BiLIM Systems

-, . , 80, (812) 449-0770, (812) 449-0771, E-mail: info@bilim.com

Network Working Group

Request for Comments:
Obsoletes:

J. Case
1157

SNMP Research

RFC 1098

M. Fedor
Performance Systems International
M. Schoffstall
Performance Systems International
J. Davin
MIT Laboratory for Computer Science
May 1990

(SNMP)
A Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)

1. .....................................................................................................................................................................
...........................2
2. ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
....................2
3. SNMP.......................................................................................................................................................................................
.....2
3.1. ..............................................................................................................................................................
....................3
3.2. ..........................................................................................................................................................
..................3
3.2.1. .......................................................................................................................................................
..3
3.2.2. ...................................................................................................................................
..........3
3.2.3. , ................................................................................................
..............3
3.2.4. ............................................................................................................
..............4
3.2.5. ........................................................................................................................
....4
3.2.6. ........................................................................................................
........5
3.2.6.1. MIB..................................................................................................
................5
3.2.6.2. MIB.............................................................................................
......5
3.2.6.3. .......................................................................................................................
........5
3.2.6.3.1. ifTable...............................................................................................................................................
........6
3.2.6.3.2. atTable............................................................................................................................................
..........6
3.2.6.3.3. ipAddrTable..........................................................................................................................
....................6
3.2.6.3.4. ipRoutingTable...........................................................................................................................
..............6
3.2.6.3.5. tcpConnTable.....................................................................................................................................
......6
3.2.6.3.6. egpNeighTable.....................................................................................................................................
....6
4. ..............................................................................................................................................................................
...6
4.1. ...................................................................................................................................................................
............7
4.1.1. .....................................................................................................................................
............8
4.1.2. GetRequest-PDU.........................................................................................................................................................................
......8
4.1.3. GetNextRequest-PDU...........................................................................................................................................................
............9
4.1.3.1. ...........................................................................................................................................
............9
4.1.4. GetResponse-PDU......................................................................................................................................................................
....10
4.1.5. SetRequest-PDU......................................................................................................................................................
........................10
4.1.6. Trap-PDU.................................................................................................................................................................
........................11
4.1.6.1. coldStart.........................................................................................................................................................
.11
4.1.6.2. warmStart ..........................................................................................................................................
.............11
4.1.6.3. linkDown ..................................................................................................................................
......................11
4.1.6.4. linkUp .............................................................................................................................................
................12
4.1.6.5. authenticationFailure .................................................................................................................
....................12
4.1.6.6. egpNeighborLoss .....................................................................................................................
......................12
4.1.6.7. enterpriseSpecific ................................................................................................................................
..........12
5. .......................................................................................................................................................................................
...............12
6. ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
........13
7. ...............................................................................................................................................................................................
..........14
8. .........................................................................................................................................................
............................14
9. .............................................................................................................................................................................
.....................14

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 BiLiM Systems

RFC 1157

1.
RFC 1098 " "
. ,
. , ,
, ,
TCP/IP ( , Internet).
IAB1 IP TCP . Internet MIB
(RFC-1156) - SNMP (RFC 1157) CMOT (RFC
1095). , SNMP Internet, CMOT
(draft standard).
, 2.
"IAB Official Protocol Standards" 3.
.

2.
RFC 1052 ( IAB Internet 4) [1]
TCP/IP. Internet
SNMP 5, OSI.
, , : RFC 1065 SMI6 [2],
RFC 1066, MIB7 [3]. SNMP, OSI.
Internet
. Internet
.
RFC 1109 (Report of the Second Ad Hoc Network Management Review Group) [4], SNMP
OSI , .
SMI/MIB . SNMP
Internet , MIB.
IAB SNMP, SMI Internet MIB 8
. IAB IP TCP
. , SMI, MIB
SNMP.
, TCP/IP -
TCP/IP9, , MIB (RFC 1155 [5]);
MIB TCP/IP 10, , MIB (RFC 1156 [6]);
SNMP, .
RFC 10524 [1], IAB IETF11 .
, MIB.
SNMP
, MIB.
MIB . SMI 12 [2]
, MIB. [3] .
SNMP Extensions ,
SNMP [7], MIB.
IAB, SNMP.
SNMP, ,
, SGMP 13 [8].
, .
UDP.

3. SNMP
SNMP
. ,
. , , ,
, , . SNMP
.
1

Internet Activities Board

RFC 1122, 1123 1812, www.protocols.ru.
. .
3
Internet Official Protocol Standards. . .
4
IAB Recommendations for the Development of Internet Network Management Standards IAB
Internet.
5
Simple Network Management Protocol .
6
Structure of Management Information .
7
Management Information Base .
8
Standard Protocols
9
Structure and Identification of Management Information for TCP/IP-based Internets
10
Management Information Base for Network Management of TCP/IP-based Internets
11
Internet Engineering Task Force
12
Structure for Management Information
13
Simple Gateway Monitoring Protocol .
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 RFC 1157

BiLiM Systems

3.1.
SNMP , .
4 :
(1) , ;
(2)
;
(3)
;
(4) .

.
,
.

3.2.
SNMP :
(1) , ;
(2) , ;
(3) , ;
(4) ;
(5) ;
(6) .

3.2.1.
, SNMP
, Internet MIB ,
, Internet SMI [5].
MIB SMI SNMP.

3.2.2.
(Management information) SNMP,
ASN.1 [9], SMI.
SGMP (well-defined) ASN.1 [9].
SNMP , ASN.1
(PDU), .
OSI
ASN.1 Internet- SMI [5] MIB [6]. ASN.1
( , SGMP). ASN.1, SMI
, SGMP.
SNMP ASN.1 [10],
14. , , non-constructor.
ASN.1 ,
PDU .

3.2.3. ,
SNMP . ,
( ) ,
, (get) (set) .
:
(1) , ,
, ;
(2) ()
, .
SNMP ,
. (trap )
.
, .

, .
,

. ,
14

definite-length form
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 BiLiM Systems
RFC 1157
. , (reboot),
, , .

3.2.4.
SNMP .
4.
SNMP

. UDP [11], SNMP
.

3.2.5. 15
SNMP , .
, ,
SNMP SNMP 16 SNMP. , SNMP (,
, SNMP), 17.
SNMP, SNMP, SNMP 18.
SNMP , 19.
SNMP SNMP, SNMP,
community , SNMP 20. ,
SNMP SNMP, . ,
SNMP ,
.
, SNMP
, ( )
SNMP . SNMP
, SNMP .
MIB, ,
SNMP MIB21. , SNMP MIB
.
{READ-ONLY, READ-WRITE} SNMP.
SNMP SNMP MIB SNMP 22. SNMP
MIB. MIB
SNMP
:
(1) MIB (Access:) "none",
;
(2) MIB "read-write" "write-only"
READ-WRITE, get, set trap;
(3) get trap.
(4) , "write-only"23 get trap,
.
SNMP SNMP 24. ,
SNMP .
SNMP SNMP.
, SNMP , ,
MIB , 25. SNMP,
, - SNMP 26.
,
:
(1) , ( )
. , proxy-
,
, , , . .,
.

Administrative Relationship
SNMP application entity
17
SNMP protocol entity
18
SNMP community
19
SNMP community name
20
authentic SNMP message
21
SNMP MIB view
22
SNMP community profile
23
, . . .
24
SNMP access policy
25
SNMP proxy access policy
26
SNMP proxy agent
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 RFC 1157
(2)
. , -
,

MIB,

.
1
, proxy- .
-
INOC27
,
.

3.2.6.
SMI ,
:

BiLiM Systems
+------------------+
+----------------+
+----------------+
| Region #1 INOC |
|Region #2 INOC |
|PC in Region #3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Domain=Region #1 |
|Domain=Region #2|
|Domain=Region #3|
|CPU=super-mini-1 |
|CPU=super-mini-1|
|CPU=Clone-1
|
|PCommunity=pub
|
|PCommunity=pub |
|PCommunity=slate|
+------------------+
+----------------+
+----------------+
/|\
/|\
/|\
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\|/
|
|
+-----------------+
|
+-------------->| Region #3 INOC |<-------------+
|
|
|Domain=Region #3 |
|CPU=super-mini-2 |
|PCommunity=pub, |
|
slate
|
+-------------->|DCommunity=secret|<-------------+
|
+-----------------+
|
|
/|\
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\|/
\|/
\|/
+-----------------+
+-----------------+
+-----------------+
|Domain=Region#3 |
|Domain=Region#3 |
|Domain=Region#3 |
|CPU=router-1
|
|CPU=mainframe-1 |
|CPU=modem-1
|
|DCommunity=secret|
|DCommunity=secret|
|DCommunity=secret|
+-----------------+
+-----------------+
+-----------------+
Domain: ;

PCommunity: , -
(1) DCommunity: (direct community)
(ambiguous) MIB;
(2) MIB
MIB;

1:

(3) , MIB.

3.2.6.1. MIB
SNMP ,
, SNMP MIB ,
SNMP , MIB,
.

3.2.6.2. MIB
, SNMP, , ,
( get-next) MIB, . ,
Internet MIB - ,
Internet MIB, , get-next
, Internet MIB.

3.2.6.3.
MIB Internet MIB ,
SMI. SMI ,
.
, MIB, SNMP ,
"variable name"28. SNMP ,
x.y, x , MIB, y ,
.
GetNextRequest-PDU (. 4),
,
MIB.
.
, ,
x.0, x MIB.
, sysDescr sysDescr :
iso org dod internet mgmt mib system sysDescr
1
3
6
1
2
1
1
1

Internet Network Operations Center .

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 BiLiM Systems
RFC 1157
, (x) 1.3.6.1.2.1.1.1,
0. , sysDescr 1.3.6.1.2.1.1.1.0.

3.2.6.3.1. ifTable
s i, i ifIndex, s.
t, n ifEntry, i t
n.s, s , .
, ifType, 2.
ifType.2.

3.2.6.3.2. atTable
AT- 29 x 1.a.b.c.d, a.b.c.d (
) atNetAddress, x.
s.w, s
atIndex, e, w AT- , e.
t, n atEntry, i t
n.y, y , i.
, ( ARP),
IP- 89.1.1.42 3. atPhysAddress.3.1.89.1.1.42.

3.2.6.3.3. ipAddrTable
IP- x a.b.c.d, a.b.c.d (
) ipAdEntAddr, x.
t, n ipAddrEntry, i t
n.y, y IP, i.
, IP, 89.1.1.42.
ipAdEntNetMask.89.1.1.42.

3.2.6.3.4. ipRoutingTable
IP- x a.b.c.d, a.b.c.d (
) ipRouteDest, x.
t, n ipRoutingEntry, i t
n.y, y IP-, i .
, IP,
89.1.1.42. ipRouteNextHop.89.1.1.42.

3.2.6.3.5. tcpConnTable
TCP- x a.b.c.d.e.f.g.h.i.j, a.b.c.d (
) tcpConnLocalAddress, x, f.g.h.i (
) the tcpConnRemoteAddress, x, e
tcpConnLocalPort, x, j tcpConnRemotePort, x.
t, n tcpConnEntry, i t
n.y, y TCP, i .
, TCP 89.1.1.42 TCP 21
10.0.0.51 TCP 2059. tcpConnState.89.1.1.42.21.10.0.0.51.2059.

3.2.6.3.6. egpNeighTable
EGP- x a.b.c.d, a.b.c.d (
) egpNeighAddr, x.
t, n egpNeighEntry, i t
n.y, y EGP neighbor, i .
, IP- 89.1.1.42.
egpNeighState.89.1.1.42.

4.
, MIB
.
, / ,
UDP.
ASN.1 (. 3.2.2). , SNMP (PDU30).
UDP 161 , ,
(. ., , Trap-PDU). , ,
UDP 162. ,
484 . .
AT address translation. . . .
protocol data unit
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 RFC 1157
BiLiM Systems
SNMP 5 PDU: GetRequest-PDU, GetNextRequest-PDU, GetResponsePDU, SetRequest-PDU Trap-PDU.
RFC1157-SNMP DEFINITIONS ::= BEGIN
IMPORTS
ObjectName, ObjectSyntax, NetworkAddress, IpAddress, TimeTicks
FROM RFC1155-SMI;
--
Message ::=
SEQUENCE {
version
-- (1 )
INTEGER {
version-1(0)
},
community
--
OCTET STRING,
data
ANY

-- , PDU
--

}
--
PDUs ::=
CHOICE {
get-request
GetRequest-PDU,
get-next-request
GetNextRequest-PDU,
get-response
GetResponse-PDU,
set-request
SetRequest-PDU,
trap
Trap-PDU
}
-- PDU
--
END

4.1.
, SNMP. ,
, .
. UDP IP-
UDP. SNMP .
.
, , :
(1) PDU (, GetRequest-PDU) ASN.1.
(2) ASN.1 ,
. ASN.1.
(3) ASN.1 Message,
ASN.1.
(4) ASN.1 ASN.1
.
:
(1) ASN.1, ASN.1 Message.
.
(2) SNMP. ,
.
(3) ASN.1 Message
, .
ASN.1 .
, ()
.

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 BiLiM Systems
RFC 1157
(4) ASN.1, ,
ASN.1, ASN.1 PDU.
. SNMP
PDU. ,
.

4.1.1.
PDU, ,
ASN.1:
-- /
RequestID ::= INTEGER
ErrorStatus ::=
INTEGER {
noError(0),
tooBig(1),
noSuchName(2),
badValue(3),
readOnly(4)
genErr(5)
}
ErrorIndex ::= INTEGER
--
VarBind ::=
SEQUENCE {
name
ObjectName,
value
ObjectSyntax
}
VarBindList ::=
SEQUENCE OF
VarBind
RequestID , . RequestID,
SNMP ,
. RequestID
.
ErrorStatus , .
ErrorIndex , (
), .
. 31 VarBind ,
. VarBindList
. PDU (, GetRequest-PDU).
.
ASN.1.
ASN.1 NULL.

4.1.2. GetRequest-PDU
GetRequest-PDU :
GetRequest-PDU ::= [0]
IMPLICIT SEQUENCE {
request-id
RequestID,
error-status
-- 0
ErrorStatus,
error-index
ErrorIndex,

-- 0

variable-bindings
VarBindList
}
GetRequest-PDU SNMP.
GetRequest-PDU
:

31

Variable binding
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 RFC 1157
BiLiM Systems
(1) , -,
, get MIB,
GetResponse-PDU, noSuchName ( ),
error-index .
(2) , -, (
SMI), GetResponse-PDU,
error-status noSuchName, error-index
.
(3) GetResponse-PDU, ,
, GetResponse-PDU, errorstatus tooBig, error-index - 0.
(4) , -, ,
,
GetResponse-PDU, error-status genErr, error-index
.
,
GetResponse-PDU, , , GetResponse-PDU .
error-status noError, the error-index - 0. request-id
GetResponse-PDU .

4.1.3. GetNextRequest-PDU
GetNextRequest-PDU GetRequest-PDU PDU. ASN.1- :
GetNextRequest-PDU ::= [1]
IMPLICIT SEQUENCE {
request-id
RequestID,
error-status
ErrorStatus,
error-index
ErrorIndex,

-- 0
-- 0

variable-bindings
VarBindList
}
GetNextRequest-PDU SNMP.
GetNextRequest-PDU
:
(1) , -,
, get MIB,
GetResponse-PDU, noSuchName ( ),
error-index .
(2) GetResponse-PDU, ,
, GetResponse-PDU, errorstatus tooBig, error-index - 0.
(3) , -, ,
,
GetResponse-PDU, error-status genErr, error-index
.
,
GetResponse-PDU, , , GetResponse-PDU .
error-status noError, the error-index - 0. request-id
GetResponse-PDU .

4.1.3.1.
GetNextRequest-PDU 32 MIB.
SNMP
MIB .
SNMP, , SNMP
(next hop gateway) .
, :
Destination
10.0.0.99
9.1.2.3
10.0.0.51

NextHop
89.1.1.42
99.0.0.3
89.1.1.42

Metric
5
3
5

32

. . .
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 BiLiM Systems
RFC 1157
SNMP GetNextRequest-PDU,
:
GetNextRequest ( ipRouteDest, ipRouteNextHop, ipRouteMetric1 )
SNMP GetResponse-PDU:
GetResponse (( ipRouteDest.9.1.2.3 = "9.1.2.3" ),
( ipRouteNextHop.9.1.2.3 = "99.0.0.3" ),
( ipRouteMetric1.9.1.2.3 = 3 ))
:
GetNextRequest ( ipRouteDest.9.1.2.3,
SNMP :

ipRouteNextHop.9.1.2.3, ipRouteMetric1.9.1.2.3 )

GetResponse (( ipRouteDest.10.0.0.51 = "10.0.0.51" ),

( ipRouteNextHop.10.0.0.51 = "89.1.1.42" ),
( ipRouteMetric1.10.0.0.51 = 5 ))
:
GetNextRequest ( ipRouteDest.10.0.0.51, ipRouteNextHop.10.0.0.51, ipRouteMetric1.10.0.0.51 )
SNMP :
GetResponse (( ipRouteDest.10.0.0.99 = "10.0.0.99" ),
( ipRouteNextHop.10.0.0.99 = "89.1.1.42" ),
( ipRouteMetric1.10.0.0.99 = 5 ))
:
GetNextRequest ( ipRouteDest.10.0.0.99, ipRouteNextHop.10.0.0.99, ipRouteMetric1.10.0.0.99 )
, SNMP ,
. ,
.

4.1.4. GetResponse-PDU
GetResponse-PDU GetRequest-PDU . ASN.1
:
GetResponse-PDU ::= [2]
IMPLICIT SEQUENCE {
request-id
RequestID,
error-status
ErrorStatus,
error-index
ErrorIndex,
variable-bindings
VarBindList
}
GetResponse-PDU GetRequest-PDU,
GetNextRequest-PDU SetRequest-PDU, .
GetResponse-PDU SNMP.

4.1.5. SetRequest-PDU
SetRequest-PDU GetRequest-PDU .
ASN.1 :
SetRequest-PDU ::= [3]
IMPLICIT SEQUENCE {
request-id
RequestID,
error-status
-- 0
ErrorStatus,
error-index
ErrorIndex,

-- 0

variable-bindings
VarBindList
}
SetRequest-PDU SNMP.
SetRequest-PDU
:
(1) , -, ( set)
MIB,
GetResponse-PDU, noSuchName ( ), error-index
.
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 RFC 1157
BiLiM Systems
(2) , -,
ASN.1, , , ,
GetResponse-PDU, badValue
( ), error-index .
(3) GetResponse-PDU, ,
, GetResponse-PDU, errorstatus tooBig, error-index 0.
(4) , -, ,
,
GetResponse-PDU, error-status genErr, error-index
.
, , , .
, (
).
GetResponse-PDU,
error-status noError, error-index 0.

4.1.6. Trap-PDU
Trap-PDU :
Trap-PDU ::= [4]
IMPLICIT SEQUENCE {
enterprise

-- ,
-- . sysObjectID [5]

OBJECT IDENTIFIER,
agent-addr
NetworkAddress,

-- ,
--

generic-trap
--
INTEGER {
coldStart(0),
warmStart(1),
linkDown(2),
linkUp(3),
authenticationFailure(4),
egpNeighborLoss(5),
enterpriseSpecific(6)
},
specific-trap
INTEGER,

-- ,
-- ,
-- enterpriseSpecific

time-stamp
TimeTicks,

-- , ()
--

variable-bindings
VarBindList

--

}
Trap-PDU SNMP. ,
, SNMP, .
Trap-PDU
SNMP.
variable-bindings Trap-PDU .

4.1.6.1. coldStart
coldStart(0) ,
() , , .

4.1.6.2. warmStart
warmStart(1) , ,
.

4.1.6.3. linkDown
linkDown(2) , ,
.
Trap-PDU linkDown variable-bindings ifIndex
.
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 BiLiM Systems

RFC 1157

4.1.6.4. linkUp
linkUp(3) ,
, .

Trap-PDU linkUp variable-bindings ifIndex

.

4.1.6.5. authenticationFailure
authenticationFailure(4) ,
. SNMP ,
.

4.1.6.6. egpNeighborLoss
egpNeighborLoss(5) , EGP,
(EGP peer), (down and the peer relationship no longer obtains.
Trap-PDU egpNeighborLoss variable-bindings
egpNeighAddr .

4.1.6.7. enterpriseSpecific
enterpriseSpecific(6) ,
enterprise-specific. specific-trap .

5.

RFC1157-SNMP DEFINITIONS ::= BEGIN

IMPORTS
ObjectName, ObjectSyntax, NetworkAddress, IpAddress, TimeTicks
FROM RFC1155-SMI;
--
Message ::=
SEQUENCE {
version
-- (1 )
INTEGER {
version-1(0)
},
community
-- (community name)
OCTET STRING,
data
ANY

-- , PDU (
-- )

}
-- protocol data units
PDUs ::=
CHOICE {
get-request
GetRequest-PDU,
get-next-request
GetNextRequest-PDU,
get-response
GetResponse-PDU,
set-request
SetRequest-PDU,
trap
Trap-PDU
}
-- PDUs
GetRequest-PDU ::= [0]
IMPLICIT PDU
GetNextRequest-PDU ::= [1]
IMPLICIT PDU
GetResponse-PDU ::= [2]
IMPLICIT PDU
SetRequest-PDU ::= [3]
IMPLICIT PDU
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 RFC 1157

BiLiM Systems

PDU ::=
SEQUENCE {
request-id
INTEGER,
error-status
--
INTEGER {
noError(0),
tooBig(1),
noSuchName(2),
badValue(3),
readOnly(4),
genErr(5)
},
error-index
INTEGER,

--

variable-bindings
VarBindList

--

}
Trap-PDU ::= [4]
IMPLICIT SEQUENCE {
enterprise

-- , generating
-- (. sysObjectID [5])

OBJECT IDENTIFIER,
agent-addr
NetworkAddress,

-- ,
--

generic-trap
--
INTEGER {
coldStart(0),
warmStart(1),
linkDown(2),
linkUp(3),
authenticationFailure(4),
egpNeighborLoss(5),
enterpriseSpecific(6)
},
specific-trap
INTEGER,

-- , ,
-- enterpriseSpecific

time-stamp
TimeTicks,

-- , ()
--

variable-bindings
VarBindList

--

}
-- variable bindings
VarBind ::=
SEQUENCE {
name
ObjectName,
value
ObjectSyntax
}
VarBindList ::=
SEQUENCE OF
VarBind
END

6.
IETF SNMP Extensions:
Karl Auerbach, Epilogue Technology
K. Ramesh Babu, Excelan
Amatzia Ben-Artzi, 3Com/Bridge
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 BiLiM Systems
Lawrence Besaw, Hewlett-Packard

RFC 1157

Jeffrey D. Case, University of Tennessee at Knoxville

Anthony Chung, Sytek
James Davidson, The Wollongong Group
James R. Davin, MIT Laboratory for Computer Science
Mark S. Fedor, NYSERNet
Phill Gross, The MITRE Corporation
Satish Joshi, ACC
Dan Lynch, Advanced Computing Environments
Keith McCloghrie, The Wollongong Group
Marshall T. Rose, The Wollongong Group ()
Greg Satz, cisco
Martin Lee Schoffstall, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Wengyik Yeong, NYSERNet

7.
[1] Cerf, V., "IAB Recommendations for the Development of Internet Network Management Standards", RFC 1052, IAB, April 1988.
[2] Rose, M., and K. McCloghrie, "Structure and Identification of Management Information for TCP/IP-based internets", RFC 1065, TWG,
August 1988.
[3] McCloghrie, K., and M. Rose, "Management Information Base for Network Management of TCP/IP-based internets", RFC 1066, TWG,
August 1988.
[4] Cerf, V., "Report of the Second Ad Hoc Network Management Review Group", RFC 1109, IAB, August 1989.
[5] Rose, M., and K. McCloghrie, "Structure and Identification of Management Information for TCP/IP-based Internets", RFC 1155,
Performance Systems International and Hughes LAN Systems, May 1990.
[6] McCloghrie, K., and M. Rose, "Management Information Base for Network Management of TCP/IP-based Internets", RFC 1156,
Hughes LAN Systems and Performance Systems International, May 1990.
[7] Case, J., M. Fedor, M. Schoffstall, and J. Davin, "A Simple Network Management Protocol", Internet Engineering Task Force working
note, Network Information Center, SRI International, Menlo Park, California, March 1988.
[8] Davin, J., J. Case, M. Fedor, and M. Schoffstall, "A Simple Gateway Monitoring Protocol", RFC 1028, Proteon, University of Tennessee
at Knoxville, Cornell University, and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, November 1987.
[9] Information processing systems - Open Systems Interconnection, "Specification of Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1)",
International Organization for Standardization, International Standard 8824, December 1987.
[10] Information processing systems - Open Systems Interconnection, "Specification of Basic Encoding Rules for Abstract Notation One
(ASN.1)", International Organization for Standardization, International Standard 8825, December 1987.
[11] Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", RFC 76833, USC/Information Sciences Institute, November 1980.

8.
.

9.
Jeffrey D. Case
SNMP Research
P.O. Box 8593
Knoxville, TN 37996-4800
Phone: (615) 573-1434
Email: case@CS.UTK.EDU
Mark Fedor
Performance Systems International
Rensselaer Technology Park
125 Jordan Road
Troy, NY 12180
Phone: (518) 283-8860
33

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14

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 RFC 1157
Email: fedor@patton.NYSER.NET

BiLiM Systems

Martin Lee Schoffstall

Performance Systems International
Rensselaer Technology Park
165 Jordan Road
Troy, NY 12180
Phone: (518) 283-8860
Email: schoff@NISC.NYSER.NET
James R. Davin
MIT Laboratory for Computer Science, NE43-507
545 Technology Square
Cambridge, MA 02139
Phone: (617) 253-6020
EMail: jrd@ptt.lcs.mit.edu

nmalykh@bilim.com

www.bilim.com

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