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.
1999
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Ofgem (Office of the Gas and Electricity Mar-

14

Electricity prices Price systems 2006. Eurostat Statistical books. 2007.

109

kets). Ofgem 15
, .
Ofgem GEMA (Gas and Electricity
Markets Authority). GEMA (The Gas Act 1986),
(The Electricity Act 1989), (The Utilities Act 2000), (The Competition Act 1998), (The Enterprise Act 2002)
(The Energy Acts of 2004, 2008 and 2010) 16 .
. Ofgem

10%
.
.
, .

5 . 2007 2012.
,
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15

,
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16
http://www.ofgem.gov.uk/About%20us/Authority/Pages/TheAuthority.aspx.
. http://www.legislation.
gov.uk/.
110

 , 5 . ,
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,
.
5 , 1 2005 31 2010 .
DPCR5 1 2010 31 2015 .
, ,
.
Ofgem
- 18 .
,
. 2006 Ofgem
,
(The Electricity Distribution Customer
17
18

http://www.ofgem.gov.uk/Networks/ElecDist/Pages/ElecDist.aspx.
Electricity Distribution Cost Review 20072008.
111

Service Reward), ,
.
1 . 19 . , , ,
, ,
100 . 20
Ofgem
, . 21
- Common
distribution charging methodology (CDCM),
Ofgem 1 2010 22 . ,

(the EDCM) 23 .
4 2010 ,
RIIO ( = + + ) (revenue=incentives+innovation+outputs) 24 . RIIO 2013 19

http://www.ofgem.gov.uk/Networks/ElecDist/QualofServ/CustServRewSch/
Pages/CustServRewSch.aspx.
20
http://www.ofgem.gov.uk/Networks/ElecDist/QualofServ/QoSIncent/Pages/
QoSIncent.aspx.
21
http://www.ofgem.gov.uk/Networks/ElecDist/Policy/DistChrgs/Pages/Dist
Chrgs.aspx.
22
http://2010.energynetworks.org/cdcm-structure-of-charges/ Common Distribution Charging Methodology. December 2009.
23
http://2010.energynetworks.org/structure-of-charges-edcm/.
24
http://www.ofgem.gov.uk/Networks/rpix20/ConsultDocs/Documents1/
Decision%20doc.pdf The RPI-X@20 Decision document: our final decision on
the RIIO model. The Handbook for implementing the RIIO model: sets out
how the RIIO model will work in practice.
112

. RIIO-T1 25 . RIIO
RPI-X, .
,
.
, .
2025% .
(Supply Licence Condition 23 SLC23)
65 , 26 .
2009 Ofgem ,
27 . 45% 28
.
25

http://www.ofgem.gov.uk/Networks/Trans/PriceControls/RIIO-T1/Pages/
RIIO-T1.aspx.
26
http://www.ofgem.gov.uk/Markets/RetMkts/Compl/pricechange/Pages/
Noticeofpricechanges.aspx.
27
http://www.ofgem.gov.uk/Markets/RetMkts/ensuppro/Documents1/Electricity
%20and%20Gas%20Supply%20Market%20Report%20June%202010.pdf.
http://www.ofgem.gov.uk/Pages/MoreInformation.aspx?docid=271&refer=Mark
ets/RetMkts/ensuppro.
28
http://www.ofgem.gov.uk/Pages/MoreInformation.aspx?docid=271&refer=
Markets/RetMkts/ensuppro.
113

 . 2001
(Climate Change Levy).
, ,
.
,
7% 29 .
.
.
, /
.
,
,
.
Economy 7/White Meter tariff. ,
. .
(Dual Fuel tariffs) , , , .
1.2.1.2.
.
:
(Gas Transporters),
;
(shippers), ;
, .
29

Electricity prices Price systems 2006. Eurostat Statistical books. 2007.

114

,
(OFGEM),
.
.
6 (gas distribution networks (GDNs)), . , , (Independent Gas Transporters
(IGTs)),
.
1986 (The Gas Act 1986)
(Office of Gas Supply (OFGAS)) ,
. 1999 OFGAS
(OFFER (The office of electricity
regulation)), (Office of Gas and Electricity Markets (OFGEM)), .
Ofgem GEMA (Gas and Electricity
Markets Authority).
. OFGEM .
. Ofgem . .
,
, 30 .
30

http://www.ofgem.gov.uk/Networks/GasDistr/Pages/Gasdistr.aspx.
115


, 80%
31 .
.
(GDNs)
. 5 .
1 2008 31 2013 .
,

.
,
, .

. , Ofgem, . ,
,
, , .
2006 .

2,470 32 . 2%-
+2 (RPI+2).
1995 1986 ,

Independent Gas Transporters (IGTs), 31

http://www.ofgem.gov.uk/Networks/GasDistr/GasDistrPol/Pages/GasDistrPol.
aspx.
32
http://www.ofgem.gov.uk/Networks/GasDistr/GDPCR7-13/Pages/GDPCR713.aspx.
116

 . IGT Gas
Distribution Network (GDN) . IGT, , . , , 33 .
2004 Relative Price Control (RPC),

, (GDN).
Ofgem
, , . , . 34 .
2010 RIIO ( = + + ) (revenue = incentives + innovation + outputs) 35 . RIIO-T1 ,
36 .
, . .
,
, .

33

http://www.ofgem.gov.uk/Networks/GasDistr/IGTReg/Pages/IGTReg.aspx.
Guaranteed Standards of Performance (GSOPs). Overall Standards of Performance (OSOPs).
35
http://www.ofgem.gov.uk/Networks/rpix20/ConsultDocs/Documents1/Decision%20doc.pdf. The RPI-X@20 Decision document: our final decision on the
RIIO model. The Handbook for implementing the RIIO model: sets out how
the RIIO model will work in practice.
36
http://www.ofgem.gov.uk/Networks/Trans/PriceControls/RIIO-T1/Pages/
RIIO-T1.aspx.
117
34

 . .
. , .
, ,
.
,
.
(daily standing charge). ,
. (Dual Fuel tariffs) ,
, , .

(fixed or capped tariffs), . , , 2 .

.
1.2.1.3.
. 70%
. 21 , , , , . 4 118

: , , (surface water drainage), highway drainage 37 .

(Welsh Assembly
Government) 38 .
Office of the Director General of
Water Services (Ofwat) 1989 .

1991 (Water Industry Act 1991 39 ) 2003 (Water Act 2003 40 ). 2006
(Water Services Regulation Authority),
OFWAT.
OFWAT : 41 42 .
OFWAT 43 ; ; . ,
37

The Independent Review of Charging for Household Water and Sewerage

Services. December 2009. P. 26. http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/quality/
water/industry/walkerreview/documents/final-report.pdf.
38
Strategic Policy Position Statement on Water. Welsh Assembly Government
2009. Welsh Assembly Government (2008) Social and Environmental Guidance
to Ofwat issued under section 2A of the Water Industry Act 1991(as amended by
section 40 of the Water Act 2003).
39
http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1991/56/contents.
40
http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/37/contents.
41
Water Industry Act 1999 Delivering the Governments Objectives DETR
2000.
42
Statutory Social and Environmental Guidance to the Water Services Regulation Authority (Ofwat) 2008.
43
http://www.ofwat.gov.uk/aboutofwat/whatwedo/duties/.
119

 .
.
, (the rateable value (rental
value)) . , ,
, . ,
, . , .
. 1999 (Water Industry Act 1999 44 ),

.

, . .
,
, , , , .
OFWAT . ,

45 .
OFWAT
, 5 46 .
44

http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1999/9/contents.
http://www.ofwat.gov.uk/pricereview/.
46
http://www.ofwat.gov.uk/pricereview/setting.
120
45

 , .
. , .
, , .
OFWAT
:
RPI+K+U ( overall price limit) 47 ,
:
RPI %;
K ;
U ( ).
4 48 :


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.
-
-,
, ;

-.
, OFWAT;

49 .
47

http://www.ofwat.gov.uk/regulating/reporting/rpt_tar_2010-11settingprices
The average price limit for all the companies is -0.6%.
48
http://www.ofwat.gov.uk/pricereview/pr09faqs.
121

 50 , overall price limits.

5 :
;
;
;
;
.
. , .
,
, , 51 .
, , , .
, .
OFWAT , , ,
.

,
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,
49

http://www.ofwat.gov.uk/pricereview/pap_pos_pr09method080327.pdf.
http://www.ofwat.gov.uk/pricereview/setting/tariff.
51
http://www.ofwat.gov.uk/legacy/aptrix/ofwat/publish.nsf/Content/tarriffrebalancingandthetarriffbasket.html.
122
50

 ,
, .
(infrastructure charges).
:
interim determination 52

( 10%),
;
substantial effect
determination 53
, 20% .
(The Water Industry Act
54
1999 ), ,
OFWAT. OFWAT
55 :
/ ;
, ;
;
OFWAT
.
52

http://www.ofwat.gov.uk/pricereview/setting/interim.
http://www.ofwat.gov.uk/pricereview/setting/substantial.
54
http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1999/9/contents.
55
http://www.ofwat.gov.uk/regulating/reporting/rpt_tar_2010-11approving.
53

123

 -
, OFWAT,
(The Water Industry Act 1991), . OFWAT 56 .
1.2.1.4.
57

.
, ( ) .
, .
,
, .
, ,
(
).
.
, 50
(250 ), ,
, .

,
.
.
56

http://www.ofwat.gov.uk/regulating/enforcement/pap_pos_050317financialpenalties.pdf.
57
http://www.ofwat.gov.uk/nonhousehold/yourwaterbill/hownonhousehold/.
124

 (MD159, LRMC and the regulatory framework 58 ),

(MD170 The role of long run
marginal costs in the provision and regulation of water services 59 ).
OFWAT
.
60
, 50
(250 ), .
.
.
(standing charge),
.., ,
.
, . ,
,
, .
(assessed charges),
,
. ,
, , , , , , , .
, (charges for vacant properties).
58

http://www.ofwat.gov.uk/regulating/reporting/ltr_md159_lrmc.
http://www.ofwat.gov.uk/regulating/reporting/ltr_md170_lrmc.
60
http://www.ofwat.gov.uk/consumerissues/chargesbills/householdcharges/.
59

125

 ,
Ofwat.
1.2.2.
1.2.2.1.
.
(EnWG) 2005

(Federal Network Agency Die Bundesnetzagentur) 61 .
,

- .
, .

,
100 000 ,
.
100 000 ,
. 62 .
63 . 7 2005 EnWG 64 .
61

http://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/cln_1911/EN/Home/home_node.html.
http://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/cln_1932/EN/Areas/ElectricityGasRegulatio
n/GeneralInformationOnEnergyRegultion/ResponsibilityAndTaskDelimitation/r
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63
European energy law http://ec.europa.eu/energy/index_en.htm.
http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/energy/index_en.htm.
64
German Energy Act of 7 July 2005 (Gesetz ber die Elektrizitts- und Gasversorgung Energiewirtschaftsgesetz EnWG) http://bundesrecht.juris.de/enwg_
2005/index.html ( .).
126
62

 1 EnWG. , , , , , . 4
EnWG ,
.
(distribution) .
EnWG
65 66 .
EnWG
(unbundling). , ( )
(, ) 67 .
/,
,
-.
, .
.
41 .

65

The Electricity Grid Access Ordinance (Stromnetzzugangsverordnung

StromNZV) http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stromnzv/index.html ( .).
66
The Electricity Grid Charges Ordinance (Stromnetzentgeltverordnung
StromNEV ) http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stromnev/index.html ( .).
67
http://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/cln_1911/SharedDocs/FAQs/EN/BNetzA/E
nergie/UnbundlingMeaning.html?nn=48562.
127

 (EEG) 68 , (feed-in tariffs) 69 ,

.
1 EEG, ,
,
(
), . 30% 2020 70 .
. C 1 2009
,
71 . (permissible revenue
cap) 72 .
2008 .
5 ,
4 .
68

The Renewable Energy Sources Act (Erneuerbare Energien Gesetz EEG)

http://bundesrecht.juris.de/eeg_2009/index.html ( .).
69
(feed-in tariffs), ,

,
().
70
http://www.germanenergyblog.de/?page_id=283.
71
ARegV
http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/aregv/index.html. 11 StromNEV
http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stromnev/_11.html. 10 GasNEV
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Federal Network Agency. Monitoring Report. 2009. P. 6.
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 73 .

. , 1,25% .
.
: , 25% ;
, 25%
.
, . .
(EnWG) -

,
, 74 .

. 31
(EnWG), ,
, , , 75 . , 73

Federal Network Agency. Annual Report. 2009.

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75
http://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/cln_1932/EN/Areas/ElectricityGasRegulatio
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mpetitiveProceedings_node.html.
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74

 .
2 ,
2 . .
( 67.1 ). ,
.
.
, . 50 . ( 75 )
(The Intermediate Court of Appeals in
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. :
(cost) : / (cost of using the system: transmission and distribution charges);
: , ,
, Combined Heat and Power Act;
, ;
/ (
)
, 76 .

76

http://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/cln_1932/SharedDocs/FAQs/EN/BNetzA/E
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1.2.2.2.
.
:
;
;
/ .
750 77 .
(Die Bundesnetzagentur).

,
100000 78 .
7 2005
EnWG 79 .
EnWG 80
81 .
C 2009 ,
(permissible revenue cap) 82 .

77

http://www.distrigas.eu/Content/Germany/de-en/natural-gas-de-en/europeanmarket-de-en.html.
78
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79
German Energy Act of 7 July 2005 (Gesetz ber die Elektrizitts- und Gasversorgung Energiewirtschaftsgesetz EnWG) http://bundesrecht.juris.de/enwg_
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80
The Gas Grid Access Ordinance (Gasnetzzugangsverordnung GasNVZ)
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81
The Gas Grid Charges Ordinance http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/gasnev/
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,
.
. :
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;
( ,
, ..);
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.
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6400 6900
84 .
,
.
, .

. . 83

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 . ,
,
,
.
.
: , , . , . 85

, :

, ;
;
(
);

(principle of preservation of net real-asset values);
;
, , ,
;
.

. . 85

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.
:
;
;
;
, .
, ,

.
, , ,
. .

, 7%. ,
. ,
. .

.
, , . ,
86 . .
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Effluent Charges Act. Gesetz ber Abgaben fr das Einleiten von Abwasser in
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.

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91 , -
- 92 .
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.
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German Association for Water, Wastewater and Waste (Deutsche Vereinigung
fr
Wasserwirtschaft,
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