1

1.1.
1.2. -
1.2.1. ,

1.3. -
1.3.1.
1.3.2. -

2 -
2.1.
2.1.1.
2.1.2.
2.2.
2.3.
2.4.
2.4.1.
2.4.2.

2.4.3.
2.5.
2.5.1.
2.5.2.
2.5.3. -

2.6.

2.7.
3 ,

3.1.
3.2.
3.2.1. , (
)
3.2.2. ( )
3.2.3.
3.2.4. -
3.2.5. -
3.2.6. -
3.2.7. - ()
3.2.8. ()
3.2.9. - ( )
3.2.10.
3.3. (
1TU-TG.671, 3.2)
3.3.1. (IL)
3.3.2. (RL)
3.3.3.
3.3.4. ,

3.3.5.
3.3.6. , (PDL)
3.3.7.
3.3.8. ( )


3.3.9.
3.3.10.
3.3.11.
3.3.12.

WDM-
3.3.13. -
WDM-
3.3.14.
- WDM-
3.3.15. -
3.3.16. -

3.3.17.

3.3.18. -

3.3.19.
3.3.20.
3.3.21. -

3.4. ()

3.4.1.
3.4.2.
3.5. - ,

3.5.1.
3.5.2. /
3.5.3. /

3.5.4. /
3.5.5. /

3.6.
3.6.1.
3.7.
3.8. -
3.9. ,

4
4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
4.3.1. () ,

4.3.2. (SLM)
4.3.3.
(DFB)
4.3.4. DFB-
4.3.5.
(VCSEL)
4.4. - ()
4.4.1.
4.4.2.
4.4.3. ,

4.5.
4.6.

4.6.1. ()
4.6.2. ()
4.6.3.

4.6.4.

4.7.
4.7.1. DFB-
4.7.2. (DBR)
4.7.3. DBR- (SG-DBR)
4.7.4. VCSEL-
4.7.5.
4.8.
5
5.1.
5.2.
5.3.
5.4. PIN-
5.4.1.
5.4.2. InGaAs
5.4.3. (APD)
5.4.4. APD
5.5.
5.5.1. ,
5.5.2.
5.5.3. BER
5.6.

 6
6.1.
6.2.
6.2.1.
6.2.2. ( )
6.2.3.
6.2.4. ()
6.3.
6.3.1.
6.3.2.
6.3.3.
6.3.4. (PMD)
6.3.5.
6.4.
6.4.1.
6.4.2.
6.4.3.
6.4.4.
6.4.5.
6.4.6.
6.4.7.
6.4.8. -
6.5.
6.5.1. (PMD)
6.5.2. ,
6.5.3.
6.6.
6.6.1. ,
6.6.2.
6.7.


6.7.1. ,
ITU-T G.652
6.7.2.
, ITU-T G.653
6.7.3.
, ITU-T G.654
6.7.4.
, ITU-T
G.655
7 -
7.1.
7.2.
7.2.1. SONET
7.3. -
7.3.1. -
7.3.1.1.
7.4. EDFA
7.4.1.
7.4.2. (ASE)
7.5.
8
8.1.
8.2. WDM-
8.3.
8.4.
8.5. - (FBG)
8.5.1. FBG

8.6.
8.6.1.
8.7.
8.8.
8.9. ITU-T () ,
WDM
8.9.1.
WDM
8.10. WDM
9 SONET
SDH
9.1.
9.2. (SONET)
9.2.1.
9.2.2.
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9.2.4. / SPE
9.2.5. - (ADM)
9.2.6. (APS)
9.2.7. SONET
9.3. SDH
9.3.1.
9.3.2. SDH
9.3.3.
9.3.4. SDH
9.3.5. 51,84 /
9.3.6. SDH
9.3.7.
9.4.

 10
10.1.
10.2.
10.2.1.
10.2.2. ITU-T ()
10.3. :
10.3.1.
10.3.2. 1
10.3.3. 2
10.3.4. 3
10.3.5. 4
10.4. , ,

10.4.1.
10.5.
10.5.1.
10.5.2.
11
11.1.
11.2.
11.2.1.
11.2.2.
11.2.3.
11.2.4.
11.2.5.
11.2.6.
11.2.7.
11.2.8.
11.2.9.

11.2.10.
11.2.11.
11.3.
11.3.1. -
11.3.2.
11.3.3.
11.4.

11.4.1.
11.4.2.
11.4.3.
11.5.
11.5.1.
12
12.1.
12.1.1.
12.1.2. -
12.1.3.
12.1.4. (Telcordia)
12.1.5.

12.1.6. (TSGR):

12.2.
12.3.
12.3.1.
12.4.
12.4.1. (APS)
12.4.2.

12.4.3.
12.4.4.
12.4.5.
12.4.6. (SHR) SONET
12.4.7.
12.5. (NOCC)
12.5.1.
NOCC
12.5.2. TLI
12.6.
SONET
12.6.1.
12.6.2.
12.6.3. ,
12.6.4.
12.6.5.
12.6.6. (DCC)
12.7.
13

13.1.
13.2.
13.3.
13.3.1.

13.3.2.
13.3.3. /
13.3.4.
13.4.

13.4.1.
13.4.2.

14

14.1.
14.2.
14.2.1.
14.3. -

14.3.1. AM -

14.3.2.

14.4. -

14.5.
14.5.1.

15

15.1.
15.2.
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15.3.
15.3.1.
15.4. -
15.4.1. ,

 -
15.4.2.
15.5.
15.6.

15.6.1.
15.6.2.
16 ,
16.1.
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16.3. ,

16.3.1. ,

16.4.
(OTDR)
16.5. BER
16.5.1. BERT
16.6. (OSA)
16.7.
16.8.
17
17.1.
17.2.
17.3.
17.4.
17.4.1.
17.5.

17.5.1. MEMS
17.6. - (OADM)
17.6.1. OADM

17.7.
17.8. -
17.9.
17.10.
17.10.1.
17.11.
(MPLS)
17.11.1.
17.11.2. MPLS
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4,0
125 1
0,5
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< 12,0

. [1 - ( ) /
( )]100
2.5.

/

: ,


(Neff)
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,
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14

> 0,7 /2
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1,469 1550
20
3,0
3,0

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3.1.
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- .
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):
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.
3. ,
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) .
4. ( , MAN),
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8).
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3.2.1. , (
)

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3.2.3.
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,

/ .
3.2.10.

()

(, )
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;
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.

3.3.
( ITU-T G.671, 3.2)
3.3.1. (IL)
-
,

IL 10 log( P1 / P0 )

(3.1)

P0 , , P1
, .
1. -
ij ( i j)
(. 1.3.7 I 875-1).
2. WDM ij
( i j)
.

3.

() ij ( i j)
() (.
1.3.9 IEC 876-1).
4. -
.
,
,
, ,
. , , ,
.
.


, .
,
. IEEE (.
[3.10]) ,
, / ,
, .

3.3.2. (RL)
,
. ,
RL 10 log( Pr / Pi )

(3.2)

Pi , , Pr
, .
. ,
-
, . .
3.3.1.
3.3.3.
R
Pr Pi ,

,
, , :
R 10 log( Pr / Pi )

(3.3)

, ,

. , -
,
.
3.3.4. ,

- ,
, ,
. ,
, .

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, . ,

.
, .
.
,
,
.
3.3.5.
i min i max ,
j ,
.
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.
2. , , ,
, (
)
.
3.3.6. , (PDL)
,

.
3.3.7.

, ,
.
3.3.8. ( ) -

( ),
,
. ,
- .
:
BL 10 log Pob / Pib

(3.4)

Pob , ,
Pib . Pib , , , ,
, .
3.3.9.
- ,
aij
.
3.3.10.

,
. ij
( ) .
3.3.11.

( ),
.
3.3.12. -
WDM-
-
, n , ,
.
:
t11 t12
.
.
T
.
.

tn1 .

.
.
tij
.

t1n
.
.

tnn

tij - Pij , j,
i, i. ,
tij Pij / Pi

. tij .

3.3.13. -
WDM-
tij .

3.3.14.
- WDM-

a11
.
A
.

an1

a12
.
.
.

.
.
aij
.

a1n
.
.

ann

 aij ( ),
j, , i, ,
aij 10 log tij

tij (. 1.3.6 IEC 875-1).

3.3.15. -
-
( ).
(
), 0
( ) (. 1.3.6 IEC 876-1).
t11 t12
.
.
T
.
.

tn1 .
t110 t120
0
t
.
T 21
.
.
0
tn1 .

3.3.16.

.
.
tij
.
.
.
tij0
.

t1n
.
.

tnn
t10n

t20n
.
0
tnn

tij tij0
. tij (
) , i j,
, , ij .
tij0 ( ) ,

i j, , ,
ij .

3.3.17. -

:
a11
.
A
.

an1

a12

.
.

.
aij

a1n
.
.

ann

ij ( ),
j, , i, ,
aij 10 log tij

tij .
, , aij0 10 log tij0 .

3.3.18. -

- ,
, i.
ELi 10 log tij
j

j, i
j . N
N ,
i (. 1.3.12 IEC 875-1).
3.3.19.
i
k
. :
CRik tik / tij
j

j (.

1.3.14 IEC 875-1).

3.3.20.
,
( ) .
3.3.21. -

S ,
sij ,
, ij
(. 1.3.21 IEC 876-1).
s11
.
S
.

sn1

s12

.
.

.
sij

s1n
.
.

snn

3.4. ()

()
(). ()
1-25 . ,
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),
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, - . ().
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3.4.2.1. .
:
1. - .
2. .
3. .
. 3.1.

. 3.1. (
Tyco Electronics, Harrisbuig, PA, [3.1]).
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()
.
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). .
2,5 ,
-
1,25 .
, 0,1 ,
5.

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,
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.
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40 [3.2].

, .
, ,
.
-,
.

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. 3.2. ( Corning Cable Systems, [3.2], .7.4, .7.4)

-, . -

 (PC). ,
, . PC
. ,
. 3.3.

. 3.3. (PC) -
( Corning Cable Systems, [3.2],
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,
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,
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SC.
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 .
.
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,
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, .
(
,
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FC.
Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Company.

0,4 .
FC .
.
, ,
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D4 0,4 .
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EIA/TIA-568,
.

 SC. 568SC
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,
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,
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,
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. , FDDI -
,
100 / (125 ) ANSI.
. ,
-,
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1,25 , 2,5 ,
. . 3.1 .

 3.1
.
LC

MT-RJ

SC-DC

VF-45

6,25

0,75

0,75

4,5

,
,

1,25

11,1
5,7
14,6

2 RJ,

2,54,4
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2,5

11
7,5
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12,1
8
21
GGP,

SC

RJ

.
0,3 0,6 .
. Performance Comparison of Small Form Factor Fiber-Optic
Connectors. Jean Trewilla, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights,
NY, [3.12], c.l ( IBM).
3.4.2.
, ,
. ():
1.

2.

( )
.
.
3.4.2.1.

6 1 .

.
,
.
, .
, ,
0,1 0,8 .
, ,
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3.4.2.2.

.
,
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0,04 - 0,1 , .
.
: .
, ,
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, ..
.
,
.
. 3.4 ,
:
.

. 3.4. , . (
Corning, Inc., AN103, [3.4], . 1)

, (..
,

,
). , ..
,
, ,
.

. 3.5. ,
. ( Corning, Inc., AN103, [3.4], . 2, . 3)
. 3.5, (
) .
, , ,
).
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0,04 -

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.

(MFD) .
. 3.5 MFD.
, .
.
, .

,

.

: ,
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Corning , , ,
.
.

.
,

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, ,
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:
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5. V- .
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, .
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.
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) ,
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.

(LID). , . ( )
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) .

,
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V- , -.
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OTDR ,
.
OTDR . (
3.4.2.2 Corning - AN 103 (6/99) [3.4])

3.5. - ,

3.5.1.

(), , ,
(). ,
, (couplers).

.
(combiner) ,
.
, .
(splitter) - ,
.

 .
(tree coupler) ,
() .
.

(star

coupler)

, , ,
.
,
.

) ,
: 1310 1550 .
.

. ,

.

(tap)

- .
.
(- HFC)
,
.
-
.

.

,
.

, .

.

(LMDS).
LMDS,
-,

.
3.5.2. /
. 3.6. , , , ,
.
,
Z, (),
, , .

. 3.6. .
, Z
.

 ,
, ,
, .
.
, , , , ,
: Z
, ;
- ; -
. .

, .
.
( Z, . . 3.6) .

50:50, , . ()
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10 , , , 13 , .
. , . 0,7 . ,
13,7 .
, , .
,
, . 3.7: , Y-,

 , ..

. 3.7. . (
Australien Photonics CRC, , [3.5])

. 3.8. . ( Australien Photonics CRC, , [3.5])

. 3.8 , , .
, . 3.8, . . , , .
100%, ..
,
, .
.

.
,
. ,

 : 1300 1550 .
, 1550 , ,
1300 . , 1300
(100%) ,
. 1550
(100%) .
, .
. 3.9.

. 3.9. ,
. ( Australian Photonics CRC,
[3.5])

. 3.10. Y- 1 2. (
Australien Photonics CRC, [3.5])
. 3.10 , Y-, 1x2. , ,
. Y-
, , ,
.

 .
Y- 1x4
1x8, . 3.11.

. 3.11. Y- . (
Australien Photonics CRC, [3.5])
3.5.3. /
. 3.2
- , .
3.2
/ )

()
4,0 log2n
()
-40
()b)
1580/1360
, ( ) 0,1(1+ log2n)
()

()
1,0 log2n
a)

1480/1260

50

, 2n 2 n 32
.
b)
;
, ,
, , ,
.
. . 6.2, . 11, ITU-T G.671 [3.8]

3.5.4. /
. (coupling
ratio), (splitting ratio),
, ,
, .

.
.
.
.
,
, .
,
,
.
,
Telcordia [3.9], .
-WDM , 1310/1550
WDM- , , SONET
,
:
1260 - 1360

WDM

1480 - 1580
SONET

:
1280 - 1335

1525 - 1575

DWDM :
1285 - 1325

1530 - 1566

, - (c

),

1290 - 1330

1530 - 1570

, , 1600 .
. . 3.3.1.
. -
, ,
, .
- ,
.
,
( , ,
(.. )
[3.10]. : ), (EMF).

- ,
,
[3.10].
.

.

,

. 3.3.9.
Telcordia (. [3.9]) L i

 j k, j k
i.

, 10 /,
:
L 0,8log 2 N

N .
- :
L 0,5log 2 N

DWDM -.
, , .
,
, ,
.
, .
,
, ,
. , ,
( ) ,
().
, .

,
.
. 3.3.3.

3.5.5. /

:
.
. 3.12.

. 3.12. . (
Australian Photonics CRC, [3.5])
, ,
. , . 3.12, , ,
G, H, I, J, L.

.3.13 . .
( Australian
Photonics CRC, [3.5])


1N, 22.
- . ( )
.
. . 3.13. .

3.6.
,

,
,
, EDFA (. . 7).
,
( . . > 40 ),
, ,
, .
:
- ;
- ;
- (ORL);
- , (PDL);
- ;
- ;
- ;
- (PMD).


, ,
().
,
,

.
WDM,
,
,
EDFA. ,
[3.7].
(VOA) ,
.
3.6.1.
, 15%.

( ):
3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 .
, , 40 .
, , 1360 1580 , 1260 1480 .
1310-1580 . , (PMD), 0,3 .

3.7.
,

.
,
EDFA.
,
EDFA.

:
-

, 20 .
, 3
.
- , <1 ,
: 35 (
) 60 ( ),
.
- (PMD).

, PMD
( 50-100 , 1 = 10-15 ),
.
, PMD, ,
.
- , (PDL).
.

.
.
, ,
.
,
(YIG), ,
45.
, 45
. , ,
.
, , ,
[3.6].
, 30 .
40 .

3.8. -


, :
. ,
, .
:
- , ;
- ,
;
- ;
- .


WDM/ DWDM . ITU-T G.671 [3.8]
:
: 1,5 ;
: 40 ;
: 40 .
. . 8.

3.9. ,

.
, (),

,
.

. . , , , ,
,
.

,
.
.

, .

.
, -//-,
. ,
. ( -).
-
.
.
,
- .
-.

. ,
, ,
, :
- ;
- ;
- , ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- .
. 3.3
, ITU-T G.671.
. 17.

 3.3
, .

,
,

,

,
,

a)

1na)

2,5//log2n

2x2

-40

-40

// 0,1(1
+ log2n)

20//10

0,25

//
0,4 log2n

b)

50

(//b) :

, b
b)

25 ,

.
. 6.7, ITU-T G.671 [3.8].

4.1.
. 1.1, , -
, ( ),
, (. 5),
(. 2), (. 3).
1-5 .
, , () ().
,

, . ,
.
. 4.1 - -
.

. 4.1. - - .
,
: . ,
, , , ,
. VCSEL

4.2.
, ,
. ,
. ,
, ,
,
.
[4.1],
- , .
- .
.
, (30-60 )
.

, ,
, ,
. . 4.2
.
- , ,
- n-.
.
,
. .
,
1% .

. 4.2. ()
()

4.3.
,
.
( 155
/). ( , ,
LM):
- (MLM) ;
- (SLM);
- (DFB), DFB-;
- DFB- ;
- (VCSEL).
,
.

4.3.1. (MLM) ,

, -,
, . 4.3.

,
1 .
, , , .

(FWHM) 4-5 .

. 4.3. ,
,
,
. ,
, .
, ,

),

.
,

 .
, ,
/, ,
, .
, ( )
,
,
.
, ,
, , , ,
.
, , , , 1
[4.2].
4.3.2. (SLM)
SLM- ,
, ,
MLM, . MLM-

.
, ,
.
, ,
, 1% . SLM-
, ,
30 , .

4.3.3.
(DFB)
DFB-
.
, .

( -InP
n-InGaAsP )
, . .
DFB- ,
,
.
( , 0,1%, , [4.1])
. ,
, ,

(RIN) - , DFB-).
,
. -
.
(. . 3),
. ,
, , (. . 3)
.
DFB-
(MSR).
(. . 4.3).
MSR > 30 DFB-

. , (.. ).

(FWHM) 0,2 ( 25 ).
DFB- , ,
MQW (c
),
(. [4.3], . 103). ,
(. . 6).
1 /. DFB-

. ,
.
DFB- ,
. DFB-
, .
, (PIN- , . . 5)
; (), ; ,
.
25.
DFB- . 4.4.

. 4.4. DFB-.

4.3.4. DFB-
, , , ,
, . , , - , 1,
0. .
-
, (.. )
.
( - ), .
1 0 -

() . 4.5.
,

(CW) .
CW - , , ..
.

. 4.5. (DFB) () ,
().

 , ,
. ;
0 1.
:
1 - - (M-Z);
2 - c ;
3 - c ()
MQW.
- (Z) ,
LiNbO3 . M-Z- Y-.
LiNbO3 . , /
Z- ( )
.
,
, , . ,
, ,
. , , ,
.

(ER)

.
ER 20 (13)

 75 /.
.
60
/.
() .
.

-,
,
.
() ,

. ,
. ,

MQW-,

.
ER 15
2 ,
/. , 5 /
.

20

/,

60 /.
,
, .
,
.
4.3.5.
(VCSEL)
MLM (), SLM

DFB . ,
() ,
,
3:1. ,
.
,
. VCSEL
.
. 4.6.

. 4.6.
MLM, SLM DFB ,
VCSEL.
VCSEL
p-, , n-.
.
,
In+Ga+As+(Al ). , In+Ga+As+
1310-1550 .
.
VCSEL ( ) ,

 ( 1 ),
.
,
, .
( )
VCSEL 2-3 .
VCSEL, , ,
DFB-, VCSEL ,
. DFB, . VCSEL
, ,
WDM-.
VCSEL- . 4.7 [4.1, 4.3].

. 4.7. VCSEL-

4.4. - ()
4.4.1.
, ,

 1550 DFB-
( 40 ) MSR ( ).
, (
)
( ,
,

),

. ,
, -.
, ,
.
, (. . 6),
BER [4.1].
4.4.2.
, , .. , .
. ,
, .
. ,
. -
.

, .

, ,
1, ,
0.

. BL
( ) -
. -

, -6 1550 .
BL < 100 (/ ),
2 / L 50 .

, (.
.

6).

. , ,
, DFB-, . ,
, ,
, , [4.1].
4.4.3. ,
. 4.8
.
, t.
:
( ). ,

, .
.

.
.
. , ,
. , .

.

. 4.8. ( [4.2], . 3.12)

4.5.
[4.1] , ,
, /
( ) ( 500
/). :
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. .
,
, .
.
/ ()
, . -

, , ( , ).
BL.
.
. ,

(ISI).
,
.
,
. , d :
d 10 log f b

fb .
:
d 5log10 1 (4 BLD ) 2

(/), L (), D (//) , ( ).

[4.1] d
BLD = 0,1, d = 0,38
BLD = 0,2, d = 2,2
BLD = 0,25, d =
(MPN)

.
.
,

 , . , , ,
, ,
. ,
/, , ,
.
,
k, 0 1. mpn - MPN.
(< 0,5 ), , ( BLD ) < 0,1.
, 1300 [4.1].
, 10
D = 1. = 2
. , MPN, , BL <
50 (/). , = 2 /,
25 . MPN
.
.
DFB- 1,55 ,
, MPN . MPN DFB MSR- ( > 30 ).
4.3.
,
.
rex , rex ,

 . , rex P0 / P1 ,
0 1.
,
. < 2 ,
0,1 [4.1].
,
. ,
,
.
,
,
. - ,
, -. ,
,
.

, .
,
,
30 .
, ( , ).

.
: . ,
1 , 0 .
,
,
.

 ,
0.
, 0
0, 1 - 1,
:
rex P0 / P1

,
:
EX 10 log( A / B)

1,
0.
PIN -, rex

[4.8]:
0,5

rex

, 3

0,4

0,3

0,2

2,2 1,7 1,0

0,1 0,07 0,05 0,02

0,5

0,3

0,2

0,1

4.6.

4.6.1. ()

, 0,01 0,1 ( -20 -10 ).

, :
1. :
) 120;
) 30.
2. : 30-80 .

 : 850, 1310
1550 . , : 850
1310 .
, ;

.
( -), . ,
, ,
.
, 155 / .
. . 4.1

.
4.1

, (25)
(NA)
/

2-50
0,1 - 0,6
3 ()
30-60
1,2%/ ()
0,5-0,8 /
0,4 / ()

. , [4.2, 4.4, 4.5].

4.6.2. ()
, ,
(> 155 /)
.
+3 - +10 (1-10 ).
(., +20 ) .


, , EDFA (. . 7),
500 . ,
,
DWDM (
). DWDM
.

DWDM. , ,
,
. ,
,
, > 80 ,
.
, DFB (.,
Lucent D2500), , -
(., Lucent Lithium-Niobate) Lucent EDFA
28 . 0,0 ,
6 .
2
.
:
0,0 - 6 - 2 + 28 = +20 .
Lucent , +
18 .
4.6.3.

(ELED)

 . 4.2.
4.2
ELED )

ELED FP (MLM)- DFB-

, 850/1310
1310/1550
1550

-10 - -15
0,0
0,0
,

30-60
<3
<0,1
,

< 0,155
>2
> 10)
, /

MTBF),
109
108
107
)

VCSEL

850/1310
0,0
<3
2

108

(FWHM).
,
.
)

40 /,

.
)

MTBF - . ,

, .
. [4.1, 4.2, 4.4, 4.6, 4.7].
4.6.3.1.
. 4.9
.

. 4.9. , .
( ).
, .
4.6.4.

4.6.4.1.
2,5 / 488 Lucent Technologies

488

1500

.
Lucent ,
360 640 2,5 /.
DWDM 50 .
. 4.3. .

 4.3
SLM (DFB) -

G.957
+3

+2 - +6

1280-1480;
1500-1650

> +20 1,2)

+3 - -2
0,5

16003)
1260-1360;
1260-1480;
1500-1580
1500-1660

24-30

24

24

10

8,2; 8,3

11

0,5

1,0

1)

> 11

2)

WDM, , .
3)

1550

EDFA.
. ITU-T G.957, [4.1, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8].
4.6.4.2. DFB- 10 /
OKI
.

4.10

DFB-

OKI.
- (MOVPE).
(DFB)
-. MQW-

, InGaAs,

InGaAsP.

, InGaAsP,
, 1480 ,
.
.

DFB-
. 350
, 200 .
30 .

. 4.10. DFB-
OKI. (. [4.7], . 1)
10 - 20 .
- 4 (+6
) , 100 ,
- 10 /, -3
16 . , 0,3-0,4.
. ,
10 /, 2
( ) .

 ( ,

).

.
.
, .
(), InGaAs/GaAs
- (BP-MESFET), 0,2 .

. 4.11. 10 /. (. [4.7], . 2)
. 4.11
, 10 /.
NRZ- (
, . . 4.7.) 0,8 .
2,7 (Vpp),
( 20 80% ) - 32 30
.
9,5 - 3 , 15 .
1,8 . , 10 /.
. . 4.12 (
) . DFB-
, , , ,

 ,
, .

. 4.12. ( ) .
( OKI Electric Co., . [4.7], .3)
.
60%.
12 , 0,6 . . 4.13
, ,
. -3 9 ,
15 12 .
10 /
10 / ,
NRZ ().
EDFA . 80
, - 1554 , -

 ( 1550 ).
54,4 /.
.
,
.

. 4.13. . (
OKI Electric Co., . [4.7], . 4)

. 4.14. . DSF -
. ( OKI Electric Co., . [4.7], . 5)
. 4.14 .
. 4.15

10-9

-30,7 .

. 4.15. . (
OKI Electric Co., . [4.7], . 6)

4.7.
-
DWDM.
,
-. . 17.

DWDM, : , (., 100, 50

 25 ) (., 2,5; 10 40 /).

, -,
. , . , ,
.

:
1. - (OADM);
2. (MAN);
3. (), ;
4. ().

, :
- ,
- ,
- ,
- ,
- ,
- .
,
. .
.
.
, . DFB- (. 4.3.3 4.3.4),
(DBR-), DBR (SG-DBR), VCSEL- (. 4.3.5)
(ECL-).

4.7.1. DFB-
. 4.3.3, DFB-
,
.
, ITU-T (. . 8, . 8.3).
, , .
- . .

.
DFB- 5 ; ,
, DFB-
. , ,
, .

. , ,
.
, .
.
4.7.2. (DBR)
DBR-
,
( ) ,
. 4.16.
, . .

 , . DFB DBR- , ,
, DBR-, DFB-
.

. 4.16. . (
Iolon Inc., . [4.11])

DBR-

40

. ,
.

.
.
4.7.3. DBR- (SG-DBR)
SG-DBR- ,

. ,
, ,
,
.
,
.
,
, .
. ,

, .
SG-DBR- . ,
.
.
4.7.4. VCSEL-
VCSEL-
. 4.3.5.
.
,
.
.
,
, .
,
.
4.7.5.
ECL- -

,
.
,
.
. 4.17 ECL- , ,
(Littman-Metcalf).
- (. . 4.3.1).
.

 ,
,
. MEMS
( ), ,
.
:
,
.

. 4.17. .
, MEMS
,
,
.
. ( Iolon, Inc., . [4.11])
ECL- , -, .

,
. ,
, , DBR-.
.

.
.
MEMS .
,

MEMS

, ()
, L- .
[4.9] ,
ECL- MEMS
(DRIE),
MEMS.

.

. MEMS ,
, ,
.
,

, ,
. ECL- MEMS,
DRIE, 10
13 . 20
40 .
. 4.4. ,
.

 4.4
.

(DFB)

-
;

- ;
1)

;


- ; 2)

;
-

; ;
; ;
; - 2)

-



3)
3)
/ ;
/ ;
;
;
850/1310

; ; - ;
RIN;
OADM
;

(DBR)
(DBR)

(VCSEL)

1)

DFB- > 20

, DFB- .
2)

> 25
3)

/ . / .

VCSEL ,
/ , , (~ 150 )
/.
. Iolin Inc., San Jose, CA [4.11].

4.8.

, . ,
, 1 0 ,
.
-,
. , ,
,
, .

, ,
.

,
,

.
.
.
. 4.18
. .
1. NRZ- ( ).
.
, ,
, , EIA-232 ITU-T V.10 V.11.
- (), 1

 , 0 - .
NRZ 1 0
0 1. - ,
,
, .
NRZ
,
(
).

. 4.18. .
2. RZ- ( ).
,
1 0, . 4.18.

 ,
. (, ,
, 0 .
.
,
.)
3. NRZ- ( ).
NRZ, , 1
0 .
4. RZ- ( ).
NRZ, ,
(.. )
, .
5. . .

. 0
( 0 1), 1
( 1 0). ,
.
, . , RZ
.
,
RZ ,
. , .
4.18, ,
NRZ.
, ,
,

 (.. ) .
NRZ,
, ,
(
[4.8]).
. ,
, RZ
.

,
. , RZ
,
NRZ .
, RZ
,
NRZ.

5.1.
,
, , ,
( ). ,
, ,
.
, , , .
, ,
.
:
PIN- (APD). PIN
/ , /
(I) -
. ,
, ,
- . .

5.2.
(
),
( ).
- p-i-n
,

; .

(D*)

,
. D* /,
1 ,
.
,
, . ,

.
, ( ) .
(NEP) -
, ,

/.

; NEP,
.

( L W ). L
, W .

.

( ), (
)
. ,
, ,
, .
(
), ,
,

 , .
, ,
,
, ,
.
-
, ,
.
, ,
, .
< 10 [5.1].

, .
, ,
/, ,
, .
, -
,
, .

, , .

D *( ) , ,

.
,
;
.
,
,

 .
-
,

, 0,63

, 0,37

( ),
0,707 .
( ),
10 90%
90 10% .
, .
,
( %)
( 20 50% ).
1998 New
England Photoconductor Web- www.netcorp.ici.net, . [5.2].
(F f) f = S/Nin /S/Nout
, f .
FdB = 10 log(f).
,

.
- , . [5.1].


: 1 = 1 , [5.3]
(q): 1,610-19 ()
: 1,3810-23 (/), [5.4], -228,6 ,
-198,6 [5.5].
: (h) 6,62610-34 (), [5.3]
, ,
1500 :
1 = 7,51015 /,
( [5.6], . 270, (5.1)).

5.3.
PIN-
(APD).
.
:
E = hv,

(5.1)

h (. ), a v .
.

, .
,
(5.1). . , . 5.2
/.

, %,
,


: :
(%) 1, 24 105 R /

(5.2)

R (/),
.
,
,

80%.

100%

.
: Web- www.west.net/centro/tech2.htm (. [5.7]).

.
/ /
.

()
()
.

, ,
, , .
R
,
, -. ,
R /1234 (A/)

(5.3)

.

q :
R q / hv

(5.4)

 hv , . (5.1), q - , 1,610-19 ().

(NEP)
.
, ,
, . NEP :
NEP = ()/ (/).

(5.5)

NEP .
, NEP
. NEP /-1/2. , ,
, NEP . , NEP .
. ,
, Ip
Pin. :
I p RPin

(5.6)

R (. (5.3)).
,
APD PIN- ( ), :
1. .
2. (
).
(5.6) . ,
.
, .
(5.6) , Ip
.
[5.1]

 ():
s2 2q ( I p I d )f

(5.7)

q , Id , f
.
(5.7)
(Is):
I s 2qI d f

1/ 2

(5.8)

Id () [5.7].

. It
:
I t 4kT f / Res

1/ 2

(5.9)

k , , Res
( ) , f
[5.7].
[5.1]
( )
T2 4k BT / RL f n f

(5.10)

T /, fn - ,
RL ,
kB .
/ (S/N SNR).
SNR PIN-.
SNR = /

(5.11)

, .
(5.6) I p RPin . (5.11). (5.7)
(5.10), (5.11).

:
SNR R 2 Pin2 / 2q RPin I d f 4 k BT / RL f n f

(5.12)

R q / hv PIN-.

, ,
. , ,
, (5.12), SNR,
, :
SNR RL R 2 Pin2 / 4k BTf n f

(5.13)

. ,
1
, 0 (
, , 0
).
(. . 4.8).

.
:
Tr ln 9 tr RC

(5.14)

tr , RC - RC.
RC,
.
[5.6].

, ,
,
.
,

 8106 / - .
PIN- 20 .

- 0,2 c (. [5.6]).
1 /,
, RC,
.
tr RC
. (
) [5.1]:
f 2 tr RC

(5.15)

,
. , .
.
0,2-1

0,04-0,5

InGaAs.

5.4. PIN-
,
.
.
PIN- InGaAs PIN-. . 5.1() , . 5.1()
InGaAs. ,
,

 (850 ), InGaAs -
, 1310 1550 .

. 5.1().
. ( Silicon Sensors, . [5.9])

. 5.1().
InGaAs. ( Silicon Sensors, . [5.8])
5.4.1.
,
, .
, , ,

 (
, /, . [5.3]). ,
.

. 5.2. . (
Web- [5.7]).
. 5.2 .
-.
- . . .
- - -.
,
. ,
.
- , - .
, , . .
, - ,

 , - .
,
.
- .
, . ,
,
.
,
.
, -
.
.
, . . 5.3
.

. 5.3.
. ( A Primer on Photodiode
Technology Web-, . [5.7])
- ,
. -,

 - -. ,
.
.

, , .
,
7 . Isc.
- 0,2%
.
:
, (
) ( ).
, ,
, .

. ,
,
.
5.4.2. InGaAs
. 5.4 PIN-
InGaAs.
( 1310 1550 ).
. 5.4 , InP -,
InGaAs i- InP n-.
InP 1,35 , InP
0,92 . , i-,
InGaAs, 0,75 .
1650 . ,

InGaAs, 1300-1600 . ( ), ,
. PIN-
. , 0,6 0,9 /
60-70%.

. 5.4. PIN- InGaAs. (a)

; () ( ). ( 1TU, . [5.10],
. 3.18, . 52)

5.4.3. (APD)
APD PIN- .
. 5.5
APD. .

.
,
. ,
, 100 (20 ) APD
10-40 InGaAs APD. ,

.

. 5.5. APD. ( ITU, .

[5.10])
5.4.3.1. APD
,
APD PIN-, .
/ APD :
I s MR0 (1) Ps

(5.16)

 R0 (1) APD = 1
1; - APD Ps .
VR APD
.
APD, PerkinElmer, . 5.6.

. 5.6. - APD. ( Avalanche Photodiodes: A user Guide (. 2)

PerkinElmer, . [5.11])
APD.
, APD : ) )
. APD
. APD .
PIN- , IDB
, APD.
ID :
I D I DS I DB M

IDS .

(5.17)

 APD (F) PIN-.

APD, ,
iN 2q I DS I DB M 2 F B1/ 2

(5.18)

q , .
,
, APD
, ,
. APD- iN (total )

. APD
:

1/ 2

iN ( total ) 2q I DS I DB M 2 R0 (1) M 2 Ps F B

(5.19)

F , , , IDS , IDB -
.
[5.11] ,
, APD / (SNR), F1/2
, PIN- . ,
APD
, APD
/ , PIN-.
NEP , SNR, ,
.
, SNR ,
-

 . APD 100 1000, InGaAs APD 30

40.
F APD.
5.4.3.2. APD
, APD, ,
300 1700 . APD
300 1100 , APD
800-1600 , a InGaAs APD - 900-1700 .
InGaAs APD , ,
, 1700

.
5.4.3.3. APD
(SAM APD)
APD .

. ( InGaAs - 0,75 ),
,
, ,
.
APD
(SAM APD).
,
APD.
. InP,

InGaAs

 InP - . . 5.5 5.7.

InP (1,35 )
.
950 .
SAM
APD, . , APD (
), ,
. PIN-,
APD InGaAs/InP .
APD .

.
. :
- ;
- ;
- .
(> 2,5
/) .
, 10 /
7-8 ,
.
10.

80 .
RC 8 .
APD ,
, (..
~ 10)

,
. APD, ,
-26 R 10-10.
GaAs
(-).
5-6
PIN-. . 5.7
SAM APD.

. 5.7. SAM APD. (

Epitaxx, Inc., . [5.12])
5.4.3.4. APD
. APD,
. 5.6,
. , APD
R0 (1)
= 1. , ,

 = 1,

. APD,
/ .
, APD, (
) APD
. , ,
,
.
( InGaAs APD):
RMIN (1300 ) = 9,0 /, VOP = 50-90 , = ~10.
. (5.19) ,
APD ( )
, . .
InGaAs , ,
:
ID (R = 9,0 /) = 10 (), ~ 10,
i (R = 6,0 /, 1 , 1 BW) = 0,8 /1/2 (), ~ 5.
5.4.3.5.
, APD
. F. F1/2
, ,
APD (
),
, ,
.

, k, k, ,
(k < 1).
F ,
(McIntyre) [5.13],
. , F :
F k EFF M 1 k EFF 2 1/ M

(5.20)

,
k M, F. kEFF
k APD.
F
, .

.

APD,
F.
k
, APD.
( APD).
, ,
, k .
,
, ,
, ,
APD.

, .
,
( ).
kEFF APD

 .
, k < 0,1 > 20, :
(5.21)

F 2 kM

APD F :
F= MX,

(5.22)

X F . ,
InGaAs APD k.
. 5.1 k, X F InGaAs APD.
5.1
k, F , InGaAs APD

(k)

InGaAs

0,02
0,002
0,9
0,45

0,95
0,7-0,75

(F)
150
500
10
10

()
4,9
3,0
9,2
8,5

. 5.4.3, ,
[5.11].
/ APD. APD ,
, . ,
APD ,

SNR RL R 2 / 4k BTf n f M 2 Pin2

(5.23)

PIN , , 2 .

5.4.4. APD
(< 622 /) APD

PIN-

. , 2,5 10
/, APD
PIN - .
InGaAs/InP APD,
, 7
PIN- 2,5
/ ( ) 5-6 10
/.

5.5.
. 5.8 -
. PIN- APD .
.
5.5.1. ,
. 5.8
, (PIN- APD) .

. , ,
,
. .
.

. -

 RL.
(. . 5.8()).

. 5.8. () - , () , ()
.

RL

. . , ,
.

 ,
, .
,
( ).
, ,
() .
, , RL,
.
.
. 5.8() .

RL

. RL
,
G .
G ,
.
,
. ,
.

.
,
,
, ,
.
.
.
. ,
,

 ,
.
. 5.8 .

.

, ,
1 0. NRZ
1/, . , NRZ 1 /
1 .
1 / 1 c, 10 /
0,1 100 .

. , ,
.
( ) 10 , ,
R 10-10, 34,0 . 26 .
, , 8 ,
.
. ,
.
5.5.2.
, ,
.
. 5.9() ,
- . . 5.9()
, .
,

.
,

5.9().

.
, , ,
. 5.9().

. 5.9(). . .

. 5.9(6). 622
/, NRZ,
( ) .

:
-
. ,
,

.. R.
.
, .

. 5.9(). - , 622 /,
NRZ, 15 . , -
. 1
. ( Agilant Technologies, Inc.)
-
( ). ,
. 5.9(), .
, .
- .

,
.
, ,
. ,
, .
,
TIA/E1A-526-4A (. [5.18]),

 .
5.5.3. R
-
,
.
, R
, .
10-9 10-12, , /. , Sprint
10-12, Agrawal - 10-9 [5,1],
MIL-HDBK-415 [5.14] - 10-9, ITU-T G.957 - 1010

, a Telcordia TSGR [5.16] - 210-10 ( DSX).

, , . ,
, , ,
. ,
, (-) , , , 100, R 210-12 ,
R 10-10, .
. 5.10 -
. , .
R ,
( - 10 /). ,
, ,
1 , ,
. . 5.11
, 10 /.

 R
.

. 5.10. BER
.

. 5.11. BER
10 / 350 /. ( Discovery Semiconductor, . [5.17])
. 5.2 PIN APD.

 5.2
BER .

155 /
2,5 /
622 /
155 /
622 /
2,5 /
2,5 /
155 /
10 /
10 /

R
-10

110
110-10
110-10
110-10
110-10
110-10
110-10
110-10
110-10
110-10

()
-33
-26
-27
-35
-28
-23
-32
-38
-16,3
-26

Alcatel, PIN
Alcatel, APD
Alcatel, PIN
Alcatel, PIN
ITU-T G.957
Lucent, PIN
Lucent, APD
Fujitsu, PIN
Discovery, PIN
Epitaxx, APD

5.6.
, . 10,
.
.
R . BER, , ,
10-10 10-12,

.
: (1) , (2) .
- :
, PIN- ,
? , ,
,
.
. ,
,

 , .
. BER.
: (,
, ), , , (, PIN-)
PIN- APD.
, , PIN , APD. PIN-
, APD, , .
10 , APD.
, .
. 10.

6.1.
.1 ,
(), .
,
, ,
. 1980- 1990-
.
.
,
WDM ( DWDM), ,

.
.
, , - (FWM).
, , , ,
.
,
: 2 +3 .
.
WDM, , , DWDM, .

+20 , ,
WDM.
,
. -

 , , 40
/ .

. ,
. ,
, ,
. .
.

. , ,
, , ,
,
.

6.2.
:
1. .
2. , ( ).
3. .
4. , .
6.2.1.
,
,
, (
6.2.2). ,
,

 . (SiO2)
< 0,4 .
,
> 7 . (),
, .
,
.
0,03
/

[6.1].

,
.
6.2.2. ( )
.

.
: , , , ,

.
, ,
,
. ,
() 2730 ,
1390, 1240 950 ,
.
,
.
,
. ,
, 50

 1390 .
6.2.3.


: ,

, . 1550 ,
.

. .
. 1600
.
6.2.4. ()
- .

. 2.3. - ,
.
6.2.4.1.

. ( )
,
.
. ,
,

.

 ( )
: , .

.

,
.
.
, ,
. ,
.
.

.

V- ,
.

6.3.

. ,
:
1. .
2. .
3. (

 ).
4. (PMD).
6.3.1.
2.2 , ,
,
.
. 1, (1.6) , ,
, :
M V2 /2

(6.1)

V , (1.5). V=
2,405 , , F ,
. . 2.4
.
- ,
,
NRZ .
, V < 2,405.
, ,
IE [6.2]: ,
,
() .

- (11).
,
,
.
, 50%
.

6.3.2.
(DM) ,
.
, (n):
= c/v,

(6.2)

, a v -
. ,
(SiO2). ,
, .
IEEE [6.2] ,
, .
, ,
,
. .
, , , .
.4 ,
30 100 , DFB
0,1 1,0 . , -
, DFB
.

. 850
,
(, 865
, 835 ).
1550 , ,
(, 1535 ,

 1560 ).
1310
. ZD, DM
, DM .
,
1276 . 1270-1290
,
.


[6.1].
,
30-40 ,
1310 .
-
.

. .
, ,
DFB
, ( )
1,2 /. 2,5
/. ,
: , .
.
,
. - NRZ,
. ,
( ) = 1/( )
:

(6.3)

- 1 / 1 ;
- 10 / 100 c;
- 1 / 1 c;
- 10 / 100 .
, .
, !

.
1550 ,
. ,
1550 .
6.3.3.

. ,
(, > 1 /),
, , , ,
DFB- ,
.
[6.4] .
, , ,
,
( ).
, ,
, , .. . , (DM) (DW) ,
.
, , , -

 , . (GVD),
.
/- (/(), //).
, 1
1 . , 1550
17
//.

( ). , , , .
, , D,
//:
D DM DW

(6.4)

B T < 1,
(6.5),
T , ,

( ). , NRZ
( ) 1/( ).
, ,
B L D 1

(6.5)

( D , ). (6.5) [6.1] ,
. T
T L D

(6.6)

L , - .
B L ( L)
(6.6). SLM DFB

 , < 1, ,
1 / .
.
.
1550 .
.
ITU-T G.653 [6.3].
, ,
DW ,
.
, D
1300 1600 .
(
), ITU-T G.655,
6 //,
, 1530 1565 -
WDM.

,
, (/).
:
-
;
- (,
, , ,
).
WDM
( ):
- ;

- .
:
- ( D);
- .

WDM.
6.3.4. (PMD)

11. , ,
.
, - .

, .

.
. [6.4] ,
.
,
, , .
, .
,

(
[6.1],
[6.4]). . ,
. ,

 . .

) .
,

.
, (
) , .
,
.
PMD [6.4].
PMD . ,
PMD, PMD
.
, , /1/2. , ,
PMD, .

.
PMD.
PMD :
- (
);
- ( );

- ( WDM).
PMD
[6.4].
6.3.5.

- , (DCF),
.
6.3.5.1. , (DCF)

, .
.
, ( D)
, ,
,
. DCF ( D)
-200 // [6.1]( DCF D -2040
//,
120 ).
DCF . (L2)
:
L2 D1 / D2 L1

(6.7)

L1 , L2 DCF, D1 D2
DCF.
DCF. -, , DCF, ,

 . 0,4 1,0 / . -, 1
DCF, 10-12 . -,
[6.1], , DCF ,
.

,
DCF.
6.3.5.2.

, .
, -
,
.
,
. .

[6.1].
. ,
.
- .
.
,
( ),
, .
- .

 ,
1550 , , .
, ,
,
.
, , .
, ,
,
[6.1, 6.4].

6.4.
7 :
1 - (SBS);
2 - (SRS);
3 - (SPM);
4 - ();
5 - (Ml);
6 - ;
7 - -.

. , ,
,
, .
,
,

/,

, . ,

 .
?
.
6.4.1.

,
.
,
WDM .

, , ,
WDM DWDM.
: , (
) .
.
. , -, ,

, :
, , , , .
6.4.2.
,

. ,
, .
, . ,
1550 (
,

-) 11 .

(SBS)
. , SBS
. ,
5-10
.
20-30 .
G.653 SBS ,
G.652.
G.653. ,
, . SBS

. WDM.
6.4.2.1.
SBS ,
. . 6.1
,
.
. ,
, ,
SBS :
Pth 21

KAeff p B

gLeff
B

 g , eff
, K , ( G.652, K = 2). B p

. Leff ,
Leff

1 exp L

, a L .

. 6.1. (. . II.3-1/G.663, . 11, ITU-T G.663, [6.10])

SBS Pth p .
, ,
SBS , :
Pth 21

KAeff
gLeff

6.4.2.2.
, SBS, ,

 ,
, SBS.
6.4.3.
(SRS)
, .
- ,
( 10 15 )
1550 .
, ( 7
). WDM

.

,
. ,
200 .
[6.1] , WDM
,
.
,
.
, 1 .
, ,
,
. ,
,
.

SRS

. ,

 , .
/
[6.4].
6.4.3.1.
SRS , ,
. , SRS
, ,
+30 . ,
WDM
/,
, SRS.
,
WDM, ( ),
. [6.10]
, , , ,
1 ,
,
:
Ptot Leff 40 []

(6.8)

Ptot WDM (), (), , Leff , . SRS , G.653 , ,

G.652,
G.653. SRS .
WDM.
6.4.3.2.

 . WDM
,
SRS. SRS
. [6.10] , SRS,
,
WDM.
6.4.4.

, .
,
(SPM). . 6.2,
. ,

) .

.

. 6.2. .
(. . II.3-6/G.663, ITU-T G.663, . 17, [6.10])

6.4.4.1.
,
.
,
.
.
SPM
WDM .
,
,
.
SPM

.

, ,
SPM. WDM ,
, SPM,
.
G.652, SPM,
,
,
, G.655
.
.
, ,
.
6.4.4.2.
G.653
SPM. -

 1000 , SPM
, G.652.
,


G.655.
6.4.5.
, , ,
()
. WDM.
,
. ,
.
, ,
.

i ,

j ,

ijk ,

:
ijk i j k

(6.9)

ASE ,
. ,

, ( ) , . -
(. . 6.3),
, . ,

, , . ,
2 2 D t2 L / c 1

(6.10)

, D
( ), t
, L , . (
,

(6.10)).

. :
1 2

, gmax, :
g max 2 g P1 P2

(6.11)

g .

. 6.3. , , 3-
. (. . II, 3-2/G. 663, . 12, ITU-T. G.663, [6.10]).
6.4.5.1.
WDM , , DWDM,
. DWDM N

N 2 ( N 1) / 2

(6.12)

, WDM 24
, - 224 , ..

 , , ,
G.653 [6.3]. , ( )

( ).
G.655 ( ) .
G.652 [6.5], , .
:
- ;
- ;
- .
200 ,
100 .

.

. ,

, ,
,
.

, .

. , G.652,
, , G.653.

 ,

( ).
.
WDM,
G.653, ,
.

. 6.4. ,
,
.
+8 ,
.
, ,
.

. 6.4. .
(. . II.3-3/G.663, .13, ITU-T G.663, [6.10])

 ,
ASE- ,
. ASE, ,
, , , .
6.4.5.2.
,
. ,
, G.655.
,
. ,
G.653,
,
.
, ( ) . , ,
, ,
. [6.10] ,
,
,
. ,
,
( )
. ,

,

.
,
DWDM G.653,
.
, , ,
.
(.. )

.

.
6.4.6.
(MI)
. [6.10]
, (..
),

, . 6.5.
,
.
,
1/ 2

max

8 2 cn2 P0
3

Aeff D( )

2 - , Aeff , 0 - ,
D() , - .
max ,

 , g max 4 P0 / Aeff .

. MI
(
) . 6.6.

. 6.5. 1 . - 100 , 7
. Ml.
(. . I1.3-4/G.663, . 15, ITU-T G.663, [6.10])

. 6.6. Ml , 30 ( 0,24
/) 5
+16 . (. . II.3-5/G.663, . 15, ITU-T G.663, [6.10])

MI ,
.
6.4.6.1.
(MI)
/ , ,
(ASE). ,
gmax
, , MI

.
/ , MI

.
,
, .
ASE-
.
6.4.6.2.
MI

.
MI. ,

, .

Ml,

6.4.7.
6.4.7.1.

1550
10 /,
1000 . , , !

, . - ,
,
.
.
.

.
[6.1]:

- (GVD) (SPM),
. 6.4.2, (
, ;
, ,
b1, . [6.2].). ,
.
,
- (-) .
,
( 2 ) - ,

,
, C > 0. , 2 < 0 1550 ,
, 2 C < . , ,

, , ,
,
, , ,
, .

.

.
,
.
, RZ ( ),
NRZ, . RZ
( ), .

?
- .
.
, .
, . -
(, EDFA)
.
- . ,
, ,
(ASE), . . 7.
- ()
. ,
-

.
.

R.
6.4.7.2.
, ,
, G.652, G.653 G.655. ,
, ,
. ,
,
.
6.4.7.3.
,
.

,
, .

.
6.4.8. -
WDM, DWDM, () ,
,
.
, , ,


.
,
, .
6.4.8.1.
, ,
, G.652 G.655.
()
WDM.
6.4.8.2.

WDM/DWDM. [6.10],
WDM

/ , ,
, ,
. ,
, .
5 ,
100 ,
. ,
,
.

. 6.1.

 6.1
.

(),

-
()

> ~10
:

,
()

()

(SRS)

f-nf ()
f = 12
= 70
(1310 )
= 102
(1550 )

> ~1 (1
)
>~1

WDM

(SBS)

(FWM)

f n f
f = 13,2
(1310 )
f = 11,1
(1550 )

f 4 f1 f 2 f 3

> ~5
(

(
)

()

AM/

WDM

> ~10 ,

G.652
(

WDM

0)

: Table 11.1 / G.663, .20, ITU-T G.663, [6.10]

6.5.
6.5.1. (PMD)
. 6.3.4, PMD.
6.5.1.1.
PMD
, (ISI).
- 1
0,4 ,
. [6.10]
.
(. [6.10]), ,

,
,
.
,
, 0,1 . ,
0,1 ,
, 10-9,
1 .
, [6.10] ,
/,

(,

, ),
. ,
, ,
, ,
(. ).


, .
, , ,
, .
, ,
. .
. ,
, ,
.
6.5.1.2.
,
, ,
,
, .
,
() .

,
( ).
,
.
,
.

0 0,5 / km

, .
.
,
.
, ,
.
,

1
5 /.
(FDM).
6.5.2. ,
, (PDL),

.., .
, ,
, . , ,
PDL, .
6.5.2.1.
,
, PDL. ,
. PDL , . , ,
, PDL . , , , . , PDL ,

, .
/ Q
. ,
/ Q
. .
PDL
. ,

.
6.5.2.2.
-, , PDL
. ,
/, ,
.
/
. PDL
ITU-T ().
6.5.3.

()

, .
,
. ,
. ,
, ,

, ,
. ,
, .
.
.
.
, .
6.5.3.1.
,
,
. ,
/ ; PDL,
Q (). ,
, ,
.

.
.
, .
, . , , , ,
. ,
.
, ,
PDL . , ,

 , ,
.
, ,
.
, ,
, ,
. , ,
,
.
.
, ,
( )
. ,
.

. ,
,
. , ,
/ .
Q .
6.5.3.2.

.
, . [6.10]

.

. ,

. .
,
. , PDL
.

, , ..
. ,
/ ,
.

.
,
, , ,
. ,
.

6.6.
6.6.1. ,
(. . 7.4.2),
, ASE, ,

. , ASE
, , ,
, , ASE
,
. [6.10] ,

 .
ASE
. ASE
,
ASE, .
,
.
. ASE ,
,
, .
6.6.1.1.
ASE / ,
( ) , ASE,
/ .
. ,
. ,
.
, ASE,

,
(. . 6.6.2). , ,
, ASE
, .
ASE ,
,
. , /
.

6.6.1.2.

ASE

, , ,
,

( ). ,
ASE:
1. ASE.
2. , , .
, 10
. ,
ASE . . [6.10] ,
ASE, .
WDM
.
,
,
. ASE, ASE. WDM,
.
, , ASE.

,
WDM. [6.10]
. , ,
, .


,
3 .
6.6.2.
(
ASE ) ASE .

,
.
2-3
. .

[6.10]

,
.
,
, WDM.
6.6.2.1.
,

ASE.
,
.
,
. / ,
,

 . ,
, .
WDM/DWDM, ,
( ). [6.10]
, 5
~3 , ~15
6 . WDM
, . , , ,
.

EDFA,
, . , ASE
. . 6.6.2.2.
6.6.2.2.
/ , , .
ASE,
, PDL .

, ,
,
, .
, . -

/.

ASE
.
ASE- , ASE
, . FWHM < 1 .
ASE-
ASE-. , ,
, ,
.
WDM , ,
.
, , . ,
. ,
, ,
. , EDFA, ASE , EDFA,
-1530

/
-

 .
6.4 6.6 Appendix II, ITU-T
G.663, . [6.10].

6.7.
4
:
1. .
2. (DSF).
3. (NZ-DSF).
4. / (DFF).
:
1. (DM),
.
2. (DW),

, .
.
, 1300
. . ,
.
. 1 2,

, .
(

 ) 1310 .
DW
, ,
.
1550 ,
. ITU-T G.653,
G.652.

. 6.7. . ( Siemens, . [6.9], . 4.11, .48)

,
1300 1600 . .
6.7
(1), (2)
(3).
ITU-T G.655.
,
,
.

 . . 6.8 ()

(..

), . 6.8()

(/ ).

. 6.8. (
), () ; ()
. (
Siemens, . [6.9], . 4.12, .49)
. 6.9
. . 6.9()

( ), . 6.9()
. 6.9()

, . . 6.10
,

(
) . 6.10(). . 6.10()
W- ( ).

. 6.9. , ()

( ); () ; ()

. ( Siemens, . [6.9], . 4.13, .49)

. 6.10. , ()

( ); () W- (
). ( Siemens, . [6.9], . 4.14, .50)
6.7.1.

ITU-T G.652
ITU-T G.652 [6.5]
, 1310 ,
,
1310 . 1550 ,
. ITU-T G.652

 . 6.2.
6.2
ITU-T G.652

(1310 )

8,6 - 9,5

10

, 9

125 2

1
(1310 )

< 2%

1260 1270

< 1

100
37,5
1550

< 0,5 / (1310 )

< 0,4 / (1550 )

- 0 . S0max =
1300-1324
0,093 /2/

:
1288- 1339
3,5 //
1271 - 1360
5,3 //

< 0,5 /

. ,
ITU-T G.652 [6.5].

 1550
D1 ( ) :

4
D1 ( ) S0max / 4 0min
/ 3

S0 .
6.7.2.
, ITU-T G.653
ITU-T G.653 [6.3]
1550 ,
.
1550
1600 , 1310
, .
ITU-T G.653 . 6.3.
6.7.3. ,
ITU-T G. 654
ITU-T G.654 [6.8] ,
1300
. 1550
1500 1600 . ITU-T G.654 . 6.4.
6.7.4.
, ITU-T G.655
ITU-T G.655 [6.6] ,

,
.

 DWDM.
1500 -1600 . ITU-T G.655
. 6.5.
6.3
ITU-T G.653

(1550 )

7,8 - 8,5

10 %

125 2

1
(1550 )

< 2%

1270

< 0,5

< 0,35 / (1550 )

S0max < 0,085 /2/

100
37,5
1550
< 0,55 / (1310 )
D ( ) 0 S0 , -

1525 1575

3,5 //

1550
0

. ,
ITU-T G.653 [6.3].

 6.4
ITU-T G.654

(1550 )




( =
)

10,5

125 2
1
< 2%
< 1600

1530
)
(cc)
< 0,5

10%

1550
> 1350

< 0,22 /

S0max < 0,07/2/

20 //

< 0,5 /1/2

100
37,5
1550
1550
1550

400 10
/

. ,
ITU-T G.654 [6.8].

 6.5
ITU-T G.655

(1550 )

8 11

125 2
1
< 2%
1480
< 0,5
< 0,35 /
0,1 6,0 / /
< 0,5 /1/2

10
%

1550
1470
100
37,5
1550
1530 1565

400
10 /

. ,
ITU-T G.655 [6.6].

 7 -

7.1.
- ()
1980-. ,
1 0. 1980-
, -
, , - .

, , ,
, .
, . , . ,
.
;
, . .

. .
, .
- ,
, . , 1989
, , - . . -

 20 -
,
, ,
.
WDM,
.
,
, ,
(EDFA), . ,

.

7.2.

, ,
.
.
. ,
- .
. . 7.1 .

.
,
.
. (. . 10
.)
Telcordia [7.8] ,

 ,
. ,
. ,

.

. 7.1. -
. 7.1 .
,
,
. , 1,
1, ,
, 0.

. ,
1 0,
.
PIN-.

SONET. SONET,
.

SONET , -

 , . ,
, 0 +3 . , - - /
( ,
- ), , 20-25 .
, .
,
. ,
, .
,
, . ,

.
,
& (, )
SONET SDH ,
. ,
.
.
,
- ,
.
. ,
.
, - ,
, .

:
1. ,
.
2.

.
, , (. . 13,
. 13.8).
.
7.2.1. SONET
SONET, ,
Bellcore ( Telcordia) TR-NWT-000917, Issue I [7.9].
,
. 7.2.
SONET OA&M. Bellcore .
, () , ,
. . 9,
. 9.2.3. SONET RGTR ( SONET -
Bellcore)
RGTR, , ,
, .
(STS-1, SONET . . 9, . 9.4)
. 7.2.
(. 7.2) STS-1,
STS-N,

, (1 2),
1 STS-1.

. 7.2. SONET STS-1. (.

[7.12], . 2-33)
: 1 - ,
BIP-8, E1 - ,
F1 - , DCC -
, Dl, D2 D3. SONET RGTR
BIP-8 , F1
.
, OA&M, RGTR
DCC
() 192 /. , , 1 -.
. 7.3 -
(SONET STE) (RGTR). ,
, : (/ ),
1 0,
.
, ( )
1 0. ,

1, El, Fl, Dl, D2

D3. 1 ,
.
.
Bl, El, Fl, Dl, D2 D3. : BIP-8 ,
1 SONET STE RGTR.
, (/) ,
.

. 7.3. (SONET STE) (. [7.9, 7.13])

, . 7.3 AIS
( ). AIS (1 2), STS-1 (C1)
IP-8 ( 1). AIS El,

Fl, Dl, D2 D3, . AIS

( 1) STS-N
( STS-N . . 9, . 9.2.1.2).

7.3. -
(),
:
, .
.
,
, (EDFA).
,
.

. 7.4.
. 7.4 - EDFA.
- .
, , . EDFA
980 1480 .
, . 7.4,
,
/, ..

 .
(),
.

, ,
. EDFA

1525 1565 . ,
, WDM
.
,
WDM
, WDM
. , , WDM 16 .
16 . ,
,
.
(, 700 )
,
.
7.3.1. -
- :
, . . , , ,
, .
EDFA. ,
,
.

7.3.1.1.
:
, (TW).
.

. ,
. ()
,

.
,
, .
,
, ,
(.. ).

80 19 , -3
- 50 .
.
() (MQW),
.
5-7 [7.1].

(), . 7.5. . 7.5()

.
,

- .

. 7.5. - : () ; () (); ()
.
. 7.5() ().
,
+15 - +20 .
, ,

, , WDM.
. 7.5() , .
,
.
.
.

,
, , .

, . 7.5.
1310 , EDFA
. , EDFA
1550 .

(.7.5()), ,
, , , . /
.
( 5-7 )
.
, .

(, . 7.5()), ,
< 10 . ( 5
) .
() ,
.
: ,
( WDM),
. EDFA ,
, ,
1550 .
7.3.1.2. , (EDFA)
EDFA .

 ,
1550 . WDM.

, .
, ,
, , , . ,
500 3500 . . 7.6
- EDFA.

. 7.6. - EDFA
EDFA, . 7.6,
: , 3+, .
.

. EDFA .
7.7.
980 1480 .
EDFA 600-700 .
GaAs ,
11 /.
EDFA.
. 7.4,
. . 7.8

, . . 7.8() ( . 7.4)

( ). . 7.8 ()
( ).

,
.
,
,
(ASE). ,
.

. 7.7. EDFA.
40 , 30 . ( EXFO,
[7.2], . 2.21, . 26.)
, , . 7.8(), . 1480 , - 980 .
.
1480 ,
, 980

. 7.8. EDFA. ( [7.3], . 5.7, . 97)

 EDFA
+16 5-6
.
, +26 .
, ,
.

(, , )
ASE,
[7.2].
. 7.8()
,
.
, ,
980 1480 .
. 7.1.
7.1
EDFA

1480
InGaAsP/InP - -

1)

5 /
- 5,5
+20

980
InGaAs
10 /
3-4,5
+5

,
20 (1470 - 1490 )

50-200

,
2 (979-981 )

10-20

1)

1480 .
. [7.3], . 5.5, . 106.

7.3.1.3. EDFA
EDFA.
: EDFA
, ,
.

, .
: 1525-1560
.
EDFA ,
. 7.9.

. 7.9. EDFA
. (. [7.4, 7.14])

WDM. ( ) EDFA ,
WDM .


(. . 7.9). 1530-1542 .


WDM. , ,
, - ,
. 6.
,
. .
( )
,
.
EDFA ,
DWDM, . 7.10.

. 7.10. EDFA
, DWDM. (
Corning, Inc., . [7.12])
EDFA
,
1540 , EDFA .
, , EDFA

 . ,
1480 , 980 , EDFA
. 980

. ,
,
[7.12].
7.3.1.4.

()

35 1550 .
200 , 0,25 /.
0,35 /,
DWDM
400 .
.

, (EDTFA),
90 .
1550
, ,
(TDFFA) (PDFFA).
TDFFA 1470
1650 . , ,
1310 .
EDTFA,
NTT Laboratories (), ,

1561-1611 , 50 . -

 25 6
. NTT
EDTFA
1570-1617 , . [7.5], . 56-64.

7.4. EDFA
7.4.1.
7.3.1,
EDFA
.
.
.
WDM/DWDM. ,
,
, - .
EDFA in out. ,
.
GdB 10 log Pout (c ) Pase (c ) / Pin (c )

(7.1)

Pase .
,

ASE

GdB (7.1).

. ,
. ,
30 20

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.
, EDFA,
, -3
.
. EDFA, :
- ,
.
, .

,
.
,
. , , , ,
,
.

, ( )
[7.2].
7.2.
EDFA : 1536 1550

1535 - 1536

1550 - 1554

38-43
2
5,0
+ 15

38-41
4
4,25
+ 15,8

 . 7.2
: 1536 1550 .
.
.
EDFA IN
. INO, Quebec, Canada [7.13].
7.4.2. (ASE)

(ASE).
.

,
. ,

.
,

.
.
Fn G nsp :
Fn 2nsp (G 1) / G 2nsp

(7.2)

nsp N 2 /( N 2 N1 )

(7.3)

a N1 N2 - ( ) .
(7.2). ,
3
, sp = 1.

 Fn 3 6-8
[7.2].
ASE , , , :
N out ( ) N ( ) G ASE

(7.4)

: 1) Nin ( ) 2)
N out ( ) .
, , ASE . , , G
, , ASE
[7.2].
,
/ , EDFA, :
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ( );
-
, , . ,
. IEEE, . [7.6],
, , , (
) , .
(
ASE-ASE). ,
ASE

, ASE , ,

 . ,
, ,

, ,
.

, ()
ASE.
,
. , .
EDFA
.

7.5.
[7.10] , ,
( )
( )
(
).
(D-RAT);
,
.
.
,
.
. 7.11
. [7.11]:

 (-) WDM
. .
.

. 7.11. - ( Corning, Inc., [7.15])

,
, .
, [7.11],
3,75 .
,
, WDM/DWDM.
,
. . 7.12

20 ,
13,2 . ,
. ,
.
200 , . 7.12,
7,78 ( -

) 3,5 . ,
( )/( ) =
3,5/7,78 = 0,45 , . 7.12.

. 7.12.
1443 100 200 .
30 (1530-1560 ), . [7.10, 7.11,7.15].

()

WDM;

EDFA

ASE.
. 7.13 DWDM 32
, / (OSNR) 125
: 1)
+ EDFA, 2) EDFA. ,
4,2 /.
/
125 LEAF

. 7.13. DWDM 32 ,
,
EDFA, EDFA
,
4,2 . ( Coming, Inc., [7.10, 7.11])

8.1.
[8.1] /
, , 4 18
. , , . :
1.
.
2.
.

WDM,
, . - WDM .
( , ).
, 1310 , 1550 . ,
.
.
1550 , () . , ,
WDM, .
. 8.1.

. 8.1. - WDM. : 1 = 1310 2 = 1550 .

. 8.1 . ( )
, , ( . 3.5) (
). , . 8.1,
,
. 1 2.
Coupler
, ,

Splitter, Coupler ,
.
, ,

.
. 8.6. WDM
.
.

8.2. WDM-
-
WDM. . 8.1,
- .
- , ,

.
:
.

. . 8.2.

, .

,
.

. 8.2.
, .
WDM
EDFA. (20-25 ) -

 EDFA ,
,
, . ,
() 6 ,
12 . WDM
.
3 , 6 . .
, 1530 1565
EDFA. ITU-T
200/100/50
25 . ITU-T
:
F 193,1 m 0,1 ()

(8.1)

193,1 - , , . . 8.9.
1530-1565 , 2004
DWDM 160 , 40 /.

8.3. -

()

.
. 8.3.
, :
m 2d cos

(8.2)

, a d .

.

 , ,
, ,
. . () ,
.

. 8.3. - (. [8.2])
- - ,
-. ,
. ( )
,
.
, .
, .
Q
.

,
.
,
.

50-100,

(F = 100 97%
, F ~ 1000).
. 8.4.
[8.3].

. 8.4. -

8.4. -
()
3- 3 , . 8.5.
,
(
,

 ).

. 8.5.

T ( ) , .
:
T (v) cos 2 v m

(8.3)

m
, a v .

,
.
[8.3] , ,
m , ,
.
, m 2m vch , , vch .
1

10-
, -,
1600.
.
- WDM
[8.2].

8.5. - (FBG)
. 8.6 ,
.
.
d. , , . d
. ,
.
, :
d nB / 2

(8.4)

, B - ; d , ,
.
, . = 1 (
), d = B /2, = 2 ( ), d = B .
.

. 8.6. ( ,
[8.2, 8.3])

 (FBG)
,
.
. FBG ,

, , ,
.

, ,
, ,
. ,
.

. 8.7. . 1550
, d 1 10 .
. 8.7 .
,
.

() ,
/4. ,
.
,
, [83].
FBG ,
- (OADM), FBG
,

.
-FBG , ,
, . . . 8.8. FBG
,
,

EDFA.

. 8.8. : - FBG , ,
. FBG -
FBG , . .
. 8.1 FBG. DWDM . . 8.9 . 50
30 .

 8.1

(100 ) (50 )
WDM
WDM

1530-1560
1530-1560
980
1310
1480
1550
0,05
0,05
0,05

ASE
1525-1545

0,05

99%

99%

1 99%

0,6 , FWHM

0,3 , FWHM

0,6 , FWHM

10

30

30
20 )

30

30

30

30
20 )

30

30

(1)
,
(2)
,
(3)

(1)
,
(2)
,
(3)

(1)
,
(2)
,
(3)

(1)
,
(2)
,
(3)

. Sumitomo Electric Lightwave Corp.,

[8.4]

. 8.9.
. ( Sumitomo Electric Lightwave Corp., [8.4])
8.5.1. FBG
8.5.1.1. FBG
,
FBG, .

,

.

 FBG .
EDFA
WDM. ,
,
, (, 20 ).
EDFA . ,
WDM,
.
, , 32
. , ; , 32 .
, EDFA. , (
) 32 .
EDFA
.
,
,
. FBG,
980 1480

,

FBG

.
8.5.1.2.

 FBG. , EDFA
1530-1560 ,

FBG.
,
, EDFA, , ,
WDM.

. 8.10. DWDM
, () , () , () , - .
(. Lightwave [8.10], . 2, . 191)
8.5.1.3. FBG

 6.3. ,
, ,
, ,
, , , .
- ,
DWDM, , ,
-.
. 8.10 DWDM,
, .

8.6.

,
,
. , ,
.
, ,
[8.1]. , ,
, ,
. ()
, , , .
12
4 , 3 .
1 .
,
. 116 -

 14,5 .
:
[] = 0,5 + 3,5 log2 N,

(8.5)

N [8.1].

. ,

EDFA
.

(, 50 ).
,
-
WDM, 16-32 .
.
8.6.1.
, , .
, .
,
1550-1625 , :
- : < 1,0 1,5 ;
- : 35 ;
- : 40
- : -20 +70.

8.7.
(AWG)
.
, .

. 8.11. .

InGaAsP/InP,
WDM. AWG
. 8.11. , WDM
,
() .
,
, .
,
. ,
,
.
, AWG (

 AWG . [-21],
. , . 11.1.6.3).
100%. ,
WDM, ,
.
. 8.12 AWG,
-.

. 8.12. , - -.

8.8.
,
, :
12.
,
. ,


,
.
, . ,
14,
DWDM 50 , 4
200 .
,
. . 8.13.

. 8.13. .

,
.

. ( Bob
Shrine, Wavesplitters Technology, Fremont, CA).
, , - .
,

 :
, , .
[8.9] ,
-.
3-
. ,
( ITU-T)
(. . 8.9). ,
,
, ,
, .

(..
),
. ,

, .

,
() ,
. ,
,

.
.
/
-

. . 8.14.

. 8.14. ,
-.
.
: , -
, ,
. ( Bob Shrine,
Wavesplitters Technology, Fremont, CA [8.9])

- ,
, 0,6 1,6 .
- .
8.14. 0,6 ,
0,5 > 50% .
, < 25 ,
() .

/ . 8.2.

 8.2

/

50
< 0,6
(< 0,4 - )

< 0,2
> 11
0,5
> 20
3,0

> 12 ( 10 )

< 10 / ( 10 )
PDL
< 0,1

Bob

Shrine,

50
< 1,6
(< 0,8 - )
< 0,4
> 10
> 17,5
> 22 ( 10 )
< 10 / ( 10 )
< 0,1

Wavesplitteis

Technology, Fremont, CA [8.9].

8.9. ITU-T () ,
WDM
. 8.3
50 100 .
ITU- ITU-.
ITU-T G.692 Annex (. [8.6]),
:
, , , 2,99792458108 /.

 8.3
50

()

()

196,10
196,05
196,00
195,95
195,90
195,85
195,80
195,75
195,70

() 100

196,10
196,00
195,90
195,80
195,70

195,65
195,60
195,55
195,50
195,45
195,40
195,35
195,30
195,25
195,20
195,15
195,10
195,05
195,00
194,95
194,90
194,85
194,80
194,75
194,70
194,65
194,60
194,55
194,50
194,45
194,40
194,35
194,30
194,25
194,20
194,15
194,10
194,05
194,00
193,95
193,90
193,85
193,80
193,75
193,70
193,65
193,60

195,60
195,50
195,40
195,30
195,20
195,10
195,00
194,90
194,80
194,70
194,60
194,50
194,40
194,30
194,20
194,10
194,00
193,90
193,80
193,70
193,60

1532,29
1532,68
1533,07
1533,47
1533,86
1534,25
153464
1535,04
1535,43
1535,82
1536,22
1536,61
1537,00
1537,40
1537,79
1538,19
1538,58
1538,98
1539,37
1539,77
1540,16
1540,56
1540,95
1541,35
1541,75
1542,14
1542,54
1542,94
1543,33
1543,73
1544,13
1544,53
1544,92
1545,32
1545,72
1546,12
1546,52
1546,92
1547,32
1547,72
1548,11
1548,51

1538,77
1529,16
1529,55
1529,94
1530,33
1530,72
1531,12
1531,51
1531,90

 8.3

()

()

193,55
193,50
193,05
193,00
192,95

() 100

193,50
193,00
-

192,90
192,85
192,80
192,75
192,70
192,65
192,60
192,55
192,50
192,45
192,40
192,35
192,30
192,25
192,20
192,15
192,10

192,90
192,80
192,70
192,60
192,50
192,40
192,30
192,20
192,10

1554,13
1554,54
1554,94
1555,34
1555,75
1556,15
1556,55
1556,96
1557,36
1557,77
1558,17
1558,58
1558,98
1559,39
1559,79
1560,20
1560,61

1548,91
1549,32
1552,93
1553,33
1553,73

.
.

, .
. A.1/G.692, ITU-T Rec. G.692, [8.6].
8.9.1.

WDM
ITU-T 193,10 .
, -
AFR.
100 ,
50 .
ITU-T G.692.
EDFA.
,
, -

 .
, ,
. ,
( ) ,
ITU-T G.692.
193,10 ( AFR)
,
/
. , ( ) He-Ne, ,
He-Ne, .
AFR .
- WDM;
-
WDM;
- ;
- / .
. / AFR
.

ITU-T.
: 8.9.1. Appendix II, ITUT Rec. G.692 [8.6].

8.10. WDM
. 8.4
ADC, a . 8.5 - ADC.
.

8.6

/ ADC. . 8.15 16 DWDM ADC.

8.4
DWDM ADC.

,

1 (),

3 (),

1),
1)

4
200

8
100

15
100

32
100

0,7

0,3

0,3

0,3

0,8

0,4

0,4

0,4

1,5

2,3

3,3

5,3

. ADC, [8.8].
8.5
DWDM ADC.

,

1 (),

3 (),

20 (),

1),

()2),
1)
2)

4
200

8
100

15
100

32
100

0,7

0,3

0,3

0,3

0,8

0,4

0,4

0,4

1,5

0,8

0,8

0,8

2,0

2,8

3,8

5,8

30

30

30

30

, .
. ADC, [8.8].

 8.6
/ ADC.





,

0,1
0,5
0,0012 /
1,0
-45
0,2
-5 55
Corning SMF28

. ADC, [8.8].

. 8.15. 16- ADC

( ADC, [8.8]).

 9 SONET
SDH

9.1.
SONET SDH
,

,
. SONET ,
. , SDH ,
. , SONET
, a SDH - .
, .

,
.
.
50 /, DS3 ( 3 =
44,736 / -
PDH). () ,
,
150 / ( 4 =
139,264 / -
PDH). .
, 13 180 -
150 /, ,
STS-3.
STS-3, 9 270 , ,

 1 (2,048 /), : 9
4 -, 32- 1
125 .
ANSI T1X1 1988,
CCITT, SONET/SDH. 9- ,
SONET SDH [9.1].
SONET, SDH,
. , SONET 51,84
/. STS-1 (
1- ). , , STS-1,
-, N STS-1
STS-N. ;
, STS-N
N 51,84 /, N 1,
3, 12, 24, 48 192 ( 96 786) [9.2].

SDH

1 (STM-1), 155,52 /.

STM-1,
N STM-1,
STM-N. STM-N N
STM-1, N 155,52
/. STM-1, STM-4, STM-16 STM-64

ITU-T

(STM-256

) [9.5].
SONET, SDH,
8000 /, 125 .

 SONET SDH.
: 51,84 / SONET
155,52 / SDH, . ,
SONET , STS-3,
SDH 155,52 /. . 9.1
9.2 SONET SDH. . 9.1
SONET SDH.

. 9.1. SONET. (. ANSI

[9.1], .3, .4.)

. 9.2. SDH. (. [9.3], .4,

.4.)

 9.1
SONET SDH

SONET OC-N SONET
STS-N
-1
STS-1
-3
STS-3
-12
STS-12
-24
STS-24
-48
STS-48
- 192
STS-192
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STS-768
1)

SDH STM-N
STM-1
STM-4
STM-16
STM-64
STM-256

51,84
155,52
622,08
1244,16
2488,32
9953,28
39813,121)

(. [9.2-9.5]).
, SONET
SDH .
:
.
.
, . , SONET ,
. .
,
( , ), SONET SDH . ,
,
, 622 / (STS-12 STM-4) , 40 .

, , ,
. 9.2 SONET, a
9.3 - SDH. 9.4

 . SONET SDH
[-21].
,
/ ITU. ,
, 1 1993 ,
CCITT CCIR. ,
,
(ITU), ,
, , ITU-T,
, , ITU-R.

9.2. (SONET)
9.2.1.
SONET ,
8- (),
. ,
N ,
. ,
, , ,
.
SONET ( ) ,
STS-1, . ,
SONET , SONET

. , STS-N (STS - ), N .
OC-N ( - ) STS-N

 .
STS-1 OC-N ( : OC-N = NSTS-1).

-1,

-3,

-12,

-24,

-48

-192

SONET.
9.2.1.1.
STS-1 . 9.3. STS-1
SONET.
810 (810 6480 ),
(SPE), . , ,
,
; ,
, 2 : 7- 8-
; ( )
: - 8 ,
, . STS-1
9 90 (.. 990).
125 (8000 /), ,
STS-1 51,840 /. . 9.3.
( )
, . STS-1 (MSB)
. . 9.3,
STS-1 . 27
(93), 9 , 18
. 87 STS-1,
. 9.4.
STS-1 (SPE)
STS-1. SPE 783
987. 1- , 9

, ( ) ().
SPE 30 59 ,

. ,
STS-1 SPE BIP-8
STS-1. . 9.5.
STS-1 84 - 756
.
SPE STS-1
STS-1. , SPE STS-1
. . 9.6. , ,
SPE .
STS-1 .
, SPE. .

. 9.3. STS-1.

. 9.4. .

. 9.5. () STS-1
SPE. , STS-1 84
. ( Agilent Technologies, [9.7].)

. 9.6. SPE STS-1 .

( Agilent Technologies, [9.7].)
STS (
), , () STS-1 SPE, , .
, ,
.
9.2.1.2. STS-N
. 9.7 STS-N.

N810

STS-1 STS-M (3 N).

SPE STS ,
STS-1 , SPE
( ).

. 9.7. STS-N.
9.2.1.3. STS
(
51,84 /) SPE STS-1.
FDDI, B-ISDN, .
,

).

STS-Nc N
STS-1 .

SPE STS-Nc. SPE STS-Nc

OC-N

STS-N.

,
N, , , STS-1,
STS-Nc, .
STS-Nc N783 .
STS-Nc . 9.8. 9(N87) 9 N87 .
, SPE STS-Nc
STS . STS N STS-1,

 STS-Nc (. [9.10]).

. 9.8. SPE STS-Nc. (

Agilent Technologies, [9.7])

. 9.9. , 3, SPE STS-3. ( Telcordia

Technology, GR-253-CORE, Issue 3, [9.6], . 3-8, . 3.)

. 9.9 -3,
SPE STS-Nc.
9.2.1.4.
SPE STS-1 SONET 50,11
/
DS3. , - ( 51,84
/) , DS1,
(VT) ( PDH SDH . [20, -21]). 4 : VT-1.5 (1,728 /)
DS1, VT-2 (2,304 /) El, VT-3 (3,456 /)
DS1C, VT-6 (6,912 /) DS2.
. 9.10. VT
. 9.11. SPE STS-1 (987)
VT 3, 4, 6 12 .

. 9.10. . ( Agilent
Technologies, [9.7].)

. 9.11. . (
Agilent Technologies, [9.7].)
9.2.2.
STS
SPE STS
, SPE.
SONET, , .
.

. ,
(IEC),
(LEC),
. ( Stratum 1)
(, 10-11 ),

. , . SONET -

 . (
) (
).
SONET. ,
.
,
, SPE ()

. ,
, SONET.
,

, SONET
.
,
SPE STS STS.

. 9.12. (HI, H2). . [9.1,

9.2, 9.6].

 H1 2
(LOH) ,
SPE STS. . 9.12. 1 4
(NDF), 5 6 ,
7-16 .
7 16 . ,
0 782.
STE STS, .. (
SPE).
. , 0 , SPE STS
, 3, 87,
, SPE , 2.
, . 9.9.

, .

SPE,
.

,
,
,
.
9.2.3. SONET
SONET:
1. () ().
2. (LOH).
3. (SOH).

 ,
SONET, . 9.13. ,
, ,
(&).

. 9.13. , SONET. (.
[9.7], . 2-28.)
() 9
SPE, .
SPE, .
SPE ,
SPE. :
- 8- ( 3) BIP (
), SPE;
;
- (G1);
- 8- ( 2),
SPE, 256 ;
- (J1), 64 ,
- , ;



, ;
- (F2),
, .
SPE

.
STS-1. SOH
( 9 ), LOH - (18 ).
LOH :
- ( H1, H2 ) ( STS-1
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;
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- ( F1), [9.8, 9.9].

9.2.4. / SPE

SPE. SONET.
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.
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STS-1 49,540 /.
SPE STS-1
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. 9.14. SPE. ( Agilent Technologies,

[9.7].)
, ,
DS3 ,
. SPE . 9.15.

. 9.15. SPE. ( Agilent

Technologies, [9.7].)
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50,110 /.
,
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DS3 44,736 / [9.8, 9.9, 9.10].
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9.2.6. (APS)
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 (VC-n).
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. . 9.27() 9.28().
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VC-4, VC-n
TU-n.

.9.22. (.[9.13], ITU-T G.707, .6-1, .6)

. 9.23. -1 U-4. (.
[9.13], ITU-T G.707, . 6-2, . 7.)

. 9.24. -1 AU-3. (.
[9.13], ITU-T G.707, . 6-3, . 7.)

. 9.25. -3 AU-. (.
[9.13], ITU-T G.707, . 6-4, . 9.)

. 9.26. -4 AU-4. (.
[9.13], ITU-T G.707, . 6-5, . 10.)
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. 9.27() 9.28(). VCn, TU-n,

 VC-3. TU-n
VC-3, VC-n
TU-n.

. 9.27. STM-1. (. [9.13], ITU-T

G.707, . 6-7, . 12.)

. 9.28. . (. [9.13], ITU-T G.707, . 68, . 12.)

9.3.4.2. STM-N
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CCITT G.702.

 .

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. 9.29. STM-N. (. [9.13], ITU-T G.707, . 6-9,

. 16.)
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 ITU-T G.802 ,
PDH .
9.3.4.3.

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. 9.31. ( STM-0)
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AU-4 AUG.

. 9.32. N AUG STM-N (. [9.13],

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. 9.33. AU-4 AUG. (.

[9.13], ITU-T G.707, . 7-2, . 19.)

U-3

AUG.

3 AU-3 AUG
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 .
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3 TUG-3 VC-4 . 9.35. TUG-3 986. VC-4
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. 9.35. TUG-3 VC-4. (. [9.13], ITU-T

G.707, . 7-4, . 21.)
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( 986) TU-3 (
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 TUG-2 TUG-3.
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. 9.37. TUG-2 TUG-3. (. [9.13],

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ITU-T G.707, . 7-8, . 24.)

 TUG-2 VC-3.
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984 . 7
TUG-2 VC-3.
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G.707, . 8-2, . 35.)

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9.3
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SDH
PL
POH
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VC-3
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SONET

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1.664

STS-1

VT2
VT3
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STS-3
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50.112
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STS-1
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. /
. IEEE Press [9.3], . 2, . 64
9.4
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10.2.2. ITU-T ()
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STM-1 (155 /). 10.3 .
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ITU-T G.654,
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200

ITU-T G.654 0,25 /,

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20 //.
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10.4.1.
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(10.2)

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NRZ:

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. [10.10].

Tr
(10.2):
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3
,
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(10.3)

Trec 0,35 / f

(10.1):
(10.4)

2
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2
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(10.5)

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TGVD DL

(10.7)

D - , - , a L .
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[10.2]. , D
, . , -
D [10.10, 10.11].
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12

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(0,0352 = 0,001225).
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1/2

= 1,1 4,0112251/2 = 2,203

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1/2

= 1,10,1337251/2 = 0,40225

0,40225 0,28 .
, .
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50 . Tfiber , :
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1/2

= 1,10,041851/2 = 0,22503

0,22503 0,28 .
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0,1 .
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2
Tr 1,1(0, 01 Tfiber
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Tfiber = 3,52001 = 700 = 0,70 .

1/2

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= 0,7788

Tr = 0,7788 , 0,5627, .

 Tr
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:
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(0,5 )
. ,
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Tr :
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1/2

= 0,4023

Tr = 0,4023 ,
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, .

10.5.
10.5.1.
10.5.1.1.
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/ (OSNR).
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. R
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(10.10)

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,
.
FIT (F), MTBF (M)
= (1,14105)/F,

(12.2)

.
, MTBF .
.
:
1

FIT/ = 1500

FIT = 15001 = 1500

FIT/ = 300

FIT = 3006 = 1800

FIT/ = 123

FIT = 1235 = 615

FIT/ = 57

FIT = 578 = 456

FIT/ = 27

FIT = 271 = 27

1 ( )

FIT/ = 27

FIT = 271 = 27

4425 FIT
, MTBF = 1,14105/4425 = 25,76
.

 , .

( , ),
. :
6

FIT/ = 8000

FIT = 80006 = 48000

FIT/ = 6500

FIT = 65005 = 32500

FIT/ = 12050 FIT = 120505 = 60250

1 FIT/ = 12300 FIT = 123001 = 12300

1

FIT/ = 3400

FIT = 34001 = 3400

156450 FIT
, MTBF = 1,14105/156450 = 0,7286673
= 6383 .
, , 6383 . ?
.
, MTBF.
40 744 292 , .
, ,
1+1.
, ,
FIT 12050.
, FIT MTBF,
, FIT.
MTBF FIT = 12050.
MTBF = 109 /FIT = 109/12050 = 82987
(82987 )2 = 6,886933765109
F = 109/6,8869109 = 1/6,8869 = 0,1452

MTBF

50,1452 , .
FIT 96201. ,

 MTBF :
MTBF = (1,14105)/96201 = 1,1875 .
, .
MTBF FIT,
FIT = 109/MTBF.

(12.3)

FIT
MTBF, ,
MTBF = 109 / FIT ().

(12.4)

, 8760 (24365).

12.3.
, ,
- ,
.
12.3.1.
, -
99,0%. ,
, BER,
0,998760 = 8672,4 . , 8760
8672,4 = 87,6 , ,
BER, .. ,
. 87,6 .
, , a U , ,
, , :
U = 1 - A.

(12.5)

, 0, 01%,

? , 0,0001,

0,0001 = 1 - , =1- 0,0001 = 0, 9999, 99,99%

, .
(12.1):
% = [MTBF/(MTBF + MTTR)]100
, MTBF
50000 FIT, 109/5104 = 20000 MTTR,
30 , 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 10 ,
, . 12.1.
12.1
MTTR MTBF = 20000.
MTTR () , %

0,5
99,9975
24 /,
,
I)
1,0
99,9950
24 /,
- , )
2,0
99,9900
,

TSRG

)
4,0
99,9800
,

TSRG

, 3
)
6,0
99,9700
8,0
99,9600
10,0
99,9500
)

BITE (Built-in Test Equipment) - .

, , ,
(). (
).
.
)
MTTR = 1 , ( 30 )
. , ,
.
)
TSGR (Transport System Generic Requirements) -
( Telcordia [12.6]). 2
, , ,
. MTTR 4 .
ADM, , ,
, .

12.4.

.
.
. ,
,
. ,
, .
,
.
, ,
Frame Relay, IP ATM. ,
.
.
. 12.4.7
, .
12.4.1. (APS)
, , ,
.
, , ,
.
,
,
. ,
100% ,
. (APS)
.
APS ,

 ,
, .
, , ,
, ,
.
12.4.2.
,
(, ) ,
, ,
, ( ,
) BER.
, BER 10-6
10-9. , ,
. , ,
,
.

BER 10-3 10-4.
- , ,
, , , BER
, , , . 10
.

- 1 2 SONET,
. . 12.2.

 12.2
( ) 1 2
X

1
X X 0

2
0

X - (1 0)
. ANSI T1-105.01 [12.8] Telcordia
GR-1230 [12.7].

, 50 .
. ,
50 .
, , , 50 -
. Telcordia, ,

.
, ,
50 .
12.4.3.
BER ,
(
),
( ). Telcordia
, /10
( ,
).
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,
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,

 .
, , , R
.
WTR ,
,
.
,

, .
12.4.3.1. APS-
, ,
, 1 2 SONET,
APS-. . 12.2 (Kl, K2),
. APS
(Kl, K2).
1 2 ,
. 1/2 , :
1 ( 1-4)

0000 ( )

1 ( 5-8)

(NODE ID)

2 ( 1-4)

(NODE ID)

2 ( 5)

0 ( )

2 ( 6-8)

000 ( )

,
:
1 ( 1-4)

()

1 ( 5-8)

(NODE ID)

2 ( 1-4)

(NODE ID)

2 ( 5)

1/0 ( / )

2 ( 6-8)

- (STATUS)

2.
1 2.
2.
2
1-4

1 ( 1-4) (0) (1)

6-8 111 = AIS ( )

110 = RDI ( )
101 =
100 =
011 = ()
010 = (Br&Sw)
001 = (r)
000 =

. [12.7, 12.8].
12.4.4.
12.4.4.1.
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(, AIS). ,
( )
, ,
. , ,
.
, AIS,
.

. :
1.

 N
MXN.
2. ,
,
.
3. ,
,
.
12.4.4.2.

. -
, , ,
.
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, ,
10% .
:
1. .
2. ,
.
3. ,
.
4.
.
5. ,
, , , .
6.
, ,

, .
7.
,
50 [12.6].
12.4.5.
12.4.5.1. (1+1)
, (1 + 1)
.
.


.
(LOS) AIS
,
, . ,

. ,
, .
, ,
/ .
1 + 1 - .
. ,

. , ,

N+1. ,
,

.
12.4.5.2. N+1

N+1.

1+1. ,
,
.
N .
N+1
,
, 1+1.
[12.8].
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SONET 4
,
. ,
. SONET
/ ADM,
PDH/SDH. ,
. 16.
SHR SONET . 9, . 9.2.6
9.2.7.
SHR: . ,

( , 1+1 N+1).
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.
(
-)
( 1+1).
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( )
, ,
,
. ,
.
12.4.6.1. SHR
SHR
SONET
.
, .
.
, LOF ,
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,
.
12.4.6.2. SHR
SHR
SONET .
STS VT

 .
.
, LOP-P
, , AIS-P
.
- , -
.

. 12.1. () ()
SONET. (ADM -)

(UPSR) [12.10]. SHR


, . ,
. ()

. ,
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), .
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. 12.1, W
. Y
, .
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12.4.7.

-,
, . 12.1. ,

.

 .
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(UPPS),

(UPSR),

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1+1. ,
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,

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.
SHR- SONET:
.
,
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 . 12.1.
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, , , Z
W.
.
,
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Z W,
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/
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.
- 64 /.).

12.4.7.1.
(UPSR)
(SONET UPSR) . 12.1 ( ).
UPSR

, .
UPSR (
) STS/VT
. (
). , ,
STS VT .
, UPSR 1+1 APS,
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1+1 APS, . 12.4.5.1, .
,
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1. UPSR,
. ,
Y . 12.1().
Z (. .
12.1()). ,
Z Y .
2. UPSR
. ,
. ,
. . . ,
,

 ,
. UPSR , BLSR.

(BLSR)

12.1.

BLSR.

(UPSR),

, .
12.4.7.2.
(BLSR)

BLSR.

12.2,

BLSR

. 12.2(). ,
, .
, () ~ .

. SONET
.
. BLSR
. ,
- ,
1+1 /.
, ,
,
, /
/.
/ BLSR
,

APS

-.

/ BLSR.

. 12.2. () ()
BLSR.
BLSR, OC-N,
OC-N, BLSR,
, (OC-N)/2. BLSR
.
BLSR

.
(NE).

: LOS - BER.
BLSR, UPSR,
, .
(, )
.
BLSR, -

 , ,
.
.
, .. . ,
BLSR ,
UPSR ( ).
BLSR , UPSR, . BLSR
. 12.3.

. 12.3. BLSR
BLSR (2F-BLSR)

-,
-
.

BLSR

, 100%
, 50% .

(OC-N)/2.

BLSR. 24 - W
X 24 - W X
.
SONET
1 2 . ,
, , .
. BLSR,
OC-N, - 1 N/2 .
- (N/2)+1 N . -
X - X+(N/2)
, X 1
(N/2).

. 12.4. BLSR (4F-BLSR)

.
. 12.4 BLSR.
, .
: /

 . BLSR (4F-BLSR)
.

.
STS , (NE) . , .
-,
- - , . BLSR SONET, NE
, , , .
NE.

BLSR, , , ,
. ,
. ,
- .
,
, . 12.3.
.
.
NUT
. ,
, , , . . NUT APS

 BLSR. BLSR . , -,
, -,
.
BLSR
. . 12.4, ,
.
(Wl, W2),
(P1, P2), ,
. . , ,
, ,
.
NUT,
, ,
, . . NUT APS BLSR . (
NUT) , .
,
( SONET) . , ,
.
,
.
, -

 SONET.

12.5. (NOCC)
NOOC

, ,
.
,
( )
( ), .

SONET. ,
SONET, SDH.
12.5.1.
NOCC
SONET SDH, ,
(NE). , ..
BITE, .
, ,
NOOC .
DCC,
TL1.
12.5.2. TL1
TL1

, . TL1
NE
, NOOC. TL1
. ,
, Megasys Telenium System
,
. Telcordia GR-831
[12.14].

12.6. SONET

SONET

SDH)

NOOC.
SONET/SDH . .
9.3.2, . 9.19 . , , ,
APS. . 12.5 SONET
, ,
. 9.19. , , ,
, &, NOOC.
:

APS (. . 12.5.3.1);

, .

. 12.5. SONET, .
12.6.1.
. 9, SONET SDH
: , .
. 12.5,
. 12.6. .
12.6.1.1.
. (
)
(/) ; SDH
(, SDH, ,
():
, . [-21]).

 .
; SDH

(, SDH ,
SDH, , SONET, . [21]).
.

( SDH , . [-21]).
12.6.1.1.
SONET . . 12.6
, SONET
(., GR-253 CORE). ,
,
, ,

.

. 12.6. (, )
.
,

 .
,
, 192 /
.
, ,
, SONET.

,
.

, ,
,
576-/ .
. ()

(. . 12.6) SONET.
, ,
, .
(VT)
(VC).
, .
12.6.2.

SONET. SONET,
, ,
. ANSI ITU-T,
SONET SDH, -
,
, .

 , , ITU-T G.784 [12.11] ANSI

T1.231-1997 [12.12].
12.6.2.1. , ,

,
,
.
:
(BIP). ,

.
(FEPR).
, .
( ) (LOS).
.
( ) (SEF).

,
.
( ) (LOF).
3 .
(LOP). 8
, , 8
.
(AIS). ,
AIS- , -
.
(RDI). ,
RDI , .

 (RFI),
RDI ,
.
, , , . ,
, ,
,
, .
12.6.2.2.
,
.
, 15 .
QoS ( )
. , , :
(CV-S),
(CV-L), (CV-P), VT/VC (CV-V).
BIP-,
.
(ES-S), (ES-L),
(ES-P), VT/VC (ES-V). , 1 ,

.
(SES-S), (SES-L),
(SES-P), VT/VC (SES-V). ,
1 , (
)
.
(SEFS-S)
, SEF-.

 (UAS-L),
(UAS-LFE), (UAS-P),
(UAS-PFE), VT/VC(UAS-V),
VT/VC (UAS-V). ,
.
(AISS-L).
, AIS-, .

(ALS-P), VT/VC (ALS-V).
, AIS- LOP-co,
.
12.6.3. ,
, , ,
, ,
, ( ), /NOOC, . ,
, :
(RFI).

AIS

.
(RDI).

AIS LOP.
(AIS).
,
, .
().

 .
. 12.7.

. 12.7. SONET/SDH.
: , STE, LTE -
, .
: [12.13], . 3, . 262.
12.6.4.
SONET/SDH
. 1
2 , . . 12.5.
,
. ,
(,
STE ).
.

12.6.5.
64 /,

,
.
F1, .
F2.
.

.
12.6.6. (DCC)
ANSI
SONET, D1, D2 D3
, 192 /.
64 / ,
.
576 /. 576 / , 7 OSI.
, ,
.

(LTE).

12.7.
(12.1) ,
MTBF MTTR.

 , ,
. .
() , , , . -
, MTTR ,
. , , ,
. , ,
, . ,
, . , , .
7
Telcordia SR-TSY-000385, Reliability Manual (
) [12.15].
(SCO),
,
, 99,99%, Telcordia SCO 99,9%.

(, 160000 ); .
,
NRT, N , ; R
; - .
( ) ,
. ,

,
. ..
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Telcordia ( ), , ,
SCO.

 ,
, , . , .
.
.
, /, . ,
( Ethernet).
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. ,
MTTR.
MTTR, , :
, ,
MTTR;
,
;
.
, ,
. ,
, / ,
,
NOOC. MTTR.

 13

13.1.

.
,
, .
(PSTN) ,
. ,
PSTN.
PSTN, , ?
, -,
, .
. ,
.
,
. ,
, ( ) 100%.
,
.
,
: 48 (DC) +24 (DC).
, , (DC) ().
,
. -
, .

, ,
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.
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.
. 13.1.

. 13.1. -
.

. ,
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48

.
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1 [13.1, 13.2].

13.2.
.
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50 .
,
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.
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(ride-through).

[13.3] ( )
15 .
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-
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(DESS).

. 13.2. -, ( International Computer

Power [13.3])
(1),
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 (3)
,
50%
,
.

13.3.
. 13.3 -
. ,
.
. ,
-,
. - ,
-.

. ,
, ,
. 110
220 , DC-.
. ,
-
,
.

. 13.3. -
. ,
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13.3.1.

, ,

(SCR).

,
AC-DC DC-AC.
.

. 0,10% .
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,
.
70 (

). , ,

,
15 .
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- ,
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.

. , (
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800 48 .
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120 . - 5
.
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 (13.1), (Cah) - (-)

:
Cah I L TR

(13.1)

IL A, a TR - .
,
,
- .
: 8, 12, 24, 48 72
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(13.2)

I ba - . . 13.4. ,
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. 13.4. , , , .
I ba

Cah
Tch

, :
I ch

Cah
IL
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(13.1),
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I L Tr
IL
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I L Tr / Tch , , 100% .
;
10%. ,
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I ch I L 1,1 L r
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I ch 1

1,1Tr
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, Ich. IL,

 , .

.
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,
1,75 25.

.

1,84
. 8-
( 8 ).
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8 ,
. 13.1.
.
13.1

.
()
24
12
8
6
4
2

(-),
1,75
75
66
60
55
50
40

(%)
125

100
91
83
66

. [13.2], . 34-1, . 3091.

(.. -)
.

.

 .
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13.2
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.

a)
)
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)

1 24

2,30
55,20
2,17
52,08
2,05
49,20
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47,28
1,92
46,08
1,75
42,00

, 2,05 (DC)
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)
,

. ,
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-

2,05 .
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)
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. [13.2], . 34-2, . 3091.


, (DC) 10%.
, .
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55,2 (DC), . . 13.2,
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.
.
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8

20

10

3,5

14,5

50

.
12 .
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TR = 12 ., ch = 48 .,

IC = 50 (1 + 1,1012/48) = 63,75 ( )
: 48 (DC) 24 .

 : 1,75 (DC).
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12 1,75 FV) 5,5 .
: 50/5,5 = 9,9, 10.
: 10 + 1 = 11.
: 21.
. 13.5 , , .
UPS.

. 13.5. . FV - , (h
) ( Warren G-V Communications, [13.2], . 34-3, .
3093.)
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-

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120

48

32

24

12

60

24

16

12

92

37

24

19

10

143
129
105
143-105

58
51
42
58-42

38
34
27
38-27

30
26
21
30-21

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13
10,5
15,5-10,5

- ,

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, , ,
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400 3000
24 25

 .
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. ( 95% ) 200
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,
99,9999%, ,
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. 13.9. Ormat . ( Ormat Corp. [13.5])

 . 13.9
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Communications Magazine, [17.8], . 5, . 140)

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material

from

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the
fbg.html,

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at

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Telcordia

TR-NWT-U00357-

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 14
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2. Luc Ceuppens, Multiprotocol Lambda Switching Comes Together, Lightwave,
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3. Ronnie Chua and Yiqun Hu, Optical Switches Are Key Components in HighCapacity, Data-Centric Networks, Lightwave, November 1999, page 43.
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