HECTAHNAPTHbIE METOtrbI AHAN IA3A

E.Vl.foPAOH, A.f. KyCPAEB

c.c. KyrAT EJIAA3E

IAHOIAHIAT
E314MAN
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AHANU3



. . .

. . , . .
. .

2006

 517.11+517.98
22.16
K94
. ., . ., . . . 2- ., . . :
- - , 2006. x+526 . ( ).
ISBN 586134132X.
, .
, . - , . , , . ,
.
.: 531.

. .

. .

K 160208000002 .
82(03)2006
ISBN 586134132X

c . . , . . ,

. . , 2006
c

. . . , 2006

vii

viii

1.

........................

...........................................

........................................

.........................

..........

1.6. . .

........................................

1.7. .

........................................

11

1.1. . . .
1.2. .

1.3. .

1.4. . .

1.5. . , . .

2.

12
.....

13

2.2.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20

2.3.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29

2.1.

iv

3. -

3.1.

44

............................

47

................

58

...........

78

.........................

89

................

99

.......

106

....................

115

.........................

124

......

131

3.2.

3.3.
3.4.

3.5.

3.6.

3.7.
3.8. NCT

3.9.
4.

143

................................

144

.........

151

..............

156

4.4.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

159

4.5. ,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

165

............................

174

................

184

.......

188

4.9.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

193

4.10.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

197

4.11.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

199

4.1.

4.2.
4.3.

4.6.

4.7.

4.8.

5.

207

............

208

5.2.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

213

........

224

5.4. ,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

235

............

247

..........

253

...............

269

5.1.

5.3.

5.5.

5.6.
5.7.
6.

278

.........................

279

6.2.

.....................................

291

........................................

303

..........

316

....

329

6.6.

............................

341

7.

351

7.1.

........................................

352

..

366

.....

383

6.1.

6.3.
-

6.4.

6.5.

7.2.
7.3.

vi

7.4.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.5.

.....................

7.6.

394
409

........

425

7.7.

.......................................

443

8.

............

457

....................

460

.........

463

.......

466

.............................................

469

8.1.
8.2.

8.3.
8.4.
8.5.

457

474

480

514

518


. XX
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, XX , .
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, 1990
1994 Kluwer Academic Publishers ,
,
.
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. 1999

, .
2001 . 2002 . Kluwer Academic
Publishers . . . .
. ,
, .

.
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,
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70- . ( . . )
.

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ix

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1947 . . : ,
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, [323,
. 521]. . .
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[106, c. 562]. ,
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.

, 1696 .
. . (), . . .
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, , , ,

. 1748 . Introductio in Analysin

Infinitorum [236] (cf. [**, p. 324]).

1.1. . . .

(. [150]). Acta Eruditorum c

1684 . .
Y Y ,
Y , X AX, D
, :
dx, , dx , ... y ...
XD, ... dy (differentia) ...y.... , (
) (. 1).
Y
dx

X
x
Puc. 1

, x 7 y(x) x YX
dx dy := XD
dx. ,
, . .
, .
. . , ,
. , . , ... [152, . 492493]. ,
( . . )

. 1.

, : ... , ,
, ,
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.
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. . , . ,
, . . .
, . , ,
[151, . 413].
.

[188, 223]. ,
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(1687 .)
:
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, [223, . 101].
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1.1. . . .

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[188, . 169].
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2 1702 . [223], , ... ,
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...
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),
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261]: ...
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. 1.

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[150, . 190].
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e .
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1.3. .

1.3. .

XVIII .

, , 1726 . - .
... ( )
1752, ,
.-. . , .
[464]
:
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; ,
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[30, . 154].
, 1734 .
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[10, . 361408]. . , . ... , [10, . 377]
. [10, . 377]: ,
. ?
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, ,
XVIII .

. 1.
1.4. . .

. .
, : , [223,
. 157]. , ,
, (
1759 .). . ,
...,
XVIII , . -, .
, ... , ,
, , [89].
1.5. . , . .
XIX
. . ,
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. (. [223]),
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. ;

1.6. . .

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XIX ,
. [206, . 113]: ,
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1.6. . .
XX
.
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30- .
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,
[156, . 293294].
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,
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10

. 1.

,
(
)
. ,
[33, . 160].
. . , . . 1940-
:
, , , 150 ,
[156, . 398].
. .
, , , , ,
. . . ,
, [144, 145, 158].

. : ... . , ,
- ,
, [156, . 396].
. . , . . : ,
,, . . -
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,
,, [68].
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1.7. .

11

[27].
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.
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,
, .
, , ,, , ,, [157,
. 61].
1.7. .
() . . 1961 ., .
, . .
. . ,
[464, . 13] . . , 1936 . . ,
.

 2



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2.1.

13

, - .
2.1.

,
.
2.1.1. .
2.1.2. .
(1) . : .
: ,
,

2- ,
N ,
Z ,
Q ,
R ,
C [232, . 9].
(2) . . , . . , . . :
... . , , .

, , . ,
, , , ,
.
, , , ,
. . [75, . 69].
(3) . . .

, .

14

. 2.

, ,,,
,
.
, , . . ,
, , , . .
, ,
.
, , .
[199, . 12].
(4) . . :
(, , ,,) :
1 ;
2
;
3 ,
.
x , P , P (x) , x
P , {x : P (x)}
, P .
, , .
,,, ,,, ,,, ,,
,,.
:
,, ,,;
;
;
;
;
,
;
;
.

2.1.

15

, .
, ,
[72, . 1718].
2.1.3. , , ,
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: , .
, . .,
, .
2.1.4.
. : ,
[80, . 173]. , . . , . ,
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.
2.1.5. , , , .
, :

16

. 2.

.
, , . , : A , , A , .
, , , ,
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.
,
, e, sin 81, . .
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.
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,
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,
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, , ,
.
,

2.1.

17

. , , , ,
, , . . . . , , ,
[3, . 51].

.
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2.1.6. : , ,
.
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: -
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18

. 2.

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.
2.1.7. : .

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.

2.1.

19

2.1.8. :
, .
, A P - . , ,
{x A : P (x)} y {x
A : P (x)} y {x A : P (x)} y.
{x A : P (x)} ,
, .
,
, ,

.


. , . ,
,
. , .
, , .
2.1.9. .
, , . . , : , , ,
,
,
,
[72, . 1819].

20

. 2.
2.2.

, .
2.2.1. A a A : a A.
2.2.2. :
(1) , . . A , 1 A n N n A n + 1 A,
A :

N A;
(2) , . .
, , , ;
(3) ;
(4) ,
;
(5) (= , .
(2)) A A
.
C (1): ,
() : B := {n N :
n
/ A}. , B 6= . B
( ) m.
m 6= 1 ( 1 A). , m
/ A , , m 1
/ A.
m 1 N, . . m 1 B.
m1 m. , B = , . . ( n N)
(n A). N A.
(2): .
(3): ( ) .
A . , A = (A {a})

2.2.

21

{a} a A. , A {a}
, (1).
(4): .
(5): , A . (4) : A . (2) A .
A = A , , A . . B
2.2.3. N (= )
, N
. :
N N N ( n N)(N > n).
C , , , 2.2.2 n n > N , N :
N N. B
2.2.4. 2.2.3 . , .
:
, 1/0 , , ,
, . [237, . 89]: ... ,
, .
N N
, , N +. N +.
,
N .
, -
, , N - (. 2.2.2 (2)).
N N .
N , . (
- ) N .

22

. 2.
2.2.5. :
(1) N +, M + N + M +, N M +;
(2) N +, n N N + n +, N n +,
nN +;
(3) n N
N + N n +;
(4) ;
(5) N +, M N M +;
(6) ... 10 ,
20 , , 10 , ,
, ,
(. [236,
. 620]);
(7) t .
t , t, . . t
;
(8) : N N
. N N
N + (N ) +.

C (7) (8), .
(7): s t ( r R) t r,
t n n N. , n + 2 s t n,
. , t +. t +, s + 1 t, s
t. , s + 1 +. 2.2.5(2) ,
s +.
(8): (N ) + n N. (n)
, . . (n) N , , (N ) > (n).
: N > n, . . N +.
, N +. n N N > n
, , (N ) > (n) n. (N ) +. B

2.2.

23

2.2.6. R , . . R :=
R {, +}, +, R
. := {+, } () + ( )
() .
t R ,
n N, |t| n. t R
t ltd(R) t R.
R, , . t + t
/ R t > 0.
t t .
t + t (+)
(
-).
t R , ,
, n N
|t| 1/n. t 0 t (R) , t
. ( (R) (0),

R.) , .
x y x y ,
x  y. t R (N +)(|t|  N ), t R
|t|  +.
2.2.7. (M
o)
.

hi,
[183, . 9].
, :
... , ,
[208,
. 361];
... , ,
, , , ,
[208, . 364];

24

. 2.

..., , , , , .
, , [] [208, . 367].
,
. , , .
2.2.8. :
(1) s 0, t 0 s + t 0;
(2) t 0, s R st 0;
(3) z 0 1/z ( z 6= 0):
... z , , . . , z1

, , . .
(. [237, . 93]);
(4) (t 0 t ) t = 0.
C (1) n N. , |s| (2n)1 |t| (2n)1 .
|s + t| |s| + |t| (2n)1 + (2n)1 = n1 , . . s + t
.
(2) s R s 6= 0 ( ).
n N. , , |s| m
m N. , |t| (nm)1 . |st| |s| |t| m(nm)1 = n1 ,
. . st 0.
(3) z , . . 0 < |z| |n|,
n N. , |1/z| 1/n, . . 1/z
. , z , n
|z| n, : z 1 0.
(4) |t| 21 |t|, t . |t| > 0. , t = 0. B
2.2.9. (R) .
C . (R) R.
t > 0, t R t (R). , t s := sup (R).
, s . , 2s s s = 0.

2.2.

25

()
. B
2.2.10.
.
s, t, r R s = r t s t(mod r), (s t)/r 0
( r 6= 0). s t r-,
r. r = 1
s t s t.

, ,
. . : ...
[237, . 92].
x y x R, y R x = y.
. . : ,
, ,
[150, . 188], ,
...
[242, . 195].
s, t R s = O(t) s/t R; s = O(t)
t = O(s), , s t ;
s/t 0, s = o(t) , s
, t; , s t = o(t) s t = o(s), s t
s
= t.
,
. . : ,
, , ... ,

, Acta
1684 . (. [242, . 188190], . 1.1).
2.2.11. s, t R :
s O := O(t) s = O(t);

s o := o(t) s = o(t).

. :
O + O O;
Oo o;

O + o O;
OO O;

o + o o;
oo o.

26

. 2.

C O + o O. ,
s = O(t) r = o(t). s/t R r/t 0. ,
(s + r)/t R, . . s + r = O(t). B
2.2.12. s, t R :
(1) s t ;
(2) s t = o(t) t s = o(s);
(3) s/t 1 t/s 1;
(4) s/t 1 t/s 1.
C , (1) (2). , , t s = o(s), (t s)/s 0, . . t/s 1 0. > 0 R
1 t/s 1 + . , (1 )1 s/t (1 + )1
/(1 ) s/t 1 /(1 + ), . . s/t 1. , (2) (3) (4).
(4) (1) . B
2.2.13. N N, k , k o(1)
k k := 1, . . . , N . :
k =
PN
PN
(1)
k
= k=1 k k , k 0;
k=1P
N
(2)
k=1 |k | = O(1) . .
,
N
N
X
X
k
k .
k=1

k=1

C , 2.2.12 k + k
k k + k > 0. (1).
PN
, t := k=1 |k | R,
N

N
N
X
 X
X
 (k k )
|

|k | ,
k
k


n
k=1

k=1

k=1

n N , |t| n. B
2.2.14. N , t R N t
- .
C {x1 , . . . , xn } R,
, - > 0, 0. :

2.2.

27

> 0 x1 , . . . , xn R N N, N x1 , . . . , N xn
. . B
2.2.15. , ( )
R R. ,
, . . (R). , , (R)
. , (R)
: n :
n1 (R) = (R).
(R) 2
: , [183, . 9]. , R , , R ,
. , .
2.2.16. .
C t R A := {a R : a t}. ,
A 6= A n, n N , n t n.
, a A a t n.
: A n. R
s := sup A R. , s . ,
s t. > 0
|s t| > . s t, s t + , . . s a + a A. s s + , .
s < t
. , t > s + s s + . B
2.2.17. ,
t R, t st(t) t.

28

. 2.

t = st(t) = +, t +, t = st(t) =
t ( , , , + +
). , () t R (t), . . s R, s t.
,
, . 2.
t R,
( t) , t. t, , (t).

- , .
, ,
, .

( )

tIR tIR
(t)

N +
+

0
(IR)

(+ )

IR

Puc. 2

2.2.18. :
(1) s R, t R
st(s + t) = st(s) + st(t);

st(st) = st(s) st(t);

(2) s, t R s t, s t;
(3) s, t R :
( t0 t)(t0 s)
s t ( > 0, R)(s t + );
( t0 t)(t0 s) s < t ( t R);
(4)
(, , ).

2.3.

29

C (1): , ,
. : s st(s) ts t st(s). ,
t st(t) st(s)t st(t) st(s). st st(s) st(t). , .
(2): s < t ( ). s t, st(s) =
st(t). (s) (t) . : s < t.
(3): , , s t s

t + s s. , s < t + st(s) st(t) + st() = t +

> 0, R. ,
s t + , ,

s t. , s < t, , ,
(s) ( t) , : s < t + > 0,
R.
, s (t) t. , s
t, . . (s) < (t). , s < t. , ,

s = (t) > s, t R. s R, ( s) < t.

t0 t : t0 s.
(4): t 7 st(t) , (R), t (R) t = 0. 2.2.9. B
2.3.

, .
2.3.1. . (an )
a R :
(1) a (an )
, N
a = aN ;
(2) a (an ) , N aN

30

. 2.
a, . .
a = lim an ( N +)(aN a).

C .
, (2). ,
an a , a R (
a = + a = ).
> 0 n N
|aN a| , N N n N . ,
> 0 n
. N n,
. . |aN a| . , aN a.
, , , N +

aN = a. ,
a := . n N. ,
N M , M - , aN n. , n
(, : = ( M )( N M )(aN n)). n N. ,
, , an . B
2.3.2. . ,
, . ,
.
, ,
, , , .

[] , . . (. [155, . 98
99]): , , . ,

2.3.

31

,,
,,. , , ,, ,, ? , , x, ,,
M , ... , ([])
M a, x , ,,
x ,, a.
, , : x a, a [] M .
, . :
.
, , , . A B:
A , a
an ,
, A, = 1 . B ,
N = N1 , an , aN ,
1 . A , = 2 ,
B , N = N2 ( , ), . .
B A,
A , , an a.
, , . ,,
: ,, 1, 2, 3, . . . , n . . . an . , ,,
. ,,-

32

. 2.

. ,
: ,
n
an , , an a.
, a, , , n . - ,
,, ,,
n N [105, . 6667].
, , 2.3.1 (2):
N aN a, a (
) (an ) .
,

, , . , an := N/n, N +, an 0
aN = 1. , 2.3.1 , .
, ,
. , -N -

,
.
, ( ,
) , , . . . , ()
, . , ( ,

2.3.

33

), .
:
- ( ) ; ( )
.
,
: ,
,
. .
2.3.3.
a[N ] := (a1 , . . . , aN ), N . , ,
,
. .
2.3.4. a
a[N ], M , N , aM a. ,
a[N ] a. , a ,
a ( S-) a[N ] a = lim a[N ] a = S-limnN an .
,

a = lim a[N ] a R ( M +, M N )(aM a).

2.3.5. (an ) , N +
a R. :
(1) a a[N ];
(2) (an ) a.
C (2) (1) 2.3.1(2). (1) (2) > 0
A := {m N : ( n)(m n N ) |an a| }.

34

. 2.

A , N A. , A
m. m +, m 1 + m 1 A.
, m . , n m n , n N |an a| . , ( R, > 0) ( m N)
( n N) n m |an a| . :
(an ) a. B
2.3.6. , , , , .
2.3.7. .
(1) lim

n1
n

= 1.

= 1 1 = 1.
C . 1

(. ): , 1
= 1; , , , 1
;
, 1

[236, . 116]. B
n
n
n 2

(2) lim

= 0.

C N 2N = (1 + 1)N
N (N 1)/2, . . 0 N/2N 2/(N 1) 0. , N/2N 0. B
(3) lim sin(2n!e) = 0.
n

C n
0<e

n
X
3
1
<
.
k!
(k + 1)!
k=1

N


N
X
3N !
3
1
0 N! e

=
0.
k!
(N + 1)!
N +1
k=1

2.3.
35
P
x := 2N !e y := 2N ! N
k=1 1/k!. x y.
sin y = 0. ,



x y 
x+y
sin
|x y|,
| sin x sin y| = 2 cos
2
2 
. . sin x sin y = 0. B
(4) (an ) , (a2n ),
(a2n+1 ) (a3n ) . (an ) .
C , (an ) .
N 2N +, 2N + 1 + 3N
+, . . a2N a, a2N +1 b, a3N c
a, b, c. , a6N a c a6N +1 b c. ,
a = b = c, . B
(5) (an ) ,
lim

a1 + . . . + an
= 0.
n

C ,
(an ) . N +. M

N . , M . n N |aN | n1 , ,
 
 


 a1 + . . . + aN   a1 + . . . + aM   aM +1 + . . . + aN 

+

sN := 
 
 

N
N
N

1 N M 1 M
+
sup |an |.
n
N
N nN

1/N 0 supnN |an | R, , sN . B

(6) , . . l l :=
l (N, R), a :=
(an ) l :
( lim an ) l(a) = lim an ;
lim inf an l(a) lim sup an ;
(0a)(n) := an+1 l(a) = l(0a).

36

. 2.

C -
N .
a = (ak ) l
f (a) :=

2N 1
1 X
ak
N
k=N

. , a kak :=
supnN |an | . ,
|f (a)|

2N 1
2N 1
1 X
1 X
|ak |
kak kak .
N
N
k=N

k=N

l R,

l := {(a, t) l R : t = f (a)}.
, l . , ,
l . ,
( a l )( t1 , t2 R)((a, t1 ) l (a, t2 ) l t1 = t2 ).
a, t1 , t2
. t1 = f (a) t2 = f (a). (. 2.2.16),
. l
. , a 0 l(a) 0, . . l
.
a a
. > 0 2.3.1(2) |aN
a
| , . . . , |a2N 1 a
| , aM M N
a
.
 2N 1

1 X


|f (a) a
| = 
(ak a
) ,
N
k=N

. . a
= f (a). l
.

2.3.

37

: l(0a) = l(a) a l .
, a . 0a , ,



2N 1


1 X
ak+1 = st N 1 (aN +1 + aN +2 + . . . + a2N ) =
l( a) =
N
k=N

 2N
1
X


1
1
1
= st
ak + a2N aN = f (a) + N 1 a2N N 1 aN =
N
N
N
0

k=N

= f (a) + (N 1 a2N ) (N 1 aN ) = f (a) = l(a).

a2N /N aN /N 2.2.18. B
2.3.8. . f
x dom(f ). :
(1) f x;
(2) f , x, ,
f (x), . .
x0 x, x0 dom(f ) f (x0 ) f (x).
C (1) (2): , dom(f )
, > 0. > 0
, |x0 x| x0 dom(f ) |f (x0 ) f (x)| .
.
x0 x x0 dom(f ), , , |x0 x| ( R) ,
, |f (x) f (x0 )| . R
, f (x0 ) f (x).
(2) (1): > 0. , --.
.

. B
2.3.9. 2.3.8 (2) f : dom(f ) R
x dom(f ), x0 dom(f )
x0 x f (x0 ) f (x).

38

. 2.

2.3.10. ,
,
, , 2.3.2. ,
. , , , , ,
. , , ,
,, , ,, [105, . 73].

. --
.
, , .
. .
2.3.11. .
(1) x 7 x2
t R.
C , t + t1 t (t + t1 )2 t2 2. B
(2)
. x 7 sin(x1 ),
. .
C , sin x R x R,
2.2.8. B
2.3.12. . f ,
dom(f ), :
(1) f , . . f dom(f ) :
( x, x0 dom(f ))(x0 x f (x0 ) f (x));

2.3.

39

(2) f .
C (1) (2): > 0 > 0
. , |x x0 | x x0 . ,
( R, > 0)( > 0)( x, x0 dom(f ))
(|x x0 | |f (x) f (x0 )| ).
, f .
(2) (1):
> 0 > 0 |x x0 | |f (x)
f (x0 )| x, x0 dom(f ). , x x0 |x
x0 | , . B
2.3.13. . f
,
x R. :
(1) f x f 0 (x) = t;
(2) h

t = st((f (x + h) f (x))/h).
C 2.3.8. B
2.3.14. y , x .
, , dx . ( . . ) dy
y x, dx.
dy
= y 0 (x).
dx
C . . , 2.3.9,


y(x + dx) y(x)
.
dy = y 0 (x)dx, y 0 (x) = st
dx
dy y(x + dx) y(x),

y(x + dx) y(x)

dx = y(x + dx) y(x),
dx
. 2.3.10. B
dy

40

. 2.

2.3.15. 2.3.13 2.3.14 , . :

,
,
; , y x, ,
dx. ,
,
y x, dy = 0; ,
- .
: x , . . 1 dx; ,
dx , y. , = 0,
,
. , y = x2 , ,
dy
, dx
= 2x, , dx,
dy, .
, , ,
, .
: y = x2 , dy = 2xdx. , - , dy = 3xdx dy = 4xdx, ,
, dx = 0
dy = 0. dy
dx = 2x [238, . 9].
, . = ,
(. 2.2.10). , ,
, , () .

dx.
, . dy
1

vanescens , . . .

2.3.

41

( dx) , dy
dy , . . :

dy = 0, (dy (y(x + dx) y(x))) = 0;



y(x + dx) y(x)
dy

= 0.
dx
dx

.
( y x) dx.
. : ...
,
,
() ,, . ,
y/x, x . ,
-
. ,
- x dx,
, y dy
,, .
, [105, . 126128].

: , , , ,
, ,
...
...,, .
, , , , ,
-
. .,
[105, . 135].

42

. 2.

2.3.16. . f : [a, b] R
a = x1 < x2 < . . . < xN < xN +1 = b [a, b],
k [xk , xk+1 ] xk xk+1 k := 1, . . . , N .


Zb
N
X
f (x)dx =
f (k )(xk+1 xk ) .
k=1

C , , N ,
,
2.3.1 f 2.3.12. B
2.3.17. .
...
[ ]
.
PN
C k=1 k = t, k 0.
k := k o(k ). 2.2.13 (2) k
= k ,
,
  X

N
N
 X
t=
k =
k .
k=1

k=1

. B
2.3.18. , . .
. (
), . :
. ,

Xdx, x dx ,
x,
... , , , ;
, ,
, . . [238, . 163].

2.3.

43

,
(= ) ,
.
, , . ,
, , , ( )
.
2.3.19. ,
.
.
, , .
,
,
.
.

 3
-

.
, .

. ,
, .
, ,
. , , ,

R, O, o . .
, x 7 x, R R, . ,
- . , 1755 . . : ,

. 3. -

45

,
.
; , . ,
... , - x, . .
, [237, . 38].


- . -
, ,
[38, . 32].
, s, t [0, 1] :

(s + t) = s + t,

0 = 0,

1=1

, , t = 0 t [0, h], h
( ).
,
, .
, , .
, , - . ,
, (, , ) ,
, , .

, :
... ... .
. .

... . ...
. .

46

. 3. -
, , , .

,
. , .
.
-
,
. ,
. .
. , - .
.
, .
, , .
( ) .
Pro

Contra

.
,
.

.
. ,
. [107, . 7]

... , -
.

- .
. . [192, . 6]

3.1.

,
.
,
,
. . .


, .
. [243, . 154]

47
,
, ... , , ,
...

. ,
. , .
. [31, . 14]

, ,
,
( ) - , .
3.1.
. , ,

.
. , ,
( ) ( ),

( ,
, . .).
. , , ,
.

48

. 3. -

,
. , , . , , -
, . ,
.
3.1.1. . , ,
.
A
. A , .
- (, . .)
(A), , A.
. ,
, (A). ,
, . ( ) . , ,
,
.
3.1.2.
( ) ( ). (F, P, a),
F P ,
, a
F P . ,
u F P n- n- , a(u) = n.

3.1.
:

49

(1) , . .
F P;
(2) :
, , ;
(3) : ,
, , ;
(4) : ;
(5) =;
(6) : ( , ) , , .

3.1.3. .
(1) ( ), :
() ;
() ;
() f F , a(f ) = n t1 , . . . , tn , f (t1 , . . . , tn ) .
(2)
t1 = t2 , p(y1 , . . . , yn ), q,
t1 , t2 , y1 , . . . , yn , p n-
q .
(3)
, :
()
;
() , (), (),
( ), ;
() , x ,
(x) , (x) .
x
, x
(x) (x) . x .
, x () ,
() x . ,

50

. 3. -

x1 , . . . , xn ,
= (x1 , . . . , xn ) (x1 , . . . , xn ).
.
. ,
,
. ,
. .
3.1.4. ,
.
, . x y (x, y) , x
y. . ,
, x y x = y
.
, , ,
, . , ,

(., , [66, 94, 233]). ,
,
.

, .
, .
.
3.1.5. -

3.1.

51

. ,
,
. , ,
.

.
, ,
. . , , ,
:=, .
3.1.6.
.
.
:
(! x) (x) := ( x) (x) ( x)( y)((x) (y) x = y);
( x y) := ( x)(x y );
( x y) := ( x)(x y ),
. x 6= y := (x = y)
x / y := (x y). -
:
x y := ( z)(z x z y);
[
u=
x := ( z)(z u ( y x)z y);
\
u=
x := ( z)(z u ( y x)z y);
u = y x := y \ x := ( z)(z u (z y z
/ x)).
, P (x) x, , (z P (x))
(z x (z)). , fin(y) y , Pfin (x)
x.

52

. 3. -
,
u = := ( x)(x u x 6= x).

.
3.1.7. , x y z, : ( u)(u x u = y u = z).
{y, z} := x. , , , .
n-
:
(x, y) := hx, yi := {{x}, {x, y}};
(x1 , . . . , xn ) := hx1 , . . . , xn i := hhx1 , . . . , xn1 i, xn i,
{x} := {x, x}. .
. , n-,
.
X Y Z.
, : X := {(y, z) : y Y, z Z}.
3.1.8. :
(1) Rel (X);
(2) Y = dom(X);
(3) Z = im(X).

(10 ) ( u)(u X ( v)( w)u = (v, w));
(20 ) ( u)(u Y ( v)( w)w = (u, v) w X);
(30 ) ( u)(u Z ( v)( w)w = (v, u) w X).
, (1)(3) , X
, Y X, Z
X. X
.

3.1.

53

X, Un (X),
Un (X) := ( u)( v1 )( v2 )((u, v1 ) X (u, v2 ) X v1 = v2 ).
Fnc (X) := Func (X) := Un (X) Rel (X).
Fnc (X), X
-. (u, v) X
v = X(u), X : u 7 v . . , F
X Y , F X Y , Fnc (F )
F X:
F : X Y := F X Y Fnc (F ) dom(F ) = X.
- F , F . X U X (U im(X)). X  U , X|U X|U .
z, (y, z)
X, Xy := z. Xy := .
, Xy := im(X  y). X{x}
X(x) Xx, .
, .
, , , , .
.
.
X Y := (F, X, Y ), F
X Y . , F Rel (F ).
, F X Y
. Gr() = F . , X
,
X.
A X
Y (A Y ) F ,
(A) F (A). ,
(A) := F (A) := {y Y : ( x A)((x, y) F )}.

54

. 3. -

e : x 7 ({x}) P(Y )

(x X),

P(Y ) Y .
e , ,
e
.
, . (x) ({x}).

F . ,
dom() := {x X : (x) 6= }.
,
.
3.1.9. , X Y , . .
Rel (X) Rel (Y ). ( ) X Y , Y X,
(x, z), (x, y) X
(y, z) Y y:
( u)(u Y X ( x)( y)( z)(x, y) X (y, z) Y u = (x, z)).
X,
X 1 :
( u)(u X 1 ( x)( y)(x, y) X u = (y, x)).
. .

IX X,
( u)(u IX ( x)(x X u = (x, x))).

.
, := (F, X, Y ) X Y . F 1 := {(y, x) Y X : (x, y) F }. 1 :=
(F 1 , Y, X) . := (G, Y, Z), H (F Z)(XG)
(x, y, z) 7 (x, z). ,
H = {(x, z) X Z : ( y Y )((x, y) F (y, z) G)},

3.1.

55

. . H G F G F . := (G F, X, Z)
. :
( )1 = 1 1 ,

( ) = ( ) .

, . := (F, X, Y ). (A) A X y Y , A {y} F . ,

(A) := F (A) := {y Y : ( x A)((x, y) F )}.
, (A) (A) 1 (A) 1 (A).
:
(1) A B X, (A) (B);
(2) A X
A 1 ((A));

A (A) F ;

(3) A B F , B (A) A 1 (B);

(4) (A ) S

T
X, ( A ) = (A );
(5) A X B Y , (A) = ( 1 ((A)))
1 (B) = 1 (( 1 (B))).
3.1.10. Rel (X)((X Y 2 )(X Y 2 ) X) ,
X Y . Rel (X) (IY X), X
( Y ). X Y 2 = X 1 Y 2 , X ( Y ). , Rel (X) ((X X 1 )
Y 2 IY ) X
Y . , , :
Y 2 := Y Y .
( ). . . . , , X Y

56

. 3. -

, Y ( X), Y 2 X X 1 .
Y ( X) , , X
Y Y (
X).
3.1.11. ,
( x y) ( x y).
( ),
(. . ) .
, 0 -, 1 -.
, , ( x y) ( x y).
1 1 -,
, ,
( x y) ( x). ,
1 . 1 -
, 1 . . .
3.1.12. z = {x, y}
x z y z ( u z)(u = x u = y).
, . ,
Z = X Y
(( z Z)( x X)( y Y )(z = (x, y)))
(( x X)( y Y )( z Z)(z = (x, y))).

F X Y . , , F
X Y , , dom(F ) =
X Un (F ),
( x X)( y Y )( z F )(z = (x, y)),
( z1 F )( z2 F )( x X)( y1 Y )( y2 Y )
z1 = (x, y1 ) z2 = (x, y2 ) y1 = y2 ,
.

3.1.

57

3.1.13. x y , , x y , ,
Equip(x, y), 1 -:
( f )(f : x y im(f ) = y Un (f 1 )).
.
1 - :
Rel (X) := ( u X)( v)( w)(u = (v, w)).
, , y , 1 :
( x y) Equip(x, y).
3.1.14. .
(1) , , , . . . . ,
, , . (. [38, 61]).
(2)
.

.
.
,
. ,
: - ; - ,
; - , .
(3) 3.1.6 3.1.7,
, , . .

, , .

,
. ( ,
. .) [35, 94, 227].

58

. 3. -
3.2.

3.1.4, , . ZF1 ZF6 AC.

ZF1 ZF6 ,
ZF.
ZF AC ,
- ,
ZFC. , .
3.2.1. ZFC
. .
= (x), ZFC (: (ZFC)).
(y) y {x : (x)}. ,

y {x : (x)} := (y).
y {x : (x)}, ZFC , y , y {x : (x)}.
, ZFC . 3.1.6 3.1.7.
ZFC , ,
U := {x : x = x} ;
{x : (x)} U := ( z)( y) (y) y z;
{x : (x), (x)} := {x : (x)} {x : (x)};
x y := {x, y},

x y z := {x, y, z} . . . .

ZFC.
3.2.2. ZF1:
( ) ,
:
( x)( y)( z)(z x z y) x = y.

3.2.

59

, , .
3.2.3. ZF2:
:
( x)( y)( z)( u)(u z z x) z y.
, ZF2
( x)

x U.

3.2.4. ZF3:
, . .
( x)( y)( z)(z y ( u)(u z u x)),

( x)P(x) U.

3.2.5. ZF
4:
:
( x)( y)( z)((x, y) (x, z) y = z)
( a)( b)(( s a)( t) (s, t) t b).
:
( x)( y)( z)((x, y) (x, z) y = z)
( a)({v : ( u a) (u, v)} U).
ZFC, a.
, ZF
4 ,
(ZFC)
.
, .
ZF
4.

60

. 3. -

3.2.6. = (z) ZFC. x , x

, . .
( x){z x : (x)} U.
ZF
4 , (u) (u = v). .
3.2.7. ZF
4
(u, v) := (u = v = x) (u 6= v = y)
a := P(P()), , {x, y} (. 3.1.7) .

.
3.2.8. ZF5:
:
( x)( x ( y)(y x y {y} x)).
x, x, {} x,
{, {}} x, {, {}, {, {}}} x . .
. .
,
.
.
3.2.9. ZF6:

( x)(x 6= ( y)(y x y x = )).
ZF6 x := {y},
y
/ y. , , ( x := {x1 , . . . , xn })
- x1 3 x2 3
. . . 3 xn 3 . . . .

3.2.

61

3.2.10. AC:
:
( x)( f )(Fnc (f ) x dom(f )) ( y x) y 6= f (y) y.
f x.
, , . [356].
.
( ).
.
( ).
M () ,
.
M .
3.2.11.
.
.

. .
( ) .
, - ,
. , ( )
.
. .
3.2.12. x ,
x x. x -

62

. 3. -

, x . :
Tr (x) := ( y x)(y x) := x ;
Ord (x) := Tr (x) ( y x)( z x)
(y z z y z = y) := x .
. :
,
= .
On, On := { :
Ord ()}.
, . .

( ).
,
On On = ;
On On;
On {} On;
Ord ().
+ 1 := {} . ,
, . , , .
:
KI := { On : ( ) Ord () = + 1 = };
KII := { On : };
0 := ,

1 := 0 + 1,

2 := 1 + 1, . . . ,

:= {0, 1, 2, . . . }.
, ,
,
.

3.2.

63

3.2.13. , ZFC ( ) , . ,
.
[
V :=
P(V ),
<

. . V = {x : ( )( x V )}. ,
V0 := ;
V+1 := P(V );
[
V , KII .
V :=
<

V :=

V .

On

, ,

( x)( )(Ord () x V ),
U = V :

.
V ,
. :
V0 = , V1 = {}, V2 = {, {}}, . . . ,
V = {, {}, {, {}}, . . .}, . . . .
V (V )On x
:
rank(x) := , x V+1 .

64

. 3. -

,
a b rank(a) < rank(b);
Ord () rank() = ;
( x)( y) rank(y) < rank(x) ((y) (x)) ( x) (x),
ZFC. (, )
.
3.2.14. , , .
. , , . , .
H (x) x
,
x. , H (x) x. ,
, .
:
0 := 0 = ;
+1 := +1 = H ( );
:= := sup{ : < }, KII .
:
(1) ;
(2) 7 ;
(3) || V
, x |x| x U.
|x|
x. , , . x
, |x| = 0 , , |x| 0 . , , + .

3.2.

65

2 P( ), . . 2 := |P( )|.
, 2x P(x) x, 2x
x 2. , . , , |x| < |2x |, x.
, < 2 .
+1 2 .

+1
x

rank(x)=

V+1
V
V
V

2
1

V2

V1

0
Puc. 3

, +1 2 , . . +1 = 2 , . = 0
.
CH ( GCH )
1 = 2 ( +1 = 2 On).
3.2.15.
, .

66

. 3. -

, - .
. := (x1 , . . . , xn ) ZFC . ,
>

( x1 , . . . , xn V ) (x1 , . . . , xn ) V (x1 , . . . , xn ),

V V .
C
= (Q1 y1 ) . . . (Qm ym ) (x1 , . . . , xn , y1 , . . . , ym ).
, Qk {, }.

k := (Qk+1 yk+1 ) . . . (Qm ym )
k := 0, . . . , m.
k = k (x1 , . . . , xn , y1 , . . . , yk1 ).
k ,
( yk )k ( yk V ) k
Qk =
( yk ) k ( yk V ) k ,
Qk = . :
gk (x1 , . . . , xn , y1 , . . . , yk1 ) := .
, ,
Ak (), :
{gk (x1 , . . . , xn , y1 , . . . , yk1 ) : x1 , . . . , xn V ; y1 , . . . , yk1 V } .

3.2.

67

fk () := sup{ + 1, (sup Ak ()) + 1}.

,
f (0) () := ;
f (1) () := sup{f1 (), . . . , fm ()};
f (s+1) () := f (1) (f (s) ())

(s N).

,
f () := sup f (s) ().
sN

, f () . , x1 , . . . , xn , y1 , . . . , ym V f ()
1 k m
gk (x1 , . . . , xn , y1 , . . . , yk1 ) < f ().
:= f (), , k1 = (Qk yk )k ,
gk , :

m = m

m1 (Qm ym V )m


V
m1 m1
...

. . . 1 1V
(Q1 y1 )1 (Q1 y1 V )1

0 0V

(x1 , . . . , xn ) V (x1 , . . . , xn ).
. B

68

. 3. -

. 1 , . . . , m ZFC, x1 , . . . , xn . On

( > )( x1 , . . . , xn V )(1 V1 ) . . . (m Vm ).
C
(t, x1 , . . . , xn ) := (t = 1 1 ) (t = 2 2 ) . . . (t = m m )
, , . B
3.2.16. .
, , ,
- .
U U . (U, ) . (x, y) xy.
= (x1 , . . . , xn ) ZFC.
, x1 , . . . , xn U
U (x1 , . . . , xn ). (U, ) 
(x1 , . . . , xn ), (U,) (x1 , . . . , xn ), U . .
X := X E X,
E (X E
). x1 , . . . , xn X = (x1 , . . . , xn ) (ZFC)
[[(x1 , . . . , xn )]] := {e E : X (x1 (e), . . . , xn (e))},
X X.
, , F E
f F g := [[f = g]] F

(f, g X).

FX - X/ F Ff f . ,
f F f 0 g F g 0
[[f 0 g 0 ]] = [[f = f 0 ]] [[g = g 0 ]] [[f 0 g 0 ]].

3.2.
, [[f g]] F [[f 0 g 0 ]] F . ,

69
X



:= (Ff, Fg) (FX)2 : [[f g]] F .

,
=F X F

X X.
FX X. F
, FX X.
f, g X
f g [[f g]] F ;

F F F

f = Fg [[f = g]] F .

, = (x, y)
ZFC
(FX, F) 

X F

( f, Fg) [[(f, g)]] F .

x X x(e) := x (e E ) x := Fx.
, x = y x = y x F y x y. , .
.
= (x1 , . . . , xn ) ZFC.
, ( X, E F ),
(FX, F) 

X F

( f1 , . . . , Ffn ) [[(f1 , . . . , fn )]] F

f1 , . . . , fn X.
. ZFC .
C , , . ,

70

. 3. -

: F F F 0 := E F 6 F .
, (y) :=
( x)(x, y) .
, [[(y)]] F y F x FX. , [[(y)]]
[[(x, y)]]. , (FX, F)  F(x, y). x
: (FX, F )  ( x)F (x, y).
F
, , , x, y FX X (x, y),
. . [[(x, y)]] F . , B := [[( x) (x, y)]] F . , e E B := B 0 x(e) , (x(e), y(e)). x0 X
x(e) := x(e) e B 0 x(e) := x0 (e) . ,
[[(x, y)]] E B 0 = B. , B F , [[(x, y)]] F ,
. B
1. X X . x1 , . . . , xn X (ZFC)

X (x1 , . . . , xn ) X (x1 , . . . , xn ).
C X (x1 , . . . , xn ) [[(x1 , . . . , xn )]] F ,
F , xk (e) = (xk ) e E .
[[ ]] [[(x1 , . . . , xn )]] F X (x1 , . . . , xn ),
. B
X E
. , , F ,
E 0
E . FX X,
X.
2. = (x, y, x1 , . . . , xn ) ZFC, x1 , . . . , xn X X

(fin A X)( b X)( a A)X (a, b, x1 , . . . , xn )
( b X)( a A)X (a, b, x1 , . . . , xn ).
C e E b(e) X , ( a e)
X (a, b(e), x1 , . . . , xn ). , b X E
[[(x, b, x1 , . . . , xn )]] {e E : a e},

3.2.

71

, , y(e) := y y X e E . : X (a, Fb, x1 , . . . , xn ). . B

e Z, Z,
e
(Z),
e Za b a Z);
() Z Z (. . a Zb
() Z S
;
() a Z a Z P(a) Z.
e e) (Z, ) , Z
(Z,
e e E 2 . (Z, )
Z
e ). e (Z,
Z e Z ( (Z,
e e)).
Z,
Ze , .
3. (X, ) X
X. , , X X, Y X fe : X Ye (. .
fe ), Ye := {y : y X Y }.
f X , f X Y (X)
fe(x) = f (x) x X.
C fe = , f := . fe 6= , Y 6= .
Y = FY0 , F E .
[[Y0 6= ]] = {e E : Y0 (e) 6= } F .
, , Y0 (e) e
/ [[Y0 6= ]], ,
Y = FY Y (e) 6= e E .
y Ye y = Fy. , [[y Y ]] F .
h(y)(e) := y(e) e [[y Y ]] h(y) e, , - Y (e) X. , Fh(y) = y
. e E g(e) :
X Y (e) g(e)(x) := h(f (x))(e) ( x X). g(e) := {(x, g(e)(x)) : x X} X (
X ). g
XE , g : e E 7 g(e) X. , ,
[[g : X Y ]] = E . , f := Fg

72

. 3. -

X Y . , x X
e
e = f (x) f (x) = Fh(fe(x)) [[g(x) = h(f(x))]]
F.
f(x)
,
g(x)(e) = g(e)(x) = h(fe(x))(e)
e E . . B
3.2.17. , . .
(U, ) V := P(U ).
fU (u) := f (u) = {v U : (v, u) } (u U );
E := {(A, B) V V : ( a U )(A = f (a) a B)}.
, v U
A f (v) ( u v)(A = f (a)) (A, v) E.
,

f (v) = {A V : (A, v) E}.

(V, E) (U, ).
3.2.18. (U, ) ,
(V, E) .
(1) (V, E) ;
(2) f := fU : U U
(f (u), f (v)) E (u, v) .
(3) A V
( u U )(A, f (u)) E ( a)((a, u) A = f (a)).
C (1): (V, E).

3.2.

73

x, y V , ( z V )(z, x) E (z, y) E.
, x y. w x, w U .
(f (w), x) E , , w U f (w) = f (w)
w y. w = w . , ( w U )w x
w y. , x, y P(U ).
(2): , (u, v) , u f (v). ,
U , :
f (u) = f (v) (( z U )z f (u) z f (v))
(( z U )(z, u) (z, v) ) u = v.
(f (u), f (v)) E,
a U f (a) = f (a) a f (v). a = u. ,
(u, v) .
, (u, v) (f (u), f (v)) E ( U )
E a U .
(3): (a, u) A = f (a), a f (u) , ,
(A, f (u)) E .
, (2),
(A, f (u)) E ( a U )A = f (a) a f (u)
A = f (a) (f (a), f (u)) E (a, u) A = f (a),
. B
(U, ) , . U0 := U, 0 := .
(Uk , k ),
Uk+1 := P(Uk );
fk (u) = {u Uk : (u, U ) k } (u Uk );
k+1 := {(u, v) Uk+1 Uk+1 : ( a Uk )(u = fk (a) a v)}.

f1

f2

fn+1

U0 U1 U2 Un Un+1 . . .

74

. 3. -

V (gn )nZ+ ,
U0

f1

f2

U1

U2
g0

Un

g1

fn+1

Un+1

g2

gn+1

V
S
V = nZ Un0 , Un0 := gn (Un ).
,
Ve := {(x, n) : x Un , n Z}
. (x, n) (y, m), k n, m ,
fk fk1 . . . fn (x) = fk fk1 . . . fm (y). V Ve / .
gn
Un Ve - Ve V . V (gn )nZ
(Un , fn )nZ .
Un0 0n := gn1 n gn1 ,
E :=

0n .

nZ

(V, E) (U, ). U V
:= g0 . ( (Un , n ) (Un0 , 0n ), .)
3.2.19. u, v (V, E)
(u, v) E
1
0
( n N)(v Un+1
u Un0 gn1 (u) gn+1
(v))
1
0
u Un0 gn1 (u) gn+1
(v)).
( n0 N)( n n0 )(v Un+1

3.2.

75

C 3.2.18 (2)
1
n+1
fn+1 n fn+1

(n Z+ ).

1
1
gn+1
)=
gn n gn1 = (gn+1 fn+1 ) n (fn+1
1
1
1
= gn+1 (fn+1 n fn+1
) gn+1
gn+1 n+1 gn+1
.

,
1
.
(u, v) E ( n N)(u, v) gn+1 n+1 gn+1

n n0
1
.
(u, v) gn+1 n+1 gn+1
1
, v = gn+1 (v), v := gn+1
(v) Un+1 u = gn+1 (u),
1
u := gn+1 (v). un+1 v v Un+1 , . .
a vn v = fn+1 (a). , (u, fn+1 (a)) n+1 . ,
3.2.18 (3) u = fn+1 (u) u Un .
, u = gn+1 (u) = gn+1 (fn+1 )(u) = gn (u) Un0 . (fn+1 (u), v) n+1 , u v n+1 .
1
, gn1 (u) = u gn+1
(v) = v. B

3.2.20. (V, E) (U, ),

.
(1) (V, E)  ;
(2) (V, E)  ;
(3) (V, E)  ;
(4) (V, E)  ;
(5) (V, E)  ;
(6) (V, E)  ;
(7) (V, E)  ;
(8) (V, E)  ;
(9) ( a, b U )((a, b) ) ((a), (b)) E;
(10) ( x, y V )((x, y) E y (U ) x (U ));
(11) ( U U )( U V )( v V )((v, U ) E v (U )).

76

. 3. -

C (1): 3.2.18 (1) (Un , n )

. ,
E Un0 Un0 0n ( n Z+ ).
(2): u, v Un0 , u = gn (x), v = gn (y). z :=
0
{x, y} Un+1 . , w := gn+1 (z) Un+1
.
, (z, w) E z = u z = v.
(3): u V . , u = gn+2 (x) x Un+2 .

[
y := {fn+1 (z) : z fn+2 (x), z Un+1 }.
, y Un+1 . v := gn+1 (y). ,
w V
(w, v) E ( )(, v) E (w, ) E.
, a Un+1
a y (( z Un+1 )z fn+2 (x)) a fn+1 (z)
(z, x) n+2 (a, z) n+1 .
3.2.19.
(4): u V , u = gn (x), x Un .
A := {y Un : fn+1 (y) fn+1 (x)}. ,
v := gn+2 (A) u (V, E).
, ,
fn+1 (y) fn+1 (x) ( z V )(z, gn+1 (fn+1 (y)) E (z, u) E
(V, E)  gn (y) x.
, a V
(a, v) E (a, gn+1 (A)) E
(( a A)(a = gn (a)) ( y Un )a = gn (y) fn+1 (y) fn+1 (x)
( z V )a = Z (V, E)  z v
(V, E)  a v.

3.2.

77

(5): = (x, y) (ZFC) u, y V . , u =

gn+1 (x). A := {z fn+1 (x) : (gn (z), y)}. , A
Un+1 . v := gn+1 (A). a U
(a, v) E ( z Un )a = gn (z) z A
( z Un )z fn+1 (x) a = gn (z) (gn (z), y)
(a, u) E (a, y).
(6): u = gn+1 (x).
A := {z Un : z fn+1 (x) fn+1 (z) 6= }.
: A Un+1 , (z) fn+1 (z)
z A. Un+3 . f := gn+3 ().
, f (V, E),
( v V )(v, y) E v 6= 0) (f (v), y) E.
f .
(7)(10) .
(11) U g1 (U ) ( , U U1 ).
(4) (v, U ) ( u U0 )v = (u) u U .
, (v, U ) E v (v). B
3.2.21. .
(1) ( . )
, . 1908 ., ,
, ZF1 ZF3 , ZF5 . ZF1
ZF2 . (1883 .) .
(1899 .) . ZF5
. .
(2) AC , -,
, . 1890 . . 1902 .
. 1904 . .
. ,
.

78

. 3. -

[34, 101, 218, 356, 400].
(3) 20-
XX .
, ,
. ,
.
. 1922 . . 1923 ., .
ZFC.
(4) ZF6 , , .
1925 . ZFC.
(5) ZFC .
ZFC . 1960 .,
. [21, 218, 327, 400].
3.3.

, , ,
,
.
, , ,
, ,
. , . ,

.
, . IST.
3.3.1. IST ZFC -
St,
.

3.3.

79

, IST St(x) , , x , , , x .
, IST ,
.
3.3.2. IST .
: St(x),
x . ZFC IST,
.
:
ZFC , IST, ZFC, . , x
IST.
: (IST) IST (ZFC)
ZFC, . . IST.
3.3.3. IST
. IST,
(y) : y {x :
(x)}. ,
. ,
,
.
3.3.4. , , ,
, , .
, , , . , ZFC, . :
VSt := {x : St(x)} ;
x VSt := x := ( y) (St(y) y = x);
( st x) := ( x)(x );

80

. 3. -
( st x) := ( x)(x );
( st fin x) := ( st x)(x );
( st fin x) := ( st x)(x );

x := {y x : y }.

x x.
( x R x st(x) ) - .
3.3.5. IST
ZFC , , ,
:
(1)
( st x1 )( st x2 ) . . . ( st xn )(( st x) (x, x1 , . . . , xn )
( x) (x, x1 , . . . , xn ))
;
(2)
( x1 )( x2 ) . . . ( xn )(( st fin z)( x)( y z) (x, y, x1 , . . . , xn )
( x)( st y) (x, y, x1 , . . . , xn )),
(ZFC) ;
(3)
( x1 ) . . . ( xn )(( st x)( st y)( st z)(z y)
(z x (z, x1 , . . . , xn )))
.
3.3.6. . IST ZFC.

3.3.

81

C ZFC, = (x1 , . . . , xn )
IST. , 1 , . . . , m ZFC.
, x1 , . . . , xn V

V
(x1 , . . . , xn ) V (x1 , . . . , xn ) 1V . . . m

U0 := V 0 := |V V . E
Pfin (U0 ), F ,
Pfin (U0 ). U1 (= ) U0 1 : U0 U1 U0 U1 .
, Un+1 := Un Pfin (U0 ) /F n+1 : Un Un+1
Un
Un n+1 (Un )). , ,
S Un+1 (
S
U := nZ Un := nZ n , n+1 := n n n+1
. , , : U0 U U0 U . St()
{u : u U0 }. x V ( ) x V P(x)
V , , U
. (. 2). (U, )
1 , . . . , m
IST. , U (x1 , . . . , xn ) V (x1 , . . . , xn ).
, . B
3.3.7. ,

. , IST ,
ZFC.
, ZFC , , .
3.3.8. .
,

82

. 3. -

. , , ,
3.3.5 (2) .
3.3.9. ,
.
C : := (x y x).
, (ZFC). , z x, y z (x, y). x z. . B
3.3.10.
,
, .
2.2.2. , .
3.3.11. A
A = A (A ) (A ).
C := (x A x 6= y). ,
(ZFC).
( st fin z)( x)( y z) (x, y, A) ( x)( st y)(x A x 6= y)
( x A) (x ) A A 6= .
,
A = A ( st fin z)( x)( y z)(x
/ A x = y)
( st fin z)( x A)( y z)(x = y) ( st fin z)(A z),
. B
3.3.12. X, Y = (x, y, z)
IST. (= ):
( st x)( st y)(x X y Y (x, y, z))
( st y( ))( st x)(y( ) X Y
(x X (x, y(x), z))).

3.3.

83

C F (x) := {y Y : (x, y, z)}.

3.3.5 (3),
F := {(x, A) X P(Y ) : F (x) = A}
( P(Y ), Y ). ( st x X) F 6= .
F (x) = F (x) F . ,
(( st x X)(F (x) 6= )) (( x X)(F (x) 6= ))
. , :
( y( ))(y( ) X Y ) ( x X)(y(x) F (x)).
, ,
y( ), X Y ,
y(x) F (x) x X. F , :
y( ) . B
3.3.13. ( ) , . ,
3.3.12 :
(1) ( st x)( st y) (x, y) ( st y( ))( st x) (x, y(x)),
(2) ( st x)( st y) (x, y) ( st y( ))( st x) (x, y(x)),
(IST), . . IST. ,

, ,
x y .
, = (x1 , . . . , xn ) = (y1 , . . . , yn ),
,
( st x1 ) . . . ( st xn )( st y1 ) . . . ( st yn ) (x1 , . . . , xn ) (y1 , . . . , yn ),
(
, (x1 , . . . , xn ) (y1 , . . . , yn ) ).

84

. 3. -

, :
(3) ( st x) (x) ( x) (x),
(4) ( st x) (x) ( x) (x),
,
: (ZFC).
:
(5) ( x)( st y) (x, y) ( st y)( x) (x, y),
(6) ( x)( st y) (x, y) ( st y)( x) (x, y),
, :
(7) ( st fin z)( x)( y z) (x, y) ( x)( st y) (x, y),
(8) ( st fin z)( x)( y z) (x, y) ( x)( st y) (x, y),
(ZFC).
3.3.14. (, , ) , . , IST, ,
ZFC, . , ,
.
3.3.13 (1)3.3.13 (8). , , , ,
, , . , . ,
- 3.3.13, ,
,
.
3.3.15. :
(1)
IST, . .
;

3.3.

85

(2) IST
(Q1 x1 ) . . . (Qn xn ) (x1 , . . . , xn ),

(3)
(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)
(8)

ZFC, Qk {, , st , st } k :=
1, . . . , n;
Qn , . . ,
:= (Qn xn ) (x1 , . . . , xn )
(2);
Qn , . . st st ,
(Q1 x1 ) . . . (Qn xn )
;
(4) , 3.3.13 (3) 3.3.13 (4)
Qn
(2) (. . st
);
Qm
. , Qm+1
, Qm (. . Qm = Qm+1 = st
Qm = Qm+1 = st ).
3.3.13 (5) 3.3.13 (6) (2);
Qm+1 , . . . , Qn
,
3.3.13 (7) 3.3.13 (8) (2);
, . . Qp+1
, Qm , Qm+1 , . . . , Qp
,
3.3.13 (1) 3.3.13 (2),
x := (xm+1 , . . . , xp ), y := xp+1 .
(2).

3.3.16. ,
-, ,
. -

86

. 3. -

. ,
, (. . (2) ).
3.3.17. .
(1) , . . (IST) :
((1) (( n N) (n) (n + 1))) ( n N) (n).
C ,
. A := {n N :
(n)}. , 1 A n A
n + 1 A. , N A.
:
(1 A ( st n N)(n A (n + 1) A)) N A
( st m)( st n)(m N n N 1 A n A (n + 1) A)
m A (1 A ( n N)(n A (n + 1) A)) N A,
. B
(2) .
C ( s R)( t R)(s 0 t 0 s + t 0)
( s R) ( t R)(s 0 t 0 ( st > 0)|s + t| < )
( st > 0)( s R)( t R)(( st 1 > 0)
( st 2 > 0)(|s| < 1 |t| < 2 |s + t| < )
( st > 0)( s R)(t R)( st 1 > 0)( st 2 > 0)(|s| < 1
|t| < 2 |s + t| < ) ( st )( s) ( t)( st 1 )( st 2 )( > 0 . . .
. . . 2 > 0 |s| < 1 |t| < 2 |s + t| < )
( st )( s)( t)( st 1 )( st 2 )(|s| < 1 |t| < 2 |s + t| < )
( st )( st fin 1 )( st fin 2 )( s) ( t)( 1 1 )( 2 2 )
(|s| < 1 |t| < 2 |s + t| < )
( st )( st 1 )( st 2 )( |s| < 1 )( |t| < 2 )|s + t|
( > 0)( > 0)( |s| < )( |t| < )|s + t| . B

3.3.

87

(3) . (an ) an 0 n N. N +,
an 0 n N .
C
( N +)( n N ) an 0
( N N)(( st m N)(N m) ( n N)(n N
( st > 0)|an | < ) ( N )( st m)( st )
( n)(N m (n N |an | < ))
( {m1 , . . . , mp })( st {1 , . . . , p })( N )( k := 1, . . . , p)
st

(N mk n N |an | < k )
( m)( st )( N ) (N m (n N |an | < ))
st

( st m)( st )(m N > 0 |am | < ).

:
( n N)(an 0) ( st n)(n N ( st > 0)|an | < )
( st n)( st )(n N > 0 |an | < ).
, . B
(4) .
,
, .
, y, V VSt = (x, y) IST,
((! x V ) (x, y)) ((! x V ) (x, y) St(x)).
C ,
(x, y) := (st u)(st v)(x, u, v, y),
(ZFC).
,
(st v ())(st u) (x, u, v(u), y).

(1)

88

. 3. -
,
( z)(st u)(st v) (z, u, v, y) z = x).

,
(st v ())(st fin U )( z)((( u U )(z, u, v(u), y)) z = x).

(2)

U ,
(2) v(), (1).
, ( u U )(x, u, v(u), y). ,
( z)( u U )(z, u, v(u), y).
(st z)( u U) (z, u, v(u), y).
(2) z = x, . . St(x). B
3.3.18. IST . (
) BST, . . [368].
BST IST.
. IST
BST. BST
:
(1)
(x)( st X)(x X);
(2)
( x1 )( x2 ) . . . ( xn )(( st fin z)( x z0 )( y z)
(x, y, x1 , . . . , xn ) ( x z0 )( st y) (x, y, x1 , . . . , xn )),
(ZFC) , z0 .

3.4.

89

. . ,

(2)
( x1 )( x2 ) . . . ( xn )(( st fin z z0 ) ( x)( y z) (x, y, x1 , . . . , xn )
( x)( st y z0 ) (x, y, x1 , . . . , xn )),
(ZFC) , z0 .
, , IST, BST. ,
BST ZFC.
3.4.


. IST .
, . IST, ,
: , R
R
R? , ,
, IST
.
. ad hoc
(
. ) , .
, , ,

90

. 3. -

.
.
. ,
EXT.
NST
. . , , ,
- , . , -
( )
( ).
, , , . ,
,
.
( ) EXT NST
, . , , , , .
, , (
). , EXT
IST. EXT IST, EXT ZFC. . .
NST IST
ZFC IST EXT.
3.4.1. EXT IST - Int, -

3.4.

91

. ,
, Int(x), , , x
, , , x . , EXT VExt :=
{x : x = x},
VSt := {x VExt : St(x)},
VInt := {x VExt : Int(x)}.
3.4.2. EXT ZFC IST.
, , EXT (. 3.3.3)

. , EXT ( (EXT)) :
( st x) := ( x)(St(x) ) := ( x VSt ) ,
(Int x) := ( x)(Int(x) ) := ( x VInt ) .
, , . , . ,
A ( A Vsize ), a
f , ( X)(X A ( st x a) X = f (x)).
3.4.3. (ZFC) EXT, ZFC (. . St Int).
Q Qst . St
VSt . , Q QInt ,
Int , VInt . ,
.
. , A B :
A StB := ( st x)(x A x B) :=
:= (( x)(x A x B))St := (A B)St ;
A IntB := (A B)Int := A B := A StB := (A B)St .

92

. 3. -

3.4.4. EXT . ,
VSt , VInt VExt , ,
, .
3.4.5. EXT
( Z), . .
:
(1)
( A)( B)(A B B A) A = B;
(2)
( A)( B){A, B} VExt ;
(3)
( A)

A VExt ;

(4)
( A)P(A) VExt ;
(5)
( A)( X1 ) . . . ( Xn ){X A : (X, X1 , . . . , Xn )} VExt
(EXT);
(6) .
, (. (3.2.10)),
.
, Z ,
EXT .

3.4.
:

93

3.4.6. EXT -

(1)
VInt , . .
Int EXT;
(2)
( x VInt )(x VInt ),
. . ;
(3)
VSt VInt ,
. . .
3.4.7. EXT :
(1)
( st x1 ) . . . ( st xn )(St (x1 , . . . , xn ) Int (x1 , . . . , xn ))
(ZFC);
(2)
(Int x1 ) . . . (Int xn )( A Vsize )(((fin z)(z A)
(Int x)( y z) Int (x, y, x1 , . . . , xn ))
(Int x)(Int y A) Int (x, y, x1 , . . . , xn ))
(ZFC);
(3)
( A)( st a)( st x)(x A x a)
A A.

94

. 3. -

3.4.8. ZFC. , (0 )
(Int x1 ) . . . (Int xn ) (x1 , . . . , xn ) Int (x1 , . . . , xn ),
( st x1 ) . . . ( st xn ) St (x1 , . . . , xn )
Int (x1 , . . . , xn ) (x1 , . . . , xn ).
,
, . , x
y x St y x Int y x y.
3.4.9. . EXT ZFC, . . (ZFC)
( ZFC) (Int EXT)
(St EXT).
C [349]. B
3.4.10. , EXT IST.
, VInt ,
.
VInt , IST. ,
(IST) A VInt

{x A : (x)}, {x A : (x)} A.
IST , ,
A ,
, IST .
EXT, , VSt ( ) .
, .

3.4.

95

3.4.11.
VExt , .
C , . . X VExt
, VSt X. 3.4.5(5)
(x) := St(x) , VSt , . .
( Y )( Z)(Z Y St(Z)). VSt . VSt , . , , . B
3.4.12. 3.4.11 , EXT ( VInt )
, IST.
.

.
3.4.13. :
(1) ;
(2)
, ;
(3) A A := {a A : St(a)}
;
(4)
.
C (1):
(, , EXT . 2.2.2 (1)) NExt NExt N.
, , = 1 = {} = {} = 1. , ( Z)
NExt N. N = NExt .
(2): . ,
3.4.6 (2) 2.2.2 (3).
, , 2.2.2 (2).

96

. 3. -

(3): A A. f (a) := a
a A. , ( X)(X A (st x A) f (x) = X).
(4): A .
(3) A . ,
(x, y) := y 6= x x A.
z A ( x A)( y z) x 6= y,
A . ( x A)( y A) x 6= y. B

3.4.14. 3.4.13 3.4.9

INT, ZFC , EXT, , INT .
INT IST
:
(1) ( A)( x1 ) . . . ( xn )(( st fin z)(z A)( x)( y z)
(x, y, x1 , . . . , xn ) ( x)( st y A) (x, y, x1 , . . . , xn )
(ZFC);
(2) ( A)( st A)( st x)(x A x A (x))
(INT ).
, INT .
3.4.15. NST ,
EXT IST ( .
,
).
3.4.16. NST EXT. , NST
,
EXT.
NST EXT
.
3.4.17. VSt VExt , . . .
A
NST A
Vasize , f , VSt A.

3.4.

97

, VSt . ,
a-fin(A) , A .
3.4.18. NST :
( A)(( st X) A X ( st A)( st x)(x A x A)).
, NST , , EXT.
3.4.19. NST :
(Int x1 ) . . . (Int xn )( A Vasize )(((z) z A a = fin(z)
(Int x)( y z) Int (x, y, x1 , . . . , xn ))
(Int x)(Int y A) Int (x, y, x1 , . . . , xn ))
(ZFC).
3.4.20. . NST ZFC.
C 3.2.20 (. [374]). B
3.4.21. ,
V Int NST , IST.
, , NST , IST,
.
, ,
,
,
,
.
.

98

. 3. -

3.4.22. , VE ( , NST EXT

). VI (
VS ) ( )
. ,
. .
,
VC . ,
VC := {x : ( st )(x P Ext (VC ))},
[
VC ,
VC :=
OnSt

OnSt . ,
.
3.4.23. -. A
- A , A - A. : := , A := {a : a A}.
,
, A A .
, EXT
. NST
VC . (. 3.2.12) , -
VC VS . , ,
:
( A1 VC ) . . . ( An VC )(C (A1 , . . . , An ) S (A1 , . . . , An ))
(
, C S VC VS ).

3.5.

99

. , , - A A.
.
3.5.
, .
V VI
, VS (. 4).
xVS
AV I

xV

Puc. 4

, VI
VE ( ).
VE VC
VS . ,
-, VC
VS . VC , VS VI
V (. 5).
3.5.1.
VE , VI , VS VC - .

100

. 3. -

,

. , , ,
. .

B
B
xV I
AVS

AVC

Puc. 5

3.5.2. . ,
.
, VC . ( , VC , ). VI ,
, --

3.5.

101

,
.
.
VS
.
VC . , -, ,
. , A = { a : a A}
, A
. , R VC
- R, , R

. R

( R) = { t : t R}. , R R, ( R) , , R := { t : t R}
R := { t : t R}.
R

R R 6= R, R.

X. , , X = { x : x X}
X X. X , X X 6= .
,
. ,
VI , .
3.5.3. U , A B . , U A B , , , A0
A b B , (a0 , b) U a0 A0 .
A0 , ,
-.

102

. 3. -

3.5.4. . U , A B, b

B, ( a, b) U a A.
3.5.5. , , ,
. , , , .
3.5.6. .
U , U A B.
b B, a A ( a, b) U .
, (A ) ,
0 :
\

A 6= .

3.5.7. . :
(1) (An )nN
T
. n N An 6= .
(2) (An )nN
S
A := nN An .
N N A = AN .
,
(. 3.2.17), , 3.5.7

. ,
-. 3.5.7 0 -. 1 .

3.5.

103

3.5.8. , , VI
, . . ( x1 VC ) . . . ( xn VC )(C (x1 , . . . , xn ) I ( x1 , . . . , xn ))
. ,
.
3.5.9. .
, , , - , . .
3.5.10. A . , {x : I (x)} = A A.
C . {x : I (x)} A. , A .
A A A . B

.
3.5.11. :
(1) . (An )nN An (An )n N ;
(2) . A
N A, A , . . NN;
(3) . A
N N
A, A n N;
(4) . B R , t R, ,
B [t, t];
(5) . B

104

. 3. -
, [0, ] ;
(5) . B , [a, a]
a R;
(6) .
B , B
[, ],
.

3.5.12. , ,
.
-. .

, . , , ( :
. . -,
. , ,
f : [a, b] R
, f : [a, b] R , . . f
.

, . (
, ) , .
( I
.) , -

3.5.

105

,
.
3.5.13.
, . . , VI , VE .
.
, VI .
, R VI ,
, , R
. , . 2, .
.
. ,
, ...
[437, . 134]. .
.
3.5.14. ,

. ( ) , . . , ,

. , . ,
, -

106

. 3. -

- , . ,
.
, , ,
, . , , (. 2.1.3).
3.6.

3.2.5, ZF
4 - . , ZF
4 . , ZF
,

4
. , , . , . ,
, , NGB.
NGB . , - , .
.
NGB ZFC,
. NGB , ,
ZFC. ZFC
M . M (X) , X .

. ,
NGB,
.

3.6.

107

3.6.1. NGB .
, NGB ZFC. X, Y , Z, . . . ( ).
argo, , NGB.
M (X) ( Y ) (X Y )
( X ).
x, y, z, . . . ( ) , . , ( x) (x) ( x) (x) ( X)(M (X) (X)) ( X)(M (X) (X))
. : ,
. X
, , . ,
. ,
.
NGB.
3.6.2. ( ) NGB1:
, ( )

( X)( Y )(X = Y ( Z)(Z X Z Y )).
3.6.3. :
(1) () NGB2:
( x)( y)( z)( u)(u z u = x u = y);
(2) NGB3:
( x)( y)( z)(z y ( u)(u x z u));
(3) NGB4:
( x)( y)( z)(z y z x);

108

. 3. -
(4) NGB5:
( x)(0 x (( y)(y x y {y} x))).

,
ZF, 3.2.3, 3.2.4, 3.2.7 3.2.8. ,
, . (. 3.6.1). , ,
NGB4
(X)(M (X) (Y )(M (Y ) (Z)(M (Z) (Z Y Z X)))).
NGB5
0 x := ( y)(y x ( u)(u
/ y)).
, . NGB :
(5) ( y)( u)(u
/ y).
3.6.4. NGB6 : X , y
X, y, :
( X)(Un (X) ( y)( z)( u)(u z ( v)((v, z) X v y))).
, ZF
4 . , ZF (.
3.2.5) .
, x Y , , x Y , . .
( x)( Y )( z)( u)(u z u x u Y ).
( NGB6
3.6.14),
.
NGB7 NGB13 . ,
, ,
, .
, , NGB1 .

3.6.

109

3.6.5. - NGB7: , ,
:
( X)( y)( z)((y, z) X y z).
3.6.6. NGB8:
:
( X)( Y )( Z)( u)(u Z u X u Y ).
3.6.7. NGB9: :
( X)( Y )( u)(u Y u
/ X).
U :=
.
3.6.8. NGB10: X Y := dom(X),
X:
( X)( Y )( u)(u Y ( v)((u, v) X)).
3.6.9. NGB11: X Y := X U, ,
X:
( X)( Y )( u)( v)((u, v) Y u X).
3.6.10. NGB12 NGB13 .
:= (i1 , i2 , i3 ) {1, 2, 3}. Y
- X, (x1 , x2 , x3 ) Y
, (xi1 , xi2 , xi3 ) X. X
(2, 3, 1)- (1, 3, 2)-:
( X)( Y )( u)( v)( w)((u, v, w) Y (v, w, u) X);
( X)( Y )( u)( v)( w)((u, v, w) Y (u, w, v) X).

110

. 3. -

3.6.11. NGB14:
, :
( X)(X 6= ( y)(y X y X = )).
3.6.12. NGB15: X , . . , X :
( X)( Y )( u)(u 6= u X (!v)(v u (u, v) Y )).
.
.
NGB .
, NGB, ZFC,
. NGB ,

, , ZFC.
3.6.13.
, .
(1) (2, 1)-:
( X)( Z)( u)( v)((u, v) Z (v, u) X).
C
XU. (2, 3, 1)- (1, 3, 2)- X U Y
(v, u, w) , (v, u) X.
, Z := dom(Y )
. B
(2) :
( X)( Y )( Z)( w)(w Z (Z (u X)(v Y )(w = (u, v))).

3.6.

111

C
, (1),
Z := (U Y ) (X U). B
n 2 3.6.13 (2) Un n-.
(3) X Z := (Un Um )
(X Um ):
( X)( Z)( x1 ) . . . ( xn )( y1 ) . . . ( ym )
((x1 , . . . , xn , y1 , . . . , ym ) Z (x1 , . . . , xn ) X).
(4) X Z := (Um Un )
(U X):
m

( X)( Z)( x1 ) . . . ( xn )( y1 ) . . . ( ym )
((y1 , . . . , ym , x1 , . . . , xn ) Z (x1 , . . . , xn ) X).
C (3) (4) . B
(5) X Z, ,
( x1 ) . . . ( xn )( y1 ) . . . ( ym )
((x1 , . . . , xn1 , y1 , . . . , ym , xn ) Z (x1 , . . . , xn ) X).
C . B
3.6.14. . ,
X1 , . . . , Xn , Y1 , . . . , Ym , , . . , . NGB
( Y1 ) . . . ( Ym )( Z)( x1 ) . . . ( xn )
((x1 , . . . , xn ) Z (x1 , . . . , xn , Y1 , . . . , Ym )).
C
,
. ,
Y W X X,

112

. 3. -

: ( x)(x = Y x W ) ( u)(u = X u X).

, , X = Y
( u)(u X u Y ).
k , . . k ,
.
k = 0 xi xj xj xi ,
xi Yl (i < j n, l m). := xi xj ,
- W1 ,
( xi )( xj )((xi , xj ) W1 xi xj ).
:= xj xi , , , W2
( xi )( xj )((xj , xi ) W2 xj xi ),
3.6.13 (1). W3 ,

( xi )( xj )((xi , xj ) W3 xj xi ).
, W ,

: ( xi )( xj )((xi , xj ) W (x1 , . . . , xn , Y1 , . . . , Ym )).
3.6.13 (4)
(xi , xj ) W (x1 , . . . , xi1 , xi ) Z1
Z1 ( x1 ) . . . ( xi1 ) . . 3.6.13 (5)
(x1 , . . . , xi1 , xi , xj ) Z1 (x1 , . . . ,
xi , xi+1 , . . . , xj ) Z2 Z2
( xi+1 ) . . . ( xj1 ) . , 3.6.13 (3) Z2 , Z,
( x1 ) . . . ( xn )((x1 , . . . , xn ) Z (x1 , . . . , xn , Y1 , . . . , Ym )).
xi Yl
W := Ui1 Yl Z :=
W Uni . k = 0.

3.6.

113

, k < p
p .
, - , .
() := .
V ,
( x1 ) . . . ( xn )((x1 , . . . , xn ) V (x1 , . . . , xn , Y1 , . . . , Ym )).
Z := U V := U\V , .
() := . V W , V
() , ,
( x1 ) . . . ( xn )((x1 , . . . , xn ) W (x1 , . . . , xn , Y1 , . . . , Ym )).
Z := U (V (U W ))
.
() := ( x). V , ().
X := UV ,
Z1 ,
( x1 ) . . . ( xn )((x1 , . . . , xn ) Z ( x)(x1 , . . . , xn , Y1 , . . . , Ym )).
Z := U Z1 , ,
, ( x) ( x)(). B
3.6.15.
NGB7 NGB13 3.6.14 . , ,
,
. , , 3.6.14, NGB7 NGB13 .
3.6.14 . , Y
S
P(Y ) Y ,

( u)(u P(Y ) u Y ),
[
( u)(u
Y ( v)(v Y u v)).

114

. 3. -

, (X, Y ) := X Y
(X, Y ) := ( u)(x u u Y ).
Z 1 , im Z, Z  Y , ZY , X Y . ., X,
Y Z (. 3.1.8).
3.6.16. . ZFC NGB.
C ZF NGB.
,
ZF
4 .
y {x, t, z1 , . . . , zm } , . ,
x, u, v, z1 , . . . , zm
(x, u, z1 , . . . , zm ) (x, v, z1 , . . . , zm ) u = v.
,
. 3.6.14 Z ,
( x)( u)((x, u) Z (x, u, z1 , . . . , zm )).
, Z , . .
NGB Un (Z). NGB6
y,
( v)(v y ( u)((u, v) Z u x)).
, y
( z1 ) . . . ( zm )( v)(v y ( u x) (x, v, z1 , . . . , zm )). B
3.6.17. . NGB,
, ZFC.
C , , [49].
,
. B
3.6.16 3.6.17
.

3.7.

115

3.6.18. .
NGB ZFC.
3.6.19.
, NGB. NGB1 NGB5 , NGB14
:
( X)( Y )(Y X M (Y ) (Y, X1 , . . . , Xn )),
, X.
3.6.14 , , NGB. .

NGB15 .
3.7.
NCT,
IST, , NCT . ,
NCT ,
, NCT, NGB, .
3.7.1. NCT NGB St ( St(X) X
). , 3.6, , , , , ,
.
3.6. , X
M (X), X - : M (X) :=
(Y )(X Y ), . 3.6.1. , S(X1 , . . . , Xn ) :=

116

. 3. -

(X1 , . . . , Xn ) , S(X1 , . . . , Xn ) (X1 , . . . , Xn ).

, NCT ,
St. NCT.
(1) NCT ,
, , , , NBG1 NBG5 , NBG14 ,
NBG15 (. 3.6.2, 3.6.3, 3.6.11, 3.6.12).
(2) NCT :
(V )(x)(y)(u x)(v((u, v) V ) (v y)((u, v) V )).
:
( st x) := (x)(St(x) ),
( st x) := (x)(St(x) ).
(3) :
(x)( st z)(x z).
(4) :
( st X)((x)x X ( st x)x X).
(5) :
(X)( st Y )( st x)(x Y x X).
,
L,
. L = , . .
.

3.7.

117

3.7.2. NCT , , ,
,
. .
x, st x, x, st x. , St(x) ( st y)(y = x).
p . X p ( stp X), p-
Y , . . st Y (X = Y p), Y p =
{v : (p, v) Y }. X int X,
p- p.
: (x1 , . . . , xn , Y1 , . . . , Ym ) :
(1) Y1 , . . . , Ym
T = {(x1 , . . . , xn ) : (x1 , . . . , xn , Y1 , . . . , Ym )};
(2) Y1 , . . . , Yn
, T .
, NGB,

(. NGB7 NGB13 ),
(. 3.6.14). , NCT
.

.
3.7.3. Y1 , . . . , Yn , T .
Yi p- p, T p-.
C . B
:
U := {x : x = x} = {x : x
/ },
E := {x : (u)(v) (x = (u, v) u v)},
S := {x : St(x)},

X := {x : x
/ X}.

118

. 3. -

U E
, S X Y
X, X Y , dom(X), X U , ,
X Y .
x x- , ,
, x = E1 x. X
, X = ({} X).
3.7.4.
.
(1) :
( int X)(x)(y)(u)(u y u x u X).
(2) :
( int X)( st a0 )(( stfin c a0 )(x)(a c)((x, a) X)
(x)( st a a0 )((x, a) X)).
3.7.5.
3.7.3.
(1) .
( int X1 ) . . . ( int Xn )(x)(y)(u)(u y
y x (x, X1 , . . . , Xn )).
,
BST.
(2) NCT BST.
(3) . ,
( st X1 ) . . . ( st Xn )(( st x) (x, X1 , . . . , Xn )
(x) (x, X1 , . . . , Xn )).
, BST.
(4) BST
NCT.

3.7.

119

, , , BST NCT,
( , ).
3.7.6. :
(1) x p ,
stp x ( st z)(x = zp) ( st f )(Fnc f x = f (p)).
C x p- .
x = zp z. f = {(q, zq) : q dom(z)}
f (p) = x. , f ,
f (p) p-
{(q, u) : u f (q)}. B
(2)
p .
(pst X1 ) . . . (pst Xn )((pst x) (x, X1 , . . . , Xn )
(x) (x, X1 , . . . , Xn )).
C 3.7.3 , p- X p- . X = Y p, st Y p r r.
f ,
(q r)((y)(q, y) Y (y)(q, y) Y f ).
X , p dom(f ) f (p) p- X. B
3.7.7. C C := CS. X
Y Y = X. . s X.
(1) . ,
.

120

. 3. -

C
. . X ,
( st z)( st t)(t = X z). Y := s {x : x X} ,
Y = X.
, z
z X = z Y . Y

(X z) = X z = Y z = (Y z).

X z Y z ,
. B
(2) , .
C :
St(x) fin(x) (st fin y x)(a x)(b y)(a = b)
(a x)( st b x)(a = b),
. B
-,
.
3.7.8. . -
, .
C x , |x| = f : x
.
x -, ( st n N)( > n). I := {f (n) : n N}
:
(st fin s N)(k N)(n s)(f (k) I n < k).
I , k N, f (k) I
( st n N) (n < k), , f (k) I
k f .
x - X x.
T := {n : f (n) X}.
t = s T , t . ,
3.7.7 (2), S, t = t = T = T .
X = {f (n) : n t} . B

3.7.

121

3.7.9. p- p (x) x p , x. , p- , . 3.7.6 (1) :

p (x) = {y : (st
p z)(y z x z)}.
p , p (x) x (x). ,
(x) =

{a S : x a}.

x . x x0 x0 .
, , Tu = s {a x0 : x a} , u = (x). , u

,
T
T
T
u
=
6

(x)
=
u

u.
T
u u
(u). Ult, x
Ult(x).
x p p (x) = ((p, x))p.
C 3.7.6 (1), :
y ((p, x))p (p, y) ((p, x))
( st z)((p, x) z (p, y) z) y p (x),
. B
3.7.10. X p-,
X p- .
(1) x p-
, p-.

122

. 3. -

C x p-. u x , u p-
, x. ,
,
( st z)(u zp (v zp)(v
/ x)).
z
S {t : t x0 }, x0 3 x .
:
(v
/ x)( st z)(u zp v zp),
p (u) x.
, : (u x)( st z)(u zp x).
, z0 , (u x)(z z0 )(u zp x).
S
, x p- z0 . B
(2) x p
p (x) = {x} stp x.
C . p (x) = {x}, {x}
p- , , p- .
x p-. B
3.7.11. :
(X)(p)(x X)(p (x) X),
. . p- p.
D Ult p
[
Psls(D, p) :=
(u)p.
uD

:
Sms X := ( st z)(X z).
3.7.12. . X . D Ult p, X = Psls(D, p). X , D
.

3.7.

123

C X p- . D := s {u
Ult : (u)p X}. 3.7.9
.
X z, z ,
D
d := D Ult(r z), r ,
p. B
, NCT st
2 -.
, , .
, st X
( st s)( st t)(t = X s), (X)(Sms X (X, . . . ))
( st d)(p) (Psls(d, p), . . . ).

. , , NCT,
IST, BST ,
.
3.7.13. . X z0
, ( st x z0 )(y)((x, y) X). - f , ( st x z0 )((x, f (x)) X).
C t ,
(x z0 )((y)(x, y) X (y t)(x, y) X).
X p- . (x, y) X x , (y0 (y))(x, y0) X, p ((x, y)) = {x} p (y).
d = s {(x, u) z Ult(t) : {x} ((u)p) X}.

h : z0 Ult(t), (x z0 )((x, h(x)) d). :
( stfin z z0 )(f )(x z)( st a h(x))(Fnc (f ) f (x) a).
f ,
( st x z)(f (x) (h(x))). f . B

124

. 3. -

3.7.14. .
(1) NCT,
, . . . . [7].
NCT
. , , . , .
(2) NCT
, , IST. , NCT (. 3.7.11),
.
(3) NCT . . ,
. AST [31],
, (
). . , . NCT
AST. ,
, - (. .
) ,
.
(4) ( , )
X p,
, X p, p-, .
3.7.2.
IST [44], , , , ,
,
p.
NCT (. 3.7.7 (1)).
3.8. NCT
, NCT
BST.

3.8. NCT

125

3.8.1. . , NCT, BST.

C , BST NCT ,
. B
3.8.2. M = (M, M , stM ) BST. L BST M ,
.
M L, a M
a. M , L,
.
L , de := {x : M |= (x)}. , ,
N := {de : L };
Std := {de N :
};
Set(a) := dx ae a M.
p, q N
p N q := ( a M )(p = Set(a) a q),
stN p := p Std .
3.8.3. a, b M p, q N
:
(1) p N q ( a M )(p = Set(a));
(2) Set(a) = Set(b) a = b;
(3) p = Set(a) q = Set(b), p N q a M b;
(4) p = Set(a), stN p stM a.
C , (1) N , (2)
M, (3)
(1) N .
(4) , stN p = {b : M |= b a} = {b : M |= (b)}, . , M |=

126

. 3. -

(x)(x a (x)). , M , , M |= st a, . . stM a. , stM a,

p = dx ae Std. B
(5) Set M L N = (N, N , stN ),
p N N |= ( X)(p X) ( a M )
(p = Set(a)).
C (1)(4). B
3.8.3 (5) , p N , p = Set(a) a M , . . M N
.
3.8.4. NCT M.
3.8.3 (5) , NCT, , N,
BST. , , , , , . N
N .
L, C {x : (x, x1 , . . . , xn )}. (X1 , . . . , Xn )
, 1 (x, x1 , . . . , xm ), . . . , n (x, x1 , . . . , xm )
L,
. (C1 , . . . , Cn ) ,
(X1 , . . . , Xn ) :
(1) y Xj
j (y, x1 , . . . , xm );
(2) Xi Xj
( x)((y)(y x i (y, x1 , . . . , xm ))j (x, x1 , . . . , xm ));
(3) Xi = Xj
(x)(i (x, x1 , . . . , xm ) j (x, x1 , . . . , xm ));
(4) Xi = x
(y)(y x i (y, x1 , . . . , xm )).

3.8. NCT

127

(C1 , . . . , Cn ) 1 , . . . , n .
3.8.5. C1 , . . . , Cn ,
N |= (d1 e, . . . , dn e) M |= (C1 , . . . , Cn ).
C 3.8.3. B
3.8.6. , NCT, ,
(Q1 X)(Q2 Y )(QZ)(X, Y, Z),
Q1 , Q2 {, st }, Q {, st } . ,
BST , 1 (x, u1 , . . . , ul )
2 (x, v1 , . . . , vm ) BST, ,
, (x, w1 , . . . , wn )
BST, , Q ,
(Q1 u1 ) . . . (Q1 ul )(Q2 v1 ) . . . (Q2 vm )(Qw1 ) . . . (Qwn )(C 1 , C 2 , C )
BST. , ui , vi , wi
.
3.8.7.
(Q1 X)(Q2 Y )(Q3 Z)(X, Y, Z)
3.8.6. BST ,
N.
C , . N- d1 e, d2 eN .
, BST , , L M-
, M |= (C 1 , C 2 , C ). , : stN de N |= (d1 e, d2 e, de)
3.8.5, . B

128

. 3. -

BST , , , . , .
, , BST. ,
[6].
3.8.8. .
,

(p)( st x)((x, p) ( st U Ult)(p (U ) (x, U ))

( st U Ult)(p (U ) (x, U ))).
3.8.9. . NCT BST
.
C . ,
. 3.8.8 , . p U , p
(U ),
( st x)((x, p) (x, U )).
, BST . B
U .
dom(U ) := {dom(u) : u U };
im(U ) := {im(u) : u U }.
, ,
dom(U ) im(U ) U , a b
(a, b) (U ) a (dom(U )) b (im(U ));
a (dom(U )) ( b im(U ))((a, b) (U )).

3.8. NCT
.

129

3.8.10. . BST -

C . 3.8.8 :
(a, b) ( st U Ult)((a, b) (U ) (U )).

(V, W ) := ( U Ult)(dom(U ) = V im(U ) = W (U )).

3.8.10 BST A R,
(V Ult(A))(( W ) (V, W ) ( W R) (V, W )).
SS
Y :=
R.
a A :
( b)(a, b) ( st V Ult(A))( st W Ult)(a (V ) (V, W ))
( st V Ult(A))( st W R)(a (U ) (V, W ))
( b Y )( st U )((a, b) (U ) (U ))
( b Y )(a, b).
(x, y, p) . , p
X Y ,
(x X)(( y)(x, y, p) ( y Y )(x, y, p)).
X p,
(a, b) := ( x)( p)(a = (x, p) (x, b, p)).
Y ,
p P . . B

130

. 3. -

3.8.11. . BST
.
C 3.8.8 ,
(x, p) ( st U )((p, x) (U ) (U )).
p 3.7.9
(x)((x, p) (y p (x)) (y, p)),
. B
, NCT N, , 3.8.1 .
3.8.12. .
(1) , ,
,
NCT. ,
E. ,
E E. , , . ,
E , , NCT , , ,
, .
. NCT (. [7]).
(2) , , ( ).

3.9.

131

(3) X ,
F D , X = F D. F
, D .
(. [7]).
. X
,
.
(4) NCT , .
, , . . , S-,
en E (. . ,
( st > 0)( st n0 )( st m, n > n0 )(ken em k < )), S-
E (. . ( e E)( st > 0)( st n0 )( st n > n0 )ken ek < )).
NCT 7 , , -
.
3.9.

. .
3.9.1. ( ) . , (. 2.3.4)
(. 4.4.5).
(. 2.3.5), (. 2.3.8, 4.2.7), (. 4.3.6) . ., .
, .

132

. 3. -

, , . .
(1) , limn limm xnm = a (xnm )n,mN a.
(. 2.3.5): a R
(an ) ,
a a[N ], N
.
lim lim xnm = a (N +) ( lim xN,m a).

n m

m+

, ym := xN,m .
limx0 limy0 f (x, y)
f : R2 R, (. 2.3.6).
(2) :

.
, (fn )nN f X. , (1)
N x X fN (x) f (x), sup{|fN (x) f (x)| :
x X} 0. 2.3.12 (. 4.4.6 (1)) ,
x0 , x00 X x0 x00 f (x0 ) f (x00 ). ,
f (x0 ) fN (x0 ) f (x00 ) fN (x00 ). , fN , ,
fN (x0 ) fN (x00 ),
fN .
. ,
, .

3.9.

133

3.9.2. . .
Ffin(f ) : f im(f ) , :
Ffin(f ) := Func (f ) (x im(f )) fin(f (x)).
x ( Su(x)), (st X) (x
X). IST x st y ( x y x y-) :
x st y := (st )(Ffin() y dom() x (y)).
, fin(x) , x , . . , ,
, x .
3.9.3. .
, A(x, y) ZFC, ZFC
(x)(! y)A(x, y). IST
(st x)(y)(A(x, y) St(y)).
C . B
,
3.3.4:
( st y x) := ( x) (x y );
( st y x) := ( x) (x y );
( st fin y x) := ( st y x) (x );
( st fin y x) := ( st y x) (x ).
3.9.4. x st y :
(1) x st y Su(x) Su(y).
(2) x st y y st z x st z.
(3) x st y fin(x) (z x) z st y.
(4) Su(y) St(x) x st y.

134

. 3. -

St IST, ,
. 3.3.1.
C (1) . (2), ,
x 1 (y) y 2 (z), 1 2 ,
1 (t) 2 (t) t dom(i ).
h :
dom h := dom(2 ), h(t) := {1 (u) : u 2 (t)dom(1 )} (t dom(2 )).
, h(t) t dom(2 ) -
1 (t) x h(z). 3.9.3 h , (2).
(3) , , (t) t dom(), x (y).
, 3.9.3, g :
g(t) := {v : v (t) v }

(t dom(g) := dom()).

, z g(y), , t dom()
g(t) , .
, (4), X, y. X Su(y). (t) := {x} (t X).
x x (y). B
3.9.5. . A
,
x, t1 , . . . , tk (k 1),

(st t1 ) . . . (st tk )((st x) A(x, t1 , . . . , tk )

(x) A(x, t1 , . . . , tk )).
C k = 1. IST:
( )(Su( ) (st t)((st x) A(x, t) (x) A(x, t))).

3.9.

135

Su(t) (t st ), 3.9.4
:
( )(st t)((st x) A(x, t) (x) A(x, t)).
IST:
( )(st )(t) ( dom() t ( )
((st )(x)( dom() x ( ) A(x, t))
(y) A(y, t))).
, , - . 3.3.15.
( )

(st ) (, t) (st )( dom() t ( )

(x)( dom() x ( ) A(x, t))
(y) A(y, t)).

(st )(st fin )( ) (t)( dom() t ( )
( )(x)( dom() x ( ) A(x, t))
(y) A(y, t)).

st , , ZFC:
()(fin )(, t)( dom() t ( )
( )(x)( dom() x ( ) A(x, t))
(y) A(y, t)).

S= {}, .
M := im() M1 := {t M : (y) A(y, t)}. ZFC
h, dom(h) = M1

136

. 3. -

A(h(t), t) t dom(h). dom() := dom()

() := {h() : () M1 } ( dom()). () M1 = ,
() := . , () (). dom() t ( ).
ZFC- , :
(x ( )) A(x, t) (y) A(y, t).
t M M1 , , t M1 ,
. , x = h(t), x ( ),
t ( ) M1 , A(h(t), t) . B
3.9.6. .
B(x, y), x
y - .

(st fin z)(x)(y z) B(x, y) (x)(st y) B(x, y).
C , 3.9.5, , ,
. , , ,
3.9.4 (3). , B t.

( )(Su( ) (t)(st fin x)(y)(z x) B(z, y, t)
(u)(st v)B(v, u, t))).
3.9.4, , :
( )(t)((st fin x)(y)(z x) B(z, y, t)
(u)(st v) B(v, u, t)).
IST, . .

3.9.

137

x st IST
( )(t)((st )(fin x)( dom() x ( )
(y)(z x) B(z, y, t))
(u)(st )(v) dom() v ( ) B(v, u, t)))

( )(t)((st )(fin x)( dom() x ( )

(y)(z x) B(z, y, t))
(st fin )(u)( )(v)( dom() v ( )
B(v, u, t)))

)(st fin )( )(t)(( )(fin x)

st fin

( dom() x ( )
(y)(z x) B(z, y, t)) (u)( )(v)
( dom() v ( ) B(v, u, t))).
, 3.9.5, st
,
ZFC-. , := {},
dom() :=
() :=

n[

dom(),

o
() : , dom() .

, () .
t.
/ dom(),
/ dom() , ,
. dom(),



[
(y) z {( ) : , dom()} B(z, y, t)
(u)( )(v)( dom() v ( ) B(v, u, t)).

138

. 3. -

:
[


(y) z {( ) : , dom()} B(z, y, t)

(y)(z)( )( dom() z ( ) B(z, y, t))

(y)(z)( )( dom() z ( ) B(z, y, t)).

,
. B
3.9.7. 3.9.5 3.9.6.
(1) 3.9.3, x
- y
A(x, y). y - .
C
. B
(2) - x , , x o
- .
C 3.9.4 (3). .
(u x) (st v) (u = v). ,
: (st fin V )(u x)(v V )(u = v),
, x V x , V . B
(3) fin(x) |x| st .
C (1). B
3.9.8. , , 3.9.5 3.9.6.
(1) (st x)(st y)(st z)(z y z x C(z)),
C(z) IST, , , , z. , 3.9.8 (1)

3.9.

139

, C(z) : st
C(z) st , st(x) C(z).
, t t R IST
, . 2.2.16. ,
, - ,
3.9.8 (1). . x R -

x 0, |x| - R, > 0. ,
3.9.8 (1) C(z), ,

( ) (t R)((st u R)(|t| < u) (st v R)(|t v| 0)).

, 3.9.8 (1) ,
.
3.9.9. N
x [0, 1] , y N - x, y
N -.
C 4.6.15. B
3.9.10.
RIST .

st. , x st y x y.
RIST , st.
, 3.9.3 st , st , st fin ,
st fin .
RIST . st :
(1) (x) x st x;
(2) (x)(y) x st y y st x;
(3) (x)(y)(z)(x st y y st z x st z).
, RIST ( IST) .
, 3.9.5 3.9.6,

3.9.8.

140

. 3. -

3.9.11. . (x, t1 , . . . , tk ) x, t1 , . . . , tk ,


(st t1 ) . . . (st tk ) (st x) (x, t1 , . . . , tk ) (x) (x, t1 , . . . , tk ) .
3.9.12. . (x1 , . . . , xk , y)
x1 , . . . , xk , y, , , . , ,
1 , . . . , k
(1 , . . . , k ). :
(1) :
(st 1 fin z1 ) . . . (st k fin zk )
(st y)(x1 z1 ) . . . (xk zk ) (x1 , . . . , xk , y)
(st y)(st 1 x1 ) . . . (st k xk ) (x1 , . . . , xk , y).
(2) :
(st fin z1 ) . . . (st fin zk )
(y)(x1 z1 ) . . . (xk zk ) (x1 , . . . , xk , y)
(y)(st 1 x1 ) . . . (st k xk ) (x1 , . . . , xk , y).
3.9.13. - F , .
F RIST, F , :
(1) x y, x y
, F ;
(2) F ,
F ;
(3) (x, y) F , F
(y) (x, y);
(4) (x, y) F , , ,
(st y) (x, y) F .
3.9.14. . - ,
(st y)(st z)(st t)(t z (t y (t))).
3.9.15. . RIST ZFC.

3.9.

141

3.9.16. .
(1) , 3.9.23.9.9,
. . [44], . [325]. , , , ,
IST ( . [44, 325]).
(2) IST,

, . , , 3.5.23.5.12.
(3) RIST, 3.9.103.9.14,
. [450].
3.9.15. . ( ZFC) IST IST Stp (x), . . x 1/p, . [449]. .
[190, 451].
(4) [44, 325] . , x
x -

x sst := (st ) (Fnc () dom() x = ( )).

, x sst y x st y. , . [325].
(5) 3.9.4 (1, 2, 4)
, st sst .
.
(6) (. [325]):
(N ) (n < N ) (n sst N ).
C , IST
(N ) (n < N )(st )(n = (N )).

142

. 3. -

,
( Pfin ())(n, N )(n < N ( )(n = (N ))).
,
ZFC.
, = {1 , . . . , k }
l : . N > k. , , n {0, 1, . . . , N 1} {1 (N ), . . . , k (N )}.
n, N n < N ( ) (n 6= (N )),
. B
(7) (6) , 3.9.4 (3) (
)
sst. , {0, 1, . . . , N 1}
N ( ). N , n {0, 1, . . . , N 1}
N .
3.9.4 (3).
(8) . . . [372].

- XX
, .
, ,

,
. ,
. .

,
, , .
, , .
, , .

144

. 4.

.
4.1.
, , .
.
.
4.1.1. X B
X. , B 6= , B P(X),
/ B B1 ,
B2 B ( B B)(B B1 B2 ). (B)
B, . . ,
(B) :=

\
{B : B B}.

4.1.2. B
, (B).
C A B B B, A (B) . ,
, A (B), , ,
B B, B (B),
: A B. B
4.1.3. F (F ).
C
( st A)((A F ) (A (F ))).
, , 4.1.2. B
4.1.4. F
, .
F (F ).

4.1.

145

C (F ) , 4.1.3
( A)( st F )(F F F A) ( st fin U )( A)
( F U )(F F F A) ( st U ) ( A)(U F U A).
, , F A. A , A = (F ) A . B
4.1.5. B (B)
( B).
, B B , B (B),
.
B aB.
4.1.6. .
(1) (R) R.
(2) B fil B , B, . . B. :
fil B := {F X : ( B B)(B F )}.
B (
X), fil B .
(B) = (fil B). ,

F .
T
: (F ) :=
F . ,
F X F .
(3) , . .
. , .
,
. B := {[, ) := { : } : }.
(B) ( st ) , . .
, ,

146

. 4.

.
a
:= (B).
(4) E
S X, . . X
E .
(E ) E . , (E ) := { E0 : E0 Pst fin (E )}, Pst fin (E )
E . (E ) E (E ). ,
[
(E ) = {E : E E }.
.
(5) f X Y F () X, f F , . . ( F F ) dom(f ) F 6= . ,
,
f (F ) := {B Y : ( F F )(B f (F ))}.
, f (F ) Y F f .
, . ., X, Y , f ,
F ,
y (f (F )) ( st B f (F ))(y B) ( st F F )(y f (F ))
( st F F )( x)(x F y f (x))
( st fin F0 F )( x)( F F0 )(x F y f (x))
( x) ( st F F )(x F y f (x))
( x (F ))(y f (x)) (y f ((F ))).
, :
(f (F )) = f ((F )).
G Y , f 1 G .
f 1 (G ) G f (. .
f 1 ). ,

4.1.

147

(f 1 (G )) = f 1 ((G )). , . ,
 \

\
f 1 (G) = f 1
G = f 1 ((G )),
(f 1 (G )) =
G G

G G

. .
. ,
, f Y .
4.1.7. B1 B2 .
fil B1 fil B2 (B1 ) (B2 ).
C : B2 B2 (B2 ), 4.1.2
B2 fil B2 , , B2 fil B1 . B2 (B1 ). , (B1 ) (B2 ).
: F2 fil B2 , . .
B2 B2 . B2
(B1 ). , 4.1.2 B2 fil B1 . F2 fil B1 .
. B
4.1.8. f : X Y A X, B
Y .
:
(1) f (A ) fil B;
(2) f 1 (B) fil A ;
(3) (f (A )) (B);
(4) f ((A )) (B).
C (1) (2) :
f (A ) fil B ( B B)( A A )(f (A) B)
( B B)( A A )(A f 1 (B)) (f 1 (B) fil A ).
(1) (3) 4.1.7. , 4.1.6 (5)
f ((A )) (B) (A ) f 1 ((B))
(A ) (f 1 (B)) f 1 (B) fil A .
. B

148

. 4.

4.1.9. 4.1.8
. , , 4.1.8 (4) f ((A ))
(B), .
f := f ,
. .
,
,
, : . ,
. ,
, - .
4.1.10. :
(1) F1 F2
, (F1 ) (F2 ) 6= ;
(2) E
\
(sup E ) = {(F ) : F E },
. .
.
C (1) 4.1.7.
(2) , F E F sup E , T , (sup E ) (F ).
(sup E ) {(F ) : F E }. F sup E .

E0 E , F Tsup E0 . 4.1.3 (1) F (sup E0 ) = {(F ) : F E0 }. :
\
\
(sup E ) {(F ) : F E0 , E0 Pst fin (E )} = {(F ) : F E },
. B

4.1.

149

4.1.11. A , . . F (X) X, F : F F (X).

(A ) (F ) = , (A ) (F ).
C (A ) (F ) 6= , 4.1.10 (1)
A F = A . , F A 4.1.7
(A ) (F ). B
4.1.12. .
F X , F , . .
A B X , A B = X, (F ) A
(F ) B.
C : (F ) A B, , (F ) A 6= .
A = ({fil A }), 4.1.11 (F ) A.
: G F . 4.1.7 (G ) (F ). A A (G ), A (F ), A0 := X A (F )
. A0 (F ) , ,
(F ) (G ) A A0 = . , A (F ), . . A F 4.1.2.
, A G , A F . G F , . . F . B
4.1.13. . F
, A B
F A F B F.
C : A B F , ; (F ) A B.
(F ) A 6= , (F ) A A F . (F ) B 6= ,
(F ) B B F .
: A B = X. A F , A (F ).
B F , B (F ), . . . B
4.1.14. . .
C . ,
F

x (F ) (x) := ( (x)). , x cl(F ) :=

T
{cl(F ) : F F } ( F F )( U (x))(U F 6= ) ((F )
(x) 6= ) 4.1.10 (1). . F x cl(F ),

150

. 4.

(F ) (x) 6= . , 4.1.11,
(F ) (x), . . F x. B
4.1.15. E X. :
(1) E0 E ,
. . E0 Pst fin (E ), X E0 ;
(2) (E ) X;
(3) (E ) ;
(4) (E ) ;
(5) F X E E , F .
C (1) (2) (3) (4) . (E )
, 4.1.6 (4) 4.1.4 , (E )
, . . E0 E ,
(E ) = E0 X. , (4) (1). (1) (5) . (5) (1) , ( st fin E0 ) E0
/ X. E 0 := {E 0 := X E : E E }.
, E 0
X. F , . E E , E F . , E 0 F .
. B
4.1.16.
, .
4.1.17. . F
. , , := (x) (. . = I ). x (x), F F ,
( x F ) (x).
C F
( F ). ,
F . B
4.1.18. . X Y , F G
X Y , (F ) X 6= . F aF . -

4.2.

151

f X Y , F ,
:
(1) f ((F ) F ) (G );
(2) ( F 0 aF ) f (F 0 F ) (G );
(3) f ((F )) (G ).
C , (3) (1) (2). ,
(2) (3).
G G . , F 00

F x F 00 F , f (x)
/ G.
x0 (F ) , x0
/F
f (x0 )
/ G. F 0 := F {x0 }. ,
F 0 aF . , ,
F 00 F f (F 00 F ) G. , F
X,
( st G G )( st F F )( st x F )(f (x) G).
. B
4.2.
.
4.2.1. (X, ) . , () x X () (x) X. (x) := (x) :=
( (x)). (x)
x. , (x) (x) x. (X, ) , X
. , x X
U (x), (x0 ) (x)
x0 U .
4.2.2. G ()
S
(X, ). h(G) := {(x) : x G}. h(G) G X. G h(G)
G nst (G).

152

. 4.

G h(G), G , , . x G , (x) G, G
( -).
4.2.3.
, .
C G x G, G (x). , G
. , G h(G), ,
Ux (x) x G, , G Ux .
G . B
4.2.4. x X
U , (x) U 6= . ,
U ,
U cl (U ).
4.2.5. cl (U ) U . U , cl (U ) cl(U ) U .
C A := cl (U ) = {x X : (x) U 6= } y
cl(A). , y A. , y .
V y. x V , x A. , V (x) (x) U 6= .
( st V (y))V U 6= . :
(y) U 6= , . . y cl (U ).
U . , U cl (U ).
, U cl (U ) cl(U ) cl (U ) .
y cl(U ), ( st V (y))V U 6= . ,
(y) U 6= , . . y cl (U ). B
4.2.6. x U :
(1) x U ;
(2) x U ;
(3) F , (F ) (x);

4.2.

153

(4) (x ) U ,
x, . . x (x) a .
C (1) (2): x cl(U ),
(x) fil {U }. 4.1.10 (1)
6= ( (x) fil {U }) = ( (x)) (fil {U }) = (x) U.
, x cl (U ).
(2) (3): x cl (U ), U (x) 6= . 4.1.10 (1) F , A F A U (x).
, F .
(3) (4): := (x) 1 2 1 2 .
x - F F , F .
, (x ) . ,
x (x) a .
(4) (1): V x . , x V
, (x) V a . , V U 6= ( x U
). B
4.2.7. .
(X, ), (Y, ) , f : X Y
x X. :
(1) f x;
(2) f , x, ,
f (x), . .
( x0 )(x0 (x) f (x0 ) (f (x))).
C 4.1.8. B
4.2.8. A X (A) , A.
(A) A. , () = . A 6= ,
(A) A.

154

. 4.

4.2.9. (X, ) .

(1) (X, ) (= T1 ) , (x) = {x}

x X;
(2) (X, ) (= T2 )
, (x1 ) (x2 ) =
x1 , x2 X, x1 6= x2 ;
(3) (X, ) , T3 : A
X x
/ A (x) (A) = ;
(4) (X, ) , T4 : A B X (A) (B) = .
4.2.10. :
(1)
, ;
(2) ;
(3) F
, F
;
(4) (A) A ,
S A,
(A) = {(a) : a A}.
C (1): A ,
, , A 4.2.3. , A , a A (a) A
, . . A .
(2): . , (1) .
(3): F ,
(1). (FS
) V F , V (F ) {Ua : a F }, F -
F Ua -

4.2.
155
S
a. {Ua : a F } F , .
(4): (2) (A) .
, S
(3) B := {(a) : a A}. , B = (A). B (A) . , , , B 6= (A), . .
x (A) , x
/ B. , a A
Ua a, ,
x
/ Ua . , ( a A)( st Ua ) Ua (a).
, ,
{a1 , . . . , an } A , A Ua1 . . . Uan .
x (A) Ua1 . . . Uan . . B
4.2.11. (X, ) .
f : (X, ) (Y, ) x
, - U
x f ( (x) U ) (f (x)).
C (x) U = (x) U , (x)
(x) x, . . V (x) V {x}
(x). , (x) = (x) {x} U {x} (x).
4.1.18, , f ((x) U ) (f (x)) f ((x)) (f (x))
f ( (x)) (f (x)). B
4.2.12. (Y , ) . , , (f : X Y ) := sup f1 ( ) X, . .
, f
. x X
\


(x) =
f1 ( (f (x)) .

C 4.1.8 . B
4.2.13. x0 x, x0
x.
C , (X , )
. , , (X , )

156

. 4.

(X , ) , . .
X :=

X ;

:= sup Pr1
( ),

Pr X X . x X
4.2.12 4.1.6 (5)
(x) =

\




( (x )) .
Pr1
Pr1
( (x )) =

0
, x0 Pr1
(( (x ))) Pr x
( (x )), . .

Y


Pr1
( (x )) = (x )
X .

6=

(. 4.1.6 (5))
Pr ((x)) = ( (x )),
. B
4.3.
,
, .
.
4.3.1. x (X, ) , , , x nst (X), . . x0 X x (x0 ).
4.3.2. x X
,
E X x (E ). ,
nst (X) =

{(E ) : E X}.

4.3.

157

C x nst (X) x0 X , x (x0 ).

E E E
, x0 E, . . (x0 ) E 4.2.3. ,
x (x0 ) E (E ). x
/ nst (X).
x0 X x
/ (x0 ). ,
Ux0 x0 , x
/ Ux0 .
E := {Ux0 : x0 X} X,
x
/ (E ). B
4.3.3. , .
C x0 , x00 X, (x0 )
(x ) 6= x0 = x00 . , x (x0 ) (x00 )
x0 , x00 X. x , x0 = x00 .
, x0 6= x00 (x0 ) (x00 ) = . B
00

4.3.4. st(x) := {x0 X : x

(x )}. st nst (X) X.
0

4.3.5. U
cl (U ) = st(U ). , U
, U = st(U ).
C 4.2.5. B
4.3.6. . sX :
(1) X ;
(2) X ;
(3) X .
C (1) (2): E X.
(E ) X T
4.1.15 ( X).
4.3.2 : nst (X) = E (E ) = X.
(2) (3): .
(3) (1): E X. (x nst (X))( st E E ) x E,
( st fin E0 E ) E0 nst (X) X.
E0 X. B

158

. 4.

4.3.7. C X.
:
(1) C ;
(2) C h(C);
(3) (C) h(C).
C (1) (2): C ,
C nst (C) h(C) 4.3.6. S
(2) (3): , h(G) = {(x) : x G} (G).
x C y C,
x (y). 4.2.8
,
S(2) (x) (y).
S
4.2.8 (4) : (C) = {(x) : x C} {(y) : y

C} = h(C).
(3) (1): E C.
C (C) h(C). (. 4.3.2),
C (E ). 4.1.15 E
C. B
4.3.8. . X C X
:
(1) C (. . cl(C) );
(2) C X.
C (1) (2): , 4.3.7

C cl(C) h(cl(C)) h(X) = h(X) X = nst (X).

(2) (1): cl(C), E
cl(C). , c C E E , c. Ec c, E. , E 0 := {Ec : c C}
cl(C). E 0 {X cl(C)}
X , , 4.3.1 , C nst (X)
(E 0 ) {X cl(C)}. 4.1.15
S
E0 E 0 , C. , E0 , . . E0
cl(C). E0 E . ,
cl(C) E . B

4.4.

159

4.3.9. 4.3.8 . , ,

.
Q
4.3.10. X := X . x X , : x nst (X ) .
C x nst (X ), 4.1.12 y X
x (y ). , y X
. , x nst (X )
.
S
y : 7 st(x ) X .
, y y X x (y) 4.1.12. B
4.3.11. . .
C , .
4.3.10 . B
4.3.12. , ,
. , .
4.4.

,
.
, .
4.4.1. (X, U ) . , U := {}, X = . X 6= , U
X 2 , ,

(1) U fil {IX };

160

. 4.
(2) ( U U )(U 1 U );
(3) ( V U )( U U )(U U V ).

4.4.2. . U X 2 () X ,
(U ) X.
C :
(U ) =

U =

\
U U

(U ) =

U=

U 1 = (U )1 ;

U U

(U ) IX ;
{U U : U U } (U ) (U ) (U ) IX (U ).

, U 1 U U
U . , U (U ) U U
.
: 4.1.4 U
, . .
U U U (U ).
, U fil {IX } U U U 1 U .
W U .
U := W 1 W U . , U U (U ) (U ) = (U ).
, V U U U ,
U U V . , U
. B
4.4.3. , X 2 (. . X). ,
x, y R x y R,
R, . , ,
.
4.4.4. x, y X U ,
x y ( U )
x U y x y (x, y) (U ). A X (, ) U (A)

4.4.

161

A X A. A , , ,
h(A) A

A, h(A) = A. ,
U , U . , x , ,
, . . x := {x} .
, x x
.
4.4.5. f , X Y , , X.
4.4.6. :
(1) , ;
(2) ,
() .
C (1): f : X Y ,
f (UX ) UY , UX , UY X Y
f (x, x0 ) := (f (x), f (x0 )) x, x0 X. 4.1.8
f (UX ) UY (f (UX )) (UY ).
(2): E Y X , ,
() , ( V UY )( U UX )( f E )
f 1 V f UX . , E
( st V UY )( st U UX )( f E )( x, x0 U )((f (x), f (x0 )) V ).
, x x0 , f E V UY
(f (x), f (x0 )) V , . . f (x) f (x0 ). ,
.
, , 4.1.17. ,
V UY U UX

162

. 4.

( f E ) f (U ) V . , U UX .
. B
4.4.7. (X, UX ), (Y, UY )
f ; f : X Y .
E
UX E UY UX UY . :
(1) f ;
(2) f : (X, E UX ) (Y, E UY ) ;
(3) ( st V UY )( st U UX )(f (U ) V ).
C (1) (3): V UY .
U UX (x, x0 ) U x x0 f (x) f (x0 ), . . f (U ) V .
4.1.17 U .
(3) (1): x x0 V UY .
U UX f (U ) V .
, (f (x), f (x0 )) V . , f (x) f (x0 ).
(3) (2): . B
4.4.8. .
(1) X d (= ) X. , () X
d : X 2 R ,
d(x, x) = 0
d(x, y) = d(y, x)

(x X);
(x, y X);

d(x, y) d(x, z) + d(z, y) (x, y, z X).

{d } := {(x, y) X2 : d(x, y) } Ud := fil {{d } : R, > 0}. , Ud X (X, d). , :
x d y d(x, y) 0 d(x, y) (R).
. .

(2) (X, M) ,
M (=

4.4.

163

X). (M) () (X, d), d M. ,

x M y ( d M)(d(x, y) 0).
, (M) UM :=
sup{Ud : d M} (X, M). ,
(X, U ) , . . U = UM M.
(3) (X, U ) . P(X) , :
{(A, B) P(X)2 : B U (A), A U (B)},
U U . , v := v (U )
:
v = {(A, B) : A B, B A}.
(4) (X, ) , . . . U ,
U , X 2 . , (U ) = (IX ). , x x0 st(x) = st(x0 ),
(x, x) = (x) (x) x 4.2.13
X 2 4.3.6.
(5) X, Y , UY Y B X. U Y X , B. U :
VB,U := {(f, g) Y X Y X : g IB f 1 U },
B B U UY . ,
(f, g) (U ) ( st B B)( st U UY )( x B)(f (x), g(x) U )
( st B B)( x B)(f (x) g(x)) ( x (B))(f (x) g(x)),

164

. 4.

S
, , (B) := B B. B =
{X}, Us X. :
(f, g) (Us ) ( x X)(f (x) g(x)).
B = Pfin (X), (B) = X , , Uw (,
, )
(f, g) (Uw ) ( st x X)(f (x) g(x)).
4.4.9. A ( U ), A2 (U ), . .
A .
4.4.10. F (X, U )
:
(1) (F ) ;
(2) F ;
(3) U U x X ,
(F ) U (x).
C (1) (2): (F )2 (U ). , (F )2 = (F ),
F := {F 2 : F F },
(x, y) (F ) ( st F F )(x F y F )
(x (F ) y (F )).
, (F ) (U ), . . F U . , F
.
(2) (3): U U F F ,
F F U . x F , ( st y F )(y U (x)).
, F U (x) (F ) U (x).
(3) (1): ( x X) (F ) x. , (F ) . B
4.4.11. ,
.
C : F , (F ) (x),
F x. (F ) .
: (F ) x 6= . y (F ) z (F ) x
y z x, . . y x. , (F ) (x).
4.1.7. B

4.5. ,

165

4.5. ,

, .
.
4.5.1. x X
:
(1) x X;
(2) x
X;
(3) x
;
(4) x
;
(5) (x ) X, x,
. . , a
x x.
C (1) (2): x = (F )
F , (F ) (
x ).
(2) (3): x = (F ), F 0 F 0 F .
4.1.17 (F 0 ) (F ) = x. y (F 0 ),
(F 0 ) y x, . . (F 0 ) = (x) = (F ).
F 0 = F 4.1.4.
(3) (4): .
(4) (1): , x (F ) F
. F 0 := fil{U (F ) : U UX , F F }.
U := UX
 \

\

(F ) = (U ) ((F )) = (U )
F =
(U )(F ) =
=

F F

U U

U (F ) =

F F

F F

{F 0 : F 0 F 0 } = (F 0 ).

166

. 4.

, (F ) x. , (F ) = x = (F 0 ).
(4) (5): F (F ) x, ,
F F
, .
, (x ) x, x. B
4.5.2. x, ( , )
4.5.1 (1)(4),
X. X pst (X).
4.5.3. ( ) .
C x nst (X) (X,U ).
, x y y X. x y = (U (y)).
4.5.1 x pst (X). B
4.5.4. .
C F (F ) x. , f (F )
X f . , (f (F ))

f (x), . . f (x) 4.5.2. B

4.5.5.
, .
Q
C : X := X UX := sup Pr1
(U ) (X , U ) . x pst (X ). 4.5.1 F
(X , UX ) , x = (F ).
Pr 4.4.6 Pr ( x) x , . .

x Pr ((F )) = (Pr (F )). , x

X .
: , x = (F ) F ,
F := sup Pr1
(F ).

4.5. ,

167

, F
(F ) =

(Pr1
(F )) =

Pr1
((F )) =

Pr1
( x ) = {y X : ( ) y x } = x.

. B
4.5.6. . ,
.
C : X , . . ,
X . x pst (X). 4.5.2
F (F ) = x.
y X , (y) (F ). ,

y = (y) (F ) x. , y = x, . . x nst (X).

: nst (X) = pst (X) F X.
x (F ). x (F ) ( (F ) ). 4.5.2 x pst (X). , x nst (X).
4.4.11. B
4.5.7. .
C . ,
4.5.5. , (. 4.3.10),
4.5.5. , ,

. B
4.5.8. , , .
C (Y, U ) , X .

168

. 4.

f Y X . 4.5.2 4.4.8 ,
(f ) Y X ,
( a )( x X)(f (x) f (x)).
4.5.7 f ,
. . g Y X ,
( a )( st x X)(f (x) g(x)).
, x X
(f (x)) g(x). ( x X)
f (x) g(x). ( U U )( x X)(f (x), g(x)) U . , f g
. 4.5.6 . B
4.5.9. E (X, U ). :
(1) E , . .
U U E0 E ,
E U (E0 ) ( U U U -);
(2) E ;
(3) E , . .
E0 X , E
E0 ;
(4) E .
C (1) (2): ,
:
( st U U )( E0 )(E0 E E0 Pfin (X) E U (F0 ))
(st fin U0 U )( E0 )( U U0 )(E0 E E0 Pfin (X) E
U (E0 )) (E0 )( st U U )(E0 E E0 Pfin (X) E U (E0 ))
( E0 E)(E0 Pfin (X) E E0 ).

4.5. ,

169

(1) (3): , E , U U {E1 , . . . , En } E , Ek Ek U

(. . Ek U ) k := 1, . . . , n. .
(3) (4): .
(4) (1): U . V U , V V U . ,
E 0 X V (E 0 ) E0 , E0 , E0 E.
, U (E 0 ) V V (E 0 ) V (E0 ) E. B
4.5.10. , . .
.
C , , 4.5.9, X, E U0 UX
X, U - E E U U0 . . B
4.5.11. .
X :
(1) X ;
(2) X ;
(3) pst (X) ;
(4) X .
C (1) (2): x X. U U x0 X, x U (x0 )
U - X. F := fil {U (x0 ) :
U U }. , F 4.4.10.
x (F ), . . x pst (X).
(2) (3): .
(3) (1): , U
U E X , pst (X)
U (E). , x pst (X), : x
/ U (y)

170

. 4.

y X. 4.5.2 x = (F )
F . F F , F F U .
y F x (F ) U (y), . , ( st U U )( st fin E X)(U (E) pst (X)).
, pst (X) X.
(1) (4): 4.5.9. B
4.5.12. . ,
.
C : X ( ), , ,
4.5.3. 4.5.11 X . 4.5.6 X
.
: X , 4.5.11 X = pst (X). X , 4.6.6 pst (X) = nst (X). X = nst (X),
. . X 4.3.6. B
4.5.13. X , Y
f : X Y () .
:
(1) f , . . im f
Y ;
(2) E X , f (E)
E E , . . f E ;
(3) n N {X1 , . . . , Xn }
, X1 . . . Xn = X f (x) (x0 )
x, x0 = Xk k := 1, . . . , n.
C (1) (2): 4.5.9
E im f , E E E (UY ). E 0 :=
{f 1 (E) : E E }. , E 0 X.
(2) (3): .
(3) (1): yk f (Xk ) E := {yk : k =
1, . . . , n}. , E . E f (X). , 4.5.9 im f . B

4.5. ,

171

4.5.14. CB(X, Y ) X Y .
C 4.5.8 CB(X, Y ).
, f : X Y ,
g ( x X)f (x) g(x). , im f im g. im g, 4.2.5
4.5.9, : f cl(CB(X, Y )) f CB(X, Y ). B
4.5.15. E X ,
E0 X, . . E E0 . ,
X
X, X.
4.5.16. CB(X, Y ).
Y . f : X Y CB(X, Y ) ( )
, f X f Y .
C : 4.5.14 4.5.6 , f . , g CB(X, Y )
x X f (x) g(x). , im f im g. , im g pst (Y ) 4.5.13. E -
, , ,
V UY E 0 X , g(E)2 V E E 0 . , ( E E ) g(E)2 V , . . g E .
, E E x, x0 E g(x) f (x) f (x0 ) g(x0 ), . .
f E .
E f .
: im f nst (Y ), ( x X)( st y Y )( st W
(y))(f (x) W ). ,
( st W ( ))( x X)( st y Y )(f (x) W (y)).
:
( st W ( ))( st {y1 , . . . , yn })(x X)( k)(f (x) W (yk )).

172

. 4.

V UY . E X E E f (E)2 V . 4.1.17 (, ),
, EV ,
f (E)2 V E EV .
EV Y0 Y , im f V (Y0 ).
EV Y0 ,
fV , ( x X)((fV (x), f (x)) V ). ,
U UY , : U = U 1 U U
00
V , (fV 0 (x), fV 00 (x)) V 0 V 1 U U V
V 0 , V 00 U . , (fV )V UY ( : {fV :
V UY }) . g CB(X, Y ). - : ( st V UY )( x X)
((g(x), f (x)) V ). g f .
, f , , CB(X, Y ), 4.5.14. B
4.5.17. . X
E :
(1) E ;
(2) E (. . E );
(3) E ;
(4) E pst (X);
(5) E nst (X);
(6) E ;
(7) cl(U ) .
C X 4.5.6 pst (X) = nst (X). , (5)
(1) (4) 4.3.8. , (7) (6) (3)
(1) (2). (2), cl(E)
. 4.5.11, (2) (7). B
4.5.18. C(X, Y ). X
, Y C(X, Y )
, X Y , . f

4.5. ,

173

C(X, Y ) :
(1) f ;
(2) f ;
(3) f
.
C (1) (2): , f Y X , , 4.5.4. 4.5.8 4.5.6
f Y X , . . g Y X ,
f (x) g(x) x X. (f ) C(X, Y ), f .
x0 x , f (x0 ) f (x)
( f X). (. 3.3.17(3))
a f (x0 ) f (x). g(x0 ) f (x0 ) f (x0 ) f (x) f (x) g(x).
, g , ,
g CB(X, Y ) 4.4.6.
(2) (3): g : g(x) f (x) x X. f (X) g(X) g(X) nst (Y ). , 4.5.6
g , , x0 x f (x) g(x)
g(x0 ) f (x0 ).
(3) (1): 4.5.3 , (3) (2).
f , f (X) nst (X).

g , g(x) f (x) x X. , g .
V UY W UY W W W V .
4.5.7, U UX (. 4.4.8 (4)), f (U ) W .
x, x0 X (x, x0 ) U (f (x), f (x0 )) W , (f (x0 ), g(x0 )) W ,
(g(x), f (x)) W . , (g(x), g(x0 )) W W W V .

( st V UY )( st U UX )( st x, x0 U )((g(x), g(x0 )) V ).
, g C(X, Y ). x X f (x) = f (x0 ) g(x0 ) g(x), x0
, x. , f g . B

174

. 4.

4.5.19. . X , Y
E C(X, Y ). E
, E () (. .
C Y f (X) C f E).
C 4.5.18, 4.5.17 4.4.6 (2). B
4.6.
, 3.9,
.
4.6.1. (. 3.9.2).
- X.
- a X -
- :
\
(a) := {u X : u , a u, u st }.
x (a), , x -

a x a. X
- , x

y
T , - x y,
(x, y) { : st }.
, a
, (a) {a} 6= .
4.6.2. , -. X -
a X - ,
:
(1) (a) (a);

(2) x, y X x y x y;
(3) X a , (a) (a);
(4) X a , x, y X

x y x y.
C 3.9.4 (2).
, X st , , (a) .

4.6.

175

X a = (
), st(X) X st
. B
4.6.3. . X, A X a X. :
(1) A , (x)
A - x A;
(2) A ,
- x X, -
A, A, . .
(st x X)( A)( (x) x A).
C ,
. (1).
X (a) a. - X 3.9.7 (1) - ,
(a) - a X.
A -
x A.
T
- (x) = {u : u st , u (x)},
, (x) A, A (x).
, (x) A
- x A, A . X, A
,
(st x A)(st U (x))(st y)(y U y
/ A).
R (x) X,
(u, z) R z U z
/ A.

, T R
T
I (x) I st -
I (x). , (y)(st U (x))(y
U y
/ A).
y (x) A. B

176

. 4.

4.6.4. . X Y ,
f : X Y , a X b Y -. - ,
(1) limxa f (x) = b ,

X a f () b;
(2) X Y f

, , X

f () f ().
C (1). - - f , a b
lim f (x) = b (st W Y (b))(st u X (a))(f (u) W ),

xa

Y X Y X . limxa f (x)
= b. , f ( (a)) (b). 4.6.2 (1)
(a) (a), , f ( (a)) (b)
, ,
(st W Y (b))(f ( (a)) W ).
, u st , u X (a) f (u) W . (a) u,
, f ( (a)) W , .
, f ( (a)) (b).
- W Y (b) , 3.9.4 (2)
W st f ( (a)) W .
(st U X (a))(f (U ) W ).
, R1 X (a) Y ,
R1 := {(U, y) : y U f (y)
/ W }, . ,

(y)(st U X (a))(y U f (y)

/ W ).
f ( (a)) W . , (u
X (a)) (f (U ) W ). -,
(st U X (a)) (f (U ) W ), . (2)
. B

4.6.

177

4.6.5. 4.6.3 4.6.4

, x st x x. , ,
:= (X, A) ( := (X, Y, f, a, b)), X A
4.6.3 ( X, Y, f, a, b 4.6.4)
. , , .
(1) X A X. := (X, A), A X
, (x) A
x A, .
(2)

X Y , f : X Y , a X b Y . :=
(X, Y, f, a, b) :
lim f (x) = b (x (a)) f (x) (b).

xa

4.6.6. X := R. . x R ( ) . , x

- x 0, (st y
R+ ) |x| < y. : x

- , x x ,
1/x - ; x - , x - ;

x  .
, :

x 0 (st y R+ ) (|x| y),

x (st y R+ ) (|x| > y),

x  (st y R+ ) (|x| y).

4.6.7. x R+ - , |x| < ( )
R+ , dom().

178

. 4.

C . .
y R+ y st . , |x| < y. y st , dom(),
im() Pfin (R+ ) ( , Pfin (A) A), y ( ). ( 3.9.3) : dom() R+ , () :=
min (). , |x| < ( ),
, y ( ). B
4.6.8. x R+ n x n st x.
C m := [x] x. m st x n m.
m = {0, 1, . . . , m}. 3.9.7 (1), m st m. , m , . .
fin(m). 3.9.7 (2) , n st m, n m. B

4.6.9. st . x 0 ( x ), x 0 (

x ). x -, x
-.
C , 4.6.6. B
4.6.10. . :
(1) . B R - ,
- t R , B
[t, t].
(2) . B -
, [0, ] - .
(3) . B - , [a, a] - a R+ .
(4) .
B - ,
B [, ],
- .

4.6.

179

C (1) (4).

(1): , || < B (. 4.6.6).

B . B 0 :=
{|b| : b B} , :=

sup(B 0 ). , 1
1 < || B.
. , - , (. 4.6.6),
- t R , t > . ,
B [t, t].
(4): - y R. B 0 y, , B 0 . := sup(B 0 ). B [, ]
- y R y. (2) (3). B
4.6.11. ( )

x R , x

( x 0). ,
.
C RR
+ R R,
(f, , ) f () < |x| 6= .
x , , , . .
(st fin M RR
+ R)()((f, ) M )((f, , ) ).
,
st
()(st f RR
+ )( R)(f () < |x| 6= ).

, , . , 0 = 0
4.6.9. B
, , 3.9.

180

. 4.

4.6.12. . f : R2 R a R
x limy0 f (x, y).

lim lim f (x, y) = a ( 0) ( 0) (f (, ) a 0).

x0 y0

C a := limx0 limy0 f (x, y).

g(x) := lim f (x, y).
y0

g() a 0. , g
3.9.3, , g() st . 4.6.2
3.9.4 (2) g() = limy0 f (, y)

( 0) f (, ) g().

4.6.2 f (, ) () f (, ) g().
g() a, f (, ) a.
.


( > 0)()(x) |x| < ()(y)(|y| < |f (x, y) a| < ) .

n

M :=

o

:= > 0 : (x) |x| < ()(y)(|y| < |f (x, y) a| < )

, M .
x
, 0 |x| < , x 0. 0, (y)(|y| <
x
y 0). |f (x, y) a| < . ,
M . B
, , x b
y c b c. ,
.

4.6.

181

4.6.13. f : R R

R
f (x) dx
,
[

Z
f (x) dx =

a
[ ]

f (k)

a 0.
C 4.6.12. B
4.6.14. .
(1) .
f g ,
a. , limxa f (x) =
limxa g(x) = , g 0 (x) 6= 0 a
f 0 (x)
= d.
xa g 0 (x)
lim

, limxa f (x)/g(x) = d. y, z a. a < z < y.

[z, y],
0
f (y) f (z)
f ()
=
d,
g(y) g(z)
g 0 ()

a.

 
1

f (y) f (z)
f (z)
f (y)
g(y)
=

.
g(y) g(z)
g(z)
f (z)
g(z)

, z a, f (y)/ f (z) 0

g(y)/ g(z) 0 4.6.4 (1) (, ), , f (z)/ g(z) d.

y
, f (z)/ g(z) d z a.
4.6.4 (1) , limxa f (x)/g(x) = d.

182

. 4.
(2) 4.6.4 (2).
N

x0 x00 , x0 x00 . 4.6.4 (2)

fN (x0 ) fN (x00 ) f (x0 ) f (x00 ).

N

x0 , x00 x0 x00 f (x0 ) f (x00 ).

4.6.4 (2) f .
(3) 4.6.11
(. [5, 1.3.2]).
(am,n )mN,nN ,
lim lim am,n = a;

n m

lim lim am,n = b.

m n

(m )(n1 , n2 )

(n < n1 )(n am,n a) (n > n2 )(am,n b) .
n1
n1
m
, m ( 4.6.11) n2 .
4.6.15. . N x [0, 1] , y N -
x, y N -.
C , . ,
4.6.6, , IST
(N N)(x [0, 1])(st (Pfin (R)+ )N )(z R+ )
(st RN
+ )(z (N ) |x z| < (N )).
.
, N, x, , z, ,
, .

(N )(x)(st ) (st )(z)( )(z (N ) |x z| < (N )),

4.6.

183

Pfin (RN
+ ). , ,

st )(z)( ())(z
(N ) |x z| < (N )),
(N ) (x)(st )(
: Pfin (R+ )N Pfin (RN

+ ). , , , ,
:

()()(N
) (x)( )( ())(z)
(z (N ) |x z| < (N )),
Pfin (Pfin (R+ )N ). , ZFC.
M,n

()
:= {},

(n) := an := 1/2n|(n)| Pfin (R+ )N );

[
(z an , z + an ),
M,n :=
z(n)

|(n)| (n).
, (M,n ) 1/n, .
Pfin (Pfin (R+ )N ),
M ,n :=

M,n .

, (M ,n ) ||/n.
ZFC, ,
,
( P fin (P fin (R+ )N )(n N) ([0, 1] M ,n ).
, n > ||
(M ,n ) < 1. B

184

. 4.

4.6.16. .
(1) [44], . [325].
(2) 4.6.14 , 4.3.6 -
, 4.4.6 (1) (. 4.6.4).
(3) sst,
3.9.16 (4). st sst 4.6.6, - ( - , -)
sst . 4.6.7
, - ( - , ) st sst .
(4) 4.6.7
, - st sst . , 4.6.3, 4.6.4, 4.6.10, 4.6.12 4.6.9, 4.6.11
, st sst .
(5) (4), 4.6.8 sst . , 3.9.4 (3),

st sst . . [44, 325].
4.7.
, ,
(. 4.3, 4.5).
, [319, 479].
4.7.1. F ( X)
(. [448]), , ,
F , X.
, .
4.7.2. F X
, : (F ) nst (X).

4.7.

185

C : x (F ). (x) := {U
X : x U } X. , (x) F ,
, x0 , x x0 .
, x .
: G F , (G ) (F ). x (G ).
x nst (X), . . x0 X x x0 .
, x0 F . B
4.7.3. F X
, X
F .
C : . , F , (F ) nst (X). , nst (X)
E , : (F F )(x
F )(E E )(x E). F
F . , .
: E X (E )
E , . . E .

S F F
E0 E , E0 F (F ). , (F ) (E ).
, nst (X) X. B
4.7.4. 4.7.3
.
(X, U ).
4.7.5. F X ,
U U U -
F F .
4.7.6. F X ,
, , F , X.
4.7.7.
, .
C : F x pst (X) (F ) F . x , x

186

. 4.

G . (F )
(G ) 6= . , G F ,
, x0 X, x0 (G ) (F ).
x0 x x nst (X).
: G F G . x (G ),
x (F ) nst (X). , G . B
4.7.8.
, .
C : U U F F E , U (E) F . ,
(F ) U (E). x (F ) U U
x U (x0 ) x0 . G := {U (x0 ) :
U U , x U (x0 )}. , G x (G )
. , (F ) pst (X).
: , F , (F )
pst (X), F . U U ,
F F E
x F , U (E).
x (F ) , x
/ U (y)
y X. x (G ), G .
G G , G G U . y G
x (G ) U (y) . B
4.7.9. . ,
.
C : . F
, (F ) nst (X) 4.7.2. , nst (X)
pst (X), : F .
: F , 4.7.8 (F ) pst (X).
F , (F ) pst (X) nst (X). : (F ) =
(F ) pst (X) nst (X). 4.7.2. B
4.7.10. , . (. [319, 448, 479]).

4.7.

187

4.7.11. , X Y , x dom( ),
x Y . , dom( ), .
4.7.12. X Y
, (nst (X)) nst (Y ).
C 4.7.2, nst (X) X. B
4.7.13. , .
C ,
. , . . 4.7.12
4.7.2, ,
. . B
4.7.14. 4.7.13
(. [448]).
4.7.15. , , .
C U
X, U nst (X). , (U ) nst (Y ).
4.3.8 (U ) . B
4.7.16. . .
C . , A x
cl( 1 (A)). x0 x, a0 A (x0 , a0 ) . a0 (nst (X)), a
, a a0 . A : a A.
(x, a) . , x 1 (A). B
4.7.17. 4.7.16 [479]
[319]. 5.1 [319].

188

. 4.

4.7.18. f : X Y , . f ,
x X y Y ,
x x (x )H ,
f (x ) y.
C . .

(x x)(y y) (x , y ) f.
(. 5.3.11),
(x0 x)(y 0 y)(x0 , y 0 ) f.
, y 0 y y 0 = f (x).
Y , y = f (x). , x0 x
f (x0 ) f (x), . . f . B
4.8.

( )
.
4.8.1. (A ) V(B) (b )

X
X
b A =
b A.

C A :=
b A . ,
[[a A ]] [[a A]] [[A = A ]] = [[A = A ]] b ,
a A. V(B) [[a A ]] = [[(a
A )(a = a )]]. , P
(a A)[[a
A ]] = [[a = a ]] b . , a = b a .
, b a = b a a A
. , , [[A = A ]] b ( ) , [[a
W A]] [[a = a ]] [[a A ]] [[A =
A]] b , . . [[a A]] b = 1 a A. B

4.8.

189

4.8.2. A , A P(V(B) )
,

X
X
b A =
b A .

C , A = A ,
4.8.1
X

X
X
b A =
b A =
b A .

, , V(B) A
A = A,

X

X
X
b A =
b A =
b A ,

. B
4.8.3. (b ) (X ) , (Y ) , [[X Y ]] = 1 ( ).

X

X
b X
b Y = 1.

P
C X :=
b X Y :=
b Y . ,
[[Y X]] [[X = X ]] [[X Y ]] [[X = X ]] [[X Y ]] [[Y = Y ]]
b 1 b = b . B
4.8.4. X V(B) .
[[Pfin (X) = Pfin (X) ]] = 1,
, , Pfin (A) A
Pfin (X) := {Y : Y Pfin (X)}.
C Pfin (X) Pfin (X) V(B) ( ).
:
a := [[(t)t Pfin (X) t Pfin (X) ]] = 1.

190

. 4.

^

[[t Pfin (X) ]] : [[t Pfin (X)]] = 1 = a.
[t Pfin (X)]] = 1,
_
[[f : n X]][[t = im f ]].
1 = [[(n N )(f : n X)(t = im f )]] =
nN

,
(bn ) B (fn )
V(B) , bn [[fn : n X]] [[t = im f ]].
, [[fn : n X]] = 1. gn :=
f : n X. im g Pfin (X) bn [[t = (im g) ]].
:
_
1=
[[t = (im g) ]]
_

nN

{[[t = u]] : u Pfin (X) } = [[t Pfin (X) ]],

. B
4.8.5. G X, X
P(V(B) ), . . X V(B) .
G 0 := {F P(X) : (G G ) [[ F G ]] = 1};
G 00 := {G : G G }.
G 0 G 00 G X V(B) .
C , G 0 X V(B) .
[[(F1 , F2 G 0)(F G 0)(F F1 F2 )]] =
^
[[(F G 0)(F F1 F2 )]].
=
F1 ,F2 G 0

F1 , F2 G 0 , G1 , G2 G , [[F1
G1]] = 1 [[F2 G2]] = 1. G G ,
G G1 G2 . (G1 G2 ) G 0
[[F1 F2 (G1 G2 )]] [[F1 G1]] [[F2 G2]] = 1.

4.8.

191

, , G 00 X V(B) .
, G 0 G 00 . G 0 G 00 , , [[G 0
G 00]] = 1. , [[fil{G 0} fil{G 00}]] = 1, ,
, fil{B} B. ,
[[(F1 G 0)(F2 G 00)(F1 F2 )]] =
^
[[(F2 G 00)(F1 F2 )]] = 1,
=
F1 G 0

G1 G , [[F1 G1 ]] = 1, G1 G 0. ,
[[fil{G 0} fil{G 00}]] = 1 V(B) . B
4.8.6. G V(B) , 4.8.5,
G .
4.8.7. G X X V(B) .
, , mix(G ) G . G , mix(G ) X mix(G ) G . ,
G = mix(G ) .
C U, V mix(G ). , ,
H, (b ) , (c )H (U ) , (V )H
G , b U = b U ( ) c V = c V ( H).
W(,) U V G .
d(,) := b c . ,
P (d(,) )(,)H .
W :=
(,)H d(,) W(,) , . . W(,) . , d(,) U =
b c U = c b U d(,) W(,) d(,) V d(,) W(,) .
W U V W mix(G ).
G ,
4.8.2 4.8.3 , mix(G )0 = mix(G 0 ), . B
4.8.8. F X V(B) F := fil{F :
F F }. F X F .
G X , F X
, fil{G } = F . G X , fil{G } . (,

.)

192

. 4.

4.8.9. F ,
F F = fil{mix(F )}
C 4.8.2, 4.8.3 4.8.7. B
4.8.10. F G X
F G [[F G ]] = 1.
C F G , F 0 G 0 [[F G ]] = 1.
F G , . . F G . 4.8.8. B

4.8.11.
.
4.8.12. .
C A F , A F mix(F ). A = F . ,
A . A = mix(A )
, , A . B
4.8.13. X X.
C 4.8.8. B
4.8.14. :
(1) f : X Y V(B) [[F X]] = 1,
f (F ) = f(F );
(2) f : X Y
F X
f (F ) = f (F );
(3) ;
(4) .

4.9.

193

C (1): f f ,
G f (F ) (U f (F ))(G U) (F F)(G f (F ))
(F F)(G f(F) (F F )(G f(F ) G f(F ).
(2): f, :
[[G f(F )]] = [[(U f(F ))(G U )]] =
_
[[G f(F)]] =
= [[(F F )(G f(F ))]] =
=

_
F F

[[G f (F )]] =

F F

[[G U ]] = [[(U f (F )0)(G U )]] =

U f (F )0

= [[(U f (F ) )(G U )]] = [[G f (F ) ]].

(3): (2) (1),
f (F ) = f(F ) = f(F ) = f (F ).
.
(4): f : X Y F
, F X V(B) . , f(F ) Y V(B) .
f (F ) . , f (F ) =
f (F ) = f (F ) (3). B
4.9.

.
4.9.1. (F ) F ,
mix((F )).
4.9.2. .

, .

194

. 4.

C F . , .
(b ) (x ) (F ). F T G , , (F ) = {G : G G }, , , G
G . x (x ) (b ) , x G G (
x G ). (F ) mix((F )) (F ).
, (F )
, , F F (. . ,
F (F )), , F0 := mix(F ) mix((F )) (F ).
, F0 F .
, (st F F )(F0 F )(F0 = mix(F0 ) F F0 ).
, F . B
4.9.3. . F X
F := fil{F : F F }.
mix((F )) = (F) F
, , F .
C , F F , , 4.9.2 (F) (F )
(F) mix((F )). x (F).

(st F F )((b ) )((x ) )( )(x F b x = b x ).
,
(st fin F0 F )((b ) )((x ) )(F0 F0 )
( )(x F b x = b x).
,
((b ) )((x ) )(st F F )( )(x F b x = b x).
, P
(x )
(F ) , x = b x , . . x mix((F )).
: (F) = mix((F )).
G , G F .
mix((G )) = (G ) mix((F )) = (F). , G F. B

4.9.

195

4.9.4. x X. (x) X
(x) := {U X : x U },
. , (x)
X, x. x X (
x e(X)), (x) X.
4.9.5. x F .
F = (x) = (x) = fil{ {U : x U U X}}.
C (. [414]) (F )
(x), (x) F . , (x) F = F .
4.8.12 F = (x) . 4.8.5 (x) = (x) . , - 4.8.13 x
. , (x) = F = F = (x). B
4.9.6. .
C x X f : X Y . F ,
x (F ). , f (x) f ((F )) = (f (F )). ,

y (f (F )) (st F F )(y f (F ))
(st fin F0 F )(x)(F F0 )(x F y = f (x))
(x)(st F F )x F y = f (x) (x (F ))(y = f (x))
y f ((F )).
4.8.14. B
4.9.7. E X
V(B) . X E V(B) ,
E E V(B) . x

X E , e E x(e) X.

196

. 4.

C x X E , [[x : E X]] = 1, . . x : E X
e E [[x(e) = x(e )]] = 1 x.

, x X E x(e ) X e E. ,

x1 , x2 X E
^
[[x1 = x2 ]] = [[(e E )(x1 (e) = x2 (e))]] =
[[x1 (e ) = x2 (e )]]

eE

[[x1 (e ) = x2 (e )]],
. . . 4.9.6 , x(e ) X. , x(e) = x(e ) . B
4.9.8. F X e (F ) := (F )
e(X) . e (F ) =
e
(F ).
C x e (F ). , x G . (G ) (F ) 6= , , G F .
4.8.10 G F x (G ) (F ). , x e (F ), G X V(B)
, x (G ) G F . F = F F G
4.9.7, (F ) (G ). , x e (F ). B
4.9.9. A
X. (X A) A Ac . x X , x
X.
X p(X).
4.9.10. X , X
V(B) .
C Y X , Y e = . , [[X Y = ]] = 1, . .
X = Y . B
4.9.11. X V(B) , X . p(X) X V(B) .

4.10. 197
C X
. , (Y Z) Y Z, (Y Z)
Y Z [[X (Y Z) X (Y Z)]] = 1. , (Y Z)c
(X Y ) (X Z) = Y c Z c . , 4.9.2
p(X) . p F
p(X), . . X.
cf F (X) X
V(B) (= X). 4.9.4
[[Y cf F (X)]] = [[(Z Pfin (X))(Y X Z)]] =
_
_
[[Y X A]] =
[[Y Ac]] =
=
APfin (X)

APfin (X)

[[Y Z]] = [[Y p F ]].

Zp F

cf F (X)

= pF . B

4.10.

.
. [464] . [414].
( V(B) ) (X, U ). , . ., ,
B, X, U . . . , x y
(x, y) (U ).
4.10.1. (X, U ) , (X, U )
V(B) .
. .
.

198

. 4.

4.10.2. .
X :
(1) X ;
(2) X ;
(3) X .
C (1) (2): x X. x (x) . , V(B) ,
y X , (x) y.
( )
, y X ,
(x) U (y). , ((x) ) U (y) ,
, x y. , x .
(2) (3): .
(3) (1): , X
V(B) . , ,
, F . , F V(B) .
4.9.6, , (F ) p(X). x (F ),
4.9.8 F = (x) , , x .
, . . y X, U (y) (F ) 6= . y
F V(B) . B
4.10.3. 4.10.2
: . . ,
4.10.2 4.9.7 , ,
V(B) .
4.10.4. .

, .

4.11.

199

C : x X. (x) V(B) , , (x) X

X V(B) .
. , x ,
. . x .
: F X V(B) . , F V(B) . x
F . x , , . , x, . . U (x),
. F . B
4.11.

4.4.11 , , ,
.

. . , , .
4.11.1. X (=
B-). d
() . , d () :=
, , U X d (U )
U , . .
x d (U ) ((st V X) U V x U ).
c :
x c (U )
st

( V )(V = V V X U V x V ).
, U
c (U )
U .

200

. 4.

4.11.2. :
c (U ) = mix(d (U ))
U .
C U 6= V , V
mix(d (U )). 4.9.3 W {U1 X : U1 U } V W , , V c (U ).
, c (U ) mix(d (U )),
. , V c (U ) V ,
V U , ,
V U . V (( {W : W U })) 4.9.3. B
4.11.3.
X. X
.
X e X. , X
X X.
4.11.4. .
,
, -, , -, .
C F . :
(F )
(F ) = mix((F )) (st V )(V = V (F ) V (F ) V 0 ).
V (F ) V = , (F ) V 6= .
V 0 := X V F . G
(F ) V . , F V
, G = F 4.9.2. , V F ,
.
. G , , F . , G G G0
/F
(, G0 (F ) (G )). , G F . ,
G = F. B

4.11.

201

4.11.5. .
F X.
:
(1) F ;
(2)
E X
S
( E )0 F , E F
E E;
(3)
F , ;
(4) U , U F ,
U 0 F ;
(5) V V F ,
V 0 F .
C (1) (2) 4.11.4. ,
F E

T
S
T S X. :
(F ) S E = , (F )
E 6= . ( E )0 , , F . E E ,
E (F ) 6= . E (F ) 6= .
E, 4.11.4 E (F ) ,
, E F .
(2) (3) (4) (5) . ,
(5) (1), 4.11.4 . B
4.11.6. . F X. F ,
U X U F F
F , F U 0 .
4.11.7. . F X.
F ,
F = (F ), F F ,

U F (F F )U F 6= .
C , F . , F F
, , F = F (F ). V (F ),

202

. 4.

U F , V U. U F
(4). , V F .
, F = (F ).

, F . U
. U F = F F ,
U 0 F . U F 6= F F , U
(F ) U F . (5) , F
. B
4.11.8. (F ) 4.11.7 F () .

. ,
E X E
U E U X (E E )(U E).
4.11.9. F F V(B)

(F ) = (F ).
C ,
V(B)
^
[[ U F 6= ]],
[[ U F ]] =
F F

U X. B
4.11.10. , .
C , F
, F V(B) . , F
V(B) . 4.11.9. B
4.11.11. .
,
.

4.11.

203

C
x eX
(U = U)x
/ U (V = V ) x V U V = .
x U , x
/ U . 4.11.3 U 0
(x), x ( (x) ). ,
V x V V U 6= .
, (x) 4.11.4.
, U = U . , U , U 0 (x).
x U U (x). x U 0 ,
V (x) V U = , . .
V U 0 U 0 (x). B
4.11.12. . F , (F ) e X , , F .
C V x (F )
e
X. x V , V (F ) 6= , , V F ,
V F. x
/ V , 4.11.11
U x U U V = . , U F.
, V 0 F. 4.11.5, , F . ,
(F ) e X . (F) = mix((F )),
4.9.3 . B
4.11.13. .
,
.
C
(F ) (F ) = mix(d (e (F ))).
F [[ F
X ]] = 1. , A X

204

. 4.

[[ F F ]] =

[[ F A ]].

A A

, F X
\
F F F
A .
A A

F
 [


F (F ) F d
(A ) ,
A A

A A, . .
A. 4.11.2
  [


(F ) = mix
(A ) .
A A

, 4.9.5 A
, F . B
4.11.14. .
, .
4.11.15. F X, b B. , , bF F b.

b(bF ) = bF .
C ,
^
^
[[ (bF ) = F ]]
[[ (bF ) F ]]
[[ (bF ) = F ]]
^ ^

F F xX

F F

[[ bx F ]]

^ ^

F F

[[ bx = x ]] b.

F F xX

. B

4.11.

205

4.11.16. F , G V(B) b B.

bF = bG bF = bG .
C [[ F G ]] b,
F F G G ,
[[ F G ]] = [[ F G ]] b.
, bF bG , , F G
bF bG. , bF bG .
, bF bG . 4.11.15
bF bG (bF ) (bG )
b(bF ) b(bG ) b(bF ) b(bG ) bF bG .
: [[ F G ]] b bF bG .
. B
4.11.17.
. (F ) (b ) .
F (F ) (b )
,
(st ) b (F ) = b (F ).
CP
F b F ,
P (F ) , F
F ( ) F b F . 4.8.1
4.8.2 (F ) , , , -, F , , -,
F (F ) .
V(B) 4.11.16 4.1.6 (5), :
X
F =
b F

st

( ) b F =

b F

(st ) b F = b F

(st ) b F = b F (st )(b F ) = (b F )

(st ) b (F ) = b (F ).
. B

206

. 4.

4.11.18. .
(1) ,
. , , . [414].
(2) . . [45, 46].
(3) . . [136, 139]
(. [128]).

. , .
. ,
.
, ,
, . , , ,
.

,
.
.

208

. 5.

, ,
, ,
, .
5.1.
, , . .
5.1.1. U , . . [0, 1] U U . U V
, ( )
V U.
C U V , > 0,
V U . U
V , ( st > 0) V U . > 0
0, V = /(V ) /U U . . B
5.1.2. x X. {x :
> 0, 0} - x x,
, , x.
. [37, p. 173], . is motion through a
space and a time less than any given, that is, less than any determined
whether by exposition or assigned by number, that is, through a point."
- X cnt(X).
5.1.3. U X , U
cnt(X) X.
5.1.4. .
X F N X.

5.1.

209

X , N = (0) , (N ) N
cnt(X) , , F- X.
(, , F := {t F : ( st n N)|t| n} F,
. , F C R.)
C : , (N ) + (N ) =
(N ), . . (N ) X. F G
- N , .

n N , || n,
T G G x (N )
/n x G. /nx {G : G G } = (G ) = (N ).
, x n(N ) = (N ). (N ) = (N )
F. , , , N
, 5.1.3, :
(N ) cnt(X).
: U N . 4.1.4 ,
U (N ). W N , V ( V (N )).
, V + V (N ) + (N ) (N ) U . ,
( st U N )( V N )(V V + V U ).
, N + N = N , , N . 5.1.3
, N
. N X. B
5.1.5. x (X) := ( (0)) N N N , N x (X).
C V n N, 5.1.4 A(n, V ) := {m N : m n mx V }
( (X) V ). N , ( st n N)( st U (0))(N A(n, V )). , N
. B
5.1.6. . X , , -,

210

. 5.

X , -,
. (X, ),
X,
.
.
5.1.7. . X F.
X , (0) N , (N )

F.
5.1.8. 5.1.7 , . U , , , . .
{1 , . . . , N } , , {u1 , . . . , uN } U
PN
k=1 k uk U . N () N. , , (
). , , .
5.1.9. .
,
.
C :
, .
.
: ( (0)
). ,
(0) . B

5.1.

211

5.1.10. , , , . ,
, .
.
5.1.11. (X, ) x
X. :
(1)

F x 0;
T
S
(2) x
nV ;
V (0) n N

(3) p
( ) p(x) F.
C (1) (2): :
( F )( 0 x 0)
st

( V (0))( )(( st n N) || n1 x V )
( st V (0))( )( st n N)(|| n1 x V )
( st V (0))( st n N)(x nV ).
(1) (3): p ,
t R |t|p(x) = p(|t|x) 0 4.2.7. , p(x) R.
(3) (1): p
p(x) = ||p(x) 0, || 0. ,
x . B
5.1.12. x, ,
5.1.11 (1)(3), ,
, (X, ). x ltd(X, ) x
ltd(X), ,
x X.
5.1.13. .
X .
U X ,
X, . . U ltd(X).

212

. 5.

C : U , t R ,
p(U ) t p. ,
0 x U p(x) t, . . x 0.
. , (n ) , , (un ) U . , n un 0.
N . N 0 , ,
5.1.11 (1) N uN 0. B
5.1.14. x X x bd (X), ,
x.
5.1.15. .
X () .
:
(1) X ;
(2) bd (X) = ltd(X);
(3) (X) bd (X).
C (1) (2): , bd (X) ltd(X) -
X. X ,
ltd(X) = {x X : kxk R},
k k . ltd(X) , ,
BX := {x X : kxk 1}.
(2) (3): (X) ltd(X),
.
(3) (1): U X.
, x U V , V x V .
U . . B
5.1.16. , ,
()
, . X,
, ltd(X) = bd (X).

5.2.

213

5.2.

. .
[114].
.

. ,
(. 4.1.9) ,

.
5.2.1. X .

:= X N := (0)
N := (0). ,
, : x1 x2 x1 x2 (N ).
. , ,
. (x) ((x)), ((0)) ().
5.2.2. F X x X
, ,
, :


Ha(F, x0 ) :=

int

U (x0 )
0

Cl(F, x ) :=
0

\
xF U
0<0


F x
;


\ F x
+V ;

V N U (x0 ) xF U
0<0
0

214

. 5.

 [
\
F x
,
Bo(F, x0 ) :=
cl

0
U (x )
0

xF U
0<0

, , (x0 ) := x0 + N . h Ha(F, x0 ),
, F x0 h. ,
Ha(F, x0 ) Cl(F, x0 ) Bo (F, x0 ).
5.2.3. , F x0 :
H(F, x0 ) :=

U (x0 ) xF U0
0<
0

F x
;

\ F x0
;
0
0 >0

 [
\
F x0
.
cl
K(F, x0 ) :=

0
0
Fd(F, x0 ) :=

0<

, x0 F . ,
, H(F, x0 ) K(F, x0 ) ,
. , x0 F .
:
( x) := ( x x0 ) := ( x)(x F x x0 ) ,
( h) := ( h h0 ) := ( h)(h X h h0 ) ,
( ) := ( 0) := ( )(( > 0 0) ).
x, h, , . .

( x) := ( x x0 ) := ( x)(x F x x0 ) ,
( h) := ( h h0 ) := ( h)(h X h h0 ) ,
( ) := ( 0) := ( )( > 0 0) .
, .

5.2.

215

5.2.4. -,
. . h0
h0 Bo (F, x0 ) ( x)( )( h)(x + h F ).
C
h0 Bo (F, x0 )
( U (x ))( 0 R)( V N )( x F U )
( 0 < 0 )( h h0 + V )(x + h F )
0

( U )( 0 )( V )( x)( )( h)
(x F U h h0 + V 0 < 0 x + h F ).

h0 Bo (F, x0 ) ( st U )( st 0 )( st V )( st x)( st )( st h)
(x F U h h0 + V 0 < 0 x + h F ).
,
h0 Bo (F, x0 ) ( x)( )( h)( st U )( st 0 )( st V )
(x F U h h0 + V 0 < 0 x + h F )
( x x0 )( 0)( h h0 )(x + h F )
( x)( )( h)(x + h F ).
, , h0 -. ,
( st U (x0 ))( st 0 R)( st V N )
( x F U )( 0 < < 0 )( h h0 + V )(x + h F ).
, h0 Bo (F, x0 ). B

216

. 5.
5.2.5.
Bo (F, x0 ) = {h0 X : ( x)( )( h)(x + h F )},

, , . :
(F, x0 ) := Bo (F, x0 ).

.
5.2.6. -:
Ha(F, x0 ) = (F, x0 ).
, h0 , F x0
h0 Ha(F, x0 ) (x0 + ()) F + (R+ )(h0 + ( )) F,
(R+ )
.
C
5.2.4, (, , ) F
x. B
5.2.7.
h0 H(F, x0 ) ( x)( )(x + h0 F ),
h0 K(F, x0 ) ( )( h)(x0 + h F ).
5.2.8. F , x0 , h0 ( ) :
(1) h0 Cl(F, x0 );
(2) U (x0 ), V N
0 > 0 ,

\ F x
0
+V ;
h

0<0
xF U

(3) ( U (x0 ))( 0 ) ( x F U )( 0 < 0 )

( h h0 ) x + h F .

5.2.

217

C ,
h0 Cl(F, x0 )
( V )( U )( 0 )( x F U )( 0 < 0 )( h h0 + V )
x + h F.
,
h Cl(F, x0 ) ( st V )( st U )( st 0 )( x F V )
( 0 < 0 )( h h0 + V )(x + h F )
( st {V1 , . . . , Vn })( st U )( st 0 )( st V )( k := 1, . . . , n)
Vk V ( x F U )( 0 < 0 )( h h0 + V )(x + h F )
( U )( 0 )( V )( st V 0 ) V 0 V ( x F U )
( 0 < 0 )( h h0 + V )(x + h F ).
, , , V N , V ( )
U (x0 ), U () + x0 (2) ,
, (3).
, , (3),

( st V )( U )( 0 )( x F U )( 0 < 0 )( h h0 + V )
x + h F.
, h0 Cl(F, x0 ). B
5.2.9. ( ) -:
Cl(F, x0 ) = (F, x0 ).
,
h0 Cl(F, x0 ) ( x)( )( h)(x + h F ).
C h0 Cl(F, x0 ). x x0
> 0, 0. V

218

. 5.

N h,
h h0 + V x + h F . ,

( st V )( h)(h h0 + V x + h F )
( h)( st V )(h h0 + V x + h F )
( h)(x + h F ),
. . h0 (F, x0 ).
h0 (F, x0 ). V N .
U x0 0 .
h h0
( x F U )( 0 < 0 )(x + h F ).
,
( st V )( U )( 0 )( x F U )( 0 < 0 )( h h0 + V )
(x + h F ).
h0 Cl(F, x0 ). B
5.2.10.
( ) .
.
5.2.11. .
C ,
, , . .
. , h0 cl (Cl(F, x0 )). V N , V1 , V2 N
, V1 + V2 V . h0
Cl(F, x0 ) , h0 h0 V 0 . , x x0
> 0, 0 h h h0 + V2 x + h F .
, h h0 + V2 h0 + V1 + V2 h0 + V . ,
h0 Cl(F, x0 ).
, ( ) + (R+ )( ) ( ) (x, , h) 7 x + h. B

5.2.

219

5.2.12. .
(cl (F ), x0 ) (F, x0 ).
,
(cl (F ), x0 ) = (F, x0 ).
C h0 (cl (F ), x0 )
. x F > 0 ,
x x0 0. , x cl (F ). , h h0
x + h cl (F ). W
(). W (0) , ,
x00 F x00 (x + h) W . h00 := (x00
x)/. , x + h00 F , , h00 h + W .
h00 h + W h0 + ( ) + W h0 + ( ) + () h0 + ( ) + ( )
h0 + ( ), . . h00 h0 . , h0 (F, x0 ).
h0 (F, x0 ).
- x cl (F ) ,
x x0 . x00 F , x x00 W , W ()
.
, () ( ), . . x x00 () (). ,
x x0 x00 . ( h0 , ,
) h h0 x00 + h F .
h00 := (x00 x)/ + h. ,
h00 h + W h + () h0 + () + ( )
h0 + ( ) + ( ) h0 + ( ),
. . h00 h0 . ,
x + h00 = x + (x00 x) + h = x00 + h F cl (F ).
h0 (cl (F ), x0 ). B
5.2.13. , , :
Ha(F, x0 ) H(F, x0 ) Cl(F, x0 ) K(F, x0 ) cl (Fd(F, x0 )).

220

. 5.
= F
Fd(F, x0 ) Cl(F, x0 ) cl(Fd(F, x0 )),

. .

Cl(F, x0 ) = K(F, x0 ) = cl(Fd(F, x0 )).

5.2.14. , ,
(Q x) (Q ) (Q h) ( Q , ). ,
- -.
5.2.15.
\
[
\ 
0
(F, x ) =
V +
U (x0 ) xF U
0
V N


F x
.

0<0

C ,
: h0 ,
F , x0 :
( x)( )( h)(x + h F )
( V N )( 0 )( U (x0 ))( x F U )
( 0 < 0 )( h h0 + V )(x + h F ).
, h0 (F, x0 ) V N > 0
U ((x0 )). ,
( st V )( st 0 )(x x0 )(0 < 0 )(h h0 + V ) x + h F
( x x0 )( st {V1 , . . . , Vn })( st {01 , . . . , 0n })
(h)()( k := 1, . . . , n)(0 < 0k h h0 + Vk x + h F )
(x x0 )(h)()( st V )(h h0 + V ) ( st 0 )
(0 < 0 x + h F ) ( x)( h)( 0) x + h F
h0 {h0 : ( x)( )( h)(x + h F )} h0 (F, x0 ).
. B

5.2.

221

5.2.16.
, . , , .
-.
. ,
 \
\ [
[ F x
(F, x0 ) =
,
int

0
0
0
U (x )

(F, x ) =
0

0< xF U

cl

 [

0 U (x0 )

(F, x ) =
0

xF U 0<0

cl

U (x )
0


F x
,


F x
.

0<0
xF U

, () + (R+ )( ) (). Ha+ (F, x0 ).
,
Ha(F, x0 ) Ha+ (F, x0 ) Cl(F, x0 ).
h x-,
In(F, x0 ). ,
Ha+ (F, x0 ) In(F, x0 ) Cl(F, x0 ).
5.2.17. .
, F X Y , X Y
X , X Y , Y a0 :=
(x0 , y 0 ) F , := X Y
1

R (F, a ) :=
0

V NY W (0 ) aW F
0<
0

F a
+ {0} V


,

222

. 5.

\
[
\ F x
+ {x} V ,

Q1 (F, a0 ) :=

V NY W (a ) aW F
0<0
0
xU
U N
2

QR (F, a ) :=
0

W (a0 ) aW F0
0<
0
xU
U N


F x
+ (x, 0) .

R2 (F, a0 ), Q2 (F, a0 ) QR1 (F, a0 )

. ,
, , , ,
. ,
: X = X
Y = Y . .
5.2.18. s0 X t0 Y :
(s0 , t0 ) R1 (F, a0 )
( a a0 , a F )( (R+ ))( t Y t0 )(a + (s0 , t) F );
(s0 , t0 ) Q1 (F, a0 )
(a a0 , a F )( (R+ ))(s X s0 )(t Y t0 )(a + (s, t) F );
(s0 , t0 ) QR2 (F, a0 )
( a a0 , a F )( (R+ ))( s X s0 )(a + (s, t0 ) F ).
5.2.19. 5.2.18 , QRj
, Rj . Rj Qj
.
. Qj ,
.
5.2.20. (a, , b) 7 a+b (X Y, ) (R, R ) (X Y, X Y ) (X Y, ),
Qj (F, a0 ) j := 1, 2 .

5.2.

223

C , . . , 5.2.18. , (s0 , t0 )
(s00 , t00 ) Q1 (F, x0 ). a a0 a F ,
0 s X (s0 + s00 ) 5.2.18 t1 Y t0
a1 := a+(ss00 , t1 ) F . ()+((X )(Y )) ().
, a1 a a1 F . 5.2.18,
t2 Y t00 , a1 + (s00 , t2 ) F . , t := t1 + t2
t Y (t0 + t00 ) a + (s, t) = a + (s s00 , t1 ) + (s00 , t2 ) =
a1 + (s00 , t2 ) F , ,
Q1 (F, a0 ) (. 5.1.4). B
5.2.21. , P j S j
:
(s0 , t0 ) P 2 (F, a0 )
( s X s )( t Y t0 )( a a0 , a F )( (R+ ))
0

(a + (s, t) F );
(s , t ) S (F, a) ( t Y t0 )( s X s0 )( a a0 , a F )
0

( (R+ ))(a + (s, t) F ).

, P j S j (
). ( S j )
. , ,
, .
5.2.22. j := 1, 2
Ha(F, a0 ) P j (F, a0 ) S j (F, a0 ) Qj (F, a0 ) Rj (F, a0 ) Cl(F, a0 ).
, () + ((X )
(Y )) () > 0, 0.
C , , . . S 2 (F, a0 ).

224

. 5.

, S 2 (F, a0 )
, . ,
S 2 (F, a0 ) . , (s0 , t0 ) (s00 , t00 )
S 2 (F, a0 ) t Y (t0 + t00 ). t t00 Y t0 s1
0
00
2
0
X s , t t S (F, a ).
00
00
s2 X s , t .
, (s1 + s2 ) X (s0 + s00 ). a F > 0
, a a0 0, a1 := a + (s1 , t t00 ) F . a1 , , ( ) a0 ,
s2 : a1 + (s2 , t00 ) F .
, a + (s1 + s2 , t) F , . . (s0 + s00 , t0 + t00 ) S 2 (F, a0 ).
P j (F, a0 ) . B
5.2.23. 5.2.22 , P j S j P +j S +j ,
. ,
P +2 (F, a0 )
(s0 , t0 ) P +2 (F, a0 ) ( (R+ ))( s X s0 )( t Y t0 )
( a a0 , a F )(a + (s, t) F ).
5.2.19 , , Ha+
. .
,
5.5.
5.3.
,
. . ,
, .
.

5.3.

225

5.3.1. = (x, y) (ZFC), . . ,

, x, y.
( x (F )) (x, y) ( st F F )( x F ) (x, y),
( x (F )) (x, y) ( st F F )( x F ) (x, y),
, , (F ) F .
C : . F F
:= ( x F ) (x, y). ,
- F . B
5.3.2. = (x, y, z) (ZFC) F , G ( - ).
( x (F ))( y (G )) (x, y, z)
( G G )( st F F )( x F )( y G) (x, y, z)
st

( st F ( ))( st G G )( x F (G))( y G) (x, y, z),

( x (F ))( y (G )) (x, y, z)
( st G G )( st F F )( x F )( y G) (x, y, z)
( st F ( ))( st G G )( x F (G))( y G) (x, y, z)
( F ( ) G F ).
C 5.3.1. B
5.3.3. = (x, y, z, u) (ZFC) F , G , H . u ,
:
( x (F ))( y (G ))( z (H )) (x, y, z, u)
( G( ))( F F )(fin H0 H )( x F )
( H H0 )( y G(H))( z H) (x, y, z, u);
( x (F ))( y (G ))( z (H )) (x, y, z, u)
( G( ))( F F )( fin H0 H )( x F )
( H H0 )( y G(H))( z H) (x, y, z, u),
G( ) H G .

226

. 5.
C , :

( x (F ))( y (G ))( z (H ))
( x (F ))( st G( ))( st H H )( y G(H))( z H)
( st G( ))( x)( st F F )( st H H )
(x F ( y G(H))( z H) )
( st G( ))( st fin F0 )( st fin H0 )( x)( F F0 )( H H0 )
(F F H H (x F ( y G(H))( z H) ))
( st G( ))( st fin F0 F )( st fin H0 H )( x)( F F0 )
(x F ( H H0 )( y G(H))( z H) )
( G( ))(fin F0 F )(fin H0 H )( x)
(( F F0 )(x F ) ( H H0 )( y G(H))( z H) )
\
F0 )
( G( ))(fin F0 F )(fin H0 H )( x
( H H0 )( y G(H))( z H) .
,T F0 ,
F , F0 F . B
5.3.4. - . , .
, , , .
,
.
5.3.5. , . . . , . (. 4.1.6 (3)),
. B := {() : },
. ,
.
: a := (B) + a .

5.3.

227

5.3.6. , H := ( ) : H
. :
(1) (a H) a ;
(2) ( )( H)( 0 )(( 0 ) ).
C , (1) , H, . .
H. (2). B
5.3.7. 5.3.6 (1),
5.3.6 (2) , H ( ( )).
5.3.8. X x := x( ) : X
X ( (x ) (x )).
, , (y )H X. , (y )
(x ) (x ), H
( ), y = x()
H, . . y = x . , 4.1.6 (5)
y(a H) x(a ).
5.3.9.
,
. , (y )H X (
) (x ) X,
( )( H)( 0 )( 0 )(x( 0 ) = y( 0 )),
. . , x
y. , , y(a H) x(a )
, :
( +)( +)(y = x ).
, , (x )H
(x ) ( ). , . ,
, , . .
.

228

. 5.

5.3.10. F X (x ) X,
, F :
+ x (F ). , (x ) F , F .
x F , . , , F
, F
(x ), . . (x ) .
5.3.11. . = (x, y, z) , ,
x, y, z, z . , ,
F X, G Y .
:
(1) ( G G )( F F )( x F )( y G) (x, y, z);
(2) ( x (F ))( y (G )) (x, y, z);
(3) (x ) X,
F , (y )H Y ,
G , (x() )H (x ) ,
H (x() , y , z), . .
( x F )( y G ) (x() , y , z);
(4) (x ) X,
F , (y )H Y ,
G , (x )H (x ) ,
H (x , y , z), . .
( x F )( y G ) (x , y , z);
(5) (x ) X, F , (y )H , G , (x )H , (x ) ,
, (x , y , z) H.
C (1) (2): x (F ). G F , ( x F )
( y G)(x, y, z). , x (F ) ( G G )( y G)
(x, y, z). , : ( y)( G

G )(y G (x, y, z)). , y (G ) (x, y, z).

5.3.

229

(2) (3): (x ) X, F . G G
A(G,) := { 0 : ( 00 0 )( y G) (x00 , y, z)}.
4.1.8 , a A(G,) . , A(G,)
, : A(G,) 6= .
H := G ( ) : H y : H Y
, () A(G,) y G G G ,
(G, ). , () + y (G ) +.
(3) (4): .
(4) (1): (1) ,
( G G )( F F )( x F )( y G) (x, y, z).
F F xF F , (x, y, z)
y G. , (xF )F F X, G,
. , xF F , ,
(3) H (x )H (xF )F F ,
(y )H (x , y , z) H.
5.3.9 x xF F , . . x (F ).
y (G ) y G. (x , y , z)
(x , y , z), . . , (1)
( (4)).
(1) (5): , , F
G . ,
. B
5.3.12. 5.3.11, ,
. , ,
( x (F )) (x, y) ( x F ) (x , y);
( x (F )) (x, y) ( x F )( x F ) (x , y).

230

. 5.

5.3.13. F X Y X Y . ,
X N , Y .
(F ) := {y 0 : ( x (N ) dom(F ))( y y 0 )(x, y) F },
(F ) := {y 0 : ( x (N ) dom(F ))( y y 0 )(x, y) F },
(F ) := {y 0 : ( x (N ) dom(F ))( y y 0 )(x, y) F },
(F ) := {y 0 : ( x (N ) dom(F ))( y y 0 )(x, y) F },
, , , y y 0 , y ( (y 0 )). Q1 Q2 (F ) Q1 Q2 -
F ( Q ).
5.3.14. ,
F , N . - -. , F
N .
(x ) F , ,
,
Li F := lim inf F (x ) := (F ),

Ls F := lim sup F (x ) := (F ).

.
5.3.15. F :
(F ) =

cl

xU

U N

(F ) =

\
U N

 [

cl

 [


F (x) ;

F (x) ,

xU

N N , . . ,
X, (N ).

5.3.

231

,
N = {U 0 X : U 0 (N ) 6= } =
= {U 0 X : ( U N )(U U 0 6= )}.
:
\
[
(F ) =
int
(F (x)),
xU

U N

(F ) =

[
U N

 \

int


F (x) .

xU

5.3.16. 5.3.11
.
5.3.17. y - F
, (x ) dom(F ), N , (x )H (x ) (y )H , y, , (x , y ) F H.
5.3.18. y - F
, (x ) dom(F ), N , (y ) , y, (x , y ) F
.
5.3.19. F :
(F ) (F ) (F ) (F ).
(F ), (F ) , (F ) (F )
.
C . , -.
V y 0 cl((F )),
y (F ), y V . x (N ) y 00
, y 00 ( (y)) (x, y 00 ) F . , y 00 V , V
y. ,
( x (N ))( V (y 0 ))( y 00 V ) (x, y 00 ) F.
, : y 0 (F ). B

232

. 5.

5.3.20. , (.
[114, 126]). , , Cl(F, x0 ) F
X :
Cl(F, x0 ) = Li (x0 )R+ (0) F ,
F , F , . .
(x, , h) F h

F x

(x, h X, > 0).

5.3.21.
, , R.
, .
5.3.22. f : X R ,
X, F X.
t R
sup inf f (F ) t ( x (F )) f (x) t,

F F

inf sup f (F ) t ( x (F )) f (x) t.

F F

C . ,
sup inf f (F ) t ( F F ) inf f (F ) t

F F

(F F )( > 0) inf f (F ) < t + ()(F )( x F )

(f (x) < t + ) ( st )( st F )( x)(x F f (x) < t + )
( x)( st )( st F )(x F f (x) < t + )
( x (F ))( st > 0)(f (x) < t + ) ( x (F )) f (x) t
( 2.2.18 (3)). , F F x (F ) F . ,

5.3.

233

inf f (F ) t ( inf f (F ) f (x) < t + > 0). F F

inf f (F ) t, .
f t
inf sup f (F )

F F

t inf sup f (F ) t sup inf(f )(F ) t

F F

F F

( x (F )) (f (x)) t ( x (F )) f (x) t.
,
inf sup f (F ) < t

F F

inf sup f (F ) t

F F

(( x (F )) f (x) t) ( x (F )) f (x) t.

inf sup f (F ) t ( > 0) inf sup f (F ) < t +

F F

F F

( st > 0)( x (F )) f (x) < t +

( x (F ))( st > 0) f (x) < t + ( x (F )) f (x) t,
f (x) . B
5.3.23. X, Y , f : X Y R
F , G X Y
. t

sup inf sup inf f (x, y) t

GG F F xF yG

( x (F ))( y (G )) f (x, y) t.
C fG (x) := inf{f (x, y) : y G}. , fG
, G .
, 5.3.22 () ,

234

. 5.
sup inf sup inf f (x, y) t ( G G ) inf sup fG (x) t

GG F F xF yG
st

F F xF

st

( G G ) inf sup fG (x) t ( G G )( x (F )) fG (x)

F F xF

t ( x (F ))( st G G )( st > 0) inf f (x, y) < t +

yG

st

st

( x (F ))( > 0)( G G )( y G)(f (x, y) < t + )

( x (F ))( y (G ))( st > 0)(f (x, y) < t + )
( x (F ))( y (G )) f (x, y) t.
F (F )
F G G
sup inf f (x, y) t inf sup inf f (x, y) t

xF yG

F F xF yG

( st G G ) inf sup inf f (x, y) t

F F xF yG

( G G ) inf sup inf f (x, y) t

F F xF yG

. B
5.3.24. 5.3.23
lim sup inf f := sup inf sup inf f (x, y)
F

GG F F xF yG

f .
f := (f ) , (X, ) R N , x0 X f

liN f (x0 ) :=
lsN (x0 ) :=

sup

sup inf inf f (x),

sup

inf sup inf f (x).

V (x0 ) U N U xV
V (x0 ) U N U xV

.
.
5.3.25.
.

5.4.

235

5.4. ,

, . , .
5.4.1.
X, . , , X F x0 F .
5.2
.
,
> 0 0.
Ha (F, x0 ) := {h0 X : ( x x0 , x F )( h h0 )(x + h F )},
In (F, x0 ) := {h0 X : ( h h0 )( x x0 , x F )(x + h F )},
Cl (F, x0 ) := {h0 X : ( x x0 , x F )( h h0 )(x + h F )},
, , .
, ,

Ha (F, x0 ) :=

Ha (F, x0 ),

In (F, x ) :=

Cl (F, x ) :=

In (F, x0 ),

Cl (F, x0 ).

. , h0 X :
h0 In (F, x0 )
( )( h h0 )( x x0 , x F )(x + h F ).

236

. 5.

, , F , F := {A R : A },
, , Cl (F, x0 )
Cl (F, x0 ) =

V N U (x ) xF U
AF A,>0

F x
+V


.

(, ),
Cl (F, x0 ) ,
. ,
U () := {A R : A} , , . . Cl (F, x0 ), ,
, Cl(U() ) (F, x0 ). , ,
.
, 5.2, (x, , h) 7 x+h
(X R X, R ) (X, ) (
() + (R+ )( ) ()).
5.4.2. . :
(1) Ha (F, x0 ), In (F, x0 ), Cl (F, x0 ) ,
Ha(F, x0 ) Ha (F, x0 ) In (F, x0 )
Cl (F, x0 ) K(F, x0 ),
Cl(F, x0 ) Cl (F, x0 );
(2) , Ha (F, x0 ) -;
(3) Cl (F, x0 ) - ,
F K(F, x0 ) = Cl (F, x0 ),
= ;
(4) = ,
Cl (F, x0 ) = Cl (cl(F ), x0 );

5.4.

237

(5)
Ha (F, x0 ) + Cl (F, x0 ) Ha (F, x0 );
(6) x0 - F ,
F 0 := (X F ) {x0 }
Ha (F, x0 ) = Ha (F 0 , x0 ).
C (1): , In (F, x0 ). h0 , h00 In (F, x0 ),
h1 h0 x00 := x + h1 F ,
x F x x0 . h2 h00 ,
x00 + h2 F , x00 x. h1 + h2 h0 + h00 h1 + h2
h0 + h00 In (F, x0 ).
h0 Cl (F, x0 ) h0 , x0 + h F h h0 . , h0 K(F, x0 ).
, (1), .
(2): h0 Ha (F, x0 ),
( x x0 , x F )( h h0 )( )(x + h F ).
5.3.2, , ,
( st V N )( st U (x0 ))( x U F )( h h0 + V )( )
(x + h F ).
V1 , V2 N , ,
V1 + V2 V . h00 h0 + V1
( x U F )( h h00 + V2 )( )(x + h F ),
. . h00 Ha (F, x0 ) h00 h + V1 .
(3): h0 cl (Cl (F, x0 )).
V h0
V1 , V2 N , V1 + V2 V .

238

. 5.

h00 Cl (F, x0 ) , h00 h0 + V1 .

5.4.1 5.3.2
( )( st U (x0 ))( x F U )( h h00 + V2 )(x + h F ).
h h00 + V2 h0 + V1 + V2 h0 + V . ,
( st V N )( )( st U (x0 ))( x F U )( h h0 + V )
(x + h F ).
, h0 Cl (F, x0 ) , . . h0 Cl (F, x0 ).
h0 Fd(F, x0 ) h0 ,
0 > 0 x0 + 0 h0 F .
x x0 x F , (x x0 )/0 0. h := h0 + (x x0 )/0
h h0 , , x + 0 h F . F
: x + (0, 0 ]h F . , x + h F . , ( x
0
0
0
0
x , x F )( )( h h )(x + h F ), . . h Cl (F, x ).
,
Fd(F, x0 ) Cl (F, x0 ) K(F, x0 ) cl(Fd(F, x0 )).
- Cl (F, x0 ) : K(F, x0 ) = Cl (F, x0 ).
(4): 5.2.11.
(5): k 0 Ha (F, x0 ) h0 Cl (F, x0 ) x F , x x0 , h
h h0 x + h F ,
x + (h0 + k 0 + ( )) = x + h + (k 0 + (h h0 ) + ( ))
(x + ()) F + (k 0 + ( ) + ( ))
(x + ()) F + (k 0 + ( )) F,
h0 + k 0 Ha (F, x0 ).
(6): h
/ Ha (F 0 , x0 ). 0
h h , x x0 , x F x h F . h Ha (F, x0 ), , ,
h Ha (F, x0 ) x = (x h) + h F , x h x. ,
x F F 0 , . . x = x0 . , (x0 h) + (h + ( )) F ,
h + ( ) ( (h0 )). , x0 - F ,
. , h
/ Ha (F, x0 ), 0
0
0
Ha (F, x ) (F , x ).
F 0 F = (F 0 )0 , . B

5.4.

239

5.4.3. ,
.
, .
5.4.4. t
t (0, 1). Cl (F, x0 ) .
, Ha (F, x0 )
.
C , Ha (F, x0 ), h Ha (F ,
0
x ) . 5.4.2 (2)
Ha (F, x0 ) . , th Ha (F, x0 ),
t . B
5.4.5. t t (0, 1).
Cl (F, x0 ), In (F, x0 ) Ha (F, x0 )
.
C , Cl (F, x0 ).
h0 0 < t < 1
. x x0 , x F . x t
h, h h0 x + th F . th th0
5.1.7, th0 Cl (F, x0 ). ,
(0, 1) Cl (F, x0 ) Cl (F, x0 ).
5.4.2 (1). B
5.4.6. , Ha (F ,
x0 ) Cl (F, x0 ) () . 5.4.4 5.4.5
.
5.4.7. f : X R , . , x0 dom(f )
h0 X
f (Ha )(x0 )(h0 ) := inf{t R : (h0 , t) Ha (epi(f ), (x0 , f (x0 )))},
f (In )(x0 )(h0 ) := inf{t R : (h0 , t) In (epi(f ), (x0 , f (x0 )))},
f (Cl )(x0 )(h0 ) := inf{t R : (h0 , t) Cl (epi(f ), (x0 , f (x0 )))}.
f (Ha ), f (In ) f (Cl ) . , f (Cl) := f (Cl(R+ ) ) f .

f (x0 ) := f (Cl )(x0 ), f (x0 ) := f (Cl )(x0 ).

240

. 5.

, Ha (F, x0 ) = In (F, x0 ) =
Cl (F, x0 ).
f (x0 ) := f (x0 ),

f (x0 ) := f (x0 ).

= (R+ ) .
, ,
X R R R ,
R R. X R
0 R , 0 R.

dom(f )
d : fd , f,d
. .
5.4.8. :
f (x0 )(h0 ) t0
( x x0 , t f (x0 ), t f (x)) ( h h0 ) ((f (x + h) t)/) t0 ;
f (x0 )(h0 ) < t0
( x x0 , t f (x0 ), t f (x)) ( h h0 ) ((f (x + h) t)/) < t0 ;

f,d
(x0 )(h0 ) t0

( x x0 , x dom(f ))( h h0 ) ((f (x + h) t)/) t0 ;

(x0 )(h0 ) < t0

f,d
( x x0 , x dom(f ))( h h0 ) ((f (x + h) t)/) < t0 .

C 2.2.18 (3). B
5.4.9. f ,
f (x0 )(h0 ) t0


f (x + h) f (x)
0
0
0
t0 ;
x x , f (x) f (x ))( h h )

f (x0 )(h0 ) < t0



f (x + h) f (x)
0
0
0
< t0 .
( x x , f (x) f (x ))( h h )

5.4.

241

C .
. f : x0 x f (x)
f (x0 ). , x, t , t f (x0 ) t f (x),

t f (x) f (x0 ) = t. , f (x) = f (x0 ) f (x) f (x0 ).

h ,

(1 (f (x + h) t)) (1 (f (x + h) f (x))) t0 ,

. B
5.4.10. f

f,d
(x0 ) = f (x0 ),

f,d
(x0 ) = f (x0 ).

C , f
(x x0 , x dom(f )) f (x) f (x0 ) (. 4.2.7). B
5.4.11. . . :
(1) f ,
f (x0 )(h0 ) = lim sup inf 0
xf x0
F

hh

f (x0 )(h0 ) = lim sup

xf x0
F

f (x + h) f (x)
,

f (x + h0 ) f (x)
,

x f x0 , x x0 f (x) f (x0 );
(2) f

f,d
(x0 )(h0 ) = lim sup inf 0
xx0
F

hh

f,d
(x0 )(h0 ) = lim sup
xx0
F

f (x + h) f (x)
,

f (x + h0 ) f (x)
.

C 5.2.23 5.4.9, 5.4.10. B

242

. 5.

5.4.12. . . :
(1) f ,
x0 , . . , Ha(epi(f ), (x0 , f (x0 ))) 6= ,
f (x0 ) = f (x0 ); f
x0 ,

(x0 ) = f,d
(x0 ) = f (x0 );
f (x0 ) = f,d

(2) f ,
f x0

, . . Ha(dom(f ), x0 ) 6= , f,d
(x0 ) = f,d
(x0 ).
C
, 5.4.2.
f . A :=
epi(f ), a0 := (x0 , f (x0 )).
Cl (A , a0 ) Ha (A , a0 ) .
Ha (A , a0 ) Ha(A , a0 ) , ,
int R (Ha (A , a0 )) 6= .
:
cl R (Ha (A , a0 )) = Cl (A , a0 ).
. B
5.4.13. . f1 , f2 : X R x0 dom(f1 ) dom(f2 ).
(f1 + f2 ),d (x0 ) (f1 ),d (x0 ) + (f2 ),d (x0 ).
, , f1 f2 x0 ,
(f1 + f2 ) (x0 ) (f1 ) (x0 ) + (f2 ) (x0 ).
C h0 :




h0 dom (f2 ),d dom (f1 ),d .

5.4.

243

h0 , .
t0 (f1 ),d (x0 )(h0 ) s0 > (f2 ),d (x0 )(h0 ). 5.4.8 x x0 , x dom(f1 ) dom(f2 )
h, h h0 , ,
1 := ((f1 (x + h) f1 (x))/) t0 ;
2 := ((f2 (x + h) f2 (x))/) < s0 .
: 1 + 2 < t0 + s0 , (1). f1
f2 x0 , 5.4.10. B
5.4.14.
, .
5.4.15. .
:
Cl(F, x0 ) = Lixx0 K(F, x).
xF

5.4.16. . ()
,
() .
Cl (F, x0 ) = Cl(F, x0 ).
C . Cl (F, x0 ) Cl(F, x0 ) , h0 Cl (F, x0 ) , h0
Cl(F, x0 ).
5.3.13
Lixx0 K(F, x) = {h0 : ( x x0 , x F )( h h0 ) h K(F, x)},
xF

, x x0 , x F h K(F, x) h, h0 .
(n ) , ,
( n N)( hn )(x + n hn F hn h0 ).

244

. 5.

> 0 k k Rn khn h0 k . ,
(n ) (hn ) ,
n 0,

hn h,

kh h0 k ,

x + n hn F

(n N).

, ,
(n ) (hn ), . , h h0
h K(F, x) . B
5.4.17.
, , (n ), . ,
. dF (x) x
F .
5.4.18. .
(n ) :
(1) h0 Cl(F, x0 );
0
(2) lim sup dF (x+nhn )dF (x) 0;
xx0
n

0
(3) lim sup lim sup 1
n (dF (x + n h ) dF (x) 0;
xx0

xx0
xF

0
(4) lim sup lim sup 1
n dF (x + n h ) = 0;
0
(5) lim sup lim inf 1
n (dF (x + n h ) dF (x)) 0;
n
0
nh )
lim inf dF (x+

n
n

xx0

(6) lim

xx0
xF

= 0.

C , > 0 :

(1 dF (x + h0 )) = 0 ( h h0 )(x + h F ),

5.4.

245

t , , t.
,
y := x + h0 .
dF (x + h0 )/ = kx + h0 yk/ kh h0 k.
, ,

(1 dF (x + h0 )) = 0 ( st > 0) dF (x + h0 )/ <
( st > 0)( y F ) kx + h0 yk/ <
( y F )( st > 0) kh0 (y x)/k <
( y F ) kh (y x)/k 0.

h := (y x)/, : h h0 x + h F .
.
(3) (4) (6) (3) (5) (6) , , (1) (2) (3) (6) (1).
(1) (2): , x x0
N +. x00 F , kx x00 k dF (x0 ) + 2N .

dF (x + N h0 ) dF (x00 + N h0 ) kx x00 k,
:
(dF (x + N h0 ) dF (x))/N (dF (x00 + N h0 ) + kx x00 k
dF (x))/N dF (x00 + N h0 )/N + N .
, h0 Cl(F, x0 ), x00 N
h h0 x00 + N h F . ,
(dF (x00 + N h0 )/N ) = 0.
0
( x x0 )( N +) (1
N (dF (x + N h ) dF (x))) 0.

5.3.22 (2).

246

. 5.

(2) (3): , f : U V R
F U G V
lim sup lim sup f (x, y) t
F

( x (F )) lim sup f (x, y) t

G

( x (F ))( st > 0) inf sup f (x, y) < t +

GG yG

st

( x (F ))( > 0)( G G ) sup f (x, y) < t +

yG

st

( x (F ))( G G )( > 0) sup f (x, y)t +

yG

st

( x (F ))( G G )( > 0) sup f (x, y) t +

yG

( x (F ))( G G )( y G) f (x, y) t.
, , (F ) F .
(6) (1): , ,
lim sup lim inf f (x, y) t
F

( x (F )) sup inf f (x, y) t

GG yG

( x (F ))( st > 0)( G G ) inf f (x, y) t +

yG

( x (F ))( G G )( st > 0) inf f (x, y) < t +

yG

st

( x (F ))( G G )( > 0)( y G)(f (x, y) < t + )

( x (F ))( G G )( y G) f (x, y) t.
, :
0
( x x0 , x F )( n)( N n) (1
N dF (x + N h )) = 0.

, hN , hN h0 , x+
N hN F . , 5.4.16, , h0 F ,
x0 , . . Cl(F, x0 ). B

5.5.

247

5.5.
.
, .
5.5.1. , X X X , Y Y Y . T
X Y , ,
F x0 , F X, T (F ) T x0 .
5.5.2. :
(1)
T ((X (x0 )) F ) (Y (T x0 )) T (F )

( U X (x0 ))( V Y (T x0 )) T (U F ) V T (F )
() , ( ) ( T , F x0 );
(2) ( ) T
(X, X ) (Y, Y ) () :
T ((X (x0 )) F ) = (Y (T x0 )) T (F );
(3) T ()
, (), . .
( U X (x0 ))( V Y (T x0 ))
(cl Y T (U F ) V T (F ))
,
( W NY )
(T ((X (x )) F ) + W (Y (T x0 )) T (F )).
0

248

. 5.

C (1) (2) 5.3.2.

(3)
A := T (X (x0 ) F )

B := Y (T x0 ) T (F ),

N := N Y : ( W NY ) N {(y1 , y2 ) : y1 y2 W } ,


. . N Y , . 5.3.2,
, :
( N N ) N ((A )) (B)
( N N )( b (B))( a (A ))(b N (a))
( N N )( st A A )( st B B)( b B)( a A)(b N (a))
( st A A )( N N )( st B B)(B N (A))
( st A A )( st B B)( N N )(B N (A))
( st A A )( st B B)(B cl(A))
( A A )( B B)(B cl(A)),
. B
5.5.3. . :
(1) T () (X, X ) (Y, Y ),
T (Cl (F, x0 )) Cl (T (F ), T x0 ),
T (In (F, x0 )) In (T (F ), T x0 );
, , T (X, X )
(Y, Y ),
T (Ha (F, x0 )) Ha (T (F ), T (x0 ));
(2) Y ,
T : (X, X ) (Y, Y )
(),
T (Cl (F, x0 )) Cl (T (F ), T x0 ).

5.5.

249

C (1): , , .
, h0 In (F, x0 ), h X h0
, x X x0 , x F x + h F . ,
T h Y T h0 T x + T h T (F ). (), :
T h0 In (T (F ), T x0 ).
, T
, . . 5.5.2 (1)
T ((X )) (Y ). T . y T (F ), y Y T x0 ,
() y = T x, x F x X x0 .
z Y T h0 h X h0 , z = T h. ,
x+h F , . . y +z = T x+T h T (F ),
h0 , h0 Ha (F, x0 ).
(2): - h0 Cl (F, x0 ). W Y . W
. (), y Y T x0 , y T (F ),
x (X (x0 )) F , y = T x + w w Y 0. h0 h00 Y h0 ,
x + h00 F . , y + (T h00 w) = y w + T h00 =
T (x + h00 ) T (F ). , , T h00 w
T h0 + (Y ) w T h0 + (Y ) + (Y ) = T h0 + (Y ).
: T h0 Cl (T (F ), T x0 ). B
5.5.4.
X, Y , Z, X , X ; Y , Y Z , Z . , , F X Y , G Y Z
d0 := (x0 , y 0 , z 0 ) X Y Z , a0 := (x0 , y 0 ) F
b0 := (y 0 , z 0 ) G. H := X G F Z, c0 := (x0 , z 0 ). , G F = PrXZ H, PrXZ
. :
1 := X Y ; 2 := Y Z ; := X Z ; := X Y Z ;
1 := X Y ; 2 := Y Z ;
:= X Z ;
:= X Y Z .
, PrXZ (
). - ,
. .
5.5.5. .

250

. 5.
C A X Y , B Y Z.
B A := fil{B A : A A , B B},

, , B A , . ,
B A = PrXZ (A Z X B).
, B A PrXZ (C ),
C := C1 C2 C1 := A {Z}, C2 := {X} B. ,
, 4.1.6 (5)


(B A ) = PrXZ (A ) Z X (B) = (B) (A ).
. B
5.5.6. :
(1) PrXZ , H c0 ();
(2) G F ((c0 )) = G (2 (b0 )) F (1 (a0 ));
(3) ( V Y (y 0 ))( U X (x0 ))( W Z (z 0 ))
G F U W G IV F ,
IV , , V .
C 5.3.2, (3)
( V Y (y 0 ))( O (c0 ))( (x, z) O, (x, z) G F )
( y V )(x, y) F (y, z) G ( (x, z) c0 , (x, z) G F )
( y Y y 0 )(x, y) F (y, z) G ((c0 )) G F
(2 (b0 )) G (1 (a0 )) F.
,


PrXZ ((d0 )) H =
= {(x, z) G F : x X x0
z Z z ( y Y y 0 ) (x, y) F (y, z) G} =




= 2 (b0 ) G 1 (a0 ) F.
0

. B

5.5.

251

5.5.7. :
(1) PrXZ , H c0 ();
(2) ( W N ) (2 (b0 )) G (1 (a0 ))
F + W ((c0 )) G F ;
(3) ( V 2 (b0 ))( U 1 (a0 ))( W (c0 ))
W G F cl (V G U F );
(4) ( U X (x0 ))( V Y (y 0 ))( W Z (z 0 ))
( V (c0 ))O G F cl (G IV F U W );
(5) ,
( V Y (y 0 ))( U X (x0 ))( W Z (z 0 ))
G F U W cl (G IV F ),
. ., , (c)
d0 := (x0 , y 0 , z 0 ).
C 5.5.2 (3) , 5.5.2 (3), : (1) (2) (3).
(3) (4) :
(V W ) G (U V ) F =
= {(x, z) X Z : x U z W ( y V )(x, y) F (y, z) G} =
= G IV F U W
U X, V Y , W Z.
, , (4) (5).
(4) (5) , (5) (4) U := X W := Z.
(5) (4), V Y (y 0 ),
C (c0 ), G F C cl (A), A :=
G IV F . U X (x0 ) W Z (z 0 ),
B := U W O := B C. , G F O (cl (A)) B.
, a (cl (A)) B
a0 A , a0 a. , a0 a, ( ) ()
. - B a0 B, . . a0 A B
a cl (A B). G F O cl (A B),
. B

252

. 5.
5.5.8. :
(1) Ha (H, d0 ) X Ha (G, b0 ) Ha (F, a0 ) Z;
2
1
2
(2) R
(H, d0 ) X R
(G, b0 ) R
(F, a0 ) Z;
0
1
0
(3) Cl (H, d ) X Q (G, b ) Cl (F, a0 ) Z;
(4) Cl (H, d0 ) X Cl(G, b0 ) Q2 (F, a0 ) Z;
(5) Cl2 (H, d0 ) X P 2 (G, b0 )S 2 (F, a0 )Z, Cl2 (H, d0 )
Cl2 (H, d0 ) :=
:= {(s0 , t0 , r0 ) X Y Z : ( d d0 , d H)

( (R+ ))( s X s0 )( t Y t0 )( r Z z 0 )(d + (s, t, r) H)}.

C (1) (5), .
(1): (s0 , t0 , r0 )
. d d0 , d :=
(x, y, z) H. , a := (x, y) F a 1 a0 , b := (y, z)
G, b 2 b0 . (s, t, r) (s0 , t0 , r0 )
a + (s, t) F b + (t, r) G. ,
d + (s, t, r) = (a + (s, t), z + r) F Z,
d + (s, t, r) = (x + s, b + (t, r)) X G,
. . (s0 , t0 , r0 ) Ha (H, d0 ).
(5): (s0 , t0 , r0 ) (4).
s X s0 ,
t Y t0 r Z r0 a 1 a0 b 2 b0
a + (s, t) F b + (t, r) G. , d + (s, t, r) H,
b d0 d H. B
5.5.9. , , 5.5.8,
. , . ,
[114, 126], ,
.
.

5.6.

253

5.5.10. . , F X Y G Y Z , Ha(F, a0 ) 6=
Q2 (F, a0 ) Z X Cl(G, b0 )
( ),
Cl(G F, c0 ) Cl(G, b0 ) Cl(F, a0 ),
(c) d0 .
C 5.3.13
[114] ( )
, :
Cl(G F, c0 ) = Cl(PrXZ H, PrXZ d0 ) cl (PrXZ Cl(H, d0 ))
PrXZ cl (X Cl(G, b0 ) Q2 (F, a0 ) Z) =
= PrXZ (cl (X Cl(G, b0 )) cl (Q2 (F, a0 ) Z)) =
= PrXZ (X Cl(G, b0 ) Cl(F, a0 ) Z) = Cl(G, b0 ) Cl(F, a0 ).
. B
5.6.


. -,
.
. ,
,
= 0.
.
.
,

254

. 5.

. , ,
. , . .

.
5.6.1. X , E

+. f : X E x
dom(f ) := {x X : f (x) < +} F . 0 ( E +
E) -
f x, . .
f (x) := {T L(X, E) : ( x X)(T x T x f (x) f (x) + )},
L(X, E) ,
X E.
5.6.2. E E . E E
, (E )
\
(E ) := {[0, ] : E }.
(E )
( E ).
, E
K-, (E ) R ,
, (E )E = 0. ( , , E
E.)
E, . .
e1 e2 e1 e2 (E ) e2 e1 (E ).

5.6.
5.6.3.
[
\
f (x) =
E

255

f (x).

(E )

C T L(X, E) :
\
T
f (x) ( st E )( x X)(T x T x f (x) f (x) + )
E

( st E ) f (T ) :=

sup

xdom(f )

(T x f (x)) T x f (x) +

( st E )0 f (T ) (T x f (x))
f (T ) (T x f (x)) 0
( E + ) 0 f (T ) = T x f (x) +
[
f (x),
T
(E )

. B
5.6.4. , 5.6.3, f
x Df (x). Df (x) f x.
E , .
5.6.5. , . . X, f , x . f
x () f x, . .

Df (x) = f (x).

C T L(X, E)

T Df (x) T Df (x)
( st E )( x X)(T x T x f (x) f (x) + )
( E )( x X)(T x T x f (x) f (x) + )
T f (x),
inf E = 0 (E ) E = 0. B

256

. 5.

5.6.6. F K- g : E F
. X epi(g)
epi(f ) F ,
[
D(g f )(x) =
D(T f ) (x).
T Dg(f (x))

, , ( , , x)
,
[

D(g f )(x) =
D(T f )(x).
T Dg(f (x))

C , (E )
F , . .
(E ) [0, ] (E ),
(E ) + (E ) (E ).
5.6.3,
-,
[
D(g f ) (x) =
(g f ) (x) =
=

(E )

2 (T f ) (x) =

(E ) 1 +2 = T 1 g(f (x))
1 0,2 0

2 (T f ) (x) =

1 0,2 0 T 1 g(f (x))

1 0,2 0

2 (T f ) (x) =

1 0,1 0 T 1 g(f (x)) 2 0,2 0

D(T f ) (x).

1 0,1 0 T 1 g(f (x))

S D(g f ) (x).

(g f ) (S) =

sup

xdom(gf )

(Sx g f (x)) Sx g(f (x)) + .

5.6.

257

T L(E, F ) , T , . . T L+ (E, F ) ,
,
(g f ) (S) = (T f ) (S) + g (T ).

sup

xdom(f )

(Sx T f (x)) +

(T e g(e)) Sx + g(f (x)) =

sup

(Sx Sx (T f (x) T f (x)))+

sup

(T e T f (x) (g(e) g(f (x)))).

xdom(f )

sup

edom(g)

edom(g)

1 :=
2 :=

sup

(T e T f (x) (g(e) g(f (x)))),

sup

(Sx Sx (T f (x) T f (x))).

edom(g)
xdom(f )

, S 2 (T f )(x), . . S D(T f )(x) T 1 g(f (x)),

. . T Dg(f (x)), 1 0 2 0. B
5.6.7. f1 , . . . , fn : X E , n . f1 , . . . , fn
, x dom(f1 ) . . . dom(fn )
D(f1 + . . . + fn )(x) = Df1 (x) + . . . + Dfn (x).
C 5.6.3 - ,
. B
5.6.8. f1 , . . . , fn : X E , n . , f1 , . . . , fn , E x dom(f1 . . . fn ).
F K- T L+ (E, F ) , S L(X, F ) T (f1 . . . fn )

258

. 5.

x ,
:
T =

n
X

Tk ;

Tk L+ (E, F )

(k := 1, . . . , n);

k=1
n
X

Tk x T (f1 (x) . . . fn (x));

k=1

n
X

D(Tk fk )(x).

k=1

C :
(f1 , . . . , fn ) : X (E n ) , (f1 , . . . , fn )(x) := (f1 (x), . . . , fn (x));
: E n E, (e1 , . . . , en ) := e1 . . . en .
:
T f1 . . . fn = T (f1 , . . . , fn ).
, 5.6.5 , T , . B
5.6.9. X , E K- A L(X, E). f := A hAie , ,
, A
A : l (A, E) E,

A (f ) := sup f (A),

hAi e l (A, E)
hAie x := hAix + e, hAix : T A 7 T x.
5.6.10. g : E F , K- F , f (X) dom(g),
x X , f (x) dom(g),
D(g f )(x) =
= {T hAi : T A Dg(f (x)), T 0, T A f (x) T hAie x}.
C S D(g f )(x), 5.6.3 S (g f )(x)
0. -.

5.6.

259

T 0, T A Dg(f (x)) T A f (x) T hAie x,

0 , , T A g(f (x)). ,
, := T A f (x) T hAie x. 0 0
. , T hAi + (g f )(x). ,
+ 0. B
5.6.11. 5.6.10 g .
[
[
D(g f )(x) =
T ( f (x)).
T Dg(f (x)) 0,T 0

C 5.6.5 , g := T .
x X Cx Cx f (x) f (x) + T 0,
T C T (T f )(x) D(T f )(x).
S D(T f )(x). 5.6.3
, S (T f )(x).
-, 0 C f (x) ,
T S = T C. . B
5.6.12. (f ) . :
X 
[
X
D
f (x) =
() f (x);

D sup f (x) =

[ X

l1 (,E)
0,0

() f (x) : 0 IE ,

= IE ,

f (x) sup f (x),


() 0 .

C 5.6.11 (. [126]). B
5.6.13. , 5.6.75.6.12
, 5.6.6
( , , x). ,
(,
. .).

260

. 5.

5.6.14. , , f : X E ,
K- E, X := X ( )
dom(f ), . . dom(f ). ,
T L(X, E)
f X ,

f (T ) lim inf(T X f (X )) +
(, , T X := T X ). ,
(. [1, 126]). Df (X ) f X .

f X .
, , - .
5.6.15. f1 , . . . , fn X dom(f1 ) . . . dom(fn ).
D(f1 + . . . + fn ) (X ) = Df1 (X ) + . . . + Dfn (X ).
C Tk Dfk (X ) k := 1, . . . , n, . .
fk (Tk ) lim inf(Tk X fk (X )) + k
1 , . . . , n .
(f1 + . . . + fn ) (T1 + . . . + Tn )

n
X

fk (Tk )

k=1
n
X

(lim inf(Tk X fk (X )) + k )

k=1

lim inf

n
X
k=1

(Tk X fk (X )) +

n
X
k=1

5.6.

261

. , 1 + . . . + n 0
,
.
, n = 2,
T D(f1 + f2 )(X ). 0 T1 , T2
, T1 + T2 = T ,
(f1 + f2 ) (T ) = f1 (T1 ) + f2 (T2 ),
f1 (T1 ) + f2 (T2 ) lim inf(T X (f1 + f2 )(X )) .

1 := f1 (T1 ) lim inf(T1 X f1 (X )),
2 := f2 (T2 ) lim inf(T2 X f2 (X )).
, k := 1, 2
0

sup

xdom(fk )

(Tk x fk (x)) lim sup (Tk X fk (X )) k .

, 1 2 .
1 + 2
+ lim inf(T X (f1 + f2 )(X ))

2
X

lim inf(Tk X fk (X ))

k=1

( + lim sup(T1 X f1 (X )) lim inf(T1 X f1 (X )))

( + lim sup(T2 X f2 (X )) lim inf(T2 X f2 (X ))


+ f1 (T1 ) lim inf(T1 X f1 (X ))


+ f2 (T2 ) lim inf(T2 X f2 (X ))
+ 1 2 .
0 1 2 , . B
5.6.16. F K- g : E F 0
. X epi(g)

262

. 5.

epi(f ) F ,
X dom(g f )
[
D(T f )(X ).
D(g f )(X ) =
T Dg(f (X ))

C ,
(T f ) (S) lim inf(SX T f (X )) + 1 ,
g (T ) lim inf(T f (X ) g f (X )) + 2
1 2 ,
(g f ) (S) (T f ) (S) + g (T )
lim inf(SX T f (X ))+1 + lim inf(T f (X ) g f (X )) + 2
lim inf(SX g f (X )) + 1 + 2 .
, S D(g f )(X ) , .
S D(gf )(X ).
T ,
(g f ) (S) = (T f ) (S) + g (T ) lim inf(SX g f (X )) + .

1 := (T f ) (S) lim inf(SX T f (X )),

2 := g (T ) lim inf(T f (X ) g f (X )).
, , -,
1 (T f ) (S) lim sup(SX T f (X )) 0,
2 g (T ) lim sup(T f (X ) g f (X )) 0
, -,
1 + 2
lim inf(SX g f (X )) + lim inf(SX T f (X ))
lim inf(T f (X ) g f (X )) (lim sup(SX T f (X ))
lim inf(SX T f (X )) + ) (lim sup(T f (X ) g f (X ))
lim inf(T f (X ) gf (X )) + ) 1 2 + ,

5.6.

263

lim sup(T f (X ) g f (X )) g (T ),
lim sup(SX T f (X )) (T f ) (S).
, 0 1 2 1 0, 2 0. ,
T Dg(f (X )) S D(T f ) (X ). B
5.6.17. , .
, , F B
dom(F ).
DF (B) :=

DF (x).

xB

DF (B) F B.
B ( , )
dom(F ) F .
. F B (
B)
DF (B) :=

DF (B).

BB

5.6.18. T L(X, Y ) T DF (B);

(B B)(x B)( (E )) T F (x);
(B B)( E )(x B)T F (x);
(B B)(x B)( (E ))(F (T ) T x F x + ),
F F ;
(5) B B ,
(x B) sup ((T x T x) (F x F x)) 0.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

xdom(F )

264

. 5.
C ,
[

DF (B) =

BB xB

[ \

DF (x) =

[ \

F (x) =

BB xB E

F (x),

BB E xB

(1) (3).
(2) (3). . B
5.6.19. C := {C X : (B B) C B}
, B. DF (C ) = DF (B).
C , C B
DF (C ) =

DF (C)

CC

DF (B) = DF (B).

BB

T DF (C ), 5.6.18 C C

(x C)

sup

xdom(F )

((T x T x) (F x F x)) 0.

C B B .
5.6.18, , T DF (B) DF (B). B
5.6.20. B X f : X R
( ) . x# X #
x# Df (B) ( (R+ )) f (x# ) lim inf (x# (B) f (B)) + ,
(R+ ) R.
C , 5.6.18
B B > 0



f (x# ) inf hx | x# i f (x) : x B + .

5.6.

265

,


( R+ ) f (x# ) lim inf hx | x# i f (x) + .
xB

.
. > 0 B B ,
lim inf hx | x# i f (x) inf(x (B) f (B)) + .
xB

5.6.18. B
5.6.21. Z K- C : Y Z
. X epi (G)
epi (F ) Z B
dom(F ),
D(G F )(B) =

D(S F )(B).

SDG(F (B))

C . S DG(F (B)) T D(S F )(B).

5.6.18
(B B)(x B)( (E ))T (S F )(x);
=

(B B)(x B)( (E ))S G((S F )(x)).

B , B B
=

B B B. x B
(G F ) (T ) G (S) + (S F ) (T ) T x G(F (x)) + + .
. . + 0
5.6.18 T D(G F )(B). ,
, .

266

. 5.

T D(G F )(B). 5.6.18 B

B
(x B)( (E ))(G F ) (T ) T x G(F (x)) + .

,
S L+ (Y, Z),
(G F ) (T ) = G (S) + (S F ) (T ).
x B,
1 := G (S) (SF (x) G F (x));

2 := (S F ) (T ) (T x SF x).

, 0 1 + 2 . , 1 2
. , S DG(F (B)) DG(F (B)) T D(S F )(B)
D(S F )(B). B
5.6.22. F1 , . . . , Fn : X Y , n . F1 , . . . , Fn B dom(F1 ) . . . dom(Fn ),
D(F1 + . . . + Fn )(B) = D(F1 )(B) + . . . + D(Fn )(B).
C Tk D(Fk (B)), B1 , . . . , Bn B ,
x Bk k
Tk k (Fk )(x). x B1 . . . Bn ,
T1 + . . . + Tn 1 +...+n (F1 + . . . + Fn )(x).
. , 5.6.18 ,
.
T D(F1 + . . . + Fn )(B). 5.6.18, ,
B B
(x B)( (E )) T (F1 + . . . + Fn )(x).

5.6.

267

, x B, ,

(F1 + . . . + Fn ) (T ) T x (F1 + . . . + Fn )(x) + .

, T1 , . . . , Tn L(X, Y ),


X
n
n
n
X
X
T =
Tk ;
Fk (T ) =
Fk (Tk ).
k=1

k=1

k=1

k := Fk (Tk ) (Tk x Fk x)

(k = 1, . . . , n).

, k 0 1 + . . . + n . , k 0 Tk
DFk (x) k = 1, . . . , n. . B
5.6.23. F1 , . . . , Fn : X Y , n . , F1 , . . . , Fn
, Y B dom(F1 . . . Fn ). Z K-
T L(Y, Z) ,
S L(X, Z)
T (F1 . . . Fn ) B ,
B B :
T =

n
X

Tk ;

T L+ (Y, Z),

k = 1, . . . , n;

k=1
n
X

Tk (Fk (x)) T (F1 (x) . . . Fn (x))

(x B);

k=1

n
X

D(Tk Fk )(B).

k=1

C :
(F1 , . . . , Fn ) : X (Y n ) ; (F1 , . . . , Fn )(x) := (F1 (x), . . . , Fn (x));
: Y n Y ; (y1 , . . . , yn ) := y1 . . . yn .

T F1 . . . Fn = T (F1 , . . . , Fn ).
5.6.22, . B

268

. 5.

5.6.24. X , Y K A
L(X, Y ), a F = A hA iy , .
, , G : Y Z , K- Z, F (X) dom(S),
B X , F (B) dom(G). S L (X, Z)
D(G F )(B) , B B
, :
S = T hA i;

T 0;

T A DG(F (B));

(x B) T A F x T hA iy x.
C , S D(G F )(x) x B. , . ,
D(G F )(B) = D(G EA hA iy ) = (G EA )(B) hA i,
B := hA iy (B). ,
T D(G EA )(B). ,
(B B)(x B)( (E ))
(G EA ) T T hA iy x G EA hA iy x + .
( 3.7.10 [126]),
(G EA ) T = G (T A ).
y := hA iy x x B,
(G EA ) T + T EA y T y =
=

= G (T A ) + G EA y T y =
sup (T A y T A EA EA y)

ydom(G)

(Gy G EA y) + T A EA y T y 0.
, T A DG(F (B)) T A F x T hA iy x.
. B

5.7.

269

5.6.25. ,
.
, ,
,
-, , . ,
, , -.
(,
, . .).
. .
5.7.
, .
.
5.7.1. x dom(f ) f (x) inf, f : X E ,
0 Df (x), . . x f (x) inf{f (x) : x X}.
.
5.7.2. f (x) inf , , -, f (X) , -,
(x )E , . . x dom(f ) e f (x ) e + E ,
e := inf f (X) .

270

. 5.

C 5.6.3 :
( x X)(0 Df (x)) ( x X)( st E )(0 f (x))
( st fin E0 E )( x X)( E0 )(0 f (x))
( st E )( x X)(0 f (x ))
( E )( x X)( x X)(f (x) f (x ) ),
. B
5.7.3.
g(x) 0,

f (x) inf .

, g, f : X E ( dom(f ) = dom(g) = X)
x X g(x) 0, g(x) 0 , ,
x0 X g(x0 ) E.
5.7.4. x
, :
, [0, IE ],
g(x) 0,

+ = IE ,

ker() = 0;

0 D( f )(x) + D( g)(x).

C : x 1 2
f (x) f (x) + g(x) g(x) + 1 + 2 f (x) +
E . , (f (x) f (x))
E , . ker() = 0 , x
.
: e := inf{f (x) : x X, g(x) 0} . e
. , ,

5.7.

271

, [0, IE ] ,
+ = IE ;

0 = inf ((f (x) e) + g(x)).

xX

(. [1]) , ker() = 0.
, x , f (x) e = . , x X f (x)
f (x) + g(x). , 0 g(x) , . . g(x) 0

0 +g(x) ( f + g) (x) D( f + g) (x),

+ g(x) 0. B
5.7.5.
Ax = Ax,

g(x) 0,

f (x) inf,

. ., -, A L(X, X)
X, g : X F
f : X E ( dom(f ) =
dom(g) = X), -, F
, E K-
, , -,
x0 g(x0 ) F .
5.7.6. .
x ,
:
L+ (F, E), L(X, E), g(x) 0,
0 Df (x) + D( g)(x) + A.
C :
x 1 2
f (x) f (x) + 1 + g(x) g(x) + 2 (Ax) + (Ax)
f (x) + 1 + 2 g(x) f (x) +
E .
: x , x -
. -. B

272

. 5.

5.7.7. x 5.7.5, x - - ( 1E E), . .

x f (x)f (x) 1E , f (x)f (x) = 1E
(R+ ).
5.7.8. x
.
, , E, F X :
> 0,

0,

g(x) 0,

0 D( f )(x) + D( g)(x) + A.
, , x, (1E ) = 1 ker() E + = 0,
x
.
C - .
, , ,
x X :
0 (f (x) f (x)) + g(x) g(x) + 1 + 2
(f (x) f (x)) + 1 + 2 g(x)
1 , 2 . := 1 + 2
g(x). , 0 , , 0.
x , f (x)f (x) 1E ,
(f (x) f (x)) = . , (f (x) f (x) 1E ) = 0
f (x) f (x) = 1E . , x . B
5.7.9. .

.

5.7.

273

X0 , . . . , XN ,
Gk : Xk1 Xk k := 1, . . . , N . G1 , . . . , GN
(Gk,l )k<lN , Gk,l : Xk Xl

Gk,l := Gk+1 Gl ,
Gk,k+1 := Gk+1

k + 1 < l;

(k := 0, 1, . . . , N 1).

, Gk,l Gl,m = Gk,m k < l < m N .

x := (x0 , . . . , xN ) , xl
Gk,l (xk ) k < l N . , x0 x,
xN x.
E . fk : Xk E (k := 0, 1, . . . , N ),
S0 X0 SN XN . x := (x0 , . . . , xN ),
f (x) :=

N
X

fk (xk ).

k=1

,
S0 ,


SN . x0 := x01 , . . . , x0N , x00 S0 , x0N SN f (x0 ) .
, .

C0 := S0 X;

C1 := G1

N
Y

Xk ;

k=2

C2 := X0 G2

N
Y

Xk ; . . . ;

CN :=

k=3

CN +1 :=

N
1
Y
k=1

X k SN ;

N
2
Y

Xk GN ;

k=0

X :=

N
Y
k=0

Xk .

274

. 5.

fk : X E
fk (x) := fk (xk )

(x := (x0 , . . . , xN ), k := 0, . . . , N ).

5.7.10.
epi(f0 ), . . . , epi(fN )

C0 E + , . . . , CN +1 E + ,

X E.


x00 , . . . , x0N
,
:
k L (Xk , E) (k := 0, . . . , N );




(k1 , k ) DGk x0k1 , x0k {0} Dfk x0k
(k := 1, . . . , N );
0 DS0 (x0 ) + Df0 (x0 );

N DSN (xN ).

C
, u :=
x00 , . . . , x0N
v C0 CN +1 , f (v) inf,
,
0D

N
X

fk +

k=0

N
+1
X

!
E (Ck ) (u).

k=0

4.2.7 [126]. , Ak , Bl
L (X, E),
Ak DCk (u) (k := 0, 1, . . . , N ),
Bl Dfl (u) (l := 0, 1, . . . , N ),
0=

N
+1
X
k=0

Ak +

N
X
k=0

Bl .

5.7.

275

, Ak (B := B1 + + BN )

A0 = (00 , 0, 0, . . . , 0, 0, 0),
A1 = (0 , 01 , 0, . . . , 0, 0, 0),
A2 = (0, 1 , 02 , . . . , 0, 0, 0),
..
.
AN 1 = (0, 0, 0, . . . , N 2 , 0N 1 , 0),
AN = (0, 0, 0, . . . , 0, N 1 , 0N ),
AN +1 = (0, 0, 0, . . . , 0, 0, N ),
B = (0 , 1 , 2 , . . . , N 2 , N 1 , N ),


k , 0k L (Xk , E) l Dfl x0l (l := 1, . . . , N ).
0k = k k (k = 1, . . . , N ). k := 1, . . . , N
Ak

(k1 , 0k ) = (k1 , k k ) = (k1 , k ) + (0, k ) DGk x0k1 , x0k

, ,




(k1 , k ) DGk x0k1 , x0k {0} Dfk x0k .
, k = 0 k = N + 1






0 = 00 0 DS0 x00 + Df0 x00 , N DSN x0N ,
. B
5.7.11. 5.7.9 ,
:
f (x) = fN (xN )

(x := (x0 , . . . , xN ) X).

, f , XN
E.

276

. 5.

(x0 , . . . , xN ) , xN :
x C := C0,N (S0 ) SN , fN (x) inf .
, , , a S0 b C. , x
,
x
G0,N (x0 ) x0 S0 , ,
x0 x
, .
, .
x C, f (x) inf.
k L (Xk , E) (k :=
0, . . . , N ) (x0 , . . . , xN ), :
k x l y k xk l xl

((x, y) Gk,l , 0 k < l N ).

5.7.12. ,
C0 E + , . . . , CN +1 E + ;

N
1
Y

Xk epi(f )

k=0

. (x0 , . . . , xN )
, (0 , . . . , N ) ,
0 x0 inf {0 x};
xS0

N Df (xN ) + DSN (xN ).

C 4 :
(k1 , k ) DG(xk1 , xk ) + Dfk1 (xk1 ) {0}
(k := 0, 1, . . . , N 1);
0 DS0 (x0 ); N DfN (xN ) + DSN (xN ).
. B

5.7.

277

5.7.13. .
(1) , , . , [126].
, :
[60, 189, 259, 281, 410, 465, 466].
(2) ,
(. [280, 281]). .


. ,
,
. [59, 60, 189, 281, 410].
(3) . [304, 305] [512
514]. . . [129, 131, 136].
(4) R1 Q1 . . [108, 109, 112] [507, 508].
(5) ,
, .
[258].
, , [136].
(6)
[138]. ,
, [345].

[112, 113]. . . [136].
(7)
. . . [132]. . [127].

 6

. ,
.
,

.
, ,
, . .
- . .
,
.

,
,
. , ,
,

6.1.

279

, . .
.
,

. ,
-.
(. 3.5.23.5.11). ,
.
6.1.
, .
6.1.1. E F,
F , . . R C.
, + : E E E
: F E E, . F F, E F, . .
, , ,
, , E
.
() () .
(E, kk) F.
, x E (
), kxk ( ) .
ltd(E) (E)
E.
(E) 4 ,
(E) E.

280

. 6.

, ltd(E) () F, (E) . E #
- ltd(E)/(E). E #
kxk := kx# k := st(kxk) F (x ltd(E)),
:= ()# : ltd(E) E # -.
(E # , k k) ,
E. (E, kk)
, E (E)# .
x E ( x) = ( x)# (E)# ,
kxk = k( x)# k. , x 7 ( x)# E (E)# . ,
E (E)# .
, E F
T : E F
.
c(T ) := {C R : (x E)kT xk Ckxk}
. , kT k := inf c(T ).
kT k ,
kT xk kT k kxk, x E, ,
T (ltd(E)) ltd(F ) T ((E)) (F ). ,
T - T # : E # F # ,
T # x := T x (x E).
T # ( F) , kT #k = st(kT k).
T # T .
6.1.2. . E # ( ) E.
C
a : X , x X > 0,

B X (a, ) := B (a) := {x X : kx ak < 1},

BX (a, ) := B (a) := {x X : kx ak 1}.

6.1.

281

.
BE # (x#
n , rn ), xn E rn R n N,
limn rn = 0. , (rn ) . BE (xn ,
rn + rn /2n+1 ) E.
x E, . x#
BE # (x#
n , rn ) n N. B
6.1.3. E , E .
, .
, .

. f
E (. .
P
f : N E), g(n) k=0 f (k)
:
Seq(f ) Seq(g) f (0) = g(0) (k N)(g(k + 1) = g(k) + f (k + 1)),
Seq(g) g . (f, g)
. M |M |,
(= ) k {0, 1, . . . , k 1}.
, E ( ), Y E. - f : {0, . . . , |Y | 1} Y f f : N Y , f
n > |Y | 1. g : N E
(f, g). g(|Y | 1)

f . ,
P
: xY x := g(|Y | 1).

282

. 6.

. ,
{Ym : m < } Y , Y ,
X
xY

x=

1
X

x.

k=0 xYk

. E .
{e1 , . . . , e }, N, E, x X {x1 , . . . , x } F, ,
P
x =
k=1 xk ek . , ,
,
() E.
E dim(E), . . dim(E) := .

. , dim(E) = , Y E, , ,
+ 1, .

P {y1 , . . . , y } , j=0 j yj 6= 0 {1 , . . . , },
.
, {y1 , . . . , y }
, .
, F - ,
, -
, F F.
, . , x E, x 6= 0, F F, {x, x}
, ,

/ F.

6.1.

283

, ,

, , . .
.
6.1.4. ( C)T ,
x : T C
T C.

kxkp :=

!1/p

X
|x(t)|

(x ( C)T ),

tT

p R, 1 p. lp (T )
lp (n), n T .

hx, yi :=

x(t)y(t).

tT

x
kxk2 , p = 2 .
( C)T , . . (C1 , C2 > 0)( x)(C1 kxkp1
kxkp2 C2 kxkp1 ). C1 , C2 R, . ., , .
, E ( , C), E , x
E (x) := fil{B (x) : R+ }.
E C
y E
E (y) := fil{B (y) : R+ }.

284

. 6.

.
lp (n) . ,
, E ,
E # ,
- x 7 x# . ,
E # E # := {x# : 0 x ltd(E)}. ,
.
E # E o- . ,
E # .
p n , lp (n)# , lq (n), q := st(p), . .
, . 6.1.5.
, p , n - , lp (n)# l (n).
, n p 1 lp (n) Lq () . ,
n p 1 , lp (n) L ().
6.1.5. . E n := dim(E) , dim(E # ) = n. E # .
C , E # , . A E A# := {e# : e A} E # .
,
E. BX
X, . . BX := {x X : kxk 1}.
, BE # = (BE )# .
, (BE )# BE # ,
( R)( 1 1). BE # . . kk 1.
kk < 1, (e E)( = e# kek < 1), . . e BE
(BE )# . kk = 1, = e# , kek 1
e
, kek > 1. e0 := kek
e,

6.1.
e0

285

= e# . , ke0 k = 1 (BE )# . ,

e ltd(E), B E (e, )# BE # (e# , ).

E # ,
BE # . E # , . . BE #
{e#
k : k N}. , ,
ek BE k N. > 0

S
S
Mn := nk=0 B E (ek , ) BE . , nN Mn = BE .
, e BE , ke# e#
n k <
n N, ke enk < , . . e BE (en , ) Mn . , Mn0 = BE
n0 N.
BE # =

[
n0

#

B E (ek , ) BE

k=0

#
n0 
[

B E (ek , ) BE

k=0
n0
[

B E # (e#
k , ) BE # .

k=0
#
, {e#
0 , . . . , en0 }
- BE # .
, e1 , . . . , en ltd(E), n N #
e#
1 , . . . , en , e1 , . . . , en E (. . F).P , 1 , . . . , n F
nk=1 k ek = 0. := maxk |k |, 6= 0
P
n
k=1 k ek = 0, k := k / |k | 1. |k | ,
,
P
k R. ,
Pn
n
#
( k=1 k ek ) = k=1 k e#
k = 0. kj k = 1 j, . .

#
j 6= 0, e#
1 , . . . , en .
, ,
E n, . . dim(E)
= n, dim(E # ) n.
(. [342]).

286

. 6.

{e1 , . . . , en } X
, ke1 k = . . . = ken k = 1 j :=
1, . . . , n
X

n


k ek

|j | (1 , . . . , n F).
k=1

( , (ek )k6=j
ej , M L x L
kx + yk kxk F
x M , . [36].)
(., , [36]), . ,
n- E.
{e1 , . . . , en } E. P
, n
#
#
#

e
,
.
.
.
,
e

n
1
k=1 k ek = 0,
Pn
Pn
k k=1 k ek k 0, k k=1 k ek k |j | j := 1, . . . , n. , k
. ,
E n, . . dim(E # ) = n.
.
, , E
n. n E1 E , dim(E1 ) = n.
, E1# E # , E # n- n N, , E # , . B
6.1.6. F(E) E. F F(E), dim(F ) F . F(E) ( )
E, dim F(E) N, dim(F ) = dim(F ) F F(E).
() E F F(E), E F E. , F E,
E.

6.1.

287

C . x E Ax := {F F(E) :
x F }. (Ax )xE ,
. . . F F(E) , x F
x X. B
,
.
.
E F . ,
F , E . E F ,
, E .
, ,
. ,

, . [419].
6.1.7. ,
.
E, F G
F (. . F,
R C), S, T : E F R : F G
. :
(1) kT # k = kT k;
(2) (S + T )# = S # + T # ;
(3) (T )# = ( ) T # ltd( F);
(4) (R T )# = R# T # .
C . B
6.1.8. , E h, i. , , E # ,

288

. 6.

(, )
(x# , y # ) := hx, yi

(x, y E).

T , , T . (T ) T , p (T )
(. . T ).
E , T : E E
, :
(1) (T )# = (T # ) ;
(2) T (, ) , T #;
(3) E , (T # ) =
p (T # ).
6.1.9. E ,
F E, (F )# = (F # ) .
C PF E F , PF #
E # F # . , PF# =
PF # . 6.1.7 6.1.8 , PF# .
, PF# = , F # .
= x# x F , PT# x# = (PF x)# = x# = . ,
, PF# = . = y # , (PF y)# = y # , ,
PF y y 0. x := PF y, = x# ,
x = PF y F , F # . , H = F , PH + PF = I
PH PF = PF PH = 0. , 6.1.7, PH # + PF # = I # PH # PF # = PF # PH # = 0# , ,
H # = (T # ) . B
, . 6.1.106.1.12
E .
6.1.10. T , (T # ) = { : (T )}.
C B := { : (T )}. B C, (T ) 4.2.5.

6.1.

289

, B (T # ). ,
/ B. > 0 , | | B.
| | (T ).
/ (T ), ( T )1 .
,


1
1
: (T ) .
(( T ) ) =

T , k(
T )1 k 1 . , ( T )1 .
6.1.7 (4) , ( T )1# = ((IE )# T #)1 = (
T # )1 , (IE )# = IE # E # .
,
/ (T # ). B
6.1.11. dim(E) = N N A : E E

PN
2
(akl )N
k,l=1 ,
k,l=1 |akl | 
+. A , , .
C
s
X
k=1

nk |k |2 =

N
X

|akl |2 ,

k,l=1

1 , . . . , s A n1 , . . . , ns . B
6.1.12. A : E E R . , M A, , , . . M = {1 , . . . , n }, n N. ,
k M , {1 , . . . , m }
, M . f E #
A# ,
, f
#
#
1 , . . . , m .

290

. 6.

C H
{1 , . . . , m }. m , ,
#
H # E # {#
1 , . . . , m }. #
#
E A , . H # E# . H # 6= E# ,
(H # ) E# 6= 0.
6.1.9 H # = (H )# . H
A. , H
A, (H )# A# . , 0 6= f (H )# E# .
A# (H )# , A|H . , , H , ,
i . . B
6.1.13. .
(1) [414]. ,
- [289]. .
[332, 339, 342].
(2) , 6.1.4,
, . [342]. , 6.1.4.

. , ,
0 - ( )
0 - ( ),
Lp ([0,1]) lp - k Lp ([0, 1]k ),
k := 20 .
. [337, 342].
(3) , ,
.

6.2.

291

. , , , - ,
. , . [282, 342]. ( ) - .
(4) , , [336].
, ,
[336].
. [488, 489].
(5) 6.1.7 6.1.8 [433].
6.1.96.1.12 [325]. 6.1.10,
, (
. [522]).
6.2.

, .
.
.
6.2.1.
.
X Xn (n N) , k k k kn . ,
Y X
(Tn ) Y Xn ,

292

. 6.
(1) lim kTn (f )kn = kf k (f Y ).
n

, ((Xn , Tn ))nN
X , ,
X. Y = X, . (xn )nN , xn Xn ,
f Y , kTn f xn kn 0 n .
((Xn , Tn ))nN X, (, ) A : X X
(An ), An Xn .
DAp(A) Y , f Y , Af Y
(2) lim kTn Af An Tn f kn = 0.
n

(, , , (An Tn f ) Af .)
DAp(A)
A (An ). DAp(A) Y ,
, (An ) A. ((Xn , Tn ))nN
kTn A An Tn kn 0 n , ,
.
6.2.2. ((Xn , Tn0 ))nN X,
Tn : Y 0 X, ((Xn , Tn ))nN , Y Y 0 X
f Y Y 0 : kTn (f ) Tn0 (f )kn 0 n .
, , An
A , An A .
, ((Xn , Tn ))nN
, n :
Xn X, , n N Qn := n Tn
X n (Xn ) :
sup sup (inf{kxk: Tn(x) = z}) < +.

nN kzkn =1

6.2.

293

, , Xn
X , Qn
n.
, An
A
((Xn , Tn ))nN , (A0n ), A0n :=
n An 1
: n (Xn ) (Xn ), A n
((n (Xn ), Pn ))nN .
, , ,
.
. X := L2 (0, 1), Y := C 1 (0, 1), Xn := Cn ,
Xn :
n

h, in :=

1X
k k .
n
k=1

Tn , Y ,
{ nk : k = 0, 1, . . . , n1}, . . Tn (f )k = f ( nk ),
k = 0, 1, . . . , n 1. , ((Xn , Tn ))nN
X. , ,
Tn L2 - , ,
X. , .
Tn0 : X Xn ,

k+1/n
Z
1
0
Tn (f )k =
f (x)dx.
n
k/n

6.2.3. X (Xn , Tn ),
(An :
Xn Xn ) A : X X (An )nN A.
, ,
R. N AN
.

294

. 6.

T : Y
(, , Y
X). (, T ) X, f Y
kT (f )k kf k.
: A,
DAp() = {f Y : kT A(f ) T (f )k 0}
Y .
, f DAp() ,
f Y , , A(f ) Y .
(1) (, T )
X, T
t : X # , t(f ) = T (f )# f Y .
: A : X X,

A
X X

yt
yt

# #

.
(2) ((Xn , Tn ))nN X , N N \ N (XN , TN )
X. An
A , N N \ N AN A.
C , f Y 7 T (f )# #
Y # . Y
X
t : X # .
. B
N N \ N
#
XN
X , A#
N A , t,
TN , .

6.2.

295

6.2.4. , , X
, A : X X
, ((Xn , TN ))nN X, Xn , (An : Xn Xn )nN , A.

An A . ,
K L M

dH (K, L) := inf{ > 0 : K L(), L K()},
U () := {m M : dist(m, U ) < } U .
, dH M . .
M , (Kn )nN M
K ,
:
(1) x K
(xnm )mN , x, m N
xnm Knm ;
(2) (xnm )mN , xnm Knm
m N, x M , x K.
, An A
, An A. ,
An , , .
6.2.5. . X := l2 , Xn := Cn , Tn
n . , ((Xn , Tn ))nN
X. n C. A : l2 l2 ,
. = (n )nN l2 .

296

. 6.

(A)n := n n n N. ,
:= (A) = cl({n : n N}).
C, dist(, ) > 0
An : Xn Xn , n N
An ((x1 , x2 , . . . , xn1 , xn )) = (1 x1 , 2 x2 , . . . , n1 xn1 , xn ).
An Tn () Tn A() = (0, 0, . . . , 0, ( 1)n ), n 0
n , An A.
, , (An ) {} n
.
6.2.6. ,
. 6.1.10 (# ) = { |
()} , . .
p (# ) # , ,
# .
A,
6.2.3 (1) ,
(A) (# ). 6.2.3 (2) , , 6.2.4

.

(An )nN A, (A) (nk (Ank ))kN , .
C (A). 6.2.3 (2) N
N \ N AN A. , (A) (A ) 6.1.10 N (AN ),
N . N dist(, (AN )) 0. ,
> 0 {n N : dist(, (An ) < } . 3.5.11(3) ,
( > 0)(n0 )(n > n0 )(dist(, (An )) < ),
. B
6.2.5, 6.2.4

6.2.

297

(
P 6.2.5 (n )nN , nN |n |2 < ).
6.2.7. , 6.2.6 N .

, .
BN XN , BN (, x) XN x .
((Xn , Tn ))nN , (An )
, :


[
( > 0)(fin B X)(n0 )(N > n0 ) (AN (BN ))
BN (, TN y) .
yB

C : > 0. N :
[
AN (BN )
BN (, TN y).
yB

x BN . ,
n N yn X ,
kAN xTN yn kN < n1 . kTN yn TN ym kN kyn ym k
n m, (yn )nN
X. , (yn ) y X. , kAN x TN yk 0.
: , .
,
( > 0)(fin B X)(n0 )(N > n0 )


[
BN (, TN y) .
(AN (BN )) 6
yB

298

. 6.

0 > 0, .
B X , X B.
,
N ,
AN (BN ) 6

BN (, TN y).

yB

, x BN ,
TN y y, , 0 .
, N 6.2.6. B
6.2.8. . A
X, ((Xn , Tn ))nN X. (An )nN
An : Xn Xn , A.
:
(1) (A)
S n (An );
(2) 0 6= (A) J , (A),

J
S
(A
);
n
n
P
()
(3) (2) Mn := (An )J An ,
n dim(Mn ) = dim(A() ) = s,
(f1n , . . . , fsn ) Mn , (f1 , . . . , fs ) A() .
C 6.2.4 6.2.5. B
, A,
(An ), A, AN ,
A#
N (. [381]).
(., , [200, VIII.19],
[314, 5.7.6]). ,

6.2.

299

[200, 8].

/ (A), R (A) := (A)1 := (1A)1 , , , 1
IX X, X.
6.2.9. A DAp(A) A (An )
A, ,
/ cl((A)
S
(A
)),

(R
(A
))

n
n
R (A).
C := i, ,
, .
:= i; := i . 6.2.1 (2)
Ri (A) Ri (An ) Y X.
Y := {(A + i) : DAp(A)}. Y X,
DAp(A) A.
N .
((A + i)1 (AN + i)1 )(A + i) = (AN + i)1 (AN A).
DAp(A), (AN A) 0. B
R C, (,SB)
B C. S := cl((A) n (An )). ,
(, S) > 0.
k(AN + i)1 k = (, (AN ))1 (, S)1  +.
, Ri (AN )(A + i) Ri (A)(A + i),
Ri (An ) Ri (A).
, 0 ,
/ S,
, | 0 | < (0 , S). , ,
/ S
i, i , C S, , i i
, (, S).

300

. 6.

R (An ) (n N) R (A)
{ C : | 0 | < (0 , S)}
:

P
(1) R (A) =
( 0 )m Rm+1
(A),
0
m=0

(2) R (An ) =

( 0 )m Rm+1
(An ).
0

m=0

, N
f Y TN R (A)f
R (AN )TN f . 0 , k N
k
k
P
P
(3)
( 0 )m TN Rm+1
(A)f

( 0 )m Rm+1
(AN )TN f.
0
0
m=0

m=0

> 0. (1) (2)

n0 , k > n0


k
X


m m+1
R (A)f
< .
(

)
R
(A)f
0
0


m=0

h . h , kTN hk khk.

k
P


(4) TN R (A)f
( 0 )m TN Rm+1
(A)f
.
0
m=0

, (2) n.
kR0 (An )k = max{ : (An )} = (0 , (An ))1 (0 , S)1 .

q := | 0 | kR0 (An )k < 1,

X


(0 , S)1 q k+1
m m+1


0
(

)
R
(A
)
0
n
0

1q
m=k+1

k . , kTN f kN (
TN f f ), n1 ,

6.2.


k
P


(5) R (An )TN f
( 0 )m Rm+1
(A
)T
f
N
N
0
m=0

301

<

k > n1 .
, k > max{n0 , n1 } (3),
(4) (5) kTN R (A)f R (AN )TN f kN 2.
> 0 . B
6.2.10.
.
6.2.9 AS
n
/ cl((A) n (An )) (R (A)) , 6.2.8 (1)(3).
6.2.11. ((Xn , Tn ))nN 6.2.6 (1),
6.2.6 (2)
.
(. [200,
8.25]).
, 6.2.9 ((Xn , Tn ))nN 6.2.6 (1)
D DAp(A) A
lim

sup

n D,kk =1
A

k(Tn A An Tn )kn = 0,

kkA := kAk+kk. (R (An )) R (A) .

6.2.12. .
(1) , , . , . . . . [245]. , 6.2.1,
, [494, 495]. [456]. , [456,
7.3] ,
.

302

. 6.

(2) Y = X
[298], Xn
L2 (Rn ) ,
Tn . , Tn f f f . f Tn f f .
An
, X ( X = L2 (Rn )), .

(An ), S
nN An (U ), U L2 (Rn ),
. [298]. [251].
(3) . , . An , A
, Y = X (.
6.2.1) [454,
455], .
. . [325].
(4) 6.2.7 |X|+ -,
. . . , X 1 .
(5) 6.2.6 (An ),
[298]. 6.2.6, [298] n : Xn X Tn := 1
n pn ,
pn : X n (Xn ) . An
An := n An Tn , X.

[298] (An ) ,
S
n (B), B X, .
A
n
, (An )
[298] . , x BN

6.3.

303

N N, N (x) B AN N x = N AN x y
y X [298]
4.3.6.
6.3.

, , , . [5, 285].
.
6.3.1. (X, A , ) . , A X : A

R - .
, , A P(X). , S
{A1 , . . . , A }, N,
k=1 Ak A ,
Ak ,
!

[
X

Ak =
(Ak ).
k=1

k=1

, 6.1.3. f : N
P(X) P(X),
g : N P(X) :
Seq(f ) Seq(g) f (0) = g(0) (k N)(g(k + 1) = g(k) f (k + 1)).
S
(f, g). A0 A := |A0 |.
- f : {0, . . . , 1} A0 f : N A , f
S
n > 1. g : N A
(f, g). g( 1)

f , ,
S
: AA0 A := g( 1). .

304

. 6.

: A 7 ((A)) R

(A A ),

, , ((A)) (A), (A) ((A)) = + . ,

-.
6.3.2. - - (A ), A . , 6.3.4,
,
,
.
(1) A0 A B0
X (. . P(X)),
A0 . S X A A0 S A,
S A = , B B0 S B, S B = .
C
TP X , P := k=1 Bk , (Bn ) A0 A0
, Bk .
P
S X. ,
P P = X, . . P
X.
, P P A A0
S
P A P A = . , A = {P P : P A}
A A0 . ,
S B0
B X B := P 0 , P 0 P.
S X, A
A0 S A, S A = .
(Bk )
T
A0 , S, , P := Bk P.
S P , B B0
: P B S B, P B =
S B = . B
c(A ) S X,
: A0 A , S X, A0 (. .

6.3.

305

P(X)). , S A0 . .
(2) c(A ) -, (A ) c(A ).
6.3.3. S c(A ) ,
:
(1) A A , A S (A)
;
(2)
S (Ak )kN A ,
S k Ak (Ak ) k N.
C S c(A0 ) 0
A0
S 0 A . A0 := {A A0 : |(A)|  +}.
S S A0 , (2).
p S A00 . A000 := {A A0 :
p A} , .
A(n, B) := {A A : p A B, (A) n}. A000 {A(n, B) : n N, B A000 }
.
A A , A A(n, B)
n N B A000 . , (A)
, p A A B B A000 . ,
C A0 A. p
/ C p X C,
, X C A000 A X C. , C A0
A C, A C = . S A0 ,
A S, A S = 6.3.2 (1). p A S,
A S, , (1).
,
(1) (2).
S
A k Ak , (A) , (Ak ) . A A1 . . . An
n N. , , ,
(A) (A1 ) + . . . + (An ). B
6.3.4. . - : A R - - (A ), A . , :
(1) (B) = inf{(A) : B A, A A } (B (A ));

306

. 6.
(2) (B) < + B (A ),
(B) = sup{(A) : A B, A A };

(3) (B) < + B (A ), A A , (A4B) = 0;

(4) B (A ) A A
, A B (A) = +,

(An )nN A , ,
S
B nN An (An ) < + n N.
C .
.
,
S
(Ak )kN A , A := k Ak A . A = Am
m N, , (Ak ) (A). (1)(3) .
B (A ). , , B (A )

(B) = inf

X

(Ak ) : Ak A (k N), B

k=1


Ak .

k=1

, 0 < R S
(Ak )kN , B
k=1 Ak
P

k+1
(A
)
<
(B)
+
/2.

(A
)
<
(A
)
+
/2

k
k
k
k=1
k N, n N

[
n


Ak

n
X

k=1

k=1

(Ak ) +

(Ak )

k=1

/2k+1 < (B) + .

k=1

(Ak )kN (Ak )k N , 3.5.11 (1).

6.3.

307

S
{n N : ( nk=1 Ak ) < (B) + }. ,
S
. A := k=1 Ak .
B A (A ) < (B) + , , (A ) (B) + .
(1).
, (B) < +. C A , B C (C) . (2) (1)
C B. , (Ak )kN
A , Ak B |(Ak ) (B)| < 1/k.
(Ak )k N
N,
|(A ) (B)| < 1/. (B) = (A ) ,
(A 4B) = 0. (4) 6.3.3.
. , 1 2
- (A ). (A )
c(A), S (A ) 6.3.3. 6.3.3 (1), A A , A S (A) = ,
(S) = := 1, 2. 6.3.3S(2),
(Ak )kN A , S k Ak
(Ak ) k N.
, .
6.3.4 (1)
(S Ak ) = inf{(A) : A A , S Ak A Ak }

( := 1, 2).

, S
, 1 (S Ak ) = (S Ak ) k N.
S = k (S Ak ) (S Ak )kN , 1 (S) = 2 (S). 1 2 (A ). B
6.3.5. S(A ) (A ) ,
L S(A ). , L (X) <
+, B S(A ) ,
sup{(A) : A B, A A } = inf{(A) : B A, A A } = L (B).
(X, S(A ), L ), - L , ( (X, A , )),
L ( ).

308

. 6.

f : X R ,
- S(A ). F :
X R A -, {x X : F (x) t} A
t R. A - F : X R
f : X R, f (x) = F (x) L -
x X.
6.3.6. . f : X R
, f .
C : A - F : X R.
r R
{x X : F (x) r} =

{x X : F (x) r + 1/k} (A ),

kN

, F . f (x) = F (x)
L - , f .
: f . -
(qk )kN : Q = {qk : k N}. Bk := {x X : f (x) qk }. Ak A , L (Ak 4Bk ) = 0
Ak Al qk ql .
,
, Ak A qk ql Ak Al k, l .
A - F : X R
{q1 , . . . , q } ,
F (x) qk x Ak . ,
qk1 < qk2 < . . . < qk ,

x Ak1 ,

qk1 ,
x Akl Akl 1
F (x) := qkl ,

/ Ak .
qk +1 , x

(1 < l ),

, k N
F (x) qk f (x) qk
S
x
/ D := kN Ak 4Bk . L (D) = 0,

F (x) = f (x) L - x X. B

6.3.

309

6.3.7. F , im(F ) .
6.3.6,
, . ,
F A - , F 1 ({t}) A t R. F

Z
X
F d =
F (t)(F 1 ({t})).
tim(F )

R
R
A A , , , A F d = X F A d, A
A.
AN := {x X : |F (x)| N }.
A -
F : X R S -,
R
AN F d 0 N . , S -
R F:
(1) XR F d

R A F d 0,
R A A (A) 0;
(2) X |F | dL = ( X |F | d) < +.

: L (X) < +.
6.3.8. . (X, A , )
- , (X, S(A ), L ) . f : X R L -
, f S -
F : X R.
 Z

Z
f dL =
X


F d .

C , f ,

R
R
F , X f dL = X F d.
, g
{r1 , . . . , rn }, g f .
6.3.4 Bk := g 1 (rk )

310

. 6.

Ak A , L (Ak 4Bk ) = 0.
G,
rk Ak ,
R
R
g. , X g dL = X G d,
,
.
F1
f
R
R
G F1 , , , X G dL X F1 d, ,
, |F (x) F1 (x)| 1/n R L -
R x X
n N, X F d X F1 d. ,
  Z
  Z

Z
 Z
g dL =
G d
F1 d) =
F d ,
X

X f dL ( X F d). ,
f f F F .
, f L -. , f 0,
f = f + f . F 0
f , 6.3.6. Fn := F 0 n,
 Z
Z
 Z
Fn d = (f n) dL f dL .

(Fn )nN
,

,
R
R
R
, ( X FN d) X f dL X f dL
N . F := F S - f .
, S - F f .
, 0 < R
R n N ,
m n F m F d .
,
Z
Z
Z
(f n) dL (F n) d F d
X

(F n) d +

(f n) dL + .
X

6.3.

311

,
( X F d) R
X (f n) d n , . B
6.3.9. . (X, A , )
- . A F : X R :
(1) FR S -;
R
(2) X |F | d < + (A) 0 A |F | d 0

A A ;R
R
(3) X |F | dL = X |F | d.
C ,
, . B
6.3.10. , X , A :=
P(X) , . . (A) := |A|
A A , |A| A R+.
(X, S , ),
.

R PF : X R
A -, A F d = xA F (x) A A .
, |X| . = |X|1 , (X, S , )
(X, S, L ) (X, S X , LX ). , F : X R S -
f : X R, 6.3.8


Z
f d =
X


F (x) .

xX

6.3.11. 6.3.8
.
(X, S , ). ,
M S : S (Mn )nN
, M = nN Mn |Mn |  + n N.
M
- {A M :
S
M
A S } M ,
M
S .

312

. 6.

M
M
:= (M, S
,
) - (X, S , ). ,
A := P(X) X.
F : X R SM -,
P :
(1) X |F ()|  ;
P
(2) (A A)( |A| 0 P
A |F ()| 0);
(3) (B A B X M ) B |F ()| 0.
X = M , M 1 - , X = Mn n N. ,
(X) < + ( 6.3.7) SM - S -.
F : X R M
f : X R, f () = F ()
- M .

6.3.12. . L


P
F : X R P
kF k := X |F ()|. A A,
kF kA := kF A k := A |F ()|, A
A.
, ltd(L )
L , , L0 ltd(L )
(. 6.1.1). L # := ltd(L )/L0 ( |X| X ).
S (M ) ltd(L ),
SM - .
M , M
S (M ) SM S ,
. ,
F G , kF Gk 0.
(1) F L
kF k 0 , F () 0 - .
C , A S ,
(A) > 0 F () 6= 0 A. ,
B A .
, (A) +, 6.3.4 (A) =
sup{ (B) : B A, B A}. (A) = +, -

6.3.

313

B A,
(B) = +,
S
(An ) , A n=0 An (An ) < +
n N. (A An ) +,
n, (A An ) > 0, ,
6.3.4.
, B A (B) > 0.
T := {|F ()| : B} , := (inf T ) > 0

kF k (|B|) = (B) > 0. B

(2) F S G F , G S .
C A (2) (3)
6.3.11, kF kA 0 , kF Gk 0, kF
GkA 0. , kGkA 0. B
.
(3) S # L # .
M
-6.3.13. . f : X R
, SM -
F .

Z
M
f d
=
M


F () .

C ,
f . , f L1 ( )
f 0. fn := f Mn . (fn )
f , ,
R
R
(1) fn d f d .
M

R
(2) |fn fm | d 0 n, m +.
M

fn Mn
, 6.3.8 S - Fn fn , Mn (

314

. 6.

6.3.11 (3), Fn () = 0 X Mn ). ,
(. 6.3.11)


R
P
M
=
Fn () .
(3) fn d
X

, (2) , kFn Fm k 0 m, n +.
6.3.12 (3) F S , kFn F k 0. , kFn k kF k.
(3) (1) , (3)
F f . , f () = F () . k > 0. , kFn Mk F Mk k 0 n . n > k,
Mn Mk , , fn Mk = fk Mk . , - Fn Mk Fk Mk , -
Fn Mk F Mk Fk Mk F Mk . S - Mk
, kFn Mk F Mk k = kFk Mk F Mk k. n ,

kFk Mk F Mk k = 0, k. 6.3.12 (1) , - Fk Mk F Mk .

, f Mk F Mk -
S
, , f F |M - , M =
k=0 Mk .
, F S f : M R ,
f () = F () M . , f L1 ( )
F f (3). Fn := F Mk .
- fn := f Mk Fn , , 6.3.8,
(Mn ) .
Z
|fn | d = kFn k kF k.
M

(|fn |)
|f |, , f L1 ( ).
S -
G : X R,
R
M |fn | d = kGk.
(3) F f , kF Gk 0. , A A A M ,

6.3.

315

1 - A Mn n. A n.
FM := F M . - f GM -
f FM , , - FMn GMn .
kF GkA 0, F G S -.
m,n (A) := {A A Mn A
kF GkA m1 }. N N A A, m,n (A)
n, m N . , A A,
m,n (A). M A kF GkA 0.
F, G S , kF GkXA 0. , kF Gk 0. B
6.3.14. p [1, +), Lp , F : X R


kF kp =

|F ()|

1/p

X
: Lp,
kkp, . F, G Lp
F G, kF Gkp 0. Lp# ,
p

6.1. A A
kF kp,A = kF A kp . Sp (M )
Lp , F Lp , |F |p
SM -. Sp , M ,
. kF kp,A = k|F |p kA F A A,
6.3.12 (1)(3) , L , S k k
Lp , Sp k kp .
Lp Sp . , F : X C
, F = Re F + i Im F A A
k Re F kp,A , k Im F kp,A kF kp,A k Re F kp,A + k Im F kp,A .
, F Lp (Sp )
, Re F Lp (Sp ) Im F Lp (Sp ).

316

. 6.

f : M F, F (R C),
f Lp () , F : X F f , F Sp (M ). ,
kf kp = kF kp .
6.3.15. .
(1) [406]. ,
6.3.16.3.10, , . [5, 285].
6.3.4 [406]. , 6.3.4 (4)
[338]; 6.3.2 6.3.3 [338].
(2) 6.3.6 [406, 407].
(. [250, 406]).
6.3.7 S - [407];
[249] 6.3.7 (1).
(3) -
. . [47].
6.3.13. 6.3.116.3.14 [325].
6.4.
, -
. , .
6.4.1. , (X, , ) -
(X, S , ) -
M
M
(M, S
,
) , X X p [1, ) M
p : Lp () Lp (
). ,
f Lp () F := f |X Sp (M ) p (f ). , , f Lp () (,
f )

Z

X

f d =
f () .
X

6.4.

317

(Y, , ) .
Y , . , Y ,
A (A) = 0
/ A.
(1) Y . , B , ( Y B) = 0
B .
C J .
M J ,

A J A M .
S

X := M . X Y (X) = 0. , Y X,
, a Y X
. B
(2) ,
, (X, Y , )
.
X,
(Y Y )((Y ) = 0 Y ).
C N := {Y Y : (Y ) = 0}.
, ,
G := {Gn : n < } , N, ,
S
G N A N A G. Y0 := {Gn :
n < } Y . , (Y0 ) = 0. ( X Y0 ) =

( X) = (X), . . X Y0 6= (, (X) > 0).
, X Y0 . B

- .
(Y, , ) -
- . y Y
-, -
A (A) = 0 y
/ A.
, , . . (Y, , ) , - y Y . , - (Y, , ) . - (1) .

318

. 6.

(3) B ,
( Y B) = 0 B -.
C (1),
- . B
6.4.2. , (Y, , ) - (Y1 , 1 , 1 ) (Y2 , 2 , 2 ). , y = (y1 , y2 ) - Y , yl
- Yl . . , , y1 = y2 IY := {(y, y) : y Y }
, (y1 , y2 ) -, -
y1 , (y1 , y2 ) - IY .
(1) y1 - Y1 , y2
(, y1 )- Y2 , (y1 , y2 ) - Y = Y1 Y2 .
C A Y1 Y2 - ,
(A) = 0. z1 Y1 Az1 := {z2
Y2 : (z1 , z2 ) A} (, z1 )-. C := {z1
Y : 2 (Az1 ) = 0}. , C -
1 (C) = 1 . y1 -
, y1 C. , 2 (Ay1 ) = 0 y2
/ Ay1 ,
Ay1 (, y1 )-. , (y1 , y2 )

/ A , , (y1 , y2 ) - . B
(2) (Y, , ) - . (yn )n Z - Y , - -
(Y Z , ), .
6.4.3. (yn )n Z Y .
n1
R
P
(1) f d = lim n1
f (yk )
Y

k=0

- f .
(2) (Y, , ) ,
Y Z . -

6.4.

319

f : Y R Af
(yn )nZ Y Z , (1). (Af ) = 1.
C T : Y Z Y Z :
T ((yn )nZ ) := (yn0 )nZ , yn0 := yn+1 .
, T (. [99, 8, 1, 1]).
L1 ( )
Z

n1
1X
(T k y)
n n

d = lim

k=0

YZ

y Y Z . 0 : Y Z Y
0 ((yn )nZ ) := y0 .
,
R
R
0 , , Y Z d = Y f d,
= f 0 . , (T k y) = (f 0 )(T k y) = f (yk ),
. B
(3) . (yn )n Z - Y , -
f : Y R, L1 (), (1).
C (2), , - Af , ,
(yn )nZ - Af . (1). B
6.4.4. . (Y, , ) - , Y0 Y , - f : Y R
Z
(Y ) X
f d
f (y).
|Y0 |
Y

yY0

C , , (Y ) - , , , ,

320

. 6.

(Y ) 6= . (Y, , ) 1
(Y, , ), := (Y
) .
:
Z
Z
f d = (Y ) f d.
Y

y := (yn )n Z -
(Y, , ), N (, y)- . 6.4.3 (1) (, y)-, , 4.6.4 (1),

Z

(,y)

f d

N 1
1 X
f (yk ).
N
k=0

Y0 := {y0 , . . . , yN 1 }. ,
(,y)

(. 4.6.2). B
6.4.5. (X, , )
- . ,
S Xn , (Xn ) < + n N
X = nN Xn . n - {A Xn : A },
n n .
f : X R
Z
Z
f d = lim
fn dn ,
X

n
Xn

fn := f |Xn .
.
X X R ,

Z

X

f d =
f ()
X

f L1 ().

6.4.

321

C .
(Y, , ) := ( X , , ). (Y, , ) 6.4.4. , f -
X . Y0 X ( Y0
. 6.4.4), f |Y0 = f |Y0 . ,

Z
Z

f d =
f d .
X

R
6.4.4, := (Y )|Y0 |1 X := Y0 , X f d
. B
6.4.6. . [29].
B m - B. B , , ; . .
E B,
, . - .
- .
(B1 , m1 ) (B2 , m2 ) .
: B1 B2 , ,
, . . (sup E) = sup (E) E B1 .
, (B1 ) B2 , . . E (B1 ) (B1 ) B2 .
, (Y, , )
n() := {c : (c) = 0}. := /n() , ([c]) = (c), [c]
c . (Y, , ). f : Y R ,
(etf )tR ,
f eft := [{y :
f (y) t}]. , sup(eft ) = 1B inf(eft ) = 0B .

322

. 6.

(1)
f
R
, t d(etf )
Z

Z
t d(etf ).

f d =
Y

C , ., , [29,
VI, 3]. B
(2) (Y, , )
, Y0 Y 6.4.4 ( ), := (Y ) |Y0 |1 (Y0 , S , ) , : S ,
([c]) = [ c Yn ] (c ),
.
C 6.4.4,
. B
(3) 6.4.6 (2). , h L1 () H :=

h|Y0 , e
h : Y0 R , e
h(y) = h(y)
R
R
y Y0 . e
h L1 ( ), Y h d = Y0 e
h d H
S -.
C t R Ct := {y Y :
h(y) t}, ct := [Ct ] , Et := {y Y0 : e
h(y) t} et := [Et ] S .
(ct )tR h (et )tR , e
h. : S , (2), ,
, eet := (ct ), , (e
et )tR .
, eet = {y Y0 : h(y) t}. e
h, et1 < eet2 eet1 < et2
t1 < t2 .
(et )tR (e
et )tR et = eet t. (1) ,
. 6.3.7 (1). B

6.4.

323

6.4.7. 6.4.1 , A
(A) = ( |X A|).
(, , t := +, t R t +.)
M
M
( Xn ) < + , S = (M, S
,
),

Mn := X Xn n N M := nN Mn , (X, S , ).
. (X, ,S
) - , X = nN Xn (Xn ) < + n N.
, X X R
S 6.4.5. Mn := X Xn M := nN Mn .
p [1, +) f Lp () F (f ) := f |X Sp (M ) p (f ) = F (f ),
M
p : Lp () Lp (
) . ,
f L1 (),
Z
Z
M
1 (f ) d
.

f d =
M

C p = 1 f 0.
(Mn , Sn , n ) , n = (Xn ) |Mn |1 |Mn | |Mn |1 = . 6.4.6 (3), (Y, , )
(Xn , n , n ) Y0 Mn .
fn := f Xn : X R f n := f |Xn . 6.4.6 (3) f |Mn
S - (f |Mn )
Z
Z

f n dn =
( f |Mn ) dn =
=

Mn

Xn

X
Mn

f n ()


fn () .

, n 1 fn () = 0
X Mn . , fn |X
SM - 1 (fn ) , ,

324

. 6.

R
R
M
X fn d = M 1 (fn ) d
.
(1 (fn )) 1 (f ), ,
f 1 (f ) L1 ( ). 6.4.5
 Z

X

| fn () f ()| = |fn f | d 0.
X

S (M )# L # (. 6.3.12 (3)),
, f |X S (M ) , , SM 1 (f ). B
6.4.8. (X, , ) -M
Lp () Lp (
), , -
M
M
(M, S
,
) (X, S , ). : M X, .
M

p [1, )
p : Lp () Lp ( ) p (f ) := f

(f Lp ()). 6.3.13 6.3.14 p (f ) F Sp (M ), f . ,

.
(1) f L1 () F SM - f ,

Z

X
f d =
F () .
X

,
F f .
, :
X X
(2) F = f |X f L1 ().
(2) , X X.
, (2) .
.

6.4.

325

(3) X := [0, 1] X. 0
N := [1 ] X := {k : k = 1, . . . , N }.
(X, S , ) : (X) = 1,
M = X. : X X st
(, st(k) = (k)). ,
A [0, 1] ,
st1 (A ) (A ) = (st1 (A )).
f
(2). , Q
. f
[0, 1] F (2), (1)
2.3.16. , F := f |X S - f .
f , , F 6.3.7 (1) , , S -. A f , (A ) = 0, f .
k X st1 (A ), f (k), ,

f (k) f ( (k)). , F () = f (st())

X, F f st, ,
F f .
6.4.9. , X
, X, (
- X) S- . , ,
X = nN Xn ,
S Xn (Xn ) < + n N. nst ( X) = Xn . , st : nst ( X) X
st(x) x (x nst ( X)) (. 4.3.4 4.3.6).
(1) X , : X X
, R M := 1 (nst ( X)).
(X, , ) (X, , ) ,
M
M
: (M, S
,
) (X, , ), :=
st |M , .
S
, M = nN 1 ( Xn ),

326

. 6.

M
M
(M, S
,
) - (X, S , ).
,
F := f SM - f .
, , f
:


P
(2) (B P(X)) B X M
| f ((x))| 0 .
xB

6.4.10. (X, , ) (X, , ). , f : X R , -, -

6.4.9 (2). F := f SM - f , ,

Z

X

f d =
f ((x)) .
xX

C , F SM - .
6.3.11 (2) - f , 6.3.11 (3)
6.4.9 (2). 6.3.11 (1),
Mn := 1 ( Xn ) , f |Mn S -
. f (Mn )
(. 6.3.7 (1)). , 6.4.8 (3),
, f |Mn f |Xn ,
6.4.6 (2)
 Z
Z

X

|f | d =
| f |(x) |f | d.
Xn

xMn

S C ,

P D nN Mn
xD |F |(x) < C.
,
D M . 6.3.11 (1)
6.4.9 (2) B := X D.

f |Mn f |Xn n N, f
f . B
, , - f Lp (), p
[1, ).

6.4.

327

6.4.11. . - X := R,
R. N N N R R , 0 N +.
, N = 2L + 1, X := {k : k = L, . . . , L}.
Xn := [n, n] : X RS .
Mn = X [n, n] M = X nN [n, n].
(1) , 6.4.9 (2)


l
X
|f (n)| 0 .
(k, l) |k| < |l| < L |k| +
n=k

(2) L,
L +,
X
lim
|f (k)| = 0.
0
A

A
|k|>

(3) , ,
, ,
Z
f (x) dx = lim h
h0

f (kh).

k=

, .
6.4.12. .
(1) ,
- SM -, . . [47, 325].

.
, ,
st [250] (.
[285] [5]). , f |X f , .

328

. 6.

[0, 1]
[285]. - ,
, .
(2) 6.4.9 (2)
; . ,
, ,
(. 6.4.11)
. , ,
6.4.9 (2) .
(3) 6.4.11 L . R
 

0 L =
. , (X, , ) (X, , ), X := R,
- . 4.6.13 , 6.4.10 , R
. f , f SM -.
S - f | [n,n]
#
n N, 6.4.10 SM
L # (.
6.4.7).
(4) [480] (. [76]) , , . , ZFC. . . ( - [425]) 01
,
, . . .
[0, 1]
[515], 6.4.4.
. 6.4.4
[335] .

6.5.

329

6.5.

.
6.5.1. , X, X
p [1, ] R+ Lp,

F : X F ( F R
C)
1/p

X


X
F Lp,
.
kF kp, :=
|F ()|p
X
X
) = |X|. dim(Lp,
X #
(Lp, ) , , |X|
. p = 2
kF k2, P
X #
(F, G) = X F ()G(), , (L2,
) . , Lp
X
Lp,
, .
M
M
(M, S
,
) - (X, S , ), Sp (M )# Lp#
(. 6.3.12 (3)). 6.3.14 , M
Lp (
). M
f Lp (
) F #
F Sp (M ). ,
M
Lp (
) Lp# .
, (Xk , k , k ) k := 1, 2 - . ,
(Xk , Sk , k ), -
Mk
Mk
(Mk , S
,
)
k
k
Mk
#
k
M
pk : Lpk (k ) Lpk (k ) Lpk

p1 , p2 [1, +].
A : Lp1 (1 ) Lp2 (2 ) . A : Lp1 Lp2 , ,

330

. 6.

A , f Lp1 (1 ) kG A(F )kp2 ,2 0, F Lp1 f G Lp2

A (f ).
A A .
, 6.4.8, M
p : X X f

f , . . f , (X) ( 6.4.10 , ).
A A , f , A (f )
f .
(1) A : Lp1 Lp2 A : Lp1 (1 ) Lp2 (2 ) ,
:
A

Lp1 (1 ) Lp2 (2 )

M2
M
p11 y
yp2
Lp#1

A#

Lp#2 .

(2) , M
Lp1 (1 ) Lp1 (1 ). A A M, A A .
C L (M) M.
(1) ,
Lp1 (1 ) L (M). ,
L (M) Lp1 (1 ). B
6.5.2. , Ak : Lp1 (1 ) Lp2 (2 ) , k :
X1 X2 F , f Lp1 (1 ) g := Ak (f )
,
Z
g(s) = k(s, t)f (t) d1 (t).
X1

k(, ) Ak .

6.5.

331

, Ak k,

Z
Ak (f )(s) = k(s, t)f (t) d1 (t) (f Lp1 (1 )).
X1

Ak : Lp1 (1 ) Lp2 (2 ).
,
A , k,
. , , ,

 

M1
M2
M1
M2
M1 M2
M1 M2
M1 M2 , S
=
6
M
.

S
,

M
,
S
,

1
2
2
1
2
1 2
1 2
1
( -
X1 X2
X1 X2
(X1 X2 , S
,
).)
1 2
1 2
(. [250]), M1 M2 ( M1 M2 M1
M2
M1 M2
), S
S
S
,
1
2
1 2
.
- , -
.
M1
M2
, Lr (

)
1
2
M1 M2

Lr (1 2 ) r [1, ). M
r : Lr ()
M
1 M2
Lr ( ) := 1, 2 M
: Lr (1 2 )
r
M1
M2
M1 M2
Lr (1 2 ) Lr (1 2 ), k Lr (1 2 )
K Sr (M1 M2 ).
,
K A A .

.
M
M
: (X, , ) - , (M, S
,
)
- (X,
M
S , ) , , 2 : Lr () Lr (
).

332

. 6.

Ak : L2 () L2 () k
, k L2 ( ). ,
 Z
1/2
2
kAk k
|k| d d
.
XX

K S2 (M M )
AK : L2 L2
X
K(, )F () (F L2 , X).
AK (F )() :=
X

, AK
:
1/2

X
kAK k 2
|K(, )|2
.
,X

6.5.3. . Ak : L2 () L2 () k L2 ( ) K S2 (M M ) k
M
M M
(, , K M
(k) L2 (
)), 2
2
AK : L2 L2 Ak .
C , k, , L2 ( ). , kn L2 ( ) (n N)
kk kn kL2 () 0 n . Ak Akn = Akkn Ak , 6.5.2
Ak kAk Akn k 0 n .
Kn S2 (M M ) kn K S2 (M M )
k.


kA#
K AKn k = kAK AKn k = kAKKn k
1/2
X
|K(, ) Kn (, )|2
= kk kn kL2 () 0.

,X

6.5.1 (2)
Akn AKn . f L2 ().
#
2 (Ak (f )) = lim 2 (Akn (f )) = lim A#
Kn (2 (f )) = AK (2 (f )).

6.5.

333

,
k , (s, t) := (s) (t). L2 ( ),

6.5.1 (1).
, k := , , L2 (). , S2 (M )
. , F
2 (M ) f L2 () G S2 (M )
Ak (f ). , 7 () F () t 7 (t) f (t).
, , F S2 (M ), F
S (M ), ,
Z
:=

(t)f (t) d(t)

X

()F () =: .

G Ak (f ) , Ak (f ) = .
AK
AK (F ) = . , kG AK (F )k2 = | | kk2 0,
. B
6.5.4. 6.4.7
.
(1) , L2 () - , .
, X
, X, .
(X, , )
(X, , ) (. 6.4.9 (1)). X X
. nst ( X X) = nst ( X) nst ( X)
st((, )) = (st(), st()) , nst ( X).
, (X X, , 2 )
(X X, , ). ,
(2) -
f : X X R 6.4.9 (2) , f -

334

. 6.

, :
(B P(X))(B X M )
X X

XX
2

| f ((x), (y))| +
| f ((x), (y))| 0.
xB yX

xX yB

(3) X , (X, , )
(X, , ). - k L2 ( ),
|k|2 (2), AK , K :=

k|(X)(X) , Ak .
6.5.5. ,
f : X X R 6.5.4 (2).
(1) , f : X2 R
|f (x, y)| 1 (x) 2 (y)

(x, y X),

1 2 - ,
6.4.9 (2). f 6.5.4 (2).
C 1 and 2 6.4.9 (2) 6.4.10.
, B X M ,
2

XX

|f ((x), (y))|

xB yX

X
xB

1 ((x))

X
yX

2 ((y))

2 d
X

1 ((x)) 0,

xB

. B
.
(2) k L2 ( )
, |k|2 6.5.4 (2) ( (1)). -

6.5.

335

f L2 (), (. 6.4.9 (2)), :


2
X
X Z



k((x), ) f () d ()
k((x), (y)) f ((y)) 0.


xX

yX

6.5.6. , X := R (. 6.4.11),
.
(1) k L2 (R2 )
, |k|2 6.5.5 (1) 1 2 R, 6.4.11 (3) ( ). , 0 L N , L +.

f L2 (R), 6.4.11 (3),
 Z
2
M
L
X
X



k(, y) f (y) dy
k(, ) f () 0.

=M

=L

X := {k N : |k| L}, : X R
(k) = k K : X 2 R
K := k|(X)(X) , (1) , AK
Ak (. 6.5.5 (2)).
 

(2) +, 0 L :=
,
(1) k L2 (R2 ) f L2 (R).
C , 4.6.13,
Z Z
2

|k(x, y)| dx dy =

L
X


| k(, )|

,=L

, , , K S2 (M M )
k, |k|2 6.5.4 (2). B
(1) (2) , R Rn n 1 ( k L2 (R2n )).

336

. 6.

6.5.7. .
.
6.5.4 (1). 6.4.7 , X X f L2 (), S2 (M ), f |X . , K : X 2 R S2 (M ) k L2 ( )
, , , (X 2 , ) 6.4.5
(X2 , , ). K 6.5.2.
(X, , ) - k
L2 ( ). L2 ()
> 0 X X, R K : X 2 R,

 ZZ

X


2
2
2

|k| d
|K(x, y)|  < ,

X2

x,y

f

2
X Z
X

 k(x, )f () d()
 < .

K(x,
y)f
(y)


xX

yX

C 6.5.4 (1) .
(X, , ) - .
k L2 ( ).
(fin X X)( R+ )(K : X 2 R)(st f L2 ())(st 0 < R)

Z Z
X


2
2
2

|k|
d

|K(x,
y)|
 <

X2

x,yX


2

X Z
X




K(x, y)f (y) < .
 k(x, )f () d()
xX X

yX

W
.
(st Pfin (L2 ()))(st Pfin (R+ ))(fin X X)( R+ )
(K : X 2 R)(f )( ) W .

6.5.

337

(X, , ) k ,
st . := min() ,
, : ( R+ ). ,
. B
,
X, K 6.5.4 (1) L2 ()
L2 ( ), ,
, k L2 ( ) (. . X, K k).

, .
6.5.7
6.5.4 (1), , K S (M )
k. K S (M ) k ,
IST, , 6.5.7.
6.5.8. 6.5.6 (2).
Hm
L2 (Rm ), Rm.
H1 K H2
n N L N R+ ,
L > n, < n1
2
L  Z
L
X
X


1


k(, )f () d
k(, )f () <

n
=L

=L

f k K .
C 6.5.6 (2) :

(L N)( R+ ) L + 0 (st f H1 )(st k H2 )
 Z

M
L
X
X


k(,
y)
f
(y)
dy


=M

=L

2



k(, ) f () 0 .

338

. 6.

,
(L N)( R+ )(st n N)(st f H1 )(st k H2 )

 X
L  Z

1
L > n < n
k(, )f () d

=L
L
X

=L


2
1

.
k(, )f () <
n

,
st. B
6.5.9. 6.5.6 (1). Hf
1
f H1 , |f |2 6.4.11 (2), 2
Hf
2 k H2 , |k|
6.5.5 (1) 1 2 , 6.4.11 (2). ( Hf
m .)
f
f Hf
1 k H2
lim

0
L

2
L  Z
L
X
X



 = 0.
k(,
)f
()
d

k(,
)f
()



=L

=L

C 6.5.6 (1) IST


f1 )(st k H
f2 )
(L N)( R+ ) L + 0 (st f H



L  Z
L
2
X
X



k(, )f () d
k(, )f () 0 .

=L

=L

a 0 (st n N)(|a| < 1/n)

, :
st
f st
(st f Hf
1 )( k H2 )( n N)(L N)( R+ )
(L + 0 W ),

6.5.

339

W 6.5.5 (1).
L + 0 IST
,
fin
f1 )(k Hf
(f H
2 )(n N)( N N)(L N)( R+ )
(m N )(( < 1/m L > m) W ),

. B
6.5.10. A : Lp (R)
f(r) Lq (R), p, q 1. H
f Lr (R),
f(r)
|f |2 6.4.11 (2). , H
Lr (R) (r 1). , A :
f(p) : A (f ) H
f(q) } (1) {f H
Lp (R).
T := {TL, : L N, R+ } TL, :=
(t, )L
,=L , . , TL, N N , N := 2L + 1.
(2) , T A : Lp (R) Lq (R), (1), ,
f Hf(p) A 1 (Hf(q) )
q
L 
L
X
X



lim
t f () = 0.
A (f )()

0
L

=L

=L

(3) T 6.5.10 (2), T A :

Lp (R) Lq (R) , L N
X
R+ , 0 L +, TL, : L,p

X
L,q , X := {L, . . . , L},
A .
C (1) (. 2.3.1). B

340

. 6.

(4) , (2)
f M Hf(p) A 1 (Hf(q) ),
Lp (R).
f Hf(p) A 1 (Hf(q) ).
C 6.5.1 (1). B
6.5.11. .
(1) . .
[43, 325]. [325].
(2) , A ,
IST. , , . ,
, ,
, ( ), ,
,
f
A (f ), . 6.5.10 (2).
(3) , 6.5.3
, , k, k
Lp Lq (., , [87]).
(4) (. 6.5.1)
, 6.5.10 (2),
Lp (R), , , , 6.5.10 (2). 6.5.8 6.5.9. 6.5.6 (2)

0.
.

6.6.

341

(5) ,
A f ,
A (f ) 1 .
, 1 0 L1 (, 1 := ((2L + 1))1 ).
6.5.10 . , 6.4.9 (2) 6.5.10 (3, 4), .
(6) 6.4.9 (2) 6.5.10 (3, 4) , A :
Lp () Lq (), - X,
(. 6.5.4 (3)).


X , : X X , . , 6.4.9 (2)
6.5.4 (2) .
.
6.6.

, 6.4.6. , ,
.
6.6.1. . (X , , )
- , a .
X X R ,

Z
X



 f d
f () <

X

f L1 ().

342

. 6.

C k - . (Xk , k , k ) 6.4.4, . e.
X Xk ,
k- h : Xk R

Z
k (Xk ) X
h dk
h()
|X|
X

k- . , f L1 (), fk
k- Xk ,
Z
k (Xk ) X

fk dk
fk ()
|X|
X

k- , , - . ,
Z

Z
f d = lim

n
Xn

fn dn

R
R
, X f d Xk fk dk - . fk |X = f |X ,
Z
f d
X

k (Xk ) X
fk ()
|X|
X

- , , ,
. B
6.6.2. , 6.6.1, , (X, ) .
6.6.1
,
. ,
, (X , , ) - , a - ,

6.6.

343

X X R ,

Z
X




F d
F () <

X

- F . ,
.
6.6.3. X , A X (y )yY -
A . (y )yY :
A Y R , y (A) := (A, y) y Y A A . L1 X , (y )yY . (y )yY
T L1 : f L1 , T f Y R,

Z
(T f )(y) =

f dy

(f L1 ).

,
, (. .
) . F (Y )
Y . X := (x1 , . . . , xn ) X X L1 Rn ,


f L1 f (x1 ), . . . , f (xn ) .
6.6.4. . X
:= (x1 , . . . , xn ) X Y := (y1 , . . . , ym ) Y , Y Y ,
A = (a ) n m Y ( T f )
AX ( f ) f L1 , ,
Z

f d y

n
X
=1

a f (x )

( := 1, . . . , m).

344

. 6.

,
T

L1 (X ) F (Y )

X y
Y y

Rn

Rm

.
C .
Y 6.6.1

X(y)
X

R
P
(y) , | X f dy (y) X(y) f | f L1 .
()
X :Y

Xn

: Y R.

n N

, Y . y Y F L1 ,
, (y, F ),
Z
X 



F
d

(y)
F  .
y

X

X(y)

y Y By := {F

L1 : (y, F )}. , f By f L1 y Y . , (y1 , f1 ), . . . , (yk , fk ) Y L1 L1 , f By := 1, . . . , k.

By1 . . . Byk .
, B , f B Fy
(y, f ) Y L1 . , (y, F )
y Y F . Y0 y Y ,
(y, F ) F B. ,
Y0 , Y . ,
Y1 Y ,
Y . Y := Y0 Y1 . Y Y , Y , (y, F ) y Y

6.6.

345

F B. , (y, f ) y Y
f L1 . (y1 , . . . , ym ) Y . X Xy1 , . . . , Xym , . . ,
Xy1 , . . . , Xym .
X := (x1 , . . . , xn ) Xy
X s+1 s+m . A
m n :

y , s < s+1 ,
a :=
0
.
f L1 := 1, . . . , m
Z
 Z

n
X
X

 






f d y
a f (x ) = 
f d y (y )
f  ,

=1

. .

f d y

X(y )

Pn

=1 a

f (x ). B

6.6.5. K(x, y).

6.6.4 - A , y
y Y Ky := K(, y) L ().
Z
Z
(T f )(y) = f dy = f Ky d.
X

6.6.4 .
, X , (
6.6.1),
X Y .
6.6.6. . (X, ) . Y := (y1 , . . . , ym ) Y , Y Y ,
, Y ( T f ) AX ( f ), a := K(x , y ).
C
6.6.4. (y, F )
Z

X



 F d y
f Ky  .

X

346

. 6.

f L1 y Y
 Z

Z
X
X
 





 f dy
f Ky  =  f Ky d
f Ky  ,

X

. . (y, f ) y Y f L1 .
Cy := {F L1 : (y, F )}.
C L1 , (y, F ) y Y
F C , , L1 C.
Y := (y1 , . . . , ym ) , Y Y (y, f ) y Y
f L1 .
Z

f dyi

X
X

f K y =

n
X

a f (x )

=1

:= 1, . . . , m. B
6.6.7. , 6.6.4
6.6.6 , , A T
. ,
Y Y , g Y g
Y . , , Y Y , . . supyY g(y) =

max Y (g). ,
X
R
P 6.6.6 L1 - f L1 , . . X f d = ( X f ).
, sup- Rm , 6.6.6 , (X, ),
, Y , Y Y Y
kY ( T f ) AX ( f )k f L1 .
6.6.6. 6.6.6, T L1 F (Y ) K,
> 0 .
6.6.8. . Y Y
(X, ),
kY ( T f ) AX ( f )k f L1 ( A
, 6.6.4.)

6.6.

347

C Y := {y1 , . . . , ym }. := 1, . . . , m Ky {Ky1 , . . . , Kym } , ,

Y -. (X , A , ) , , Y . 6.6.2 X X
, Y - F
Z
X 



F
d

F  .

X

f L1 , f Ky Y - ,
Z
 Z

X
X

 





f d y
f Ky  = 
f Ky d
f Ky  ,

X

. B
6.6.9.
. .
X , A X
(Y, B, ) - . : A Y R ( - ),
:
(1) A := (A, ) : Y R B- A A ;
(2) y := (, y) ( - ) A y Y .
, , (X, A ) (Y, B, ) ,
- A Y . , Y Y0 ,
y - y Y0 . ,
(Y, BL , L ) (Y, B, ). y (y Y0 ) (y )L . , (y )L
(A ). L : (A ) Y R : L (A, y) := (y )L (A) A (A ) y Y0 ;
Y Y0 L .

348

. 6.

6.6.10. . L (X, (A )) (Y, BL , L ).

C L
y := (y )L - L - y Y . , L
A
BL - A (A ). M A (A ), L
A BL - .
, A M . , A A
L

L
A (y) = y (A) = y (A) = A (y) y Y0 . L
A A ,
L
A BL -. (An )nN M A := limn An . A (A ).
L
, L
y (A) = limn y (An ) y Y0 ,
, L
A
BL - (L
An ) . ., ,
BL -. M .
-, , M = (A ). B
6.6.11. - (A ).
, , ,
-, , -.
,
, , . ,
(A) L
y y Y , L
.
Y , B Y . , BL P(Y ). N BL - Y .
X := Y A := B, y Y

(A, y) :=

1,

y A,

, (X, A )
(Y, B, ). , y Y
(y )L P(X). L

6.6.

349

P(X) Y , ,
L (A, y) := (y )L (A). P(X) Y L
, L
N = N BL .
6.6.12. , ,
.
(1) , V # V - V1 /V2 ,
V1 := ltd(V ) V2 := (V ), . 6.1.1.
, , ,
.
F - V -
(X, A ), F
V1 . F # : A V # , F # (A) :=
F (V )# , - A . F # (A ). , ,
, F # (A ). ,
F , ,
.
(2) (Y, B, ) , a
(Y, BL , L ) .
L0 () B- Y R. ,
, - . L0 () V1 V2 , L - L -
. f V1 ( f V2 ), U BL , L (Y U ) = 0 f (y) ( ) y U . , f V1 ( f V2 ) g(y) = f (y)
- y, g(y) = f (y) L - y, g V1 ( V2 ).
L0 ()# - V1 /V2 . L0 ()# L0 (L ) Y R, -

350

. 6.

BL . , - f + V2 V1 /V2 f , , -
. , L0 ()# = L0 (L ).
(3) , ,
(X, A ) (Y, B, ). , (A, y)
A A y Y . L , 6.6.10. , . ,
: A L0 () L : (A ) L0 (L ) (A) := A
L (A) := L
A.
6.6.13. . # (. 6.6.12 (1)) (A ); . e. . , # L (A ).
C (A, y) A A
y Y , A A (A) = A
V1 . , # A . , 6.6.12 (2), A A
L
# (A) = (A) = (A ) = A = L
A = (A) . .,
#

# L A . L (A), , L #
(A ). B
6.6.14. .
(1) [256]
L2 .
[312] ( L1 ) [363] ( Lp
0 < p 1). [229231, 363366, 482486, 517519].
[387].
(2) . . [214].

.

F : L2 (R) L2 (R).
f L1 , . . . , L1 .

F (f ) L, . . . , L.
,
, 0, 1 0
L, L1 + (, , , 0, 1 0 L, L1 +).
L, 1 .
, 7.1 , - .

, - .

352

. 7.

,
.
7.1.


F : L2 (R) L2 (R).
7.1.1. : X := {k Z : L k L} N := 2L + 1, L
(. . L +); 0 (0 < , 0 0), N ,
N 0 +; : X R 0 : X R (k) := k 0 (k) := k0 . (X, , ) (X, 0 , 0 )
(R, , dx), -
dx R
(. 6.4.9 (1)).
CX {Ek : k X}, Ek (m) := km k, m X.
, CX , . CX (, ) ( (, )0 ),
(Ek , Em ) := km ( (Ek , Em )0 := 0 km ). L2 ( L20 ) CX
(, ) ( (, )0 ).
:
CX CX , (exp(2i/N ))L
,=L .
:= :
L2 L20 . ,
( (F ), (G))0 = N 0 (F, G) .
k k = N 0 , , #
#
0
#
: L2 L20 , 0 < N < +.
, , , N 0 1.

7.1.

353

, b := (N )1 .

b
(R, , dx) (X, b
, ).
M := 1 (nst ( R)) := st |M : M R.
#
M
2 : L2 (R) L2 (
) L2,
.
#
, f L2 (R), 2 (f ) = F , F S2 (M )
f ( f ).
, f ,
|f |2 6.4.11 (2), F
X (f ) CX , X (f )k := f (k) k X (. 6.4.11).
c ,
M 0 , 0 , 02 X0 (f ) ( M,
b b
2 X
b (f )) 0 (b
).
, F : L2 (R) L2 (R)
:
Z
f (x) exp(2ixy) dx.

F (f )(y) :=

7.1.2. . N 0 1, : L2, L2,0 F : L2 (R) L2 (R).

C M
[0, a] [a, 0], a > 0.
M L2 (R) 6.5.1 (2). f :=
[0,a] T ,
(T 1) a < T .
6.5.1 ,
2
Za
1
L  T
X
 X

0


exp(2ink/N ) exp(2ixk ) dx 0.

0

k=L

n=0

R a PL
k=1 . , 0

354
. 7.
R T
0 , N 0 1 , ,
T
2
L  Z
X


0

 N 2 0 0.
exp(2ixk
)
dx

k=L

, ,
,
0

L
X

|(1 exp(2ikT /N ))(1 exp(2ik/N ))1

k=L

(2ik0 )1 (1 exp(2ikT 0 ))|2 0.

b := (N )1 ,
0
L
X
|1 exp(2ikT /N )|2 |(1 exp(2ik/N ))1 N/(2ik)|2 0.
N
k=1

. , k
[1, L] 0 < 2k/N < . , (1 exp(i))1
(i)1 0 , , [0, ]. ,

0

L
X

|(2ik0 )1 (1 exp(2ikT 0 ))

k=1

N (2ik)1 (1 exp(2ikT /N ))|2 0,

, , :
L
1 X 2
k |(N 0 1)(1 exp(2ikT /N ))|2 0
0
k=1

L
1 X 2
k | exp(2ikT 0 ) exp(2ikT /N )|2 0.
0
k=1

7.1.

355

, .
:= N 0 1 0 a := T a.

L
2 X 1
ka
0.
sin2
0
2

k
N
k=1

2 M 0 0,
a 
sin2 x x2 . 2 M 0 6 0,

1
S := 0 . S0 , 2 S0 0
, , S < M . :
L
S
L
2 X 1
2 X 1
2 X 1
ka
2 ka
2 ka
=
+
.
sin
sin
sin2
0
2
0
2
0
2

k
N

k
N
k
N
k=1

k=1

k=S+1

,
2 S0 0. ,
L
2
2 X 1
0 (S 1 M 1 ),
0
2

k=S+1

S0 M 0 . B
7.1.3. .
(1) N 0 2h, h > 0 , : L2, L2,0 Fh : L2 (R) L2 (R),

Z
f (x) exp(ixy/h) dx.

Fh (f )(y) :=

C f L2 (R)
, (t) := f (2ht),
/2h. B

356

. 7.

(2) , f F (f )
, |f |2 |F (f )|2

X 

f (k) = 0.
lim
0
A

A
|k|>

lim

0n

n  Z
X


f (x) exp(2ixk0n ) dx


k=n
n
X

n
m=n

2

f (mn ) exp(2ikm/n) = 0

(n ) (0n ) , n 0,
0n 0 nn 0n 1/2 n .
C 7.1.2,
6.5.10 (3) (. 6.5.11 (5)). B
(3) ,
,
(. 6.5).
F kF (x, y) := exp(2ixy). k L2 (R2 ), |k|2
6.5.5 (1) (. . k Hf
2 ), Ak : L2, L2, ( k(, ))L
,=L
k.
, L2, L2, , F , , N 2 = 1 ( N 2 1),
. 7.1.2.
Ak := kF (, )L
,=L .
,
N Ak
F .

7.1.

357

7.1.4. N 2 = 2, B : L2, L2, , Ak ,

F .
C B
( exp(4inm/N ))L
n,m=L .
f := 
0;

 ,

3/2

(kB(X (f )) X (F (f ))k ) > 0.

T ,
p
(T 1) 3/2 < T . ,



L
X

|1 exp(4imT /N )|2

m=LT

|(1 exp(4im/N ))1 N/(4im)|2

> 0.

T /N 0, ,


3

L
X
m=LT

sin2

2mT
N


sin2

2m
N

1
.

, .
, sin2 (2m/N ) m L T m L.
S := [2T /3].
T 3/4 2mT /N T /2 M T
m M S, , sin2 (2mT /N )
. ,
. , m :=
L T D 2 D > 0.
,
D(T S). . B

358

. 7.

7.1.5. 7.1.2
. , N :=
2L + 1 0 < (N 2 ) <
+. , N 0 ,
0 < (N 0 ) < +.
,
CX . Dd : L2,
L2, , ((2)1 dnk )L
n,k=L ,

dnk :=

1, k = n u 1,

1, k = n
1,
0

u
Z/N Z c {L, . . . , L}. , G := Dd F , G(k) =
(F (k + 1) F (k 1))(2)1 .
, kDd k +, Dd# . , .

(1) G(n) = Ddn F ,

(n)

 
n
1 X
r n

F (k u n
(k) =
(1)
2r).
(2)n r=0
r

, |k| L n, u

+ .

(2) 2 F ((L t)) 0 s t, G(n) ((L m)) 0 n m.

(3) f S(R), s f ((L t)) 0
s t.
C L + t , (L t) +. , f S(R), [(L t)]s f ((L t)) 0.
, 0 s [(L t)2 ]s f ((L t)). 0 < (N 2 ) < +. B

7.1.

359

(4) f S(R)
n ,
kDdn X (f ) X (f (n) )k2, 0.
C (2) (3)
X

|(Ddn X (f ))(k) X (f (n) )(k)|2 0,

|k|>Ln

(1) ,
2
 
Ln
n
X  1 X

r n
(n)

 .
(1)
f
((k+n2r))
f
(k)
0S=
 (2)n

r
r=0
k=L+n

f (k + (n 2r)) =

n
X
f (s) (k)
s=0

s!

(n 2r)s s +

f (n+1) (r)
(n 2r)n+1 n+1 .
+
(n + 1)!

 
n
1 X
r n
f ((k + n 2r)) =
(1)
(2)n r=0
r
 
n
n
1 X f (s) (k) s X
r n
=

(n 2r)s +
(1)
(2)n s=0
s!
r
r=0
+

n
X f (n+1) (r)
(n 2r)n+1 .
2n r=0 (n + 1)!

  
n
X
0,
r s n
=
(1) r
r
(1)n n!,
r=0

s < n,
s = n,

, f (n) (k). B
B, f (n+1) R. , S 2(L n)B 2 2 (1). B

360

. 7.

7.1.6. (L (n) )nN L2, :


L (0) :=


F L2, : ( st a)( st C)



[a/]

|F (k)|2 < C

k=[a/]

(n+1)

L ()

(n)

:= Dd (L );

M
:=
L (n) .
n=0

F CX ,


L
X


F (k) f (k)

= (F, X (f )) < +

k=L

f C0 (R). ( ) F : C0 (R) C :
F (f ) := (F, X (f )) .
. :
(1) F (C0 (R))0 F L () ;
(2) f (C0 (R))0 f = (k) (k 0),
F L () , F = f ;

(3) D
= (F )0 F L () .
dF
PA
C (F, G)A
:=
k=A F (k)G(k) A
L. , f, fn C0 (R) fn f C0 (R) n .
a > 0 supp(fn )
supp(f ) [a, a] (fn ) f .
kfn kL2 kf kL2 , kf fn kL2 0 n .
A := [a/2].
kf kL2 = kX (f )kA
2, ,

kfn kL2 = kX (fn )kA

2, ,

kX (f fn )kA
2, 0.
n

7.1.

361

F L (0) ,

A
|F (f )| = | (F, X (f )) | = | (F, X (f ))A
| kF k2, kX (f )k2, .

L (0) kF kA
2, , , kX (f )kA
2, . , F (f ) f C0 (R). , F (fn f ) 0 n , , F (C0 (R))0 .
, , (Ddn F, X (f )) = (1)n (F, Ddn X (f )).
7.1.5 (4) Ddn X (f ) = X (f (n) )+T , kT k2, 0.
, X (f (n) )(k) = 0 |k| > A, supp f (n)
[a, a]. 7.1.5 (1), Ddn X (f )(k) = 0 |k| > A + n.
n , , T (k) = 0 |k| >
[b/] b > a. , B =
B
B
[b/], (F, T ) = (F, T )B
0, kF k2, kT k2, =

kT k2, 0. (Ddn F, X (f )) (1)n (F, X (f (n) )).

(n)

D
(f ), n F (f ) = F
d
(1) (3).
(2) ,
X () L (0) . B
L
7.1.7. C(0) := ltd(L2, ); C(n+1) :=Dd C(n) C() := n=0 C(n) .
, C(0) L (0) , , C(n) L (n) n ,
, C() L () . , :
(1)

F C() , F .

(2)

f = (k) L2 (R),
F C() , f = F .

, 0 N 0 1,
, , :
L2, L2,0 . ,
b (0) 1 (C
b (0) ) = C(0) .
(C(0) ) = ltd(L2,0 ) = C

1
Md := Dd : L2,0 L2,0 b (n) )nN
(C

362

. 7.

b (n+1) := Md (C
b (n) ). , (C(n) ) = C
b (n)
L2,0 C
L

()
(n)
()
b =
b = C .
C
n=0 C
, Md

L
2
i
sin

N
,=L

(f ) G CX f C0 (R) G
0
, 7.1.6, F G.
0

7.1.8. f S(R)

kMdn (X0 (f )) X0 (M n (f ))k = 0.

C 7.1.7 Md ,
2
n
L 
X
 1

2
0
0 n
0 


f ( ) (2 ) f ( ) 0.
 sin N
0

=L

, T < L, T 0 +,
W := 0

|f (0 )|2


2
n

2
1 
0 n
sin

(2
)

 0.
2n

||>T

, N 0 1,
C ,

2
n


0 n
 sin 2
(2 )  =

N
2
 2n  n 
 2n
n

 

2
0 n



sin
=  
(2N )  C   .
N
N
N
N
W :
W C1 0

X
||>T

|f (0 )|2 |0 |2n .

7.1.

363

(x) := x2n f (x), L2 (R), f S(R).

, ,
.
G : X C, G() := f (0 )(0 )n , G S2 (M ). ,
W ,
, W 0.
a
4.6.11 a +, N 0 + N 0
a
1 0. T := [a/0 ]. T , , , f
,
W1 := 0

2
n
T 
X
 1

2
0 n

sin

(2
)

 0.
N

=1

1 T , 0 < /N < a/(N 0 ) 0.



2
sin
N



2
N

1
= 1 ,

n
a
0. n sin 2
= (1 )(20 )n (N 0 )n .
N
a (N 0 )n = 1 +

n
a
a
0. , n sin 2
= (1 + )(20 )n , 0.
N
a

= max{| | : 1 T }, 0,
W 1 0 2

T
X

(20 )2n 0 2 (2)n (T 0 )2n (2)n 2 a2n 0 0,

=1

. B
7.1.9. . :
0
b () ;
(1) G
(S(R))0 G C

0
(2) F (F ) = (F ) F C() .
C (1): , 7.1.6.
(2): D
S(R), M := F DF 1 . M (f )(x) := 2ixf (x).

364

. 7.

F := Ddn G, G C() .
, :

(f ) = ( (Ddn G), X0 (f )) = (Ddn G, 1

(X0 (f ))) =
(F )
0

= (1)n (G, Ddn 1

X0 (f )) =
= (1)n (G, 1
Md X0 (f )) =
n
n
= (1) (G, 1
X0 (M (f ))) =
= (1)n (G, X0 (F 1 M n (f ))) =
= (1)n (G, X (D n F 1 (f ))) =
= (1)n (G, Ddn X (F 1 (f ))) =
= (Ddn G, X (F 1 (f ))) = (F, X (F 1 (f ))) =
= F (F 1 (f )) = (F F )(f ).
. B
7.1.10. .
(1) N 0 1 7.1.2
, , f
[a, a], f
{n : < n < +}, (2a)1 ,
f (t) =

X
k=

f (k)

sin 2a(t k)
.
2a(t k)

k,
1/(N 0 ), , N 0
, F (f ).
(2) N 0 2h 7.1.3 (1) . U (u) := exp(iuP ) V (v) := exp(ivQ), Q P
, . . Q d
P := hi dx
, h > 0 , ( ). ,
U (u)(x) = (x uh), V (v)(x) = exp(ivx)(x)

U (u)V (v) = exp(ihuv)V (v)U (u),

7.1.

365

.
Ud , Vd : CX CX ,

(Ud F )(k) := F (k
1) Vd
(exp(2ink/N )nk )L
n,k=L .
, Udr Vdm :
Udr Vdm = exp(2irm/N )Vdm Udr

(r, m Z/N Z).

exp(2irm/N ) exp(ihuv), U V . exp(2irm/N )

exp(ihuv) r, m, u
v; . .
b v,
(3) r, m Z/N Z , r uh 2m
u v , Udr Vdm : L2, L2,
U (u) V (v) .
C M 6.5.1 (2)
.
, U (u)([a,b] ) = [a+uh,b+uh] . , k m

, |k|, |m|, |k m| < L, k

m = km
r
Ud (F )(k) = F (k r). , f = [a,b]

X (f )(n) =

0, n
/ [a, b],
1, n [a, b].

, ,

Udr (X (f ))(n)

0, n
/ [a + r, b + r],
1, n [a + r, b + r].


X (U (u)(f ))(n) =

0, n
/ [a + uh, b + uh],
1, n [a + uh, b + uh].

366

. 7.

L
X



|Udr (X (f ))(n) X (U (u)(f ))(n)|2 = 2 |(uh r)/| 0,

k=L

uh r.
V (v) = Fh1 U 1 (v)Fh
1
b
(. 7.1.3 (1)) Vd = 1
Ud . 1 := 2p 1
Ud , L2,1 L2,1 .
m1 vh,
Udm U 1 (v).
7.1.3 (1) : L2, L2,1 m
Fh , . . Vdm := 1
Ud
1 1
Fh U (v)Fh = V (v). B
(4) 7.1.9
. ,
, L2 (R).
, .
= 1.
7.1.8 = F , F := X (f ), . . F (k) = 1 k X.
F (1) = , (F )(k) = N k0 . , G :=
0
(F ), G
(f ) = (G, X (f ))0 = (N 0 f (0)) = f (0) = (f ),
0
.
F (F ) =
(F )
7.2.

, .
7.2.1. G

Z/N Z := {L, . . . , L}

(. 7.1.1). , G .
G0 := {k G : k 0}
Gf := {k G : |k| < +}.

7.2.

367

, G0 Gf :
\
[
1 ( (n1 , n1 )), Gf =
1 ( [n, n]).
G0 =
nN

nN

, st : Gf R
ker(st) = G0 , . . R ' Gf /G0 .
, A 1 ( (a, b))
a, b R. st(A) = [a, b].
A := {c A : c + G0 A}. ,
st(A ) = (a, b).
A A. ,
st(A) , st(A ) .

{st(A ) : A Gf }
R. G
G
( |1 ( [a, b])|) = b a. , (Gf , Sf , f )
- (G, S , )
(. 6.3.11).
G
f Gf ,
, st : Gf R ,
R .
b G. G
n 7 n , n (m) := exp(2imn/N ) n, m G,
b
G G.
, N .
, n : G C
st : R C b
, n |G0 1. G
b
Hf := { G : |G0 1}
b st()(n)
b
b : Hf R
b
st
:= ( (n)) n N G.
b = H0 := { Hf : |Gf 1}
, ker(st)
b
Hf /H0 R.

368

. 7.
(1) n G :
b < +,
n Hf (|n |)
b 0,
n H0 n

b := (N )1 .

b , C , n
:
b 1,
n (m) = exp(2imn/N ) = exp(2im n)
m 0.
b . m :=
, , n


N
b
[N/(2)]. m 0. n (m) = exp 2 2

1,

<
1.

.
N
. B
b0 ,
bf G
, G
b
b
b
Gf G0 . , Gf /G0 ' R ' R.
G b
F : L2 (G) L2 (G)
F (f )() := (f,
b), , , 7.1.2
. .
G G0 Gf
G , G0 Gf
:
(A) (An )nN
T , An Gf n N
G0 = {An : n N};
() (Bn )nN
S , Bn G0 n N
Gf = {Bn : n N}.
, G0 Gf , .
(2) G0 Gf G, G0 Gf ,
() (),

7.2.

369

(Cn )nZ G , :
T
() nZ Cn = G0 ;
S
() nZ Cn = Gf ;
() Cn + Cn Cn+1 (n Z).
, , F G,
() F Gf (n Z)(F Cn );
() F G0 (n Z)(F Cn ).
C . B

(Cn )nZ , (2). F Gf ,

F := {g Gf : g + G0 F }. (2).
(3) F Gf , (g G)

(g F (m Z)(g + Cm F )).
Gf
In(Gf ) In0 (Gf ) := {F In(Gf ) : G0 F }. G# :=
Gf /G0 : Gf G# -.
g Gf A Gf , (g) (A) g # A#
.
7.2.2. . :

(1) U := {F # : F In(Gf )}

G# ;
(2) F In(Gf ), F # ;
(3) G# .
C (1): (.,
, [194]), U G# , :
T
() {U : U U} = {e};
() (U, V U))(W U)(W U V );
() (U U)(V U)(V V U );
() (U U)( U )(V U)(V + U ).

370

. 7.
(). g #

{F # : F In0 (Gf )},

F In0 (Gf ) ((g + G0 ) F 6= ). ,

1 (g # ) = g + G0 1 (F # ) = F + G0 = F (. F ).
, T
g1 G0 , (g + g1 + G0 F ),
. . g F . g In0 (Gf ) = G0 .

#
() (F1 F2 ) # F #
1 F 2 , .
(). F In0 (Gf ), 7.2.1 (2)
n Z , Cn + Cn + Cn F , , Cn + Cn +

G0 F . , C n + C n F , , (C n + C n )# =

#
#
#
#
C#
n + C n F . Cn , C n = C n .
() .
(2): F In(Gf ). , F # .
g #
/ F # , (g + G0 ) F = , , (g + Cn ) F =
n Z. ( + -.)
#
(g + Cn1 + G0 ) F = 7.2.1 (2), (g # + Cn1
)

#
F # = . (g # + C #
n1 ) F = , C n1 Cn1 .

, F # , C #
n1 U.
(3): 7.2.1 (2), G# . , G# .
(gn# )nN G# , m Z (m) N ,

n1 , n2 > (m) gn#1 gn#2 C #

m .

:= {Am,n : n > (m), n, m N},

Am,n := {g : gn g Cm+1 },
, .

S := {Am1 ,n1 , . . . , Amk ,nk },

7.2.

371

n > max{(m1 ), . . . , (mk )}. gn# gn# C #

m ,

gn gn + g C m g G0 .
g + G0 = G0 ,
, gn gn + g + G0 Cm . T
gn gn Cm ( := 1, . . . , k), , gn S.
+ -T
g .

Cm+1 C m+2 , 7.2.1 (2), , gn# g # n . B

, (. 3.7.7),
. () :
( F1 , F2 In0 (Gf ))(F1 F2 ( B F2 )(|B| N F1 + B F2 )).
7.2.3. . :
(1) G# ,
();
(2) (), G#
() , Gf
( G0 ) G.
C (1): (), ,
G# . F #
F In0 (Gf ). F # 7.2.2. #
, U G
Sk
{v1 , . . . , vk } F # , i=1 (vi + U ) F # .

7.2.1 (2) n Z , Cn F C #
n U.

Cn1 C n , Cn1 + Cn1 Cn G0 Cn1 .

() B F ,

Cn1 + B F . C n + B F

#
#
#
C#
n + B F . B , B #
.
S # G
#
G = {Cn : n Z},
Cn# .

372

. 7.

, , G# . , n0 Z , Cn#
n n0 . F #

S #
F In(Gf ). V := C #
{g + V : g Gf } = G# .
n0 1 ,

S
{gn }, G# = n (gn# + V ),
Gf =

(gn + C n0 1 + G0 )

(gn + Cn0 ) Gf .

S
, F n (gn + Cn0 ) 1 - S
{n1 , . . . , nk } F ki=1 gni +
S
k
Cn0 . F # i=1 gni + Cn0 ,
#
F . G0 F1 F2
n n0 , Cn F1 . g1 , . . . , gk ,

Sk
g1# , . . . , gk# F2# i=1 gi + C n1 F2 . h1 , . . . , hk F2
hi gi G0 , . . hi + G0 = gi + G0 .
F2 + G0

k
[

[
gi + C n1 + G0
(hi + Cn ) {h1 , . . . , hk } + F1 .

i=1

i=1

B = {h1 , . . . , hk }, ().
(2): G# .
F In0 (Gf ) g1 , . . . , gk Gf ,
G =
#

k
[

(gi + F ) =
#

i=1

[
k
i=1

(gi + F )

#
=

[
k

#
(F + gi )

(F F Gf ).

i=1

Sk

K := i=1 (F + gi ) Gf . ,
K # = G# , Gf = K + G0 K + F Gf . , Gf = K + F
.
, Gf G. G# , ().
:
!
[ 

#
#
#
(n Z)(B Gf ) |B| N G =
g + Cn .
gB

7.2.

373

7.2.1 (2) Cn1 C n , () - B ,

Gf = B + Cn1 = B + C n =

[ 

g + Cn .
gB

S
G# = gB (g # + C #
n ). , (2). B
, 7.2.3 F # F In(Gf ).

7.2.4. .

(1) F Gf , g + F = (g + F ) , 1 ((F )) = F ,

(g + F )# = g # + F # F # = c (Gf F )# , cA
A.

(2) F In(Gf ), F # ,

{F # : F In(Gf )}
G# .
, 7.2.3.
(3) F1 , F2 In0 (Gf ) 0 < (|F1 |/|F2 |) < +.
C 7.2.3 - B
(. . |B| N) , F1 +B F1 F2 F2 . |F2 | |F1 +B|
|F1 | |B|. , (|F2 |/|F1 |) < +. (|F1 |/|F2 |) < +,
. B
(4) R+ (G, G0 , Gf ), 0 < ( |F |) <
+ F In0 (Gf ). (3), := |F |1

R+ F In0 (Gf ).
, (G, G0 , Gf ) , 7.2.3.
, , 0 ,

374

. 7.

< +. , (3) , 0<

0
G
G
(G, G0 , Gf ), (Gf , Sf , f ) -
(G, S , ).
G
G
S Sf f .
(5) A S g Gf g + A S
(g + A) = (A).
C . B
(6) B - B G# 1 (B) S.
C (1) , 1 ((Gf F )# ) S
F In(Gf ). :
1 ((Gf F )# ) = Gf F + G0 =
[

(Cn F ) +

nZ

Cm =

mZ

Cn F +

mZ

Cm =

(Cn F ) +

nZ

(Cn F +

nZ

Cm ,

mZ

Cm ),

mZ

(Cn F + Cm ).

mZ

+ - . B
B,
(B) := (1 (B)).
(5) , . G# . ,
G# . L - B . L .
7.2.5. . :
(1) A G# L
, 1 (A) S;
(2) (B) = (1 (B)) B L.

7.2.

375

C , A L 1 (A) S
(A) = (1 (A)),
.
A G# , 1 (A) F In0 (Gf ). 1 (A) S. A L (A) = (1 (A)), ,
in (A) = out (A) = (1 (A)), in (A) out (A)
( ) A.
(F ) , , (1 (A)) . > 0
D 1 (A) , (D) (1 (A)) . D # A
D # in (A) (1 (A)).

, A H # H In0 (Gf ) (

H , , F + F ), B := H # A.

1 (B) = H 1 (A) (1 (A)) + (1 (B)) = (H) =

(H # ), 1 (H # ) = H 7.2.4 (1). ,

in (A) + in (B) (H # ).
:

(H # ) = sup{ (E) : E H # , E }
sup{ (C) + (D) : C A, D B, C, D } =
= sup{ (C) : C A, C }+
+ sup{ (D) : D B, D } =
=in (A) + in (B).

, in (A) + in (B) = (H # ). > 0, C B , (C) in (B),

A H # C,

out (A) (H # C) = (H # ) (C)

(H # ) in (B) + = in (A) + .
out (A) = in (A).
(A) = (1 (A)). B

376

. 7.

7.2.6. 7.2.5 , : Gf G#
. f : G# R - ,
f : Gf R -.
f . ,
: G R f , f (g # ) = (g) -
g Gf .
Sp (Gf ), Sp - f . : Sp, - f .
f Lp ( ), p [1, ],
, f Sp, - : G R.
,

Z

X
f d =
(g) ,
gG

G#

p [1, ]
Z
p

|f | d =
G#

X
|(g)|

gG

b
7.2.7. G := G
G. G , G G. , G .
[194], S 1 ( ) [ 21 , 12 ]
1. S 1 {k : k = 1, 2, . . . } 1
1
, k := ( 3k
, 3k
).
.
(1) 1 , 2 1 , . . . , k 1 , k .
C , . [194]. B
H0 Hf G ,
H0 (g Gf )((g) 0);
Hf (g G0 )((g) 0).

7.2.

377

{W (Cn , k ) : n Z, k
N}, W (Cn , k ) G
W (Cn , k ) (g Cn )((g) k ).
W (F, k ) F In(Gf ).
Hf =

(2) H0 =
W
(Cn , 1 ).
n

T
n,k

W (Cn , k )

C . .
W (Cn , 1 ), m Z , k Cm Cn .
g Cm , (g), 2(g), . . . , k(g) 1 , ,
(g) k (1). , (g) k k g G0 ,
. . (g) 0 Hf .
/ W (Cn , 1 )
, Hf . ,
n. n g Cn ,
(|(g)| 13 ). 1 - g G0
(|(g)| 13 ), Hf . B
, (G , H0 , Hf ) , (G, G0 , Gf ), , G# := Hf /H0 . 7.2.3
, G# . Hf , G#
# .
(3) f : G C ,
f (g1 ) f (g2 ) g1 , g2 g1 g2 G0 , |f (g)| < +
g Gf . fe : G# C,
fe(g # ) := f (g) g Gf , G# .
C . B
: G# G# ,
(# )(g # ) := ((g))
Hf g Gf . , (# ) G# ,
(3). ,
.

378

. 7.

7.2.8. . : G# (G# ) G# .
C (., , [194]), G# G# ,
W (F , k ),
W (F , k ) := {h G# : ( F )(h() k )},
F G# k N.
, {W (Cn# , k ) : n Z, k N} G# . 1
:

(W (Cn , k+1 )) W (Cn# , k );

1 (W (Cn# , k+1 )) W (Cn , k )# .

. B
7.2.9. 7.2.8.
(1) (G# ) G# .
C G# . B
(2) G#
.
. (G, G0 , Gf )
7.2.3, : G# G# , . .
(G# ) = G# .
7.2.10. H := G H #
(H ), h# (g # ) := (h(g)) h Hf g Gf .
G# = H # H # G# .
#

G00 := {g G : ( Hf )((g) 0)};

G0f := {g G : ( H0 )((g) 0)}.
, G00 G0 G0f Gf . G#0 := G0f /G00 .

7.2.

379

(1) .

H # = G# G00 Gf = G0 .
C G = H , 7.2.8
7.2.9 (1) (G00 , G0f ) , G#0
H # . H # G# , (. [194])

H # = G# / Ann H # ,
Ann(H # ) := { G# : (h H # )(h() = 0)}.
g G0f G#0
g #0 . g #0 H # ,
g1 Gf , g #0 (h# ) = g1# (h# ) h Hf .
h(g g1 ) 0 h Hf , g g1 G00 . ,
g G0f (g1 Gf )(g g1 G00 ), , G#0 = Gf /Gf G00 .
, Gf G00 = G0 . G#0 = G# ,
, Ann(H # ) = 0 H # = G# / Ann(H # ),
H # = G# .
, , H # = G# , . . H # = G#
H # = G# . Ann(H # ) = 0. g
G00 Gf G0 , g # Ann(H # ) g # 6= 0. . B
(2) G#0 = H # .
C Gf G0f , H00 = {h H : (g G0f )
(h(g) 0)} H0 . (1). B
7.2.11. , , S 1 . ,
, : G S 1 G ,
|G0 0.
e : G# S 1 ,
#

e(g ) = (g) g Gf . , G# = G#
, h : G# S 1
e. ,
. .
(1) K
: K S 1 K, (g) 1
g K, 1.

380

. 7.

C |K| = N . (g)N = 1, . .
(g) = exp(2imX (g)/N ).
, mX : G Z/N Z . mX (G) Z/N Z. , d,
N , N mX (G) = {kd : 0 k < N/d}.
N/d , , k = N/2d,
exp(2ikd/N ) = exp i = 1, . N/d , k = (N/d 1)/2.
exp(2ikd/N ) = exp(id/N ) 1
d/N 0. d/N 6 0, N/d ,
, m exp(2ikd/N ) = exp(i/m) 6 1 m 6= 1. ,
N = d. , mX (G) = 0, . . X 1. B
(2) G# ,
G# = G# .
C G# .
7.2.3 G0 G.
(1) Hf = {h G : (g G0 )(h(g) = 0)}. , Hf H := G . G00 := {g G :
(h Hf ) (h(g) = 0)} G. , Hf = Ann(G0 ) G00 = Ann(Hf ).
G0 = G00 . G# (. . Gf )
. B
(3) K In0 (Gf ),
G# = G# .
C , (G0 , K, G) (K, Gf , G)
7.2.3.
K # := K/G0 G# , Gf /K . (2).
, G00 Gf = G0 . ,
g0 G00 Gf G0 , :
(): g0 K: (2)
: K S 1 , |G0 0 (g0 ) 6 0. Hf . , (g0 )  0, g0 G00 .

7.2.

381

(): g0
/ K: (1)
h : G S 1 , h|K 1 h(g0 )  1. ,
h Hf , g0 G00 . ,
. B
(G, G0 , Gf ), , 7.2.3.
7.2.12. . G# , K In0 (Gf ). , K #
G# .
C K In0 (Gf ), K + G0 = K, K # . K # 7.2.3.
, K G, K # G# .
, , U G# . , 1 (U ) . F In0 (Gf ), F # U . , , Cn1 F ,

C#
n U (. 7.2.1 (2)), Cn - U .
U , g1# , . . . , gn# U ,

S
S
U = ni=1 (gi# + F # ). U = ni=1 (gi# +F # ),

S
U F # U . , 1 (U ) = ( ni=1 gi + F )
S
n
1
(U ), . B
i=1 gi + F
7.2.13.
b := ( |G|)1. (G, G0 , Gf ), . 7.2.4 (4). 7.1.1,
, L2, (G) CG
X
(g)(g)
(, ) :=
gG

, CG .
b
L2,
b (G).
b
G
: L2, (G) L2,
b (G)

G
()() := (, )

b
( L2, (G), G).

382

. 7.

, G
.
(G, G0 , Gf ) , :
(1) G# = G# ;
b (G,
b H0 , Hf )
(2)
7.2.7;
(3) G

G#
F
: L2 ( ) L2 (
b ),
Z

G
(f )() :=
F

f (g)(g) d(g)

( G# ).

7.1.2 , (G, G0 , Gf ),
7.1.1, .
7.2.14. . K In0 (Gf ),
(G, G0 , Gf ) .
b G.
b
C ,
b : |K = 1}.
K := { G
7.2.11 (1) , H0 K Hf .
b |K |) < +. , K
b =
0 < (

b
b
b
G/K (. 7.2.4 (3)). , |K | = |G|/|K| = |G|/|K|,
b |K | = ( |K|)1 . 0 < ( |K|) < +,

(G, G0 , Gf )
K In0 (Gf ).
7.2.12, K # G# , G# /K #
G# . {k : k N} G# /K # K # .
fk : G# C, G#


fk () :=

0,

/ k + K # ,

( k ),

k + K # .

M := {fk : k N, K # }.

7.3.

383

L2 (K # ) L2 (G# )
L

= k=0 L2 (k + K # ), M
L2 (G# ) 6.5.1 (2).
(xk )kN Gf , x#
k = k
b ,
k N. 0 K # 0 K
0 |G0 1
e0 = 0 (. 7.2.11 (2)).
k0 : G C,

0,
y
/ xk + K,
k0 (y) :=
0 (y xk ), y xk + K
y G.
K + G0 = K , k0 (y) =
fk0 (y # ) y Gf . , i0 fk0 .
k0 xk + K Gf , k0 S2, (G).
6.5.1 (2), , G
(k0 ) G#
S2,
b - F (fk0 ).
, G# G :

(k ) (K # ), |K # = 0 ,
G#
F
(fk0 )() =
0,
|K # 6= 0 ;

(xk ) |K|, |K = 0 ,
G
(k0 )() =
0,
|K 6= 0 .
e,
1 (K # ) = K, (K # ) = ( |K|). :=
|K # = 0 |K = 0 (.
7.2.11 (1)).
G#
, G
) G
(k0 ) = F (fk0 )(e
(k ) #
G
#
F (fk ),
e .
G
(k0 ) { G : |K = 0 } Hf ,
, G
(k0 ) S2,
b (Hf ). B
7.3.

G,
G# .

384

. 7.

7.3.1. G . G0 G, : F , G0 F G, B G , F + B = G.
G# 7.2.3.
: G C S-,
g1 , g2 G g1 g2 G0 (g1 ) (g2 ).
7.2.7 (3), S- : G C
( , |(g)| < +
g G),
e : G# C,
#

(g
e ) = (g) g G, . (. 7.3.4)
, G# C
, .
CS(G) S- : G C. ,
CS(G) CG .
G := {
e : CS(G)}. , G C(G# ). .
7.3.2. x, y G x y
/ G0 ,
CS(G), (x) = 0 (y) = 1.
C + - ,
y
/ x + Ck k Z (. 7.2.1 (2)). V0 := Ck
Vn := Ckn n Z. (Vn )nN
, Vn+1 +Vn+1 Vn .
+ -
(Bn )n N G, Bn+1 +
Bn+1 Bn n N Bk = Vk k N.
N N. 0 m <
n N Vm,n := Bm+1 + . . . + Bn . n
Bn+1 + Bn+1 Bn , Vm,n + Bn Bm .

r=

a1
a2
an
+ 2 +...+ n,
2
2
2

a {0, 1}.

7.3.

385

a {0, 1}

a

B :=

B,
0,

a = 1,
a = 0.

Wr := B1a1 + B2a2 + . . . + Bnan . Wr B1 + B2 + . . . +

Bn = V0N B0 = V0 = Ck , , y
/ x + B0 , ,
y
/ x + Wr . , Wr Wr0 r < r0 .
: G R, (g) := min{r : g
x + Wr }. g
/ Wr + x r
, (g) = 1 , , (y) = 1. x x+0,
(x) = 0. , k [0, N ]
1
|(u) (v)| 2k1
, u v Bk .
S- , u v G0 u v Bk
k. Bk ,
, (u) < (v), , (v)(u)
1
. , (u) < 1, max = 1. q
2k1
{1, 2, . . . , 2k }, k N , , q1
(u) < 2qk . q = 2k
2k
1
1
q = 2k 1, 1 (u) 2k1
(v) (u) 2k1
,
(v) 1.
, q < 2k1 1 r = 2qk . (u) < r
, , u Wr + x. v u Bk ,
v Wr + Bk + x. r = a21 + . . . + a2kk ,
am {0, 1}, m, am = 0,
q < 2k 1. m .
Bs + Bs Bs1
a

m+1
m1
Wr +Bk = B1a1 +. . .+Bm+1
+. . .+Bkak +Bk B1a1 +. . .+Bm1
+Bm .
m1
r0 := r + 21k = a21 + . . . + a2m1
+ 21k . ,
Wr + Bk = Wr0 , , v Wr0 + x (v) r + 21k . ,
1
.B
r 21k (u) < (v) r + 21k , , (v) (u) 2k1

7.3.3. G C(G# ).
C , CS(G)
e : G# } = max{(g) : g G}.
sup{()

386

. 7.

, {
en } C(G# )

f , max{|n (g) m (g)| : g G} 0

n, m . N ,


1
max |n1 (g) n2 (g)| : g G <
m
n1 , n2 > N (m).


{ : max{|n (g) (g)| : g G} < 1/m} : n > N (m) .

N
.
+ - , : G C ,

max{|n (g) (g)| : g G} 0.

n

S- . ,
en
e n ,
e = f. B
7.3.4. . f : G# C
f =
e S-
: G C.
C , G G# . 7.3.3, 7.3.2.
, , , G# 6= . = x#
= y # , x y
/ G0 7.3.2 CS(G),
(x) = 0 (y) = 1. ()
e
= 0,
()
e
= 1. B
7.3.5. .
(1) 7.3.4
(G0 , G00 , G0f ) (G00 , G000 , G00f ), (G0
G00 , G00 G000 , G0f G00f ). , (G0 G00 )#
G0# G00# .
C . B

7.3.

387

, Gf = G, (G G)# := (G G)/(G0 G0 ) G# G# := (G/G0 ) (G/G0 ).

(2) K : G#2 C
e
K := k, k : G G C S-. g G Kg# :
G# C Kg# () := K(g # , ).
kg : G C kg () := k(g, ). kg S Kg# = e
kg .
C . B
(3) f : G# C ,
S- ,
f = .
e , , K : G#2 C k : G2 C
K(, ) = f ( ) k(g1 , g2 ) = (g1 g2 )
, K = e
k.
e
C f = , : G C S-
, (g) := 12 ((g) + (g)). B
7.3.6. G# G.
, G# ,
, (G# ) = 1.
G := |G|1 .
f : G# C (. 7.2.5
7.2.6) , f =
e
S- , f . ,
Sp (G) p [1, ).
= |G|1 L2, (G)
L2 (G). L2 (G)
(eh )hG , eh (g) := |G|1/2 hg ,
P
k(g, h)(h),
(1) (g) = |G|1
hG

k .
, , (1), , , -

388

. 7.

(1), . ,
(1)
A, (agh )g,hG agh := |G|1 k(g, h).

G# :
R
e
(2) f () =
k(, )f () d(),
G#

.
7.3.7. , k : G2 C
S- , : G C : G C

X
(g) := |G|1
k(g, h)(h) (g G).
hG

S-. ,
S- ,
Z
e =
()

()
e e
k(, ) d()

( G# ).

G#

C , k .
7.3.5 (3) S- k k(g1 , h) k(g2 , h) 0
h G, g1 g2 G0 . , 0 , |k(g1 , h) k(g2 , h)| h G.
C > 0 , |(h)| C
h G. |(g1 ) (g2 )| C 0, S . 6.5.3. B
7.3.8. 7.3.6 (1).
(1) 7.3.6 (1) .
R , , dim(R ) N, . . dim(R ) .

7.3.

389

P
C k , g,hG |agh |2 <
+. A 6.1.11, . B
,
k 7.3.6 (1) S-.
(2) ,
R S-
, .
C R 6= 0, 1 := / max{|(g)| : g G}
1 R . 7.3.7. B
L2 (G),
X
|(g)|2
kk2 = |G|1
gG

, , kk = max{|(g)| : g G}. , kk kk .
.
(3) 7.3.6 (1),
, kk = 1,
S-.
C 1 := C S-
7.3.6R(1), k1 k = 1 (. (2)). kk
e = 1 ,
2
,
|

e
|
d
>
0.

e1
1
1
#
G
R
k1 k2 = G# |
e1 |2 d
7.2.6. , 0 < k1 k < +. 2 = 1 /k1 k
S- , k2 k = 1.
2 = C1 , kk = 1 C1 > 0, C1 = 1.
, 2 = . B
: 0 <

kk < +.
7.3.9. f : G# C 7.3.6 (2), ,
6= 0.
n, 1 , . . . , n 7.3.5 (1) S- 1 , . . . , n , Ri
:= 1, . . . , n, f
e1 , . . . ,
en .

390

. 7.

C 6.5.3 (. 7.3.7) A agh := |G|1/2 k(g, h) L2 (G) A e

k : G#2 C.
,
A

L2 (G# ) L2 (G# )

2
2 y
y
A

L2 (G)# L2 (G)#
.
, 2
f L2 (G# ) S2 (G)-, . . S2 (G) f , : G G# -.
, 2 (f ) A# ,
1 . 6.1.10
1 1 , A.
7.3.8 (3) A, 1 , S- (0 < |1 | <
+),
e A , 1
7.3.7.
A , 1 . , - A, 1 , - . 6.1.12.
, n 1 , . . . , n
1 1 ,P
. . . , n L2 (G) , k
R1 k n 2 (f ) = nk=1 Ck #
k . k
k
S-, k S2 (G)-
eP
k , n
, #
=

e
)

f
=
ek ,
2
k
k
k=1 Ck
. B

G# . V . T G V (. . T G B(V )

7.3.

391

V , T (g)
g G) S-,
kT (g)IV k 0 g G0 ( IV
V ). T : G B(V ) ,
V , . . dim(V ) = n N.
. dim(V ) , S T : G B(V ) Te G# Te(g # ) :=

T (g). , , .
, Te
e,
T . , kk = kk = 1,
T . , Te
. ,
. , , 7.2.11 (2) .
7.3.10. . S- T G Te G# Te(g # ) := T (g) g G. ,
G# Te
S- T G.
C ,
S-
. 7.3.11. 7.3.12

, ., , [181, 6, 32]. B
7.3.11. S- G .
C V
X
(, ) := |G|1
(T (g), ) (T (g), ).
gG

392

. 7.

B : V V ,
(, ) := (B , ).
, B
T (g). ,
B = () I, () C.
, (, ) = ()(, ). := , (, ) =
() kk2 = () kk2 .
D R, () = D kk2 V .
. (, ) = () = D. ,
V
X
D = |G|1
|(T (g), )|2 .
gG

, D > 0. :
G R, (g) = |(T (g), )|2 . e 2 =
, S-. , kk

kk2 = D, L2 (G# ).
, (e) = 1, e G.
e # ) = 1 , e ,
(e
kk > 0, .
1 , . . . , n V
.
X
|G|1
|(T (g)k , 1 )|2 = k (1 , 1 ) = (k ) k1 k2 = D.
gG

T (g) , {T (g)k : k := 1, . . . , n}
, . . :
n
X

|(T (g)k , 1 )|2 = k1 k2 = 1.

k=1

g |G|1 ,
, nD = 1. n
D > 1. B
e
7.3.12. ,
(g) S- G, C(G# ).

7.3.

393

C 32 [194] , f (x y), f : G# C
, C(G# ). , 7.3.5 (3) 7.3.9, , ,
e S- 7.3.6 (1) 0 < || < + k(g, h) := f (g h)
S- f : G C,
C(G# ).
32 [194] . , k(g, h) := f (g h) f : G# C. 7.3.8 (1)
R . 1 , . . . , n

7.3.6 (1), S-. , (g) R , (a + g) R a G.
1 (a + g), . . . , n (a + g)
7.3.6 (1). ,
U (a) := (ukl (a))nk,l=1 ,
k (a + g) =

n
X

ukl (a)l (g).

l=1

, {U (a)
P: a G} G. , ukl (a+b) = nk=1 ukl (a)ukl (b).
{k : k = 1, . . . , n} ,
X
ukl (a) = |G|1
k (a + g)l (g).
gG

, S- i , , uij (a) S-.

U () G, V , U (a) = V X(a)V 1 a G,

T1 (a)
0

..
X(a) :=
,
.
0

Tn (a)

394

. 7.

Tk G
k := 1, . . . , n. X(a) = V 1 U (a)V , Tk - S- , Tk
S-. , ukl Tk . g := 0 k (a + g), , k -
ukl , ,

P
Pn k n
Tk . , k = l=1 Cl l ,
ek = l=1 (Cl ) el . B
7.3.13. .
(1) 7.2.3 G#
, Gf G.
, Gf = G. 7.2.11 , G#

e G , |G0 1
(. 7.2.7 (3)).

e. , ,
(. [194]).
(2) , , , ,
, G ,
G0 Gf , ()
() 7.2.1, G.
(3) 7.3.11 22.13 [225], , .
7.3.11 ,
,
.
7.4.

.

7.4.

395

.
7.4.1. , G , G (0) nst ( G)
:
G (0) :=

{ U : 0 U, U G, U },

nst ( G) := { G : ( G)( )},

G

1 2 := 1 2 , 1 2 G (0).
st : nst ( G) G, st() nst ( G), G (0), G ' nst ( G)/G (0). (0) 1 2
G

G (0) 1 2 , . .
G , G
: G G . (G, ) G,
:
(1) nst ( G) g G, (g) ;
(2) g1 , g2 1 (nst ( G)), (g1 + g2 ) (g1 ) + (g2 );
(3) g 1 (nst ( G)), (g) (g);
(4) (0) = 0.
(0) 0,
, , (1)(3) .
, ,
,
+ 0 . , .
Gf := 1 (nst ( G)), G0 := 1 ((0)) e
:= st |Gf .
(1)(4) , e
: Gf
G ker(e
) = G0 . G# :=
Gf /G0 G, e
,
, - Gf G# #.

396

. 7.

7.4.2. (G, )
G ,
(G, G0 , Gf ) 7.2.13.
G := {L, . . . , L} Z/N Z,
N := 2L+1 , 0
, N +. : G R, (k) :=
k k G. , (G, ) R. 7.2.1 (1) 7.1.2
, (G, ) .
7.4.3. G ,
(G, ) , (G, G0 , Gf )
7.2.3. , : G# G
.
C
S
, G =
U
n=1 n , Un

.
S
, Gf = n=1 1 ( Un ). , {Vn :
n N}
T
G, G0 = nN 1 ( Vn ). , Gf G0 . , G#
7.2.2. 7.2.3 G# .
, 1 .
V G
V 1 , V 1 V ,
F := 1 ( V 1 ). , G0 F ,

F # G# .

(F # ) V 1 V .

G# F # , F
Gf , G0 .
T
G0 = {1 ( U ) : U G},
+ - U G ,

7.4.

397

1 ( U ) F . V G V + V + V U . V V + V ,
1 ( V ) + 1 ( V ) 1 ( U ).

, V 1 () = g # (, , (g) ), g F .

, 1 (V ) F # . B
7.4.4. .
, ,
.
C 7.2.12 7.2.14 ,
,
- .
(1) G U .
D - G/U

U G D, -.
+
- D
T D, D T .
D(T ) D, T , H := 1 ( D(T )). :

U G

idy
idy

idy

U H D(T ) ,
= |H .
, -
(. [153; 10, 8]). , D(T ) = D1 D2 , D1
D2 ( )
. H := 1 (D ) := 1, 2, , H = H1 + H2
H1 H2 = U . ,
1
2

U H1
D1 ; U H2
D2 , := |H := 1, 2.

398

. 7.

. . (. [225, 2, 9.5]).
V (. . , V (0)), U , k, R
: U S k R , ker() V . S
.
(2) R L
- L/R H. , L R H,
Ext(H, R) = L.
, H1 U D1 . , L S k R D1 ,
L : H1 L,
:
U

H1 1

D1

yid

S k R L D1 ,

. ,
. Ext(D1 , S k
R) = Ext(D1 , S k ) Ext(D1 , R)

1
2
D1 R 2 L2
D1 ,
S k 1 L1
( ) : L := {(l1 , l2 ) L1
L2 : 1 (l1 ) = 2 (l2 )}, := (1 , 2 ), (l1 , l2 ) := 1 (l1 ) = 2 (l2 ). S k ,
, . .
: D1 L1 , 1 .
L2 R D1 .
, , , (V ) S k R, (V ) S k

7.4.

399

S k . S > 0 ,
-, F S k ,
F + ((V ) S k ) = S k .
M L,
M := {(1 (f ) + (d), l) : f F, d D1 , l L2 , 2 (l) = d}.
, 1 (m) 6= m M .
1 (m) gm ,
, G1 := {gm :
m M }. +1 gm1 +1 gm2 := gm1 +m2 .
(gm1 +1 gm2 ) = (gm1 ) + (gm2 ) = m1 + m2 . ,
(G1 , +1 ) .
.
(3) m, m1 , m2 M
gm1 +1 gm2 gm1 + gm2 1 gm gm .
C (gm1 +1 gm2 ) = (gm1 ) + (gm2 ), (2) 1 (gm1 +1
gm2 gm1 gm2 ) = 0, gm1 +1 gm2 gm1 gm2 U .
, , (gm1 +1 gm2 gm1 gm2 ) = 0.
gm1 +1 gm2 gm1 gm2 V
(0), .
. B
(4) h H1 g G1 ,
g h.
C h H1 .
L (2)

1
S k 1 L1
D1 , (h) = (1 (s) + (d), l), l L2
2 (l) = d. F + ((V ) S k ) = S k
f F , s f (V ) S k . m = (1 (f ) + (d), l)
M . gm h. ,
1 (h) = 1 (gm ) = d , , l gm U . , (l)
(gm ) = (1 (f s), 0) = ((f s, 0)) = (l gm ).
(l gm ) = (f s, 0) (V ) S k (V ). l gm
1 ((V )) = V + ker() V + V (0). B

400

. 7.

(5) GU := U G1
G1 . (GU , ,), ,
GU U , U .
C (3), (4) , U
G. B
(6)
2
U , H2
D2 , . (1).
: D(T ) D -. m , (2 (T ) 2 (T )) mD2 = 0.
m,
:
P - H, m ,
P mH 0.
Q := D2 /mD2 . Q . - D2 Q . 2 (T ) .
dq 1 (q) q Q , 1 (q) 2 (T ) 6= , dq 2 (T ) ( dq , 2 (T )).
G3 := {dq : q Q}. +3 G3
dq1 +3 dq2 := dq1 +q2 . , (dq1 +3 dq2 ) = (dq1 ) + (dq2 ).

(7) d D q Q , 2 (d) =
dq . dq1 , dq2 2 (D), dq1 +3 dq2 = dq1 + dq2 .
+ D2 ; 2 (D), ,
D2 .
C dq
2 (D) 2 (T ). dq1 , dq2 2 (D), dq1 + dq2 2 (D).
dq1 + dq2 = dq3 . , q3 = (dq1 + dq2 ) =
(dq1 ) + (dq2 ) = q1 + q2 . (dq1 +3 dq2 ) = (dq1 ) +
(dq2 ) = q1 + q2 = q3 . , 1 (q3 ) 2 (T ) = {dq1 + dq2 }
, , dq3 = dq1 + dq2 = dq1 +3 dq2 . B
(8) +1
GU +U . D2 2
, U H2
D2 , . . 2 : D2 H2

7.4.

401

2 . G2 := {g + (dq ) : g GU , q Q}
+2 G2 (g1 + (dq1 )) +2 (g2 + (dq2 )) :=
g1 +U g2 + m(dq1 +3 dq2 ). H2 = U 2 (D2 )
GU U , , (G2 , +2 )
, G2 U = GU .
(9) G = G1 G2 . : G G
((g1 , g2 )) := g1 +g2 . (G, )
G.
C G. (. (1)) G H =
H1 + H2 = h1 + h2 , h1 H1
h2 H2 . , (1),
d := () = 1 (h1 ) + 2 (h2 ). , 2 (h2 ) = 2 (d) 2 (D),
d D. (7) 2 (d) = dq , g U , h2 = g + (dq ). (5)
GU U , U , g0 GU
, g0 g. g2 = g0 + (dq ) g + (dq ) = h2 g2 G2 .
(3) g1 G1 ,
g1 h1 , , g1 + g2 h1 + h2 = . (. 7.4.1 (1)).
,
7.4.1 (2) 7.4.1 (3).
, g1 + g2 G g10 + g20 0 G,
0
g1 , g1 G1 g2 , g20 G2 . g1 +1 g10 + g2 +2 g20 + 0 . (3), g1 +1 g10 g1 + g10 .
, , g2 +2 g20 g2 + g20 . d := (). g1 + g2 , g1 + g2 U ,
, (g1 + g2 ) = d (. (1)). g H 2 (g2 ) = 2 (d) 2 (D). 2 (g20 ) =
2 (d02 ) 2 (D), d0 := ( 0 ).
g2 = e
g + (2 (d)) g20 = e
g 0 + (2 (d0 )). (7)
0
0
g2 +2 g2 = e
g +U ge + (2 (d) + 2 (d0 )) = e
g +U e
g 0 + (2 (d)) + (2 (d0 )).
0
0
(5) ge +U e
g e
g+e
g , 7.4.1 (2).
7.4.1 (3) . B
7.4.4 . B
7.4.5. .
.
C ,

402

. 7.

Rm
m 0 , (.,
, [54, 2, 10.3, 1]). ,
G1
G2 , G1 G2 . 7.4.4
7.4.2. B
7.4.6. (G, ) G. U
G , G0
1 ( U ) Gf , := |1 ( U )|1 (G, G0 , Gf ) (. 7.2.4 (4)).
G0 Gf , (G, ) b
G, , , H0 , Hf G
( . 7.2.7).
(G, ) G, b
G
b
b
b
b
b
G. (G, ) G, Gf = 1 (nst ( G))
1
b0 = (1). 1 G,
b . .
G
b
G
, 1.
b ) (G, ) (G,
b .
G G
b
, (G, ) (G, ), :
b0 ;
(1) H0 G
bf g Gf .
(2) (h)((g)) h(g) h G
, G , Gf = G
7.2.11 (1).
G G# . G.
, G .
f : G R ,
f f (. 7.2.6).
7.4.7. (G, ) G

7.4.

403

(G, G0 , Gf ). p [1, ) f : G C. f Lp (G) ,

f Sp, - . p = 1 : G C
S1, - f ,


Z
f d =


(g) .

gG

C 7.2.6. B
6.4.9 (1), (G, , ) (G, ), 6.4.10
.
7.4.8. 7.4.7 f L1 (G) ,


X
(B P(G)) B G Gf
| f ((g))| 0 ,
gG

:= f S1, - f


Z
f d =

f ((g)) .

gG

b
G
b G.
b
7.4.9. G

, () () nst ( G).
C . nst ( G), G. u G, u. k ( W (u, k )) (.
7.2.8), , () ().
, , () () nst ( G).
F G

F nst ( G), , (() ()) F .

, W (F, k ) k. B

404

. 7.

7.4.10. . (G, ) b )
G, (G,
b
G. (G, G0 , Gf ), (G, ). :
(1) (|G| )1
bf ), (G,
b );
b G
b0 , G
(G,
b )
(2) F : L2 (G, ) L2 (G,
b

, F ;
(3) G
: L2, (G)
b
L2,
b (G) F .
b 0 Hf = G
bf . h G
b0,
C (1): , H0 = G
(h) 1, , 7.4.9 (h)() 1 nst ( G).
(h)((g)) 1 g Gf , h(g) 1
b0 H0 ,
7.4.6 (2), , h H0 . G
7.4.6 (1).
b f Hf 7.2.6 (2)
G
7.4.9. .
h Hf , e
h G# (, e
h(g # ) =

h(g)). , ,
b# G
b 7.4.3.
:G
b G
b# = G
b f /G
b 0 ,
:= e
h 1 G.
#
1
#
e
b
h1 Gf , (h1 ) = h . g Gf , (h#
1 )((g )) =
st (h1 )(st (g)) (h1 )(g) h1 (g) 7.4.6 (2).
#
e 1 ((g # )) = e
h(g # ) h(g). ,
(h#
1 )((g )) = h
h(g) h1 (g) g Gf . , h h1 H0 =
b0 G
bf . h1 G
bf , h G
bf ,
G
.
, (G, ) .
(2): .
(3):
: L2 (G# , ) L2, (G)#
, - # : Gf G# .
, f L2 (G# , ) L2, (Gf ) f , . . f # L2, (G)# .

7.4.

405

,
b #
: L2 (G# ,
e
b ) L2,
b (G)
b : G
bf G
b#.
, - #
(G, ) , , b# (1), , G
#
G ,
bf = Hf . e
h h# G# , h G
, 7.2.13,
:
#

FG

L2 (G# , )
L2 (G# , #
)

y
yb

(G )#

b #
L2, (G)#
L2,
b (G) .
G#
b
b . ,
G
G# G
b
b )
: L2 (G, ) L2 (G# , ) : L2 (G,
b

#
b
),

(f
)
:=
f

()
:=
.
L2 (G ,

b
,

L2 (G, )

b )
L2 (G,
b

i
y

FG

L2 (G# , )
L2 (G# ,
b)

.
, (f )
S2, - f , . . (f ) = 2, (f ). ,

b = 2,
b , 2, 2,
b .

:
L2 (G, )

2,
y

F
b )
L2 (G,
b

y 2,
b
(G )#

#
L2, (G# , )
L2,
b (G ).

406

. 7.

(3). B
7.4.11. , (G, ) 7.4.1
, (G, )
G, , . ,
.
((Gn , n ))nN , Gn , n Gn G
n N, G, (GN , N ) G N +.
bn , b
((G
n ))nN
b
G.
bN , b
((Gn , n ))nN , (G
N ) (GN , N ) N +.
f : G C ((Gn , n ))nN G,
U G N N (. 7.4.8)


X
(B P(G)) B G Gf
| f ((g))| 0 ,
gG

1
.
:= |1
N ( U )| |Gn |
. , - ,
V (R)
V (R) N.
7.4.4 ,
.
K ( Kc) G (b T0 T
b 0
G),
b .
G G

7.4.

407

7.4.12. n N
Gn n : Gn G, G
. T0 G.
((Gn , n ))nN G , :
Q
(1) ( G)(U T0 )(f nN Gn )(n0 N)(n > n0 )
( n (fn ) U );
(2) (K K )(U T0 )(m N)(n > m)(g, h Gn )
((n (g), n (h) K (n (g + h) n (g) n (h) U )
(n (g) + n (g) U )).
C

S
, nst ( G) = { K : K G }. B
7.4.13. ((Gn , n ))nN G. :
(1) f : G C
,

(U T0 )( > 0)(n0 N)(K

K )(n > n0 )
P
1
(B 1
|f (n (g))| < ;
n (G K)) |1 (U )|
gB
n
(2) G U T0 ,
Z
X
1
|f (n (g))|
f d = lim 1
n |n (U )|
gG
n

-
f : G C, ((Gn , n ))nN .
C , 7.4.8. B
bn , b
7.4.14. ((G
n ))nN ((Gn , n ))nN
b
, 7.4.11. ((Gn , b
n ))nN ((Gn , n ))nN
, :

408

. 7.

b 0 )(n0 N)(K K )( > 0)

(1) (V T
bn )(g 1 (K)(|(g) 1| <
(n > n0 )( G
n
n () V );
b
(2) (K K )(L Kc)( > 0)(n0 N)(n > n0 )
(g 1
1
n ()(n (g)) (g)| < ).
n (K))( b
n (L)(|b
C , . 7.4.6. B
7.4.15. ((Gn , n ))nN G,
bn , b
((G
n ))nN b G F : L2 (G) L2 (G)
b
G.
. , U T0
7.4.13 (2). f |F (f )|
, |f |2 |F (f )|2
,
X  Z
|1
n (U )|
 f ()b
lim
n ()() d()

n
|Gn |
bn G
G
2
X

1
1
f (n (g))(g) = 0.
| (U )|
n

gGn

C
7.4.10. B
7.4.16. .
(1) . . , .
[43, 45, 46, 325].
(2) G , Gf = G, S- G ( )
Te G# .
Te G. 7.3.10 , G (G, ),
S-
T G.

7.5.

409

(3) .
, + - + -, G (= G).
(4) . 7.4.4 ,
,
, .
, R
(. 7.1).
(5) |f |2 7.4.8, |F (f )|2 b G,
b ,
b G
bf G, G, , Gf G,
, 7.4.10

X
(|G|)1
|F (f )(i(h)) ( f )(h)|2 0,
b
hG
:

2
X
X Z



(|G|)
f () i(h)() d ()
f ((g)) h(g) 0.

gG
b G
hG
7.5.

R, , , - , - , p- .
7.5.1. R, 7.4.2.
G := {L, . . . , L}

Z/N Z, N := 2L + 1, N +, 0 : G R b
(k) := k. G

410

. 7.

G. b
n G n , n (m) := exp(2inm/N ). R
R, ,
t R t t (x) := exp(2itx).
b )
(G,
(n) := Nn , , (n )(x) := exp( 2in
N x).
7.2.1 (1) , 7.4.1 (1). 7.4.1 (2) . , (m) = m x (m) = Nm t,
exp(2itx) = exp 2i(m)((n)) exp(2imn/N ). 7.1.
7.5.2. S ( S 1 ), , ,
[1/2, 1/2).
+S 1. Sb
Z. n Z n (x) := exp(2inx).
G {L, . . . , L}, 7.5.1, N :=
2L + 1 +, : G S
b Z
(m) := m/N m G. : G
b
(G, ) (n) := n ,
, (n ) := n , n 7.5.1.
bf = Z.
b0 = 0 G
Z , G
S 7.4.1 (2),
, 7.5.1.
7.4.10 ,
.
(1) f : [1/2, 1/2) C
.
N := 2L + 1
1/2
L  Z
L
2
X
1 X


f (x) exp(2inx) dx
f (m/N ) exp(2imn/N ) 0.

N

n=L

1/2

m=L

7.5.

411

(2) f , [l, l],

L Z l
L
2
X
X


f (m) exp(2imn/N ) 0,
 f (x) exp(inx/l) dx
n=L l

m=L

N , N = 2L + 1 + (N ) = 2l.
7.5.3.
. ((Kn , n ))nN , Kn ,
n : Kn+1 Kn n N. (K, )
,
lim(Kn , n ). , K

:= (n )nN , n : K Kn ,

Qn n+1 = n n N. (K, )

K
.

G
:=
K
.

n
N
n

N : K KN = G .
(1) ( , ) : G K N (0) = 0.
(G, ) K.
C K K:
K

(, K)( ( st n)( n () = n ())).

K , 7.4.1 (1) 7.4.1 (2) 7.4.1 (3), 7.4.1 (4) .
n > m nm : Kn Km
nm := n1 . . . m . n,n1 = n1 nm n = m , , n N

n ((a + b)) = N n N ((a + b)) =

= N n (a + b) = N n (a) + N n (b).

n ((a) + (b)) = n ((a)) + n ((b)) = N n (a) + N n (b),

7.4.1 (2) K. 7.4.1 (3). B

412

. 7.
(2) (1),
G0 = {a G : ( st n)( N n (a) = 0)},

nm : Kn Km . , K ' G/G0 = G# .
b
7.5.4. (K, ) := lim(Kn , n ), K

bn,
bn K
b n+1
bn ),
bn : K
lim(K

b n ). bn : K
bn K
b

bn () := n ( K
. , n > m bm K
b n
b n ),

bnm : K
bnm () := nm ( K
b
b

bnm =
bm . . .
bn1 m = n
bnm .
(1) (G, ) K
7.5.3 (1) (. . G := KN : G K
b bN ) K,
b
N ), (K,
(G, ).
C , 7.4.1 (2)(4)
b , bN . SK
b n ), K
b =
(K
An ,
S nN
b
b
An := { n : Kn }. K = n N An .
b n , An = { n :
K
b n }. , K
b
K

b
= n n KN .

b n bN (

bnM () K
bnN ()) = .
7.4.1 (1). 7.4.6 (1) b n , bN ()((a)) = ( N ((a))) = (a),
K. K
, 7.4.6 (2) . B
(2) 7.5.3 (1) (1) f : K C
,
2
X  Z
X

 f ()(N ()) d K () |KN |1
f ((a))(a) 0,

aKN
bN K
K
K K, K (K) = 1.
C 7.4.10 7.4.16 (5). B

7.5.

413

7.5.5.
- (. [54, 225]).
a | b , b a . ,
, rem(a, b) a b.
:= (an )nN , an > 1 an | an+1 . An Z/an Z,
an , . .
An := {0, 1, . . . , an 1}. n : An+1 An , a An+1 a
an , . . n (a) := rem(a, an ). := lim(An+1 , n )

- .
: Z , (a)n := rem(a, an )

Q a N n Z. (a)
nN An n ((a)n+1 ) = (a)n , , (a) .
, (Z) . n := |An :
An . n n : An .
, := (n )nN , n () = .
, rem(a, an ) = a a An , n ((a)) = a.
N +, ( AN , N ) . , AN /G0 ,
G0 := {a AN : ( st n) (an | a)}.
C 7.5.3 (1, 2). B
b (. [225]).
7.5.6.
Q( ) := { amn : m Z, n N}. an | am n m,
Q( ) Q. , Z Q( ).
b ' Z( ) .
Z( ) := Q( ) /Z. ,
.
:= (n )nN , n := rem(, an ).
, = (a) a Z,
. . rem(a, an ) = rem((a), an ). (a) a
, , , Z .
= an + rem(, an ). {/an } =
(rem(, an ))/an Q( ) . {C/an }

414

. 7.

C{/an } (mod Z) {/an + } = {/an }, C Z .

(C/an ) C/an Q( ) Z( ) ,
b
(C/an )
( ).

(C/an ) () := exp(2i{/an })

bn
b .
bn : A
bn An . ,
A
bn m (a) := exp(2ima/an )
m m A
a An .
,
bn (m )() = m (n ()) = n (rem(, an )) =
= exp(2im rem(, an )/an ) = exp(2i{m/an}).
,
bn : An Z( ) bn (m) = (m/an ).
N + ( AN , bN ) b , ( AN , N ).

C 7.4.10. B
(1) N +
f : C ,
( ) = 1,


aX
N 1
k=0

a1
N

f () exp(2i{k/ aN }) d ()

aX
N 1
n=0

2

f (n) exp(2ikn/ aN ) 0.

C 7.4.4 (5). B
7.5.7. - . (. [54, 225]), [0, 1) , +
(x, ) + (y, ) = ({x + y}, + + [x + y]),

7.5.

415

[a] {a} a.
(Vn )nN ,
Vn := {(x, ) : 0 x < 1/an , (k n) (rem(x, ak ) = 0)}
{(x, ) : 1 1/an < x < 1, (k n) (rem(x + 1, ak ) = 0)}
(, := {an : n N}).
.
(1) (x, ) ,

(x, ) 0 x 0 0 x 1 + 1 0.
N +, G := Z/ a2N Z =
{0, 1, . . . , a2N 1} : G
(a) = ({a/aN }, [a/aN ])

(a G).

, , Z . ,
[a/aN ] < aN .
(2) (G, ) -
.
C a +G b a + b (mod a2N ), a +G b a + b (mod aN ).
,
{(a +G b)/aN } = (rem(a +G b, aN ))/aN =
= (rem(a + b, aN ))/aN = {{a/aN } + {b/aN }}.

, [(a +G b)/aN ] [(a + b)/aN ] = [a/aN ] + [b/aN ] +

[{a/aN } + {b/aN }]. (1) (a +G b) (a) + (b).

a := q(a)aN + r(a) b := q(b)aN + r(b), . . q(a) = [a/aN ]
q(b) = [b/aN ]. a + b := q(a + b)aN + r(a + b). q(a + b) =
saN + r, a + b = sa2N + raN + r(a + b) raN + r(a + b) (aN 1)aN +
aN 1 = a2N 1. , a +G b = rem((a + b), a2N ) = raN +
r(a + b), q(a +G b) = r, q(a + b) q(a +G b) (mod aN ).
an | aN n, q(a + b) q(a +G b).

416

. 7.

(G a) (a) a a = qaN + r, G a = a2N a

: r = 0 r 6= 0.
, (G, )
, (. 7.4.1), (x, )
a G, (a) (x, ). r < aN ,
r/aN x < (r + 1)/aN , q := rem( x, aN ).
q < aN a := qaN + r. B
7.5.5 (1) ' G/G0 ,


G0 = a G : {a/aN } 0 [a/aN ] 0

{a/aN } 1 [a/aN ] + 1 0 .
G0 .
(3)
G0 = {a G : ( st n)(exp(2ia/(aN an ))) 1}.
C exp(2ia/(aN an )) 1 n.
n kZ,
(a/(aN an ) k). a = qaN +r, a/(aN an ) = (q +r/aN )/an
k Z. an , q + r/aN kan Z, q Z
0 r/aN < 1, , r/aN 0
r/aN 1.
q kan q = kan ,

. r/aN 0 q 0, , a G0 .
q 6 1 (mod an ) q + 1 = tan + s, 0 < s < an ,
q + r/aN = s 1 + tan + r/aN s + tan kan .
s/an + t k, s 6= 0.
, q 1 (mod an ) a G0 .
, , a G0 a = qaN + r.

: () r/aN 0, q 0; () r/aN 1, q 0.
exp(2ia/(aN an )) = exp(2i(a/an + r/(aN an ))) =
exp(2ia/(aN an )) 1, q/an Z. . B
(4) (an )nN
, an > 1 an | an+1 . , , G :=

7.5.

417

{0, 1, . . . , a2N 1} Z/a2N Z G0 := {a

G : ( st n)(exp(2ia/(aN an )) 1}. -
G# := G/G0 .
7.5.8. b . ,
b ' Q( ) := {m/an : m Z,

n N}. ,
b :
= m/an Q( )
(x, ) = exp(2i(x + rem(, an )))

(x [0, 1], )

(. [54, 225]). ,
b ' G, G
b G b b (a) := exp(2iab/a2N )
a G. ,
, (G, ), :
G Q( ) (b) := b/aN . , b b/a
b
b b G
b ,
: G
n
G , . . G = { 21 a2N , . . . , 12 a2N 1}.
7.4.1 (14) . 7.4.6 (1, 2)
, . , a G a := qaN + r,
[a/aN ] = q < aN , . . rem([a/aN ], aN ) = [a/aN ] = q.
(b) ((a)) = exp(2i(b/aN )(r/aN + q)) = exp(2iab/a2N ) = b (a).
f : C , ( ) = 1.
N +


a2N
1
R
P

1
(1)
f d =
f
({k/a
},
[k/a
])
;
2
N
N
a
N

(2)

a2NP
/21

k=0

R
 f (x, ) exp(2i(m/aN )(x + rem(, aN )))d

m=a2N /2

a12

a2N
1
P
k=0

2
f ({k/aN }, [k/aN ]) exp(2ikm/a2N ) 0.

C 7.4.10 7.4.16 (5). B

418

. 7.

7.5.9. p- Qp , p
.
M N , M, N, N M +. G
Z/pN Z,
G := {0, 1, . . . , pN 1}. : G Qp , (n) := n/pM

Q Qp n G.
(1) n G,
(n) nst ( Qp ) ( st k N) (pM k | n).

n = ak pM k + ak+1 pM k+1 + . . . + aN M 1 pN 1 ,
0 ai < p,
e
(n) = st((n)) =

ai pi .

i:=l

(, e
:= st |Gf , . 7.4.1.)
C pM k | n, n ,
N M 1. , , npM Qp ||p = pk , k Z.
|npM |p 0, b N , npM = pb 1 , 1 Zp . = pk 2 , 2 Zp . ,
n = pM k 2 + pM +b 1 . k M k < M + b
, , pM k | n Zp , Z. B
(2) (G, )
Q+
p Qp . ,
Gf = {n G : ( st k)(pM k | n)},
G0 = {n G : ( st k)(pM +k | n)}.
C (1). 7.4.1 (14) , e
: Gf Qp .

7.5.

419

G. n = n1 n2
, , n1 + n2 = n + tpM . |n1 pM + n2 pM npM |p
pN M , , e
(n1 + n2 ) = e
(n1 n2 )
N M . st : nst ( Qp ) Qp ,
(n1 + n2 ) = e
e
(n1 ) + e
(n2 ). e
.
P
e
, =
a
pl , , l
l=k
n (1), (n) . B
(3) Q+
p '
Gf /G0 = G# .
G(0) := {n G : pM | n}. G(0)
G , G0 G(0) Gf . |G(0) | =
pN M , := pM N
(G, G0 , Gf ).
(4) e
(G(0) ) = Zp . , M N
= p
Qp ,
(Zp ) = 1 ( p ).
7.5.10. S1, - 7.4.8.
(1) f : Qp C (. 7.4.8)

(B P(G)) B G Gf


| f ((g))| 0

gG

,
1
m,n pn
lim

|f (k/pm+l )| = 0

0k<pm+n+l
pl -k

l.
C B G Gf , n B k pM k - L. pM L - n
L. , B GBf , B BL := {n : pM L - n}. , BL
L. ,

420

. 7.

: L < M < N , N M
,
X

1
pN M

| f (k/pM )| 0.
N

0k<p

pM L -k

n := N M , m := L l := M L, , m n l

X
1
| f (k/pm+l )| 0.
pn
m+n+l
0k<p

pl -k

. B
(2) f : Qp C (1), f


Z
f dp =

1
pN M

Qp

Z
1
f dp = lim
m,n pn
Qp

f (k/p ) ,

0k<pN

f (k/pm ).

0k<pm+n

b +.
7.5.11. Q
p
+
+
b ' Q . , Q
p
p
Q+
p () := exp(2i{}), {}
b + Q+ p- . Q
p
p
, (G, b
) Qp ,
b
(n) := n/pN M n G.
b +,
(1) (G, b
) Q
p
(G, ).

7.5.

421

C 7.5.9 (2) , (G, b

) . , (G, b
) (G, ) (. 7.4.6).
7.4.6 (2) :
(n)) = exp(2i{b
(n)(m)}) = exp(2i{nm/pN }) =
(m) (b
= exp(2inm/pN ) = m (n).
7.4.6 (1)
(m)((( st k)(pM k | m) exp(2imn/pN ) 1)
( st k) (pN M +k | n)).
, k,
n = qpN M +k + r 0 < r < pN M +k .
.
(1): (r/pN M +k ) = 0. a := [pN M +k /(2r)] m := apM k
(, m < pN ).
exp(2imn/pN ) =
= exp(2i[pN M +k /(2r)](r/pN M +k )) exp(i) = 1,
.
(2): (r/pN M +k ) = , 0 < 1. m := pM k1 , , exp(2imn/pN ) exp(2i/p) 6= 1, . B
(2) F : L2 (Qp )
L2 (Qp ),
Z
F (f )() := f () exp(2i{}) dp ().
Qp

f L2 (Qp ) , |f |2 |F (f )|2 ,
7.5.10 (1).
pN 1  Z
1 X 
N M
}) dp ()
 f () exp(2i{k/p
pM
k=0

1
pN M

Qp
N
1
pX

n=0

2

f (n/p ) exp(2ikn/p ) 0,
M

N, M, N M +.
C 7.4.10 7.4.16 (5). B

422

. 7.

7.5.12. p- Q
- , = {an : n Z} , an | an+1
n 0 an+1 | an n < 0. Q [54,
b + Q+ ,
2, 3.7]. [225] , Q

b(n) := (n).
M, N +, G := {0, 1, . . . , aM aN 1}
Z/ (aM aN ) Z. , :
G Q+
: G Q+ (a) := aa1
b
M
b

1
(a) := aaN a G.
b
(G, ) Q+
,
b
(G, b
) Q+ . ,

b
k
| a)},
Gf := {a G : ( st k Z)(aM asgn
k
k
G0 := {a G : ( st k Z)(aM asgn
| a)},
k

= a1
N (G, G0 , Gf ).
bf , G
b0 ,
G
1
b
b
b
= aM (G, G0 , Gf ).
C 7.5.97.5.11. B
7.5.13. .
(1) (. 7.5.2)
[415], . [415] , , 7.5.2 (2) .

. ,
, .
(2) 7.5.3 (1, 2) ,
Kn . K G ,
G K , . .
(ab) (a)(b)
a, b. , G0 , 7.5.3 (2),
.

7.5.

423

(3) 7.4.8 , f , 7.5.6 (1),



Z
f () d () =


aN 1
1 X

f (n) ,
aN n=0

aN 1
1 X
f (n).
N aN
n=0

f () d () = lim

(4)
Z
N 1
1 X
f () d () = lim
f (n).
N N
n=0

1 , , , , (1) 6= 1 e (. [99, 4, 1, 1]).

:= {(n + 1)! : n N}
,
7.5.6 (1) (., , [195]). ,
f , f f ( f G
(G, ) G).
(5) (pn+1 )nN ,
Zp p- . (. 7.5.5), Zp '
Kp /Kp0 ,
Kp := Z/pN Z,
Kp0 := {a Kp : ( st n)(pn | a)},
N + .
(6)
:= {(n+1)!

: nN} ,

424

. 7.

. 7.5.5
, ' K/K0 ,
K := Z/N ! Z,
K0 := {a K : ( st n)(n | a)}
N +.
,
Q
, ' pP Zp , P
(. [325]).
(7) , , Zp , ,
7.5.11, Qp .
, m, n G m := pM 1
n := pM +1 . (m) = p1 (n) = p , , (m)(n) = 1.
. 2M N , (mn) = pM 0.
2M > N , , Z/pN Z,
mn = pM (N M ) . mn
/ Gf , N M
.
, R 7.5.1 R.
(8) . . . . [26] , , ,
.
[26]
, , SO(3). . . , . .
. . [4], ,
G
, > 0 H
G, - G -
, G. [4]
,

, .

7.6.

425

7.6.


7.4,
.
b
G, G.
7.6.1. () G.

7.4.11 .
((Gn , n ))nN Gn n : Gn G G,
> 0 K G N > 0
, n > N :
(1) n (Gn ) - K;
(2) n Gn , (n (g1 n g21 ), n (g1 )
n (g2 )1 ) < g1 , g2 1
n (K);
(3) n (en ) = e, en e Gn G
.
, , .
, G, ((Gn , n ))nN G, -
f : G C
Z
X
f d = lim n
f (n (g)),
n

gGn

(U )
(. 7.4.13 (1),
n := |1
n (U )|
U , (U ) = 1). (n )
((Gn , n ))nN .
(0n ), (n ). G n := |Gn |1 , G
, n := 1.

426

. 7.

bn , b
n ))nN G, . 7.4.14. ((Gn , n ))nN ((G
(n ) ((Gn , n ))nN (b n := (|Gn | n )1 ,
b n ),
), (
bn , b
n ))nN (
b). ,
((G
bn Gn G
b
Gn , |Gn | = |Gn |.
b n ) Fn : L2 (Gn ) L2 (G

X
Fn ()() := n
(g)(g),
gGn

Fn1
X
bn
Fn1 ()(g) =
()(g).
b
Gn
f
fb.
p 1 Sp (G) f :
G C , |f |p , - . f S2 (G) Tn f := f n :
bn C . (, Tn f
Gn C Tbn fb := fb b
n : G
f n (Gn ), Tbn fb fb
bn ).) 7.4.15
b
n (G
X
bn
lim
|Tbn fb() Fn (Tn f )()|2 = 0.
n
bn
G
b n )
7.6.2. Lp (Gn ) Lp (G
bn ,
CGn CG

kk(p)
n

:=

X
|(g)|
gGn

1/p

kk(p)
n

1/p

X
p
b
:= n
|()|
.
b
Gn

bn , p = 2 Xn X
. , X :=
b := L2 (G).
b
L2 (G) X

7.6.

427

, Y ( Yb ) X
b S2 (G) ( X
b
S2 (G)). ((Gn , n ))nN
bn , b
n ))nN .
((G
bn ), Tbn ))nN ((Lp (Gn ), Tn ))nN ((Lp (G
Lp () Lp (b
) .
C 7.4.10 7.4.13 (2). B
7.6.3. . G.
X = l2 (G)
.
G ((Gn , n ))nN
(. 7.4.11 7.4.12), :
(1) lim n (Gn ) = G;

(2) (a, b G)(n0 N )(n > n0 )(g, h Gn )

(n (g) = a, n (h) = b n (g n h1 ) = a b1 );
(3) n (en ) = e.
,
 P

(4) (f l1 (G))( > 0)(fin K G)
|f ()| < .
GK

(1) ,
(5) (fin K G)(n0 N )(n > n0 )(n (Gn )) K.
, , , n = 1. (4) (5) ,
. Y = X, ,
((Xn , Tn ))nN .
n : Xn X,
Tn
sup sup (inf{kxkn : Tn x = z}) < +.
n kzk=1

428

. 7.

,

(g), = n (g),
n ()() :=
0,

/ n (Gn ).
7.6.4.
G K. b G,
b
L := G/K. L L
b
b
L = {p G : p|K = 1}. G ,
b
(K) = 1.
b G
b = 1. K
b G/
b L.
b

b(L)
{al : l L}
b
G/K {ph : h K}
b L.
b ,
G/
ph (k) = h(k) k K.
b
(1) a G p G,
b sL
b ,
l L, k K, h K
a = al + k,

p = ph + s,

p(a) = ph (al ) s(l) h(k).

L2 (G) l L. l 2

P L22 (K), l (k) = (al + k). , , kk =

k
k
.

l
lL
P
K, l (k) = hK
b clh h(k).
(clh )lL,hK
b , , b
L2 (G) l2 (L K),



X
2
b := (clh )
l2 (L K)
:
|c
|
<
+
.
lh
b
lL,hK
b
lL,hK
, {al : l L} G/K.
b h K
b
, L2 (G)
b

h L2 (L) h (s) := (ph + s).
P
h (s) =
lL dlh s(l) (dlh )lL,hK
b , b, b l2 (L K).
b
L2 (L)

7.6.

429

b G/
b L.
b , L2 (G)
b {ph : h K}

X
(ph + s) =
dhl s(l).
lL

L2 (G)
Z
(p)
b
= (g)p(g) d(g)
G

7.6.4 (1) p(a).

XZ
(p
b h + s) =
l (k)ph (al ) s(l) h(k) d(k).
lL K

R
K

l (k)h(k) d(k) = clh s(l) = s(l),

(p
b h + s) =

ph (al )clh s(l).

lL

(ph + s), .
b (2) F : L2 (G) L2 (G)
b
l2 (L K),
f (h, l, h0 , l0 ) = ph0 (l0 ) h,h0 l,l0 .
Dtest L2 (G)
b test ,
b , D
b . L2 (G),
b test .
, F (Dtest ) = D
b
7.6.5. L2 (G), (f ) = (clh )lL,hK
b b(f ) = (dlh )lL,hK
b.
Dtest ,
b clh = 0
A L B K,
(l, h)
/ A B. b , dlh = 0 (l, h)
R L S K
/ R S.

430

. 7.

C , f (h, l, h0 , l0 )
. B
bn , b
((Gn , n ))nN ((G
n ))nN G.
7.6.6. n0 N, n > n0 b
b
b
Kn := 1
1
n (K) Ln := b
n (L) Gn Gn b
n |L
, ((Kn , n |Kn ))nN ((Ln , b
bn ))nN
b
K L
b n Ln := Gn /Kn .
L
C N +. ,

KN := 1
N ( K) GN . N (a) K

N (b) K. N (a b) N (a) N (b) K, ,

N (a b) K, K . KN , , (KN , N |KN ) 7.4.1 (1,2). ,
((Kn , n |Kn ))nN K,
. 7.4.11. .
b N LN := GN /KN .
, L

b |KN 1
N () L
b
b b
bN . b
N () L,
N ()| K 1.
G
1 = b
N ()(N (g)) (g) g KN . , g b K. , |KN 1
L
7.2.11 (1) |KN 1.
|KN 1. (g) = 1 g GN , N (g) 0. , b k K. 7.4.10, b
N () nst G.
g KN , N (g) k. ,
N ()(k) b
b
N ()(N (g)) (g) = 1. , N ()| K 1.
b , N ()| K 1. B
K
b n
7.6.7. Kn L
b
Gn Gn n N. , -

7.6.

431

((Ln , 0n ))nN L ((Gn , n ))nN , B L n0 N,

n > n0 , Ln 0n () = l B 1
n (l) = .
.
((Ln , 0 n ))nN L
((Gn , n ))nN , N
+ l L
0 N () = l 1
N (l) = LN .
bn , b
b ((G
n ))nN G
((Gn , n ))nN G ,
N + :
b N , (g) 1
(1) G

g 1
N () 0;
n (nst G), b

b b
(2) N (g) nst G b
N () nst G,
N ()(N (g))
(g).
C 7.4.6 7.4.11. B
7.6.8. ((Ln , 0n ))nN , bn, b
n |L
((L
bn ))nN
b ((Gn , n ))nN .
L,
bn, b
((K
0n ))nN , ((Kn , n |Kn ))nN , bn , b
n ))nN ( ((G
b n /L
b n ).
b n := G
, K
C LN 0 N () = l L. 7.6.7 b
N ()(l) ()
1
b
LN . N (l) = . , 0 GN , N (0 ) = l. , N (0 ) = N (00 ) = l, N (a b) N (a) N (b) K
a 0 b 00 . K ,
N (a b) K, , a b KN 0 = 00 . b N ,
, () (0 ) L
7.4.10, 0 = . B

432

. 7.

7.6.9. {al : l L}
- G/K.
> 0 B L n N { : Ln } -
Gn /Kn , (a0n () , ) < 0 1
n (B).
((Ln , 0n ))nN L, ((Gn , n ))nN .
C , .
{al : l L} - G/K.
N + { : LN } - GN /KN
0
, N ( ) al 0 1
N (L), N () = l.
1
R := N ( {al : l L}) GN .
R g h g h KN
0
R0 := R/ .
S S R
, S := {r R0 : |r| = 1} S 0 := S. 1
(a
)

l
N
S 0 l L.
S 00 := { LN : (g S 0 ) (g )} T

L S 00 . , , S 0 T = S 0 T
LN . B
7.6.10. . G p- Qp .
r, s , n := r + s. , , Gn Z/pn Z := {0, 1, . . . , pn 1} (
). n : Gn Qp
n (k) := pkr . ((Gn , n ))nN G, . 7.5.9.
b p Qp :
b := Q
G
Qp () = exp(2i{}) Qp ,
7 . ,
b p Qp Q
bn . Qp . Gn G

7.6.

433

((Gn , b
n ))nN
b
n (m) := pms , . 7.5.10.
K G
p- Zp .
r
r
s
Kn := 1
n (K) = p Gn := {k p : k := 0, 1, . . . , p 1}.
- L := G/K, Q(p) m
,
pl
(p)
l > 0. , L Q /Z. -
Ln := Gn /Kn Z/pr Z := {0, 1, . . . , pr 1}. 0n : Ln L 0n (t) := ptr . , ((Ln , 0n ))nN L,
((Gn , n ))nN .
{ pkl : k < pl , k|p} {0, 1, . . . , pr 1}
- G/K Ln := Gn /Kn , 7.6.9.
.
b = Zp = K
L
b = L. ,
K
b n = {0, 1, . . . , pr 1} ' {k ps : k = 0, 1, . . . , pr 1};
L
b n = {0, 1, . . . , ps 1}.
K
b n L b0 (u) := us ,
b
0n : K
n
p
b n , b0 n ))nN -
((K
b L
b := K
b = L,
G/
((Gn , b
n ))nN .
{0, 1, . . . , ps 1} b n = Gn /L
b n , 7.6.9 K
.
(1)
(. 7.6.4 (2))
f ((m, l), (u, v), (m0 , l0 ), (u0 , v 0 )) =


2im0 u0
(m,l),(m0 ,l0 ) (pv u,v),(u0 ,v0 ) .
= exp l0 +v0
p

434

. 7.

C p := {(m, l) : m|p, 0 m < pl }. b l2 ( 2 ) ,

l2 (L K)
p
v
Q(p) puv = p pu
v , . B
bn ). , Fn : L2 (Gn ) L2 (G
.
(2) 7.6.4 (2) Fn


2il0v 0
pr l,l0 vv0 .
f (l, v, l0 , v 0 ) = exp
pn
b n )
C L2 (Gn ) l2 (Ln K
r

(l + kp ) :=

s
pX
1

clh exp

h=0
r

2ikh
ps

( L2 (Gn ), 0 l < p 1, 0 k < ps 1)

bn ) l2 (Ln K
b n )
L2 (G
s

(v + tp ) :=

r
pX
1

l=0

dlv exp

2itl
pr

bn ), 0 v < ps 1, 0 t < pr 1).

( L2 (G



pn 1
1 X
2iu(v + tps )
=
(u)
exp

ps u=0
pn


pr 1 ps 1 ps 1
1 X X X
2ikh
2i(l + kpr )(v + tps )
= s
=
clh exp
exp

p
ps
pn
b + tps ) =
Fn () = (v

l=0 k=0 h=0

r
pX
1

l=0





2ilt
2ilv
exp r
,
clv exp n
p
p

. B

7.6.

435

7.6.11. ((Xn , Tn ))nN , , . ((Xn , Sn ))nN X,

6.2.6 (1) kTn f Sn f kn 0, f
Y . , Sn
t : X X , Tn .
Rn [298]. . 7.6.3, G
, ((Xn , Tn ))nN
6.2.6 (1).
(1) G . n := |Gn |1 . ((Xn , Tn ))nN . Y X
, , Tn
X . Sn : X Xn
:
X
fb(b
n ())(g).
Sn (f )(g) :=
bn
G
(2) G
K. ,
bn , b
, L := G/K, ((Gn , n ))nN , ((G
n ))nN
G.
, Kn
7.6.6, Ln := Gn /Kn ((Ln , 0 n ))nN L, ((Gn , n ))nN .
{al : l L}
L. , , 7.6.9,
n N { : Ln }
Ln ,

lim n (0 1
) = al (l L).
n (l)
n

436

. 7.

Sn0 L2 (K) L2 (Kn ),

(1). Sn : X Xn
Sn ( + ) := Sn0 0 n () ()

( Kn , Ln ).

, , l (k) := (al + k).

7.6.12. , ,
((Xn , Sn ))nN
X, kTn f Sn f kn 0 f Y
6.2.6 (1).
b n } Xn ,
C {(g) : G
P
2
b
b n , kSn (f )k = G
n ())|2 . G
bn |f(b
bn , Tbn ))nN X
b
((X
. ,
X
b n ())|2 = kfk
b 2 = kf k2 ,
lim
|f(b
n
bn
G
, kSn (f )k kf k.
f Y , , 7.4.15 , kTn (f ) Fn1 Tbn fbk 0 n .
Fn1 Tbn fb = Sn (f ).
6.2.6 (1) ((Xn , Sn ))nN , n : Xn X

X
n ()() :=
Fn ()()b
n ()().
bn
G
P
n ()}. f n (Xn )
n (Xn ) = { G
bn c b
n (Sn (f )) = f ,
pn : X n (Xn ) , Sn = 1
n pn , 6.2.6 (1). B
7.6.13.
((Xn , Sn ))nN X, 6.2.6 (1). , kTn Sn kn 0 n
S2 (G).

7.6.

437

C , {l : l L}

X
Q
(l)
X
,

X (l) L2 (K). , lL
{ : Ln }, () := ( + ),
Q
()
Xn lL Xn ,
()
Xn L2 (Kn ). ,


Sn ({l : l L}) = Sn0 n () : Ln .
, Sn0
7.6.12.
. , . A L , k K
(al + k) = 0, l
/ A. N +.
, kTN SN k 0. { : LN }
LN , 7.6.9.
g KN TN ( + g) = N ( + g) 6= 0
, 0 N () A.
0 N () = l A, , (. 7.4.1 (2)) N ( ) al ,
TN ( + g) = (N ( + g)) (N ( ) + N (g)) (al + M (g)) =
TN l (g).
,
, ,
() ()
(. 2.3.12). Sn 7.6.11 (2) SN ( + g) =
0
SN
l (g).
0 N () = l A, 7.6.12 TN l Sn0 l ,
0
0
N () = l
/ A, l = 0 SN
l = 0. A
-, kTN SN kN 0.
S2 (G). > 0.
, k k < .
kTN ()TN ()kN =
kTN ( )kN k k.

438

. 7.

kSN () SN ()kN k k, , kTN () TN ()kN + kSN () SN ()kN < 2. ,

kTN SN kN kTN () TN ()kN + kTN () SN ()kN + kSN ()
SN ()kN < 5, kTN () SN ()kN 0. > 0 , kTN SN kN 0. B
b L2 (Gn ),
Sbn : L2 (G)
.
b n }
{ : K
b n , bn /L
G
bn , b
n ))nN ,
7.6.9 ((G
0
b
b
b
Sn : L2 (L) L2 (Ln ) , 7.6.11 b
bn, b
n |L
((L
bn ))nN L.
0
bn L
b n.
Sbn ( + ) = Sbn b0 () () K
n
7.6.14. 7.6.10. L2 (Qp )

+ k) =
pr
X
2iku
c(l,m)(u,v) exp
.
pv

(Tn )( + kpr ) = (n ( + kpr )) = (

= (l,m) (k) =

(u,v)p
m

(l, m) p l/p = /pr .

bp,
Sn , , L = Z
0 :K
b n L n |Kn . c
n
7.6.11 (1),
Sn (j + kpr ) = Sn0 0 n (j) (n (kpr )) = Sn0 (l,m) (k) =
X
2iwk X X
2iku
c(l,m)c
exp
=
c(l,m)(u,v) exp
.
=
0 (w)
s
n
p
pv
vs
(u,v)
p
bn
wK
Dtest (. 7.6.5), r, s
m > r, v > s, c(l,m)(u,v) = 0, n = r + s,
Sn Tn Sn = Tn .
7.6.10 (1) 7.6.10 (2) Sn ,
Sbn (fb) = Fn (Sn f ) f L2 (Qp ), f Dtest , Tbn (fb) =
Fn (Tn f ). Dtest X,
7.4.15 .

7.6.

439

#
7.6.15. N + X := XN
t : X X 6.2.3. XN := L2 (GN ) X := L2 (G)
(b)
(. 7.6.2). 6.2.4 , XN
#
, tX.
(b)
, XN ,
(b)
proxy(XN ), f X , # = t(f ).
:

H(GN ) := GN 1
N (proxy( G)),
1

H(LN ) := LN 0 N (L),

b
b N ) := GN b
H(G
1
N (proxy( G)),

b N ) := K
b N b0 1
b
H(K
N (K).

(b)

. XN
,
P :
(1) N gB |(g)|2 0 B H(GN );
2
bN P
(2)
C |FN ()()| 0
b N ).
C H(G
C : := t(f ). Dtest X,
, > 0
Dtest ,
X
N
|(g) (N (g))|2 < .
gGN

, 7.4.10 b b
N
FN ( N ),
X
b N ())|2 < .
bN
|FN ()() (b

bN
G
, ,
bN GN G
b
. ,

b ,
supp proxy( G) supp b proxy( G).
b N ) B H(GN ) C H(G
N |B = 0 b N |C = 0. ,

X
X
bN
N
|(g)|2 < ,
|FN ()()|2 < .
gB

440

. 7.

> 0 ,
.
: (1) (2).
b N }
{ : LN } { : K
bN /L
b N LN G
,
7.6.9 (. 7.6.8 7.6.9). LN
k KN
X
( + k) =
, (k).
bN
K
.
bN )
(A) P H(LN ) Q H(K
X X
X X
| |2 0,
|, |2 0.
Q LN
P K
bN
C , b N := |LN |1 , . 7.6.1 ( N := |KN |1
K
G). P H(LN ).
B = P + KN H(GN ). , {(k) : KN } L2 (KN ), (A) :
X
X X
|(g)|2 = |KN |1
|( + k)|2 =
0 |KN |1
gB

P kKN

X X  X
2 X X

(k) =
| |2 .
= |KN |1
P kKN K
P K
bN
bN
b N
bN L
, K
X
FN ()( + ) =

b, ().
bN
L
b N ) , Q H(K

X X
|b
, |2 0.
Q LN

7.6.

441

, 7.6.4 (2), b, = ( ) . ,
FN
|b
, | = | |,
. B
L K G.
0
0
b , L = S
b
A0m L Bm
K
mN Am K =
S
1
0
0 1
0
0
b0
mN Bm . Am := N (Am ) Bm := N (Bm ).
(m )mN XN
( P
(k), Am ,
m ( + k) := Bm
0,

/ Am .
() , X # = lim #
.
m m
C , > 0 m0 , km k <
m > m0 . , L2 (G),
, {, : LN ,
b N } K
b N ). ,
L2 (GN ) l2 (LN K
X
k m k2 =
| |2 .
bN Am Bm
(,)LN K
b B0 K
b
, L A0M L K
M
M +. , P := LN AM H(LN )
b N ). S LN K
b N AM BM ,
b N BM H(K
Q := K
X
X
X
| |2
| |2 +
| |2 .
(,)S
(,)LN Q
bN
(,)P K

(A), k M k2 0.
C := {m N : k m k < }. , C M .
3.5.11 (2), m0 , C m > m0 ,
. B

442

. 7.
P
2
kk , L
bN | | ,
b
. l L h K

clh := 0 1 b0 1 fm Dtest m N

(l)

(k)

fm (al + ) :=

P
clh h(),

l A0m ,

l
/ A0m .

0
hBm

0,

7.6.9 7.6.12
( P
SN (fm )( + k) =

Bm

0
N () N ()

(k),

Am ,

/ Am ,

0,

SN (fm ) TN (fm ). , SN (fm )# = t(fm ).

kSN (fm ) m k2 =

X X
Am Bm

| c

0
N () N ()

|2 .

, c ()b0 ()
N
N
Am Bm -. ()
# = limm t(fm ). , # t(X). B
7.6.16. .
(1) . , . . . . [245].
(2) 7.6.10 (2) ,

, . [260].
(3) 7.6.10
Qa , a := (an )nZ (. [225],
a ). Qa [325]. (., , [54]),
Qa a.

7.7.

443

(4) 7.4.15 7.6.12 6.1 [297]

. 6.1 [297] 7.4.15 Rn ,
L2 (Rn ), [298].
7.7.


.
b
7.7.1. G , G
.
b C
(1) f : G G
(, )
Af : L2 (G) L2 (G)
Z
Af (x) :=

b
f (x, )()(x)db
()

( L2 (G)).

b
G
, Af
f .
(2) ( c : C(Gn ) C(Gn ) Af

(n)

n) Af

(n)
bn
Af (x) :=

f (n (x), b
n ())Fn ()()(x)

( Xn , x Gn ).

bn
G
G K. , L := G/K,
b
{al : l L} {ph : h K}
b
b
b
L K := G/L.

444

. 7.

bn GG
b
(3) , (n , b
n ) : Gn G
b
G G.
(2)
b
b
Sn : L2 (Gn Gn ) L2 (G G) ,
7.6.13 .
b n ), Sn(2) ))nN , ((L2 (Gn G
b
L2 (G G)
Af :
(n)
bn
Bf (x) :=

(Sn(2) f )(x, )Fn ()()(x).

bn
G
7.7.2. Af
b
, f L2 (G G).

ZZ
kAf k

|f (x, )|2 d
b(x, ).

b
GG
C (., ,
[9]) .
, Af K(x, y) := (FG
bf )(x, x y), FG
b , kK(x, y)kL2 (G2 ) =
kf (x, )kL (GG
b) . B
2

7.7.3. . Af
, :
(n)
(1) (Bf ), 7.7.1 (3), , . .

(n0 )(n > n0 ) |Bn k kf (x, )kL

b ;

2 (GG)

(n)

(2) (Bf ) Af ((Xn , Sn ))nN 7.6.13

;

7.7.

445

b ( . 7.6.1), kAn
(3) f S2 (GG)
Bn k 0, , (1) (2) (n)
(Af ).
C .
(2)
(): N +. , kBn k kSn f kn

n N. , , , kFn k = 1
(2)
|(x)| = 1. kSN f kN
(2)
b kS f TN f kN 0.
kf k. f S2 (G G),
N
(1) (3), , (2).
(): b 7.6.4 (1) b L2 (G)
b
L2 (G) l2 (L K)
b
b
l2 (L K), Af , l2 (L K),

X
(Af )(l, h) =
(ef )(l, h0 , l + l0 , h h0 )ph0 (al )(b)(l
b 0 , h0 ).
h0 ,l0

C , L2 (G)
X
(b)(l,
b
h)s(l),
(p
b h s) =
lL

Af (al + k) =

(Af )(l, h)h(k).

b
hK

f (al + k, ph + s) =

X X

(ef )(l, h, l0, h0 )s(l0 )h0 (k),

b l0 L
h0 K
ef := (b)f . , 7.6.4 (1)
7.7.1 (1), . B
(): d
{ : LN } { : K
N }, 7.6.9 (. ).
X
(N )
(Bf )(, ) =
(ef )(0 N (), b0 N ( 0 ), 0 N ( + 0 ), b0 N ( 0 ))
0 ,0

p 0 ( )(bN FN ())(0 , 0 ).

446

. 7.

b C , , K L
b
b = G G/K
b
b
G G, L K
L
b {(al , ph ) : l L, h K}
. b N } , {( , ) : LN , K

b N = GN G
b N /KN L
b N ,
LN K
7.6.9. ,
(2)

0 LN

bN
0 K

SN f ( + , + ) =
(ef )(0 N (), b0 N (), 0 N (0 )b0 N ( 0 ))(0 ) 0 (),

((LN , 0 N ))nN
L, ((GN , N ))nN ( . 7.6.7),
b b N , b0 ))nN K,
((K
N
((KN , N |KN ))nN ,
K.
, N : L2 (GN ) l2 (LN
bN ) l2 (LN K
b N )
b
KN ) bN : L2 (G
( + ) :=

(N )(, )(),

bN
K
( + ) :=

(bN )(, )().

LN

, () . B
(N )
(): L2 (G) kN Bf SN N SN Af k 0.
C . ,
(1 ) (N SN )(, ) = ()(0 N (), b0 N ()).
7.6.4 (2)
b 0 (), b0 ()) = (0 (la), b0 ())p 0
(2 ) b(
(a 0
).
N
N
N
N
b N () N ()
(1 )
(3 ) (bN FN (SN ))(, ) = ()(0 N (), b0 N ()) ( ).

7.7.

447

, (), (1 ), () P(3 ) :
(4 ) N SN Af )(, ) = l0 ,h0 (ef )(0 N (), h0 , 0N ()+
b 0 , h0 );
+l0 , b0 N () h0 )ph0 (a0 () )b(l
N

(N )

(5 ) (Bf SN )(, ) =
P
= 0 ,0 (ef )(0 N (), b0 N ( 0 ), 0 N ( + 0 ), b0 N ( 0 )) 0 ( )
()(0 N (0 ), b0 N ( 0 )) 0 (0 ).
(2)

, f Dtest . b ,
A L B K
0
0
0
0
2
(ef )(l, h, l , h ) = 0, (l, h, l , h )
/ (A B) .
(2)
b Dtest L2 (G G).
A1 , B1 , (A A) A A1 L (B B) B
b C := 0 1
b0 1
B1 K.
N (A1 ) D := N (B1 ). (4 ) , (N SN Af )(, ) = 0 (, )
/ C D, ,
l h0 A1 B1 . A1 B1
, 7.6.3 0 N ( 0 ) = 0 N () 0 N (0 )
b0 N ( 0 ) = b0 N () b0 N ( 0 ) , 0 C , 0 D. () , (4 )
(6 ) (N SN Af )(, ) =
P
P
= 0 C 0 D (ef )(0 N (), b0 N ( 0 ), 0 N ( + 0 ), b0 N ( 0 ))
()(0 N (), b0 N ())pb0 ( 0 ) (a0 N () )pb0 ( 0 ) (a0 N (0 ) ).
N
N
,
0 0 (5 ) C D
(N )
(Bf SN )(, ) = 0 (, )
/ C D.
(4 ) (6 ), ,
0 ( ) 0 (0 ) (5 )
pb0

N (

0)

(a0 N () )pb0

N (

0)

(a0 N (0 ) )

(6 ). 7.6.9. , (5 ) (6 ) ,
. (2)
(), f Dtest . B
.

448

. 7.

(): 7.7.3 (2) Af , f

b
Y L2 (G G),
b
f L2 (G G).
(N )

C , kSN Af Bf SN k 0.
> 0 Y , kf
k < .
(N )

kSN Af Bf
+kSN A

SN k kSN Af SN A k+

(N )
B S N k

(N )

(N )

+ kB SN Bf

SN k.

(N )

, kSN A B SN k 0 . 6.2.2
kSN k ,
kSN Af SN A k kSN k kAf k kSN k kf k kSN k,
(N )

(N )

kB SN Bf

(N )

SN k kBf k kSN k kSN k kf k kSN k.

> 0 . B
. B
7.7.4. Af ,
:
(1) (Af ) S
(n)
n (Bf );
(2) 0 6= (Af ) J , (Af ), S
(n)
J n (Bf ).
C 7.7.3 6.2.8, 6.2.3 (1) 7.6.13. B
(n)

(n)

7.7.5. Af Bf ,
Af ,
6.2.8
.
7.7.4 , , Af
C (n) :
(n)
Xn Xn , kBf C (n) kn 0 n ,
:

7.7.
(1) Mn =

449

(n) ()
(. 7.7.4 (2)),
(C (n) )J C
()
dim(Af ) = s

dim(Mn ) =
n
(f1n , . . . , fsn )nN Mn ,
(f1 , . . . , fs ) Af () ((Xn , Tn ))nN ;
(2) (1) f1 , . . . , fs S2 (G), ((f1n , . . . , fsn ))nN
(f1 , . . . , fs ) ((Xn , Tn ))nN .
7.7.6. .
b C
f : G G
f (x, ) := a(x) + b()

b
(x G, G).

a(x) 0 a(x) x ,
Af .
a() b()
b G G
, a(x) x b() .
G
7.7.5.
, Af 7.7.1 (1)

Af (x) = a(x) (x) + b (x),

L1 (G) b b
b, G.
, 7.7.1 (2)

(n)

Af (x) = a(n (x)) (x) + Fn(1) (b b

n ) (x).

,
1 2 . . . k . . . ;

k ,

450

. 7.

.
[28],
Qp . , (n)
Af .
7.7.7. . Af , a b 7.7.6 , (n)
Af (Af ) 7.7.1 (2) Af . :
(1) (Af ) S
(n)
n (Af );
(2) J , (Af ),
S
(n)
J n (Af );
P
(n) ()
(3) (2) Mn =
A
,
(n)
(A )J f
f

dim(Mn ) = dim(Af () ) = s n (f1n , . . . , fsn ) Mn , (f1 , . . . , fs )

Af () ((Xn , Sn ))nN (, , ((Xn , Tn ))nN ,
Af S (G)).
C , (n)
a b . Af Af S
(n)
, 1
/ cl((Af ) n (Af ) 6.2.10 (n)

(R1 (Af )).

, N + Xn , (N )
k(Af + I)kN ,
(N )

7.6.15. kR1 (Af )k 1, kkN ,

(N )

((Af
(N )

((Af

+ I), ).
(1)

+ I), ) = (a , ) + (FN
(1)
(FN (b)

(b) , ) + (, ),

, ) = (b FN (), FN ()),

7.7.

451

, (a , ) (b FN (), FN ()) . , 7.6.15 .

P B H(GN )
c > 0 , N xB |(x)|2 > c. a(x)
x , L , a(x) > L x B.
,
(a , ) N

a(x)|(x)|2 Lc,

xB

(a , ).
7.6.15 . B
, . b,
b 7.7.3. , a
/ L2 (G) b
/ L2 (G),
b
a b b l2 (L K),
:
X
a(al + k) =
(a)(l, h)h(k);
b
hK
X
(b b)(l, h)s(l).
b(ph + s) =
lL

7.7.8. Af , a
b , ,
b : (a)(l, h) 6= 0} T (h) := {l L :
S(l) := {h K
b Dtest
(b b)(l, h) 6= 0} l L h K.
Af ,
(n)
Af (Af ).
C , Dtest
L2 (G),
b .
b ,
A[] L B[] K
()(l, h) = 0 (l, h)
/ A[] B[]. ,
7.6.4 (2)
P
(1) (Af )(l, h) =
(a)(l, h0 h) ()(l, h0 )+
+

h0 B[]
0

(b b)(l l , h) ()(l0 , h) ph (al ) ph (al0 ).

l0 A[]

452

. 7.

, Af Dtest , ,


[
A[Af ] A[] A[] +
T (h) = A0 [];
hB[]



[
B[Af ] B[] B[]
S(l) = B 0 [].
lA[]

D(Af ), Af (1)
b A L B K
b
A[] = L B[] = K.
P (A, B) L2 (G) , A[] A B[] B. (1)
, P (A, B)Af = Af P (A0 , B 0 ),


[
A0 := A A
T (h) ,



[
B 0 := B B +
S(l) .

hB

lA

> 0 A
b kP (A, B)k < kP (A, B)Af Af k <
L B K,
. A A0 B B 0 , kP (A0 , B 0 ) k < .
, := P (A0 , B 0 ), Dtest , , kk <
kAf Af k < . , Dtest
Af .
(N )
, SN (Af ) Af SN N +
Dtest . (n)
Af Af 7.7.6 :
b
Af (x) = a(x) (x) + F 1 (b )(x),
(N )

1
(b FN )(x).
Af (x) = a(N (x)) (x) + FN

b :
supp

[
lA[]

al + K = C,

supp b

b = D.
ph + L

hB[]

7.7.3 (1 ), (2 )
S
1
(2) suppSN { + KN : 0 N (A[])} = CN ,

7.7.

453

S
b N : b0 1
suppFN SN { + L
N (B[])} = DN .
1
b
SN Af = SN (a ) + SN F (b )
(N )

Af

1
SN = a N SN + FN
(b b
N FN SN ).

, a Y , 7.6.12, SN (a ) TN (a ) =
a N N . , a C,
ka N SN a N N k2N =
X
|a(N (x))(SN (x) (N (x))|2 0.
= N
xCN

, SN (a ) a N SN , ,
b F 1 (b b
SN F 1 (b )
N FN SN ).
N
Af Dtest Y , ,
b Y , , SN F 1 (b
a Y , F 1 (b )
1
1
b
b
b
) TN F (b ) = F (b ) N . , FN SN
FN TN b b
N , SN TN FN . ,
supp b b
N DN . , (2) b D,
1
b b
N FN SN b b
N b b
N , FN
(b
1
1
b
b
N FN SN ) FN (b b
b
N b
N ) F (b ) N . B
b = Qp 7.7.9. 7.6.10, G = Qp G
. [28]

f (x, )| := a(|x|p ) + b(||p ).
a(|x|p ) x b(||p ) , 7.7.8,
a b Qp /Zp , ,
S(l) T (h) 7.7.8 . Qp ,
7.6.10, (n)
Af , 7.7.6. , n = r + s
(n)

Af (k) = a(pr |k|p ) +

n1
1 X
2ijm
.
b(ps |m|p )(k j) exp
pn j,m=0
n

454

. 7.

7.7.10. G, . , x G
y G, y + y = x y + y = 0 y = 0
y G. y
1
1
2 y := y/2 , x 7 2 x G. b
, G , G
: 12 (x) := ( 12 x).
b C
Wf f : G G

ZZ
e )Uy V y/2 d
Wf :=
b(y, ),
f(y,
b
GG

ZZ
e ) :=
f(y,

f (x, )()(x) d
b(x, ).

b
GG
, ,
f . f a(x) + b(),
Af = Wf .
Kf (x, y) Wf . f (2) (x, y)
R f (, ) , . . f (2) (x, y) := G
().
b f (x, )(y)db
(2) x+y
Kf (x, y) = f ( 2 , y x).
, Gn ((Gn , n ))nN ,
, G ((Gn , n ))nN ,
(1)

( > 0)(K K )(N > 0)(n > N )(g N

(K))

(n (g/2), n (x)/2) < .

, p ,
Qp , 7.6.10.
, (n)
Wf .
b n C
fn : Gn G
fn (g, ) := f (n (g), b
n ()),

7.7.

455

fbn fn , . .
fbn (h, ) :=

(n)

Wf

:=

1 X
fn (g, )(g)(h).
|Gn | g,

1 Xb
fn (h, )Uh V (h/2),
|Gn |
h,

(Uh )(g) := (g + h) (V )(g) := (g) (g).

(2)
fn
fn , . .
X
bn
fn (g, )(s).
fn(2) (g, s) :=

(n)

(Wf )(s) = n

X
g


fn(2)


s+g
, g s (g).
2

b (W (n) ) 7.7.11. f S2 (G G),

f
Wf ((Xn , Sn ))nN 7.6.13
.
C 7.7.3. B
7.7.4 7.7.5
. , 7.7.5 (n)
(Wf ), ,
fn .
7.7.12. .
(1) Af
f
Z Z
e )Vh U db
Af :=
(h)d(),
f(h,
b
GG
fe = FG FG
,
b(f ).
R
R
()db

()
=
(),

()()d()
= (0),
G
b
G

456

. 7.

,
, L2 (G) Af
, 7.7.1. ,
, , 7.7.1.
(2)
:
(n)

Af

1
|Gn |

fen (, g)X(g, ),

bn
gGn ,G

fen := FGn FG
n ()).
bn (fn ) fn (g, ) := f (n (g), b
(3) , G = R , (1),
( ) ,
qp-. qp-
L2 (Qnp ) . [28].
qp- A A , f ,
Af , , (n)
(n)
Af Bf Af .
L2 (Rn ) .
Wf f ,
f [9].
(4) . ,
. . . . [245].

, , , , - . .
in statu nascendi.
, [121124,
389, 391, 392].
8.1.

8.1.1. ,
, .
(. [287, 351, 352, 493]).
. . . X # , , X, . . - ltd(X) -

458

. 8.

(X) X, . 6.1.1.
[63, 87, 191, 296].
1. X X #
?
,
K-, . [123].
2. X X #
?
3. : , , . .
4.
() ?
() .
5. : , , , p- .
8.1.2. M () (, B, )
:
Z
|f g|
(f, g) :=
d.
1 + |f g|

M () .
M ()# := ltd(M ())/ (0),
(0) := {f M () : (f, 0) 0}, ltd(M ()) := {f M () : f
(0) 0}. (, BL , L ) . M ()# M (L ) .
6.
- M (, X)? -,
.

8.1.

459

E M (), . . E
M () f M () g E |f | |g| f E.
E(X) f M (, X),
v(f ) : t 7 kf (t)k (t Q) E ( ). E , E(X)
|kf k| = kv(f )kE .
7. E(X).
8.1.3. , (X, , )
. M X,
(A) = |A M |/|M |. (M, SL , L ) .
8. , :
/ SL /L (/) ? , , ( ,
SL /L ).
9.
.
10. 70 71.
8.1.4. (X, A , ) (Y, B, )
. : A Y R
,
(1) A A (A, )
B-;
(2) - y Y (, y) A .
11. L ,
(X, AL , L ), (Y, BL , L ).
12.R
f (x) d(x, ) f (x) dL (x, )? S- ?
R

11 12, . .
[214], 6.6.

460

. 8.

13. ( ).
11 A 7 (A, ).
8.1.5. [254] (. [51, 52,
58, 165, 166]).
14.
.
15. .
16. (. [51, 52]).
8.2.
8.2.1. 7 ,
,
, . . .
-, ,
.
17. ( ) G L2 (G).
8.2.2.
,
. , ,
[26]. [454, 455, 521].
, .

8.2.

461

. .
.

.
18. , .
19. .
20. .
21. 20 .
22.
.
8.2.3. ,

.
23.
.
24.
, , , .

462

. 8.

25. , 24 .
26. .
27.
, .
28. .
8.2.4. . , ,
, . , , . ( 30
31 . . ).
29. .
30. .
31.
. ,
(. [93]).
32. -
[221] [43, 45, 46, 325] (. 7).
33. [182].

8.3.

463

8.3.
8.3.1. :
(. [122,
391], 4.84.11). , .

, , , [140, 390, 392, 393].
34. , .
35. .
. , .
36. . .
37. , .
38. -, .
8.3.2. ZF
(. [317, 326, 500])
ZFI . ZFI ,
, . [121, 125]. , , V() ZFI ,
[[ ]] [[ = ]] V() V() V() .
. [317, 326, 500, 501]. , .
[38, 61, 220].

464

. 8.

39. , .
[38, 61, 220].
40.
, . [275].
41. - ?
8.3.3. X Y , X0 X T0 X0
Y . 0 < R T
T0 X ,
kT k (1 + )kT0 k.
. (. [271]),
(Y = R). , .
(. .
) , C(Q)
Q (. [401]).
42.
-
?
43. , ? ?
? (. [318] [346].)
8.3.4. B () (. [125]). [[ ]] [[ = ]]
, V(B) ZF2 ZF6 AC. , V(B) . , V(B)
- (. [499]).

8.3.

465

[499] , B (. [125]),
V(B) . ,

,
.
, ,
( , . .).
44. - () () V(B) ?
45. ,
. . ,
.
46.
() (AW ) , .
47. (. .
V(B) B) (AW )?
8.3.5. E . T E F , T (x1 + x2 ) = T (x1 ) + T (x2 ) x1 , x2 E
, x1 x2 (. . x1 x2 = 0).
E F U (E, F ); U (E, F )
(. [426]).
F . [426] ,
U (E, F ) , U (E, F ) : S 0
, S(x) 0 x E, S1 S2 S1 S2 0.

466

. 8.

, , .
48. -
,

.
49.
.
50. 49 , .
51. .
8.3.6. . ,
.
52. E .
p p,
p(e) := inf {f E : f e} e E.
8.4.

8.4.1. .
53. ,
.
54. o-
[126].
55. ,
(. [126]).

8.4.

467

8.4.2. (Q, , ) , X
, E . Y - u : Q X. . ,
f : Q X E {+}
x X


t Q, t 7 f t, u(t)
u Y . If Y

Z


If (u) := f t, u(t) d(t) (u Y ).
Q

If (u) := + , -
f , u() . , If : Y 7 E {+}
.
.
, If (u0 ) (If ) .
. [126, 148], (E = R) [148, 241, 278].
6.3 6.4 If


If (u) =

N
X

f tk , u(tk )

(u Y ).

k=1

56. If ,
. ,
If (u0 ).
57.

.
8.4.3. If
.
(. [148, 241, 278]).
Q ( ) , X . Q X ( ),

468

. 8.

1 (G) ( )
G X. : dom(f ) X ,
(q) (q) q dom( ).
. Q , q Q (q) ,
. .
-. Q , X (=
) Q X
, (q) q Q. .
58. .
59. , , -.
8.4.4. (. 5.7).
. [126, 241].
60.
.
61.

.
62. .
63.
.

8.5.

469

8.5.
,
.
8.5.1. .
64. ,

,
, (
) (. [70]).
:
x : st : y (st f )(x = f (y)).
,
n : st : y, ,
y. ,
,
, .
65. - .
, y (X, , ) y- - . x X y-, y-
A , , (A) = 0, x
/ A.
6.4.2 (1) :
(X1 , 1 , 1 ) (X2 , 2 , 2 )
, 1 X1 , 2 1 - X2 , (1 , 2 )
X1 X2 .
66. , ?
67. ()
.
68.
?

470

. 8.

8.5.2. . , X
, R X 2 , , .
+ -
( , + , , ). X # := X/R , {F # : F X,
F } . X # ,
A R - K X , X = A(K), A(K) := {y X : (x, y) A
x K}. .
69. , ,
.
70. X # X? , ,
X # L X, A X # - ,
1 (A) L - ( : X X # ), (A) = L ( 1 (A)).
, X X : X X
,
(st X )(x X )((x) ),
R := {(x, y) : (x) (y)}, X/R X .
71. , X
, (
), L X ( : X R ),
f

Z
 X

f d =
f (x) (x) ?
X

xX

72. R X # (, . .).

8.5.

471

?
73. , (= ).
8.5.3. .
74. ,
; .
, f X R ,
f ( x) x X, f f X R,
( f )(x) := (f ( x)) x X.
75. [203]
74.
76. [147, 224].
77. , ( ) [77, 414].
8.5.4. . (7883) . . (. [124]).
N .
x[N ], , , (x) xM (x)
M N . (xn )nN .
:
(1) :
N x[N ] .
(2) : N M , -

472

. 8.
x[N ] ,
x[M ] .
(3) : N x[N ]
.

. U
H, HU U
H, . . HU := {f H : U f = f }, PU HU .

n

1 X


k
lim
U f PU f = 0
n n + 1

k=0

f H.
. (, ) () ,
T
f L2 ().
P,
n
1
k

({ n+1
f
(T
x)})
n=0 L2 ().
k=0
1 () L

R f L1 (), kf k1  E (E) 0
2

E f d 0. L2 () := {f L2 () : f
1 ()}. . [91], [73, 74].
L
. b 2 ()
L
(, , , , . . ).
78. ( ) ( )
.
79.
, (
78).
80. 78
.

8.5.

473

81. 79
80.
82. 79 .
83. 79 82.
8.5.5. ,
.
84.
.
85. ,
[348].
86. .
87. ( ).
X , B . B[X] V(B)
X X.
88. X
B V(B) B[X 0 ] = B[X]0 ?



. [88, 128, 503].
.1. B . n- P X
R : X n B. , L
P0 , P1 , . . . , Pn , R0 , R1 , . . . , Rn

X.
(u1 , . . . , um ) L x1 , . . . , xm X [[ (x1 , . . . , xm ) ]]
B, .

[[ Pk (x1 , . . . , xm ) ]] := Rk (x1 , . . . , xm ).
:
[[ ]] := [[ ]] [[ ]],
[[ ]] := [[ ]] [[ ]],
[[ ]] := [[ ]] [[ ]],
[[ ]] := [[ ]] ,
^
[[ (x) ]],
[[ (x) ]] :=
xX

[[ (x) ]] :=

[[ (x) ]],

xX

, , , ( ) ,
B, a b := a b.

V W
,

475

.2. , (x1 , . . . , xm ), x1 , . . . , xm X,
(u1 , . . . , um ) , (, . .)
X := (X, R0 , . . . , Rn ),
X |= (x1 , . . . , xm ), [[ (x1 , . . . , xm ) ]] = 1, 1
B.
X. P0 , , B- X := (X, =,
R1 , . . . , Rn ) .
B- X ,
L := {=, P1 , . . . , Pn }.
.3.
X. , L := {=, } = . [[ = ]] [[ ]] . , [[ = ]], [[ ]] : X X B,
[[ = (x, y) ]] = [[ x = y ]],

[[ (x, y) ]] = [[ x y ]]

(x, y X).

B- X :=
(X, [[ = ]], [[ ]]), ZFC, . . ,
X |= ZFC. , X
ZFC. , , .1 .4 (1) ,
x, y X
^
[[ x = y ]] =
([[ z x ]] [[ z y ]]),
zX

a b := (a b) (b a) a, b B.
.4. B- X , x, y X [[ x = y ]] = 1 x = y.
B- X := {(x, y) X 2 : [[ x = y ]] = 1}
(-
, . [121]).
, B- X X0 := (X 0 , [[ = ]]0 , [[ ]]0 ),
: X X 0 , [[ x = y ]] = [[ x =
y ]] [[ x y ]] = [[ x y ]] x, y X.

476

.5. . B- X, :
(1) X B- (. .4);
(2) X;
(3) .4 (1)
.4 (5) X (. .3);
(4) f : dom(f ) B , dom(f ) V
dom(f ) X, x X ,
[[ y x ]] =

f (z) [[ z = y ]]

(y X);

zdom(f )

(5) x X, f : dom(f ) B
, dom(f ) V, dom(f ) X,
(4) y X.
.6. B-, .5 (15), V(B) := (V(B) , [[ = ]], [[ ]]). V(B)
. V(B)
.
(1) . ZFC V(B) ; V(B) |= ZFC.
(2) . (b ) B, (x )
V(B) , x V(B)
, b [[ x = x ]] .
x (x ) (b ) mix b x .
(3) . (u)
ZFC (, V(B) ) x0 V(B) ,
[[ (u)(u) ]] = [[ (x0 ) ]].
, , , [[ (!x) (x) ]] = 1, , , x0 V(B) ,
[[ (x0 )]] = 1.

477

.7. x 7 x V V(B) ,
:
(1) x = y [[ x = y ]] = 1;

x y [[ xW
y ]] = 1 (x, y V),

(2) [[ z y ]] = xy [[ x = z ]] (z V(B) , y V).

.
(3) . (u1 , . . . , un ) , . . ee
(u)(u v . . . ) (u)(u
v . . . ), (u v)
(u v). x1 , . . . , xn V

(x1 , . . . , xn ) V(B) |= (x1 , . . . , xn ).

.8. X V(B) X X
:= {x V(B) : [[ x X ]] = 1}. X ,
. . .
.9. F X Y V(B) , . . X, Y, F V(B) [[ F X Y ]] = [[ F 6= ]] = 1. ,
, F X Y ,
A X V(B) F (A) = F(A).
[[ F X Y ]] = 1 ,
F X Y .
, f : Z Y V(B) , Z V,
f : Z Y ,
f(z) = f (z ) z Z.
.10. X P(V(B) ). f : dom(f ) B
: dom(f ) = X im(f ) = {1}. .5 (4)
X V(B) ,
_
[[ x = y ]] (y V(B) ).
[[ y X ]] =
xX

X ( ) X. :

478

(1) Y = Y

(Y V(B) ),

(2) X = mix(X) (X P(V(B) )),

mix(X) mix b x , (x )
X, (b ) B.
.11. X, Y P(V(B) ) F X Y .
:
(1) , , F
X Y V(B) , dom(F) = dom(F ) A dom(F )
F(A) = F (A);
(2) F , . .
y1 F (x1 ) [[ x1 = x2 ]]

[[ y1 = y2 ]].

y2 F (x2 )

F X Y
, [[ F : X Y ]] = 1.
, f : Z Y f :
Z Y , f(x ) = f (x) x Z.
.12. , X B, . . d : X X B, :
(1) d(x, y) = 0 x = y;
(2) d(x, y) = d(y, x);
(3) d(x, y) d(x, z) d(z, y).
X V(B) : X X 0 :=
X , d(x, y) = [[ (x) 6= (y) ]] x0 X 0
x0 = mix b x , (x ) X, (b )
B. B V(B)
.

479

.13. .
. ,
. ,
, .
, .

1960 . ,
.
. . , 1963 . ( ) -.
, . , . , . (. [30, 88, 121, 503]).
[120, 121, 125, 503]. .
.
,
[481].


1. . ., . .
.: , 1978.368 .
2. . . // , , ..: - ,
1956.. 1.. 578.
3. . . ..:
. . -, 1988.512 .
4. . ., . ., . . , //
, , . . 3 / . . .-.
. . - () 256.1999.. 224262.
5. ., ., - ., T.
..: , 1990.616 .
6. . . // . . -, . 1, ., .
1997. 1.. 6870.
7. . ., . . //
. . 1999. . 1, 4. . 216.
8. . ..: , 1962.639 .
9. . ., . . . .:
- , 1983.392 .
10. . ..: , 2000.556 .
11. . ..: , 1984.566 .
12. . ., . ., . .
.
..: , 1983.328 .

481

13. . . , :
// .1984. 6.. 98104.
14. . ..: , 1961.
119 .
15. ., .
. .: , 1982.511 .
16. . ..: , 1965.455 .
17. . . // . ..: ,
1988.. 26.. 363.
18. . ., . ., . .
// . .
.: , 1980.. 18.. 125184.
19. . ., . ., . .
// .
.1979.. 34, . 2.. 137183.
20. . ., . ., . ., . C., . .
.: , 1991.214 .
21. , - . ..: - . ., 1963.54 .
22. . .
l- // . . .
1969.. 10, 6.. 7073.
23. . .
// . . 1973. . 213, 4.
C. 770773.
24. . ., . . // . .
.1972.. 13, 1.. 4351.
25. . ., . .
// . .
.1994.. 35, 4.. 720727.
26. . ., . . ,
// . 1997. 1.
. 7286.
27. . // .
1984. 1.. 2729.

482

28. . ., . ., . . p-
..: , 1994.352 .
29. . . ..: , 1969.318 .
30. ..: . ,
1997.382 c.
31. . .
.: , 1983.150 .
32. . . ..: , 1961.407 .
33. . . ..;
.: , 1933.464 .
34. . - // .
.1948.. 8, . 1.. 96149.
35. ., . .
..: , 1979.
558 .
36. . ., . . ..: , 1969.475 .
37. . . . 1..: , 1965.
583 .
38. . . ..: ,
1983.488 .
39. . .
K- // . .
1977.. 237, 4.. 773775.
40. . . K-
// . .1981.. 258, 4.. 777780.
41. . . K- // . . .1982.. 23, 5.. 5565.
42. . . .
: , 3286-83, 1983.35 .
43. . . L2 (Rn )// . . .1988.. 29, 2.. 4559.
44. . .
. // . . .1989.
. 30, 1.. 8995.

483

45. . . // . .1990.. 314,

5.. 10441047.
46. . .
// . . .1991.. 32, 2.. 2640.
47. . . // .1991. 2.
. 2533.
48. . . . .: . -, 1991.
49. . ., . . // .
.1981.. 256, 5.. 10371041.
50. . ., . .
.: . -, 1982.72 .
51. . ., . ., . .
Lp - //
. . .1991.. 32, 5.. 2942.
52. . ., . ., . .
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ltd(), 23, 211

R, 23
, 23
, 50
(! x) (x), 51
( x y) , 51
( x) (x), 51
fin(), 51
Pfin (), 51
Fnc (), 53
Func (), 53
X  U , 53
X|U, 53
X|U , 53
Xy, 53
Xy, 53
Gr(), 53
P(X), 54
dom (), 54
IX , 54
, 55
(A), 55
1 (A), 55
AC, 58

ZF, 58
ZFC, 58
U, 58
On, 62
, 62
V , 63
V, 63
rank(), 63
+ , 64
IST, 78
St(), 78
(IST), 79
(ZFC), 79
VSt , 79, 91
( st x) , 79
( st x) , 79
( st fin x) , 79
( st fin x) , 79

x, 80
EXT, 90
NST, 90
Int(), 90
VExt , 91
VInt , 91


(EXT), 91
Vsize , 91
St , 91
Int , 91
NCT, 115
Psls(D, p), 122
de, 125
Su(), 133
xsty, 133
RIST, 139
(), 144, 151, 153
a
B, 145
(X, ), 151
h(G), 151
nst (G), 151
cl (U ), 152
x y, 160

A, 161
pst (X), 166

x a, 174
Pfin , 178
G , 191
F , 191
F, 194
(x), 195
e(X), 195
Ac , 196
p(X), 196
d , 199
F , 201
(F ), 202
E , 202
cnt(X), 208
Ha(F, x0 ), 213

515
Cl(F, x0 ), 213
Bo(F, x0 ), 213
H(F, x0 ), 214
Fd(F, x0 ), 214
K(F, x0 ), 214
, 214
, 214
(F, x0 ), 216
(F, x0 ), 216
(F, x0 ), 217
(F, x0 ), 220
(F, x0 ), 221
(F, x0 ), 221
(F, x0 ), 221
Ha+ (F, x0 ), 221
Rj (F, a0 ), 221
Qj (F, a0 ), 221
QR2 (F, a0 ), 221
(F ), 230
(F ), 230
(F ), 230
(F ), 230
Li, 230
Ls, 230
lim sup inf G , 234
F

li, 234
ls, 234
Ha (F, x0 ), 235
In (F, x0 ), 235
Cl (F, x0 ), 235
Ha (F, x0 ), 235
In (F, x0 ), 235
Cl (F, x0 ), 235
f , 239

516
f , 239
f , 239
f , 240
f , 240
fd , 240

, 240
f,d

E , 254
f , 254
L(X, E), 254
Df (x), 255
A , 258
DF (B), 263
F , 263
ltd(E), 279
(E), 279
E # , 280
()# , 280
T # , 280
0
(a, ), 281
BL
BL (a, ), 281
Seq(f ), 281
dim(E), 282
lp (n), 283
BX , 284
(T ), 288
p (T ), 288
DAp(A), 292
R (A), 299
S(A ), 307
L , 307
(X, S , ), 311
(X, S X , LX ), 311
M
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M
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L , 312
S , 312
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Lp , 315
X
Lp,
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k kp, , 315
kF kp,A , 315
Sp (M ), 315
kF kp, , 329
Ak , 330
AK , 332
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L2 , 352
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b 353
,
X (f ), 353
X (f )k , 353
F , 353, 368
Dd , 358
u, 358

, 358
(n)
L , 360
L () , 360
F , 360
C () , 361
C (n) , 361
Md , 361
G0 , 366, 395
Gf , 366, 395
b 367
G,

F , 369
In(Gf ), 369
In0 (Gf ), 369
G# , 369, 395

A, 373
G
Sf , 374
b 376
G := G,
1
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G# , 377
G00 , 378
G0f , 378
G#0 , 378
b
L2,
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G
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G#
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F
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CS(G), 384
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e
Ext, 398
lim(Kn , n ), 411

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a | b, 413
rem(a, b), 413
Q( ) , 413
Z( ) , 413
, 414
Q+
p , 418
Q , 422
Fn , 426
Fn1 , 426

517
Sp (G), 426
Tn , 426
Tbn , 426
Lp (Gn ), 426
bn ), 426
Lp (G
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b, 428, 445
Dtest , 429
b test , 429
D
Sn , 435, 436
X , 439
t, 439
XN , 439
proxy(), 439
Af , 443
(n)
Af , 443
(2)

Sn , 444
(n)
Bf , 444
Wf , 454
[[ ]], 474
|=, 475
1, 475
V(B) , 476
X, 477
X, 477

-, 98
B-, 478
n- , 48
n- , 48
p-, 121
p- , 121
p-, 117
p- , 117
S- , 384
S- ,
391
A -
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S -
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SM - ,
312
Sp - ,
376
Sp, - f , 376
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312
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58
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425
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145
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474
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406
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519

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282
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, 281, 282
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330, 394
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395

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269
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220, 221
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vii

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,
255, 260

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413

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, 187
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, 211
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, 212
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45, 104, 243

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171
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161
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146, 153

521

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209

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101
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105
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280, 349

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100
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373

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,
449
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, 286
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,
469
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, 55
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,
209

,
210

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, 234
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NCT, 117
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239
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,
406, 425
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364

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104, 178

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523
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239
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197
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439
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49
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197
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309
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302
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221

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87, 100, 197

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228
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371
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187
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396
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525
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. .

. .

. .

- AMS-TEX,
.
This publication was typeset using AMS-TEX,
the American Mathematical SocietysTEX macro system.
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. , 6, 630090