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bool

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24

int

float

double

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: char, int, float, double void.
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signed
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char

127127 0255

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signed char

127127

int

32 76732 767

 25

unsigned int

065 535

signed int

int

short int

int

unsigned short int

065 535

signed short int

short int

long int

2 147 483 6472 147 483 647

signed long int

long int

unsigned long int

04 294 967 295

long long int

63
63
(2 1)2 1 ( C99)

signed long long int

long long
int ( C99)

unsigned long long int

02641 ( C99)

float

double

10

long double

10

wchar_t

unsigned int


( ), 
int. , 
, unsigned.
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unsigned int i; // int
unsigned i;
// int


. :
_;
, x float, y
ch , 
:
float x;
int y;
char ch;

26
,
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.
int a, b, c;

,
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count 
100:
int count = 100;
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(static) 

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(, first_time)

 27
(, _count). , 
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. , test TEST 
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C++.
class.
C .
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class _ : _ {
// .
protected:
// , .
public:
// .
} _;
_ .
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.)

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28
,
. 
, 
,

public, .
class myclass {
int a, b; // myclass
public:
// , .
void setab(int i, int j) { a = i; b = j; }
void showab() { cout << a << ' ' << b << endl; }
} ;
myclass ob1, ob2;
myclass, 
: a b. 
setab() showab(). 

myclass ob1 ob2.
,
() , ,
.. protected.
, 
.

(.). 
(>) 
. , 
putinfo() ob 
, show() 
.
struct cl_type {

int x;
float f;
public:
void putinfo(int a, float t) { x = a; f = t; }
void show() { cout << a << ' ' << f << endl; }
} ;
cl_type ob, *p;
// ...
ob.putinfo(10, 0.23);

 29

p = &ob; // ob p.
p>show(); // ob.
template
, , . (. template
5.)

C++ .
,
 . 
, .
:
class _ : _
__ {
// . . .
} ;
_

: private, public protected. 
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public,
(struct), private,
class. 
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public, public protected
public protected
. _ 
private, public protected
private
. (protected) public
protected protected
.
derived 
base , .. 
private. , i 
derived.
class base {
public:
int i;

30
};
class derived : private base {
int j;
public:
derived(int a) { j = i = a; }
int getj() { return j; }
int geti() { return i; } // derived
// i.
};
derived ob(9); // derived.
cout << ob.geti() << " " << ob.getj(); // OK
// ob.i = 10; // : i
// derived!

struct.
C++ .
class struct ,
. 
,
private. 
:
struct _: _ {
// .
protected:
// ,
// .
private:
// .
} _;
C 
. ; 
. C 
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public, protected private
.

 31

, 
. C++ 
, .
. 

private. :
union _ {
// .
private:
// .
} _;
C ,
private .
. ,

union tom {
char ch;
int x;
} t;
tom,
( ).

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32

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C++ , 
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 .
,

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, 
, . ,

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.
.
union { // .
int a;
// a f
float f; // .
};
// ...
a = 10;
// a.
cout << f; // f.
, a f, .
, 
, .

C++ C (C
), ,
struct.
class, , , 
. ,
C, POD (Plain
Old Data ).
, 
, . ,

 . 

 33
private protected.
, ,  1
,
(namespace), 
static.

, 
.
. ,
, 
.

enum. :
enum _ {_} _;
_ .
, , 
.
, 
, cities, 
c cities, c 
Houston.
enum cities {Houston, Austin, Amarillo} c;
c = Houston;
( )
0, 1,
2 .. , 
,
. , 
. ,
Austin 10.
enum cities {Houston, Austin=10, Amarillo };
Amarillo 11, 
, 
.

C
C, C++, ,
. 

34
,
C++, C.
struct s_type {
int i;
double d;
};
// ...
s_type x; // OK C++, C
C++ s_type
,
. C s_type (). 
C 
(struct, union
enum), .
struct s_type x; // C
C++, 
.

extern, auto, register,
static mutable 
C C++. 
, .

extern
extern 
, ,
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. , extern 
, 
. extern 
,
.

auto
auto , 
, ,
. 
, , 
, auto
.

 35

register
C , register

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.
register . 
register, 
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register ,
. .
,

. 
register.

static
static


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.
static
.
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.
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.
C++ static 

, .

mutable
mutable C++.

, .. , mutable 
, 

36
const, const 
.

const volatile 
, 
.

const
const
. , , 
, const,
.
, (read
only memory ROM). , const,
,
 . 
,
const int a = 10;
a 
10, .

.

volatile
volatile ,
, 
. , 

.

.
, 
,
.
.
volatile 
, 
.

 37

 
const, , 
.  
, const 
, .
class MyClass {
int i;
public:
// const.
void f1(int a) const {
i = a; // ! const
// ,
// .
}
void f2(int a) {
i = a; // OK, const.
}
};
, f1()
const 
, .

restrict
C99 , 
restrict. . 
,
restrict, 
, . 
,
. ,
,
restrict . , 
restrict,

, malloc(). 
restrict .
C++ restrict .

38


. 
:
_[];

, . 
, x
100 , :
int x[100];
, 100 , 
0, 99. ,
x 
0 99.
for(t=0; t<100; t++) x[t] = t;
,
, .


. ,
10 20, :
int x[10][20];

, ,
.
int count[5] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
C89 C++ 
. , C89 C++ 

. C99 

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typedef 39

...

typedef
typedef
. :
typedef __;
,
, feet int.
typedef int feet;

distance.
feet distance;

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double.
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40
: 
F, float,
L, long double.
U unsigned, 
L long. .

int

1, 123, 21000, 234

long int

35000L, 34L

unsigned int

10000U, 987U

float

123.23F, 4.34e3F

double

123.23, 12312333, 0.9876324

long double

1001.2L


. 
8,
0 7.
10 , 8 . 
16
0 9 A F,
10, 11, 12, 13, 14 15. ,
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C C++ 
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0x
( x) 0X, .
.
int hex = 0x80; // 128
int oct = 012; // 10

C C++ 
, . , 
, " ". 
. 
, 'a'. "a"

 41
, . 
 1
. , C++ string,
.

()
C++ : true
false.
C99, C _Bool,
, .
, <stdbool.h>,
true false. ,
<stdbool.h>
bool _Bool.
, C99, 
C++. , C89
.

C99
<complex.h>, 
, .
_Complex_I

(const float _Complex)i

_Imaginary_I

(const float _Imaginary)i

_Imaginary_I ( _Complex_I,
)

i , 
1.

()

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.

42

\b

\f

(
)

\n

\r

\t

\"

\'

()

\\

\v

\a

()

\N

( N 
)

\xN

( N 
)

\?

, 
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cout << "\n\t ";