004.

432
22.1
27
27

. .

Python: / . . . : , 2010. 126 .
: . ( ALT Linux).
ISBN 978-5-905167-02-7
-
Python Python
(IDE) Geany Eric.
, ( ), Python, ,
IDE Geany IDE Eric,
Python. ,
(32 .).

Python turtle
- Tkinter.
: http://books.altlinux.ru/PythonSchool/

, , .
004.432
22.1

:
: (495) 662-3883. E-mail: zakaz@altlinux.ru
Internet-: http://shop.altlinux.ru

, , GNU
FDL. , :
ALT Linux. :
Python. . . ALT Linux ALT Linux. Linux
. .

ISBN 978-5-905167-02-7

. ., 2010
ALT Linux 2010

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7

1. Python
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Python . . . . . . . . . .
Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Python
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.

4
4
5
22
26
31
32
34

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5

2. Python
. . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
() . . . . . . . . .
( )

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

35
35
40
46
59
65

3. Python
3.1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2
.
Tkinter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

77

4.
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7

. Python? . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . .
() . . .
IDE Geany . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IDE Eric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tk Tkinter
. . . . . . . . .

70
70

.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.

92
92
93
94
98
111
123
124

 1
Python
1.1

, ,
.
.

Python , Python-.
Python
Python (. ).
Python - . , .. .
Python ,
,
.
, ,
( ). ( )
.
.
:
import _
:
from _ import 1 , . . . N
Python =,
==.

1.2.

Python , . a=b=c=4 a<b<5 ,

a<b=4 . a<b==4.
Python begin ... end DO ...
LOOP. (, ,
) ().
, .
Python.
. ( ) Python.

1.2

1.2.1

1.2.1.1

Python ( int),
( long), ( oat) ( ). .
Python
int () oat (). , int (12.6) 12,
oat (12) 12.0 ( ).
1.1.
1.1:

x +y

( x y)

x y

( x y)

x/y

x y (). ! x y
, !

.
:
100/8 12, 100/8.0 12.5

x y

( x y)

1. Python
1.1:

x//y

( ).
, ,
.
:
100//8 12
101.8//12.5 8.0
(
101.8/12.5 8.1440000000000001)

x%y

xy

x y
:
10%4 2

(x y).
.
:
23 8
2.3(3.5) 0.05419417057580235

, Python abs()
( , abs(3) 3), pow() (
, pow(2,3) 8), divmod() ( , divmod(17,5) (3,2)) round() (, round(100.0/6) 17.0).
, ,
.
(), , . math.
1.2.1.2

Python True () False ().

.

1.2.

1.2:

>

(, , a > b)

<

(,, a < b)

==

(, a b)

!=

(, a b)

not x

( x )

x and y

().
x and y, ,
x y.

x or y

().
x or y, ,
.

x in A

x
() A (. ).

a <x<b

(x > a) and (x < b)

1.2.2

Python ( ) ( ). () (, ),
.
, .
, , . ()
(.. ).
Python () ,
, ( ).
.

1. Python

1.2.2.1

( ,
) .
. Python
( ). () ,
. Python ,
.
( )
Python . (, )
Python.
str (). , str (123) 123.
-, int () ( int ( 123) 123), oat () ( oat ( 12.34 ) 12.34).
( ) ord() (, ord( s ) 115). ,
chr() ( chr(100) d).
1.3:

len (s)

s1 + s2

. s1
s2, , , +

s n ( n s)

s[ i ]

n- s, , 2
s i, 0 ( 0). . i < 0, ( 0,
1).
:
s=
s [2]
s[2]

1.2.

1.3:

s [ i : j :k]

, s
i j k ( i
,
j ). k ( s [ i : j ]), (
s [ i : j :1] ).
:
s=derevo
s [3:5] ev
s [1:5:2] ee

min(s)

max(s)

() ( )
:
s=derevo
min(s) d
()
:
s=derevo
max(s) v

, Python, (.. ,
). .
, , s1.
1.4:

s1. center (n)

s1,
n .
. n len(s1),
.
:
s1=ZoomZoom
s1. center(15) ZoomZoom

10

1. Python
1.4:

s1. ljust (n)

s1 ( )
n . n < len(s1), .
:
s1=ZoomZoom
s1. ljust (15) ZoomZoom

s1. rjust (n)

s1.count(s [, i , j ])

s1. nd (s [, i , j ])

s1 ( ) n
. n < len(s1), .
:
s1=ZoomZoom
s1. rjust (15) ZoomZoom

s
s1. . i j
( , ).
:
s1=abrakadabra
s1.count(ab) 2
s1.count(ab ,1) 1
s1.count(ab,1,3) 0,
s1[1:3] brakada

( ) s s1. . i j ( ).
:
s1=abrakadabra
s1. nd ( br ) 1

1.2.
1.4:

s1. rnd (s [, i , j ])

( )
s s1.
. i j
(
).
:
s1=abrakadabra
s1. rnd ( br ) 8

s1. strip ()

s1. lstrip ()

s1. rstrip ()

s1. replace (s2,s3 [, n])

, ( - ).
:
s1=breKeKeKeKs
s2=s1. strip ()
s2 breKeKeKeKs
, ( - ).
:
s1=breKeKeKeKs
s2=s1. lstrip ()
s2 breKeKeKeKs
, ( - ).
:
s1=breKeKeKeKs
s2=s1. rstrip ()
s2 breKeKeKeKs

, () s2
s3. n ( ).
:
s1=breKeKeKeKs
ss=s1.replace( Ke, XoXo,2)
ss breXoXoXoXoKeKs

11

12

1. Python
1.4:

s1. capitalize ()

, (),
().
:
s1=breKeKeKeKs
s2=s1. capitalize ()
s2 Brekekekeks

s1.swapcase()

s1.upper()

s1. lower ()

1.2.2.2

, .
:
s1=breKeKeKeKs
s2=s1.swapcase()
s2 BREkEkEkEkS

, ().
:
s1=breKeKeKeKs
s2=s1.upper()
s2 BREKEKEKEKS
, ().
:
s1=breKeKeKeKs
s2=s1.lower()
s2 brekekekeks

Python ,
(, ,
).
.
,
t =(12 , b , 3 4 . 6 , d e r e v o )

1.2.

13

Python
- :
t =(x , s1 , y , s 2 ) =(12 , b , 3 4 . 6 , d e r e v o )

, .. t [0] x, t [3] ,
, s2.
.
s1 t [1] .
, Python
.
( t=()),
(, t=(domik,)).

.
Python, ,
divmod() .
-
, , ,
. ,
.
, .
1.5:

len (t)

( ) t

t1 + t2

. ,
t1
t2.
:
t1=(1,2,3)
t2=(raz , dva)
t3=t1+t2
t3 (1, 2, 3, raz , dva)

t n ( n t)

n- t
:
t2=(raz , dva)
t23 (raz,dva, raz , dva , raz , dva)

14

1. Python
1.5:

t[ i ]

t i, 0 ( 0) i < 0,
(
0, 1).
:
t3= (1, 2, 3, raz , dva)
t3 [2] 3
t3[2] raz

t [ i : j :k]

min(t)

max(t)

, t
i j k (
i , j
). k ( t [ i : j ]), (
t [ i : j :1] ).
:
t3= (1, 2, 3, raz , dva)
t3 [1:4] (2, 3, raz)

() .
:
t3= (1, 2, 3, raz , dva)
min(t3) 1

() .
:
t3= (1, 2, 3, raz , dva)
max(t3) raz

, ,
, , , , ,
.
tuple (), :
s= amamam
t=t u p l e ( s )
t ( a , m , a , m , a , m )

1.2.

15

.
, ,
. ,
(, . ).
1.2.2.3

Python , (, ,
, ). , ,
.

, :
l s t =[12 , b , 3 4 . 6 , d e r e v o ]
lst (
list, .. ).
Python - :
l s t =[x , s1 , y , s 2 ] = [ 1 2 , b , 3 4 . 6 , d e r e v o ]

, .. lst [0] x, lst [3] .
, s2.
.
s1 lst [1] .
, ,
.
( : lst =[]), (, lst =[domik]).
Python, ,
.
1.6:

len ( lst )

lst. .

16

1. Python
1.6:

lst1 + lst2

. ,
lst1 lst2 .
:
lst1 =[1,2,3]
lst2 =[raz , dva ]
lst3 =lst1+lst2
lst3 [1, 2, 3, raz , dva ]

lst n ( n lst )

lst [ i ]

lst [ i : j :k]

min( lst )

n- lst .
.
:
lst2 =[raz , dva ]
lst2 3 [raz,dva , raz , dva , raz , dva ]

lst i, 0 ( 0)
i < 0, (
1).
:
lst3 = [1, 2, 3, raz , dva ]
lst3 [2] 3
lst3 [2] raz

, lst
i j k (
i , j
). k ( lst [ i : j ]), (
lst [ i : j :1] ).
:
lst3 = [1, 2, 3, raz , dva ]
lst3 [1:4] [2, 3, raz ]

() .
:
lst3 = [1, 2, 3, raz , dva ]
min(lst3 ) 1

1.2.
1.6:

max(lst)

() .
:
lst3 = [1, 2, 3, raz , dva ]
max(lst3) raz

lst [ i ]=x

del lst [ i ]

i x.
x , .
.
:
lst3 =[1, 2, 3, raz , dva ]
lst3 [2]= tri
lst3 [1, 2, tri , raz , dva ]
lst3 [2]=[7,8]
lst3 [1, 2, [7, 8], raz , dva ]

i.
.
:
lst3 =[1, 2, [7, 8], raz , dva ]
del lst3 [2]
lst3 [1, 2, raz , dva ]

lst [ i : j]=x

lst x
( x).
:
lst3 =[1, 2, 3, raz , dva ]
lst3 [2:4]= tri
lst3 [1, 2, t , r , i , dva ]
lst3 [2:4]= a
lst3 [1, 2, a , i , dva ]
,
!

del lst [ i : j ]

,
( ).
:
lst3 =[1, 2, a , i , dva ]
del lst3 [2:4]
lst3 [1, 2, dva]

17

18

1. Python

,
, , , , , ,
.
Python, , ,
.
1.7:

lst .append(x)

x lst. x
. .
:
lst=[raz,dva,tri,1,2]
lst.append(3)
lst [raz,dva,tri,1,2,3]

lst .extend(t)

lst .count(x)

lst . index(x)

t lst
( ,
).
:
lst1=[1,2,3]
lst2=[raz,dva]
lst1.extend(lst2)
lst1 [1,2,3,raz,dva]

, x,
lst. .
:
lst=[1,2,3,raz,dva,raz,dva]
lst .count( raz ) 2
x
lst. , .
:
lst=[1,2,3,raz,dva,raz,dva]
lst . index( dva) 4

1.2.
1.7:

lst .remove(x)

x lst . ,
.
:
lst=[1,2,3,raz,dva,raz,dva]
lst.remove(dva)
lst [1,2,3,raz,raz,dva]

lst .pop(i)

lst . insert ( i ,x)

lst . sort ()

lst . reverse ()

i lst.
( ). , . .
:
lst=[1,2,3,raz,raz,dva]
\ lstinline lst.pop(3)| raz|
lst [1,2,3,raz,dva]
\ lstinline lst.pop()| dva|
lst [1,2,3,raz]

x i
lst. i>=0, .
i>len ( lst ), . .
:
lst= [1,2,3,raz]
lst.insert(3,tri)
lst [1,2,3,tri,raz]
(
). .
:
lst=[1,2,3,tri,raz]
lst.sort()
lst [1,2,3,raz,tri]
.
.
:
lst=[1,2,3,raz,tri]
lst.reverse()
lst [tri,raz,3,2,1]

19

20

1. Python

, ( ). Python zip () map().

zip () , .
zip () , ,
( 0,
1 ..)
:
l s t 1 =[1 ,2 ,3 ,4]
l s t 2 =[ t r i , dva , r a z ]
l s t =z i p ( l s t 1 , l s t 2 )
l s t [ ( 1 , t r i ) , ( 2 , dva ) , ( 3 , r a z ) ]

. .
zip () ,
.
map() . ()
, (
). map()
lambda-, .. , map().
lambda- lambda,
,
( ).
lambda-,
map() (),
.
:
l s t 1 =[1 ,2 ,3 ,4]
l s t =map ( lambda x : x 2 , l s t 1 )
l s t [2 , 4 , 6 , 8]
t1 =(1 ,2 ,3)
t2 =(5.0 ,6.0 ,7.0)
t=map ( lambda x , y : x /y , t1 , t 2 )
t [0.20000000000000001 , 0.33333333333333331 ,
0.42857142857142855]
, map() None, zip ().
, map(None, lst1, lst2 ) zip ( lst1 , lst2 ).

1.2.

21

, ,
sum(), ().
:
l s t 1 =[1 ,2 ,3 ,4]
sum ( l s t 1 ) 10
t1 =(1 ,2 ,3)
sum ( t 1 ) 6

list ().
:
s= amamam
l s t=l i s t ( s )
l s t [ a , m , a , m , a , m ]
t =(5 , 1 2 , 3, 7 )
l s t 2= l i s t ( t )
l s t 2 [ 5 , 1 2 , 3, 7 ]
, tuple ()
.
split () join (). split () .
:
s= mama myla ramu
l s t =s . s p l i t ( )
# -
l s t [ mama , myla , ramu ]
join () ,
( ).
:
l s t =[ 1 , 2 , 3 ]
s= nea . j o i n ( l s t )
s 1 nea2nea3
range() .
:
r a n g e ( x0 , x1 , d )
[x0, x1)
d, ,
range (0 ,15 ,3) [0 , 3 , 6 , 9 , 12]

22

1. Python

range (n)
0 n 1 1.

range (k , n)
k n 1 1.
, range(),
range() ( x in range(a,b,d))
( x not in range(a,b,d)). (. 2.3).
sum() , range(),
.
:
sum ( r a n g e ( 1 0 ) ) 45
sum ( r a n g e ( 0 , 1 5 , 3 ) ) 30

1.3

Python

Python , .
Python python .
( ) . 1.1.
<CTRL>+<D>.

>>>.
<ENTER>, Python
.
- ,
, <ENTER>.
.
,
. ( ) (IDE Integrated Development Environment).
IDE , , .
IDE Python IDLE (. 1.2).
. ,
Python (..
).

1.3. Python

. 1.1: Python

. 1.2: IDLE

23

24

1. Python

. 1.3: IDE Eric

Options IDLE ,
.
, , <F5>.
, IDLE . ,
.
IDLE ( ) , , IDLE
.
Python IDE Eric (. 1.3), . (,
)
(. 1.4).
, Eric
( ).

1.3. Python

. 1.4: IDE Eric

. 1.5: IDE Geany

25

26

1. Python

. 1.6: Kate

- IDE Geany (. 1.5),

, Python, .
, Python (
)
, , Kate, KDE (. 1.6).
python _.py
Kate.

1.4
1.4.1

Python

() , , input ()
raw_input().
- ( ), ,
.
.
- ( ), (. 1.5).
- . input () raw_input() -

1.4. Python

27

-
<ENTER>. ,
.
, <ENTER> .

.
>>> , , ,
(, Python), # ().
input () ,
( ).
:
>>> a=i n p u t ( ) <ENTER>
#
12 <ENTER>
>>> a <ENTER>
# a
12
>>>
>>> a=i n p u t ( a : ) <ENTER>
#

a: 12 <ENTER>
#
>>>
>>> a , b , c=i n p u t ( : )
<ENTER>
#
: 3 , 4 , 5 <ENTER>
>>> b <ENTER>
# b
4
>>>
>>> t =(a , b , c , d )=i n p u t ( : ) <ENTER>

>>> 5 , bob , 3 , dno <ENTER>
>>> t [ 1 ] <ENTER>
#
bob
>>>t <ENTER>
(5, bob, -3, dno)
>>>

(
input () ),
list ().

28

1. Python

Python
raw_input(). input ().
.
raw_input() , .
:
>>> name=raw_input ( ? ) <ENTER>
? <ENTER>
>>> name <ENTER>

>>> age=raw_input ( ? ) <ENTER>

? 12 <ENTER>
>>> age <ENTER>
12
>>>
print, . () print ( )
.
:
>>> p r i n t ==s t r o k a == <ENTER>
==-stroka-==
>>>

>>> t =(a , b , c , d )=i n p u t ( : ) <ENTER>

5 , bob , 3 , dno <ENTER>
>>> p r i n t t <ENTER>
(5, bob, -3, dno)
>>>
>>> p r i n t , t <ENTER>
#

(5, bob, -3, dno)

>>>
print
.
>>> t =(a , b , c , d )=i n p u t ( : ) <ENTER>
5 , bob , 3 , dno <ENTER>
>>> t 1 = ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) <ENTER>
>>> p r i n t , t+t 1 <ENTER>
#

(5, bob, -3, dno, 1, 2, 3)

>>>

1.4. Python

1.4.2

29

.
,
.

. r (
), w () a ().
.
, .
.
1.dat
1 2 3
a b c
:
>>> f d=open ( 1 . d a t , r ) <ENTER>
:
>>> s=f d . r e a d ( ) <ENTER>
>>> s <ENTER>
1 2 3\na b c
>>>
, . Pyrhon
,
, . .
\n.
, ( new line).
.
split () .
>>> l s t =s . s p l i t ( \n ) <ENTER>
>>> l s t <ENTER>
[1 2 3,a b c]
, ,
split () lst .
( ).
>>> l s t 2= l s t [ 0 ] . s p l i t ( ) <ENTER>

30

1. Python

>>> l s t 2 <ENTER>
[1,2,3]
>>> b=i n t ( l s t 2 [ 1 ] ) <ENTER>
>>> b <ENTER>
2
( ) close ():
>>> f d . c l o s e ( ) <ENTER>
. readline ()
, :
>>> f d=open ( 1 . d a t , r ) <ENTER>
>>> s 0 1=f d . r e a d l i n e ( ) <ENTER>
>>> s 0 1 <ENTER>
1 2 3\n
>>> s 0 1=f d . r e a d l i n e ( ) <ENTER>
a b c
>>> f d . c l o s e ( ) <ENTER>
readlines () .
:
>>>
>>>
>>>
[1 2
>>>
2
>>>

f d=open ( 1 . d a t , r ) <ENTER>
l s t 0 1=f d . r e a d l i n e s ( ) <ENTER>
l s t 0 1 <ENTER>
3\n, a b c]
l e n ( l s t 0 1 ) <ENTER>
f d . c l o s e ( ) <ENTER>

- .
,
write (), .
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>

f d=open ( 1 . d a t , w ) <ENTER>
s 2= c d e <ENTER>
f d . w r i t e ( s 2 ) <ENTER>
f d . c l o s e ( ) <ENTER>

cde, ,
, . close ()
.
.
>>> f d=open ( 2 . d a t , a ) <ENTER>

1.5.
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>

31

s 1= c d e \n <ENTER>
f d . w r i t e ( s 1 ) <ENTER>
s 2= 34 5\ n <ENTER>
f d . w r i t e ( s 2 ) <ENTER>
f d . c l o s e ( ) <ENTER>

\n . 2.dat :
c d e
3 4 5

1.5

Python
, .
() .
( )
().
.
(IDE)
,
. .py (, my_program.py).
, () , Python ,
( ).
.
:
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*name=raw_input ( ? )
p r i n t , , name , !
Python, ,
p y t h o n my_program . py
IDE Python . IDLE
<F5>, Eric
<F2> <ENTER>.

32

1.6

1. Python

Python

Python Python help,

.
>>> h e l p <ENTER>
Type h e l p ( ) f o r i n t e r a c t i v e h e l p , o r h e l p ( o b j e c t ) f o r h e l p
about o b j e c t .
>>>
Python
.
Python .
, , .
>>> h e l p ( ) <ENTER>
Welcome t o Python 2 . 4 ! T h i s i s t h e o n l i n e h e l p u t i l i t y .
I f t h i s i s y o u r f i r s t t i m e u s i n g Python , you s h o u l d
d e f i n i t e l y check out
t h e t u t o r i a l on t h e I n t e r n e t a t
h t t p : / /www. p y t h o n . o r g / doc / t u t / .
E n t e r t h e name o f any module , keyword , o r t o p i c t o g e t h e l p
on w r i t i n g
Python p r o g r a m s and u s i n g Python m od u le s . To q u i t t h i s h e l p
utility
and r e t u r n t o t h e i n t e r p r e t e r , j u s t t y p e " q u i t " .
To g e t a l i s t o f a v a i l a b l e modules , keywords , o r t o p i c s ,
t y p e " m od u le s " ,
" k e y w o r d s " , o r " t o p i c s " . Each module a l s o comes w i t h a
one l i n e
summary o f what i t d o e s ; t o l i s t t h e m od u le s whose s u m m a r i e s
contain a
g i v e n word
s u c h a s "spam" , t y p e " m od u le s spam" .
help>
help () , -, Pyhton,
-, , -, Python (modules), Python
(keywords) (topics).
help () Python
, .
,
.
h e l p > k e y w o r d s <ENTER>

1.6. Python

33

. 1.7: Python

Here i s a l i s t o f t h e Python k e y w o r d s . E n t e r any keyword t o

g e t more
help .
and
else
import
raise
assert
except
in
return
break
exec
is
try
class
finally
lambda
while
continue
for
not
yield
def
from
or
del
global
pass
elif
if
print
h e l p > q u i t <ENTER>
>>>
quit.
Python (. 1.7)
, /usr/share/doc/

34

1. Python

python-doc-x.y.z/index.html, x.y.z Python (, /usr/

share/doc/python-doc-2.5.2/index.html).
, Python .

1.7

1. a<b=c , a<b==c
?
2. / // ?
?
3. divmod()?
4. Python?
5. s1 s2. print s1+s2 print s1,s2?
6. t1 t2. print t1+t2 print t1 , t2?
7. .
8. s=madagaskar. s [1:7:2] ?
9. , , ,
.
10. () q .
11. ()
.

 2

Python

( ) , -, (
).
Python , .

2.1

, . -
. 2.1.
.
1. a b. ,
.
: -
. a x, b y. ,
a y, b x.
(): c, a, a b, b c.
- . 2.2.
:

a,b
c=a

36

2. Python

. 2.1:

a=b
b=c
a,b
Python: . a b ,
, .
Python:
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*#
#
( a , b )=i n p u t ( ( a , b ) : )
(a , b) = (b , a)
p r i n t : , a , \n , b : , b
1.4.2, \n
print.
2. () .
, .

2.1. .

37

. 2.2: -

: ( oklad, ) (
procent, ). ( nalog)
okladprocent/100, , ( summa)
okladnalog .
- . 2.3.
:
o k l a d , p r o c e n t
n a l o g=o k l a d p r o c e n t /100
summa=o k l a d n a l o g
summa , n a l o g
Python:
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*#
o k l a d=i n p u t ( " : " )
p r o c e n t=i n p u t ( "% : " )
n a l o g=f l o a t ( o k l a d p r o c e n t ) /100
summa=o k l a d n a l o g
p r i n t " : " , summa
p r i n t " : " , n a l o g

38

2. Python

. 2.3: -

, .
( oat ()).
3.

35

40

20

3
. ,
, 1
(): , ( a, b, c d ).
S1. S2=S1+b
S2/S1 ( res).
S1 res.
- . 2.4
:
a , b , c , d
1 : .., ... : , , . --: , 2009.

2.1. .

39

. 2.4: -

S1=a , b , c , d
S2=S1+b
r e s=S2/S1
S1 , r e s
Python :
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*#
t =(a , b , c , d )=i n p u t ( : )
S1=sum ( t )
S2=S1+b
r e s=f l o a t ( S2 ) /S1
p r i n t : , S1 , \n , , : , r e s

oat (). ( ,
res=oat(S2)/S1 res=oat(S2/S1)).
4. (
) , . . // (, 17/05/2009).
: 2009-06-15. , (-

40

2. Python

),
.
Python. Python datetime,
date .
.
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*#
#
from d a t e t i m e import d a t e
#
d1=d a t e . t o d a y ( )
#
d s=s t r ( d1 )
p r i n t "" , d s
#
l s t =d s . s p l i t ( )
l s t . reverse ()
#
r u s d a t e="/" . j o i n ( l s t )
p r i n t "" , r u s d a t e
.

2.1.1

1. - 4 .
2. ,,.
.
3. . (: math
sqrt ()).
4. . .
5. . , .
6. Z=1/(XY) X Y 0.

2.2

, -

2.2.

41

. 2.5:

, ..., , ..., ..., .... -

( ) . 2.5.
, , , , ( ), , ( ). ,
, .
, , , . 2.6. ( ).
.
IF ().
, , .
, IF,
.

42

2. Python

. 2.6: -

1. t !, t > 10 !,
t 6 10 2 .
: t,
s. t < 10 s=!, s=
!.
- . 2.7.
:
t
( t <10)
s= !

s= !

s
2 : .., ... : , , . --: , 2009.

2.2.

43

. 2.7: -

Python:
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*#
t=i n p u t ( : )
i f t <10:
s= !
else :
s= !
print s
:. IF () .
IF . Python ,
. , Python .
2 ( ). P , , !, P = 5, !, P = 4
!, P 6 3.
: P,
5. P
s , . P.
- . 2.8.

44

2. Python

. 2.8: -

:
P
(P=5)
s= !
(P=4)
s= !

s= !

s
Python:
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*#
P=i n p u t ( ? )
i f P==5:
s= !
e l i f P==4:
s= !

2.2.

45

else :
s= !
print s
elif Python else if ( )
( ).

2.2.1

1. . , : ,
4.
2. . , : , 5.
3. . , : , 7.
4. . , : ,
10.
5. : A B C. ,
M K.
6. . , : ,
, .
7. , D,
A?
8. S R , K?
9. . , : , .
10. . 500, 100, 10
2 ., .
11. : A,
H R. ,
M , , .
12. : A,
H R. ,
M , , .

46

2. Python

13. : X, Y , Z. , , , .
14. X. , [a, b].
15. Z = 1/(XY ) X Y .
16. : A, B, C. , A < B < C A > B > C .

17. X Y . Z. Z = X Y X > Y ,
Z = ln(X + Y ) .
18. a, b, c, d. ,
a, b c, d ,
.
19. A. f (A), f (x) = x2 + 4x + 5 ,
x 6 2; f (x) = 1/(x2 + 4x + 5).
20. A. f (A), f (x) = 0, x 6 0;
f (x) = x 0 < x 6 1, f (x) = x4 .
21. A. f (A), f (x) = 0 x 6 0;
f (x) = x2 x 0 < x 6 1, f (x) = x2 sin(x2 ).
22.
.
23. . , ,
.
. sqrt ()
log () math. pi (math.pi).

2.3

, ( ). .
, .

2.3.

47

. 2.9: -

(), , . , ( ), ( )
.
FOR (), WHILE ().
() ,
.
, ( ).
- () . 2.9,
- . 2.10.

, .

,

48

2. Python

. 2.10: -

.
, -
.
- . 2.10 ,
. , .
,
( - ), .
,
, .
, .
1. ,
N . .
:
:
N ;
i - ( ).
A[i] ;
:
S
C , C = S/N .
- . 2.11.
:

2.3.

49

. 2.11: -

N
S=0
i 1 N
A [ i ]
S=S+A [ i ]

C=S/N
C
, , ,
. , ,
. 1
( 1). ,
1, .
.
Python ( ,
range()).
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*#

50

2. Python

N=i n p u t ( : )
S=0
f o r i i n r a n g e (N1) :
a=i n p u t ( : )
S=S+a
C=S/N
p r i n t : ,C
, range(), 0,
N 1. ,
.
:,
Python .
, Python , .
Python
.
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*#
N=i n p u t ( : )
S=0
l s t =[]
f o r i i n r a n g e (N1) :
a=i n p u t ( : )
l s t . append ( a )
C=sum ( l s t ) /N
p r i n t : ,C
,
. ( ), .
2. , () ABBA, kazak .
: S ( , ..).
, . ,
( ag
), 1, 0,
. .
,
0. L (
2 ,

2.3.

51

. 2.12: -

).
- . 2.12.
:
S
f l a g =1
L= ( S )
N=L d i v 2
i 1 N
S [ i ]=S [ Li +1]
k=1

k=0

f l a g=f l a g k

52

2. Python

f l a g =1

!

k,
.
.
Python .
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*#
s 1=raw_input ( : )
#
L=l e n ( s 1 )
f l a g =1
f o r i in range ( L//2) :
i f s 1 [ i ]==s 1 [ i 1 ] :
k=1
else :
k=0
f l a g=f l a g k
i f f l a g ==1:
p r i n t
else :
p r i n t !
raw_input(), .
-
==, :, , , .
, , .
Python, ,
. , .
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*#
s 1=raw_input ( : )
l s t= l i s t ( s1 )
l s t . reverse ()
s 2= . j o i n ( l s t )
i f s 1==s 2 :

2.3.

53

. 2.13: -

p r i n t
else :
p r i n t !
,
- .
. !
Python.
, , ( )
WHILE. .
3. .
.
0.
, . SP,
SN.
- . 2.13.
:

54

2. Python

SP=0
SN=0
c h i s l o
c h i s l o <> 0
c h i s l o > 0
SP=SP+c h i s l o

SN=SN+c h i s l o

c h i s l o

SP
SN
Pascal BASIC
<>, .
,
, , 0 , .
0 (
).
WHILE .
Python - .
.
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*#
SP=0
SN=0
#
c h i s l o=i n p u t ( : )
#
w h i l e c h i s l o != 0 :
i f chis lo > 0:
SP=SP+c h i s l o
else :
SN=SN+c h i s l o
c h i s l o=i n p u t ( : )
#
p r i n t : , SP
p r i n t : ,SN

2.3.

55

. 2.14:

2.3.1

,
. Python
,
.
,
.

. ,
[3 1 0 5 2 7] [0 1 2 3 5 7].
.
.
.
A N .
( ), A[i] > A[i + 1],
.
,
. N 1 .
,
.
- . 2.14.
A[i] A[i + 1] .
:

56

2. Python

N, A
m N1 1 1
i 1 m
A [ i ] > A [ i +1]
X=A [ i ]
A [ i ]=B [ i +1]
A [ i +1]=X

A

.
. maxA . maxA , . ()
, maxA,
( ) . .
.
Python max(), min()
sort () ( sort () ).

2.3.2

1. - .
2. - .
3. , N .
, : A[1]
A[2]; A[3] A[4] . . .
4. , N .
, . . A[1]
A[2]; A[2] A[3]; . . . A[n] A[1].
5. , N .
.
6. , N .
M , K
M , P .

2.3.

57

7. , N .
M , K.
8. , N .
.
9. , N .
M , K.
10. , N .
.
11. , N .
,
.
12. , N .
, ,
, .
13. , N .
, ,
, .
14. , N .
.
,
.
15. , N . ,
.
16. , N .
, .
17. , N .
T . .
18. , N .
, [B; C].

58

2. Python

19. , N .
.
20. , N .
, .
21. , N .
, 3 , .
( 2 ).
22. M , . . ,
.
23. M , .
, , , .
24. M , . .
25. M , (
). ( ). .
26. M , (
). ( ).
.
27. M , .
.
28. M , .
. (
).
29. , ..
.
30. M , .
.
31. M , . ,
. .

2.4. ()

59

32. .
( ).
.
55555 .
33. . ( ) , . .
.
34. P H. P ,
H P H.
P H, .
35. , .
. 99999 .
36. . ,
B .
.
37.
. 65432 .

2.4

()

() . , .
, ( )
, .
. M
, N .
mas[i , j ], , .
M, N
i 1 N
j 1 M
mas [ i , j ]

.
i 1 N
j 1 M

60

2. Python
mas [ i , j ]

.
Python ( ) ( ,
. .).
Python numpy (Numeric Python).
Python :
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*#
import numpy
n=i n p u t ( : )
m=i n p u t ( : )
#
a=numpy . z e r o s ( [ n 1,m1])
#
f o r i i n r a n g e ( n1) :
f o r j i n r a n g e (m1) :
p r i n t [ , i , ] [ , j , ]
a [ i , j ]= i n p u t ( : )
#
() numpy.zeros()
(), ,
. , , , 0 ( Python
[0,0]). print ,
.
1. A, N M . .
:
:
n ;
m ;
A[i, j] ;
i, j .
:
S ( A[i, j] i j)
K (K = m n)
C (C = S/K)

2.4. ()

. 2.15: -

- . 2.15.
:
n ,m
S=0
i 1 n
j 1 m
A [ i , j ]
S=S+A [ i , j ]

K=nm
C=S/K
C

61

62

2. Python

Python:
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*#
import numpy
n=i n p u t ( : )
m=i n p u t ( : )
S=0.0
#
a=numpy . z e r o s ( [ n 1,m1])
#
f o r i i n r a n g e ( n1) :
f o r j i n r a n g e (m1) :
p r i n t [ , i , ] [ , j , ]
a [ i , j ]= i n p u t ( : )
S=S+a [ i , j ]
#
K=nm
C=S/K
p r i n t : ,C

2.4.1

1. A, N
M . A,
.
2. A, N
M .
.
3. A, N
M . A,
.
4. A, N
M .
.
5. A, N
M . . N + 1 M + 1
.
6. A, N
M . . ,

2.4. ()

63

.
N + 1 M .
7. A, N
M . . ,
. N M+1 .
8. A, N
M . , .
N + 1 M + 1 .
9. A, N
M . ,
L .
10. A, N
M .
K- .
11. A, N
M .
L- .
12. A, N
M .
.
13. A, N
M .
.
14. A, N
M .
.
15. A, N
M . . H.
, ,
.
16. A, N
M . L.
.

64

2. Python

17. A, N
M .
L.
18. A, N
N . , ,
, ( [0,0] [N,N],
[N,0] [0,N]).
19. A, N
N . ,
( ).
[0,0] [N,N].
20. A, N
N . , ( ).
[N,0] [0,N].
21. A, N
N . , ( ), , (
[0,0] [N,N]).
22. A, N
M . . , .
23. A, N
N . , , , ( [0,0] [N,N], [N,0] [0,N]).
24. A, N
M . L K, .
.
25. A, N
M . ,
.
N + 1 M + 1 .

2.5. ( )

65

26. A, N
M . L K,
.
.
27. A, N
M . .
H. , ,
.
28. A, N
M . K. .
29. A, N
M .
K.
30. A, N
M .
,
.
N + 1 M .
31. A, N
M .
,
.
N M + 1 .

2.5

(
)

, -
( , ). , ()
, . . (
).
( ),
.
(, ).

66

2. Python

,
(,
, ,
, .). -
.
( , , .) . ,
Basic . Pascal (record). Python
,

.
.
.
,
.
:
1. ;
2. , ;
3. ;
4. .
k
( name),
( plan),
( fact ).
( procent).
, , 100
.
Python , .
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*#
# k -
# name -
# plan -
# fact -
# procent - %

2.5. ( )

67

#
k=i n p u t ( " : " )
name = [ ]
plan =[]
f a c t =[]
#
for i in range ( k ) :
n=raw_input ( " : " )
name . append ( n )
p1=i n p u t ( " : " )
p l a n . append ( p1 )
p2=i n p u t ( " : " )
f a c t . append ( p2 )
#
p r o c e n t=map ( lambda x , y : x 100/ y , f a c t , p l a n )
f a k t y=z i p ( name , p r o c e n t )
p l a n y=z i p ( p l a n , name )
plany . sort ()
p r i n t 16 "="
p r i n t " : "
#
nedo=0
for i in range ( k ) :
s 1=f a k t y [ i ] [ 0 ]
s 2=f a k t y [ i ] [ 1 ]
i f s2 < 100:
nedo=nedo+1
#
p r i n t s1 , " : " , s 2
p r i n t " , : " , nedo
p r i n t " : " , max ( p l a n )
#
p r i n t " : "
for i in range ( k ) :
s 1=p l a n y [ i ] [ 1 ]
s 2=p l a n y [ i ] [ 0 ]
p r i n t s1 , " : " , s 2
map() lambda-
zip ()
. ,
zip (), .
. 2.16.

68

2. Python

. 2.16:

2.5.1

1.

35

40

20

3
. .
2. ( 0 100).
,
.
3. . ,
, , ,
.

2.5. ( )

69

4. ,
:
;

.
:
a) ;
b) , 10% ;
c) ;
d) .

 3
Python
Python , .
Python
Tkinter
.

3.1

( -) ( ...)
. ,
. , . , .
turtle ().
(. 3.1)
() .
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*import t u r t l e
#
t u r t l e . reset ()
#
# turtle._root.mainloop() # Python 2.4.x 2.5.x
# ,
t u r t l e . m a i n l o o p ( ) # Python 2.6.x
, mainloop()
Python.

3.1.

71

. 3.1: turtle

, .
Python 2.6.
,
Python, . ()
,
, .
(
) .
(, , ), , , , Python
help( turtle ).
,
,
, .
, , .

up()

turtle .up()

down()

, ( )

turtle .down()

goto(x,y)

x, y

turtle .goto(50,20)

72

3. Python

color ( )

turtle . color ( blue )

turtle . color ( #0000)

width(n)

turtle .width(3)

forward(n)

( , .
. 3.1) n

turtle . forward(100)

backward(n)

turtle .backward(100)

right (k)

(
) k

turtle . right (75)

left (k)

(
) k

turtle . left (45)

radians ()

turtle . radians ()

degrees()

( )

turtle . degrees()

circle (r)

|r|
. r ,
, .

turtle . circle (40)

turtle . circle (50)

circle (r ,k)

|r| k .
circle ()

turtle . circle (40,45)

turtle . circle (50,275)

ll ( ag )

ag
( ag =1) ( ag =0) . .

:
turtle . ll (1)
turtle . circle (50)
turtle . ll (0)

turtle . write (
! )

write ( )

3.1.

73

tracer ( ag )

( ag =1) ( ag =0) (). .

turtle . tracer (0)

clear ()

turtle . clear (0)

, .
, , turtle (, turtle . sin ())
.
. , . 3.2.
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*import t u r t l e
#
t u r t l e . reset ()
t u r t l e . t r a c e r (0)
t u r t l e . c o l o r ( #0000 f f )
#
t u r t l e . w r i t e ( 0 ,0 )
#
t u r t l e . up ( )
x=170
y=120
c o o r d s=s t r ( x )+" , "+s t r ( y )
t u r t l e . goto ( x , y )
t u r t l e . write ( coords )
#
x=130
y=100
c o o r d s=s t r ( x )+" , "+s t r ( y )
t u r t l e . goto ( x , y )
t u r t l e . write ( coords )
#
x=0
y=100
c o o r d s=s t r ( x )+" , "+s t r ( y )

74

3. Python

. 3.2:

t u r t l e . goto ( x , y )
t u r t l e . write ( coords )
#
t u r t l e . down ( )
x=0
y=100
c o o r d s=s t r ( x )+" , "+s t r ( y )
t u r t l e . goto ( x , y )
t u r t l e . write ( coords )
#
t u r t l e . up ( )
x=150
y=0
c o o r d s=s t r ( x )+" , "+s t r ( y )
t u r t l e . goto ( x , y )
t u r t l e . write ( coords )
#
t u r t l e . down ( )
x=150
y=0
c o o r d s=s t r ( x )+" , "+s t r ( y )
t u r t l e . goto ( x , y )
t u r t l e . write ( coords )
#
t u r t l e . mainloop ()
, .
, . 3.3, .

3.1.
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*import t u r t l e
#
t u r t l e . reset ()
t u r t l e . t r a c e r (0)
t u r t l e . width (2)
#
t u r t l e . up ( )
x=0
y=100
t u r t l e . goto ( x , y )
t u r t l e . f i l l (1)
t u r t l e . c o l o r ( #f f a a 0 0 )
t u r t l e . down ( )
t u r t l e . c i r c l e (100)
t u r t l e . f i l l (0)
t u r t l e . color ( black )
t u r t l e . c i r c l e (100)
t u r t l e . up ( )
#
x=45
y=50
t u r t l e . goto ( x , y )
t u r t l e . down ( )
t u r t l e . c o l o r ( #0000 aa )
t u r t l e . f i l l (1)
t u r t l e . c i r c l e (7)
t u r t l e . up ( )
t u r t l e . f i l l (0)
#
x=45
y=50
t u r t l e . goto ( x , y )
t u r t l e . down ( )
t u r t l e . c o l o r ( #0000 aa )
t u r t l e . f i l l (1)
t u r t l e . c i r c l e (7)
t u r t l e . up ( )
t u r t l e . f i l l (0)
#
x=55
y=50
t u r t l e . goto ( x , y )
t u r t l e . r i g h t (45)

75

76

3. Python

. 3.3:

turtle
turtle
turtle
turtle
turtle
#
turtle
x=0
y=50
turtle
turtle
turtle
turtle
turtle
#
turtle

. width (3)
. down ( )
. c o l o r ( #aa0000 )
. c i r c l e (80 ,90)
. up ( )
. r i g h t (135)

. goto ( x , y )
. width (2)
. color ( black )
. down ( )
. forward (100)
. mainloop ()

, ,
() 45 . ,

( . 3.1).
, .
.
, , 45 ,
90 . .
,
. (,

3.2. . Tkinter

77

)
goto(x,y). , , ,
.

3.1.1

1. , . 3.2 3.3, ?
2. ( ) .
3. ( ) ,
2 ( 8- ).
4. (y = axb )
,
.

3.2

.
Tkinter

, turtle , Tkinter.
(GUI Graphical User Interface) Python. (, , ) canvas () Tkinter , ,
, , , .

Tkinter.
Tkinter GUI, , ,
. .
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*import T k i n t e r
import math
#
t k=T k i n t e r . Tk ( )
t k . t i t l e ( " Sample " )
#

78

3. Python

b u t t o n=T k i n t e r . Button ( t k )
b u t t o n [ " t e x t "]=""
b u t t o n [ "command"]= t k . q u i t
b u t t o n . pack ( )
#
c a n v a s=T k i n t e r . Canvas ( t k )
c a n v a s [ " h e i g h t " ]=360
c a n v a s [ " w i d t h " ]=480
c a n v a s [ " b a c k g r o u n d "]="#e e e e f f "
c a n v a s [ " b o r d e r w i d t h " ]=2
c a n v a s . pack ( )
#
c a n v a s . c r e a t e _ t e x t ( 2 0 , 1 0 , t e x t=" 2 0 , 1 0 " )
c a n v a s . c r e a t e _ t e x t ( 4 6 0 , 3 5 0 , t e x t=" 4 6 0 , 3 5 0 " )
#
p o i n t s =[]
ay =150
y0 =150
x0=50
x1 =470
dx=10
#
f o r n i n r a n g e ( x0 , x1 , dx ) :
y=y0ay math . c o s ( n dx )
pp=(n , y )
p o i n t s . append ( pp )
#
c a n v a s . c r e a t e _ l i n e ( p o i n t s , f i l l =" b l u e " , smooth =1)
#
y_axe = [ ]
yy =(x0 , 0 )
y_axe . append ( yy )
yy =(x0 , y0+ay )
y_axe . append ( yy )
c a n v a s . c r e a t e _ l i n e ( y_axe , f i l l =" b l a c k " , w i d t h =2)
#
x_axe = [ ]
xx =(x0 , y0 )
x_axe . append ( xx )
xx =(x1 , y0 )
x_axe . append ( xx )
c a n v a s . c r e a t e _ l i n e ( x_axe , f i l l =" b l a c k " , w i d t h =2)
#
tk . mainloop ()

3.2. . Tkinter

79

. 3.4: Tkinter

(. 3.4), .
,
. , math.
,
Tk, . title ( ).
(
widgets). .
pack(),
.
Button Tkinter,
. ( text)
- ( ),
command.
,
.

80

3. Python

. () canvas , ,
( , , canvas). , ( ).
, . , ,
(0, 0). canvas.create_text(),
.
, , .
canvas. create_line () () (x,y).
dx.
. . ,
. , , .

3.2.1

, . Tkinter, () .
( )
. 3.5.

, . . .
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*import T k i n t e r
import math
#
#
def plot_x_axe ( x0 , y0 , x1 ) :
x_axe = [ ]
xx =(x0 , y0 )
x_axe . append ( xx )
xx =(x1 , y0 )
x_axe . append ( xx )

3.2. . Tkinter

. 3.5: ,

c a n v a s . c r e a t e _ l i n e ( x_axe , f i l l =" b l a c k " , w i d t h =2)

#
def plot_y_axe ( x0 , y0 , y1 ) :
y_axe = [ ]
yy =(x0 , y1 )
y_axe . append ( yy )
yy =(x0 , y0 )
y_axe . append ( yy )
c a n v a s . c r e a t e _ l i n e ( y_axe , f i l l =" b l a c k " , w i d t h =2)
#
def p l o t _ f u n c 0 ( x0 , x1 , dx , y0 , y1 ) :
x 0 i=i n t ( x0 )
x 1 i=i n t ( x1 )
y 0 i=i n t ( y0 )
y 1 i=i n t ( y1 )
a=y1
b=(y0y1 ) / ( x1x0 )
p o i n t s =[]
f o r x i n r a n g e ( x 0 i , x 1 i , dx ) :
y=i n t ( a+b x )
pp=(x , y )
p o i n t s . append ( pp )
#

81

82

3. Python
c a n v a s . c r e a t e _ l i n e ( p o i n t s , f i l l =" b l u e " , smooth =1)
plot_y_axe ( x 0 i , y 0 i , y 1 i )
plot_x_axe ( x 0 i , y 0 i , x 1 i )

#
def p l o t _ f u n c 1 ( x0 , x1 , dx , y0 , y1 ) :
x 0 i=i n t ( x0 )
x 1 i=i n t ( x1 )
y 0 i=i n t ( y0 )
y 1 i=i n t ( y1 )
a=y0
b=y0y1
p o i n t s =[]
f o r x i n r a n g e ( x 0 i , x 1 i , dx ) :
y=i n t ( ay 1 i b/ x )
pp=(x , y )
p o i n t s . append ( pp )
#
c a n v a s . c r e a t e _ l i n e ( p o i n t s , f i l l =" b l u e " , smooth =1)
plot_y_axe ( x 0 i , y 0 i , y 1 i )
plot_x_axe ( x 0 i , y 0 i , x 1 i )
#
def p l o t _ f u n c 2 ( x0 , x1 , dx , y0 , y1 ) :
x 0 i=i n t ( x0 )
x 1 i=i n t ( x1 )
y 0 i=i n t ( y0 )
y 1 i=i n t ( y1 )
a=(y0y1 ) / ( 1 5 x1 )
b=1+((y0y1 ) / ( x1x0 ) )
p o i n t s =[]
f o r x i n r a n g e ( x 0 i , x 1 i , dx ) :
y=y 0 i i n t ( a ( xx 0 i ) b )
pp=(x , y )
p o i n t s . append ( pp )
#
c a n v a s . c r e a t e _ l i n e ( p o i n t s , f i l l =" b l u e " , smooth =1)
plot_y_axe ( x 0 i , y 0 i , y 1 i )
plot_x_axe ( x 0 i , y 0 i , x 1 i )
#
def p l o t _ f u n c 3 ( x0 , x1 , dx , y0 , y1 ) :
x 0 i=i n t ( x0 )
x 1 i=i n t ( x1 )
y 0 i=i n t ( y0 )
y 1 i=i n t ( y1 )
ay =150

3.2. . Tkinter
y 0 i =150
p o i n t s =[]
f o r x i n r a n g e ( x 0 i , x 1 i , dx ) :
y=y 0 i ay math . c o s ( x dx )
pp=(x , y )
p o i n t s . append ( pp )
#
c a n v a s . c r e a t e _ l i n e ( p o i n t s , f i l l =" b l u e " , smooth =1)
plot_y_axe ( x 0 i , 0 , y 0 i+ay )
plot_x_axe ( x 0 i , y 0 i , x 1 i )
#
def DrawGraph ( ) :
f n=f u n c . g e t ( )
f=f n [ 0 ]
x0 =50.0
y0 =250.0
x1 =450.0
y1 =50.0
dx=10
#
i f f=="0" :
canvas . d e l e t e ( " a l l " )
p l o t _ f u n c 0 ( x0 , x1 , dx , y0 , y1 )
e l i f f=="1" :
canvas . d e l e t e ( " a l l " )
p l o t _ f u n c 1 ( x0 , x1 , dx , y0 , y1 )
e l i f f=="2" :
canvas . d e l e t e ( " a l l " )
p l o t _ f u n c 2 ( x0 , x1 , dx , y0 , y1 )
else :
canvas . d e l e t e ( " a l l " )
p l o t _ f u n c 3 ( x0 , x1 , dx , y0 , y1 )
#
#
t k=T k i n t e r . Tk ( )
t k . t i t l e ( " Sample " )
#
menuframe=T k i n t e r . Frame ( t k )
menuframe . pack ( { " s i d e " : " t o p " , " f i l l " : " x " } )
#
l b l =T k i n t e r . L a b e l ( menuframe )
l b l [ " t e x t "]=" : "
l b l . pack ( { " s i d e " : " l e f t " } )
#

83

84

3. Python

f u n c=T k i n t e r . S t r i n g V a r ( t k )
f u n c . s e t ( 0 y=Ax+B )
#
f s p i s =T k i n t e r . OptionMenu ( menuframe , f u n c ,
0 y=Ax+B ,
1 y=A+B/ x ,
2 y=Ax^B ,
3 y=A c o s ( Bx ) )
f s p i s . pack ( { " s i d e " : " l e f t " } )
#
btnOk=T k i n t e r . Button ( menuframe )
btnOk [ " t e x t "]=""
btnOk [ "command"]= DrawGraph
btnOk . pack ( { " s i d e " : " l e f t " } )
#
b u t t o n=T k i n t e r . Button ( menuframe )
b u t t o n [ " t e x t "]=""
b u t t o n [ "command"]= t k . q u i t
b u t t o n . pack ( { " s i d e " : " r i g h t " } )
# ()
c a n v a s=T k i n t e r . Canvas ( t k )
c a n v a s [ " h e i g h t " ]=360
c a n v a s [ " w i d t h " ]=480
c a n v a s [ " b a c k g r o u n d "]="#e e e e f f "
c a n v a s [ " b o r d e r w i d t h " ]=2
c a n v a s . pack ( { " s i d e " : " bottom " } )
tk . mainloop ()
() ( tk=Tkinter.Tk()). (Frame) (canvas). (
Label), (OptionMenu) . , , , -
.
pack() , (
- ).
. (
, Tkinter . StringVar ())
( ).
OptionMenu() .

3.2. . Tkinter

85

, DrawGraph().
, , , ,
.
def. , (..
).
DrawGraph()
, ,
.
( get()),
.
canvas. delete (" all ").
, . , ,

int ().
,
.
, , , .

3.2.2

: ,

,
. :
h0 = 0 v0 . ,
. .
. 3.6.
, x y .
x(t) = v t = v0 cos() t

(3.1)

86

3. Python

. 3.6: ,

y(t) = v t = v0 sin() t g t2

x ( 3.1)
x
t=
v0 cos()

(3.2)

(3.3)

y,
y(x):
g
(3.4)
y(x) = x tg() x2
2 v02 cos2 ()
,
, .
v (t) = v0 cos()

(3.5)

v (t) = v0 sin() g t

(3.6)

t0 , , v = 0.
v0 sin()
t0 =
(3.7)
g
H ( 3.2) t0 .
H = y(t0 ) =

v02 sin2 ()
2g

(3.8)

T , 2t0 , S

S = v T = v0 cos() 2 t0 =

v02 sin(2 )
g

(3.9)

.
.

3.2. . Tkinter
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*#
#
#
import T k i n t e r
import math
#
def plot_x_axe ( x0 , y0 , x1 ) :
x_axe = [ ]
xx =(x0 , y0 )
x_axe . append ( xx )
xx =(x1 , y0 )
x_axe . append ( xx )
c a n v a s . c r e a t e _ l i n e ( x_axe , f i l l =" b l a c k " , w i d t h =2)
#
def plot_y_axe ( x0 , y0 , y1 ) :
y_axe = [ ]
yy =(x0 , y1 )
y_axe . append ( yy )
yy =(x0 , y0 )
y_axe . append ( yy )
c a n v a s . c r e a t e _ l i n e ( y_axe , f i l l =" b l a c k " , w i d t h =2)
#
def DrawGraph ( ) :
#
d t a=s c . g e t ( )
a l p h a=d t a math . p i /180
d t l b l= c l i s t . g e t ( )
#
c a n v a s . c r e a t e _ r e c t a n g l e ( x 1 i 90 , y 1 i 50 ,
x 1 i +50 , y 1 i +10 , f i l l ="#e e e e f f " )
# g=10, v0 , canvas
g =10.0
v0=63
#
S=i n t ( ( v0 2 ) math . s i n ( 2 a l p h a ) /g )
H=i n t ( ( ( v0 2 ) ( math . s i n ( a l p h a ) ) 2 ) / ( 2 g ) )
#
p o i n t s =[]
for x in range ( x0i , x1i ) :
xx =(xx0 )
y=( xx math . t a n ( a l p h a ) ) (( xx 2 ) g/ \
( 2 ( v0 2 ) ( math . c o s ( a l p h a ) 2 ) ) )

87

88

3. Python
#

i f y > 0:
yy=i n t ( y0y )
else :
yy=y 0 i
#
pp=(x , yy )
p o i n t s . append ( pp )
#
c a n v a s . c r e a t e _ l i n e ( p o i n t s , f i l l =d t l b l , smooth =1)
plot_x_axe ( x 0 i , y 0 i , x 1 i )
#
d t e x t=" : "+s t r ( S )
v t e x t=" : "+s t r (H)
d a l n o s t=c a n v a s . c r e a t e _ t e x t ( x 1 i 70 , y 1 i 30 , t e x t=d t e x t ,
f i l l =d t l b l , a n c h o r="w" )
v y s o t a=c a n v a s . c r e a t e _ t e x t ( x 1 i 70 , y 1 i 10 , t e x t=v t e x t ,
f i l l =d t l b l , a n c h o r="w" )
#
#
t k=T k i n t e r . Tk ( )
t k . t i t l e ( "" )
#
menuframe=T k i n t e r . Frame ( t k )
menuframe . pack ( { " s i d e " : " t o p " , " f i l l " : " x " } )
#
l b l =T k i n t e r . L a b e l ( menuframe )
l b l [ " t e x t "]=" : "
l b l . pack ( { " s i d e " : " l e f t " } )
#
c l i s t =T k i n t e r . S t r i n g V a r ( t k )
c l i s t . set ( black )
#
c s p i s=T k i n t e r . OptionMenu ( menuframe , c l i s t ,
red ,
green ,
blue ,
cyan ,
magenta ,
purple ,
black )
c s p i s . pack ( { " s i d e " : " l e f t " } )
#
btnOk=T k i n t e r . Button ( menuframe )

3.2. . Tkinter

89

btnOk [ " t e x t "]=""

btnOk [ "command"]= DrawGraph
btnOk . pack ( { " s i d e " : " l e f t " } )
#
b u t t o n=T k i n t e r . Button ( menuframe )
b u t t o n [ " t e x t "]=""
b u t t o n [ "command"]= t k . q u i t
b u t t o n . pack ( { " s i d e " : " r i g h t " } )
#
#
l b l 2=T k i n t e r . L a b e l ( t k )
l b l 2 [ " t e x t "]=" , : "
l b l 2 . pack ( { " s i d e " : " t o p " } )
#
s c=T k i n t e r . S c a l e ( tk , from_=0, t o =90 , o r i e n t=" h o r i z o n t a l " )
s c . pack ( { " s i d e " : " t o p " , " f i l l " : " x " } )
#
# ()
c a n v a s=T k i n t e r . Canvas ( t k )
c a n v a s [ " h e i g h t " ]=360
c a n v a s [ " w i d t h " ]=480
c a n v a s [ " b a c k g r o u n d "]="#e e e e f f "
c a n v a s [ " b o r d e r w i d t h " ]=2
c a n v a s . pack ( { " s i d e " : " bottom " } )
#
#
x0 =50.0
y0 =300.0
x1 =450.0
y1 =50.0
#
x 0 i=i n t ( x0 )
x 1 i=i n t ( x1 )
y 0 i=i n t ( y0 )
y 1 i=i n t ( y1 )
#
plot_x_axe ( x 0 i , y 0 i , x 1 i )
plot_y_axe ( x 0 i , y 0 i , y 1 i )
#
tk . mainloop ()
. 3.7.
. -,
g 10. -, -

90

3. Python

. 3.7:

,
.
g v0 , .
,

.
.
.

Tkinter Python .
, ,
.

3.2.3

1. , . 3.4,
.

3.2. . Tkinter

91

2.
, . 3.2.
3. .
4. , ,

.
5. ,
,
.

4.1

. Python?

.
,
( ,
), Python ( `o, `a).
1. Python . 19901991 ,
(Guido van Rossum)
.
2. Python (
20 ). Python .
3. Python , .
, .
4. Python (). -,
- , -, Python
( Turbo Pascal).

4.2.

93

5. Python . , Python
GIMP, Python OpenOce.org, Python
3D- Blender, Python Plone MoinMoin Wiki, Python
.
6. Python , . Python
GNU/Linux ( , ).
7. ,
Python. , (, Kate Bluesh),
(IDE).
8. , Python -, (Unicode), Python
.

4.2

Python Python
( 2.4), Tkinter NumPy, Python
IDLE, Eric Geany, - xterm, rxvt
..
ALT Linux

geany
eric
xterm
python
python-base
python-doc
python-module-numpy
python-modules
python-modules-encodings
python-modules-tkinter
python-tools-idle

Python, Eric Geany ,
.

94

4.

( ) . , - ,
, , . ,
- .
(Integrated
Development Environment, IDE).
IDE, Linux, . IDE,
, ,
, . , IDE,
, , .
ALT Linux Geany,
Eric. IDE.

4.3

()

, , , . .
(http://glossary.ru).
4.3.0.1

.
4.3.0.2

:
, , ;
, ,
() .
4.3.0.3

, :
;

4.3. ()

95

, ;
.
:
: , , , , ;
: , .
4.3.0.4

19781-90 ,
.
4.3.0.5

( )

() , . : .
4.3.0.6

, , , .
, : , () ,
() .
, , .
4.3.0.7

, , .
4.3.0.8

, , , , .
.

96
4.3.0.9

4.

, , ,
.
4.3.0.10

,
.
( ).
.
, .
4.3.0.11

, .
4.3.0.12

, ( )
( ).
4.3.0.13

- , , ,
. ,
, .
4.3.0.14

, (
).
4.3.0.15

,
.
4.3.0.16

,
. ,

4.3. ()

97

. , .
4.3.0.17

, , , , .
4.3.0.18

.
: , , , , , .
4.3.0.19

() , . :
;
;
.
( , ,
).
4.3.0.20

. , (True 1) (False 0).

4.3.0.21

( )

, , , ().
(), ..

98

4.

4.3.0.22

( , ),
, .
, a[1, 3] , a
1,3 ( 1, 3).
4.3.0.23

. .
, .
4.3.0.24

( )
.
( , ) (
, ).
4.3.0.25

,
.

4.4

IDE Geany

IDE Python -
Geany. Geany
( /). Geany . 4.1.

, .
, Python (, ) .
( ). ,
.
. ,
(
). ,
(C, Pascal . .).
- , -

4.4. IDE Geany

99

. 4.1: IDE Geany

Geany (Virtual terminal Emulator VTE).

xterm.

4.4.1

IDE. , ,
Python .
/ <CTRL>+<ALT>+<P>. (. 4.2) .
Geany
. ( xterm) .
Geany,
Geany .

.
, Geany .

100

4.

. 4.2: Geany

. 4.3: IDE Geany

(
),

.
Geany , . . 4.3 .
. (. 4.4)
.

4.4. IDE Geany

101

. 4.4: Geany

, ,
( Fixed).
, . 4.3,
. ,
, , , .
(. 4.5), , .
,
. , .

, .
Geany, (
). . 4.6.

( )
(
). ,

102

4.

. 4.5: Geany

. 4.6: Geany

, .
Geany (. 4.1) , ,
.
, , . 4.7.
(
(
Geany).
. 4.17.

4.4. IDE Geany

103

. 4.7: Geany

. 4.8: Geany

104

4.

. 4.9: Geany

. 4.10: Python Geany

(. 4.9) , .
, . (.
4.10) 4 ( Python) .
Tab .
(. 4.11)
- ,
.

4.4. IDE Geany

105

. 4.11: - Geany

. 4.12: Geany

(. 4.12) , .
GTK (. 4.13). (
).
,
. HSV
(--) RGB (--),
HTML- ( ). ,

106

4.

. 4.13: GTK-
Geany

. 4.14: Geany

.
.
.
Geany (. 4.14) . ,
,
. Geany , .

4.4. IDE Geany

107

. 4.15:

(),
Geany (. 4.15).
,
. ,
xterm.
(, ) Geany .

4.4.2

.
python-doc /usr/share/doc/python-doc-x.y.z, x.y.z Python (,
/usr/share/doc/python-doc-2.5.2).
(Konqueror Firefox), / ...
/usr/share/doc/python-doc-x.y.z/index.html.
.
Python . 4.16.
Python python.ru.
python-doc ,
.

108

4.

. 4.16: Python ( )

. 4.17:

4.4.3

, , (. 4.17).
, , ,
.
/ ( / ... ),
<CTRL>+<S>.

4.4. IDE Geany

109

. 4.18: GTK- ()

GTK- /
(. 4.18). .
. ,
.
, ()
.

, ,
.
(
Python .py, . 4.18),
.

,
(. 4.19).
,
.

110

4.

. 4.19: Python

. 4.20: ,

( / ).
(,
Python) <F5>
.

4.4.4

Python
.
. . 4.20
. ( <ENTER>).
Geany ,
(. 4.21).
, .
( )
.

4.5. IDE Eric

111

. 4.21:

. 4.22: :

( exception Python) 1.
0 ( (program
exited with code: 0), , .
.

4.5

IDE Eric

IDE Eric . Eric

. 4.25. (
) ,
( ). Eric

112

4.

. 4.23: : (
)

. 4.24: :

4.5. IDE Eric

113

. 4.25: IDE Eric

, ( ). , .

4.5.1

, (),
.

( ) ,
, (. 4.26).
, . , ( )
, , ( -

114

4.

. 4.26: Eric

). IDE Eric
(. 4.27, ).
- , (/...
Eric). (. 4.28), ( . 4.28)
(. 4.29).
, , .
( Eric Python
, ), , .

4.5. IDE Eric

. 4.27: IDE Eric

. 4.28: IDE Eric

115

116

4.

. 4.29: IDE Eric

(. 4.29) ,
.
, , IDE ( Fixed).
,
,
, Python , (. 4.30).

4.5.2

( , . 4.31).
IDE Eric, PDF, Python. ,
, Python ( python-doc - ) .

4.5. IDE Eric

117

. 4.30:

web pdf ,
( )
.
Python .

IDE Eric ( , . 4.32).
... , html-. ,
Eric, web,
html .
Eric Eric
(. 4.33), .
Python html-
Python, , , , (. 4.34).
python-doc, .

118

4.

. 4.31:

. 4.32: IDE Eric

4.5. IDE Eric

119

. 4.33: Eric

4.5.3

, ,
(. 4.35).
/ ( / ... ),
<CTRL>+S.
/ (.
4.36). ()
.
( / ).
(, Python) <F2>,
(, .
4.37).
(
) , . , ,
, <ENTER>. ,
IDE Eric
<F2> <ENTER>.
() Eric

(. 4.38).

120

4.

. 4.34: Python IDE Eric

. 4.35: Eric

4.5. IDE Eric

121

. 4.36: () Eric

. 4.37: Eric

. 4.38: IDE Eric

122

4.

. 4.39: IDE Eric

. 4.40: Eric

4.5.4

IDE Eric
( , ) () (. 4.39).
.
(, ), Eric (.
4.40).
Python (exception) (
0), ,
.
,
. IDE Eric
(. 4.41).
, . 4.41, , .
IDE Eric ( )
,
.

4.6. Tk Tkinter

123

. 4.41: Eric ()

4.6

Tk Tkinter

Tk Tkinter () Geany .
, .
Eric Tkinter , quit Tk IDE Eric.
, quit Tk
Python, IDE Eric
Python , -
( IDE Eric...). Tkinter
IDE Eric ,
Tkinter
( ).
Tkinter
Python 2.5.x, , , .
Tkinter , ( canvas) . Tkinter 2.5.x
.
1. (/home/<username>) (, KWrite Kate)
.Xresources ( !)
2. - :
Tk f o n t : t e r m i n u s r 12
1. (
).

124

4.

, , xfontsel.

4.7

()
Python, , ....
,
.
( ) .
, , ( ) GNU GPL2 .


1. ... . . . 3-. : , 2003.
2. ... .
10-11 . .: . , 2005.
3. .., ... : , , . /: , 2009.
4. ... . .
. : , 2000.
5. .., .., ... . . . . , 2003.
6. .., . . Python. .
(. .) : , 2000.
7. .. Python. (. .) .: , 2002.
8. ... Python. . .: -,
2002.
9. ... Python. .: . , 2006.
10. . . Python 3.
(. .) .: -, 2009.