Шилдт Герберт - Полный справочник по C#

Osborne
Mc
Graw
Hill

,

,
C#.
- ,

C# , Microsoft
ET
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IN
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C#

32.973.26-018.2.75
57
681.3.07

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:
info@williamspublishing.com, http://www.williamspublishing.com
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57
C#. : . . . : , 2004.
752 . : . . . .
ISBN 5-8459-0563- (.)
C# ,
.NET,
: , , , , ,
, , , .
C#.
C C++, Java C#
,
, .
, C#.
32.973.26-018.2.75

.

,
, ,
Osborne Publishing.
Authorized translation from the English language edition published by McGraw-Hill
Companies, Copyright 2003
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or
by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information
storage retrieval system, without permission from the Publisher.
Russian language edition published by Williams Publishing House according to the
Agreement with R&I Enterprises International, Copyright 2004
ISBN 5-8459-0563- (.)

ISBN 0-07-213485-2 (.)
, 2004
by The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2003
I. C#
1. C#
2. C#
3. ,
4.
5.
6. ,
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12. ,
13.
14. -
15.
16. ,
17. ,
18. ,
II. C#
19. System
20.
21.
22.
23. Internet
III. C#
24.
25. Windows-
26.
IV.
. XML
. C#

18
21
22
30
53
80
102
126
154
179
224
256
277
319
349
375
409
431
449
484
501
502
541
575
610
645
669
670
689
707
731
732
737
740
I. C#
1. C#
C#
C,
C++
Internet Java
C#
C# .NET Framework
.NET Framework
CLR

2. C#
-

csc.exe

Visual Studio IDE
,

if
for

C#
C#
3. ,

C#

decimal
17
18
21
22
23
23
24
25
26
27
27
28
28
29
30
31
32
32
33
33
34
34
34
35
35
38
40
41
42
44
45
45
47
48
50
50
51
51
52
53
54
54
55
57
58
60
bool

4.

, ,

?

5.
if
if-
if-else-if
switch
switch
for
for

for
while
do-while
foreach
break
continue
return
goto
6. ,

61
62
65
65
66
66
68
68
69
70
72
73
74
76
78
80
81
82
84
87
89
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90
96
99
99
101
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105
106
110
110
112
112
114
115
116
116
117
117
119
120
120
122
123
123
126
127
127
Building

Building

Building
new
new

this
7.

Length
Length
foreach

switch-
8.

C#
public private
:

ref- out-
ref
out
ref out

128
132
133
134
134
137
138
140
142
144
144
146
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147
148
149
149
151
154
155
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167
168
172
172
173
175
177
178
179
180
180
182
182
187
189
191
191
193
195
197
199

this
Main()
Main()
Main()
static

9.

C#-

true false

,

10.

11.

base

sealed
object

object
202
203
208
212
213
213
213
215
218
223
224
225
226
228
232
236
237
240
240
242
246
250
251
256
257
257
260
263
264
266
271
271
277
278
281
283
285
286
290
291
293
296
297
301
305
305
309
313
313
315
317
12. ,

.NET Framework
:

13.
System.Exception

try- catch-

catch-

try-

finally

checked unchecked
14. -
C#- -

Stream

-

FileStream -
10
319
320
321
325
327
328
330
331
331
332
333
334
334
335
340
343
345
347
347
347
349
350
350
351
351
353
354
356
357
358
358
360
360
362
363
365
367
370
372
375
376
376
376
377
377
378
378
380
380
380
382
383

FileStream

FileStream
-
StreamWriter
Stream Reader

BinaryWriter
BinaryReader
-

MemoryStream
StringReader StringWriter

15.

System. Delegate

,

.NET Framework
EventHandler
:
16. ,

using
using

#define
#if #endif
#else #elif
#undef
#error
#warning
#line
#region #endregion
internal
internal
17. ,

is
383
385
386
387
389
389
391
392
394
394
395
396
400
402
404
405
409
410
413
415
416
416
418
419
421
425
426
428
429
431
432
432
434
436
437
438
440
441
441
442
442
444
445
446
446
446
447
447
447
449
450
450
11
as
typeof
: System.Type

GetMethods()

Attribute Usage
Conditional
Obsolete
18. ,

* &
unsafe
fixed

sizeof
lock
readonly
stackalloc
using
const volatile
II. C#
19. System
System
Math

12
451
453
454
454
455
455
458
459
462
466
471
474
474
474
475
475
477
480
480
481
482
484
485
486
486
487
487
488
489
489
491
492
492
494
494
495
496
496
496
496
497
498
499
501
502
503
504
509
510
511
Decimal
Char
Boolean
Array

BitConverter
Random
GC
Object
IComparable
IConvertible
ICloneable
IFormatProvider IFormattable
20.
C#
String
String
, String
String
String

,

Substring()

String.Format() ToString()
String.Format()
ToString()

-

21.

Thread

,
IsBackground

514
518
523
523
524
526
527
532
534
536
537
537
538
538
540
541
542
542
543
543
544
544
544
547
549
552
555
556
557
558
558
559
560
561
562
564
565
565
569
571
573
575
576
577
577
580
581
583
585
586
588
592
13

Monitor lock
Wait(), Pulse() PulseAll()
Wait() Pulse()
MethodImplAttribute
,
Abort()
Abort()

22.

ICollection
IList
IDictionary
IEnumerable, IEnumerator IDictionaryEnumerator
IComparer
IHashCodeProvider
DictionaryEntry

ArrayList
ArrayList-

Hashtable
SortedList
Stack
Queue
BitArray

IDictionaryEnumerator
,
IComparable
IComparer
23. Internet
System.Net

Internet-
WebRequest
WebResponse
HttpWebRequest HttpWebResponse

, Create()
, GetResponse()
14
593
594
594
595
598
599
601
603
604
606
606
608
608
610
611
612
612
613
614
615
615
616
616
616
617
621
622
623
625
629
631
633
636
636
637
638
639
641
642
644
645
646
647
647
648
650
650
650
653
653
654
, GetResponseStream()

URI
HTTP-

cookie-
LastModified
: MiniCrawler
WebClient
III. C#
24.

C#-

C#- COM-
IComponent
Component

CipherLib
, CipherComp
Dispose()
Dispose(bool)

using

25. Windows-
Windows-
Windows-,
Windows
Windows-
Form
Windows-,
Windows-

(IDE)

26.
654
654
656
657
658
659
660
661
665
669
670
671
671
672
672
672
673
673
674
675
676
677
678
683
684
685
686
688
689
690
691
691
692
692
692
694
694
695
695
696
696
696
697
699
700
702
706
707
708
709
15

IV.
. XML
XML
XML-
XML-
. C#

16
710
711
713
719
720
728
728
731
732
733
734
734
737
740

(Herbert Schildt)
, , C++, Java C#.
3 . .
, ,
C++, C++: A Beginner's Guide, C++ from the Ground Up, Java 2: A Beginner's Guide
Windows 2000 Programming from the Ground Up.
( . ).
: (217) 586-4683.

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Microsoft .NET Framework, C#
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Visual Studio .Net 7 ( ),
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19

C# ,
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C#
C#: A Beginner's Guide.
, C++, :
C++: A Beginner's Guide
C++
Teach Yourself C++
C++ from the Ground Up
STL Programming from the Ground Up
The C/C++ Programming Annotated Archives
, Java,
:
Java 2: A Beginner's Guide
Java
Java 2: Programmer's Reference
,
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Teach Yourself

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23
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I. C#
Internet Java

Java, Oak ( . ).
1991 Sun Microsystems.
Java (James Gosling).
(Patrick Naughton), (Chris Warth), (Ed Frank)
(Mike Sheridan).
Java - ,
C++.
Java (
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C#.
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25
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27
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29
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/*
*/
C#-.
C#-.
Example.cs.
2. C#
33
using System;
class Example {
// C#- Main().
public static void Main() {
Console.WriteLine(" C#-.");
}
C# Visual Studio .NET. ,

C#-, :
csc.exe
(Integrated Development Environment IDE). . (
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C:\>csc Example.cs
csc Example.exe,
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34
I. C#
csc. , ,
vcvars32.bat,
//Program Files/Microsoft Visual Studio.NET/Vc7/Bin.

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Microsoft Visual Studio .NET , Visual Studio .NET Command Prompt , Visual Studio
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C:\>Example
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C#-.
Visual Studio IDE

7 Visual Studio .NET, Visual
Studio IDE C#-. ,
C#-
Visual Studio ( 7), . (
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1. () C#-, File , New , Project
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).
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2. C#
35
3. , Solution
Explorer ( ) ,
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4. Add New Item ( )
Categories () Local Project Items
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2.3.
2.2. Add , Add New Item
2.3. Add New Item
36
I. C#
5. Example.cs. (,
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. 2.5.

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2. C#
37
,
, Example.cs
, C#-.
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(, Java),
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Example.cs, , , Sample.cs, Test.cs X.cs.
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using System;
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38
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using ,
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static Main()
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2. C#
39
Main() . void
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C#-.
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main WriteLine writeline,
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40
I. C#
Main(), IDE
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csc)
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using System;
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,

System.Console.WriteLine(" C#-.");
,
// using System.
class Example {
// C#- Main().
// Console.WriteLine .
System.Console.WriteLine(" C#-. ");
}
}
2. C#
41
System ,
, C#-
using System ( ,
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x y.
// .
using System;
class Example2 {
int x; // .
int y; // .
x = 100; // x 100.
Console.WriteLine("x " + x);

y = x / 2;
Console.Write("y x / 2: ");
Console.WriteLine(y);
:
x 100
y x / 2: 50
? ,
int x; // .
x . C#
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int. , int x;
x int.
y.
int y; // .
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42
I. C#
_;
,
_ . int, C#
.
x 100.
x = 100; // x 100.
C# (=).
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x,
x .
Console.WriteLine("x " + x);
,
x. ,
+, WriteLine()
.
y x,
2.
y = x / 2;
x 2,
y. , y
50. x .
, C#
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Console.Write("y x / 2: ");
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x/2: " WriteLine(),
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Write() C#-,
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, x y
:
int x, y; // .
2. C#
43

int.
int . ,
. , int-
18, 18,3. , int
, C#. C#
, float double,
, . ( double
.)
double ,
:
double result;
result - double. result
double, , 122,23, 0,034 -19,0.
int double,
:
/*

int double.
*/
using System;
class Example3 {
int ivar; // int.
double dvar; // double.
ivar = 100; // ivar
// 100.
dvar = 100.0;
// dvar
// 100.0.
Console.WriteLine(
" ivar: " + ivar);
Console.WriteLine(
" dvar: " + dvar);
Console.WriteLine(); // .
// 3.
ivar = ivar / 3;
dvar = dvar / 3.0;
Console.WriteLine("ivar : " + ivar);

Console.WriteLine("dvar : " + dvar);
:
ivar: 100
dvar: 100
44
I. C#
ivar : 33
dvar : 33.3333333333333
, ivar 3
, 33, .. .
dvar 3 .
, ,
. ,
. , C# 100
, 100.0 .
,
WriteLine .

, .. . ,
, 3,1416.
// .
using System;
class Circle {
static void Main() {
double radius;
double area;
radius = 10.0;
area = radius * radius * 3.1416;
Console.WriteLine(" " + area);
- :
314.16
,
.

, ,
.
, C#.
, ,
, .
if
if
. if C#
. C, C++ Java,
.
:
if() ;
2. C#
45
(
), ,
. ( )
. :
if(10 < 11) Console.WriteLine("10 11");
10 11, ..
, WriteLine() . :
if(10 < 9) Console.WriteLine(" .");
10 9, WriteLine()
.
C# ,
. :
<
<=

>
>=

==
!=

if.
// if.
using System;
class IfDemo {
int a, b, c;
a = 2;
b = 3;
if(a < b) Console.WriteLine(" b");
// .
if(a == b) Console.WriteLine(
" .");
Console.WriteLine();
46
c = a - b; // c -1.
Console.WriteLine("c -1");
if(c >= 0) Console.WriteLine(
" c ");
if(c < 0) Console.WriteLine(" c ");
c = b - a; // c 1.
Console.WriteLine("c 1");
if(c >= 0) Console.WriteLine(
" c ");
if(c < 0) Console.WriteLine(" c ");
I. C#
:
b
c -1
c
c 1
c
.
int a, b, c;
,
. ,
, .
for
,
. C#
. for. C, C++
Java, , for C# ,
. for .
for(; ; ) ;

.
,
. , for
, .
, ,
. ,
for.
// for.
using System;
class ForDemo {
int count;
for(count = 0; count < 5; count = count+1)
Console.WriteLine(" : " + count);
Console.WriteLine("!");
:
: 0
: 1
: 2
: 3
: 4
!
2. C#
47
count.
for .
( ) count < 5.
, WriteLine(),
. ,
,
, .
, C#-,
, ,
. ,
, :
count = count + 1;
, C# ,
.
(++).
:
count++;
, for
:
for(count = 0; count < 5; count++)
,
, , .
C# (--). ,
.

, , C#
.
.
.
,
, . , , if-
for-. if-:
if(w < h)
{
v = w * h;
w = 0;
}
w h, , w < h,
. ,
,
. , ,
, .

.
,
.
// .
48
I. C#
using System;
class BlockDemo {
int i, j, d;
i = 5;
j = 10;
// if-
// , .
if(i != 0) {
Console.WriteLine("i ");
d = j / i;
Console.WriteLine("j / i " + d);
}
:
i
j / i 2
if- ,
. if- (
), , .
.
i = 5;
i = 0;
.
.
1 10 .
// 1 10.
using System;
class ProdSum {
int prod;
int sum;
int i;
sum = 0;
prod = 1;
for(i=1; i <= 10; i++) {
sum = sum + i;
prod = prod * i;
}
Console.WriteLine(" " + sum);
Console.WriteLine(" " + prod);
:
2. C#
49
55
3628800
( ) ,
. for.
. .
, ({ })
. ,
,
.

C# , ..
.
, ,
.
,
( ).
C# ;
,
. , C#
x = y;
y = y + 1;
Console.WriteLine(x + " " + y);
.
x = y; y = y + 1; Console.WriteLine(x + " " + y);
,
. , .
Console.WriteLine(" " +
x + y + z +
" , ");

.

, , , ,
. C# ,
, .. ,
.
, .
, , ,
. ,
( ),
( ).
, .
50
I. C#
C#
C# 77 ,
. 2.1. ( )
C#.
, .
2.1. C#
abstract
as
base
bool
break
byte
case
catch
char
checked
class
const
continue
decimal
default
delegate
do
double
else
enum
event
explicit
extern
false
finally
fixed
float
for
foreach
goto
if
implicit
in
int
interface
internal
is
lock
long
namespace
new
null
object
operator
out
override
params
private
protected
public
readonly
ref
return
sbyte
sealed
short
sizeof
stackalloc
static
string
struct
switch
this
throw
true
try
typeof
uint
ulong
unchecked
unsafe
ushort
using
virtual
volatile
void
while
C# , ,
, .
.
. ,
.
, line_count. C#
, .. myvar MyVar .
.
Test
x
2
MaxLoad
up
_top
my_var
sample23
, . , 12
. ,
,
, .
2. C#
51
C#
,
, @. , @fr
C#-. ,
- for, @ .
, @-.
// @-.
using System;
class IdTest {
int @if; // if .
for(@if = 0; @if < 10; @if++)

Console.WriteLine("@if " + @if);
, @if
.
@if 0
@if 1
@if 2
@if 3
@if 4
@if 5
@if 6
@if 7
@if 8
@if 9
( )
@- . , @
( ),
.
C#
, ,
C#- WriteLine() Write(). ,
Console, System,
.NET Framework. , C#-
.NET Framework,
-, ,
(GUIs). , C# C# (
) .NET-. ,
C#-.
C#-,
. I .NET, .NET- II.
52
I. C#
3
,
C#: ,
. ,
. C#
, .
,
C# .

C# , C#
. , .
. ,
.
, , .
, , . ,
, . ,
, .
C#
C# :
. , .
C# 13 , . 3.1. ,
C# C#.
,
. ( :
.) , C# ,
(, C++).
.
C# .
, C# .
, int .
.
,
,
.
3.1. C#

bool
byte
char
decimal
double
, , /
8-
54
I. C#
3.1.

float
int
long
sbyte
short
uint
ulong
ushort

8-

C# : char, byte, sbyte, short,
ushort, int, uint, long ulong. char
( ).
.
. 3.2.
3.2.
byte
sbyte
short
ushort
int
uint
long
ulong
8
8
16
16
32
32
64
64
0 255
-128 127
-32 768 32 767
0 65 535
-2 147 483 648 2 147 483 647
0 4 294 967 295
-9 223 372 036 854 775 808 9 223 372 036 854 775 807
0 18 446 744 073 709 551 615
, C# :
, .
.
, , ,
(sign flag).
, , , 1, .
.
, ,
, . ,
.
,
, ( )
. ,
32 767 short:
01111111 11111111
3. ,
55
1,
-1 ( ).
, ushort ( ),
65 535.
, int.
int ,
. ,
, int,
.
, uint (
). , ,
long, ulong. , , ,
.
,
long.
// .
using System;
class Inches {
long inches;
long miles;
miles = 93000000; // 93 000 000
//5280 , 12
inches = miles*5280* 12;
Console.WriteLine(" : " +
inches + " .");
:
: 5892480000000 .
,
int uint.
byte
sbyte. byte 0 255.
byte , ,
.
sbyte. byte for,
1 100.
// byte.
using System;
class Use_byte {
byte x;
int sum;
56
I. C#
sum = 0;
for(x = 1; x <= 100; x++)
sum = sum + x;
Console.WriteLine(" 1 100 "
+ sum);
:
1 100 5050
for 0 100 ,
byte,
, .
, ,
byte sbyte, , int uint, short
ushort.
.
: float double. float 32 ,
1,545 3,4+38.
double (.. ) 64 ,
5-324 1,7+308.

double.
double-
C# ( .NET Framework). , Sqrt(),
System.Math, double-,
double-. Sqrt()
, .
// .
using System;
class FindRadius {
double r;
double area;
area = 10.0;
r = Math.Sqrt(area / 3.1416);
Console.WriteLine(" " + r);
:
1,78412203012729
3. ,
57
,
Sqrt(): Math. , ,
, Sqrt() Math. (
WriteLine() Console.)
,
.
,
C#.
double. ,
( ) 0,1 1,0.
// Math.Sin(),
// Math.Cos() Math.Tan().
using System;
class Trigonometry {
double theta; // .
for(theta = 0.1; theta <= 0.3; theta = theta + 0.1) {

Console.WriteLine(" " + theta +
" " + Math.Sin(theta));
" " + Math.Cos(theta));
" " + Math.Tan(theta));
}
:
0,1 0,0998334166468282
0,1 0,995004165278026
0,1 0,100334672085451
0,2 0,198669330795061
0,2 0,980066577841242
0,2 0,202710035508673
0,3 0,29552020666134
0,3 0,955336489125606
0,3 0,309336249609623
,
Math.Sin(), Math.Cos() Math.Tan().
Math.Sqrt() double
double. .
decimal
, C# decimal,
, .
decimal 1E-28 7,9+28
58
I. C#
128 .
. decimal,
28 (
29).
.
, decimal
.
// decimal .
using System;
class UseDecimal {
decimal price;
decimal discount;
decimal discounted_price;
// .
price = 19.95m;
discount = 0.15m; // 15%.
discounted_price = price - (price * discount);
Console.WriteLine(" : $" + discounted_price);
:
: $16,9575
, decimal-
m.
, decimal.
decimal (, 10)
m. (
.)
decimal.
,
.
/*
decimal
.
*/
using System;
class FutVal {
decimal amount;
decimal rate_of_return;
int years, i;
amount = 1000.0M;
rate_of_return = 0.07M;
years = 10;
3. ,
59
Console.WriteLine(" : $" + amount);

Console.WriteLine(" : " + rate_of_return);
Console.WriteLine(" " + years + " ");
for(i = 0; i < years; i++)
amount = amount + (amount * rate_of_return);
Console.WriteLine(" $"
+ amount);
:
: $1000
: 0,07
10
$1967,15135728956532249
( ) !
, , .
C# 8- ,
(, C++), 16-. C#
Unicode (), 16- ,
.
(, , , )
, (, ),
, .
, 16- .
, C# char 16- ,
065 535. 8- ASCII
Unicode 0127. , ASCII C#-.
,
. , X
ch, :
char ch;
ch = 'X';
char-, ch,
WriteLine()
Console.WriteLine(" ch: " + ch);
char C# ,
. ,
char
. , .
char ch;
ch = 10; // , .
10 ,
char.
. ,
.
60
I. C#
bool
bool /, C#
true false. ,
bool . C#
bool . , 1
true, 0 false.
bool :
// bool.
using System;
class BoolDemo {
bool b;
b = false;
Console.WriteLine("b " + b);
b = true;
Console.WriteLine("b " + b);
// bool if-.
if(b) Console.WriteLine(" .");
b = false;
if(b) Console.WriteLine(
" .");
// bool.
Console.WriteLine("10 > 9 " + (10 > 9));
}
:
b False
b True
.
10 > 9 True
, ? -, bool-
WriteLine() True False. -,
bool- if-, ..
if- .
if(b == true)...
-, (, <)
bool-. 10 > 9
True. 10 > 9, ,
, +
, >.
3. ,
61

WriteLine()
, C#. C#
,
. , -
,
. , ,
. ,
, C#.
.
:
Console.WriteLine(
" " + 2 + " $" + 3 + " .");
,
. ,
,
. :
Console.WriteLine(
" 10/3 : " + 10.0/3.0);
:
10/3 : 3,33333333333333
, ,
. ,
.

WriteLine(),
.
WriteLine("_",
arg0, arg1, ... , argN);
WriteLine()
, +. _
: .
, ,
.
:
{_, : }
_
( ).
, .
WriteLine()
, ( ) ,
_. ,
_ ,
, .
. , {0}
arg0, {1} arg1 ..
.
62
I. C#
Console.WriteLine(" {0} {1} .", 28, 29);

:
28 29 .
, {0} 28,
{1} 29. ,

( 28 29). ,
+, .
,
.
Console.WriteLine(
" {0,10} {1,5} .", 28, 29);
:
28 29 .
, ,
. ,
. ,
.
, , ,
. ,
.
// .
using System;
class DisplayOptions {
int i;
Console.WriteLine("\t\t");
for(i = 1; i < 10; i++)

Console.WriteLine("{0}\t{1}\t{2}", i, i*i, i*i*i);
:

1
1
1
2
4
8
3
9
27
4
16
64
5
25
125
6
36
216
7
49
343
8
64
512
9
81
729
.
, .
.
,
WriteLine(). #,
.
3. ,
63
, .
10 3.
.
Console.WriteLine(
" 10/3 : {0:#.##}", 10.0/3.0);
-:
10/3 : 3.33
#.##, WriteLine()
. ,
,
, .
.
Console.WriteLine("{0:###,###.##}", 123456.56);
:
123,456.56
,
. :
decimal balance;
balance = 12323.09m;
Console.WriteLine(" {0:C}, balance);
:
$12,323.09

, .
/*
C
.
*/
using System;
class UseDecimal {
decimal price;
decimal discount;
decimal discounted_price;
// .
price = 19.95m;
discount = 0.15m; // 15%.
discounted_price = price - (price * discount);

Console.WriteLine(" : {0:C}",
discounted_price);
, ,
:
: 16,96.
64
I. C#

C# ,
. , 100 . .
,

. .
C#- .
. ,
. , , % .
. , 10 100 .
, .
11.123. C#
( ).
C# , .
: ? ,
, 12, 123987 0.23? , C#
, .
-, ,
, , int. ,
, , int,
uint, long ulong. -, double.
, C#,
,
. long, l
L. , 12 int, 12L
long. ,
u U. , 100 int, 100U uint.
ul UL (,
987654UL ulong).
float, f F (,
10.19F).
decimal, m (, 9.
95).
int-, uint-, long-
ulong- ,
byte, sbyte, short ushort, , ,
.

, ,
16,
. 0 9 F,
10, 11, 12, 13, 14 15. ,
10 16. C#,
,
.
0x ( x). .
count = 0xFF; // 255
3. ,
65
incr = 0x1a; // 26

,
, (,
), .
, , C#
, . C#
(ESC), . 3.3.
, .
, ch :
ch = \t;
ch :
ch = \;
3.3.
ESC-
\
\b
\f
\n
\r
\t
\v
\0
\
\"
\\
()

( )

-
()

C# : .
, . ,
" "
. (
WriteLine()) .
,
. , , .
ESC-, \n, \t \".
// ESC- .
using System;
66
I. C#
class StrDemo {
Console.WriteLine(
" \n \n ");
// .
Console.WriteLine("\"?\", .");
}
}
:

"?", .
, \n
,
WriteLine() . ,
, ESC \n. ,
( ESC- \").

(verbatim) .
@, , .

. , ,
., .
("). ,

(""). ,
.
// .
using System;
class Verbatim {
Console.WriteLine(@"
,
.
");
Console.WriteLine(@" :
1 2 3
4
5 6 7
8
");
Console.WriteLine(
@" : "" C#.""");
}
}
:
3. ,
67

,

:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
: " C#."
, ,
.
, .
.
,
.
. . (, 'X')
char. ,
(, X), - .

2,
:
_;
,
_ .
. .
, . ,
bool . ,
. ,
int char.
C# .
, ,
, ,
. C# .
. ,
, ,
, .

.
.
.
.
:
_ = ;
68
I. C#
, , ,
.
.
:
int count = 10; // count
// 10.
char ch = 'X'; // ch X.
float f = 1.2F // f
// 1.2.
(
)
. ,
int a, b = 8, c = 19, d;
// b c
// .

, C# ,
, . ,
, ,
, .
// .
using System;
class DynInit {
double s1 = 4.0, s2 = 5.0; // .
// hypot.
double hypot = Math.Sqrt((s1 * s1) + (s2 * s2));
Console.Write(" " +
s1 + " " + s2 + " ");
Console.WriteLine("{0:#.###}.", hypot);
:
4 5 6,403.
: s1, s2 hypot. (s1 s2)
, , hypot,
. ,
Math.Sqrt(). ,
,
. Math.Sqrt() (
) ,
hypot. ,
,
, , .
3. ,
69
, ,
Main(). C# .
, .
, (scope) . ,
, ,
.
.
C# ,
. ( , )
, ,
, .
, ,
. , .
, , ,
(.. ) , .
,
/ .
.
. ,
.
. , ,
, . :
, , .
,
:
// .
using System;
class ScopeDemo {
70

int x; // x
// Main().
x = 10;
if(x == 10) { // .
int y = 20; // y
// .
// x y.
Console.WriteLine("x y: " + x + " " + y);
x = y * 2;
}
// y = 100; // ! y .
// x .
Console.WriteLine(" x " + x);
}
I. C#
, x
Main() .
if y.
, y . ,
,
// y = 100; //! y .
. ,
, y if-. x
if-,
(.. ) ,
.
,
. ,
, . ,
, ,
.
,
. ,
. , , ,
. ,
, .
, .
,
, .
, , :
// .
using System;
class VarInitDemo {
int x;
for(x = 0; x < 3; x++) {

int y = -1; // y
//
Console.WriteLine(" y : " + y); //
// -1. y = 100;
Console.WriteLine(" y : " + y);
}
:
y : -1
y : 100
y : -1
y : 100
y : -1
y : 100
3. ,
71
, for y
1. 100,
.
:
, , ,
, ,
. , -
.
/*

, ,
.
*** . ***
*/
using System;
class NestVar {

int count;
for(count = 0; count < 10; count = count+1) {
Console.WriteLine("This is count: " + count);
int count; // !!!
Console.WriteLine(" !");
}
}
C/C++, ,
, ,
. , C/C++ count
for .
. C#,
, ,
.

. , ,
float int.
int i;
float f;
i = 10;
f = i; //float- int-.
,
( )
. , ,
72
I. C#
int- i, float,
f. , C#
, .
, bool int . ,
-
. .

,
;
(.. ),
.
,
. , int ,
byte, int, byte
, .
,
, . ,
, long double
, .
//
// long double.
using System;
class LtoD {
long L;
double D;
L = 100123285L;
D = L;
Console.WriteLine("L D: " + L + " " + D);
long
double, ( double long)
, . ,
:
// *** . ***
using System;
class LtoD {
long L;
double D;
D = 100123285.0;
L = D; // !!!
3. ,
73
Console.WriteLine("L D: " + L + " " + D);

}

decimal float ( double),
char ( bool). , char bool.

,
.
.
.
:
(_)
_
. , , x/y int,
:
double x, y;
// ...
(int) (x / y);
, , x y double,
int. ,
x / y, . (
) int
x, .
,
double int .
,
. , long int
, long ,
int, long.
. ,
1,23
1. (0,23) .
,
,
.
// .
using System;
class CastDemo {
double x, y;
byte b;
int i;
char ch;
uint u;
74
I. C#
short s;
long l;
x = 10.0;
y = 3.0;
// double int.
i = (int) (x / y); // .
Console.WriteLine(
" x / y: " + i);
// int byte .
i = 255;
b = (byte) i;
Console.WriteLine("b 255: " + b +
" -- .");
// int byte
i = 257;
b = (byte) i;
Console.WriteLine("b 257: " + b +
" -- .");
// uint short .
u = 32000;
s = (short) u;
Console.WriteLine("s 32000: " + s +
" -- .");
// uint short .
u = 64000;
s = (short) u;
Console.WriteLine("s 64000: " + s +
" -- .");
// long uint .
l = 64000;
u = (uint) l;
Console.WriteLine("u 64000: " + u +
" -- .");
// long uint .
l = -12;
u = (uint) l;
Console.WriteLine("u -12: " + u +
" -- .");
// byte char.
b = 88; // ASCII- X.
ch = (char) b;
Console.WriteLine("ch 88: " + ch);
3. ,
75
:
x/y: 3
b 255: 255 -- .
b 257: 1 -- .
s 32000: 32000 -- .
s 64000: -1536 -- .
u 64000: 64000 -- .
u -12: 4294 967284 -- .
ch 88: X
.
(x / y) int , ..
.
, b
255, byte
255. b 257 ,
257
byte. ,
int byte .
s short 32 000 (
u uint) , short-
32 000. ,
64 000 short,
.
, uint
short .
u ( uint) 64 000 (
l long). ,
64 000 uint-.
u -12, , , uint
.
, long
uint .
, byte- char
, .. ,
.

,
. ,
. , short long,
.
,
.

. .
76
I. C#
decimal, TO , ..
decimal ( float double,
).
double, TO
double.
float, TO
float.
ulong, TO
ulong ( sbyte, short, int long,
).
long, TO
long.
uint, sbyte, short int,
long.
uint, TO
uint.
int.

. - .
, float double
decimal. ulong
. - ,
.
-, . ,
int,
. , char-, sbyte-, byte-, ushort-
short- int.
int- (integer
promotion). ,
int.
, ,
. ,
byte int,
- byte.
.
. ,
, byte-.
. byte-
int, ,
int. , byte-
byte- int-.
. :
// !
using System;
class PromDemo {
byte b;
3. ,
77
b = 10;
b = (byte) (b * b); // )!!
Console.WriteLine("b: "+ b);
, b * b
b . , b * b
b int, .. b * b
int-, byte-
. , ,
, , ,
.

char. ,
- char int .
char ch1 = 'a', ch2 = 'b';
ch1 = (char) (ch1 + ch2);
ch1 ch2 int,
int- char-.

(, ). ,
int (.. sbyte-, byte-, short- ushort-),
int. To char. ,
uint- long.

,
.
. , , .
1 10.
.
,
Math.Sqrt() int.
// .
using System;
class CastExpr {
double n;
for(n = 1.0; n <= 10; n++) {
Console.WriteLine(
" {0} {1}",
n, Math.Sqrt(n));
Console.WriteLine(" : {0}" ,
(int) Math.Sqrt(n));
Console.WriteLine(
78
I. C#
" : {0}",
Math.Sqrt(n) - (int) Math.Sqrt(n) );
}
}
:
1 1
: 1
: 0
2 1,4142135623731
: 1
: 0,414213562373095
3 1,73205080756888
: 1
: 0,732050807568877
4 2
: 2
: 0
5 2,23606797749979
: 2
: 0,23606797749979
6 2,44948974278318
: 2
: 0,449489742783178
7 2,64575131106459
: 2
: 0,645751311064591
8 2,82842712474619
: 2
: 0,82842712474619
9 3
: 3
: 0
10 3,16227766016938
: 3
: 0,16227766016838
, ,
Math.Sqrt(), int,
.
( ,
):
Math.Sqrt(n) - (int) Math.Sqrt(n)
double. int
Math.Sqrt().
3. ,
79
C# ,

. C# : , ,
.
?. C#
, , .

C# .
+
*
/
%
-++
C#- +, -, * /
( , ).
.
,
, .
, (/)
. , 10/3 3.
(%).
, :
. , 10 % 3 1. C# %
, . , 10,0 % 3,0
1. ( C/C++
.)
.
// %.
using System;
class ModDemo {
int iresult, irem;
double dresult, drem;
iresult =10/3;
irem = 10 % 3;
dresult = 10.0 / 3.0;
drem = 10.0 % 3.0;
4.
81
Console.WriteLine(
" 10/3: " +
iresult + " " + irem);
Console.WriteLine(
" 10.0 / 3.0: " +
dresult + " " + drem);
:
10 / 3: 3 1
10.0 / 3.0: 3,33333333333333 1
, % , 1,
, .

(++) (--)
, . ,
, .
, 1,
1 . ,
x = x + 1;
:
x++;

x = x - 1;
:
x--;
,
. ,
x = x + 1;

++x; // .
:
x++; // .
,
: .
,
. , C#
, ,
. , C#
, ,
. :
x = 10;
y = ++x;
82
I. C#
y 11.
, y
10:
x = 10;
y = x++;
x 11. ,
11 ( y ).

. ,
:
/*

++.
*/
using System;
class PrePostDemo {
int x, y;
int i;
x = 1;
Console.WriteLine(
", y = x + x++;");
for(i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
y = x + x++; // ++
Console.WriteLine(y + " ");
}
x = 1;
Console.WriteLine(
", y = x + ++x;");
for(i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
y = x + ++x; // ++
Console.WriteLine(y + " ");
}
:
, y = x + x++;
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
4.
83
16
18
20
, y = x + ++x;
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
,
y = x + x++;
x x, y.
x.
y = x + ++x;
-. ( )
x, , ,
y. ,
x++ ++x , ,
. .
x + ++x;
, .
,
. , x
x.

(/)
,
.
/ - , .
.
, .
==
!=
>
<
>=
<=
84
I. C#
&
|
^
&&
||
!
bool.
C# (,
== !=) . , <, >, <= >=,
, .
, .
bool ,
true false . , C# true > false
.
, bool,
bool. &, |, ^
! , ,
.
p
false
true
false
true
false
false
true
true
p&q
false
false
false
true
p|q
false
true
true
true
p^q
false
true
true
false
!p
true
false
true
false
,
, .
,
.
//
// .
using System;
class RelLogOps {
public static void Main(){
int i, j;
bool b1, b2;
i = 10;
j = 11;
if(i < j) Console.WriteLine("i < j");
if(i <= j) Console.WriteLine("i <= j");
if(i != j) Console.WriteLine("i !- j");
if(i == j) Console.WriteLine(" .");
4.
85
if(i
if(i
b1 =
b2 =
>= j) Console.WriteLine(" .");

> j) Console.WriteLine(" .");
true;
false;
if(b1 &
if(!(b1
if(b1 |
if(b1 ^
b2) Console.WriteLine(" .");

& b2)) Console.WriteLine("! (b1 & b2) -- ");
b2) Console.WriteLine("b1 | b2 -- ");
b2) Console.WriteLine("b1 ^ b2 -- ");
:
i < j
i <= j
i != j
!(b1 & b2) --
b1 | b2 --
b1 ^ b2 --

. ,
.
C#. , C# ,
,
. ,
, , .
( , .)
:
p
p q
true
true
false
false
true
false
false
true
true
false
true
true
, ! |.
!p | q
:
// C#.
using System;
class Implication {
bool p = false, q = false;
int i, j;
for(i =0; i < 2; i++) {
for(j =0; j < 2; j++) {
if(i==0) p = true;
if(i==1) p = false;
if(j==0) q = true;
if(j==1) q = false;
86
I. C#
Console.WriteLine(
"p " + p + ", q " + q);
if(!p | q)
p + " " + q + " " + true);
:
p True, q True
True True True
p True, q False
p False, q True
False True True
p False, q False
False False True

C# (short-circuit)
, .
, , ,
, .
, ,
. ,
. ,
.
&&,
|| ( & |,
).
,
,
.
,
. , d
n. . d / n
, , d n. ,
.
//
using System;
class SCops {
int n, d;
n = 10;
d = 2;
if(d != 0 && (n % d) == 0)
4.
87
Console.WriteLine(d + " " + n);

d = 0; // d .
// d ,
// .
if(d != 0 && (n % d) == 0)
Console.WriteLine(d + " " + n);
/*
.
( ). */
if(d != 0 & (n % d) == 0)
Console.WriteLine(d + " -- " + n);
, if
d . ,
. ,
d 2, .
( d ) ,
, .
,
, .

, :
C# ?.
, , ,
. ,
:
// .
using System;
class SideEffects {
int i;
i = 0;
88
/* i , ,
. */
if(false & (++i < 100))
Console.WriteLine(" .");
Console.WriteLine(
" if : " + i); // : 1
/* i ,
. */
if(false && (++i < 100))
Console.WriteLine(
" if : " + i); // - 1 !!
I. C#
, if- i
if-.
if-
i , false.
.
/,
, , , .
.
, .

2.
.
(=). C# ,
.
.
= ;

. ,
. , , .
int x, y, z; x = y = z = 100;// x, y
// z 100.
x, y z 100
. ,
. ,
z = 100 100, y,
x.
( )
.

C# ,
.
. :
x = x + 10;
, :
x += 10;
+= x
x 10. .
x = x - 100;
:
x -= 100;
x ,
100.
4.
89

(.. , ).
:
op = ;
op ,
.
.
+=
-=
*=
/=
%=
&=
|=
^=

,
.
. , . -,
(
).
.

C# ,
C#.
.
bool, float double.
,
(), .

, ,
. . 4.1.
4.1.
&
|
^
>>
<<
~

1 ( )
, ,
, ,
&, |, ^ ~, . ,
, . ,
.
( ).
90
I. C#
p&q
p|q
p^q
~p
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0

. , 0 0
. :
1101 0011
1010 1010
& ________
1000 0010
&
.
( ) . , 9
0000 1001. 8
(0000 1000 ).
//
// "" .
using System;
class MakeEven {
ushort num;
ushort i;
for(i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
num = i;
Console.WriteLine("num: " + num);
num = (ushort) (num & 0xFFFE); // num & 1111 1110
Console.WriteLine("num : "
+ num + "\n");
}
}
}
:
num: 1
num : 0
num: 2
num : 2
num: 3
num : 2
num: 4
num : 4
num: 5
4.
91
num : 4
num: 6
num : 6
num: 7
num : 6
num: 8
num : 8
num: 9
num : 8
num: 10
num : 10
0xFFFE, ,
1111 1111 1111 1110. , num & 0xFFFE
, .
, , ,
( ).
. ,
, .
//
// , .
using System;
class IsOdd {
ushort num;
num = 10;
if((num & 1) == 1)
num = 11;
if((num & 1) == 1)
Console.WriteLine(num + " -- .");
}
}
:
11 -- .
if num
1. num (.. ),
num & 1 .
. if ,
.
,
&, ,
byte .
.
92
I. C#
// , .
using System;
class ShowBits {
int t;
byte val;
val = 123;
for(t = 128; t > 0; t = t/2) {

if((val & t) != 0) Console.Write("1 ");
if((val & t) == 0) Console.Write("0 ");
}
:
01111011
for
val. , ,
1, 0.
, ,
.
, 1, ,
. :
1101 0011
1010 1010
| ________
1111 1011

.
//
// "" .
using System;
class MakeOdd {
ushort num;
ushort i;
for(i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {

num = i;
Console.WriteLine("num: " + num);
num = (ushort) (num | 1); // num | 0000 0001
Console.WriteLine(
"num : " + num + "\n");
}
4.
93
:
num: 1
num : 1
num: 2
num : 3
num: 3
num : 3
num: 4
num : 5
num: 5
num : 5
num:
num : 7
num: 7
num : 7
num: 8
num : 9
num: 9
num : 9
num: 10
num : 11

, for, 1,
0000 0001. , 1 ,
.
,
, (
). , , ,
, .. .
(XOR)
, ,
.. . :
0111 1111
1011 1001
^ ________
1100 0110
XOR ,
. XOR
X Y, XOR
Y, X. ,

R1 = X ^ Y;
R2 = R1 ^ Y;
R2 X. ,
XOR, (Y),
(X).
94
I. C#
,
, .
,
. :
// XOR
// .
using System;
class Encode {
char ch1 = 'H';
char ch2 = 'i';
char ch3 = '!';
int key = 88;
ch1 + ch2 + ch3);
// .
ch1 = (char) (ch1 ^ key);
ch1 + ch2 + ch3);
// .
ch1 + ch2 + ch3);
:
: Hi!
: >1
: Hi!
, XOR,
, () .
( 1)
. , (
), 1001 0110, ~
0110 1001.

1 .
// .
using System;
class NotDemo {
4.
95
sbyte b = -34;
int t;
for(t = 128; t > 0; t = t/2) {
if((b & t) != 0) Console.Write("1 ");
if((b & t) == 0) Console.Write("0 "); }
// .
b = (sbyte) ~b;
for(t = 128; t > 0; t = t/2) {

if((b & t) != 0) Console.Write("1 ");
if((b & t) == 0) Console.Write("0 ");
}
:
11011110
00100001

C# .
C# :
<<
;
>>
.
:
<< _;
>> _.
, _ ,
.
, ,
, .
, , . ,
.
, . :
. ,
,
, .
, . ,
, .
,
. , ,
, .. 1,
0.
.
, .
val 1, 128, 1000 0000. ,
, , .
96
I. C#
// << >>.
using System;
class ShiftDemo {
int val = 1;
int t;
int i;
for(i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
for(t = 128; t > 0; t = t/2) {
}
val = val << 1; // .
}
val = 128;
for(i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
for(t = 128; t > 0; t = t/2) {
}
val = val >> 1; // .
}
}
}
:
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 1

2,
2. .
. , ,
( ) . :
//
// 2.
4.
97
using System;
class MultDiv {
int n;
n = 10;
Console.WriteLine(" n: " + n);
// 2.
n = n << 1;
Console.WriteLine(
" n n = n * 2: " + n);
// 4.
n = n << 2;
Console.WriteLine(
" n n = n * 4: " + n);
// 2.
n = n >> 1;
Console.WriteLine(
" n n = n / 2: " + n);
// 4.
n = n >> 2;
Console.WriteLine(
" n n = n / 4: " + n);
// n .
n = 10;
Console.WriteLine(" n: " + n);
// 2, 30 .
n = n << 30; // ; .
Console.WriteLine(
" n 30 : " + n);
:
n: 10
n n = n * 2: 20
n n = n * 4: 80
n n = n / 2: 40
n n = n / 4: 10
n: 10
n 30 : -2147483648
.
10 30 (.. 230)
,
, int.
,
98
I. C#
, int .
.
,
2. ( ,
, 3.)

, . ,
x
(XOR) x 127.
x = x ^ 127;
x ^= 127;
?
C# ?.
? if-thenelse. ? , .
:
1 ? 2 : 3;
1 bool. 2
3 .
.
?- .
1. , 2,
?-.
1 , ?-
3. , absval
val.
absval = val < 0 ? -val : val;
//
// val.
absval val,
. val ,
absval ,
.
?.
100 ,
.
// ?
using System;
class NoZeroDiv {
int result;
int i;
4.
99
for(i = -5; i < 6; i++) {

result = i != 0 ? 100 / i : 0;
if(i != 0)
Console.WriteLine("100 / " + i + " " + result);
}
.
/ -5 -20
/ -4 -25
/ -3 -33
/ -2 -50
/ -1 -100
/ 1 100
/ 2 50
/ 3 33
/ 4 25
/ 5 20
:
result - i != 0 ? 100 / i : 0;
result 100
i. , i .
( i = 0) result .
,
?. ,
, . . ,
?, bool,
if.
, , ,
( ).
// ?-.
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
using System;
class NoZeroDiv2 {
int i;
for(i = -5; i < 6; i++)

if(i != 0 ? true : false)
Console.WriteLine("100 / " + i +
" " + 100 / i);
if. i ,
if- false,
, , .
( ) .
100
I. C#

C# (
). , ,
:
=10/y*(127/x);
x = 10 / y * (127/x);
( , ) ,
.
. ,
, ! (
, , )
. , ,
?
x = y/3-34*temp+127;
X = (y/3) - (34*temp) + 127;

. 4.2 C#- (
). , .
4.2. C#-
( ) [ ] . ++()--() checked new sizeof typeof unchecked

! ~ +() -() ++() --()
* / %
+ << >>
< <= > >= is
== !=
&
^
|
&&
||
?:
= op=
4.
101
C#. :
(if, switch), ( for-, while-, do-while foreach-) (break, continue, goto, return throw).
throw, C#-
( 13),
.
if
if 2,
. :
if() ;
else ;
C#.
else .
. if- :
if() {

}
else
{

}
, ,
, if-;
else- ( ). .
, if-, bool.
, if-else-
, .
// ,
// .
using System;
class PosNeg {
int i;
for(i=-5; i <= 5; i++) {
Console.Write(" " + i + ": ");
if(i < 0) Console.WriteLine(" ");
else Console.WriteLine(" ");
}
}
}
5.
103
:
-5:
-4:
-3:
-2:
-1:
0:
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
, i ,
if- ( : );
else- ( : ).
.
if-
if- ,
(. ) if-.
if- . ,
else- if-,
, else-.
:
if(i == 10) {
if(j < 20) a = b;
if(k > 100) c = d;
else a = c; // else-
// if(k > 100).
}
else a = d; // else- if(i == 10).
, else-
if(j < 20), (
if- , else-).
else- if(k > 100),
.

.
. ,
else-,
: .
// , ,
// .
using System;
class PosNegZero {
int i;
for(i=-5; i <= 5; i++) {
104
I. C#
Console.Write(" " + i + ": ");

if(i < 0) Console.WriteLine(" ");
else if(i == 0) Console.WriteLine(" ");
else Console.WriteLine(" ");
}
:
-5:
-4:
-3:
-2:
-1:
0:
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
if-else-if
,
if-, if-else-if.
:
if()
;
else if()
;
else if()
;
.
.
.
else
;
.
. -
, , ,
. , ,
else- ( , ,
). else- ,
, .
if-else-if- ,
{
).
// ,
// .
using System;
5.
105
class Ladder {
int num;
for(num = 2; num < 12; num++) {
if((num % 2) == 0)
num + " 2.");
else if((num % 3) == 0)
num + " 3.");
else if((num % 5) == 0)
num + " 5.");
else if((num % 7) ==0)
num + " 7.");
else
Console.WriteLine(num +
" 2, 3, 5 7.");
}
}
}
:
2 2.
3 3.
4 2.
5 5.
6 2.
7 7.
8 2.
9 3.
10 2.
11 2, 3, 5 7.
, else- ,
if-.
switch
switch. switch
.
.
if-, switch
. .
.

, .
switch :
switch{) {
case 1:

break;
case 2:
106
I. C#

break;
case 3:

break;
default:

break;
}
switch
(, char, byte, short int) string (
). , , .
switch- ; case ,
. case- switch-
.
default- ,
case- switch. default . ,
case- .
- , ,
case- , break.
switch- .
// switch.
using System;
class SwitchDemo {
int i;
for(i=0; i<10; i++)
switch(i) {
case 0:
Console.WriteLine("i
break;
case 1:
break;
case 2:
break;
case 3:
break;
case 4:
break;
default:
break;
5.
.");
.");
.");
.");
.");
.");
107
:
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
, ,
case-, x.
. i , default.
switch- int. ,
, switch-
, char.
case- char- char-.
// char
// switch-.
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
using System;
class SwitchDemo2 {
char ch;
for(ch='A'; ch<= 'E'; ch++)
switch(ch) {
case 'A':
Console. WriteLine("ch ");
break;
case 'B':
Console.WriteLine("ch ");
break;
case 'C':
break;
case 'D':
Console.WriteLine("ch D");
break;
case 'E':
break;
}
}
}
:
ch A
ch B
108
I. C#
ch C
ch D
ch E
, default-
. , . ,
.
C# , ,
case-, , .
, ,
. case-
break. ( ,
goto, , break
.) break,
case-, switch
, switch.
default-
break.

C# , C++ Java. case-
, case-, ..
. C#
. -,
case-, ,
case- . -,
case-
,
.
case , , ,
, case
.
// "" case- "".
using System;
class EmptyCasesCanFall {
int i;
for(i=1; i < 5; i++)

switch(i) {
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
Console.WriteLine("i 1, 2 3");
break;
case 4:
Console.WriteLine("i 4");
break;
}
5.
109
:
1, 2 3
1, 2 3
1, 2 3
4
, i 1, 2 3,
WriteLine(), i 4, .
case- ,
case- .
case-
case-,
.
i
i
i
i
switch
switch case-
switch.
switch. , case-
switch , .
, :
switch(ch1) {
case 'A':
Console.WriteLine(
" - switch.");
switch(ch2) {
case 'A':
Console.WriteLine(
" - switch.");
break;
case '': // ...
} // switch.
break;
case '': // ...
for
2, for.
, ,
. . ,
for
:
for(; ; ) ;
for ,
:
for(; ; ) {

}
,
.
110
I. C#
, .
bool,
. ,
for . ,
,
. , for
. for ,
. ,
, for.
for ,
,
. , 100 -100
, 5.
// for
// .
using System;
class DecrFor {
int x;
for(x = 100; x > -100; x -= 5)
Console.WriteLine(x);
}
}
,
for. , ,
. :
for(count=10; count < 5; count++)
x += count; // .
,
count . (count
< 5) .
.
for ,
. , for
2 20. ,
.
/*
. ,
. */
using System;
class FindPrimes {
int num;
int i;
int factor;
bool isprime;
for(num = 2; num < 20; num++) {
5.
111
isprime = true;
factor = 0;
// , num i .
for(i=2; i <= num/2; i++) {
if((num % i) == 0) {
// num i ,
// num .
isprime = false;
factor = i;
}
}
if(isprime)
Console.WriteLine(num + " .");
else
num + " " + factor);
}
:
2 .
3 .
4 2
5 .
6 3
7 .
8 4
9 3
10 5
11 .
12 6
13 .
14 7
15 5
16 8
17 .
18 9
19 .
for
for C#,
.

for .

. :
// for.
using System;
class Comma {
112
I. C#

int i, j;
for(i=0, j=10; i < j; i++, j--)
Console.WriteLine("i j: " + i + " " + j);
}
}
:
i j: 0 10
i j: 1 9
i j: 2 8
i j: 3 7
i j: 4 6

. i j.
i , j
.
. for
, .

for. ,
( 100).
: .
/*
for
. */
using System;
class Comma {
int i, j;
int smallest, largest;
int num;
num = 100;
smallest = largest = 1;
for(i=2, j=num/2; (i <= num/2) & (j >= 2); i++, j--) {
if((smallest == 1) & ((num % i) == 0))

smallest = i;
if((largest == 1) & ((num % j) == 0))
largest = j;
Console.WriteLine(" : " + largest);

Console.WriteLine(" : " + smallest);
:
5.
113
: 50
: 2
for
, .
i.
2 ,
( num).
j.
, num,
, . ,
i j .
.

, for,
, bool. ,
done.
// bool.
using System;
class forDemo {
int i, j;
bool done = false;
for(i=0, j=100; !done; i++, j--) {
if(i*i >= j) done = true;
Console.WriteLine("i, j: " + i + " " + j);
:
j: 0 100
j: 1 99
j: 2 98
j: 3 97
j: 4 96
j: 5 95
j: 6 94
j: 7 93
j: 8 92
j: 9 91
j: 10 90
for , bool- done
true. true ,
i j .
i,
i,
i,
i,
i,
i,
i,
i,
i,
i,
i,
114
I. C#

C# (, ,
) .
. :
// for .
using System;
class Empty {
int i;
for(i = 0; i < 10; ) {
Console.WriteLine(" " + i);
i++; // .
}
}
}
for.
i , . ,
:
i 10. i
, , :
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
for
.
// for .
using System;
class Empty2 {
int i;
i = 0; // .
for(; i < 10; ) {

i++; // .
}
i for,
.
for.
5.
115
, , ,
, .

for,
(, ). ,
, C#-
.
for(;;) // .
{
// ...
}
.
(, ),
,
.
, . (: break.)

C# , for ( - ),
. , .
. ,
1 5.
// .
using System;
class Empty3 {
int i;
int sum = 0;
// 1 5.
for(i =1; i <= 5; sum += i++);
:
15
,
for, .
:
sum += i++
, .
, .
, sum
sum i,
116
I. C#
i. , :
sum = sum + i;
for
, for,
.
. , ,
1 5. i for.
// for.
using System;
class ForVar {
int sum = 0;
int fact = 1;
// 1 5.
for(int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
sum += i; // i .
fact *= i;
}
// i .
Console.WriteLine(" " + fact);
for :
. ,
for.
. , i
for.
- , for.
,
for.
while
while :
while();
,
. ,
bool. ,
.
, , .
5.
117
, while
.
// .
using System;
class WhileDemo {
int num;
int mag;
num = 435679;
mag = 0;
Console.WriteLine(": " + num);
while(num > 0) {
mag++;
num = num / 10;
};
Console.WriteLine(": " + mag);
:
: 435679 : 6
while . num.
, mag , num 10.
, num . num ,
, mag .
for, while, a
, .
( )
.
// 2.
using System;
class Power {
int e;
int result;
for(int i=0; i < 10; i++) {
result = 1;
e = i;
while(e > 0) {
result *= 2;
e--;
}
Console.WriteLine("2 " + i +
" " + result);
118
I. C#
:
0 1
1 2
2 3
3 4
4 16
5 32
6 64
7 128
8 256
9 512
, while ,
. , ,
for, while .
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
do-while
C# do-while. for while,
, do-while
. , do-while .
:
do {
;
} while();
,
,
do-while, while.
do-while , ,
.
do-while
, .
// .
using System;
class DoWhileDemo {
int num;
int nextdigit;
num = 198;
Console.Write(" : ");
do {
nextdigit = num % 10;
Console.Write(nextdigit);
5.
119
num = num / 10;

}
while(num > 0);
:
: 198 : 891
.
10.
.
num. ,
. , num
.
foreach
foreach .
. C# ,
. foreach 7, .
break
break ,
, , .
break ,
, . .
// break .
using System;
class BreakDemo {
// break .
for(int i=-10; i <= 10; i++) {
if(i > 0) break; // i > 0.
Console.Write(i + " ");
}
:
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 !
120
I. C#
, , for
i 10 10, break ,
i .
break C#-,
. , , dowhile-, :
// break
// do-while.
using System;
class BreakDemo2 {
int i;
i = -10;
do {
if(i > 0) break;
i++;
}
while(i <= 10);
.
.
// .
using System;
class FindSmallestFactor {
int factor = 1;
int num = 1000;
for(int i=2; i < num/2; i++) {
if((num%i) == 0) {
factor = i;
break; // , .
}
}
Console.WriteLine(
" " + factor);
}
}
:
2
break for,
.
.
break
.
5.
121
// break .
using System;
class BreakNested {
for(int i=0; i<3; i++) {
Console.WriteLine(
" : " + i);
Console.Write(
" : ");
int t = 0;
while(t < 100) {
if(t == 10) break; // ,
// t 10.
Console.Write(t + " ");
t++;
}
}
}
}
:
: 0
: 0123456789
: 1
: 0123456789
: 2
: 0123456789
.
, break, ,
, .
,
, break,
. . break,
switch, switch,
.
continue
,
. continue.
,
. continue
break. ,
continue 0 100.
// continue.
using System;
122
I. C#
class ContDemo {
// 0 100.
for(int i = 0; i <= 100; i++) {
if((i%2) != 0) continue;
//
// .
Console.WriteLine(i);
}
}
}
,
, WriteLine()
.
while do-while continue
, ,
. for
continue , .
.
continue ,
.
return
return .
. . 6.
goto
goto C#- .
, .
, ,
, -. goto -
, .

. , , (
) goto,
, .
.
goto , ,
,
. goto
,
.
goto .
C# , .
goto, . , goto
100 :
x = 1;
loop1:
x++;
if(x < 100) goto loop1;
5.
123
goto case- default switch. , , case- default-

. , ,
goto. goto
switch. , -
goto switch. ,
goto switch.
// goto switch.
using System;
class SwitchGoto {
for(int i=1; i < 5; i++) {
switch(i) {
case 1:
Console.WriteLine(" case 1");
goto case 3;
case 2:
goto case 1;
case 3:
goto default;
default:
Console.WriteLine(" default");
break;
}
}
// goto case 1; // !
// switch.
:
case 1
case 3
default
case 2
case 1
case 3
default
case 3
default
default
, goto
case default switch. , case break. goto
case-
case,
124
I. C#
(break) . ,
goto switch-.

// goto case 1; // !...
. goto
switch ,
,
goto
. :
// goto.
using System;
class Use_goto {
int i=0, j=0, k=0;
for(i=0; i < 10; i++) {
for(j=0; j < 10; j++) {
for(k=0; k < 10; k++) {
Console.WriteLine("i, j, k: " + i + " " +
j + " " + k);
if(k == 3) goto stop;
}
}
}
stop:
Console.WriteLine(", ! i, j, k: " + i +
", " + j + ", " + k);
:
i, j, k: 0 0 0
i, j, k; 0 0 1
i, j, k: 0 0 2
i, j, k: 0 0 3
, ! i, j, k: 0, 0, 3
, goto,
if break. goto
.
, , , ,
goto .
5.
125
6
,

. C#,
. , C#.
-
C#. , .
. , ,
C#,
.

C#- ,
. , ,
. ,
, .
, . , .
, , . C#
. .
, (), ,
. : .
, ,
.
. , , ,
.

, , , ,
.
, ,
.
, ,
. ,
-, ,
, , , , , .
,
.
.
class.
, ,
:
class _ {
// .
1;
2;
//...
N;
// .
_ 1() {
//
}
6. ,
127
_ 2() {
//
}
_ N() {
//
}
}
,
.
(, public), , .
2,
. , .
, , , ,
(private). ( )
.
public-, ,
, , .
8.

( ), ,
. , ,
, ( )
,
. ,
. ,
, .
, ,
Main(). , . ,
Main() . ,
.

,
(, , .). ( Building)
( ,
).
Building.
: floors, area occupants. ,
Building .
. ( .)
class Building {
public int floors; //
public int area; //
public int occupants; //
}
, Building,
. :
_;
128
I. C#
,
, _ .
, ,
, . Building
public, , ,
,
Building.
class .
Building.
Building. , class ;
. ,
Building.
Building, , ,
:
Building house = new Building();
//
// Building.
house Building,
.. . .
,
, .
, Building
floors, area occupants.
(.).
. :
.
, , .
, floors 2,
.
house.floors = 2;

, .
, Building.
// , Building.
using System;
class Building {
public int area; //
}
// Building.
class BuildingDemo {
//
// Building.
int areaPP; // , .
// house.
house.occupants = 4;
house.area = 2500;
house.floors = 2;
6. ,
129
// , .
areaPP = house.area / house.occupants;
Console.WriteLine(
" :\n " +
house.floors + " \n " +
house.occupants + " \n " +
house.area +
" , \n "
+ areaPP + " ");
: Building BuildingDemo.
BuildingDemo Main() Building
house, house,
.
, Building BuildingDemo .
, .
, BuildingDemo
Building, , .. public-.
public,
Building, BuildingDemo
.
UseBuilding.cs,
UseBuilding.exe. Building BuildingDemo
.
:
:
2
4
2500 ,
625
Building BuildingDemo
.
Building.cs BuildingDemo.cs, .
.
:
csc Building.cs BuildingDemo.cs
Visual Studio IDE,
.
,
:
, . ,
.
, ,
. , Building
floors, area occupants,
() .
.
// Building.
using System;
130
I. C#
class Building {
public int area; //
}
// Building.
Building office = new Building();
int areaPP; // , .
// house.
house.area = 2500;
house.floors = 2;
// office.
office.occupants = 25;
office.area = 4200;
office.floors = 3;
// , .
areaPP = house.area / house.occupants;
Console.WriteLine(" :\n " +
house.area +
" , \n " +
areaPP + " ");
// ,
// .
areaPP = office.area / office.occupants;
office.floors + " \n " +
office.occupants + " \n " +
office.area +
" , \n " +
areaPP + " ");
:
:
2
4
2500 ,
625
:
3
25
4200 ,
168
6. ,
131
, ( house)
( office). .
6.1.
house
office
floors
area
2500
occupants
floors
area
4200
occupants
25
. 6.1.

Building. Building house = new Building();
. -,
house Building. ,
. -,
house .
new. ,
house Building.
new (.. )
. (
) , new.
, C# .
, ,
.
Building house; // .
house = new Building();
//
// Building.
house
Building. house , ,
. ( ) house
null, , .
Building,
house. house .
, ,
, .
132
I. C#
,
. . ,

int x; x = 10;
x 10, x int, ..
.
house , .
,
(, int). ( )
, . (
) .
( )
, ,
, . ,
:
Building house1 = new Building();
Building house2 = house1;
, house1 house2
, . , house1 house2,
. house1 house2
house2 ,
house1, , house1,
house2. ,
house1.area = 2600;
,
Console.WriteLine(house1.area);
Console.WriteLine(house2.area);
2600.
, house1 house2,
, . ,
house2 , .

// house2
// house3
// .
house2 ,
house3. , house1, .
6. ,
133

,
. Building .
( ) , .
(), ,
, .
.
. C#-
. ,
. .
, Main() ,
. , C#.
.
, getval, getval().
.
:
_ (_) {
//
}
, ,
. ,
, , , , (private)
, . public, ,
, .
_ ,
. , ,
. ,
void. , , .
, ,

. _
( ), .
, , .
, _ .
Building
, , , ,
, . , ,
Main() ,
, .
,
. , ,
Building,
area occupants, Building.
, Building
134
I. C#
. , ,
, , .
,
. , Building , ,
, -
, ,
.
Building ,
. , Building
areaPerPerson(), ,
.
// Building.
using System;
class Building {
public int area; //
// ,
// .
public void areaPerPerson() {
Console.WriteLine(" " + area / occupants +
" ");
}
}
// areaPerPerson().
// house.
house.area = 2500;
house.floors = 2;
// office.
office.area = 4200;
office.floors = 3;
house.area +
" , ");
house.areaPerPerson();
6. ,
135

office.area +
" , ");
office.areaPerPerson();
, :
:
2
4
2500 ,
625
:
3
25
4200 ,
168
,
areaPerPerson(). :
public void areaPerPerson() {
areaPerPerson(),
. public,
.
areaPerPerson() void, ..
. ,
.
. areaPerPerson() :
Console.WriteLine(" " + area / occupants +
" ");
, ,
area occupants.
Building area
occupants, areaPerPerson() ,
, ,
.
areaPerPerson() , ..

.
Main():
house.areaPerPerson();
areaPerPerson() house.
, , .
,
,
, .
house.areaPerPerson()
, , ,
house. office.areaPerPerson()
, , ,
136
I. C#
office. , ,
areaPerPerson(), ,
, , .
. area occupants
areaPerPerson() , ..
, . :
, ,
, . ,
. ,
, , . ,
. , area occupants
areaPerPerson() ,
, areaPerPerson().

.
,
( areaPerPerson()),
return.
return: void- (
), .
, .
void-
return:
return;

, . , , :
public void myMeth() {
int i;
for(i=0; i<10; i++) {

if(i == 5) return; //
// i = 5.
}
for i 0 5,
, i 5,
myMeth().
return. ,
public void myMeth() {
//...
if(done) return;
//...
if(error) return;
}
,
.
. ,
, .
6. ,
137
, : void-
:
return.

void- ,
. ,
. 3,
Math.Sqrt() .
, , -.
( Math.Sqrt())
, , ,
, .
, , ,
C#-.
,
return:
return ;
, .

areaPerPerson(). ,
, areaPerPerson()
, .
areaPerPerson(),
, ,
( ).
// areaPerPerson().
using System;
class Building {
public int area; //
// ,
// .
public int areaPerPerson() {
return area / occupants;
}
// areaPerPerson().
int areaPP; // ,
// .
// house.
house.area = 2500;
house.floors = 2;
138
I. C#
// office.
office.area = 4200;
office.floors = 3;
// house ,
// .
areaPP = house.areaPerPerson();
house.area +
" , \n " +
areaPP + " ");
// office,
// .
areaPP = office.areaPerPerson();
office.area +
" , \n " +
areaPP + " ");
}
.
areaPerPerson():
. , ,
areaPerPerson(). ,
areaPP = house.areaPerPerson();
, house,
areaPP.
, areaPerPerson()
, int. ,
. , ,
, , ,
,
. , , double,
double.
,
. , areaPP.
areaPerPerson()
WriteLine();
6. ,
139

house.area + " , \n " +
house.areaPerPerson() +
" ");
WriteLine()
house.areaPerPerson(),
WriteLine(). , house.areaPerPerson()
,
Building, . ,
.
if(b1.areaPerPerson() > b2.areaPerPerson())
Console.WriteLine(
" b1 .");

.
, , , . ,
, .
, .
, .
, , ,
.
. ChkNum
isPrime, true,
, false . ,
isPrime bool.
// .
using System;
class ChkNum {
// true, x - .
public bool isPrime(int x) {
for(int i=2; i < x/2 + 1; i++)
if((x %i) == 0) return false;
return true;
class ParmDemo {
ChkNum ob = new ChkNum();
for(int i=1; i < 10; i++)
if(ob.isPrime(i)) Console.WriteLine(i +
" .");
else Console.WriteLine(i + " .");
}
}
:
140
I. C#
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
isPrime ,
. . -,
, isPrime.
. isPrime
1. x
1. 2, ,
2 .. , ,
isPrime, , x.
.
, . , ,
ChkNum, lcd(),
(least common denominator)
.
// , .
using System;
class ChkNum {
// true, x - .
public bool isPrime(int x) {
for(int i=2; i < x/2 + 1; i++)
if((x %i) == 0) return false;
return true;
}
// .
public int lcd(int a, int b) {
int max;
if(isPrime(a) | isPrime(b)) return 1;
max = a < b ? a : b;
for(int i=2; i < max/2 + 1; i++)
if(((a%i) == 0) & ((b%i) == 0)) return i;
return 1;
class ParmDemo {
ChkNum ob = new ChkNum();
int a, b;
for(int i=1; i < 10; i++)
6. ,
141
if(ob.isPrime (i)) Console.WriteLine(i +

" .");
else Console.WriteLine(i + " .");
a = 7;
b = 8;
a + " " + b + " " +
ob.lcd(a, b));
a = 100;
b = 8;
a + " " + b + " " +
ob.lcd(a, b));
a = 100;
b = 75;
a + " " + b + " " +
ob.lcd(a, b));
, lcd()
. :
1 .
2 .
3 .
4 .
5 .
6 .
7 .
8 .
9 .
7 8 1
100 8 2
100 75 5

, . ,
:
int myMeth(int a, double b, float ) { // ...
Building
Building (
)
. , , ,
.
maxOccupant() .
/* ,

. */
142
I. C#
public int maxOccupant(int minArea) {

return area / minArea;
}
maxOccupant() minArea
, . ,
maxOccupant(),
.
Building,
maxOccupant().
/*
,
,
,
.
*/
using System;
class Building {
public int area; //
// ,
// .
}
/*
,
. */
}
}
// maxOccupant().
// house.
house.area = 2500;
house.floors = 2;
// office.
office.area = 4200;
office.floors = 3;
Console.WriteLine(
" , \n" +
" " +
300 + " : " +
6. ,
143
house.maxOccupant(300));
Console.WriteLine(
" , \n" +
" " +
300 + " : " +
office.maxOccupant(300));
.
,
300 : 8
,
300 : 14

,
.
C#.
. :
public void m() {
char a, b;
// ...
if(a==b) {
Console.WriteLine("");
return;
}
else {
Console.WriteLine(" ");
return;
}
WriteLine() m()
,
m(). .
,
.
Building-
:
house.area = 2500;
house.floors = 2;
. ,
,
, .
.
144
I. C#
. ,
, .
. :
_() {
//
}
, ,
, ,
. ,
public,
, , ,
, ,
C# ,
-, , , null-.
, .
:
// .
using System;
class MyClass {
public int x;
public MyClass() {
x = 10;
}
class ConsDemo {
MyClass t1 = new MyClass();
Console.WriteLine(t1.x + " " + t2.x);
}
}
MyClass :
public MyClass() {
x = 10;
}
public- ,
, MyClass.
x 10. MyClass()
new MyClass. ,
t1 MyClass(),
t1.x 10. t2, ..
t2 t2.x
10. ,
:
10 10
6. ,
145

.
,
. , :
. ,
.
// .
using System;
class MyClass {
public int x;
public MyClass(int i) {
x = i;
}
class ParmConsDemo {
MyClass t1 = new MyClass(10);
Console.WriteLine(t1.x + " " + t2.x);
:
10 88
MyClass()
i, x.
,
i 10,
x.
Building
Building, ,
(.. )
floors, area occupants. ,
Building.
// Building.
using System;
class Building {
public int area; //
public Building(int f, int a, int o) {
146
I. C#
floors = f; area = a; occupants = o;

}
// ,
// .
}
/*
,
. */
}
// Building().
Building house = new Building(2, 2500, 4);
Building office = new Building(3, 4200, 25);
Console.WriteLine(
" , \n" +
" " +
300 + " : " +
house.maxOccupant(300));
Console.WriteLine(
" , \n" +
" " +
300 + " : " +
office.maxOccupant(300));

.
, house office,
Building(). ,
, . ,
Building house = new Building(2, 2500, 4);
Building() 2, 2500 4 , new
Building. floors, area
occupants, house, 2, 2500 4,
.
new
, ,
new. :
__ = new _();
6. ,
147
__
. , _
.
, .
, new ,
C#. , new
.
, ,
new , ,
.
. ( ,
13.) , ,
,
.
new
, , , ,
: new ,
int float. C# .

. , new
, , ,
, ..
.
, int
char, .
,
.
.
new .
:
int i = new int();
int,
i . :
// new .
using System;
class newValue {
int i = new int(); // i .
Console.WriteLine(" i : " + i);
}
}
:
i : 0
, i
. : new i
, WriteLine()
.
148
I. C#
new
.
.
new .
""
, new
. ,
, .
, new -
.

,
.
. , C++
delete. C# -,
.
C#
, .
. ,
, , .
() .

. :
, ,
. ,
C#
. , , ,
.
C# ,
,
. ,
. ,
, .
:
~_() {
//
}
, _ . ,
,
(~). ( ,
.)
, .
, .
, , ,
.
6. ,
149
,
, ,
. ( C#- C++-,
, .) ,
, . ,
.
,
.
, ,
.
// .
using System;
class Destruct {
public int x;
public Destruct(int i) {
x = i;
}
// .
~Destruct() {
Console.WriteLine(" " + x);
}
// , // .
public void generator(int i) {
Destruct = new Destruct(i);
}
class DestructDemo {
int count;
Destruct ob = new Destruct(0);
/* .
- .
: ,

. */

ob.generator(count);
.
x . x ID (
) . x .
generator(). Destruct,
. DestructDemo
Destruct ob. , ob,
150
I. C#
100 000 , generator().

.
, , ,
.
, .
(.. "!"),
for.
-
,
. . .
II C#-.
,
. ,
, -
, .
this
this. .
,
(.. , ).
this. this,
, Rect,
area(),
.
using System;
class Rect {
public int width;
public int height;
public Rect(int w, int h) {
width = w;
height = h;
}
public int area() {

return width * height;
}
class UseRect {
Rect r1 = new Rect(4, 5);
Console.WriteLine(
" r1: " + r1.area());
Console.WriteLine(
" r2: " + r2.area());
6. ,
151
,
, .. . ,
area()
, width height,
, .
:
return this.width * this.height;
this , area().
, this.width width
, this.height height .
, area() x, this
x.
this ,
Rect, this:
using System;
class Rect {
public int width;
public int height;
this.width = w;
this.height = h;
}
public int area() {
return this.width * this.height;
}
}
class UseRect {
Console.WriteLine(
" r1: " + r1.area());
Console.WriteLine(
" r2: " + r2.area());
C#- this ,
, ,
. this . ,
C# ,
.
.
this. , (
)
Rect().
152
I. C#
public Rect(int width, int height) {

this.width = width;
this.height = height;
}

, , this
.
6. ,
153
C# (
string).
foreach.
(array) ,
. C#
, .
.
,
,
.
,
. , , ,
, , ,
. ,
.
C# ,
, C#- ,
: . ,

, (
) ,
.

.
,
.
, .
.
[] _ = new [];
.
, .
. ,
. , ,
. ,
.
, ,
. , C#
new.

C++,
C# ,

7.
155
. int ( 10 ),
sample.
int[] sample = new int[10];
. sample
, new.
.
. C#
. sample 10 , 0
9. ,
. , sample
sample[0], sample[9]. ,
sample 0 9.
// .
using System;
class ArrayDemo {
int i;
for(i = 0; i < 10; i = i+1)
sample[i] = i;
for(i = 0; i < 10; i = i+1)

Console.WriteLine("sample[" + i + "]: " +
sample[i]);
sample[0]
sample[1]
sample[2]
sample[3]
sample[4]
sample[5]
sample[6]
sample[7]
sample[8]
sample[9]
:
sample[0]: 0
samp1[1]: 1
sample[2]: 2
sample[3]: 3
sample[4]: 4
sample[5]: 5
sample[6]: 6
sample[7]: 7
sample[8]: 8
sample[9]: 9
sample :
,
. ,
,
nums, for .
156
I. C#
//
// .
using System;
class Average {
int[] nums = new int[10];
int avg = 0;
nums[0]
nums[1]
nums[2]
nums[3]
nums[4]
nums[5]
nums[6]
nums[7]
nums[8]
nums[9]
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
99;
10;
100;
18;
78;
23;
63;
9;
87;
49;
for(int i=0; i < 10; i++)

avg = avg + nums[i];
avg = avg / 10;
Console.WriteLine(": " + avg);
:
: 53

nums , ..
.
: .
:
[] _ = [val1, val2, ..., valN];
, ,
val1valN. ,
. C#
,
().
new. Average.
//
// .
using System;
class Average {
int[] nums = { 99, 10, 100, 18, 78,
23, 63, 9, 87, 49 };
7.
157
int avg = 0;
for(int i=0; i < 10; i++)
avg = avg + nums[i];
avg = avg / 10;

Console.WriteLine(": " + avg);
, , ,
new. , nums
,
.
int[] nums = new int[] { 99, 10, 100, 18, 78,
23, 63, 9, 87, 49 };
new-
,
. :
int[] nums;
nums = new int[] { 99, 10, 100, 18, 78,
23, 63, 9, 87, 49 };
nums .
. ,
. , ,
nums.
int[] nums = new int[10] { 99, 10, 100, 18, 78,
23, 63, 9, 87, 49 };
nums 10.
" "
C# " ".
. ,
, .
// .
using System;
class ArrayErr {
int i;
// .
for(i = 0; i < 100; i = i+1)
sample[i] = i;
i 10,
IndexOutOfRangeException, .
158
I. C#

, "" .
, ,
.

.
.
, , .
10x20
table, :
int[,] table = new int[10, 20];
, .

[,]
, .
new
:
int[10, 20]
10x20,
.
,
, . , 10
table, 3 5,
:
table[3, 5] = 10;
, 1
12, .
// .
using System;
class TwoD {
int t, i;
int[,] table = new int[3, 4];
for(t=0; t < 3; ++t) {

for(i=0; i < 4; ++i) {
table[t,i] = (t*4)+i+1;
Console.Write(table[t,i] + " ");
}
}
7.
159
table[0,0] 1,
table[0,1] 2, table[0,2] 3 ..
table[2,3] 12. ,
. 7.1.
0
10
11
12
table[1,2]
. 7.1. table, TwoD

C C++,
C# . C C++

C# .

C# .
:
[, .. ,] = new [1, ..., N];
,
4x10x3:
int[, ,] multidim = new int[4, 10, 3];
100 multidim,
2,4,1, :
multidim[2, 4, 1] = 100;
, ,
3x3x3- .
// ,
// 3x3x3-.
using System;
class ThreeDMatrix {
int[,,] m = new int[3, 3, 3];
int sum = 0;
int n = 1;
for(int x=0; x < 3; x++)
for(int y=0; y < 3; y++)
for(int z=0; z < 3; z++)
m[x, y, z] = n++;
160
I. C#
sum = m[0,0,0] + m[1,1,1] + m[2, 2, 2];

Console.WriteLine(" : " + sum);
:
: 42

,
. ,
:
[,] _ = {
{val, val, val, ..., val}
{val, val, val, ..., val}
.
.
.
{val, val, val, ..., val)
};
val .
. ,
.. ,
,
.
, sqrs 1 10
.
// .
using System;
class Squares {
int[,] sqrs = {
{ 1, 1 },
{ 2, 4 },
{ 3, 9 },
{ 4, 16 },
{ 5, 25 },
{ 6, 36 },
{ 7, 49 },
{ 8, 64 },
{ 9, 81 },
{ 10, 100 }
};
int i, j;
for(i=0; i < 10; i++) {
for(j=0; j < 2; j++)
Console.Write(sqrs[i,j] + " ");
}
}
}
7.
161
:
1 1
2 4
3 9
4 16
5 25
6 36
7 49
8 64
9 81
10 100

, C#
. ,
,
. C# ,
, . .
,
.
,
. , ,
:
[][] = new [][];
.
, . ,
jagged
, .
int[][] jagged = new int[3][];
jagged[0] = new int[4];
jagged :
jagged[0][0]
jagged[0][1]
jagged[0][2]
jagged[l][0]
jagged[l][1]
jagged[l][2]
jagged[2][0]
jagged[2][1]
jagged[2][2]
jagged[0][3]
jagged[2][3]
jagged[2][4]
, , , .

. ,
10 jagged 2 1,
:
jagged[2][1] = 10;
, ,
.
.
162
I. C#
// .
using System;
class Jagged {
int[][] jagged = new int[3][];
int i;
// .
for(i=0; i < 4; i++)
jagged[0][i] = i;
// .
for(i=0; i < 3; i++)
jagged[1][i] = i;
// .
for(i=0; i < 5; i++)
jagged[2][i] = i;
// .
for(i=0; i < 4; i++)
Console.Write(jagged[0][i] + " ");
// .
for(i=0; i < 3; i++)
// .
for(i=0; i < 5; i++)
:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2
0 1 2 3 4
,
. ,
(.. , ),
, .
7.
163
. ,
, . ,
:
int[][,] jagged = new int[3][,];
jagged[0] 4x2:
jagged[0] = new int[4][2];
i
jagged[0][1,0].
jagged[0][1,0] = i;
,
, , .
. ,
, :
// .
using System;
class AssignARef {
int i;
int[] nums1 = new int[10];
for(i=0; i
nums1[i]
for(i=0; i
nums2[i]
<
=
<
=
10; i++)
i;
10; i++)
-i;
Console.Write(" nums1: ");

for(i=0; i < 10; i++)
Console.Write(nums1[i] + " ");
Console.Write(" nums2: ");
for(i=0; i < 10; i++)
nums2 = nums1; // nums2 nums1.
Console.Write(
" nums2 \n; ");
for(i=0; i < 10; i++)
// nums1
164
I. C#
// nums 2.
nums2[3] = 99;
Console.Write(" nums1 \n" +
" nums2: ");
for(i=0; i < 10; i++)
:
nums1: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
nums2: 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9
nums2
: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
nums1
nums2: 0 1 2 99 4 5 6 7 8 9
,
nums1 nums2
.
Length
, C# ,
. , Length,
, .
.
// Length.
using System;
class LengthDemo {
Console.WriteLine(" nums " +
nums.Length);
// Length nums.
for(int i=0; i < nums.Length; i++)
nums[i] = i * i;
// Length nums.
Console.Write(" nums: ");
Console.Write(nums[i] + " ");
:
nums 10
nums: 0 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81
7.
165
, LengthDemo for
nums.Length .
, ,
. ,
Length .
, .

, .
:
// Length 3-- .
using System;
class LengthDemo3D {
int[,,] nums = new int[10, 5, 6];
nums.Length);
}
}
:
300
, Length
, nums
300 (10 x 5 x 6).
().
Length
. ,
Length
.
// .
using System;
class RevCopy {
int i,j;
for(i=0; i < nums1.Length; i++)
nums1[i] = i;
// nums1 nums2
// .
if(nums2.Length >= nums1.Length) //
// , nums2
// .
166
I. C#
for(i=0, j=nums1.Length-1; i < nums1.Length; i++, j--)

nums2[j] = nums1[i];
:
: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Length . -,
, - ,
. -, for,
. , ,
Length,
.
Length
Length
, ()
. , , ,
() .
// Length
// .
using System;
class Jagged {
int[][] network_nodes = new int[4][];
network_nodes[0] = new int[3];
int i, j;
//
// .
for(i=0; i < network_nodes.Length; i++)
for(j=0; j < network_nodes[i].Length; j++)
network_nodes[i][j] = i * j + 70;
network_nodes.Length + "\n");
for(i=0; i < network_nodes.Length; i++) {
for(j=0; j < network_nodes[i].Length; j++) {
7.
167
Console.Write(" " + i +
" " + j + ": ");
Console.Write(network_nodes[i][j] + "% ");
}
:
: 4
0 0: 70%
0 1: 70%
0 2: 70%
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0:
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
70%
71%
72%
73%
74%
75%
76%
2 0: 70%
2 1: 72%
3 0: 70%
3 1: 73%
3 2: 76%
3 3: 79%
3 4: 82%
, Length
network_nodes. , .

network_nodes.Length
, network_nodes (
4).
, , , :
network_nodes[0].Length
.
foreach
5 , C# foreach,
.
, .
foreach .
. C# ,
. foreach :
foreach( _ in ) ;
168
I. C#
_
, freach
.
( ).
, ( ) .
,
. ,
, .
foreach.

. , .
// foreach.
using System;
class ForeachDemo {
int sum = 0;
// nums .
for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
nums[i] = i;
// foreach
// .
foreach(int x in nums) {
Console.WriteLine(" : " + x);
sum += x;
}
}
}
:
: 0
: 1
: 2
: 3
: 4
: 5
:
: 7
: 8
: 9
: 45
, foreach
.
foreach ,
,
break. ,
nums.
// break foreach.
using System;
7.
169
class ForeachDemo {
int sum = 0;
// nums .
for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
nums[i] = i;
// foreach
// .
sum += x;
if(x == 4) break; // , x 4.
}
Console.WriteLine(" 5 : " + sum);
:
: 0
: 1
: 2
: 3
: 4
5 : 10
, foreach
.
foreach .
: .
// foreach .
using System;
class ForeachDemo2 {
int sum =0;
int[,] nums = new int[3,5];
// nums .
for(int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
for(int j=0; j < 5; j++)
nums[i,j] = (i+1)*(j+1);
170
// foreach
// .
sum += x;
}
I. C#
:
: 1
: 2
: 3
: 4
: 5
: 2
: 4
: 6
: 8
: 10
: 3
: 6
: 9
: 12
: 15
: 90
freach (
), ,
. .
. . ,
foreach .
, .
// foreach.
using System;
class Search {
int val;
bool found = false;
// nums .
for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
nums[i] = i;
val = 5;
// foreach nums
// .
if(x == val) {
found = true; break;
}
}
if(found)
foreach ,
, ..
, foreach .
7.
171

C# string.
.
. C# : .
, string . string
, .
string, 2,
.
string. ,
Console.WriteLine(" C# .");
" C# ." C#
string. ,
string. .

string
. , str
string, .
string str = "C#- - .";
str
C#- - ..
string- char. :
char[] charray = ('t', 'e', 's', 't');
string str = new string(charray);
string- ,
, . , string-
WriteLine(),
.
// .
using System;
class StringDemo {
char[] charray = {'A', ' ', 's', 't', 'r',
'i', 'n', 'g', '.' };
string str1 = new string(charray);
string str2 = " string-.";
172
Console.WriteLine(str1);
Console.WriteLine(str2);
I. C#
:
A string.
string-.

string ,
( . 7.1). string Length,
.
,
. :
string str = "test";
Console.WriteLine(str[0]);
t
( "test"). , .
,
. .
7.1.
static string Copy(
string str)
int CompareTo(string str)
int IndexOf(string str)
int LastIndexOf(string str)
string ToLower()
string ToUpper()
str
,
str, ,
str, ,

,
str.
-1,
,
str.
-1,
, , "==".
, "==" , ,
.
string . .
"!=".
(, ">" ">="), ,
.
,
.
// .
using System;
class StrOps {
string str1 =
" .NET- C# .";
string str2 = string.Copy(str1);
7.
173
string str3 = "C#- .";

string strUp, strLow; int result, idx;
Console.WriteLine("str1: " + str1);
Console.WriteLine(" str1: " + str1.Length);
// str1.
strLow = str1.ToLower();
strUp = str1.ToUpper();
Console.WriteLine(" str1:\n " +
strLow);
Console.WriteLine(" str1:\n " +
strUp);
// str1 .
Console.WriteLine(" str1 .");
for(int i=0; i < str1.Length; i++)
Console.Write(str1[i]);
Console.WriteLine("\n");
// .
if(str1 == str2)
Console.WriteLine("str1
else
if(str1 == str3)
else
== str2");
!= str2");
== str3");
!= str3");
result = str1.CompareTo(str3);
if(result == 0)
Console.WriteLine("str1 str3 .");
else if(result < 0)
Console.WriteLine("str1 , str3");
else
Console.WriteLine("str1 , str3");
// str2 .
str2 = " ";
// .
idx = str2.IndexOf("");
Console.WriteLine(
" : " + idx);
idx = str2.LastIndexOf("");
Console.WriteLine(
" : " + idx);
}
174
I. C#
:
str1: .NET- C# .
str1: 43
str1:
.net- C# .
str1:
.NET- C# .
str1 .
.NET- C# .
str1 == str2
str1 != str3
str1 , str3
: 0
: 13
"+" () .
,
string str1 = "";
string str2 = "";
string str3 = "";
string str4 = str1 + str2 + str3;
str4 "".
. string System.
String, .NET Framework. ,
, string,
System.String ( ).
System.String .

, .
.
// .
using System;
class StringArrays {
string[] str = { "", "", "", "." };
Console.WriteLine(" : ");
for(int i=0; i < str.Length; i++)
Console.Write(str[i] + " ");
// .
str[1] = "";
str[3] = ", ?";
7.
175
:
:
.
:
, ?
.
. , 19
.
// .
using System;
class ConvertDigitsToWords {
int num;
int nextdigit;
int numdigits;
int[] n = new int[20];
string[] digits = { "", "", "",
"", "", "",
"", "", "",
"" };
num = 1908;
nextdigit = 0; numdigits = 0;
/* .
. */
do {
nextdigit = num % 10;
n[numdigits] = nextdigit;
numdigits++;
num = num / 10;
}
while(num > 0);
numdigits--;
// .
for(; numdigits >= 0; numdigits--)
Console.Write(digits[n[numdigits]] + " ");
:
: 1908
:
176
I. C#
string- digits
.
, ,
, int- n.
, n
digits,
.

, , : string-
. , , ,
. , .
C# . ,
,
, .
,
.
, string
, . string-
.
,
, string: Substring().
, .
string-, ,
, .
Substring(): string Substring(int start, int len)

start , len
.
, Substring()
.
// Substring().
using System;
class SubStr {
string orgstr = "C# .";
// .
string substr = orgstr.Substring(4, 14);
Console.WriteLine("orgstr: " + orgstr);
Console.WriteLine("substr: " + substr);
}
:
orgstr: C# .
substr:
7.
177
, orgstr , substr
.
string- ,
,
. C# StringBuilder,
System.Text. ,
. string-,
StringBuilder.
switch-
switch- string-,
, , int.
. ,
, .
//
// switch.
using System;
class StringSwitch {
string[] strs = { "", "", "", "", "" };
foreach(string s in strs) {
switch(s) {
case "":
Console.Write(1);
break;
case "":
Console.Write(2);
break;
case "":
Console.Write(3);
break;
}
}
:
12321
178
I. C#
.
.
, ,
Main(), static.

, . , (
6). -, .
.
,
: .
, .
,
, .
.
,
.
,
, , , . ,
, .
, .
, ,
, .
C#

: public, private, protected internal.
public private.
protected 9.
internal
(assembly) 16.
public
, , .
private
, . ,
private- . 6,
(private)
. , private
.

. :
public string errMsg;
private double bal;
private bool isError(byte status) { // ...
180
I. C#
public private,
:
// .
using System;
class MyClass {
private int alpha; // private.
int beta; // private .
public int gamma; // public.
/* alpha beta.

private- . */
public void setAlpha(int a) {
alpha = a;
}
public int getAlpha() {
return alpha;
}
public void setBeta(int a) {
beta = a;
}
public int getBeta() {
return beta;
}
class AccessDemo {
MyClass ob = new MyClass();
/* private- alpha beta
. */
ob.setAlpha(-99);
ob.setBeta(19);
Console.WriteLine(" ob.alpha " +
ob.getAlpha());
Console.WriteLine(" ob.beta " +
ob.getBeta());
// private- alpha beta
// :
// ob.alpha = 10;
// ! alpha !
// ob.beta = 9;
// ! beta !
//
// gamma, .
ob.gamma = 99;
}
}
, MyClass alpha private-,
beta private- , a gamma public-.
8.
181
alpha beta ,
. , AccessDemo
. (public-)
, setAlpha() getAlpha().
//
ob.alpha = 10; // ! alpha -- !,

. alpha MyClass
, , MyClass (setAlpha() getAlpha()),
. beta.
, ,
, .
public private
public private
- .
, ,
.
1. , ,
.
2. ,
, ,
, .
3. ,
(.. ),
.
4. ,
, ,
,
.
5. , ,
.
6. ,
.
, ,
. ,
,
.
:
.
-
, . ( ,
: .
, ,
.)
182
I. C#
- ,
,
. ,
, , ,
.
:
. .
.
stack,
. .

Stack. ,
. stack
,
.
// .
using System;
class Stack {
// .
char[] stck; // .
int tos; // .
// Stack .
public Stack(int size) {
stck = new char[size]; // .
tos = 0;
}
// .
public void push(char ch) {
if(tos==stck.Length) {
Console.WriteLine(" - .");
return;
}
stck[tos] = ch;
tos++;
}
// .
public char pop() {
if(tos==0) {
return(char) 0;
}
tos--;
return stck[tos];
// true, .
public bool full() {
return tos==stck.Length;
}
8.
183
// true, .
public bool empty() {
return tos==0;
}
// .
public int capacity() {
return stck.Length;
}
// .
public int getNum() {
return tos;
}
stack .
:
char[] stck; // .
int tos; // .
stck ,
. , .
stack. tos .
stck tos ,
.
stck ,
. , tos
, ,
stack.
stck tos ,
. :
// Stack .
tos = 0;
}
.

tos . , tos
, .
push() .
:
// .
return;
}
stck[tos] = ch;
tos++;
184
I. C#
, , ch.
, , ,
. ,
tos stck.
, stck ,
tos, tos . , tos
stck.
, pop().
:
// .
public char pop() {
if(tos==0) {
Console. WriteLine(" - .");
return(char) 0;
}
tos--;
return stck[tos];
tos. , ,
. tos ,
.
push() pop() ,
, ,
, Stack (full(),
empty(), capacity() getNum()).
. .
// true, .
}
// true, .
return tos==0;
}
// ,.
return stck.Length;
}
// .
return tos;
}
full() true, , false
. empty() true, ,
false . (.. ,
), capacity(). ,
, getNum().
, ,
8.
185
, tos,
Stack.
.
// Stack.
using System;
class StackDemo {
Stack stk1 = new Stack(10);
char ch; int i;
// stk1.
Console.WriteLine(
" Z stk1.");
for(i=0; !stk1.full(); i++)
stk1.push((char) ('A' + i));
if(stk1.full()) Console.WriteLine(" stk1 .");
// stk1.
Console.Write(" stk1: ");
while( !stk1.empty() ) {
ch = stk1.pop();
Console.Write(ch);
}
if(stk1.empty()) Console.WriteLine(" stk1 .\n");
// stk1.
Console.WriteLine(
" Z stk1.");
/* stk1
stk2.
stk2
. */
Console.WriteLine(
" stk1 \n" +
" stk2.");
while(!stk1.empty()) {
ch = stk1.pop();
stk2.push(ch);
}
ch = stk2.pop();
Console.Write(ch);
}
186
I. C#
// 5 stk3.
Console.WriteLine(" 5 stk3.");
for(i=0; i < 5; i++)
Console.WriteLine(
" stk3: " + stk3.capacity());
Console.WriteLine(
" stk3: " +
stk3.getNum());
:
Z stk1.
stk1 .
stk1: JIHGFEDCBA
stk1 .
Z stk1.
stk1
stk2.
stk2: ABCDEFGHIJ
5 stk3.
stk3: 10
stk3: 5

int
double. .
, , :
// .
using System;
class MyClass {
int alpha, beta;
public MyClass(int i, int j) {
alpha = i;
beta = j;
}
/* true, ob
, . */
public bool sameAs(MyClass ob) {
if((ob.alpha == alpha) & (ob.beta == beta))
return true;
else
return false;
}
8.
187
// ob.
public void copy(MyClass ob) {
alpha = ob.alpha;
beta = ob.beta;
}
public void show() {
Console.WriteLine("alpha: {0}, beta: {1}", alpha, beta);
}
}
class PassOb {
MyClass ob1 = new MyClass(4, 5);
MyClass ob2 = new MyClass(6, 7);
Console.Write("ob1: ");
ob1.show();
Console.Write("ob2: ");
ob2.show();
if(ob1.sameAs(ob2))
Console.WriteLine(
"ob1 b2 .");
else
Console.WriteLine(
"ob1 b2 .");
// b1 b2.
ob1.copy(ob2);
Console.Write("ob1 : ");
ob1.show();
if(ob1.sameAs(ob2))
Console.WriteLine(
"ob1 b2 .");
else
Console.WriteLine(
"b1 b2 .");
, :
ob1: alpha: 4, beta: 5
ob2: alpha: 6, beta: 7
b1 ob2 .
b1 : alpha: 6, beta: 7
b1 b2 .
sameAs() ()
. sameAs() alpha beta
alpha beta , ob.
188
I. C#
true ,
. ()
alpha beta , ob,
alpha beta . ,
MyClass.
, ( ) ,
.

. , .

. ,
.
(call-by-value).
. , ,
, , .
(call-by-reference).
, ,
. , , ,
, .
(, int double)
. , , ,
, .
:
// .
using System;
class Test {
/* ,
. */
public void noChange(int i, int j) {
i = i + j;
j = -j;
}
}
class CallByValue {
Test ob = new Test();
int a = 15, b = 20;
Console.WriteLine(" b : " + a + " " + b);
ob.noChange(a, b);
Console.WriteLine(" b : " + a + " " + b);
8.
189
:
b : 15 20
b : 15 20
, , noChange(),
b, .
.
, , ,
, , , , ,
. (,
, , .) (,
) , , ,
, . ,
.
,
. , , ,
, . ,
. ,
, . ,
, :
// .
using System;
class Test {
public int a, b;
public Test(int i, int j) {
a = i;
b = j;
}
/* . ob.a ob.b ,
, . */
public void change(Test ob) {
ob.a = ob.a + ob.b;
ob.b = -ob.b;
}
class CallByRef {
Test ob = new Test(15, 20);
Console.WriteLine("ob.a ob.b : " +
ob.a + " " + ob.b);
ob.change(ob);
Console.WriteLine("ob. ob.b : " +
ob.a + " " + ob.b);
:
ob.a ob.b : 15 20
ob.a ob.b : 35 -20
190
I. C#
, change() ,
.
,
, .
, .
ref - out-
, (,
int char) . , ,
, ,
, .
. ref out,
. ,
.
ref out,
, .
:
. .
, ,
. swap(),
.
,
int, C#-
. ref.
, return ,
.
. , ? ,
, .
: .
, .
out.
ref
ref C#
. ref .
. sqr(),
.
ref.
// ref
// .
using System;
class RefTest {
/* .
ref. */
public void sqr(ref int i) {
i = i * i;
8.
191
}
}
class RefDemo {
RefTest ob = new RefTest();
int a = 10;
Console.WriteLine(" : " + a);

ob.sqr(ref a);
//
// ref.
,
.
,
sqr().
: 10
: 100
ref, ,
. , ,
swap(), ,
.
// .
using System;
class Swap {
// .
public void swap(ref int a, ref int b) {
int t;
t = a;
a = b;
b = t;
}
}
class SwapDemo {
Swap ob = new Swap();
int x = 10, y = 20;
Console.WriteLine("x y : " +
x + " " + y);
ob.swap(ref x, ref y);
192
Console.WriteLine("x y : " +
x + " " + y);
I. C#
:
x y : 10 20
x y : 20 10
. ,
ref, .
, , , ,
. , ref,
, .
out

, . , ,
, ,
,
. ,
.
ref, ref-
. , ref-
,
. , C# ,
out.
out ref :
. (
) , out-,
. , , out-
, ( )
. ,
out- .
out-. Decompose
parts() .
, .
// out.
using System;
class Decompose {
/*
. */
public int parts(double n, out double frac) {
int whole;
whole = (int) n;
frac = n - whole; //
// frac.
return whole; // .
class UseOut {
Decompose ob = new Decompose();
8.
193
int i; double f;
i = ob.parts(10.125, out f);

Console.WriteLine(" " + f);
:
10
0,125
parts() . n
return. n
out- frac. , out-,
, , .
, C#
out-. out- ,
. out-.
isComDenom() . -, ,
. true,
, false . -,
, isComDenom() out-
.
// out-.
using System;
class Num {
/* , x v .
,
out-. */
public bool isComDenom(int x, int y,
out int least,
out int greatest) {
int i;
int max = x < y ? x : y;
bool first = true;
least = 1;
greatest = 1;
// .
for(i=2; i <= max/2 + 1; i++) {
if( ((y%i)==0) & ((x%i)==0) ) {
if(first) {
least = i;
first = false;
}
greatest = i;
}
}
if(least != 1) return true;
194
I. C#
else return false;
class DemoOut {
Num ob = new Num();
int lcd, gcd;
if(ob.isComDenom(231, 105, out lcd, out gcd)) {
Console.WriteLine("Lcd 231 105 " +
lcd);
Console.WriteLine("Gcd 231 105 " +
gcd);
}
else
Console.WriteLine(
" 35 49 .");
if(ob.isComDenom(35, 51, out lcd, out gcd)) {

Console.WriteLine("Lcd 35 51 " +
lcd);
Console.WriteLine("Gcd 35 51 " +
gcd);
}
else
Console.WriteLine(
" 35 51 .");
, Main() lcd gcd

isComDenom(). ,
out-, a ref-.
true,
false. , ,
out- led gcd, . (Lcd
least common denominator, .. , a gcd
greatest common denominator, .. .)
:
Lcd 231 105 3
Gcd 231 105 21
35 51 .
ref out
ref out
. , .. ,
.
ref out, .
, -.
, ref-
, .
8.
195
// .
using System;
class RefSwap {
int a, b;
public RefSwap(int i, int j) {
a = i;
b = j;
}
Console.WriteLine("a: {0}, b: {1}", a, b);
}
// .
public void swap(ref RefSwap ob1, ref RefSwap ob2) {
RefSwap t;
t = ob1;
ob1 = ob2; ob2 = t;
}
class RefSwapDemo {
RefSwap x = new RefSwap(1, 2);
RefSwap y = new RefSwap(3, 4);
Console.Write("x : ");
x.show();
Console.Write("y : ");
y.show();
// , x y.
x.swap(ref x, ref y);
Console.Write("x : ");
x.show();
Console.Write("y : ");
y.show();
:
x : a: 1, b: 2
y : a: 3, b: 4
x : a: 3, b: 4
y : a: 1, b: 2
196
I. C#
swap() ,
. swap() x ,
1 2, y , 3
4. swap() x ,
3 4, y , 1
2. ref-, swap()
. ,
swap().
,
. ,
. , , ,
. , .
.
.
, .
params.
params -,
( ).
, .
, params
minVal(), .
// params.
using System;
class Min {
public int minVal(params int[] nums) {
int m;
if(nums.Length == 0) {
Console.WriteLine(": .");
return 0;
}
m = nums[0];

if(nums[i] < m) m = nums[i];
return m;
class ParamsDemo {
Min ob = new Min();
int min;
int a = 10, b = 20;
8.
197
// .
min = ob.minVal(a, b);
Console.WriteLine(" " + min);
// call with 3 values
min = ob.minVal(a, b, -1);
// .
min = ob.minVal(18, 23, 3, 14, 25);
// int-.
int[] args = { 45, 67, 34, 9, 112, 8 };
min = ob.minVal(args);
:
10
-1
3
8
minVal()
nums. . minVal()
.
params-
, , ,
. , minVal()
min = ob.minVal(1, 2.2);
, double(2.2)
int ( int nums minVal()) .
params
, params-
, ! ,
minVal() :
min = ob.minVal(); //
min = ob.minVal(3); //
minVal() nums
.
, minVal()
. (
.) ,
minVal() ,
. () .
.
, showArgs()
string params- .
//
// params-.
198
I. C#
using System;
class MyClass {
public void showArgs(string msg, params int[] nums) {
Console.Write(msg + ": ");
foreach(int i in nums)
class ParamsDemo2 {
ob.showArgs(" ",
1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
ob.showArgs(" ",
17, 20);
:
: 1 2 3 4 5
: 17 20
params-, params-
.

, . ,
Rect enlarge(),
(
) ( ) .
// .
using System;
class Rect {
int width;
int height;
width = w;
height = h;
}
public int area() {
}
8.
199

Console.WriteLine(width + " " + height);
}
/* ,

. */
public Rect enlarge(int factor) {
return new Rect(width * factor, height * factor);
}
class RetObj {
Console.Write(" r1: ");
r1.show();
Console.WriteLine(" r1: " +
r1.area());
// ,
// r1 .
Rect r2 = r1.enlarge(2);
Console.Write(" r2: ");
r2.show();
Console.WriteLine(" r2: " +

r2.area());
:
r1: 4 5
r1: 20
r2: 8 10
r2: 80
, ,
, .
, , ..
. ,
, .
, ,
, (class factory).
, .
.
,
.
. :
// "" .
using System;
200
I. C#
class MyClass {
int a, b; //
// "" MyClass.
public MyClass factory(int i, int j) {
MyClass t = new MyClass();
t.a = i;
t.b = j;
}
return t; // .

Console.WriteLine(" b: " + a + " " + b);
}
class MakeObjects {
int i, j;
// "" .
for(i=0, j=10; i < 10; i++, j--) {
MyClass anotherOb = ob.factory(i, j);
//
// .
anotherOb.show();
}
}
}

b: 0 10
b: 1 9
b: 2 8
b: 3 7
b: 4 6
b: 5 5
b: 6 4
b: 7 3
b: 8 2
b: 9 1
. MyClass
, , C#
. , b
.
b , factory(). ,
b , factory()
.
Main() ob MyClass, for
. ,
.
MyClass anotherOb = ob.factory(i, j); //
8.
201
anotherOb,
, .
anotherOb ,
, , .

C# , .
( C# C++, , ,
, .) , findfactors()
, , .
// .
using System;
class Factor {
/* ,
num.
out- numfactors
. */
public int[] findfactors(int num, out int numfactors) {
int[] facts = new int[80]; // 80 .
int i, j;
// facts.
for(i=2, j=0; i < num/2 + 1; i++)
if( (num%i)==0 ) {
facts[j] = i;
j++;
}
numfactors = j; return facts;
}
}
class FindFactors {
Factor f = new Factor();
int numfactors;
int[] factors;
factors = f.findfactors(1000, out numfactors);
Console.WriteLine(" 1000: ");
for(int i=0; i < numfactors; i++)
Console.Write(factors[i] + " ");
:
1000:
2 4 5 8 10 20 25 40 50 100 125 200 250 500
202
I. C#
Factor findfactors() :
public int[] findfactors(int num, out int numfactors) {
, int.
. , , ()
, . ,
someMeth(),
double-.
public double[,] someMeth() { // ...

C#
. C#
, , .
(method overloading), ,
, (overloaded).
C#.

. .
:
, / .
.
. ( ,
C#, ,
.) ,
. ,
( ) .
, :
// .
using System;
class Overload {
public void ovlDemo() {
}
// ovlDemo()
// .
public void ovlDemo(int a) {
}
// ovlDemo()
// .
public int ovlDemo(int a, int b) {
Console.WriteLine(" int-: " + a + " " + b);
return a + b;
}
// ovlDemo()
8.
203
// double-.
public double ovlDemo(double a, double b) {
Console.WriteLine(" double-: " +
a + " "+ b);
return a + b;
}
}
class OverloadDemo {
Overload ob = new Overload();
int resI;
double resD;
// ovlDemo().
ob.ovlDemo();
ob.ovlDemo(2);
resI = ob.ovlDemo(4, 6);
Console.WriteLine(" ob.ovlDemo(4, 6): "
+ resI);
resD = ob.ovlDemo(1.1, 2.32);

Console.WriteLine(
" ob.ovlDemo(1.1, 2.2): " + resD);
:

: 2
int-: 4 6
ob.ovlDemo(4, 6): 10
double-: 1,1 2,32
ob.ovlDemo(1.1, 2.2): 3,42
, ovlDemo() .
, ,
, double-.
, ovlDemo() void, ..
, .
, , ,
.
ovlDemo() :
// ovlDemo(int) .
public void ovlDemo(int a) {
}
204
I. C#
// ! ovlDemo(int) ,
// ,
// .
public int ovlDemo(int a) {
return a * a;
}
, , ,
.
3, C#
.
. , , .
/*
. */
using System;
class Overload2 {
public void f(int x) {
Console.WriteLine(" f(int): " + x);
}
public void f(double x) {
Console.WriteLine(" f(double): " + x);
}
}
class TypeConv {
Overload2 ob = new Overload2();
int i = 10;
double d = 10.1;
byte b = 99;
short s = 10;
float f = 11.5F;
ob.f(i); // ob.f(int).
ob.f(d); // ob.f(double).
ob.f(b); // ob.f(int)
// .
ob.f(s); // ob.f(int)
// .
ob.f(f); // ob.f(double)
// .
:
f(int): 10
f(double): 10,1
f(int): 99
f(int): 10
f(double): 11,5
8.
205
f(): int-,
double-. f() int
double byte, short float. byte-
short- C# int (..
f(int)). float-
double f(double).
,
, .
f(), byte.
// f(byte).
using System;
class Overload2 {
public void f(byte x) {
Console.WriteLine(" f(byte): " + x);
}
}
public void f(double x) {

Console.WriteLine(" f(double): " + x);
}
class TypeConv {
Overload2 ob = new Overload2();
int i = 10;
double d = 10.1;
byte b = 99;
short s = 10;
float f = 11.5F;
ob.f(i); // ob.f(int).
ob.f(d); // ob.f(double).
ob.f(b); // ob.f(byte) -
// .
ob.f(s); // ob.f(int)
// .
ob.f(f); // ob.f(double)
// .
:
f(int): 10
f(double): 10,1
206
I. C#
f(byte): 99
f(int): 10
f(double): 11,5
, f(),
byte, f() byte-
f(byte), byte-
int .
ref-, out-
. , .
}
public void f(ref int x) {
Console.WriteLine(" f(ref int): " + x);
}
,
ob.f(i);
f(int x),
ob.f(ref i);
f(ref int x).
C# ,
C# .
, , . ,
, .
. ,
, , . ,
,
, . , C
abs() () , labs()
, fabs()
. C ,
, ,
. , .
,
( ) . C# ,

. , C#
Abs(). C#-
System.Math, ,
. , ,
.
,
, . ,
Abs() , .
.
,
. .
, ,
.
8.
207
,
. ,
.
-
. , ,
, . ,
sqr ,
, ,
. ,
.
.
C# (signature),
. ,

. , ,
, C#
.
params-, . , params
.

, .
. :
// .
using System;
class MyClass {
public int x;
public MyClass() {
Console.WriteLine(" MyClass().");
x = 0;
}
Console.WriteLine(" MyClass(int).");
x = i;
}
public MyClass(double d) {
Console.WriteLine(
" MyClass(double).");
x = (int) d;
}
Console.WriteLine(
" MyClass(int, int).");
x = i * j;
208
I. C#
class OverloadConsDemo {
MyClass t3 = new MyClass(17.23);
MyClass t4 = new MyClass(2, 4);
Console.WriteLine("t1.x:
"
"
"
"
+
+
+
+
t1.x);
t2.x);
t3.x);
t4.x);
:
MyClass().
MyClass(int).
MyClass(double).
MyClass(int, int).
t1.x: 0
t2.x: 88
t3.x: 17
t4.x: 8
MyClass() ,
-. ,
new, .
,
.

. ,
Stack,
:
// .
using System;
class Stack {
// .
char[] stck; // .
int tos; // .
// Stack .
tos = 0;
}
// Stack- .
public Stack(Stack ob) {
// .
stck = new char[ob.stck.Length];
// .
for(int i=0; i < ob.tos; i++)
8.
209
stck[i] = ob.stck[i];
// tos .
tos = ob.tos;
// .
Console.WriteLine(" -- .");
return;
}
stck[tos] = ch;
tos++;
}
// .
public char pop() {
if(tos==0) {
Console.WriteLine(" -- .");
return(char) 0;
}
tos--;
return stck[tos];
}
// true, .
}
// true, .
return tos==0;
}
// .
return stck.Length;
}
// .
return tos;
}
// Stack.
class StackDemo {
char ch;
int i;
// stk1.
Console.WriteLine(
210
I. C#
" Z stk1.");
// stck1.
Stack stk2 = new Stack(stk1);
// stk1.
ch = stk1.pop();
Console.Write(ch);
}

ch = stk2.pop();
Console.Write(ch);
}
:
Z stk1.
stk1: JIHGFEDCBA
stk2: JIHGFEDCBA
StackDemo stk1,
. stk2,
stack.
// Stack- .
public Stack(Stack ob) {
// .
stck = new char[ob.stck.Length];
// .
for(int i=0; i < ob.tos; i++)
stck[i] = ob.stck[i];
// tos .
tos = ob.tos;
stck
, ,
, ob. ,
ob, ,
tos.
, .
8.
211
this

. C#
this. :
_(_1) :
this(_2) {
// ... ,
// .
}
,
_2.
, .
:
// this.
using System;
class XYCoord {
public int x, y;
public XYCoord() : this(0, 0) {
Console.WriteLine(" XYCoord()");
}
public XYCoord(XYCoord obj) : this(obj.x, obj.y) {
Console.WriteLine(" XYCoord(obj)");
}
public XYCoord(int i, int j) {
Console.WriteLine(" XYCoord(int, int)");
x = i;
y = j;
}
}
class OverloadConsDemo {
XYCoord t1 = new XYCoord();
XYCoord t2 = new XYCoord(8, 9);
XYCoord t3 = new XYCoord(t2);
Console.WriteLine("t1.x, t1.y: " + t1.x + ", " + t1.y);
}
}
:
XYCoord(int, int)
XYCoord()
XYCoord(int, int)
XYCoord(int, int)
XYCoord(obj)
t1.x, t1.y: 0, 0
t2.x, t2.y: 8, 9
t3.x, t3.y: 8, 9
212
I. C#
. XYCoord ,
x y, XYCoord(int, int).
XYCoord(int, int),
this. , t1
XYCoord(), this(0, 0),
XYCoord(0, 0), t2 .
this
, .
this
.

, ,
. ,
XYCoord :
public XYCoord(int x) : this(x, x) { }
y
x. ,
,
.
Main()
Main().
. ,
. .
Main()

( ).

Main(): public static int Main()
, void, Main()
int.
, Main(), ,
( ). ,
, .
.
Main()
.
,
. Main().

Main():
public static void Main(string[] args)
public static int Main(string[] args)
8.
213
void,
, .
string-,
Main().
,
.
// .
using System;
class CLDemo {
public static void Main(string[] args) {
args.Length + " .");
for(int i=0; i<args.Length; i++)

Console.WriteLine(args[i]);
, CLDemo
:
CLDemo
:
5 . :

, . .
, ,
. : ,
1. ..
, 1.
// .
using System;
class Cipher {
public static int Main(string[] args) {
// .
if(args.Length < 2) {
Console.WriteLine(
": " +
"1: <<>>/<<>> " +
"[2... N]");
return 1; // .
}
// ,
214
I. C#
// "" "".
if(args[0]!= "" & args[0] != "") {
Console.WriteLine(
" " +
"\"\" \"\".");
return 1; // .
}
// .
for(int n=1; n < args.Length; n++) {
for(int i=0; i < args[n].Length; i++) {
if(args[0]=="")
Console.Write((char) (args[n][i] + 1) );
else
Console.Write((char) (args[n][i] - 1) );
}
}
Console.Write(" ");
return 0;
,
, ,
. , Cipher,
.
D:\Cipher
D:\Cipher
. -,
, . ,
.
, ,
.
. ,
, ,
, .
-, ,
. ,
1, .
, 0,
.
C# . , ,
, .
- .
8.
215

. .
.
N 1 N. ,
3 1x2x3, 6.
.
.
// .
using System;
class Factorial {
// .
public int factR(int n) {
int result;
if(n==1) return 1;
result = factR(n-1) * n;
return result;
}
// .
public int factI(int n) {
int t, result;
result = 1;
for(t=1; t <= n; t++)
result *= t;
return result;
}
class Recursion {
Factorial f = new Factorial();
Console.WriteLine(
", " +
" .");
Console.WriteLine(" 3 "
f.factR(3));
f.factR(4));
f.factR(5));
Console.WriteLine(
", " +
" .");
f.factI(3));
f.factI(4));
f.factI(5));
}
}
216
+
+
+
+
+
+
I. C#
:
, .
3 6
4 24
5 120
, .
3 6
4 24
5 120
factI() . ,
, 1 (
1) ,
.
factR() . ,
1, 1.
factR(n-1) * n. factR()
n-1. , 1,
. ,
2 factR()
, , 1. factR()
1, 2 ( n).
, factR()
WriteLine(), .
,
,
. .
.
,
.
. displayRev()
.
// .
using System;
class RevStr {
// .
public void displayRev(string str) {
if(str.Length > 0)
displayRev(str.Substring(1, str.Length-1));
else return;
Console.Write(str[0]);
class RevStrDemo {
string s = " ";
RevStr rsOb = new RevStr();
8.
217
Console.WriteLine(" : " + s);

rsOb.displayRev(s);
:
:
:
displayRev() ,
str , displayRev()
-, str .
,
. ,
, ..
str.
.
,
, - ,
.
.

, , . C# .
, .
,
, . ,
Quicksort . ,
.

(, if-),
. , ,
, .
.
WriteLine(), ,
, .
static
,
.
. ,
, .. .
, static.
static,
. static ,
. static- Main(),
.
218
I. C#
static-
. . static , . ,
10 static- count,
Timer, :
Timer.count = 10;
,
, .
static-, ..
.
, static-,
. static- ,
static-.
static- .
, static-, ,
; null-, bool
false. , static- .
static- , static-
,
. ,
static- Sqrt(), System.Math,
static- static-.
// static.
using System;
class StaticDemo {
// .
public static int val = 100;
// .
public static int valDiv2() {
return val/2;
}
class SDemo {
Console.WriteLine(
" StaticDemo.val " +
StaticDemo.val);
StaticDemo.val = 8;
Console.WriteLine(
" StaticDemo.val " +
StaticDemo.val);
Console.WriteLine("StaticDemo.valDiv2(): " +
StaticDemo.valDiv2());
:
8.
219
StaticDemo.val 100
StaticDemo.val 8
StaticDemo.valDiv2() : 4
, static-
, .. ,
.
static- .
1. static- this,
2. static- static-.
. ,
,
static-.
3. static- static-.
,
.
, static- valDivDenom() :
class StaticError {
int denom =3; //
static int val = 1024; //
/* !
. */
static int valDivDenom() {
return val/denom; // !
}
denom ,
. val
, static-.
static . :
using System;
class AnotherStaticError { // .
void nonStaticMeth() {
Console.WriteLine(" nonStaticMeth().");
}
/* !
. */
static void staticMeth() {
nonStaticMeth(); // !
}
(.. )
.
, static-
,
. ,
. ,
:
220
I. C#
class MyClass {
// .
void nonStaticMeth() {
Console.WriteLine(" nonStaticMeth().");
}
/*
, . */
public static void staticMeth(MyClass ob) {
ob.nonStaticMeth(); // .
}
static- ,
, . .
static-
.
// static- .
using System;
class CountInst {
static int count = 0;
// .
public CountInst() {
count++;
}
// .
~CountInst() {
count--;
}
public static int getcount() {
return count;
}
class CountDemo {
CountInst ob;
for(int i=0; i < 10; i++) {

ob = new CountInst();
CountInst.getcount());
}
:
: 1
: 2
: 3
: 4
: 5
8.
221
: 6
: 7
: 8
: 9
: 10
, CountInst, static- count
. , CountInst , static count . , count
, .
.
,
, .
static- .
, .
, ,
, ..
, .
, static-,
, .
, .
// "" .
using System;
class MyClass {
int a, b;
// "" MyClass.
static public MyClass factory(int i, int j) {
MyClass t = new MyClass();
t.a = i;
t.b = j;
}
return t; // .

Console.WriteLine(" b: " + a + " " + b);
}
class MakeObjects {
int i, j;
// "" .
for(i=0, j=10; i < 10; i++, j--) {
MyClass ob = MyClass.factory(i, j);
//
// .
ob.show();
}
222
I. C#
factory()
:
MyClass ob = MyClass.factory(i, j); // .
, MyClass
.

.
,
, . ,
.
.
// .
using System;
class Cons {
public static int alpha;
public int beta;
// .
static Cons() {
alpha = 99;
}
// .
public Cons() {
beta = 100;
}
class ConsDemo {
Cons ob = new Cons();
Console.WriteLine("Cons.alpha: " + Cons.alpha);
Console.WriteLine("ob.beta: " + ob.beta);
}
}
:
.
.
Cons.alpha: 99
ob.beta: 100
, ,
. static-
. , static-
, .
8.
223
C# .
. ,
.
, . ,
, , +
. , ,
+ . -
.
.
. ,
+, , (
) .
,
.
-
, C#. ,
, C#- .
, ,
. C#.

.
operator,
, , .
operator: ,
. ( ) :
// .
public static _ operator (
_ )
{
//
}
// .
public static _ operator (
_1 1, _2 2)
{
//
}
op - ( + /), .
_ ,
. ,
, .
.
,
1 2.
,
. ,
9.
225
. , C#-
, . ,
+ int string.
: ref
out.

, , ,
+ -.
ThreeD .
+ ThreeD-,
- ThreeD-
.
// .
using System;
// .
class ThreeD {
int x, y, z; // 3-- .
public ThreeD() {
x = y = z = 0;
}
public ThreeD(int i, int j, int k) {
x = i;
y = j;
z = k;
}
// "+".
public static ThreeD operator +(ThreeD op1,
ThreeD op2)
{
ThreeD result = new ThreeD();
/*
. */
result.x = op1.x + op2.x; //
result.y = op1.y + op2.y; // .
result.z = op1.z + op2.z;
return result;
}
// "-".
public static ThreeD operator -(ThreeD op1, ThreeD op2) {
/* .
op1 - , op2 - . */
result.x = op1.x - op2.x; //
result.y = op1.y - op2.y; // .
result.z = op1.z - op2.z;
return result;
}
// X, Y, Z.
226
I. C#

Console.WriteLine(x + ", " + y + ", " + z);
}
class ThreeDDemo {
ThreeD a = new ThreeD(1, 2, 3);
ThreeD b = new ThreeD(10, 10, 10);
ThreeD c = new ThreeD();
Console.Write(" a: ");
a.show();
Console.Write(" b: ");
b.show();
c = a + b; // b.
Console.Write(" + b: ");
c.show();
c = a + b + c; // , b c.
Console.Write(" + b + c: ");
c.show();
c = c - a; // c.
Console.Write(" c - a: ");
c.show();
c = c - b; // b c.
Console.Write(" c - b: ");
c.show();
:
a: 1, 2, 3
b: 10, 10, 10
+ b: 11, 12, 13
+ b + c: 22, 24, 26
c - a: 21, 22, 23
c - b: 11, 12, 13
.
+. + ThreeD
, operator+().
, .
9.
227
ThreeD,
.
+, , , 10 12.
10+12 22, 10, 12 .
,
, , .
, operator+() ThreeD.
C# ,
, ThreeD, +
, + b + c. , a+b,
ThreeD, .
( ThreeD),
.
. operator+()
,
. + ThreeD
+, .
operator-(). "-"
+ ,
. , , (.. -
, -).
, .
,
, .

, . ,
, , . ,
, , ThreeD.
// "-".
public static ThreeD operator -(ThreeD op) {
result.x = -op.x;
result.y = -op.y;
result.z = -op.z;
}
return result;
, ,
.
operator-().
.
. ,
= -b
b, , b .
228
I. C#
.
(++) (--). ( )
,
, + -, ,
. , .
, operator++-() ThreeD.
// "++".
public static ThreeD operator ++(ThreeD op){
// "++" .
op.x++;
op.y++;
op.z++;
return op;
}
: ,
, . , ,
++, . ,
, ++ .
, ,
, -
++.
// .
using System;
// .
class ThreeD {
int x, y, z; // 3-- .
public ThreeD() {
x = y = z = 0;
}
x = i;
y = j;
z = k;
}
// "+".
public static ThreeD operator +(ThreeD op1, ThreeD op2){
/*
. */
result.x = op1.x + op2.x;
result.y = op1.y + op2.y;
return result;
}
// "-".
public static ThreeD operator -(ThreeD op1, ThreeD op2){
/* .
9.
229
op1 - , op2 - . */
result.x = op1.x - op2.x;
result.y = op1.y - op2.y;
result.z = op1.z - op2.z;
return result;
// "-".
public static ThreeD operator -(ThreeD op) {
result.x = -op.x;
result.y = -op.y;
result.z = -op.z;
return result;
}
// "++".
public static ThreeD operator ++(ThreeD op) {
// "++" .
op.x++;
op.y++;
op.z++;
return op;
}
// X, Y, Z.
public void show(){
}
}
class ThreeDDemo {
a.show();
b.show();
c = a + b; // b.
c.show();
c = a + b + c; // a, b c.
Console.Write(" + b + c: ");
230
I. C#
c.show();
c = c - a; // c.
Console.Write(" c - a: ");
c.show();
c = c - b; // b c.
Console.Write(" c - b: ");
c.show();
c = -a; // - c.
Console.Write(" -a: ");
c.show();
a++; // .
Console.Write(" a++: ");
a.show();
:
a: 1, 2, 3
b: 10, 10, 10
+ b: 11, 12, 13
+ b + c: 22, 24, 26
c - a: 21, 22, 23
c - b: 11, 12, 13
-a: -1, -2, -3
a++: 2, 3, 4
, ++ ,
. ,
++;
a++;
.
++ . ,
++ .
.
9.
231

C#-

.
() .
ThreeD. , +,
ThreeD- .
ThreeD.
, -
ThreeD-.
. + , , :
// "+"
// int-.
public static ThreeD operator +(ThreeD op1, int op2){
result.x = op1.x + op2;

result.y = op1.y + op2;
result.z = op1.z + op2;
return result;
, int. ,
int- ThreeD-.
, , ,
,
. .
ThreeD,
operator+().
/* :
+ + int-. */
using System;
// .
class ThreeD {
int x, y, z; // 3-- .
public ThreeD() {
x = y = z = 0;
}
x = i;
y = j;
z = k;
}
// "+"
// " + ".
/*
. */
232
I. C#

return result;
}
// "+"
// " + int-".
public static ThreeD operator +(ThreeD op1, int op2) {
return result;
}
// X, Y, Z.
}
class ThreeDDemo {
a.show();
b.show();
c = a + b; // +
c.show();
c = b + 10; // + int-
Console.Write(" b + 10: ");
c.show();
:
a: 1, 2, 3
b: 10, 10, 10
+ b: 11, 12, 13
b + 10: 20, 20, 20
9.
233
, +
, .
+ ,
.
+
ThreeD,
. . operator+(ThreeD, int)
, .
b1 = b2 + 10;
, , :
b1 = 10 + b2;
, ,
.
. ,
+ .
int, ThreeD.
operator+() + int, int- + . +
( ), ,
.
ThreeD, +
.
/* "+" :
+ ,
+ int-
int- + . */
using System;
// .
class ThreeD {
int x, y, z; // 3-- .
public ThreeD() {
x = y = z = 0;
}
x = i;
y = j;
z = k;
}
// "+"
// " + ".
/*
. */
return result;
}
// "+"
// " + int-".
234
I. C#
public static ThreeD operator +(ThreeD op1, int op2) {

return result;
}
// "+"
// "int- + ".
public static ThreeD operator +(int op1, ThreeD op2) {
return result;
}
// X, Y, Z.
}
}
class ThreeDDemo {
a.show();
b.show();
c = a + b; // +
c.show();
c = b + 10; // + int-
Console.Write(" b + 10: ");
c.show();
c = 15 + b; // int- +
Console.Write(" 15 + b: ");
c.show();
9.
235
:
a: 1, 2, 3
b: 10, 10, 10
+ b: 11, 12, 13
b + 10: 20, 20, 20
15 + b: 25, 25, 25

(, == <) ,
. ,
: true false.
.
, .
ThreeD, < >.
// "<" ">".
using System;
// .
class ThreeD {
int x, y, z; // 3-- .
public ThreeD() {
x = y = z = 0;
}
x = i;
y = j;
z = k;
}
// "<".
public static bool operator <(ThreeD op1, ThreeD op2){
if((op1.x < op2.x) && (op1.y < op2.y) &&
(op1.z < op2.z))
return true;
else
return false;
}
// ">".
public static bool operator >(ThreeD op1, ThreeD op2){
if((op1.x > op2.x) && (op1.y > op2.y) &&
(op1.z > op2.z))
return true;
else
return false;
}
// X, Y, Z.
public void show()
{
236
I. C#
class ThreeDDemo {
ThreeD c = new ThreeD(1, 2, 3);
a.show();
b.show();
Console.Write(" c: ");
c.show();
if(a
if(a
if(a
if(a
>
<
>
<
c)
c)
b)
b)
Console.WriteLine("a
>
<
>
<
c
c
b
b
");
");
");
");
:
a: 5, , 7
b: 10, 10, 10
c: 1, 2, 3
> c - < b -
:
. , <,
>, . :
==
!=
<
>
<=
>=
== !=,
Object.Equals() Object.GetHashCode(). ( )
11.
true false
true false
.

. true
false,
if, while, for do-while, ?-.
(, ).
9.
237
true false .
.
:
public static bool operator true(_ op)
{
// true false.
}
public static bool operator false(_ op) {
// true false.
}
, bool.

true false ThreeD. , ThreeD-
, .
, .
.
// true false ThreeD.
using System;
// .
class ThreeD {
int x, y, z; // 3-- .
public ThreeD() {
x = y = z = 0;
}
x = i;
y = j;
z = k;
}
// true.
public static bool operator true(ThreeD op) {
if((op.x !=0) || (op.y != 0) || (op.z != 0))
return true; // 0.
else
return false;
}
// false.
public static bool operator false(ThreeD op) {
if((op.x == 0) && (op.y == 0) && (op.z == 0))
return true; // .
else
return false;
}
// "--".
public static ThreeD operator --(ThreeD op) {
op.x--;
op.y--;
op.z--;
return op;
}
// X, Y, Z.
238
I. C#

}
}
class TrueFalseDemo {
a.show();
b.show();
c.show();
if(a) Console.WriteLine("a - .");

else Console.WriteLine("a - .");
if(b) Console.WriteLine("b - .");
else Console.WriteLine("b - .");
if(c) Console.WriteLine(" - .");
else Console.WriteLine(" - .");
Console.WriteLine(
" , ThreeD.");
do {
b.show();
b--;
} while(b);
:
a: 5, 6, 7
b: 10, 10, 10
c: 0, 0, 0
- .
b - .
c - .
, ThreeD.
10, 10, 10
9, 9, 9
8, 8, 8
7, 7, 7
6, 6, 6
5, 5, 5
4, 4, 4
3, 3, 3
2, 2, 2
1, 1, 1
9.
239
, ThreeD
if- while-. if-, ThreeD-
true.
. do-while-
b. ,
b (..
). b , ()
( true), .

, C# : &, |, !, && ||.
, &, |, !.
&& ||,
.

.
, ,
& | ,
bool. ! , ,
bool.
&, |, !
ThreeD. , , ThreeD-
, .
, .
// !, | &
// ThreeD.
using System;
// .
class ThreeD {
int x, y, z; // 3-- .
public ThreeD() {
x = y = z = 0;
}
x = i;
y = j;
z = k;
}
// "|".
public static bool operator |(ThreeD op1, ThreeD op2){
if( ((op1.x != 0) || (op1.y != 0) || (op1.z != 0)) |
((op2.x != 0) || (op2.y != 0) || (op2.z != 0)) )
return true;
else
return false;
}
// "&".
public static bool operator &(ThreeD op1, ThreeD op2)
240
I. C#
if(
((op1.x != 0) && (op1.y != 0) && (op1.z != 0)) &

((op2.x != 0) && (op2.y != 0) && (op2.z != 0)) )
return true;
else
return false;
}
// "!".
public static bool operator !(ThreeD op)
{
if((op.x != 0) || (op.y != 0) || (op.z != 0))
return false;
else return true;
}
// X, Y, Z.
public void show()
{
}
}
a.show();
b.show();
c.show();
if(!a) Console.WriteLine("a - .");
if(!b) Console.WriteLine("b - .");
if(!c) Console.WriteLine(" - .");
if(a & b) Console.WriteLine("a & b - .");
else Console.WriteLine("a & b - .");
if(a & c) Console.WriteLine("a & - .");
else Console.WriteLine("a & - .");
if(a | b) Console.WriteLine("a | b - .");
else Console.WriteLine("a | b - .");
if(a | c) Console.WriteLine("a | - .");
else Console.WriteLine("a | - .");
}
}
:
a: 5, 6, 7
b: 10, 10, 10
9.
241
c: 0, 0, 0
c - .
& b - .
& - .
a | b - .
| - .
operator |(), operator &() operator !()
bool. ,
(.. ,
bool). ,
bool. ,
,
bool. , , ,
.
&& ||,
, . -,
& |. -, &- |-
, . -,
,
. -, true false.

.
, & |
ThreeD, && ||,
.
/* !, | &
ThreeD.
&& ||. */
using System;
// .
class ThreeD {
int x, y, z; // 3-- .
public ThreeD() {
x = y = z = 0;
}
x = i;
y = j;
z = k;
}
// "|"
// .
public static ThreeD operator |(ThreeD op1, ThreeD op2){
if( ((op1.x != 0) || (op1.y != 0) || (op1.z != 0)) |
((op2.x != 0) || (op2.y != 0) || (op2.z != 0)) )
return new ThreeD(1, 1, 1);
else
242
I. C#
}
// "&"
// .
public static ThreeD operator &(ThreeD op1, ThreeD op2) {
if( ((op1.x != 0) && (op1.y != 0) && (op1.z != 0)) &
((op2.x != 0) && (op2.y != 0) && (op2.z != 0)) )
else
}
// "!".
public static bool operator !(ThreeD op)
{
if(op) return false;
else return true;
}
// true.
public static bool operator true(ThreeD op) {
if((op.x != 0) || (op.y != 0) || (op.z != 0))
return true;
//
// .
else
return false;
}
// false.
public static bool operator false(ThreeD op) {
if((op.x == 0) && (op.y == 0) && (op.z == 0))
return true; // .
else
return false;
}
// X, Y, Z.
public void show()
{
}
a.show();
b.show();
c.show();
9.
243
if(a) Console.WriteLine("a - .");

if(b) Console.WriteLine("b - .");
if(c) Console.WriteLine(" - .");
if(!a) Console.WriteLine("a - .");
if(!b) Console.WriteLine("b - .");
if(!c) Console.WriteLine(" - .");
Console.WriteLine(" & !");
if(a
else
if(a
else
& b) Console.WriteLine("a & b - .");

Console.WriteLine("a & b - .");
& c) Console.WriteLine("a & - .");
Console.WriteLine("a & - .");
if(a | b) Console.WriteLine("a | b - .");

else Console.WriteLine("a | b - .");
if(a | c) Console.WriteLine("a | - .");
else Console.WriteLine("a | - .");
// &.& ||,
// .
Console.WriteLine(
" \"\" && ||");
if(a
else
if(a
else
&& b) Console.WriteLine(" && b - .");

Console.WriteLine("a && b - .");
&& c) Console.WriteLine("a && - .");
Console.WriteLine("a && - .");
if(a
else
if(a
else
|| b) Console.WriteLine("a || b - .");
Console.WriteLine("a || b - .");
|| c) Console.WriteLine("a || c - .");
Console.WriteLine("a || c - .");
:
a: 5, 6, 7
b: 10, 10, 10
c: 0, 0, 0
- .
b - .
c - .
& |
& b - .
a & c - .
| b - .
| c - .
244
I. C#
"" && ||
&& b - .
&& - .
|| b - .
a || - .
& |.
.
// "|"
// .
public static ThreeD operator |(ThreeD op1, ThreeD op2)
{
if( ((op1.x != 0) || {op1.y != 0) || (op1.z != 0)) |
((op2.x != 0) || (op2.y != 0) || (op2.z != 0)) )
else
}
// "&"
// .
public static ThreeD operator &(ThreeD op1, ThreeD op2)
{
if( ((op1.x != 0) && (op1.y != 0) && (op1.z != 0)) &
((op2.x != 0) && (op2.y != 0) && (op2.z != 0)) )
else
}
,
ThreeD, , .
, ThreeD-
(.. , ).
, ThreeD (.. , ). ,
if( & b) Console.WriteLine("a & b - .");
else Console.WriteLine("a & b - .");
& b ThreeD-,
. ThreeD true false,
true,
bool. true,
" & b - .".
,
ThreeD .
.
operator true ( ||) operator
false ( &&).
, &- |- .
&
|. , &&- ||-
&- |- ,
. , ,
:
9.
245
if(a || ) Console.WriteLine("a || - .");

true.
, |- .
-:
if( || a) Console.WriteLine(" || - .");
true ,
. |-, ,
, .
, ,
, ,
.
true false ,
. ,
. ,
& |,
.

,
. .

( ). C#
operator,
.
. , .
C#-
,
.
: .
:
public static explicit operator _(
_ v)[return ;]
public static implicit operator _(
_ v)[return ;]
_ ,
; _ ,
; v .
_,
.
implicit,
, .. ,
_.
explicit,
. , ,
explicit-, implicit- .

ThreeD. ,
246
I. C#
ThreeD ,
int.
.
implicit- , :
public static implicit operator int(ThreeD op1)
{
return op1.x * op1.y * op1.z;
}
,
.
// implicit- .
using System;
// .
class ThreeD {
int x, y, z; // 3-- .
public ThreeD() {
x = y = z = 0;
}
x = i;
y = j;
z = k;
}
// "+".
public static ThreeD operator +(ThreeD op1, ThreeD op2)
{
return result;
}
// ThreeD int.
public static implicit operator int(ThreeD op1) {
}
// X, Y, Z.
public void show()
{
}
class ThreeDDemo {
int i;
a.show();
9.
247
b.show();
c = a + b; // b.
c.show();
i = a; // int.
Console.WriteLine(
" i = a: " + i);
i = a * 2 - b; // int.
Console.WriteLine(
" * 2 - b: " + i);
:
a: 1, 2, 3
b: 10, 10, 10
+ b: 11, 12, 13
i = a: 6
* 2 - b: -988
, ThreeD
( i = ),
.
6, , .
int-,
. c = + b
operator int() .
,
. ,
- double- long-.
.
,
, ,
,
.
, .
. , ,
,
int:
// .
using System;
// .
248
I. C#
class ThreeD {
int x, y, z; // 3-- .
public ThreeD() {
x = y = z = 0;
}
x = i;
y = j;
z = k;
}
// "+".
public static ThreeD operator +(ThreeD op1, ThreeD op2)
{
return result;
}
// explicit-.
public static explicit operator int(ThreeD op1)
{
}
// X, Y, Z,
public void show()
{
}
}
class ThreeDDemo {
int i;
a.show();
b.show();
c = a + b; // b.
c.show();
i = (int) a; //
// int,
// .
Console.WriteLine(" i = a: " + i);
i = (int)a * 2 - (int)b; // .
9.
249
Console.WriteLine(
" * 2 - b: " + i);

explicit, int
. ,
i = (int) a;
, .

.

. ,
double int.
Object .
,
.
. (
. 11.)
. (
. 12.)
,
.

, . ,

. -,
, , . -,
.
,
.

,
,
C#-.

. ,
+, ThreeD, +,
.
, , +,
(/). ,
( ) ,
.
250
I. C#
.
. , ,
.
. ,
( , +=).
, .
&&
||
[]
()
new
is
sizeof
typeof
?
->
.
=
(())
, , , ,
.

, +=. ,
,
. , +=
operator+(). , ThreeD.

ThreeD = new ThreeD(1, 2, 3);
b += a; // b.
operator+() ThreeD,
b 11,12,13.
.
([]), (operator()),
, .

ThreeD. ,
.
,
, , .

, . , ,
,
.
. ,
nybble. ,
1 nybble,
.
,
. nybble-
.
Nybble,
. int,
015.
:
Nybble- Nybble-;
9.
251
int- Nybble-;
Nybble- int-;
(>) (<);
;
int- Nybble-;
Nybble- int-.
, ,
C#.
Nybble, .
.
Nybble, NybbleDemo,
.
// 4- Nybble.
using System;
// 4- .
class Nybble {
int val; // - int.
public Nybble() {
val = 0;
}
public Nybble(int i) {
val = i;
val = val & 0xF; // 4 .
}
// "+"
// Nybble + Nybble.
public static Nybble operator +(Nybble op1, Nybble op2)
{
Nybble result = new Nybble();
result.val = op1.val + op2.val;
result.val = result.val & 0xF;
//
// 4 .
return result;
}
// "+"
// Nybble + int.
public static Nybble operator +(Nybble op1, int op2)
{
result.val = op1.val + op2;
//
// 4 .
return result;
}
252
I. C#
// "+"
// int + Nybble.
public static Nybble operator +(int op1, Nybble op2)
{
result.val = op1 + op2.val;
//
// 4 .
return result;
}
// "++".
public static Nybble operator ++(Nybble op)
{
op.val++;
op.val = op.val & 0xF;
//
// 4 .
return op;
}
// ">".
public static bool operator >(Nybble op1, Nybble op2)
{
if(op1.val > op2.val)
return true;
else
return false;
}
// "<".
public static bool operator <(Nybble op1, Nybble op2)
{
if(op1.val < op2.val)
return true;
else
return false;
}
// Nybble- int.
public static implicit operator int(Nybble op)
{
return op.val;
}
// int- Nybble-.
public static implicit operator Nybble(int op) {
return new Nybble(op);
}
}
class NybbleDemo {
Nybble a = new Nybble(1);
Nybble b = new Nybble(10);
Nybble c = new Nybble();
int t;
Console.WriteLine("a: " + (int) a);
9.
253
Console.WriteLine("b: " + (int) b);

// Nybble- if-.
if(a < b) Console.WriteLine(" b\n");
// Nybble-.
c = a + b;
Console.WriteLine(
" c = a + b: " + (int) c);
// int- Nybble-.
a += 5;
Console.WriteLine(" += 5: " + (int) a);
// Nybble- int-.
t = a * 2 + 3;
Console.WriteLine(
" * 2 + 3: " + t);
// Nybble-
// int- .
a = 19;
Console.WriteLine(
" = 19: " + (int) a);
// Nybble- .
Console.WriteLine(
" for- Nybble-.");
for(a = 0; a < 10; a++)

Console.Write((int) a + " ");
:
a: 1
b: 10
b
c = + b: 11
+= 5: 6
* 2 + 3: 15
= 19: 3
for- Nybble-. 0123456789

, .
Nybble
254
I. C#
C#. Nybble- int, int- Nybble-, Nybble-

. , ,
:
t = * 2 + 3;
t int,
Nybble.
Nybble- int-. ,
int, int-
.
int- Nybble- Nybble int-. ,
= 19;
. int Nybble-. Nybble-,
() 19 (1910 = 100112).
, 19 ,
Nybble. 3 (00112 = 310), .
.
Nybble- int- for.
for
.
9.
255
10

,
: .
, C# .
,
, .
.
, C#: ,
.
, [].
, operator(),
(indexer).
.
,
. ,
.
, .

.
_ this[int ] {
// .
get {
// , .
}
// .
set {
// ,
// .
}
}
_ . , _
, .
.
( ) . ,
int,
, .
( ) get
set. ,
.
, .
, set
, .
get , c.
10.
257
set ( value),
, .
,
, .
. FailSoftArray ,
,
.
.

,
, .
FailSoftArray ,
([]).
//
// .
using System;
class FailSoftArray {
int[] a; // .
public int Length;
// Length - .
public bool errflag; //
// .
// .
public FailSoftArray(int size) {
a = new int[size];
Length = size;
}
// - FailSoftArray.
public int this[int index] { // - get-.
get {
if(ok(index)) {
errflag = false;
return a[index];
}
else {
errflag = true;
return 0;
}
}
// - set-.
set {
if(ok(index)) {
a[index] = value;
errflag = false;
}
else
errflag = true;
}
}
// true,
258
I. C#
// - .
private bool ok(int index) {
if(index >= 0 & index < Length)
return true;
return false;
}
}
// .
class FSDemo {
FailSoftArray fs = new FailSoftArray(5);
int x;
// " " .
for(int i=0; i < (fs.Length * 2); i++)
fs[i] = i*10;
for(int i=0; i < (fs.Length * 2); i++) {
x = fs[i];
if(x != -1) Console.Write(x + " ");
}
// .
Console.WriteLine(
"\n .");
fs[i] = i*10;
if(fs.errflag)
Console.WriteLine("fs[" + i + "] ");
}
x = fs[i];
if(!fs.errflag)
Console.Write(x + " ");
else
Console.WriteLine("fs[" + i + "] ");
}
}
}
:
" ".
0 10 20 30 40 0 0 0 0 0
.
fs[5]
fs[6]
fs[7]
fs[8]
fs[9]
0 10 20 30 40 fs[5]
fs[6]
fs[7]
fs[8]
fs[9]
10.
259
.
. :
public int this[int index] {
, int.
index.
.
get.
get {
if(ok(index)) {
errflag = false;
return a[index];
} else {
errflag = true;
return 0;
}
}
get .
, get ,
. ,
, .
FailSoftArray errflag .
, , .
set().
.
set {
if(ok(index)) {
a[index] = value;
errflag = false;
}
else errflag = true;
}
, ,
value, .
errflag true. ,
value ,
, . ( )
.
get-, set-.
, , get. , ,
set-.

.
FailSoftArray, double.
double- .
, ,
,
.
260
I. C#
// FailSoftArray.
using System;
int[] a; // .
public int Length; // Length () - .
// .
// .
a = new int[size];
Length = size;
}
// int- FailSoftArray.
public int this[int index] { // get-.
get {
if(ok(index)) {
errflag = false;
return a[index];
}
else {
errflag = true;
return 0;
}
}
// set-.
set {
if(ok(index)) {
a[index] = value;
errflag = false;
}
}
}
/* FailSoftArray.
double-.

. */
public int this[double idx] { // get-.
get {
int index;
// int-.
if( (idx - (int) idx) < 0.5)
index = (int) idx;
else
index = (int) idx + 1;
if(ok(index)) {
errflag = false;
return a[index];
} else {
10.
261
errflag = true;
return 0;
// set-.
set {
int index;
// int-.
if( (idx - (int) idx) < 0.5)
index = (int) idx;
else
index = (int) idx + 1;
if(ok(index)) {
a[index] = value;
errflag = false;
}
else
errflag = true;
}
}
// true, .
if(index >= 0 & index < Length) return true;
return false;
}
}
// .
class FSDemo {
// fs .
for(int i=0; i < fs.Length; i++)
fs[i] = i;
//
// int- double-.
Console.WriteLine("fs[1]: " + fs[1]);
Console.WriteLine("fs[2]: " + fs[2]);
Console.WriteLine("fs[1.1]: " + fs[1.1]);
Console.WriteLine("fs[1.6]: " + fs[1.6]);
:
fs[1]: 1
fs[2]: 2
fs[1.1]: 1
fs[1.6]: 2
, double-
. , 1.1 1,
1.6 2.
262
I. C#
, ,
, . ,
,
.

. ,
, ,
, . , ,
, .
2 0 15.
. ( )
.
//
// .
using System;
class PwrOfTwo {
/* ,
2 0 15. */
// 2.
get {
if((index >= 0) && (index < 16))
return pwr(index);
else return -1;
}
// set-.
}
int pwr(int p) {
int result = 1;
for(int i=0; i<p; i++)
result *= 2;
return result;
}
}
class UsePwrOfTwo {
PwrOfTwo pwr = new PwrOfTwo();
Console.Write(" 8 2: ");
for(int i=0; i < 8; i++)
Console.Write(pwr[i] + " ");
Console.Write(pwr[-1] + " " + pwr[17]);
10.
263
:
8 2: 12 4 8 16 32 64 128
: -1 -1
, UsePwrOfTwo get, set-. ,
. , UsePwrOfTwo
, . ,
, :
pwr[0] = 11; //
,
set-.
. -,
,
ref- out-. -,
,
static.

. ,
.
.
// .
using System;
class FailSoftArray2D {
int[,] a; // .
int rows, cols; //
public int Length; // Length - .
// .
// .
public FailSoftArray2D(int r, int ) {
rows = r;
cols = ;
a = new int[rows, cols];
Length = rows * cols;
}
// FailSoftArray2D.
public int this[int index1, int index2] {
// get-.
get {
if(ok(index1, index2)) {
errflag = false;
return a[index1, index2];
} else {
errflag = true;
return 0;
}
}
264
I. C#
// set-.
set {
if(ok(index1, index2)) {
a[index1, index2] = value;
errflag = false;
} else
errflag = true;
}
}
// true,
// .
private bool ok(int index1, int index2) {
if( index1 >= 0 & index1 < rows &
index2 >= 0 & index2 < cols)
return true;
return false;
}
}
// .
class TwoDIndexerDemo {
FailSoftArray2D fs = new FailSoftArray2D(3, 5);
int x;
// " " .
for(int i=0; i < 6; i++)
fs[i, i] = i*10;
for(int i=0; i < 6; i++) {
x = fs[i, i ];
}
// .
Console.WriteLine(
"\n .");
for(int i=0; i < 6; i++) {
fs[i,i] = i*10;
if(fs.errflag)
Console.WriteLine(
"fs[" + i + ", " + i + "] ");
}
for(int i=0; i < 6; i++) {
x = fs[i,i];
if(!fs.errflag)
Console.Write(x + " ");
else
Console.WriteLine(
"fs[" + i + ", " + i + "] ");
}
}
}
10.
265
, :
. 0 10 20 0 0 0
.
fs[3, 3]
fs[4, 4 ]
fs[5, 5]
0 10 20 fs[3, 3]
fs[4, 4]
fs[5, 5]
,
. .
, ,
,
. ,
, .
,
.
.
(get set).
. ,

, get- set. .
:
{
get{
//
}
set{
//
}
(, int), .
.
set value,
, .
, . ,
, .
.
, myprop,
prop.
.
// .
using System;
266
I. C#
class SimpProp {
int prop; // myprop.
public SimpProp() {
prop =0;
}
/*
prop.
. */
public int myprop {
get {
return prop;
}
set {
if(value >= 0)
prop = value;
}
}
}
// .
class PropertyDemo {
SimpProp ob = new SimpProp();
Console.WriteLine(" ob.myprop: " +
ob.myprop);
ob.myprop = 100; // .
Console.WriteLine(" ob.myprop: " +
ob.myprop);
// prop
// .
Console.WriteLine(
" -10 ob.myprop");
ob.myprop = -10;
Console.WriteLine(" ob.myprop: " + ob.myprop);
}
}
:
ob.myprop: 0
ob.myprop: 100
-10 ob.myprop
ob.myprop: 100
. SimpProp
prop myprop, prop.
, ,
.
. , prop ,
myprop.
myprop public- ,
, .
, prop
: get- prop, a set-
prop, . ,
10.
267
myprop , prop.
.
myprop ,
, .
, ( get) ( set-).
,
. ,
Length. FailSoftArray
Length. ,
Length ,
. (, -
.) ,
Length , ,
FailSoftArray.
// FailSoftArray Length.
using System;
int[] a; // .
int len; // , Length.
// .
// .
a = new int[size];
len = size;
}
// Length .
public int Length {
get {
return len;
}
}
// FailSoftArray.
// get-.
get {
if(ok(index)) {
errflag = false;
return a[index];
} else {
errflag = true;
return 0;
}
}
// set-.
set {
if(ok(index)) {
a[index] = value;
268
I. C#
errflag = false;
}
// true, .
return false;
}
// .
class ImprovedFSDemo {
int x;
// Length .
for(int i=0; i < fs.Length; i++)
fs[i] = i*10;
for(int i=0; i < fs.Length; i++) {
x = fs[i];
}
// fs.Length = 10; // , !
Length ,
len. get-,
Length , . ,
:
// fs.Length = 10; // , !

, , Length .
FailSoftArray Length ,
. errflag
,
.
FailSoftArray, Error,
errflag.
// errflag .
using System;
int[] a; // .
int len; // .
10.
269
bool errflag; // .
// .
a = new int[size];
len = size;
}
// Length .
public int Length {
get {
return len;
}
}
// Error .
public bool Error {
get {
return errflag;
}
}
// - FailSoftArray.
// get-.
get {
if(ok(index)) {
errflag = false;
return a[index];
} else {
errflag = true;
return 0;
}
}
// set-.
set {
if(ok(index)) {
a[index] = value;
errflag = false;
}
else
errflag = true;
}
}
// true, .
return false;
}
}
// .
class FinalFSDemo {
// Error.
270
I. C#
for(int i=0; i < fs.Length + 1; i++) {

fs[i] = i*10;
if(fs.Error)
Error FailSoftArray
. -, errflag ,
Error.
errflag . -,
Error, .
errflag, Error.
Main(), ,
Error.

. -,
,
ref- out-. -, . (
,
, .) ,
get-,
.
, get- .

,
. RangeArray,
,
.
, C# .
,
,
-5 5. RangeArray
.
RangeArray :
RangeArray r = new RangeArray(-5, 10); //
// -5 10.
for(int i = -5; i <= 10; i++) ra[i] = i; //
// -5 10.
, RangeArray (
ra), -5 10 .
, .
10.
271
RangeArray RangeArrayDemo,
. RangeArray int-,
.
/*
. RangeArray
, .
RangeArray
.
. ,

-5 5, 1 10 50 56. */
using System;
class RangeArray {
// .
int[] a; // .
int lowerBound; // .
int upperBound; // .
// .
int len; // Length.
bool errflag; // Error.
// .
public RangeArray(int low, int high) {
high++;
if(high <= low) {
high = 1; //
// .
low = 0;
}
a = new int[high - low];
len = high - low;
lowerBound = low;
upperBound = --high;
}
// Length, .
public int Length {
get {
return len;
}
}
// Error, .
public bool Error {
get {
return errflag;
}
}
// RangeArray.
272
I. C#
// get-.
get {
if(ok(index)) {
errflag = false;
return a[index - lowerBound];
} else {
errflag = true;
return 0;
}
}
// set-.
set {
if(ok(index)) {
a[index - lowerBound] = value;
errflag = false;
}
}
}
// true,
// .
if(index >= lowerBound & index <= upperBound)
return true;
return false;
}
}
//
// .
class RangeArrayDemo {
RangeArray ra = new RangeArray(-5, 5);
RangeArray ra2 = new RangeArray(1, 10);
RangeArray ra3 = new RangeArray(-20, -12);
// ra.
Console.WriteLine(" ra: " + ra.Length);
for(int i = -5; i <= 5; i++)
ra[i] = i;
Console.Write(" ra: ");
for(int i = -5; i <= 5; i++)
Console.Write(ra[i] + " ");
// ra2,
Console.WriteLine(" ra2: " + ra2.Length);
for(int i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
ra2[i] = i;
Console.Write(" ra2: ");
for(int i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
10.
273
Console.Write(ra2[i] + " ");

// ra3
for(int i = -20; i <= -12; i++)
ra3[i] = i;
for(int i = -20; i <= -12; i++)
:
ra: 11
ra: -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
ra2: 10
r2: 1 2 3 4 56 7 8 9 10
ra3: 9
ra3: -20 -19 -18 -17 -16 -15 -14 -13 -12
,
RangeArray . ,
RangeArray.

:
// .
int[] ; // .
// .
int len; // Length.
bool errflag; // Error.
.
RangeArray.
lowerBound, upperBound.
, Length Error.
RangeArray :
// .
high++;
if(high <= low) {
high = 1;
//
// .
low = 0;
274
I. C#
= new int[high - low];

len = high - low;
lowerBound = low;
RangeArray
low high.
high , ,
low high . ,
. ,
.
( , ),
. len ( Length)
. ,
lowerBound upperBound.
RangeArray Length Error.
.
// Length, .
public int Length {
get {
return len;
}
}
// Error, .
public bool Error {
get {
return errflag;
}
}
, FailSoftArray,
.
RangeArray . :
// RangeArray.
// get-.
get {
if(ok(index)) {
errflag = false;
} else {
errflag = true;
return 0;
}
}
// set-.
set {
if(ok(index)) {
errflag = false;
} else
errflag = true;
10.
275
}
}
FailSoftArray,
. ,
.
index - lowerBound
, index,
, .. , ,
.
.
lowerBound: , .
ok().
// true,
// .
return true;
return false;
}
, FailSoftArray
,
lowerBound upperBound.
RangeArray ,
.
( ),
. .
276
I. C#
11
,
. ,
, , .
,
, .
C# , , . ,
, . ,
. ,
, , , , ,
.

C# ,
. .
. TwoDShape,
(, ,
, ..).
// .
class TwoDShape {
public double width;
public double height;
public void showDim() {

width + " " + height);
}
TwoDShape (..
) , .
, TwoDShape
Triangle. , Triangle.
// .
using System;
// .
class TwoDShape {
public double width;
public double height;

}
// Triangle TwoDShape.
class Triangle : TwoDShape {
public string style; // .
278
I. C#
// .
public double area() {
return width * height / 2;
}
// .
public void showStyle() {
Console.WriteLine(" " + style);
}
class Shapes {
Triangle t1 = new Triangle();
t1.width = 4.0;
t1.height = 4.0;
t1.style = "";
t2.width = 8.0;
t2.height = 12.0;
t2.style = "";
Console.WriteLine(" t1: ");
t1.showStyle();
t1.showDim();
Console.WriteLine(" " + t1.area());
t2.showStyle();
t2.showDim();
.
t1:
4 4 8
t2: 8
12 48
Triangle TwoDShape,
. Triangle TwoDShape
, , style, area() showStyle(). style
, area() ,
showStyle() .
, Triangle,
TwoDShape.
11.
279
. ,
,
. C#
.
Triangle , TwoDShape,
width height area(). ,
Main() t1 t2 width height,
Triangle. TwoDShape
Triangle . 11.1.
width
TwoDShape
height
showDim()
style
Triangle
area
showStyle()
. 11.1. Triangle
TwoDShape Triangle,
. ,
(), .
, :
TwoDShape shape = new TwoDShape();
shape.width = 10;
shape.height = 20;
shape.showDim();
, TwoDShape
, TwoDShape.
, , :
class __ : __ {
//
}
.
C# ( C++)
. C++- C#.
,
. ,
( , ) .
, , ,
,
.
. ,
, TwoDShape ,
:
280
I. C#
// Rectangle,
// TwoDShape.
class Rectangle : TwoDShape {
// true,
// .
public bool isSquare() {
if(width == height) return true;
return false;
}
// .
}
Rectangle TwoDShape isSquare(),

, , area(),
.

8, ,
.
, . ,
, ,
, . ,
, width height private- TwoDShape,
Triangle ,
// .
// .
using System;
// .
class TwoDShape {
double width; // private-.
double height; // private-.
}
}
// Triangle TwoDShape.
// .
return width * height /2;
}
11.
// ,
//
// .
281
// .
}
}
Triangle , width height
area() . width
height , .
.
.
, ,
.
,
. ,
C# .
protected-, .
,
. , C#-

. TwoDShape,
width height .
//
// .
using System;
// .
class TwoDShape {
double pri_width; // private-.
double pri_height; // private-.
// width height.
public double width {
get { return pri_width; }
set { pri_width = value; }
}
public double height {
get { return pri_height; }
set { pri_height = value; }
}

}
// - TwoDShape.
// .
282
I. C#
// .
}
class Shapes2 {
t1.width = 4.0;
t1.height = 4.0;
t1.style = "";
t2.width = 8.0;
t2.height = 12.0;
t2.style = "";
t1.showStyle();
t1.showDim();

t2.showStyle();
t2.showDim();
.
Java. Java
C#. Java C#. ,
, C#-. C++
/ .

,
. , , ,
, . ,
, .
, , C#
. , ,
.
protected.
protected- , .
, .
,
, . ,
protected, (
11.
283
) ,
.
.
// .
using System;
class {
protected int i, j;
// ,
// D.
public void set(int a, int b) {
i = a;
j = b;
}

Console.WriteLine(i + " " + j);
}
class D : {
int k; // .
// D i j .
public void setk() {
k = i * j;
}
public void showk() {

Console.WriteLine(k);
}
class ProtectedDemo {
D ob = new D();
ob.set(2, 3); // OK, D "" - i j.

ob.show(); // OK, D "" - i j.
ob.setk(); // OK, D.
ob.showk(); // OK, D.
D i j
(.. protected),
setk() . i j
, D , .
public private protected
.
,
,
,
.
284
I. C#

,
. :
? ,
? : ,
, ,
. ,
.
.
, C#,
.
, , .
,
: . ,
,
. , Triangle,
. style private-,
.
// Triangle.
using System;
// .
class TwoDShape {
double pri_width; // .
double pri_height; // .
// width height.
}
}
}
// - TwoDShape.
string style; // .
// .
public Triangle(string s, double w, double h) {
width = w; // .
height = h; // .
11.
285
style = s; // .
}
// .
}
// .
}
class Shapes3 {
Triangle t1 = new Triangle("",
4.0, 4.0);
Triangle t2 = new Triangle("",
8.0, 12.0);
Console. WriteLine(" t1: ");
t1.showStyle();
t1.showDim();

t2.showStyle();
t2.showDim();
Triangle
TwoDShape, style.
, ,
,
. C# base,
:
, .
base.

,
,
base. :
__(
_) : base(_) {
//
}
_ ,
.
286
I. C#
, base,
TwoDShape. ,
width height.
// TwoDShape.
using System;
// .
class TwoDShape {
// TwoDShape.
public TwoDShape(double w, double h) {
width = w;
height = h;
}
// width height.
}
}

}
// , TwoDShape.
string style; // .
// .
public Triangle(string s,
double w,
double h) : base(w, h) {
style = s;
}
// .
}
// .
}
11.
287
class Shapes4 {
Triangle t1 = new Triangle("", 4.0, 4.0);
t1.showStyle();
t1.showDim();
Console. WriteLine(" " + t1.area());

t2.showStyle();
t2.showDim();
Triangle() base() w h,
TwoDShape(),
width height w h, . Triangle
. ,
, style ( ).
TwoDShape
. , TwoDShape ,
,
.
base ,
. ,
. ,
TwoDShape Triangle,
, :
// TwoDShape .
using System;
class TwoDShape {
// .
public TwoDShape() {
width = height = 0.0;
}
// TwoDShape .
width = w;
height = h;
}
// , .
public TwoDShape(double x) {
width = height = x;
}
288
I. C#
// width height.
}
}
}
}
// , TwoDShape.
string style; // .
/* .
TwoDShape. */
public Triangle() {
style = "null";
}
// , .
public Triangle(string s, double w, double h) : base(w, h) {
style = s;
}
// .
public Triangle(double x) : base(x) {
style = "";
}
// .
}
// .
}
class Shapes5 {
Triangle t3 = new Triangle(4.0);
t1 = t2;
t1.showStyle();
11.
289
t1. showDim();
t2.showStyle();
t2.showDim();
t3.showStyle();
t3. showDim();
}
:
t1:

8 12
48
t2:

8 12
4 8
t3:

4 4
8
base-.
base- .
, base ,
.
. ,
base().
base ,
.

,
.
. C#
,
.
. ,

290
I. C#
new. ,
new .
.
// .
using System;
class A {
public int i = 0;
}
// .
class : A {
new int i; // i i A.
public (int b) {
i = b; // i .
}

Console.WriteLine(
" i : " + i);
}
class NameHiding {
ob = new (2);
ob.show();
-, new
i B. , , ,
i, i
. new, .
:
i : 2
i,
i, . ,
show() B, i,
B, .
base
base,
this, , base
, .
:
base.
11.
291
,
. base ,
.
:
// base .
using System;
class A {
public int i = 0;
}
// .
class B : A {
new int i; // i i .
public B(int a, int b) {
base.i = a; // i .
i = b; // i B.
}

// i .
Console.WriteLine("i : " + base.i);
// i .
Console.WriteLine("i : " + i);
}
class UncoverName {
B ob = new B(1, 2);
ob.show();
:
i : 1
i : 2
i i
, base i .
base .
.
// .
using System;
class A {
public int i = 0;
// show() .
}
292
I. C#
}
// .
class B : A {
new int i; // i
// A.
public B(int a, int b) {
base.i = a; //
// i .
i = b; // i B.
}
// show(),
// .
// new.
new public void show() {
base.show(); // show() .
// i B.
}
class UncoverName {
B ob = new B(1, 2);
ob.show();
:
i : 1
i : 2
, base.show()
show(), .
, new
,
show(), show(), .

,
. ,
. ,
. ,
(, B C) B, , ,
.
. C B A.
, ,
. Triangle
ColorTriangle.
11.
293
ColorTriangle Triangle TwoDShape

color, .
// .
using System;
class TwoDShape {
double pri_width;
// .
double pri_height;
// .
// .
}
// TwoDShape.
width = w;
height = h;
}
// , ,
// .
width = height = x;
}
// width height.
}
}

}
// , TwoDShape.
string style; // .
/* .
TwoDShape. */
public Triangle() {
style = "null";
}
// .
public Triangle(string s, double w, double h) : base(w, h) {
style = s;
294
I. C#
// .
style = "";
}
// .
}
// .
}
// .
class ColorTriangle : Triangle {
string color;
public ColorTriangle(
string c, string s,
double w, double h) : base(s, w, h) {
color = c;
}
// .
public void showColor() {
Console.WriteLine(" " + color);
}
}
class Shapes6 {
ColorTriangle t1 =
new ColorTriangle("", "",
8.0, 12.0);
ColorTriangle t2 =
new ColorTriangle("", "",
2.0, 2.0);
t1.showStyle();
t1.showDim();
t1.showColor();

t2.showStyle();
t2. showDim();
t2.showColor();
11.
295
.
t1:

8 12

48
t2:

2 2

2
ColorTriangle
Triangle TwoDShape, ,
() .
: .
: base
. , ColorTriangle
base , Triangle. Triangle
base , TwoDShape.
,
, ,
.

:

? , B ,
B, ? .
, ..
.
, , base.
base , (..
) .
:
// .
using System;
// .
class A {
public A() {
Console.WriteLine(" A.");
}
}
// , A.
class B : A {
public B() {
Console.WriteLine(" B.");
}
296
I. C#
}
// , B.
class C : B {
public C() {
Console.WriteLine(" C.");
}
}
class OrderOfConstruction {
C c = new C();
}
}
, :
.
.
.
, .
. ,
, ,
. , ()
() ,
. -
.

, C# .
, ,
. ,
. , ,
:
// .
class X {
int a;
public X(int i) {
a = i;
}
}
class Y {
int a;
public Y(int i) {
a = i;
}
}
class IncompatibleRef {
X x = new X(10);
X x2;
11.
297
Y y = new Y(5);
x2 = x; // OK, .
x2 = y; // , .
}
X Y ,
Y X,
.
.
C#-
.
, . .
//
// .
using System;
class X {
public int a;
public X(int i) {
a = i;
}
class Y : X {
public int b;
public Y(int i, int j) : base(j) {

b = i;
}
class BaseRef {
X x = new X(10);
X x2;
Y y = new Y(5, 6);
x2 = x; // OK, .
Console.WriteLine("x2.a: " + x2.a);
x2 = y;
// ok, Y
// X.
Console.WriteLine("x2.a: " + x2.a);
//
}
// - "" X.
x2.a = 19; //
x2.b = 27; // , X b.
Y X, x2
Y.
298
I. C#
, ( ,
) , . ,
,
, .
x2 b Y ,
Y. ,
, .
.
,
. ,
.

, .
, ,
.
. , ,
. , , TwoDShape Triangle,
, .
//
// .
using System;
class TwoDShape {
// .
width = height =0.0;
}
// TwoDShape.
width = w;
height = h;
}
// , .
width = height = x;
}
// .
public TwoDShape(TwoDShape ob) {
width = ob.width;
height = ob.height;
}
// width height.
}
11.
299

}

}
// , TwoDShape.
string style; // .
// .
public Triangle() {
style = "null";
}
// Triangle.
public Triangle(string s,
double w,
double h) : base(w, h) {
style = s;
}
// .
style = "";
}
// .
public Triangle(Triangle ob) : base(ob) {
style = ob.style;
}
// .
}
// .
}
class Shapes7 {
// t1.
Triangle t2 = new Triangle(t1);
t1.showStyle();
t1.showDim();
300
I. C#


t2.showStyle();
t2.showDim();
t2 t1 .
:
t1:

8 12
48
t2:

8 12
4 8
Triangle:
// .
style = ob.style;
}
Triangle ( base-)
TwoDShape:
// .
width = ob.width;
height = ob.height;
}
, TwoDShape()
TwoDShape. Triangle()
Triangle. , ,
. ,
TwoDShape() ,
TwoDShape. TwoDShape()
, TwoDShape,
, ,
.

, virtual
.
,
. : ,
.
, C#
11.
301
, , ,
. , ,
. ,
, ( ) ,
. ,
,
( )
.
,
virtual.
override. ,
(method
overriding). . ,
( static) (
abstract, ).

C#: .

, .
C# .
,
.
// .
using System;
class Base {
// .
public virtual void who() {
Console.WriteLine(" who() Base.");
}
}
class Derived1 : Base {
// who() .
public override void who() {
Console.WriteLine(" who() Derived1");
}
}
// who()
// .
}
}
class OverrideDemo {
Base baseOb = new Base();
Derived1 dOb1 = new Derived1();
302
I. C#
Base baseRef; // .
baseRef = baseOb;
baseRef.who();
baseRef = dOb1;
baseRef.who();
baseRef = dOb2;
baseRef.who();
:
who() Base.
who() Derived1
who() Derived2
Base Derived1
Derived2. Base who(),
. Main() Base, Derived1
Derived2, baseRef Base.
baseRef
who(). ,
, ,
baseRef.
.
, ,
. :
/*
,
. */
using System;
class Base {
// .
Console.WriteLine(" who() Base");
}
}
// who() .
}
}
// who().
}
class NoOverrideDemo {
Base baseOb = new Base();
11.
303

Base baseRef; // .
baseRef = baseOb;
baseRef.who();
baseRef = dOb1;
baseRef.who();
baseRef = dOb2;
baseRef.who(); // who() Base.
:
who() Base
who() Derived1
who() Base
Derived2 who().
who() Derived2 who(),
Base.

, ,
.
.
/*
,
,

. */
using System;
class Base {
// .
Console.WriteLine(" who() Base");
}
}
// who() .
}
}
class Derived2 : Derived1 {
// who().
}
class Derived3 : Derived2 {
// who().
}
class NoOverrideDemo2 {
304
I. C#

Derived3 dOb = new Derived3();
Base baseRef; // .
baseRef = dOb;
baseRef.who();
// who()
// Derived1.
:
who() Derived1
Derived3 Derived2,
Derived1, Base.
, who()
Derived3, Derived2, Derived1,
who() ( Derived1) ,
.
.
virtual, override.

C# .
- ,
,
,
.
C# ,
.
(, )
, ,
.
, ..
. , ,
.
, -
. ,
() ,
, .

,
TwoDShape. , TwoDShape,
area(). ,
area() TwoDShape,
,
, .
. TwoDShape
name, .
11.
305
// .
using System;
class TwoDShape {
string pri_name; // .
// .
name = "null";
}
// .
public TwoDShape(double w, double h, string n) {
width = w;
height = h;
name = n;
}
// , .
public TwoDShape(double x, string n) {
width = height = x;
name = n;
}
// .
width = ob.width;
height = ob.height;
name = ob.name;
}
// width, height name.
}
}
public string name {
get { return pri_name; }
set { pri_name = value; }
}
}
public virtual double area() {
Console.WriteLine(
306
I. C#
" area() .");

return 0.0;
// , TwoDShape.
string style; // .
// .
public Triangle() {
style = "null";
}
// .
public Triangle(string s, double w, double h) :
base(w, h, "") {
style = s;
}
// .
public Triangle(double x) : base(x, "") {
style = "";
}
// .
style = ob.style;
}
// area() Triangle.
public override double area() {
}
// .
}
// , TwoDShape.
// .
public Rectangle(double w, double h) :
base(w, h, ""){ }
// .
public Rectangle(double x) :
base(x, "") { }
// .
public Rectangle(Rectangle ob) : base(ob) { }
// true, - .
return false;
11.
307
}
// area() Rectangle.
}
class DynShapes {
TwoDShape[] shapes = new TwoDShape[5];
shapes[0] = new Triangle("", 8.0, 12.0);
shapes[1] = new Rectangle(10);
shapes[2] = new Rectangle(10, 4);
shapes[3] = new Triangle(7.0);
shapes[4] = new TwoDShape(10, 20,
" ");
for(int i=0; i < shapes.Length; i++) {
shapes[i].name);
shapes[i].area());
}
}
}
:

48

100

40

24,5

area() .
0
. -, area()
TwoDShape virtual
Triangle Rectangle. TwoDShape area()
, ,
. area()
,
. ,
, area() .
.
, Main() shapes
308
I. C#
TwoDShape.
Triangle, Rectangle TwoDShape. ,
.
shapes, .
, , .
, ,
, , ..
, .
TwoDShape, area().
,
.

,
, ,
. ,
,
. ,
.
TwoDShape ( ),
area() ,
, , .
, , ,
() , -
. . ,
,
.
(, ),
. .
,
. Triangle. ,
area(). ,
. C#
.
abstract.
, , .
,
, . ,
,
virtual. ,
virtual abstract .
.
abstract (_);
, . abstract
, static-.
.
, ,
abstract,
class. ,
11.
309
, . ,
new
.
,
.
. , abstract
, .
,
TwoDShape.
, area()
TwoDShape , , , TwoDShape.
, , , TwoDShape,
area().
// .
using System;
abstract class TwoDShape {
string pri_name; // .
// .
name = "null";
}
// .
public TwoDShape(double w, double h, string n) {
width = w;
height = h;
name = n;
}
// , .
public TwoDShape(double x, string n) {
width = height = x;
name = n;
}
// .
width = ob.width;
height = ob.height;
name = ob.name;
}
// width, height name.
}
310
I. C#
public string name {

get { return pri_name; }
set { pri_name = value; }
}
}
// area() .
public abstract double area();
}
// , TwoDShape.
string style; // .
// .
public Triangle() {
style = "null";
}
// .
public Triangle(string s, double w, double h) :
base(w, h, "triangle") {
style = s;
}
// .
public Triangle(double x) : base(x, "") {
style = "";
}
// .
style = ob.style;
}
// area() Triangle.
}
// .
}
// , TwoDShape.
// .
public Rectangle(double w, double h) :
base(w, h, ""){ }
// .
11.
311
public Rectangle(double x) :
base(x, "") { }
// .
public Rectangle(Rectangle ob) : base(ob) { }
// true,
// .
return false;
}
// area() Rectangle.
}
class AbsShape {
TwoDShape[] shapes = new TwoDShape[4];
shapes[0]
shapes[1]
shapes[2]
shapes[3]
=
=
=
=
new
new
new
new
Triangle("", 8.0, 12.0);

Rectangle(10);
Rectangle(10, 4);
Triangle(7.0);
for(int i=0; i < shapes.Length; i++) {

shapes[i].name);
shapes[i].area());
}
,
area(), .
, , area().
(.. ) . ,
TwoDShape, .
TwoDShape. Main()
shapes 4,
TwoDShape.
, TwoDShape -
showDim(), abstract.
( )
, . ,
abstract,
.
312
I. C#
sealed

,
. , ,
,
.
,
. C#
sealed.
,
sealed. ,
abstract sealed,
, ..
.
sealed-.
sealed class {
// ...
}
// .
class : { // ! .
// ...
}
B ,
sealed-.
object
C# object,
( ). ,
object. ,
object . , C#-
, object
. , C#- object System.Object,
.NET Framework.
object , . 11.1.
.
11.1. object
public virtual bool Equals(

object ob)
,
, , ob
public static bool Equals(

object ob1,
object ob2)
, b1 ,
b2
11.
313
. 11.1
protected Finalize()

. C# Finalize()
-,
" " , ..
, ,

, b1 b2

public virtual int GetHashCode()

public Type GetType()
protected object
MemberwiseClone()
public static bool
ReferenceEquals(
object b1,
object ob2)
public virtual string ToString()

. Equals(object) ,
, , , ..
, . true,
, false .
. ,
. , Equals(object),
( , ).
Equals(object,
object)
Equals(object).
GetHashCode() -, .
- ,
, ,
9, ==
Equals(object) GetHashCode(),
== Equals(object), , .
Equals(object),
GetHashCode(), .
ToString() , ,
. , ToString()
WriteLine(). ToString()
,
, . :
// ToString().
using System;
class MyClass {
int id;
public MyClass() {
id = count;
count++;
}
public override string ToString() {
return " MyClass #" + id;
314
I. C#
class Test {
MyClass ob1 = new MyClass();
Console.WriteLine(ob1);
:
MyClass #0
MyClass #1
MyClass #2

, C#-, ,
object. , object
, . object
,
(boxing).
, . ,
.
.
.
object. C#.
(unboxing)
.
, .. object
.
,
.
// "" "".
using System;
class BoxingDemo {
int x;
object obj;
x = 10;
obj = x; // "" x .
int y = (int)obj; // ""
// obj int-.
}
}
11.
315
10. ,
x obj,
object. ,
obj, int.
( ) .
int- sqr(),
object.
//
// .
using System;
class BoxingDemo {
int x;
x = 10;
Console.WriteLine(" x : " + x);
// x
// sqr().
x = BoxingDemo.sqr(x);
Console.WriteLine(" x : " + x);
static int sqr(object o) {

return(int)o * (int)o;
}
:
x : 10
x : 100
x sqr()
.
C#-
. object.
object .

, . ,
object, . , ,
, .
// ""
// object !
using System;
class MethOnValue {

Console.WriteLine(10.ToString());
}
316
I. C#
10. , ToString()
, .
10 10!
object
, object C#-

, object .
, ,
object, .
// object
// .
using System;
class GenericDemo {
object[] ga = new object[10];
// int-.
for(int i=0; i < 3; i++)
ga[i] = i;
// double-.
for(int i=3; i < 6; i++)
ga[i] = (double) i / 2;
// , bool- char-.
ga[6] = " ";
ga[7] = true;
ga[8] = 'X';
ga[9] = "";
for(int i = 0; i < ga.Length; i++)

Console.WriteLine("ga[" + i + "]: " + ga[i] + " ");
:
ga[0]: 0
ga[1]: 1
ga[2]: 2
ga[3]: 1,5
ga[4]: 2
ga[5]: 2,5
ga[6]:
ga[7]: True
ga[8]: X
ga[9]:
,
object . ,
11.
317
object .
, object- .
, , object.
.
, object,
, , object
C#- . ,
int- int-, string-
string- .. object .
318
I. C#
12
,
C#: .
, .
. , ,
, .
C#: .
, , ,
. .

, C#.
- ,
, .
. ,
. ,
, -. ,
, .
, . C#

interface.
.
, ..
. , , , .
, .
.
( )
, .
. ,
, .
, , ,
, .
,
, C# ,
.
interface.
:
interface {
_ _1(_);
_ _2(_);
// ...
_ _N(_);
}
.
. , ,
. ,
. , , ,
. (public), .
320
I. C#
, ,
public interface ISeries {
int getNext(); // .
void reset(); // .
void setStart(int x);
//
// .
}
ISeries. I ,
, .
ISeries ,
.
,
. 15,
, .
. , .
, .

, , .
, ,
. ,
, :
class _ : _ {
//
}
,
_.
, , ..
.
.
.
.
.
, , .
, ,
. ,
,
.
ISeries,
. ByTwos, ,
.
// ISeries.
class ByTwos : ISeries {
int start;
int val;
public ByTwos() {
start = 0;
val = 0;
}
public int getNext() {
12. ,
321
val +=2; return val;
public void reset() {

val = start;
}
public void setStart(int x) {

start = x;
val = start;
}
, ByTwos ,
ISeries. ,
.
, ByTwos, :
// ,
// ByTwos.
using System;
class SeriesDemo {
ByTwos ob = new ByTwos();
for(int i=0; i < 5; i++)
ob.getNext() );
Console.WriteLine("\n .");
ob.reset();
for(int i=0; i < 5; i++)
ob.getNext() );
Console.WriteLine("\n 100.");
ob.setStart(100);
for(int i=0; i < 5; i++)
ob.getNext());
SeriesDemo,
, ISeries, ByTwos SeriesDemo.
.
, , ISeries.cs, ByTwos.cs SeriesDemo.cs,
:
>csc SeriesDemo.cs ISeries.cs ByTwos.cs
(IDE) Visual Studio,
C#-. .
322
I. C#
:.
2
4
6
8
10
.
2
4
6
8
10
100.
102
104
106
108
110
, ,
. , ByTwos
getPrevious(), .
// ISeries
// getPrevious().
int start;
int val;
int prev;
public ByTwos() {
start = 0;
val = 0;
prev = -2;
}
prev = val;
val += 2;
return val;
}
val = start;
prev = start = 2;
}
start = x;
val = start;
prev = val - 2;
}
// , ISeries.
public int getPrevious() {
return prev;
}
12. ,
323
, getPrevious()
, ISeries.
,
, .
.
, .
, , Primes, .
, ISeries
ByTwos.
// ISeries
// .
class Primes : ISeries {
int start;
int val;
public Primes() {
start = 2;
val = 2;
}
int i, j;
bool isprime;
val++;
for(i = val; i < 1000000; i++) {
isprime = true;
for(j = 2; j < (i/j + 1); j++) {
if((i%j)==0) {
isprime = false;
break;
}
}
if(isprime) {
val = i;
break;
}
}
return val;
}
val = start;
}

start = x;
val = start;
}
, , Primes ByTwos
, ISeries.
, ,
.
324
I. C#

, , ,
. , -
. ,
.
, .

(. 11).
.
-,
ByTwos, Primes.
// .
using System;
// .
int getNext(); // .
void reset(); // .
void setStart(int x);
//
// .
}
// ISeries
// .
int start;
int val;
public ByTwos() {
start = 0;
val = 0;
}
val +=2;
return val;
}
val = start;
}

start = x; val = start;
}
// ISeries
// .
class Primes : ISeries {
int start;
int val;
12. ,
325
public Primes() {
start = 2;
val = 2;
}
int i, j;
bool isprime;
val++;
for(i = val; i < 1000000; i++) {
isprime = true;
for(j = 2; j < (i/j + 1); j++) {
if((i%j)==0) {
isprime = false;
break;
}
}
if(isprime) {
val = i;
break;
}
}
return val;
}
val = start;
}
start = x;
val = start;
}
}
class SeriesDemo2 {
ByTwos twoOb = new ByTwos();
Primes primeOb = new Primes();
ISeries ob;
for(int i=0; i < 5; i++) {
ob = twoOb;
Console.WriteLine(
" " + ob.getNext());
ob = primeOb;
Console.WriteLine(
" " +
ob.getNext());
}
}
}
:
2
3
4
5
326
I. C#
6
7
8
11
10
13
Main() ob ISeries.
, ,
ISeries. twoOb
primeOb, ByTwos Primes, ,
, ISeries.
, "
, interface. ,

, ,
.

, .
.
//
{
get;
set;
}
, ,
get- set-, .
ISeries ByTwos,
.
// .
using System;
// .
int next {
get; // .
set; // .
}
}
// ISeries.
int val;
public ByTwos() {
val = 0;
}
// .
public int next {
get {
12. ,
327
val +=2;
return val;
}
set {
val = value;
}
}
}
// .
class SeriesDemo3 {
// .
for(int i=0; i < 5; i++)
ob.next);
Console.WriteLine("\n 21");
ob.next = 21;
for(int i=0; i < 5; i++)
ob.next);
:
2
4
6
8
10
21
23
25
27
29
31

.
:
//
_ this[int ]{
get;
set;
}
, ,
get- set-, .
ISeries, ,
.
328
I. C#
// .
using System;
// .
int next {
get; // .
set; // .
}
// .
int this[int index] {
get; // .
}
}
// ISeries.
int val;
public ByTwos() {
val = 0;
}
//
// .
public int next {
get {
val += 2;
return val;
}
set {
val = value;
}
}
// .
get {
val = 0;
for(int i=0; i<index; i++)
val += 2;
return val;
}
}
// .
class SeriesDemo4 {
// .
for(int i=0; i < 5; i++)
ob.next);
12. ,
329
Console.WriteLine("\naae 21");
ob.next = 21;
for(int i=0; i < 5; i++)
ob.next);
Console.WriteLine("\n .");
ob.next = 0;
// .
for(int i=0; i < 5; i++)
ob[i]);
, :
2
4
6
8
10
21
23
25
27
29
31
.
0
2
4
6
8

.
, .
, ,
,
. :
// .
using System;
public interface A {
void meth1();
void meth2();
}
// meth1() meth2(),
// meth3().
330
I. C#
public interface : A {
void meth3();
}
//
// .
class MyClass : {
public void meth1() {
Console.WriteLine(" meth1().");
}
}

}
class IFExtend {
ob.meth1();
ob.meth2();
ob.meth3();
meth1(),
MyClass,
. , , ,
, , ,
.
, ,
. .
,
new.

. ,
, . ,

12. ,
331
interface IMyIF {
int myMeth(int x);
}
IMyIF :
class MyClass : IMyIF{
int IMyIF.myMeth(int x) {
return x / 3;
}
}
, myMeth() IMyIF
, .
. , ,
, ,
. -, ,
.
. .

IEven,
isEven() isOdd(), ,
. MyClass IEven, isOdd()
.
// .
using System;
interface IEven {
bool isOdd(int x);
bool isEven(int x);
}
class MyClass : IEven {
// .
bool IEven.isOdd(int x) {
if((x%2) != 0) return true;
else return false;
}
// .
public bool isEven(int x) {
IEven o = this; // .
return !o.isOdd(x);
}
class Demo {
bool result;
result = ob.isEven(4);
if(result) Console.WriteLine("4 - .");
332
I. C#
else Console.WriteLine("3 - .");

// result = ob.isOdd(); // , .
isOdd() ,
MyClass. .
MyClass isOdd() .
isEven().

, ,
meth(). ,
.
// ,
// .
using System;
interface IMyIF_A {
int meth(int x);
}
interface IMyIF_B {
int meth(int x);
}
// MyClass .
class MyClass : IMyIF_A, IMyIF_B {
// meth().
int IMyIF_A.meth(int x) {
return x + x;
}
int IMyIF_B.meth(int x) {
return x * x;
}
// meth() .
public int methA(int x){
IMyIF_A a_ob;
a_ob = this;
return a_ob.meth(x);
//
// IMyIF_A.
}
public int methB(int x){
IMyIF_B b_ob;
b_ob = this;
return b_ob.meth(x);
}
//
// IMyIF_B
12. ,
333
class FQIFNames {
Console.Write(" IMyIF_A.meth(): ");
Console.WriteLine(ob.methA(3));
Console.Write(" IMyIF_B.meth(): ");

Console.WriteLine(ob.methB(3));
:
IMyIF_A.meth(): 6
IMyIF_B.meth(): 9
, meth()
IMyIF_A IMyIF_B. , MyClass
, ,
( ).
,
meth(), IMyIF_A, IMyIF_A,
meth(), IMyIF_B,
IMyIF_B. ,
.
C# ,
, , ,
. .
, , .
, (
) .
.NET Framework
.NET Framework ,
C#-. , System.IComparable
CompareTo(), .
,
(, ). , ,
System.Collections.ICollection ,
. System.Collections.IEnumerator
. II.
334
I. C#
:
C#,
.
ICipher, .
,
, , .
ICipher :
// .
public interface ICipher {
string encode(string str);
string decode(string str);
}
ICipher : encode() decode(),
, .
. , , ,
. ,
, .
.
, (
). ,
.
,
.
ICipher :
SimpleCipher BitCipher. SimpleCipher
. ,
, .. BitCipher
-:
, 16-
, .
/* ICipher,

1 . ,
.. */
class SimpleCipher : ICipher {
// ,
// .
public string encode(string str) {
string ciphertext = "";
ciphertext = ciphertext + (char) (str[i] + 1);
return ciphertext;
}
// ,
// .
public string decode(string str) {
string plaintext = "";
12. ,
335

plaintext = plaintext + (char) (str[i] - 1);
return plaintext;
/* ICipher
. */
class BitCipher : ICipher {
ushort key;
//
// BitCipher.
public BitCipher(ushort k) {
key = k;
}
// ,
// .
public string encode(string str) {
string ciphertext = "";

ciphertext = ciphertext + (char) (str[i] ^ key);
return ciphertext;
// ,
// .
public string decode(string str) {
string plaintext = "";

plaintext = plaintext + (char) (str[i] ^ key);
return plaintext;
, SimpleCipher BitCipher
ICipher, .
SimpleCipher
BitCipher.
// ICipher.
using System;
class ICipherDemo {
ICipher ciphRef;
BitCipher bit = new BitCipher(27);
SimpleCipher sc = new SimpleCipher();
string plain;
string coded;
336
I. C#
// ciphRef
// SimpleCipher ( ).
ciphRef = sc;
plain = "testing";
coded = ciphRef.encode(plain);
Console.WriteLine(" : " + coded);
plain = ciphRef.decode(coded);
Console.WriteLine(" : " + plain);
// ciphRef refer
// BitCipher ( ).
ciphRef = bit;
Console.WriteLine(
"\n .");
plain = "testing";
coded = ciphRef.encode(plain);
Console.WriteLine(" : " + coded);

plain = ciphRef.decode(coded);
Console.WriteLine(" : " + plain);
:
.
: uftujoh
: testing
.
: o~horu|
: testing
,
, , ,
, . ,
, UnlistedPhone
.
.
// ICipher.
using System;
// .
class UnlistedPhone {
string pri_name; // Name.
string pri_number; // Number.
ICipher crypt; // .
public UnlistedPhone(string name, string number,
ICipher c)
{
12. ,
337
crypt = c; // .
pri_name = crypt.encode(name);
pri_number = crypt.encode(number);
public string Name {

get {
return crypt.decode(pri_name);
}
set {
pri_name = crypt.encode(value);
}
}
public string Number {

get {
return crypt.decode(pri_number);
}
set {
pri_number = crypt.encode(value);
}
}
// UnlistedPhone.
class UnlistedDemo {
UnlistedPhone phone1 =
new UnlistedPhone("Tom", "555-3456", new BitCipher(27));
new UnlistedPhone("", "555-8891", new BitCipher(9));
phone1.Name + " : " + phone1.Number);
phone2.Name + " : " + phone2.Number);
:
: 555-3456
: 555-8891
, UnlistedPhone. ,
.
.
ICipher. UnlistedPhone
. , ,
, .
crypt.
, , ,
338
I. C#
ICipher. BitCipher. ,
UnlistedPhone encode() decode()
BitCipher crypt.
Name Number.
set-
encode() , crypt.
get-
decode(). Name, Number
.
.

ICipher, ,
UnlistedPhone. ,
UnlistedPhone SimpleCipher-, BitCipher-.
,
UnlistedPhone.
// SimpleCipher.
using System;
class UnlistedDemo {
// Bitcipher
// SimpleCipher.
UnlistedPhone phone1=
new UnlistedPhone("Tom", "555-3456",
new SimpleCipher());
new UnlistedPhone("Mary", "555-88 91",
new SimpleCipher());
Console.WriteLine(
" " +
phone1.Name + " : " +
phone1.Number);
Console.WriteLine(
" " +
phone2.Name + " : " +
phone2.Number);
, ICipher
SimpleCipher Bitcipher, UnlistedPhone
.
. UnlistedPhone
, , .
ICipher,
,
ICipher.
, UnlistedPhone.
UnlistedPhone crypt
12. ,
339
(, BitCipher),
UnlistedPhone
.
, . ,
. ,
C# .
, . .
,
, .
.
C# . ,
, .
struct
. :
struct : {
//
}
.
.
. (,
C#-, object).
.
. , , , ,
, .
, .
( ). ,
, .
,
abstract, virtual protected.
new,
, . new,
, , ,
. .
.
// .
using System;
// .
struct Book {
public string author;
public string title;
public int copyright;
public Book(string a, string t, int c) {
author = a;
title = t;
copyright = c;
}
340
I. C#
}
// Book.
class StructDemo {
Book book1 = new Book(
"Herb Schildt",
"C# A Beginner's Guide",
2001);
//
// .
Book book2 = new Book(); //
// .
Book book3; //
// .
Console.WriteLine(book1.title + ", " +
book1.author +
", (c) " + book1.copyright);
if(book2.title == null)
Console.WriteLine(" book2.title null.");
// book2 .
book2.title = "Brave New World";
book2.author = "Aldous Huxley";
book2.copyright = 1932;
Console.Write(" book2 :\n ");
Console.WriteLine(book2.title + ", " +
book2.author +
", (c) " + book2.copyright);
// Console.WriteLine(bk3.title);
// :
//
// .
book3.title = "Red Storm Rising";

Console.WriteLine(book3.title); // Ok!
:
C# A Beginner's Guide, Herb Schildt, (c) 2001
book2.title null.
book2 :
Brave New World, Aldous Huxley, (c) 1932
Red Storm Rising
,
new, ,
. new
, (
), ,
. new ,
12. ,
341
bk3, ,
.
.
struct- lass-. ,
, ,
, .
struct- , ,
. , , :
// .
using System;
// .
struct MyStruct {
public int x;
}
// .
class StructAssignment {
MyStruct a;
MyStruct b;
a.x = 10;
b.x = 20;
Console.WriteLine("a.x {0}, b.x {1}", a.x, b.x);
a = b;
b.x = 30;
.
a.x 10, b.x 20
a.x 20, b.x 30
,
= b;
b - . ,
b, ,
b. b , . class- .
// .
using System;
// .
class MyClass {
public int x;
}
// .
342
I. C#
class ClassAssignment {
MyClass a = new MyClass();
MyClass b = new MyClass();
a.x = 10;
b.x = 20;
a = b;
b.x = 30;
:
a.x 10, b.x 20
a.x 30, b.x 30
, b
, .. , b.

, C# struct, ,
, class.
. ,
, . , struct
. ,
. , ,
,
. ,
.
. . ,
,
, struct
.
, ,
. .
.
.
, .
.
// .
using System;
// .
struct PacketHeader {
public uint packNum; // .
public ushort packLen; // .
}
12. ,
343
// PacketHeader
// .
class Transaction {
static uint transacNum = 0;
PacketHeader ph;
//
// PacketHeader.
string accountNum;
double amount;
public Transaction(string acc, double val) {
// .
ph.packNum = transacNum++;
ph.packLen = 512; // arbitrary length
accountNum = acc;
amount = val;
}
// .
public void sendTransaction() {
Console.WriteLine(" #: " + ph.packNum +
", : " + ph.packLen +
",\n #: " + accountNum +
", : {0:C}\n", amount);
}
// .
class PacketDemo {
Transaction t = new Transaction("31243", -100.12);
Transaction t2 = new Transaction("AB4655", 345.25);
Transaction t3 = new Transaction("8475-09", 9800.00);
t.sendTransaction();
t2.sendTransaction();
t3.sendTransaction();
.
#: 0, : 512,
#: 31243, : ($100.12)
#: 1, : 512,
#: 4655, : $345.25
#: 2, : 512,
#: 8475-09, : $9,800.00
PacketHeader ,
, .
PacketHeader
, . ,
PacketHeader
.
344
I. C#
, C++
struct. C#- C++- .
C++ struct , struct class
( :
, ). C# struct
, a class .
(enumeration) .
enum . :
enum {_};
.
_ ,
.
.
apple, .
enum apple { Jonathan, GoldenDel, RedDel, Winsap,
Cortland, McIntosh };
,
, ( )
. ,
, Jonathan 0, GoldenDel 1
..
,
. enum
,
.
.

. ,
Console.WriteLine(apple.RedDel + " " +
(int)apple.RedDel);
.
RedDel 2
,
.
int. (
C#,
, .)
,
apple.
// .
using System;
class EnumDemo {
12. ,
345
enum apple { Jonathan, GoldenDel, RedDel, Winsap,

string[] color = {
"",
"",
"",
"",
"",
"-"
};
apple i; // .
// i
// .
for(i = apple.Jonathan; i <= apple.McIntosh; i++)
Console.WriteLine(i + " " + (int)i);
// .
for(i = apple.Jonathan; i <= apple.McIntosh; i++)
Console.WriteLine(" " + i + " - " +
color[(int)i]);
}
:
Jonathan 0
GoldenDel 1
RedDel 2
Winsap 3
Cortland 4
McIntosh 5
Jonathan -
GoldenDel -
RedDel -
Winsap -
Cortland -
McIntosh - -
, for- apple.
,
, .
, color
( ). :
. ,
.
.
. ,
switch- (
).
346
I. C#

.
. , , ,
. ,
10 RedDel.
enum apple { Jonathan, GoldenDel, RedDel = 10, Winsap,
:
Jonathan
0
GoldenDel
l
RedDel
10
Winsap
11
Cortland
12
McIntosh
13

int,
, char.
, int,
. , apple
byte.
enura apple : byte { Jonathan, GoldenDel, RedDel, Winsap,
apple.Winsap, , byte-.

, ,
, C#-.
. ,
. , ,
.
conveyor(), : ,
, . conveyor() (1
, 2 ..), ,
, . :
// .
using System;
class ConveyorControl {
// , .
public enum action { , , , };
public void conveyor(action com) {
switch(com) {
case action.:
12. ,
347
break;
case action.:
break;
case action.:
break;
case action.:
break;
class ConveyorDemo {
ConveyorControl c = new ConveyorControl();
c.conveyor(ConveyorControl.action.);
}
:
.
.
.
.
conveyor() action,
, action. , ,
conveyor() 22.
c.conveyor(22); // !
,
int action .
conveyor() . , ,
,
. ,
, , ,
conveyor() .
.
switch-.
, ,
switch.
348
I. C#
13

( ) ,
C#-
, . C#
, C++ Java.
C++- Java-.
C# .

, .
,
,
. , ,
. ,
, ,
.

. ,
.
C#
,
.
,
.
C#-
C# .
System.Exception
C# .
Exception,
System. ,
Exception.
Exception
SystemException
ApplicationException. ,
C#: , C#- ,
(Common Language Runtime CLR), ,
. SystemException,
ApplicationException
Exception.
.
C# ,
SystemException. ,
DivideByZeroException. ,
,
ApplicationException.

C#-
: try, catch, throw finally. ,
350
I. C#
.
.
, .
, .
, ,
try-. ,
.
catch-
. C#-
. ,
throw. , try-,
finally.
try- catch-
try catch.
; try catch catch try.
try/catch- :
try {
// , .
}
catch(ExcepType1 exOb) {
// ExcepType1.
}
// ExcepType2.
}...
.
catch,
. try/catch-, try-
, catch-. ,
. , catch-,
(
). exOb
.
exOb .
( ), exOb
. exOb .
. , try-
, catch- .
,
catch. , catch- ( try-)
, .

, ,
. ,
. C#-
IndexOutOfRangeException,
, C#.
, .
13.
351
// .
using System;
class ExcDemo1 {
try {
Console.WriteLine(
" .");
// ,
// .
for(int i=0; i < 10; i++) {
nums[i] = i;
Console.WriteLine("nums[ {0}] : {1}", i, nums[i]);
}
catch(IndexOutOfRangeException) {
// Console.WriteLine(" !");
}
Console.WriteLine(" catch-.");
:
.
nums[0]: 0
nums[1]: 1
nums[2]: 2
nums[3]: 3
!
catch-.
, nums int-
. for 0 9,
,
IndexOutOfRangeException.
,
. -, try. -, ( -
for- nums ) try , catch-.
, catch-, ,
try- . , catch
, .
Console.WriteLine(" catch-."};
. catch-
. ,
, ,
.
352
I. C#
, catch .
, ,
.
,
, . ,
catch- , ,
.
, try- ,
catch- , ,
catch-. ,
for-
for(int i=0; i < 10; i++) {
:
for(int i=0; i < nums.Length; i++) {
for nums.
, catch- .

, try-,
. ,
, try. , ,
try-, try-, , ,
. .
/* ,
. */
using System;
class ExcTest {
// .
public static void genException() {
// ,
// .
for(int i=0; i < 10; i++) {
nums[i] = i;
Console.WriteLine("nums[{0}]: {1}", i, nums[i]);
}
class ExcDemo2 {
try {
ExcTest.genException();
}
13.
353
// .
,
:
.
nums[0]: 0
nums[1]: 1
nums[2]: 2
nums[3]: 3
!
catch-.
genException() try, ,
( ), catch
Main(). genException() ,
Main().
C#-,
, : .
.
, C#-
. ,
. , ,
, .
//
// C#- .
using System;
class NotHandled {
// ,
// .
for(int i=0; i < 10; i++) {
nums[i] = i;
Console. WriteLine("nums[{0} ] : {1}", i, nums[i]);
}
,
:
354
I. C#
Unhandled Exception: System.IndexOutOfRangeException:

Index was outside the bounds of the array.
at NotHandled.Main()
NotHandled.Main()
System.IndexOutOfRangeException,
.

, , ! ,
.
, ,
catch-. . ,

catch-
DivideByZeroException ( C#-).
, ,
IndexOutOfRangeException,
catch-. .
// !
using System;
class ExcTypeMismatch {
try {
// ,
// .
for(int i=0; i < 10; i++) {
nums[i] = i;
}
/* catch-
DivideByZeroException,
. */
catch(DivideByZeroException) {
// .
}
:
.
nums[0]: 0
nums[1]: 1
nums[2]: 2
nums[3]: 3
13.
355
Unhandled Exception: System.IndexOutOfRangeException:

Index was outside the bounds of the array.
at ExcTypeMismatch.Main()
, catch-,
DivideByZeroException,
,
. ,
, ,
. ,
DivideByZeroException.
, . ,
,
.
.
// -// !
using System;
class ExcDemo3 {
int[] numer = { 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 };
int[] denom = { 2, 0, 4, 4, 0, 8 };
for(int i=0; i < numer. Length; i++) {
try {
Console.WriteLine(numer[i] + " / " +
denom[i] + " " + numer[i]/denom[i]);
}
// .
:
4/2 2
!
16/4 4
32/4 8
!
128 / 8 16
.
. ,
356
I. C#
try-,
.
.
catch-
try- , catch-.
. catch-
. ,
, .
// catch-.
using System;
class ExcDemo4 {
// numer denom.
int[] numer = { 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512 };
int[] denom = { 2, 0, 4, 4, 0, 8 };
for(int i=0; i < numer.Length; i++) {
try {
}
// .
}
// .
}
:
4/2 2
!
16/4 4
32/4 8
!
128 / 8 16
.
.
, catch-
.
catch- ,
. ,
. catch- .
13.
357

, .
catch- .
, ,
.
,
IndexOutOfRangeException DivideByZeroException.
// catch-
// " ".
using System;
class ExcDemo5 {
// numer denom.
int[] numer = { 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512 };
int[] denom = { 2, 0, 4, 4, 0, 8 };

try {
}
catch {
Console.WriteLine(
" .");
}
}
:
4/2 2
.
16/4 4
32/4 8
.
128 / 8 16
.
.
catch-, ,
:
catch-.
try-
try- . ,
try- catch-,
try-, try-. ,
IndexOutOfRangeException try, .
358
I. C#
// try-.
using System;
class NestTrys {
// numer denom.
int[] numer = { 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512 };
int[] denom = { 2, 0, 4, 4, 0, 8 };
try {
// try-.
try {
// try-.
}
// .
}
}
}
// .
Console.WriteLine(
" .");
}
}
}
:
4/2 2
!
16/4 4
32/4 8
!
128 / 8 16
.
.
, try- (
), .
try-
.
.
try-
.
.
,
. try-
, try- .
try-
, .

13.
359
,
C#. ,
throw. :
throw exceptOb;
exceptOb ,
Exception.
, throw
DivideByZeroException .
// .
using System;
class ThrowDemo {
try {
throw new DivideByZeroException();
}
// .
}
Console.WriteLine(" try/catch-.");
}
}
:
.
.
try/catch-.
,
DivideByZeroException, : new throw.
, throw ,
. DivideByZeroException
,
.
,
. ,
,
.

, catch-, ,
() catch-.

. ,
, ,
. ,
360
I. C#
throw, . ,
throw.
throw;
,
catch-, catch-.
.
// .
using System;
class Rethrow {
// numer denom.
int[] numer = { 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512 };
int[] denom = { 2, 0, 4, 4, 0, 8 };
for(int i=0; i<numer.Length; i++) {

try {
}
// .
}
// .
Console.WriteLine(
" .");
throw; // .
}
}
class RethrowDemo {
try {
Rethrow.genException();
}
//
// .
" .");
}
}
}
( ), ..
genException(),
. IndexOutOfRangeException
Main().
13.
361
finally
,
try/catch-. ,
, , ,
.
, .
, C# :
finally.
, try/catch, try/catch- finally.
try/catch-, finally,
.
try {
// , .
}
// ExcepType1,
}
// ExcepType2.
}
.
.
.
finally {
// .
}
finally try/catch-,
. , try-
finally-
. finally , try-
catch- .
finally:
// finally.
using System;
class UseFinally {
public static void genException(int what) {
int t;
Console.WriteLine(" " + what);
try {
switch(what) {
case 0:
t = 10 / what;
//
// .
break;
case 1:
nums[4] = 4;
//
// .
362
I. C#
break;
case 2:
return; // try-.
}
}
// .
return; // catch-.
}
// .
}
finally {
Console.WriteLine(" try-.");
}
}
}
class FinallyDemo {
for(int i=0; i < 3; i++) {
UseFinally.genException(i);
}
}
}
:
0
!
try-.
1
.
try-.
2
try-.
,
try-, finally .

,
. , catch-
. .
Exception,
, .
Exception
catch-.
Exception . : Message,
StackTrace TargetSite. .
13.
363
Message , , StackTrace
, .
TargetSite , , .
Exception .
ToString(), . ToString()
, , ,
WriteLine(). Exception
.
// Exception.
using System;
class ExcTest {
// ,
// .
for(int i=0; i < 10; i++) {
nums[i] = i;
}
}
}
class UseExcept {
try {
ExcTest.genException();
}
catch(IndexOutOfRangeException exc) {
// .
Console.WriteLine(exc); // ToString().
Console.WriteLine(" StackTrace: " +
exc.StackTrace);
Console.WriteLine(" Message: " +
exc.Message);
Console.WriteLine(" TargetSite: " +
exc.TargetSite);
}
:
.
nums[0]: 0
nums[1]: 1
nums[2]: 2
nums[3]: 3
364
I. C#
:
System.IndexOutOfRangeException: Index was outside
the bounds of the array.
at ExcTest.genException()
at UseExcept.Main()
StackTrace:
at ExcTest.genException()
at UseExcept.Main()
Message: Index was outside the bounds of the array.
TargetSite: Void genException()
catch-.
Exception .
:
Exception()
Exception(string str)
.
Message, .
.

System
. SystemException,
(Common Language Runtime)
. ,
C#, . 13.1.
13.1. ,
System
ArrayTypeMismatchException
DivideByZeroException
IndexOutOfRangeException
InvalidCastException
OutOfMemoryException
OverflowException
NullReferenceException
StackOverflowException

new -

, ..
,

, . 13.1,
, NullReferenceException.
, ,
, .
.
null-, null.
, , , .
,
NullReferenceException.
13.
365
// NullReferenceException.
using System;
class X {
int x;
public X(int a) {
x = a;
}
public int add(X o) {

return x + o.x;
}
// NullReferenceException.
class NREDemo {
X p = new X(10);
X q = null; // q
// null.
int val;
try {
val = p.add(q); //
// .
}
catch(NullReferenceException) {
Console.WriteLine("NullReferenceException!");
Console.WriteLine(" ...\n");
// .
q = new X(9);
val = p.add(q);
}
Console.WriteLine(" val {0}", val);
:
NullReferenceException!
...
val 19
X, x add(),
x, ,
x, , .
Main() x. , p, , , q,
( null). p.meth(),
q . q
, q.x
NullReferenceException.
StackOverflowException,
.
. ,
,
366
I. C#
, ,
.
. , ,
, .

C#-
, C#-
. C# ,
.
. .
Exception. ,
,
ApplicationException, ,
, .
,
.
, ,
, Exception . ,
.
, .
10 RangeArray.
, RangeArray int-,
. , ,
-5 27,
RangeArray. 10 , ,
, RangeArray. ,
,
RangeArray. ,
. , RangeArray
.
RangeArray.
//
//
// RangeArray.
using System;
// RangeArray.
class RangeArrayException : ApplicationException {
// .
public RangeArrayException() : base() { }
public RangeArrayException(string str) : base(str) { }
// ToString()
// RangeArrayException.
return Message;
}
13.
367
// RangeArray.
class RangeArray {
// .
int[] a; // .
int len; // Length.
// .
high++;
if(high <= low) {
throw new RangeArrayException(
" .");
}
a = new int[high - low];
len = high - low;
lowerBound = low;
}
// Length, .
public int Length {
get { return len;
}
}
// RangeArray.
// .
get {
if(ok(index)) {
} else {
throw new RangeArrayException(
" .");
}
}
// .
set {
if(ok(index)) {
}
else throw new RangeArrayException(
" .");
}
}
// true,
// .
return true;
return false;
}
}
368
I. C#
//
// .
class RangeArrayDemo {
try {
RangeArray ra = new RangeArray(-5, 5);
RangeArray ra2 = new RangeArray(1, 10);
// - ra.
Console.WriteLine(" ra: " + ra.Length);
for(int i = -5; i <= 5; i++)
ra[i] = i;
Console.Write(" ra: ");
for(int i = -5; i <= 5; i++)
Console.Write(ra[i] + " ");
// - ra2.
for(int i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
ra2[i] = i;
Console.Write(" ra2 : ");
for(int i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
}
catch(RangeArrayException exc) {
Console.WriteLine(exc);
}
// " ".
Console.WriteLine(
" .");
// .
try {
RangeArray ra3 = new RangeArray(100, -10); // !
}
}
// .
try {
RangeArray ra3 = new RangeArray(-2, 2);
for(int i = -2; i <= 2; i++)
ra3[i] = i;
for(int i = -2; i <= 10; i++)
//
// .
13.
369
}
}
:
ra: 11
ra: -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
ra2: 10
ra2: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
.
.
ra3: -2 -1 0 1 2 .
RangeArray-
RangeArrayException.
ApplicationException. , ,
, ApplicationException.
,
RangeArray-. ,
RangeArray try, .
RangeArray
C#-
.
, .
, ToString()
. ,
, , C#.

, ,
catch-, catch catch-
. ,
Exception, Exception
. , , catch .

, .
, ,
catch- .
catch-
. ,
catch- catch , . C#
catch- .
ExceptA
ExceptB. ExceptA ApplicationException,
ExceptB ExceptA. .
370
I. C#
//
//
// .
using System;
// .
class ExceptA : ApplicationException {
public ExceptA() : base() { }
public ExceptA(string str) : base(str) { }
return Message;
}
}
//
// ExceptA.
class ExceptB : ExceptA {
public ExceptB() : base() { }
public ExceptB(string str) : base(str) { }
return Message;
}
}
class OrderMatters {
for(int x = 0; x < 3; x++) {
try {
if(x==0) throw new ExceptA(
" ExceptA.");
else if(x==1) throw new ExceptB(
" ExceptB.");
else throw new Exception();
}
catch(ExceptB exc) { // .
}
catch(ExceptA exc) { // .
}
catch(Exception exc) {
}
}
}
}
:
ExceptA.
ExceptB.
System.Exception: Exception of type System.Exception was thrown.
at OrderMatters.Main()
catch-.
. ExceptB ExceptA, catch ExceptB ,
13.
371
ExceptA. catch Exception (

) . ,
catch- . .
catch-, ,
. ,
.
, ,
, , ,
.
checked
unchecked
C# ,
, . ,
,
, .
, . , ,
:
byte a, b, result;
a = 127;
b = 127;
result = (byte)(a * b);
a b
byte. ,
result.
C#
checked unchecked. ,
,
checked. ,
unchecked. ,
- .
checked .
checked-. .
checked(expr)
checked {
// , .
}
expr , .
OverflowException.
unchecked . ,
.
, .
unchecked(expr)
372
I. C#
unchecked {
// , .
}
expr , .
.
, checked,
unchecked.
// checked unchecked.
using System;
class CheckedDemo {
byte a, b;
byte result;
a = 127;
b = 127;
try {
result = unchecked((byte) (a * b) );
Console.WriteLine("Unchecked-: " + result);
result = checked((byte)(a * b));
//
// .
Console.WriteLine("Checked-: " +
result);
//
// .
}
catch(OverflowException exc) {
// .
}
:
Unchecked-: 1
System.OverflowException: Arithmetic operation resulted in an
overflow.
at CheckedDemo.Main()
, .
.

checked unchecked .
, .
// checked unchecked
// .
using System;
class CheckedBlocks {
byte a, b;
byte result;
13.
373
a = 127;
b = 127;
try {
unchecked {
a = 127;
b = 127;
result = unchecked((byte)(a * b));
a = 125;
b = 5;
result = unchecked((byte)(a * b));
}
checked {
a = 2;
b = 7;
result = checked((byte)(a * b)); // .
Console.WriteLine("Checked-: " + result);
a = 127;
b = 127;
result = checked((byte)(a * b)); //
//
// .
Console.WriteLine("Checked-: " +
result);
//
// .
}
// .
}
:
Unchecked-: 1
Unchecked-: 113
Checked-: 14
System.OverflowException: Arithmetic operation resulted in an
overflow. at CheckedBlocks.Main()
, unchecked-
. checked-
.
checked
unchecked , checked/unchecked-

. ,
.
374
I. C#
14

-
C#- -
Console.WriteLine(), .
C#- - ,
, , .
C#- -. C#
- , .NET Framework,
- .NET-.
, . , C#- -
, .
C#- -
C#- - .
(stream) , , .
C#- -.
, ,
. , -
. , ,
, .

C#- - .
, -
. .
, C# char 16- , a byte 8-.
ASCII, char byte
: char-.
Unicode-, .
, (
) -. C# ,
, byte-char- charbyte- .

,
Console.In, Console.Out Console.Error, ,
System. Console.Out
. . ,
Console.WriteLine() Console.Out.
Console.In ,
. Console.Error
, .
-.
. ,
.
376
I. C#

C# , .
,
,
. ,
, , .
System.IO.
,
:
using System.IO;
System.IO,
Console System.
Stream
C#- System.IO.Stream.
Stream
. , .. .
Stream .
, Stream, . 14.1.
14.1. Stream
void Close()
void Flush()
int ReadByte()

.
-1
numBytes buf,
buf[offset],

int Read(
byte[] buf,
int offset,
int numBytes)
long Seek (long offset,
SeekOrigin origin)
void WriteByte (byte b)
void Write(byte[] buf,
int offset,
int numBytes)

numBytes
buf, buf[offset]
- ,
. 14.1, IOException.
, , ,
, NotSupportedException.
, Stream ,
. ,
,
. ,
Seek(). ,
Stream. . 14.2.
Length Position,
, .
14. -
377
14.2. , Stream
bool CanRead
true, .

true,
.
true, .

.
.
,
bool CanSeek
bool CanWrite
long Length
long Position

Stream .

BufferedStream
.

, -
,
FileStream
MemoryStream
.
.

,
C#-.
TextReader TextWriter. TextReader
, TextWriter .
, ,
. , -,
.
. 14.3 ,
TextReader.
IOException. ( .)
ReadLine(),
, string-.
, .
14.3. , TextReader
void Close()
int Peek()

, .
-1,

.
-1
int Read()
378
I. C#
. 14.3
int Read(char[] buf,

int offset,
int numChars)
int ReadBlock(char[] buf,
int offset,
int numChars)
string ReadLine()
numChars buf,
buf[offset],

numChars buf,
buf[offset],

string-.
null-
, ,
string-
string ReadToEnd()
TextWriter Write() WriteLine(),

. , ,
.
void
void
void
void
int
double
bool
string

uint

Write(int val)
Write(double val)
Write(bool val)
WriteLine(string val)
void WriteLine(uint val)

void WriteLine(char val)
Write() WriteLine(), TextWriter

Close() Flush():
virtual void Close()
virtual void Flush()
Flush() , ,
. Close() .
TextReader TextWriter -
, , .
, ,
TextReader TextWriter.

StreamReader
StreamWriter
SstringReader
StringWriter
14. -
379

, C#
, .
, BinaryReader BinaryWriter,
-.
, C#- -,
, , ,
-.
-
-
Console.In, Console.Out Console.Error. -
, 2, .
, .
, , C#-
, , ,
,
. , C#- -,
- , .

,
.

Console.In TextReader,
, TextReader.
, Console,
Console.In. Console
: Read() ReadLine().
Read() .
static int Read()
Read() , . ,
- , .
int,
char. Read() 1,
IOException.
( ), ,
,
<Enter>.
,
Read().
// .
using System;
class KbIn {
char ch;
380
I. C#
Console.Write(
" , -- <ENTER>: ");
ch = (char) Console.Read();
//
// char-.
Console.WriteLine(" : " + ch);
:
, <ENTER>:
:
, Read() ,
. <Enter>
, .
, , .
,
( ).
, ReadLine().
static string ReadLine()
ReadLine() ,
<Enter>, string.
IOException.
,
Console.In ReadLine().
// ReadLine().
using System;
class ReadString {
string str;
str = Console.ReadLine();
Console.WriteLine(" : " + str);
.
.
.
: .
Console
Console.In,
TextReader. ,
, TextReader.
//
// Console.In.
using System;
class ReadChars2 {
string str;
14. -
381
str = Console.In.ReadLine();
, ReadLine()
Console.In. , ,
TextReader,
Console.In, , .

Console.Out Console.Error TextWriter.
Write()
WriteLine(), .
. Console
Write() WriteLine(),
Console, .
( ) TextWriter,
Console.Out Console.Error.
,
Console.Out Console.Error.
// Console.Out Console.Error.
using System;
class ErrOut {
int a = 10, b = 0;
int result;
Console.Out.WriteLine(
" .");
try {
result = a / b; // .
}
catch(DivideByZeroException exc) {
Console.Error.WriteLine(exc.Message);
}
:
.
Attempted to divide by zero.
, ,
Console.Error. Console.Out, Console.Error
, ?
: . ,
Console.Error ,
. , , ,
(log file), . ,
, ,
382
I. C#
, .
, -.
FileStream -

C# ,
. ,
.
. , C# ,
. ,
. C#

. , ,
. .
- .
,
FileStream. FileStream Stream
. , ,
FileStream, System.IO. ,
:
using System.IO;

, ,
FileStream. FileStream .
:
FileStream(string filename, FileMode mode)
filename , ,
. mode ,
, . mode
, FileMode ( . 14.4).
.
14.4. FileMode
FileMode.Append
FileMode.Create

.

.

, ,

,
FileMode.CreateNew
FileMode.Open
FileMode.OpenOrCreate
FileMode.Truncate
14. -
383
, .
,
FileNotFoundException. - -,
IOException.
: ArgumentNullException ( null-),
ArgumentException ( mode), SecurityException (
) DirectoryNotFoundException (
).

test.dat .
FileStream fin;
try {
fin = new FileStream("test.dat", FileMode.Open);
}
catch(FileNotFoundException exc) {
Console.WriteLine(exc.Message);
return;
}
catch {
return;
}
catch- ,
. , , ,
. ,
, .

FileNotFoundException IOException, (
) , ,
.
, FileStream
.
, :
FileStream(string filename, FileMode mode,
FileAccess how)
, filename , a mode
. , how,
. ,
FileAccess, :
FileAccess.Read
FileAccess.Write FileAccess.ReadWrite
, test.dat
:
FileStream fin = new FileStream("test.dat", FileMode.Open,
FileAccess.Read);
.
Close(). :
void Close()
,
, . Close()
IOException.
384
I. C#
FileStream
FileStream , :
ReadByte() Read(). ,
ReadByte(), :
int ReadByte()
,
.
-1. NotSupportedException
( ) ObjectDisposedException ( ).
, Read(),
:
int Read(byte[] buf, int offset, int numBytes)
Read() numBytes buf,
buf[offset]. .
- IOException.
NotSupportedException,
.
ReadByte()
.
. try/catch-, ,
:
.
.
/* .
,
, .
, TEST.CS,
:
ShowFile TEST.CS */
using System;
using System.IO;
class ShowFile {
int i;
FileStream fin;
try {
fin = new FileStream(args[0], FileMode.Open);
}
return;
}
Console.WriteLine(exc.Message +
"\n: ShowFile ");
return;
}
14. -
385
// , EOF.
do {
try {
i = fin.ReadByte();
}
catch(Exception exc) {
return;
}
if(i != -1) Console.Write((char) i);
} while(i != -1);
fin.Close();

, WriteByte().
:
void WriteByte(byte val)
, val.
IOException.
,
NotSupportedException.
Write() .
:
void Write(byte[] buf, int offset, int numBytes)
Write() numBytes buf,
buf[offset].
IOException.
, NotSupportedException.
.
, ,
,
,
, .
. ,
, 128 .
, , ,
, .
,
, Flush():
void Flush()

IOException.
,
Close(). , , ,
.
Flush().
.
386
I. C#
// .
using System;
using System.IO;
class WriteToFile {
FileStream fout;
// .
try {
fout = new FileStream("test.txt", FileMode.Create);
}
catch(IOException exc) {
Console.WriteLine(
exc.Message +
"\n .");
return;
}
// .
try {
for(char c = 'A'; c <= 'Z'; c++)
fout.WriteByte((byte) c);
}
" . ");
}
fout.Close();
test.txt.
, .
, try/catch.
test.txt :
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
FileStream
- FileStream
, ,
. , ,
.
.
/*
.

.
, FIRST.DAT
SECOND.DAT,
:
CopyFile FIRST.DAT SECOND.DAT */
14. -
387
using System;
using System.IO;
class CopyFile {
int i;
FileStream fin;
FileStream fout;
try {
// .
try {
fin = new FileStream(args[0], FileMode.Open);
}
"\n .");
return;
}
// .
try {
fout = new FileStream(args[1], FileMode.Create);
}
Console.WriteLine(
exc.Message +
"\n .");
return;
}
}
"\n: CopyFile ");
return;
}
// .
try {
do {
i = fin.ReadByte();
if(i != -1) fout.WriteByte((byte)i);
} while(i != -1);
}
388
" . ");
}
fin.Close();
fout.Close();
I. C#
,
C# .
Unicode- ( ). ,
Unicode-, .
, ,
FileStream StreamReader StreamWriter.
.
,
. StreamReader StreamWriter
.
StreamWriter TextWriter, a StreamReader
TextReader. , StreamWriter
StreamReader ,
.
StreamWriter
,
Stream (, FileStream) StreamWriter.
StreamWriter .
:
StreamWriter(Stream stream)
stream .
ArgumentException, stream ,
ArgumentNullException, () null-.
StreamWriter
.
-, ,
, test.txt. ,
. FileStream,
StreamWriter .
/* "-",
StreamWriter. */
using System;
using System.IO;
class KtoD {
string str;
FileStream fout;
try {
fout = new FileStream("test.txt", FileMode.Create);
}
14. -
389
" . ");
return;
}
StreamWriter fstr_out = new StreamWriter(fout);
Console.WriteLine(
" ('' ).");
do {
Console.Write(": ");
if(str != "") {
str = str + "\r\n"; //
// .
try {
fstr_out.Write(str);
}
" .");
return;
}
}
} while(str != "");
fstr_out.Close();
StreamWriter.
:
StreamWriter(string filename)
StreamWriter(string filename, bool appendFlag)
filename ,
. appendFlag
bool: appendFlag true,
. .
, , , IOException (
).
-,
StreamWriter.
// StreamWriter.
using System;
using System.IO;
class KtoD {
string str;
StreamWriter fstr_out;
// ,
// StreamWriter.
try {
fstr_out = new StreamWriter("test.txt");
390
I. C#
}
" .");
return;
}
Console.WriteLine(
" ('' ).");
do {
if(str != "") {
str = str + "\r\n"; //
// .
try {
fstr_out.Write(str);
}
" . ");
return;
}
}
} while(str != "");
fstr_out.Close();
StreamReader
,
- StreamReader. StreamReader
. :
StreamReader(Stream stream)
stream .
ArgumentNullException, stream null-,
ArgumentException, stream .
StreamReader .
-,
test.txt .
, ,
.
/* "-",
FileReader. */
using System;
using System.IO;
class DtoS {
FileStream fin;
14. -
391
string s;
try {
fin = new FileStream("test.txt", FileMode.Open);
}
" .");
return;
}
StreamReader fstr_in = new StreamReader(fin);
// .
while((s = fstr_in.ReadLine()) != null) {
Console.WriteLine(s);
}
fstr_in.Close();
, . ,
ReadLine(), null, , .
StreamWriter, ,
StreamReader. :
StreamReader(string filename)
filename ,
. .
FileNotFoundException. filename
null, ArgumentNullException,
, ArgumentException.

, , Console.In,
. , - .
/
. , ,
.
,
.
. -,
< >,
Console.In / Console.Out, .
, , :
using System;
class Test {

}
392
I. C#

Test > log
. log.
.
, ,
. .
< > C#,
. ,
- ( Windows),
, .
,
. SetIn(), SetOut()
SetError(), Console:
static void SetIn(TextReader input)
static void SetOut(TextWriter output)
static void SetError(TextWriter output)
, , SetIn(),
.
, TextReader.
, FileStream-,
StreamWriter-.
:
// Console.Out.
using System;
using System.IO;
class Redirect {
StreamWriter log_out;
try {
log_out = new StreamWriter("logfile.txt");
}
" .");
return;
}
//
// .
Console.SetOut(log_out);
for(int i=0; i<10; i++)
Console.WriteLine(i);
log_out.Close();
14. -
393
,
logfile.txt :
.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
.
,
-.

, . ,
, int-, double- short-.
C#- BinaryReader
BinaryWriter. ,
, ,
.
BinaryWriter
BinaryWriter ,
.
:
BinaryWriter(Stream outputStream)
outputStream ,
. ,
, FileStream. outputStream null, ArgumentNullException,
outputStream , ArgumentException.
BinaryWriter ,
C#- ( . 14.5). :
string ,
. BinaryWriter
Close() Flush(), .
14.5. , BinaryWriter
void Write(sbyte val)

void Write(byte val)
394
byte- ( )
byte- ( )
I. C#
. 14.5
void Write(byte[] buf)

void Write(short val)
byte-
short (
)
ushort - (
)
int
uint- ( )
long (
)
ulong- (
)
float-
double-

string-
,
void Write(ushort val)

void Write(int val)
void Write(uint val)
void Write(long val)
void Write(ulong val)
void
void
void
void
void
Write(float val)
Write(double val)
Write(char val)
Write(char[] buf)
Write(string val)
BinaryReader
BinaryReader ,
.
:
BinaryReader(Stream, inputStream)
inputStream , .
, ,
FileStream, inputStream null-,
ArgumentNullException, inputStream
BinaryReader C#. . 14.6. ,
ReadString() ,
, .
EndOfStreamException,
IOException. BinaryReader
Read():
int Read()

.
-1
num buf,
buf[offset],

int Read(
byte[] buf,
int offset,
int num)
int Read(
char[] buf,
int offset,
int num)
num buf,
buf[offset],

IOException.
14. -
395
BinaryReader Close().
14.6. , BinaryReader
bool ReadBoolean()
byte ReadByte()
sbyte ReadSByte()
byte[] ReadBytes(
int num)
char ReadChar()
char[] ReadChars(
int num)
double ReadDouble()
float ReadSingle()
short ReadInt16()
int ReadInt32()
long ReadInt64()
ushort ReadUInt16()
uint ReadUInt32()
ulong ReadUInt64()
string ReadString()
bool-
byte-
sbyte-
num
char-
num
double-
float-
short-
int-
long-
ushort-
uint-
ulong-
string-,
, .
,
BinaryWriter
BinaryReader BinaryWriter. ,
.
//
// .
using System;
using System.IO;
class RWData {
BinaryWriter dataOut;
BinaryReader dataIn;
int i = 10;
double d = 1023.56;
bool b = true;
try {
dataOut = new
BinaryWriter(new FileStream("testdata",
FileMode.Create));
}
"\n .");
396
I. C#
return;
}
try {
Console.WriteLine(" "
dataOut.Write(i);
dataOut.Write(d);
dataOut.Write(b);
dataOut.Write(12.2 * 7.4);
}
+ i);
+ d);
+ b);
+ 12.2 * 7.4);
"\n .");
}
dataOut.Close();
// .
try {
dataIn = new
BinaryReader(new FileStream("testdata",
FileMode.Open));
}
"\n .");
return;
}
try {
i = dataIn.ReadInt32();
Console.WriteLine("
d = dataIn.ReadDouble();
Console.WriteLine("
b = dataIn.ReadBoolean();
Console.WriteLine("
d = dataIn.ReadDouble();
Console.WriteLine("
}
" + i);
" + d);
" + b);
" + d);
" .");
}
dataIn.Close();
14. -
397
:
10
1023,56
True
90,28
10
1023,56
True
90,28
testdata,
, , ,
.
, C#-
-.
.
, .
,
. , .
/* BinaryReader BinaryWriter
. */
using System;
using System.IO;
class Inventory {
BinaryWriter dataOut;
BinaryReader dataIn;
string item; // .
int onhand; // , .
double cost; // .
try {
dataOut = new
BinaryWriter(new FileStream("inventory.dat",
FileMode.Create));
}
"\n .");
return;
}
//
// .
try {
dataOut.Write("");
dataOut.Write(10);
dataOut.Write(3.95);
dataOut.Write("");
dataOut.Write(18);
398
I. C#
dataOut.Write("");
dataOut.Write(5);
dataOut.Write("");
dataOut.Write(8);
}
"\n .");
}
dataOut.Close();
//
// .
try {
dataIn = new
BinaryReader(new FileStream("inventory.dat",
FileMode.Open));
}
"\n .");
return;
}
// , .
string what = Console.ReadLine();
try {
for(;;) {
// .
item = dataIn.ReadString();
onhand = dataIn.ReadInt32();
cost = dataIn.ReadDouble();
/*
, . */
if(item.CompareTo(what) == 0) {
Console.WriteLine(item + ": " + onhand +
" . " +
": {0:C} .",
cost);
Console.WriteLine(
" <{0}>: {1:}.",
item, cost * onhand);
break;
}
}
}
catch(EndOfStreamException) {
14. -
399
Console.WriteLine(exc.Message + " .");
}
dataIn.Close();
:
:
; 18 . : $1.50 .
<>: $27.00.
,
, .
, , ,
, ,
. ,
.
,
.
EndOfStreamException,
, ,
. ,
.

, .. ,
, . C#
, .
Seek(), FileStream.
( ) .
Seek() :
long Seek(long newPos, SeekOrigin origin)
newPos , ,
, origin. origin
, SeekOrigin.
SeekOrigin.Begin
SeekOrigin.Current
SeekOrigin.End
Seek()
.
- , IOException.
,
400
I. C#
, -
.
, .
// .
using System;
using System.IO;
class RandomAccessDemo {
FileStream f;
char ch;
try {
f = new FileStream("random.dat", FileMode.Create);
}
return;
}
// .
for(int i=0; i < 26; i++) {
try {
f.WriteByte( (byte) ('A'+i) );
}
return;
}
try {
// .
f.Seek(0, SeekOrigin.Begin); // .
ch = (char) f.ReadByte();
Console.WriteLine(" " + ch);
// .
for(int i=0; i < 26; i += 2) {
f.Seek(i, SeekOrigin.Begin);
//
// i- .
Console.Write(ch + " ");
}
}
14. -
401
}
Console.WriteLine(); f.Close();
:

:
A C E G I K M O Q S U W Y
MemoryStream
-
.
. MemoryStream.
MemoryStream Stream, . :
MemoryStream(byte[] buf)
buf ,
- / . ,
, .
Seek().
buf,
.
,
MemoryStream:
// MemoryStream.
using System;
using System.IO;
class MemStrDemo {
byte[] storage = new byte[255];
// .
MemoryStream memstrm = new MemoryStream(storage);
// memstrm StreamWriter
// StreamReader.
StreamWriter memwtr = new StreamWriter(memstrm);
StreamReader memrdr = new StreamReader(memstrm);
//
// memwtr.
for(int i=0; i < 10; i++)
402
I. C#
memwtr.WriteLine("'byte[" + i + "]: " + i);

// .
memwtr.Write('.');
memwtr.Flush();
Console.WriteLine(
" storage: ");
// .
foreach(char ch in storage) {
if(ch == '.') break;
Console.Write(ch);
}
Console.WriteLine(
"\n memrdr: ");
// memstrm,
// .
memstrm.Seek(0, SeekOrigin.Begin); //
// .
string str = memrdr.ReadLine();
while(str != null) {
str = memrdr.ReadLine();
if(str.CompareTo(".") == 0) break;
Console.WriteLine(str);
}

storage:
byte[0]: 0
byte[1]: 1
byte[2]: 2
byte[3]: 3
byte[4]: 4
byte[5]: 5
byte[6]: 6
byte[7]: 7
byte[8]: 8
byte[9]: 9
memrdr:
byte[1]: 1
byte[2]: 2
byte[3]: 3
byte[4]: 4
byte[5]: 5
byte[6]: 6
byte[7]: 7
byte[8]: 8
byte[9]: 9
14. -
403
storage.
memstrm
MemoryStream. memstrm StreamReader
memrdr StreamWriter memwtr. memwtr
, .
, memwtr
flush(). , ,
memwtr, .
, .. foreach.
Seek() ,
memrdr.
, , .
,
, .
GUI-, Windows.
. , ,
.
StringReader
StringWriter
-,
,
(byte-) , (string-).
StringReader StringWriter. StringReader
TextReader, StringWriter TextWriter.
, , .
, ReadLine() StringReader
WriteLine() StringWriter.
StringReader :
StringReader(string str)
str ,
.
StringWriter .
:
StringWriter()
,
. StringWriter.
, ToString().
StringReader StringWriter.
// StringReader
// StringWriter.
using System;
using System.IO;
class StrRdrDemo {
// StringWriter.
404
I. C#
StringWriter strwtr = new StringWriter();

// StringWriter-.
for(int i=0; i < 10; i++)
strwtr.WriteLine(" i : " + i);
// StringReader.
StringReader strrdr = new StringReader(
strwtr.ToString() );
// StringReader-.
string str = strrdr.ReadLine();
while(str != null) {
str = strrdr.ReadLine();
}
:
i : 1
i : 2
i : 3
i : 4
i : 5
i : 6
i : 7
i : 8
i : 9
StringWriter strwtr
WriteLine().
StringReader , strwtr,
ToString(). ,
ReadLine().
-, ,
. , C#-
WriteLine() (
, int double) .
, WriteLine()
. C# ,
.. ,
. ,
, , 100,
,
int-. ,
, Parse().
14. -
405
, .
C#- (, int double)
(.. ) , .NET Framework.
Microsoft , C#- .NET- .
. C#-
, , .
.NET- C#- (
) .
.NET-
Decimal
Double
Single
Int16
Int32
Int64
UInt16
UInt32
UInt64
Byte
Sbyte
C#-
decimal
double
float
short
int
long
ushort
uint
ulong
byte
sbyte
System. ,
Int32 System.Int32.
,
C#- .
,
.
. ,
.
Decimal
Double
Single
Int64
Int32
Int16
UInt64
UInt32
UInt16
Byte
SByte
static
static
static
static
static
static
static
static
static
static
static
decimal Parse(string str)

double Parse(string str)
float Parse(string str)
long Parse(string str)
int Parse(string str)
short Parse(string str)
ulong Parse(string str)
uint Parse(string str)
ushort Parse(string str)
byte Parse(string str)
sbyte Parse(string str)
Parse() FormatException,
str , . str
null-, ArgumentNullException, a
406
I. C#
str ,
, OverflowException.
,
,
. ,
, .
,
ReadLine() Int32.Parse()
. , Double. Parse()
double-.
// ,
// .
using System;
using System.IO;
class AvgNums {
string str; int n;
double sum =0.0;
double avg, t;
try {
n = Int32.Parse(str);
}
catch(FormatException exc) {
n = 0;
}
n = 0;
}
Console.WriteLine(" " + n + " .");
for(int i=0; i < n; i++) {
try {
t = Double.Parse(str);
}
t = 0.0;
}
t = 0;
}
sum += t;
}
avg = sum / n;
Console.WriteLine(" " + avg);
}
}
14. -
407

: 5
5 .
: 1.1
: 2.2
: 3.3
: 4.4
: 5.5
3.3
. ,
. ,
Int32.Parse() , ,
.
408
I. C#
15

C#-: .
,
, .
, .
, C#.
(delegate). ,
. , , ,
. ,
. , ,
.
,
, ,
. ,
. , .
, ,
, .
. ,
.

C/C++, , C#
C/C++
,
, ,
. , , ,
, .
.
delegate.
:
delegate _ (_);
_ ,
, . .
, , ,
_.
, (.. )
.
, ,
, ,
, :
// .
using System;
// .
delegate string strMod(string str);
class DelegateTest {
410
I. C#
static string replaceSpaces(string a) {

return a.Replace(' ', '-');
}
// .
static string removeSpaces(string a) {
string temp = "";
int i;
for(i=0; i < a.Length; i++)
if(a[i] != ' ') temp += a[i];
return temp;
// .
static string reverse(string a) {
string temp = "";
int i, j;
for(j=0, i=a.Length-1; i >= 0; i--, j++)
temp += a[i];
return temp;
}
// .
strMod strOp = new strMod(replaceSpaces);
string str;
// .
str = strOp(" .");
strOp = new strMod(removeSpaces);
str = strOp(" .");
strOp = new strMod(reverse);

str = strOp(" .");
:
.
: --.
.
: .
.
: .
15.
411
, strMod,
string string-. DelegateTest
, ,
. .
, replaceSpaces()
Replace() string.
Main() strMod strOp,
replaceSpaces().
:
strMod strOp = new strMod(replaceSpaces);
, replaceSpaces()
. ( ).
: ,
. ,
.
.
replaceSpaces()
strOp, :
str = strOp(" .");
strOp replaceSpaces(),
replaceSpaces(). strOp
removeSpaces(), strOp .
removeSpaces().
, strop reverse(),
strOp . , ,
reverse().
, strOp
, strOp . ,
,
.
,
.
. , ,
StringOps:
//
// .
using System;
// .
delegate string strMod(string str);
class StringOps {
// .
public string replaceSpaces(string a) {
return a.Replace(' ', '-');
}
// .
public string removeSpaces(string a) {
string temp = "";
int i;
412
I. C#
if(a[i] != ' ') temp += a[i];
return temp;
// .
public string reverse(string a) {
string temp = "";
int i, j;
temp += a[i];
return temp;
}
class DelegateTest {
StringOps so = new StringOps();
//
// StringOps.
// .
strMod strOp = new strMod(so.replaceSpaces);
string str;
// .
str = strOp(" .");
strOp = new strMod(so.removeSpaces);
str = strOp(" .");
strOp = new strMod(so.reverse);

str = strOp(" .");

, StringOps.

(multicasting). ,
( ) ,
. .
,
+=. -=.
(
+, - =, "+=" "-=".)
15.
413
:
void.
.
, string ,
, void,
ref-.
// .
using System;
// .
delegate void strMod(ref string str);
class StringOps {
// .
static void replaceSpaces(ref string a) {
a = a.Replace(' ', '-');
}
// .
static void removeSpaces(ref string a) {
string temp = "";
int i;
if(a[i] != ' ') temp += a[i];
a = temp;
}
// .
static void reverse(ref string a) {
string temp = "";
int i, j;
temp += a[i];
a = temp;
}
// .
strMod strOp;
strMod replaceSp = new strMod(replaceSpaces);
strMod removeSp = new strMod(removeSpaces);
strMod reverseStr = new strMod(reverse);
string str = " .";
// ,
strOp = replaceSp;
strOp += reverseStr;
// .
strOp(ref str);
414
I. C#

//
// .
strOp -= replaceSp;
strOp += removeSp;
str = " .";
//
// .
// .
strOp(ref str);

:
.
.
: .--
.
.
: .
Main() . , strOp,
null-. .
, removeSpaces()
reverse(). :
strOp = replaceSp;
strOp += reverseStr;
strOp replaceSp. ,
+=, reverseStr.
strOp ,
.

strOp -= replaceSp;
replaceSp,
strOp += removeSp;
removeSp.
strOp .
, .
, , ,
, .
, .
System.Delegate
,
System.Delegate. ,
System.Delegate.
.
15.
415

, ""
, ?. ,
. -,
, . , ,
. ,
, . ,
( Windows Paint).
,
. ,
.
.
C#: (event).
- .
. ,
, .
, . :
.
,
event. :
event _ ;
_ ,
,
.
.
// .
using System;
// .
delegate void MyEventHandler();
// .
class MyEvent {
public event MyEventHandler SomeEvent;
// .
public void OnSomeEvent() {
if(SomeEvent != null) SomeEvent();
}
class EventDemo {
// .
static void handler() {
416
I. C#

MyEvent evt = new MyEvent();
// handler() .
evt.SomeEvent += new MyEventHandler(handler);
// .
evt.OnSomeEvent();
:
.
, ,
. .
:
. ,
. ,
.
, void.
MyEvent. ,
, SomeEvent:
. .
, MyEvent OnSomeEvent(),
, . ( ,
, .) ,
SomeEvent.
if(SomeEvent != null)
SomeEvent();
, ,
SomeEvent null-. ,
, , ,
OnSomeEvent() .
null-,
, null-.
EventDemo handler().
, ,
.
, Main() MyEvent, handler()
.
// handler() .
,
+=. ,
+= -=. handler() ,
15.
417
. ,
,
.
// . evt.OnSomeEvent();
OnSomeEvent()
. , ,
, .

.
.
.
// ,
// .
using System;
// .
// .
class MyEvent {
// .
}
class X {
public void Xhandler() {
Console.WriteLine(", X.");
}
}
class Y {
public void Yhandler() {
Console.WriteLine(", Y.");
}
}
class EventDemo {
static void handler() {
Console.WriteLine(
", EventDemo.");
}
public static
MyEvent evt
X xOb = new
Y yOb = new
418
void Main() {
= new MyEvent();
X();
Y();
I. C#
// .
evt.SomeEvent += new MyEventHandler(xOb.Xhandler);
evt.SomeEvent += new MyEventHandler(yOb.Yhandler);
// .
evt.SomeEvent -= new MyEventHandler(xOb.Xhandler);
evt.OnSomeEvent();
:
, EventDemo.
, X.
, Y.
, EventDemo.
, Y.
X Y,
MyEventHandler. ,
. , X y
. ,
, ,
.
.
,

,
,
. ,
( ).
,
. , ,
, .

, , , .
.
X,
. ,
X .

X.
/*

. */
using System;
15.
419
// .
// .
class MyEvent {
// .
}
}
class X {
int id;
public X(int x) { id = x; }
// ,
// .
Console.WriteLine(" " + id);
}
class EventDemo {
X o1 = new X(1);
X o2 = new X(2);
X o3 = new X(3);
evt.SomeEvent += new MyEventHandler(o1.Xhandler);

// .
evt.OnSomeEvent();
:
1
2
3
,
.
, ,
, .
/*

. */
using System;
// .
420
I. C#

// .
class MyEvent {
// .
}
class X {
/* ,
. */
public static void Xhandler() {

Console. WriteLine(" .");
}
class EventDemo {
evt.SomeEvent += new MyEventHandler(X.Xhandler);
// .
evt.OnSomeEvent();
:
.
, X.
handler() X,
SomeEvent OnSomeEvent().

, . ,
, ,
, ,
. ,
.
, , .
, , ,
.
,
event-, .
.
:
event _ _ {
add {
15.
421
// .
}
remove {
// .
}
}
: add remove.
add , +=
, remove ,
-= .
add remove ,
, . ,
, value.
add remove .
, , .
.
. ,
.
// .
using System;
// .
//
// .
class MyEvent {
MyEventHandler[] evnt = new MyEventHandler[3];
public event MyEventHandler SomeEvent {
// .
add {
int i;
for(i=0; i < 3; i++)
if(evnt[i] == null) {
evnt[i] = value;
break;
}
if(i == 3)
Console.WriteLine(
" .");
}
// .
remove {
int i;
for(i=0; i < 3; i++)
if(evnt[i] == value) {
evnt[i] = null;
break;
}
422
I. C#
if(i == 3)
// .
for(int i=0; i < 3; i++)
if(evnt[i] != null) evnt[i]();
}
}
// ,
// MyEventHandler.
class W {
public void Whandler() {
Console.WriteLine(" W.");
}
}
class X {
Console.WriteLine(" X.");
}
}
class Y {
public void Yhandler() {
Console.WriteLine(" Y.");
}
}
class Z {
public void Zhandler() {
Console.WriteLine(" Z.");
}
}
class EventDemo {
W wOb = new W();
X xOb = new X();
Y yOb = new Y();
Z zOb = new Z();
// .
evt.SomeEvent += new MyEventHandler(wOb.Whandler);
evt.SomeEvent += new MyEventHandler(xOb.Xhandler);
evt.SomeEvent += new MyEventHandler(yOb.Yhandler);
// .
evt.SomeEvent += new MyEventHandler(zOb.Zhandler);
// .
15.
423
evt.OnSomeEvent();
// .
Console.WriteLine(" xOb.Xhandler.");
evt.OnSomeEvent();
// .
Console.WriteLine(
" xOb.Xhandler.");
evt.OnSomeEvent();
// Zhandler.
Console.WriteLine(" zOb.Zhandler.");
evt. SomeEvent += new MyEventHandler(zOb. Zhandler);
evt.OnSomeEvent();
:
.
.
W.
X.
Y.
xOb.Xhandler.
W.
Y.
xOb.Xhandler.
.
W.
Y.
zOb.Zhandler.
W.
Z.
Y.
.
MyEventHandler. MyEvent,
,
evnt.
MyEventHandler[] evnt = new MyEventHandler[3];
,
. evnt null-
.
event-,
.
424
I. C#
public event MyEventHandler SomeEvent {

// ,
add {
int i;
for(i=0; i < 3; i++)
if(evnt[i] == null) {
evnt[i] = value;
break;
}
if(i == 3)
Console.WriteLine(
" .");
}
// .
remove {
int i;
for(i=0; i < 3; i++)

if(evnt[i] == value) {
evnt[i] = null;
break;
}
if(i == 3)
add-,
( value)
evnt. ,
. evnt
, .
remove-, evnt
, value. ,
null,
.
OnSomeEvent().
evnt, .
,
.
,
.
event-, ,
. ,
, ,
.

.
. .
. ,
15.
425
add remove, .
sealed.
, .. .

.NET Framework
C# .
.NET Framework
, Microsoft .
,
. , .
EventArgs ,
. , .NET-
:
void handler(object source, EventArgs arg) {
// ...
}
source .
EventArgs ,
.
EventArgs ,
; ,
, .
, EventArgs
Empty, , .
, .NET- .
// .NET- .
using System;
// , EventArgs.
class MyEventArgs : EventArgs {
public int eventnum;
}
// .
delegate void MyEventHandler(object source,
MyEventArgs arg);
// .
class MyEvent {
// SomeEvent-.
MyEventArgs arg = new MyEventArgs();
if(SomeEvent != null) {
426
I. C#
arg.eventnum = count++; SomeEvent(this, arg);
class X {
public void handler(object source, MyEventArgs arg) {
Console.WriteLine(" " + arg.eventnum +
" X.");
source + ".");
}
}
class Y {
public void handler(object source, MyEventArgs arg) {
Console.WriteLine(" " + arg.eventnum +
" Y.");
source + ".");
}
}
class EventDemo {
X ob1 = new X();
Y ob2 = new Y();
// handler() .
evt.SomeEvent += new MyEventHandler(ob1.handler);
evt.SomeEvent += new MyEventHandler(ob2.handler);
evt.OnSomeEvent();
:
0 X.
MyEvent.
0 Y.
MyEvent.
1 X.
MyEvent.
1 Y.
MyEvent.
MyEventArgs EventArgs.
MyEventArgs eventnum.
15.
427
.NET Framework MyEventHandler

. ,
, EventArgs
EventArgs.
MyEventArgs.
EventHandler
EventArgs .
.NET Framework
, EventHandler.
, .
EventHandler.
// EventHandler.
using System;
// .
class MyEvent {
public event EventHandler SomeEvent; //
// EventHandler.
//
// SomeEvent-.
if(SomeEvent != null)
SomeEvent(this, EventArgs.Empty);
}
class EventDemo {
static void handler(object source, EventArgs arg) {
source + ".");

// handler() .
evt.SomeEvent += new EventHandler(handler);
// .
evt.OnSomeEvent();
EventArgs
- EventArgs.Empty.
:
.
MyEvent.
428
I. C#
:
,
Windows. ,
, .
C#,

. ,
, .

.
Windows-,
, ,
. .
KeyPress,
OnKeyPress().
// ,
// .
using System;
// EventArgs,
// .
class KeyEventArgs : EventArgs {
public char ch;
}
// .
delegate void KeyHandler(object source, KeyEventArgs arg);
// ,
// .
class KeyEvent {
public event KeyHandler KeyPress;
//
// - .
public void OnKeyPress(char key) {
KeyEventArgs k = new KeyEventArgs();
if(KeyPress != null) {
k.ch = key;
KeyPress(this, k);
}
}
}
// , .
class ProcessKey {
public void keyhandler(object source, KeyEventArgs arg) {
Console.WriteLine(
" : " + arg.ch);
}
}
15.
429
// ,
// .
class CountKeys {
public int count = 0;
public void keyhandler(object source, KeyEventArgs arg) {
count++;
}
}
// KeyEvent.
class KeyEventDemo {
KeyEvent kevt = new KeyEvent();
ProcessKey pk = new ProcessKey();
CountKeys ck = new CountKeys();
char ch;
kevt.KeyPress += new KeyHandler(pk.keyhandler);
kevt.KeyPress += new KeyHandler(ck.keyhandler);
Console.WriteLine(" . " +
" .");
do {
ch = (char) Console.Read();
kevt.OnKeyPress(ch);
} while(ch != '.');
ck.count + " .");
:
. .
.
:
:
:
:
: .
5 .
KeyEventArgs,
.
KeyHandler ,
. KeyEvent.
: ProcessKey
CountKeys. ProcessKey keyhandler(),
. CountKeys
. Main()
KeyEvent. ProcessKey CountKeys, a
keyhandler() ,
kevt.KeyPress. ,
kevt.OnKeyPress(),
.
430
I. C#
16
,

C#-,
. ,
.

2,
C#: C# -
. , C#
. , ,
, .

. .
,
. , , ,
, . .NET
Framework ( C#-) System.
:
using System;
14, -
, System, System.IO.
, System, C#.
,

, , ,
, ,
.
,
. , Finder,
, Finder
, . ,
, ,
, .

namespace.
:
namespace {
//
}
. ,
, . ,
.
, , , ,
.
432
I. C#
namespace,
Counter. ,
, CountDown.
// .
namespace Counter {
// .
class CountDown {
int val;
public CountDown(int n) {
val = n;
}
public void reset(int n) {
val = n;
}
public int count() {
if(val > 0) return val--;
else return 0;
}
}
CountDown ,
Counter.
,
Counter.
// .
using System;
// .
namespace Counter {
// .
class CountDown {
int val;
public CountDown(int n) { val = n; }
val = n;
}

else return 0;
}
class NSDemo {
Counter.CountDown cd1 = new Counter.CountDown(10);
int i;
do {
16. ,
433
i = cd1.count();
Console.Write(i + "
} while(i > 0);
Counter.CountDown cd2
do {
i = cd2. count();
Console.Write(i + "
} while(i > 0);
cd2.reset(4);
do {
i = cd2.count();
Console.Write(i + "
} while(i > 0);
");
= new Counter.CountDown(20);
");
");
:
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
4 3 2 1 0
. -,
CountDown Counter,
CountDown, ,
Counter.
Counter , (
) ( -) . ,
cd1.count() ,
:
i = cd1.count();

, ,
, ,
. , CountDown,
Counter2.
// ,
// .
using System;
// .
namespace Counter {
// .
class CountDown {
int val;
val = n;
434
I. C#
}
val = n;
}
else return 0;
}
}
}
// .
namespace Counter2 {
/* CountDown
Counter2
, Counter. */
class CountDown {
public void count() {
Console.WriteLine(" count() " +
" Counter2.");
}
}
class NSDemo {
// CountDown
// Counter.
// CountDown
// Counter2.
Counter2.CountDown cd2 = new Counter2.CountDown();
int i;
do {
i = cd1.count();
} while(i > 0);
cd2.count();
:
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
count() Counter2.
, CountDown
Counter CountDown,
Counter2, .
, ,
, ,
.
16. ,
435
using
2,
,
, .
using.
using, C#- System,
. , using
, .
using. :
using ;
,
. using . ,
, ()
,
. using , ..
.

, , using
.
// .
using System;
// Counter.
using Counter;
// .
namespace Counter {
// .
class CountDown {
int val;
val = n;
}
val = n;
}

else return 0;
}
class NSDemo {
// CountDown
// .
CountDown cd1 = new CountDown(10);
436
I. C#
int i;
do {
i = cd1.count();
} while(i > 0);
CountDown cd2 = new CountDown(20);
do {
i = cd2.count();
} while(i > 0);
cd2.reset(4);
do {
i = cd2.count();
} while(i > 0);
:
.
,
. , System
Counter.
using
using :
using = ;
,
. ,
, Count
Counter.CountDown.
// .
using System;
// Counter.CountDown.
using Count = Counter.CountDown;
// .
namespace Counter {
// .
class CountDown {
int val;
val = n;
}
16. ,
437
val = n;
}
else return 0;
}
class NSDemo {
// Count
// Counter.CountDown.
Count cd1 = new Count(10);
int i;
do {
i = cd1.count();
} while(i > 0);
do {
i = cd2.count();
} while(i > 0);
cd2.reset(4);
do {
i = cd2.count();
} while(i > 0);
Count
Counter.CountDown,
CountDown . ,

CountDown.

.
. ,
Counter. CountDown, CountUp.
Counter .
// .
using System;
438
I. C#
// "" Counter.
using Counter;
//
// Counter.
namespace Counter {
// .
class CountDown {
int val;
val = n;
}
val = n;
}
else return 0;
}
}
}
//
// Counter.
namespace Counter {
// .
class CountUp {
int val;
int target;
public int Target {
get{
return target;
}
}
public CountUp(int n) {
target = n;
val = 0;
}
target = n;
val = 0;
}

if(val < target) return val++;
else return target;
}
class NSDemo {
16. ,
439
CountDown cd = new CountDown(10);

CountUp cu = new CountUp(8);
int i;
do {
i = cd.count();
} while(i > 0);
do {
i = cu.count();
} while(i < cu.Target);
:
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
.
using Counter;
. CountDown
CountUp , .
, Counter ,
.

.
:
// .
using System;
namespace NS1 {
class ClassA {
public ClassA() {
Console.WriteLine(" ClassA.");
}
namespace NS2 { // .
class ClassB {
public ClassB() {
Console. WriteLine(" ClassB.");
}
class NestedNSDemo {
NS1.ClassA a = new NS1.ClassA();
// NS2.ClassB b = new NS2.ClassB(); // !!!
440
I. C#
// NS2 .
NS1.NS2.ClassB b = new NS1.NS2.ClassB();
}
//
// .
:
ClassA.
ClassB.
NS2 NS1.
, ClassB ,
: NS1, NS2. NS2 .
, ,
,
. ,
namespace OuterNS {
namespace InnerNS {
// ...
}
}
:
namespace OuterNS.InnerNS {
// ....
}

,
, .
, .
( , ) (
),
.
.
,
,
.
C# ,
.
, , .
C++, C#
, C++.
,
,
, (preprocessor).
,
.
16. ,
441
C# :
#define
#endregion
#region
#elif
#error
#undef
#else
#if
#warning
#endif
#line
#, ,
.
, C# ,
, .
,
. .
#define
#define ,
. #if #elif
,
. #define :
#define
, .
#define
, . ,
EXPERIMENTAL, :
#define EXPERIMENTAL

C/C++ #define
, ,
, .
#define C# . C# #define
.
#if #endif
#if #endif
,
, .
, . .
, #define,
.
#if :
#if _
_
#endif
, #if(_),
,
,
#endif(_), .
. #endif #if-.
442
I. C#
.
: !, ==, !=, && ||.
.
#if, #endif #define.
// #if, #endif
// #define.
using System;
class Test {
#if EXPERIMENTAL
Console.WriteLine(
" .");
#endif
Console.WriteLine(
" .");
:
.
.
#define
EXPERIMENTAL. #if
EXPERIMENTAL , ( )
WriteLine()-. experimental
, WriteLine()- ,
#if .
WriteLine()- ,
#if-. , #if
. :
// .
#define TRIAL
using System;
class Test {
#if EXPERIMENTAL
Console.WriteLine(
" .");
#endif
#if EXPERIMENTAL && TRIAL
Console.Error.WriteLine(
" .");
#endif
16. ,
443
Console.WriteLine(
" .");
:
.
.
.
, EXPERIMENTAL TRIAL.
WriteLine()- ,
.
#else #elif
#else else- C#, ..
, #if .
.
// #else.
using System;
class Test {
#if EXPERIMENTAL
Console.WriteLine(
" .");
#else
Console.WriteLine(" -.");
#endif
#if EXPERIMENTAL && TRIAL
" .");
#else
" .");
#endif
Console.WriteLine(
" .");
:
.
.
.
TRIAL , #else-
.
, #else
#if-, #else-, #if
#endif.
444
I. C#
#elif if-else-if-
. #elif .
, (_)
, #elif- ,
#elif-. #elif-
:
#if _
_
#elif _
_
#elif _
_
#elif _
_
#elif _
.
.
.
#endif
:
// #elif.
#define RELEASE
using System;
class Test {
#if EXPERIMENTAL
Console.WriteLine(
" .");
#elif RELEASE
Console.WriteLine(" -.");
#else
Console.WriteLine(
" .");
#endif
#if TRIAL && !RELEASE
#endif
Console.WriteLine(
" .");
}
}
:
-.
.
#undef
#undef ,
. #undef :
#undef
16. ,
445
:
#define SMALL
#if SMALL
// ...
#undef SMALL
// SMALL .
#undef SMALL
.
#undef ,
.
#error
#error .
.
#error :
#error __
#error __
. ,
#error !
,
!.
#warning
#warning #error, ,
. .
#warning :
#warning _
#line
#line ,
#line.
.
#line :
#line "_"
,
, _ -
, . #line
.
,
default: #line default
446
I. C#
#region #endregion
#region #endregion ,

(IDE) Visual Studio. :
#region _
// _
#endregion
, _ .

internal
C#-
(assembly), .
.NET-.
Microsoft, .NET
Framework.
, .
.
.
(manifest). .
, , ,
.
, , .
,
.
, Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL).
, , .
, C#
, ( )
. , ,
C#-, ,
. , C# .
.
( .NET-, C#.)
C# :
internal. - .
internal
public, private protected,
, C# internal.
, ,
, . , ,
internal, , - .
internal .
16. ,
447
internal ,
. internal
.
internal
protected. protected internal,
. ,
protected internal,
. .
internal.
// internal.
using System;
class InternalTest {
internal int x;
}
class InternalDemo {
InternalTest ob = new InternalTest();
ob.x = 10; // : x .
Console.WriteLine(" ob.x: " + ob.x);
InternalTest x
internal. , ,
InternalDemo, .
448
I. C#
17
C#:
, .
,
. ,
. ,
, .
, ,
. C#-.
, , .
.
,
.

(runtime type identification RTTI)
,
. , ,
. RTTI
, ,
,
.
( ).
C# ,
: is, as typeof.
.
is
is ,
. :
is
.
( ) ,
. .
, , ,
.
is.
// is.
using System;
class A {}
class B : A {}
class UseIs {
A a = new A();
B b = new B();
450
I. C#
if(a is A) Console.WriteLine(" .");

if(b is A)
Console.WriteLine(" b , " +
" .");
if(a is B)
Console.WriteLine(" , " +
" B.");
if(b is B)
Console.WriteLine(" b B.");
if(a is object) Console.WriteLine("a -- .");
:

b
b
--
.
, .
B.
.
,
. :
if(b is )
Console.WriteLine(" b , " +
" .");
if- , b
, . , b
. .
if(a is B)
" B.");
if- , ,
B. , a B .
as

, , .
as, :
as
,
, .
.
.
as is.
, , , is
:
// is
// .
using System;
class A {}
class : A {}
17. ,
451
class CheckCast {
A a = new A();
b = new ();
// , .
if(a is )
//
// .
b = () a;
else
//
// .
b = null;
if(b==null)
Console.WriteLine(
" b = () .");
else
Console.WriteLine(
" b = () .");
:
b = () .
, B,
,
if. ,
. ,
. as .
, .
// as.
using System;
class A {}
class B : A {}
class CheckCast {
A a = new A();
B b = new B();
b = a as B; // ,
// .
if(b==null)
"b - (B) .");
else
Console.WriteLine(
" b - (B) .");
}
}
:
b = () .
452
I. C#
as ,
, , , .
typeof
as is, (
-) .
. C#
typeof.
System.Type . ,
.
typeof :
typeof()
, .
, typeof,
, .
Type-, ,
, , .
, ,
. ,
, ,
: FullName, IsClass IsAbstract. FullName
. IsClass true,
. IsAbstract true,
.
// typeof.
using System;
using System.IO;
class UseTypeof {
Type t = typeof(StreamReader);
Console.WriteLine(t.FullName);
if(t.IsClass) Console.WriteLine(" .");
if(t.IsAbstract) Console.WriteLine(
" ");
else Console.WriteLine(" .");
:
System.IO.StreamReader
.
.
StreamReader.
, ,
.
17. ,
453

, (reflection) C#,
.
: , , ,
.
, () ,
. ,
,
, .
, ,
.NET Reflection API,
System.Reflection. , ,
, :
using System.Reflection;
: System.T
System.Type ,
. ,
.
System.Reflection.MemberInf.
MemberInfo ,
:
DeclanngType
MemberTypes MemberType
string Name
Type ReflectedType
, MemberType MemberTypes.
MemberTypes , ,
. :
MemberTypes.Constructor
MemberTypes.Method
MemberTypes.Field
MemberTypes.Event
MemberTypes.Property
, , MemberType.
, MemberType MemberTypes.Method,
, .
MemberInfo : GetCustomAttributes()
IsDefined(). .
, MemberInfo,
. ,
.
454
I. C#
ConstructorInfo[] GetConstructors()
EventInfo[] GetEvents()
FieldInfo[] GetFields()
MemberInfo[] GetMembers()
MethodInfo[] GetMethods()
PropertyInfo[] GetProperties()
,
.
Assembly Assembly
TypeAttributes Attributes
Type BaseType
string FullName
bool IsAbstract
bool IsArray
bool IsClass
bool IsEnum
string Namespace

,
,
,
,

,
. , ,
, ,
. , ,
.
Reflection API ,
. ( Reflection API
!) Reflection API , , ,
, .
:
, ,
.

Type- ,
. GetMethods().
:
MethodInfo[] GetMethods()
17. ,
455
GetMethods() MethodInfo,
, . MethodInf
System.Reflection.
MethodInfo MethodBase, ,
, MemberInfo. ,
, . ,
, Name.
MethodInfo: ReturnType GetParameters().
ReturnType, , ,
.
GetParameters() , .
:
ParameterInfo[] GetParameters()
ParameterInfo.
ParameterInfo ,
. : Name,
, ,
ParameterType, .
.
,
, MyClass.
, ,
.
// .
using System;
class MyClass {
int x;
int y;
x = i;
y = j;
}
public int sum() {
return x+y;
}
public bool isBetween(int i) {
if(x < i && i < y) return true;
else return false;
}
x = a;
y = b;
}
public void set(double a, double b) {
x = (int) a;
y = (int) b;
456
I. C#

Console.WriteLine(" x: {0}, y: {1}", x, y);
}
class ReflectDemo {
Type t = typeof(MyClass); // Type-,
// MyClass.
Console.WriteLine(
" , " + t.Name);
MethodInfo[] mi = t.GetMethods();
// , MyClass.
foreach(MethodInfo m in mi) {
// , ,
// .
Console.Write(" " + m.ReturnType.Name +
" " + m.Name + "(");
// .
ParameterInfo[] pi = m.GetParameters();
for(int i=0; i < pi.Length; i++) {
Console.Write(pi[i].ParameterType.Name +
" " + pi[i].Name);
if(i+1 < pi.Length) Console.Write(", ");
}
Console.WriteLine(")");
:
, MyClass
:
Int32 GetHashCode()
Boolean Equals(Object obj)
String ToString()
Int32 sum()
Boolean isBetween(Int32 i)
Void set(Int32 a, Int32 b)
17. ,
457
Void set(Double a, Double b)

Void show()
Type GetType()
, , MyClass,
, object. ,
C# object. ,
.NET-. , set()
. : set() .
int, double.
. , ,
MyClass public- public-,
set(). Main()
, MyClass:
Type t = typeof(MyClass);
// Type-,
// MyClass.
t Reflection API,
, MyClass.
:
foreach,
, :
// , ,
// .
Console.Write(" " + m.ReturnType.Name +
" " + m.Name + " (");
// .
" " + pi[i].Name);
if(i+1 < pi.Length)
Console.Write(", ");
}

GetParameters() pi.
for pi .
,
, .. MyClass.
GetMethods()
GetMethods() ,
. :
MethodInfo[] GetMethods(BindingFlags flags)
, .
BindingFlags .
:
458
I. C#
DeclaredOnly
, .

e-public-
public-
static-
Instance
Nonpublic
Public
static
.
Public Nonpublic Instance
Static. GetMethods() .
BindingFlags-,
GetMethods(), ,
. ,
, . , ,
GetMethods() :
// ,
// MyClass.
MethodInfo[] mi = t.GetMethods(BindingFlags.DeclaredOnly |
BindingFlags.Instance |
BindingFlags.Public);
:
, MyClass
:
Int32 sum()
Boolean isBetween(Int32 i)
Void set(Int32 a, Int32 b)
Void set(Double a, Double b)
Void show()
, ,
MyClass.

, , .
Invoke(), MethodInfo.
:
object Invoke(object ob, object[] args)
ob , .
static- ob null. ,
, args.
, args null-.
args , .
, , args
, , , .
17. ,
459
Invoke()
MethodInfo, GetMethods().
:
// .
using System;
class MyClass {
int x; int y;
x = i;
y = j;
}
public int sum() {
return x + y;
}
if((x < i) && (i < y)) return true;
else return false;
}
Console.Write(" set(int, int). ");
x = a;
y = b;
show();
}
// set.
Console.Write(" set(double, double). ");
x = (int) a;
y = (int) b;
show();
}

Console. WriteLine(
" x: {0}, y: {1}", x, y);
}
class InvokeMethDemo {
MyClass reflectOb = new MyClass(10, 20);
int val;
t.Name);
460
I. C#
// .
// .
if(m.Name.CompareTo("set")==0 &&
pi[0].ParameterType == typeof(int)) {
object[] args = new object[2];
args[0] = 9;
args[1] = 18;
m.Invoke(reflectOb, args);
}
else if(m.Name.CompareTo("set")==0 &&
pi[0].ParameterType == typeof(double)) {
args[0] = 1.12; args[1] = 23.4;
}
else if(m.Name.CompareTo("sum")==0) {
val = (int) m.Invoke(reflectOb, null);
Console.WriteLine(
" sum " + val);
}
else if(m.Name.CompareTo("isBetween")==0) {
args[0] = 14;
if((bool) m.Invoke(reflectOb, args))
Console.WriteLine("14 x y.");
}
else if(m.Name.CompareTo("show")==0) {
m.Invoke(reflectOb, null);
}
}
:
, MyClass
sum 30
14 x y.
set(int, int). x: 9, y: 18
set(double, double). x: 1, y: 23
x: 1, y: 23
, .
. freach .
, if/else-,
.
set():
args[0] = 9;
args[1] = 18;
}
17. ,
461

args[0] = 1.12;
args[1] = 23.4;
}
set, ,
set(). , set(int,
int), args int- set().
set() double.

,
( MyClass),
MyClass . ,
.
, .
. ,
.
, .
, GetConstructors()
. :
ConstructorInfo[] GetConstructors()
ConstructorInfo,
.
ConstructorInf MethodBase,
MemberInfo. ConstructorInfo
. GetParameters(),
, .
GetParameters(), MethodInf.
, ,
Invoke(), ConstructorInfo.
Invoke() :
object Invoke(object[] args)
, ,
args. , args
null-. args
. Invoke() .

MyClass:
// .
using System;
462
I. C#
class MyClass {
int x;
int y;
Console.WriteLine(
" MyClass(int). ");
x = y = i;
}
Console.WriteLine(
" MyClass(int, int). ");
x = i;
y = j;
show();
}
public int sum() {
return x+y;
}
else return false;
}
x = a;
y = b;
show();
}
// set().
x = (int) a;
y = (int) b;
show();
}

Console.WriteLine(
" x: {0}, y: {1}", x, y);
}
class InvokeConsDemo {
int val;
// .
ConstructorInfo[] ci = t.GetConstructors();
17. ,
463
foreach(ConstructorInfo c in ci) {
// .
Console.Write(" " + t.Name + "{");
// .
ParameterInfo[] pi = c.GetParameters();
" " + pi[i].Name);
}
}
// .
int x;
for(x=0; x < ci.Length; x++) {
ParameterInfo[] pi = ci[x].GetParameters();
if(pi.Length == 2) break;
}
if(x == ci.Length) {
Console.WriteLine(
" .");
return;
}
else
Console.WriteLine(
" .\n");
// .
object[] consargs = new object[2];
consargs[0] = 10;
consargs[1] = 20;
object reflectOb = ci[x].Invoke(consargs);
Console.WriteLine(
"\n reflectOb.");
// .
// .
// set(int, int).
args[0] = 9;
args[1] = 13;
}
464
I. C#

// set(double, double).
args[0] = 1.12;
args[1] = 23.4;
}
Console.WriteLine(
" sum() " + val);
}
args[0] = 14;
}
}
:
:
MyClass(Int32 i)
MyClass(Int32 i, Int32 j)
.
MyClass(int, int).
x: 10, y: 20
reflectOb.
sum() 30
14 x y.
x: 1, y: 23
,
MyClass.
:
, .
,
, :
ParameterInfo[] pi = ci(x).GetParameters();
}
( ), ,
:
17. ,
465
// .
consargs[0) = 10;
consargs[1] = 20;
Invoke() reflectOb
MyClass.
, ,
int-, ,
MyClass. .

MyClass, : MyClass.
MyClass,
, MyClass,
typeof ,
( ).
,
,
.
16, ,
., . Reflection API
,
. ,
,
.
. , , ,
. ,
,
, , .
,
.

Assembly. Assembly public. Assembly , .
, LoadFrom(). :
static Assembly LoadFrom(string _)
_ .
Assembly,
GetTypes(). :
[] GetTypes()
, .

, . .
MyClasses.cs :
// .
// MyClasses.cs.
466
I. C#
using
class
int
int
System;
MyClass {
x;
y;
Console.WriteLine(
" MyClass(int). ");
x = y = i;
show();
}
Console.WriteLine(
" MyClassdnt, int). ");
x = i;
y = j;
show();
}
public int sum() {
return x + y;
}
else return false;
}
x = a;
y = b;
show();
}
// set.
x = (int) a;
y = (int) b;
show();
}

Console.WriteLine(
" x: {0}, y: {1}", x, y);
}
class AnotherClass {
string remark;
public AnotherClass(string str) {
remark = str;
}
17. ,
467

Console.WriteLine(remark);
}
class Demo {
}
}
MyClass,
. , AnotherClass Demo.
, , ,
. , MyClasses.exe.
, .
,
MyClasses..
/* ,
, . */
using System;
class ReflectAssemblyDemo {
int val;
// MyClasses.exe.
Assembly asm = Assembly.LoadFrom("MyClasses.exe");
// , MyClasses.exe.
Type[] alltypes = asm.GetTypes();
foreach(Type temp in alltypes)
Console.WriteLine(": " + temp.Name);
// ,
// MyClass,
Type t = alltypes[0];
//
// .
Console.WriteLine(": " + t.Name);
// .
foreach(ConstructorInfo c in ci) {
// .
Console.Write(" " + t.Name + "(");
// .
ParameterInfo[] pi = c.GetParameters();
468
I. C#
" " + pi[i].Name);

}
}
// .
int x;
ParameterInfo[] pi = ci[x].GetParameters();
}
if(x == ci.Length) {
Console.WriteLine(
" .");
return;
}
else
Console.WriteLine(
" .\n");
// .
consargs[0] = 10;
consargs[1] = 20;
Console.WriteLine(
"\n reflectOb.");
// .
// .
// set(int, int).
args[0] = 9;
args[1] = 18;
}
// set(double, double).
args[0] = 1.12;
args[1] = 23.4;
}
17. ,
469

Console.WriteLine(
" sum() " + val);
}
args[0] = 14;

}
}
:
: MyClass
: AnotherClass
: Demo
: MyClass
:
MyClass(Int32 i)
MyClass(Int32 i, Int32 j)
.
MyClass(int, int).
x: 10, y: 20
reflectOb.
sum() 30
14 x y.
x: 1, y: 23
, ,
MyClasses.exe. ,
MyClass, .

MyClasses..
, MyClasses.exe,
,
Main():
// MyClasses.exe.
Assembly asm = Assembly.LoadFrom("MyClasses.");
// , MyClasses.exe.
[] alltypes = asm.GetTypes();
foreach(Type temp in alltypes)
Console.WriteLine(": " + temp.Name);
470
I. C#
,
.
, exe-,

(dynamic link library DLL), dll. ,
MyClasses.cs :
csc /t:library MyClasses.cs

MyClasses.dll. DLL-
Main(). exe- ,
Main(), . Demo Main().
DLL- . MyClass
DLL-, LoadFrom() :
Assembly asm = Assembly.LoadFrom("MyClasses.dll");

,
.
MyClass ,
MyClass. ,
(set() sum()).
, .
, ,
. , ,
, , .
, ,
, MyClasses.exe,
MyClass,
.
// MyClass
// .
using System;
class ReflectAssemblyDemo {
int val;
Assembly asm = Assembly.LoadFrom("MyClasses.exe");
Type[] alltypes = asm.GetTypes();
Type t = alltypes[0];
//
// .
Console.WriteLine(": " + t.Name);

// .
17. ,
471
ParameterInfo[] cpi = ci[0].GetParameters();

object reflectOb;
if(cpi.Length > 0) {
object[] consargs = new object[cpi.Length];
// .
for(int n=0; n < cpi.Length; n++)
consargs[n] = 10 + n * 20;
// .
reflectOb = ci[0].Invoke(consargs);
} else
reflectOb = ci[0].Invoke(null);
Console.WriteLine(
"\n reflectOb.");
// .
MethodInfo[] mi = t.GetMethods(
BindingFlags.DeclaredOnly |
BindingFlags.Instance |
BindingFlags.Public);
// .
Console.WriteLine(" {0} ", m.Name);
// .
// .
switch(pi.Length) {
case 0: //
if(m.ReturnType == typeof(int)) {
Console.WriteLine(" " + val);
}
else if(m.ReturnType == typeof(void)) {
}
break;
case 1: //
if(pi[0].ParameterType == typeof(int)) {
args[0] = 14;
Console.WriteLine(
"14 x y.");
else
Console.WriteLine(
"14 x y.");
}
break;
case 2: //
if((pi[0].ParameterType == typeof(int)) &&
472
I. C#
(pi[1].ParameterType == typeof(int))) {
args[0] = 9;
args[1] = 18;
}
else if((pi[0].ParameterType == typeof(double)) &&
(pi[1].ParameterType == typeof(double))) {
args[0] = 1.12;
args[1] = 23.4;
}
break;
}
:
: MyClass
MyClass(int).
x: 10, y: 10
reflectOb.
sum
20
isBetween
14 x y.
set
set
show
x: 1, y: 23
. -, ( )
, MyClass.
BindingFlags-
GetMethods(). . , ,
, .
switch-. case-
() () .
.
17. ,
473

C#
. ,
, .. , , ,
.
, , . ,
. .

, System.Attribute.
, Attribute.
Attribute ,
.
Attribute. , ,
, ErrorAttribute.
AttributeUsage.
,
.

, .

. , , ,
. :
[AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.All)]
public class RemarkAttribute : Attribute {
string pri_remark; // remark.
public RemarkAttribute(string comment) {
pri_remark = comment;
}
public string remark {

get {
return pri_remark;
}
}
.
RemarkAttribute.
AttributeUsage, , RemarkAttribute
. AttributeUsage
, ;
.
RemarkAttribute,
Attribute. RemarkAttribute pri_remark,
remark,
. , .
474
I. C#
RemarkAttribute ,
pri_remark. , ,
RemarkAttribute,
.

, .
, ,
. ,
RemarkAttribute :
[RemarkAttribute(" .")]
class UseAttrib {
//...
}
RemarkAttribute,
..
UseAttrib.
Attribute. ,
:
[Remark(" .")]
class UseAttrib {
// ...
}
Remark.
,
, .

,
. .
GetCustomAttributes(), MemberInfo
. , ,
:
object[] GetCustomAttributes(bool searchBases)
searchBases true,
.
, .
GetCustomAttribute(),
Attribute. :
static Attribute GetCustomAttribute(MemberInfo mi,
Type attribtype)
mi MemberInfo, ,
. attribtype.
, ,
. , RemarkAttribute,
:
// RemarkAttribute.
Type tRemAtt = typeof(RemarkAttribute);
RemarkAttribute ra = (RemarkAttribute)
Attribute.GetCustomAttribute(t, tRemAtt);
17. ,
475
, . ,
, , , ,
. ,
remark:
Console.WriteLine(ra.remark);
RemarkAttribute
.
// .
using System;
}

get {
return pri_remark;
}
}
[RemarkAttribute(" .")]
class UseAttrib {
// ...
}
class AttribDemo {
Type t = typeof(UseAttrib);
Console.Write(" " + t.Name + ": ");
object[] attribs = t.GetCustomAttributes(false);
foreach(object o in attribs) {
Console.WriteLine(o);
}
Console.Write("Remark: ");
// RemarkAttribute.
:
UseAttrib: RemarkAttribute
Remark: .
476
I. C#

RemarkAttribute
. , ..
, comment,
RemarkAttribute(),
.
,
. C# .

, .
, ,
.
.

, .
, , :
[attrib(__,
__1 = value,
__2 = value, ...)]
( )
. .
.
.
.
, ,
. RemarkAttribute,
supplement, .
public string supplement; // .
supplement = " ";
}

get {
return pri_remark;
}
}
, supplement
.
. , ,
supplement :
[RemarkAttribute(" .",
supplement = " .")]
class UseAttrib {
// ...
}
17. ,
477
,
RemarkAttribute. . , ,
supplement, .
. ,
.
. , ,
.
.
, supplement:
// .
using System;
supplement = " ";
}

get {
return pri_remark;
}
}
[RemarkAttribute(" .",
supplement = " .")]
class UseAttrib {
// ...
}
class NamedParamDemo {
}
// RemarkAttribute.
478
I. C#
Console.Write("Supplement: ");
Console.WriteLine(ra.supplement);
:
Remark: .
Supplement: .
,
. ,
RemarkAttribute int- priority.
//
// .
using System;
int pri_priority; // priority.

supplement = " ";
}
get {
return pri_remark;
}
}
// .
public int priority {
get {
return pri_priority;
}
set {
pri_priority = value;
}
}
[RemarkAttribute(
" .",
supplement = " .",
priority = 10)]
class UseAttrib {
// ...
}
class NamedParamDemo {
17. ,
479

}
// RemarkAttribute.
Console.Write("Supplement: ");
Console.WriteLine(ra.supplement);
Console.WriteLine("Priority: " + ra.priority);
:
Remark: .
Supplement: .
Priority: 10
(
UseAttrib):
[RemarkAttribute(
" .",
supplement = " .",
priority = 10)]
supplement priority
. ,
.

C# : AttributeUsage, Conditional
Obsolete. .
AttributeUsage
, AttributeUsage ,
. AttributeUsage
System.AttributeUsageAttribute. AttributeUsage
:
AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets item)
480
I. C#
item ,
. AttributeTargets ,
:
All
Assembly
Class
Constructor
Delegate
Enum
Event
Field
Interface
Method
Module
Parameter
Property
ReturnValue
Struct
.
, , ,
AttributeTargets:
AttributeTargets.Field | AttributeTargets.Property
AttributeUsage .
AllowMultiple, bool,
, .
Inherited, bool.
, .
. AllowMultiple Inherited
false.
Conditional
Conditional, , C#-.
.
, #define.
. ,
#if.
Conditional System.Diagnostics.Conditional
-Attribute. Conditional,
System.Diagnostics.
, .
// Conditional.
#define TRIAL
using System;
using System.Diagnostics;
class Test {
[Conditional("TRIAL")]
void trial() {
Console.WriteLine(
" , .");
}
[Conditional("RELEASE")]
void release() {
}
Test t = new Test();
17. ,
481
t.trial();
// ,
// TRIAL .
t.release();
// ,
// RELEASE .
:
, .
, ,
. ,
TRIAL, trial() release().
Conditional,
:
[Conditional "symbol"]
symbol , ,
. .
, .
.
Main() trial(), release().
TRIAL.
trial(). release() .
RELEASE, release().
TRIAL, trial() .
. void. , .
override.
Obsolete
Obsolete
System.ObsoleteAttribute. -
. :
[Obsolete("message")]
message ,
. .
// Obsolete.
using System;
class Test {
[Obsolete(" myMeth2.")]
static int myMeth(int a, int b) {
return a / b;
}
// myMeth().
static int myMeth2(int a, int b) {
return b == 0 ? 0 : a /b;
}
482
I. C#
// ,
// .
Console.WriteLine("4 / 3 is " + Test.myMeth(4, 3));
// .
Console.WriteLine("4 / 3 is " + Test.myMeth2(4, 3));
Main()
myMeth(), ,
myMeth() myMeth2().
Obsolete :
[Obsolete("message", error)]
error Boolean. true,
,
. ,
,
.
17. ,
483
18
,

.
. , ,
C# ,
C++, .. ,
. ,
C# , Java.
,
.

C# , (unsafe
code). , , ,
Common Language Runtime (CLR).
1, C# .
"" ,
, . "",
.
, , .
,
CLR.
, , ,
? ,
. C++, ,
, . ,
C#.
, ,
. ,
. , ,
, . C#
.
, (, )
, , C# ( )
.
, .
C# ,
C/C++ ( , C/C++,
C#). : C# .
C#-
. C#-
. , ,
/unsafe.
, ,
.
18. ,
485

, . ,
x y, x , y.
,
. ,
, .

- ( )
. - :
* _;
,
. , .
(*). .
_ -.
. ip int-,
:
int* ip;
float- :
float* fp;
(*)
.
, , .
, ip
int-, fp float-. :
, --.
- .
C# C/C++,
C# C/C++. C/C++ *
, .
C/C++
int* p, q;
p int- int- q.
:
int* p;
int q;
C# * ,

int* p, q;
p q int-. , C#
:
int* p;
int* q;
/C++-
C#.
486
I. C#
"*" "&"
: * &. & .
, , (:
.) ,

int* ip;
int num = 10;
ip = &num;
ip num.
, num.
num. ,
ip 10 ( num), ,
. &
, . ,
: ip num.
(*) (&).
, ,
, . , ,
. (
) ip num,
int val = *ip;
val 10,
num, ip. *
.
: val () ip.
*
. , .
,
*ip = 100;
100 , ip (
num). , :
ip 100.
unsafe
, ,
unsafe.
. , , Main()
, unsafe.
//
// unsafe.
using System;
class UnsafeCode {
// Main() "".
unsafe public static void Main() {
int count = 99;
18. ,
487
int* p; // int-.
p = &count; // count
// .
Console.WriteLine(
" count " + *p);
*p = 10; // 10 count
// .
Console.WriteLine(
" count " + *p);
:
count 99
count 10
fixed
fixed.
.
, , , - .
,
.
fixed :
fixed(type* p = &var) {
// . }
p , .
,
. fixed
. fixed
. , ,
.
fixed:
// fixed.
using System;
class Test {
public int num;
public Test(int i) {
num = i;
}
class FixedCode {
// Main() .
Test = new Test(19);
fixed(int* p = io.num) { //
// fixed,
// o.num .
488
I. C#
Console.WriteLine(
" o.num " + *p);
*p = 10;
// 10 count
// .
Console.WriteLine(
" o.num " + *p);
:
o.num 19
o.num 10
fixed . p
o.num, p
.

,
.
(->), (.). , ,
:
struct MyStruct {
public int x;
public int y;
public int sum() {

return x + y;
}
, :
MyStruct = new MyStruct();
MyStruct* p; // .
p = &;
p->x = 10;
p->y = 20;
Console.WriteLine(" " + p->sum());

: ++, -, + -. ,
, . p1 int-
2 000 (.. p1 2 000).
p1++;
p1 2 004, 2 001! ,
p1 int-.
C# int- , p1
4.
, .. p1 4.
,
18. ,
489
p1--;
p 1 996, 2 000.
, , ,
, .
,
.

.
,
.
p1 = p1 + 9;
p1 p1
, p1 .
,
( , ).
, .
( ) () ,
,
. , float- double-.
,
, .
, int- (ip)
float- (fp). (
), .
//
// .
using System;
class PtrArithDemo {
int x;
int i;
double d;
int* ip = &i;
double* fp = &d;
Console.WriteLine("int double\n");
for(x=0; x < 10; x++) {

Console.WriteLine((uint) (ip) + " " +
(uint) (fp));
ip++;
fp++;
}
.
,
.
490
I. C#
int double
1243324 1243328
1243328 1243336
1243332 1243344
1243336 1243352
1243340 1243360
1243344 1243368
1243348 1243376
1243352 1243384
1243356 1243392
1243360 1243400
,
.
int- , double- ,
.

, ==, < >.
,
- . , p1 p2 ,
,
p1 p2 . p1 p2
, (, ,
), p1 p2
.
,
.
// .
using System;
class PtrCompDemo {
int x;
// .
fixed(int* start = &nums[0]) {
fixed(int* end = &nums[nums.Length-1]) {
for(x=0; start+x <= end-x; x++);
}
}
Console.WriteLine(
" " + x);
:
6
, start
, end .
, ,
start x,
18. ,
491
end x , start
x end x.
: start end fixed, ,
. , C#
.

C# . ,
. :
/*
. */
using System;
class PtrArray {
fixed(int* p = &nums[0], p2 = nums) {
if(p == p2)
Console.WriteLine(
" p p2 .");
}
}
}
:
p p2 .
,
&nums[0]
nums
,
, .

, , ,
.
, . ,
// .
using System;
class PtrIndexDemo {
// .
Console.WriteLine(
" .");
492
I. C#
fixed(int* p = nums) {
for(int i=0; i < 10; i++)
p[i] = i; // .
for(int i=0; i < 10; i++)
Console.WriteLine("p[{0}]: {1} ", i, p[i]);
}
// .
Console.WriteLine(
"\n .");
fixed(int* p = nums) {
for(int i=0; i < 10; i++)
*(p+i) = i; //
// .
for(int i=0; i < 10; i++)
Console.WriteLine("*(p+{0}|): {1} ", i, *(p+i));
}
:
.
p[0]: 0
p[1]: 1
p[2]: 2
p[3]: 3
p[4]; 4
p[5]: 5
p[6]: 6
p[7]: 7
p[3]: 8
p[9]: 9
.
*(p+0): 0
*(p+1): 1
*(p+2): 2
*(p+3): 3
*(p+4): 4
*(p+5): 5
*(p+6): 6
*(p+7): 7
*(p+8): 8
*(p+9): 9
, (
)
*(ptr + i)
,
:
ptr[i]
. -,
. ,
,
. -, Length.
.
18. ,
493

, C# ,
. char* , fixed-:
fixed(char* p = str) { // ...
fixed- p
, .
, .. .
. C/C++
, .
, char*- ,
, C/C++.
, char*:
// fixed-
// .
using System;
class Fixedstring {

string str = " .";
// p str.
fixed(char* p = str) {
// str
// .
for(int i=0; p[i] != 0; i++)
Console.Write(p[i]);
}
}
:
.

, ,
. (multiple
indirection), .
. 18.1. ,
( ) ,
.
, ,
.

, , , ,
.
494
I. C#
, ,
.
(*) . ,
, q
int: int** q;
, q
, int-.
, ,
*, :
using System;
class Multiplelndirect {
int x; // .
int* p; //
// int-.
int** q; //
// int-.
x = 10;
p = &x; // x .
q = &p; // p q.
Console.WriteLine(**q); // x.
}
}
x, ..
10. p int-, q
int-.
:
, ,
. .
. 18.1.

, , . ,
, int-:
int*[] ptrs = new int*[3];
18. ,
495
int- var
, :
ptrs[2] = &var;
var, :
*ptrs[2]

I C# ,
.
sizeof
, ( ) C# -
. sizeof.
:
sizeof()
, .
sizeof (unsafe) . ,
,
( ) .
lock
lock . C#
.
. ,
, , ,
. :
,
? , ,
.
lock. :
lock(obj) {
// .
}
obj , .
, ,
.
. ( . 21.)
readonly
, ,
readonly, readonly-
, . ,
readonly- (,
), -
496
I. C#
. ,
.
readonly-:
// readonly-.
using System;
class MyClass {
public static readonly int SIZE = 10;
}
class DemoReadOnly {
int[]nums = new int[MyClass.SIZE];
for(int i=0; i<MyClass.SIZE; i++)
nums[i] = i;
// MyClass.SIZE = 100; // !!! readonly-

// !
MyClass.SIZE 10.
, . ,
, , .
.
stackalloc
stackalloc .
.
:
*p - stackalloc []
p ,
, . stackalloc
(unsafe) .
,
. .
, , .
, .
.
stackalloc ,
.
stackalloc:
// stackalloc.
using System;
class UseStackAlloc {
int* ptrs = stackalloc int[3];
18. ,
497
ptrs[0] = 1;
ptrs[1] = 2;
ptrs[2] = 3;
for(int i=0; i < 3; i++)

Console.WriteLine(ptrs[i]);
:
1
2
3
using
using, ,
, using.
:
using(obj) {
// obj.
}
using(type obj = ) {
// obj.
}
obj , using.
using-, ,
obj Dispose() (
System.IDisposable). using ,
System.IDisposable.
using:
// using.
using System;
using System.IO;
class UsingDemo {
StreamReader sr = new StreamReader("test.txt");
// using.
using(sr) {
Console.WriteLine(sr.ReadLine() );
sr.Close();
}
498
// StreamReader- using.
using(StreamReader sr2 = new StreamReader("test.txt")) {
Console.WriteLine(sr2.ReadLine());
sr2.Close();
}
I. C#
StreamReader IDisposable (
TextReader). , using-.
( IDisposable . 24.)
const volatile
const ,
.
. , const- .
,
const int i = 10;
const- i, 10.
volatile ,
. ,
, ,
.
.
. , C#-
, ,
.
, (,
), ,
. volatile
, .
18. ,
499
II
C#
II C#.
I, C#
, , .NET
Framework. ,
C#,
.NET Framework. C#
. using
.
, ,
.. ,
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.
19
System
System,
C#. , ,
, C#-
.NET Framework. , System
C#.
System
, , System.Net.
.
System.
System
, System
:
Activator
Array
AttributeUsageAttribute
CharEnumerator
ContextBoundObject
DBNull
Environment
FlagsAttribute
LocalDataStoreSlot
MTAThreadAttribute
Object
ParamArrayAttribute
SerializableAttribute
ThreadStaticAttribute
UnhandledExceptionEventArgs
ValueType
AppDomain
AssemblyLoadEventArgs
BitConverter
CLSCompliantAttribute
ContextStaticAttribute
Delegate
EventArgs
GC
MarshalByRefObject
MulticastDelegate
ObsoleteAttribute
Random
STAThreadAttribute
TimeZone
Uri
Version
AppDomainSetup
Attribute
Buffer
Console
Convert
Enum
Exception
LoaderOptimizationAttribute
Math
NonSerializedAttribute
OperatingSystem
ResolveEventArgs
String
Type
OriBuilder
WeakReference
System
ArgIterator
Char
Double
Int32
RuntimeArgumentHandle
RuntimeTypeHandle
TimeSpan
UInt32
Void
Boolean
DateTime
Guid
Int64
RuntimeFieldHandle
SByte
TypedReference
UInt64
Byte
Decimal
Int16
IntPtr
RuntimeMethodHandle
Single
UInt16
UintPtr
System :
IAppDomainSetup
IComparable
IDisposable
IServiceProvider
IAsyncResult
IConvertible
IFormatProvider
19. System
ICloneable
ICustomFormatter
IFormattable
503
System :
AssemblyLoadEventHandler
EventHandler
AsyncCallback
ResolveEventHandler
CrossAppDomainDelegate
UnhandledExceptionEventHandler
System :
AttributeTargets
LoaderOptimization
UriHostNameType
DayOfWeek
PlatformID
UriPartial
Environment.SpecialFolder
TypeCode
, System
,
. , System
.NET Framework, C#- .
, System (, Type, Exception
Attribute) I .
System. String, C#- string,
, 20 (
).
System, C#-
.
Math
Math ,
, , . ,
Math, . 19.1. .
, , Math, static. Math, ,
Math.
Math :
public const double E
public const double PI
E , , a PI
.
Math sealed-, .. .
19.1. , Math
public static double Abs(

double v)
public static float Abs (
float v)
public static decimal Abs(
decimal v)
public static int Abs(
int v)
public static short Abs(
short v)
public static long Abs(
long v)
public static sbyte Abs(
sbyte v)
504
v
v
v
v
v
v
II. C#
. 19.1.
public static
double v)
public static
double v)
public static
double v)
public static
double y,
double x)
public static
double v)
double Acos(
public static
double v)
public static
double v)
public static
double v)
public static
double v)
double Atan(
v. v
-1 1
v. v
-1 1
v
double Atan2(
y/x
double Ceiling(
double Cos(
(
),
v. , v,
1.02, Ceiling() 2.0. v,
-1.02, Ceiling() -1
v
double Cosh(
double Exp(
,
v
(
),
v. , v,
1.02, Floor() 1.0. v,
-1.02, Floor() -2

dividend/divisor
double Asin(
double Floor(
public static double IEEERemainder(

double dividend,
double divisor)
public static double Log(
double v)
public static double Log(
double v,
double base)
public static double Log10(
double v)
public static double Max(
double v1,
double v2)
public static float Max(
float v1,
float v2)
public static decimal Max(
decimal v1,
decimal v2)
public static int Max(
int v1,
int v2)
public static short Max(
short v1,
short v2)
public static long Max(
long v1,
long v2)
19. System

v
v
base
v
10
v1 v2
v1 v2
v1 v2
v1 v2
v1 v2
v1 v2
505
. 19.1.
public static uint Max(

uint v1,
uint v2)
public static ushort Max(
ushort v1,
ushort v2)
public static ulong Max(
ulong v1,
ulong v2)
public static byte Max(
byte v1,
byte v2)
public static sbyte Max(
sbyte v1,
sbyte v2)
public static double Min(
double v1,
double v2)
public static float Min(
float v1,
float v2)
public static decimal Min(
decimal v1,
decimal v2)
public static int Min(
int v1,
int v2)
public static short Min(
short v1,
short v2)
public static long Min(
long v1,
long v2)
public static uint Min(
uint v1,
uint v2)
public static ushort Min(
ushort v1,
ushort v2)
public static ulong Min(
ulong v1,
ulong v2)
public static byte Min(
byte v1,
byte v2)
public static sbyte Min(
sbyte v1,
sbyte v2)
public static double Pow(
double base,
double exp)
public static double Round(
double v)
public static decimal Round(
decimal v)
v1 v2
506
v1 v2
v1 v2
v1 v2
v1 v2
v1 v2
v1 v2
v1 v2
v1 v2
v1 v2
v1 v2
v1 v2
v1 v2
v1 v2
v1 v2
v1 v2
base,
exp(baseexp)
v,

v,

II. C#
. 19.1
public static double Round(

double v,
int frac)
decimal v,
int frac)
public static int Sign(
double v)
float v)
decimal v)
int v)
short v)
long v)
sbyte v)
public static double Sin(
double v)
public static double Sinh(
double v)
public static double Sqrt(
double v)
public static double Tan(
double v)
public static double Tanh(
double v)
v, ,

frac
v, ,

frac
-1, v , 0,
v , 1, v
-1, v , 0,
v , 1, v
-1, v , 0,
v , 1, v
-1, v , 0,
v , 1, v
-1, v , 0,
v , 1, v
-1, v , 0,
v , 1, v
-1, v , 0,
v , 1, v
v
v
v
v
v
, Sqrt(),
.
() .
// .
using System;
class Pythagorean {
double s1; double s2;
double hypot;
string str;
s1 = Double.Parse(str);
19. System
507
s2 = Double.Parse(str);
hypot = Math.Sqrt(s1*s1 + s2*s2);
Console.WriteLine(" " + hypot);
:
:
3
:
4
5
, Pow()
,

.
:
InitialInvestment = FutureValue / (1 + InterestRate) Years
Pow() double,
double-.
decimal.
/* ,

. */
using System;
class IntialInvestment {
decimal InitInvest; //
decimal FutVal; //
double NumYears; //
double IntRate;
//
//
string str;
try {
FutVal = Decimal.Parse(str);
}
return;
}
Console.Write(
" (, 0.085): ");
try {
508
II. C#
IntRate = Double.Parse(str);
}
return;
}
try {
NumYears = Double.Parse(str);
}
return;
}
InitInvest = FutVal / (decimal) Math.Pow(IntRate+1.0,
NumYears);
Console.WriteLine(
" : {0:C}",
InitInvest);
:
: 10000
(, 0.085): 0.07
: 10
: $5,083.49

14
, ,
, .
.
C#- . ,
, ,
. .NET-
C#:
.NET-
C#-
.NET-
C#-
Boolean
Decimal
Single
Int32
UInt16
UInt64
SByte
bool
decimal
float
int
ushort
ulong
sbyte
Char
Double
Int16
Int64
UInt32
Byte
char
double
short
long
uint
byte
19. System
509
, ,
IFormatProvider
NumberStyles.
IFormatProvider , Tun NumberStyles

,
System.Globalization. 20

:
Byte
SByte
Int16
UInt16
Int32
UInt32
Int64
UInt64
(. . 19.2),
, Parse(). Parse()
, . ,
Int32 Parse() int, UInt16
ushort. ( Parse()
14.)
, . 19.2,
const-:
MaxValue
MinValue
,
, .
:
IComparable, IConvertible IFormattable.
19.2. ,
public int CompareTo(

object v)

v. ,
.
,
, ,

,
v
-
public override bool Equals(

object v)
public override int
GetHashCode()
public TypeCode
GetTypeCode()
public static _
Parse(
string str)
public static _
Parse(
string str,
IFormatProvider fmtpvdr)
510
TypeCode
. , Int32
TypeCode.Int32

, str.

,

, str
(
,
),
fmtpvdr.

,
II. C#
. 19.2
public static
_
Parse(
string str,
NumberStyles styles)

, str,
,
styles.
,

, str,
,
styles, a (
,
), fmtpvdr.

,

,
format

(
,
),
fmtpvdr

(
,
),
fmtpvdr, ,
format
public static
_
Parse(
string str,
NumberStyles styles,
IFormatProvider
fmtpvdr)
public override string

ToString()
public string
ToString(
string format)
public string
ToString(
IFormatProvider
fmtpvdr)
public string
ToString(
string format,
IFormatProvider
fmtpvdr)

: Double
Single. Single float. . 19.3,
. 19.4. Double double.
. 19.5, . 19.6. ,
Parse() ToString()
( ,
), .
:
IComparable, IConvertible IFormattable.
19.3. , single
public int
CompareTo(object v)

v. ,
. ,
,
,
,
v
public override bool

Equals(object v)
19. System
511
. 19.3
public override int

GetHashCode()
public TypeCode
GetTypeCode()
public static bool
IsInfinity(
float v)
public static bool
IsNaN(float v)
public static bool
IsPositiveInfinity(
float v)
public static bool
IsNegativeInfinity(
float v)
public static float
Parse(
string str)
public static float
Parse(
string str,
IFormatProvider
fmtpvdr)
public static float

Parse(
string str,
NumberStyles
styles)
public static float
Parse(
string str,
IFormatProvider
Fmtpvdr)

ToString()
public string
ToString(
string format)
public string
ToString(
IFormatProvider
fmtpvdr)
public string
ToString(
string format,
IFormatProvider
fmtpvdr)
512
TypeCode
single, .. TypeCode.Single
, v
( "" "").

, v .

, v
"".

, v
"".

, str.
float,

, str
( ,
),
fmtpvdr.
float,

, str,
,
styles.
float,

, str,
,
styles, a (
,
), fmtpvdr.
float,

,
format

(
,
),
fmtpvdr

(
,
),
fmtpvdr, ,
format
II. C#
19.4. , Single
public const float Epsilon

public const float MaxValue

,
float
,
float
,
,
,
public const float MinValue

public const float NaN
public const float NegativeInfinity
public const float PositiveInfinity
19.5. , Double

object v)

v. ,
.
, ,
,

,
v
-

object v)
public override int
GetHashCode()
public TypeCode
GetTypeCode()
public static bool
IsInfinity(
double v)
public static bool
IsNaN(double v)
public static bool
IsPositiveInfinity(
double v)
public static bool
IsHegativeInfinity(
double v)
public static double
Parse(string str)

Parse(
string str,
public static double Parse(

string str,
NumberStyles styles)
TypeCode
Double, .., TypeCode.Double
, v
( ""
"").
, v .

, v
"".

, v
"".

, str.
double,

, str
(
,
), fmtpvdr.

double,

, str,
,
styles.
double,
19. System
513
. 19.5

Parse(string str,

, str,
,
styles,
( ,
),
fmtpvdr.
double,

, format

( ,
),
fmtpvdr

( ,
),
fmtpvdr, ,
format

ToString()
public string
ToString(
string format)
public string
ToString(
public string
ToString(
string format,
19.6. , Double
public const double Epsilon

public const double MaxValue

,
double
,
double
,
,
,
public const double MinValue

public const double NaN
public const double NegativeInfinity
public const double PositiveInfinity
Decimal
Decimal , .
, , ,
decimal C#-. ,
decimal
.
Decimal .
:
public Decimal(int v)
public Decimal(uint v)
public Decimal(long v)
514
II. C#
public Decimal(ulong v)
public Decimal(float v)
public Decimal(double v)
Decimal-
.
Decimal- ,
:
public Decimal(int low, int middle, int high,
bool signFlag, byte scaleFactor)
decimal . 96 , .
96- 32-
low, middle high. signFlag,
false true
.
scaleFactor, 0 28.
10 (.. 10scaleFactor),
.
,
Decimal- .
:
public Decimal(int[] parts)
int- parts 96- .
31- parts[3] ( 1
), 16-23 .
Decimal : IComparable,
IConvertible IFormattable.
decimal .
// decimal- "".
using System;
class CreateDec {

decimal d = new decimal(1234 5, 0, 0, false, 2);
Console.WriteLine(d);
}
:
123.45
96- 12345,
.
, Decimal, . 19.7,
. 19.8. Decimal
, decimal-
. decimal
3.
19. System
515
19.7. , Decimal
public static decimal Add(

decimal v1,
decimal v2)
public static int CompareTo(
decimal v1,
decimal v2)
v1 + v2

object v)
public static decimal Divide(

decimal v1,
decimal v2)
object v)
decimal v1,
decimal v2)
public static decimal Floor(
decimal v)
public static decimal

FromOACurrency(
long v)
public static int[]
GetBits(
decimal v)
public override int
GetHashCode()
public TypeCode
GetTypeCode()
Multiply(
decimal v1,
decimal v2)
Negate(decimal v)
Parse(
string str)
public static decimal Parse(
string str,
516
v1 v2.
, .
, v1 v2,
, v1 v2

v. ,
.
, ,
,
v1 / v2
,
v
, v1 v2
(
decimal),
v. , v, 1.02, Floor()
1.0. v, -1.02, Floor()
-2
, OLE
Automation v, decimal
v
int-.

-
TypeCode
Decimal, .. TypeCode.Decimal
v1 * v2
-v

, str.

decimal,

, str
(
,
), fmtpvdr.

decimal,
II. C#
. 19.7

string str,
MumberStyles styles)

, str,
,
styles,
decimal,

, str,
,
styles,
{ ,
),
fmtpvdr.
decimal,
v1 / v2

string str,

Remainder(
decimal v1,
decimal v2)
decimal v,
int decPlaces)
Subtract(
decimal v1,
decimal v2)
public static byte ToByte(
decimal v)

ToDouble(
decimal v)
public static short ToInt16(
decimal v)
public static int ToInt32(

decimal v)
public static long

ToInt64(
decimal v)
public static long
ToOACurrency(
decimal v)
public static sbyte ToSByte(
decimal v)
public static float ToSingle(

decimal v)
v, ,

decPlaces, 0-28
v1 - v2
byte- v.
. v
,
byte, OverflowException
double- v.
, double
, decimal
short- v.
. v
,
short, OverflowException
int- v.
. v
, int,
OverflowException
long- v.
, v
,
long, OverflowException
v
OLE Automation
sbyte- v.
. v
,
sbyte, OverflowException
float- v.
, float
, decimal
19. System
517
. 19.7

ToString()
public string
ToString(
string format)
public string ToString(

, format

( ,
),
fmtpvdr

( ,
),
fmtpvdr, ,
format
ushort- v.
. v
,
ushort,
OverflowException
uint- v.
. v
,
uint, OverflowException
ulong- v.
. v
,
ulong, OverflowException
, v.
,

string format,
public static ushort

ToUInt16(
decimal v)
public static uint

ToUInt32(
decimal v)
public static ulong
ToUInt64(
decimal v)
Truncate(
decimal v)
19.8. , Decimal
public static readonly decimal MaxValue
,
decimal
-1 decimal
,
decimal
1 decimal
0 decimal.
public static readonly decimal MinusOne

public static readonly decimal MinValue
public static readonly decimal One
public static readonly decimal Zero
char
, ( ,
) Char. ,
, .
, ToUpper(),
518
II. C#
. IsDigit() ,
.
, Char, . 19.9.
Char :
public const char MaxValue
public const char MinValue
,
char. Char IComparable
IConvertible.
19.9. , Char

object v)

v, ,
. ,
,
,
,
v

Equals(
object v)
public override int
GetHashCode()
GetHumericValue(
char ch)
GetHumericValue(
string str,
int idx)
public TypeCode GetTypeCode()
public static UnicodeCategory
GetUnicodeCategory(
char ch)
public static UnicodeCategory

GetUnicodeCategory(
string str,
int idx)
public static bool IsControl(
char ch)
public static bool
string str,
int idx)
public static bool
char ch)
public static bool
string str,
int idx)
public static bool
char ch)
IsControl(
IsDigit(
IsDigit(
IsLetter(
-
ch, ch . -1
str[idx],
. -1
TypeCode
Char, .. TypeCode.Char
UnicodeCategory
ch. UnicodeCategory ,

System.Globalization, Unicode

UnicodeCategory
str[idx]. UnicodeCategory ,

System.Globalization, Unicode

, ch
.

, str[idx]
.

, ch
.
, str[idx]
.
, ch
.
19. System
519
. 19.9
public static bool IsLetter(

string str,
int idx)
public static bool
IsLetterOrDigit(
char ch)
public static bool
IsLetterOrDigit(
string str,
int idx)
public static bool IsLower(
char ch)
, str[idx]
.

, ch
.

, str[idx]
.

public static bool IsLower(

string str,
int idx)
public static bool IsNumber(
char ch)
public static bool IsNumber(
string str,
int idx)
public static bool
IsPunctuation(
char ch)
public static bool
IsPunctuation(
string str,
int idx)
public static bool
IsSeparator(
char ch)
public static bool
IsSeparator(
string str,
int idx)
public static bool
IsSurrogate(
char ch)
public static bool
IsSurrogate(
string str,
int idx)
public static bool IsSymbol(
char ch)
public static bool IsSymbol(
string str,
int idx)
public static bool IsUpper(
char ch)
public static bool IsUpper(
string str,
int idx)
520
, ch

, str[idx]
.

, ch
(0-9 A-F).

, str[idx]
(0-9 A-F).

, ch
.

, str[idx]
.

, ch
, .

, str[idx]
, .

, ch
Unicode.

, str[idx]
Unicode.

, ch
, .

, str[idx]
,
.
, ch
.

, str[idx]
.

II. C#
. 19.9
public static bool

IsWhiteSpace(
char ch)
public static bool
IsWhiteSpace(
string str,
int idx)
public static char Parse(
string str)
, ch
, .

, str[idx]
, .

public static char ToLower(

char ch)
public static char ToLower(
char ch,
CultureInfo c)
public static char ToUpper(

char ch)
public static char ToUpper(
char ch,
CultureInfo c)

ToString()
public static string
ToString(
char ch)
char- str.
str ,
FormatException
ch, ch
.
ch
ch, ch
.
ch .

,
,
. CultureInfo ,
System.Globalization
ch, ch
.
ch
ch, ch
.
ch .

,
,
. CultureInfo ,

Char-

ch

Char-
fmtpvdr ,
,

,
Char:
// ,
// Char.
using System;
class CharDemo {
string str = " . $23";
int i;
19. System
521
for(i=0; i < str.Length; i++) {

if(Char.IsDigit(str[i]))
Console.Write(" ");
if(Char.IsLetter(str[i]))
Console.Write(" ");
if(Char.IsLower(str[i]))
Console.Write(" ");
if(Char.IsUpper(str[i]))
Console.Write(" ");
if(Char.IsSymbol(str[i]))
Console.Write(" ");
if(Char.IsSeparator(str[i]))
Console.Write(" ");
if(Char.IsWhiteSpace(str[i]))
Console.Write(" ");
if(Char.IsPunctuation(str[i]))
Console.Write(" ");
}
// .
string newstr = "";
for(i=0; i < str.Length; i++)
newstr += Char.ToUpper(str[i]);
Console.WriteLine(" : " + newstr);
:

.

$
2
3
: . $23
: . $23
522
II. C#
Boolean
Boolean bool. ,
Boolean, . 19.10.
:
public static readonly string FalseString
public static readonly string TrueString
true
false. , FalseString
WriteLine(), False.
Boolean IComparable IConvertible.
19.10. , Boolean

object v)

v. ,
. ,
false, v
true. ,
true, a v false
true,
v
-

Equals(object v)
public override int
GetHashCode()
public TypeCode
GetTypeCode()
public static bool
Parse(string str)

ToString()
string ToString(
IForroatProvider fmtpvdr)
TypeCode
Boolean, .. TypeCode.Boolean
bool- ,
str.
True, False, .
, ;

fmtpvdr ,
,

Array
System Array. Array
C#. ,
, ,
. , Array, . 19.11,
. 19.12.
Array : ICloneable, ICollection,
IEnumerable IList. ICollection, IEnumerable IList
System.Collections 22.
19. System
523
Array
IComparer.
System.Collections, Compare(),
.
int Compare(object v1, object v2)
, v1 v2,
, v1 v2, , .

.

, ,
. Array
. Sort(), ,
, /.

BinarySearch(). , int-
Sort() BinarySearch():
// .
using System;
class SortDemo {
int[] nums = { 5, 4, 6, 3, 14, 9, 8, 17, 1, 24, -1, 0 };
//
// .
// .
Array.Sort(nums);
// .
// 14.
int idx = Array.BinarySearch(nums, 14);
Console.WriteLine(" 14 " + idx);
:
:
5 4 6 3 14 9 8 17 1 24 -1 0
:
-1 0 1 3 4 5 6 8 9 14 17 24
14 9
524
II. C#
int, .. .
, Array,
. .
,
IComparable.
,
. , IComparable
, :
int CompareTo(object v)
v.
, v, ,
, ,
v. ,
, , :
// .
using System;
class MyClass : IComparable {
public int i;
public MyClass(int x) {
i = x;
}
// IComparable.
public int CompareTo(object v) {
return i - ((MyClass)v).i;
}
}
class SortDemo {
MyClass[] nums = new MyClass[5];
nums[0] = new MyClass(5);
//
// .
Console.Write(" ;
");
foreach(MyClass o in nums)
Console.Write(o.i + " ");
// .
Array.Sort(nums);
// .
Console.Write(" :
foreach(MyClass o in nums)
Console.Write(o.i + " ");
19. System
");
525
// MyClass(2).
MyClass x = new MyClass(2);
int idx = Array.BinarySearch(nums, x);
Console.WriteLine(" MyClass(2) " + idx);
:
:
5 2 3 4 1
:
1 2 3 4 5
MyClass(2) 1

. ,
, , ,
. :
Reverse().
. :
// .
using System;
class ReverseDemo {
int[] nums = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
// .
Console.Write(" :
");
// .
Array.Reverse(nums);
// .
Console.Write(" :
");
// .
Array.Reverse(nums, 1, 3);
526
//
// .
II. C#
:
:
1 2 3 4 5
:
5 4 3 2 1
:
5 2 3 4 1

. , ().
- , ,
() . ()
:
// .
using System;
class CopyDemo {
int[] source = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
int[] target = { 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 };
int[] source2 = { -1, -2, -3, -4, -5 };
// - .
Console.Write("-: ");
foreach(int i in source)
// -.
Console.Write(
" -: ");
foreach(int i in target)
// .
Array.Copy(source, target, source.Length);
// .
// target.
Array.Copy(source2, 2, target, 3, 2);
// .
Console.Write(
" : ");
19. System
527
:
-: 1 2 3 4 5
-: 11 12 13 14 15
: 1 2 3 4 5
: 1 2 3-3-4
19.11. , Array
public virtual bool

IsFixedSize { get; }
.
true, , false,

.
true, Array
, false
.
true,
, false
.

.
. ,

public virtual bool

IsReadOnly { get; }
public virtual bool
IsSynchronized { get; }
public int Length { get; }
public int Rank { get; }
public virtual object
SyncRoot { get; }
19.12, , Array
public static int

BinarySearch(
Array a,
object v)
, ,
, v.
.
, .

, ,
, v,
, comp.
.
, .

, ,
, v,
, start, count
.
. ,
.
, ,
, v,
, comp.
, start,
count .
. ,
.

public static int

BinarySearch(
Array a,
object v,
IComparer comp)
public static int
BinarySearch(
Array a,
int start,
int count,
object v)
public static int
BinarySearch(
Array a,
int start,
int count,
object v,
IComparer comp)
528
II. C#
. 19.12
public static void Clear(

Arr ,
int start,
int count)
public virtual object Clone()
.
, ,
, start, count
.
, ,
"". ,
, , ,

count source
dest.
.
, () "
",

count source (
srcStart) dest (
destStart).
, C()
" ",

dest,
dest[start]
public static void Copy(

Array source,
Array dest,
int count)
public static void Copy(

Array source,
int srcStart,
Array dest,
int destStart,
int count)
public virtual void CopyTo(
Array dest,
int start)
public static Array
CreateInstance(
Type t,
int size)
public static Array
CreateInstance(
Type t,
int size1,
int size2)
public static Array
CreateInstance(
Type t,
int size1,
int size2,
int size3)
public static Array
CreateInstance(
Type t,
int[] sizes)
public static Array
CreateInstance(
Type t,
int[] sizes,
int[] startIndexes)
object v)
public virtual IEnumerator
GetEnumerator()
,
size t

size1*size2. t

size1*size2*size3.
t
,
sizes.
t
,
sizes.
t.
startIndexes.
, ,
,
true,
v
.
.
22, ""
19. System
529
. 19.12
public int GetLength(

int dim)
.
; ,

0,
1
,
. dim
, ;
,
0,
1
-
public int GetLowerBound(

int dim)
public override int

GetHashCode()
public TypeCode GetTypeCode()
public int GetUpperBound(
int dim)
public object GetValue(

int idx)
int idx1,
int idx2)
public object GetValue (
int idx1,
int idx2,
int idx3)
int[] idxs)
public static int IndexOf(

Array a,
object v)

Array a,
object v,
int start)

Array a,
object v,
int start,
int count)
530
TypeCode
Array, .. TypeCode.Array
,
. dim
, ;
,
0,
1

idx.

[idx1, idx2].

[idx1, idx2, idx3].

, idxs.
,
idxs

, , v.
-1, , (
, 0,

, 1)

, , v.
[start]. -1,
. (
, 0,
,
1)

, , v.
a[start] count
. -1,
. (
, 0,
,
1)
II. C#
. 19.12
public void Initialize()

,
.

, ,
v. -1, . (
, 0,

, 1)

, ,
v.
, [start]
[0], -1,
. ( ,
0,
, 1)

, ,
v.
, a[start],
count . -1,
. (
, 0,

, 1)

.
a[start] count

idx v.
public static int

LastIndexOf(
Array a,
object v)
public static int

LastIndexOf(
Array a,
object v,
int start)
public static int

LastIndexOf(
Array a,
object v,
int start,
int count)
public static void Reverse(

Array a)
public static void Reverse(
Array a,
int start,
int count)
Public void SetValue(
object v,
int idx)
public void SetValue(
object v,
int idx1,
int idx2)
object v,
int idx1,
int idx2,
int idx3)
object v,
int[] idxs)
public static void Sort(
Array a)
Array a,
IComparer comp)

[idx1, idx2] v.

[idx1, idx2, idx3] v.

, idxs,
v. ,
idxs
.

,
comp.
19. System
531
. 19.12

Array k,
Array v)

. k , v
, . ,
/.

,
comp. k ,
v - , .
,
/.

.
[start]
count .

Array k,
Array v,
IComparer comp)

Array a,
int start,
int count)
Array a,
int start
int count,
IComparer comp)
Array k,
Array v,
int start,
int count)

Array k,
Array v,
int start,
int count,
IComparer comp)

,
comp. a[start]
count .

.
, start,
count . k
, v ,
. ,
/.

,
comp.
,
start, count . k
, v ,
. ,
/.

BitConverter

. ,
, .
.
,
. ,
, .
C# BitConverter.
532
II. C#
BitConverter , . 19.13.
:
public static readonly bool IsLittleEndian
true,
( ), ( )
. ( ) , ..
, (little-endian format). IsLittleEndian
false,
( ), ( ) .
(big-endian format). ,
Pentium Intel, .
BitConverter sealed-, ..
.
19.13. , BitConverter
public static long

DoubleToInt64Bits(
double v)
public static byte[] GetBytes(
bool v)
char v)
double v)
float v)
int v)
long v)
short v)
uint v)
ulong v)
ushort v)
Int64BitsToDouble(
long v)
public static bool ToBoolean(
byte[] a,
int idx)
v
long
public static char ToChar(

byte[] a,
int start)
19. System
v

v

v

v

v

v

v

v

v

v

v
double
a[idx]
bool- .
true,
false
, a[start],
char-
533
. 19.13
public static double ToDouble(

byte[] a,
int start)
public static short ToInt16(
byte[] a,
int start)
public static int ToInt32(
byte[] a,
int start)
public static long ToInt64(
byte[] a,
int start)
public static float ToSingle(
byte[] a,
int start)
public static string ToString(
byte[] a)
,
a[start], double-

, [start],
short-
,
a[start], int-

,
[start], long-

,
[start], float-

.
(
),
,
a[start], .
( ),
count ,
a[start], .
( ),
, a[start],
ushort-
,
a[start], uint-

,
a[start], ulong-

public static string ToString(

byte[] a,
int start)
Public static string ToString(
byte[] a,
int start,
int count)
public static ushort ToUInt16(
byte[] a,
int start)
public static uint ToUInt32(
byte[] a,
int start)
public static ulong ToUInt64(
byte[] a,
int start)

Random
,
Random. ,
.
,
Random .
Random :
public Random()
public Random(int seed)
534
II. C#
Random,

.
seed.
, Random, . 19.14.
19.14. , Random
public virtual int Next()
int,
0-Int32.MaxValue-1,
int,
0-upperBound-1,
int,
lowerBound - upperBound-1,
public virtual int

Next(
int upperBound)
public virtual int
Next(
int lowerBound,
int upperBound)
public virtual void
NextBytes(
byte[] buf)
public virtual double
NextDouble()
protected virtual double

Sample()
buf
.
0-Byte.MaxValue-1,

(
), 0,0
1,0

(
), 0,0
1,0.
,

, Random
:
// ,
using System;
class RandDice {

Random ran = new Random();
Console.Write(ran.Next(1, 7) + " ");
Console.WriteLine(ran.Next(1, 7));
}
:
5 2 4 4 1 6
Random.
, 16.
19. System
535
GC
GC C#- . ,
, . 19.15. ,
:
public static int MaxGeneration { get; }
MaxGeneration
. (. new)
, ,
, .
, MaxGeneration ,

.
GC.
,
Collect() .
, .
, ,
,

().
GC sealed-, .
19.15. , G
public static void

Collect()
public static void
Collect(
int MaxGen)
public static int
GetGeneration(object o)
public static int
GetGeneration(
WeakReference o)
public static long

GetTotalMemory(
bool collect)
public static void
KeepAlive(object o)
public static void
ReRegisterForFmalize(
object o)
public static void
SuppressFinalize(
object o)
public static void
WaitForPendingFinalizers()
536

0 MaxGen
,

,
"" ,
""

( )
collect
true,
,

SuppressFinalize()

,

II. C#
Object
Object , C#- object.
Object 11, C# (
) . 19.16. Object
:
Object()
.
19.16. , Object
public virtual bool Equals(

object ob)
true,
, , ob.
false
true, ob1
, ob2.
false

. C# Finalize()
-,

object ob1,
object ob2)
protected Finalize()
public virtual int
GetHashCode()
public Type GetType()
protected object
MemberwiseClone()
public static bool
ReferenceEquals(
object ob1,
object ob2)
public virtual string
ToString()

" " , ..
, ,
true, ob1 ob2

.
false
,
IComparable
IComparable,
, C#-, .
IComparable ,
:
int CompareTo(object v)
v.
, v, ,
, ,
v.
19. System
537
IConvertible
IConvertible .
. ,
.
ICloneable
ICloneable, .
ICloneable :
object Clone()
. ,
Clone(), . :
.
. , O,
O.
, , .
O,
, O,
, O, , .
Clone() , .
MemberwiseClone(),
Object.
,
ICloneable. Test,
X. Test Clone().
// ICloneable.
using System;
class X {
public int a;
public X(int x) {
a = x;
}
class Test : ICloneable {

public X o;
public int b;
public Test(int x, int y) {
o = new X(x);
b = y;
}
public void show(string name) {
Console. Write(" " + name + " : ");
Console.WriteLine("o.a: {0}, b: {1}", o.a, b);
}
538
II. C#
// .
public object Clone() {
Test temp = new Test(o.a, b);
return temp;
}
class CloneDemo {
Test ob1 = new Test(10, 20);
ob1.show("ob1");
Console.WriteLine(
" b2 ob1.");
Test ob2 = (Test) ob1. Clone();
ob2.show("ob2");
Console.WriteLine(" ob1.o.a 99, "
+ " ob1.b 88.");
ob1.o.a = 99;
ob1.b = 88;
ob1.show("ob1");
ob2.show("ob2");
:
ob1 : o.a: 10, b: 20
b2 ob1.
b2 : o.a: 10, b: 20
ob1.o.a 99, ob1.b 88.
ob1 : o.a: 99, b: 88
b2 : o.a: 10, b 20
, b2 ob1, ob1
b2 . .
, X,
, X .

Clone() MemberwiseClone(), Object.
, , Clone()
:
// .
public object Clone() {
Test temp = (Test) MemberwiseClone();
return temp;
}

:
ob1 : o.a: 10, b: 20
b2 ob1.
b2 : o.a: 10, b: 20
ob1.o.a 99, ob1.b 88.
19. System
539
ob1 : o.a: 99, b: 88

b2 : o.a: 99, b: 20
, ob1 b2
X.
. int- b - ,
.
IFormatProvider IFormattable
IFormatProvider GetFormat(),
, ,
. GetFormat() :
object GetFormat(Type fmt)
fmt . 20.
IFormattable
. IFormattable
:
string ToString(string fmt, IFormatProvider fmtpvdr)
fmt , fmtpvdr
() . 20.
540
II. C#
20

string. ,
.
string , ,
,
.
, .
,
C#, , .
C#
C# 7,
.
string, C#.
(string)
,
. C++
, C# . C#
string. string . , string
C#- .NET- System.String. , C# , , ,
String.
.
C# ( )
. ,
. ,
, ,
, , ,
.
,
. ,
string, , , .
string-
.
, , C#
StringBuilder, System.Text.
string, StringBuilder.
String
String System.
IComparable, ICloneable, IConvertible IEnumerable.String
sealed-, .. . String C# . C#- string
.NET Framework.
String.
542
II. C#
String
String ,
. ,
:
public String(char[] chrs)
public String(char[] chrs, int start, int count)
,
, chrs. ,
, count , chrs, ,
start.
, ,
. :
public String(char ch, int count)
ch , count .
, ,
:
unsafe public String(char* chrs)
unsafe public String(char* chrs, int start, int count)
,
, chrs. ,
chrs ( ). ,
, count ,
, chrs, ,
start.
, ,
:
unsafe public String(sbyte* chrs)
unsafe public String(sbyte* chrs, int start, int count)
unsafe public String(sbyte* chrs, int start, int count,
Encoding en)
,
, chrs. , chrs
( ). ,
, count ,
, chrs, ,
start. .
ASCIIEncoding. Encoding
System.Text.
.
. :
string str = " ";
, String
string :
public static readonly string Empty
Empty , .. , .
() String,
.
20.
543
String ,
:
public char this[int idx] { get; }
.
, . String
, , String ,
, .
String ,
:
public int Length { get; }
Length , .
String
String : == !=.
, , ==. ==
, , .
== String,
. !=: String .
(, < >=), ,
. , , () ,
Compare(), String.
String
String .
.
,
.

, ,
. String
, . 20.1.
Compare(). ,
( ) (.. ).
, .. ,
, , .
( ,
, ),
.
Compare()
:
// .
using System;
class CompareDemo {
string str1 = "";
string str2 = "";
544
II. C#
string str3 = "";

string str4 = "";
string str5 = ", ";
if(String.Compare(str1, str2) == 0)
Console.WriteLine(str1 + " " + str2 + " .");
else
else
if(String.Compare(str1, str3, true) == 0)
Console.WriteLine(str1 + " " + str3 +
" .");
else
Console.WriteLine(str1 + " " + str3 +
" .");
else
if(String.Compare(str1, 0, str5, 0, 3) == 0)
Console.WriteLine(" " + str1 + " " +
str5 + " .");
else
Console.WriteLine(" " + str1 + " " +
str5 + " .");
int result = String.Compare(str1, str4);
if(result < 0)
Console.WriteLine(str1 + " " + str4);
else if(result > 0)
else
:
.
.
.
, .
, .

20.
545
20.1. , String
public static int

Compare(
string str1,
string str2)
public static int
Compare(
string str1,
string str2,
bool ignoreCase)
, str1, ,
str2.
, str1 str2, ,
str1 str2, , str1 str2
, str1, ,
str2.
, str1 str2, ,
str1 str2, , str1 str2 .
ignoreCase true,

.
, str1, ,
str2,
( ,
),
ci. ,
str1 str2, , str1
str2, , str1 str2 .
ignoreCase true,

.
. CultureInfo
, str1 str2.
str1[start1]
str2[start2] count .
, str1
str2, , str1 str2-, ,
str1 str2
, str1 str2.
str1[start1]
, str1
str2, , str1-
srtr2-, , str1
str2 . ignoreCase true,

.
, str1 str2,
(
,
), ci.
str1[start1]
, str1
str2, , str1-
str2-, , str1 str2
. ignoreCase true,

.
. CultureInfo
public static int

Compare(
string str1,
string str2,
bool ignoreCase,
CultureInfo ci)
public static int

Compare(
string str1,
int start1,
string str2,
int start2,
int count)
public static int
Compare(
string str1,
int start1,
string str2,
int start2,
int count,
bool ignoreCase)
public static int

Compare(
string str1,
int start1,
string stx2,
int start2,
int count,
bool ignoreCase,
CultureInfo ci)
546
II. C#
. 20.1
public static int

CompareOrdinal(
string str1,
string str2)
, str1, ,
str2, ,
.
, str1 str2,
, str1 str2, ,
str1 str2
, str1 str2,
,
.
str1[start1] str2[start2] count .
,
str1 str2, ,
str1- str2-, ,
str1 str2
,
str. ,
str, ,
str, ,

,
str. ,
str, ,
str, ,

public static int

CompareOrdinal(
string str1,
int start1,
string str2,
int start2,
int count)
object str)

string str)

() . , 7, +. -,
, String.
+ ,
.
, , Concat(),
:
public static string Concat(string str1, string str2)
, str2,
str1.
Concat() :
public static string Concat( string str1,
string str2,
string str3)
,
str1, str2 str3. ,
+, Concat().
Concat() ,
:
public static string Concat(params string[] strs)
20.
547
Concat()
. Concat()
:
// Concat().
using System;
class ConcatDemo {
string result = String.Concat(
" ", " ",
" ", " ", " ",
" ", " ",
"String.");
Console.WriteLine(": " + result);
}
}
:
:
String.
Concat() string-, a object-.

, . Concat()
:
public static string Concat(object v1, object v2)
public static string Concat( object v1,
object v2,
object v3)
public static string Concat(params object[] v)
,
v2, v1.
,
v1, v2 v3. ,
, v.
, :
// Concat().
using System;
class ConcatDemo {

string result = String.Concat(" ", 10, " ",
20.0, " ",
false, " ",
23.45M);
Console.WriteLine(": " + result);
}
548
II. C#
:
: 10 20 False 23.45
Concat()
.
ToString(), . ,
10 Int32.ToString(). Concat()
. Concat()
,
.

String ,
( ).
.
, IndexOf(), :
public int IndexOf(char ch)
public int IndexOf(string str)
IndexOf(), ,
ch .
str. 1,
.
,
LasItndexOf(), :
public int LastIndexOf(char ch)
public int LastIndexOf(string str)
LastIndexOf(), ,
ch .
str. 1,
.
String : IndexOfAny()
LastIndexOfAny(). ,
. :
public int IndexOfAny(char[] a)
public int LastIndexOfAny(char[] a)
IndexOfAny()
, . LastIndexOfAny()
,
. 1,
.
,
.
StartsWith() EndsWith():
public bool StartsWith(string str)
public bool EndsWith(string str)
StartsWith() true,
, str. EndsWith()
true, ,
str. false.
20.
549
:
// .
using System;
class StringSearchDemo {
string str =
"C# .";
int idx;
Console.WriteLine("str: " + str);
idx = str.IndexOf('');
Console.WriteLine(
" '': " + idx);
idx = str.LastIndexOf('');
Console.WriteLine(
" '': " + idx);
idx = str.IndexOf("");
Console.WriteLine(
" \"\": " + idx);
idx = str.LastIndexOf("");
Console.WriteLine(
" \"\": " + idx);
char[] chrs = { '', '', '' };
idx = str.IndexOfAny(chrs);
Console.WriteLine(
" '', '' '': " + idx);
if(str.StartsWith("C# "))
Console.WriteLine(
"str \"C# \"");
if(str.EndsWith("."))
Console.WriteLine(
"str \".\"");
:
str: C# .
'': 20
'': 41
"": 17
"": 28
'', '' '': 4
str "C# "
str "."
,
.
550
II. C#
, String, . 20.2.
20.2. , String
public bool EndsWith(

string str)
true,
, str.
false
ch
. -1,
str
. -1,

ch
. ,
start. -1,

str
. ,
start. -1,

ch
. ,
start, count .
-1,
str
. ,
start, count .
-1,

,
. -1,

,
. ,
start. -1,

,
. ,
start, count .
-1,
ch
. -1,

str
. -1,

ch,
.
, ,
start,
. -1,

public int IndexOf(

char ch)
public int IndexOf(
string str)
public int IndexOf(
char ch,
int start)
public int IndexOf(
string str,
int start)
public int IndexOf(
char ch,
int start,
int count)
public int IndexOf(
string str,
int start,
int count)
public int IndexOfAny(
char[] a)

char[] a,
int start)

char[] a,
int start,
int count)
public int LastIndexOf(
char ch)
string str)
char ch,
int start)
20.
551
. 20.2

string str,
int start)
str,
.
, ,
start,
. -1,

ch,
.
, ,
start, count .
-1,
str,
.
, ,
start, count .
-1,

,
. -1,

,
. ,
, start,
. -1,

,
. ,
, start,
count . -1,

true,
, str.
false

char ch,
int start,
int count)
string str,
int start,
int count)
public int
LastIndexOfAny(
char[] a)
public int
LastIndexOfAny(
char[] a,
int start)
public int
LastIndexOfAny(
char[] a,
int start,
int count)
public bool StartsWith(
string str)

()
. .
. string
Split(), Join().
Split() :
public string[] split(params char[] seps)
public string[] split(params char[] seps, int count)

, . ,
, seps. seps
null-, .
,
count.
Join():
552
II. C#
public static string Join(string sep, string[] strs)

public static string Join(string sep, string[] strs,
int start, int count)
Join() ,
, strs.
, count ,
strs, strs[start]. ,
, , sep.
Split() Join()
:
// .
using System;
class SplitAndJoinDemo {
string str =
" , .";
char[] seps = {' ', '.', ',',};
// .
string[] parts = str.Split(seps);
Console.WriteLine(
" : ");
for(int i=0; i < parts.Length; i++)
Console.WriteLine(parts[i]);
// .
string whole = String.Join(" | ", parts);
Console.WriteLine(whole);
:
:
:
| | | | | | | | |
|
,
, .
, , Split()
, , 100
(, 100).
20.
553
, (
), . .
,
, 10 + 5, .
// .
using System;
class TokenizeDemo {
string[] input = {
"100 + 19",
"100 / 3.3",
"-3 * 9",
"100 - 87"
};
char[] seps = {' '};
for(int i=0; i < input.Length; i++) {
// .
string[] parts = input[i].Split(seps);
for(int j=0; j < parts.Length; j++)
Console.Write(parts[j] + " ");
Console.Write(", : ");
double n = Double.Parse(parts[0]);
double n2 = Double.Parse(parts[2]);
switch(parts[1]) {
case "+":
Console.WriteLine(n + n2);
break;
case "-":
Console.WriteLine(n - n2);
break;
case "*":
Console.WriteLine(n * n2);
break;
case "/":
Console.WriteLine(n / n2);
break;
}
:
: 100 + 19 , : 119
: 100 / 3.3 , : 30.3030303030303
: -3 + 9 , : -27
: 100 - 87 , : 13
554
II. C#

.
, , . ,
print.
.
, ,
. , ,
, .
,
, . . , C#
, .
,
Trim():
public string Trim()
public string Trim(params char[] chrs)

. ,
chrs. ,
.
C#
.
:
public string PadLeft(int len)
public string PadLeft(int len, char ch)

,
len. ,
, ch.
, .

:
public string PadRight(int len)
public string PadRight(int len, char ch)

,
len. ,
, ch. ,
.

:
//
// .
using System;
class TrimPadDemo {
string str = "";
20.
555
// .
str = str.PadLeft(10);
Console.WriteLine("|" + str + "|");
// .
str = str.PadRight(20);
// .
str = str.Trim();
// "" "#".
str = str.PadLeft(10, '#');
Console.WriteLine("|" + str + " |");
// "" "#".
str = str.PadRight(20, '#');
// "#".
str = str.Trim('#');
:
:
|
|
|
|
||
|###### |
|################|
||
,
Insert() :
public string Insert(int start, string str)
str , .
() start. ,
.
Remove() :
public string Remove(int start, int count)
count. (),
, start. ,
.
Replace()
. :
public string Replace(char ch1, char ch2)
public string Replace(string str1, string str2)

ch1 ch2.
556
II. C#
str1 str2. ,
.
,
Insert(), Remove() Replace():
// , .
using System;
class InsRepRevDemo {
string str = " ";
// .
str = str.Insert(4, " ");
// .
str = str.Replace("", "");
// .
str = str.Replace('', 'X');
// .
str = str.Remove(4, 5);
:
:

String ,
, .. . ToUpper()
ToLower():
public string ToLower()
public string ToUpper()
ToLower()
, ToUpper() . ,
. ,
, ,
.
20.
557
Substring()
Substring() .
:
public string Substring(int idx)
public string Substring(int idx, int count)
,
idx, .
, , idx,
count . .
Substring() :
// Substring().
using System;
class SubstringDemo {
string str = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ";
Console.WriteLine("str: " + str);
Console.Write("str.Substring(15): ");
string substr = str.Substring(15);
Console.WriteLine(substr);
Console.Write("str.Substring(0, 15): ");

substr = str.Substring(0, 15);
Console.WriteLine(substr);
:
str: ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUWXYZ
str.Substring(15): PQRSTUVWXYZ
str.Substring(0, 15): ABCDEFGHIJKLMNO
(, int double)
, ,
. C#
, .
, I,
.
, Console.WriteLine(),
String.Format() ToString().
, ,
, .
558
II. C#

:
() . ,
,
. ,
. ,
( ),
.

,
. , ,
. C# .

IFormatProvider.
.NET Framework.
, ,
.

.
3, .
WriteLine(),
,
.
WriteLine(),
WriteLine():
WriteLine("_",
arg0, arg1, ... , argN);
WriteLine()
, +, _
: .
, ,
.
:
{_, : )
_
( ).
, .
. ,
, . ,
{0} arg0, {1} arg1 ..
WriteLine()
, ( ) ,
_. ,
_ ,
, .
,
.
.
, , ,
, . ,
20.
559
, , .

.

, , . 20 3.
.
, , , ,
, F2,
,
,
, . , ,
, ,
.
. ,
, ,
.
,
:
//
// .
using System;
class FormatDemo {
double v = 17688.65849;
double v2 = 0.15; int x = 21;
Console.WriteLine("{0:F2}", v);
Console.WriteLine("{0:N5}", v);
Console.WriteLine("{0:e}", v);
Console.WriteLine("{0:r}", v);
Console.WriteLine("{0:p}", v2);
Console.WriteLine("{0:X}" , x);
Console.WriteLine("{0:D12}", x);
}
}
Console.WriteLine("{0:C}", 189.99);
:
17688.66
17,688.65849
1.768866+004
17688.65849
15.00 %
560
II. C#
15
000000000021
$189.99
,
.
20.3.
C
c
D

(
)
d
E
D

(
E)

(
)

F

- F-
f-

(

)
N
P
,
Parse()

"" (
"
*.)
(
A-F)
F
f
G
g
N
n
P
p
R r
(
a-f)
.

.

.

. F
. f

.

.

String.Format()
ToString()
WriteLine()
,
, ,
. ,
20.
561
,
. GUI-,
Windows, - .

: String.Format()
ToString().
String.Format()

Format(), String ( . 20.4).
Format() WriteLine(), ,
Format() , .
20.4. Format()
public static string Format(

string str,
object v)
v
, str.
str,

v1
, str, v2
. str,

v1, v2 v3
,
str. str,

, v,
,
str.
str,

, v,
,
str,
, fmtprvdr.
str,


string str,
object v1,
object v2)
string str,
object v1,
object v2,
object v3)
string str,
params object[] v)

IFormatProvider fmtprvdr,
string str,
params object[] v)
,
, String.Format().
.
// String.Format()
// .
using System;
class FormatDemo {
562
II. C#
double v = 17688.65849;
double v2 = 0.15;
int x = 21;
string str = String.Format("{0:F2}", v);
str = String.Format("{0:N5}", v);
str = String.Format("{0:e}", v);
str = String.Format("{0:r}", v);
str = String.Format("{0:p}", v2);
str = String.Format("{0:X}", x);
str = String.Format("{0:D12}", x);
str = String.Format("{0:C}", 189.99);

WriteLine(), String.Format()

. ,
1 10:
// Format().
using System;
class FormatDemo2 {
int i;
int sum = 0;
int prod = 1;
string str;
/*
1 10. */
for(i=1; i <= 10; i++) {
sum += i;
prod *= i;
str = String.Format(
":{0,3:D} :{1,8:D}", sum, prod);
}
20.
563
:
: 1 :
1
: 3 :
2
: 6 :
6
: 10 :
24
: 15 :
120
: 21 :
720
: 28 :
5040
: 36 :
40320
: 45 : 362880
: 55 : 3628800
:
str = String.Format(":{0,3:D} :{1,8:D}",
sum, prod);
Format() :
( sum), ( prod). ,
,
WriteLine().
(: :), .
ToString()
,
(, Int32 Double),
ToString():
public string ToString(string fmt)
ToString()
, fmt.
, 188.99,
C:
string str = 189.99.ToString("C");
,
ToString(). WriteLine() Format(),
(
), ToString() .
,
ToString().
.
// ToString()
// .
using System;
class ToStringDemo {
double v = 17688.65849;
double v2 = 0.15;
int x = 21;
564
II. C#
string str = v.ToString("F2");

str = v.ToString("N5");
str = v.ToString("e");
str = v.ToString("r");
str = v2.ToString("p");
str = x.ToString("X");
str = x.ToString("D12");
str = 189.99.ToString("C");

, C#
, ,
(picture format).
, (.. ) ,
.
I. .
-
, ,
. , . 20.5.
20.5. -,
#
.
,
%
0
20.
565
. 20.5
, ,

e0 E+0 E-0
e0 e+0 -0
.
#
. ( )
, ()
. . #
, , .
.
, #,
. ,
# , .
( )
. , , ##.##,
, .
, - 0.
- 0
, ,
. ,
. ,
Console.WriteLine("{0:00##.#00}", 21.3);
:
0021.300
,
, ( )
, ( ) .

, #
. ,
Console.WriteLine("{0:#,###.#)", 3421.3);
:
3,421.3.
,
.
(
) . ,
Console.WriteLine("{0:#,###.#}", 8763421.3);
:
8,763,421.3.
.
( ),
566
II. C#
. 1 000.
,
Console.WriteLine(
" : {0:#, ###, .#}", 8763421.3);
:
: 8,763.4
, ,
.
-
. , ,
, .
,
Console.WriteLine(
" {0:##.# }",
21.3);
:
21.3

, \t \n.
- ,
( ).
0. 0
, .
. , ().
E+ e+,

: , , - -.
; ,
, .
- ; :
-;-;-
:
Console.WriteLine("{0:#.##;(#.##);0.00}", num);
num ,
. num ,
. num ,
0.00. - ;
. ,
, -.
,
-. - -
.

, :
// .
using System;
20.
567
class PictureFormatDemo {
double num = 64354.2345;
Console.WriteLine(" : " + num);
// .
Console.WriteLine(
" : " +
"{0:#.##}", num);
//
// .
Console.WriteLine(" : {0:#,###.##}", num);
//
// .
Console.WriteLine(
" : " +
"{0:#.###+00}", num);
// .
Console.WriteLine(" : " + "{0:#0,}", num);
/* ,
-. */
" " +
" -.");
Console.WriteLine("{0:#.#;(#.##);0.00}", num);
num = -num;
num = 0.0;
// .
num = 0.17;
Console.WriteLine(" : {0:#%}", num);
:
: 64354.2345
: 64354.23
: 64,354.23
: 6.435+04
: 64
, .
64354.2
(64354.23)
0.00
: 17%
568
II. C#

,
DateTime. 19, DateTime .
. :
02/25/2002
Monday, February 25, 2002
12:59:00
12:59:00 PM
,
. C#
.

, . 20.6.
,
,
.
20.6.
D
d
T
t
f
f
g
g
M
m
R
r
s
U
u
Y
y

,

R

;
(Universal Time Coordinated UTC)

Y
,
, :
// .
using System;
class TimeAndDateFormatDemo {
20.
569

DateTime dt = DateTime.Now; // .
Console.WriteLine(" d: {0:d}", dt);
Console.WriteLine(" D: {0:D}", dt);
Console.WriteLine(" t: {0:t}", dt);
Console.WriteLine(" : {0:T}", dt);
Console.WriteLine("
Console.WriteLine("
Console.WriteLine("
Console.WriteLine("
f:
F:
g:
G:
{0:f}",
{0:F}",
{0:g}",
{0:G}",
dt);
dt);
dt);
dt);
Console.WriteLine("
Console.WriteLine("
Console.WriteLine("
Console.WriteLine("
m:
:
r:
R:
{0:m}",
{0:M}",
{0:r}",
{0:R}",
dt);
dt);
dt);
dt);
Console.WriteLine(" s: {0:s}", dt);

Console.WriteLine(" u: {0:u}", dt);
Console.WriteLine(" U: {0:U}", dt);
Console.WriteLine(" y: {0:y}", dt);

Console.WriteLine(" Y: {0:Y}", dt);
:
d: 10.09.2003
D: 10 2003 .
t: 14:53
: 14:53:11
f: 10 2003 . 14:53
F: 10 2003 . 14:53:11
g: 10.09.2003 14:53
G: 10.09.2003 14:53:11
m: 10
: 10
r: Wed, 10 Sep 2003 14:53:11 GMT
R: Wed, 10 Sep 2003 14:53:11 GMT
s: 2003-09-10T14:53:11
u: 2003-09-10 14:53:11Z
U: 10 2003 . 11:53:11
y: 2003 .
Y: 2003 .
.
. . (
) ToString(),
DateTime.
(\).
// .
using System;
570
II. C#
class SimpleClock {
string t;
int seconds;
DateTime dt = DateTime.Now;
seconds = dt.Second;
for(;;) {
dt = DateTime.Now;
//
// seconds.
if(seconds != dt.Second) {
seconds = dt.Second;
t = dt.ToString("T");
if(dt.Minute==0 && dt.Second==0)
t = t + "\a";
//
// .
Console.WriteLine(t);

,
.
, . ,
() , , .

-, . 20.7.
, , d, f, g, m, M, s t
, ,
. 20.6. , ,
.
. ,
, (%).

:
//
// .
using System;
class CustomTimeAndDateFormatsDemo {
DateTime dt = DateTime.Now;
20.
571
Console.WriteLine(": {0:hh:mm tt}", dt);

Console.WriteLine(
" 24- : {0:HH:mm}", dt);
Console.WriteLine(": {0:ddd dd, yyyy}", dt);
Console.WriteLine(": {0:gg}", dt);
"{0:HH:mm:ss tt}", dt);
Console.WriteLine(" m : {0:m}",
dt);
Console.WriteLine(" m : {0:%m}",
dt);
:
: 11:14
24- : 11:14
: 11, 2003
: A.D.
: 11:14:52
m : 11
m : 14
: A.D. . . anno Domini, .. .
20.7. -,

d
dd
ddd
dddd
f, ff, fff,
ffff, fffff,
ffffff,
fffffff
g
h
hh
H
HH
m
mm
M
MM
MMMM
s
572
, 1-31
, 1-31. 19

.
"f"
1-12
1-12. 1-9
0-23
0-23. 1-9
. 1-9
1-12
1-12. 1-9

II. C#
. 20 7
ss
t
, 1-9
"" "P", . ( ) P.M. ( ),
AM. P.M.
,
. 1-9

. 1-9

, fmt
tt
y
yy
yyyy
z
zz
zzz
:
/
% fmt

C# , .
.
, , . 20.8.
G F. ,
, Flags.
, .
Flags G
. F
, ,
, .

:
// .
using System;
class EnumFmtDemo {
enum Direction { , , , }
[Flags] enum Status { =0x1, _=0x2,
=0x4, _=0x8,
_= 0x10,
_=0x20
}
Direction d = Direction.;
Console.WriteLine("{0:G}",
Console.WriteLine("{0:F}",
Console.WriteLine("{0:D}",
Console.WriteLine("{0:X}",
20.
d);
d);
d);
d);
573
Status s = Status. | Status._;
Console.WriteLine("{0:G}",
Console.WriteLine("{0:F}",
Console.WriteLine("{0:D}",
Console.WriteLine("{0:X}",
s);
s);
s);
s);
3
00000003
, _
, _
9
00000009
20.8.
G
g
F
f
D
d
X
x
574
.
Fiags,
( , )
G
. ,
, ,

, , Flags
f

d
.

X
II. C#
21
C# , ,
(multithreaded
programming). ,
.
(thread), .
, .
,
C#, , .NET Framework.
, , , C#
,
.

:
. .
. , , ,
,
. , ,
, ( )
Internet. -
,
.
. ,
, ,
. ,
. ,
- ,
.
, - -
. -
, -
.
,
,
(), .
, - ( ,
) , ().

( ). ,
,
. ,
, ,
Internet.
.
. ( ).
, ..
. .
576
II. C#
. , ,
() .
.NET Framework :
(foreground) , (background).
, , .. .
- ,
,
.
-
, ,
. C# ,
, .
,
(main thread),
. ,
. .
C# .NET Framework -, . , C#,
, , . ,
, ,
. , C#
. ,
C#
, C++ (
).
, ,
System.Threading.
:
using System.Threading;
Thread
C# Thread,
. Thread sealed-, .. .
Thread .
.

, Thread. Thread
:
public Thread(ThreadStart entryPoint)
entryPoint , ,
. ThreadStart , .NET
Framework:
public delegate void ThreadStart()
21.
577
, void
.
,
Start(), Thread. :
public void Start()
, ,
, entryPoint. entryPoint-
. Start()
, ,
ThreadStateException. , Thread
System.Threading.
:
// .
using System;
class MyThread {
public int count;
string thrdName;
public MyThread(string name) {
count = 0;
thrdName = name;
}
// ( ) .
public void run() {
Console.WriteLine(thrdName + " .");
do {
Thread.Sleep(500);
Console.WriteLine(" " + thrdName +
", count = " + count);
count++;
} while(count < 10);
Console.WriteLine(thrdName + " .");
}
}
class MultiThread {
// MyThread.
MyThread mt = new MyThread(" #1");
// .
Thread newThrd = new Thread(new ThreadStart(mt.run));
// , .
newThrd.Start();
do {
Console.Write(".");
578
II. C#
Thread.Sleep(10);
} while(mt.count != 10);
. MyThread
. run() ,
0 9. Sleep(),
Thread. Sleep() ,
, , .
:
public static void Sleep(int milliseconds)
milliseconds ,
. milliseconds ,
,
.
Main()
Thread:
// MyThread.
// .
Thread newThrd = new Thread(new ThreadStart(mt.run));
// , .
newThrd.Start();
, MyThread.
Thread
mt.run , . ,
Start() .
run() . Start()
Main(), do. ,
, .
:
.
. #1 .
.... #1, count = 0
....... #1, count = 1
.... #1, count = 2
...... #1, count = 3
.... #1, count = 4
..... #1, count = 5
...... #1, count = 6
.... #1, count = 7
....... #1, count = 8
.... #1, count = 9
#1 .
.
,
. ,
. ,
21.
579
.
,
.
, do ,
count 10. count
10 , newThrd,
.
.

,
. -,
.
MyThread Thread
MyThread. -,
MyThread, Thread Name,
. Name :
public string Name { get; set; }
Name ,
.
:
// .
using System;
class MyThread {
public int count;
public Thread thrd;
count = 0;
thrd = new Thread(new ThreadStart(this.run));
thrd.Name = name; // .
thrd.Start(); // .
}
// .
void run() {
Console.WriteLine(thrd.Name + " .");
do {
Thread.Sleep(500);
Console.WriteLine(" " + thrd.Name +
count++;
class MultiThreadImproved {
580
II. C#

// MyThread.
do {
Console.Write(".");
Thread.Sleep(100);
} while(mt.count != 10);
, .
, thrd
MyThread.

.
, .
, :
// .
using System;
class MyThread {
public int count;
public Thread thrd;
count = 0;
thrd.Name = name;
thrd.Start();
}
// .
void run() {
do {
Thread.Sleep(500);
count++;
}
class MoreThreads {
21.
581
// .
MyThread mt1 = new MyThread(" #1");
do {
Console.Write(".");
Thread.Sleep(100);
} while( mt1.count < 10 ||
mt2.count < 10 ||
mt3.count < 10);
:
.
. #1 .
#2 .
#3 .
.... #1, count = 0
#2, count = 0
#3, count = 0
..... #1, count = 1
#2, count = 1
#3, count = 1
.... #1, count = 2
#2, count = 2
#3, count = 2
..... #1, count = 3
#2, count = 3
#3, count = 3
.... #1, count = 4
#2, count = 4
#3, count = 4
..... #1, count = 5
#2, count = 5
#3, count = 5
..... #1, count = 6
#2, count = 6
#3, count = 6
.... #1, count = 7
#2, count = 7
#3, count = 7
..... #1, count = 8
#2, count = 8
#3, count = 8
.... #1, count = 9
#1 .
#2, count = 9
#2 .
#3, count = 9
#3 .
.
582
II. C#
,
. - ,

.
, .
count,
. , Thread
, .
IsAlive. :
public bool IsAlive { get; }
IsAlive true, ,
, . false.
, MoreThreads
, :
// IsAlive
// .
class MoreThreads {
//
MyThread mt1 =
MyThread mt2 =
MyThread mt3 =
.
new MyThread(" #1");
do {
Console.Write("."); Thread.Sleep(100);
} while( mt1.thrd.IsAlive &&
mt2.thrd.IsAlive &&
mt3.thrd.IsAlive);
MoreThreads
. ,

IsAlive.
, ,
Join().
:
public void Join()
Join() , , , .
(join . . )
21.
583
, .
,
ThreadStateException. Join()
,
.
, ,
, Join():
// Join().
using System;
class MyThread {
public int count;
public Thread thrd;
count = 0;
thrd.Name = name;
thrd.Start();
}
// .
void run() {
do {
Thread.Sleep(500);
count++;
}
// Join() .
class JoinThreads {
// .
mt1.thrd.Join();
Console.WriteLine(" #1 .");
mt2.thrd.Join();
mt3.thrd.Join();
584
II. C#
. ,
, , .
.
#1 .
#2 .
#3 .
#1, count = 0
#2, count = 0
#3, count = 0
#1, count = 1
#2, count = 1
#3, count = 1
#1, count = 2
#2, count = 2
#3, count = 2
#1, count = 3
#2, count = 3
#3, count = 3
#1, count = 4
#2, count = 4
#3, count = 4
#1, count = 5
#2, count = 5
#3, count = 5
#1, count = 6
#2, count = 6
#3, count = 6
#1, count = 7
#2, count = 7
#3, count = 7
#1, count = 8
#2, count = 9
#3, count = 8
#1, count = 9
#1 .
#2, count = 9
#2 .
#3, count = 9
#3 .
#1 .
#2 .
#3 .
.
, Join()
.
IsBackground
, .NET Framework :
. ,
, -
21.
585
,
.
.
IsBackground, Thread :
public bool IsBackground { get; set; }
,
IsBackground true. false ,
.

. , ,
, .
,
. , , ,
,
.
, ( ),
, . ,
,
, ,
.
, .
.
Priority, Thread.
:
public ThreadPriority Priority{ get; set; }
ThreadPriority ,
:
ThreadPriority.Highest
ThreadPriority.AboveNormal
ThreadPriority.Normal
ThreadPriority.BelowNormal
ThreadPriority.Lowest
ThreadPriority.Normal.
, ,
, , .
MyThread. run() ,
. 1 000
000 000, , stop true.
stop false. ,
1 000 000 000, stop true.
( ,
).
currentName . ,
, .
586
II. C#
, currentName
. ,
.
, .
// .
using System;
class MyThread {
public int count;
public Thread thrd;
static bool stop = false;
static string currentName;
/* . ,

. */
count = 0;
thrd.Name = name; currentName = name;
}
// .
void run() {
Console.WriteLine(" " + thrd.Name + " .");
do {
count++;
if(currentName != thrd.Name) {
currentName = thrd.Name;
Console.WriteLine(" " + currentName);
}
} while(stop == false && count < 1000000000);
stop = true;
Console.WriteLine(" " + thrd.Name + " .");
class PriorityDemo {
MyThread mt1 = new MyThread(" ");
// .
mt1.thrd.Priority = ThreadPriority.AboveNormal;
mt2.thrd.Priority = ThreadPriority.BelowNormal;
// .
mt1.thrd.Start();
mt2.thrd.Start();
21.
587
mt1.thrd.Join();
mt2.thrd.Join();
Console.WriteLine(" " + mt1.thrd.Name +
" " +
mt1.count);
Console.WriteLine(" " + mt2.thrd.Name +
" " +
mt2.count);
1 Pentium, Windows 2000:

.

.

.
.
1000000000
25600064
,
98% . , ,
, ,
, .
Windows.
-,
,
. , ,

, . ,
,
.

.
. ,
,
. ,
,
588
II. C#
. . ,
, , .
,
, .
.
, ..
. , ,
.
, .
C#,
. lock.
C# ,
.
lock :
lock(object) {
// , .
}
object .
, ,
lock , ,
, ,
. ,
. .

sumIt(), :
// lock
// .
using System;
class SumArray {
int sum;
public int sumIt(int[] nums) {
lock(this) { // .
sum =0;
// .
sum += nums[i];
Console.WriteLine(
" " +
Thread.CurrentThread.Name +
" " + sum);
Thread.Sleep(10); // .
}
return sum;
class MyThread {
21.
589
public Thread thrd;

int[] a;
int answer;
/* SumArray
MyThread. */
static SumArray sa = new SumArray();
// .
public MyThread(string name, int[] nums) {
a = nums;
thrd.Name = name;
thrd.Start(); // .
}
// .
void run() {
answer = sa.sumIt(a);
" " + answer);
}
class Sync {
int[] a = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
MyThread mt1 = new MyThread("
MyThread mt2 = new MyThread("
mt1.thrd.Join();
mt2.thrd.Join();
}
}
:
#1 .
#2 .
#1
#1
#1
#1
#1
#2
#1 15
#1 .
#2
#2
#2
#2
#2 15
#2 .
590
#1", a);
#2", a);
1
3
6
10
15
1
3
6
10
15
II. C#
, .
. .
SumArray. sumIt(),
. , MyThread, static- sa
SumArray. , MyThread
SumArray.
. ,
sum SumArray. ,
sumIt() , sum ""
. ,
sumIt() . ,
Sync, , ..
.
sumIt() lock
. ,
this.
lock, . Sleep()
, (
), . sumIt()
, . ,
, , sumIt() ,
() .
.
lock,
sumIt(). sumIt() ,
. ,
sum ,
, sumIt(). ,
sumIt() ,
, sum
. , ,
lock
sumIt():
#1 .
#1 1
#2 .
#2 1
#1 3
#2 5
#1 8
#2 11
#1 15
#2 19
#1 24
#2 29
#2 29
#2 .
#1 29
#1 .
, sumIt()
, sum . ,
lock.
21.
591
1. lock ,
,
.
2. , ,
,
.
3. , .
, lock
, private-, internal.
.

,
,
, , , . ,
, ,
.
, , ,
. , ,
lock .
? ,
: (
) , lock. ,
. ,
sumIt() .
sumIt() MyThread.
// lock
// .
using System;
class SumArray {
int sum;
public int sumIt(int[] nums) {
sum =0; // .
sum += nums[i];
Console.WriteLine(
" " +
Thread.CurrentThread.Name +
" " + sum);
Thread.Sleep(10); // .
}
return sum;
class MyThread {
592
II. C#
public Thread thrd;

int[] a;
int answer;
/* SumArray
MyThread. */
static SumArray sa = new SumArray();
// .
public MyThread(string name, int[] nums) {
a = nums;
thrd.Name = name;
thrd.Start(); // .
}
// .
void run() {
// lock sumIt().
lock(sa) answer = sa.sumIt(a);
" " + answer);
class Sync {
int[] a = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
MyThread mt1 = new MyThread(" #1", a);
MyThread mt2 = new MyThread(" #2", a);
mt1.thrd.Join();
mt2.thrd.Join();
sa.sumIt(),
sumIt(). :
// lock sumIt().
lock(sa) answer = sa.sumIt(a);
,
.

,
, static-,
, .
. static-, lock
:
21.
593
lock(typeof(class)) {
// .
}
class , static-,
.
Monitor lock
lock ,
, Monitor,
System.Threading. Monitor
. ,
, Enter(), Exit().

public static void Enter(object syncOb)
public static void Exit(object syncOb)
syncOb . Enter()
, ,
. Microsoft , lock-
Enter()
Exit(). lock C#,
C#- .
TryEnter() Monitor.
:
public static bool TryEnter(object syncOb)
true,
syncOb, false .
, , .
Monitor : Wait(), Pulse() PulseAll().
.

Wait(), Pulse() PulseAll()
. ( T)
lock- ( R), .
T? T R,
, .
,
. , T
, . R
, T , .
,
, , ,
. C#
Wait(), Pulse() PulseAll().
Wait(), Pulse() PulseAll() Monitor.
lock- .
594
II. C#
, Wait(), ..
() ,
. ,
Pulse() PulseAll(), .
Pulse() , ,
. PulseAll()
.
Wait():
public static bool Wait(object waitOb)
public static bool Wait(object waitOb, int milliseconds)
.
, .
waitOb , .
Pulse() PulseAll() :
public static void Pulse(object waitOb)
public static void PulseAll(object waitOb)
waitOb , .
Wait(), Pulse() PulseAll() , lock, SynchronizationLockException.
Wait() Pulse()
Wait() Pulse(),
,
. TickTock, : tick()
tock(). tick() , tock() .
,
tick(), tock().
,
-, .. , .
// Wait() Pulse()
// .
using System;
class TickTock {
public void tick(bool running) {
lock(this) {
if(!running) { // .
Monitor.Pulse(this);
//
// .
return;
}
Console.Write("");
Monitor.Wait(this);
}
//
//
//
//

tock().

tock().
21.
595
public void tock(bool running) {

lock(this) {
if(!running) { // .
//
// .
return;
}
Monitor.Pulse(this); //
// tick().
Monitor.Wait(this);
//
// tick().
}
}
class MyThread {
public Thread thrd;
TickTock ttOb;
// .
public MyThread(string name, TickTock tt) {
ttOb = tt;
thrd.Name = name;
thrd.Start();
}
// .
void run() {
if(thrd.Name == "") {
for(int i=0; i<5; i++) ttOb.tick(true);
ttOb.tick(false);
} else {
for(int i=0; i<5; i++) ttOb.tock(true);
ttOb.tock(false);
}
}
class TickingClock {
TickTock tt = new TickTock();
MyThread mt1 = new MyThread("", tt);
596
mt1.thrd.Join();
mt2.thrd.Join();
:
II. C#

. Main()
TickTock tt, .
run() MyThread .
, tick(),
tock().
true. ,
true. (
false) .
tick() tock().
tick(), :
lock(this) {
if(!running) { // .
// .
return;
}
Console.Write(" ");
Monitor.Wait(this);
}
//
//
//
//

tock().

tock().
, tick()
lock-. , Wait() Pulse()
. running.
. false,
. Pulse(),
. , ,
() , ,
Pulse() Wait().
Pulse()
. Wait() tick() ,
Pulse(). ,
tick() ,
, .
tock() tick(), ,
. , ,
Pulse(), Wait(). ,
tick() tock(), ,
, tick() ... ,
.
Pulse() ,
Wait(). ,
21.
597
tick() tock()
Wait(). ,
. ,
Pulse() .
Pulse() , .
,
<CTRL + C>. , Wait()
tock()
Pulse(), tock() .
( tock()) .
-
Wait() Pulse() ,
, TickTock
. Wait() Pulse().
// TickTock.
class TickTock {
lock(this) {
if(!running) { // .
return;
}
Console.Write(" ");

lock(this) {
if(!running) { // .
return;
}
TickTock
:

, tick() tock()
!
,
, .
(deadlock) ,
598
II. C#
, .
, , , .
,
, !
, , . ,
.
TickTock. , Pulse()
tick() tock(), (.. tock() tick())
, .
, ,

. ,
. ,
,
.

MethodImplAttribute
MethodImplAttribute,
. lock ,
MethodImplAttribute
System.Runtime.CompilerServices.
,
, :
public MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions opt)
opt .
MethodImplOptions.Synchronized.
.
TickTock,
MethodImplAttribute:
// MethodImplAttribute
// .
using System;
using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
class TickTock {
/*
tick() . */
[MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.Synchronized)]
if(!running) { // .
// .
return;
}
Console.Write(" ");
//
21.
599
Monitor.Wait(this);
// tock().
// ,
// tock().
}
/*
tock() . */
[MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.Synchronized)]
if(!running) { // .
// .
return;
}
//
// tick().
Monitor.Wait(this);
// ,
// tick().
}
class MyThread {
public Thread thrd;
TickTock ttOb;
// .
public MyThread(string name, TickTock tt) {
ttOb = tt;
thrd.Name = name;
thrd.Start();
}
// .
void run() {
if(thrd.Name == "") {
for(int i=0; i<5; i++) ttOb.tick(true);
ttOb.tick(false);
} else {
for(int i=0; i<5; i++) ttOb.tock(true);
ttOb.tock(false);
}
}
class TickingClock {
TickTock tt = new TickTock();
600
II. C#
mt1.thrd.Join();
mt2.thrd.Join();
TickTock
( ).
lock-
MethodImplAttribute . .
lock C#,
.
,

. ,
.
, . ,
, .
.
.
, ,
.
Thread.Suspend(),
Thread.Resume().
:
public void Suspend()
public void Resume()

, ThreadStateException.
, , , .
, Thread.Abort().
:
public void Abort()
Abort() ThreadAbortException
, . .
, (
). ,
Abort() , ,
, ,
Abort() Join(). (
) Abort() .
, finally- .
,
:
//, .
using System;
21.
601
class MyThread {
public Thread thrd;
thrd.Name = name;
thrd.Start();
}
// .
void run() {
for(int i = 1; i <= 1000; i++) {
if((i%10)==0) {
Thread.Sleep(250);
}
}
}
class SuspendResumeStop {
Thread.Sleep(1000);
//
// .
mt1.thrd.Suspend();
Thread.Sleep(1000);
mt1.thrd.Resume();
Thread.Sleep(1000);
mt1.thrd.Suspend();
Thread.Sleep(1000);
mt1.thrd.Resume();
Thread.Sleep(1000);
mt1.thrd.Abort();
602
mt1.thrd.Join(); // .
II. C#
:
.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
.
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
.
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
.
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
.
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110
111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120
.
.
Abort()
Abort():
public void Abort(object info)
info ,
. ExceptionState
ThreadAbortException.
, :
// Abort(object).
using System;
class MyThread {
public Thread thrd;
thrd.Name = name;
thrd.Start();
}
// .
void run() {
try {
for(int i = 1; i <= 1000; i++) {
if((i%10)==0) {
Console.WriteLine(); Thread.Sleep(250);
}
}
Console.WriteLine(thrd.Name +
" .");
21.
603
} catch(ThreadAbortException exc) {
Console.WriteLine(
" , = " +
exc.ExceptionState);
class UseAltAbort {
Thread.Sleep(1000);
//
// .
mt1.thrd.Abort(100);
mt1.thrd.Join();
//
// .
:
.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
.
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
, = 100
.
, Abort()
100. ExceptionState
ThreadAbortException,
.
Abort()
.
ThreadAbortException,
ResetAbort().
. ResetAbort() :
public static void ResetAbort()
ResetAbort() ,
, .
ResetAbort() :
// ResetAbort().
using System;
class MyThread {
public Thread thrd;
604
II. C#

thrd.Name = name;
thrd.Start();
}
// .
void run() {
for(int i = 1; i <= 1000; i++) {
try {
if((i%10)==0) {
Thread.Sleep(250);
}
} catch(ThreadAbortException exc) {
if((int)exc.ExceptionState ==0) {
Console.WriteLine(
" ! = " +
Thread.ResetAbort();
} else
Console.WriteLine(
" , = " +
}
}
}
class ResetAbort {
Thread.Sleep(1000);
//
// .
mt1.thrd.Abort(0); //
// .
Thread.Sleep(1000);
//
// .
mt1.thrd.Abort(100);
//
// .
mt1.thrd.Join();
//
// .
21.
605
:
.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
.
! = 0
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
.
, = 100
.
, , Abort() ,
, ResetAbort()
, .
.

ThreadState,
Thread:
public Thread ThreadState{ get; }
,
ThreadState. :
ThreadState.Aborted
ThreadState.AbortRequested
ThreadState.Background
ThreadState.Running
ThreadState.Stopped
ThreadState.StopRequested
ThreadState.Suspended
ThreadState.SuspendRequested
ThreadState.Unstarted
ThreadState.WaitSleepJoin
. ,
ThreadState.WaitSleepJoin, ,
Wait(), Sleep() Join().

, C#-
, ,
.
.
,
Thread, .
CurrentThread, Thread.
:
public static Thread CurrentThread{ get; }
, .
,
606
II. C#
CurrentThread, . ,
, .
, ,
, :
// .
using System;
class UseMain {
Thread thrd;
// .
thrd = Thread.CurrentThread;
// .
if(thrd.Name == null)
else
Console.WriteLine(" : " + thrd.Name);
// .
Console.WriteLine(": " + thrd.Priority);
// .
Console.WriteLine(" .\n");
thrd.Name = " ";
thrd.Priority = ThreadPriority.AboveNormal;
Console.WriteLine(
" : " +
thrd.Name);
thrd.Priority);
:
. : Normal
.
:
: AboveNormal
:
. , Join()
thrd.Join();
Main(), ,
, !
21.
607

( ). ,
,
. ,
. :
.
,
!

C# - ,
- . ,
, ,
. C# Process,
System.Diagnostics.

Start(), Process. :
public static Process Start(string name)
name ,
.
Close(),
, . Close() :
public void Close()
. GUI, Windows,
CloseMainWindow(),
:
public bool CloseMainWindow()
, .
true, .
false, GUI-
. , CloseMainWindow()
. , .
Kill():
public void Kill()
Kill() .
. ,
, , , .
WaitForExit().
:
public void WaitForExit()
public bool WaitForExit(int milliseconds)
608
II. C#
, ,
. WaitForExit(),
, true,
, false, .
.
Windows WordPad.exe.
// .
using System;
using System.Diagnostics;
class StartProcess {
Process newProc = Process.Start("wordpad.exe");
newProc.WaitForExit();
newProc.Close(); // .
WordPad,
. ,
WordPad.
WordPad .
21.
609
22

C# .
System.Collections ,
.
, ,
.
, , , , . C#-.

,
.
. ,
ArrayList, Hashtable, Stack Queue, .
,
.
.NET Framework :
, .
,
, . ,
/.
object, .

. ,
,
.
, ,
. ,
. , BitArray ,
.

(), IEnumerator IEnumerable.

.
IEnumerable,
, IEnumerator. ,
,
, .
,
, foreach.
. C++-,
, C#-
(Standard Template Library STL), C++. ,
C++ , C# . Java.
Java- Collections Framework,
C#-.
22.
611

System.Collections .
, ,
. , ,
. 22.1.
.
ICollection
ICollection ,
. ,
. IEnumerable.
ICollection, .
ICollection :
int Count { get; }

bool IsSynchronized
{ get; }

true, ,
false

,
object SyncRoot
{ get; }
Count ,
, . Count ,
, . ICollection :
void CopyTo(Array target, int startIdx)
CopyTo() ,
target, , startIdx. ,
CopyTo() C#-.
ICollection IEnumerable,
GetEnumerator():
IEnumerator GetEnumerator()
.
22.1.
ICollection
IEnumerable
,
GetEnumerator(),

,

,

, /
IEnumerator
IList
IDictionary
612
II. C#
. 22.1
,
IDictionary
Compare(),
,
-
IComparer
IHashCodeProvider
IList
IList ICollection
, .
, ICollection, IList
( . 22.2).
.
,
22.2. , IList
int Add(
object obj)
void Clear()
bool Contains(
object obj)
obj .
,

true,
, obj,
false
obj, ()
. obj ,
-1
obj ,
idx. ,
idx , ,
obj
obj
. ,
, ,
"
,
, idx. ,
,
, ""
int IndexOf(
object obj)
void Insert(
int idx,
object obj)
void Remove(
object obj)
void RemoveAt(
int idx)
IList Add().
, Add() object.
object ,
. ( ),
(boxing).
Remove()
RemoveAt(). Remove() , RemoveAt()
, .
Clear().
22.
613
, ,
Contains(). IndexOf(),
Insert().
IList :
bool IsFixedSize { get; }
bool IsReadOnly { get; }
, IsFixedSize
true. ,
. , IsReadOnly
true. , .
IList :
object this[int idx] { get; set; }

. .
Add(). ,
.
IDictionary
IDictionary ,
. ,
. , ,
IDictionary, /.
.
IDictionary ICollection. ,
IDictionary, . 22.3.
22.3. , IDictionary
void Add(
object k,
object v)
/,
k v. k .
, k ,
ArgumentException
/
true,
k .
false

void Clear()
bool Contains(
object k)
GetEnumerator()
void Remove(
object k)
, k
/ IDictionary-,
Add(). ,
. - ,
Remove() .
Clear().
614
II. C#
, ,
Contains(), .
GetEnumerator() , IDictionary.
"" (/) .
IDictionary :
bool IsFixedSize { get; }
true,
true,
bool IsReadOnly { get; }

ICollection Keys { get; }
ICollection Values { get; }
, Keys Values ,
, .
IDictionary :
object this[object key] { get; set; }

. .
, ,
.
IEnumerable, IEnumerator IDictionaryEnumerator

IEnumerable ,
. ,
IEnumerable,
ICollection. IEnumerable
GetEnumerator():
IEnumerator GetEnumerator()
. ,
IEnumerable
freach.
IEnumerator, , .
, .
, / (.. ),
GetEnumerator() IDictionaryEnumerator,
IEnumerator. IDictionaryEnumerator
IEnumerator
.
, IEnumerator,
.
IComparer
IComparer Compare(),
:
int Compare(object v1, object v2)
22.
615
Compare() , v1
v2, , v1 v2, ,
.
.
IHashCodeProvider
IHashCodeProvider ,
GetHashCode().
, ( -)
Object.GetHashCode(), .
IHashCodeProvider .
DictionaryEntry
System.Collections
DictionaryEntry. , /,
DictionaryEntry.
:
public object Key { get; set; }
public object Value { get; set; }

. DictionaryEntry
:
public DictionaryEntry(object k, object v)
k , v .

, ,
, . ,
: ,
.
.
.
. .
, :
ArrayList
, ..

- /
, , :

/
, , :

Hashtable
Queue
SortedList
Stack
616
II. C#
ArrayList
ArrayList ,
. C#
,
. , ,
. ,
. ArrayList.
ArrayList ,
. ArrayList
.
. .
ArrayList, , , .
ArrayList ICollection, IList, IEnumerable
ICloneable. ArrayList :
public ArrayList()
public ArrayList(ICollection )
public ArrayList(int capacity)
ArrayList-
, 16 . ,
, .
. (
) .
ArrayList- , ,
, .
, ,
ArrayList, .
. 22.4. ArrayList
Sort().
, BinarySearch().
ArrayList- , Reverse().
ArrayList ,
. , InsertRange(),
ArrayList- . RemoveRange()
.
,
SetRange(). ,
. .
ArrayList .
Synchronized().
22.4. ArrayList
public virtual void AddRange(

ICollection )
public virtual int
BinarySearch(
object v)
,
v.
. ,
.

22.
617
. 22.4
public virtual int

BinarySearch(
object v,
ICotnparer comp)
,
v, ,
comp. .
,
.
,
v, ,
comp. ,
startIdx, count
. .
,
.
,
, startIdx, ,
ar.

count ,
, srcIdx, ,
ar, ,
destIdx.

ArrayList.
idx
count .
,
ar ArrayList-

public virtual int

BinarySearch(
int startIdx,
int count,
object v,
IComparer comp)

Array ar,
int startIdx)
int srcIdx,
Array ar,
int destIdx,
int count)
public virtual ArrayList
GetRange(
int idx,
int count)
public static ArrayList
FixedSize(
ArrayList ar)
public virtual void
InsertRange(
int startIdx,
ICollection c)
public virtual int
LastIndexOf(
object v)
ReadOnly(ArrayList ar)
public virtual void
RemoveRange(
int idx, int count)
public virtual void
Reverse()
public virtual void
Reverse(int startIdx,
int count)
public virtual void
SetRange(int startIdx,
ICollection c)
public virtual void Sort()
public virtual void Sort(
IComparer comp)
618
, ,
, ,
startIdx
v
. ,
-1
ar ArrayList-,
,
count ,
, idx

count
, startIdx
,
startIdx, ,

, comp. comp
,

II. C#
. 22.4
public virtual void Sort(

int startIdx,
int endIdx,
IComparer comp)

, comp.
startIdx
endIdx. comp ,


Synchronized(
ArrayList list)
public virtual object[]
ToArray()
public virtual Array
ToArray(
Type type)
public virtual void
TrimToSize()
,

,
.
type
Capacity
Count
, , ArrayList,
Capacity:
public virtual int Capacity { get; set; }
Capacity
ArrayList.
, ArrayList- .
, ArrayList- ,
. ,
ArrayList-,
Capacity . ,
.
, ArrayList-,
Capacity .
Count. ,
Count, ICollection,
, .
Capacity , Count,
ArgumentOutOfRangeException.
ArrayList- ,
, Capacity Count.
, TrimToSize().
ArrayList
. ArrayList-,
. .

.
.
// ArrayList-.
using System;
using System.Collections;
class ArrayListDemo {
22.
619
// .
ArrayList al = new ArrayList();
al.Capacity);
al.Count);
Console.WriteLine(" 6 .");
// .
al.Add('');
al.Add('A');
al.Add('E');
al.Add('B');
al.Add('D');
al.Add('F');
al.Capacity);
al.Count);
// , .
for(int i=0; i < al.Count; i++)
Console.Write(al[i] + " ");
// .
al.Remove('F');
al.Remove('A');
al.Capacity);
al.Count);
// foreach.
foreach(char c in al)
Console.Write(c + " ");
// ,
// .
for(int i=0; i < 20; i++)
al.Add((char)('a' + i));
al.Capacity);
Console.WriteLine(
" 20 : " +
al.Count);
620
II. C#

// , .
al[0] = 'X';
al[1] = 'Y';
al[2] = 'Z';
:
: 16
: 0
6 .
: 16
: 6
: D F
2 .
: 16
: 4
: D
20 .
: 32
20 : 24
: C E B D a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t
.
: X Y Z D a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t
,
, 16. ,
, , .
ArrayList-
ArrayList
Sort(). ,
BinarySearch().
:
// ArrayList-
// .
using System;
class SortSearchDemo {
// .
22.
621
// .
al.Add(55);
al.Add(43);
al.Add(-4);
al.Add(88);
al.Add(3);
al.Add(19);
foreach(int i in al)
// .
al.Sort();
// foreach
// .
Console.WriteLine(" 4 3 " +
al.BinarySearch(43));
:
: 55 43 -4 88 3 19
: -4 3 19 43 55 88
4 3 3
ArrayList-
, ,
. ,
, .
(, , ,
.
.)

ArrayList- ,
.
ToArray(). . -,
. -,
, ,
. ArrayList-
, , :
// ArrayList- .
using System;
622
II. C#
class ArrayListToArray {
// .
al.Add(1);
al.Add(2);
al.Add(3);
al.Add(4);
// .
int[] ia = (int[]) al.ToArray(typeof(int));
int sum = 0;
// .
for(int i=0; i<ia.Length; i++)
sum += ia[i];
:
: 1 2 3 4 : 10
.
ToArray(), int.
.
, ToArray(), Array,
int[], ,
.
Hashtable
Hashtable ,
-. , , -
, (hashing).
, ,
-,
. - ,
, . -
, .. - .
,
, , , .
Hashtable IDictionary, ICollection, IEnumerable,
ISerializable, IDeserializationCallback ICloneable.
Hashtable ,
( ):
public Hashtable()
public Hashtable(IDictionary )
22.
623
public Hashtable(int capacity)

public Hashtable(int capacity, float fillRatio)
Hashtable.
Hashtable- .
- capacity, a
( capacity), (
fillRatio). (
), 0,1-1,0,
-, . ,
, ,
. ,
, 1,0.
Hashtable ,
, .
. 22.5. , Hashtable-
, ContainsKey(). ,
- , ContainsValue().
Hashtable-
IDictionaryEnumerator, GetEnumerator(). ,
, /,
IDictionaryEnumerator.
22.5. Hashtable
public virtual bool

ContainsKey(
object k)
public virtual bool
ContainsValue(
object v)
public virtual
GetEnumerator()
public static Hashtable
Synchronized(
Hashtable ht)
true, Hashtabie , k.
fls
true, Hashtable , v.
false
Hashtable-

Hashtable-, ht
Hashtable, ,
, public-.
, Hashtable- :
public virtual ICollection Keys { get; }
public virtual ICollection Values { get; }
Hashtable
,
. Hashtable protected-
Hcp Comparer, .
Hashtable /
DictionaryEntry, ,
. ,
Hashtable- Add(),
: .
624
II. C#
, Hashtable-
. ,
.
, Hashtable-:
// Hashtable-.
using System;
class HashtableDemo {
public static void Main() { // -.
Hashtable ht = new Hashtable();
// -.
ht.Add("", " ");
ht.Add("", " ");
ht.Add("", " ");
ht.Add("", " ");
// .
ht[""] = " ";
// .
ICollection c = ht.Keys;
// .
foreach(string str in c)
Console.WriteLine(str + ": " + ht[str]);
:
:
:
:
:
:
, /
. ,
- ht. -,
Keys. - ht,
, .
, , IDictionary
Hashtable, .
SortedList
SortedList ,
/ , .
SortedList IDictionary, ICollection, IEnumerable
ICloneable.
SortedList , :
22.
625
public SortedList()
public SortedList(IDictionary c)
public SortedList(int capacity)
public SortedList(IComparer comp)
,
16 . SortedList-,
, .
SortedList-,
, capacity. ,
, .
,
.
, 16 .
SortedList- ,
, . ,
, .
SortedList- ,
. ,
, , .
SortedList ,
, .
. 22.6. , SortedList- ,
ContainsKey(). ,
, ContainsValue().
SortedList-
IDictionaryEnumerator, GetEnumerator(). ,
, /,
IDictionaryEnumerator. SortedList Synchronized().
22.6. , SortedList
public virtual bool

ContainsKey(
object k)
public virtual bool
ContainsValue(
object v)
GetByIndex(
int idx)
public virtual
GetEnumerator()
GetKey(
int idx)
public virtual IList
GetKeyList()
public virtual IList
GetValueList()
true, SortedList , k.
false
true, SortedList , v.
false
, idx
626
SortedList-
, idx
IList- ,
SortedList-
IList- ,
SortedList-
II. C#
. 22.6
public virtual int

IndexOfKey(
object k)
public virtual int
IndexOfValue(
object v)
public virtual void
GetByIndex(
int idx,
object v)
public static SortedList
Synchronized(
SortedList sl)
public virtual void
TrimToSize()
, k.
-1,
,
v. -1,
,
idx, , v
SortedList, sl
Capacity
Count
.
, ,
GetByIndex(), , ,
SetByIndex(). , ,
GetKey(). GetKeyList(),
GetValueList().
IndexOfKey(),
IndexOfValue(). SortedList ,
IDictionary,
, .
SortedList ,
, .
, SortedList-,
:
public virtual ICollection Keys { get; }
public virtual ICollection Values { get; }

SortedList-.
Hashtable-, SortedList- /
DitionaryEntry, ,
SortedList,
.
SortedList
,
, Hashtable-.
, , SortedList .
// SortedList-.
using System;
class SLDemo {
// SortedList.
SortedList sl = new SortedList();
22.
627
// .
sl.Add("", " ");
sl.Add("", " ");
sl.Add("", " ");
sl.Add("", " ");
// .
sl[""] = " ";
// .
ICollection c = sl.Keys;
// .
Console.WriteLine(
" , " +
".");
Console.WriteLine(str + ": " + sl[str]);
// , .
Console.WriteLine(
" , " +
" .");
for(int i=0; i<sl.Count; i++)
Console.WriteLine(sl.GetByIndex(i));
// .
Console.WriteLine(
" .");
Console.WriteLine(str + ": " + sl.IndexOfKey(str));
:
, .
:
:
:
:
:
, .

.
: 0
: 1
: 2
: 3
: 4
628
II. C#
Stack
, , ,

(last-in, first-out LIFO). , ,
. , ,
, .. .
.
,
( ,
).
, , Stack.
ICollection, IEnumerable ICloneable.
, ,
, , ,
.
Stack :
public Stack()
public Stack(int capacity)
public Stack(ICollection c)
,
10 . ,
capacity. ,
, .
, , Stack,
, . 22.7.
, ,
, Push(). ,
Pop(). Pop() ,
, InvalidOperationException. Peek()
, .
22.7. , Stack
public virtual bool

Contains(
object v)
public virtual void Clear()
true, v
.
false
Count ,

, ,

, ,

v

Peek()
public virtual object Pop()
public virtual void Push(
object v)
public static stack
Synchronized(
stack stk)
ToArray()
Stack-,
stk
,

:
Integer, .
22.
629
// Stack.
using System;
class StackDemo {
static void showPush(Stack st, int a) {
st.Push(a);
Console.WriteLine(
" : Push(" + a + ")");
foreach(int i in st)
static void showPop(Stack st) {

Console.Write(" : Pop -> ");
int a = (int) st.Pop();
Console.WriteLine(a);

Stack st = new Stack();
showPush(st, 22);
showPush(st, 65);
showPush(st, 91);
showPop(st);
showPop(st);
showPop(st);
try {
showPop(st);
} catch(InvalidOperationException) {
}
. ,
InvalidOperationException),
( ).
630
II. C#
: Push(22)
: 22
: Push(65)
: 65 22
: Push(91)
: 91 65 22
: Pop ->
: 65 22
: Pop ->
: 22
: Pop ->
:
: Pop ->
91
65
22
.
Queue
.

(first-in, first-out FIFO). , ,
, .
? , , ,
, .
,

( ) , Internet.
.
, , Queue.
ICollection, IEnumerable ICloneable.
, ,
, , ,
,
2,0.
Queue :
public Queue()
public Queue(int capacity)
public Queue(int capacity, float growFact)
public Queue(ICollection c)

, 32 , 2,0.
, capacity,
2,0. ,
growFact. ,
, .
, , Queue,
, . 22.8.
.
, Enqueue().
, Dequeue(). Dequeue() ,
InvalidOperationException. () ,
.
22.
631
22.8. , Queue
public virtual bool

Contains(
object v)
public virtual void Clear()
true, v
.
false
Count ,

,

v

Dequeue()
public virtual void Enqueue(
object v)
public virtual object Peek()
public static Queue
Synchronized(
Queue q)
ToArray()
public virtual void
TrimToSize()
,

,
q
,

Capacity
Count
, Queue:
// Queue.
using System;
class QueueDemo {
static void showEnq(Queue q, int a) {
q.Enqueue(a);
Console.WriteLine(
" : Enqueue(" + a + ")");
foreach(int i in q)
}
static void showDeq(Queue q) {

Console.Write(
" : Dequeue -> ");
int a = (int) q.Dequeue();
Console.WriteLine(a);
foreach(int i in q)
}

Queue q = new Queue();
foreach(int i in q)
632
II. C#

showEnq(q, 22);
showEnq(q, 65);
showEnq(q, 91);
showDeq(q);
showDeq(q);
showDeq(q);
try {
showDeq(q);
}
catch(InvalidOperationException) {
}
:
: Enqueue(22)
: 22
: Enqueue(65)
: 22 65
: Enqueue(91)
: 22 65 91
: Dequeue ->
: 65 91
: Dequeue ->
: 91
: Dequeue ->
:
: Dequeue ->
22
65
91
.
BitArray
BitArray .
, ,
. BitArray
ICollection,
IEnumerable ICloneable.
BitArray . , BitArray , :
public BitArray(bool[] bits)
bits BitArray. bits.
, bits .
BitArray- .
:
public BitArray(byte[] bits)
, bits,
bits[0] , bits[l]
22.
633
.. BitArray-
int-, :
public BitArray(int[] bits)
bits[0] 32 , bits[l]
32 ..
BitArray-
:
public BitArray(int size)
size ,
false.
,
:
public BitArray(int size, bool v)
,
v.
, BitArray- .

public BitArray(BitArray bits)
,
bits, .
BitArray- .
, .
BitArray ,
, (. . 22.9).
, BitArray Synchronized(). ,
,
IsSynchronized false.
BitArray- ,
SyncRoot.
22.9. , BitArray
public BitArray And(

BitArray ba)
()

, ba. BitArray,
,
idx

()
BitArray-,
()

, ba. BitArray,
, idx,
v
public bool Get(

int idx)
public BitArray Not()
public BitArray Or(

BitArray ba)
Public void Set(

int idx,
bool v)
public void SetAll(
bool v)
public BitArray Xor(
BitArray ba)
634
v

, ba. BitArray,
II. C#
BitArray ,
, Length:
public int Length { get; set; }
Length
. , Length ,
Count, . Count
, Length. ,
Length BitArray-.
, .
BitArray- , ,
false.
BitArray :
object this[int idx] { get; set; }

.
, BitArray-:
// BitArray.
using System;
class BADemo {
public static void showbits(string rem,
BitArray bits) {
Console.WriteLine(rem);
for(int i=0; i < bits.Count; i++)

Console.Write("{0, -6} ", bits[i]);

BitArray ba = new BitArray(8);
byte[] b = { 67 };
BitArray ba2 = new BitArray(b);
showbits(" ba:", ba);
ba = ba.Not();
showbits(
" ba Not():", ba);
showbits(" ba2:", ba2);
BitArray ba3 = ba.Xor(ba2);

showbits(" ba XOR ba2:", ba3);
:
ba:
False False False False False False False False
22.
635
ba Not():
True True True True True True True True
ba2:
True True False False False False True False
ba XOR ba2:
False False True True True True False True

.NET Framework
,
(
System.Collections.Specialized)

Coiiectionsutii
,

,
/ ListDictionary

Hashtable
, /

/,
, string
,
-
/, ,
string
HybridDictionary
ListDictionary
NameValueCollection
StringCollection
StringDictionary
System.Collections
, CollectionBase, ReadOnlyCollectionBase DictionaryBase,

,
foreach,

, IEnumerator
IEnumerator Current
object Current { get; }
636
II. C#
Current ,
. Current ,
,
.
IEnumerator . , MoveNext(),
:
bool MoveNext()
MoveNext()
. true,
, false,
. MoveNext()
Current .
Reset():
void Reset()
Reset() ,
MoveNext().

,
. GetEnumerator(),
, .
, .
, :
1. ( ),
GetEnumerator().
2. , MoveNext(). ,
, MoveNext()
true.
3.
Current.
ArrayList,

.
// .
using System;
class EnumeratorDemo {
ArrayList list = new ArrayList(1);
for(int i=0; i < 10; i++)
list.Add(i);
// .
IEnumerator etr = list.GetEnumerator();
while(etr.MoveNext())
Console.Write(etr.Current + " ");
22.
637
// .
etr.Reset();
Console.Write(etr.Current + " ");
:
0123456789 0123456789
, ,
foreach , .
.
, IDictionary,
/.
IDictionaryEnumerator,
IEnumerator.
IDictionaryEnumerator IEnumerator
. :
DictionaryEntry Entry { get; }
Entry
/ DictionaryEntry. ,
DictionaryEntry , Key Value,
, .
IDictionaryEnumerator:
object Key { get; }
object Value { get; }
,
.
,
Entry, Key Value, Current. ,
IDictionaryEnumerator-,
MoveNext(), .
MoveNext().
, MoveNext() false.

IDictionaryEnumerator Hashtable:
//
// IDictionaryEnumerator.
using System;
class IDicEnumDemo {
// -.
638
II. C#
Hashtable ht = new Hashtable();

// -.
ht.Add("", "555-3456");
ht.Add("", "555-9876");
ht.Add("", "555-3452");
ht.Add("", "555-7756");
// .
IDictionaryEnumerator etr = ht.GetEnumerator();
Console.WriteLine(
" Entry.");
Console.WriteLine(etr.Entry.Key + ": " + etr.Entry.Value);
" Key Value.");
etr.Reset();
Console.WriteLine(etr.Key + ": " + etr.Value);
:
Entry.
: 555-3456
: 555-9876
: 555-3452
: 555-7756
Key Value.
: 555-3456
: 555-9876
: 555-3452
: 555-7756

, int, string char. ,
. .
, , ,
. , , ,
, Inventory,
ArrayList.
// .
using System;
22.
639
class Inventory {
string name;
double cost;
int onhand;
public Inventory(string n, double c, int h) {

name = n;
cost = c;
onhand = h;
}
return
String.Format("{0,-16}: {1,8:} : {2}",
name, cost, onhand);
}
class InventoryList {
ArrayList inv = new ArrayList();
// .
inv.Add(new Inventory("", 5.95, 3));
inv.Add(new Inventory(" ", 8.29, 2));
Console.WriteLine(" :");
foreach(Inventory i in inv) {
}
:
:
: $5.95 : 3
: $8.29 : 2
: $3.50 : 4
: $19.88 : 8
Inventory
.
object,
.
, , .
, , ,
,
40 , ,
. , ,
,
. ,
.
640
II. C#
,
, , , :
. , ArrayList- ,
Inventory. . -,
Inventory IComparable.
, . -,
, IComparer.
.
IComparable
( ArrayList) ,
(
SortedList), ,
. IComparable.
CompareTo(),
, .
CompareTo() :
int CompareTo(object obj)
CompareTo() ,
obj. ,
( ) , ,
, obj,
, obj.
. CompareTo()
ArgumentException, obj
.
IComparable. inventory,
, IComparable,
Inventory.
// IComparable.
using System;
class Inventory : IComparable {
string name;
double cost;
int onhand;
name = n;
cost = c;
onhand = h;
}
return
String.Format("{0,-16}: {1,8:C} : {2}",
}
22.
641
// IComparable.
public int CompareTo(object obj) {
Inventory b;
b = (Inventory) obj;
return name.CompareTo(b.name);
}
class IComparableDemo {
// .
Console.WriteLine(
" :");
Console.WriteLine(" " + i); }
// .
inv.Sort();
Console.WriteLine(
" :");
}
( ,
Sort() ):
:
: $5.95
: 3
: $8.29
: 2
: $3.50
: 4
: $19.88
: 8
:
: $8.29
: 2
: $3.50
: 4
: $5.95
: 3
: $19.88
: 8
IComparer
IComparable

( ) , .
IComparer. ,
IComparer,
642
II. C#
, . IComparer
Compare():
int Compare(object obj1, object obj2)
Compare() obj1 obj2.
Compare() ,
, , obj1 obj2,
, obj1 obj2.
.
CompareTo() ArgumentException,
.
IComparer
SortedList, ArrayList.Sort(IComparer),
.
IComparer , ,
IComparable.

.
IComparer. CompInv,
IComparer Inventory.
Sort(), ,
, .
// IComparer.
using System;
// CompInv.
// Inventory.
class CompInv : IComparer {
// IComparer.
public int Compare(object obj1, object obj2) {
Inventory a, b;
a = (Inventory) obj1;
b = (Inventory) obj2;
return a.name.CompareTo(b.name);
}
}
class Inventory { public string name;
double cost;
int onhand;
name = n;
cost = c;
onhand = h;
}
return
String.Format("{0,-16}: {1,8:} : {2}",
22.
643
class MailList {
CompInv comp = new CompInv();
// .
Console.WriteLine(
" :");
}
// , IComparer.
inv.Sort(comp);
Console.WriteLine(
" :");
}
.
,
.
,
. ,
, .
. ,
SortedList .
.
644
II. C#
23

Internet
C# ,
Internet . ,
C# -
Internet. , C++,
Internet, ,
,
. C# .NET Library
, Internet-.
. ,
System.Net,
, Internet.
, System.Net.Sockets, ,
.
System.Net, ,
.

ASP.NET-
System.Web.
System.Net
System.Net , .
,
, . , ,
System.Net:
AuthenticationManager
CookieCollection
CredentialCache
DnsPermissionAttribute
FileWebRequest
HttpVersion
IPAddress
NetworkCredential
ServicePointManager
SocketFermissionAttribute
WebHeaderCollection
WebProxy
Authorization
CookieContainer
Dns
EndPoint
FileWebResponse
HttpWebRequest
IPEndPoint
ProtocolViolationException
SocketAddress
WebClient
WebPermission
WebRequest
Cookie
CookieException
DnsPermission
EndpointPermission
GlobalProxySelection
HttpWebResponse
IPHostEntry
ServicePoint
SocketPermission
WebException
WebPermissionAttribute
WebResponse
System.Net :
IAuthenticationModule
IWebProxy
ICertificatePolicy
IWebRequestCreate
ICredentials
:
HttpStatusCode
TransportType
646
NetworkAccess
WebExceptionStatus
II. C#
, System.Net :
HttpContinueDelegate.
System.Net ,
Internet-
.
WebRequest WebResponse. ,
. ( ,
.) , ,
HTTP,
HttpWebRequest HttpWebResponse.
,
, WebClient. ,
( ) ,
WebClient.

Internet-
(Uniform Resource Identifier URI). URI-
. URI-
(Uniform Resource Locator URL).
System.Net Microsoft
URI, . ,
URI-, Internet-
.
U RI- :
Protocol://ServerID/Filth?Query
Protocol (, HTTP).
ServerID (, Osborne.com
Weather.com). FilePath .
FilePath , ,
ServerID. , Query ,
. Query . C# URI-
Uri, .
Internet-
, System.Net,
Internet -. , -
, . ,
URI- Web-.
, URI-. ,
.
, WebRequest WebResponse,
, Microsoft (pluggable protocols).
23. Internet
647
, .
Internet-
(HyperText Transfer Protocol HTTP).
(File Transfer Protocol FTP). , URI . , URI-,
HTTP://MyWebSite.com, HTTP,
.
, WebRequest WebResponse ,
-, .
, .

RegisterPrefi(), WebRequest.
WebRequest ( ),
URI.
, .
.NET- HTTP. ,
URI- HTTP, HTTP , . ,
HTTP, HttpWebRequest HttpWebResponse.
WebRequest WebResponse, ,
,
HTTP.
System.Net ,
. Internet-
, .
, .
.
, , .
. ,
" ". , , Internet
. ,
, .
Internet , ,
.
, : WebRequest WebResponse,
System.Net.
WebRequest
WebRequest .
, .
, . WebRequest,
, . 23.1,
. 23.2. .
WebRequest public-.
URI-,
( WebRequest), .
Create(), WebRequest.
Create() ,
WebRequest .
648
II. C#
23.1. ,
WebRequest
public static
WebRequest Create(
string uri);
WebRequest- URI-,
, uri.
, URI-.
, ,
WebRequest.
,
URI-,
UriFormatException
WebRequest- URI-,
, uri.
, URI-.
, ,
WebRequest.
,
NotSupportedException
,
URI-
.

WebReponse.
URI.

WebException
public static
WebRequest Create(
Uri uri);
public virtual Stream

GetRequestStream()
public virtual
WebResponse
GetResponse()
23.2. , WebRequest

ConnectionGroupName
{ get; set; }
public virtual long
ContentLength { get; set; }
ContentType { get;set;}
public virtual ICredentials
Credentials
{ get; set; }
.

, Internet-

public virtual
WebHeaderCollection
Headers{ get; set; }
Method { get; set; }
public virtual bool
PreAuthenticate
{ get; set; }
public virtual IWebProxy
Proxy { get; set; }
public virtual Uri
RequestUri { get; }
public virtual int
Timeout { get; set; }

.
,
( ,
)

true,
. false,
URI
proxy-.
, proxy-
URI
,
.

Timeout.Infinite
23. Internet
649
WebResponse
WebResponse ,
. WebResponse .
, .
WebResponse GetResponse(),
WebRequest.
( WebReponse), . ,
WebResponse, . 23.3, .
23.4. .
WebResponse public-.
23.3. , WebResponse
public virtual void Close()
, .
,
GetResponseStream()
, URI.
URI
public virtual Stream

GetResponseStream()
23.4. , WebResponse
public virtual long

ContentLength
{ get; set; }
ContentType
{ get; set; }
public virtual
WebHeaderCollection
Headers{ get; }
public virtual Uri
ReponseUri { get; }
.
-1,

, URI
URI, .
,
URI-
HttpWebRequest HttpWebResponse (
WebRequest WebResponse, ) HTTP.
,
HTTP-.
. Internet-
.

Internet WebRequest
WebResponse. ,
, -
Internet-. , ,
.
Internet. , URI-. -
650
II. C#
Web- Osborne.com,
McGraw-Hill,
Web-.
400 , ,
.
// Internet.
using System;
using System.Net;
using System.IO;
class NetDemo {
int ch;
// URI-.
HttpWebRequest req = (HttpWebRequest)
WebRequest.Create("http://www.osborne.com");
// .
HttpWebResponse resp = (HttpWebResponse)
req.GetResponse();
// .
Stream istrm = resp.GetResponseStream();
/* html-,
URI. " "
,
400 .
400 , <ENTER>
. */
for(int i=1;; i++) {

ch = istrm.ReadByte();
if(ch == -1) break;
Console.Write((char) ch);
if((i%400)==0) {
Console.Write("\n .");
Console.Read();
}
}
// , .
// istrm.
resp.Close();
. ( ,
, Web-, .)
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Find all the right computer books and learning tools at
Osborne McGraw-Hill/TITLE>
23. Internet
651
<META NAME="Title" CONTENT="Find all the right computer books and

learning tools at Osborne McGraw-Hill">
<META NAME="Keywords" CONTENT="osborne, mcgraw-hill, mcgraw hill,
it books, computer books, database books, programming
.
books, networking books, certification books, computing books,
computer application books, hardware books, information technology
books, operating systems, web development, oracle press,
communications, complete reference, how to do everything, yellow
pages, book publisher, certification study guide, reference book,
security, network security, ebusiness, e-business,
a+, network+, i-net+, cisco ce
.
.
.
.
, ,
, .
.
System.Net. ,
,
C#. System.IO.
stream,
Web-.
WebRequest-,
URI-. , Create(),
. Create() WebRequest.
WebRequest ,
. Create() WebRequest-, ,
URI-.
HTTP. Create() HttpWebRequest-. ,
Create(), HttpWebRequest-
req, ( )
HttpWebRequest. ,
URI-.
, GetResponse()
WebRequest. GetResponse() .
GetResponse() WebResponse-,
. resp.
HTTP, GetResponse()
HttpWebResponse. ,
Web- URI-.
GetResponseStream() resp
,
Stream, .
istrm. istrm, ,
URI-, , .
.
,
400 , ,
652
II. C#
<Enter>.
. ,
ReadByte(). ,
int-,
char. 1.
, , ,
Close() resp.
. , , .
, Internet
.
.
Web- Osborne.com
HTTP-,
, WebRequest
WebResponse. Create() GetResponse()
:
// WebRequest- URI-.
WebRequest req = WebRequest.Create(
"http://www.osborne.com");
// .
WebResponse resp = req.GetResponse();
Microsoft , ,
,
, WebRequest WebResponse.
, .
HTTP (
HTTP-),

, ,
, ,
.
,
.
Create(), GetResponse() GetResponseStream().
.
, Create()
Create(), WebRequest,
. , URI-, ,
NotSupportedException. URI, UriFormatException.
Create(), ,
ArgumentNullException, ,
.
23. Internet
653
, GetResponse()
, ..
GetResponse(), WebException. ,
, WebException
, : Response Status.
Response
WebResponse.
GetResponse(), . Response
:
public WebResponse Response { get; }
- , , ,
status. :
public WebExceptionStatus Status { get; }
WebExceptionStatus ,
:
ConnectFailure
NameResolutionFailure
ProtocolError
RequestCanceled
ServerProtocolViolation
TrustFailure
ConnectionClosed
Pending
ProxyNameResolutionFailure
SecureChannelFailure
Success
KeepAliveFailure
PipelineFailure
ReceiveFailure
SendFailure
Timeout
, GetResponseStream()
GetResponseStream() GetResponse
ProtocolViolationException, ,
, .
GetResponseStream(), ,
.
IOException.

, ,
:
// .
using System;
using System.Net;
using System.IO;
class NetExcDemo {
int ch;
try {
654
II. C#
// .
req.GetResponse();
// .
/* html-,
URI. " "
,
400 .
400 , <ENTER>
. */
for(int i=1;; i++) {
ch = istrm.ReadByte();
if(ch == -1) break;
Console.Write((char) ch);
if((i%400)==0) {
Console.Write("\n .");
Console.Read();
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
// , .
// istrm.
resp.Close();
catch(WebException exc) {
Console.WriteLine(" : " + exc.Message +
"\n : " + exc.Status);
catch(ProtocolViolationException exc) {
Console.WriteLine(" : " + exc.Message);
catch(UriFormatException exc) {
Console.WriteLine(" URI: " + exc.Message);
catch(NotSupportedException exc) {
Console.WriteLine("I/O Error: " + exc.Message);
,
Internet-. ,
Create()
WebRequest.Create("http://www.osborne.com/moonrocket");
, ,
:
: The remote server returned an error: (404) Not
Found. : ProtocolError
23. Internet
655
Web- Osborne.com moonrocket,

, URI- .
,
. ,
.
URI
, , . 23.1
WebRequest.Create() .
URI , .
URI Uri. Uri URI-.
Uri, URI-,
Create(). URI- .
Internet- Uri,
.
Uri .
:
public Uri(string uri)
public Uri(string base, string rel)
Uri- URI-,
. Uri- URI, rel, URI-,
base. URI- URI-,
.
Uri , ,
URI- .
.
public string Host

{ get; }
public string LocalPath
{ get; }
public string PathAndQuery
{ get; }
public int Port
{ get; }
public string Query
{ get; }
public string Scheme
{ get; }

,

HTTP
30

URI-
. :
// Uri.
using System;
using System.Net;
656
II. C#
class UriDemo {
Uri sample = new Uri(
"http://MySite.com/soraefile.txt?SomeQuery");
Console.WriteLine(": " + sample.Host);
Console.WriteLine(": " + sample.Port);
Console.WriteLine(": " + sample.Scheme);
sample.LocalPath);
Console.WriteLine(": " + sample.Query);

sample.PathAndQuery);
:
: mysite.com
: 80
: http
: /somefile.txt
: ?SomeQuery
: /somefile.txt?SomeQuery
HTTP-
HttpWebResponse,
, , , ,
URI- .
, . 23.5 (
WebResponse). .
23.5. , HttpWebResponse
Public string CharacterSet

{ get; }
Public string ContentEncoding
{ get; }
Public long ContentLength
{ get; }
Public string ContentType
{ get; }
Public CookieCollection Cookies
{ get; set; }
Public WebHeaderCollection
Headers{ get; }
Public DateTime LastModified
{ get; }
Public string Method { get; }

.
.
, -1

cookie-,

,
URI-
,
23. Internet
657
. 23.5
public Version
Version,
HTTP,
URI-,
. ,
URI-
,
HttpStatusCode,

,
,
ProtocolVersion { get; }
public uri ReponseUri { get; }
public string Server { get; }

public HttpStatusCode
StatusCode { get; }
public string StatusDescription
{ get; }

Headers, HttpWebResponse,
HTTP-:
public WebHeaderCollection Headers{ get; }
HTTP- /, .
WebHeaderCollection.
, /,
(. 22).
AllKeys. , ,
.
, .
, Web-
Osborne.com:
// Web-.
using System;
using System.Net;
class HeaderDemo {
// .
req.GetResponse();
// .
string[] names = resp.Headers.AllKeys;
// /.
Console.WriteLine("{0,-20}{1}\n", "", "");
foreach(string n in names)
Console.WriteLine("{0,-20}{1]", n, resp.Headers[n]);
// , .
658
II. C#
resp.Close();
( ,
Web- Osbome.com , ,
, ):

Date Mon, 14 Jan 2002 17:45:50 GMT
Server Apache/1.3.9 (Unix) PHP/3.0.14
Keep-Alive timeout=30, max=500
Connection Keep-Alive
Transfer-Encoding chunked
Content-Type text/html
cookie-
cookie-, HTTP-,
Cookies, HttpWebResponse. Cookie-,
, /.
Web-.
Cookies:
public CookieCollection Cookies { get; set; }
CookieCollection
ICollection
IEnumerable, (. 22).
, cookie-
.
CookieCollection
Cookie. Cookie ,
cookie-. Name Value:
public string Name { get; set; }
public string Value { get; set; }
, cookie- Name,
Value.
cookie-, ,
cookie-. HttpWebRequest
CookieContainer:
public CookieContainer CookieContainer { get; set; }
CookieContainer , ,
cookie-.
CookieContainer.
CookieCollection, .
CookieContainer cookie-.
cookie-,
URI-, . ,
Web- cookie-, ,
.
/* cookie-.
, cookie-
Web-,
23. Internet
659
.
,
Cookie,
Cookie http://MSN.COM
cookie-,
Web- MSN.COM. */
using System;
using System.Net;
class CookieDemo {
if(args.Length != 1) {
Console.WriteLine("Usage: CookieDemo <uri>");
return;
}
WebRequest.Create(args[0]);
// cookie-.
req.CookieContainer = new CookieContainer();
// .
req.GetResponse();
// cookie-.
Console.WriteLine(" cookie-: " +
resp.Cookies.Count);
Console.WriteLine("40,-20){1}", "", "");
for(int i=0; i < resp.Cookies.Count; i++)
Console.WriteLine("{0, -20}{1}",
resp.Cookies[i].Name, resp.Cookies[i].Value);
// , .
resp.Close();
LastModified
, Web- URI. HttpWebResponse ,
LastModified:
public DateTime LastModified { get; }
LastModified URI-.

Web- Microsoft.com:
660
II. C#
// LastModified.
using System;
using System.Net;
class HeaderDemo {
WebRequest.Create("http://www.Microsoft.com");
req.GetResponse();
Console.WriteLine(
" : " +
resp.LastModified);
resp.Close();
: MiniCrawler
, Internet-
WebRequest WebReponse, Web-.
Web- ( MiniCrawler),
Web- . Web-
. MiniCrawler
. URI-,
- Web-.
, Web- :
, ( ) .
MiniCrawler . -,
, .. ,
href=. . -,
, .. , . ,
. , , Web- .
, . ,
MiniCrawler - ?
C#-
.
, MiniCrawler:
// MiniCrawler: Web-.
using System;
using System.Net;
using System.IO;
class MiniCrawler {
23. Internet
661
// .
static string FindLink(string htmlstr,
ref int startloc) {
int i;
int start, end;
string uri = null;
string lowcasestr = htmlstr.ToLower();
i = lowcasestr.IndexOf("href=\"http", startloc);
if(i != -1) {
start = htmlstr.IndexOf('"', i) + 1;
end = htmlstr.IndexOf('"', start);
uri = htmlstr.Substring(start, end-start);
startloc = end;
}
return uri;

string link = null;
string str;
string answer;
int curloc; // .
if(args.Length != 1) {
Console.WriteLine("Usage: MiniCrawler <uri>");
return;
}
string uristr = args[0]; // URI-.
try {
do {
Console.WriteLine(" " + uristr);
// WebRequest- URI.
WebRequest.Create(uristr);
uristr = null; //
// URI-.
// .
req.GetResponse();
// , ,
// .
//
// StreamReader-.
StreamReader rdr = new StreamReader(istrm);
// .
662
II. C#
str = rdr.ReadToEnd();
curloc = 0;
do {
// URI-
// .
link = FindLink(str, ref curloc);
if(link != null) {
Console.WriteLine(" : " + link);
Console.Write(", , ?");
answer = Console.ReadLine();
if(string.Compare(answer, "C", true) == 0) {
uristr = string.Copy(link);
break;
}
else if(string.Compare(
answer, "B", true) == 0) {
break;
} else if(string.Compare(
answer, "", true) == 0) {
}
} else {
break;
}
} while(link.Length > 0);
}
}
}
}
}
}
// , .
resp.Close();
} while(uristr != null);
catch(WebException exc) {
Console.WriteLine(" : " + exc.Message +
"\n : " + exc.Status);
catch(ProtocolViolationException exc) {
catch(UriFormatException exc) {
Console.WriteLine(" URI: " + exc.Message);
catch(NotSupportedException exc) {
Console.WriteLine("I/O Error: " + exc.Message);
Console.WriteLine(" MiniCrawler.");
MiniCrawler:
23. Internet
663
C:>MiniCrawler http://osborne.com
http://osborne.com
: http://www.osborne.com/aboutus/aboutus.shtml
, , ?
.
:
http://www.osborne.com/downloads/downloads.shtml
, , ?
http://www.osborne.com/downloads/downloads.shtml
, . URI-,
MiniCrawler , . Main() URI uristr. , uristr
null, ,
URI- . , .
GetResponseStream(), ( )
streamReader-. ReadToEnd(),
.
.
FindLink(),
MiniCrawler. FindLink(), ,
, . ,
, htmlstr startloc, .
, startloc ref-. FindLink()
,
href="http, . , URI uri, startloc
. startloc
ref-, Main(),
,
. FindLink() uri.
, , uri null, ,
.
Main() FindLink()
,
. ( <>),
( <>) (
<>). <>,
.
.
, .
, MiniCrawler.
, Web-,
, . ,
- Web- , ,
. ( )
.. , Web- ,
, ( )
.
664
II. C#
, URI- URI-
. Stack.
: .
WebClient
WebClient.
, ( ) ,
WebRequest WebResponse WebClient.
WebClient , ,
.
WebClient :
public WebClient()
(. . 23.6) (.
. 23.7). UriFormatException,
URI- , WebException,
.
23.6. , WebClient
public string BaseAddress

{ get; set; }
URI,
null-.
, ,
WebClient,

.
null

,
/,
. URI "?".
,
"@"

public ICredentials
Credentials { get; set; }
public WebHeaderCollection
Headers{ get; set;}
public NameValueCollection
QueryString { get; set;}
public WebHeaderCollection
ResponseHeaders{ get;}
23.7. , WebClient
public byte[] DownloadData(

string uri)
Web-, URI-
uri.

Web-, URI-
uri,
, fname
,
URI-,
uri.

public void DownloadFile(

string uri,
string fname)
public Stream OpenRead(
string uri)
23. Internet
665
. 23.7
public Stream OpenWrite(

string uri)
,
URI-,
uri.

,
URI-,
uri.
. ,
how,
, info,
URI-, uri.
, info,
URI-, uri.
. , how,

fname, URI-,
uri.
,
fname, URI-,
uri. . ,
how,
, ,
vals, URI-,
uri.
, ,
vals, URI-,
uri. ,
how,
public Stream OpenWrite(

string uri,
string how)
public byte[] UploadData(

string uri,
byte[] info)
public byte[] UploadData(
string uri,
string how,
byte[] info)
public byte[] UploadFile(
string uri,
string fname)
public byte[] UploadFile(
string uri,
string how,
string fname)
public byte[] UploadValues(
string uri,
HameValueCollection vals)
public byte[] UploadValues(
string uri,
string how,
NameValueCollection vals)
WebClient
:
// WebClient
// .
using System;
using System.Net;
using System.IO;
class WebClientDemo {
WebClient user = new WebClient();
string uri = "http://www.osborne.com";
string fname = "data.txt";
try {
Console.WriteLine(
" Web- " + uri +
" " + fname);
user.DownloadFile(uri, fname);
666
II. C#
} catch(WebException exc) {
} catch(UriFormatException exc) {
}
Web- Osborne.com
data.txt. ,
, ,
.
URI-:
, uri.
WebReguest WebResponse
, ,
WebClient,
. ,
Web-. , WebClient

.
23. Internet
667
III
C#
III C#-.

. C#
, ,
,
C#.
Windows ,
System.Windows.Forms. ,

:

.
24

C#
,
. -
C#, -
(component-oriented language). C# .NET Framework
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Object Model ) ,
. C#- .

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, C# " "
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, . ,
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672
III. C#
AddRef().
Release(). ,
. , C#- . C#
, ,
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IComponent Component
, .
IComponent
IComponent ,
. IComponent
. site:
ISite Site { get; set; }
Site .
. null-, .
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:
event EventHandler Disposed
, ,
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IComponent System.IDisposable,
Dispose():
void Dispose()
, .
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public IContainer Container { get; }
Container ,
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, Site, IComponent.
Component :
public virtual ISite Site {get; set; }
24.
673
Site ISite,
. null, .
Site , .
Component .
ToString(). , Dispose(),
. :
public void Dispose()
Dispose(), , ,
. Dispose(),
IDisposable.
Dispose().
Dispose():
protected virtual public void Dispose(bool how)
how true,
, , .
how false, .
Dispose() (protected), .
. ,
Dispose() Dispose(bool).
, ,
Dispose(bool), , .
,
Dispose(bool), Component.
Component MarshalByRefObject,
, ,
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( ) ,
. ,
,
MarshalByRefObject . , C# .

,
CipherComp,
. ,
. .
, Encode(),
. ,
Decode(), .
, ( ).
// -.
// CipherLib.cs.
using System.ComponentModel;
namespace CipherLib {
674
//
// .
III. C#
// , CipherComp
// Component.
public class CipherComp : Component {
// .
public string Encode(string msg) {
string temp = "";
for(int i=0; i < msg.Length; i++)
temp += (char) (msg[i] + 1);
return temp;
}
// .
public string Decode(string msg) {
string temp = "";
temp += (char) (msg[i] - 1);
return temp;
}
, . ,
, CipherLib.cs.
, Visual Studio IDE.
System.ComponentModel.
,
.
CipherComp CipherLib.
.
,
.
CipherComp Component. ,
CipherComp , .NET-
. CipherComp ,
.
.
, CipherComp
. , .
Encode() Decode(). CipherComp
, Dispose(bool). ,
Encode() Decode() ,
, CipherComp.
CipherLib
dll-, exe-.
Visual Studio IDE, CipherLib
(Class Library project).
,
24.
675
/t:library. , CipherLib,
:
csc /t:library CipherLib.es
CipherLib.dll,
CipherComp.
, CipherComp
. ,
CipherComp,
.
// , CipherComp.
using System;
using CipherLib; //
// CipherComp..
class CipherCompClient {
CipherComp cc = new CipherComp();
string text = " ";
string ciphertext = cc.Encode(text);
Console.WriteLine(ciphertext);
string plaintext = cc.Decode(ciphertext);

Console.WriteLine(plaintext);
cc.Dispose(); // .
, CipherLib.
CipherComp .
CipherComp,
.
CipherComp .
Dispose() .
, Dispose() ,
. , C#,
, .
Dispose() .
, ,
, . CipherComp ,
Dispose() . Dispose()
,
.
-,
, CipherLib.dll.
/r. , client
:
csc /r:CipherLib.dll client.es
676
III. C#
Visual Studio IDE CipherLib.dll .

client :
!!

Dispose()

CipherComp , .
Dispose(bool).
, Dispose(bool) ,
. ,
.
,
,
. ,
. ,
, - . ,
, , , ,
,
, ,
. ,
,
. :
Dispose(bool).
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.
1. Dispose(bool) true

, .
false
, .
2. Dispose(bool) ,
.
3. Dispose(bool) Dispose(bool),
.
4.
, ,
Dispose(false).
2,
. private-,
.
,
Dispose(bool).
// ,
// Dispose(bool).
class MyComp : Component {
bool isDisposed; // true,
public MyComp {
24.
677
isDisposed = false; // ...

}
~MyComp() {
Dispose(false);
}
protected override void Dispose(bool dispAll) {

if(! isDisposed) {
if(dispAll) {
// .
isDisposed = true; //
// .
}
// .
base.Dispose(dispAll);
}
}
Dispose()
Dispose(bool), ,
.
Dispose(bool)
Dispose(bool),
CipherComp ,
. ,
Encode() Decode().
CipherComp.
Dispose(bool) ,
. , Dispose(bool),
WriteLine().
// ,
// .
using System;
using System.IO;
namespace CipherLib {
// ,
// .
public class CipherComp : Component {
static int useID = 0;
int id; // .
FileStream log;
//
public CipherComp() {
isDisposed = false; // .
try {
678
III. C#
log = new FileStream("CipherLog" + useID,

FileMode.Create);
id = useID;
useID++;
} catch(FileNotFoundException exc) {
log = null;
}
//
~CipherComp() {
Console.WriteLine(" " + id);
Dispose(false);
}
// .
// .
public string Encode(string msg) {
string temp = "";
for(int i=0; i < msg. Length; i++)
// .
for(int i=0; i < temp.Length; i++)
log.WriteByte((byte) temp[i]);
return temp;
}
// .
// .
string temp = "";
temp += (char) (msg[i] -1);
// .
return temp;

Console.WriteLine("Dispose(" + dispAll +
") " + id);
if(isDisposed) {
if(dispAll) {
" " + id);
log.Close(); // .
24.
679
isDisposed = true;
// .
CipherComp.
:
static int useID = 0;
int id; // .
FileStream log;
int-, (static),
CipherComp. useID
,
CipherComp
id
, useID
, isDisposed , .
(log) FileStream,
.
CipherComp:
public CipherComp() {
isDisposed = false; // .
try {
log = new FileStream("CipherLog" + useID,
FileMode.Create);
id = useID;
useID++;
} catch {FileNotFoundException exc) {
log = null;
}
}
isDisposed false,
, CipherComp .
. ,
CipherLog useID.
useID id . ,
CipherComp
, (ID).
, CipherComp ,
,
.
( , ).
, Dispose(bool).
Encode() ,
. log- ,
Encode()
. , Encode()
,
680
III. C#
. Decode() , ,
.
Dispose(bool),
CipherComp. :
Console.WriteLine("Dispose(" + dispAll +
") " + id);
if(!isDisposed) {
if(dispAll) {
" " + id);
log.Close(); // .
isDisposed = true;
}
// .
, Dispose(bool) protected-.
, .
, Dispose(), Component.
Dispose(bool) isDisposed.
, . isDisposed
false, dispAll.
true, , isDisposed
true. : dispAll true,
. dispAll false,
(
). , Dispose(bool),
( Component).
, . WriteLine()
,
.
CipherComp:
~CipherComp() {
+ id);
Dispose(false);
}
Dispose(bool) false.
: ,
.
.
.
WriteLine() ,
.
, CipherComp,
, .
-, :
// -,
// CipherComp.
24.
681
using System;
using CipherLib;
//
// CipherComp.
string text = "";
text = " - C#.";
ciphertext = cc.Encode(text);
plaintext = cc.Decode(ciphertext);
cc.Dispose(); // .
:

!.!!!?!D$/
- C#.
Dispose(True) 0
0
CipherLog0
:
!.!!!?!D$/
- C#.
(,
).
, -
Dispose(bool) true. ,
Dispose() CipherComp. ,
Dispose() Dispose(bool) true,
.
Dispose() -,
. :
!.!!!?!D$/
- C#.
0
Dispose(False) 0
Dispose(False) 0
682
III. C#
Dispose() , CipherComp
. , ,
. , ,
, , ,
Dispose(bool) false. Dispose(bool)
Dispose()
Dispose(bool), CipherComp.
Dispose(bool) . , ,
Dispose() , , ,
.
Dispose(bool)
.

CipherComp
, . ,
.
, CipherComp,
Encode(). , :
,
isDisposed. , Encode()
Decode():
// .
// .
public string Encode(string rasg) {
// .
if(isDisposed) {
return null;
}
string temp = "";
// .
return temp;
// .
// .
// .
if(isDisposed) {
return null;
}
24.
683
string temp = "";

for(int i=>0; i < msg.Length; i++)
temp += (char) (msg[i] - 1);
// .
}
return temp;
isDisposed, true,
.

.
using
18, using
. Dispose()
. , using
:
using(obj) {
// obj.
}
using(type obj = initializer) {
// obj.
}
obj , using.
using-, .
obj Dispose()
( System.IDisposable). using
, System.IDisposable (,
, ).
-, CipherComp
Dispose()
using:
// using.
using System;
using CipherLib; //
// CipherComp.
// .
using(CipherComp cc = new CipherComp()) {
string text = " using.";
684
III. C#


:
?!vtjoh/
using.
Dispose(True) 0
0
-,
Dispose() . ,
: using Dispose(),
, using .
, .
, .
, . ,
Dispose() ,
.
.
, Container,
System.ComponentModel. Container
:
public Container()
.
Container
Add(), :
public virtual void Add(IComponent comp)
public virtual void Add(IComponent comp,
string compName)
,
comp. ,
comp, , compName.
,
. ,
Site.
, Remove():
public virtual void Remove(IComponent comp)
, :
, comp,
. ,
Remove() comp .
24.
685
Container Dispose().
Dispose() , ,
Dispose(). , , ,
- Dispose().
Container Components:
public virtual ComponentCollection Components { get; }
,
.
, Component Container Site,
.
Container Site ( )
. Container ,
. Site ,
, . Site
ISite. ISite :
IComponent Component { get; }

IContainer Container { get; }
bool DesignMode { get; }

true,

string Name { get; set; }

CipherComp. ,
.
Site . ,
Dispose(), .
( , using,
Dispose().)
//
// .
using System;
using CipherLib; //
// CipherComp.
class UseContainer {
string str = " .";
Container cont = new Container();
CipherComp cc2 = new CipherComp();
686
III. C#
cont.Add(cc);
cont.Add(cc2, " ");
str = cc.Encode(str);
Console.WriteLine(
" : " +
str);
str = cc.Decode(str);
Console.WriteLine(
" : " +
str);
str = ", , ";
str = cc2.Encode(str);
Console.WriteLine(
" : " +
str);
str = cc2.Decode(str);
Console.WriteLine(
" : " + str);
Console.WriteLine("\n cc2: " + cc2.Site.Name);
// .
cont.Dispose();
:
: .
: !/
: .
: , ,
: -!-!
: , ,
cc2:
Dispose(True) 1 1
Dispose(True) 0 0
, Dispose()
.
.
24.
687
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688
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Windows
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).
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Windows. , C# .NET Framework
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Forms, Windows-.
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Windows- , .
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Windows-
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690
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Windows-.
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25. Windows-
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24) System.Windows.Forms.Control. Control ,
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Control, .
Form Control
.
Windows-,

Windows-,
. ,
. ,
. ,
Windows-. ,
Windows-:
// Windows-,
// .
692
III. C#
using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
// WinSkel - Form.
class WinSkel : Form {
public WinSkel() {
// .
Text = " Windows-";
}
// Main() .
[STAThread]
WinSkel skel = new WinSkel(); // .
// .
Application.Run(skel);
}
, , . 25.1.
. 25.1. , WinSkel
. ,
: System System.Windows.Forms.
System STAThread,
Main(), a System.Windows.Forms
Windows Forms.
WinSkel, Form. ,
WinSkel . ()
.
WinSkel :
Text = " Windows-";
Text, .
,
Windows-. Text :
public virtual string Text { get; set; }
Text Control.
Main(),
Main(), . , ,
25. Windows-
693
. , Main()
STAThread. Microsoft ,
Main() Windows-. STAThread
(threading model),
, .. ,
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, , Windows-
:
.
Main() WinSkel skel.
Run(), Application:
. Application
System.Windows.Forms ,
Windows-.
Run():
public static void Run(Form ob)
. WinSkel
Form, WinSkel Run().
, . 25.1.
(300 300 ).
. , , ,
. , ,
, .
: ,
Windows API, !
Windows, . , , ,
Form.
,
Application.Run() .
Windows-
Windows- ,
, Visual Studio. , ,
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), IDE. ( ,
, ,
Visual Studio.) Windows.

Windows- WinSkel.cs ,
:
csc /t:winexe WinSkel.cs
/t:winexe Windows-,
. ,
WinSkel.
694
III. C#
(IDE)
Visual Studio IDE,
Windows Application. File , New , Project
( , , ). New Project (
) Windows Application (Windows-). WinSkel.
Form1.cs. . ,
WinSkel, Add
, Add New Item ( , ).
, . 25.2.
. 25 2. Add New Item ( )

Templates () Code File (
) WinSkel.cs. Windows Build , Build Solution
( , ). Debug
, Start Without Debugging ( , ).

:
.
. . ,
.
Windows ,
, , . ,
.
, .
25. Windows-
695
.
Button,
ButtonBase. ButtonBase
, Control.
Button :
public Button()
, .
, , ,
, Text .

Location . Location
Control :
public Point Location { get; set; }
Point,
System.Drawing. :
public int X { get; set; }
public int Y { get; set; }
,
100, 200, :
Button MyButton = new Button();
MyButton.Text = " ";
MyButton.Location = new Point(100, 200);

.
Add(), ,
. Controls,
Control. Add():
public virtual void Add(Control cntl)
cntl .
,
.

.
, .
// .
using System;
using System.Drawing;
class ButtonForm : Form {
public ButtonForm() {
696
III. C#
Text = " ";

MyButton = new Button();
MyButton.Text = "";
Controls.Add(MyButton);
[STAThread]
ButtonForm skel = new ButtonForm();
}
ButtonForm,
Form. Button MyButton.
ButtonForm , .
, . 25.3.
, . , ,
.
. 25.3.

( -
), ,
. , ,
. C#-,
, .
, ,
, .
, ,
Click.
Click Button. ( Click
Control.) :
public Event EventHandler Click;
25. Windows-
697
EventHandler :
public delegate void EventHandler(object who,
EventArgs args)
, , who, ,
, args.
args , EventArgs.
,
.
,
. .
// .
using System;
Text = " ";
MyButton.Text = "";
// .
MyButton.Click += new EventHandler(MyButtonClick);
}
[STAThread]
}
// MyButton.
protected void MyButtonClick(object who, EventArgs e) {
if(MyButton.Top == 200)
else
}
:
// MyButton.
else
}
698
III. C#
MyButtonClick() ,
EventHandler, ,
Click. ,
protected.
, ,
, ,

. (
):
public int Top { get; set; }
public int Bottom { get; }
public int Left { get; set; }
public int Right { get; }
,
Top Left, Bottom Right,
. (
Width Height.)
, ,
, , 200,
: 10, 10.
100, 200.
.
MyButtonClick() ,
, Click.
ButtonForm :

MyButtonClick().

, MyButtonClick()
-. , who
, . ,
, , .
MyButtonClick() :
// ,
// .
Button b = (Button) who;
if(b.Top == 200)
b.Location = new Point(10, 10);
else
b.Location = new Point(100, 200);
}
who Button,
( MyButton) .

, , .
, ,
.
25. Windows-
699

Windows-
. , .
(
), , . ,
, MessageBox.
.
Show().
Show() . :
public static DialogResult Show(
string msg,
string caption,
MessageBoxButtons mbb)
, , msg,
caption. , ,
mbb. .
MessageBoxButtons ,
:
AbortRetryIgnore
OK
OKCancel
RetryCancel
YesNo
YesNoCancel
,
. , mbb YesNo,
.
, Show(), ,
. :
Abort
Cancel
Ignore
No
None
OK
Retry
Yes
, Show(),
, . ,
,
, ,
, .
,
. , ,
, ,
. ,
. ,
.
// .
using System;
Button MyButton;
Button StopButton;
Text = " ";
700
III. C#
// .
MyButton.Text = "";
StopButton = new Button();
StopButton.Text = "";
StopButton.Location = new Point(100, 100);
// .
StopButton.Click += new EventHandler(StopButtonClick);
Controls.Add(StopButton);
[STAThread]
}
// MyButton.
MyButton. Location = new Point(10, 10);
else
}
// StopButton.
protected void StopButtonClick(object who, EventArgs e) {
// Yes.
// .
DialogResult result = MessageBox.Show(
" ?",
"",
MessageBoxButtons.YesNo);
if(result == DialogResult.Yes)
Application.Exit();
}
, . ,
ButtonForm . ,
StopButtonClick().
StopButtonClick()
:
// Yes,
// .
" ?",
"",
25. Windows-
701
.
? .
Show(), ,
result. ,
:
if(result == DialogResult.Yes) Application.Exit();
, .
Application.Exit(),
. ,
.
. 25.4.
. 25.4. ,

Windows- ,
. .
, , .
, ,
. .
, ,
.
.
MainMenu , MenuItem
. (,
), . MainMenu
MenuItem Menu.
Windows-,
, . ,
.
Click,
MenuItem. , ,
Click, ,
.
Menu, :
public MainMenu Menu { get; set; }
702
III. C#
.
, .
.
1. MainMenu.
2. MainMenu MenuItem,
.
MenuItems, .
3. MenuItem- MenuItem, ,
.
MenuItems, .
4. .
5. MainMenu Menu, .
, ,
: , .
// .
MainMenu MyMenu = new MainMenu();
// .
MenuItem m1 = new MenuItem("");
MyMenu.MenuItems.Add(m1);
// "".
MenuItem subm1 = new MenuItem("");
m1.Menuitems.Add(subm1);
.
MainMenu MyMenu.
. m1
. MyMenu.
, .
, m1,
. MenuItem-
, ,
, MenuItem-. ,
subm1subm3 m1, File
, , .
,
. ,
Click.
subm1subm3
.
// .
subm1.Click += new EventHandler(MMOpenClick);
subm2.Click += new EventHandler(MMCloseClick);
subm3.Click += new EventHandler(MMExitClick);
25. Windows-
703
, ,
MMExitClick().
, Menu MainMenu:
Menu = MyMenu;
,
.

, .
// .
using System;
class MenuForm : Form {
MainMenu MyMenu;
public MenuForm() {
Text = " ";
// .
MainMenu MyMenu = new MainMenu();
// .
// .
m1.MenuItems.Add(subm1);
// "".
MenuItem subm5 = new MenuItem(" ");
// .
subm1.Click += new EventHandler(MMOpenClick);
subm2.Click += new EventHandler(MMCloseClick);
subm3.Click += new EventHandler(MMExitClick);
subm4.Click += new EventHandler(MMCoordClick);
subm5.Click += new EventHandler(MMChangeClick);
subm6.Click += new EventHandler(MMRestoreClick);
704
III. C#
// .
Menu = MyMenu;
[STAThread]
MenuForm skel = new MenuForm();
}
// .
protected void MMCoordClick(object who, EventArgs e) {
// , .
string size =
string. Format(" {0}: {1}, {2}\n{3}: {4}, {5} ",
", ", Top, Left,
", ", Bottom, Right);
// .
MessageBox.Show(size, " ",
MessageBoxButtons.OK);
}
// .
protected void MMChangeClick(object who, EventArgs e) {
Width = Height = 200;
}
// .
protected void MMRestoreClick(object who, EventArgs e) {
Width = Height = 300;
}
// .
protected void MMOpenClick(object who, EventArgs e) {
MessageBox.Show(" ", "",
}
// .
protected void MMCloseClick(object who, EventArgs e) {
MessageBox.Show(" ", "",
}
// .
protected void MMExitClick(object who, EventArgs e) {
" ?",
"",
if(result == DialogResult.Yes) Application.Exit();
}
. 25.5.
25. Windows-
705
. 25.5. ,
. (
, ) .
,
, .

. ,
.
: ,
.
. ,
.
.
,
200 .
Width Height:
public int Width { get; set; }
public int Height { get; set; }
300x300.
.

, Windows- .
Windows ,
. Windows-,
.
, System.Windows.Forms.
Windows-, ,
() . ,
Windows.Drawing, ,
.
Windows.Drawing ,
Windows GDI (Graphics Device Interface).
, .
706
III. C#
26

,
, , (10 5) * 3,
? , , ,
.
,
.
(expression parsing), ,
,
, .

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parser), ,
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. ,
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C++. ,
C#, , C#
.
,
, .
, . , ,
:
;
+, -, /, *, ^, % =;
;
.
(^) (
, C#), (=) .
.
:
10-8
(100 - 5) * 14 / 6
a + b - c
10 ^ 5
= 10 - b
,
:
708
III. C#
+ - ()
^
* / %
+
=
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, , . -,
( ,
26 , A Z).
(a A
). -, , double,
. ,
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10 - 2 * 3
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:
= while( ) {
=
b =
= a op b
}
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26.
709

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:
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10 + 5 *
: 10 5 * B. : 5 B.
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9/3 - (100 + 56)
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2. .
3.
3. , (100 + 56).
.
4. . 156.
5. 156 3. 153.
, , .
, .
. -,

710
III. C#
. -,
, .
.
( double),
.
. ,
.

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* - (W + 10)
: , *, B, -, (, W, +, 10 ).
,
.
,
, .
, ,
.

. , ,
GetToken().
, , Parser.
,
, GetToken(). , Parser
:
class Parser {
// .
enum Types { NONE, DELIMITER, VARIABLE, NUMBER };
// ,
enum Errors { SYNTAX, UNBALPARENS, NOEXP, DIVBYZERO };
string exp; // .
int expIdx; // .
string token; // .
Types tokType; // .
Types.
.
: , .
variable, number delimiter, Types.
delimiter , . none
. Errors
, .
, ,
exp. , exp , 10+4.
expIdx
. token,
tokType,
26.
711
GetToken().
, , exp,
expIdx, .. exp[expIdx].
token, tokType. GetToken()
IsDelim(), ,
.
// .
void GetToken() {
tokType = Types.NONE;
token = "";
if(expIdx == exp.Length) return; //
// .
while(expIdx < exp.Length &&
Char.IsWhiteSpace(exp[expIdx])) ++expIdx;
// .
if(expIdx == exp.Length) return;
if(IsDelim(exp[expIdx])) { // ?
token += exp[expIdx];
expIdx++;
tokType = Types.DELIMITER;
} else if(Char.IsLetter(exp[expIdx])) { //
// ?
while(!IsDelim(exp[expIdx])) {
expIdx++;
if(expIdx >= exp.Length) break;
}
tokType = Types.VARIABLE;
} else if(Char.IsDigit(exp[expIdx])) { // ?
expIdx++;
}
tokType = Types.NUMBER;
// true,
// .
bool IsDelim(char ) {
if((" +-/*%A=()".IndexOf(c) != -1)) return true;
return false;
}
GetToken().
, ,
expIdx exp.Length.
712
III. C#
expIdx , ,
, , ( ).
, GetToken()
. exp[expIdx]
, , , (
). ,
, token, tokType
DELIMITER. ,
, . ,
token, tokType VARIABLE.
, ,
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NUMBER. ,
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GetToken(),
. ,
, .
, .

.
, GetToken(), :
+ 100 - ( * ) /2
GetToken()
( ):
+
100
(
)
/
2

VARIABLE
DELIMITER
NUMBER
DELIMITER
DELIMITER
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VARIABLE
DELIMITER
DELIMITER
NUMBER
, ,

. ,
, .
GetToken() , .
26.
713
, ,
.
/*

,
. */
using System;
// .
class ParserException : ApplicationException {
public ParserException(string str) : base(str) { }

return Message;
}
class Parser {
// .
// .
string exp; // .
int expIdx; // .
string token; // .
Types tokType; // .
// .
public double Evaluate(string expstr)
{
double result;
exp = expstr;
expIdx =0;
try {
GetToken();
if(token == "") {
SyntaxErr(Errors.NOEXP); //
// .
return 0.0;
}
EvalExp2(out result);
if(token != "") //
// null-.
SyntaxErr(Errors.SYNTAX);
return result;
} catch(ParserException exc) {
//
// .
714
III. C#
return 0.0;
}
// .
void EvalExp2(out double result)
{
string op;
double partialResult;
while((op = token) == "+" || op == "-") {
GetToken();
EvalExp3(out partialResult);
switch(op) {
case "-":
result = result - partialResult;
break;
case "+":
result = result + partialResult;
break;
}
}
}
// .
{
string op;
double partialResult = 0.0;
while((op = token) == "*" ||
op == "/" || op == "%") {
GetToken();
switch(op) {
case "*":
result = result * partialResult;
break;
case "/":
if(partialResult == 0.0)
SyntaxErr(Errors.DIVBYZERO);
result = result / partialResult;
break;
case "%":
result = (int) result % (int) partialResult;
break;
}
}
}
// .
void EvalExp4(out double result){
double partialResult, ex;
26.
715
int t;
if(token == "^") {
GetToken();
ex = result;
if(partialResult == 0.0) {
result = 1.0;
return;
}
for(t=(int)partialResult-1; t > 0; t--)
result = result * (double)ex;
}
// + -.
void EvalExp5(out double result) {
string op;
op = "";
if((tokType == Types.DELIMITER) &&
token == "+" || token == "-") {
op = token;
GetToken();
}
if(op == "-") result = -result;
}
// .
{
if((token == "(")) {
GetToken();
if(token != ")")
SyntaxErr(Errors.UNBALPARENS);
GetToken();
}
else Atom(out result);
}
// .
void Atom(out double result) {
switch(tokType) {
case Types.NUMBER:
try {
result = Double.Parse(token);
} catch(FormatException) {
result = 0.0;
}
GetToken();
return;
default:
716
III. C#
result = 0.0;
break;
// .
void SyntaxErr(Errors error)
{
string[] err = {
" ",
" ",
" ",
" "
};
throw new ParserException(err[(int)error]);
}
// .
void GetToken() {
token = "";
//
// .

Char.IsWhiteSpace(exp[expIdx])) ++expIdx;
// .
expIdx++;
} else if(Char.IsLetter(exp[expIdx])) {
//
// ?
expIdx++;
if(expIdx >= exp.Length)
break;
}
}
else if(Char.IsDigit(exp[expIdx])) { // ?
expIdx++;
if(expIdx >= exp.Length)
break;
}
}
26.
717
// true,
// .
bool IsDelim(char c) {
if((" +-/*%^=()".IndexOf(c) != -1)) return true;
return false;
}
}
: +, -, *, /
%. , (^)
,
.
, Parser.
Evaluate(),
, . ,
Evaluate().
:
// .
using System;
class ParserDemo {
string expr;
Parser p = new Parser();
Console.WriteLine(
" .");
for(;;) {
expr = Console.ReadLine();
if(expr == "") break;
Console.WriteLine(": " + p.Evaluate(expr));
:
.
: 10-2*3
: 4
: (10-2)*3
: 24
: 10/3
: 3.33333333333333
: 10/3.5
: 2.85714285714286
:
718
III. C#

Parser.
GetToken(), Parser .
exp. Evaluate().
, ,
C#-. , ,
:
"10 - 5"
"2 * 3.3 / (3.1416 * 3.3)"
exp expIdx.
expIdx . expIdx
. token
, tokType .
Evaluate(),
, , .
EvalExp2()EvalExp6() Atom()
.
. ,
, .
EvalExpl().
SyntaxErr()
. GetToken() IsDelim(), ,
. GetToken()
.
, .
, ,
:
10 - 3 * 2
Evaluate() .
(""),
, Evaluate() 0.0.
10. EvalExp2(). EvalExp2()
EvalExp3(), EvalExp4(), EvalExp5().
EvalExp5() ,
. , EvalExp6().
EvalExp6() EvalExp2()
( , ), Atom()
. ,
Atom() result 10.
, .
, , ( ),
, .. ,
. -,
Eval2().
. -,
. ,
3, .
Atom() 3 result *.

26.
719
EvalExp3(), , 2.
, 2 3.
EvalExp2(), .
4. ,
; , ,
, .
SyntaxErr(),
ParserException,
. ParserException ;
, Parser. ,
,
.
,
. .

,
,
. ,
.
. ,
Z.
Parser.
26- double. , Parser :
double[] vars = new double[26];
Parser ,
:
public Parser() {
// .
for(int i=0; i < vars.Length; i++)
vars[i] = 0.0;
}

0.0.
.
Z, vars
ASCII- .
FindVar(). :
// .
double FindVar(string vname) {
if(IChar.IsLetter(vname[0])){
return 0.0;
}
return vars[Char.ToUpper(vname[0])-'A'];
}
720
III. C#
, (.. )
, 12 test,
.
.
Atom(),
, . :
// .
void Atom(out double result) {
switch(tokType) {
case Types.NUMBER:
try {
} catch(FormatException) {
result = 0.0;
}
GetToken();
return;
case Types.VARIABLE:
result = FindVar(token);
GetToken();
return;
default:
result = 0.0;
break;
}
}
, ,
,
. ,
(=).
Parser EvalExp1().
. , ,
, Evaluate() EvalExp1(),
EvalExp2(). EvalExp1():
// .
int varIdx;
Types ttokType;
string temptoken;
if(tokType == Types.VARIABLE) {
// .
temptoken = String.Copy(token);
ttokType = tokType;
// .
varIdx = Char.ToUpper(token[0]) - 'A';
GetToken();
if(token != "=") {
26.
721
PutBack();
//
// ,
// .
token = String.Copy(temptoken);
tokType = ttokType;
} else {
GetToken(); //
exp.EvalExp2(out result);
vars[varIdx] = result;
return;
}
}
EvalExp1() , . ,
,
,
. , = 100 ,
, , /10
. EvalExp1()
. ,
PutBack(), :
// .
void PutBack()
{
for(int i=0; i < token.Length; i++)
expIdx;
}
:
/*

, . */
using System;
// .
class ParserException : ApplicationException {
public ParserException(string str) : base(str) { }
return Message;
}
}
class Parser {
// .
// .
string exp; // .
int expIdx; // .
string token; // .
722
III. C#
Types tokType; // .
// .
Double[] vars = new double[26];
public Parser() {
// .
for(int i=0; i < vars.Length; i++)
vars[i] = 0.0;
}
// .
public double Evaluate(string expstr)
{
double result;
exp = expstr;
expIdx = 0;
try {
GetToken();
if(token == "") {
SyntaxErr(Errors.NOEXP); // .
return 0.0;
}
EvalExp1(out result); //
//
// EvalExp1().
if(token != "") //
// .
return result;
} catch(ParserException exc) {
// .
return 0.0;
}
}
// .
int varIdx;
Types ttokType;
string temptoken;
if(tokType == Types.VARIABLE) {
// .
temptoken = String.Copy(token);
ttokType = tokType;
// .
varIdx = Char.ToUpper(token[0]) - 'A';
GetToken();
26.
723
if(token != "-") {
PutBack();
//
// ,
// .
token = String.Copy(temptoken);
tokType = ttokType;
} else {
GetToken();
//
// exp.
vars[varIdx] = result; return;
}
}
// .
{
string op;
double partialResult;
while((op = token) == "+" || op == "-") {
GetToken();
switch(op) {
case "-":
result = result - partialResult;
break;
case "+":
result = result + partialResult;
break;
}
}
}
// .
{
string op;
double partialResult = 0.0;
while((op = token) == "*" ||
op == "/" || op == "%") {
GetToken();
switch(op) {
case "*":
result = result * partialResult;
break;
case "/":
724
III. C#
result = result / partialResult;

break;
case "%":
if(partialResult ==0.0)
result = (int) result % (int) partialResult;
break;
}
// .
double partialResult, ex;
int t;
if(token == "^") {
GetToken();
ex = result;
if(partialResult ==0.0) {
result =1.0; return;
}
for(t=(int)partialResult-1; t > 0; t--)
result = result * (double)ex;
}
}
// + -.
{
string op;
op = "";
if((tokType == Types.DELIMITER) &&
token == "+" || token == "-") {
op = token;
GetToken();
}
if(op == "-") result = -result;
}
// .
{
if((token =="(")) {
GetToken();
if(token != ")")
SyntaxErr(Errors.UNBALPARENS);
GetToken();
}
else Atom(out result);
}
26.
725
// .
void Atom(out double result)
{
switch(tokType) {
case Types.NUMBER:
try {
} catch (FormatException) {
result = 0.0;
}
GetToken();
return;
case Types.VARIABLE:
result = FindVar(token);
GetToken();
return;
default:
result = 0.0;
break;
}
}
// .
double FindVar(string vname) {
if(Char.IsLetter(vname[0]) ) {
return 0.0;
}
return vars[Char.ToUpper(vname[0])-'A'];
}
// .
void PutBack()
{
for(int i=0; i < token.Length; i++)
expIdx--;
}
// .
void SyntaxErr(Errors error)
{
string[] err = {
" ",
" ",
" ",
" "
};
throw new ParserException(err[(int)error]);
}
// .
void GetToken()
{
token = "";
726
III. C#
if(expIdx == exp.Length) return; // .

// .
Char.IsWhiteSpace(exp[expIdx]))
++expIdx;
// .
token += exp[expIdx]; expIdx++;
} else if(Char.IsLetter(exp[expIdx])) {
//
// ?
expIdx++;
}
} else if(Char.IsDigit(exp[expIdx])) { // ?
expIdx++;
}
}
// true,
// .
bool IsDelim(char c) {
if((" +-/*%^=()".IndexOf(c) != -1))
return true;
return false;
}
,
, .
, :
= 10/4
-
C = * (F - 21)
26.
727

,
.

(, ). ,
, :
10 ** 8
((10 - 5) * 9
/8
, ,
.
.
, .
, ,
SyntaxErr(), .
, -
, Atom(), FindVar() EvalExp6(),
.
SyntaxErr()
ParserException, .
Evaluate(). ,
.
.

,
. ,
, , , .
.

. , ,
, ,
. , ,
:
STRING;
GetToken(), ;
case- Atom() STRING.

, :
= ""
b = ""
c = + b
b, ,
"".
728
III. C#
:
-,
.
.
, Parser .
. Parser Component.
Dispose(bool). !
.
26.
729
C#

XML
C# .
// /* */. XML- XML. (XML- .)
XML- ///, XML-
, , , .
XML-,
. XML-
XML-. XML-
IntelliSense Visual Studio.
XML
C# XML-, . A.1.
, XML, . <list> (<>)
. :
. :
<listheader>
<term> </term>
<description> </description>
</listheader>
. .
:
<item>
<term> _ </term>
<description> </description>
</item>
_.
_ .
<item>.
A.1. XML
<> </>
, ,

,
,
, ,

,

<code> </code>
<example>
</example>
<exception cref="">
explanation
</exception>
<include file =
'_'
path ='
[@_ = "ID_"]' />
<list type = "">
_
_
</list>
, XML-
. _
. , ID
, _, ID_,
.
,
: bullet (), number
() table ()
A. XML
733
. A.1
<para> </para>
<param name =
'_' >
</param>
<paramref name =
"_" />
<permission cref =
"">
</permission>
<remarks>
</remarks>
<returns>
</returns>
<see cref "" />
<seealso cref =
"" />
<summary>
</summary>
<value>
</value>

,
_. ,

, _

,
, .
,

, ,
,

, ,
,
,

". "
, ,
,

, ,
XML-
XML-, ,
/doc. , DocTest.cs, XML, :
csc DocTest.cs /doc:DocTest.xml
XML-
Visual Studio IDE, Property Pages (
), View , Property Pages (,
). Configuration Properties ,Build (
, ). XML- XML
Documentation File (XML- ).
XML-
XML-:
// XML-.
using System;
734
IV.
///
///
///
///
<remark>
XML-.
Test .
</remark>
class Test {
/// <summary>
/// Main().
/// </summary>
int sum;
sum = Summation(5);
Console.WriteLine(" " + 5 +
" " + sum);
}
/// <summary>
/// Summation() .
/// <param name = "val">
/// val.
/// </param>
/// <see cref="int"> </see>
/// <returns>
/// int-.
/// </returns>
/// </summary>
static int Summation(int val) {
int result = 0;
for(int i=1; i <= val; i++)

result += i;
return result;
, XmlTest.cs.

csc XmlTest.cs /doc:XmlTest.xml
,
XmlTest.xml, :
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<doc>
<assembly>
<name>t</name>
</assembly>
<members>
<member name="T:Test">
<remark>
XML-.
Test .
</remark>
</member>
<member name="M:Test.Main">
<summary>
Main().
A. XML
735
</summary>
</member>
<member name="M:Test.Summation(System. Int32) ">
<summary>
Summation() .
<param name="val">
val.
</param>
<see cref="T:System.Int32"> </see>
<returns>
int-.
</returns>
</summary>
</member>
</members>
</doc>
,
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XML-.
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#region, 446
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.NET Framework, 27
A
A.D., 570
abstract, 309; 340
Access specifier, 39
Anno Domini, 570
API, 688
Application Programming Interface, 688
ApplicationException, , 350; 370
ArgumentException, , 384; 392; 641
ArgumentNullException, , 384; 392;
406
ArgumentOutOfRangeException, ,
617
Array, , 521
ArrayList, , 615
ArrayTypeMismatchException, , 365
as, , 450
ASCII, 60; 376
Assembly, 446
Assembly, , 465
AttributeTargets, , 480
AttributeUsage, , 473; 479
base, 286; 291

BinaryReader, , 394
BinaryWriter, , 394
BindingFlags, , 457
740
BitArray, , 631
BitConverter, , 530
bool, 54; 61; 521
Boolean, , 521
Boxing, 315
break, 109; 120
BufferedStream, , 378
Button, , 694
ButtonBase, , 694
byte, 54; 376; 406
Byte, , 406
Bytecode, 25
, , 24
C++, , 24
catch, 350; 357
char, 54; 60; 376
Char, , 516
checked, 372
class, 39; 127
Client, 669
CLR (Common Language Runtime), 27;
350
CLS (Common Language Specification), 29
COBOL, 31
CollectionBase, , 634
CollectionsUtil, , 634
COM, 669; 670
COM (Component Object Model), 18
Common Language Runtime, 27; 350; 365
Common Language Specification, 29
Common Type System, 29
Component model, 669
Component Object Model, 18; 669
Component, , 670
Conditional, , 480
Console, , 40; 377
Console. Error, , 376; 382
Console. In, , 376; 380
Console.Out, , 376
const, , 498
ConstructorInfo, , 461
continue, 122
Control, , 694
Cookie, , 657
CookieCollection, , 657
CookieContainer, , 657
CTS (Common Type System), 29
CultureInfo, , 519
D
DateTime, , 567
Deadlock, 596
decimal, 54; 58; 406
Decimal, , 406; 512
default, 446
Delegate, 410
delete, 149
DictionaryBase, , 634
DictionaryEntry, , 614
DirectoryNotFoundException, , 384
DivideByZeroException, , 350; 365
DLL, 470
double, 44; 54; 57; 406; 509
Double, , 406; 509
do-while, 119
Dynamic link library, 470
E
Encoding, , 541
enum, 345
Enumeration, 345
ESC-, 66
Event, 416
EventArgs, , 426
Event Handler, , 428
Exception, , 350; 363
explicit, 246
Expression parsing, 706
F
false, 61; 237
FIFO, 629
File Transfer Protocol, 646
FileNotFoundException, , 384; 392
FileStream, , 378; 383
finally, 350; 362
fixed, 487
float, 44; 55; 57; 406; 509
for, , 47; 110
foreach, 120; 168; 609; 634
Form, , 690
FormatException, , 406
Forms, , 688
FORTRAN, 31
FTP, 646
FullName, , 452
G
GC, , 534
goto, 123
GUI, 688
H
Hashing, 621
Hashtable, , 621
HTTP, 646
HttpWebRequest, , 646; 648
HttpWebResponse, , 646; 648
HybridDictionary, , 634
HyperText Transfer Protocol, 646
I
ICloneable, , 536
ICollection, , 610
IComparable, , 535; 639
IComparer, , 611; 613; 640
IComponent, , 670
IConvertible, , 536
IDE (Integrated Development
Environment), 34
IDictionary, , 610; 612
IDictionaryEnumerator, , 611;
613; 636
IEnumerable, , 609; 613
IEnumerator, , 609; 613
if, , 45; 103
if-else-if, 105
IFormatProvider, , 538
IHashCodeProvider, , 611; 614
IList, , 610; 611
implicit, 246
Indexer, 257
IndexOutOfRangeException, , 158;
351; 365
Instance variable, 32
int, 42; 55; 406
Int16, , 406
Int32, , 406
Int64, , 406
Integrated Development Environment, 34
interface, 320
internal, , 446
InvalidCastException, , 365
741
IOException, , 377; 384

is, , 449
IsAbstract, , 452
IsClass, , 452
J
Java, 25
Java Virtual Machine, 25
JIT-, 28
JVM (Java Virtual Machine), 25
L
Length, , 165
LIFO, 627
List Dictionary, , 634
lock, 495; 587
long, 55; 406
M
Main(), 213
MainMenu, , 700
MarshalByRefObject, , 672
Math, , 58; 502
MemberInfo, , 455
MemoryStream, , 378; 402
Menu, , 700
MenuItem, , 700
Message, , 363
MessageBoxButtons, , 698
Method overloading, 203
MethodBase, , 455
MethodImplAttribute, , 597
MethodInfo, , 455
MFC, , 688
Microsoft Foundation Classes, 688
Microsoft Intermediate Language, 28; 446
Monitor, , 592
MSIL (Microsoft Intermediate Language),
28; 446
Multicasting, 413
Multiple indirection, 493
Multithreaded programming, 574
N
Namespace, 38; 432 NameValueCollection,
, 634 new, 147; 291; 331; 340
742
NotSupportedException, , 377; 385;

611
null, 365
NullReferenceException, , 365
nybble, 251
object, , 313; 535; 609

ObjectDisposedException, , 385
Obsolete, , 481
OOP (-
), 24
operator, 225
out, , 191; 193; 207
OutOfMemoryException, , 365
OverflowException, , 365; 372; 407
override, 302; 481
P
params, , 197
Pascal, 23
Picture format, 563
Pluggable protocols, 645
Preprocessor, 441
private, , 39; 180
Process, , 606
protected, , 283; 340
ProtocolViolationException, , 652
public, , 39; 180
Q
Queue, , 629
R
Random, , 532
readonly, 495
ReadOnlyCollectionBase, , 634
Recursive descent parser, 19
Ref, 414
ref, , 191; 207
Reflection, 453
Reflection API, 454
return, 123; 137
RTTI, 449
Runtime type identification, 449
S
sbyte, 55; 406
Sbyte, , 406
Scope, 70
sealed, 313
SecurityException, , 384
SeekOrigin, , 400
short, 55; 406
Single, , 406; 509
Single-threaded apartment, 692
sizeof, 495
Sorted List, , 623
Spaghetti code, 23
Sqrt(), , 57
STA, 692
Stack, 33
Stack, , 627
stackalloc, 496
StackOverflowException, , 365; 366
StackTrace, , 363
static, , 39; 218
Stream, 376
Stream, , 377
StreamReader, , 379; 391
StreamWriter, , 379
string, 540
string, , 172
StringBuilder, , 178; 540
StringCollection, , 634
StringDictionary, , 634
StringReader, , 379; 404
StringWriter, , 379; 404
struct, 340
switch, 106; 348
System, , 38; 406; 500
System.Attribute, , 473
System.AttributeUsageAttribute, , 480
System.Collections, ,
609; 610
System.Collections.ICollection,
, 334
System. Collections. IEnumerator,
, 334
System.Collections.Specialized,
, 634
System.ComponentModel.Component,
, 670; 690
System.ComponentModel.IComponent,
, 670
System.Delegate, , 415
System.Diagnostics, ,
606
System.Diagnostics.ConditionalAttribute,
, 480
System.Exception, , 350
System.IComparable, , 334
System.IDisposable, , 497
System.Net, , 644
System.Net.Sockets, ,
644
System.Object, , 313
System.ObsoleteAttribute, , 481
System.Reflection, ,
455
System.Reflection.MemberInfo, , 453
System.String, , 175; 540
System.Text, , 178; 540
System.Threading, ,
575
System.Type, , 452
System.Windows.Forms, , 688
System.Windows.Forms.Control, ,
690
SystemException, , 350
T
TargetSite, , 363
TextReader, , 378
TextWriter, , 378
this, 151; 212
Thread, 574
Thread, , 575
ThreadAbortException, , 602
Threading model, 692
ThreadState, , 604
throw, 350; 360
true, 61; 237
try, 350; 358
typeof, , 452
U
uint, 55; 406
UInt16, , 406
UInt32, , 406
UInt64, , 406
ulong, 55; 406
Unboxing, 315
unchecked, 372
Unicode, 60; 376
Uniform Resource Identifier, 645
Uniform Resource Locator, 645
Universal Time Coordinated, 567
743
UNIX, 23
unsafe, 484; 486
Unsafe code, 484
URI, 645
URI, , 654
URL, 645
ushort, 55; 406
using, 39; 435; 497; 499
using, , 682
UTC, 567
V
value, 258; 266; 422
virtual, 301; 340
Visual Studio .NET,
, 34
void, 40; 134
volatile, , 498
W
WebClient, , 663
WebException, , 652
WebExceptionStatus, , 652
WebHeaderCollection, , 656
WebRequest, , 645; 646
WebResponse, , 645; 648
while, 117
Windows.Drawing, ,
704
Windows-, 688
Windows-, 690
X
XML, 728
A
, 309
, 257
, 706
, 40; 140
, 213
, 473
AttributeUsage, 473; 479
Conditional, 480
MethodImplAttribute, 597
Obsolete, 481
744
-, 25
C#, 499
, 48
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, 596
Java, 25
, 301
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, 149

, 302
,
449
, 441
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break, 109, 121

continue, 122
do-while, 119
for, 110
foreach, 120; 168
goto, 123
if, 45; 103
return, 123; 137
switch, 106
while, 117
, 320
ICloneable, 536
ICollection, 610
IComparable, 535; 639
IComparer, 611; 613; 640

IComponent, 670; 671
IConvertible, 536
IDictionary, 610; 612
IDictionaryEnumerator, 611; 613; 636
IEnumerable, 609; 613
IEnumerator, 609; 613
IFormatProvider, 538
IHashCodeProvider, 611; 614
IList, 610; 611
System.Collections.ICollection, 334
System.Collections.IEnumerator, 334
System.ComponentModel.IComponent,
670
System.IComparable, 334
System.IDisposable, 497; 671
, 330
, 331
, 350
IndexOutOfRangeException, 158
, 350
, 32; 127
ApplicationException, 350
ArgumentException, 384; 392; 641
ArgumentNullException, 384; 392; 406
ArgumentOutOfRangeException, 617
Array, 521
ArrayList, 615
Assembly, 465
BinaryReader, 394; 395
BinaryWriter, 394
BitArray, 631
BitConverter, 530
BufferedStream, 378
Button, 694
ButtonBase, 694
CollectionBase, 634
CollectionsUtil, 634
Component, 670; 671
Console, 40; 52; 377
ConstructorInfo, 461
Control, 694
Cookie, 657
CookieCollection, 657
CookieContainer, 657
CultureInfo, 519
DictionaryBase, 634
DirectoryNotFoundException, 384
DivideByZeroException, 350
Encoding, 541
EventArgs, 426
Exception, 350; 363
FileNotFoundException, 384; 392
FileStream, 378; 383
Form, 690
FormatException, 406
GC, 534
Hashtable, 621
HttpWebRequest, 646; 648
HttpWebResponse, 646; 648
Hybrid Dictionary, 634
IOException, 384
ListDictionary, 634
MainMenu, 700
MarshalByRefObject, 672
Math, 58; 502
MemberInfo, 455
MemoryStream, 378; 402
Menu, 700
MenuItem, 700
MethodBase, 455
MethodInfo, 455
Monitor, 592
NameValueCollection, 634
NotSupportedException, 386; 611
object, 313; 340; 535; 609
ObjectDisposedException, 385
OverflowException, 372; 407
Process, 606
ProtocolViolationException, 652
Queue, 629
Random, 532
ReadOnlyCollectionBase, 634
SecurityException, 384
SortedList, 623
Stack, 627
Stream, 377
StreamReader, 379; 389; 391
StreamWriter, 379; 389
String, 540
StringBuilder, 178; 540
StringCollection, 634
StringDictionary, 634
StringReader, 379; 404
StringWriter, 379; 404
System.Attribute, 473
System.AttributeUsageAttribute, 480
System.ComponentModel.Component,
670; 690
System.Delegate, 415
System.Diagnostics.ConditionalAttribute,
480
745
System.Exception, 350
System.Object, 313
System.ObsoleteAttribute, 481
System.Reflection.MemberInfo, 453
System.String, 175; 540
System.Type, 452
System.Windows.Forms.Control, 690
SystemException, 350
TextReader, 378; 389
TextWriter, 378; 389
Thread, 575
ThreadAbortException, 602
URI, 654
WebClient, 663
WebException, 652
WebHeaderCollection, 656
WebRequest, 645; 646
WebResponse, 645; 648
, 278
, 278
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C#, 51
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csc.exe,
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, 669
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Main(), 213
Object.Equals(), 237
746
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ReadLine(), 381
Sqrt(), 57
ToString(), 364
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C# C++, 150; 155; 160; 172;
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670
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, 68
, 70
, 345
MessageBoxButtons, 698
SeekOrigin, 400
ThreadState, 604
UnicodeCategory, 517
WebExceptionStatus, 652
, 347
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, 708
, 557
, 376; 574
, 376
, 380
, 378
, 73
, 441
, 315
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, 101
, 48
Microsoft, 28
, 431
System, 38; 431; 500
System.Collections, 609; 610
System.Collections.Specialized, 634
System.Diagnostics, 606
System.IO, 377
System.Net, 644
System.Net.Sockets, 644
System.Text, 178; 540
System.Threading, 575
Windows.Drawing, 704
, 645
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, 646
, 574
, 215
, 266
Length, 165
Message, 363
StackTrace, 363
TargetSite, 363
, 327
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29
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747
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, 340; 488
Boolean, 521
Char, 516
Decimal, 512
DictionaryEntry, 614
, 23
, 507
, 283
XML, 729
bool, 61
char, 60
decimal, 58
double, 44
int, 44
string, 172
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748

Шилдт Герберт - Полный справочник по C#

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Osborne

ISBN 5-8459-0563- (.)

C# Visual Studio .NET. ,

Visual Studio IDE

. 2.1. New Project ( )

2.2. Add , Add New Item

2.3. Add New Item

Console.WriteLine("x " + x);

Console.WriteLine("ivar : " + ivar);

Console.WriteLine(" " + area);

for(@if = 0; @if < 10; @if++)

for(theta = 0.1; theta <= 0.3; theta = theta + 0.1) {

Console.WriteLine(" : $" + discounted_price);

Console.WriteLine(" : $" + amount);

Console.WriteLine(" {0} {1} .", 28, 29);

for(i = 1; i < 10; i++)

discounted_price = price - (price * discount);

public static void Main() {

for(x = 0; x < 3; x++) {

public static void Main() {

Console.WriteLine("L D: " + L + " " + D);

Console.WriteLine("L D: " + L + " " + D);

Console.WriteLine("b: "+ b);

>= j) Console.WriteLine(" .");

b2) Console.WriteLine(" .");

Console.WriteLine(d + " " + n);

for(t = 128; t > 0; t = t/2) {

for(i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {

for(t = 128; t > 0; t = t/2) {

for(i = -5; i < 6; i++) {

for(i = -5; i < 6; i++)

( ) [ ] . ++()--() checked new sizeof typeof unchecked

Console.Write(" " + i + ": ");

for(i=1; i < 5; i++)

public static void Main() {

if((smallest == 1) & ((num % i) == 0))

Console.WriteLine(" : " + largest);

for(; i < 10; ) {

Console.WriteLine(" " + sum);

num = num / 10;

goto case- default switch. , , case- default-

office.floors + " \n " +

for(i=0; i<10; i++) {

house.occupants + " \n " +

if(ob.isPrime (i)) Console.WriteLine(i +

public int maxOccupant(int minArea) {

Console.WriteLine(t1.x + " " + t2.x);

floors = f; area = a; occupants = o;

for(count = 1; count < 100000; count++)

100 000 , generator().

public int area() {

public Rect(int width, int height) {

for(i = 0; i < 10; i = i+1)

for(int i=0; i < 10; i++)

avg = avg / 10;

for(t=0; t < 3; ++t) {

. 7.1. table, TwoD

sum = m[0,0,0] + m[1,1,1] + m[2, 2, 2];

Console.Write(" nums1: ");

for(i=0, j=nums1.Length-1; i < nums1.Length; i++, j--)

Console.WriteLine(" 5 : " + sum);

int IndexOf(string str)

int LastIndexOf(string str)

string str3 = "C#- .";