreams dest, chars source);
//... ...
26. -
285
|? )%
: -
operator>> {)
,
a operator<< (} .
, , :
void fn()
cout << " \";
C++ , ostream,
char*. ,
o p e r a t o r < < ( o s t r e a m s , c h a r * ) i o s t r e a m . h. C++
c h a r * , "
\" cout . ,
o p e r a t o r < < ( c o u t , " \").
c h a r ' , C + + ,
.
, cout ostream?
i o s t r e a r c . h ( . 26.1).
, main () .
26.1. -
cm
ccut
istream
ostream
cerr
ostream
clog
ostream

\ : " ? ? ,
?". ?
, .
C++ - , o u t p u t ( ) ,
: . :
i void displayName(char* pName, i n t age)
1
{
:
o u t p u t ( c o u t , " " ) ;
:
output(cout, pName);
output(cout, "; ") ;
output(cout, age);
'
output(cout, " \ n " ) ;
; }
. -, , .. ostream ,
286
V.
. -, . , .
void f n f i n t a, i n t b)
{
cout "a + b" a + b "\n";
// cperator+
// operator
// ,
//
//cout " + " ( +
//
//cout (" + " )
) << "\";
+ ( "\");
}
-, , . , - ',
:
void fn(int a, int b) f
((cout "a + b") a + b) "\n";
}
.
;
, , ,
. "<<" , - , [
" " - . , " "?..
ostream? ostream , -. A i s t r e a m
.
FILE, s t d i o . h .
f open ()
FILE, ,
-. f... (),
f p r i n t f ; , fscanf() f g e t s ( ) .
- ostream istream, .

ofstream, i f s t r e a m fstream
fstream.n - .
, ostream istream.
, ,
- .
ofstream, ,
; :
ofstream::ofstream(char* pFileName,
int mode = ios::out,
int prot = filebuff::openprot);
26. -
287
.
, . mode . 26.2, a p r o t . 26.3.
, OR (
i o s f i l e b u f f ostream).
26.2. mode of stream
1OS
ios
ate
in
ios
out
( o s t r e a m )
ios
trunc
, (
)
ios
nocreate
( i s t r e a m }
ios
noreplace
ios
binary
( )
26.3. prot of stream
f i l e b u f : : openprot
f i l e b u f : : sh_none
f i l e b u f : : sh_read
f i l e b u f : :sh_write
MYNAME,
.
#include <fstream.h>
void fn()
{
// MYNAME ,
//
ofstream myn("MYNAME");
//
<< " \";
}
ofstream; : of stream (char *) , . MYNAME
, ; MYNAME.
, .
, of stream: : o f s t r e a m ( c h a r * , i n t ) , -. ,
( ), ofstream ,
(, \ \\,
).
288
V.
v o i d fn(>
{
// BINFILE ;
//,
ofstream bfile("BINFILE", i o s : : b i n a r y I i o s : r a t e ) ;
II...
...
- bad () 1, . , , :
#include <stream.h>
void fn )
{
ofstream myn("MYNAME");
if(nyn.bad())
// ...
{
err << " MYNAME\n";
return;
}
//
<< " \";
}
ofstream,
, , c l e a r ().
ofstream . .
i f s t r e a m , ofstream ,
.
void fr. ()
(
// ;
// ,
ifstream bankstatement("STATEMNT", ios:mocreate);
if ;bankStatement.bad())
{
cerr "He STATEMNT\n";
return;
}
// ,
// (eof)
while (Ibankstatement.eof())
{
bankStatement accountNumber >> amount;
II... ...
26. -
289
STATEMNT, bankstatement. , (
- , ).
(, ), .
account Number withdrawal,
(bankstatement .eof () == t r u e ) .
i f s t r e a m

-.
c l e a r ().
fstream i f s t r e a m ofstream (,
). fstream
, .
Jloqfocaccbt strstream
i s t r s t r e a m , o s t r s t r e a m s t r s t r e a m
s t r s t r e a . h s t r s t r e a m . h .
MS DOS ; ,
8.3 DOS. ,
, Visual C++, 8.3 s t r s t r e a . h . GNU C++ s t r s t r e a m . h .
s t r s t r e a m . h ,
fstream, .
s p r i n t f O H s s c a n f ( ) .
.
// Visual C++
#ifdef WIN32
//... 8.3...
#include <strstrea.h>
//... ...
#else
//
#include <strstream.h>
#endif
//parseString ,
//
,
//

char* parseString(char* pString)
i
istrstream inp(pString, 0 ) ;
int accountNumber;
float balance;
inp >> accountNumber >> balance;
char' pBuffer = new char[12B];
290
V.
ostrstream out(pBuffer, 128);

out << " = " << accountWumber
<< ", = $" << balance;
return pBuffer;
}
p s t r i n g "1234 100 . 0".
inp i s t r s t r e a m .
. 0,
", ".
out , pBuffer.
.
, i c s : : out.
, i o s : : a t e , , .
, , 1234 countNumoer 100 balance. , , " = " *pBuffer, 1234 accountNumber, ..

" = 1234, - $100.00"
#ifdef ,
. __WIN32 , Visual C++, ,
GNU C+ + . , Visual C++,
s t r s t r e a . h ; s t r s t r e a m . h .
. , Inp out
, . . , ,
.
-
, .
, EUDGET 249.600006 249.6 ( 249.60). - . ; , C++
.
,
249.6. , 249.60.
-, -
. , , p r e c i s i o n ( ) :
#include <iostrearn.h>
void fn(float interest, float dollarAmount)
26. -
291
cout << " = ";

cout.precision(2);
cout << dollarArriount;
cout.precision(4) ;
cout << interest
<< "\n";
i
p r e c i s i o n (> dollarAmount
.
249.60 , .
.
. (
, ?) , iomanip.h, ,
- ( ,
iomanip.h ). , ,
.
, , :
#include <iomanip.h>
void fn(float interest, float dollarAmount)
{
cout << " - ";
<< setprecision(2) << dollarAmount
<< setprecision(4) interest
<< "\n";
}
. 26.4.
26.4.
hex
flags (10)
flags(16)
oct
flags (8)
setiill()
fill(c)
setprecision( )
precision(c)
width(n)
.
( width (n)
setw(c)).
, , .
, . , , 8 .
292
V.
#include <lostrearn.h>
# i n c l u d e <iomanip.h>
v o i d fn{)
cout. <<
<<
<<
setw ( 8 )
10
20
"\";
/ / 8 . . .
/ / . . . 10, . . .
// 2 0

, . :
void fn;)
cout; <<
<<
setw (8) // . . .
10
setw(8)
20
//...
"\n";
, ,
, s e t w ( ) .
? >-
, . , - ,
. , , ,
. .
void fn(float value)
int previousPrecision;
// :
previousPrecision = cout.precision();
// ,
//
previousPrecision = cout.precision(2);
cout << value;
//
cout.precision{previousPrecision);
"" ,
; , , "" . , ,
.
26. -
293
&
C++ . , ,
.
-,
,
. , , USDollar 24,
" ", d i s p l a y ! ) .
#ifdef _WIN32
#include <strstrea.h>
#else
#include <strstream.h>
#endif
class USDollar
I
public:
USDollar(double v = 0.0)
{
//
dollars = (int)v;
// ,
// 0.5
cents - int((v - dollars) *" 100.0 + 0.5) ;
}
operator double()
{
return dollars + cents / 100.0;
}
void display(ostreams out)
{
out << '$' << dollars '.'
//
<< setfill('O') << setw(2) cents
//
<< setfill ( ' ' ) ;
protected:
unsigned int cents;
// operator
ostreams operator << (ostreams , USDollarfi d)
{
d.display (o);
return o;
294
V.

{
USDollar usd(i.50);
our << " = " << usd "\n";
usd = 2.0 * usd;
cout << " " << usd << " \n" ;
return G;
}
d i s p l a y () $,
. , ostream, cout.
d i s p l a y (} f stream s t r s t r e a m , ostream.
, d i s p l a y () 0.
, 10 .
, d i s p l a y {} USDollar operator<< (ostreams, u S D o l l a r s ) .
uSDollar , , main ().
:
= $1.50
S3.00
, c p e r a t o r < < ( )
ostream, . ,
. operator<< () ,
void fn(USDollars usd, float i)
{
cout << " " << usd << ", = " << i;
}

void fn'USDollar& usd, float i)
I
(((cout << " ") << usd) << ", = ") << i;
}
"" cout.
cout,
operator<< (oatreams, uSDollarS). ostream, .

void, ,
, void .
, .
ostream o p e r a t o r < < ( o s t r e a m s os, USDollars usd)
I
usd.display(os);
return cout;
26. -
295
, ostream,
, cout, ostream.
, cout
c s t r e a n . ,
.
void storeAccount(int account,
USDollar balance,
char* pName)
{
ofstream outFile("ACCOUNTS", ios::ate);
outFile << account << balance << pNarae;
account o u t F i l e
oporator<< !ostream&, int&), o u t F i l e . o u t F i l e operator<<(ostream&, USDollarS) USDollar.
cout o u t F i l e .
pName cout , .
" "
, ,
: cout << b a s e c l a s s o b j e c t , C++ , . , -, .
, .
class Currency
i
public:
Currency(double v = 0.0)
{
//
unit = (int)v;
//
cents = int((v - unit)* 100.0 + 0.5);
}
virtual void display(ostreamk out) = 0 ;
protected:
unsigned int unit;
unsigned int cents;
};
class USDollar : public Currency
{
public:
USDoilar(double v = 0.0) : Currency(v)
296
V.
// : $ 1 2 3 . 4 5
v i r t u a l void d i s p l a y ( o s t r e a m s out)
{
c u t << ' $ ' u n i t << ' . '

<< s e t f i l l ( ' O ' ) << setw(2) << c e n t s
<< s e t f i l l ( ' ' ) ;
class UAH : public Currency

(
public:
UAH(couble v - 0.0) : Currency(v)
// : 123.00 .
virtual void display(ostreams out)
{
out. << unit << ' . '
// 0
<< setfill('O') << setw(2) << cents
//
<< setfill{' ')
" .";
ostreams operator<< (ostreams o, Currency^ c)
{
.display(o);
return o;
}
void fn (Ourrencys c)
{
// ,
// operator (ostreams, Currency;*)
// -
out << " " <<
"\";
int mainiint argcs, char* pArgs[])

{
// USDollar ,
//
USDollar usd(1.50);
//
UAH d ( 3 . 0 0 ) ;
fn(d ;
r e t u r n 0;
}
Currency USDollar UAH. Cvrrc-.ic-;

d i s p l a y (> 1 .
, . d i s p l a y () .
operator<<() , , operator<<() -
26. -
297
uSDollar, . UAH, operat.or<< () .

, operator<<() , , , :
$1.50
3.00 .
, , -, ( -) d i s p l a y ().
298
V.
27

/3 1 ...
- /
S
S ?
, , : . .
.
C++ , , (exceptions). , .. , . :
(, , ) ,
.
t r y
(), throw () c a t c h (). : .
, () ,
() .
.
//factorial
int factDrial(int n)
{
//
// ,
//
if ( < 0)
(
Chrow " ";
}
//
int accum
while(n >
{

= 1;
0]
*= ;
}
return accum;
i n t main(int argcs,
{
char* pArgs[])
27.
299
try//{
out << "Factorial of -1 is "
<< factorial(-1) endl;
//
cout << "Factorial of 10 is "
<< factorial{10) << endl;
//
catch (char* pError) {
cout << " : " << pErrcr << endl;
)
return 0;
}
main() , t r y .
. main () .
f a c t o r i a l (} , , .
throw. ,
t r y .
/
, FORTRAN?
, - :
" f a c t o r i a l () ,
. ".
? .
, . -, , .
, ,
, , .
-, . , , " " -1,
" " -2 .. , , , .
.
-, . , , , -
f a c t o r i a l (), ,
. , , , , . ,
"
, ...", , , , .
300
V.
f a c t o r i a l () , ? ,
( ) ,
, , , , .
, .
errRtn = someFunc{);
if (errRtn)
{
errorOut{" someFn()"};
return MY_ERROR_1
}
errRtn = someOtherFunc() ;
if (errRtn)
{
errorOut(" someOtherFn()");
return MY__ERROR_1
}
.
| V .
%-f I
.
iy , , ,
...
, , . , 90% .
,
. , .
, ,
C++ , .
, .
&
, . (throw) C++ .
t r y .
t r y ,
, . t r y ,
, . .
,
, , .
r e t u r n .
.
t r y , c a t c h
( t r y ) .
, catch,
27.
301
; , catch.
,
, catch.
, .
.
#include <stdio.h>
class Cbj
{
public:
Cbj (char c}
label - c;
cout << " " << label << endl;
}
~Obj
{
out << " " << label << endl;
protected:
char label;
void fl () ,void f2();
int main(int, char*[j)
Obj a('a');
try
{
Obj b( 'b') ;
f l () ;
}
catch(float f)
{
cout << " float" << endl;
}
catch(int i)
{
cout << " int" << endl;
}
catch (...)
{
cout << "..." << endl;
)
return 0;
void fl ()
{
try
i
Obj c('c');
f 2 f) ;
}
ca^ch(char* pMsg)
302
V.
cout << " char*" << endl;

void f2 ()
{
Obj d ( ' d ' ) ;

t h r o w 10;
:

d
d

b
i n t

, f 2 () i n t , , , d. f2 () t r y , C++
, d f 2 (). f l ( ) t r y , catch
char*, i n t .
C++ , f i () (
).
main{) C++ t r y . . t r y c a t c h
f l o a t , i n t ,
. catch - i n t ,
. c a t c h , , , c a t c h .
Ji/qeM /?
throw ,
. i n t ,
throw . ,
"" .
.
#include <string.h>
//Exception
//
class Exception
{
public:
Exception(char* pMsg, char* pFile, int nLine)
{
strncpy(msg, pMsg, sizeof msg);
msg[sizeof msg 1] = '\0 ' ;
;3trncpy (f ile, pFile, sizeof file};
27.
303
filetsizeof file - 1] = 'NO';

lineNum = nLine;
}
I
out << " < " << msg << ">\n";
out << " #" << lineNum
<< ", " << file << endl;
}
protected:
//
char msg[80];
// ,
char file[80];
int lineNum;
};
:
throw Exception(" ",
LINE ,
FILE ) ;
,
FILE
LINE
.
ostream, d i s p l a y (),
(. 26, " ").
catch :
void myFunc()
try
//...
// Exception
catch(Exceptions x)
// -
.display(cerr) ;
c a t c h Exception,
- d i s p l a y .
c e r r , .. , cout. cout c e r r .
Exception . ,
, . ,
invalidArgumentException
.
304
V.
class InvalidArgumentException : public Exception

{
public:
InvalidArgumentException f ir.t arg, char* pFile,
int nLine)
: Exception(" ", pFile, nLine)
{
invArg = arg;
}
{
Exception::display(out);
cut << " " << invArg << endl;
}
protected:
int invArg;
J;
c a t c h Exception, I n v a l i dArgumentException , InvalidArgumentExc e p t i o n Exception, - d i s p l a y ! ) .
27.
305
28

8 / ...
S
S
S
J
S
, , .
. .
-. ,
(, ). , , . C++ :
. .
, -. . 28.1 - (
Sleepersofa). , Bed
(), Sofa (), .. .
Sofa
Bed
| sleep!)
| weight
wateMVO
weight
SleeperSofa
1 foldOutO
. 28.1. -
306
V.
sieeperSofa :
class Bed
{
public:
Bed (> > }
void sleep(){}
int weight;
);
class Sofa
{
public:
SofaO (}
void watchTV(){}
int weight;
// SleeperSofa
class SieeperSofa : public Bed, public Sofa
{
public:
SieeperSofa(){}
void foldOut{){}
i n t main(int argcs, char* pArgs[])
1
SieeperSofa ss;
// , ...
ss.wai.chTV () ;
// Sofa: :watchTV()
/ / . . .. . . .
ss.foJ.dOut () ;
// SieeperSofa: : f oldOut ()
//. . ..
ss.sleep();
// Bed::sleep()
return 0;
}
SieeperSofa Bed Sofa.

SieeperSofa,
. , ss . s l e e p (),
ss . watchTV(). SieeperSofa Bed, Sofa. , SieeperSofa , foldOut ().
,
. . , Bed Sofa
weight (). ,
. : weight SieeperSofa?
28.
307
: . sleeperSofa 3 e d : : w e i g h t
Sofa: :weight. . weight , , weight . :
void fn()
{
SleeperSofa ss;
cout "3ec = "
<< ss. weight
<< "\";
//. ?
, weight
, .
.
void fn()
{
SleeperSofa ss;
cout << " -- "
<< ss.Sofa::weight
<< "\n";
//,
}
,
: .
f n () , s i e e p e r S c f a Sofa. , .
Bufuntfcubttoe
SleeperSofa weight , , . -
, . ,
. ,
.
, , (, ,
). , . 28.2.
F u r n i t u r e () . ,
, :
//Furniture ;
"weight" ""
class Furniture
{
public:
308
V.
};
Furniture() {}
int weight;
class Bed : public Furniture

public:
Bed() {}
void sleep {) {}
class Sofa : public Furniture
public:
SofaO f }
void watchTVO { )
class SleeperSofa : public Bed, public Sofa
public:
SleeperSofa() {}
void foldOut {}
void fn()
SleeperSofa ss;
cout << " = "
<< ss.weight
"\n";
Furniture
weg
i ht
Bed
sieepO
Sofa
wae
thTVO
N
Se
l eperSofa
I
i
fod
l OutO
Puc. 28.2.
28.
309
-... " "", " , weight . ss

F u r n i t u r e ?
void fn()
{
SleeperSofa ss;
Furniture* pF;
pF = (Furniture*)Sss;
cout "Bee = "
<< pF -> weight
<< "\n";
};
ss F u r n i t u r e . , - , SleeperSofa*
F u r n i t u r e * . , , ?
. SleeperSofa
F u r n i t u r e . F u r n i t u r e Bed Sofa,
SleeperSofa . SleeperSofa
, . 28.3.
Furniture
Bed
( Furniture)
_ ,
Bed
Furniture
Sofa
( Furniture)
__,
Sofa
-
SleeperSofa

SleeperSofa
. 28.3. SleeperSofa
, SleeperSofa
Sofa,
SleeperSofa
.
Sofa F u r n i t u r e .
Bed,
SleeperSofa.
F u r n i t u r e , Sleeper-
, , ,
. 28.2. ,
, . 28.4.
S l e e p e r S o f a F u r n i t u r e ,
! , S l e e p e r S o f a
F u r n i t u r e Bed Sofa . C++
,
virtual.
310
V.
"urniture
Furniture
weight
weight
Bed
s!eep()
Sofa
watchTV()
j
1
\
SleeperSofa
foldOut()
*
. 28.4.
( )
Ifj^x-J \|
/ XL !
, SleeperSofa , .
class Furr.iture
f
public:
Furnit ure f) {}
int weight;
class Bed : virtual public Furniture
public:
Bed() {}
void leep(){}
class Sofa : virtual public Furniture
public:
Sofa() {}
void watchTVO { \
};
class SleeperSofa : public Bed, public Sofa
{
public:
SleeperSofat) : Sofa(), Bed() (}
void foldOutf)()
28.
311
void fn()
SleeperSofa ss;
cout "Bee = "
<< ss.weight
"\n";
v i r t u a l , Bed Sofa F u r n i t u r e . :
"- F u r n i t u r e , , ". SleeperSofa , . 28.5.
Furniture
Bed
( Furniture)
Sofa
( Furniture)
SleeperSofa

SleeperSofa
. 28.5. SleeperSofa

, SleeperSofa F u r n i t u r e ,
Bed Sofa, F u r n i t u r e .
SleeperSofa ( , ).
weight fn (} ,
SleeperSofa F u r n i t u r e . , (. . 28.2).
,
? -, , , , , ,
. -,
( ). , Teacher-Assistant (
) Teacher () Student
(), , , Academician. ,
TeacherAssistant Academician.
312
V.
1.
.
2.
.
3. -
, - .
4. , .
, ,
.
^/

, . - , .
, - , , , .
, (, ,
). ,
.
, . -, ,
, . -,
.
,
, - :
Sinclude i i o s t r e a m . h >
class ! (int mem;};
class Base2 (int mem;);
class Subclass : public Basel, public Base2 {};
void fn(Subclass' pSC)
{
Basel* pBX = (Basel*)pSC;
T
Base2 * pB2 - (Base2 )pSC;
if<{void*)pBl -= (void*)pB2)
I
out <<' " " ;
int main(int args, char* pArgs

Subclass sc;
fn(Ssc);
return 0;
28.
313
1 2 , !, ,
*psc.
, ,
C++. . Microsoft Foundation Classes (MFC), .
.
! .
, Microsoft , , .
, . , , .
314
V.
VI
S & ,..
... ""
" ".
29, " ",
,
.
, ,
.
29

sfnou ...

nfteq

C++ . , , , . , .
, . .
, . Microsoft Borland "
" (Enable All Messages),
. .
, C++
. :
#include "student.h"
#include "class.h"
Student* addNewStudent (Class class, char *pName,
SSNumber ss)
t
Student pS;
if(pName != 0)
{
pS = new Student(pName, ss);
class.addStudentipS);
}
return pS;
29.
317
( Visual C++) , pName 0, pS ,

, .
2)<5
, (
). , , .
, . ,
- .
141/

, . , , , .
:
| S , ;
I / ;
I S C++;
| S C++ .
, .
, , ( ), , .
, , ,
. , , .
/

- .
, .
, , -
, .. .
, -,
.
-
, -, -
318
VI.
, . ,
, , .
class Array
{
public:
Array{int s)
{
E; i z e = 0 ;
pData = new int[s];
if (pData)
size = s;
-Array{>
{
delete pData;
size - 0;
pData = 0;
}
//
int data fint index)
{
return pData[index];
}
int data (int index, int newValue)
{
int oldValue = pData[index];
pData[index] = newValue;
return oldValue;
}
protected:
int Tsize;
int pData;
};
d a t a ( i n t ) Array.
: , index
. , ?
d a t a ( i n t , i n t ) , .
, .
d a t a ( i n t ) .
i n t d a t a ( u n s i g n e d i n t index)
{
if(index >= size)

{
cout << " "

" ("
index "}\n";
return 0;
}
return pData[index];
}
, index , ( index ).
29.
319
nfwzficuuuf
, , , , ,
.
, , , , . , ,
"" .
, . , ,
, ,
, .
cf&t oquH /
//taMMtf
, , , . ,
( , ).
,
,
. ,
.
////
, - o p e r a t o r ()
operator>> ()
o p e r a t o r H ) , C++.
,
.
C++ , .

, , , . MyClass: : c r e a t e () , MyClass : : r e l e a s e ( ) ,
, . MyClass : : c r e a t e
. , ,
320
VI.
(,
"" MyClass : : r e l e a s e ()),
.
/ oSfwJotntcu &
C++
. , , .
, , , . ,
( ,
, ).
, Microsoft MFC.
, C++, .
, .
29.
321

fni.
this
. t h i s
-,
" ".
v__table
,
, , , .
Abstract class
, , .
Abstraction
,
. .
.
Base class
, .
Virtual
function
Outline function
, , ,
. . .
.
(inline)
Inline function
, ;
.
Expression
.
-+ .
Global variable
, - .
Deep copy
, , ,
, -
.
Friend
,
, .
Private
,
.
Protected
,
. .
Classification
. , ,
, , .
Constructor
-, .
322
table
(outline)
member
-, . . .
Default constructor
, ,
Signature field
,
. - . .

( )
Copy constructor
,
. , z z : : z (z i ) .
Heap
,
m a l l o c ( ) . f r e e ( ) .
Method
. -.
Inheritance
C++ .
Public
, .
Object-oriented
programming
, , .
Function prototype
declaration
, (
).
Function
declaration
, ,
, ( ),
, ,
Callback function
, .
Paradigm
. , : - .
Overloading
.

.
Operator
overloading
Overriding
, . .
-.
Shallow copy
Subclass
, .
U n d e r g r a d u a t e S t u d e n t , ,
U n d e r g r a d u a t e S t u d e n t .
Late binding
, C++ .
323
Polymorphism
, -
.
Derived class
, .
Stream i/o
- C++,
o p e r a t o r << o p e r a t o r >>.
l o s t r e a m . .
Early binding
( ) .
.
Extensibility
, ,
Data segment
, C++ , . .
Code segment
, .
Stack segment
,
.
Function signature
, (
).
Short-circuit
evaluation
, , .
: ; !
&s, ,
( f a l s e ) ,
, .
Reference variable
,
.
Static
function
-, t h i s .
Static data member
, ,
, ,
.
Variable type
.
i n t . c h a r , d o u b l e
float.
Pointer variable
, .
Disambiguation
,
.
Analysis phase
, .
Coding phase
, .
Design phase
,
. .
324
member
Member function
, ; ,
-.
virtual function
, ,
Class member
. .
Instance member
( ) .
Instance of a class
. , i i n t i n t i.
1S_A
. ,
M a l l a r d Duck; ,
M a l l a r d Duck.
325

--, 36; 42
!, 45
!=, 45
%, 40
%=, 40
&, 49; 88; i
&&. 45
*. 40; 89
*=. 40
/, 40
-, 49
|,49
private, 173
protected, 172
struct, 142; I
this. 152; 322
1,49
~, 49
+, 39
++, 39; 42
+=, 40
<, 45
<=, 45
--,40
= 45
>, 45
>=, 45
V
virtual, 235
w
wchar t. 87
A
, 322
, 139; 171; 322
, 88
class, 142 1
D
delete, 96
. 227
Free Software Foundation, 23

friend, 174; 268
, 236; 240
, 248
, 310
, 206
, 29; 40; 322
, 37
GNU, 23
N
new, 96
operator, 266
. 205
, 22
-, 149
,
327
, 42
, 182; 192
, 241
#dcfine, 116
#ifdef, 116
#include, 115
, 268
, 80
, 159
, 78
, 82
, 204
, 150
, 30614
, 312
, 109
, 171
, 42; 43
, 53
, 28
, 63
, 299; 1
, 299
, 142; 177
, 247; 248
, 227; 322
, 174
, 171
, 247
, 209
, 140
, 28
, 22
, 109
, 36
, 178; 185; 322
, 185
, 199
, 201
, 199
, 188
, 109; 192
, 195
, 191
, 279
, 94
, 77; 99; 158; 165

, 78; 80; 158
328
, 225-30; 323
, 274
, 94
, 153
, 142; 177
, 147
, 206
, 177
, 177
, 153
-
, 139; 234
, 28
, 30; 265
!.45
!=, 45
%, 40
% = , 40
&, 49
&&, 45
*. 40
/, 40
, 49
|, 49
|, 45
~, 49
+ , 39
++, 39
+=, 40
<,45
<=, 45
-=, 40
=. 40
= = , 45
>. 45
>=, 45
, 265

, 279
, 266
, 285
. 39
. 39
, 44
, 98
, 41
42
, 53
, 117-36
, 12432
, 229
, 227; 243
, 117
, 117
, 323
, 265
, 73
, 93
, 94
, 28; 31
, 76
, 36
, 75
, 76; 195
, 233
, 233
, 233; 324
-, 285-98
, 292
, 294
, 286
, 72
, 38
, 38
, 41; 99
, 30; 42
, 22
, 143
, 166
, 109
, 22
, 22
, 98
, 37
, 94
, 209
, 84; 86; 101
char, 35; 87
double, 35;
float, 35
int, 35
long, 35
string, 35
, 129
, 88; 89; 159; 324

, 139
, 270

, 23
, 67; 161
, 69; 71
, 69
, 73
, 93
, 94
, 75
, 69
-, 148
, 155
, 301
, 243; 246
, 160
, 233; 235
, 143
, 55
do..while, 56
for, 57
while, 55
, 59
, 62
329
break, 60
continue. 61
, 143; 209; 325

, 209
, 248; 325
330
, 140; 143

"",
2-

www.dialektika.com

,
.

,

. ,
,

.

BASIC,

,
Internet.

.

.
V I S U A L
C + + . N E T
""
,

Visual
C++
KMW

w w w . d i a l e k t i k a . c o m
, Visual C++ .NET. , :

, .
C++
. , Excel
Access.
,

. , ,
C++ , ,
.
, ,
C++ .NET,
,
, .
, ,
.
.
^^^^^^( /
|||-Depth
C++.
C++ In-Depth, . 1
.
C++.
,

C++.
! i.iiv- - 1 .
. v.ie . i - * .
C++, i i ..,.iaiLi<i:
-, OUCVA;I<ICV - i
* .noGoii Jj.-i.t4ii.
. * s.! .
-ci t
) C++.
( C++ In-Depth, . 2
.)-,, . '1.
'>. J , . [ ^.uiarui. ) * *. \
^ <" . ^...
1;) ! iru.iK i-1:. ; i. yiuari,, 1<]; c i u i
. . -^ ^ -
: -1, . h *,
: , , C++
i:. i . , .
C++.
C++ Tn-Depth, . 3
i':dpeu .'
"-1: (1 ,
. .-'-OH ,
. - C++.
I; 11 , ,
afiw , C++ , .
t- .
.11 Loki, Web-
4:. C++.
C++.
( C++ In-Depth, . 4
! .
U
:> - C++
;
eptional C++ More Exceptional C + + ,
'
+ In-Depth, ,
:. .: C++.
*:> Guru of the Week,
.: C++, ,
. ! .
www.williamspubiishing.
com

,
,

www.dialektika.com
C++ "", 4-

7*. //.
..
. .
.
.. , . . ,
. . &
"".
101509, , . , . 43, . 1.
. . 090230 23.06.99
.
28.02.2003. 70x100/16.
Times. .
. . . 27,3- .-. . 15,83.
. 4000 . 2507.
" "
.
.
197110, -, .. 15.

C++ Для чайников2

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

C++ Для чайников2

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

by S t e p h e n R.

, GNU C++ ">>>" 13- .

, C++ , . GNU C++ , ?

(n.Valuel f nValue2 ( nValue3)

(IntValue / IntDivisor)* IntDivisor

C++ , , .. 1,- C++.

: " nVariable 2".

C++ * * . (+), (-) {*).

123i,- = 1 * 8'" + 7 * + 3 * 8 = 173,

, " " (XOR),

, , & 0x3 0x2.

out << " "

loopCount--, --loopCount loopCount

... ! , , Microsoft ... , .

Od?uw,uuHtw! O(buu,uuHtw! Mf-

int main(int arg, char* pszArgs[J)

cout " \n"

. C++ f l o a t , double, long,

f or i int i = 0 ; i< sizeOfloat. Array;

cout << " #2: ";

main , g e t l i n e { ) . ( cir. >> s z S t r i n g , .)

char*" strcat (target, source)

char* strcpy(target, source)

int strcmp(sourcel, source2)

int stricmp(sourcel, source2)

pi ntVar - 6intVar; // pir.tVar intVar

int main(int nArgs, char* pArgs[])

for (int n = 0; n < nSize; n++)

while pszTarget , . , pszTarget ,

while (*pszTarget++ = *pszSource++) {} ,

case 1: pszReturnValue = "";

MS DOS , MyProgram.exe, f i l e . t x t /w. , (/)

7. Add Files, , , , , Microsoft Word.

r h i d e , "Program exiting code 255(0xfT)" (" 255(0xfT)"), . 11.2. , ,

f File Fdit Search Run Compile Debug-Project Options Windows HeJE

int maintint argc,

Program exit code: 255 (0x00ffj-

F3 Open F5 ZOOM F6 Next

F18 Menu Hlt*K Quit

Kile bdit~Search Hun Coetpile Debug t'roject Options Hindows'tielp

ilnter JUMP to source l"b Zoom f-6 Next

HU Henu RH-X Quit

, nValue, nSum nNums .

11.1. Microsoft Visual C++ GNU rhide

. , " ", " "

cout << " #2 : ". .

Open Fb ZOOM 1-6 Next

File'Edit"Setfrch^-Buh'-Conpiie Debug Project Options Windows Help

Menu fill* Quit

> t FC/W: rMde

void init(unsigneds accountNumber,

cout << " = "

nds NameDataSet ( NameDat a S e t ) ; n d s . c r e d i t C a r d nds;

coir: << " : " ;

Linked List Data

Student* pS= Ss; // s

void someFn(Student * pS)

int main(int argc, char* pArgs[])

13, " C++", .

cout << " main()\n";

cout << " " << name << "\n";

int main(int argcs,

Student s ( " D a n n y " ) ; //

Student freshMan("Smell E. fish");

while (pszTarget++ = pszSource++) {} ,