GSM Report

(GSM).
. ,

. .
. . , . . , . . , . . , . . ,
. .

-
-
1996
GSM (GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS) .............. 8

1. GSM ......................................................................................................................... 8
2. , GSM ....................................................................................... 10
3. GSM ...................................................................................................... 10
3.1.1 ...............................................................................................................11
3.1.2 ..............................................................................................12
3.1.3 ....................................................................................................................12
4. .............................................................................................. 13
4.1.1 ......................................................................13
4.1.1.1 .............................................14
4.1.1.2 ...................................................................................................15
4.1.2 .................................................................................................................16
4.1.3 ........................................................................................16
4.1.4 (Multipath equalisation) .....................................................17
4.1.5 (Frequency hopping) ........................................................................18
4.1.6 (Discontinuous transmission) ..........................................................18
4.1.7 (Discontinuous reception) .........................................................19
4.1.8 .....................................................................................................19
5. ................................................................................................................. 19
5.1.1 ................................................................................................20
5.1.2 ...................................................................................................22
5.1.2.1 (location updating) .......................................................22
5.1.2.2 GSM ..............................................................................23
5.1.2.2.1 ..................................................................23
5.1.2.2.1.1 ...........................................................................24
5.1.2.2.1.1.1 (Block Ciphers) ................................................24
5.1.2.2.1.1.2 (Stream Ciphers) ...................................24
5.1.2.2.1.2 (Public Key Algorithms) .............................26
5.1.2.2.1.3 - (One-Way Hash Function) ..........................26
5.1.2.2.2 GSM ..............................27
5.1.2.2.2.1 ..........................................................................28
5.1.2.2.2.2 ,
GSM .....................................................................................................................31
5.1.2.2.2.3 ...................................31
5.1.3 ..............................................................................................32
5.1.3.1 ................................................................................................32
6. ..................................................... 33
6.1 .......................................................................................................................... 33
6.1.1 ..................................................................................................................33
6.1.2 ................................................................................................................34
6.1.3 SIM- ..........................................................................34
6.1.4 .....................................35
6.1.5 (MS access) ..............................35
6.1.6 .........................................................................................35
6.1.7 ......................................................................................................................36
6.1.8 ..............................................................................................................37
6.1.9 ..........................................................................................38
6.1.10 .............................................................................................38
6.1.11 ..............................................................38
6.1.12 ................................................40
7. GSM- ..................... 41
7.1 .......................................................................................................................... 41
7.2 . ............................................................... 41
7.2.1 ...............................................................41
7.2.2 : GSM-. ..............43
7.3 - (Um-) ............ 47
3
7.3.1 ..........................................................................................47
7.3.1..................................................................................................................................................47
7.3.1.1 III ......................................................................................................................47
7.3.1.2 II (DL-). ..............................................................................................47
7.3.1.3 I (). ................................................................................................47
7.3.2 III . ...............................................................................................48
7.3.3 CM-......................................................................................................................50
7.3.4 MM-. ....................................................................................................................53
7.3.5 RR-. .....................................................................................................................53
7.4 . ..................................................................................... 53
7.4.1 . ...................................................................................................................53
7.4.1.1 MSC- . .........................................................53
7.4.1.2 CC-. ..........................................................55
7.4.1.2.1 . ....................................................................................................................55
7.4.1.2.2 . ..............................................................................................55
7.4.1.2.2.1 . ...........................................................................................................55
7.4.1.2.2.2 . ........................................................................................57
7.4.1.2.2.2.1 .............................................................................57
7.4.1.2.2.2.2 . ..................................................57
7.4.1.2.2.3 . ..........................................................................................58
7.4.1.2.3 . .......................................................................................................................58
7.4.1.2.3.1 . ...........................................................................................................58
7.4.1.2.3.2 (CC ONW). .....................................................................59
7.4.1.2.3.3 (CC TNW). .......................................................................60
7.4.1.3 MM-. ........................................................61
7.4.2 . ...............................................................................................................................63
7.4.2.1 MM- . ...............................63
7.4.2.1.1 MM-. ................................................................63
7.4.2.1.2 MM-. .......................................65
7.4.2.2 SETUP .........................................................................................65
7.4.2.3 MM- ..................................................65
7.4.2.4 (
). ...............................................................................................................................65
7.5 . .................................................................................................................. 65
7.5.1 1. III Um-. ....................................................65
7.5.2 2. . ...................................................................................66
...................................................................................................... 68
8. OMT ............................................................................... 68
8.1 .............................................................................................................................68
8.1.1 ..........................................................................................................69
8.1.2 ................................................................................................69
8.1.3 ....................................................................................................69
8.1.3.1 ............................................................................70
8.1.3.2 ................................................................................................70
8.1.3.3 .........................................................................................70
8.1.3.4 ...........................................................................................71
8.1.3.5 ...........................................................................................71
8.1.3.6 ..............................................................................................72
8.1.3.7 .........................................................................73
8.1.3.8 .....................................................................................74
8.1.3.9 ................................................................................74
8.1.4 .............................................................................................74
8.1.4.1 ..................................................................................................75
8.1.4.2 ...................................................................76
8.1.4.3 .................................................................76
8.1.4.4 .................................................................................77
8.1.4.5 ............................................................78
8.1.5 .........................................................................................79
8.1.5.1 ........................................................79
4
8.1.5.2 ,
...............................................................................................................................................79
8.1.5.3 ........................................................................................................80
8.1.5.4 .......................................................................................80
8.1.5.5 ......................................................................80
8.1.5.6 ...................................................................................................80
8.1.5.7 ...............................................................................................80
9. OMT- .............................................................................................................. 80
10. OMT .................................................................................................................... 81
10.1 .................................................................................................................... 81
10.2 ....................................................................................................... 82
10.2.1 ................................................................................................................................82
10.2.2 ...........................................................................................................83
10.2.3 ..............................................................................................85
10.2.4 ................................................................................................89
10.2.5 ........................................................................................................................92
10.2.6 .................................................................................93
10.3 .................................................................................................. 93
10.3.1 ..........................................................................................................93
10.3.2 .....................................................................................95
10.4 .............................................................................................. 97
11. USE CASE DRIVEN .............................................................. 99
11.1 ................................................................................................................. 99
11.2 ........................................................................................................................ 99
11.2.1 ..................................................................................................99
11.2.2 .................................................................................100
11.2.3 ...........................................................101
11.3 .............................................................................................................. 102

11.3.1 , .........................................................................102
11.3.2 , .............................................................103
11.3.2.1 ............................................................................................................103
11.3.3 .........................................................................................................104
11.3.3.1 ...................................................................................................104
11.3.3.1.1 Actor- UseCase- ........................................................................................104
11.3.3.2 .........................................................................................................112
11.3.3.3 ...........................................................................................116
11.3.3.3.1 ....................................................................................117
11.3.3.3.2 ........................................................................................118
11.3.3.3.3 Use ase- ............................................................................120
11.3.3.3.4 ..........................................................................................120
11.3.3.4 ...................................................................................................120
11.3.3.5 ....................................................................................................120
12. SDL ............................................................................................................ 120

12.1 ...................................................................................................................... 120
13. SDL ........................................................................................................... 121
13.1 ......................................................................................................... 122
13.1.1 .........................................................................................................122
13.1.2 ...........................................................................................122
13.1.2.1 ..............................................................122
13.1.2.1.1 SOON .................................................................................................................123
13.1.2.1.2 MSC ....................................................................................................................125
13.1.2.1.3 TC .......................................................................................................................128
13.2 ........................................................................................................ 129

13.2.1 ....................................................................................130
13.2.1.1 ..............................................................130
13.2.1.2 SDL92 - ....................................130
13.2.1.3 ...........................................................................133
13.2.1.3.1 ..........................................................................................133
13.2.1.3.2 ...............................................................................................133
5
13.2.1.3.3 ................................................................................133
13.2.1.3.4 ................................................................................................134
13.2.1.3.5 .........................................................................................134
13.2.1.3.6 .......................................................................................135
13.2.1.3.7 , .......................................................................135
13.2.1.3.8 ............................................................................................136
13.2.1.3.9 ............................................................................................137
13.2.1.4 ....................................137
13.2.2 .....................................................................................138
13.2.2.1 ...............................................................138
13.2.2.2 .......................................138
13.2.2.2.1 1. . .................141
13.2.2.2.2 2. . ................................141
13.2.2.2.3 3. . .................................141
13.2.2.2.4 4. .143
14. ...................................................................................................... 146

14.1 SDL ................................................................... 146
14.1.1 , ? ..............................................148
14.1.2 SDL runtime system (RTS) .................................................................................................149
15. . ............................................................................ 149

16. SALLY SHLAER/STEPHEN J. MELLOR OBJECT LIFECYCLES: MODELING THE WORLD IN
STATES. ................................................................................................................................................. 150
16.1 .......................................................................................... 150
16.1.1 , ....................................................................................150
16.1.1.1 ......................................................................................................................151
16.1.1.2 :.........................................................................................151
16.1.1.3 : .......................................................................................151
16.1.1.4 ................................................................................151
16.1.2 .........................................................................................................................152
16.1.2.1 ........................................................................152
16.1.2.2 ............................................................................................153
16.1.2.3 ...............................................................................................153
16.1.3 ............................................................................................................154
16.2 ................................................................................................... 154

16.2.1 ...........................................................................................................154
16.2.1.1 .....................................................................................154
16.2.1.2 (Creation States) ....................................................................155
16.2.1.3 (Final States) ...........................................................................155
16.2.1.4 ....................................................................................................155
16.2.1.5 ...............................................................155
16.2.2 ..............................................................................................................................155
16.2.2.1 .........................................................................................156
16.2.3 ...............................................................................................................................156
16.2.3.1 : ..........................................................................................................156
16.2.3.2 : ........................................................................................................157
16.2.3.3 .....................................................................................................157
16.2.3.4 .............................................................................................157
16.2.3.5 .................................................................................................157
16.2.3.6 ...................................................................................................159
16.2.4 .............................................................................................................................160
16.2.4.1 ..................................................................................................................161
16.2.5 ............................................................................................161
16.2.6 - ............................................161
16.2.6.1 (subtype migration) ....................................................................161
16.2.6.2 ..........................................................................................161
16.2.7 ...................................................................................................161
16.2.8 ............................................................................................................163
16.3 ............................................................................................... 163

16.3.1 ......................................................................................................................163
16.3.1.1 ..................................................................................................................164
6
16.3.1.2 .....................................................................................164
16.3.2 ,
....................................................................................................................................................165
16.4 .................................................................................................... 166

16.4.1 .......................................................................166
16.4.1.1 .................................................................................................166
16.4.1.2 ............................................................................................................167
16.4.1.3 .........................................................................................167
16.4.1.4 ...........................................................................................................167
16.4.1.5 . ............................................................................................168
16.4.1.6 OOA ..............................................................................................168
16.4.1.6.1 .......................................................................................................169
16.4.1.6.2 ..................................................................................169
16.4.1.6.3 ......................................................................................................169
16.4.1.7 ...................................................................................................................169
16.5 . ..................................................................................................... 170

16.5.1 ....................................................................................................170
16.5.2 ..................................................................................................................171
16.5.3 .............................................................................................................................172
16.5.4 ..............................................................................173
16.5.4.1 ......................................................................173
16.5.4.2 .......................................................................................................................174
16.5.5 .................................................................................................................174
16.5.6 : , ................................................176
16.5.7 ...................................................................................................176
16.5.7.1 .....................................................................................................176
16.5.7.2 .................................................................................................177
16.5.7.3 .......................................................................................................177
16.5.7.4 ..........................................................................................................................177
16.5.8 ..........................................................................................177
16.5.9 ..................................................................................177
16.5.10 ..........................................................................................................178
16.6 ................................................................................................ 179

16.6.1 ...............................................................................................................................179
16.6.2 .................................................................................................................................180
16.6.3 ............................................................................................................................180
16.6.4 .................................................................................................................180
16.6.4.1 .................................................................................................180
16.6.4.2 .................................................................................................180
16.6.4.3 ........................................................................................180
16.6.4.4 ....................................................................................................................181
16.6.4.5 OOA ...................................................................................181
16.7 ............................................................................. 181

16.7.1 .................................................................................................182
16.7.2 .........................................................................................................182
16.7.3 ...........................................................................................................182
16.7.4 ..............................................................................................184
16.7.5 ...............................................................................................................185
187
17. RTST .............................. 187
18. .................................................................................................... 189
19. ................................................................................................................... 190
19.1 ............................................................................................................. 190
19.1.1 .....................................................................................................190
19.1.2 ..............................................................................................................190
19.1.2.1 ...................................................................................................190
19.1.2.1.1 ................................................................................................................190
19.1.2.1.2 .......................................................................................191
19.1.2.1.3 ............................................................................................................191
7
19.1.2.1.4 .............................................................................................................192
19.1.2.1.5 .............................................................................................................192
19.1.2.1.6 .......................................................................................................192
19.1.2.1.7 ...............................................................192
19.1.2.1.8 ....................................................................................................193
19.1.2.1.9 .................................................................................193
19.1.2.1.10 ........................................................................................................193
19.1.3 ...................................................................................................193
19.1.4 .......................................................................................................194
19.1.4.1 MSC ........................................................................................................194
19.1.4.2 ST ............................................................................................................194
19.1.4.3 SDL .........................................................................................................195
19.1.5 ......................................195
19.2 .............................................................................................. 196

19.3 ...................................................................................................... 196
20. , RTST- ......................... 196
21. ......................................................... 197
GSM (Global System for Mobile

Communications)
1. GSM

80- ,
, .
, (
) .
,
.
1982 Conference of European Posts and Telegraphs
(Group Special Mobile)
(pan-European public
land mobile system).
:

ISDN
1989 ETSI (European Telecommunication
Standards Institute), 1990
GSM. GSM 1991 , 1993
36 GSM 22 , 25
GSM . , GSM
: GSM ( DCS1800
PCS1900) 80 .
1994 1.3 GSM.
1995 GSM 5
, 10 .
( GSM PCS1900). GSM Global System for
Mobile Communications.
GSM ( )
, AMPS
TACS . ,

9

.
, GSM ,
, ,
, -
.
, .
GSM
:
:
- (Pan-European System),
( ,
GSM ), ,
.
, GSM
.

(, ),
.
:
,
.

, GSM
.

(Frequency Division Multiple Access - FDMA, Time Division Multiple
Access - TDMA), (full-rate)
(half-rate)
, (GMSK Gaussian Minimum Shift Keyng).
: , GSM
, , GSM

. GSM
,
( )
.
.

(Frequency Hopping),
.
: , GSM
, , ,
10
, , ,
, .
2. , GSM
ISDN (
) GSM,
( )
64 kbps ISDN B-.
ITU-T (CCITT),
(bearer services),
(teleservices) (supplementary services).
GSM .
, GSM-
.
, .
GSM / ( 9600 bps)
POTS ( Plain Old Telephone Service), ISDN, Packet Swiched Public
Data Network ( ) Circuit Switched Public Data Network
( ) ( X.25 X.32).
( 3 - T.30 ITU-T)
- (fax adaptor).
GSM ( )
(Short Message Service - SMS).
( 160 ),
. --.
- ,
( ). (
/ (cell-broadcast)) ,
, .
SIM-, .
-
( 911).
, GSM,
.
(:
), / (:
). ,
(caller identification), (call waiting),
(multi-party conversations).
3. GSM
GSM ,
. 1-
11
GSM. GSM :
(Mobile Station), (Base Station Subsystem),
,
(NetWork Subsystem),
(Mobile services Switching
Center - : ),
, .
(Operations and Maintenance
Center),
. ,
Um- (Um-interface),
: (air interface) (radio

link).
A- (A-interface).

(Mobile Station)
(Base Station Subsystem)
(Network
Subsystem)
HLR
VLR
BSC
SIM
BTS
Um-interface
Abis-interface
MSC
A-interface
PSTN, ISDN,
PSPDN,
CSPDN
BS
ME
BTS
EIR
AuC
SIM - (Subscriber Identity Module)

ME - (Mobile Equipment)
BTS - - (Base Transceiver Station)
BSC - (Base Station Controller)
HLR - (Home Location Register)
VLR - (Visitor Location Register)
MSC - (Mobile services Switching Center)
EIR - (Equipment Identity Register)
AuC - (Authentication Center)
. 1 GSM
3.1.1
(MS) ()
, (SIM - Subscriber
Identity Module). SIM- ,
,
. GSM ,

, .

12
(IMEI - International Mobile Equipment Identity). SIM-
(IMSI - International
Mobile Subscriber Identity), ;
.
IMEI IMSI - . SIM-
.
3.1.2
:
(BTS - Base Transceiver Station)
(BSC - Base Station Controller). Abis (Abis-interface), ,
. BTS ,

.
BTS, , BTS
: , ,
. BSC
BTS. ,
, .
. BSC
(MSC) GSM.
3.1.3
(Network Subsystem)
(MSC). , MSC
, PSTN ISDN,
, ,
(registration), (authentication),
(location updating),
(handover), (call routing)
.
. MSC
( PSTN ISDN).

SS7 (Signalling System Number 7),
ISDN .
(HLR - Home Location Regisrer
VLR - Visitor Location Register),
(MSC)
GSM. HLR ,
GSM,
(location).
13
VLR,
. .
, HLR GSM, HLR
. VLR
, ,
VLR.
.
,
VLR MSC,
, MSC,
, VLR, ,
MSC VLR. , MSC
-
.
.
(EIR - Equipment Identity Register)
,
,
(IMEI International Mobile Equipment Identity). IMEI ,
,
. (AuC Authentication Center)
, , SIM-
,
.
4.

(ITU - International Telecommunication Union),

, 890-915 MHz (
), 935-960 MHz (
) .
4.1.1
,
,

. , GSM,
(Time-Division Multiple
Access Frequency-Division Multiple Access - TDMA/FDMA). FDMA
, 25 Mhz, 124
14
, 200 kHz.
.
,
TDMA. TDMA (burst
period) - 15/26 ms (
0.577 ms). TDMA
(frame - 120/26 ms 4.615 ms),
.
(burst period) TDMA .

. , , 3 .
: (dedicated
channels) - ,
(common channels) -
.
4.1.1.1
(traffic channel - TCH) - .

26 TDMA
. - 120 ms. , -
(SACCH - Slow Associated Control
Channel) - (2-).

(burst period), ,
, , , .
(full-rate)
(half-rate) TCH.
(..
7kbps, 13kbps).
TCH, .

(SDCCH - Stand-alone Dedicated Control Channels).
15
12:
SACCH
0-11: TCH
0
BP
0
Tail
bits
BP
1
BP
2
BP
3
57
Data bits
BP
4
10
BP
5
Stealing
bit
11
12
BP
6
BP
7
26
25:
13-24: TCH
13
14
15
16
17
18
TDMA -
: 60/13 ms
Training Stealing
sequence
bit
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26-
: 120 ms
57
8.25
Data bits
Tail
bits
Guard bits
.
2
,
.
(burst)
: 15/26ms
TDMA-
4.1.1.2

(idle mode), (dedicated mode) .

,
.

, ,
(handover).
51 .
:
(BBCH - Broadcast Control Channel).

.
(Base Station Identity),
(frequency allocation) (frequency-hopping
sequences).
(FCCH - Frequency Correction Channel)
(SCH - Synchronisation Channel).
(time slot
structure), (burst periods)
. GSM FCCH
SCH, - 0 ( TDMA
).
(RACH - Random Access Channel).
, .
(PCH - Paging Channel).
.
16
(AGCH - Access Grant Channel).

, -SDCCH RACH.

,
GSM. ,
, . 156.25
bits (. 2-): 57 (data bits), 27-
(training sequence) (
), (stealing bit) ( FACCH),
(tail bits) 8.25 (guard bits) .
156.25 0.577 ms, 270.833 kbps.
F- (F burst), FCCH S- (S burst), SCH,
, ,
. (access burst) - ,
RACH.
4.1.2
GSM , , ,
, . ISDN,

- - (PCM - Pulse Coded Modulation).
PCM - 64 kbps ,
. 64 kbps , ,
. GSM
(
, , )
, Regular Pulse ExcitedLinear Predictive Coder (RPELPC)
Long Term Predictor . ,
: , ,
;
(
) .
20 ,
260 , 13 kbps.
4.1.3
,
, . GSM
(convolutional encoding) (block
interleaving).
( ) - . , ,
.
17
, 260 20 ms
. ,
,
. :
1 - 50 - .
1 - 132 - .
2 - 78 - .
1 3- (Cyclic
Redundancy Code), .
, ,
.
. 53 , 132 1
(tail sequence) - 189 - S
.
, .
, , 378 ,
78 2. , 20 ms
456 , .. 22.8
kbps.
-
- . 456
57 ,
- .
57 ,
.
, - 270.833
kbps.
(GMSK Gaussian-filtered Minimum Shift Keying).
,
.
, .
, , ,
,
GSM .
4.1.4 (Multipath
equalisation)
900 Mhz
( , , , ..).
,
.
.
18
,
.
26
(training sequence),
.
GSM.
4.1.5 (Frequency hopping)

, .. c
,
TDMA ,
.
.
/ ,
.
, , ,
.
4.1.6 (Discontinuous
transmission)

,
, ,
.
(DTX) , ,
40% . ,
.
DTX .
, DTX
(Voice Activity Detector).
( ).
,
(chipping) .
, .
DTX. , ,

.
.
19
4.1.7 (Discontinuous
reception)

. ,
,
.
- ..
.
, .
4.1.8
,
: 20, 8, 5, 0.8 .
,
( ) (
) .
/ 2 dB
13 dBm (20 ).
(
- Bit Error Ratio)
, ,
, .
,
. , ,

,
.
5.

- . ,
, , ,
(handover).
, ,
,
(registration), (authentication), (call routing)
(location updating).
20
CM
CM
III
MM
MM
II
RR
LAPDm
TDMA
TDMA
MTP
MTP
MS
BTS
BCS
MSC
Um
RR
LAPDm
Abis
BSSMAP
SCCP
BSSMAP
SCCP
. 3 GSM.
GMS
( 3-). - ,
, . -
. Um
LAPD ,
ISDN, LAPDm. A-
(Message Transfer Part)
7 (Signalling System Number 7).
GSM :
(Radio Resources Management).

,
,
(handover).
(Mobility Management).
(location updating)
(registration) .
.
(Connection Management).
( Q.931),
.

(, HLR VLR ) ,
(Mobile Application Part). MAP
(Transaction Capabilities
Application Part (TCAP - 7 (Signalling
System Number 7)). MAP -
GSM.
5.1.1

. ,
: ,
21
. RR-
RR-, ,
,
, ,
.
RR-
( ,
). ,
( : ,
) RR. , ,
, ,
, RR-.
5.1.1.1 (handover)

, .
(handover handoff - )
.
RR-.
GSM :
( ) .
(BTS) BSC.
BSC, MSC.
MSC.
,
(internal handover), BSC.
, BSC (
MSC), .
(external handover),
MSC. GSM , MSC,
MSC, ,
,
BSC , MSC,
MSC.
,
MSC (, ).

(Broadcast Control Channel) ( 16) 6
(
). BSC MSC
.
22

GSM. ,
.
, BSC ,
: multipath fading,
.
.
(Minimum Acceptable
Perforance) :
,
. ,
.
, ,
, ..
,
.
(Power Budget) ,

.
.
,
.
5.1.2
RR-,
,
.
,
, ,
.
5.1.2.1 (location updating)

, PAGCH .

. ,
. :
, ( ).
,
,
. GSM
(location area).
23
,
.
, ,
MSC, HLR VLR. ,
,
PLMN,
, .
,
MSC/VLR,
HLR . , , HLR,
SS7 VLR,
. , , ,
, ,
MSC/VLR,
.
, HLR
, , MSC/VLR;
, HLR MSC/VLR.
GSM
. HLR MSC/VLR
,
, .

( ).
,
.
/ IMSI
. IMSI
, ,
, , ,
.
IMSI ,
,
. / IMSI
.
5.1.2.2 GSM
5.1.2.2.1

,
GSM.
24
5.1.2.2.1.1
,
, .
, P,
C, x - Ex() , ,
x - Dx(),
:
C=Ex(P)
P=Dx(C)
P=Dx(Ex(P))

, , ,
.

(Data Encryption Standard - DES).
(Block Ciphers)
(Stream Ciphers).
5.1.2.2.1.1.1 (Block Ciphers)

, ,
. DES 56-
64- , 64
64 .
,
(Electronic code book - ECB), (cipher block chaining CBC) (cipher feedback - CFB).
, CBC CFB,
.
,
--, (
ECB).
.
5.1.2.2.1.1.2 (Stream Ciphers)

--
, , .

(Exclusive-or - XOR) .
, ,
.

(Linear Feedback Shift Registers - LFSRs)
. LFSC
(linear logic -
25
, , ,
.

q).

(convolution).
,
,
,

.
q-
.

m- (
)
(encoder)
(simplex codes). ,
.
,
,
, -.
.
, m-
2n-1, n - . m-
.4-. LFSR
m-,
(1111, 0111, 1011, 0101, 1010, 1101, 0110, 0011,
1001, 0100, 0010, 0001, 1000, 1100, 1110).
XOR
. 4
26
, m-,
LFSR
n 2.

LFSR,
(clocking schemes). A5,
GSM,
,
LFSR.
5.1.2.2.1.2 (Public Key Algorithms)

-
(public) (private), .
, ,
, .
, ,
:
C=Epub (P), P=Dpriv (C)
C=Epriv (P), P=Dpub (C)

.
(Digital Signatures)
, -
, .
GSM, .
RSA,
(Rivesr, Shamir, Adleman).
5.1.2.2.1.3 - (One-Way Hash Function)
-
( ).

- ,
.
MD5, (Ron Rivest), 128-
; - (Secure Hash Algorithm - SHA),
(National
Institutes of Standards and Technologies - NIST), 160 .

(message digest),
.
-,
27
, (NIST Digital Signature
Algorithm - DSA).
-
-. ,

- -.
- . - CFB,
.
, A3 A8
- COMP128.
5.1.2.2.2
GSM
GSM
2.09 (Sequrity Aspects),
2.17(Subsriber Identity Modules),
3.20 (Security Related Network Functions),
(Sequrity Related Algorithms) 3.21.
GSM :

(International Mobile Subscriber Identity IMSI). GSM ,
IMSI (Ki)
.
,
(Kc).
(Temporary Mobile Subsriber
Identity - TMSI),
.
GSM
: ( Subscriber Identity Module
- SIM), (Mobile Station - MS) GSM-. SIM IMSI,
(Ki),
(A8), (A3)
(Personal Identification Number - PIN). GSM
A5. GSM , A3, A5, A8.
(Authentication Center - AuC),
(Operation and Maintenance Subsystem - OMS),
28
.
IMSI, TMSI, (Location
Area Identity - LAI) (Ki). . 5

. GSM ,
, AuC, HRL VLR. AuC
RAND, SRES Kc, HLR VLR
.
A3, A8,
IMSI,
Ki,
TMSI/
LAI, K/
CKSN
A5, TMSI/IMSI/K
AuC
A3, A8, IMSI, K
A5
BS
HLR
RAND, SRES, K
VLR
RAND, SRES, K
MSC
SIM
. 5 ,
GSM.
5.1.2.2.2.1
: SIM
- (Authentication Center).
,
SIM , - AuC. , AuC 128
(RAND), .
(Ki), A3,
32 (Signed Response - SRES) AuC.
, AuC ,
.
29
RAND
SRES=A3[RAND]
SRES=A3[RAND]
BS
MS
No
Yes
=?
Authentication
Successful
. 6 .
(RAND)
(KI) 64
(Kc), A8, SIM-.
, TDMA , A5
114 ,
(XOR) 114 ( 57 ).
, , .
, Kc
MS BS.
. 7-
.
RAND
Kc=A8[RAND]
Kc=A8[RAND]
MS
BS
Kc
Kc
. 7 .
, (Kc)
SIM.

A5. 8-
.
30

Ciphering Mode Request
Data
MS
BS
Kc
Kc
A5
A5
Data
. 8 .
(TMSI). TMSI
,
.

(Location Area Identification - LAI). TMSI . 9.
TSMI Reallocation
Confirmation
A5
BS
Kc
Kc
MS
A5
TMSI Reallocation
Request
. 9 TMSI
.
, GSM
IMEI . IMEI EIR.
IMEI EIR :
(White listed).
.
(Grey listed).
( ).
31
(Black listed).
(
).
.
5.1.2.2.2.2
, GSM

A5, Internet- 1994 .
A5
LFSR 19, 22 23.
()
(threshhold function)
.
64. 64
.
22 TDMA- .
114 (keystreams) TDMA,
.
, A5 40
.
5.1.2.2.2.3
GSM
. ,
( )
.
, GSM,
, .
, ,
,
,
.
, , ,
( ,
).
GSM

1993 . , ( , -)
GSM, A5/1.
(A5/2)
, .
32
, , ,
GSM . ,
, , ,
, GSM,
A5/2. , ,
.
5.1.3
(Communication Management - CM)
(Call Control - CC),
(Supplementary Service Management)
(Short Message Service Management).
CM .
GSM ISDN,
Q.931, ,
GSM.
CC : ,
( ) .
5.1.3.1
( ) ,
() ,
GSM ,
. , ,
ISDN (Mobile Subscriber ISDN - MSISDN);
E.164 .
(National Destination
Code), . ,
HLR
PLMN. , GMSC (Gateway MSC) MSC,
MSC. , GMSC,
(Mobile Station
Roaming Number - MSRN) E.164. MSRN

, .

GMSC MSRN HLR . HLR
SS7 VLR MSRN. HLR, ,
VLR , MSRN
. MSRN HLR , GMSC, ,
, MSC.
MSC MSRN IMSI , ,
( 10-).
33
PSTN/
ISDN
MSISDN
MSC
HLR
PSTN/
ISDN
MSC/
VLR
MS
MSISDN
MSISDN
IMSI
MSRN
MSRN
MSRN
MSRN
TMSI
. 10
.
6.
6.1
, MS
.
(services),

. ,

() ( ),

,
.

,
(
, , ) (
) . GSM.
6.1.1
GSM
:
1
2 , ABC
3 , DEF
4 , GHI
34
5 , JKL
6 , MNO
7 , PQRS
8 , TUV
9 , WXYZ
0
+
*
# , SELECT
ACCEPT
SEND
END
+ (+ )
/PLMN
(//,
/ ..).
6.1.2
(..
),
.
:
.
.
.
, ,
.
/PLMN..
PLMN ( ) /PLMN PLMN
( ).
, .. (service
indicator).
(service provider).
.
6.1.3 SIM-
GSM :
(PIN).
.
, (PIN2).

.
(PIN PIN2).
, .
(
35
). 8 .
, .
.
( )
.
-
,
( ),
. PIN2.
.
PIN2.
- . .
.
SIM- ( , - )
.
6.1.4

-
(IMEI) - 14 IMEI,
, , . IMEI
PLMN
,
,
.
.
6.1.5
(MS access)

, SIM-, (PIN)
... ,
(
, ..).
6.1.6

- PLMN (VPLMN),
PLMN. ,
PLMN ( PLMN ,
VPLMN), ,
PLMN VPLMN.
.
36
- PLMN - ,
(IMSI) ,

SIM. , ,
,
(No service).
PLMN
.

PLMN :
1.HPLMN
2.PLMN PLMN Selector, SIM,
.
3. PLMN, .
PLMN ,
PLMN, SIM. PLMN ,
PLMN
, .
PLMN
, HPLMN,
HPLMN , SIM ( service provider ).
6 8 6 .
, .
PLMN
, PLMN .
PLMN , -
PLMN ,
Location Area
PLMN.
6.1.6.1

, 0 9.

, .
,
, 11 15:
15 - PLMN;
14 - ;
13 - ;
12 - ;
11 - PLMN.
,
, PLMN,
37
.
:
0 - 9 PLMN.
11 15 HPLMN.
12 - 14 PLMN .
, - 10,
,

(IMSI).
.

SIM-.
6.1.7
(
, . .)
( 112,
PLMN )
SEND. , -
, .., ,
.

, 1.
,
.
1.
1
2*
425Hz
425Hz
.
15Hz
15Hz
3*
425Hz
15Hz
( .)
425Hz
15Hz
425Hz
15Hz
5
6*
7
(.
.
.
)
500ms
500ms
200ms
200ms
200ms
3 200ms
200ms
950Hz
50Hz
:
1400Hz
50Hz
330ms,
1800Hz
50Hz
1.0 ms
425 Hz ( 15Hz), 200ms, 600ms, 200ms,
3s, 200ms, 600ms, 200ms.
38
*
.
/ ,
.
( 425Hz
15Hz
4s
. )
1s
.
6.1.7.1
( )
,
SIM- ( ).
,
PIN2.
( ).
6.1.8

( )
( ). (
- -)
- .
,
(
), 24 .

160
( ,
).
93
(service provider).
,
-
, .
6.1.9
,
.
, ,
:
(* # ** #):
.
,
.
39
(## #): ,
.
(* # #): :
- ,
( , , ,
) .
-
(/ ).
-
.
( - ).
(* #): ,
,
.
(# #): .
, -
* 1 * 2 * 3, 1,
2, 3 .

2. .
GSM
02.81.
CLIP
CLIR
CoLP
CoLR
02.82.
CFU
CFB
CFNRy
CFNRc
02.83.
CW
HOLD
02.84.
MPTY
02.85.
CUG
02.86.
AoCI
AoCC
02.88.
BAOC
BOIC
BOIC-exHC
BAIC
BAIC-Roam
s
dr
s
s
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
dr
dr
dr
dr
+
-
+
-
s
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
dr
dr
dr
dr
dr
40
dr - .
s - .
:
CLIP .
CLIR .
CoLP .
CoLR .
CFU .
CFB .
CFNRy .
CFNRc .
CW .
HOLD .
MPTY .
CUG .
AoCI .
AoCC .
BAOC .
BOIC .
BOIC-exHC
.
BAIC .
BIC-Roam

(
):
* 03 * * * * #
** 03 * * * * #
,
.
6.1.10

- ,
, ( )
:
0 SEND
41
1 SEND
( )
( ).
1 N SEND
N.
2 SEND
, ,
( ).
2 N SEND
N.
3 SEND
.
SEND ( )
.
END (, , ).
: ,
.
7.
GSM-
7.1 .

GSM-.
, ,
.
, ,
,
.
7.2 .
7.2.1

Um- (,
OSI/CCITT).
III . ,
.
, ,
.
,
..;
.. (. 13- 14-). (Service
Access Point), (service)
. .
-
( , , SDL).
.
42
GSM- . ()
, GSM-
. ,
, , GSM- (
III Um- 1 ).
.
, ().
,
(, CC- MM-,
- ).
:
, ().
, , .
- MMCC-DATA-IND ( - ..
).
- ,
. - MMCC-DATA-IND (ALERTRING Message).
.
1. Request N+1 N
.
2. Indication N N+1
, N ,
N+1 ( Request).
3. Respond , N+1
N, ,
Indication.
4. Confirm N N+1,
, ,
.
-
(. .
11). (),
(
).
:
Layer-to-layer ( )
.
Pear-to-pear ( ) -
.

, .
43
. pear-to-pear ,
(,
, , ),
( ) , ,
, ,
,
.
7.2.2 :
GSM-.
,
Um- (-).
:

( Um-);

( Um-);
,
, . (.
GSM-).
44
N+1
Confirm
N+1
Request
Indication
Respond
N-
pear-to-pear.
. 11 N- pear-to-pear.
45
CC-

( OMS)
( ONW)
MNCC-SETUPREQ
CC-
SETUP-
CC-
( TNW)
-
(
TMS)
MNCC-SETUPREQ
CC-
SETUP-
MNCC-SETUP
IND
MNCC-SETUPIND

(TMS)

(OMS)
MNCC-SETUPRESP
MNCC-SETUPRESP
MNCC-SETUPCONF
MNCC-SETUPCONF
Um

(
Um
ONW TNW
Um
. 12 :
pear-to-pear - -
(
) .

, Um-.
, Um- III (
GSM-), ,
46
Um-,
.
-
( - ):
, (OMS);
, ,
(ONW);
(TMS);
, ,
(TNW).
. 12
GSM-
MNCC-SETUP
MNCC-SETUP-REQ, CC OMS,
(OMS) ,
, (
, , ..),
( ).
CC- (
CC- - . Um-)
ONW CC.
,
(, , ),
( MNCC-SETUP-IND).
, , ,
( ),
, TNW CC
MNCC-SETUP-REQ , ,
( ).
CC- CC-
(TMS CC), SETUP-, .
TMS
.

. TMS CC
MNCC-SETUP-RESP, .
TNW CC
MNCC-SETUP-CONF, ONW CC
MNCC-SETUP-RESP. ONW CC ,
. , ,
OMS CC, , , MNCC-SETUP-CNF,
OMW .
,
().
47
7.3 -
(Um-)
Um- . GSM-
. 13-
( ).
(service access points)
( CC MM - . . 14), .

( I II GSM-04.05;
II III , III GSM04.07)
7.3.1
7.3.1.1 III
,
,
( , ..).
.
,
. , III
-.
7.3.1.2 II (DL-).

. - ,
() . ,
.
7.3.1.3 I ().
II
. , ,
, .
, . ,
I ,
(handover) - , -
(location updating) - , - ...
III (RR-),
II (. 13-).
48
7.3.2 III .
. 14- III
.
III (. . 13-). , ,
49
III
(Connection

Managment - CM)

(Mobile
Managment - MM)

( Radio
Resource- RR)
( )
II
(Data link layer - DL)
I ( - Physical Layer - PHL)
. 13 -
Um- ( ).
(call control - CC-),
(supplement service- SS-), (Short Message Service SMS-).

50
-SAP. - MMCC ( MM CC-), RR ( RR- MM-).
,
GSM- (
, ,
; Um- ).
, II RR, PD (Protocol Discriminator)
RR-
. MM-, ,
PD, - MM, CC, SS,
SMS. ,
, , TI (Transaction Identifyer),
, .

14-. PD TI ( - Information
Element, IE) Um-.
IE.
7.3.3 CM-.
CC - 04.08, SS -
04.10, SMS - 04.11, 04.12. CC-.
(,
) (emergency call).
, CC ,
pear-to-pear. ,
.
:
-
, - , (,
);
,
( . Annex B 04.08 );
()
( ) ,
,
;
() GSM-;
.
:
(,
).
.
51
:
- ,
;
.
52
M O BILE
NE TW OR K
S ER V IC E
M N CC -S AP
M N SS -SA P
M N SM S -S AP
SS
CC
SM S
M M S S-S AP
M M S M S-S AP
M M C C -SA P
M M R EG -S AP
LAYER 3 SIGNALLING
TI
MM
MM
TI
CC
TI
SS
SM S
PD
R R-SA P
RR
=R R
PD
RR
SA PI 3
. 14 III Um-.
SACCH
SDCCH
FACCH
SACCH
SDCCH
AGCH+PCH
BCCH
RACH
SA PI 0
53
7.3.4 MM-.
,
MM- ,
(CC, SS, SMS) pear-to-pear.
CM MM-
pear-to-pear. ,
:
(location updating),
(location area). ,
,
(periodical
location updating) , ,
.
.
-
.
, (..
, GSM- ,
). ,
, (IMSI attach, IMSI detach .).
7.3.5 RR-.
, MM-
pear-to-pear , RR- MS NW
RR-. RR- MM . RR-
- RR-. ,
(service), ,
.
,
RR- .
(handover),
MS (cell).
7.4 .
7.4.1 .
7.4.1.1 MSC- .
15-, 16- 17-
MSC ( ).
-
MSC-.
54
12- CC-.
( OMS TMS Um-,
). ,
MM- SETUP ,
OMS TMS.
OMS
NW
TMS
MM-
MS
MM-
NW
SETUP
MM-
. 15 GSM-
OMS
NW
SETUP
. 16 -
55
NW
TMS
MM-.
. 17
7.4.1.2 CC-.
7.4.1.2.1 .
18, 19, 20 , ,
, , ,
, .
, . 18 20
: CC- MS U0, NW - N0.
:
(
GSM-) (
MNCC-SETUP-REQ);
MM-
( MMCC-EST-IND
SETUP ).
, CC-,
(originating side),
CC-, (terminated side).
7.4.1.2.2 .
18.
7.4.1.2.2.1 .
U0.1, U26, U27 GSM-,
CCITT.
NULL (U0)
56
.
ACTIVE (U10)
CC MS ,
TMS- .
DISCONNECT INDICATION (U12)
CC- MS ,
(ONW TNW, , MS - OMS TMS)
(disconnect) CC- ( ,
- ).
MNCC-SETUP.REQ.
MMCC. EST. IND (SETUP)
U0
NULL
MMCC-EST-REQ
MNCC-SETUP-IND
MNCC-REL-CNF
MMCC-REL-REQ
U0.1 MMCONNECTIONPENDING
MNCC.EST.CNF
U6
CALL PRESENT
DI (REL COM)
DR (REL. COM)
MNCC-REL-IND
MMCC-REL-REQ
MNCC-CALL.CONF.REQ.
U19 RELEASE
REQUEST
DR (SETUP)
DR (CALL CONF)
DI (CONN)
U1
CALL INIT
DI (REL)
DI (CALL PROC)
DR (REL)
MNCC-ALERT.REQ.
(*)
MMCC.SYNC.IND.
(res.ass.)
U9 MT CALL
CONFIRMED
MNCC. REL.REQ.
DI (DISC)
DI (ALERT)
MNCC-CALL.
PROC.IND.
DR (REL)
MNCC-DISC-IND
U11 DISCONNECT
REQUEST
MNCC-SYNC-IND
(res.ass)
DR (ALERT)
U12 DISCONNECT
INDICATION
DI (PROGRESS)
MNCCPROGRESS. IND
MNCC. SETUP. RSP.
U3 MO CALL
PROCEEDING
U7 CALL
RECEIVED
MNCC-DISC-IND
DR (DISC)
DI (CONN)
MNCC. DISC.REQ.
MNCC. SETUP. RSP
DI (ALERT)
STATES
U3,4,7,8,9,10
(*)
MMCC.SYNC.IND
(res. ass)
MNCC-SYNC. IND
(res. ass)
MNCC-ALERT-IND
DI (DISC)
DR (CONN)
DR (CONN)
MNCC-SETUP-CNF
DR (CONN ACK)
U8 CONNECT
REQUEST
U4 CALL
DELIVERED
DI (CONN ACK)
DI (CONN)
MNCC-SETUP-CNF
DR (CONN ACK)
U10
ACTIVE
MNCC-SETUP
COMPL. IND
(*) early assignment

NOTE:
DR(MESSAGE) = MMCC_DATA_REQ(MESSAGE)
DI (MESSAGE) = MMCC_DATA_IND(MESSAGE)
. 5. - III .
. 18 - III .
RELEASE REQUEST (U19)
CC- ,
MS (release) CC-.
57
DISCONNECT REQUEST (U11)
CC- MS ,
Um- CC-
( , - ).
7.4.1.2.2.2 .
7.4.1.2.2.2.1
MM CONNECTION PENDING (U0.1)
- OMS ,
Um- CC OMS
MM OMS MM-.
CALL INITIATED (U1)
- OMS ,
( SETUP- CC ONW).
MOBILE ORIGINATING CALL PROCEEDING (U3)
- OMS ,
, , OMS
, .
CALL DELIVERED (U4)
- OMS , OMS
ONW , TMS (alerting).
7.4.1.2.2.2.2 .
MNCC-SETUP-REQ CC- MMCC-ESTREQ MM- MM-
U0.1 MM CONNECTION PENDING, MM.
MMCC-EST-CNF CC- , MM-
. MMCC-DATA-REQ
SETUP CC- , U1 CALL
INIT.
CC- ,
MMCC-DATA-IND c :
CALL PROCEEDING ( OMS
);
ALERTING ( );
CONNECT ( ).
CC-
MNCC-CALL-PROC-IND
U3 MO CALL PROCEEDING. CC-
:
58
MMCC-DATA-IND :
PROGRESS;
ALERTING;
CONNECT;
MMCC-SYNC-IND ,
- (
); RR-.
7.4.1.2.2.3 .
CALL PRESENT (U6)
- TMS ,
.
MOBILE TERMINATING CALL CONFIRMED (U9)
- TMS ,
, , TMS ,
.
CALL RECEIVED (U7)
- TMS ,
Um- ,
(alerting), .
CONNECT REQUEST (U8)
- TMS ,
Um- , .
7.4.1.2.3 .
19- -
(state transition diagramm) - .
N0.1, N26, N27, N28, N3, N4, N7, N9
GSM. CCITT.
7.4.1.2.3.1 .
NULL (N0)
.
ACTIVE (N10)
CC- .
.
DISCONNECT INDICATION (N12)
59
CC- ,
CC- ( ,
- ).
RELEASE REQUEST (N19)
CC- ,
MS CC-.
7.4.1.2.3.2 (CC ONW).

CALL INITIATED (N1)
CC- ,
.
MOBILE ORIGINATING CALL PROCEEDING (N3)
CC- ,
MS, ,
.
CALL DELIVERED (N4)
CC- , OMS,
TMS .
CONNECTION INDICATION (N28)
CC- , TMS-
( ). CC ONW
OMS .
MOBILE ORIGINATING MODIFY (N26)
CC- ,
OMS ( 19).
60
MMCC.EST.IND (SETUP)
MNCC. SETUP REQ.

N0
NULL
MMCC.EST.REQ.
(mobile ID)
MNCC.SETUP.IND.
MMCC. EST. CNF.

N0.1 MM-CONNECTION PENDING
N1
CALL INIT
MNCC.REL.CNF.
MMCC.REL.REQ.
MNCC. CALL. PROC. REQ
DR (SETUP)
DR (REL COM),
MNCC.REL.IND,
MMCC.REL.REQ.
DI (REL COM)
N19 RELEASE
REQUEST
N6
CALL PRESENT
DR(CALL PROC)
DI (CALL CONF)
DR (REL)
MNCC.DISC.IND
DR (REL)
MNCC.CALL.
CONF.IND
DI (REL)
DI (DISC)
MNCC.
PROGRESS.
REQ.
N3 MOCALL
PROCEEDING
MNCC.
SETUP. RSP
N12 DISCONNECT INDICATION
MNCCALERT REQ
DI (DISC)
DR (ALERT)
DR (DISC)
DR(PROGRESS)
DI (CONN)_
STATES N1, 3, 4,
7, 8, 9; 10, 28
N4 CALL
DELIVERED
N9 MTCALL
CONFIRMED
MNCC. DISC. REQ.
MNCC.ALERT.IND.
MNCC. SETUP. RSP
MNCC.SETUP.CNF.
DR (CONN)
N7 CALL
RECEIVED
DR (CONN)
MNCC. SETUP.
COMPL. IND.
N28 CONNECT
INDICATION
DI (ALERT)
DI (CONNACK)
NOTE:
DR(MESSAGE) = MMCC_DATA_REQ(MESSAGE)
DI (MESSAGE) = MMCC_DATA_IND(MESSAGE)
DR(CONN ACK)
N10
ACTIVE
MNCC. SETUP.
COMPL. REQ.
DI (CONN)
N8 CONNECT
REQUEST
MNCC.SETUP.CNF
. 19 - III Um-
GSM-.
7.4.1.2.3.3 (CC TNW).

MM CONNECTION PENDING (N0.1)
CC- , (
Um-) .
CALL PRESENT (N6)
61
CC- ,
TMS , .
MOBILE TERMINATING CALL CONFIRMED (N9)
CC- , TNW TMS
, TMS ,
.
CALL RECEIVED (N7)
CC- , TNW TMS
, TMS (alerting).
CONNECT REQUEST (N8)
CC- , TMS-
, TNW TMS,
.
MOBILE TERMINATING MODIFY (N27)
CC- ,
TMS ( 19-).
7.4.1.3 MM-.
20-.
0. NULL
MS ( ).
18. WAIT FOR RR ACTIVE
- RR- (
- IMSI attach -
- location updating - ,
MS).
13. WAIT FOR RR CONNECTION (LOCATION UPDATING)
MM- RR- ,
(location updating).
3. LOCATION UPDATING INITIATED
(location
updating) T3210. MS .
62
14
WAIT FOR
RR CONNECTION
(MMCONNECTION)
Request
RR connection
States 3, 5, 9,
10, 13, 14, 15
RR connection
established
Send cmservice
request
20
WAIT FOR
ADDITIONAL
OUTGOING
MMCONNECTION
Ciphering started
or CMservice CMservice
accept
accept
Confirm
MM connection
Low layer failure

and reestablish
Send cmservice
request
Send cm
reestablish Reestablish
not possible
request
MMconnection
MS
activated
RR connection
established
(paging)
6
MM CONNECTION
ACTIVE
CMreestablishment accepted
17
WAIT FOR
REESTABLISH
RR connection released
Indicate
MMconnection
10
LOCATION UPDATE
REJECTED
RR connection
released MS deactivated
and attach
allowed
7
IMSI DETACH
INITIATED
Send IMSI
RR connection detach
released
Delete systeminfo
First message
received
9
WAIT FOR NETWORK
COMMAND
13
WAIT FOR
RR CONNECT
(LOCATIONUPD
RR connecti
established
update SIM
Send locatio
update reque
Request
RR connection
Location
update reject
RR connection
established
MS deactivated and
attach allowed
Last connection
released
Request
RR connecti
New LAI, connection request

or T3212/T3211 timeout
request
Low layer failure

and reestablish
Attach or Location
update needed
Attach and Location

update not needed
MS deactivated
and attach NOT
allowed
19
MM-IDLE
18
WAIT FOR
RR ACTIVE
Activate RR
SIM
inserted
Update SIM
MM-connection
request
low layer
failure
Delete
system
low layer failure and
info !!
no reestablish
States 6,
20
5
WAIT FOR
OUTGOING
MMCONNECTION
NULL
15
WAIT FOR
RR CONNECTION
(IMSI DETACH)
Store systeminfo
Location update
accept
. 20 - III Um-.
9. WAIT FOR NETWORK COMMAND
MM- RR- (.. MM- MS
pear-to-pear), MM- . MS
. T3240.
10. LOCATION UPDATE REJECTED
(location updating)
, RR- . T3240.
3
LOCATION UPDAT
INITIATED
63
7. IMSI DETACH INITIATED
(detach) IMSI. T3220.
19. MM IDLE
RR- . ,
, , MS
.
14. WAIT FOR RR CONNECTION (MM CONNECTION)
MM- RR- MM.
5. WAIT FOR OUTGOING MM CONNECTION
MM- MS
. T3230.
6. MM CONNECTION ACTIVE
MM- MS.
20. WAIT FOR ADDITIONAL OUTGOING MM CONNECTION.
MM- (.. MM , , RR- ) MS
.
17. WAIT FOR RE ESTABLISH
MM-
CM-
MM-.
7.4.2 .
7.4.2.1 MM-
.
7.4.2.1.1 MM-.
-
- .
(,
CC- ..).
, CC-,
U0 NULL(.. ),
CC- ( MNCC-SETUPREQ).
64
, OMS CC OMS MM
MM- U0.1 (MM CONNECTION PENDING MM-). MM-
, - IDLE MM
CONNECTION ACTIVE (. 20-).
OMS MM- MM-,
OMS RR- CM SERVICE REQVEST.
ONW MM :
( , , ,
);
( IMSI, IMEI, TMSI);
.
, , OMS CC
T303. OMS CC :
CALL PROCEEDING ( OMS
)
ALERTING ( )
CONNECT ( )
RELEACE COMPLEATE ( OMS ).
OMS CC
- U0.1 U1. U0.1,
MM-
. U1, CC - (call clear).
C OMS MM- IDLE , OMS
:
RR- ;
( ) MM-.
MM CONNECTION ACTIVE , OMS
MM-,
RR-. CM SERVICE
REQ RR-EST-REQ (OMS MM ->OMS RR),
RR-DATA-REQ.
RR-EST-REQ RR. II ONW,
ONW MM RR-EST-IND,
ONW MM , RR-.
RR-DATA-REQ ,
OMS MM ONW MM pear-to-pear
( - ). RR MM- - OMS MM
ONW MM.
65
7.4.2.1.2 MM.
CM SERVICE REQ MM
,
( MM- - CM SERVICE ACCEPT CM
SERVICE REJECT ). OMS MM-
CM SERVICE ACCEPT OMS CC-
MMCC-EST-CNF U1 CALL INIT.
7.4.2.2 SETUP
MM- OMS ONW CC
pear-to-pear.
SETUP. :
;
, OMS
;
OMS,
.
,
TNW TMS, TNW TNW TMS.
7.4.2.3 MM- .
MM-
,
.
7.4.2.4
(
).
(
, , ..),
-
.
7.5 .
7.5.1 1. III Um.
III Um-
(IE). :
66
(IEI);
(LI);
.
:
IEI LI IE
T
Type only
V
Value only
TV
Type and Value
LV
Length and Value
TLV
Type, Length and Value
,
:
1. Protocol Discriminatior ( III
- .. 14) - 1 4 ;
2. Transaction Identifier (
) - 5 8 .
, , .
.
IE,
(Mandatory - M) ,
.
IE (Conditional - C)
(Optional - O). IE
. IE

( III Um- . GSM-0407;
III Um- . 9 GSM-0408;
IE, III Um-
. 10 GSM-0408).
7.5.2 2. .
MS (Mobile Station) - .
OMS (Originating Mobile Station) - ,
.
TMS (Terminating Mobile Station) - , .
NW (Net Work) - .
SIM (Subcriber Identification Module).
IMSI (International Subscriber Mobile Identifier) -
( SIM).
67
IMEI (International Subscriber Equipment Identifier) -
(
).
TMSI (Temporary Subscriber Mobile Identifier) - ,
MS (Location Area).
IE (Informational Element) - .
PD (Protocol descriminator).
TI (Transaction Identifier).
Um-.
68

8. OMT

. ,
. ,
,
, , ,
, , ,
. OMT .
OMT :
,
,
. ,

. , ,
, .
,
:
,
.

.
.
, ,
, , ,
.
,
, ,
.
.
.
.
.
8.1
, ,
, ,

,
. : ,

.
69
8.1.1
,
, , .
,
/ .
,
.
,
, .
:
( - object model),
( - dynamic model)
( - functional model).
,
, OMT .
.
.
8.1.2
- - .
,
. , .
-
.
, - ,
.
, , , .
-
.
8.1.3

,
.
() .
, .

:

( )

70
8.1.3.1

, . ,
.
. ,
,
.
,
.
8.1.3.2

. ,
:
. ,
.
. ,
.
. .
. ,
.
. ,
.
. , .
. ,
, , .

, .
8.1.3.3
.

. (next to, part of, contained in),
(drives), (talks to), (has, part of),
(works for, married to, manages).

,
.
71
8.1.3.4
.
:
.
.
.
, .
.

.
(derived) . ,
, ..
, -
,
( ).

:
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
, ..
. 1.
.
8.1.3.5
.
. ,

.
, ,
.
, , ,
. ,
.

, , ,
,
, , ..
72

.
.
.

. .
, .
,
- , ,
.
8.1.3.6

:
. , , ,
,
, .
. ,
, ..
.
.
, . ,
,
.
. ,
. ,
, , .
:
? ?
, .
, , ,
- ,
.
. -
,
.

.
.
, ,
. --,
,
. - --,
.
73
, ,
.
. ,
,
.
. ,
, ,
.
. , ,

.
8.1.3.7
.
:
( )
.

, .
,
. ,
.
,
.
.

. ,
, .
,
,
.

,
.

, .
.

,
,
. ,
, , - .
74
8.1.3.8
.

,
.
.

.
.
.
8.1.3.9

. () ()
.
, , .
, ..
, .
,
, .
, ,
, ,
, .
,
,
.
.
,
-. ,
. ,

.

,
,

.
8.1.4

. -
.
.
, ,
75
,
. ,
.
,
, ,
.

, . ,
,
. , OMT
, .
:

,
8.1.4.1
,
,
,
,
.
, , ,
,
.
,
,
.
() ,
,
. ,
, ,
. ,
, , .

. , ,

,
.
,
, ,
..
76
.

(, ,
). , , .
, ..
, .

(, ..).
, ..
,
.
8.1.4.2
:
.
,
.
, , ,
..,
. , ,
.
,
. ,
,
.
.
8.1.4.3

.
: ,
, .. ,
, ,
.
,
, ,
.
. ,
, .
, ,
. ,
,
.
,
77
. ,
.
,
, .
.

, ,
.
,
,
.
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
. 21
8.1.4.4

.
,
, - .
.

.
,
. ,
, ,
.
, .
.
, , ,
.
.
,
.
78

.
,
.
,
.

. ,
, ,
,
.

, .
,
.
, , , ,
.
, .

.
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
, .

, .
8.1.4.5

.
, .
, ,
,
.
() , ,
.

.
79
8.1.5

,
.
.
.
,
, ,
.

, -
. OMT ,

.
:

,
8.1.5.1

,
, .
,
, ,
.
8.1.5.2 ,

, ,
.
.

, .

, .
,
. ,

. ,
80
.
, ..
, ,
, ..
.

.
8.1.5.3
8.1.5.4
8.1.5.5
8.1.5.6
.
:

Shopping List
8.1.5.7
9. OMT-
Object Modeling Technique (OMT)
- ,

: , .
,
,
, .
, ,
. ,
,
.
,
.
OMT ,
, ,
,
.
81
OMT
,
,
,
.
10. OMT
10.1
OMT :
(object model), ,
(dynamic model),
, (functional model),
.

.
(object diagram). ,
(class) , -
(relationship) .

.
. (state diagram).
,
(state), - (transition) ,
(event).

. (data flow
diagram).
,
(process), - (data flow)
, (actor) (data store).
.
,
.
. OMT
, ,

, .
.
,
. ,
, ,
. ,

( , .).
82
,
. ,
.

. .
, ,
,
. , ,
, ,
. ,
.
.
OMT ,
. , ..
,

.
. , ..
. ,
, .
,
, .
, ,

.
10.2
,
, , ,
, .
. OMT
, ,
( -) .
- ,

, .

() .
,
.
10.2.1
(object).
, ,
83
. :

.
. ,
.
,
, , ,
, .

identity. ,
, ,
,
. ,
, .
.
, -
.
. ,
,
(object instance), -
(object class) (class).
10.2.2
(object class) (class)
(), (),
.
,
(. 22). .
, , .
84
:
: = -
$-
/-
...
( - ) : -
$-
...
{---}
. 22
(attribute) ,
.
. ,
.
. , ..
.

(class atribute) (derived
attribute). .
,
. , ,
. ,
, , .
.
,
.
(operation) .

, . ,
. .

(signature) .

(class operation). ,
, , ,
( ).
85
.
,
,
.

.
,
.

(constraint), .
,
, ,
, .
, ,
.
10.2.3

.
.
, .
.
.
, ( 23-).
, ,
. , ,
, .
-
-1
-1
-2
-2
. 23
, (..
) . N-
,
( 24-).
86
-
-1
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3
. 24
(multiplicity).

.
.
25- .
.
.
1+
1-2, 4
(0 1)
( )
. 25
, ,
. ,
, . ,
.
87
-1
-1
. 26
.
, ,
( 27-).
,
.
-1
-1
-
. . .
. . .
. 27
,
, . ,
, .
, ( 28-).
{ordering}
. 28
(aggregation) (whole-part) - (a-part-of),
().
.
, , 1.
88
(propogation)
, ,
.
, , , ,
( 29-).
--1
--2
. 29 -- -

(propogation of operation).
,
.
, ,
.
, ,
, , .
,
,
( 30-).
-1
-2
. 30
(qualified association)
(qualifier).
, .
-- --.

,
89
-.
,
.
-
-1
-1
-2
-2
. 31
10.2.4
(generalization) (inheritance) -
,
.

(ancestor) (descendant) is-a, ,
- , , -. -
(, , ),
-. , .

, , ,
() .
90
1
1 {abstract}
2
-1
-2
1
3
1
4
. 32
, -
( 32-). , ,
(discriminator),
, ,
.
.

, . ,
,
. ,
, .
-
. , ,
, , . , ,
: (1)
, , (2)
, (3) .
,
.
(multiple inheritance)
( 33-),

91
. ,
, ..,
,
.

, ..
.

.
(joint) (disjoint) .
-,
. , ,
.

( 33-).
-2
. . .
-1
. . .
. 33

(abstract classes), .. , . ,
, (concrete).
,
.

, .
, ,
.
.
.

.
,
92
. (abstract
operation). {abstract}
( 32-).
10.2.5
(constraints)
(entity) .
, , .
, . OMT
,
: ,
, ,
.
.
/ ,
,
.

, . . 34
, ,
, ,
.
-1
-1
{subset}
-2
-2
. 34

(derived). ,
, , .
, ,
. .

, - ,
( 35-).
93
-1
-2
-1
-2
. 35
10.2.6
OMT-
(metadata), ,
,
- (candidate key).
10.3
,
,
..
.
.
(dynamic model).
, ,
, ,
.
(event), , (stste),
.
(state diagram),

(state-transition diagram).
10.3.1

(state). , ,
. ,
, (event).
, ,
94
/ , (transition).
, ,
(state diagram).
,
.
.
,
, 36-.
.
.
, . ,
(activity),
,
. do. ,
(entry-) (exit-).
- , ,
,
event-.
,
. ,
, , ,
, .
,
. ,
, . ,
event-,
,
. ,
, . ,
, .
. ,
.
95
-1
do:1
entry/2
exit/3
event/4
-2
-1(-1)[-1]/-1
-2(-2)
. 36

,
,
. ,
.
,
( 37-).
. 37 ,
10.3.2

. ,
:
.
,
, ( 38-).
96
-1
-1
-2
-2
-3
. 38
, ,
.
. ,

.

.

, . ,
. ,
,
,
. ,
39-.
97
-1
-3
-2
-4
-1
-2
. 39

,
, . 40
.
-1
-1
-2
-3
-0
-3
-2
-4
-4
. 40
10.4
,
, , . ,
, ,
.
98
,
.
(data
flow diagram), ,
, ,
.
,
,
. ,
, .
(process),
, (data flow),
, (actor), ,
(data store), .
-1
d5
-1
-1
d3
d1
-3
d2
-2
d6
d7
d4
-2
-2
. 41
99
11. Use Case Driven

11.1

GSM ,
Object-Oriented Software Engineering (Use Case
Driven Approach). OOSE,
. ,

,
.
11.2
11.2.1
, ,
,
, ,
, .
, , ,
, ,
. ,
, -
.
:
. 42

.
, .
,
,
. , ,
(,
, )
,
.
100

.
.
,

, .
,
.
, ,
.
11.2.2

, , ,
,
.
. 43

, ,
.
,
, .
, ,
. :
, .
,
.
101

.
11.2.3

:

. 44

. , ,
, .
.
,
, .
, , ,
.
.

, , ,
.
102
. 45

.
,
, , . .
, ,
. ,
, .

.
.
,
. ,
,
.
11.3
Object-Oriented Software
Engineering (OOSE ) .
11.3.1 ,
:
- (, ,
)
:
)
(
, ,
103
, -
SDL-88)
11.3.2 ,
11.3.2.1
OOSE :

:
(requirements model)
.
(analysis model)
.
(design model)
.
(implementation model)
.
(test model)

, ,
:
. 46
,
.

.
.
,

,
. .

104
, , , ,
, ,
, ,
.
,
. , ,
, , ..
-
.
. ,
, . ,
. , ,
, , .
, ,
,
. , ,
,
. ,
.
.
,
.
.
.
. , ,
.
11.3.3
, ,
.

. ,
, , , ,
.. .. . ,
; OOSE
.
11.3.3.1
11.3.3.1.1 Actor- UseCase-

. :
Use Case-

105
(problem domain model)
Use Case- Actor- Use Case-.
Use Case
Actor
. 47 Actor- UseCase-
Actor- , .
,
. ,
. actor- . , , actor - ,
.
, actor-, ,
, .
, - .
GSM
. 48 GSM
Actor- .
, ..
,
, - ,
.
actor- . actor-
,
actor- . ,
, ,
.
use case ,
actor- .
actor-. , GSM , ,
, . ,
106
, : - A
- B. ,
(GSM GSM) ,
A B.
,
. ,
actor- ,
actor-.
. 49 Actor-
,
,
. use case-.
use case
. use case- ,
use case-. -
, use case- , ..
use case- .
. , use case-
.
. Use case-
, . ,
use case use case . Use case
- , use case-.
use case- .
,
actor-, use case-:
107
. 50 Usecase-
use case-
(association) use case-. .
(extends):
. 51 () usecase-

.

use case- .
use case-.

. use case-
(uses).
GSM
use case- : .
(/ ) ,
. use case-
108
,
.
use case-,
:
. 52 usecase-
, ,
. , .
use case
use case-. use case-
.
. , ,
. ,

. , , GSM
(- ), ,
(
). .
, (domain
object model) .
.
( use case-).

. GSM,
,
.
109

B[1]
[1..N]
A[1]
[1..N]
[1..N]
. 53
(,
..), .

:

""
. 54
use case- ( )
:
A
.
,
110
. (basic
course). (alternative course) (
)
.

. 55
,
, :
. 56
111
Use case ,
,
, () ()
.
use case-,
.
, ( ) -
, :
. ,

. , use case-:
- (,
- ,
..)
- ( )
- (,
)
- ( )
(,
)
, use case
:
112
Use case
Ok
Ok
FAIL

Class....
. 57 usecase
11.3.3.2
, ,
. .
, :
, - .
. 58
, ,
.
actor- .
113
-
, .

- .

(, ..).
. use case
.
. ,

, ,
:
. 59 ,
, use
case :
, .
[1]
. 60 ,
114
, .
, ,
. , .
:
( ,
, )

:
( ,
, )

( : ,
)
-:
( ,
, ..)
(
, , )
(
..)
( )
,
:
[2]
. 61
,
use case-. ,
use case-.
115

, .
,
,
use case-.
, , , ,
.
:
. 62
usecase-

. -, ,
, .
, ,
(). ,
[2..].

.
. 63
116

, .
:

[1]
[2]
. 64
11.3.3.3
,
.
, SDL(gr).
, ,
SDL.
/
. MSC

. , OOSE- SDL, , OOSE
.
. ,
Verlog SDT ,
ASN.1 (Abstract Syntax Notation 1). ASN.1

. ,
OMT.
117
11.3.3.3.1

.
, -
, .
.
,
:

[1]
[2]
. 65 ,
,
-.

.
.
. ,
, . , ,
,
. ,
,
. , ,
.
118
[0..M]
[2..M]
. 66

( )
( ).
:

[1]
[2]
. 67
11.3.3.3.2

.
.
, .
, ,
.
. , ,
use case- ,
119
.

(). ,
. ,
,
. -
.
,
. , ,
:
. 68
120
11.3.3.3.3 Use ase-

.
, , ,
.
11.3.3.3.4
, MSC ,
.
- ..
(SDL).
SDL-.
11.3.3.4
. ,
,
. .
11.3.3.5
, , TTCN
(Tree and Tabular Combined Notation), CCITT.
: . SDT, ,
TTCN SDL-.
12. SDL
12.1

.
. .
- ,
.
121
13. SDL
SDL .
SOON, MSC, TC,

-
SDL 92
HS, SS
C++
CHILL
RTS
,
:
-
-
-
122

.
( ),
.
.
13.1
13.1.1
.
. ,
.
:
-
-
.
, ,
.
,
, , ,
..

: MSC (Message
Sequence Chart), TC (Transition Chart) SOON (SISU Object Oriented Notation).
,
.
.
(A-rules),
.
13.1.2
13.1.2.1
:
- , ,
-
-
SDL
.
. - ,
, ,
.
123
SOON-.
, ,
-. ,
,
. SOON
, ,
.
MSC,
TC.
13.1.2.1.1 SOON
SOON (SISU Object Oriented Notation) -
, ,
, .
, SDL,
.
, ,
. ,
.
, ,
.
, , ,
,
. SOON-
.
TYPE AC-System
<n>:User
May
use
Own
<n>: Card
Ls<m>:
Local
Station
Cs: Central
Station
<l>:
operator
position
124
, SOON
- ,
. SDL
.
::= [: ]
( ) /
TYPE ( )

,
(connections).
- , ,
. ,
. own
,
. ,
,
.

[] [ ]
- , .
connection
SDL.

[ ] []
[ ]

,
, .
,
,
.
125
13.1.2.1.2 MSC
, , ,
,
. MSC - ,
.
MSC-,
,
( ) ( ).
User
System
Code
OK
User
System
Code
Not OK
Push door

. , ,
. , ,

. , SOON-
card reader,
. MSC-,
,
, :
126
User
System
Card reader
Insert your card
Insert
Code
Take card, open door door
Reject
Remove
Push door
127
, MSC
User
, .
,
"deomposed", ,
,
.
() . ,
, .
. , ,
, .
. ,
,
.
128
Remove
. -. ,
, .
.
,
, .
.
, ,
.
. ,
( ),
, (
).
count = count + 1
. ,
. ,
.
. "timeout"
" ".
timeout. .
,
timeout ,
.
.
. ,
,
.
coregion. ,

.
13.1.2.1.3 TC
, ,
,
129

. TC- .
, TC -
[Name]
? insert your
card
!insert
:
-
? insert your
card
?Take card,
open door
!insert
!Remove
!Push door
-
? insert your
card
!insert
?Take card,
access denied
!Remove
, ,
,
MSC- TC-.
TC-,
SDL.
, TC- State-Transition ,
/ ,
.
,
(deadlock). ,
TC- ,
, ..,
(
MSC-), .
13.2
:
, .
130
13.2.1
13.2.1.1
,
, .
SDL-92.

. ,
, ,
, -

.
(S-rules) (N-rules).
:
-
,
-
-
.
13.2.1.2 SDL92 -
SDL GSM.
131
BLOCK Level 3
BLOCK Call Management
CC_to_MM
CC-MM
MM_to_CC
BLOCK
Mobile Management
SS_to_MM
SS-MM
MM_to_SS
MM-RR
to_RR
BLOCK Radio
Management
to_MM
( SOON), .
, 3 ,
,
. ,
, .
132
BLOCK Call Management
CC (1:N)
SS (1:N)
CC_to_MM
SS_to_MM
MM_to_CC
MM_to_SS
BLOCK Mobile Management
BLOCK TI_CC
BLOCK TI_SS
BLOCK MM
BLOCK PD
to_RR
to_MM
BLOCK Radioresource management
BLOCK RR
BLOCK PD

. SDL
133
. ,
.
13.2.1.3
SDL
, .
.
, - .
, ,
.
13.2.1.3.1
S-rule:

,
.
S-rule:
, ,
, ,
.
S-rule:

.
.
S-rule:
,
, .
13.2.1.3.2
S-rule:

- (
)
-
( )
- ,
( )
13.2.1.3.3
S-rule:
134

.
S-rule:
.
,
.
,
.
. ,
. , ,
SDL-92 -
-, ,
,
.
S-rule:

, .
S-rule:

.
13.2.1.3.4

, , ,
,
,
, , .
S-rule:
,
,
. ,
.
SDL
- . ,
, ,
, ,
( ).
- .
, ,
. ,
.
13.2.1.3.5
135

,
. ,
. SDL
, 2
.
- . ,
. ,

.
- .
,
.
, ,
.
, ,
, , ,
,
.
13.2.1.3.6

,
.
S-rule:

, .
13.2.1.3.7 ,
, SDL ,
:

.
S-rule:

.
,
.
S-rule:
,
. ,
.
,
. ,
,
136
, .
:
N-rule
(
) , ,
.
, ,
.

S-rule:
2
-

- , ,
.
13.2.1.3.8
/
, ,
,
.
,
.
S-rule: .

,
.
, .
S-rule: .
1. .
2.
.
3. .
4. .
5.
.
6. .
S-rule:

:
1. ,
.
2. , (
, , ,
137
, ,
, )
S-rule:

-
( )
- ,
.
- .
13.2.1.3.9
Pid (Process Identifier) SDL
. ,
TO .
,

. . ,

, .
S-rule: -
,
,
-.
13.2.1.4

, .
1. .
. , , ,
.
2.
. ,
.
3. .
. ,
, .
4. .
-. ,
// .
5. . ,
,
( , ).
6. .
. .
138

.
7. .
. ,
.
8. 1-7 .
13.2.2
13.2.2.1

.

.

SOON-:
- HS (Hardware structure)

;
- SS (Software structure)
,

.
13.2.2.2
,
, , ,
,
. ,
MobileManagement RadioManagement, .
, ,
, , ,
,
.

, .
,
,

.

139
,
, ,
SDL, , ,
.
SDL.
SOON: HS SS, .
HS-. GSM.
HS TYPE Hardware
(+): Mobile station()
Mobile
Management
Main service (
)
Radio
management
Local bus
Radio channel
, HS-
Mobile
Management
Radio channel
SS-:
140
HS TYPE Mobile station software
(+): Mobile station()
Call
Control
software
Mobile
Management
software
Error
handling
Radio
management
software
Message transfer
, SS-
,
()
.
,
()
.
.
.
,
. , HS-
:
.
141
,
:

.
.
13.2.2.2.1 1.
.
, ,
:
-
-
- (, )
-
-
-
- , ,
-
,
, .
.
13.2.2.2.2 2.
.

HS-
. :
-
-
-
13.2.2.2.3 3.
.
SS- SDL-
. ,
.
S-rule:
SDL
, .
S-rule:
,
,
,
142
. ,
RTS, ,
.
S-rule:
,
.
S-rule:
,
.
S-rule:
,
, .
S-rule: ,

. : ,

.
S-rule: -
- ,
SDL-
.
S-rule: -
-
,
,
.
S-rule:
,
.
-, SDL-.
S-rule:
,
.
, .
S-rule:
.
.
S-rule:

.
S-rule:

.
143
13.2.2.2.4 4.
.
,
.
, ,
:

, SDL-.
SDL-,
.

SDL-
, , ,
:
144

SDL-

.
, .
SDL- ,
SDL-. SDL-
SDL-. ,
, ,
, .
( ,
).
:
-
,
.
-
, ,
,
.
,
.
SDL-
, ,

, . ,
,
, SDL-
, , , .
145
,
, .
,
.
146
14.
14.1 SDL
147
++
SDL 92
initial
Compiling the
system
Supplied
description
System in SDL
System architectural
design
adjust
edit, analyse,
simulate
SDL 92
analyzed
System in SDL
(modified)
code
Programmi
ng
language
System in C++
Extern
source
SDL packages
use
direct
RTS header files
include
RTS source files in

SDL
ATD operations in C++

compile
compile
compile
Relocatable
code
System in .obj
link
RTS and operators

in .obj
link
System in .exe
Executable
system
other executables,
dynamical linking
load
load
Running
system
other cooperating
systems: operating
systems, trace support
etc.
System in .exe
run
run
Results
148
SDL-
.
- ,
. , ,
, CHILL, C++ C,
.
14.1.1 ,
?
, code.
,
, , . ,

.
- SDL , .
, .
- SDL ,
.
- ( )
.
- , direct.
,
SDL- ,
.
- ,
.
,
SDL , ,
.
, , ,

. ,
.
.
- (
, /
).
- (
SDL).
- .
- SDL
(, ,
).
149
, -
.
.
14.1.2 SDL runtime system (RTS)

,
,
RTS.
runtime SDL ,
. :
- SDL-. SDL ,

- SDL-, SDL
- , SDL-
RTS-
class FSM
inherit
class Procedure
FSM support
send/receive,
create/delete
etc.
Global list of
signals
inherit
execute
class Process
15. .
SDL
, ,
.
SDL ,

.
SDL .
SDL
+
+
+
+
+
+
150

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
SDL . 1992
, , ,
. , , SDL
,
, : , , , ,
, . .., -
, -
, .
SDL ,
.
, , MSC TC . SDL ,
, ,
.
,
,
.
16. Sally Shlaer/Stephen J. Mellor Object Lifecycles:

Modeling the World in States.
16.1
(Informational Model)
.
16.1.1 ,
(object) - .
- (instances) -
,
.
151
(object number), (object name)
(key letter).
:
1.SAMPLE(S)
Id
Attr1
........
AttrN
1.SAMPLE(S) - , .
Id -.
Attr1,...,AttrN - .
(attribute) - ,
, .
16.1.1.1
:
: Sample(Id, Attr1,...,AttrN).
NB ,
.
16.1.1.2 :
(tangible objects) - .
(roles) - .
(incidents) - , , etc.
(interactions) - .
(specifications) - , ,
, etc.
16.1.1.3 :
(descriptive) - , ,
etc.
(naming) - , , etc.
(referential) - .
16.1.1.4
152

. . Juice
Transfer(Storage Tank ID, Cooking Tank ID, Gallons, Planned Time of Transfer)
Juice Transfer. Gallons .

, - . .
th(Batch ID, Recipe ID, Gallons, Cooking Time) Batch. Cooking
Time ,
.
16.1.2
(relationship) - .
Rn
. . Dog Owner OWNS Dog, Dog IS
OWNED BY Dog Owner.
:
1.DOGOWNER(DO)
.............
R1
is owned by
owns
2.DOG(D)
............
: 1:1, 1:N, M:N.

, ,
. C.
: ;
; (1:N, etc); ,
; (. ).
16.1.2.1
1:N, 1:1
. .
. Sample(Id, Attr1, ..., AttrN, RefAttr1(R1),..., RefAttrM(RM)).

-
(associative object).
153
R1
1.HOME (H)
.........
owns
2.HOME OWNER (HO)

.........
is owned by
3.OWNERSHIP (O)
Adress (R1)
Unit at adress (R1)
Owner name (R1)
.............
16.1.2.2
.
1.DEPARTMENT (D)
..........
majors in the
studies of
R3 = R1 + R2
instructs student
towards degree
works for
2..STUDENT (S)
..........
R1
employs
advises
3.PROFESSOR (P)
..........
is advised by
R2
Department INSTRUCTS Student Department

EMPLOYS Professor Professor ADVISES Student.
16.1.2.3
-.

- .
.
-.
154
0.SUPER (S)
is a
R100
1.SUBTYPE1 (S1)
Supertype instance ID
............
............
N.SUBTYPEN (SN)
Supertype instance ID
...............
16.1.3
- , -
.
16.2
16.2.1
(State Models).
(state) - ,
, , etc.

. (action)
.
16.2.1.1

State Transition Diagram (STD).
155
C2 : Tick ( clock ID )
C1: Create
clock
C2 : Tick ( clock ID )
1.Create Clock
2.Process Tick
Create new clock with clock ID, Time = current

time, ScrObj = create new ScrObj, Timer =
create timer ( C2 : Tick, 1 sec ).
Generate SO2 : Readraw( Clock.ScrObj ).
Clock.Time = Clock.Time + 1 sec.

Generate SO2:Readraw( Clock.ScrObj).
C3 : Delete clock ( clock ID)

3.Delete Clock
Delete Clock.Timer.
Delete Clock.ScrObj.
Delete clock ID.
16.2.1.2 (Creation States)

, -
. . 1.Create Clock.
16.2.1.3 (Final States)

:
, .. ,
.
.
, ..
.
. . 3.Delete Clock.
16.2.1.4
Status -
.
16.2.1.5
,
(State Machine).
16.2.2
(event) - , .
156
:
. (
.
. , .
. -<> ::=<
><>.
. -
.
),
16.2.2.1
. ,
, .
. ,
,
.
.
, .
16.2.3
(action) -
.
16.2.3.1 :
-.
- -
, , , etc.
,
.
, ..
- .
157
16.2.3.2 :
-.
Status. , ..
, .
16.2.3.3
- ,
:
. Generate <> : <> ( <> ).
. < >.< >.

>.< > ( <id > ).
<
16.2.3.4

.
.
, ,
.
,
.

. . Mixing Tank Bottling Tank.
Mixing Tank Bottling Tank
M3 : Mixing Complete (mixixng tank ID) M4 : Bottling Tank Ready (mixing tank ID).
Mixing Complete and Bottling Tank
Ready.
16.2.3.5
158
M4 : Bottling Tank Ready (mixing tank ID).
4.Mixing while ready

to empty
3.Mixing product
M3 : Mixing Complete (mixing tank ID).
6.Emptying product
5. Holding mixied
product
M3 : Mixing Complete (mixing tank ID).
M4 : Bottling Tank Ready (mixing tank ID).
159
. Product Transfer (Source

Tank ID, Destanation Tank ID). Bottling Tank,
M4 : Bottling Tank Ready, Product Transfer.
Mixing Tank :
M3: Mixing complete (mixing tank ID)
3.Mixing product
M4: Bottling tank ready (mixing tank ID)
4.Holding mixed product
5.Emptying product
Turn off mixer.

If there is an instance of Product Transfer
with Product Transfer. Source Tank ID =
mixing tank ID, then generate event M4:
Bottling Tank Ready (mixing tank ID) and
delete the instance of ProductTransfer.
16.2.3.6
(State Transition Table) :
Events
C1: Create Clock
C2: Tick
C3: Delete Clock
1.Clock Creation
cannot happen
event ignored
2.Process Tick
cannot happen
3.Delete Clock
cannot happen
event ignored
cannot happen
: STD ()
, STT .
160
16.2.4
TIM2: Reset timer ( timer ID )
TIMER (TIM)
Timer ID
Time
remaining
Event label
Instance ID
TIM1: Set timer ( timer ID, time remaining, event label, instance ID )
4.Reset
1. Set

Timer. Time remaining := 0
For instance timer ID:
Timer. Event label := event label;
Timer. Time remaining := time remaining:
Timer. Instance identifier := instance ID;
Set up ticking mechanism.
TIM6: Tick occured ( timer ID )
2.Counting
Down
TIM6: Tick occured ( timer ID )
3.Firing
TIM7: Fire ( timer ID )
Timer. Time remaining :=

Timer. Time remaining - 1 tick
If Timer. Time remaining < 0,
Generate TIM7: Fire ( timer ID )
Generate an event as specified byTimer.

Event label and Timer. Instance ID;
Generate TIM2: Reset timer ( timer ID )
161
16.2.4.1
. timer ID := Create timer.
. Generate TIM1 : Set timer ( timer ID, time remaining, event label,
instance ID ).
. Generate TIM2 : Reset timer ( timer ID ).
. still to go := Read time

remaining ( timer ID ).
. Delete timer ( timer ID ).
16.2.5
( Circular ).
( Born-and-Die ).
16.2.6
16.2.6.1 (subtype migration)

. , .
.
16.2.6.2
-
,
. ,
,
.
16.2.7

;
, , , etc
;
162
- -;
, ;

-.
163
16.2.8
:
(State Transition Diagram).
(State Transition Table).
.
:
Label
Meaning
Event data
Source
Destination
V1
Button pushed
oven ID
button
oven
V2
Timer timed out
oven ID
oven timer
oven
L1
Turn light
light ID
oven
light
...
...
...
...
...
16.3
.
,
, .
16.3.1

.
(assigner) - ,
.
- .
< > Assigner.
< >-A.
164
16.3.1.1
1.Waiting for customer
If any customer has status = Waiting
for idle clerk and does not appear
as an instamce of Service, then
Generate S-A1: Customer waiting ()
S-A1: Customer waiting ()
2.Waiting for idle clerk

S-A3: Clerk assigned to customer ()
If any clerk has status = Idle and does
not appear as an instance of Service,
Generate S-A2: Clerk is idle ().
S-A2: Clerk is idle ()
3.Assigning clerk to customer

Select a customer with status = Waiting for idle clerk and
does not appear as an instance of Service.
Select clerk with status = Idle and does not appear as an
instance of Service.
Create a new instance of Service with
Service.Clerk ID := selected clerk;
Service.Customer ID := selected customer;
Generate S-A3: Clerk assigned to customer (),
CS2: Clerk assigned to customer (Customer ID),
CL2: Clerk assigned to customer (Clerk ID).

.
- (monitor). .
16.3.1.2
.
:
, ,
.
165
16.3.2 ,

. ,
-
. -
.
. -
, .
.
.
. .
.
(Object Communicfation Model, OCM) -
- . OCM
.
166
16.4
16.4.1
Cook
V1: Button pushed (oven ID).

V3: Door opened (oven ID).
V4: Door closed (oven ID).
Oven
L2: Turn off light (light ID).
L1: Turn on light (light ID).
P2: Deenergize power tube (tube ID).

P1: Energize power tube (tube ID).
Light
Power Tube
PL2: Turn off light (light ID).

PL1: Turn on light (light ID).
PT2: Turn off tube (tube ID).

PT1: Turn on tube (tube ID).
Physical Light
Physical Power
Tube
(Object Communication Model)

. OCM
, - , .
16.4.1.1
.
:
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
167
OCM
- , .
16.4.1.2
(external events) - ,
, , etc.
:
(solicited events) - ,
. .
Valve is closed Close valve .
(unsolicated events) - ,
.
16.4.1.3
, , ,
:
- (top-driven pattern) -
.

.
- (bottom-driven pattern) -

,
.
16.4.1.4
(thread of control) - ,

.
,
.
,
. :
168
.
,
.
(thread of control
chart). -
. - .
16.4.1.5 .
- .
: (action time)
(dwell time).
16.4.1.6 OOA
OOA , .
169
16.4.1.6.1
- .
.
Do forever ..... end do.
16.4.1.6.2
, .
16.4.1.6.3
,
.

.
.
,
.
,
.
16.4.1.7

- , etc.
. , , ,
, . .
,
Check Temperature.
.
170
16.5 .
16.5.1
(process) - . -
. .
:
<>.< >.
(action data flow
diagram, ADFD).
ADFD - . :
(data stores) - ,
. OOA :
171
(object data store) - ,

.
;
(current time data store);
(timer data store);
- . -
,
, .
16.5.2
(data flows)
. -
.

, , .
, .
, , ,
(unconditional control flow),
.
.
(conditional), ..
.
(conditional
control flow).
, , .
, ,
.
, - ,
.
, ,
.
:
172
[delete], . ,

.
Stotage Tank Juice Name +
Required Amount [transient]
no such tank
ST.6
Find storage tank with
sufficient juice.
Storage Tank
{Tank ID +
Gallons in Tank}
tank ID
[transient],
.
16.5.3
ADFD, .
173
Timer ID + Time to go +
Event label + Instance ID
TIM1: Set timer (timer ID, time to go, event label, instance ID)
TIM.1
Generate event TIM1
TIM2: Reset timer (timer ID)

Timer ID
Timer ID
TIM.1
TIM.2
TIM.1
Generate
Generate
Generate
event
event
event
TIM1
TIM2
TIM1
TIM.4
Delete timer
[delete]
Timer ID
TIM.3
Create timer
Timer ID
Time remaining
Timer
Timer ID
Time remaining
TIM.5
Read time remaining
Time remaining
16.5.4

ADFD. ADFD.
16.5.4.1
, , :
\ \ .
, .
NB
.
174
16.5.4.2
Ia
Object X
Object Y
II
Ib
Object Y
III
Object Z
Ia Ib , .
16.5.5
:
(accessors). . -
.
:
(create accessors)- ,
(. TIM.3 ADFD ).
175
(read accessors) - ,
(. TIM.5).
(write accessors) - ,
.
(delete accessors) - ,
(. TIM.4).
, .
176
(event generators) - ,
. .
, .
.
(transformations) - ,
. ,
, .
(tests) - , .
\
.
16.5.6 : ,

. , .
<>-A.<>.
:
,
.
, .
16.5.7
, , .
.
16.5.7.1
: Create Temperature
Ramp, Find Tank for Batch, Set Start Temperature, Delete Ramp.
, . (
, etc), . . ST.6: Find
storage tank with sufficient juice. ..:
1.
2.
3.
177
- , - Storage
Tank.Tank ID.
16.5.7.2
Generate < >. .
16.5.7.3
- Compute Desired
Temperature. .
16.5.7.4
Test Determinate. .
16.5.8
(State Process Table, SPT) -
, .
ADFD.
, .
.
State Process Table

Process ID
Type & number
Where used
B.1
accessor
Find tank for batch
temp ramp
1, 2, 3
B.2
event generator
Generate B91
temp ramp
B.20
event generator
Generate B20
juice transfer
B.21
event generator
Generate B21
juice transfer
16.5.9
OOA :
(asynchronous) - .
(synchronous) - .
(Object Access Model, OAM) -

. .
178
Batch
B.1
Temprature Ramp
Cooking Tank
CT.1,CT.2
16.5.10
179
16.6
16.6.1
(domain) - ,
, . -
, .., :
.
OOA :
(application domain) - ,
. . .
Railroad Management .
(service domain) - , ,
. .
:
Process Input/Output (PIO);
Alarms;
User Interface;
Histogramming;
(architectural domain) - ,
, .
:
- .
,
, , , etc.
-
.
- ,
.
, ..
.
(implementation domain)
, , , , etc.
180
16.6.2
(bridge) - .
-. , -
, , , - . ,
, \.
16.6.3

, . ,
Train Railroad Management Train Icon User Interface,
.
16.6.4
:
16.6.4.1
.
, , .
16.6.4.2
.
16.6.4.3
(domain chart) .
.
181
Railroad Operation
User Interface
Process Input/ Output
Alarms
Software Architecture
Network
Operating System
ProgrammingLanguage
16.6.4.4
.
, .
16.6.4.5 OOA
,
-, .
16.7
,
(subsystems), ..
, ..
.
182
16.7.1
,
.
:
- .
, - .
,
.
16.7.2
-
,
. . Dispatch Trains. -
, -, , etc.
16.7.3
.
,
.
Subsystem
Prefix
Range
Dispatch Trains
DT
1-99
Train Operations
TO
100-199
Track Managment
TM
200-299

.
.
.
, ,
.
.
-
, , ,
(cluster) - ,
. ,
183
. ,
.

,
.
,
.
184
16.7.4
OOA :
(Subsystem Relationship Model,

SRM).
R10, R182
R138, R210
DT-Dispatch
Trains
[1-99]
TO-Train
Operation
[101-199]
TM-Track
Management
[201-299]
R214
(Subsystem Communication
Model, SCM).
DTN21: Reschedule on disruption
DT-Dispatch
Trains
[1-99]
TO-Train
Operation
[101-199]
TOP4: Out of service
TM-Track
M anagement
[201-299]
TOM 8:Switch on new schedule
DTS4: Track removed from service, DTS8: Track added to service
(Subsystem Access Model, SAM)

DTC.2, DTZ .4
DT-Dispatch
Trains
[ 1-99]
TOP.4,TOK.9
TO-Train
Operation
[ 101-199]
TOL.1,TOM .7
TM -Track
M anagement
[ 201-299]
TM S.3,TM T.7
DTAP.5, DTCP.3
185
16.7.5
(project matrix) -
.
Railroad Operations
Dispatch
Trains
Information Models
State Models
Process Models
Train
Operation
Track
Mgmt
.......
.....
User Interface
Screen Mgmnt
Iconic Displays
.......
186
:
, .
(Work Product) .
: , , .
.
:

(Subsystem Notebook). :
187
<subsystem name> Subsystem Notebook
Table of Contents
Part 1: Subsystem Context
1.1 Context for review of Subsystem <subsystem name>
1.2 Domain Chart
1.3 Missions and Bridge Descriptions
1.4 Project Matrix
1.5 <subsytem name> Subsystem Description
1.6 Subsystem Relationship Model
1.7 Subsystem Communication Model
1.8 Subsystem Access Model
Part 2: Information Model
2.1 <subsystem name> Information Model
2.2 <subsystem name> Object and Attributes Descriptions
2.3 <subsystem name> Relationship Descriptions
Part 3: State Models
3.1 <subsystem name> Object Communication Model
3.2 <subsystem name> State Models
3.3 <subsystem name> Event List
Part 4: Process Models
4.1 <subsystem name> Object Access Model
4.2 <subsystem name> State Process Table
4.3 <subsystem name> Action Data Flow Diagramms
4.4 <subsystem name> Process Descriptions
Appendixes
AA. Loose Ends List
A. [various technical notes, simulation results, other detailed items]
B.
C.

17. RTST

RTST , ,

. .
188

.
.
, :

:
( ,
, )

,
(
)
(
,
..)

Ramamritham (1989) :
( )
( , )
( ,
- , .)

,
.

,
.
. ,
,

.

. ,
-
, ,
. ,
:
189

,
.
.
18.

:
RT-

TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, NetBIOS,
NetSAMSON

NetSAMSON

NetSAMSON

(RTEMS)
. 69
190
19.
19.1

:
,
.
, ,
, ,
.
, .
,

.

:
-
.
- -.
- MSC-, ST/SDL- .
, - ,
.
.
.
19.1.1

Booch-93, OMT-2, OOSE, Unified Method (Version 0.8) MSC .
19.1.2
19.1.2.1

,
Unified Method .

,
.
19.1.2.1.1
, :
191
, .
( ) .
.
(
), ( )
( )
.
. .
: (controller), actor, (interface),
(entity).
. (properties) ,
.

, , . :
, __, =_.
. , ,
- .
19.1.2.1.2
:
<>::<>[=<_>].

.
:
<> (<>:<>[=<__>],..)
<_>
:
+ - (public)
#- (protected)
- - (private)

(: abstract, const -, ).

, .
19.1.2.1.3
.

: <>:<>. .
, , (
) .
.
192
19.1.2.1.4

.
19.1.2.1.5
, :
: <_>:<_>
<>::<>=<_>

.
19.1.2.1.6

.
(links). ,
.
. , ,
, , ,
.
:
<_>..<_>,
,
( ). ,
1, {ordered}
.

. ,
{sorted}.
(qualifier)
(composite key).
- .
:
- -,

- -

() .

OMT.
19.1.2.1.7
.
.
193
19.1.2.1.8

,
:
or- -
and- -
,
. .
19.1.2.1.9
,
.
19.1.2.1.10
, ,
.
. - ,

. ,
.
19.1.3

.
,
-
( SDL;
), .
( ) - ,
(
, , ).

, , .

, . ,

. ,
,
.
(
)
. ,
( ),
.
194
:

(Data-Flow Diagramms).

2
.
.

, ,
- . , ,
(
,
. ,
(
). ,
,
( ,
(Actors Use-Case).
,
(..
), , , .
,
, ,
.
19.1.4
19.1.4.1 MSC
ITU (CCITT) MSC-

.
.
Unified Method (Message Trace Diagramm)
.

.
.
- ,
,
.
19.1.4.2 ST

, OMT.
195
.
.
. ,
. ,
- ,
, , .
19.1.4.3 SDL
SDL
SDL, , SDL .
ST ,
.

SDL-.

,
,
.
19.1.5

.
,
.
, GSM,
; ,
;
. ,

. , ,
, .
, ,
,
.
,

,
. ,
,
.

,
.
196
.

. , ,
, ,
, , ,
( ,
).
.
, ,
. ,

.

. , , ,
.
19.2

- ( ).
.

.

.
.
, .
,
.
( )
.
19.3
, ,
.

.
20. ,
RTST-
70- Data Flow .
- ,
(
).
197
. .
( ).
,
,
.
- ,
, ,
..
-
MSC
SDT SDL

. 70 Data Flow
21.

.
.
.

:
1.
198
1.1. (Unified
Method)
1.2. MSC- (Z.100)
1.3. Use Case-
1.3.1.
Case/4/0)
1.3.2.
(OMT)
1.4. (OMT)
1. (Unified Method)
2.
2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
2.4. SDL- (Z.100)
2.5.
3.
3.1.
3.1.1.
3.1.2.
3.2. (RT)
3.3. ()
4.
4.1. ()
4.2.
5.
5.1.
6.
6.1.
6.1.1.
6.1.2 ( )
6.1.3.
6.2.
6.3.
6.4.
6.5.
6.6.
6.6.1.
6.6.2.
6.6.3. .
6.7. /

, 70-.
, ,
.
199
.
.

. .
( ).
,
,

.

GSM Report

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(GSM).

GSM (GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS) .............. 8

7.3 - (Um-) ............ 47

11.3 .............................................................................................................. 102

12. SDL ............................................................................................................ 120

13.2 ........................................................................................................ 129

14. ...................................................................................................... 146

15. . ............................................................................ 149

16.2 ................................................................................................... 154

16.3 ............................................................................................... 163

16.4 .................................................................................................... 166

16.5 . ..................................................................................................... 170

16.6 ................................................................................................ 179

16.7 ............................................................................. 181

19.2 .............................................................................................. 196

GSM (Global System for Mobile

(Base Station Subsystem)

SIM - (Subscriber Identity Module)

(traffic channel - TCH) - .

(BBCH - Broadcast Control Channel).

(AGCH - Access Grant Channel).

4.1.5 (Frequency hopping)

(Radio Resources Management).

5.1.2.1 (location updating)

5.1.2.2.1.1.1 (Block Ciphers)

5.1.2.2.1.1.2 (Stream Ciphers)

5.1.2.2.1.2 (Public Key Algorithms)

5.1.2.2.1.3 - (One-Way Hash Function)

A3, A8, IMSI, K

I ( - Physical Layer - PHL)

MNCC. SETUP. RSP.

MNCC. SETUP. RSP

(*) early assignment

7.4.1.2.3.2 (CC ONW).

MNCC. SETUP REQ.

MMCC. EST. CNF.

MNCC. CALL. PROC. REQ

N12 DISCONNECT INDICATION

MNCC. DISC. REQ.

MNCC. SETUP. RSP

7.4.1.2.3.3 (CC TNW).

Low layer failure

New LAI, connection request

Low layer failure

Attach and Location

11. Use Case Driven

(problem domain model)

Use Case- Actor- Use Case-.

11.3.3.3.3 Use ase-

SOON, MSC, TC,

BLOCK Mobile Management

BLOCK Radioresource management

RTS header files

RTS source files in

ATD operations in C++

RTS and operators

14.1.2 SDL runtime system (RTS)

16. Sally Shlaer/Stephen J. Mellor Object Lifecycles:

: 1:1, 1:N, M:N.

. Sample(Id, Attr1, ..., AttrN, RefAttr1(R1),..., RefAttrM(RM)).

2.HOME OWNER (HO)

Department INSTRUCTS Student Department

Create new clock with clock ID, Time = current