Lebedev L P Yazyk Nauchnogo Obsheniya Russko Angliyskiy Slov

.., ..
-
How to Say It in English:
A Russian-English Scientific Phrase Dictionary
811.11374
81.2 -4
2006-2011
.

-
13.04.09. 84x108/16.
. . . 50. 3 . 7634

-005-93, 2; 953005 .
-
77.99.60.953..009937.09.08 15.09.2008 .
, . .
. - /
.., ... - .: , 2009. - 378,[6] .
ISBN 978-5-271-22790-5 ( )

, ,
.
, .
, ,
.

, .
-
, , , ,
, .
811.11374
81.2 -4

.., .. , 2008
, 2008
I S B N 978-5-271-22790-5 ( )

,

, .
, , ,
,
.
, ,
,
.
, ,
: , ,
.

L.P. Lebedev and M . J . Cloud. Approximating
Mechanics. Princeton University Press, 2004.
Perfection:
A Mathematician's
Journey into the World of
L.P. Lebedev and M . J . Cloud. The Calculus of Variations and Functional Analysis with Optimal
and Applications in Mechanics. World Scientific, 2003.
Control
L.P. Lebedev and M . J . Cloud. Tensor Analysis. World Scientific, 2003.

L.P. Lebedev, I . I . Vorovich, and G.M.L. Gladwell. Functional Analysis: Applications
Inverse Problems. Kluwer, 1996. Second edition, 2002.
in Mechanics
and
L.P. Lebedev and I . I . Vorovich. Functional Analysis in Mechanics. Springer, 2002.

R.E. Moore and M . J . Cloud. Computational
Functional Analysis (second edition). Horwood L t d , 2007.
V . Hutson, J.S. Pym, and M . J . Cloud. Applications

edition). Elsevier, 2005.
E.J. Rothwell and M . J . Cloud. Electromagnetics.
of Functional Analysis and Operator Theory (second
CRC Press, 2001.
M . J . Cloud and B.C. Drachman. Inequalities with Applications

edition, Morikita Shuppan, 2004.
to Engineering. Springer, 1998. Japanese

,
, .
, , . - :
,
, .
. , ,
, .

, .

.
12 2008 .
This is a sampler of English phrases collected from reliable sources. I t presents equivalents not direct
translations - of corresponding Russian phrases, sometimes i n several versions. I t was composed in the
opposite order: first an English phrase, then its Russian equivalent. Common phrases have been included
under many of the Russian main entries to make them easier to locate. The collection should prove useful
not only to translators, but to those who study the English language (and for native English speakers who
study Russian).
Department of Mechanics and Mathematics

Rostov State University, Russia
L.P. Lebedev
&
Department of Mathematics
National University of Colombia, Colombia
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Lawrence Technological University, USA
M.J. Cloud
Bb
Dd
Ff
Gg
Hh
Kk
LI Mm
Nn
Oo
Pp
Qq
Rr
Uu
Vv
Ww
Xx
Ii
Jj
Ss
Tt
Yy
Zz
(. , ) paragraph,
item, indentation
""
paragraph, "" section.
, ,
. .. T h e method of analysis outlined in the
last paragraph s h o w s . . .
. . . ... . . . are
given in the succeeding paragraphs.
...
T h e following paragraphs will be devoted t o . . .
( = , , )
perfectly, fully, absolutely, totally, completely
()
, ... T h i s usage is not strictly
accurate, s i n c e . . .
absolute, total
,
. . . Furthermore, the amount of error might
depend o n . . .

. . . T h e result is in perfect agreement w i t h . . .
abstract
(6)
, . . . T h e aim of the more abstract formulation (6)
is t o . . .
automatically

-. T h i s result
automatically leads to a study of smth.
author

(. ). .. T h e author expresses his sincere
appreciation t o . . .
, ...
Alternatively, some authors have developed...

. Several authors have, in recent years,
departed from this procedure.
-, , . . . Thirdly, it is
the author's experience that. ..
, , . . .
In addition, these authors argued t h a t . . .
. . .
A small number of authors have u s e d . . .
... Many
authors make no distinction between...
, ,
. . . Some authorities disagree; they believe t h a t . . .
, ... Some
authors suggest t h a t . . .
... Some
authors have preferred to u s e . . .
. ..
However, some authors have successfully u s e d . . .
40
... is the author of more than 40 published
papers on topics i n . . .
( ). .. I n the opinion
of the a u t h o r , . . .
, ... Various
writers have suggested t h a t . . .
, . . .
It has been pointed out by various writers that. ..
, . . . A number of authors
have reported t h a t . . .
, , . . . T h e author,
nevertheless, hopes t h a t . . .
, , . . .
Nevertheless, these authors admitted t h a t . . .
.
T h i s terminology has been used by a number of writers.
, . . . These authors
also found t h a t . . .

. .. T h i s has led several authors to
propose the use of...
,
. . . T h i s has led several authors to believe t h a t . . .
,
... T h i s has been contested by some writers,
but...
.
T h e material has been developed by a number of
contributors.
adequately, sufficiently, equally

. T h i s problem has not been adequately
addressed (or elucidated) in the literature.
. ..
T h e situation is adequately illustrated b y . . .
obvious t r u t h , truism
. lacks
rudimentary knowledge in his field.
accurately, carefully, neatly

, ( = ),
. .. We shall see that this is not strictly accurate,
but...

( = ). One must be careful with
the notation.
accurate, precise, exact

( = ) . ..
A more accurate description is obtained b y . . .
,
... Let us begin by defining more
carefully what we mean b y . . .
axiom, postulate, principle

,
, . . . Therefore we may take as axiomatic the
idea t h a t . . .
algorithm, scheme
, .
T h e algorithm is therefore as follows.

(). A n interesting alternative
procedure is as follows.
. .. It is
possible to give an alternative definition of...

. . . A n interesting alternative approach
begins w i t h . . .

. . . this end, we
must first obtain an alternative expression f o r . . .

. . . We now obtain an alternative expression for...
. . . It is
convenient to have an alternative representation of...
alternatively
( = ),
. .. Alternatively,
the angle may be given in terms of...
( = ),
. .. Alternatively, it may be
required to determine. ..

(1). A similar process can be applied to (1).
analysis, examination, test
, ... T h i s
, . . .
It is easily seen without analysis that. ..
algorithm is particularly simple w h e n . . .
alternative
. ..
Another possible alternative is t o . . .
... A more
popular alternative is t o . . .
, . . .
T h e only alternative is t h a t . . .
alternative, alternate
,
. .. A n alternative procedure is to make
use of...

. .. A n alternative form of this relation is
obtained b y . . .

1.3. A n alternative proof is left to
Exercise 1.3.

... T h e alternative approach uses notions such a s . . .
, ,
, . . . A n alternative explanation, of
course, may be that. ..

... A n alternative way of handling this
situation is t o . . .
,
... Without further analysis we cannot, of
course,...
, . . . A more
sophisticated analysis shows that. ..
. A more subtle
analysis is also possible.

... It would be interesting to see a thorough
analysis of...

. T h e analysis seeks to answer the following
questions.
, . . . Inspection
of these equations shows t h a t . . .

, . . . We shall assume for the
remainder of this analysis t h a t . . .
,
. . . T h e analysis is further complicated by the fact
that. ..
,
... T h e analysis may be extended to
include...
. .. I n the
alternative method we calculate...
(1)
, . . . It is evident from inspection of (1)
that...

. T h e following
alternative formulation is sometimes useful.

. Two broad conclusions can be drawn from
the above analysis.
( = ),
. . . concludes from his analysis t h a t . . .
(
..)... B y a proper analysis it is possible t o . . .
,
... There are three important complications
which arise in the analysis of...

, ... A rigorous analysis becomes much
more difficult w h e n . . .
,
. . . A quantitative analysis of these results shows
that...
. . . T h e same analysis
has also been applied t o . . .
,
... O u r analysis remains valid u n t i l . . .

... Several methods of analysis are introduced
by means of...
, ,
,
... T h e method is intended to
provide a realistic analysis of...
(-)...
We will avoid a detailed analysis of...
...
We conclude this section with a brief analysis of...
,
... I n many cases, however, the analysis
breaks down because...

... B u t such an analysis has to be attempted in
order t o . . .
,
... O n the basis of this analysis we should
expect...
, [1],
. . . T h e first analysis, by Smith [1], was
based o n . . .
...
T h e previous analysis has been carried out without
reference t o . . .

. . . T h e reader may notice a close
similarity between this analysis a n d . . .
. T h i s
will be obvious from a study of the figures.
(), . . . T h i s
analysis depends on the fact t h a t . . .
. ..
These analyses leave no doubt a b o u t . . .
(-). T h i s
analysis sheds new light o n . . .
... T h e analysis
is greatly simplified b y . . .
, ... T h i s sort of
consideration is significant w h e n . . .
, . . .
T h i s method of analysis is particularly important
because...
( = ) analyze
He ,
. .. No theory has been developed to
analyze...
analytic, analytical
,
... New analytical tools are needed to s t u d y . . .
. . .
Here we will derive an analytical expression for...
( = ) analogously,
similarly, i n a similar manner/fashion, i n much the
same way
, (, )...
Similarly, it would be desirable t o . . .

(-)... T h e foregoing analysis is not restricted t o . . .
, , . . . Similarly, we see
that...
, ...
Before proceeding with this analysis, it is useful t o . . .
, , . . . B y a similar
procedure, it follows t h a t . . .
... I n the final a n a l y s i s , . . .
. . . ( = )
. . . . can be found similarly.

. . . T h e analysis we have given is found to be
reasonably valid for...
,... B y
a precisely similar a n a l y s i s , . . .
. . . A similar
analysis may be performed for...
... For purposes of
analysis we shall assume...
/ . . .
A corresponding analysis can be applied t o . . .

... I n complete analogy with this result we
may prove. ..
,
. . . T h i s expression is exactly analogous
to that which has been obtained f o r . . .
(-). .. T h i s is
closely analogous t o . . .
analogous (to), similar, like

. . .
A similar estimate can be made for...
10
... Similar
reasoning shows t h a t . . .
. . .
Analogous formulas can be written down for,..
, . . .
It is readily shown in a similar way that. ..
. T h i s is a very useful
analogy.
anomaly, inconsistency
,
. . . T h e reason for this apparent anomaly is t h a t . . .
(-). T h i s apparent
anomaly is explained b y . . .

. . . These theorems are closely analogous
to those concerning...
apparatus, device, instrument, tool,

means
.
T h e other cases are similar.
,
. . . We have not yet developed the
mathematical apparatus needed t o . . .
, (3.2),
... B y proceeding as in (3.2), we h a v e . . .
, ,
, .
, . . . B y arguments that are completely
analogous to those presented in the previous chapter we
conclude t h a t . . .
,
... Smith has performed analogous
experiments in w h i c h . . .
. . .
T h e procedure is similar to that used i n . . .
analogy (to, w i t h ) , similarity (with),

comparison, parallels between, resemblance
...
A n analogy is sometimes useful in understanding. ..
. .. Such a device is
called a . . .
( = )
approximation, fitting (curves)
( =
) ( ,
..)... A better approximation is obtained b y . . .
. It is
important that we understand the nature of these
approximations.
, . . .
T h e approximation breaks down because...
,
... Thus, in the first-order approximation, we
may...
, .
Perhaps a rough analogy will help.
,
, . . . When a more accurate
approximation is used, it is found t h a t . . .
. . . . . . ^. There is
an interesting analogy between... a n d . . .
,
... We can improve the approximation by t a k i n g . . .
. . . . . . ( = )
. There is an obvious analogy
between... a n d . . .
(15)? How good is

the approximation (15)?
() .
We shall return later to this analogy in Chapter 2.
( ) . . .
A rough analogy is to be found i n . . .
, ...
Continuing the analogy further, we define...
(), ...
A simple analogy may explain h o w . . .
... B y
analogy with our above discussion,...
... T h i s analogy
helps us to understand...
,
...
There is thus a close analogy
between. .. and
,
. .. T h e analogy is often used to suggest
that. ..
, . . .
T h i s analogy is only partially accurate because...
. ..
A useful approximation is obtained b y . . .
,
[1], . .. T h e simplest approximation,
first advocated by Smith [1], is t o . . .

. 7. T h e nature of the approximation is illustrated in
Figure 7.
() ,
(). .. Although these are reasonable
approximations,...
,
... T h i s approximation is valid whenever. ..

()... T h i s model is an approximation to the
more precise...
approximate
( = )... L e t us
approximate. ..

... T h e data can be approximated
better b y . . .
()
11
( = , ,
) argument, amplitude, independent
variable
, , . . .
In addition, these authors argued t h a t . . .
( = ), . . . It is
then argued t h a t . . .
, ,
. . . Further arguments were given which showed
that. ..
, ( = ),
. .. . . . There is, of course, no
reason why we should not combine... w i t h . . .
, . . . It could be
argued t h a t . . .
, . . .
One can equally argue t h a t . . .
( = ) ,
. . . T h e fallacy of this argument is t h a t . . .
, . . . However, it has
been argued t h a t . . .
He , ,
. .. Apart from this, the argument fails
because...
, ( = ),
. . . Essentially, it is argued t h a t . . .
[1] ( =
) , . . . Smith [1]
argues effectively against the notion t h a t . . .
( = )
... A similar argument will show
that...
, ...
A similar argument will apply w h e n . . .
arguing
,
, . . . Rothwell [1] subsequently
challenged this, arguing that. ..
, ... A similar
argument holds i f . . .
point, side, aspect, perspective

, . . . T h e same line of argument tells us t h a t . . .
. .. There are
two aspects to the consideration of...

. T h i s is made plausible by the
following argument.

. T h e problem will now be
discussed quantitatively.
, ... T h i s
argument is only correct w h e n . . .
.
These aspects of the problem have not yet been
investigated.
,
. . . T h e argument is similar to that used
to establish...
post-graduate student, graduate student

Mr. Smith is working toward his P h D .
Mr. Smith is a P h D student. Mr. Smith is a P h D student
in the math department.
( = , ) argument,
reasoning
,
. . . Let us assume for the sake of argument t h a t . . .

. His duties include advising several P h D
students.
,
(, ) . . . Note that the present argument is very
similar t o . . .
be associated
,
. . . T h e basis of the argument is t h a t . . .
, . . . It is known to
be associated w i t h . . .
,
( = ) argue
. . .
T h e differences here are purely associated w i t h . . .
basis, base, foundation

. .. T h e basis of our
approach i s . . .
,
. . . T h i s theorem, as we shall see, is the basis of...
() be based (on, upon), rest on

T h e basis for this assertion lies i n . . .
12

... T h e above equation is based on the
assumption t h a t . . .
,
course,...

, . . . T h e foregoing arguments rely
on the assumption t h a t . . .
, , ... O f course this applies only i f . . .
,
. . . T h e simplest proof rests on the concept of...
** ,
. . . T h i s conclusion is based on the
same ideas that lead t o . . .
( = ) without, w i t h no, free of, free from,

exclusive of; not involving, less, minus, w i t h the
exception of, except for
, . . . It is easily
seen without analysis t h a t . . .
safe, safety, foolproof, secure

, . . . It appears safe for us to conclude
that...
( = , ,
) absolutely, positively,
unconditionally, undoubtedly, to be certain, to be
sure
, , . . .
It is, of course, immaterial whether. ..
, ... T h i s is by no
means an exhaustive list of...
., (*u>j>ji-jiS . -. - T h i a is,, of course,,
an example o f . . .
r
, () . T h i s
is of course contrary to experience.
, , ,
, , . . . T h i s has to be made
precise of course, but essentially it means t h a t . . .
, . T h i s is indeed the case.
, ,
... Greater accuracy could, of course, be
obtained b y . . .
, ( = ), , . . .
T h e answer, of course, is t h a t . . .
, ... I n gome cases, of

course,...
,
... I t is, therefore, certainly desirable to try to
understand...
, , . . . O f course, it is
always possible t h a t . . .
, . ..
T h u s it is certainly legitimate t o . . .
( = ), 8>
. . . These results are of course
independent of...
, , . . .
These properties can of course be applied t o . . .
, ..
indeed a close connection between...
infinitely, extremely, fairly, endlessly

There is
, . ..
Certainly the most important among these is-
, ,
... It is, of course, necessary to determine
conditions under w h i c h . . .

. There exist infinitely many
approximations for this function.
, ,
. .. There is, of course,
nothing to prevent us from imagining...
, . . . I t is certainly true
that...
, , . . . It is by
essential t h a t . . .
means
, -
are, of course, many other forms of...
, ,
... Supposing indefinitely small, we
obtain...
, ...
T h e variety of such systems is endless, b u t . . .
, . ..
There is, of course, nothing new in the use of-

. T h e sequence could be continued endlessly.

, ... Practitioners
rarely worry about mathematical rigor but. ..
There
, . . . T h e reader is
doubtless familiar w i t h . . .
^ ... T h e reader is
no doubt familiar with the idea t h a t . . .
, . .. It is by no means certain t h a t . . .
worry
, . ..
Actually, we are not concerned w i t h . . .
trouble
. . . T h i s
is particularly troublesome in dealing w i t h . . .
uselessly
... It would be futile t o . . .
, .
It is essential to continue the process without interruption.
13
. ..
T h e temperature was monitored continuously...
senselessly, foolishly
. .. It would be futile t o . . .
(. ,
, ) senseless, meaningless,
nonsensical
,
. B u t such a view is clearly nonsense.
, ,
, . .. Strictly speaking,
however, such a definition is meaningless because. ..
(= ,
) bibliography, references, cited
literature
122 .
T h e bibliography contains 122 entries.
,
. T h e reader can consult
the references for more information.
gratitude, appreciation,
acknowledgment, thanks

(. )... T h e author expresses his sincere
.
.
T h e author would like to express his gratitude to Prof.
Smith for many helpful discussions.
-,
. .. Firstly, we wish to express our
thanks t o . . .

, ... O u r thanks are also due to Prof.
Smith, w h o . . .
, .
. . . Finally, thanks are due to Prof. Smith
for...

. .. I also want to express my sincere
thanks t o . . .
. . ()
. I am indebted to Prof. J . Smith for advice and
assistance.

, .
I am deeply indebted to D r . . Ross both for his help and
for his criticism.

. .. A further advance was
accomplished b y . . .
(3)
, , . . . Since by (3)
the first term is bounded from above, it follows t h a t . . .
favorable
,
... I n fact,
there are other circumstances where it may be
appropriate t o . . .
(. ) nearer

. . . T h e ideas introduced in this chapter will
bring us closer t o . . .
near, like, close, similar

(3
A l l three tests gave similar values of /?.

. . ,
. B y
astronomical standards, the E a r t h is fairly close to the
Sun. Venus is even closer. T h e closest planet to the Sun is,
of course, Mercury.
,
... . . . . There is thus a close analogy
between... a n d . . . .
... T h i s idea is
remarkably close t o . . .
nearly, close (to), closely, at hand, near by

2
[2]. O u r proof of Theorem 2 follows
the arguments in [2] closely.
. A lies
in close proximity to .
rich, high-grade, high in, abundant,

prolific
( = )
(, ) . . . There is a rich literature o n . . .
more, more than, over

. T h e following is a more general
result of the same kind.
,
. . . B y a more refined argument it can be shown
that...
, , . . . Furthermore, we see
that...

()... I must express my thanks t o . . .
, , . . . We infer, moreover,
that...

. I thank my
professor for suggesting several problems.
, , . . . Moreover, it is true
that. ..
( = -) thanks to, due to, because

of, for, by virtue of, on account of, through, by
(,
..) ... T h i s is more conveniently
expressed in terms of...
14
( )
. .. A better strategy is siiriply to u s e . . .
... A petter
technique is t o . . .
, . . . It is more thn likely
that...
, ... Further, there
cannot be more than o n e . . .

. A more formal way of saying thi is as follows.
Mw. eus,e (ksnse. (.'
..)... We can make further simplification b y . . .

*
... We proceed to a more or less detailed
study of...

. L e t us look more closely at this sequence of
events.
. . . T h i s holds
fortiori f o r . . .
. We
now express this more formally.
,
... take an even simpler example, we
can consider...
. . .
expressed more precisely i n . . .
T h i s idea is
, . T h i s
can be further extended i f . . .
-
It will not be discussed in further detail here.
,
, . . . T h i s result is more or less
to be expected from the fact t h a t . . .
( = , . ) greater
than, larger, bigger, above, over, more than, in
excess of
A > : A is greater than B;
A is larger than B; A exceeds
A ^ : A is
greater than or equal to
A < : A \i> at least as
large as
> > : ,
I n strictly descending order, we have
> > ; is greater than B, and is greater than A;
is larger than B, and is larger than ; exceeds B,
and exceeds ; is greater than B, which in turn is
greater than ; is larger than B, which in turn is larger
than ; exceeds B, which in turn exceeds A
, , , . We say
that a is greater than b i f . . .

... I t . he. easy, to givem o m
examples of...
(. , , )
larger, greater
... Much of this
book is concerned w i t h . . .

. .. Most of our discussion so far has been
about...
, ... A s
result there has been much emphasis o n . . .
...
However, of greater concern is the risk of...
,
(. . . ) . T h i s is the most that can
be said in general however.
the majority, plurality, most of,

most f

. Most of these units will fail within ten years.
(-)...
T h e majority of engineers are concerned w i t h . . .
, . . . Most
physicists accept the notion t h a t . . .

. I n most practical situations,
neither of these pieces of information is given.

( ..)... For most such problems it is
sufficient t o . . .
, , (
..)... For most purposes it is, however,
, , . . .
Most physicists seem to agree t h a t . . .

. .. However, the vast majority of
practical problems are concerned w i t h . . .

... I n establishing most of
these properties the starting point is the observation
that...
. ..
These conditions are satisfied for m o s t . . .
... T h i s is true for
the majority of...
(. , ,
) big, large
,
. There are
several special cases of particular interest to us.
... There is
considerable liberty in choosing...
. . .
Prof Smith published a lengthy paper o n . . . ; Prof Smith
published an extensive paper o n . . .
, , (
)... Also, it requires a rather l a r g e . . .
15
( = ) take, obtain, originate, prevail,
succeed
(,
..), . .. For
the sake of clarity, let us t a k e . . .
be taken
...
T h e usual starting point is to t a k e . . .
. T h e data
are borrowed from different sources.
( = ) throw

. . . It is often useful to have explicit expressions
for...
fast, readily, i n no time

, . . . It will be shown in a moment
that...
,
, ... We wish to detect as rapidly as
possible a n y . . .
, . . .
T h e reader will readily convince himself t h a t . . .
. . . L e t us look briefly a t . . .
(. ) fast, quick,
rapid, prompt
( = )... L e t us
take a look a t . . .
. . . A faster
approach is based o n . . .
,
... E v e n if the method fails to work
properly, we can s t i l l . . .
, . . . If this should be true,
then...
< 0, ... For arbitrary
< 0, we c a n . . . ; For every < 0, we c a n . . .
, . . . It might seem t h a t . . .
, ...
Something similar may be done even i f . . .
( = , ) be, happen, occur,

take place
. . . Sometimes it is
useful to think of...
. .. It is
sometimes useful to consider. ..
... Sometimes it is simpler t o . . .
... It is sometimes difficult t o . . .

... It is sometimes convenient to use relations of
the f o r m . . .
, . . . It usually
happens in practice t h a t . . .
... However, it is
often more convenient t o . . .
. ..
It is often desirable, therefore, to ensure t h a t . . .
, (
..)... W h e n doing this it is sometimes
convenient t o . . .
.
T h e function can grow no faster than x .
2

. B u t we can make no hard and fast
distinction.
56 ,
. T h i s method works 5-6 times
as fast as the traditional ones.
(. ) be, happen
. .. It might be well to
examine...
( = ), . . .
It was generally agreed t h a t . . .
,
. . . . . . We will temporarily ignore the
dependence of...

. A l l experiments were
carried out in our university laboratory.
. We shall make
no further use of this.
.
T h i s conclusion was far from correct.
,
... T h e problem to be considered in this
section...
... T h e best plan to be followed i s . . .
. .. There may or may not be
a...
. .. We will prove...
... We will investigate...
. . . It is often
more convenient to work w i t h . . .
,
, . . . We will proceed on the
. .. It is frequently
necessary t o . . .
... Sometimes, however, there will

be...
during, i n the course of

. . . During the
past few y e a r s , . . .
( ) most important
, . . . Most
important is the fact t h a t . . .
,
( = ). .. T h e most important results are
those concerning. ..

. B u t the most important requirement of all
is reliability.
i t is important, i t is essential, of
importance
...
In engineering design, it is vital t o . . .
, . . . It is important to add t h a t . . .
, . . . It is important to keep in
mind t h a t . . .
. . . It is essential to
have a realistic view o f . . .
. . . T h e use of... is essential...
, . . . It is important to appreciate
that...
... Also it is vitally

important t o . . .
, . ..
Thus, it is important to understand the basic
properties of...
, . . . It is very significant
that...
, . . . W h a t is
important in either case is t h a t . . .
, . . . It is significant t h a t . . .
, ( ..)...
immaterial w h e t h e r . . .
I t is
, . . .
T h i s discovery was notable for the fact t h a t . . .
importance, significance
(/)
... I n view of its importance, a few
words may be said here a b o u t . . .
, . . .
T h e importance of this discovery lay in the fact t h a t . . .
,
... T h e importance of this fact will become
clear when we d i s c u s s . . .
, . . . A n important point is t h a t . . .

, . . . Its principal importance lies
ultimately in the fact t h a t . . .
, ... T h i s
is perhaps more significant in the context of...
, . . . It is a matter
of some significance t h a t . . .
... T h i s is why it is so
important t o . . .
, . . . Because of
what follows it is important to realize t h a t . . .
...
It is of great practical importance to be able t o . . .
... It is particularly important t o . . .
, . . . It is of great importance t h a t . . .
, ... Whatever the
conditions, it is vital t h a t . . .
, . . .
In solving this problem it is important to notice t h a t . . .
, ,
. . . It is therefore important to be
able to determine w h e t h e r . . .
, (
..)... It is therefore of great value to develop...
... T h e studies
demonstrated the importance of...
(-).
We shall not attempt to give significance t o . . .
(-). We have
indicated the relevance of...

, . . . For the present, the
significance of this process lies in the fact t h a t . . .
... It is
impossible to overestimate the importance of analysis
(of...)
. ..
... Some appreciation of... can be gained by
comparing. ..

, . . . It is therefore
important to understand and appreciate the processes
involved i n . . .
17
... There
is no need to emphasize the importance of...
...
T h e above discussion shows the importance of...
, , ...
Of equal or greater importance i s . . .
, . . .
T h i s is a fact of tremendous importance t o . . .

... A numerical example will illustrate the
relative importance of...

. .. T h e information in this
paper is vital to the effectiveness of...
, , . . .
We thus come to the important conclusion t h a t . . .
. . . . There is no
appreciable difference between. ..

. We may draw two important conclusions.
,
... T h e most important case is that in w h i c h . . .
... T h i s brings out the

importance of...
, . . . Most
,
. . . T h i s is of great practical importance, s i n c e . . .
,
( = ) . . . T h e most important
results are those concerning. ..
( = )
(-). T h i s helps us to realize the importance of...
(. , ,
) important, essential, of importance,
significant, main
, ... There is
,
, . . . B u t equally important, one
should notice, is the fact t h a t . . .
, . . . More
significant, however, was the observation t h a t . . .
, . ..
Certainly the most important among these i s . . .

, . . . Equally important, however, is
the assumption t h a t . . .

... A s an example of practical importance
we consider...
( ..)
(-). However, an important
exception to this is provided b y . . .

, . . . A n important advantage of this
reformulation is that. ..
, . . .
B u t the important point here is t h a t . . .
,
. . . It is interesting and important to notice t h a t . . .
.
For our purposes the details are not important.
, . . .
Another important remark is that. ..
,
... Another important example of this principle
occurs w h e n . . .
. . . A further
important characteristic is t h a t . . .
.
Here we have made two important assumptions.
. A n important
point arises here.

... Far more important for our purposes i s . . .
1
. From Theorem 1 we easily deduce a number
of important consequences.
... There
is a vitally important distinction between...
. There are two
important distinctions.

, . . . However, a considerably more important
observation is t h a t . . .

is reliability.
,
. . . T h e most important observation, however, is
that...
,
... There are, however, important special cases
when...
()
. One important application is the following.
,
. . . One important question is
whether. ..

. - - One application of this principle is especially
important.

. .. Particularly important for our purposes is
the case of...
,
. One important point remains to be
mentioned.
18
,
... T h i s is an exceedingly important
result, as it enables us t o . . .
. " Three
important remarks are in order.

(, ..)... We n <
one of the most important...
)w
introduce
. . . T h e following very important result is the basis

for...

, . . .
A further important discovery was t h a t . . .
, ...
T h e simplest case is that in w h i c h . . .
, Q
. Nevertheless, the dependence of P
on Q is very important.
important
,
. .. Physically this situation is not very
important, s i n c e . . .
. T h i s
paper is important for three reasons.

.
paper is crucial in demonstrating...
, ... Nevertheless, these

are all variants of...
. . . T h i s is not
necessarily the case for...
. ..
T h e modification is accomplished by u s i n g . . .
.
T h i s modification of the method seems to be of great value.
,
... T h i s paper is important to all those working
in the field of...
, -
paper is important because i t . . .
( = , . ,
, ) variant, modification, alternate
, . . .
One possibility is t h a t . . .
,
... B y far the most important case * that in
which...
,
. We now prove
theorem due to Banach.
, . . .
T h i s method of analysis is particularly important
because...
This
This
, , ,
, . . . T h i s modification is perhaps
most easily introduced by observing t h a t . . .
introduction, inlet, intake

. . .
In this section we give a brief introduction t o . . .
...
. . . T h e introduction of... has led to many
important developments i n . . .

. T h e results were of far reaching
importance.
[1]
. . . We strongly recommend Smith [1] as an
introduction t o . . . ; Smith [1] is strongly recommended as
an introduction t o . . .
, . . .
important modification, because...
( ) . . .
Our purpose is merely to give an introductory view of...
T h i s is an
. , '-
an important result. It says t h a t . . .
T h i s is
( = )
... It is an indispensable tool in the
study of...
, . . .
/. T h i s means that considerable
importance is attached t o . . .
,
. . . T h i s happens to be an important observation,
because...
. T h i s is a very important
point.
,
is an important case in practice because...
. ..
us to an important property of...
. This
T h i s leads
, - T h i s is
crucially important concept s i n c e . . .
. .. - O u r
discussion will be facilitated by the introduction of...
. . .
T h e following example provides an introduction t o . . .

... There are several ways of introducing the
theory of...
introduced

, . ..
. Recall that no assumptions
have been made with regard t o . . .
, ... We can
generalize this idea by introducing...
i n view of, by virtue of, for reasons of,

because of, on account of
19
... T h i s
approach is especially attractive in view of...
. .. It is desirable at this
stage to introduce...
( = , . )
introduce, input
( = )
. .. We now define several o t h e r . . .
( = ). .. For
this case we may define...
, , z,
. .. Let us now introduce new variables
x, y, z, given b y . . .
, () . .. Further,
we introduce the notation...
. For
this it is convenient to introduce some notation.
,
. .. If we introduce a new variable x, we can
avoid...
, ,
. .. We therefore introduce a new
variable r defined b y . . .
,
. We introduce several
identities that will be used throughout the text.
. .. We could just as
well introduce...
,
... We can use this result to define...
. .. It is necessary to
introduce the concept of...
, . .. It is found
convenient to introduce...

. .. At no time, however,
have we made any assumptions regarding...
,
... It can be done rather easily, however, if
we introduce...
, . . . T h e y made
the simple assumption that. ..
(. . . ..),
. We need
one more definition before proceeding w i t h . . .
( = ). ..
Likewise, we define. ..

(, ..)... We now introduce
one of the most important. ..
,
. T h e best
way to introduce the necessary terminology is as follows.
.
First we must introduce some notation.
,
( ..)... Now introduce
a quantity defined b y . . .
. We
are now ready for a basic definition.
(1) ,
... convert E q . (1) to a standard form,
we define...
, ... clarify
the situation we introduce...
, ...
simplify the treatment we shall now introduce...
... T h i s leads us to
introduce. ..
be introduced
, ,
, , . . . T h i s modification is
perhaps most easily introduced by observing
that...
. These
methods are introduced in the next section.
introductory
,
. . . I n light of these introductory remarks, it is
apparent t h a t . . .
( = ) in addition (to),
besides, as well, over and above, moreover

... There is, in fact, one basic reason for
considering...
, . . . I n fact it can be
proved t h a t . . .
,
(1), . . . Incidentally we may notice, as
a consequence of (1), t h a t . . .
, , .
In fact, much more than this is true.
, ... They are furthermore
capable of...
,
. .. Incidentally, this proof can be made
somewhat simpler b y . . .
leading, conducting, conductor

, . . .
Let us summarize the various steps leading t o . . .
. T h e consequences are
far-reaching.
everywhere
. There was
burning smell throughout the area.

, . Closed-form expressions should
be used wherever possible.
great, large
20
-
. B u t the number of combinations is still very
large.
( = , )
return, come back
(. ) quantity, value,
variable, magnitude, size, intensity, extent, amount
2
, . . . I n Chapter 2 we shall return to this
question and try to show t h a t . . .

( ..). . T h e quantity of
interest in this configuration i s . . .
()
. We shall return to this expression in the
next chapter.

( )... Another relation
between these quantities can be obtained b y . . .
(-). L e t us return briefly

to the idea of...
. ..
Another quantity often encountered i s . . .

. There is a simple relationship between
these two quantities.
N, , . . .
We may estimate JV by supposing t h a t . . .
() .
. We shall
return to this point later.

, ( ..)... Before
returning to these matters, it is necessary t o . . .
... We quote below the

values of...
(. , ,
) valid, true, correct, accurate, right,
reliable
W
, . . . I n computing
W, however, we must take into account the fact t h a t . . .

, . . . T h e equations obtained above
are no longer valid because...
, . . . Clearly its
value depends o n . . .
, . . . If this theory is correct,

then...
( = ) ,
. . . L e t these quantities be renumbered so t h a t . . .
(), ,
. T h e converse, though less trivial, is also
true.
(1)
, . . . Insertion of this value into
equation (1) shows t h a t . . .
, ,
. .. Supposing indefinitely small, we
obtain...
,
( ..)... T h u s it is certainly
legitimate t o . . .
, ( =
). It follows that the hypothesis is false.
:...
T h e corresponding numerical values are as follows:...
To . . . T h e same
interpretation holds good for...
, , . . .
Comparing these values, we see t h a t . . .
, . . .
,
, . . . Since is necessarily positive, it
follows t h a t . . .
, ... T h i s
result no longer holds i f . . .
,
, . . . Since must be everywhere finite, it is
clear t h a t . . .
, ,
. . . Since is arbitrary, it follows t h a t . . .
(. , ,
, ) correctly, truly,
exactly, right, i t is correct
then...
likely, probably
, . . . It is more than likely
that. ..
, , . . . I n short, there is
every possibility t h a t . . .
, . ..
Errors are more likely to occur w h e n . . .
, . . . It appears probable
that...
, . . . It is also conceivable t h a t . . .
, ... T h i s is
particularly so, for example, in the case of...
, , . . . It is also
possible, even likely, t h a t . . .
, .
T h e reader should verify that this is the case.
( = ),
. . . It is highly probable t h a t . . .
. T h i s is not always the case.
probability, chance, likelihood
21
() ,
, . . . A m i d this
diversity of possibilities, it is well to realize t h a t . . .
, , . . .
There is a small but finite probability t h a t . . .
. O u r work
is far from finished.
. . . It is quite otherwise
with...
. . . T h i s is rather typical of...
, . . . There is also the

possibility t h a t . . .
interaction, reciprocal action,

reciprocity; coordinate action
, . . . T h i s offers the
, . . .
,
. . . T h i s means that there is an appreciable
probability of...
( = ). ..
T h i s is linked with the possibility of...
probable, likely

, . . . T h i s possibility is even more
likely in special applications, w h e r e . . .

. T h i s is made plausible by
the following argument.
(. , ,
, ) version, modification, variant
...
A n elegant version of this method employs...
, ...
Let us, for example, consider the interaction o f . . .
related, interrelated,
interconnected
() ,
. We shall see that these questions are
closely related.
. These facts are
interrelated.
view, glance, point of view, look

. . . L e t us look briefly a t . . .
. . . It is essential to
have a realistic view of...
, . . . It is
probably useful to look a t . . .
. . . L e t us take a look a t . . .
, . . . A t first sight it
appears t h a t . . .
.
At first sight this seems hopelessly complicated.

. We shall now construct a rigorous
version of the above argument.
, . . . A t
first sight, it might appear t h a t . . .
( = ) lead, conduct, direct, r u n ,

carry on

, . . . At first sight this may seem
somewhat surprising because...
, . . . T h i s , of
course, leads immediately t o . . .
.
This practice leads to serious confusion.
( = , . ) all, the whole

(of), everything, total, overall
, , . . . A l l that
is necessary is to observe t h a t . . .
, ... Here the
matter is very simple, and we c a n . . .
,
. . . T h e viewpoint adopted in this book is t h a t . . .
, . . .
It would seem at first sight t h a t . . .
' ... At first
sight we might e x p e c t . . .
. . . T h i s paper
provides a new viewpoint o n . . .
,
( = ) very, highly, greatly,

extremely
look at, give a glance
, ,
... These comments are very vague, of course,
but...

. We want to look at this result from
a slightly different point of view.
, . . . It is
sometimes quite difficult to prove that. ..
,
. . . T h u s we have a new way of
looking a t . . .

... Between these two rather
extreme cases lies the great majority of...

. We omit the rather lengthy proof of this
theorem.
. . . T h e results also lend support to the view t h a t . . .
( )take
...
For our first approximation, let us t a k e . . .
... A s
last example, we t a k e . . .
22
... For the

present investigation we shall t a k e . . .
, . . .
T h e complete solution is therefore...
. . . Another example
might be taken f r o m . . .
(1)
... Equation (1) can also be written in
the f o r m . . .
,
... Another way to treat this problem is to
take. ..

. We have taken this as a starting point
for our investigation.

. We shall take this as a starting point for
our investigation.

. We must take this as a starting point for
our investigation.

. We have decided to take this as a
starting point for our investigation.
(,
..), ... For the
sake of clarity, let us t a k e . . .
( = ) begin, start, undertake

. . . It might seem natural to start our
investigation w i t h . . .
. . . ,
. . . Before beginning a more
detailed study o f . . . , it is helpful to consider...
( = , , ) form, aspect, kind,

species, view, shape, mode, appearance, class;
prospect, outlook
(1)
, ... convert E q . (1) to
standard form, we define...

(1) . .. T h i s may be
accomplished by rearranging E q . (1) in the f o r m . . .
(1)
... T h i s enables us to reduce (1) to
the form...
, ... T h i s sort of
( = , ) see

... Also we can see more clearly the geometrical
significance of...
, , . . . Similarly, we see
that...
, . . . It is easily
, , . . . Furthermore, we see
that...
, , . . . I n summary, we see
that...
( = ),
. . . I n the last section we discovered t h a t . . .
( =
)... L e t us seek a solution of the f o r m . . .
,
, . . . Returning to our original problem, we
see t h a t . . .

... Much more generally, we may
consider...
, . . . It is reasonably easy to
see t h a t . . .
, ... Basically, there

are two forms of...
(7), , . . .
If we make use of the result (7) we see t h a t . . .
. . . We deduce the form of...
- ( = )...
we see a simple case of...
(10)
, . For many purposes,
equation (10) is useful as it stands.
, . . . It is clear from
inspection of these curves t h a t . . .
, ,
. . . E a c h of these types is further
subdivided i n t o . . .
,
. . . From the way in which this equation has been
obtained, it will be seen t h a t . . .
, . . . It is clear from
these definitions t h a t . . .
(10), , . . . Making
use of the result (10) we see t h a t . . .

. We can state the result as a theorem.
, .
T h e converse, as we have seen, is false.
( =
) :... T h u s we can
rewrite this a s . . .
,
. . . A s we have seen, the same results
are predicted f o r . . .
,
: . . . T h e required solution is therefore. ..
, . . . Qualitatively, it
can be seen t h a t . . .
23
,
. It is easy to see that this condition is
necessary.
( = ), (). .. T h i s
is recognized immediately a s . . .
( = ),
. .. We have already seen that we
cannot, in general, e x p e c t . . .
, ... We have seen that it is
possible t o . . .
, ,
... We have seen that this condition is
satisfied i f . . .
, , . . . We have already
seen, for example, t h a t . . .
, , . . . B y an
extension of this argument it is seen t h a t . . .
. 1, , . . . W i t h
, , . . . O n
combining these results we see t h a t . . .
, , . . .
In retrospect, it can be seen t h a t . . .
,
, , . . . If we consider
what happens more carefully, however, we can see t h a t . . .
, . . . W i t h
these stipulations, it is easily seen t h a t . . .
, , . . .
B y equating the two terms it can be seen t h a t . . .
(1) , . . . We thus see,
with the aid of (1), t h a t . . .
(1) , . . . W i t h the
aid of eq. (1) we see t h a t . . .
, , , . . .
Hence we see by induction that. ..
, , . . .
Comparing these values, we see t h a t . . .
T o , , (,
) . . . T h a t this is not always the case was seen i n . . .
, . . .
The reader may be puzzled to see t h a t . . .
apparent, visible, obvious

. There
was no visible damage to the structure.
(. , ) i t is seen,
one can see, i t is obvious, clearly, obviously,
evidently, apparently
1.
This condition can be seen by reference to Figure 1.
. 4 , . . . It is observed from Figure 4
that...
, . . .
It is easily seen geometrically that. ..
, . . . It is clear from the context

that...
, . . . From
published accounts, it is apparent t h a t . . .
, . . . It is
apparent from the preceding summary t h a t . . .
. .. A s the statement
indicates...
, . . . It is easily seen t h a t . . .
, . . . However, it has become
, , . . . Nevertheless, it is
. .. T h i s will
be seen more clearly when we d i s c u s s . . .
seeing
, , . . . T h e reader
-may 4> & \ see
..
contribution, investment
.
T h e contributions of/from the higher terms are small.
- ()
. . . D r . Smith was recently honored for his
contributions i n . . .
- . . . D r . Smith
was recognized for his contributions i n . . .
- . . . D r . Smith
has made significant contributions t o . . . ; D r . Smith has
had a considerable impact on the field of...

... T h i s equation may be used to estimate the
contribution of...
enclose, insert, include, add,

incorporate, embed; switch on, connect
( )... A more
precise description includes...

. .. T h e highest types of mental activities involve...
125 . T h e glossary
covers 125 items.
,
. .. T h e analysis may be extended to
include...
, ... Note that the
graphs do not i n c l u d e . . .
7.
T h e irrational numbers include e and .

. .. E a c h of these
theories involves assumptions a b o u t . . .
,
... Mathematics encompasses many fields, such
as...
24
, ,
. . . We include all cases very simply by saying
that...
( ..)...
We also include a summary of...
,
, . .. Other factors that could
limit accuracy i n c l u d e . . .
,
... T h e last theorem can be extended to
include...
(2)
. Eq.(2) incorporates the effect of lateral
forces.
... These
factors include the following:

. T h i s result includes Smith's result [1] as a
special case.
involving, incorporating

, ... We shall now list the most
important identities involving...
including, inclusive of, among them

, ... T h e y
are used in a variety of ways, including...
briefly, i n short
. T h i s
involves no loss of generality.
... T h i s definition
does not imply t h a t . . .
. ..
T h i s very crude assumption y i e l d s . . .
influence (on, upon), effect (on, upon),

action (on), impact, exposure (to)
... We
have mentioned several times the influence of...
, ... We
may finally mention the influence of...

... Few aspects of our lives have not been
influenced b y . . .

... For the present, however, we neglect the
effects of...
,
. . . Accordingly, the design of such
devices has had an important influence o n . . .
... We shall now discuss
the influence of...
( = ) influence, affect, act (up)on,

have influence (on, over, upon)
, . . .
Fortunately, such noise has little effect o n . . .
, . . . I n short, we
might say t h a t . . .
... T h e overall
design has been strongly influenced b y . . .

( ..). T h i s limitation does not
concern us.
, .
In brief, the explanation is as follows.
instead of, i n place of, as an alternative,

rather than; in favor of, i n lieu of
... Let us briefly

consider the effect of...
,
, . . . Rather than attempt
general investigation of the problem, w e . . .
. .. We briefly
review/consider...
He ,
... Without giving a rigorous treatment we
briefly d i s c u s s . . .
taste, manner, style

. T h i s is entirely
matter of personal taste.
, , . . .
Instead of attempting this, w e . . .
,
... Instead, let us develop a
general method whereby...
, . . .
Instead, we must assume t h a t . . .
imply, involve, attract, draw, drag, bring,

necessitate
, . . . Instead, we
must say t h a t . . .
,
... Obviously all such questions
should involve consideration of...
. .. We direct our
attention, rather, t o . . .
... T h e first
of these questions involves...
... T h e latter
condition implies t h a t . . .
, > ,
, .
T h e assumption > 0 implies that 6 is nonnegative.
. .. We content
ourselves, instead, w i t h . . .
, . . . One is instead
reminded t h a t . . .
, . . . Instead one
assumes t h a t . . .
, ,
... Instead, as mentioned above, we s h o u l d . . .
25
( = ) Q.
It is customary to write P in place of Q.
, . . .
T h i s takes account of the fact t h a t . . .
, '
. . . Suppose instead that we are
. .. Little attention has been

given t o . . .
interested i n . . .
... We may
restrict our attention t o . . .
implementing
, . .. I n the
process of implementing this idea we shall also
encounter...
... We have not

paid much attention t o . . .
, . . . We suddenly
realized t h a t . . .

... Let us merely call attention to one p o i n t : . . .
,
. O u r work ended abruptly when
funding was discontinued.
. . . We
will again focus our attention o n . . .
attention, notice
... Little attention has been
paid t o . . .

(-). .. I n this chapter we shall devote some
attention t o . . .
-

. . . Ifi the present discussion,
attention will be focused o n . .
...
Much attention has been paid in recent years t o . . .

. . . I n this chapter we will direct most of
the attention t o w a r d . . .
,
, . .. T h e important thing to observe
here is t h a t . . .

... T h e subject has received increased
attention with the development of...
,
. . . T h e reader's attention is drawn to the fact
that...
,
, . . . " Disregarding this
complication for the moment, we may say t h a t . . .
(
..)... We shall give some further attention t o . . .

(, ..).
A comprehensive theory must account for...
",
. . . For simplicity, we start by
restricting our attention t o . . .

, . . . We turn our attention next to
proving t h a t . . .
, ,
... Here we are, of course, restricting
attention t o . . .
, . . . We
' attention to fne iac't t'nat. ..
. . . We have already
called attention t o . . .
, ,
. .. I n practice, therefore, the major concern
is t o . . .

, . . . At this point, we wish to call attention
to the fact that. ..
, . . . Finally,
we turn our attention t o . . .
,
... From now on, we restrict our
attention t o . . .
. .. Recently,
considerable attention has been devoted t o . . .
... Not enough
attention has been paid t o . . .
W
... Special attention
will be given t o . . .
. .. Particular
attention will be given t o . . .
. .. Very little
. . . Thereafter
attention focuses o n . . .
. . . ,
. These and other
questions need to be given serious attention before...
( ..)
... I n d i s c u s s i n g . . . , we
are interested only i n . . .

. . . E a r l y investigators focused their
attention o n . . .
... Attention
should be given to methods of...
, . . .
Attention should be paid to the fact that. ..
26
:...
T h e following must be taken into account:...
o . 1, , . . .
Referring again to Figure 1, we see t h a t . . .
[1] , . . .
Smith [1] has drawn attention to the fact t h a t . . .
. . . T h i s , again, is consistent
with...
,
... Among other possibilities, serious
consideration has been given t o . . .
,
. There are two situations where
this has to be taken into account:
,
... There are four reasons for devoting
attention t o . . .
, ...
Nevertheless, attention needs to be paid t o . . .
(,
..)... A t present we will confine our
attention t o . . .
... We now
turn our attention to the case of...
... Close
attention must be given t o . . .
,
. . . - T h e reader must observe carefully t h a t . . .
, . . .
T h e reader should appreciate t h a t . . .
,
, . . . answer this question, we must
take into account t h a t . . .
, ,
. . . I n order to appreciate this connection let us
recall t h a t . . .
,
... simplify matters we confine our
attention t o . . .
. . .
These workers have also drawn attention t o . . .

(-). T h i s compels us give serious attention t o . . .

. T h i s may be appreciated from the following
argument.
attentive, intent, careful, close

, . . . A n alert
reader will have noticed t h a t . . .
,
... We must, of course, be careful in
applying...
( = ) bring in, insert, introduce,

inject, contribute
- . . . D r . Smith
has made significant contributions t o . . . ; D r . Smith has
had a considerable impact on the field of...
... His
lectures provided new insight regarding the effects of...
. . . There
has to be a radical change i n . . .
i n , inside, interior to, i n the interior of;

within, inside, intrao ...
Within each category one sees a variety of...
completely, entirely, at all, quite

, . . . It is not at all obvious
that. ..
, .
But this is not what happens in practice,
together
2 (-).
Table 2 summarizes the properties of. ..
( = , )
return, come back (from)

. T h e system then returns to its original state.
. . . Later we
shall turn to the question of...
,
. We now return to the question
posed at the beginning of the chapter.
,
. We now return to the example
treated in Section 2.
returning (to), reverting (to), i f we

return (to), turning back
(4), , . . . Returning to (4)
we see that. ..
,
see t h a t . . .
,
/... Returning now to the more general case
where...

, . . . Returning now to the proof of the
main theorem, w e . . .
,
. .. B u t must also be taken to k e e p . . .
action, effect, influence, attack
,
. .. T h e reader should be careful not to
confuse...

. . . A l l such procedures can have
unexpected effects o n . . .
( = , ) again, anew, once

again, afresh, re-
. 1 2 ... Figures 1 and 2

show the effects of...
27
(. ) possibly,
probably, conceivably, perhaps, maybe, i t is
possible, may; as possible
, , . . . O f course, it is
, , ,
. . . T h i s is perhaps the place to comment t h a t . . .
, . T h i s is probably
a sensible approach.
, ... It is, of course,

perfectly possible t o . . .
,
(-). T h e process is perhaps explained more
clearly b y . . .
... More recently it

has been possible t o . . .
( ..)...
quite possible to develop...
, , , . . . Moreover, it
is perhaps surprising t h a t . . .
, . . . It is quite possible t h a t . . .
, , . . . Furthermore, it is
possible t h a t . . .
( ..)...
possible t o . . .
It will be
... Ideally it should

be possible t o . . .
... I n some
situations it is possible t o . . .
... I n some cases it is
possible t o . . .
, . . .
In general, it is possible to prove t h a t . . .
. .. It is equally
possible to define...
, , ...
In particular, suppose it is possible t o . . .
, ... T h e y may have to try
another way to s o l v e . . .
, . . .
Perhaps a better choice for would b e . . .
, .
It is
, . . . It may be well be t h a t . . .
( ..)...
possible t o . . .
It is always
,
( ..)... L e t us now investigate
whether it is possible t o . . .
, , . . . I n other words, it
is possible t h a t . . .
, , . . . If this
is possible, we say t h a t . . .
( = ). .. It is then
possible to determine...
,
... There are certain contexts in which it is
possible t o . . .
, ( ..)...
We shall find it possible t o . . .
, (
..)... We have seen that it is possible t o . . .
,
, ... We wish to detect as rapidly as
possible a n y . . .
( ..)...
In practice it is possible t o . . .
, . . . It is
( ..)...
normally possible t o . . .
, . . . It appears probable t h a t . . .
,
( = ) (1) , ...
T h e fulfillment of (1), clearly, is possible only i f . . .
, . . . It is conceivable t h a t . . .
, ,
... There is perhaps some truth in this;
however,...
, ,
. . . T h i s is perhaps to be expected, s i n c e . . .
, . ..
Perhaps the best approach is t o . . .
, ,
, , . . .
Probably the main lesson to be gained from these three
examples is t h a t . . .
, , . . .
It will probably be obvious to the reader t h a t . . .
, ... T h i s
is perhaps more significant in the context of...
It is
... Under these

circumstances, it is possible t o . . . ; Under such conditions,
it is possible t h a t . . .
, ... O n the
other hand, it may not be necessary t o . . .
, , . . . Correspondingly, it
, , . . .
It is also possible, even likely, t h a t . . .
, ,
. . . Nevertheless, it is perhaps of some interest t o . . .
, . . . It is theoretically
possible t o . . .
... It is now possible to
find...

,
( ..)... L e t us now consider whether it
is possible t o . . .
... Only recently has
it become feasible t o . . .

. . . One possibility is to u s e . . .
, . . .
T h e remaining possibility is to assume t h a t . . .
, ... A n exact
solution is only possible i f . . .
,
. .. It follows that the possibility exists
for the use of...
, , , . . .
T h e reader might begin to suspect t h a t . . .
. .. It is useful to be
able t o . . .
possibility, feasibility, capability,

opportunity, chance

... It is useful to be able to
visualize...
, ( = ),
. . . More than this, there is the possibility t h a t . . .

. .. We must keep in mind, therefore, the
possibility of...
... It has been

found possible to produce...

... For this case, the only recourse is t o . . .

. T h e possibility of fulfilling this
requirement is discussed below.
. . .
T h e possibility of error usually arises f r o m . . .
... A further
possibility arises t h a t . . .
,
( = ) ( ..). There are
various possibilities depending on the nature of...
. .. Let us investigate the
possibility of...
... We are
interested in the possibility o f . . .
, . . .
We cannot rule out the possibility of...
()
(, ..)... We also take the
opportunity t o . . .

. . . We shall often have occasion to
speak of...
He . T h i s
possibility must not be ruled out.
...
There is no evidence that it is possible t o . . .
,
... I n discussing this problem we have
neglected the possibility t h a t . . .
... It is usually
possible to choose...
(
..)... We shall, however, have
occasion t o . . .
(
..)...
One possibility would be t o . . .
, ,
able to determine w h e t h e r . . .
,
... Among other possibilities, serious
... T h i s raises the possibility
that. ..

. T h e next three examples illustrate this
possibility.
... We have
already had an opportunity t o . . .
... We shall have
frequent occasion t o . . .
. . . We
shall have frequent occasion to refer t o . . .

, ...
avoid any possibility of confusion we s h a l l . . .
, ...
For purposes of reference we s h a l l . . .


. 1. T h e two main possibilities are illustrated in
Figure 1.
( = ). ..
T h i s is linked with the possibility of...
. T h i s
list does not exhaust the possibilities.
,
... Clearly, there is
considerable room for improvement in the study o f . . .
possible, feasible, virtual, plausible,

potential, practicable, conceivable; alternative
, , . . .
Alternatively, it seems possible t h a t . . .
. Three
possible approaches will be mentioned.
29
... It is not
generally possible t o . . .
, ( = ). ..
T h i s difficulty does not arise w h e n . . .

. .. I n subsequent experiments, it was possible
to measure. ..
, . .. T h i s issue is
raised here because...
i> () .
A more complicated situation is also possible.
... It has not so far
been found possible t o . . .
...
Another possible alternative is t o . . .

... Another problem is the possible
contamination of...
. .. There
are four possible combinations of...
t> , ,
... Once this distinction is clearly
understood, it becomes possible t o . . .
( ..)...
It became feasible t o . . .
( = )
... It is now possible to see the
significance of...
... Only recently
has it become feasible t o . . .

... Refined experimental methods
have made it possible t o . . .
. .. T h i s has made
it possible to construct. ..
( = , ) arise,
come into existence, emerge, appear, spring up,
there occur, originate, come about from
. . . . Three
cases arise depending on w h e t h e r . . .
, . ..
Basically, these variations result f r o m . . .
, . . . T h e question
arises w h e t h e r . . .
now arises of w h e t h e r . . .
,
( ..) .
A question arises as to whether the converse necessarily
holds.
... A further
possibility arises t h a t . . .
(-). A l l of
these arise as particular cases of...
, ... Another
problem arises w h e n . . .
, , ,
... T h e difficulty we have been discussing will not
arise i f . . .
, . . . T h e minus sign
appears because. . . ; T h e minus sign arises from the fact
that...

. . . Physically this arises because of...
:... T h i s brings
up the question:...
,
... There are three important
complications which arise in the analysis of...
" , . . . Sometimes
we have the situation t h a t . . .
, ... A n
interesting case occurs w h e n . . .
,
. . . A s indicated above this effect is due t o . . .
, ,
. . . Effectively, the situation arises because...
- ,
. . . , Some of the problems arise from the fact t h a t . . .
,
. .. A new feature appears when we
consider. ..
, ,
. . . It is obvious that this situation arises simply
because...
( ),
. .. A similar situation will arise when
we d i s c u s s . . .
. Such
processes simply do not occur.
. Such
phenomena are of very frequent occurrence.
, ,
... . . .
T h e work presented in this paper came about through a
collaboration between the Department of... a n d . . .

- , . . . A severe
complication in most laboratory measurements arises
from...

. . . T h i s book grew out of a course taught a t . . .
, . . . ,
. Therefore, no difficulties arise in
connection w i t h . . .
.
The concept goes back a long way.
, . ..
Difficulties occur as soon as we try t o . . .

, ... T h i s kind of
case arises w h e n . . .
, , ,
... A case of special interest arises w h e n . . .

)
/... A much more serious defect is
encountered w i t h . . .
, . . .
T h e question now arises as to whether. ..
",
. T h e question
now arises as to how birds can navigate after Sunset.

, / . . . We now
develop a few of the simpler concepts that arise i n . . .
,
(-). It is difficult to see how these differences could
arise f r o m . . .
30
( = )
. , . . . Many scientists object
to this. T h e y point out t h a t . . .
- ,
. . . T h e reader might, however, still contend t h a t . . .
objection (to), retort

, . . . A second objection to this
hypothesis is t h a t . . .

. .. T h e main objection to this
arrangement i s . . .
To, ,
[1]. T h a t this is a serious
objection has been pointed out by Smith [1].
increase, rise, growth, gain,

increment
... T h i s
involves an increase i n . . .
, ... A difficulty arises

when...
- in the first place, firstly, first and

foremost, for one thing

... A n equation of this type also arises in the
study o f . . .
-,..., -,. . , -,... F i r s t , . . . .

Secondly,.... Thirdly, we o b t a i n . . .
/... T h i s
problem does not arise w i t h . . .
, ... T h i s
situation may also arise i f . . .

. T h i s
terminology dates from the early days of particle physics.

. .. T h i s difficulty arises frorn the
use of...
. . . T h i s arises
entirely f r o m . . .
, ,
. .. T h e phenomenon commonly occurs, for
example, n e a r . . .
originating, arising from

:... A problem which arises very
frequently i s . . .

... illustrate the problems involved, we
can
origin, rise, beginning,

occurrence, start, initiation, origination, emergence
...
T h i s gives rise to the so-called...
( = ) object (to), raise an

objection, rejoin; retort, take exception
,
, . . . Rothwell [1] subsequently
challenged this, arguing t h a t . . .
, . . . It may be argued
that...
( = ) question, problem, matter,

issue, item, point

questions.
... It is a more
delicate matter t o . . .
2

:... I n such a situation, we might ask two
questions:...
. .. I n light of this, one
can legitimately a s k . . .
[1] ,
. A point of considerable interest
was raised by Smith [1].
, .
Three questions in particular have to be considered.
, ...
T h e most urgent question, perhaps, i s . . .
arises w h e t h e r . . .
,
(, ..)... T h e question arises as
to whether it is possible t o . . .
,
( ..) .
holds.
... , , ,
... T h e question of... is still largely unanswered,
although. ..
31
, . . . It is a matter of
convention t h a t . . .
.
We explore this topic further ir the appendix.
, ... T h i s issue is
raised here because...
, . . . ,
. T h e question remained unanswered u n t i l . . .

. Some of these points will be
developed further in the next chapter.
... We now turn
to the matter of selecting...

... One answer to this question lies in the
concept of...
, , ...
Interesting but difficult questions arise w h e n . . .
,
, , . . . One vital point to be
noticed is t h a t . . .
. A t
this point we bring our discussion of these matters to a
close.
,
... B u t this is merely a matter of convenience, and is
not...
, . Hence the
following question suggests itself:
, . . . One
important question is whether. ..

. .. Many authors have questioned
the validity of this statement.
,
... T h e main question is how we
should approach the problem of...
, . . .
It may be asked w h e t h e r . . .
... O u r
main business in this chapter is t o . . .
() ,
closely related.
,
. . . Putting aside for a moment the
question w h e t h e r . . .
,
. . . We are led to inquire w h e t h e r . . .
, . . . It remains
to be seen w h e t h e r . . .
, . . . We have
evaded the question as to w h e t h e r . . .
.
Many other questions remain to be answered.
. . . L e t us begin by asking
about...
. . . It remains to take
up the question of...

. We shall not enter into this complicated
question.
. . . We shall not
touch on the question of...
, . . .
We shall not discuss the question of w h e t h e r . . .
, . . .
We are discussing the question of whether. ..
, ... We are
discussing the question of what i s . . .
... T h e answer to this

question is provided b y . . .
... T h e first
of these questions involves...
,... We were confronted with
a question:...
. . . Later we shall
turn to the question of...

... A preview of this subject would be
incomplete w i t h o u t . . .
,
... We must answer the d
i o n whether...
. . . ,
. These and other
. We shall deal
with these matters later.
,
. . . A major issue is w h e t h e r . . .
.
The answer to this question is not known with certainty.

. T h e viability of this procedure is still in
question; T h i s procedure is still open to question.
u e s t
-.. We have to solve the

problem...
... A reasonable question i s : . . .
He - .. No consideration has
. . . L e t us first consider
He . . . Not
least among these questions is.
. We consider this
question a little further.
32
, . . .
T h e next question is whether. ..
,
. . . T h e essential question now is
whether...
, ,
: . . . A major question to be
answered is whether. ..
,
, . . .
,
. T h e question
now arises as to how birds can navigate after sunset.
,
. . . T h e question may now be raised w h e t h e r . . .
,
. . . We must now take up the question of w h e t h e r . . .
, . . .
We now ask w h e t h e r . . .
.
Now we come to an important question.
,
... T h i s puts us in a position to answer several
questions w h i c h . . .
, . .. answer
this question, let u s . . .
, . . . answer this
we s h a l l . . .
,
,
. .. answer this question we
need to look more closely a t . . .
,
[1]. B u t we shall follow
here a more general method due to Vorovich [1].
,
. .. T h u s for our purposes we may
always u s e . . .
,
. .. T h i s study is facilitated by the
use of...
there, here, here is, there is

( ..)...
T h a t is why it has been necessary t o . . .

... T h i s is why we
were able to o b t a i n . . .
important t o . . .
first, for the first time

[1] , . . . It was first
observed by Smith [1] t h a t . . .
impression, influence, effect

, . . . It is as i f . . .
(, ..)
, . . . T h e reader who
has previously s t u d i e d . . . may have the impression t h a t . . .
, , , . . . T h i s seems
to have created the impression t h a t . . .
impressive, dramatic
. . .
One of the most striking examples i s . . .
up to, to the extent of, through, t i l l ,

right up to
1980- ,
. . . Until the early 1980s it was common belief
that...
reasonably, quite, completely, entirely,

altogether, fully, wholly, totally
, . . . These questions are

new because...
, . . . It is quite possible t h a t . . .
. T h i s is an important matter.
, . . . It is reasonable to
expect t h a t . . .
. T h i s is indeed a
deep question.
, . . . It is reasonable t h a t . . .
... We are not quite ready t o . . .
. T h i s does not quite

settle the matter.
He , . . . It is not quite
true to say t h a t . . .
. It is a simple matter.
<> , ... T h i s is not

strictly correct because. ..
. T h i s
question is fundamental,
take advantage of, use, make

use, invoke, avail (oneself) of

. Instead, an empirical approach can be
adopted.
... We availed
(ourselves) of the opportunity t o . . .

. T h i s is made
plausible by the following argument.
. T h i s procedure is quite
straightforward.
afterwards, later on, subsequently

, . . . Subsequently
it was found that. ..
33
,
, . . . Rothwell [1] subsequently challenged this,
arguing t h a t . . .
, . . . It has recently
become apparent t h a t . . .
,... A s will be seen

subsequently,...

... There has recently been considerable
effort put t o w a r d . . .
, . . .
However, we shall subsequently discover t h a t . . .
,
. . . It has been known for a very long time t h a t . . .
... It came to be
known a s . . .
, . . . A t the
same time it must be explained t h a t . . .
, ,
( ..)... It is convenient, for
reasons which will appear later, t o . . .
, . . . A t
the same time, it was also clear t h a t . . .
( = , ) henceforth, in
the future, from now on
...
Henceforth, we shall not attempt to distinguish between...
( = ) ,
. We will
proceed under this assumption from now on.
harm, injury, damage

( = )... - - A n y such obstruction may cause
damage to t h e . . .
,
( ..) , . . . No
harm can come from this practice if one clearly
understands t h a t . . .
temporarily, provisionally, for the time

being
, . . . We will
tentatively assume that. . . ; For now, we will assume
that. . . ; For the time being we will assume t h a t . . . ; We
will assume for the time being t h a t . . .
. .. For the moment we
shall denote...
(, )...
We will denote this object temporarily b y . . .
,
, . . . Disregarding this
, . . . We shall assume for
the moment t h a t . . .
(. , ) time, tense
, . . .
In ancient times it was generally believed t h a t . . .

. T h e properties of this material are presently
being studied.

. . . Currently, there is considerable interest
in...
,
. . . A t the same time, the results indicate t h a t . . .
, . . . At the
same time it must be remembered t h a t . . .
,
... It has not been until very recently t h a t . . .
, . . . Until
recently, it was thought t h a t . . .
. ..
Occasionally we will be interested i n . . .
, . .. It has
occasionally been argued t h a t . . .
. T h i s
analysis is time consuming.

. date, few investigators have pursued
this matter.

. . . A t that time, the only practical method w a s . . .
,... As things
stand today,...
,
. . . We neglect, for the time being, the fact t h a t . . .
He ,
. .. It should not be long before...
, . . . However, it
was recognized at the time t h a t . . .

... B u t until recently it was
regarded a s . . .
,
question whether...
, ,
. A s time goes on, the
place occupied by P generally will vary.
,
... One will have to go a long way to f i n d . . .
. . . Little is
known at present a b o u t . . .
, ...
It will take some time before...
,
... Experiments are currently underway to
investigate...

... After a short time, we would
expect...
34

. A s time
progresses, the process will move toward a steady state
distribution.

. .. According to the present available
evidence,...
... Meanwhile
we should examine...
, .
We note that this coefficient is always positive.
.
Such attempts are not necessarily successful.
... It is nearly always better t o . . .
,
( ..)... O n the
other hand, it is not in general permissible t o . . .
hardly, scarcely, i t is unlikely, we doubt

whether
To, , (,
) . . . T h a t this is not always the case was seen i n . . .
, . . . It is hardly
possible to doubt t h a t . . .
.
Ford was always interested in efficiency.
, . . .
It is hardly necessary to point out t h a t . . .
. T h i s is not always the case.
, , ... O f
course it can hardly be claimed t h a t . . .
(. ) all, anything, everybody

(, ..)... I n all such
experiments it is necessary t o . . .
, (,
..) . . . T h i s excludes some, but
not all, of t h e . . .
(. ) always
, , . . O f course, it is
, ,
. . . I n contrast, we cannot always say t h a t . . .
, ... I n fact, we can
always...
( ..)...
possible t o . . .
It is always
, . . . There is always
danger t h a t . . .

( = ), . . . There is always some
uncertainty when w e . . .

... I n any given problem, one can a l w a y s . . .
, ( = )...
So we cannot a l w a y s . . .
,
... Fortunately, it is always
possible to avoid confusion b y . . .
, . . .
Mathematicians have always maintained t h a t . . .
,
. . . I n practice, it is almost invariably the case
that. ..

. I always found Prof. Smith's
lectures to be stimulating.
universally, world-wide

. . .
A world-renowned expert on primates, D r . Smith has been
invited to speak on
,
, ... D r . Smith, a world authority on
primates, w i l l . . .
,
, ... D r . Smith, a well-known expert on
,
... A world-renowned expert
on primates, D r . Smith is expected t o . . .
universal, general
,... everyone's surprise,...
detailed, all-round, thorough,

comprehensive, manifold
.. . [1].
A comprehensive review of... is presented by Smith [1].
soon, soon after, presently, shortly, before

long
, . . . We shall discover
shortly t h a t . . .
... We shall presently
consider...
, . . . We shall see shortly t h a t . . .
, . . . It soon became
obvious that. ..
so, so that, i n consequence of, on

account of, on account on, due to, by virtue of, on
the strength of, because of, owing to, thanks to, by
reason of, i n view of
, ...
Basically, these variations result f r o m . . .
He , . . . It does not always happen

that...
, ... T h i s
probably occurred because...
, . . . One
should always keep in mind, however, t h a t . . .
... . Confusion
sometimes arises because...
35
( = )
( , ..)...
Because of the practical difficulties involved i n . . .
,
... For this and other reasons, we limit
ourselves t o . . .
, , (8),
(19) (3). Note that,
because of (8), relation (19) is equivalent to (3).
, . . .
The minus sign arises from the fact t h a t . . .

. .. Physically this arises because of...
, , ,
... T h i s seems to result, at least in part,
from...
,
. .. A s indicated above this effect is due t o . . .
( = )
, ... Detailed
calculations are beset with difficulties arising f r o m . . .
( ) . . . A n
example of such a structure occurs i n . . .
( = , = )
be faced, occur, be found, be seen i n , come across

... T h e above procedure is encountered in
applications...
,
, , ...
Unfortunately there are occasions w h e n . . .
, .
Fortunately, such problems are rarely encountered.
, ,
... A n exception occurs, as we shall see, w h e n . . .
(,
..). . We shall often be faced with
the problem of...
, ...
Errors are more likely to occur w h e n . . .
. ..
The failure of this process is due t o . . .
.
Such difficulties often arise in practice.
. .. T h i s is partly
because...
. Such
phenomena are frequently encountered in practice.

... T h i s difficulty arises from the
use of...
.
Problems of this type are common in practice.
. ..
The calculations are made slightly more complicated b y . . .
, . . .
This discovery was notable for the fact t h a t . . .
, . . . T h i s arises
from the fact t h a t . . .
( = ) remember, recollect,
recall
. L e t us
recall some definitions.
() . . . Sometimes it
is useful to think of...
, , . .. Finally,
it will be remembered t h a t . . .
, . . . It should be borne in rnind
that...
, , , . . . T h e reader
will doubtless recall t h a t . . .
( = ) meet, encounter, occur
.
These sorts of errors occur frequently in practice.
,
. . . T h e reader may occasionally find
himself faced w i t h . . .
,
. T h i s function is so
common that we give it a special name,
met, meeting, encountered
...
( = ) ,
... It is a common mistake to forget
that...
,
. T h i s is the case that occurs most frequently
in practice.
( = ) enter, enter into, join, go

into
. . . T h i s
view does not conflict w i t h . . .

. I n Chapter 3 we shall meet
another generalization of the same basic idea.
everywhere, anywhere

. .. A t this point, however, we encounter a
difficulty due t o . . .
, . . . We shall
suppose throughout t h a t . . .
... - Later on we shall

meet...
, . . .
Throughout this section we have assumed t h a t . . .
,
clear t h a t . . .
36
( = ) any, each, every; anyone,

anybody

. Some of the may be chosen arbitrarily.
, . . . I t is easily
, ... We now
turn to the matter of selecting. ..
,
... T h i s approximation is valid whenever...
... It is usually
second, - secondly
-,
(-)...
Secondly, we must comment
on the use of ..
-, , . . . Secondly, we note
that. ..
-, , . . . I n the second
place, it should be noted t h a t . . .
( ) . . .
T h e latter method agrees precisely w i t h . . .
, -, . . . Another point to be
( = )
. Only the latter case will be treated here.

... First we select, quite arbitrarily, a unit of
measurement. ..
,
. . . These constants must be chosen in such a
manner t h a t . . .
be chosen, be selected, be picked out

,
. For our present purpose it
does not matter how x is chosen.
choosing, selecting, if we choose

,
( ..)... B y suitable choice of x and it is
possible t o . . .
, L ,
... Again, by making a suitable choice of L , we
can...
,
choice, selection, option, sampling
( = ) come i n , enter (into), go i n , go

into, penetrate, be contained i n
, i o . . .
Perhaps a better choice for XQ would b e . . .
, . . .
It is not our intention to argue here t h a t . . .
(-).
There is a great deal of arbitrariness in the choice of...

question.
... There is

... There is no need to enter into any
detailed discussion of...
. It has not come
into general use.
( = , , )
choose, select, pick out, select
, ... I n particular,
we may be able to choose...
() ... L e t it be
taken arbitrarily a s . . .
, ... L e t us choose
the special case w h e r e . . .
. .. It is
possible to adopt/to choose (or to take and to use) a more
detailed approach t o . . .
, ...
We were faced with a difficult choice in deciding how t o . . .

... Great care must be exercised in selecting...
,
. B u t of course the choice depends on
circumstances.
, . . .
T h e advantage of this choice is that. ..
,
... T h e problem thus becomes one of
choosing...
. We have little choice.
... T h i s is
accomplished by choosing...
...
T h i s causes some difficulty in the choice of...
, ... We start by
choosing...
(. ) revealed,
derived, brought out, developed

... T h e simplest way to
satisfy the relation is to choose...

[1]. More convenient forms of solution have
been obtained by Smith [1].
, . . . , (
) ... No matter how m a n y . . . we
are given, we can choose...

37
(5)-(8),
. We use E q s . (5)-(8) derived
in the previous section.
(/)
, . . . T h e most widely
used form is that derived f r o m . . .
conclusion, deduction, inference, derivation

(1)
. A second method of obtaining (1)
is as follows.
, . . .
The outcome of all this is that. ..
. . .
Another way of deriving these formulas is based o n . . .
, (-).
Notice that this derivation is not restricted t o . . .
,
. . . It should not be inferred from this discussion
that...
,
, . . . It may be concluded
that. . . ; It may be deduced t h a t . . .
(12)
[1]. For
a rigorous derivation of (12) the reader is referred to
Smith [1].
, . . . A detailed
derivation would show t h a t . . .
, . . . These
two results together show t h a t . . .
, . . . T h i s carries the
implication t h a t . . .
()
, . . . T h e derivation should be
studied closely because...
( = ) derive, deduce, draw a

conclusion, move out, take out, lead out, output
1
. . . A weaker form of Theorem 1 can be deduced
from...
( = ) . . . We deduce the form of...
. We determine
the formula as follows.
procedure, it follows t h a t . . .

. .. We next derive some of the elementary
properties of...
1
, . ..
From these last equations we infer t h a t . . .
,
. T h i s result may also be
derived directly as follows.
, . . .
It is possible to derive a very simple condition t h a t . . .
[1]. T h e derivation is
given in full by Jones [1].

... We shall now obtain some elementary
properties of...
, ,
. . . There seemed no escaping the conclusion t h a t . . .

... We could have deduced this result f r o m . . .
( ) ,
. . . T h e practical implication is t h a t . . .
, . . . We can
reverse the process and deduce t h a t . . .
<>
, . . . I n establishing
most of these properties the starting point is the
observation t h a t . . .
(-). We
have deduced some of the properties of...

, . . . I n deriving the above equation
we have used the important fact that. ..
<> , (9),
(-). T h e result (9) is
very useful for deducing properties of...
<> (, ..)
. A formal derivation is given below.
( )
. A formal derivation is given in
Section 2.

( = ), . . . arrive at a definite conclusion,
we...
( = , ..)
, . . . These were derived on the
( = )
. From these results we
deduce the following important theorem.
. . .

... We now derive a simple rule for
determining. ..
. . .
T h e same result may be deduced f r o m . . .
, ,
-, . . . I n order to obtain this relation, we
first note t h a t . . .
38
(,),
, . . . obtain (, ), we use the fact t h a t . . .
,
... T h i s property can be used to d e r i v e . . .

(6). T h i s result could have been deduced
directly from (6).
look like, seem, appear

, ... T h i s result should look familiar
to anyone who has s t u d i e d . . .
advantageous, profitable
( -) . It is not very
profitable t o . . .
( = ) advance, put forth,

adduce, introduce
, ...
Many theories have been advanced to e x p l a i n . . .
, . ..
Many ideas were put forward to e x p l a i n . . .
, . . . We
might also conjecture t h a t . . .
... A new
hypothesis has recently been put forward b y . . .
, ,
, . . . After many years of work, Smith
finally put forth the conjecture t h a t . . .
, ...
Various writers have suggested t h a t . . .
, ,
. . . We therefore conjecture t h a t . . .
...,
. We must develop a hypothesis in order
to e x p l a i n . . .

. .. These observations highlight the
need f o r . . .
( = ) withstand,
sustain, endure, bear; keep, hold

. None of these objections stand up.

. Great interest is focused on the properties
of this new material.
...
, ... Special
interest attaches to cases in w h i c h . . .
( = )
... These works were inspired by
earlier papers b y . . .
. T h i s (fact) is beyond
question.
... T h i s phenomenon
can give rise t o . . .
( = , ) force,
constrain, compel, make
(
-). Space limitations have made it necessary to. ..
... T h i s leads us to
introduce. ..

(-). T h i s compels us give serious attention t o . . .
. . .
It forces one to consider global questions o f . . .
forced
, . . . One is
tempted to surmise t h a t . . .
()
... I n practice, however, one usually has to
settle f o r . . .
,
. . . get around this difficulty, we
resort t o . . .
...
T h i s limitation is forced on us b y . . .
( = , .
, ) write out, copy,
extract
. . .
Analogous formulas can be written down f o r . . .
() . . .
Similar expressions can be written down for...
.
T h i s chain of reasoning does not stand up under scrutiny.

... I n the same way we can easily write down
the equation of...

. T h i s material can withstand very high
temperatures.
. .. We now
proceed to write d o w n . . .
due (to), caused by, summoned

, . . . T h e necessity of considering this effect
stems from the fact t h a t . . .
realization, fulfillment, carrying out,

execution

. . . I n doing this, we base our work o n . . .
( = ) call, summon, induce,

cause, involve, bring about, produce

... E a c h of these gives

rise t o . . .
, . . .
T h e fulfillment of the condition means t h a t . . .
39

... T h i s result cannot be expected to hold for...
F(x) . For F(x)

the smoothness property holds.
, (1)
, ... T h e fulfillment of (1), clearly, is
possible only i f . . .

. Close correlation breaks down for a
number of examples.
,
, , . . . T h e reason for
undertaking the work was principally t h a t . . .
, . . . If the equation is
satisfied t h e n . . .

. T h e reader should verify these
statements.
fulfilled, realized, carried out,

satisfied
, . . . If this
condition is fulfilled, t h e n . . .
, . We
assume this condition to be fulfilled.
( = , )
[1],
... T h e initial work in this direction was
performed by Smith [1], w h o . . .
, 1 ,
, . . . T h e conditions of Theorem 1 are
therefore satisfied and we conclude t h a t . . .
a = b
, . . . T h e condition = is approximately
satisfied in any problem w h e r e . . .
, .
The reader should verify that this is the case.
() ,
, ... These are the conditions which
must be met i f . . .
( = ) fulfill, implement,
carry out, accomplish, execute
,
(-). Notice the different roles played b y . . .
,
. T h i s is in fact not the case, as we show
below.
, ,
... We have seen that this condition is
satisfied i f . . .
,
... These results clearly hold for a n y . . .
. . . A similar rule
holds f o r . . .

. . . A somewhat similar result holds for...
. . . T h i s holds
fortiori f o r . . .
,
. T h e tests are designed to be easy to
perform.
. . . Exactly the
same holds f o r . . .

... T h i s equation need not hold for the more
general...
, , , . . . T h i s is
clearly satisfied whenever...
. . . A similar
analysis may be performed f o r . . .
, ,
. . . Before carrying out this procedure, note t h a t . . .
, ...
Performing the operations indicated we h a v e . . .
...
It is often convenient to carry out the latter process b y . . .
...
. Some of the most famous
work o n . . . was performed by Bramble.
( = , .
, , , ) be
fulfilled, be realized
, ( = ).
T h i s is indeed the case.
, ...
In general, such a process is carried o u t . . .
,
( ..) .
holds.
. T h e condition was
not fulfilled.
performing
( = ) express, convey

(. )... T h e author expresses his sincere
(,
..) ... T h i s is more conveniently
expressed in terms o f . . .
-,
thanks t o . . .
( = )
, , . . . T h i s result is expressed
roughly by saying t h a t . . .
...
Another way of expressing this i s . . .

( = ) . . . Many customers have
expressed their dissatisfaction w i t h . . .
40
,
. .. O u r thanks are also due to Prof. Smith,
who...
, , . . . We may
express this by saying t h a t . . .

. We can express the relation in
terms of the following formula.

. A more formal way of saying this is as follows.
, ,
. . . We can put this another way by saying t h a t . . .
, ... We can
make this explicit by w r i t i n g . . .
, .
. . . Finally, thanks are due to due to Prof.
Smith for...
. .. .
B u t doubts have been expressed a b o u t . . .

, . . . E a r l y workers
expressed disappointment over the fact t h a t . . .
(4)
... It is instructive to express (4) in
terms of...
... It is customary to express...
, ...
Following a similar procedure, we may express...

... I also want to express my sincere
thanks t o . . .
, F . ..
It is therefore possible to express F terms of...
. We now
express this more formally.
... We now proceed
to express...
( = ) . . .
T h i s idea is expressed more precisely i n . . .

. T h i s may be expressed formally as follows.
... T h i s
condition can be expressed a s . . .

(). .. I must express my thanks t o . . .
expression
()
. We shall return to t h j expression in the
next chapter.
s
. . . . We next
require an expression for...
. . . We next
obtain explicit expressions for...
. . . T h i s
yields yet another expression for...

. . . Either expression can be used,
depending on whether. ..
. . . It is
possible to obtain an explicit expression for...
. . . We will
seek expressions for...
. . . We
can also obtain an expression for...
() . . .
Similar expressions can be written down for...
. . .
Similar expressions can be found for...
. .. T h i s
last expression is usually denoted b y . . .
. . . We proceed
to obtain expressions for...

. . . this end, we
must first obtain an alternative expression for...
, ... I n this
way we obtain the expressions. ..
. . .

(
..)... We now split this expression i n t o . . .

for...

(6). T h e reader may compare this result
with the expression (6).
f(x)
, . . . obtain an explicit expression
for f(x), suppose that. ..
... T h i s
expression is somewhat similar t o . . .
. . . T h i s is the expression f o r . . .
.
T h i s expression has an interesting interpretation.
, . . . T h i s
expression is inconvenient because...
,
. . . T h i s expression is exactly analogous
to that which has been obtained f o r . . .
...
T h i s expression is often useful for estimating...
" () ,
. . . T h i s is just another way of expressing the fact
that...
expressed, delineated
41
(4)
. .. T h e result (4) may
be expressed in a slightly different form by means of...
(4),
, . . . , ... T h i s follows from our
discussion of (4) and the fact t h a t . . .

...
A sharp contrast is noted
, . . . From the
latter condition it follows that. ..
be visible, stand out, take

shape, appear
. A picture of ( . . . )
is beginning to emerge,
expression, statement,
proposition, opinion
,
. .. Perhaps it is not putting the matter
too strongly to say t h a t . . .
( ..)
( = ) . One
cannot, without further justification, accept such a . . .
, . . . T h i s is
equivalent to saying t h a t . . .
, . . .
It follows from the foregoing results t h a t . . .
,
. . . From the results quoted above it follows t h a t . . .
, . . . These results
imply that. ..
.. T h i s
, . . . T h i s suggests t h a t . . .
, . . . From this
investigation it appears t h a t . . .
, (1), , . . .
T h i s fact, taken together with (1), implies t h a t . . .
( = ) state, express
... A s its name

implies,...
<> ( = )
, , . . . We can put this another way
by saying t h a t . . .
\>
. . . A n interesting variation on the last
example is provided b y . . .
^ ( = )
. More can be said along these lines.
tall, high, elevated

^ ... A t high frequencies,
however,...

temperatures.
higher, advanced, superior, highest,

supreme
^>
... T h e highest types of mental activities involve...
,
. .. T h i s is a highly nontrivial point w h i c h . . .
( = , ) imply, follow,
run out, flow out, arise from, result from, ensue
, . . . T h i s implies in
particular t h a t . . .
. . .
The theorem follows at once f r o m . . .
"> ,
, . . . A l l these
results except the last follow immediately from the fact
that...
,
, , . . . T h e conclusion to be
drawn from these two examples is t h a t . . .
> , F = G , m
. Note that F = G implies that m exists.
>
. T h e above argument gives
us the following additional result.
, . . . It follows
immediately t h a t . . .
<> . . . T h e first
part follows at once f r o m . . .
S> ( =
) , . . .
Confirmation of this view is found in the fact t h a t . . .
<> . . .
Solutions of this problem follow readily f r o m . . .
s> () . . . - T h e next
part follows f r o m . . .
^
(3.1). T h e validity of the statement
follows from (3.1).
> , . . . ,
... A condition c a l l e d . . . results from a loss of...
s>
D/Dt. T h i s follows at once from the meaning of the
operator D/Dt.
<>
. T h i s follows at once from physical
considerations.
...
T h i s is clearly borne out by the fact t h a t . . .
<> ... T h i s result
follows from a study of...
exit, outcome, output, discharge, yield,

result, way out
"> ,
. . . One way out of the difficulty is t o . . .
"> , ,
, ... One way out of this difficulty is t o . . .
42
(== ) go out, come out, leave, get

out, appear
( = ) , . . . I t appeared
t h a t . . . ; It turned out t h a t . . .
...
. It is beyond the scope of this book to give a
comprehensive survey of...

. A n example will serve to show how the
calculation is carried out.
, , , . . .
Actual computations show, however, t h a t . . .
[1] ... Smith [1]
has proposed a method of calculating...
, , . . . I t turns out, fortunately,

that...
, . . .
A routine calculation shows t h a t . . .
,
() ... However, it turns
out that the best way to proceed i s . . .
,
... O u r problem becomes, therefore, one of
evaluating...
(. ) calculation,
calculating, computation, evaluation
, . . . A more
exact calculation shows t h a t . . .
,
[1], ... A more accurate calculation by
Smith [1] gives...
... T h e calculations
were performed ( b y ) . . .
, . . .
Hand calculations have the disadvantage t h a t . . .
, . . . Computations have
shown t h a t . . .
, ...
T h e computational work simplifies somewhat i f . . .
, , ,
... T h e calculations are essentially the same a s . . .

. T h e details of this
straightforward computation are left to the reader.
, . . .
A somewhat lengthy computation shows t h a t . . .
, . . .
A rather easy calculation shows t h a t . . .
, 3,
, . . . T h e n a little calculation using
L e m m a 3 yields t h a t . . .
, . . .
T h e calculations outlined above show t h a t . . .
W
2
. T h e rest of L e m m a 2 follows by a very
easy calculation.
, . . . Similar
computations reveal t h a t . . .

... Such solutions are most useful for
calculating...

, . . . Detailed calculations are
beset with difficulties arising f r o m . . .
,
. . . T h e result just calculated shows us t h a t . . .
(10)
. A precise evaluation of (10) would be difficult.
(4)
... Equation (4) is often used as a basis for
the calculation of...
, . . .
A formal calculation shows t h a t . . .
, ... simplify
the computations, we introduce. ..
...
T h e calculations are made slightly more complicated b y . . .

... T h i s equation can be used
to calculate the magnitude of...
calculated, computed, estimated

x . 3.
Calculated values for are shown in Figure 3.
computing, calculating,
digital, computational

. . .
T h e inadequacy of purely computational approaches to the
problem intensified the need for...
( = ) compute, calculate,
evaluate, estimate, figure out
... It would
be very useful to be able to compute...
... I n the
alternative method we calculate...
, , ,
-, . .. I n order to prove this result
we must first c a l c u l a t e . . .
... We proceed to
calculate...
,
... These points should be kept in mind
when calculating...
... It is instructive to
compute...
. ..
T h i s result is of assistance in calculating the values of...
43
* ... We shall first calculate...

* ,
(, ). We are now ready to calculate T(x, y).
* ,
... evaluate the constant fc, we m u s t . . .
<>
foregoing, above-mentioned,
aforementioned
<>
. T h e foregoing methods all fail for small x.
above, higher, taller, beyond, i n the

foregoing
* . . .
T h e foregoing theorems give u s . . .
,
... B y repeating the above argument we
obtain...
revealed, discovered, found

[1].
T h e essential point is brought out by Jones [1].
2 , . . .
Example 2 above shows t h a t . . .
discover, uncover, bring to light, reveal,

display, recognize

... T h e example just given is a special
case o f . . .
, . . .
However, closer scrutiny reveals t h a t . . .
* To , , ,
. . . T h e same argument as above shows t h a t . . .
, . . . Detailed
studies have revealed t h a t . . .
To, ,
... W h a t has been said above applies in
particular t o . . .
. .. T h i s brings out the

importance of...
( = ) clarify, find out,

elucidate, clarify, explain
described above
^
... T h e phenomenon described above can
be interpreted in terms o f . . .
above-said, above-cited,
mentioned above
^ ,
. . . . . . . Enough data of this
kind have now been accumulated to make clear the extent
to w h i c h . . .
<^ , . . . It needs
to be ascertained i f . . .
* , , -
... T h i s having been said, however, it is still
<^ ... It remains to be seen

(whether)...
(= ) t u r n out, come to
light, be brought to light, emerge (that), become
clear
<^ , (1),
. . . Under these circumstances it follows from (1)
that. ..
previously mentioned, above,

aforesaid, above-mentioned, described above,
aforesaid, foregoing, above-cited
<^ :...
A remarkable feature emerges:...
, . . . B y the
above method it is found t h a t . . .
<> ... As will soon become

evident...
<^ . .. A s it turned o u t . . .
guarantee, assure, ensure

* , . . . There is nothing to
guarantee t h a t . . .
< . ..
< . . . T h i s , on its own,
does not guarantee t h a t . . .
<> ,
. .. T h i s in itself is not enough to
<> , . . . T h i s
construction ensures t h a t . . .
<> . .. T h i s
ensures an adequate supply of...
be guaranteed
44
, ,
. . . T h i s is allowable provided that w e . . .
[1]. T h i s
hypothesis was developed by Smith [1].
, ,
. . . T h i s representation is permissible provided
that...
, . . . O n the
hypothesis of...
guarantee, warranty
() , . .
At the very least some assurance is needed t h a t . . .
, . . There is no guarantee that ..
be generated
( = )
(-). T h i s disturbance is generated by. ..
by geometry, geometrically
. ..
Geometrically, these equations define. ..
.
Geometrically the condition has the following meaning.
.
Geometrically, the procedure is as follows.
geometric, geometrical
.
hypothesis has its source in the notion of...
This
.. Other
famous conjectures include..

, . . . A strong case can be made for
the hypothesis that. ..
, . . .
We might also conjecture t h a t . . .

. We hope to prove Smith's conjecture within a few
years.
, -
. We hope that
someone will prove Smith's conjecture within the next few
years.

... ~- Also we can see more clearly the geometrical
significance of...
,
. . . However, proof of this hypothesis is
difficult because...

, . . . T h e geometrical interpretation of
this equation is that. ..
,
. . . Smith's original conjecture was t h a t . . .

... A geometrical representation helps us to
clarify...
4
[3]. For a precise
wording of all hypotheses and conclusions we refer to the
paper [3].

. .. Here we have arrived at a purely
geometrical proof o f . . .
, ,
, . .. After many years of work, Smith
finally put forth the conjecture that. ..
, . . .
It is easily seen geometrically t h a t . . .
, ( =
). It follows that the hypothesis is false.
,
. . . It follows from simple geometrical considerations
that. ..

, . . . T h i s agreement is
strong confirmation of the hypothesis that. ..

. . . It is possible to give a geometric
interpretation of...
. . . ,
(= ). We must develop
hypothesis in order to e x p l a i n . . .
( = ) hypothesis,
conjecture
, . . . evaluate the
hypothesis, w e . . .
, . . . Let us
entertain the hypothesis that. ..
, . .
test this hypothesis, we proceed t o . . .
<> ... T h i s hypothesis

fails to account for...
,
, . . . We might perhaps conjecture that. ..

, . . . Riemann's
hypothesis states t h a t . . .
, . . . T h e Smith
conjecture states t h a t . . .
,
. - T h i s is a hypothesis worthy of further
investigation.
, . . .
the hypothesis t h a t . . .
- T h i s is contrary to
(to)
validate or disprove the hypothesis
hypothetical
,
... Let us consider a hypothetical experiment
in w h i c h . . .
45
(. , , ,
) chapter
F
9. A more direct procedure
for obtaining F is considered in Chapter 9.
,
, . . . Much of the material presented
in this chapter has dealt w i t h . . .
. . .
The following chapters outline the methodology involved
in...

. T h i s chapter will be concerned with such
processes.

. .. I n the next four chapters we shall be
concerned exclusively w i t h . . .
, 1,
. . . I n accordance with the method outlined in
Chapter 1, w e . . .
( = 3)
. I n Chapter 3
we shall meet another generalization of the same basic
idea.
... I n this
introductory chapter we shall review...
. . .
T h i s chapter will describe two approaches t o . . .
...
In this chapter we shall be concerned only w i t h . . .
... I n this
chapter we give an efficient method for...

. . . I n this chapter we lay the theoretical
foundations f o r . . .
...
In this chapter we consider various cases of...
... I n this
chapter we propose to d i s c u s s . . .

... I n the present chapter we shall give a
selection of...

( . 7 1 . ) . . . I n this chapter, we will continue
our study of...
... I n this
chapter we shall develop the theory of...
, ...
In this chapter, we consider the way in w h i c h . . .
. . .
In this chapter, we shall formulate the procedure for...

(-)...
I n this chapter we shall devote some
attention t o . . .
(,
. 7 1 . ) . . . I n this chapter we concentrate o n . . .

. .. I n this chapter no attempt has
been made to discuss the very difficult problem of...

. .. T h i s chapter is
concerned w i t h . . .
. ..
T h i s chapter provides an outline of...
... T h i s
chapter will be devoted to an exposition of...
... T h i s chapter
begins with a description of...
...
T h e chapter concludes with a discussion of...
, ,
. .. We are concerned mainly in this
chapter w i t h . . .
, , . ..
T h i s chapter is devoted primarily to explaining...
, . . .
It will become evident later in this chapter t h a t . . .

. T h i s procedure will be followed in subsequent
chapters.
. .. It is the object of
the present chapter t o . . .
...
T h i s chapter is concerned with yet another approach t o . . .
, . . .
We have seen in preceding chapters t h a t . . .
()
. We shall return to this expression in the
next chapter.

. .. I n the next chapter we give a more
quantitative account of...
, . . . We shall see in
the next chapter t h a t . . .

. .. - We conclude this chapter with a few
words o n . . .
. ..
A large proportion of the present chapter is concerned
with...
,
. . . We already know from earlier chapters t h a t . . .
. T h e book is divided
into eight chapters.

... Many of the ideas and
results of the last chapter can now be extended to the
case of...
46
, ,...
Many of the ideas appearing in this chapter a r e . . .
... W h a t we seek
to do in this chapter is t o . . .
() .
3.
T h e subject of tensors is explained at length in Chapter 3.
,
. . . We end this section by showing t h a t . . .
... T h i s
chapter has been almost wholly concerned w i t h . . .

, ... W'e may apply
some of the results of this chapter to illustrate...
...
T h i s chapter presents one approach to the solution of...
. discuss this effect in a later chanter.
We shall

5. We defer discussion of this phenomenon until
Chapter 5.
() 4.
We shall go further into this in Chapter 4.
2.
We have also discussed this problem in Chapter 2.

2. Some further remarks may be found in
Chapter 2.


2. T h e bulk of the work was done in Chapter 2.
... O u r
.. - T h e rest of
the chapter deals w i t h . . .

... T h e first four chapters of tllis book should
be accessible t o . . .
, . . .
Throughout this chapter we have assumed t h a t . . .
, . . . - Later in this
chapter we will learn t h a t . . .
()
2. A n example of its use has already been given
in Chapter 2.
, ,
, . . . T h e argument at the end of the last
chapter shows t h a t . . .
.
T h e results of the present chapter enable us t o . . .
2.
discussion will be given in Chapter 2.
A rigorous
,
. We now return to the question posed at the
beginning of the chapter.
. . . It is
the purpose of this chapter to present...
- aim
of this chapter is to develop...
. T h i s
subject will be developed in the following chapter.
" .
T h i s information will be put into use in the next chapter.
5. These
phenomena are discussed in Chapter 5.
. T h i s will be the
theme of the next chapter.
4 . . . T h i s is
further discussed in Chapter 4 in conjunction w i t h . . .
1. T h i s is
at variance with the terminology of Chapter 1.
4.
T h i s fact was noted without proof in Chapter 4.
2,
, . . . T h i s effect will be discussed in
Chapter 2, where it will be shown t h a t . . .
( = ) principal, essential, main,

major, key, predominant, leading
, , ...
We are concerned mainly in this chapter w i t h . . .

, . . . T h e chief advantage of the method is
that...
(5) ,
. . . T h e principal advantage of (5) is t h a t . . .

... A central feature of the previous
example i s . . .
... T h e chief reason is
that...
( = )
. T h e principal virtue of
the method is its simplicity.
, ,
. . . T h e main disadvantages are the
problems associated w i t h . . .

... One of the main goals of the
discussion i s . . .
,
, . . . Above all, we cannot assume in general
that...
, ... T h i s is one of
the mam. reasons, wby,..
deep, profound
47
. . .
. . . . has a number of profound and
far-reaching implications.
()
. A deeper argument is required
for the converse.
,
... Its deeper significance will become apparent
when...
()
... T h i s presupposes an intimate
knowledge o f . . .

[1]. A slightly deeper theorem is proved by
Smith [1].

(-). T h e next theorem provides more insight
into...
, ... T h i s simple
yet profound i d e a . . .
( = ) .
T h i s is indeed a deep question.
profoundly, deeply

( = )... A t this point, it is worthwhile
to go more deeply i n t o . . .
(cut. ) speak, say,

indicate, state, assert
, . . . T h u s one can
speak of...
,
( = ), . . . We can therefore speak
without ambiguity of...
, , . . . It is
therefore legitimate to speak of...

, . . .
Nevertheless, we generally say t h a t . . .
, . . . , . . . T h e fact
t h a t . . . says nothing a b o u t . . .
, . . . It is also convenient to
say t h a t . . .
. T h i s fact
counts in favor of the hypothesis.
be said, be spoken
. . . I n the latter case one
speaks o f . . .
speaking
, , . . .
Roughly speaking these requirements mean t h a t . . .
, ,
, . .. Strictly speaking,
however, such a definition is meaningless because...
, . . . We say P is of class i f . . .
, , ... P u t
simply, the way to achieve this is t o . . .
, . . . I n this
situation, we often say t h a t . . .
, , . . . Strictly
speaking, we have only proved t h a t . . .
the author's experience t h a t . . .
, , . . . Strictly
speaking we should verify t h a t . . .
, . . . It hardly needs
to be stated t h a t . . .
year

. . . T h i s classification tells us very little a b o u t . . .

(-). I n recent years the subject has
been enriched by the use of...
, , . . . If this
is possible, we say t h a t . . .
...
Attempts have been made in recent years t o . . .
, . . . It is sometimes said t h a t . . .

,
. Such vague ideas really tell us nothing.
He , . . . It is not quite
, , . . .
In essence, this tells us t h a t . . .
, . . . T h i s says, very simply,
that...
, . . . For this reason we say
that...
, . . . It is customary to
speak o f . . . ; It is usual to speak of...
, . . . I t is
therefore more logical to speak of...
, . . . Many
years of experimentation have shown that. ..
... Over the years
it has, however, become customary t o . . .
[1] ( = )
. . . Smith [1] had many years of experience
dealing w i t h . . .
,
. . . Only in recent years have we come to
understand t h a t . . .
. [2] 1987 . T h i s was
proven by R . D a y [2] in 1987.
suit, be fit for, be suitable for, be of use

( = ),
. . . T h e approximation breaks down
because...

theorem.
. It is good for nothing.

. . . We shall, however, avoid these cumbersome terms
and...
( = ) much, far, considerably

. .. Much
more typical is the behavior of...
ready, ready for, prepared for, finished,

completed
... We are not quite ready t o . . .
awkwardly, tediously, clumsily,

inconveniently
,
( = ) ( ..)...
Unfortunately it is generally rather cumbersome t o . . .
() ,
. We are now
ready to use the methods of Section 2.
roughly, broadly
.
We are now ready for a basic definition.
, . . . B u t we may say
roughly t h a t . . .
graph, diagram, chart, schedule, plot

.
T h e situation is best considered graphically.
graphically
,
... T h e nature of the solution is easily pictured if
we...

( ..)... Solutions to these equations
can be obtained graphically b y . . .

, ... This transformation may
also be performed graphically u s i n g . . .
( = ) huge, tremendous,
enormous, immense, vast, colossal
(-).
There is a great deal of arbitrariness in the choice o f . . .
, , . . .
Roughly speaking these requirements mean that. ..
, fc ( = )
. It is expected that will vary roughly as x .
2
, , . . .
T h u s we can say roughly t h a t . . .
rough, coarse, crude, raw, gross,

structurally stable
, .
()
( ) . . . A rough analogy is to be found i n . . .

. For our purposes the following
rather rough definition is adequate.
.
A very rough reason, however, can be given here.
cumbersome, bulky, awkward,

tedious, unwieldy

, ... B y present standards the
approach may seem rather crude, b u t . . .
, . . .
. ..
T h i s very crude assumption y i e l d s . . .
( = , , .
) give, produce, yield, furnish, contribute,
offer, afford, give rise to, result i n , provide, lead to
. . . It is not
possible at this time to g i v e . . .

. . . I n the next chapter we give a more
. . .

, ,
. A l l the probabilities taken together must
add up to 1.

... L e t us look in
detail a t . . .
49
. T h e formal
proof is as follows.

. .. T h i s already gives some information
about...

... T h i s classification tells us very little
about...
...
T h e method works well only i f . . .
,
. .. T h e significance of our methods is that they
will y i e l d . . .

. . . T h i s provides a sharper necessary condition
for...
( =
). T h e method gave improved results.

(-). We will give some equivalent
formulations of...
... It is

. We can give a simple proof of this
theorem as follows.
( =
)... Special consideration must be
given t o . . .
(),
, . . . Before going further we
pause to g i v e . . .
(-). T h i s
case provides an excellent example of...
(. ) be given (by)
. . . . A special name is
given t o . . .

( = ).
In most practical situations, neither of these pieces of
information is given.

. Its customary interpretation is as follows.
(
..)... One such solution is given b y . . .
(-).
A n instructive counterexample is provided b y . . .
. 1, . . .
A simple illustration of this is given in Figure 1, w h e r e . . .
(1)
(2). Repeated application of (1) gives (2).
( = ). ..
T h e simplest example is furnished b y . . .
... Substituting
these values gives u s . . .

( = ) (-). A n example of an
entirely different kind is provided b y . . .
. . . G i v e n . . . ; L e t there be g i v e n . . .
old, ancient
XQ. Suppose XQ is given.
, . . . I n ancient times
( = ) ,
. .. T h e following theorem gives conditions
under w h i c h . . .
,
. . . However, the methods we have developed
provide a basis for...
( ) . . . We now
give a brief account of...
, . .. answer
, , . ..
show that this is not possible, l e t . . .
(1), ...
establish (1), let u s . . .
. .. T h i s book
provides an up-to-date description of...
<> , . . . T h i s causes us to
anticipate t h a t . . .
, . . . T h i s suggests
that...
(-).
This will give us the required characterization of...
it was generally believed t h a t . . .
for long, long ago, for a long time

, . . . It has long been
appreciated t h a t . . .
.
T h e concept goes back a long way.
, , . . . It has long been
recognized, for example, that. ..
, . . . It had long
been known, however, t h a t . . .
, . . . It has long been known
that...
even, even though

. .. For this reason alone it would be
essential t o . . .
, . ..
T h e theorem is still true even i f . . .
. ..
We can go even further and investigate...
... B u t even
at this stage we m u s t . . .
further, later, then, i n what follows, now,

farther
50
(,
..)... I n this case, it is no longer
possible t o . . .
, . . . We shall
, . . . It will be shown in the
sequel t h a t . . .
... - - T h e following is a
bxteC wrtAme. o f . . .
, . . . It is easy to show,
furthermore, t h a t . . .
()... I n what follows we s h a l l . . .
,
. . . For later use, we remark that-
... I n later work we require...
, . . . Next we assert t h a t . . .
, . . . Assuming further t h a t . . .
, , . . . Further, it is quite clear
that...
, , ... I t 10 difficult to see,
then, h o w . . .
... From now o n . . . ; H e n c e f o r t h . . . ;
From this point f o r w a r d . . . ; From this time o n w a r d . . .
(1) , ... We thus see,
, ... I n order to
proceed further we r e q u i r e . . .
remote, distant
. . . We are a long way still f r o m . . .
, , , . . .
Further investigation, however, has shown t h a t . . .
(1) ,
. . . Further application of (1) shows t h a t . . .
,
that...
(4) [1]
... B y further manipulation of (4), Smith [lj
has succeeded in obtaining...
()
. .. For future reference, let us
tabulate...

... For future reference, we include here the
equations f o r . . .
,
( = ) . . . T h i s theorem, as
we shall see, is the basis of...
( = ).
We shall make use of this fact later.

(-). We intend to move towards a further
discussion of...

2. Some further remarks may be found i n
Chapter 2.
. . .
. No further mention will be made of...
, . . .
B u t further tests indicated t h a t . . .
far, far off, far from, by far (

-, )
(, ,
..)
. One cannot, without further justification,
accept such a . . .
...
. . . . has a number of profound and
,
... L e t us note here, for future u s e , . . .
far-reaching.
o-t ...
It would lead us too far a field to d i s c u s s . . .
further, furthest, subsequent

, *
course,...
()
. T h i s is an important principle to be
kept in mind as we proceed.
()... I n what follows we
shall...
, . . . We note
for future reference t h a t . . .
further, then, farther on, later

,... A s we shall see l a t e r , . . .
( = ),
. . . T h i s theorem, as we
shall see, is the basis o f . . .
.
We may take this argument further.
, ...
At this point we can only proceed further i f . . .
.
We consider this question a little further,
... I n what
ioflows we shaft usualYy o m i t . . .
( = , ) data (.
. ), information (for or about), facts,
statistics, findings, facts, results, evidence
. . .
T h e following chapters outline the methodology involved
in...
1
. .. I n Table 1 we summarize the data
for...
51
,
. . . A l l this evidence led to a clear requirement
that...

... Further experimental evidence is derived f r o m . . .
,
. . . A considerable body of data suggests t h a t . . .
, . . .
. Unfortunately, little quantitative data are
available o n . . .

, . . . A strong case can be made for the
hypothesis t h a t . . .
, , . . . There is evidence,
for example, t h a t . . .
. ..
There is no evidence that it is possible t o . . .

. . . A vast amount of technical data is
supplied b y . . .

, . . . Present experimental evidence
indicates, however, t h a t . . .

. Such proposals are not
supported by factual evidence.

() ,
, . . . I n the absence of strong evidence
to the contrary we assume t h a t . . .

().
A n excellent fit to experimental data can usually be
obtained b y . . .
,
, . . . There is an abundance of
experimental evidence to show t h a t . . .

... We shall now give some
experimental data concerning. . .
. No
experimental values are available.

. Experimental results verify this
prediction.

. Experimental
evidence strongly supports these conclusions.
.
This information will be put into use in the next chapter.
. . . These
findings have important implications f o r . . .

[1]. These findings are supported by the
observations of Smith [1].
given, prescribed, current, particular,

present, under consideration, i n question

( ..)... I n this chapter, we will continue
our study of...
(,
..)... It will be useful at this point t o . . .

[1]. T h i s concept was formulated independently
by Smith [1].
...
move, advance, be i n motion

, (-) ,
(). .. Before we go any further, we s h a l l . . .
ambiguity, ambiguous
expression
, ... No confusion will
exist i f . . .
deductive

. We will make the most progress by
reasoning deductively from known facts,
operation, effect, influence, action, rule

( ..). T h e amount
of manipulation in this case could have been significantly
reduced b y . . .

. . . For efficient functioning, all parts
must b e . . .
. . . T h i s situation does
not apply t o . . .
i n fact, really, real, indeed,

actually, genuinely, truly
arises whether...
,
( ..). L e t us now investigate whether
it is possible t o . . .
( = ),
... Actually, we are not concerned w i t h . . .
, . . . I n fact it is known
that...
, . . . Actually
we shall see t h a t . . .
, , . . . Actually, it is
found t h a t . . .
, ...
In fact, it is particularly difficult t o . . .

. .. For this would imply the
existence o f . . .
, . . . I n fact it is clear t h a t . . .
, . . . I t is of
interest to know w h e t h e r . . .
52
,
. . . One might wonder w h e t h e r . . .
. .. T h i s has made
, . . .
We shall not discuss the question of w h e t h e r . . .
become, get, grow, happen, t u r n

... It does, however, illustrate the effects of...
,
. . . T h e result does assume, however, t h a t . . .
, . . . It remains
to examine w h e t h e r . . .
, . . .
,
( ..)...
L e t us now consider whether it
(=)
. T h e equation applied at a
small o. (or T h e equation holds for small a.)

... T h i s technically simple method does
require. ..
real, true, actual, present
it possible to c o n s t r u c t . . .
, . . . Logical deductions
are drawn t h a t . . .
... No attempt
is made here to e x p l a i n . . .

. . . T h e main emphasis of this section,
however, i s . . .
. ..
. No assumption is made here a b o u t . . .
( = ),
. . . T h e statement is often made t h a t . . .
, , . . . T h i s is done,
essentially, because...
matter, business, affair, case, thing

,
, ( = ) . . . Much of the
material presented in this chapter has dealt w i t h . . .
. . . It will
be convenient to deal separately w i t h . . .
, . . .
T h e real reason is that. ..
. . .
In this section we often deal w i t h . . .
act, operate, function, work, r u n ,

affect, hold, hold good, be valid

. . . T h e remainder of this section
applies only t o . . .
, ( ..)
... T h i s in turn acts a s . . .

. T h e two forces act in opposite
directions.
... I n fact, we can

always...
, . . . A s
matter of fact, we will see later t h a t . . .
, ...
T h e distance through which this force a c t s . . .
(
..)... It has, in fact, become customary t o . . .
.
Both changes operate in the same direction.
( ..)...
Actually, it is difficult t o . . .
,
... I n order to deal effectively with
circumstances of this kind, we m u s t . . .
. . .
In fact, it is often useful to think of...
( = ) make, do, produce

, . . . It was assumed
that...

... So far we have made no assumptions
regarding...
... From
these experiments it was concluded that. ..
( = ),
. . . We do this on the assumption t h a t . . .
. Two
general points need to be made.
,
... It is usually possible to do this, although in
some c a s e s . . .
. . . Emphasis is placed o n . . .
, . . . I n fact it is clear t h a t . . .
(/) . . .
These experiments were concerned w i t h . . .
. . . I n this example
we work w i t h . . .

. . . I n our considerations so far we have dealt
only w i t h . . .
, ( = )
( ..)... Unfortunately, it is not a trivial
matter t o . . .
,
. T h i s is in fact not the case, as we show
below.
, ...
We deal here with the case in w h i c h . . .
. . . We have already dealt w i t h . . .
53

... T h e problem is really one of solving...

. .. I n fact it is sufficient for the present
purpose to consider...

. T h e next example demonstrates this type of
solution.
, . . . T h i s shows
more precisely that. ..
, . . . We have in
fact only shown t h a t . . .
... This
, . . . We can
show, in fact, that. ..
(. ) day
. .. I n effect,
we are now considering...

. .. There is really nothing basic or
fundamental about. ..

. Both methods are in fact used in practice.

... It is, however,
quite a different matter t o . . .
,
. . . T h i s is particularly troublesome in
, . . . O u r first step is to
notice t h a t . . .
,
( = ) . . . T h e above
result is particularly useful for problems involving...
. . . This is how matters stand i n . . . ;
Such is the case for. ..
demonstration, exhibition
() ,
... It takes more effort to demonstrate t h a t . . .

(. ,
, , ) demonstrate,
show, illustrate
, . . .
Instead, experiments show t h a t . . .
, . .. T h e present
approach shows t h a t . . .
, . .. T h i s
is demonstrated below by considering. ..
, . . .
Our next result demonstrates that. ..
example demonstrates one way of...

. T h e talk is
scheduled for 1 P M Thursday.
hold, keep
... T h i s puts
great strain o n . . .
detail

. These are considered in some detail in
Appendix A .
( ..).
T h e details depend on the nature of...
[1]. Details of the
method can be found in Smith [1].

. T h e details of this straightforward
computation are left to the reader.
, , . ..
T h e features on which we concentrate are. ..
( = )
. For our purposes the details are
not important.
. We have
glossed over some details here.

. It is necessary to consider this problem in
some detail.
... There is no
point in going through all the details of...
[1] ...
Smith [1] has discussed in some detail the effect of...
( ..).
We shall now fill in the details.
<>
. We now proceed to fill in the details.
i n detail

. We consider this concept in greater
detail in Section 2.
...
The above discussion shows the importance of...
(
..)... L e t us investigate in more detail the
process of...
,
... T h e above problems show that it is much
easier t o . . .
,
... L e t us consider in more detail the manner
in w h i c h . . .
54
... L e t us look in
detail a t . . .
. T h i s cannot
be discussed in detail here.
... Let us now
examine in detail the behavior o f . . .

, , . . . We shall
not discuss any of these concepts in detail, but merely
wish to point out t h a t . . .

(-). We also investigate in more detail the
decomposition of...
( ..)...
look a little closer a t . . .
. .. T h i s
diagram offers a perspective o n . . .
dictate, impose
,
... Nevertheless, practical considerations often
dictate t h a t . . .
, . . . These
considerations dictate t h a t . . .
be discussed, be debated, be
under discussion

( = ). T h e use of such
materials is under discussion.
long, lengthy
L e t us
, ... T h e paper is
rather long, b u t . . .

. We shall not, however, discuss this point
in detail here.
, ... T h e paper is
somewhat lengthy, b u t . . .
for, w i t h , i n , under
.
It is useful to look at these factors in more detail.
, . . . Because of

(-). We shall now discuss somewhat further t h e . . .

. T h i s inequality is satisfied by many
composite materials.
. We shall
now undertake to demonstrate this in detail.
,
, ...
see this in greater detail, let u s . . .
, , . . .
see this in greater detail, let us note t h a t . . .
detailed, i n detail

(-). We proceed to a more or less detailed
study of...

(-), ... Before beginning
more detailed study o f . . . , it is helpful to consider...
, ,
... Before entering into the
details, we give a brief description of...
( = )
, . . . Detailed
... It is
instructive to carry out in detail the solution of...
,
... obtain a more accurate and detailed
description, it is necessary t o . . .
diagram, graph, flowchart, chart

, . . . T h e chart shows
that...
... T h e following
chart s h o w s . . .
,
1. These occur with a little larger than 1.
( = ) supplement, add, annex,

append
, , . . . Incidentally,
it is to be noted t h a t . . .
, . . . It is important to add t h a t . . .

. Consequently we have to add a number of
supplementary conditions.
( = ) attain, obtain, t r y to
get, achieve, gain
...
Better isolation can be obtained b y . . .
()... T h i s may
sometimes be accomplished b y . . .

... We can achieve this by correspondent
replacement of x b y . . .
, , ... P u t
, ...
In order to achieve these effects, it is necessary t o . . .
. T h i s is not easy
to achieve in practice.
( = , ) reason,
argument
' / ,
. . . A l l these findings support the argument t h a t . . .
, [1],
(). Arguments given in Smith [1] support
this view.
55
( = ), ,
. .. Apart from this, the argument fails
because...
, . . .
The fallacy of this argument is t h a t . . .
, . . . O u r
central argument is t h a t . . .
... A similar
argument will show t h a t . . .
-
. T h i s is made plausible by the
following argument.

. T h e argument can be restated in a different way.

[1]. T h i s argument can be illustrated by
the exemplary work of Smith [1].

. T h e argument is not altogether
satisfactory.
( = ) bring to, bring up to,

reduce to

(). T h i s method was
subsequently brought to full fruition b y . . .
(. ) enough,
sufficiently, rather, fairly, quite
()...
Generally, it is rather difficult t o . . .
( = )
, . . . A somewhat lengthy computation
shows t h a t . . .
( = ), . . . It is
reasonably easy to see t h a t . . .
. T h i s theorem is
due to Gauss.
. T h e first
part of the theorem has already been proved.
, ( = ..)
. T h e result is therefore established.
To, , . .. W h a t has been proved
is t h a t . . .
, . . . It has just been
proved t h a t
proof (of), demonstration (of),

argument, evidence (for)

(, )... A n alternate proof may be
obtained b y . . .

Exercise 1.3.
,
. . . Without going into any proofs, we simply state
that...
<>
[1]. . A simpler direct
proof was given by Smith [ l j , whose method we follow
here.

, . . . It is left as an exercise for the
reader to show t h a t . . .
,
. .. Incidentally, this proof can be made
().
T h e formal proof is as follows.
, . . .

. T h e proof is by
induction on n.
() ,
. T h e proof is
rather long, so we shall break it up into several steps.
>
, . . . T h e proof rests
fundamentally on our assumption t h a t . . .
,
we introduce...
()
... prove part (ii), we w r i t e . . .

(-). T h i s establishes a rather strong form of...
( = , )
proved, which has been proved
, . It was
proven to be the case.
, . . . It has been
well documented t h a t . . .
2.1 [3]
= 2 . . . Theorem 2.1 was first proved in [3] when
n = 2 and...

. T h e second conclusion can be proved by
a similar argument.
. ..
For our proof it is convenient to u s e . . .
() ,
. T h e proof is
( , ..)
, .
T h e proof is simple; we leave it to the reader.
( = ).
T h e proof of the lemma is finished; T h i s proves the lemma.
,
. . . T h e proof is not complete until w e . . .

. T h e proof of the converse has already been
given.
56
.
T h e proof is by induction on n .
.
We shall accept this important fact without proof.
.
T h e argument is by reductio ad absurdum.
,
1. ( =
1.) We argue exactly as in
the proof of Theorem 1.

... T h e proof is almost immediate from
the definition of...
, ...
T h e proof breaks down i f . . .
. T h i s completes
the proof; T h e theorem is proved; Q E D
( = ).
T h e proof is easy.

2. T h i s proof is similar to the proof of
Theorem 2.
2.
A n alternative proof is outlined in Exercise 2.

. T h e proof is quite elementary.

, . . . We turn our attention
next to proving t h a t . . .
,
, . . . We will then need
a special argument to show t h a t . . .

. . . Here we have arrived at a purely
geometrical proof of...
, . . . There is
every indication t h a t . . .
,
[3]. T h e proof method is
analogous to the method used by Blashke [3].

theorem as follows.
,
. . . We have amassed a convincing body of evidence
that...
. . . We begin the
proof b y . . .
. We begin
by proving two lemmas.

theorem.
.
We will omit the proof of this statement.

. W e leave the
converse proof to the reader.

(). T h e details are left to the reader.
, . . .
Our first task is to prove. ..
, ,
2 [1]. O u r proof follows along
'the lines of L e m m a 2 of [1].
,
. . . A minor modification of the proof shows t h a t . . .
,
, . . . There is no experimental
evidence to indicate t h a t . . .
(/)
,
( = ). T h e proof, however, is not as easy as
one might think.
,

( = ) , . . . B u t there is a great deal
of evidence t h a t . . .

( = ) . T h e remainder of the
proof is left to the reader.

. T h e rest of the proof is now more or
less straightforward.
[1]
. For a proof under less
restrictive conditions, see Smith [1].
,
... Before we can complete the proof, we
must...
.
T h i s contradiction completes the proof

[1]. T h e foregoing proof is due to Lord
Rayleigh [1].
,
[2]. A fuller proof, given by Hilbert [2], is
as follows.
,

... A simple and direct proof can be
obtained b y . . .
( = ).
We shall divide the proof into two steps.

... We omit the proof in order to save
space; For reasons of space we omit the proof of...
57

, . . . There is now overwhelming evidence
that...
( = , , ,
. ) prove, demonstrate, show,
establish

, [1].
The following proof is a slight modification of that given
by Smith
,
. . . A s a slightly harder example we prove t h a t . . .
[1] , . . .
Smith [1] has given a general proof t h a t . . .
,
. . . Consequently it is enough to prove t h a t . . .

... We state without proof the following
theorem concerning. ..
proved that. ..
.
We now come to the proof of the theorem.

. We now proceed to fill in the details;

[1]. Convincing proof of this
statement is furnished by Smith [1].
, . . . I n general, it
is possible to prove t h a t . . .
, , . . . Hilbert
was the first to prove that. ..
, , ,
-, ... I n order to prove this result
we must first calculate. ..
1. We now prove
a generalization of Theorem 1.
.
T h e utility of this theory has yet to be demonstrated.
,
. . . T h e crux of the proof is t h a t . . .
, . . . I t is
sometimes quite difficult to prove that. ..
, . . . I n order to
finish the proof, w e . . . ; Finally, w e . . .
, , . . .
From these facts it is easy to prove t h a t . . .
, ...
For the remainder of the proof we w r i t e . . .
, , . . . We have thus proved

that...
,
, . . . complete the proof, we need to
demonstrate t h a t . . .
, () ... A s before,
it is sufficient to prove...
complete the proof, w e . . .
,
, .
The elegant proof we give is essentially due to Hilbert.
,
, . . . T h e proof is easily adapted to show
that...
, . . . We still must
show t h a t . . .

, . . . We prove this theorem subject
to the extra assumption t h a t . . .
, . . . We deduce t h a t . . .
. We have proved
the following result.
, . . .
The proof is based on the fact t h a t . . .
(6),
, . . . We can prove the correctness of (6) by
observing t h a t . . .

. T h e proof is almost identical with
that of the last theorem.
() . We can
prove this without difficulty.
,
. T h e proof is too complicated to
give here.
, ,
. T h i s gives a contradiction,
and the proof is complete.
.
The method of proof is quite ingenious.

. . . T h e method of proof is quite general
and applies t o . . .
4.
This fact was noted without proof in Chapter 4.

years.
, . . . We hope to prove
that...

. We hope to remove these
restrictions and prove a more general result.
, -
. We hope that someone will prove
Smith's conjecture within the next few years.

, . . . We will not
prove here the very reasonable statement t h a t . . .
58
. ..
We do not propose to prove the existence of...
, . . . T h i s
assumption has now been justified, s i n c e . . .
, . . . We have just proved

that...
, . . . It is often easier
to prove t h a t . . .

. We hope to prove a significant result along
these lines.
, ,
. . . prove the converse it is sufficient to notice
that...
, , . . . Finally, we can
prove t h a t . . .
, , . . .
prove the theorem it is sufficient to show t h a t . . .
, ( ) . . . I t remains to show
(that)...
... see the corollary,

use Proposition 1 to obtain the needed estimation.
, . . . A similar
argument would prove t h a t . . .
,
, . . . prove this
statement, we make the simplifying assumption t h a t . . .

... Similar principles prove helpful in
the design of...
, -, ,
. . . prove the theorem, suppose first t h a t . . .

. Arguments of the same type prove the
following result.
, ,
. . . prove this theorem it is not enough to
observe t h a t . . .
,
. . . Such results conclusively prove t h a t . . .
, ,
. . . prove this we need only show t h a t . . .
, . W i t h this
understanding, we can prove the following.
, . . . T h i s proves only
that...
, , . . . I t is therefore
justifiable t o . . .
. T h i s proves the
first assertion.
, , . . .
Hence we have only to prove t h a t . . .
, . . . T h i s proves t h a t . . .
.
We must first prove the following theorem.
, , . . . Strictly
, . . . I n the same
way we prove t h a t . . .
,
. We now prove an important
. T h i s may
be proved as follows.

... T h i s approach has proven useful in
identifying the early stages of...
( = ...) Q . E . D .
be proven, be shown, be
demonstrated
.
T h e following results are easily proved.

. We now prove two fundamental results.
,
. . . It follows by mathematical induction t h a t . . .

. We now prove a fundamental result.
() .
. T h e 'only
i f part is easy. T h e ' i f part is more difficult.
. T h i s
result enables us to prove the following theorem; We are
now able to prove the following theorem; W i t h this result
in hand, we can prove the following theorem; W i t h this
understanding, we can prove the following theorem;
Knowing this, we can prove the following theorem; We can
now prove the following theorem; We are now in a position
to prove the following theorem; T h e following theorem is
now within our reach; We are now ready for the following
theorem.
To, x = 0, [1]. T h a t = 0
follows as in [1].
long, (for) a long time

,
, ... If we imagine this repeated
indefinitely, we g e t . . .

... We shall not dwell upon t h e . . .
...
We are now in a position to state and p r o v e . . .
He , ...
It should not be long before...
,
... We are now equipped
to state and prove...

( = ). Repeat the process indefinitely,
, ( = ) must, should, owe
59
. must contain the

point x.
, . . .
... For this purpose we m u s t . . .
, . . . A t this point
it must be stressed t h a t . . .
, > . T h u s
we have to consider n > m.
. We cannot go beyond
this; We must limit ourselves to this.
, . . . We have to show t h a t . . .

... We must keep clearly in mind the essential
difference between...

. A reliable structure need not be expensive in
this case.
... B u t even at this
stage we m u s t . . .
, . . . B u t we must be
aware t h a t . . .
,
( = ) . .. Clearly we must search
for a better interpretation of...
, ... Before
advancing further, we s h o u l d . . .

> 20. T h e approximation should hold for p >
20.
... We must
now remove the restriction t h a t . . .
F(x) , . . . It is
required of F(x) to b e . . .
,
. . . - T h e reader must observe carefully t h a t . . .
... . W h a t
can and must be proved is only that the properties of...
. T h i s
topic should also be of interest to electrical engineers.

()... I must express my thanks t o . . .
( = , ) i n
addition, as supplementary to
, ,
, . . . For the
comparison to be meaningful, we also assume t h a t . . .
, . . . Additionally, it
turns out t h a t . . .
further, more, extra, added,

additional, supplementary, complementary,
complement

... A s an additional illustration, consider the
case of...

... I n the next theorem we
obtain further properties of...
, . . .
A n additional complication is t h a t . . .
,
, . . . A n additional relation can be obtained
by noting t h a t . . .

. . . Additional information can often be obtained
from...



, . . . A little more thought might
convince us t h a t . . .

. Still other formulas
can be obtained in a similar way.


. Consequently some further restriction is
required.

. A few more definitions are required first.
()
; . There may also be further conditions on x and
V
... We are now in a position to determine
some further properties of...

(, ..)... T h i s additional
information allows us t o . . .
( = ) supplement,
complement, add to, amplify

(, ..). T h e details are left
to the reader.
, . . . It is
furthermore assumed t h a t . . .
, (2) (3)
(4). Equations (2) and (3) are
therefore complemented by the boundary conditions (4).

... I n addition to the set we consider...
( ..).
60
( = , ,
) admit, assume, suppose, accept; allow,
tolerate, permit
<>
( = ), . . .
As a result, practically everyone in the field was willing to
admit t h a t . . .
. .. I n some cases, it
is sufficient t o . . .
,

( ..).. For most such problems it is

. T h e result admits a simple geometrical
interpretation
, , (
, . . . It is conceivable that. . . ;
One can concede t h a t . . .
, . . . It is
sufficient for us to imagine...
, , . . . Finally, it
must be granted t h a t . . .

, , . . . O n the
other hand, it must be admitted t h a t . . .
, . .. Hence it is not
permissible t o . . .
, , . . .
Nevertheless, it must be admitted t h a t . . .
, , . . .
Nevertheless, these authors admitted t h a t . . .
, ... prevent
this it is necessary t o . . .
admissible, permissible, tolerance,

acceptable; safe

. I n most electrical systems this is not
acceptable.
, . . . It is permissible to
assume t h a t . . .
, . . . T h i s is
intuitively acceptable because...
, . .. T h i s is acceptable,
but only i f . . .
( ..)...
of some interest to. ..
It is
. .. It suffices to estimate...
, . . . It suffices to
, . . . Suffice it to say t h a t . . . ;
It suffices to say t h a t . . .

. .. A fairly accurate way of measuring P
is t o . . .
, . . . It will suffice to
mention t h a t . . .
, . . . It is clear enough t h a t . . .
/
. T h e precise meaning of this is rather
difficult to grasp.
, () . .. As before,
, (), . . . A s usual, it is
sufficient that ..
, . . . T h i s is permissible s i n c e . . .
, , . . . Meanwhile,
it is enough to note t h a t . . .
, . . .
T h i s is allowable provided that w e . . .
. .. I n practice, it is
usually sufficient t o . . .
, ,
that. .

... I n fact it is sufficient for the present
purpose to consider. ..
ahead of time
.. . Here we
shall be satisfied to o b t a i n . . .
. We have
completed/fulfilled the plan ahead of schedule.
( ) provide, afford,
supply, furnish, deliver, transport, carry
,
... It will be sufficient for the present to consider
the case where. ..
. ..
T h i s presented a difficulty in the design of...
, . ..
It is therefore sufficient to confine our attention t o . . .
be furnished, be given
, , . . .
It therefore suffices to show t h a t . . .

( = -). T h e required additional
condition is provided b y . . .
enough, sufficiently, reasonably, fairly,

arbitrarily, rather; i t is sufficient; i t suffices
, . ..
We also have enough information t o . . .
, , . . .
61
, ,
... prove this theorem it is not enough to
()... T h i s
may sometimes be accomplished b y . . .
, . .. see
this, it suffices to consider...
,
... Fortunately, this can be accomplished
by a straightforward generalization of...
, . .. establish this
it is enough t o . . .
... Little can be

achieved w i t h o u t . . .

. T h i s has been sufficiently
illustrated in the preceding examples.

, ... T h i s can best be
achieved by the designer w h o . . .
(
)... Also, it requires a rather large...
, ,
. . . T h e mechanism by which this is
accomplished i s . . .
, , ,
... It is obviously enough to consider the c a s e . . .
sufficiency
. , ()
. T h e condition is clearly necessary, so we
prove sufficiency,
sufficient, ample, enough

, . . . However, in practice this is
somewhat difficult to achieve because...

. .. A convenient way to accomplish this
is t o . . .
. . . , ... It is
sufficient for the purpose in v i e w . . .
, ... meet this

objective, it is necessary t o . . .
. T h e condition
is sufficient.
,
... These ideals are impossible to achieve in
practice, s o . . .
,
.
The remarkable fact is that these necessary conditions are
also sufficient.
()
. A less restrictive sufficient condition is known.
, ... T h i s can be
achieved by the use of...
be attained, be achieved, be brought

about
, ... T h e ideal
situation is reached w h e n . . .
,
, . It may be shown
that they are sufficient as well as necessary.
... Some
improvement is achieved b y . . .
, .
Conversely, this condition is sufficient.
(2) ...
T h e first step is achieved by writing (2) in the f o r m . . .
, ( = , )
. . . T h u s we
have a necessary and sufficient condition for...
(,
..)... T h i s reliability is achieved b y . . .
,
... We now give a necessary and sufficient condition
for...
,
... These conditions are just
sufficient for the elimination of...

( = )... T h i s in itself appears to be
sufficient justification f o r . . .
( = , ) reach,
achieve, attain, get, obtain, take out, come up to
( = )
... Better isolation can be obtained b y . . .
(
..). Excellent
agreement was obtained.
,
()... There is perhaps little
advantage to be gained b y . . .
. .. T h i s is
accomplished by choosing...
. T h i s is achieved
as follows.
( = , )
achievement, attainment, advances, breakthrough

. .. A more controlled way of achieving the
same end is t o . . .
...
. Considerable advances have been made in
the field of...

. . . T h i s chapter attempts to summarize
the main advances i n . . .
,
(-. ). Clearly, one way of achieving
this would be t o . . .
(. ,
) merit, dignity, merits, advantage
62
,
. . . T h e main advantage of this system is t h a t . . .

. T h e principal virtue of the method is its
simplicity.
.
T h e merits of this procedure are as follows.
, . . .
T h e advantage of the method is t h a t . . .
, . . .
T h e advantage of this procedure is t h a t . . .

, . . . O n e special merit of the procedure
lies in the fact t h a t . . .
()
.
T h e material is presented on a popular level and should be
accessible to the general reader.
( = )
-,
-. It should be accessible to
graduate students as well as advanced undergraduates.

... T h e first four chapters of this book should
be accessible to...
, ,
-. It should be
accessible to mathematicians, scientists, and engineering
researchers.
,
. Please explain the advantages and
disadvantages of this procedure.
ancient, old
( = ) ()
... These advantages have
led to the widespread use o f . . .
antiquity
access, approach
. . . T h i s allows
us easy access t o . . .
(. )
accessible, available, understandable

. T h i s book is accessible to undergraduates.

. . . T h e only method available to us so
far i s . . .

. . . There is only limited
information available a b o u t . . .

. T h e book should be accessible to students
at all levels.
( = ) ,
. . . I n ancient times it was generally believed t h a t . . .
. T h i s
concept has roots stretching back into antiquity.
other, another, different, more, else

, . . . There
...
A s a further example we may e x a m i n e . . .
... T h e second
term on the other hand of the equation...
, . . .
Another important remark is t h a t . . .
, ... I n other words,
we would expect...
, ... I n other words, we
seek...

. T h e book should be accessible to a wide
variety of readers.

wish t o . . .
.
T h e book should be accessible to everyday readers.
2.
,
. . . T h e book should be
accessible to beginning students i n . . .
... Another possible

alternative is t o . . .
,
... T h e book should be accessible to
students who have completed a basic course i n . . .

. T h e book should be accessible to readers
from a variety of backgrounds.

. T h e book should be accessible to
readers having a wide variety of interests.

. T h e book should be accessible to a broad
audience.
, ,
, . . . Another interesting result, due to
Riemann, is t h a t . . .
... A t the other
extreme i s . . .
[1].
A different method has been given by Jones [1].
[1],
... A different view was held by Jones [1],
who...
... There is another sense in
which...
63
, . B u t
here the situation is different, as we shall now see.
... We now
pass to another problem...
.
We can look at this in another way.

. These equations can be solved
successively.

, ... We can reach the same
conclusion in another way for the case of...
(-). T h i s is another
example of...
( = )
:... Another way of saying this i s . . .
( = ) think, believe, mean,

intend, have the intention, believe, deem
. We adopt
an entirely different method.
, . . .
In fact, it is often useful to think of...
, . . . B u t
there is another reason t h a t . . .
, . . . There are reasons

to think t h a t . . .
... It is, however,

quite a different matter t o . . .
. , . . . P u t the
other way around, this means t h a t . . .
He , . . . It must not be thought

that...
, . . . It is fallacious to think t h a t . . .
,
( ..)...
O n the other hand, it is
sometimes very difficult t o . . .

. . . I n application, however, it is generally
more useful to think o f . . .
,
, . . . O n the other hand, recent findings
indicate t h a t . . .

( = ), . . . B u t it would be wrong for the
reader to think t h a t . . .
, , . . .
On the other hand, experiments show t h a t . . .
...
The following theorem gives another extension of...

,
( = ). T h e proof, however, is not as easy as
one might think.
. . .
A fundamentally different approach is based o n . . .
( = ), . . . Originally
it was thought t h a t . . .
[Ej
uniquely, only, solely

. . . T h e justification of these assumptions
lies solely i n . . .
uniqueness

... We shall discuss the existence and uniqueness
problem for...
unique, the only, sole, single,

unambiguous

, . . . T h e only
difference is t h a t . . .
,
, . Step 3 is the only one to
modify.
() ...
T h e sole exception to this i s . . .

... T h e only exception to this statement i s . . .
... T h e sole
exception i s . . .
, ()
, , . . . T h e only point worth
noting is t h a t . . .

()... T h e only way to
guard against such occurrences i s . . .
,
. Bats are the only flying
mammals.

... Such a representation can be made
64
unique b y . . .

. Let us turn now to the case of a single
equation.
To, ,
. . . T h a t this solution is unique follows
from...
. T h i s
equation has one and only one solution.

... T h i s result suggests a natural
generalization of...
(. ) is, there is, are

(=) , . . .
There is good reason to believe t h a t . . .
..
evidence for...
There is some
if, when
, . . . There is
reason to hope t h a t . . .

,... Unless a specific
statement to the contrary is m a d e , . . .
, . . . There is reason to
believe t h a t . . . ; It is reasonable to suppose that. . . ; There
are good grounds for believing t h a t . . .

then...
, ..
, . .. T h i s is
acceptable, but only i f . . .
Indications are t h a t . . .
, . . . Evidence indicates. . ;
There is evidence t h a t . . .
naturally
still, yet, still yet, as yet, more, some more,

already, as long ago as
, . . . I n this
case it is natural to say t h a t . . .
...
. . I n this
situation it is natural to define. ..
, . . .
In this formula we have not yet assumed t h a t . . .
, . . . I t is naturally to be
expected t h a t . . .

( = ) (
..)...
Still more general solutions may be
constructed b y . . .
, (
..)...
B u t it is obviously more natural t o . . .
, (
..)...
It is natural, therefore, t o . . .
,
. . . One further consequence of these results is
that. ..
( ..). B u t it is
also natural t o . . .
, . . . Once again it is noted that. ..
, 1()
, ()
. Although it is natural to make the assumption
that the l(k) are bounded the case is different with m(k).
natural, intrinsic

( ..)...
I n view of all these facts it
becomes natural to. ..
, ,
. .. I t was natural however for early
investigators t o . . .
... I t seems
natural to require. ..

,
, . . . I t is thus a natural step to
think of...

. . . It led naturally to various schemes for...

... T h i s allows us to establish a
natural and useful connection between. ..
, L ,
can...
, . . . Again, it depends o n . . .
. There is
further point to be made here.
. . . T h i s
. One further
observation may be made.
.

. . . We could have deduced this result f r o m . . .
, . .. We stress again
that...
, (
..)...
We have yet to decide how t o . . .
... B u t let us
reconsider. ..
, , . ..
Worse yet, we cannot seem to find...
65
,
. .. take an even simpler example, we
can consider...

, . .. T h i s will be
illustrated further in the next section where we consider...
, . . . T h i s shows once more
that...
, . It is a strong
yet flexible layer.
.
investigated.
,
... T h i s effect becomes even more marked
when...
( = ) expect, wait for, await

He ,
... It should not be long before...
and, but, as for, even, still

, ...
In the same vein we can w r i t e . . .
,
... It is, therefore, certainly desirable to try to
understand. ..
,
. .. There are two reasons why it is
desirable t o . . .
( = ) desired, wanted,
sought
... It is desirable at this

stage to introduce...
( = )
. We now have the desired result.
,
. . . T h i s arrangement is not particularly desirable
because...
, . . .
establish the desired relationship, w e . . .
desire, wish, volition

, ... These
two desires are not compatible, s i n c e . . .
i t is desirable
, , . ..
Similarly, it would be desirable t o . . .
. .. Generally it is more
desirable t o . . .
(
..). .. I n the interests of economy, it would be
desirable t o . . .
( = ) desire, wish
( = )
, . .. We wish to use this test
system to determine.. .
( = ) , . . . We wish
to point out explicitly t h a t . . .
, ,
( = )... Suppose, for example, that we wish t o . . .
... Few research
workers are willing t o . . .
( = ) , . . .
We wish to show, however, t h a t . . .
() ... For
certain purposes it is desirable to h a v e . . .
, ( = )
... B u t suppose that we wish to o b t a i n . . .
, ,
... Before leaving the general theory it may
be desirable t o . . .
, ( = ) ...
Let us suppose that we wish to f i n d . . .

... For this reason it is desirable to have
information about. ..
. ..
(
..)...
I n some circumstances it is desirable t o . . .
, ,
, .
. Those who wish to attend Thursday's talk
should contact Prof. Smith as soon as possible.
( = )
... We now wish to extend our
consideration t o . . .
wishing
66
(14), ,
. . . Wishing to exploit (14), we note t h a t . . .
role i n . . .
vitally, essential
... Also it is vitally

important t o . . .
...
life, existence

. . . T h e applications of this theory play a vital
( = ) forget, neglect

. .. T h i s completes
our discussion of...
, , . . . Finally, one
must not forget t h a t . . .
is done, is completed
He , . . . It should be remembered
that...
completion, end
, . . . ( =
, . . . ) It should not be forgotten,
however, t h a t . . .
,
... It is a common mistake to forget t h a t . . .
( = , ,
) complete, conclude
, ... We have now
completed our survey o f . . .
() .
We close with a practical hint.
( , )
(-). We conclude by considering
a particular class of...
,
. . . We end this section by showing t h a t . . .
,
... Before we can complete the proof, we
must...
.
T h i s contradiction completes the proof.
. T h i s
completes our proof.
finish the proof, w e . . . ; Finally, w e . . .
,
demonstrate t h a t . . .
, ...
complete the solution, we m u s t . . .
... T h i s completes the
determination of...
. T h e proof is done; Q . E . D .
... complete
the picture we s h a l l . . .
,
. . . close this section it is worth noting t h a t . . .
(, , ..)
()... T h e final stage of the
development is reached b y . . .
completed, end
,
depend, depend on, be dependent on, be

dictated by, be a function of, be determined of, be
governed by
,
depend o n . . .
, ( = ..)
( = , ). . .
In particular, it does not depend on the nature of...
. ..
These arguments depend on the validity of...
, . . . Again, it depends o n . . .
, . . .
Whether or not this can be done in a given case
depends o n . . .
,
circumstances.

. . . B u t the final results of the theory must
not depend o n . . .
,
, . . . There is
obviously a practical limit to this, which depends o n . . .
67
, . . . Clearly its
( = , ) be set,
be assigned; be asked; be posed
. . . T h e first term is
independent of...
,
. . . It may be asked w h e t h e r . . .
, , . . .
Such processes will depend largely u p o n . . .
,
. . . We are led to inquire w h e t h e r . . .
[1] ,
. . . T h e method devised by Smith [1] depends on the
fact t h a t . . .
. T h e field is
given by the following expression...
, ,
. . . T h e extent to which they move
depends o n . . .
task, job, assignment, representation,

presetting, set up
. . .
The validity of this formula depends o n . . .
D.
The nature of these roots depends on whether D > 0.
.
The electric field depends solely on and .
(), . . . T h i s
analysis depends on the fact t h a t . . .

... T h i s result is independent of any
assumption a b o u t . . .
. . . T h i s factor is
independent of...

... T h e task at hand is more complicated in the
case of...
,
. . . O u r first task is to prove...

, ... T h e next important
task is to try to determine w h y . . .
... O u r next
task is t o . . .
, , . . . T h i s
task is made easier by noticing t h a t . . .
prescribed, given, defined, specified,

preset, predetermined, preassigned
dependence, relation, function,

relationship, correspondence, law

... . . . T h i s section reviews the
fundamental relationships between... a n d . . .
. . . . Three
, . . . ,
. Two cases are to be
distinguished, according to whether...
, (-.)...
Again, this demonstrates the dependence of...
, . . .
We now ask whether...
.
One can easily see the reason for this dependence.
, Q
title, heading
. ..
We shall have more to say on this point later under the
heading of...
( = , ) set, define,
give, assign, pose, plot, specify

:... I n such a situation, we might ask two
questions:...
, , z,
... L e t us now introduce new variables
. . . f(z)
. ..., where f(z) is a specified function from the class
C.
( = , ) problem, task
.
From an analytical point of view, the problem is quite
formidable.
, . . .
In connection with this problem it is worth noting t h a t . . .

. T h u s stated, the problem can't be solved.
,
,
see t h a t . . .
,
... Perhaps the first serious attempt to
solve the problem w a s . . .
. . . . L e t us
reconsider the problem of...
, . . . If the
initial temperature T is prescribed t h e n . . .
. L e t
us work one more simple problem.
, . . .
The question may now be raised whether...
,
... O u r problem is then to determine...
68
... T h e problem
is solved by means of...
() ,
. . . , Some of the problems arise from the fact that ..

... I n any given problem, one can a l w a y s . . .

. A direct extension is the following
problem.
... We have not

yet mentioned the problem o f . . .

. T h e different approaches to this problem will be
outlined below.

... T h e general problem can be stated
mathematically in terms of...
. T h i s is usually a tricky
problem.

... Another attack on the problem starts
from the equation. ..
... A class of
interesting problems is concerned w i t h . . .
.
T h e problem is specified as follows.
,
. . . One interpretation of this problem is that. ..

. . . T h e problem is to find numerical solutions for...
, ...
T h e problem, however, becomes much simpler i f . . .
, . . .
T h e problem is complicated by the fact that. ..

,
. .. T h e problem to be considered in this
section...
. . .
T h e problem is then to deduce a formula for...
,

. .. A much simpler problem, but one of
practical interest, is to calculate...
, ,
... T h i s problem is known to be quite difficult,
although...
( = )
. There are three ways of attacking such a
problem.
,
. .. W i t h this simple problem we
will be able to i l l u s t r a t e . . .

. T h e problem can be stated mathematically as
follows.

:... We immediately generalize the problem as
follows:...
... We are
concerned with the problem of finding the. ..
, . .. We are
dealing here with a problem which i s . . .
2.
(,
..)...
We shall often be faced with
the problem of...
, ... O u r task
now is to f i n d . . .

. . . T h e problem is to find a general formula f o r . . .
()
, ... T h i s will have a solution if and
only i f . . .
,
.. T h e main question is how we

. We shall learn how to treat more practical
problems later.
,
. . T h e above result is particularly
useful for problems involving...
, ,
. . . Before considering the problem it will be
convenient to r e c a l l . . .
, . .
In solving this problem it is important to notice that. ..
. . . Solutions
of this problem follow readily f r o m . . .
. ..
T h e following problems will help show that
importance of...
, . . .
A rigorous treatment of the problem shows t h a t . . .

. .. I t is a problem of considerable interest
to determine...
.
There are many ways to solve this problem.
.
There are various ways of tackling this problem.
,
. .. There are three ways by which we
may approach the problem of...

(, ..)...
T h e same problem might be solved directly b y . . .
69
,
evaluating...
,
:...
A problem which arises very frequently i s . . .
, ( ) . . . We are
therefore interested i n . . .
,
. A further condition is
required to specify the problem uniquely.
.
, . . . solve
this type of problem, w e . . .
,
... solve our problem we need the
value of...
, ,
. . . simplify the problem, let us suppose t h a t . . .
, . .. T h i s problem is
studied because...
... T h e problem
is particularly severe in the case of...

-,
. .. T h i s paper is crucial reading for electrical
engineers concerned with the theory of...
be interested (in)
.
T h i s topic should also be of interest to electrical engineers.
( = , ,
, ) finish, complete,
accomplish
(-).
We conclude our treatment with an explanation of...
. .. T h e problem is
solved by a p p l y i n g . . .

. .. We will end this section
with a few comments regarding...
[1]. T h i s
problem is also treated by Smith [1].
.. . . Q . E . D .
( )...
These problems are amenable to treatment b y . . .
, ,

. .. It would lead us too far a field to d i s c u s s . . .
( = ) come to a close,
be over, terminate
deferred, slowed, inhibited
( = ),
... T h e process terminates i f . . .
... Progress was

inhibited at first b y . . .
( = ) think of
, ,
... Consider for a moment what would happen i f . . .
(.
, ) be interested
, . . . Actually,
we are not concerned w i t h . . .

[1]. T h e interested reader is referred to the book
by Smith [1].
,
. . . A s we have mentioned, we are
particularly interested i n . . .
... We are
interested in the possibility of...
,
(-). We are particularly interested
in the location o f . . .
. . . We are
actually only interested i n . . .

. .. I n general,
however, we are interested in measuring other
properties of...
( = ) lay, put, establish,

mortgage
...
In this chapter we lay the theoretical foundations for...
( , ,
, ) enclose, include, contain,
conclude, complete, finish
, , . . . We infer, moreover,
that...
, , . . .
Consequently, one must conclude t h a t . . .
( = )
. .. We conclude this chapter
with a few words o n . . .
( = ), ,
. . . W i t h this framework before us, we realize t h a t . . .
[1] ,
. . . From the results of experiments, Smith [1]
concluded t h a t . . .
( = ), . . .
concludes from his analysis t h a t . . .
(3) , . . . From
equations (3) it can be inferred t h a t . . .
, . . .
We conclude from these remarks t h a t . . .
70
, . . . Prom this it is easy

to deduce t h a t . . .
,
. We thus arrive at the following postulate.

( = ), . . . We may infer from this
particular example t h a t . . .
, (1),
that...
, . ..
W i t h the help of this result we can deduce. ..
... T h i s concludes our

review of...
, , ... We conclude
that it is impossible t o . . .
( ..) ,
... We conclude by giving an
example to illustrate...
( ),
,
(). . . We conclude by making some rather
obvious but necessary remarks o n . . .
, . . .
We conclude this section by remarking t h a t . . .
...

( ..)...
We conclude this section by
mentioning another. ..
, . . .
We conclude this example with the observation t h a t . . .
( = /)) be contained,
consist in, be confined, be i n
,
. .. A more successful approach has been
to u s e . . .
,
. . . T h e importance of such equations lies in the fact
that...
, .


that...
. . .
T h e problem is then to deduce a formula for...
(= ),
... We conclude that we c a n n o t . . .
, ,
( = . . . ) . . . T h e mechanism by
which this is accomplished i s . . .
(=)
. . . A s a matter of convention, we agree to
speak of...


( = ) . .. We conclude with
brief look a t . . .

. . . One possible reason for this
discrepancy i s . . .
, > . We may conclude

that x > A.
,
. . . T h i s is a contradiction and we conclude t h a t . . .
He , . . . It is not to be inferred
that. ..
, , . . .
Summarizing, one may conclude t h a t . . .
, , . . . We therefore
infer t h a t . . .
, , . . .
We should conclude, therefore, t h a t . . .
, 1 ,
,
, . . . Since is necessarily positive, it
, , . . . Smith
was thus able to conclude t h a t . . .
,
. . . T h e answer resides in the fact
that...
, , , . . .
T h e answer, of course, is t h a t . . .
,
. . . T h e essence of the matter is t h a t . . .
. . . T h e difficulty is t h a t . . .
, ,
. T h e merit of this definition lies, of
course, in its usefulness,
conclusion, inference, inclusion,

confinement, summary
. . .
( = ). . . . has a number of profound and
, ,
... T h i s conclusion is found to be false w h e n . . .
... We note
finally...,
In conclusion, we note...
71
, . . .
In conclusion, it should be stressed t h a t . . .
, ,
,
, . . . We remark, in
conclusion, t h a t . . .
, . . . I n summary, we see
that...

a similar argument.

, . . . There are experimental reasons for
concluding t h a t . . .
( ) . . . We now
give a brief account of...
, . . .
Let us reconsider our conclusion t h a t . . .
, . . .
arrive at a definite conclusion, w e . . .

[1], ... T h i s conclusion is at
variance with that of Smith [1], w h o . . .

. Experimental
, . . .
It appears safe for us to conclude t h a t . . .
, ,
, . . . T h e conclusion to be drawn from
this discussion is t h a t . . .
,

the above analysis.
,
. . . T h i s conclusion is based on the same
ideas that lead t o . . .
, ,
()... T h i s conclusion is obviously not
restricted t o . . .

... T h i s general conclusion applies to a wide
class of...
,

. Several conclusions may be drawn from
these measurements.
,
[1]. T h i s is in conflict with conclusions reached
by Smith [1].
( ), . . .
From this it has been concluded that. ..
final, concluding, conclusive,

terminal
, , . . .
We thus come to the important conclusion t h a t . . .
,
. A t this point we bring our discussion of these
matters to a close.
,
. It can be shown that this conclusion is
generally valid.

, . .. We can reach the same
, . . .
T h e final observation is t h a t . . .
law, principle, rule

, ... B u t
Newton's second law requires t h a t . . .
,
... B y Newton's second law, we h a v e . . .
...
A n application of Newton's second law gives...
... According to
Newton's second l a w , . . .

lawfully, legally, legitimately; i t is right,

it is legal, i t is i n accordance w i t h law
1
, . . . A direct application of Theorem 1
yields...
( ..)...
( = ) , . . .
The general conclusion was t h a t . . .
It is
, ... Notice that it is

perfectly legitimate t o . . .
, ( = )
, . . . I t is therefore legitimate to speak of...
, . . . T h e general
conclusion is t h a t . . .
valid, legal, legitimate

, . . . For this reason we cannot
immediately conclude t h a t . . .
,
( ..)...
T h u s it is certainly
72
( = , ,
, ) finish, end
complete the proof, w e . . .
( = , . )
substitution, replacement, replacing by (with),
exchange, change
. . . T h e process leads to
a change i n . . .
( = , ,
) substitute (for), replace (by), change
(to), renew, interchange, take the place (of)
b. Change a to b.
. It is sometimes
convenient to replace A by B.
b. We simply replaced a by b.
noticeable, detectable, conspicuous,

appreciable, outstanding; visible
,
. .. T h e effect should be most marked w h e n . . .
(, ..)
, ... T h i s
ambiguity becomes particularly confusing if . .

( ) . . . T h e most conspicuous examples are to
be found i n . . .
() , ...
T h e most conspicuous case occurs when..
, . ..
T h i s means that there is an appreciable probability of...
. .. T h i s effect is
particularly marked n e a r . . .
,
. .. T h i s effect becomes even more marked
when...
remark, observation, comment, point

,
. Two
comments seem worth making.
, .. .
Another important remark is t h a t . . .
, . . .

... A remark may be made here a b o u t . . .
, . . .
It may be seen from the preceding remarks t h a t . . .
,
. . . It should be clear from the above remarks
that...
, . . .
We conclude from these remarks t h a t . . .

. . . A few remarks may be made here in
. One further
( ),
,
()... We conclude by making some rather
, . .

. .. We will end this section with a few
comments regarding...
, . . . We begin with the
remark t h a t . . .

Chapter 2.
. .
Some remarks on the previous theorem. ..
c> . Two
general points need to be made.
. There are
number of points to be made.
. It should
be noted t h a t . . . ; It should be pointed out t h a t . . . ;
A remark is in order.
,
, ... Despite these
comments, care must be taken t o . . .

observation is that ..
(2)
. A few remarks
may be made in connection with (2) above.
, ,
. .. Before proceeding to
give examples, we make the important observation t h a t . . .
. . .
Similar observations have been made with respect t o . . .
, ... Similar
remarks apply w h e n . . .
() ..
Similar comments apply to the process of...
, . .. W i t h
these remarks in mind, the reader s h o u l d . . .
. Three
.
Only a physicist would make such a remark.
. ..
These remarks will not be complete without mentioning...
73
, ... T h i s remark
does not apply i f . . .
, , . . . A l l that
, . . .
This happens to be an important observation, because...
,
remarkable, wonderful,
important, unusual
( = )
( ..). Excellent
agreement was obtained.
:...
, . . . It is
remarkable fact t h a t . . . ; T h e remarkable thing is t h a t . . .
,
.
also sufficient.
( = )
,
. . . Prof. Smith was a talented researcher who
published a long list of papers o n . . .
<> . T h i s is a remarkable
relation.
( = )
. . . T h i s equation is in excellent agreement
with...
( = , ,
, ) observe, note, notice, mark
,
, . . . More general
conditions will not be discussed here, but it may be said
that...
, . . . It is of some
interest to observe t h a t . . .
(14), ,
.
Now again, we wish to make an important point.
, . . . We observe in passing
that...
, -, . . . Another point to be
... Note the singular
nature of...
,
, (
, ) . . . Note that the present argument is very
similar t o . . .
,
(, ) . . . Note that we still must be
cautious a b o u t . . .
, () ...
Note that we have only u s e d . . .
,
. .. Notice that we could not afford to
neglect. ..
, ,
. . . A simpler approach is to observe t h a t . . .
, ( -)...
that it is necessary t o . . .
. . .
The first significant changes i n . . .were detected/were
observed.
, ( ..)
, . . . Note that this is of the same
form a s . . .

, . . . A s a final caveat it should be noted
that...
, . . . Note that this

is very similar t o . . .
, . ..
, . . . I n this
connection, we observe t h a t . . .

(1), . . . Incidentally we may notice, as
a consequence of (1), t h a t . . .
, . . . A n alert
-,
(-). .. Secondly, we must comment
on the use of...
Notice
, (-).
, . . . Here we will merely
note t h a t . . .
, . . . It is interesting to observe
t h a t . . . ; It is of interest to observe t h a t . . . ; It is of interest
to remark t h a t . . .
... A s will readily be observed...;
As is easy to s e e . . .
, , . . . Notice incidentally t h a t . . .
, . . . Meanwhile,
it is enough to note t h a t . . .
-, , . . . I n the second
place, it should be noted that. ..
, . . . It will be seen at
once t h a t . . .
-, , . .. O u r
first observation is that there is no need t o . . .
, . . . We mention in passing
that...

, . . . We have already called
attention t o . . .

() ,
. . . T h e observant reader will have noticed t h a t . . .
( = ) , . . .
this end ( = For this purpose) we note that. ..
H e . No changes
will be perceived.
, . . . It should be noted t h a t . . .
,
, ,
... It should be noted that there are two
ways in w h i c h . . .
[1] ,
. B u t Smith [1]
notes that certain exceptions do exist.
, . . . It is, however, of
, . . . It must be
observed, however, t h a t . . .
, . . . It should also
be noted, however, t h a t . . .
, 2, . ..
Next observe that = 2 t h e n . . .
[1] , . . . I t was first
observed by Smith [1] that. ..
, = . Note first that = .
, . . . It is worth remarking t h a t . . . ;
It is worth noticing t h a t . . . ; It is noteworthy t h a t . . .
,
. . . T h e knowledgeable reader will see at once
that...

, . . . T h e reader may
have noticed t h a t . . .
, . . . It is especially
interesting to note t h a t . . .
, ,
that...
, . . . I t should be noted
especially t h a t . . .
, , . . .
elucidate the point, we notice t h a t . . .
(12) ,
. .. T h e interesting
feature to notice about (12) is t h a t . . .
, ,
perhaps most easily introduced by observing that. ..
, . . . It is very useful to
, , . . . T h i s
, , . . . Before
proceeding, we observe t h a t . . .
to be observed, to be noted

... . . . . A sharp contrast is noted
remarking, observing, noting
, [1] , ,
. . . Smith [1] seems to have been the first to notice
that...

, , . . . We can summarize
the preceding results in simpler terms by noting t h a t . . .
, .
T h i s seems to have escaped the notice of other physicists.
, , . . . T h e process
is easily understood by noting that. ..
, , . . .
Before we do so we note t h a t . . .
( = ) take up, be occupied

(with), go i n for, devote oneself (to), attend (to)
, ,

processes.
,
, . . . Before we go further, it is worth

/ . . . Here we shall deal only with its
application t o . . .
,
, . . . Before considering these in detail, it
should be mentioned t h a t . . .
write down, record, note down
, , . . .
Alternatively, we may observe that. ..
write, record, note down
, . . . A t the outset
we notice t h a t . . .
.
T h e condition for equilibrium can now be written,

. .. I n accordance with common usage, we
write...
75
record, recording, notation, listing, entry,
writing
( = ) ... T h i s
leads us to introduce...

... L e t us adopt the usual convention of
writing...
. .. T h i s leads us to
regard...
suspect
, . . .
We should immediately suspect t h a t . . .
( = , ) remember,
memorize, store, keep i n mind, commit to memory
. .. T h i s result is more
easily remembered b y . . .
( = , , ) then,
after t h a t / t h i s , next, thereupon, thereafter,
further, subsequently
( = )... It is then
possible to determine...
(3)-(5) ... Next
the combination of relations (3)-(5) gives...
( = ) i n advance,
hitherto, i n good time, beforehand, a priori; pre-
. .. It is then necessary
to establish...
o , ,
, ,... Then, by hypothesis,...
. . . Further, the method presupposes...

, . . .
We have no a priori reason to expect t h a t . . .
, . . . We do not
presume t o . . .
He (), . . . It is
not obvious a priori t h a t . . .
, ,
. . . Thus, it is not possible to say in
advance whether. ..
. . . . . . We start
w i t h . . . and progress t o . . .
( = , ) affect,
touch upon
. . . We shall not
touch on the question of...

. .. Few aspects of our lives have
not been influenced b y . . .
( = ) deserve, merit,
earn, be worthy of

... T h e justification of this assumption involves
the theory of...
... I n this
connection, it is worthwhile to mention t h a t . . .
( = ) spend, expend
... It is regrettable t h a t . . .
... It is noteworthy t h a t . . .
,
. There are some other terms
that require mention.
, , ,
, . . . O n the other hand this may
not be worth the effort s i n c e . . .

. T h i s result is worth a more careful look.
deserved
, ()
noting is that. ..

. Two comments seem worth making.
,
. T h i s is a hypothesis worthy of further
investigation.
( = , ) force,
compel, make, insist (on)
, ,
. . . O n the other hand, this should not lead one to
believe t h a t . . .


,
... Much effort has gone into both theoretical
and observational studies of...
go into, be expended in, be

consumed by

... Considerable effort was expended in
attempts t o . . .
( = )
difficulty, trouble
(
, ..).. Because of the
practical difficulties involved i n . . .
, ( = )...
T h i s difficulty does not arise w h e n . . .
, . . .
A n additional complication is t h a t . . .
,
... There are three important
complications which arise in the analysis of...
() . Two
difficulties remain, however.

. I n special cases, however, this difficulty may be
circumvented.
. ..
T h e difficulty is eliminated by employing...

difficult, hindered, hampered,
impeded
, . . . It has to be said,
,
that. ..
, ( = )
, .. . It is therefore legitimate to speak of...
w i t h difficulty

. I n the present situation, however, it is
not feasible to do this.

somewhat difficult to achieve because...
( = ) hamper, impede,
make (it) difficult, hinder
. T h i s makes
further substitution difficult.
, ,
, . . . Thus, we have good grounds for
saying that. ..
here, at this point, where, at this time
. ..
T h e argument given here ignores...
, ..
A t this point
. .. Presented here a r e . . .
, . . .
It has been assumed, of course, that. ..
be made difficult (by)
, . . . It is
appropriate at this point to recall that. ..
( = )
, . . . Detailed

... A t this point, however, we encounter a
,
. . . Careful comparison is somewhat hampered by
the fact t h a t . . .
sound, sensible
fixed
. L e t
be a constant.
wish
,
(-). We could, if we wished, study various
portions of...
... T h e reader may
also want t o . . .
( = ) often, frequently, on frequent

occasions
( ..)
. I n many cases this is of no
practical significance.
... Very often, however, it
is not convenient t o . . .
defense, cover, screening, protection

. . . T h i s
provides some protection against...
assertion, announcement, statement,

application, declaration
[21]
... Jones [21]
became rather notorious for his bold assertion regarding. ..
( = , ) state, assert,
announce, declare, claim
, ... We are not
suggesting that this i s . . .
( = ), . . .
It is impossible to state conclusively t h a t . . .
( = ),
. . . We do not wish to imply, however, t h a t . . .
, . . . Common
sense guides us to suppose t h a t . . .
,
... Common sense seems to tell us that. ..
. T h i s would
run counter to common sense; T h i s would go against
common sense; T h i s would oppose common sense.
sign, symbol, mark, digit

(4) , . . .
T h e minus sign in (4) indicates t h a t . . .
, . .. T h e minus sign
appears because...
D.
T h e nature of these roots depends on whether D > 0.
familiarity (with), acquaintance

,
() . . . I n particular, we assume familiarity
with...
,
. . . It is assumed that the reader already
has some acquaintance w i t h . . .
( = ) familiar, known,
acquainted
,
. .. T h i s result should look familiar to anyone
who has studied ..
. . . Everyone is familiar w i t h . . .
, . . .
We shall assume that the reader is familiar w i t h . . .

... We now briefly describe some of the more
familiar...
(, ..)
, . . . T h e reader who
has previously studied. .. may have the impression t h a t . . .
77
. . . B y familiar
manipulations we. ..
, . . . We learn
from common experience t h a t . . .
significant, important
,
, . . . It may be
significant t h a t . . .
, . . . It is not widely known t h a t . . .
famous
[21] (:
)
... Jones [21] became rather notorious for
his bold assertion regarding...
... Other
famous conjectures include...

. Among the most famous of the early
experimenters was Faraday himself.
. ..
knowledge, learning, background

( )
. .. I n this chapter we assume an
intuitive knowledge of...

... T h e real difficulty lies in our
inadequate knowledge of...
,
(. . . ) . We lack sufficient knowledge to
(distinguish...)
. . . We are still in the

dark a b o u t . . .
, . . . We do
not yet know whether. ..
, ( =
). We know that this does not happen.
, . . . We now
know beyond doubt that. ..
, . . . We already know t h a t . . .
( ..)...
familiar w i t h . . .
We should be
, . . . I n fact,
however, we know t h a t . . .
( = ) ...
B u t in many cases, we do not k n o w . . .
,
, ... Experimentally, however, we know
that there are cases w h e n . . .
, ...
It is necessary, however, to know what is meant b y . . .
, ,
. . . It is therefore difficult to know whether...
...
We assume very little knowledge of...
( = ), . . .
T h e students must always be aware of...
...
... It is impossible to gain a thorough
knowledge of... without a basic knowledge of...
,
. .. solve our problem we need the
value of...

. No prior knowledge of finite
elements is required.
( = , , )
significance, importance, meaning, sense, value

. No prior knowledge of the subject is
assumed.

... However, this method presupposes a
knowledge of...
, ...
Given the present state of knowledge, it is inevitable
that...
, , (-).
evidently requires a knowledge of...
This

/3. three tests gave similar values of /3.
( = ) ,
... T h e significance of our methods is
that they will y i e l d . . .
,
. . . T h e significance of this last result is t h a t . . .
... There is another sense
in w h i c h . . .
... ...
We will use the term " . . . " to m e a n . . .
(. ) know
... 3.
Some values of... are listed in Table 3.

( = ), ... I n many cases it is
required to know the rate at w h i c h . . .
. . .
B u t it is easy to over-estimate its significance in
relation t o . . .
, ,
... Furthermore, we know from elementary
considerations t h a t . . .
, . ..
We notice that there is only one value of...
experience t h a t . . .
( = )
... It is now possible to see the
significance of...

...
fully appreciate the significance of this i d e a . . .
,
... solve our problem we need the
value of...
... T h i s reveals
the physical significance of...
/ . . .
T h i s limitation is of particular significance i n . . .

. T h i s equation can be considered as
being of great importance.
significance

, . . . T h i s
continued investigation is of considerable practical
importance because...
considerable, significant,
appreciable, important, notable
,
. .. I n fact, from this point of view it is
not necessary t o . . .
[1],
who...

. . . His lecture provided listeners with a new
viewpoint o n . . .
()
... A shift in perspective is needed in order t o . . .
, . . . When
we adopt this point of view, w e . . .
. . .
One can also take a different point of view a n d . . .

. We may look at this result in another
way.

in...

. We can look at
this situation in general terms as follows.
...
with...
, . . . We are
adopting the point of view t h a t . . .
,
. . . A considerable body of data suggests t h a t . . .

...
Recently, considerable attention has been devoted t o . . .
,
. . . Some physicists would take the view t h a t . . .
,
( ), ... Hence, a major
improvement can be expected w h e n . . .
. Both
viewpoints are legitimate.
( )
. These two results are of considerable interest.
( = , ) mean,
signify, imply
, . . . B u t this also means
that...
0 . , . . . P u t the
other way around, this means t h a t . . .
( =
) , . . .
Confirmation of this view is found in the fact t h a t . . .

... It is instructive to consider these results from
the standpoint of...
( = ),
. . . Adopting the attitude of the engineer, let u s . . .
, . . . It means t h a t . . .

, . . . A common view among scientists is
that...
, . . . T h i s could only
mean t h a t . . .
, (
..)...
For practical purposes it is best t o . . .
? W h a t does it mean?
knowing, i f we know, w i t h a knowledge of

, ... Knowing this, we c a n . . .
sight, view

... Purely from a logical point of view it
might be appropriate t o . . .

, . . . We adopt a naive point of view
and assume t h a t . . .

[1]. T h i s viewpoint has been used extensively
by Smith [1].

. It will be useful to consider this situation
more generally.
(
..)...
T h i s viewpoint is strengthened b y . . .
,... According to
this v i e w , . . .

. These two viewpoints will be discussed briefly
below.
?
ignore, disregard
. ..
, . . .
The assumption ignores the fact t h a t . . .
,
... T h e expression neglects a number of
processes w h i c h . . .
(. ) play
, () ...
It seems that an important role is played b y . . .
idealization
, . .. T h i s is an
idealization because. ..
idealized

. T h e following idealized physical
model will be used.
...
Further argument would then lead to the idea of...

. .. T h e idea originated with the
study of...
. T h e idea is as follows.
, . . . There
is a great deal of evidence for the idea t h a t . . .
,
(-). There are many other
examples which illustrate the basic idea of...
, . . .
T h e underlying idea is t h a t . . .
() ,
. . . T h e ideas involved here are so simple t h a t . . .
...

, ...
We consider a rather idealized model which gives some
insight i n t o . . .

. .. Many of the ideas and
case of...
ideally, perfectly
, ,
(). .. Many of the ideas appearing in this
chapter a r e . . .
( ) ...
Ideally it should be possible t o . . .
... T h e ideal situation would
be to h a v e . . .
ideal, perfect
,
... We shall assume
that the reader has a clear intuitive idea of...
, ... T h e ideal
. We may extend
these ideas.
idea, notion, concept
, ... We can
() ( = ),
. . . These theories have in common the idea t h a t . . .
, , . . .
The reader is no doubt familiar with the idea t h a t . . .

. I n Chapter 3 we shall meet another
generalization of the same basic idea.
( )... It is
important that we be able to apply the concept of...

( = )
... We may also apply the concept of...
,
,
... T h e idea is most easily understood by
examining...

... One answer to this question lies in the
concept of...
(-). L e t us return briefly

to the idea of...

. However, this idea has little
application in general.

. T h e preceding ideas can now be generalized.
, . . . T h e basic idea is
that...
80
, . . .
T h e main idea of this section is t h a t . . .

( = ) . . . Precisely similar ideas are applicable t o . . .
, ,
(-). T h e points
made in this section can be illustrated b y . . .
, . ..
make this idea more concrete, l e t . . .
(,
..)...
T h e whole idea is made precise b y . . .
,
. . . I n order to place these ideas in their proper
framework, w e . . .

, . . . T h e latter idea lost much
of its significance because...
( = )
( = ). .. Einstein
applied precisely the same ideas t o . . .
, ,
. . . Most physicists seem to accept the notion
that...
( = ) . . .
T h i s idea is expressed more precisely i n . . .
, . . .
T h e preceding discussion leads to the idea t h a t . . . ;
T h e foregoing discussion gives an idea of...
2 3.
Let us now give an idea on how to prove Theorems 2 and 3.
,
, , . . .
A problem that we must eventually face in making use of
this concept i s . . .
,
. T h i s idea will be
clarified below.

, ... T h i s idea is both
self-contained and attractive, b u t . . .
. . . T h i s idea is
[1],
, (). .. T h i s idea has been exploited by
Smith [1], who suggests t h a t . . .
, . . . From
the beginning, physicists have accepted the notion t h a t . . . ;
From the outset, physicists have accepted the notion
that. ..
.
contributors.
, ...
Let us make these ideas clearer by considering...
/ . . .
These ideas have immediate application i n . . .
(-).
Let us present in a nutshell the main idea b e h i n d . . .
( = ) . . .
I n this way we arrive at the idea of...
, ,
. . . Therefore we may take as axiomatic the idea
that...
,
. . . T h i s suggests quite strongly t h a t . . .
,
, . . . It is thus a natural step to
think o f . . .
...
T h e next step was to apply the idea o f . . .
[1] ,
. . . Smith [1] argues effectively against the notion
that...
,
, , . . . T h e essential idea
underlying these statements is that o f . . .
, . . .
T h e essential idea here is t h a t . . .

() . . . These ideas can be formulated just as easily
for...
,
... T h e idea just outlined has been used t o . . .
,
[1], ... T h e essential idea behind Smith's
approach was t h a t . . .
,
. . . T h i s conclusion is based on the same
ideas that lead t o . . .

, . . . T h i s is obviously related to
the familiar and intuitive idea t h a t . . .

. .. T h i s leads us to postulate the
existence of...
,
(, ..)...
T h i s is the fundamental
idea b e h i n d . . .
, ... T h e idea is easily
understood, b u t . . .
( - ) go, run, progress

( =
)... T h e following is a brief outline of...
from, out of, out, of, i n , among

. . .
T h e statement follows at once f r o m . . .
get r i d , guard against
81
( =
) (). .. T h e only
way to guard against such occurrences i s . . .
,
... We save a good deal of tedious effort i f . . .
, . ..
T h i s error could be avoided by u s i n g . . .
( = )... This
difficulty can be circumvented b y . . .
(. ) i t is known
( = , , .
) avoid, evade, circumvent
( avoid ,
)
. . . Little is
known at present a b o u t . . .
, . . . I n this
situation it is well known t h a t . . .
... If we introduce a new variable x, we can

avoid...

. T h e use of such techniques will avoid
these errors.
,
( )... Fortunately, this difficulty
can be overcome b y . . .
,
. . . It has been known for a very long time t h a t . . .
, ... T h e reader
will probably be familiar w i t h . . .
, , . . . I n fact it is known
that...
[1] , . . . From the
work of Smith [1] it is now known t h a t . . .
() ... It is best to a v o i d . . .
()
(-).
, . . . It is common knowledge t h a t . . . ;
It has been known t h a t . . .
, ,
. . . We avoid these difficulties by assuming t h a t . . .
, . A is
known to connect x and y.
, . ..
We remove this difficulty by u s i n g . . .
, ,
although...
,
. . . Such a procedure is to be avoided because...

, ... One way out of this
difficulty is t o . . .
, ...
B y such expediencies we can a v o i d . . .
, , . . .
It is therefore unavoidable t h a t . . .

, ... avoid any possibility
of confusion we s h a l l . . .
, . . . ( = , . . . )
Everyone knows t h a t . . .
. . . Little is known a b o u t . . .
... We are already familiar w i t h . . .
... Little is known about the
role of...
, . . . It had long
been known, however, t h a t . . .
... . Not
very much is known a b o u t . . .
,
()... avoid misunderstanding, we s h a l l . . .
. . . Relatively little
is known a b o u t . . .
,
, . . . avoid undue
complication we make the simplifying assumption t h a t . . .

. Very little is known about these objects.
, . ..
avoid this effect it is necessary t o . . .
, ,
. . . obviate this difficulty it may be imagined
that...
,
. . . T h i s avoids the problem of having
to decide whether...
,
, . . . T h i s can be avoided through the common
sense view t h a t . . .
, (
..)...
T h i s labor may be avoided b y . . .
... T h e latter
phenomenon is known a s . . .

. T h e above proposition is very well
known and easy to prove.
... . . . ... T h e space
between t h e . . . and t h e . . . is known as t h e . . .
... T h e next
theorem is known a s . . .
. . . Far less is known
about...
( = ),
, . . . T h e technique by which this
is achieved is known a s . . .

|2-4], ...
It is well known [2-4], that for sufficiently s m a l l . . .
. T h i s
change is known as the Pokora effect.
( = ). .. T h i s
property is known a s . . .
(. ) known, well
known, of note, certain, distinguished, familiar,
famous
( ) , ( =
, ) . . . We are all familiar with the fact
that...

... T h i s
paper attempts to summarize everything known at present
about...
. . . There is
well-known theorem o n . . .

... T h e best known and most powerful of
these i s . . .
...
T h e most familiar examples a r e . . .
82
, [ 3 ] . . .
B y a slight change in the method of [3], the
construction of...
(= ) state, present, treat, lay

down, set forth
,
. .. put forth his observations and
interpretations in a book entitled...
(-).
Let us present in a nutshell the main idea b e h i n d . . .
i t is unnecessary
, . . . It is needless to say t h a t . . .
account, treatment, presentation,

exposition
, . . .
We have assumed in our exposition t h a t . . .
... T h e following is a
brief outline of...

... T h i s material can be used in presenting a
course i n . . .
,
... For the sake of both brevity and clarity,
we denote...
, . . . We are already
familiar with the fact t h a t . . .
,
...
T h e procedure we have described is known a s . . .
<> ... I n the course of our

discussion, we s h a l l . . .
(1)
, ... E x a c t
solutions to (1) can be obtained in terms of known
functions w h e n . . .

, . . . A well-known theorem of analysis
states t h a t . . .
,
( = ) .
Although this method is somewhat unorthodox, it is as
valid as any of the more familiar methods.
(),
... T h i s leads to what is known a s . . .
... T h e procedure is known
as...
( = ) extract, recover, withdraw

. Much of our information comes from
experiments.
, ,
, , . . .
examples is t h a t . . .
, ( = )
, ... We can then obtain useful
information by s t u d y i n g . . .
( = ) stated, set forth
stated, cited, set forth, outlined,

given
,
... T h e idea just outlined has been used t o . . .
change, variation, alteration,

transformation, modification

. . . T h e method lends itself readily t o . . .
. . .
T h e first significant changes i n . . .were detected/were
observed.
. . . . There is also
distinct change i n . . .
,
. .. For a gel experiencing a change in
temperature. ..
()
. . . .
T h e measurements were unaffected by changes i n . . .
, ... A s
result there is a change in the character of...

, . . . A slight modification of the above

. . . We now consider what changes must
be made i f . . .

,
. . . A minor modification of the proof shows t h a t . . .
. . .
There has to be a radical change i n . . .

( = ), ... T h e statement of the
theorem needs modification i f . . .

. . . These methods are very sensitive to
small changes i n . . .
. T h i s
(= , , )
change, alter, modify, vary
,
, . . . T h e approach must be
modified to accommodate the fact that ..
( = ) vary, change, be
changed, be affected
, . . . These
results are not affected if w e . . .
, ...
T h e result is not essentially different if. .
measurement, dimension, measuring,

size, dimension
... A common
procedure is to measure...
be measured (by)
. Angles
are measured in degrees or in radians.
.
T h e energy is measured by the ionization potential.
outwards, from within, i n , from the

inside, on the inside, from the interior
.
T h e liquid flows across the border from within the circle.
abundance, profusion
( = )
, , . . .
There is an abundance of experimental evidence to show
that...
abound (in, with)

... , ...
T h e history of... provides many examples of cases
w h e r e . . . (or abounds in cases where)
,
... T h e scientific literature abounds with examples
as to h o w . . .
( = ) represent, depict,
map, show, exhibit, display, illustrate
. 2 ( = ) ,
... F i g . 2 shows results obtained for...

... More refined measurements were then
made with the aid of...
( = ) (is)
represented, depicted, shown
...
Methods should be developed for measuring. ..
, . 1, ...
T h e process, shown in F i g . 1, is similar t o . . .

. Several conclusions may be drawn from
these measurements.
invent, devise, contrive

. . . Edison invented
a new method for...
. . . .
The measurements were unaffected by changes i n . . .
new way t o . . .

. .. I n general,
properties of...
(-). Edison
invented a new way of...
occasionally, from time to time, on

occasion, once i n a while
, . . . Such
measurements show that. ..
( = ) . .. Occasionally, it is
necessary t o . . .

- , . . . - A severe
from...
..
the measurement of...
Let us now turn to
N > 2
( = ) (
..)...
T h e extension to N > 2 dimensions will be
effected b y . . .
( = , . )
study, learn, master, investigate, treat, deal w i t h
,
... T h i s result should look familiar to anyone
who has s t u d i e d . . .
,
portions of...
. .. We shall study the
properties of...
( = ) measure, gauge,
determine, take
...
We can go even further and investigate...
... It will be convenient to

measure...
. .. O u r object is to
study...

.
A closer look at the data is called for.
,
, -,
... First, however, we need to study the general
theory of...
... I n the same
way, we can s t u d y . . .
,
. . . We must now take up the question of whether...
... Topology deals with
the properties o f . . .
.
T h e reader should study this example carefully.
, . . . treat this
problem, w e . . .

. Oceanography
encompasses the study of all aspects of the oceans.
...,
. .. Before beginning a more

( ), . .. A better treatment
will be given later with the aid of...
. ..
In studying these systems, it is important to consider...

. .. T h e next theorem has applications in the
study of...

... Taylor's theorem is extremely useful for
the study of...
,
... predict phenomena yet to be s t u d i e d . . .

. .. A n equation of this type also arises in the
study of...
,
... T h i s connection will not become clear until
we have s t u d i e d . . .

( ..)...
It will be an essential tool in our
treatment of...
,
... T h i s point will be clarified by
examples when we study the method of...
. .. It is
indispensable tool in the study of...
be under study, be under investigation,

being discussed
, . .. T h i s problem is
studied because...
. ..
T h i s discussion leads us to a general study of...
... T h i s
approach has been used in the study of...
studying, investigating, dealing w i t h ,

concerned with; investigator

(-). T h i s result
automatically leads to a study of...
, ... Chemistry is
... T h i s result
the branch of science dealing w i t h . . .
study (of), investigation (of), research

(on), examination (of)

( ..)...
I n this chapter, we will continue
our study of...

... T h i s book is highly recommended for the
study of...

. There are many reasons for our study of A .
... .
T h e study o f . . . has a long and interesting history.
... ( = ), . . .
Studies o f . . . indicate t h a t . . .
. . . T h e study
of such situations provides...

study o f . . .

( ..)...
It is not our purpose to
give an extensive treatment of...
illustration

. .. A s an additional illustration, consider the
case of...
. .. For
our first illustration, let u s . . .
...
T h e simplest illustration of this i s . . .
. 1, . . .
A simple illustration of this is given in Figure 1, w h e r e . . .

. . . A simple illustration of this result
is its application t o . . .
( ..),
( = )... For the purpose of
illustration we carry o u t . . .
( = )
... T h e following series of illustrations
shows...
.
T h e following example illustrates the technique.
85
( = ,
(), ) illustrate
...
T h i s condition is exemplified most clearly b y . . .

(-). I n this section we illustrate the
application o f . . .
( = ) . 1,... As
illustrated in Figure 1,...
( = )
... We shall often illustrate
our arguments b y . . .

:... We shall illustrate our
theorem and conditions by the following...
...
We illustrate these procedures b y . . .
(2),
... L e t us use
E q . (2) to illustrate the main ideas of...
, . ..
A n example is used below to illustrate...

... I t does, however, illustrate the effects of...

... T h e above description merely illustrates
the principle of...
,
. . . T h e preceding examples illustrate the general
fact t h a t . . .
...
The above results once more illustrate...
3 ( = )
, . . . Example 3 illustrates the general
principle t h a t . . .
...
T h e following treatment illustrates the method of...
(,
..), , . . . B y way of illustration,
suppose t h a t . . .

... These two examples illustrate some of the
problems of...
... T h i s illustrates
an important method of...
, . . . T h i s illustrates
*
. T h i s point may be illustrated as
follows.
, . . . T h i s
example illustrates the general fact that. ..
,
... T h i s experiment may seem
artificial, but it illustrates t h a t . . .
be illustrated
. ..
The situation is adequately illustrated b y . . .
1,
... A s illustrated in Figure 1,
this process can be understood in terms o f . . .

()... T h e above theory is easily illustrated
by means of...
, ,
. 1, . . . A way of doing this is illustrated in
Fig. 1, w h e r e . . .
. 1. T h i s
behavior is illustrated in Figure 1.

Figure 7.
.
T h e technique is illustrated in the next example.
.
T h e procedure is best illustrated by an example.
(-).
T h i s case is neatly illustrated b y . . .
illustrating
,
(-). There are
many other examples which illustrate the basic idea of...
namely, that is to say, just, precisely,

exactly, specifically, to be exact
, . . . It is for this reason t h a t . . .

,
... A relationship of this sort is to be expected
because...
(. ) have, possess
. . .
<>
<> , . . . It is important to keep in
mind t h a t . . .
<> . I n many
cases this is of no importance.
<> ,
(1). T h i s equation has the same general form
as E q . (1).
( ..)
. I n many cases this is of no
practical significance.
(). T h e contrary is
the case.
anticipate that. ..
86

. T h e linear theories of elasticity and
viscoelasticity have much in common.
. T h e method is rich
in applications.
,
. Fortunately, there is a simple technique
available for doing this.
... . . . A brief
account of... is given i n . . .
... We have the estimate...

()
only i f . . .
. . . . . . . There is
an obvious analogy between... a n d . . .
,
, ...
T h e opposite situation occurs w i t h . . .
,
. . . T h u s we have a necessary and sufficient
condition f o r . . .
, . . .
T h e complete solution is therefore. ..
. . . T h i s has nothing to
do w i t h . . .
(. ) be, exist, have, be

present, be available
... We have here
another example o f . . .
, . . . There is
increasing evidence t h a t . . .
, . . . There is little
evidence t h a t . . .
. Many
different variants/modifications/approaches are possible.
, . . . There is evidence
that...
, ..., (
... It is usually
,
... There is another way to proceed,
however, which gives...
, ...
There is, however, one interesting case in w h i c h . . .
() ,
. . . However, there are disadvantages i n . . .
, ...
There are, however, two limiting cases in w h i c h . . .
,
... There are, however, some special cases in
which...
,
, , . . . Thus, we have good
grounds for saying t h a t . . .
( = )
. . . Since there is no available technique for...
, . . . There is
also evidence t h a t . . .
,
...
between... a n d . . . .
, . . . We can
safely assume t h a t . . . ; We have every reason to believe
that...
, . .. There is ample
, . . .
There is abundant evidence t h a t . . .
,
... We now have enough information t o . . .
. . . We now
have a complete solution for...
available, existing
,
. There are some other terms
that require mention.
()... It is
reasonable to expect (to believe t h a t ) . . . ; There are
grounds to assume t h a t . . .

... According to the present available
evidence,...
( = , ) name, noun
() . A special
name is given t o . . .
, ... There are cases w h e n . . .

, ( ..)...
There are cases when it is possible t o . . .
, . . .
There is experimental evidence t h a t . . .
... There
are four possible combinations of...
, . ..
T h e publication, as the title implies, is primarily
. . . .
T h e . . . effect is named for its discoverer.
induction, displacement
87

. T h e proof is by
induction on n .
( = ) inspire
.
The proof is by induction on n .
[1]
[3]. These works were inspired by [1] and [3].
,
, . .. From these relations we can easily
show by induction t h a t . . .
,
. . . I t follows by mathematical induction t h a t . . .

( = ) . . . T h i s
result can be extended, by mathematical induction, t o . . .
, ... Proceeding
by induction, we o b t a i n . . .
, , . . . Hence
we see by induction t h a t . . .
engineer
(-).
The majority of engineers are concerned w i t h . . .
,
. ..
This book is intended to give practicing engineers a
thorough understanding of...
. T h i s
,

. . . T h e technique provides a rational
basis on which engineers can make decisions a b o u t . . .
sometimes, at times, occasionally, in some

cases, on occasion
() . . . Sometimes it
is useful to think of...
, . . . It is sometimes said that. ..
( -). .. It is sometimes
fashionable t o . . .
, . . . It can sometimes
happen t h a t . . .
. .. Sometimes it is
preferable t o . . .
, . . . It sometimes happens
that...
, . . .
A slightly different argument shows that. ..
instruction, control
.
Be careful to follow all instructions.
, .
Would you kindly send detailed instructions?

... Enclosed are detailed instructions on
the use of...
, . Please
follow all instructions carefully.
0 . These instructions are
unclear.
instrument, tool
, ...
W i t h more elaborate instruments it is possible t o . . .
,
. . . We have now assembled the tools we need for...
intensively, strongly, high

by Smith [1].
(. ) interest

in...

. . . T h i s example is of some interest in
, ,
, . .. Another case of interest is
obtained i f . . .
,

... A much simpler problem, but one of
practical interest, is to calculate. ..

. .. It is of historical interest to trace
the origins of...
. . . There is
also increasing interest i n . . .
. It is sometimes
convenient to replace A by B .
,
. There are
( =
)... It is sometimes convenient to distinguish
between...
. . . .
Interest i n . . . has quickened in the past few years.
, . . . It has been argued on

occasion t h a t . . .
different, other, another, alternative


( = ,
..)
. .. Sketches of these patterns are also of
interest.
88
, , . . . O u r
interest is focused chiefly o n . . .
, . . . It is especially
interesting to note t h a t . . .
. ..
Recently there has been an upsurge in interest in
finding...
, . . . It is of
particular interest to note t h a t . . . ; It is notable t h a t . . .
. . . Recently
there has been growing interest i n . . .
, (
..). Nevertheless, it is interesting to look
briefly a t . . .

of this new m a t e r i a l . . . .
,
. . . T h i s is of interest, not only for its own sake, but
also because...
, ... Special
interesting, attractive, of interest,

curious, intriguing, fascinating
.
T h e following points are of particular interest.

( ..). . T h e quantity of
interest in this configuration i s . . .

, . .. A case of great practical interest is
that in w h i c h . . .
, ,
. Cases of practical interest are given below.
, , ,
,
. .. It is a problem of considerable interest
to determine...
,
, ... Nevertheless, it is perhaps of some
interest t o . . .

. T h e paper have aroused considerable
interest in this kind of problems.
( )
. These two results are of considerable interest.

. T h i s new discovery has aroused
considerable interest in the scientific community.

. T h i s example is of academic interest only,
i t is of interest, i t is interesting
. . . Incidentally, it is of
interest t h a t . . .

, . .. It is interesting and important to
notice that. ..
, . ..
T h i s method is simple and quite interesting, b u t . . .
, ,
Riemann, is that. ..
. .. One
further result of interest is t h a t . . .
()...
A further case of interest is that of...
. Two
interesting features are revealed here.
().
Several special cases are of interest.
, , ...
, . ..
A n interesting case occurs w h e n . . .
, . . .
T h e interesting and useful fact is t h a t . . .
, ... A n interesting
special case is w h e n . . .
...
In connection with this problem it is of interest to find...
, . . . A n interesting fact is
that...
, . . . It is of some
. . .
. T h e study of... has a long and interesting
history.
, . . . It is interesting to observe
that...
. .. . . . It is interesting to
compare... w i t h . . .
<> , . . . I t is of
interest to know whether...
, . ..
T h e book should also be of interest t o . . .
. . . . . . . There is
... It will be of
particular interest to us to consider...
, ,
. .. Finally, I hope that this book will be of
interest t o . . .
...,
... B u t since of interest here is the response
of the foundation at the contact area, we have t o . . .
,
... There is, however, one interesting case in
which...
sg
(12) ,
... T h e interesting
feature to notice about (12) is t h a t . . .
(
..)...
It may be of interest at this point t o . . .
0
, ... T h i s is an
interesting result because...
. T h i s is an interesting
result.
<> . T h i s
method is of interest for the following reason.
<> . . . T h i s example is of
interest in connection w i t h . . .
, . . . It is an
interesting fact t h a t . . .
( = ,
- ) interest, attract, be interested in
* . . . We are at present
. . .
Researchers began to take an active interest i n . . . .

(). . . T h e reader may have begun to
wonder a b o u t . . .
interpretation
<>
. . . T h e geometrical interpretation of this
equation is t h a t . . .
<>
interpretation.
*
. T h i s result has a simple physical
interpretation.
. . . Our concern is only w i t h . . .
* / ( = )
. Its customary
interpretation is as follows.
. . . It is easy to interpret. ..
... O u r main interest i s . . .

be interested i n , take a n interest
(-).
The majority of engineers are concerned w i t h . . .
, . .. We will be
interested for the most part i n . . .
, . . . We are interested, in
particular, i n . . .
. . .
In this book we shall be concerned essentially w i t h . . .
. . .
Occasionally we will be interested i n . . .
* . . . Actually,
we are not concerned w i t h . . .
* . . . Here we are
mainly interested i n . . .
* , . . .
As we have mentioned, we are particularly interested i n . . .
* . . . O u r main interest
lies i n . . .
<> (-)...
concerned here
with...
We are not
(-).
We are particularly interested in the location o f . . . )
. .. I n practice one
is interested usually i n . . .
* . . . O u r concern is over the
behavior o f . . .
* . . . T h e usual case of
interest, however, i s . . .
* ( ..)
... I n discussing.. ., we are
interested only i n . . .
* , . . . We are therefore

. . . It is possible to give a geometric
interpretation o f . . .
* . ..
In practice there are complications in the
interpretation o f . . .
0
,
. . . One interpretation of this problem is t h a t . . .
. . . .
Caution is required, however, in the interpretation o f . . .
*
, ,
. . . T h i s interpretation, however, soon encountered
serious difficulties when it was discovered t h a t . . .
, ( = )
. .. Clearly we must
search for a better interpretation o f . . .
<^
. . . T h e straightforward interpretation of this
result i s . . .

[12]. Striking evidence for this
interpretation was obtained by Smith [12].
*
, . . . T h e simplest interpretation of this
phenomenon is t h a t . . .
*
. There is a simple geometrical
interpretation of this definition.
* . T h i s
interpretation is open to some criticism.
*
. . . T h i s information is particularly
valuable in the interpretation o f . . .
90
.
T h i s expression has an interesting interpretation.
( = , ) information,
data, evidence

, . . . T h i s justifies the above
interpretation and indicates t h a t . . .

. . . Many experiments are designed to
supply information o n . . .
( = )
interpret


. .. T h e phenomenon
described above can be interpreted in terms of...
. .. ? How,
then, are we to interpret. .. ?
. . . It is easy to interpret...
,
... These results might be interpreted to
mean t h a t . . .
.
T h i s may be interpreted as follows.
be interpreted
(4)
. T h e various terms in (4) are
interpreted as follows.
... T h i s is
interpreted as an indication that. ..
, ,
.. - We can then obtain useful information by
studying...

. T h e reader should consult Appendix
A for further information.

.. Additional information can often be obtained
from...
. ..
. There is only limited information available
about. .

. .. For this reason it is desirable to have
information a b o u t . . .
intuitively
,
,
... T h e proposition is intuitively
obvious from the fact that. ..
, . ..
We also have enough information t o . . .
,
. . . It is intuitively reasonable to suppose that. ..
, . . . Intuitively
we would suppose t h a t . . .
, . . . T h i s is
intuitively acceptable because...
, . . Intuitively, we
(
..)
. T h i s additional information allows us t o . . .

. .. T h i s information is particularly
valuable in the interpretation of...

. .. T h i s already gives some information
about...
intuitive
( = , ) seek,
look for
,
. . . T h i s is obviously related to the familiar and
intuitive idea t h a t . . .
,
. . . We shall seek a contradiction to the assumption
that.

, . . . T h i s result confirms the intuitive view
that...
( = , , ,
) exclude, eliminate, except, preclude,
drop
informatively, factually
, . .. T h u s it is
informative to compare. ..
informative, factual

, . Prof. Smith's
lecture was both entertaining and informative.
,
. Although well-written, this
paper is not very informative.
.
T h i s is a well-written, informative paper.

. T h i s term can be eliminated from the set of
equations.
<> , . . .
We cannot rule out the possibility of..

( = ). .. We also exclude from consideration
two classes of...
He , . . . It is not inconceivable t h a t . . . ;
It is not improbable that. .
<> He . T h i s
possibility must not be ruled out.
91
, . . . We now
remove the assumption t h a t . . .
(=
). .. W i t h few exceptions,...
. .. T h i s
model does not exclude the existence of...
[1| ,
. B u t Smith [1]
notes that certain exceptions do exist.
,
. .. These conditions are just
sufficient for the elimination of-
( ..)
(-). However, an important
exception to this is provided b y . . .
, (,
...
A n important exception is the case o f . . .
. .. T h i s eliminates the
need f o r . . .

. .. T h e one exception to many of these
drawbacks is represented b y . . .
. .. T h i s will eliminate
the need t o . . .
... T h i s does
not preclude the presence of...
-
. T h i s does not preclude the use of a particular
method.
be eliminated, be excluded
,
. T h e body is properly
supported such that rigid body displacements are
excluded.
exclusion, exception, elimination,

rejection

. No exception to this prediction has ever
been found.
,
[1]. Smith [1] points out certain
exceptions as follows.
. There are
exceptions to this rule,
exceptionally, exclusively;
highly, to the utmost degree

. .. I n the next four chapters we shall be

. T h i s restriction is adopted only for reasons of
convenience.
exceptional, unusual,
exclusive, remarkable, outstanding, superior
, . . . It is an
extraordinary fact t h a t . . .
() ...
T h e sole exception to this i s . . .
( = )
, ... There may be exceptional
values of x at w h i c h . . .

. .. T h e only exception to this statement i s . . .
( = )
, ,... Apart from the
... T h e sole
exception i s . . .
( = ) exclude, eliminate
,
, . . . A l l these results
except the last follow immediately from the fact t h a t . . .
,
, . . .
Except in certain simple cases it will not be obvious
whether...
, ... W i t h
few exceptions we s h a l l . . .
,
... A n exception to this rule may occur w h e n . . .
, ...
A n exception to this occurs w h e n . . .
, ,
( ..)...
W i t h the
exception of the simplest cases it is, unfortunately, rather
difficult t o . . .
, ,
... A n exception occurs, as we shall see, w h e n . . .
exceptional cases mentioned above,...

... It is often desirable
to eliminate all terms involving radicals from the
denominator of the fraction.
unknown, unknown quantity, desired

quantity, required, sought for
. . .
T h e desired inequality will be then changed b y . . .
,
... Thus, the desired transformation has
been found in terms of...
artificial
,
... T h i s experiment may seem
use, utilization, employment,

harnessing, tapping
. . . ,
. . . . which is
unsatisfactory for using them as an approximate basis.
, . ..
There is, of course, nothing new in the use of...

, . .. T h i s , of
course, requires the use of...
-,
(-). Secondly, we must comment
on the use of...
. ..
T h e problem is solved by means of...

. .. For future reference, let us
tabulate. ..
,
. . . I n other words, there is nothing to
prevent us from u s i n g . . .

. T h e use of such materials is under
discussion.

. .. There is no special merit in u s i n g . . .

. One must be careful in using this formula.

. .. One way of overcoming this problem
is to u s e . . .

. .. One possibility is to u s e . . .
,
(i), , . .. T h e bound provided by
(i) is of limited use because...
. ..
. There are certain disadvantages in the
use of...
/
2. A n example of its use has already been given
in Chapter 2.
. .. Consider now
the use o f . . .

(
..)...
We first discuss the use of...
. ..
Among these may be mentioned the use of...
()
,
. .. Nevertheless, there are many dangers
in the use of...
(2)
. It is often advantageous to
use the alternative formula (2).
92
()
. .. These advantages have led to the
widespread use of...

. .. T h i s accounts for the continued
use of...

:. .. T h i s is done by employing two
different methods:...
( = ) used, being
used, utilized

model will be used.
,
... Simplifying assumptions have been invoked to
(eliminate)...
, . . .
T h e principle used here i s . . .
. ..
T h e procedure is similar to that used i n . . .
... T h i s
approach has been used in the study of...
( = , ,
. ) make use of, exploit,
utilize, use, employ
,
,
... O f course this applies only if. .
,
to u s e . . .
, . ..
It will be useful to explore the circumstances under
which...
.
In this case a different approach can be used.
, ,
, . . . I n our present notation this means
that...
,
... I n the following examples we use
this method to determine...
,
... L e t us use this solution to o b t a i n . . .
. We shall make
. ..
T h e modification is accomplished by u s i n g . . .

. T h e proof is by
induction on n .

. .. T h i s difficulty arises from the
use of...

. Tfiese resufts provide
useful check on numerical solutions.
93
. ..
\, . . .
We frequently use \, 02 to denote...

. .. For convenience, we will often
use the simpler notation...
. . . Some
(7), , . . .
If we make use of the result (7) we see t h a t . . .

. . . A n elegant version of this method
employs...
(14), ,
. ..
we prefer, however, to employ...
, () ...
Note that we have only used. ..

the f o r m . . .

. . . Either expression can be used,
depending on w h e t h e r . . .
,
. .. We shall use this solution to construct. ..
. .. Extensive use
will be made of...
,
... We wish to use this test system
to determine. ..
. ..
However, some authors have successfully u s e d . . .
, . . . B u t
the sensible thing is to use the fact t h a t . . .

... T h e procedure described above can be
used to construct. ..
,
, . . . Before we make
use of this concept, it is only fair to warn the reader
that...
()
, ... Before taking
advantage of this, we m u s t . . .
, ...
A similar argument can be used w h e n . . .

. We have taken this as a starting
point for our investigation.
-
. .. Under these circumstances we may
still u s e . . .
. . .
We make use of common conventions o n . . .
,
. .. I n developing the theory we shall
make considerable use of...
.
We shall exploit these facts at a later stage.
(, ). . We shall
apply this result t o . . .
( = ).
We shall make use of this fact later.
,
, ... We can take
advantage of this fact t o . . .
,
. .. We can use these same properties to
define...
,
( = )... We can use this result to
define...
...
We may also apply the concept of...
... We shall continue to
use...
()
(, ..) ( =
, )... We also take the
opportunity t o . . .
(,
..)...
We have made extensive use of...

. .. Designers have used various approaches
in arriving a t . . .
.. . For this
purpose, we shall u s e . . .

. .. T h i s theorem can be used to find all
solutions of...
() ,
. We are now
,
. . . T h e reader will see how ordinary
calculus can be applied t o . . .
. . . ,
. We shall use a qualitative argument t o . . .

... computerize the process,...
, ,
. . . do this, we make use of the fact that. ..
. . .
Einstein applied precisely the same ideas t o . . .
[1],
. .. T h i s idea has been exploited by
94

by Smith [1].

. Similar methods may be
employed in more complicated cases.
,
. .. These results can be used to establish...
. . . For these
reasons, it has long been used f o r . . .
( ..)...
T h i s allows us to make use of...
,
... It is to be emphasized
that this method should be used only i f . . .
,
. .. T h e argument is similar to that
used to establish...

... T h i s property can be used to derive...

... T h i s equation can be used
,
... It is safe to use this result only i f . . .
,
... T h i s theory is applicable only w h e n . . .
be useful, be used (up), be

utilized, be i n service i n
/ . . . It is principally
used i n . . .
, ,
, . . . When such terms are used, it is
assumed t h a t . . .

chapters.
,
, ... T h e method is quite general and
can be used to deal w i t h . . .
,
... T h e following propositions are
often used to determine...
, ,
, . . . T h e scheme we will
use is identical to that used for...
To, ,
(4)
. .. Equation (4) is often used as a basis for
. . .
Precisely similar ideas are applicable t o . . .
. ..
T h i s book can be used to design...
.
,
. .. T h i s device can be employed whenever. ..
used, being used, utilized,

employed, i n use

. . . T h e approximation used here is valid only for...
,
. . . For very accurate work, silver is usually
used because. ..

... T h e techniques most widely used
are based o n . . .
, ,
, ... We therefore outline some
procedures which can be used t o . . .
( =
) . . . There are two
commonly used methods for...
,
... Whichever technique is used, there will
generally b e . . .

. .. T h e simplest case, and
the most widely used, is that of...
,
, ... It will be observed that these
methods are only applicable w h e n . . .
using, if we use, w i t h the aid of

,
. .. T h e method is
found to be successful on a wide range of...
. . .
A simple theory can be used t o . . .
,
. .. Better approximations to can by
obtained by u s i n g . . .
,
. Let us approach this question
by means of specific examples.
(1), , . . . We thus see,
. . . A similar
technique is used f o r . . .
, ,
. . . When a more accurate approximation is used, it
is found t h a t . . .
, ...
A similar convention is used w h e n . . .
, , . . .
In using this method it is well to remember that. ..
95
... Following this line of

attack...
,
( ..)...
W i t h any method such as this it is
necessary t o . . .
, ... W i t h
the present technique, it is possible t o . . .
F G, ,
. . . It is a simple matter, using the definitions of F
and G , to show t h a t . . .
, ... Using such
formulae, it is possible t o . . .
, . . . B y
applying the principle of virtual work w e . . .
, ,
. . . T h i s may be shown readily by employing the
condition t h a t . . .

, ... T h i s transformation may
,
... T h e solution is most readily obtained by
the use of...
, ... T h i s can be
achieved by the use of...
, . ..
revised, corrected
.
(10), , . . . Making
(3) ,
... Making use of the relation between x and
given by (3), one may w r i t e . . .
(3.2), ...
Making use of relation (3.2), we g e t . . .
Errors
can be instantly rectified,
( = ) correct, revise, repair

,
. We can remedy this situation by taking two steps.

... T h e obvious remedy is t o . . .
investigation, research, study,

analysis, discussion, tracing, examination, work,
treatment
, . ..
In the same vein we can w r i t e . . .
,
, . . . From these relations we can easily

... Much research has been concentrated on
the search for...
, ... B y this
new method it will be possible t o . . .
[1J
, . . . I n a classical investigation, Smith [1]
established t h a t . . .
, ... W i t h this
result we c a n . . .
, , . . .
Importantly, the study also shows t h a t . . .
, ...
W i t h the help of this result we can deduce...
,
,
will be able to illustrate...
, ( ..)...
Using this technique, it is possible t o . . .
. . . ,
. It is utterly negligible, as we
can easily show b y . . .
, ...
We remove this difficulty by u s i n g . . .
, ,
. .. Obviously this result could have been
obtained without the use of...
( = )
, ... A satisfactory theory can
be developed u s i n g . . .

, ... It is
instructive to solve this example by means of...

. A l l these studies rest on the same
assumption.
, , , . . .

... T h e idea originated with the
study of...
... For the
present investigation we shall t a k e . . .
... For this
treatment it is necessary t o . . .

(-). So far we have confined our attention t o . . .

(-). O u r treatment has so far been confined t o . . .
, . . .
Long-term studies have shown t h a t . . .
, . . . Other
studies have also indicated t h a t . . .
96
, . . . Another study
showed that. ..
(-).
, . . . From this
investigation it appears t h a t . . .
. ..
history.
[1] . . .
T h e research of Smith [1] also gives evidence of...

. . . Examination of each individual case
leads t o . . .

... Investigation covers the fields of
mechanics...
(4) , . . .
A n examination of (4) shows t h a t . . .
, ,

. .. Research spanning two decades has
yielded surprisingly few results o n . . .
. .. , . . . Studies of... have
revealed t h a t . . .
... T h e studies
,
. .. There seem to have been relatively
few investigations of...
,
. .. However, there are more recent studies in
which...
,
... It is easy, however, to generalize this
treatment to the case of...

... However, our study comprises only a small
portion of...
, . . .
Careful study shows, however, t h a t . . .
, . . .
T h e studies described here show t h a t . . .
...
Throughout this treatment an effort will be made t o . . .
, . . . Detailed
studies have revealed t h a t . . .

. . . T h e progress of research has been
intimately connected w i t h . . .
, . . .
undertake such a study w e . . .
, ...
( )...
,
. T h i s is a hypothesis worthy of further
investigation.
,
... Numerous historical analyses have shown h o w . . .
,
use of...

. T h i s
offers a wide field for research.

(
..)...
We shall confine the investigation t o . . .
(
..)...
We limit our study t o . . .

... We shall now make a more systematic
study o f . . .
,
... It will be observed that this investigation
applies also to the case of...
, ,
, . . . Actually his investigation seemed to
show t h a t . . .
(. ,
, ) researcher, investigator, author,
worker, explorer, scientist
. ..
T h e method allows an investigator t o . . .
, ,
. . . It was natural however for early
investigators t o . . .
, . . .
Investigators must understand t h a t . . .
,
. .. Unfortunately, many investigators
continue to u s e . . .
.
, . . . Many scientists object to this. T h e y
point out t h a t . . .
, . . . Several
studies indicate t h a t . . .

, . . . I n practice, the
investigator cannot always be certain w h e t h e r . . .
... T h e investigation
is concerned w i t h . . .
...
Few investigators have considered the effect of...

... Few research
...
A few investigators have considered the
effect of... ( = Several investigators have considered the
effect o f . . . )

, . .. Experienced investigators have
little difficulty estimating...

attention o n . . .
, ,
-. It should be
researchers.
. .. Various
workers have tried t o . . .
, . .. T h u s the
investigator m u s t . . .
, . . .
The skilled investigator will quickly see t h a t . . .
. . .
research, exploratory

. . . A great deal of development work has gone into
( = effort has been expended o n ) . . .
( = ) investigate, analyze,
trace, do research, study, explore, probe
,
. . . Experiments are currently underway to
investigate...

. .. I n the preceding section we have shown
how to investigate...
(
..)...
L e t us investigate in more detail the
process of...

(-). It is informative to investigate the limiting
values of...
,
(10)(11). We now investigate the motion
specified by equations (10)-(11).
( ..) . These
we shall now investigate.
(-).
We can now investigate the effect of...
, . ..
In order to do this we must investigate...
()
, . . . T h e derivation should be
studied closely because...
be investigated, be examined, be
analyzed

... T h e problem is best
approached through the theory of...
( = ) interpret,
construe
,
. . . We interpret this experiment to mean t h a t . . .
... T h i s work has
been interpreted as demonstrating that. ..
history
. . .
history.
.,.
where.. .(or abounds in cases where)
, . . . Historical
experience shows t h a t . . .
source, origin, spring, contributor

. T h e data
are borrowed from different sources.

. .. We regard this book as the
best source for...
,
( ..)...
L e t us now investigate
whether it is possible t o . . .
. .. One
source of confusion is the tendency t o . . .
... L e t us investigate the

possibility of...

-,
... T h i s paper is crucial reading for electrical

this matter.
proceed (from), come from, start from,

emanate, arise from, originate

(-) We also investigate in more detail the
decomposition of...
,
, . . . T h i s result is more or less to
be expected from the fact t h a t . . .
... T h e first to
be investigated w a s . . .
on, on the basis of, on the basis that,

based upon, in terms of, starting from, beginning
with; following, as a result of
,
. .. Before simplifying this solution, let us
examine...
,
, . . . From the above reasoning it is clear
that...
98
, , . . .
From these facts it is easy to prove t h a t . . .
, ,
. . . From this model one may expect t h a t . . .
,
. T h i s relation can also be
obtained from the theory of electromagnetism.
vanish, disappear
, ... These
complications disappear altogether w h e n . . .
( = , )
exhaust, drain, settle
. T h i s does not
quite settle the matter.
. T h i s
thus, so, therefore

, (-). T h u s we have
given a meaning t o . . .
sum, total, result

. .. T h i s
about...
...
T h i s can eventually c a u s e . . .

( = ) exhaustive

... We summarize in this section
some of the properties o f . . .

... It would be interesting to see a thorough
analysis of...
(), , . . .
Summarizing, one may conclude t h a t . . .
, . These
examples are typical but not exhaustive.
, , . . .
summarize these results, we may say t h a t . . .
every, each, apiece
. . . E a c h
of these examples is concerned w i t h . . .
( = ) seem, appear
list does not exhaust the possibilities,
<> < 0 ... For every < 0, we

c a n . . . ( = For arbitrary < 0, we c a n . . . )
( = , )

. E a c h continuous function has a maximum on
a compact set.

, . . . ( = ,
. . . ) Everyone knows t h a t . . .
. . . Everyone is familiar w i t h . . .

... E a c h of us must determine the answer for
himself...
, ()
. .. I n each of these cases, therefore, it is
necessary t o . . .
,
. .. T h i s device can be employed whenever. ..
seeming
. . . These seemingly trivial results lead t o . . .

, . . . O n balance it seems that. ..
... T h e situation
is reminiscent of...
. T h e problem seems to be
easily solved.
,
. . . It is intuitively reasonable to suppose t h a t . . .
( = ),
( ) . . . There seem to be two principle
causes for...
... It seems
natural to require...
, . . . It seems
reasonable to assume t h a t . . .
, , . . . A l l this seems
to show t h a t . . .
,
. T h e wisest course seems to be one of
compromise.
, , ,

from...
, . . . -
It might seem t h a t . . .
, ,
, . . . Actually his investigation
seemed to show that. ..
19-
, . . . However, it seemed
inconceivable to 19th century biologists t h a t . . .
. A picture of... is
beginning to emerge.

.
T h e general physical picture is as follows.
. . . T h i s
picture is in sharp disagreement w i t h . . .
( = ) touch, be tangent,
concern
, ... We will
not go into problems w h i c h . . .
. .. For this reason

it seems better t o . . .
... O u r project is
concerned with the possibility of...
, ... Hence it seems

reasonable t o . . .
. ..
T h e methods considered so far have been concerned
with...
, , . . . Nevertheless, it
would almost seem that. ..
. T h i s concerns the
following problem.
, , ,
... It seems reasonable at this point to ask
whether...
tangent, touching (upon),

concerning, relating, relative to, regarding, i n
respect to

,. .. Although such an assumption
seems plausible,...
,
( = ) . . . T h e most important
results are those concerning...
, ,
. T h i s seemingly difficult task
turns out to be relatively simple.
, ...
We now come to a series of theorems concerning. ..

, . . . T h i s may seem rather pointless in
light of the fact t h a t . . .
, , , . . . T h i s seems
qualitatively, i n a qualitative sense

,
, . . . T h i s result is
both qualitatively and quantitatively explained by the
how, as, what, like
, . . . Qualitatively, it
can be seen t h a t . . .
? How is this to be
explained?
...
Qualitatively, this can be explained on the basis of...
(/), ( ). ..
this is exactly h o w . . .
qualitative, quality
- But
what, what kind, which; that

? Which of these angles is
smaller?
- ( = , ,
-, ) some, some kind of
( "-"

"".)

, . .. T h e nature of the solution is
easily pictured if w e . . .
,
. . . A qualitative analysis of these results shows
that...
.
We shall be content with a qualitative discussion.
- X. Let be an
element of X.
. . . , ( = )
. We shall use a qualitative
argument t o . . .
picture, situation, portrait
quality, property, grade
,
... I n accordance with this intuitive picture, we
may...
,
. . . A s a slightly harder example we prove t h a t . . .
...
the picture we s h a l l . . .
complete
. .. We have sketched
the broad outlines of...
... As
second example, we consider...

case of...
100
. ..
As a further example we may examine...
...
... For
our first illustration, let u s . . .
,
. .. T h i s classification will be a useful
framework in which t o . . .
classify, categorize
(according to)

that...
. . .
, ,
. .. A l t h o u g h . . . vary
considerably in structure and function, they can be
classified according t o . . .

. .. A s a final example in this chapter we
consider...
(=) ,
, (1) (2). It may be classified under two types, (1)
and (2).
. .. A s
last example, we take. ..

... A s an example of practical importance
we consider...
... B y way of
example, let us now consider...

, . . . It is a simple exercise for
the reader to show t h a t . . .
key, source
( = ) . .. In this
spirit we consider...
(. , , ) book
. .. Much of this
...
T h i s book describes the modern theory of...
350 . T h e book runs to more
than 350 pages.

... T h e usual starting point is to t a k e . . .
. .. I n some books it
is suggested t h a t . . .
... A s
a trivial example of this, consider...
. ..

, . . . It is left as an exercise for
. A l l the books were sold almost immediately.
,
, . . . We might perhaps conjecture t h a t . . .
, . . . T h e quality is
degraded to the extent t h a t . . .
,
. . . We leave it as a problem to show t h a t . . .
. . .
. . . . which is
unsatisfactory for using them as an approximate basis.
()
. . . These examples are intended as a
guide for...
class, set
. ..
A class of interesting problems is concerned w i t h . . .
(
)... T h e method is applicable to a
large class of...
( )
(-). We conclude by considering
a particular class of...
...
T h i s general conclusion applies to a wide class of...
classification, grading

... . It is
beyond the scope of this book to deal w i t h . . .
. A l l the
books were sold almost immediately.
, . . .
Throughout this book we have emphasized t h a t . . .


study of...
...
( )
[1]. T h e interested reader is referred to the
book by Smith [1].
. ..
... O f the many books
available o n . . . , we strongly recommend...
, ,
-. T h e book should
be accessible to mathematicians, scientists, and
engineering researchers.
,
101

,
. . . Prof Smith wrote
comprehensive book o n . . .

. . . Prof
Smith wrote a thick book o n . . .

audience.

variety of readers.
.
The book should be accessible to everyday readers.
,
. . .
Prof Smith published a thick book o n . . . ; Prof Smith
published an extensive book o n . . .
. . . T h e purpose of this
book is t o . . .
,
... It is the aim of this book to provide...
... T h e purpose
of this book is to describe...
. .. T h i s book
.
T h e book owes much to his careful criticism.
. ..
T h i s book can be used to design...
. T h e book is divided
into eight chapters.
,
... T h i s
book is intended to give practicing engineers a thorough
understanding of...
,
(-). .. T h e book should also be of interest t o . . .
()
.
, . . .
T h e material in this book is organized so t h a t . . .
[1]
, ,
. .. T h i s book is intended primarily for the
student of...

. . . T h i s is surely the best available book o n . . .
(.) when, () when, while, as

()
only i f . . .
, , , . . . T h i s is
clearly satisfied whenever...

best source for...
-. once, some time ago
, , . . . ,
. O f all the books written
on the subject o f . . . , we believe this one to be the best.
numerically, quantitatively
, ,
(-). .. Finally, I hope that this book will be of
interest t o . . .
,
( = )
-,
. It should be accessible to
...
The principal aim of the present book is t o . . .

... T h e first four chapters of this book should
be accessible t o . . .
,
- . .. There is
limit t o . . .
,
quantitative, numerical

(, ..)...
I n the next
chapter we give a more quantitative account of...
, . . .
available o n . . .
,
that...

( = ) amount, quantity, number
102

. .. A vast amount of technical data is
supplied b y . . .

that...
, , . . . T h i s means, of course,
that...
, ( = ), ,
. . . T h e answer, of course, is t h a t . . .
final, finite, terminal, bounded
team
, , . . .
-
. D r .
Smith is a highly respected and valuable member of our
research team.
,
clear t h a t . . .
comment, commentary
, ,
. .. These comments are very vague, of course,
but...

. T h e foregoing
reasoning requires some further comment.
,
... These comments are not intended t o . . .
.
T h i s deserves further comment.
comment
(-).
We comment now on two particular types of...
compactly

. A l l these facts can be stated
compactly as follows.
compensate, offset, make up

(for), indemnify, counterbalance
...,
. Frequent
recalibration may be required to compensate for the
effect of...
compromise
... . . .
A compromise has to be reached between t h e . . . a n d . . .
,
compromise.

... T h e final solution is a compromise between...
end, endpoint
,
. . . B y the end of the 20th century, it was generally
believed t h a t . . .
, ,
( = , ) certainly,
indeed, naturally, of course; to be sure; to be finite;
finitely
concreteness
. . . To be specific,...
concrete, particular, specific, actual,

explicit, definite

. We begin by looking at three concrete
examples.
,
. .. make this statement more concrete
consider...
constant
,
/... These constants must be chosen in such a
state, formulate, establish

, . . . For
the present, however, we merely state t h a t . . .
, . . . It has also been
stated t h a t . . .
construct, design, form

, , ,
... We therefore construct a simple model in
which...
construction, design, structure

. There
was no visible damage to the structure.

this case.
, . . . T h i s
construction ensures t h a t . . .
<> . ..
T h i s structure is designed to ensure that. ..
.
T h e machine is of simple design/construction.
consult
() .
A specialist should be consulted,
context
. . . I n the
present context, the important point is that. ..
, ... Naturally, it is far easier t o . . .
, . .. T h i s is
perhaps more significant in the context of...
, , . . . We must,
of course, be sure t h a t . . .
, . . . It is clear from the context

that...

. T h e following theorem is valuable in this
context.
contrast
. . . . . . . There is
strong contrast between... a n d . . .

. . . - - T h i s contrasts with the
corresponding result for...
,
, , .,. T h i s is in contrast to
what happens, for example, i f . . .
0
. . . T h i s is in
marked contrast t o . . .

...
A sharp contrast is noted
contrast (with)
. . . T h i s contrasts
very sharply w i t h . . .
. . . T h i s is in
. . . T h i s is in
remarkable contrast t o . . .
counterexample
(-).
focus, concentrate on
() . . . (Our)
attention (now) focuses on
conceptual

, ... T h i s introduces no conceptual
difficulties, b u t . . .
(. ) concept, idea,
conception
,
... We shall
assume that the reader has a clear intuitive idea of...
...
We may also apply the concept of...

, , . . . We shall
wish to point out that...
... It is necessary to
introduce the concept of...
. ..
T h e development below outlines the concept of...

. .. One answer to this question lies in the
concept of...
,
, . . . Before
we make use of this concept, it is only fair to warn the
reader t h a t . . .
,

7. A summary of the various concepts is given
in Table 7.

, / . . . We now
, , . . .
Formalizing this concept, we say t h a t . . .
, ,
-, ... demonstrate this
concept we consider, first,...
,
( ) . . . obtain this concept, we begin w i t h . . .

(-). T h i s concept is helpful in elucidating the
behavior o f . . .

...
In this way, one could be led to the concept of...
, ...
It is important that we be a b l to apply the concept of...
, . . . T h i s is an
important concept because...

, ... T h i s is
,
. . . Instead, it is better to retain the concept that. ..

[1]. T h i s concept Was formulated independently
by Smith [1].
/ .
. This
concept has roots stretching back into antiquity.
,
... T h i s concept can be illustrated by
considering. ..
crucially important concept s i n c e . . .
( = ) short

expect...
( = ) briefly
. . . We shall look briefly a t . . .
in short, shortly
, ,
. .. I n short, we will inquire into the ways in
which...
which, what, who, that

, ... We now give
an example in w h i c h . . .
extreme, last

familiar...
... At the other

extreme is the case of...
,... summarize
briefly,...
,
... Extreme care should always be taken w h e n . . .

below.

. .. Between these two rather

( ..)...
A t least in principle, this enables
us t o . . .
extremes
... At the other
extreme i s . . .
( = ) brief, short, concise

... T h e following is a
brief outline of...
... . . . A brief
( = ,
. . ) .
Sketches of these patterns are also of interest.
. ..
.
We begin with a brief review of quantum mechanics.
,
. .. Before entering into the

(-). T h e foregoing
paragraphs are a very brief and simplified account of...
, ...
We shall, therefore, begin with a brief account of...
...
T h e purpose of this section is to give a quick sketch of...

... After a short time, we would expect...
. T h i s is
short preparatory section.
( = , ) i n a few
words, briefly, i n short, concisely
... L e t us briefly
, , ...
Further, we briefly treat cases in w h i c h . . .
... We outline the method
(for...)
... L e t us take a brief look a t . . . ;
Let us briefly run t h r o u g h . . . ; L e t us briefly consider...
. . . Brief mention
should be made of...
brevity, conciseness

. .. For the sake of both brevity and clarity,
we denote. ..
... I n the interests of brevity
we shall. .
. .. For the sake of brevity,
we o m i t . . .
(. ) test, criterium,
criterion (for) (pi. criteria), testing
,
. . . We need a criterion for
determining whether. ..
. . . L e t
us list some major criteria for...
,
. .. There are three major criteria
governing...
. . .
We now obtain a useful criterion for...
,
, . . . Only if these criteria
are met can there be confidence t h a t . . .
criticism
.
.
T h i s interpretation is open to some criticism.
.
These criticisms do not appear to be well founded.
(. ) except for,
besides, i n addition to, but, apart from, other
than, furthermore, moreover, aside from, with
exception of
( = ) , . . . Apart from this,
we do n o t . . .
, , . . . It has been
found, furthermore, that. ..
, . ..
T h e book should also be of interest t o . . .
, .
In addition, we have the following theorem.
, . . .
A n additional point to emphasize is t h a t . . .

. Aside from
these basic relations, we must also consider certain
auxiliary conditions.
105
by the way, apropos

,
? Apropos, could you submit the manuscript
early?
,
, , . . . Notice incidentally t h a t . . .
course, policy
(. ) easy, light, simple,

. .. L e t us pursue the easier course of
finding...
() . T h e proof is easy.

(. ) easily, i t is easy,
readily, with ease, i t is a straightforward matter
(to prove, etc.)
,
. . .
It was fairly difficult to develop a method for... (not easy
at all)
. . .
It was quite difficult to develop a method for...
J. I

(). E a c h of these statements is readily
proved b y . . .
. .. A s will readily be o b s e r v e d . . . ,
A s is easy to s e e . . .
( = ) , . . . It may
be verified without difficulty t h a t . . .
, . . . It is easily (readily) seen that. . . ;
One can readily see t h a t . . . ;
,
. I t is easy to see that this condition is a
necessary one.
.
T h e following results are easily proved.
... . . . It is easily
distinguish... f r o m . . .
, . . . I t is easily shown t h a t . . .
. . . It was easy to
develop a method for... (easy on an absolute scale; really
easy)
, . . . It follows without difficulty

that...
( = )
. . . It was relatively easy to develop a method
for... (not easy on an absolute scale, but less challenging
than other tasks)
(). T h e reason
for this is readily understood.
. . .
It was almost impossible to develop a method for... (so
hard that we nearly failed)
, . . . It is
readily shown in a similar way t h a t . . .
(
..)...
I n many situations it is relatively easy t o . . .
, . . . It is easy to show,
( = ), . . . It is
reasonably easy to see t h a t . . .
, . . . It is easy to obtain t h a t . . .
, . . . It is easily comprehended
t h a t . . . ; It is easy to understand t h a t . . .
, . . . It is easy to verify t h a t . . .
, . . . It is easy to verify t h a t . . . ;
It is easily verified t h a t . . . ; It is readily verifiable t h a t . . .
, . . . It is easy to convince
ourselves t h a t . . .
, . . . One can easily
recognize t h a t . . .
, . .. It is readily appreciated
that...
, . . . From this it is easy

to deduce t h a t . . .
. . .
B u t it is easy to over-estimate its significance in
reiation t o . . .
, ( ..)...
is easy t o . . .
. . .
We can, however, easily devise a means for...
Fortunately, it
106
( ..)...
comparatively simple matter t o . . .
It is

the equation o f . . .
, . . . It is
readily verified by direct substitution t h a t . . .
( = )
() . . . These ideas can be
formulated just as easily f o r . . .
, . . . Now we
may easily see that. ..
, . . . T h e reader
will have no difficulty in verifying...
. T h i s is easily confirmed.
. T h i s behavior is
easily explained.
. It is easy to
establish this result.
,
, . . . T h i s result could have been obtained
more easily by recognizing t h a t . . .
( ) easier

. D r . Smith was forced to postpone
this lecture until next week.
... His

viewpoint o n . . .

. D r . Smith's lecture will be delayed until next
week.
.
D r . Smith's lecture will be delayed one week.
( = )
. D r . Smith's lecture will be
postponed until next week.

. Prof. Smith's
...
A new lecture series will be devoted to the effects of...

, ... Naturally, it is far easier t o . . .
(. , ,
) lemma
, . B u t this is
easier said than done.
. T h e proof of the
lemma is finished.
,
use of...
... T h i s is most easily
understood...
... T h i s result is more
lie, be situated
. . .
A l l of us share in the responsibility for...
. . .
. lies between 6
and .
. T h e perpendicular
contains this point.
lying, horizontal, situated

,
( ..)...
T h i s is the fundamental idea
behind...
,
. .. T h e phenomena underlying the
behavior of the construction...
(. ) lecture
, . Y o u will be
given due notice in the event that the lecture is postponed.
. We begin
() . We begin with
a lemma.
() .
We require two lemmas.
... T h e rest of the lemma
follows by a very easy calculation.
. T h i s proves the lemma.
(. ) of years, age
.
,
. T h i s approach has been
standard for many years, and will continue to be of great
use regardless of newer developments.
whether, if, whether or not

,
. . . We are led to inquire whether...
eliminate
T h e drawback has been

completely overcome.
<> A l l troubles should be
eliminated.
(. ,
, ) literature, references
()
. A fuller discussion can be found
in the literature.

,
. There are no authenticated examples of such a
phenomenon in the literature.
,
. . . I n the early literature, it was usual to assume
that...

addressed/elucidated in the literature.
( = ) . . .
There is a rich literature o n . . .
,
... T h e scientific literature abounds with examples
as to h o w . . .
... [2].
T h e (extensive) literature o n . . . is reviewed in [2].
. . . ,
. . .
For a brief introduction t o . . . , and a further reference, the
reader is directed t o . . .
( = ) only, as soon as, merely, solely,

but, nothing but, little more than, not until
, , ...
There is essentially only one way t o . . .

. T h i s restriction is adopted only for
reasons of convenience.

( =
)... We are interested only i n . . .
. . . We can
touch on only a few of the. ..
mean t h a t . . .
, ... T h i s
argument is only correct w h e n . . .
, ... T h i s
result is useful only w h e n . . .
logical

... T h e next
logical step was t o . . .
false
, , . .. Apart
from this, the argument fails because..
locally
, f(x) ,
... We say that f(x) is locally integrable i f . . .
(. ) better, i t is
preferable

. . . T h i s representation more
adequately depicts the a c t u a l . . .

. T h e situation is best considered graphically.
, . . . It is
usually best to determine whether. ..

, ... Many of our earlier results can
be better understood i f . . .
..., ()...
better understand. . . , imagine...
,
. T h i s is best understood through a specific
example.
,
, . .. It will be observed that these
(. ) better, best
. . . We are
actually only interested i n . . .
, ...
It would be better instead to a d o p t . . .
, . . . We have in
fact only shown that. ..
,
(). .. A t best such values represent...
... It is merely necessary t o . . . ; It is

only necessary t o . . .
, . . .
Perhaps a better choice for would b e . . .
( = ) ,
. . . B u t this is merely a matter of convenience,
and is n o t . . .

. .. A much better result would have
been obtained u s i n g . . .
,
( = ) (1) () ,
... T h e fulfillment of (1), clearly, is possible
only i f . . .
...
The last approximation is valid only i f . . .
... At present we shall
consider o n l y . . .
, . . . T h i s proves only
that...
, ,
. .. Greater accuracy
could, of course, be obtained b y . . .
,
/. .. A better understanding has been gained
of the way in w h i c h . . .
, . .. T h e best that
one can hope for is ( t h a t ) . . .
hope for the best

... T h e best plan to
be followed i s . . .

... T h i s could also lead to a better
understanding of...
, , . . . A t any rate, it is
clear t h a t . . .

. E a c h
continuous function has a maximum on a compact set.
any, arbitrary
, , ,
. . . I n any case, it is probably fair to say that. ..
, . . . W h a t is
IM?
little, few, slightly, i n a small way; small
, /. ..
Unfortunately, there are very few...
, . . .
. .. Little attention has been
paid t o . . .
He ...
...
A few investigators have considered the effect o f . . . ;
Several investigators have considered the effect of...
. . . I n exactly
the same manner, we m a y . . .

. I n a similar manner other cases may be
discussed.
mathematically
0 (
..)...
It is mathematically more convenient t o . . .

follows.
mathematical
.
Very little is known about these objects.

. T h e proof is by
induction on n.
, ,
obtain...
,
. . . It follows by mathematical induction t h a t . . .
i t is unlikely, i t is scarcely
probable, i t is not likely

( = ) . . . T h i s
, . . . There is little likelihood t h a t . . . ;

It is unlikely t h a t . . .
, . . . It is extremely
unlikely t h a t . . .
hardly noticeable, subtle

,
. There is a subtle point that
should be mentioned here.
small, little, low, minor

. .. .
These effects are, however, relatively small in the case of...

(-). However, our study comprises only a
small portion of...
,
... T h i s is small in comparison with the first term
unless...
manner, style
,
... keep the mathematics simple it is often

, . . . T h i s approach offers
considerable mathematical advantages, because...
material
,
. . . Much of the material is in
tabular form to assist the designer i n . . .
,
, ... Much of the material
presented in this chapter has dealt w i t h . . .

. T h e properties of this material are presently
being studied.
, . . .

. ( =
.)
The material retains its properties over a wide
temperature range.
. T h e material is
reinforced with steel rods.

, Q
, (
..)...
Nevertheless, it is interesting to look
briefly a t . . .
, , . . .
, ...

. .. We begin with some
additional material relating t o . . .
,
. . . However, the methods we have
developed provide a basis for...

temperatures.
X
. T h e conditions on X could be less
restrictive.
(. , )
instantly, at a moment, at once
(. , , )
smaller ( ), less (than)
( ), fewer (
), under
, . We instantly
realized what had happened.
, . .. Physicists will
recognize at once t h a t . . .
slowly

. . . T h e magnetic material is then slowly cooled
until...
between, among, i n between; intero ... . . . . There is much in

common between... a n d . . .
. . . . . . . There is
. . . . . . . There is
, . . . I n passing
it should be mentioned that. ..
< < : ,
. A is less than , and is less than ;
In strictly ascending order, we have , , C.
A < < : ,
. A is at least as
large as B, and is at least as large as C ; A cannot
exceed B, and cannot exceed C ; A cannot exceed B,
which in turn cannot exceed C ; I n ascending order, we
have A,B,C;
I n descending order, we have , B, A.
... There are
at least two ways t o . . .
. < ; is less
than or equal to ; does not exceed A.
. < ; is less than ;
is smaller than A
(. ) smaller, lesser
, , . . . Meanwhile,
it is enough to note that. ..

. . . a lesser extent, similar
, ... Meanwhile we
should examine...
( = ) change, vary
, ... I n the
interim, we may continue t o . . .

. T h e material retains its
properties over a wide temperature range,
... . . . ... - T h e space

( ) less, under, below

.. . A less
trivial example i s . . .

(-).
We proceed to a more or less detailed
study of...
, , . . . T h e author,
, . . .
It would, however, be wrong to think of...
, , . . .
Nevertheless, it would be wrong to think t h a t . . .
considerations hold for...
( = , ) change,
vary
,
,
. One obstacle seems to be that the
extremal functions change with n .

... T h e gravitational force varies
in inverse proportion to the square of the distance.
, . . . T h e situation changes
if w e . . .
measure, dimension, size, degree, extent

...
. Additional precautions are
also taken against...
110
... It is equally
... There are
,

... A n equally useful representation,
however, i s . . .

( ..)...
A t least i n principle, this enables
us t o . . .
... I n the course of our
discussion, we s h a l l . . .
,
... A s the nature of the problem comes to be
better understood...
place, point, site, locus, spot

. A great deal of progress has been
made in this respect during the past decade.
, ,
, ,
, . . . T h i s is perhaps the place to
emphasize/to stress t h a t . . .
1968 ., ...
A further development took place in 1968 w h e n . . .

( ..). A full
development would be somewhat out of place here.
F
. ..
A more satisfactory method is to e s t a b l i s h . . .

. .. Most of these more advanced methods
require...
. Several
techniques have been suggested.
. . .
It was fairly difficult to develop a method for...
. . .
It was quite difficult to develop a method f o r . . .
. . . It was easy to
develop a method f o r . . .
( = )
. . . It was relatively easy to develop a method
for... (not easy on an absolute scale, but less challenging
than other tasks)
. . .
It was almost impossible to develop a method for... (so
hard that we nearly failed)
.. I n the
alternative method we c a l c u l a t e . . .
. . . I n this
chapter, we shall formulate the procedure for...
. ..
In this approximation procedure it is essential t o . . .

, . . . A s an example of the
method described above we show t h a t . . .
(
..)...
L a c k of space prevents us f r o m . . .

, ... Similar
... I n essence we follow

the procedure of...

. . . For reasons of space we omit the
proof of...

, ... T h i s remark
does not apply i f . . .
,
[1]. I n essence, this was the
method employed by Smith [1].
, . . . It is for this
reason t h a t . . .
,
, . . . T h i s is a good place to
review a number of properties connected w i t h . . .
( ..) . T h a t is not the
case.
method, process, procedure, approach,

technique, practice, tool, strategy
, 1,
... I n this
() ,
. .. Instead, let us develop a


. I n many cases it is
necessary to resort to approximate methods.
... A better
technique is t o . . .
, ... . . . It is
probably safe to apply the method of... t o . . .
Ill
, . .. Perhaps
the best approach is t o . . .
... T h i s report
describes a new method of...


. T h i s method enables us to solve
several problems of practical importance.
(1)
. A second method of obtaining (1)
is as follows.
. . . T h e latter
method agrees precisely w i t h . . .
( = ),
. . . B y the above method it is found t h a t . . .
[1]. Details of the

method can be found in Smith [ l j .
. . . . Several
methods are available for...
... .
A number of methods have been used to o b t a i n . . .
.
Geometrically, the procedure is as follows.

. One method has been advanced for overcoming
this difficulty.

that...
...
Methods should be developed for measuring...

. T h e principal advantage of the method is its
generality.

, . . . T h e major
advantage of this procedure over the traditional method is
that...

simplicity.
, . . .
T h e advantage of the method is t h a t . . .
,
. . . T h e other disadvantage of this procedure is
t h a t . . . ; Another disadvantage of this procedure is t h a t . . .
.
T h e method of proof is quite ingenious.

. . . T h e only method available to us so
far i s . . .
, ,
. . . Further, the method presupposes...

, . . . T h e only known disadvantage of
this procedure is t h a t . . .

... T h i s property provides one method of
determining...
... Still another

approach is t o . . .
[1].
The method was suggested by Smith, et al. [ l j .
()
. A general method of obtaining these
solutions is considered here.
, . . . T h e present
method is much more precise t h a n . . .
/ . . . T h e method
does not apply t o . . .
, /...
The method is not applicable w h e n . . .

. . . T h e method can equally well be
applied t o . . .
, ...
The method is particularly appropriate w h e n . . .
. .. T h e method enables
one t o . . .
...
The method allows an investigator t o . . .
(
)... T h e method is applicable to a
large class of...
, ...
This method is simple and quite interesting, b u t . . .
,
... T h e significance of our methods is that they
will y i e l d . . .
,
. . . A far more convenient approach is t o . . .
. . .
There are two commonly used methods for...
. There
are three ways of attacking such a problem.

. A n interesting alternative procedure is as
follows.
, , . . .
In using this method it is well to remember t h a t . . .
,
( ..)...
W i t h any method such as this it is
necessary t o . . .
, , . . . Using the
method, they found that. . . ; Using the method, they
learned t h a t . . . ; Using the method, they determined
t h a t . . . ; Using the method, they discovered t h a t . . .
112
, ... B y this
, ,
, ... We therefore
outline some procedures which can be used t o . . .
, ,
... T h e technique by which this is
achieved is known a s . . .
, , ...
T h e methods we have considered enable us t o . . .
, .
Unfortunately, the method was not applicable;
T h e method, unfortunately, was not applicable.
.
,... A variety of methods may be employed,
e.g.,...
,
,
. T h e method can be
expected to provide at least one root.
? What is the
disadvantage of this procedure?
. We shall
follow this method.
? W h a t are the
advantages of this procedure?
...
We have introduced a wide range of procedures for
solving...
,
. O f course, this could reflect the use of
inappropriate methods.
, . . . We can
reverse the process and deduce that. ..
, . O f course,
this method will not always work.
,
. . . We will outline a procedure
based o n . . .
, ,
... I n short, we will inquire into the ways in
which...

5. We defer the discussion of such methods
to Section 5.
. A method for
estimating this will be given shortly.

. We adopt an entirely different method.
... / . . .
T h e method of... should apply t o . . .
...
We shall illustrate the procedure for the case of...
... . . .
T h e method of... could safely be applied t o . . .
, ... / . . .
We believe that the method of... is applicable t o . . .
, ,
... T h e method of analysis outlined in the
,
, ... I t will be observed that these
...
T h e method can be used to estimate. ..
...
We mention only two such methods of...
. ..
T h e method possesses the obvious advantage of...
. . . T h i s
process is often referred to a s . . .
, . . . T h i s
method is based on the principle that. ..

, ...
T h e method ceases to be reasonably accurate i f . . .

. T h e procedure is as
follows.
. T h e approach is in two
steps.
. ..
T h e method requires the user to provide...

, . .. T h e primary advantage of this
procedure is that. ..
...
T h e procedure is most simply followed for the case of...
, , ...
T h e method to be described here involves...

:... T h e methods that are most often used
follow:...
, ,
. . . T h e procedure we have described is
not, in general, suitable f o r . . .

... T h e techniques most widely used
are based o n . . .
, ,
. . . T h e method of
sections may be applied in a similar way t o . . .
,
[1J. T h e method most commonly
employed is that introduced by Smith [1].
113

. O u r procedure will be quite different from this.

. . . O u r first concern is
to describe systematic methods for...
He
. .. There is no systematic way of
determining...
,
. .. T h e disadvantage of this procedure is that it
requires...
... T h e flaw
in this approach can be seen b y . . .

by means of...
... Neither of
these methods requires...
. Two such
methods are described below.
, ()
. It turned out that the method was not
applicable.
,
, [1]
. Smith [1] is usually credited with originating
this method.
... A common
procedure is to measure. ..

... One such trick is concerned w i t h . . .
,
. . . T h i s approach, however, breaks
down when applied t o . . .

. T h i s procedure, however, falls far short
of our goal.
,
. . . One advantage of this procedure is t h a t . . .

... One common drawback of this method is
the presence of...
,
[1]. T h e method appears to have
originated in the works of Smith [1).

... T h e procedure described above represents a
rigorous method of...

used to construct...
...
T h e procedure described here always y i e l d s . . .
... T h e main
weakness of the method i s . . .

, . . . A distinct advantage of the
procedure is t h a t . . .

[1]. A different method has been given by
Jones [1].
...
Prior to this, there was no generally accepted method of...

. .. A n elegant version of this method
employs...


. .. However, this method presupposes a
knowledge of...
[1],
... Such a procedure has been considered by
Smith [1], w h o . . .
,
. .. However, the method is best
introduced by considering...
, ...
A similar method may be adopted w h e n . . .

. .. However, the procedure may fail even in
the absence of...
,
. . .
We can, however, easily devise a means f o r . . .

. Solutions can still
be obtained, however, by resorting to purely numerical
methods.
. . .
However, there is a standard method of dealing w i t h . . .
/ . . .
method applies t o . . .
A similar
, ...

, . . . A potential advantage of this procedure lies
in the fact t h a t . . .

. We therefore adopt a slightly different method.
, , ...
T h e preferred method, however, is t o . . .
,
. . . T h e advantage of this method lies in the fact
that...

, ,
, ... T h e advantage of
this procedure, therefore, is that it provides a s i m p l e . . .
,
/ . . . We now discuss
systematic methods which can be applied t o . . .
...
T h e application of this method is confined t o . . .
, ...
We now apply Riemann's method in order t o . . .
...
A n application of this process s h o w s . . .
...

(-). T h e adoption of this particular method is
justified b y . . .
/ . . . T h e same
method may be applied t o . . .
, ...
We illustrate the general method by considering...

... A convenient way to accomplish this
is t o . . .
...
T h e methods considered so far have been concerned
with...

. . .
T h e results of all these methods are consistent w i t h . . .

, . . . A fundamental advantage of this
,
. . . T h e crucial disadvantage of this procedure is
that...
, . . . O n the other
hand, this method will g i v e . . .
...
Smith's discovery made possible a new method o f . . .

()... T h e simplest such method i s . . .
,
. . . It is, therefore, necessary to devise a general
method f o r . . .
,
... I t is to be emphasized
,
( = ) .
valid as any of the more familiar methods.
,
[1], ... T h e essential idea behind Smith's
approach was t h a t . . .

, ... I n order to take advantage of
this procedure, one m u s t . . .
,
. . . illustrate the process w e . . .
a new method for...
... Attention
. . . Edison
devised a new method for...
...
T h e following treatment illustrates the method o f . . .
. These
,
. . . A further disadvantage of this procedure is
that...
. These processes are

tedious.
[1) . . . Smith [1] discovered

a method for...
[1] ... Smith [1]
, . . . These
methods are so sensitive t h a t . . .
, ...
These methods are not applicable in the case o f . . .
[1] . . . Smith [1] has

applied this method t o . . .

. . . These methods are very sensitive to
.
T h e standard procedure is as follows.
, ...
These methods attract proponents because...
, ,
. .. T h u s we have a method which y i e l d s . . .
( = )
( ..)...
I n this way we can arrive a t . . .
,
,
() ,
. We are now
,
... T h i s is a familiar procedure, undertaken in
many studies of...
115
... T h i s illustrates
an important method of...
. T h i s can be seen
in two ways.
,
... T h i s is not a serious defect of the method
because...
. . .
This leads to useful ways of dealing w i t h . . .
,
, ... T h i s is a simple
procedure which can be illustrated by considering...
* . . .
The procedure is similar to that used i n . . .
<>
. T h e new procedure
enabled us to overcome the above difficulties.

[3]. T h i s method was
subsequently brought to full fruition by Smith [3].
is quite

... T h e procedure is known
as...
.
T h e procedure has the following disadvantages.
. T h i s
mechanism
,
... Unfortunately,
many competing mechanisms can cause small variations
in...
, . . . ? W h a t are
the mechanisms responsible for... ?
[1]. T h e method has

been described by Smith [1].
* , . This procedure
straightforward.

chapters.
i n passing, incidentally
that...
<> , . . . L e t us note in passing
that...
<> , . . . We may note
in passing t h a t . . .
minute
* , . . . Assume for the

moment t h a t . . .
opinion, judgment
, [1],
/. Arguments given in Smith [1] support
this view.

. .. A good consensus exists
among the researchers as t o . . .
/ . . . T h i s
procedure is readily adaptable t o . . .
, ,
. . . There seems to be some difference
of opinion as to w h e t h e r . . .
is easily understood by noting t h a t . . .
* () , . . .
T h e consensus i s . . . ; There is general agreement...
* .
T h e procedure is best illustrated by an example.
. .. . Opinions differ
as t o . . .
,
. . . T h e method is most successful when
applied t o . . .
^ . . . . Opinions
differ widely on h o w . . .

()... 2Yus process clearly
be extended t o . . .
, . .. T h i s approach
is adopted because...
.


require. ..
(. , ,
, ) method(s), procedure, technique(s),
strategy
, , . . .
Finally, it is our opinion t h a t . . .
. .. There is no
consensus o n . . .
. .. .
Various opinions have been voiced with regard t o . . .
,... It is the author's opinion
t h a t . . . ; I n the opinion of the a u t h o r , . . .
* ,... In our v i e w , . . .
* ,... It is our opinion t h a t . . .
, It is generally agreed t h a t . . .
* ,
... T h i s opinion was reached after experiments
in w h i c h . . .
many
116
,
( = ). I n many applications this is all that is
required.

. T h e subject matter of this
section can be generalized in numerous directions.

. I n many cases this will be obvious by
inspection.
. T h i s
can be done in a variety of different ways
, . . . It is not widely known that. ..

, . . . There is much speculation
that...
, . . . It is widely believed
that...
... B u t in
many cases, we do not k n o w . . .
much, plenty, many, a great deal, a lot of,

quite a few
( = )
, ... A far more convenient
He , ,
. . . It does not require much reflection to see t h a t . . .
, . ..
. .. . Not
(
. . . It was only much later t h a t . . .
..),
(. ) much, plenty, many,

a great deal, a lot of, quite a few
, ..
deal needs to be done before...
A great
. - Much can be
gained by this approach,
numerous, multiple
. . . .
T h e advantages of... are manifold/numerous/many.
, ... There
are numerous reasons w h y . . .
, . . .
There is abundant evidence t h a t . . .
,
... Numerous historical analyses have shown h o w . . .
, . . .
. T h e problems that arise in .. are
numerous and varied.
set, aggregate, collection; a good deal,

a great number, a lot of
. .. Within
each category one sees a variety of...
all elements of A, each
element of A, every element of A, any element of A
factor, multiplier, coefficient

(-). T h e numerical factor a is determined
mainly b y . . .
simulation, modeling
[1]
... Computer simulations have
recently been carried out by Smith [1], with the aim of...
, ...
Numerical simulations that illustrate these results are
presented in Sec. 3.
,
. T h i s book
is intended for anyone interested in the modeling and
solution of real problems
simulate, model, shape

,
... T h i s type of behavior may be modeled
using...
model, type, pattern

model will be used.
,
. . . Implicit in this model is the assumption that. ..
<> . . . T h i s model
is in agreement with. .
. ..
T h e model seeks to e x p l a i n . . .
, ,

. We should always have
some reason for using a particular model.

, . ..
, ,
. .. We therefore construct a simple model in
which...
, ...
Finally, the model must indicate...
, , . ..
One thus arrives at a model w h i c h . . .
( = ) ,
... T h e variety of such systems is endless, b u t . . .

( = ). .. T h i s model does not exclude the
existence of...
.
,... A variety of methods may be employed,
e.g.,...

()... T h i s model is an approximation to the
more precise...
117
( = ) modification

, [1].
T h e following proof is a slight modification of that given
by Smith [1].
, . . . T h i s is an
important modification, because...
fashionable
( -)...
fashionable t o . . .
It is sometimes
(. ) i t is possible
. . . . 2. . . . can be understood by
reference to F i g . 2.
, . . .
In a simplified way one may say t h a t . . .
expect t h a t . . .
, . . . It can further be shown
that...

. T h i s method enables us to solve several
problems of practical importance.
. . . . Several
methods are available f o r . . .
, ... Using such
,
. T h i s result may also
be derived directly as follows.
,
. . . It may be asked whether...
. . . ... One way of
looking a t . . . is in terms of...
... One can see t h a t . . .
, . . . It may argued t h a t . . .
, . . . It is conceivable t h a t . . . ;
One can concede t h a t . . .
, . . . One is inclined to think t h a t . . .
... We can do no more than
mention a . . .
, . . . It is hoped t h a t . . .
. . . It can be found i n . . .
... . . . One would expect... f r o m . . .
( = ). .. I t may be shown
( t h a t ) . . . ; It can be shown t h a t . . .
, ,
. It may be shown that they are
sufficient as well as necessary.
, . . . I t can believed t h a t . . .
. . . It can be obtained f r o m . . .
. . . A general
idea can be had of...
, . . . There can
be little doubt t h a t . . .
... It can be neglected. ..
, . . . It is
demonstrable t h a t . . .
, . . . It is valid to
say that. ..
, . . . It is
safe to assume t h a t . . . ; It may be safely suggested that. ..
, . . . It can be said
with confidence that. . . ; We can state with assurance
that...
, . .. It may be concluded
t h a t . . . ; It may be deduced t h a t . . .
. .. It is conceivable. . . ; One
can envision...
... It can be conceived of
as...
. T h e reverse statement can
also be made.
, . . .
We can say with reasonable confidence t h a t . . . ; It is
reasonably safe to suggest that. ..
. .. One can be content
with...
... It is
satisfactory here to study o n l y . . .
. . . Mention may be made of...
, . . . One is entitled to
doubt whether...
, . . . I t can now be
appreciated t h a t . . .
. T h i s can be
provided in two ways.
. T h i s may be
continued endlessly.
, . . . T h i s
success is attributable to the fact t h a t . . .
tacitly

( = ) , . . . I n the above
treatment, it has been tacitly assumed that. ..
( = ) ,
. . . We tacitly assume t h a t . . .
moment, momentum, instant, feature,

point
( ..)...
It will be useful at this point t o . . .
. . . It is not
. .. A t this
point, it is convenient to represent. ..

, . . . It is presently
, . . .
Today, physicists recognize t h a t . . .
(-)
. Several important things
have been omitted from the above discussion of...
,
, ... T h e important thing to observe
, ,
... A second point to notice is t h a t . . .
, ()
. A n important point
arises here.
,
,
. There are several points worth noting:

... date, relatively few attempts
have been made t o . . .
, ... There comes a point (of
time) w h e n . . .
, , . . . L e t
us assume from now on t h a t . . .
,
when c a l c u l a t i n g . . .
()
. These are, however, outside the scope
of this work.

. .. For the present, however, we neglect the
effects of...
, . . .
() , . . .
T h e fundamental point is t h a t . . .
,
mentioned.
...
Another important practical point to notice is t h a t . . .
,
. Before doing this, let us
agree on two things.
118

. T h e following example may help to clarify
this point.
, ... It is now
, . . .
T h e major point here is t h a t . . .
, , . . .

. .. T h e key point to recognize is t h a t . . .
,
... T h i s is a highly nontrivial point w h i c h . . .
. T h i s is a very important
point.
[1].
T h e essential point is brought out by Jones [1].
monograph, book
... T h e aim
of the present monograph is t o . . .
motivation, reason, justification

,
... see the motivation for this terminology,
let u s . . .
motivate

, ... These
complications have motivated the formulation of
approximate theories to describe...
(. ) can, may, be able

,
course,...
, ... I n fact, we can
always...

may...

. .. I n accordance with this result, we may
identify...
,
,
( ..).. B y suitable choice of x and it is
possible t o . . .
, ... B y
suitable choice of , we c a n . . .
.
T h e following points are of particular interest.

. These results provide
,
. . . A second, more subtle point is t h a t . . .
...
T h e velocity can be found by substituting (2.3) into (2.4).
119
= 1, . If
= 1 we may dispense with this condition. / If a = 1 we
do not need to impose this condition.
a = 1, . If
1 we cannot impose this condition.
a = 1,
. If a = 1, this condition cannot be
discarded.
, ... Knowing this, we c a n . . .
, ... W i t h
the present technique, it is possible t o . . .
, ... B y this
, ... So we cannot a l w a y s . . .
, ... It is plain that we c a n . . .

, . .. that we cannot s i m p l y . . .
It is obvious
, , . . .
We would expect, after all, t h a t . . .
, , . . . Smith
was thus able to conclude t h a t . . .

(. .. ..)...
T h i s behavior cannot be
explained b y . . .

... We are now in a position to determine
,
. .. T h i s puts us in a position to answer several
questions w h i c h . . .
, . . .
depends o n . . .
, . . . We can no
longer say t h a t . . .
, ... We conclude
that we c a n n o t . . .
,
(2). T h e measure can be constructed in the
same way as in (2).

. . . We could have deduced this result f r o m . . .
, . . . (
). We might expect t h a t . . .
...
We could go on to develop a theory of...
(
). .. We could also proceed b y . . .
,
... These ideas might seem rather obvious,
but...
mean t h a t . . .
, ... T h i s
. .. T h i s might have
been anticipated f r o m . . .

. .. This equation can be used
, ( = ), ,
. . . We might, for example, decide t h a t . . .
. T h i s method is open
to argument.
,
, . .. We may see more
clearly what is involved here b y . . .
. ( =
.) We can
look at this in another way.
() . We can
prove this without difficulty.
. . . We can
touch on only a few of t h e . . .
( = ) powerful, high power,

competent
, ( = )
( = ), . . .
Indeed, this process is much more powerful t h a n . . .

. .. T h e best known and most powerful of
these i s . . .
we
, , 1 ,
/... We can, of course, apply Theorem 1 to the
case where. ..
. . . It is not our intention t o . . .

( = )... We can never determine exactly. ..
idea, thought
prove t h a t . . .

( =
), . .. Some of
these may not be as useful as others, because...
.
We cannot, however, ignore it completely.
, . . . T h a t is not to say
that...
,
. .. These ideas might seem rather obvious,
but...
, . . . These
considerations suggest that. ..
. . . I n this way
we arrive at the idea of...
observant
, . . .
T h e observant reader will have noticed that. ..
, . ..
Direct observation reveals that. ..
survey, watch, observe, see, note
( = ) ...
It is a matter of common observation t h a t . . .
, ... T h i s
phenomenon can be conveniently observed i f . . .
, . . . More
significant, however, was the observation t h a t . . .
, ( = ),
. . . Alternatively, we may observe t h a t . .
,
that...
be observed, be seen, be evidenced,

exhibit, present

. T h e trend has been toward
bigger and more sophisticated computers.
, . . . It has been observed t h a t . . .
...
Recently there has been an upsurge in interest in
finding...
. Nothing of this
kind is observed to occur.
/ . . . No
such effects were observed i n . . .
, . . . It has also been observed
that...
,
/ . . . T h i s is exactly what is observed i n . . .

(). T h i s effect was first observed
experimentally b y . . .
observation, point, supervision,

control
,
, . . . Very slight observation is enough,
however, to convince us t h a t . . .

. . . Confirmation of this observation was obtained
from...


. .. T h e results are obtained by direct
observation of...
...
Further observations are required in order t o . . .
, . . .
It is a trivial observation t h a t . . .

, . . . Close
observation shows t h a t . . .

need for...

inspection.

( = ). T h i s , too, is in accord with
observation.
, , . . .
Indeed, observation shows that. ..
. ..
The process is detected by the observation of...
, . . .
We conclude this example with the observation that. ..
( = , ) sketch,
outline, draft; throw, throw on
( = ), . . .
We commence by observing t h a t . . .
[1] ,
. . . Smith [1] conjectured from his observations
that...
,
... Observations should be recorded even i f . . .
... We have sketched

the broad outlines of...
sketch, draft, outline

. .. T h e following is a
brief outline of...
. 1. T h i s is sketched in
F i g . 1.
121
( = ) direct, induce, aim (at),

cover
hope t h a t . . .
, . . . These
considerations suggest t h a t . . .
, . .. T h e best that
one can hope for is (that). ..
, . . . T h i s suggests t h a t . . .
, . . . It is hoped t h a t . . .
( = , ) forever
. E v e n stars do not
exist forever.
obviously, graphically, pictorially,

visually, intuitively, i t is informative, i t is
illuminating, by visual demonstration
, . . .
T h i s has been clearly demonstrated b y . . .
obviousness, clearness, visualization

, . .. keep matters clear,
let u s . . .
, . .. For the
sake of illustration, consider...
descriptive, obvious, visual, intuitive

years.
, ,
, .
We expect to prove such a theorem, although possibly
under additional restrictions.
, . . . We hope to prove
that...

. ..
We hope to obtain a theorem r e g a r d i n g . . . ; We hope to
establish a theorem regarding. ..

( = ), , . . .
T h e experimental difficulties become apparent when one
realizes that. ..
, -
. We hope that someone will prove
Smith's conjecture within the next few years.
. 2, . . . T h i s
becomes apparent in F i g . 2, w h e r e . . .

these lines.

... T h e result can be made more
explicit b y . . .
award, reward, decorate

- ( = ). .. D r .
Smith has been awarded the 2005 Jones Prize f o r . . .
() . was awarded
the diploma.
i n two
( ),
. When the
magnet is broken in two, additional poles must appear.
reliability, dependability, safety,

accuracy

is reliability.
(,
..)...
T h i s reliability is achieved b y . . .
reliable
F
. . . I n some cases more
reliable values for F can be obtained f r o m . . .

this case.
.
This provides a sound basis for development.
hope for, rely on, expect
, ,
. .. Finally, I hope that this book will be of
interest t o . . .
, , . . .
Hence, we might hope t h a t . . .
, , . . . T h e author,
for a long time

. T h i s result was
forgotten for a long time.
back, backwards, rearward

, , . . .
In retrospect, it can be seen t h a t . . .
( = , ) name, title
... A s its name i n d i c a t e s , . . . ;
A s the name suggests,...
. .. As its name
implies,...
, . ..
T h e publication, as the title implies, is primarily
. . . , . . . T h e name
" . . . " arose from the fact t h a t . . . ; T h e name " A . . . " was
derived f r o m . . .
,
common that we give it a special name.
purpose, assignment, use, scope,

function, application
122
. . .
, ,
. .. A l t h o u g h . . . vary
named, called, referred to,

designated as
...

, , . . . take the simplest
possible illustration, suppose that. ..
(-). T h i s is the
most useful form of...
the best
(
..)...
I n general, we find it best t o . . .
be called, be named, be known as, be

identified as, be said to be
, ...
Perhaps the best approach is t o . . .
... Such an
arrangement is c a l l e d . . .
, , . . . ,
called a . . .
. .. Solutions to
this equation are c a l l e d . . .
c> , ,
. A system composed of such elements is said
to be linear.
, . . . ,
example of what is c a l l e d . . .
the most, very

o , ...
Certainly the most important among these i s . . .
,
. .. . . . T h e method exhibiting the most
promise for... i s . . .
, . . . Most
,
. . . T h e most recent and best estimate is that
obtained f r o m . . .
, /. ..
T h e best result is obtained w h e n . . .

. T h i s is best made clear by means of
examples.
,
() . .. However, it turns

. . . T h i s is surely the best available book o n . . .
( = , ) name,
description, denomination, designation
30 .
T h e bibliography ( = the list of references) contains 30
entries.
the simplest
...
. ..
c> ( = )
... T h e idea is most easily
understood by examining...
, ,
. . . T h e simplest case, and
( = )
(). T h i s can be done most
easily b y . . .

. . . T h e simplest case, and
^...

is reliability.
,
that. ..
T h e simplest illustration of this i s . . .
found, obtained
, . . . B y the
above method it is found that. ..
... so far been found possible to. ..
It has not

. Other suggestions may be
found in the technical literature.
. ..

, . . . From this and similar experiments it is
found t h a t . . .
. . . First ancj
foremost,...
( ..)
. .. It can be found most
simply b y . . .


. T h e remaining elements may be found
similarly.

. . .
...
A further complication is the presence of...
,
... T h u s , the desired transformation has
... We assume the

presence of...
. T h i s is borne
out by experiments.
obliquely, aslant

the presence of...

( = ). .. T h e solution process is
,
. T h u s all of the rays do not strike the
surface at an oblique angle.
imposed, superimposed, covered
at last, finally, lastly
, ,
, ...
Finally, the model must i n d i c a t e . . .
( = ) impose, superimpose
complicated by the presence o f . . .
. . . Here there is no restriction on , because...
, . .. Finally we ought
to e x a m i n e . . .
a = 1, . If
= 1 we may dispense with this condition ( = we do not
need to impose this condition)
, ...
We may finally mention the influence of...
= 1, . If
a = 1 we cannot impose this condition.
prove t h a t . . .
a = 1,
. I f = 1, this condition cannot be discarded
( = we must impose this condition).
, . . . Finally,
, . . . Finally, we pay
attention t o . . .
, . . .
We draw attention, finally, t o . . .
, ( = ),
. . . Finally, one must not forget t h a t . . .
()
. . . Again we must make a stipulation
regarding. ..
. Let us
superimpose one triangle upon another.

. . . I t is often convenient to impose
further restrictions o n . . .
cumulative, accumulated
( ) to us
, . . . O u r
accumulated experience began to indicate t h a t . . .
. .. We have come
( = ) impose, superimpose, lay

on, stipulate
() . . .
we have imposed conditions o n . . .

. .. For this reason we impose the
restriction...
across equipment w h e r e . . .
, . . . We were fortunate (enough) to
(discover...)
. . . We would like t o . . .
(. )
intend, mean
... We intend t o . . . ; We plan t o . . .
() . . . T h i s places
restriction o n . . .

discussion of...

( = ) . . . T h i s does
not impose any fundamental restrictions o n . . .
( = )... We did not

intend t o . . .
superimpose
( =
). T h e diagonal is laid down on the line AB.
()
. . There may also be further conditions on x and
-
( = , )
presence, availability (of), existence, occurrence

... A l l the published reports point to the
presence of...
( = , ) plan,
project, outline
,
. . . I n this section we outline the
techniques used t o . . .

outlined below.
2.
. ..
T h e study has directed the way to improvements i n . . .

, ,
, ... We therefore
outline some procedures which can be used t o . .
,
based o n . . .
be planned, be possible
. T h e launching has
been set for September.
( = ) planned,,
designed, projected, marked, designated
( =
)... T h e situation is reminiscent of...
, . . . It is
appropriate at this point to recall t h a t . . .
, . ..
,
. .. Recall that the purpose of the exercise
is t o . . .
. L e t us recall some
definitions.
, ,
, . . . It should be
recalled, however, t h a t . . .
, ,
(-). T h e points
, ,
considerably, by far
, ,
conversely, vice versa, on the contrary,

to the contrary, back to front, i n contrast to, quite
the reverse, on the other hand

. For square matrices, a row degeneracy
implies a column degeneracy, and vice versa.
, , . . . Conversely, it i$ clear
that. ..
, .
T h e contrary proved to be the case.
and vice versa, and conversely, alternatively
writing
, . .. We can
written
,
. T h i s paper is, unfortunately, rather poorly
written.
, , - ,

[1]. A very readable account has
been given by Smith [1].
,
.
(. , )
direction, path, trend, course, tendency

. T h e second experiment
differs from the first in several important ways.

. T h e two forces act in opposite
directions.

[1], ... Initial progress
along these lines was made by Smith [1], w h o . . .
( = , )
[1],

1993 . T h e first step was taken in 1993.

... Previous work in this direction includes
that of Keller and Reiss [3].

directed, oriented
. . . Recent
efforts have been directed towards...
( = ) direct, lead, channel,

focus (on), send, t u r n

( = ) in vain, i t is useless
( = ) call to, recall mind,

remind, carry back, be like, bear a resemblance to,
reminiscent oi
( ..)...
reason it is futile t o . . .
, . . . One is instead
reminded t h a t . . .

(), . . . T h i s fact strongly suggests t h a t . . .
For this
suggest
125
, . Hence the
following question suggests itself:
. .. There was
also an increasing tendency t o . . .
, . .. There
seemed no escaping the conclusion t h a t . . .
how far, as far as, so far as, i n so far

as, to what extent
straightforward, suggesting
itself
, ,
, . . . Another subject that calls for
consideration is that of...
, ,
( -). It is tedious but
straightforward t o . . .
for example, as an example, by way of

example, to illustrate, to take an illustration, to
take one example, for instance; say, among other
things
,
, . . . We may apply these considerations, for
example, t o . . .
, , , . . . We might,
for example, decide t h a t . . .
( = ), , . . . For
instance, suppose t h a t . . .
, , . . . We find, for
instance, that. ..
(15)? How good is

so, as much
, . . .
T h e ratio is so much larger t h a t . . .
() ,
, . . . These
methods are so sensitive that. ..
insistently

study of...
. ..
. .. O f the many books
available o n . . . , we strongly recommend...
[1]
. .. T h e reader
is strongly urged t o . . .
, ... We strongly
recommend t h a t . . . ; It is strongly suggested t h a t . . .
, , . . . We shall show, for

example, t h a t . . .
, ... It is strongly
recommended that. ..
, , . . . We have already
seen, for example, t h a t . . .
urgent, pressing, instant,

insistent, persistent
, , . . . For
example, it is not too difficult to show t h a t . . .
, ( = )
. .. T h e most urgent question,
, , . . . It turns out, for

instance, that. ..
present, real, current, actual
, , . . .
For example, it has been shown experimentally t h a t . . .
, , , ...
Consider, for example, an experiment in w h i c h . . .
( = ) conversely, on the
contrary, by contrast, conversely, by way of
contrast, on the other hand
,... O n the contrary,. .
, ( = ),
, ... T h e meteorologist, on the
other hand, thinks mainly in terms of...
increase, growth, rise, increase,

accumulation

. .. Over the
past two decades, we have witnessed a tremendous
increase i n . . .
growing, increasing
. . . There is
also increasing interest i n . . .
perhaps, i s . . .

. . . T h i s paper attempts
to summarize everything known at present a b o u t . . .

in...

. .. Currently there is no
completely satisfactory theory of...
, . .. It is presently
, . . .
. ..
with...
,... As things
stand today,...

. T h e model demonstrates some
characteristics of full-scale tornadoes.

. . . I n fact it is sufficient for the present

Chapter 2.
[1].
A description of this effect can be found in Smith [1].
( = ) occur, appear, ensue
, ... There comes a time

when...
, ... There comes point (of
time) w h e n . . .
across, "st-rite,
( = ) meet, come
by tiranae

, , . . .
T h i s interpretation, however, soon encountered serious
difficulties when it was discovered t h a t . . .
science, knowledge, study

, ... Chemistry is the
branch of science dealing w i t h . . .
scientific, rigorous
...
scientific approach is t o . . .

. T h e scientific community
was forced to accept Einstein's conclusions.
( = ) find, locate, discover, come

across, detect
, ... L e t us
suppose that we wish to find...
.
T h e instrument quickly locates critical zones.
, , . ..
Proceeding as above, we find t h a t . . .
[1],
( ..)...
Following Smith [1], we
shall find it convenient t o . . .
[1] . . . Smith [1] discovered
method for...
,
... T h i s theorem can be used to find all
solutions of...

. . . We are now in a position to determine
... Let us now attempt to
find...
. . . . . . . can be found similarly.
. . . T h e reader will
find it instructive t o . . .
, ,
. . . - It is, of course, necessary to determine
...
T h e reader will find this result in any textbook o n . . .
()
in the literature.
(1), , .. .
Referring back to (1), we find t h a t . . .
[1]. Details of the
method can be found in Smith [1].
. .. It is then possible to
determine...
, , . . . Using the
method, they found t h a t . . . ; Using the method, they
learned t h a t . . . ; Using the method, they determined
that. . . ; Using the method, they discovered t h a t . . .
... We wish to find the
number o f . . .
( (5) ..).
We can determine according t o . . .
,
... - We can at once apply this theorern to find...
(3), . . . We deduce from
E q . (3) that. . .
. . . We can never
determine exactly. . .
, ... O u r task
now is to find...
, . . . T h e reader will find that. ..

, , . ..

. T h i s procedure is finding
increasing use.
... T h i s property
enables one to find...
be, be found, occur, be present, be

situated, belong, be contained i n , spend time
. . .
. . . . lies at the very foundation of modern
mathematics.

( = )
. T h e bridge is
currently under construction.


( = ). . . One answer to this question lies
in the concept of...
127

( = )... Examples will be found in standard
accounts of...

x S. T h e element x lies in S.

. . . T h i s contrasts with the
corresponding result for...
. .. T h i s is in
accordance with the theory of...

( = ). T h i s , too, is in accord with
observation.
<> . . .
T h i s equation is in excellent agreement w i t h . . .
... T h i s amounts to
finding...
beginning, inception, origin, principle,

basis, source, the onset, commencement
1980-
, . . . Until the early 1980s it was common
belief t h a t . . .
19 . A l l these go back
to the beginning of the 19th century.

. .. T h e idea originated with the
study of...

1970- . T h e technique gained a modest
amount of popularity in the early 1970s.
,... As we stated
at the outset,...
finding, determination, location,

discovery, locating, detecting
, . . . It should
be said from the outset t h a t . . .

... L e t us pursue the easier course of
finding...
, [1]
this method.

determining...
, . . . It is
important to realize at the outset that. ..
... T h e problem is to
find numerical solutions for...
,
... .
T h e formula of... poses many problems.

... O u r interest in this section is in
finding...

. . . T h e problem is to find a general
formula f o r . . .
, ,
(-). T h i s is
obviously a more complicated problem than the usual
determination of...
(3), ,
v, . . . Solving (3) is clearly
equivalent to finding v such t h a t . . .

to determine...
...
There are many other ways of finding...

... T h i s theorem can be used to find all
solutions of...

, ... T h e aim of the next
section is to establish conditions which enable us t o . . .
, . . . At the outset
,
initial, first, elementary, original

, . . . We shall maintain our initial

[1], ... Initial progress along
these lines was made by Smith [1], w h o . . .
, . . .
Our initial assumption was t h a t . . .
( = ) begin, start, commence

. . . We begin the
proof b y . . .
. We begin the
proof with a lemma.
. .. We turn to a
discussion of...
... We attack the
problem...
() . We begin
with a lemma.
. . . We start
w i t h . . . and progress t o . . .
. . . L e t us begin by asking
about...
. We begin
128
, . . . We begin
with the remark that. ..
.
, . . . We commence by
observing that. ..

. .. We begin with some additional
material relating t o . . .

examples.
, , . . .
We start by emphasizing again t h a t . . .
, ...
We begin by establishing the properties of...
( ..) ... L e t us
begin by considering. ..
. .. We shall begin with
consideration of...
, ... We start by
choosing...
...
A picture of... is beginning to emerge.

, . . . T h e simplest way to approach the
problem is t o . . .
. . . It is convenient to start w i t h . . .
, , , . . .
T h e reader might begin to suspect t h a t . . .
start, begin, commence

... T h i s chapter

... T h e discussion will be initiated by considering
the simplest type o f . . .

initial, beginning
,
beginning, starting
,
. .. From now on, we restrict our
attention t o . . .
, , . . . L e t
us assume from now on t h a t . . .
( = ,
) not large, small, modest
, ,
... Moreover, with very little effort it is
possible t o . . .
,
... L e t us go
through a brief review of...
, , . . .

. . . We assume very little knowledge of...

, . . . A minor modification of the proof
shows t h a t . . .
, . ..
A slight modification is necessary i f . . .

, [1].
T h e following proof is a slight modification of that given
by Smith [1].
carelessly, negligently

. Nations cannot continue to
carelessly store hazardous materials in this manner.
i t does not matter

, , . . . It is,
of course, immaterial whether...
(. , ,
, ) i t is incorrect, i n the wrong
way
, . . . It would be
wrong to assume that. ..
, . . . It is fallacious to think t h a t . . .
,
. . . It would be very wrong to assume, however,
that...
( ..)...
correct, however, t o . . .
It is not
, . . . It is often
wrongly assumed t h a t . . .
, , , . . . It is
widely but erroneously believed t h a t . . .
( = ) incorrect, false
, ...
, . . . If this
assumption is wrong, t h e n . . .
, .
, ( = ) ,
... Apart from this, the argument fails
because...
. My
prior assertion was wrong.
. My statement was
incorrect.
. Some of
the listed articles are wrong.
129
, . . .
These arguments are, however, incorrect because...

. . . It is impossible within the scope
of this volume to give a detailed account o f . . .
,
()... avoid misunderstanding, we s h a l l . . .
, , . . .
It is therefore unavoidable t h a t . . .
, ,
... show that the converse is false, we
must...
, ,
. . . Thus, it is not possible to say in
advance whether...
... T h i s is a
misapplication of...
, , ...
...
T h i s incorrect result is due t o . . .
, . . . T h i s is not
acceptable because...
incredibly, unbelievably
, . . . It is not inconceivable t h a t . . .
( = , . )
it is impossible
. . . I t is not
( ..)...
It will not in general be possible t o . . .
, . . . , ,
. T h i s is obviously impossible in light of the
fact t h a t . . .
(,
..)... I n this case, it is no longer
possible t o . . .
, . .. T h i s means that it is
impossible t o . . . ; T h i s means that it is not possible t o . . .
, ... T h i s shows that it
is impossible t o . . .
impossible
, ...
Indeed, it may not even be possible t o . . .
... It may be
impossible t o . . .
recent, late
, /...
T h e method is not applicable w h e n . . .
( ..)...
be possible here t o . . .
. There is no
way to check this out empirically.
It will not

. .. A more recent development is the
use of...

, ... We conclude that

it is impossible t o . . .
,
... It has not been until very recently t h a t . . .
( ..)...
, . . . Until
It is not feasible t o . . .
, . . . It is
impossible to state conclusively t h a t . . .
... It is
impossible to overestimate the importance of analysis of...
. ..
. .. It is impossible to gain a thorough
knowledge of... without a basic knowledge of...

( = ), . .. B u t
their efforts failed, and more recent attempts h a v e . . .
,
,
... No general resolution is possible, s i n c e . . .
, ( ..)...
It is clearly not possible t o . . .

. . . B u t until recently it was
regarded a s . . .
, ,
. .. It is difficult if
not impossible to give a satisfactory definition of...
( ..)
. One cannot, without
further justification, accept such a . . .
... It is virtually
... Under such
circumstances it is impossible to find...
,
... T h e most recent and best estimate is
that obtained f r o m . . .
recently, lately, of late, not long ago

... Only recently

. It is only in recent times that the results
have been put on a logically sound basis.
... More recently, it
has become common t o . . .
week
130


week.
.
Dr. Smith's lecture will be delayed one week.
( = )
(. ) quick, brief,
short
, . . . A moment's
thought will show that. ..
, . . .
A disadvantage of this procedure is the fact t h a t . . .
,
. .. T h e disadvantage of this procedure is that it
requires...
(,
..)... Lack of space prevents us f r o m . . .
... T h e flaw
in this approach can be seen b y . . .
. . . T h e trouble
with this hypothesis i s . . .
,
. There is no shortage of questions to be
answered.
misunderstanding, ambiguity
. . .
A shortcoming of this model is the occurrence of...
,
... Fortunately, it is always possible to avoid
confusion b y . . .
() ,
. . . However, there are disadvantages i n . . .
.
T h i s practice leads to serious confusion.

the presence of...
(. , ,
) lack, shortage, deficiency,
limitation, shortcoming, fault, scarcity
() , ,
, . . .
Hand calculations have the disadvantage t h a t . . .
.
T h e drawback has been completely overcome.
,
. . . T h e other disadvantage of the theory is that. ..
,
. .. Another disadvantage of this procedure is
that. . . ; T h e other disadvantage of this procedure is
that...

this procedure is t h a t . . .
,
,
that...
. ..
A serious disadvantage of this system is t h a t . . .

. A shortcoming of this scheme is shown by the
following example.
( = )
(, )... A much more serious defect
is encountered w i t h . . .
. T h e procedure has the following disadvantages.

( = ). .. T h i s is not to be regarded as a
weakness of...
,
that...
insufficient, deficient,
inadequate, scanty, defective
. T h e disadvantages are
many.

? W h a t is the
... Not enough

. Other
disadvantages may be noted.
( = , )
insufficiently, i t is insufficient, poorly, be deficient,
be inadequate, be short of
. One
can see the disadvantage of this procedure.

(-). We will illustrate the advantages and
disadvantages of...
, ...
T h i s theory is not sufficiently advanced to p e r m i t . . .
(it) is not clearly understood;
is not adequately investigated

, [1], ,
... B u t , as Smith [1] points out, it is not
sufficient that. ..
,
undesirable, objectionable,
unwanted

, , . . .
No harm come from this practice if one clearly
independently, regardless, apart

from, irrespective of, regardless of

by Smith [1].
, N
. T h e method is applicable whether N
is large or not.

. . . We decided to continue our work
independently.
unexplored
.
investigated.
( = , -) certain,
some
... There is an element...
( = -, , -,
) certain, some
"",
"-",
,
.

"",

. ""
"" certain,
,
, ...
Moreover, existing proofs under certain additional
assumptions t h a t . . .
, ..., (
,... a limited extent,. ..
,
,
. . . It appears that these same general principles
apply regardless of whether. ..
() ... For
, [1] ...
Smith [1], working independently, developed the
theory of...
independent
.
The variables are not all independent.
He . Not all of these
elements are independent.
, . . .
These results are of course independent of...
unknown, unfamiliar

... I n some respects they can be considered a s . . .
, . . .
It should be clear that there is some risk i n . . .
. . . Here we
have imposed conditions o n . . .

. Some of the C j may be chosen arbitrarily.
. Some
of these will be discussed later.

( =
), . .. Some of
these may not be as useful as others, because...
( = ).
This is not an unfamiliar notion.

1. A selection of practical
methods is placed in Table 1.
( =
). T h i s is not an unfamiliar
situation.
,... I n one respect,

however,. ..
inevitably, of necessity
... Inevitably, we
decided t o . . .
, . . . There
seemed no escaping the conclusion t h a t . . .
... However, this
inevitably involves...
, . . .
Given the present state of knowledge, it is inevitable
that. ..
. There are,
however, some limitations.

( (5) ..)... T h i s expression is
somewhat similar t o . . .
, (,
idealization because...
I t is not easy matter t o . . .
132
. Its
geometry is not easy to visualize.
, . . .
We should immediately suspect t h a t . . .
, . . . I t is not easily explained

that...
, . . . It is to be
noted immediately t h a t . . .
to achieve in practice,
( = ), . . .
It follows immediately t h a t . . . ; It immediately follows
that...
( = ) one cannot, i t is
impossible
, . . . There is no
escape from the conclusion t h a t . . . ; One cannot but infer
that...

. T h e idea is not without strong appeal.
:
. . . T h e converse is not true:
nothing can be said a b o u t . . .
, . . . It cannot be
assumed, however, t h a t . . .
, ...
These methods are not applicable in the case of...
immediate, direct
( = ) ...
A s an immediate corollary we h a v e . . .

... O u r immediate reaction might be t o . . .
. . .
( = ) .
It is an immediate consequence of the definition.
( = ) immediately, at once,
instantly, right away
( = )
. . . T h e theorem follows at once f r o m . . .
. . .
,
, . . . T h e result will follow
immediately if we can show that. ..

, F
(3.1). From the definition it
follows at once that F satisfies the conditions (3.1).
( = ) , . . .
It can be immediately verified that. ..

follows:...
. . . T h e first
part follows at once f r o m . . .

To, , . . .
T h a t this is true follows at once f r o m . . .
( = )
D/Dt. T h i s follows at once
from the meaning of the operator D/Dt.
( = )
. T h i s follows at once from
physical considerations.
immediately obvious, because...
( = )
, . . . T h i s simple relation shows
immediately that. ..
a little, a few
... Few research
( = ) a little, some, a few, just,

slightly, somewhat
, /. ..
( = ) ,
[ 3 ] . . . B y a slight change in the method of [3], the
construction of...
( = ) . . .
Relatively little is known about. ..

. T h i s problem has already been discussed to
some extent in Section 1.
little, few things

... Little can be
achieved w i t h o u t . . .
( = ) ... Little
is known about the role of...
( = ) i t is necessary, i t is
essential
... I n more
complicated systems, it is necessary t o . . .
, . . . We hasten to
confess t h a t . . .
. .. I n such
situation, it is necessary t o . . .
, . . . I t will be seen at once

that...
, . .. It is in fact
necessary t o . . .
... T h i s is recognized
immediately a s . . .
, . . . I n this
connection, it should be noted that. ..
133
, . . . A t the
... We wish to find the

number of...

... I n many engineering applications, it
is necessary to consider...
. We need
definition.

. I n many applications this is all that is
required.
,
( ..) .
question arises as to whether the converse necessarily
holds.
( ..)...
, . . .
It hardly needs to be stated t h a t . . .
, . ..
It is hardly necessary to stress the fact t h a t . . .
, , . . . A l l that
need be said now is t h a t . . .
, , . . . that
...
In order to have a better understanding of the process, it
is necessary t o . . .

(-). I n the sequel we require a generalization of...
... For this we
require the concept of...

. Much remains to be done in this area.
, ( -). Notice
that it is necessary t o . . .
.
A word of warning is necessary here.
. .. Occasionally, it is
necessary t o . . .
,
. There is a subtle point that should be
mentioned here.

. A t this stage a very important fact must be
pointed out.
, , . . . Finally, it
must be granted t h a t . . .
(
..)... We have yet to decide how t o . . .
, . . .
At the very least some assurance is needed t h a t . . .
,
. .. We need one more condition to
determine...
... Once again it is
necessary t o . . .
... We need to
determine the solution of...

. .. We need to consider in
more detail the practical implications of...
,
. . . More exact definitions are necessary because...
He , , . .. Not infrequently,
however, it is necessary t o . . .
.
A closer look at the data is called for.

. . . There
has to be a radical change i n . . .
, . . . It needs
to be ascertained i f . . .
, . . . It should be added
that. ..
, ,
. . . Brief mention
... It is merely necessary t o . . . ; It is
only necessary t o . . .
( = ) , . . . It is to be
, . . . It cannot
be too highly stressed that. ..
,
... Special must be used to
, . . . It is to be noted t h a t . . .
, . . . It is necessary to
stress t h a t . . . ; It should be stressed t h a t . . . ; It must be
emphasized t h a t . . .
, . . . It should be realized
that. ..
,
. . . I t is therefore important to
understand and appreciate the processes involved i n . . .
, . . . It is to be understood
that...
... There is a need to
examine...
. . . It is necessary to keep
track of...

134

some detail.
. There are
a number of points to be made.
.
It should
be noted that; It should be pointed out that; A remark is
in order
, . It should
,
. .. must be exercised to avoid
overheating. ..
... Account must be taken o f . . . ;
Proper allowance must be made for...
, . . . It must be
carefully noted t h a t . . .
, ... It is necessary t h a t . . . ; It is
essential that. ..
. .. For this reason it is

necessary t o . . .
( ..)...
first of all necessary t o . . .
It is
. .. I n these
circumstances, it is necessary t o . . .
,
. .. I n the course of experimental work, it is
sometimes necessary t o . . .
, ,
. .. On the other hand one always has to make sure
that. ..

. One must be careful with the notation.
()
necessary t o . . .
, , . . . It should
therefore be borne in mind t h a t . . .
, ... ^Modifications, however, are necessary w h e n . . .
,
method for...
, . . .
should always keep in mind, however, that. ..
, ...
Thus, in principle at least, it is only necessary to .
One
, . . . It m u t be
observed, however, t h a t . . .
,
... We need first to define what is meant b y . . .
, ...
, ... It is important
that...
, . . . B u t it needs
to be stressed that. ..
, , . . .
Nevertheless, it must be admitted t h a t . . .
, . . . However, it
must be understood t h a t . . .
, ...
. .. It is first necessary,
however, to ..
. .. However, it is
frequently necessary t o . . .
, -,
theory o f . . .
. .. .
A word of explanation is necessary with regard t o . . .
, , ... Clearly, it is
necessary t h a t . . .
, ( = ) (
). Clearly, there is no need t o . . .

, ... Before returning to these
matters, it is necessary t o . . .

, ( . .)...
Before establishing the results just mentioned it is
necessary t o . . .
, , . . .
Above all, we need to show t h a t . . .
To, , . . . W h a t is
needed is a notion of...
, ( = ),...
It is convenient (though not necessary) t o . . .
... It is frequently
necessary t o . . .
. .. It is frequently
necessary to generate. ..
()
. .. W h a t is needed is a clear
understanding of...
(3), . ..
establish (3) we need only t o . . .
, ... meet this
, . .. prevent
this it is necessary t o . . .
,
. .. In order to handle such a situation, we
need t o . . .
, ,
. . . T h i s is quite true, but it should be realized
that...
135
...
T h i s is required for a fundamental understanding of...
. . . T h e condition is
required to satisfy...
( = ) ,
... T h i s result was to be expected
necessity for, need for

, . . . O u r first
observation is that there is no need t o . . .
, . . . It is
hardly necessary to point out t h a t . . .
,
... T h i s means that for all
practical purposes one c a n . . .
,
to decide whether...
. .. T h i s obviates the
necessity for...

(-). T h i s result
automatically leads to a study of...
/ . . . T h i s
eliminates the need for...
. .. There
is an obvious need for the development of...
necessary, needed, required,

essential, of necessity
. .. There
is an obvious need to consider...

( ..)... It may be
necessary in some cases t o . . .
<>
. T h e need for this product will grow steadily.

, . . . T h e necessity of considering this effect
stems from the fact t h a t . . .
() .
. T h e 'only
. , ()
prove sufficiency.
... There
is no need to emphasize the importance of...

( =
)... There is no need to enter into any
. . . There is normally
no need f o r . . .
. ..
In practice, however, it is not necessary t o . . .
() (
..)... However, there is no need t o . . .
, ( = ) . . . .
Clearly, there is no need t o . . .
.
We first establish the necessity of the condition.
, . ..
Thus it is unnecessary to treat. ..
,
. .. Nevertheless, practical considerations often
dictate that. ..
( = ),
( ..).. Having
provided this background, we now proceed w i t h . . .

. .. L e t us next deduce a necessary
condition for the existence of...
<> . T h e condition
is necessary.
,
... I n fact, from this point of view it is
()
for the converse.
,
.
T h e remarkable fact is that these necessary conditions are
also sufficient.
. Fortunately
this is not necessary.
,
. It is easy to see that this condition is
necessary.
, . . . (,
..) . It may seem
unnecessary t o . . .
, ,
,

need for...
( ),
,
(). .. We conclude by making some rather
. . . T h i s will eliminate
the need t o . . .
, ( ..).. .
. We remark that it is not necessary t o . . .

,
,
determining w h e t h e r . . .
He ... It is not necessary t o . . .
. .. ...
Some knowledge of... is necessary to an
understanding of...
. Some
revisions seem imperative.
. . . I t takes experience t o . . .

(-). T h e required additional condition is
provided b y . . .
,
,
... T h i s example shows that it may be
necessary t o . . .
i t is unusual, i t is uncommon, i t is
untraditional, abnormally, rarely
. T h i s was highly abnormal,
unusual, uncommon, strange, odd

,
( = ) .
valid as any of the more familiar methods,
unexpected, sudden

... A l l such procedures can have
() , . . .
A n unexpected fact is t h a t . . .
indefinitely
... It should
never be necessary t o . . .

, ... If we imagine
this repeated indefinitely, we g e t . . .
... this end it is only

necessary t o . . .
. Repeat
the process indefinitely.

. .. Later on we shall need certain facts
about. ..

, . . . T h i s result has been
stated rather vaguely because...
^...
We need in this instance the two r e s u l t s . . .
, . . T h i s
is therefore a necessary condition for...
,
. . . T h u s we have a necessary and sufficient
,
. . . T h e required solution is therefore...
, ^
. Hence these conditions are necessary for
equilibrium.


, ... We now give a necessary and sufficient
, >...
obtain the required result, l e t . . .
. ^- These
results are needed frequently.
(-).
T h i s will give us the required characterization of...
, . . . T h i s is
necessary consequence of the fact t h a t . . .
. . . These are the
necessary conditions f o r . . .
,
... T h i s last proviso is not needed w h e h . . .
( = )
ambiguity, ambiguousness, indeterminacy,
indetermination, indefiniteness, uncertainty



. .. There is considerable vagueness in the
notion of...
,
(=) ...
Fortunately, it is always possible to avoid confusion b y . . .
( = , )
ambiguous, indefinite, indeterminate, indefinite,
uncertain, undefined, undetermined, fuzzy
, ,
... These comments are very vague, of course,
but...

, . . . I n such an uncertain situation, the
experimenter realizes t h a t . . .
,
(, ..)... O n the whole it
seems least confusing to regard. ..
reluctantly, unwillingly

We reluctantly discontinued the program,
rigid, firm, inflexible

( = ) ( )... It is not practical to be
too rigid about. ..
unsuitable, inappropriate
137
,
. O f course, this could reflect the use of
inappropriate methods.
, . . . It is
not unlikely t h a t . . .
incomplete, not full, short
( = ) improperly, falsely,
incorrectly, mistakenly, i n the wrong way

,
. . . B u t it would be wrong for the reader to think
that...
incomprehensible, unintelligible
( ..)...
not correct, however, t o . . .
. These instructions are

unclear.
( = )
directly, immediately
,
, . . . It is directly
verifiable t h a t . . .
I t is
, . . .
It would, however, be wrong to think o f . . .
improper, irregular, incorrect

, ,
... T h i s conclusion is found to be false w h e n . . .
, , ...
Apart from this, the argument fails because...
( = ) ... T h i s
is a misapplication of...

(, ..)...
The same problem might be solved directly b y . . .
not feasible

D/Dt. T h i s follows at once from the
meaning of the operator D/Dt.
( ) irreducibly
(2.2). T h i s
directly/immediately/readily follows from (2.2).
(1),
. . . T h i s cannot be obtained directly
from (1), because...
immediate, direct,
spontaneous

( = ) ... T h i s theorem is a direct
corollary of...
( = ) 1
, . . . A direct application
of Theorem 1 y i e l d s . . .
()
problem.
,
. . . It may be verified by direct substitution t h a t . . .
, . . .
Direct observation reveals t h a t . . .
(4)
, . . . It is an immediate generalization
of (4) that. ..

... T h e results are obtained by direct
observation of...
( = ) not constant,
non-constant, variable
, ( -). It is
clearly not feasible t o . . .
(1).
T h e equation is irreducible to the form of (1).
inadequacy, uselessness,
unsuitability

. T h i s points to the inadequacy of the
technique employed,
unfit, ineligible, ineffective,

unsuitable, (is) impractical, (is) unsuitable,
inappropriate
. . .
T h i s device is unsuitable for use i n . . .
unreasonable, unwise, senseless

. T h i s choice is unreasonable,
several, some, a few, more than one

. We now
give a somewhat fuller discussion.

, . . . I n the next few
examples we will assume for convenience t h a t . . .

. T h e process may be
illustrated by a few examples.

( = )... Its viscosity is several orders (of
magnitude) greater t h a n . . .

students.
( = )
. T h e tests gave variable results.

. .. A few words may be said here
about...
improbable, unfeasible,
unlikely
. . . We can
138
,
. . We carry this out in several
stages, the first of which i s . . .
( = ) undoubtedly, no
doubt, beyond doubt, by far, certainly, definitely,
without question, be sure

(, ..)... We have indicated a few
times our intention t o . . .
, . . . It is
by no means essential that. ..

[1]. A slightly deeper theorem is proved by
Smith [1].
, , . . .
T h e reader is no doubt familiar with the idea that. ..
, . . . It undoubtedly w a s . . .
...
A somewhat more useful design curve is obtained b y . .
,
circumstances.
. ..
A more difficult example is provided b y . . .
, , , . .. T h e reader
will doubtless recall that. ..
, . . .
, , ...
It was without doubt the most remarkable. ..
...
A few investigators have considered the
effect o f . . . ( = Several investigators have considered the
effect o f . . . )
incapacity, inability; failure
[2]. Several
examples are given in [2].
(. , ,
, ) wrongly, incorrectly
, . . .
A somewhat simpler result is obtained if w e . . .
, . . . It is not in
general true t h a t . . .
,
/. .. There are, however, a few specific
cases in w h i c h . . .
, ,
must...
(2)
. A few remarks

. T h e above assumptions
are somewhat restrictive.
. T h e cost
can be lowered somewhat.
(4)
. These
examples are somewhat misleading.

. T h i s
transformation can be adapted to our Problem 2 in several
ways.
i n spite of, despite

( = , ),
, . . . T h i s is so despite the fact t h a t . . .
.

incompatible
, . . . A n d
this notion is clearly incompatible w i t h . . .

. .. T h e main danger in
extrapolation lies in a failure to recognize. ..
unessential, immaterial,
incidental
, . ..
T h i s is not a serious defect of the method because. .
misfortune; disaster; accident

, , . . . It is unfortunately
true that. ..
, , ...
no, not; there is no

. For these
gases an equation of state is not available.
,
. There is no shortage of questions to be
answered.
, . . . There is not
a grain of evidence to suggest...
, . . . It cannot
be doubted t h a t . . .
... It is beyond reason to
hope for...
.. There is
point in going through all the details of...
, . . . There is no doubt that. ..
... . No two of... are the
same.
. We have little choice.
139
.
We need not go into the details here,
inaccurately, not exactly

" . . . " .
T h e word " . . . " is used (somewhat) loosely in the
literature.
,
. . . T h i s result has been stated rather
vaguely because...
inaccuracy, error, discrepancy,

ambiguity, inexactness
, . . . T h i s
expression is inconvenient because...
,
. .. T h i s is an awkward, but
completely equivalent, restatement of...
inconvenience, difficulty
(sometimes)
. .. There are
two main disadvantages of...
unsatisfactory
. . .
. .. . . . which is unsatisfactory for using them as
an approximate basis.
,
... avoid any possibility of confusion we
shall...
( = ) inexact,
incorrect, inaccurate
.
Research in this field is making steady headway.

. T h e process may lead to inaccurate results.

nontrivial, nonzero
informal
,
... These equations have a nontrivial solution
only i f . . .
, ,
. . . We can express the definition informally by
saying that. ..
,
implicit
( = ) easily, i t is not difficult, i t is

an easy matter to
(4), . ..
Equation (4) would not be difficult to solve i f . . .
( ) ,
. . . W i t h some work it can be shown that. ..
... It is not difficult to understand
(how, what, that, etc.); There is no difficulty in
understanding h o w . . .
. .. T h e reader will have no
difficulty in verifying...
( ..)...
It is
failure
...
We have already commented on the successes and
failures of...
, , . . .
T h i s attempt failed, and it became clear that. ..
.
T h e experiment was a dismal failure.
lame, unsuccessful, unfortunate,

unhappy
, . . . T h i s
terminology is unfortunate, because...
i t is inconvenient
. .. Very often, however, it
is not convenient t o . . .
steadily
,
. . . Implicit in this viewpoint is the assumption
that...
f(x)
( = ), . . . obtain
an implicit expression for f(x), suppose t h a t . . .
implicitly
(1) , . . .
Implicit in (1) is the assumption t h a t . . .
, . . . Implicit
in this model is the assumption t h a t . . .
... Implicit
in this assumption is t h a t . . .
, . . . It has been implicitly
vagueness, obscurity, ambiguity

... . Confusion
sometimes arises because. ..
,
... Fortunately, it is always possible to avoid
confusion b y . . .
not
. .. Neither of
, , , . . . T h i s is
clearly satisfied whenever. ..
lower, below, later
inconvenient
, ,... I n the
general case to be dealt with below,...
, ...
Evidently, this form of the equation is not convenient
when...

140

outlined below.
no one, nobody, none
, ( =
). T h i s is in fact not the case, as we
show below.
<> , . . . L e t
one be deceived into thinking t h a t . . .
,
(-). We quote
below the values o f . . .
. We shall consider
this problem later.
().
brief sketch is as follows.
. It can fly beneath
the radar.
clarified below,
following

. T h e next theorem is basic to
the applications that follow,
no, none (of), not any, whatever,

whatsoever
, . ..
. . . There is no evidence
whatsoever of a n y . . .
...
T h e importance of... has never been doubted.
(= ) them
. Some
( = ) nothing
, . ..

( = ). ..
T h i s classification tells us very little a b o u t . . .
,
. Unfortunately, very little can be
said along these lines.
. . . We are still in the
dark a b o u t . . .
. . . There is nothing
mysterious a b o u t . . .
. . . No mention has been made
of the fact t h a t . . .
, . . . Nothing has been
said as t o . . .
. Nothing of this
kind is observed to occur.
. . . There is
no logical reason for...
( = )
:
. .. T h e converse is not true: nothing can
be said a b o u t . . .
, . . . There is no
doubt whatever t h a t . . . ; There is no doubt t h a t . . .
. . . T h e theorem says
nothing a b o u t . . .

... There is no need to
enter into any detailed discussion of...
, . . . , . . . T h e fact


... No simple physical meaning can be
attached t o . . .
. ..
. . . T h i s has nothing to
do w i t h . . .
but

. B u t such a representation must
not be taken literally.
new, modern, recent, latest, fresh

, . ..
, . . .
. ..
Smith's discovery spawned a new generation of...
never, i n no case, at no time
...
Smith's discovery made possible a new method of...

( = )... We can never determine e x a c t l y . . .
. .. It should
never be necessary t o . . .

. .. A t no time, however,
have we made any assumptions regarding...
. - T h i s technology is
young.
, ... These questions are
new because...
need, have need for, require, be i n

need, want, fall short of
141
.
T h e data need further consideration.
<> . We need the following.
. . . I n fact, we do
not really n e e d . . .
both, both of, the two

"" " ",
"" "the two", "both"
.
, "
" "The two
functions are continuous", "These
functions are both continuous".
.
T h i s deserves further comment.
. T h i s
relationship needs clarification; T h i s relationship stands in
need of explanation.
... T h i s
new equation provides engineers w i t h . . .
. . . T h i s allows
us easy access t o . . .
. . . T h i s
provides some protection against...
, . ..
Both of these represent ways in w h i c h . . .

. T h i s will give new insight into the
phenomenon.
( = , )
ensure, provide, guarantee, present, make sure,
contribute, supply
,
. . . T h i s expression is often useful
because it provides...

. . . T h i s apparently provides a suitable basis
for...

( ..)... A sufficient
degree of accuracy can usually be secured b y . . .
. . . T h e study

. T h e method yields a high resolution.
. ..
, ... We must ensure
that...
... . . .
A compromise has to be reached between t h e . . . a n d . . .
(1) ,
. (1) is to ensure A to
be positive.
,
. . . However, the methods we
have developed provide a basis for...
. .. It is the aim of this
book to provide...
be assured, be achieved, be
provided
( = )
. .. T h e optimum protection is afforded by
the addition of...
. .. T h e answer
to this question is provided b y . . .
. .. A simple test case is
provided b y . . .
. ..
A convenient overall representation is provided b y . . .
provide (for, w i t h ) , ensure, assure,

secure, guarantee
. T h i s can be
(. , , )
survey, review, overview

... I n this
introductory chapter we shall r e v i e w . . .

... I n this section we shall
review some of the observed features of...
,
. .. T h i s structure is designed to ensure
that...
... [1].
A comprehensive review of... is presented by Smith [1].
... T h i s theorem
provides us w i t h . . .
... L e t us go through
a brief review of...

.

... We shall begin in Part 1 by attempting to give
a broad overview of some of...

. A short historical review of the literature
is in order.

[1]. Possible mechanisms have been reviewed
by Smith [1].
,
. ..
A similar tendency is seen throughout the whole
range of...

. .. Prof. Smith
had a long and distinguished career in the field of...
. ..
Prof. Smith has distinguished himself in the field of...
. . . [2].
T h e (extensive) literature o n . . . is reviewed in (2].
[1] .
Smith [1] is considered a pioneer in this field.

... A preview of this subject would be incomplete
without...
[1]
. Smith [lj is often regarded as a pioneer in this
field.
, ...
We shall, therefore, begin with a brief account of...

. .. Previous work in this direction includes that of
Keller and Reiss [3].
c> [1]
. Present methods have been reviewed in detail
by Smith [1].
...
... T h i s concludes our
review o f . . .
( = ) have, possess, own, involve

( = ). Many
gels exhibit viscoelastic behavior.
,
... We lack sufficient knowledge to
distinguish...
,
... O f equal or greater importance i s . . .

. T h i s property is not shared by particles
with a finite mass.
(. , )
domain, region, set, range, scope, system, zone,
field, district
. ..
. Considerable advances have been made in
the field o f . . .
^
, , . . . A s a result,
practically everyone in the field was willing to admit
that...
, ,
. . . I n a number of areas such as
aerodynamics, hydrodynamics,...
. ..
Dr. Smith is a specialist in the field of...
,
... Mathematics encompasses many fields, such
as...
<>
. .. A very great range of
phenomena is explained b y . . .

... extend this linear
concept into the domain of nonlinear s y s t e m s , . . .
,
. .. broaden our scope of
applications we now consider...
,
... T h i s paper is important to all those working
in the field of...

. T h i s unit can operate over a
wide range of temperatures.
<> . . . T h i s
provides a large area for...
be easier; be lighter
... O u r

. .. T h e development of this theory is
greatly facilitated b y . . .
, , . . . T h i s
discovered, uncovered, exposed

, . . . It was discovered
by Banach that. ..
, ( ) . . .
It will be found that this property is shared b y . . .
, . . . It has been found t h a t . . .
, ,
. .. T h i s conclusion is found to be false w h e n . . .
()
. . . A rough analogy is to be found i n . . .
143
,
( = ) [11),
, . . . E v e n more startling is an example
due to Smith [11], which shows t h a t . . .
. .. When a fault is
detected...
, , . . . It has been
found, furthermore, t h a t . . .
, ,
, . . . One of the difficulties
encountered in this method is t h a t . . .
,
. We have now two cases to distinguish.
,
, . . . also found t h a t . . .
These authors
,
, . . . T h i s process will continue until
we find t h a t . . .
, . . . Later it is found t h a t . . .
( = ) emerge,
appear, be discovered, come to light, be made
evident, be detected
, . . . Since then it has

been found t h a t . . .
() ,
. . . I n this way it is found t h a t . . .
( = ) discover, detect,
reveal, find, show, uncover, disclose, trace, locate,
recognize, exhibit, display

( ) . . . A n important application of
these principles is to be found i n . . .
, ...
We have found it convenient on various occasions t o . . .
, , . . . Actually, it is
found t h a t . . .
, ... I n the
process of implementing this idea we shall also
encounter. ..
,
... T h e method is
, . . . Subsequently
it was found t h a t . . .
, . . . It is often found t h a t . . .
, . . . We shall discover
shortly that. ..
, . .. B y the
, ,
. . . From this and similar experiments it is found
that. ..
,
, . . . When a more accurate
approximation is used, it is found t h a t . . .
. ..
T h e process is detected by the observation of...
( = , )
generalize, extend

(1967 .). T h i s theorem
has been generalized to higher dimensions by
Weinstein (1967).

follows:...
, , . . . So far we have found

that...

. .. T h e following theorem generalizes a
well-known property of...
, , . . . We shall
not be surprised to find that. ..

, . .. We observe t h a t . . .

... T h i s permits the extension of the
...
We wish to detect as rapidly as possible a n y . . .
resulting equations to systems of...
be generalized, be extended
, , . . . We find, for
instance, t h a t . . .
()...
(1), ,
. . . Referring back to (1), we find that. ..
generalizing, extending
( = ), . . . One
usually finds t h a t . . .
, . . .
However, we shall subsequently discover t h a t . . .
, ,
. . . Repeating this argument, we find t h a t . . .
, , . . .
Continuing this process we find t h a t . . .
T h e principle is readily extended t o . . .

, , . . . B y an
generalization, extension
. ..
A more accurate generalization is the concept of...
, (-). T h i s is essentially
a generalization of...
<>
another generalization of the same basic idea.

1. We now prove
,
... Fortunately, this can be accomplished
by a straightforward generalization o f . . .
()
problem.
(4)
, . . . It is an immediate generalization
of (4) t h a t . . .
,
[1]. T h e following is
generalization of a result proved by Smith [1].
. . . A similar
generalization is possible for...
^
... T h e above definitions are
straightforward generalizations of...
(1) . .. B y
simple extension of (1) we may w r i t e . . .

... T h e following theorem is a direct
[1] . .. Smith [l] has
undertaken a generalization of...
N > 2
( ..)...
T h e extension to
N > 2 dimensions will be effected b y . . .
... T h i s
generalization cannot be applied to the case of...

generalized, extended

. T h e subject matter of
this section can be generalized in numerous directions.
, ... T h i s
(= ) generalize, extend
. We may extend
these ideas.
, ... We can
,
... I t is easy, however, to generalize this
144
... summarize briefly,...

( ..)... These results can be extended in
an obvious way t o . . .
( = , .
) designate, denote, stand for,
symbolize, indicate, represent, label
"denote"
, ,

. , " f
"
"Let f denote a continuous
function."
. stands
for a positive constant.
D z.
I n this equation D denotes differentiation with respect to
2.
... For the moment we
shall denote...
(, ). ..
b. We will denote these by a and
6.
. .. It is conventional to
assign...
, ... signify this,
we s h o u l d . . .
be denoted, be labeled, be
designated, be symbolized, be specified
... T h i s
designation, notation, nomenclature

, ,
that...
, () . .. Further,
we introduce the notation...
, ... T h i s
notation is useful because. ..

... For convenience, we will often
. For
,
, ... T h i s notation has
several advantages, as we shall see, especially w h e n . . .
. . .
We adopt the convention of w r i t i n g . . .
,
, ... Thus,
we can generalize the results of Section 1 and state t h a t . . .
, ...
We have arranged the notation so t h a t . . .
() .,.
We can now generalize to the case of...
a\, . . .
We frequently use a\, to denote...
145

, ... Other bits of notation may
seem quite arbitrary b u t . . .
,
... T h e formal foundation of the fact that the
boundary conditions a r e . . .
,
, , . . . W i t h the same
notation as in Section 1, we shall show t h a t . . .

(3.2). T h i s gives some justification for
using (2.3).
, ,
. . . For simplicity of notation, we assume t h a t . . .
,
... T h i s in itself appears to be sufficient
justification for...

( = ). One must be careful with
the notation.
justified, proved, valid, sound,

well-founded
.
, . .. .
We are therefore justified in neglecting...

. .. Considerable economy of notation may
be achieved b y . . .

. . . T h i s notation is extended in an obvious
manner for...
denoted, designated
... For
the orientation shown, we h a v e . . .
review, commentary, survey

. ..
. I t is beyond the scope of this book to
give a comprehensive survey of...
, ... We have now
completed our survey o f . . .
( = , .
) proof, basis, ground, justification,
verification
. . .
. There is no experimental foundation
for...

. . . There can be little scientific or
practical justification f o r . . .
,
... T h i s argument can be justified if we
write...
( = ) justify,
substantiate
,
( ..). We are therefore justified in
accepting. ..

interpretation and indicates t h a t . . .
( = ) become strained,
become sharp
. . . . Interest
i n . . . has quickened in the past few years.
. T h e situation has become
aggravated.
( = ) process, treat,
develop, handle, machine

. Computers can
process information at extremely rapid rates.
image, form, manner, way, transform,

pattern
( = , ). . .
We shall p r o v e . . . ; We shall establish...


the theory of...
,
possible t o . . .

, L ,
can...
( ..)
. T h e reason for this will soon be clear.
.
,
. . . T h e justification for this solution scheme is
that...
(1)
that...
( ..)
, ,

... We can now justify the usual practice of...
.
We model the situation as follows.
146

. We can look at
,
...
between. .. a n d . . . .

,
, . . . Thus, we can
generalize the results of Section 1 and state t h a t . . .

theorem as follows.
, () . . . I n this
way the stage was set f o r . . .

. We can obtain the result as follows.
, ... I n this
way we obtain the expressions...

,
... We thus ignore the distinction between...

examples.
( = ..)
. T h e y are to be understood as
follows.
^ ,
. . . Such pictures are valuable as
conceptual aids so long as we do n o t . . .
,
. . . I n a similar way, one may ask
whether. ..
, . . . ^- I n like
manner it can be shown t h a t . . .

the equation of...
... I n this manner we
can...
. .. We can,
in a similar way, define. ..
( = )...
Likewise, we define. ..
. T h i s we
summarize by saying that. ..

( = ) , ... Transforming
the remaining terms in a similar manner, we o b t a i n . . .
(4)
. T h e various
terms in (4) are interpreted as follows.
,
evaluating...
,
( = ). .. T h u s far our discussion has been
limited t o . . .
,
. .. T h e problem thus becomes one of
choosing...
,
. T h u s the
theorem can be rephrased as follows.
To
:... Another way of putting it is t h a t . . .
,
,
... These constants must be chosen in such a

. T h i s is achieved
as follows.

.
T h i s may be done as follows.

. T h i s may be expressed formally as follows.
, . ..
Following a similar procedure, we may express,..
. T h i s
be obtained as follows.
, . . .
It can be shown by an exactly similar process that. ..
. T h i s may
be proved as follows.
, ...
T h u s , it is important to understand the basic
properties of...

. . . T h i s notation is extended in an obvious
manner for...
, F ...
It is therefore possible to express F in terms of...
,
. . . T h i s is clearly borne out by the fact t h a t . . .
. is constructed
follows.
, * . - - The result
is therefore established.
as
147

(). .. T h i s process can clearly

. .. T h e gravitational force varies in
inverse proportion to the square of the distance.
( = ) form, make up,

give rise to, yield, constitute, develop, organize
the converse, the reverse, the opposite
, . ..
. A is the angle the tangent to the curve
= f(x) at x makes with the -axis.
,
.
T h e n we count the number of these units which together
make up the quantity to be measure.
,
... T h e converse is not generally true,
although...
,
, . . . Unless there are
good reasons to the contrary, it should be assumed t h a t . . .
inverse, converse, reverse, back,

reciprocal, opposite, inverted
, (2)-(4)
. . . E q s . (2)-(4) then constitute the
necessary conditions for...
,
( ..) .
holds.
- ,
, . T h e control
unit, the arithmetical-logical unit, and memory together
are classified as the C P U .
()
for the converse.

2. T h e three lemmas constitute the proof of
Theorem 2.
... These
functions form six groups with four functions in each
group.
(= ) convert, turn into,

transform, invert
,
, ... T h e important thing to observe
, . . .
We can reverse the process and deduce t h a t . . .
<> , . . . Finally,
.
called attention to these gaps.
( = ) become, turn into,

convert, turn to
(12)
[1]. For
Smith [1].
(-). We turn now
to an evaluation of...
,
. We now turn to the equations
governing E and B.
( = )
. Let us turn now to the case of a single
equation.

given.
. T h e reverse is sometimes
true.
, , .
also be made.
( = )
:
. .. T h e converse is not true: nothing can
be said a b o u t . . .
(), ,
true.
. T h e converse is
not true.
...
T h e opposite situation occurs over. ..

. A converse can also be stated.
()
. T h e converse is not necessarily true,
however.
, ,
that...
, ,
must...
conversely, inversely, back, backwards
( = ) convert, turn into,

transform, invert
x . varies
inversely as ( = /)
, (). ..
, .
... We now
turn our attention to the case of...
148
( = ) refer to, t u r n to,

apply to, reduce to, revert, turn into, circulate,
become; deal w i t h , treat, handle, manage
, ,
... Let us examine the errors that can arise
when...

, . .. A n alternative way of handling
this situation is t o . . .

... We can now examine typical sets of...

(-),
. . . Having completed our discussion o f . . . , we
now turn t o . . .
(. ) case,
circumstance, property
, ,
...
I n fact,
there are other circumstances where it may be
, . . . Finally, we pay
attention t o . . .

. . . I n certain circumstances it is necessary
to look a t . . .
,
( = )... ( =
...) We now turn to the matter of selecting...
,
. . . Matters are complicated further by the fact
that...
- ,
. . . T h e problem still remains of how to
deal w i t h . . .
,
that...
,
... These equations are somewhat more
difficult to deal with because...
, . . .
T h e problem is complicated by the fact t h a t . . .
. . . Now we turn attention t o . . .

...
We now turn to some examples o f . . .
... L e t us now turn to
the measurement of...
, . . . It is how clear
how to deal w i t h . . .
handling, turning to

. Solutions n still
methods.
c a
(1),
( = ), . . . Turning to (1), we note t h a t . . .
. 1, , . . .
Referring again to Figure 1, we see t h a t . . .
. 1, , . . . Referring to
Figure 1, it will be seen t h a t . . .
conversion, inversion, converse,

circulation, reversion, handling, treatment, appeal
to
.
These processes require careful handling.
. . .
T h i s leads to useful ways of dealing w i t h . . .
inspect, examine, investigate

,
... I n this chapter, we will examine some of
t&e ?? Av w'Jaist...
...
section we examine the effects of...
this
,
possible t o . . .

, . . . A t this point, we wish to call
attention to the fact t h a t . . .
,
circumstances.
(
..)... I n some circumstances it is desirable t o . . .

... I n certain circumstances it may be
practical t o . . .

... These may in some circumstance
be accompanied b y . . .

( = )... Under such circumstances it is
impossible to find...
... I n these
circumstances, it is necessary t o . . .
.
These circumstances are unlikely to occur in practice.

, ... I n order to deal
effectively with circumstances of this kind, we m u s t . . .
,
. . . T h e two aspects are related by the fact t h a t . . .
... T h i s
circumstance justiSes the application
of...
( = , , .
) discuss, examine, consider,
149
regard, analyze, argue, be concerned w i t h , deal
with, inspect, give consideration to, review, look
upon, treat
. We now
... I n this
chapter we propose to discuss...

(-). I n this section we
discuss some simple properties and examples of...
, . . .
It is not our intention to argue here t h a t . . .
2 (-).
In Section 2 we will comment on the applicability of...
...
In the next section we discuss examples of...


in detail here.
... T h i s is not the
place to enter into a discussion o n . . .
... We proceed to a discussion of...
[1] ...
Smith [1] has discussed in some detail the effect o f . . .
(
..)... We first discuss the use of...
... We shall now
discuss the influence of...

(-). We shall now discuss somewhat further t h e . . .
. ..
We now discuss a useful transformation of...
,
systematic methods which can be applied to. ..
,
. We shall now
discuss these three operations.
... T h e discussion
below deals with the reasons f o r . . .

... L e t us now discuss separately two different
ranges of...

. I n a similar manner other cases may be
discussed.
, , ,
arise i f . . .

. These practical applications will not
concern us here.

. Participants were advised not
to discuss these matters outside the group.
. T h i s cannot
be discussed in detail here.
, ... T h i s will be
seen more clearly when we d i s c u s s . . .
... . . . We shall
discuss here the difference between... a n d . . .
,
, . . .
We shall not discuss the question of whether...
... We shall
discuss the reason for the existence o f . . .
. We shall discuss
three general approaches.
. We shall
discuss this effect in a later chapter.
2.

... We shall often have occasion to speak of...
He ,
. T h i s
mechanism is dealt with in Chapter 2.
(. ) be
discussed, be considered

. T h i s point will be treated at length elsewhere.
. T h e y will not
be discussed in this volume.


. ..
There is no need to enter into any detailed discussion of...

below.
( ..)...
look a little closer a t . . .
5. These
L e t us
150
, . . .
T h i s is a problem which has been discussed in connection
with...

only w i t h . . .
2,
Chapter 2, where it will be shown that. ..
(-),
. . . Having completed our discussion o f . . . , we
now turn t o . . .
4 . . .
T h i s is further discussed in Chapter 4 in conjunction
with...
, ,
discussing, considering
,
, . . . I n discussing this problem
we have neglected the possibility t h a t . . .
discussion, consideration, treatment,

speculation, argument
.
We now give a somewhat fuller discussion.
,
that...
(4),
, . . . From
the above discussion, it is evident t h a t . . .

[1]. A more detailed discussion of the subject is
given by Smith [1].
, . . . From the
above discussion it is clear t h a t . . .
()
in the literature.
.
A t this point we bring our discussion of these matters to a
close.
[1]. A more
recent discussion is given by Smith [1].

( = ) ... We conclude with
brief look a t . . .
, , . . .
T h e discussion shows, moreover, t h a t . . .

. . . I n the present discussion,
attention will be focused o n . . .
( = )
. .. I n discussions of this kind it is necessary
to point o u t . . .

... I n the discussion presented here we h a v e . . .
(-)
have been omitted from the above discussion of-
. .. I n the
above discussion we have neglected. ..

discussion of...
. .. We turn to a
discussion of...

to Section 5.

Chapter 5.
, . . . We assume
without discussion t h a t . . .
(-).
In this chapter we shall restrict consideration t o . . .
,
... We now proceed to discuss the rate at
which...

. . . Further discussion of this topic will be found
in...
.
, ,
(-). Further discussion will therefore
be confined t o . . .
... Our
...
He ,
, . . . Without attempting a more
rigorous discussion, we merely note that. ..

(-). T h i s result will prove useful in the
discussion of...

. .. There is no need to enter into any

... Most of our discussion so far has been
about...

... T h e discussion will be initiated considering
the simplest type of...
151
, ...
We restrict the discussion to the case o f . . . ; We shall
restrict our consideration to the specific type of...
()
. T h e preceding discussion is, however,
somewhat imprecise.

.
[1]. For a discussion of this problem, see
Smith [1].

. A full discussion of such factors
is beyond the scope of this paper.
. ..
, . . .
T h e preceding discussion leads to the idea t h a t . . .
... ...
In d i s c u s s i n g . . . , we are interested only i n . . .
,
. . . A weak point in the above discussion is t h a t . . .
,
. . . T h e discussion is therefore
based o n . . .
2. A rigorous
, . . . T h u s
far our discussion has been limited t o . . .

( = ) . . . We now wish to extend our
consideration to. ..
...
We proceed now to a brief discussion of...
. .. It is the
purpose of the present discussion t o . . .
, ... simplify
the discussion, let u s . . .
... T h i s completes
our discussion of...

, ... T h i s somewhat
vague discussion is intended t o . . .
.
There are various ways to circumvent this difficulty.
, ( =
) (
)... Fortunately, this difficulty can be
overcome b y . . .
? How do we get
around these difficulties?
()...
We can remove the difficulty b y . . .
( = )
. I n special cases, however,
this difficulty may be circumvented.
. ..
However, we can circumvent the difficulty b y . . .
, . ..
overcome these limitations, we m u s t . . .
,
resort t o . . .
,
, . . . I n an attempt to remove this
difficulty, let us assume that. ..
... T h i s difficulty can
be circumvented b y . . .
extensive, broad, spacious

. . . There is a rich
literature o n . . .
. . .
vast amount of theory has been developed for...
i t is generally accepted, i t is
generally agreed
1980-
, . . . Until the early 1980s it was
common belief t h a t . . .

, . . . B y the end of the 20th century,
it was generally believed t h a t . . .
... It is conventional to
assign...
... It is customary to
represent. ..
, . . . It is commonly
thought t h a t . . .
(
..)... T h e discussion is confined t o . . .
(
..)... It is customary and often convenient t o . . .

[1|. T h i s discussion is based on that given by
Kelvin [ l j .
, . . . It has come to be generally

accepted t h a t . . . ; There is a common belief t h a t . . . ; It is
generally accepted t h a t . . .
...
This discussion leads us to a general study of...
conventional, standard, generally

accepted, universally accepted
... T h i s amounts to a
discussion of...
, . . . It was generally
agreed t h a t . . .
( = , ) go around, turn,
avoid, bypass
common, general, total, overall, aggregate,

combined, generic
152


properties of...
,
... More general conditions
will not be discussed here, but it may be said t h a t . . .

, ... It is possible,
however, to extend the treatment to a more general
problem in w h i c h . . .

... Much more generally, we may
consider...
,
. T h i s is the most that can be said in general
however.
, . . . I n the
general case it will be found t h a t . . .
, , , . . . It is
not true in general, however, t h a t . . .
( ..)...
Generally, it is rather difficult t o . . .
,
... T h e converse is not generally true,
although...
. I n general this is
not true.
, ,... I n the

. .. Still more general solutions may
be constructed b y . . .
()

the above analysis.
, ,
. . . I n more general terms, we may say t h a t . . .
. . . . . . . There is much in
common between... a n d . . .

... We shall adhere to the rather general
practice o f . . .

. We can look at
, -,
theory of...
,
,
apply regardless of w h e t h e r . . .
... It is generally agreed t h a t . . .
. 2 .
Fig. 2 shows the general arrangement of the mechanism.
,
( ..)... O n the
other hand, it is not in general permissible t o . . .
. . . There is
general tendency for...
( = ) ,
. . . There is a common misconception t h a t . . .
, ...
T h e same general principles hold w h e n . . .
, , . . .
. . . We now
describe a general technique for...
To,
. . . What all the equations have in common is
that...
. ..
, ... We discuss
this in the general case w h e n . . .
, . .. deal
with the general case, l e t . . .
H e . . . There is no
general formula f o r . . .
, . . .
formulate the more general problem, w e . . .
conclusion was t h a t . . .
, ... It is
common mistake to forget t h a t . . .
54.
T h e general case is considered in Exercise 54.


. . . I n general,
, . . . These
theories have in common the idea t h a t . . .

... T h i s equation need not hold for the more
general...

generality, community, commonness

, < 1,
... No generality is lost by assuming x < 1,
since...
153
,
. . . There is no loss of generality in supposing that
A is defined on X.
()
... T h e simplest explanation for these
facts i s . . .

generality.

( = ). T h e following example may help
to clarify this point.
. T h i s
involves no loss of generality.
To . . . T h e same
interpretation holds good for...
( = ) join, combine,
consolidate, connect, unite, pool
, . . .
T h e physical explanation is t h a t . . .
,
. T h e two scientists joined forces in
order to try again.
. . . T h i s
has been suggested as an explanation for...
( = )
. . . T h e topics covered span
three different approaches to the history of mathematics.
object, subject, item, entity, unit, target

/...
[1],
... T h i s explanation was proposed by
Smith [1], w h o . . .
. T h i s
relationship needs clarification; T h i s relationship stands in
need of explanation.
explicable
( = ) explanation, cause
, ,
... A n alternative explanation, of course, may
be t h a t . . .
Q
-
. I n this case the quantity Q has no
elementary or obvious meaning.
... It appears
explicable only on the basis of...
easily explained.
( = , .
) explain, be responsible for, give
account of, attribute to
[14]
... I n a review paper [14], Smith furnishes
an explanation for...
( = ),
... Having provided this
background, we now proceed w i t h . . .
...
Attempts have also been made to e x p l a i n . . .
, . ..
, . . . At the
.
,
... T h e model seeks to e x p l a i n . . .
...
T h i s chapter is devoted primarily to explaining...
, . . .
T h i s theory also explains the fact t h a t . . .
. .. T h i s
( = ). . . T h i s
result e x p l a i n s . . .
(-).
. .. No attempt
,
. . . Unfortunately, we can offer no explanation for...
? How is this to be
explained?

. We should always
have some reason for using a particular model.
...
,
. . . T h e most likely explanation is t h a t . . .
, ...
, . . .
T h e explanation lies in the fact t h a t . . .

, . . . One could try to explain this
effect by assuming t h a t . . .
, . . .
These arguments are, however, incorrect because...
, . . . We can
explain this fact b y . . .
,
. . . One plausible explanation is t h a t . . .
, ... We have
already explained what is meant b y . . .

,
. . . T h i s was most simply explained by the
supposition t h a t . . .
,
clearly b y . . .

examples.
,
()
. 5. T h e reason for this may be explained with
reference to Figure 5.

J11. T h e reason for the discrepancy was
explained by Smith [1].
(), ^ . . .
A simple analogy may explain h o w . . .
... T h i s error is
accounted for...
, . . . It has been argued earlier
that. ..
. . . T h i s
discrepancy is accounted for by the difference i n . . .
(
..)... T h i s behavior cannot be explained b y . . .
...,
. We must develop a hypothesis in order
to e x p l a i n . . .
,
, . . . explain the above result,
we could suppose t h a t . . .
, . . .
account for this strange behavior, w e . . .
...
We attribute this phenomenon to the formation of...
3.
, . . . T h i s is partly
because...

... A very great range of phenomena is
explained b y . . .
clarified below.
explain this phenomenon, w e . . .

use of...
. ..
T h i s hypothesis leaves unexplained (or fails to explain)
the mechanism of...
, . . . T h i s
growth is explained by the fact t h a t . . .
... T h i s theory
may also account f o r . . .
,
... T h i s point will be clarified
by examples when we study the method of...
. .. .
These particular efforts fail to e x p l a i n . . .
, ...
facts can be explained i f . . .
These
(-). These
effects can be accounted for b y . . .
(-). It does not
explain the existence of...
. .. T h i s explains the
predominance of...
. .. It also Explains the
behavior of...
( = , .
) be explained, be clarified, be
accounted for by, be due to, result from, be
attributed, be explicable on the basis of, be caused
by, be explained by, be brought about by, result
from
, . . .
Perhaps this is best explained b y . . .
(-). T h i s apparent
anomaly is explained b y . . .
common, ordinary
,
( = ) , . . . T h i s can be avoided through
the common sense view t h a t . . .
usually, commonly, generally, ordinarily

. . .
There are two commonly used methods for.. .
, (), . . . As usual, it is
sufficient that. ..
, . . . I n the usual manner, we.. .
, , . . . A s usual, it is
. . . It is usually more
convenient to work w i t h . . .
... It is usually more
( = ). ..
It is usually possible to choose. ..
( = ), . . . One
usually finds t h a t . . .
. . . Customarily, w e . . . ; Ordinarily, w e . . . ;
Normally, w e . . .
155
, . . . It is generally believed t h a t . . .
,
... It is usually possible to do this, although in
some c a s e s . . .
problem.
. T h i s is usually a
difficult operation.
()
settle for...
...
In experimental work it is usual t o . . .
, (
..)... It is, therefore, seldom worthwhile t o . . .
. . . , . .. It is usually
advantageous t o . . .
. . . These
requirements are usually related t o . . .
. T h i s was highly
abnormal.
, ,
... T h e phenomenon commonly occurs, for
usual, normal, regular, ordinary,

standard, routine, conventional, common,
customary

. .. It is more usual to express the solution in
terms of...
( = ) , ,
. . . I n a typical case, for example, one m i g h t . . .
.
,
. . . T h e reader will see
how ordinary calculus can be applied t o . . .
( = )
. T h i s may be proved in the standard way.
( = ) . . .
These are the usual definitions for...
( = ) . T h i s
is a common occurrence.
( , ) must, have to
.
,
(, ..)... We must therefore
study solutions t o . . .
, , . . .
We must, of course, be sure that. ..
. .. We must ensure t h a t . . .
, , . . .
We should conclude, therefore, t h a t . . .
, . .. T h u s the
investigator m u s t . . .
, ...
, , . ..
understand why this is so, we m u s t . . .
. .. . . .
I am greatly indebted to Professor I . I . Ivanov for...
duty
, (
..)... It has, in fact, become customary t o . . .

students.
( = )
. Its customary interpretation is as
follows.
( = ) by all means,
surely, certainly, without fail, necessarily, i t is
imperative that, of necessity, be sure to

( ..)... For all these reasons it has
become normal practice t o . . .
,
. T h i s is not necessarily the case, as the
following example illustrates.
, . . . We make
the usual assumption t h a t . . .
, . . . It does not
necessarily follow t h a t . . .
, . . . T h e normal
situation is t h a t . . .
, . . . It is imperative,
therefore, t h a t . . .
, . . .
The usual effect is t h a t . . .
. .. It is imperative t h a t . . .
( = ) . . .
T h e usual way of obtaining these is t o . . .
, ,
( = )
(-). T h i s is obviously a more complicated problem
than the usual determination of...
... More recently, it
has become common t o . . .
. . . This is
not necessarily the case for...
,
... T h i s is not necessarily an advantage, s i n c e . . .
( = , ,
) restriction, limitation, restraint, constraint

convenience.
156

( = ), . . . T h i s limitation
corresponds to the fact t h a t . . .

. . . It is often convenient to impose
. T h i s
restriction is much too severe.
, ...
... T h i s
limitation is crucial i n . . .
(-). T h i s is
a severe restriction on the usefulness of...
, ,
() . . . T h i s
places a restriction o n . . .
...
Here there is restriction
on ,
because...
, ,
, .


( = ) . . . T h i s does
not impose any fundamental restrictions o n . . .
...
T h i s limitation is forced on us b y . . .
/ . . .
> . .. There
is, however, an important limitation i n . . .
. T h i s restriction is
easily removed.
. There are,
however, some limitations.

( ..). T h i s limitation does not
concern us.
,
, . . . There is

... For this reason we impose the
restriction...

required.
f(x)
. I n certain cases the restriction
f(x) 0 can be omitted.
, ... Under this
restriction, we c a n . . .
() (-).
T h i s demonstrates an important limitation of...
bounded, limited, restricted,

confined
,
... A still more restricted case is that in
which...
, ( -).

. .. There is only limited
information available a b o u t . . .
( -). T h i s process is not

. T h e following theorem gives a limitation on
the number of the solutions.
( = , .
) bound, restrict, limit, confine,
constrain

( = ) . . . Again we must make a stipulation
regarding...

( ..)... Instead we shall limit the
discussion t o . . .

...
A corresponding limitation on the number of negative
roots can be obtained b y . . .
, ,
(-). Further discussion will therefore
be confined t o . . .
()
fix). We shall now consider a
procedure for removing these restrictions on f(x).
( = ) ,
. . . We must now remove the restriction t h a t . . .
, . . . We now relax
the restriction t h a t . . .
To
. .. T h e same limitation applies to the
use of...
,
... For simplicity, we start by restricting our
attention t o . . .

(-). So far we have confined our attention t o . . .
, , ...
Here we are, of course, restricting attention t o . . .
... We may
restrict our attention t o . . .
(
..)... We shall confine the investigation t o . . .
157
(
..)... We limit our study t o . . .
...
We shall restrict our considerations to the case of...
... We need
not restrict this notion t o . . .
,
... From now on, we restrict our
attention t o . . .
, ...
We restrict the discussion to the case o f . . . ; We shall
restrict our consideration to the specific type of...

. T h e above assumptions
are somewhat restrictive.
* , X,
restrictive.

... Between these two rather
S V. T h e surface S
encloses a volume V.
,
attention t o . . .

... T h i s essentially limits the
usefulness of...
( ) restrict
oneself (to), be restricted (to)
(-).
In this chapter we shall restrict consideration t o . . .

( = ). .. We content ourselves, instead,
with...
* . .. For
simplicity we shall confine ourselves to the case of...
, ,
... We therefore confine ourselves to the most
important case, which i s . . .
...
For this and other reasons, we limit ourselves t o . . .
* (-).
T h e foregoing analysis is not restricted t o . . .
* , . ..
It is therefore sufficient to confine our attention t o . . .
. .. T h e level of
mathematics is limited t o . . .
(
..)... T h e discussion is confined t o . . .
restrictive, limiting, limitative

. . . A great deal of development work has gone
i n t o . . . ; A great deal of development effort has been
expended o n . . .
*
. . . A vast amount of technical data is
supplied b y . . .
< ...
effort has been devoted t o . . .
A great deal of

( = ) , . . . B u t there is a great
deal of evidence t h a t . . .
. . . These have
extensive applications i n . . .
, ,
... It would obviously be a great advantage i f . . .

that...
one, some, certain, alone, a single, a
* , (
..)... Further, there cannot be more than o n e . . .

* ,
that...
*
(-). We have used here a special case of...
( = )
, . . . One interpretation of this
problem is t h a t . . .
. . . , .
We restrict ourselves to a simple example in order t o . . .
* , ,
(). .. T h i s conclusion is obviously not
vast, immense
. T h i s rule is
of major importance.

. .. One way of satisfying these conditions
is t o . . .
( ..)...
One such solution is given b y . . .
* ()
*
. .. One of the main goals of the
*
[1]. For a proof
under less restrictive conditions, see Smith [1].
*
(, ..)... We now introduce
one of the most important...


successively.
... T h i s is a further
example of...
. It is the same thing.
equally, uniformly, identically

/ . . . T h e argument can be applied equally
well t o . . .

applied t o . . .

. . . T h e argument can be applied equally
well t o . . .
. .. T h e only way we can satisfy both

requirements simultaneously is t o . . .
,
.
also sufficient.

, . Prof. Smith's

(2.2), (2.3) (2.10). T h e points are obtained
by solving E q s . (2.2), (2.3) simultaneously with (2.10).
( = ) ,
. . . At the same time it must be remembered that. ..
( = ) , . . . It is
equally clear t h a t . . .

. A s A arrives at ,
begins to move.
( = ) but, however, still, nevertheless,

yet, except that
uniquely, identically

knowledge of...
,

. It is, however,
worthwhile to illustrate the technique by the following
example.
x (
..)... T h e element is uniquely determined b y . . .
, ,
... T h i s is not as straightforward as it may seem,
since...
, . . . We wish to show,
however, that. ..
( = , ) approve
, . . .
We cannot be sure, however, t h a t . . .
( = )
, . . . Most physicists accept the notion t h a t . . .
()
settle f o r . . .
( =
)? Do you agree with this
assertion?
, . . . It should not be
forgotten, however, t h a t . . .
( = ) ,
. . . Many physicists accept the notion t h a t . . .
, . . . One
( = )
. We have decided to adopt a simpler
strategy.
, . . . However, it should be
said t h a t . . .
,
... B u t this is merely a matter of convenience, and is
not...
,
... , . . . T h e answer may
appear to be obvious since
It will turn out, however,
that...
simultaneously
M N
. and N are never both zero together.

. I n general, these conditions cannot be
simultaneously satisfied.
,
,

(=) . T h e novice
user may wish to accept the default settings.
, ,
( = , ) . . . Most
mathematicians seem to agree that. ..
,
. .. T h e key point to recognize is t h a t . . .
( = ),
. . . T h i s procedure was adopted because...
acceptable because. ..
expected, desired
(,
..)... T h i s is consistent with the expectation
that. ..
159
,
, , . . . T h i s result is more or
less to be expected, however, from the fact t h a t . . .
,
to be expected from the fact t h a t . . .
( = ) expect, wait (for), anticipate,

look forward to
. . . , . . . . , which was to be
expected.
,
, ... Furthermore, the same general
behavior is to be expected w h e n . . .
, . . . I n general it
should be anticipated t h a t . . .
...
In the general case, we cannot reasonably e x p e c t . . .
...
first approximation we should e x p e c t . . .
10 .
T h e proposal was due by December 10.
we would expect. ..
, . . . It is naturally to be
, . . .
,
. . . O n physical grounds we might expect t h a t . . .
,... A s one should expect. ..
,... A s one might
expect; A s one would expect, A s might be expected
f r o m . . . ; As might be hoped for. ..
,

. . . We can expect dramatic improvements
in...

, . . . We had not anticipated that. ..
, . . . It is anticipated t h a t . . . ; It is
,
expect...
, . . . For
this reason we should expect. ..
, , . . .

expect...
,
. T h e latter result differs considerably
from what we expected.
. .. A t first
,
, , . . . Therefore it
may be expected t h a t . . .
, , . . . We may
anticipate, therefore, t h a t . . .
, , . . . It is thus
reasonable to expect t h a t . . .
, . . . It is to be expected t h a t . . .
, . . . One may then expect
that...

, , . . . Although
no extensive experiments have been carried out, we expect
that...

, . . . Physically, this could be
expected because...
, ,
. . . T h i s result was to be expected from the fact
that...
be expected, lie ahead

, . . . Normally,
it would be expected t h a t . . .
He , . . . There is no expectation t h a t . . .
, . . . It is to be
expected theoretically t h a t . . .
( = )
. We expect to publish our
work within two years.
preoccupation, concern
( = ),
... We have already seen that we
cannot, in general, e x p e c t . . .
headed
He , . . . It is not
altogether unreasonable to expect t h a t . . .
( = ) , . . . It is to be
...
" . . . " T h e book is
(en)titled "Introduction t o . . . "
,
160
G . T h e first
column of the table is headed G .
( = ) mean, denote, signify,

stand for, imply
, ,
, . . . T h i s has to be made
, |,,
that...
, , . . .
, , . . . T h i s means, of course,
that...
, ... We must
understand clearly what is meant b y . . .
, . . . I n practice, this
means t h a t . . .
, . . .
T h i s result means, in effect, t h a t . . .
( = ), . . . B u t
this also means t h a t . . .
, , . . . T h i s clearly means
that...
. , . . . P u t in
another way, this means t h a t . . . ; P u t the other way
around, this means t h a t . . .
, ,
. .. T h i s implies that we understand what
is meant b y . . .
, . . . Physically (speaking),
this means t h a t . . .
,
... T h i s means that for all practical purposes
one c a n . . .
, ...
that we can w r i t e . . .
T h i s means

... It may be necessary in some
cases t o . . .
, . . . It turns out t h a t . . .
, ( . . . ) ,
. Note that ( . . . ) implies that m exists.
t u r n out to be, prove to be, appear

to be
, ,
. ..
In fact, there are other circumstances where it may be

discussion of...
, . . .
It appears safe for us to conclude t h a t . . .

. T h e following
,
,
apply regardless of whether...

,
appear to be obvious s i n c e . . . . I t will turn out, however,
that...
final, definitive, terminal, best

possible, ultimate, eventual


... I n the final a n a l y s i s , . . .
, ... T h i s means that it is

neighborhood, vicinity
, ... T h i s means that it is

not possible t o . . .
, ,
. , . . .
T h i s is a very important result. It means t h a t . . .
risk, hazard, danger
, . . .
T h i s last equation simply means t h a t . . .
, . . .
T h i s is often the case in practice and means t h a t . . .
( = ) render, show
. . . .
T h e measurements were unaffected by changes i n . . .
( ) prove to be, turn out

to be, be found, happen, turn out, appear, occur,
prove
, . . . There is always a
danger that. ..

... T h e main danger in
extrapolation lies in a failure to recognize...
,
. .. Nevertheless, there are many dangers
in the use of...
procedure, step, transaction

, ...
Performing the operations indicated we h a v e . . .
161
( = ) rely on, use, be based

on, rest on, lean against, bear up against, lean
upon
,
2. T h i s
bears on Problem 2.
... T h i s book
. . .
We are going to rely on the reader's experience w i t h . . .
circumscribed, described, discussed
description, account, picture,

classification
( )... A more
()... A more
accurate description is obtained b y . . .
... L e t us begin
with a brief description of...

method described above we show that. ..

. T h e model has been detailed in a recent
publication.
...
T h i s phenomenon can be described in terms of...
. .. T h i s chapter
, . 2,
. T h e idea of estimation which is described
in C h . 2 gives a partial answer to this problem
... T h i s
condition serves as a description of...
, . . .
(-).
we give a simplified description of...

used to construct. ..
( = ..)
... Sketches of these
patterns are also of interest.
...
( = ). . . . . .
A brief account of... is given i n . . .
.
T h i s can be depicted by the following equations.
... O u r
main purpose is to given an exposition of...
described, describable

to describe systematic methods f o r . . .
...
T h e following is a brief account of...
, . . .
T h e described diagram shows...
,
(10)(11). We now investigate the motion
[1].
( = , .
) describe, circumscribe, report,
outline, present, write; circumscribe
.
[1]. For a fuller treatment of this subject, see
Nyquist [1].
() ,
() . .. It is convenient to have a
shorthand notation which will succinctly describe...
, ,
... L e t us now
describe the general character of...

[1]. A detailed description of the methodology
may be found in Smith [1].

. .. T h i s paper
describes the results of...
...
we describe some early examples of...
... We outline the method
(for...)

the principle of...
( =
). A method for estimating this will
be given shortly.

( = )... Examples will be found in standard
accounts of...
, ,
not, in general, suitable for...
... O u r
next task is to describe. ..
.
We have covered this event in C h . 2.
162

... O u r first results deal with the relations
between...

.. Such cases can be covered by the
general equation...

. T h e situation is best described in
spherical coordinates.
describing
, ,
. Dirichlet's problem,
describing the oscillations, is considered in detail.
[1| ,
... Smith [1] describes a simple test
whereby...
(= ) justify, warrant
. . . - We first
grvi; a procedure- ...
... T h i s
circumstance justifies the application o f . . .
... T h e paper is concerned w i t h . . . ;

T h e article deals w i t h . . . ; T h e paper presents . .
( = ) be justified
. T h i s idea worked.
. O u r expectations were
realized.
6oj|ee
familiar...
definition, determination,
examination, identification, computation
( = )
. . . We now describe a general technique for...
() ,

... We proceed now to describe a very general
procedure f o r . . .
. L e t us recall some
definitions.
(2) ... Equation (2)

governs the motion of...
,
. . . L e t us begin by defining more
... ^T h e purpose of this book is to describe...
. A more
precise definition is as follows.

... These results can easily be described in
terms o f . . .
, ...
T h i s definition is applicable even w h e n . . .
... ^ T h i s
phenomenon can be understood in terms o f . . .

[1]. T h e tnethod has

been described by Smith [1].
, . . . It is evident from
the definition t h a t . . .
... T h i s report
, . . . I t is plain from the

definition t h a t . . .
describes a new method o f . . .
( = ) be described, be
characterized, be circumscribed, make a writing
error
/, . . . It is
clear from these definitions t h a t . . .
...
F G, ,
and G, to show t h a t . . .

... T h i s paper presents our
latest findings in the area o f . . .
. . . It is
... T h i s
chapter will describe two approaches t o . . .
, ,
. . . We can express the definition informally by
saying t h a t . . .
. A better approach
is as follows.
, , ,..
.
methods are described below.
Two such

... Such processes can most conveniently be
described in terms of...

()... T h e reflected wave is given b y . . .
,
determining whether...
. ( =
.) We need a definition.

. . . There is no systematic way of
determining...
, ,
, ... Strictly speaking,

.
T h e determination of the constants will be given in
Appendix.
, . . . T h i s
definition does not imply t h a t . . .
... . . . L e t us
contrast the definitions of... a n d . . .

. T h i s definition is unsatisfactory for several
reasons.
, ,
... I t is difficult if

. T h i s definition is based on the following
considerations.
( ..),
. We need
one more definition before proceeding w i t h . . .
, ... T h i s is
useful definition because...

... T h e above definitions are
, F , . . .
O n the other hand, it follows from the definition of F
that...
,
. T h e following theorem shows
how this notion can be made precise.

.
Examples will bring out the significance
of this definition.


to determine...

...
There are various ways of defining...

. .. We now derive a simple rule for
determining...
( = )...
T h i s gives a means of defining...

identifying the early stages o f . . .
definitely, for certain

, . . . It is, however, certain
that...
( ..)
, . . . T h i s
agreement is a strong confirmation of the hypothesis
that...
definiteness, determination
, . . .
be specific let us assume t h a t . . .
, . . . For
definiteness we shall suppose t h a t . . .
(1.3) ...
be specific problem (1.3) is considered...
definite, specific, defined, given,

well-defined, determinate, determined, certain,
presented

[1]. More definite results have been formulated
by Smith [1].
.
We are now ready for a basic definition.

. . . I n certain circumstances it is necessary
to look a t . . .

( ..)...
We have now assembled
the main definitions and results of...
,
possible t o . . .
, ,
course, in its usefulness.
... () .
. . . can be identified by inspection.

D/Dt. T h i s follows at once from the
meaning of the operator D/Dt.
( = )... T h i s
completes the determination of...
, ... T h i s is
not a particularly useful definition, s i n c e . . .
. It is an immediate
consequence of the definition.
( = ) . . .
These are the usual definitions for...
.
T h e answer to this question is not known with certainty.
,
... Nevertheless there
are certain features that are common to all types o f . . .
,
( ..)...
Now introduce a quantity
defined b y . . .
(= ) define, determine,
evaluate, assign, govern, identify
""
: 1)

-, -,
; 2) - to locate, to
allocate.
,
. . Alternatively, it may be required to
determine. ..
. ..
In a more extended sense we may define...
( = ). ..
Likewise, we define...
, ...
, ,
able to determine whether. ..
... It is equally
,
... T h e following propositions are
often used to determine...
,
. .. I n the following examples we use
this method to determine. ..

, ... T h e next important task is to
try to determine w h y . . .

. .. I n accordance with this result, we may
identify...
,
... We need first to define what is meant b y . . .

. .. I n electromagnetics it is conventional to
define...
( = ). ..
For this case we may define...
...
Geometrically, these equations define...
. .. Accordingly
we now define...
, ,
. . . I t is essential that we determine whether. ..
( = )
... We now define several o t h e r . . .
( = )... T h i s will
enable us to identify...
. .. For convenience we
define. ..
be defined, be determined, be
specified, be governed
,
. .. O u r problem is then to determine...
. .. A is defined by the
formula...
,
. .. We wish to use this test system
to determine...
(-).
However, the variation of P is dominated b y . . .
,
define. ..
,
( = ). .. We can use this result to
define...
( = )
( (5) ..)... We can determine
according t o . . .

( = )... We can never determine e x a c t l y . . .
( =
). .. O n this basis, we define...
,
. .. We need one more condition to
determine...
... We need to
F :...
We define F as follows.
,
. .. T h e main problem is to determine...
... We can,
in a similar way, define...
g(t)
. L e t g(t), a scalar function, be
defined as follows...
(-).
The success of this attack will be determined b y . . .

(-). T h e numerical factor a is determined
mainly b y . . .
,
. T h i s is possible by the way in which x
is defined.
defining, determining
(1) ,
... Equation (1) may be regarded as
defining...
published, reported, issued

. . A l l the published reports point to the
presence of...

. . . There is not much information
published o n . . .
40
publish
165

. We expect to publish our work within two
years.
( = ) omit, lower, drop

... I n what
follows we shall usually omit..
(-)
have been omitted from the above discussion of...
. .. For the sake of brevity,
we o m i t . . .

. . . For convenience we shall drop the
notational distinction between...

theorem.
,
... W i t h sufficient experience, the user should
be able t o . . .
, . . . O u r
, . . .
Experience leads us to conclude t h a t . . . ;
. . . It takes experience t o . . .
, . . . T h e author's experience
suggests t h a t . . .
, . . . O u r experience tells us
that...
, . . . Historical
, . . . Experiment shows t h a t . . .
, . . . Experience teaches us t h a t . . .
.
, ,...
T h e experiments performed on animals a r e . . .
,
, . . . We therefore omit it entirely except to
note t h a t . . .

. . . Prof. Smith was a skilled
researcher who had many years of experience w i t h . . .
f(x)
[1] . . .
Smith [1] had many years of experience dealing w i t h . . .

. .. For reasons of space we omit the
proof o f . . . ; We omit the proof in order to save space.
attempt, trial, experiment, experience, r u n ,

practice
the author's experience t h a t . . .
, . . . Having carried out
the test successfully, w e . . .
. T h i s
formula is in good agreement with the experiment.

. . . His career to date has included experience
in...
experience t h a t . . .
, . . . It is clear
from experience within the industry that. ..
experimental, empirical, trial, practiced,

under test

, . .. Experienced investigators have
,
. . . T h e seasoned experimenter might
wonder whether...
( = ) organize
... Many
states have instituted studies of...
, ... put together
team to make an analysis of...
original, unique, unconventional,

ingenious
.
T h e method of proof is quite ingenious.
,
orientation
, . . . We learn
from common experience t h a t , . .
. .. For the
orientation shown, we h a v e . . .
, . . . From
personal experience, I can say t h a t . . .
tool, instrument, device
. .. Everyday
experience suggests t h a t . . .

(-). One such tool is the classical theory of...

( ..). It will be an essential
tool in our treatment of...
^,
... We are going to rely on the reader's
experience w i t h . . .
. .. It is an
, , ... W i t h
practice the student will learn t o . . .
renew, regenerate, refresh
indispensable tool in the study o f . . .
166

. Fc>r this
edition the original figures have been brought up to date.
illuminate, throw light (on), illustrate

addressed/elucidated in the literature,
illumination, lighting, elucidation

(-). T h i s
analysis sheds new hgnt o n . . .
( = ) loosen, relax, weaken

. .. We now relax the
restriction t h a t . . .
be weakened, relax
,
... T h i s discrepancy is essentially removed
when...
( = ) relax
1970 . ^~ Interest in
this waned in the late 1970s,
be complicated
,
that...
base, basis, foundation, ground,

groundwork
,
. . . T h i s apparently provides a suitable basis for...

determining...
, , . . . .
,
. . . T h i s theorem, as we shall see, is the
basis o f . . .
...
() ,
... T h i s fact is
the foundation on which we b u i l d . . .

... O n the basis of these results, let us now
estimate...
. .. O n thi basis, we
define...

the applications that follow.
. . . T h e limit
is the basis for all calculus problems.

for...
,
underlying these statements is that of...
,
( = ) . . . However, the
methods we have developed provide a basis for...
...
T h e theoretical basis for this i s . . .
(4)
. .. Equation (4) is often used as a basis for
... These
equations form the basis of the theory of...
.
T h i s provides a sound basis for development.
( = ) base, reason, basis,

foundation, ground, motive
. . .
mathematics.

. . . I n this chapter we lay the theoretical
foundations for...
. ..
In the general case, we cannot reasonably e x p e c t . . .
,
. . . There appears to be little reason to doubt
that...

. There are many reasons for our study of A.
, . . . There is good
reason to believe t h a t . . .
, ...
There is some evidence to suggest t h a t . . .
, . . . We can
safely assume t h a t . . . ; We have every reason to believe
that...
, . . . There are reasons
to think t h a t . . .
, . . . There is
reason to hope t h a t . . .
..
, . . . There is reason
to believe t h a t . . . ; It is reasonable to suppose t h a t . . . ;
,
.
Few prerequisites are needed apart from basic algebra and
trigonometry.
, ( = ),
. .. . . . There is, of course, no
reason why we should not combine... w i t h . . .
167
,
. . . One can reasonably suggest t h a t . . .
( = )...
In essence we follow the procedure of...
... T h i s fact
is the foundation on which we b u i l d . . .
/.
used i n . . .

, . . . established, on several physical
grounds, that. ..
, ...
. . . There is
no logical reason for...
, . . . There is no
reason to suppose t h a t . . .
, . . . There is no reason to
. . .
It is principally
(-). We are
concerned, for the most part, w i t h . . .
... There are
basically two types of...
(-). T h i s is essentially
a generalization of...
(-).
a matter of...
T h i s is essentially
,
. . . T h e basis of the argument is t h a t . . .
/
. I n Chapter 3 we shall
meet another generalization of the same basic idea.
-, , . . .
It seems reasonable to say that. ..
...
, , . . . It is
therefore justifiable t o . . .

, ,
, . . . T h u s , we have good grounds for saying
that. ..
,
. . . However, the methods we have developed
provide a basis for...
... ,
. .. T h e question of... is still largely unanswered,
although...
, ...
T h e calculations are essentially the same a s . . .
, . . . We have
good reason to believe t h a t . . .
, , ... Here we are

mainly interested i n . . .
.
,
,
,
( ..)... T h i s is the fundamental idea
behind...
established, based on
. . .

. T h e two theories have their bases in
experimental evidence.
, . . .
The test rests on the assumption t h a t . . .

considerations.
( = , ,
) basic, basis, fundamental,
principal, main, key, primary, essential, general,
major, dominant, chief
, ,
, . . . T h i s has to be made
( ..).
There are two major types o f . . .
, ( ) . . .
There seem to be two principle causes for...
,
. .. T h e meteorologist, on the other hand,
thinks mainly in terms of...
. O u r
main result is the following.
, . . . O u r
main result will be t h a t . . .


more useful to think of...
,
. .. T h e main problem is to determine...
( = ) ,
. . . , ...
T h e essential feature required of... is t h a t . . .
168
^
that...
, . . .
-fo, . . .
T h e main idea of this section is t h a t . . .
... T h e main

. . . T h e main emphasis in this section will
be o n . . .

assumption.

. . . T h e theory could accordingly be
based o n . . .

fundamentally on our assumption that. ..
. . .
T h e approximation is based o n . . .
, . . . T h i s
method is based on the principle t h a t . . .
...
T h e principal aim of the present book is t o . . .
-
be based, be based on
Our
() , <-
T h e fundamental point is t h a t . . .
, . . . T h e main
point is t h a t . . .
3 .
Example 3 illustrates the general principle that. ..
-
There are several basic reasons for...
,
... There are three major criteria
governing...
.
There are three principal ways in which this can be done.
, ...
T h u s , it is important to understand the basic
properties of...
,
:... T h e following key results are therefore
obtained:...
,
, -
T h e elegant proof we give is essentially due to Hilbert

. 1. T h e two main possibilities are illustrated in
Figure 1.
, . . . T h i s is done,
essentially, because...
. . . T h i s
result is broadly consistent w i t h . . .
basic, fundamental, initial

. . . T h e techniques most widely used
are based o n . . .
... . . . O u r
present-day understanding of... is based o n . . .
(3),
. , . . .
T h e original . Feferman strategy for proving (3) is
based o n . . .
, [1],
. . . T h e first analysis, by Smith [1], was
based o n . . .
,
. . . T h e discussion is therefore
based o n . . .
[1] ,
. . . Smith [1] recommends that the
analysis be based o n . . .
. . . T h i s
equivalence is based o n . . .
, . . .
T h e proof is based on the fact t h a t . . .
[1].
T h i s discussion is based on that given by Kelvin [1].
, . . .
T h i s solution is based on the assumption t h a t . . .
[1],
... T h i s method is based on the work of
Smith [1], w h o . . .
basing on ( = grounding on)

,
, . . . Based on these examples, one
might conjecture t h a t . . .

. . . There is really nothing basic or
fundamental a b o u t . . .
,
expect. ..
( = ) base, found, lay the

foundation, establish, set up
particularly, especially, specifically,

notably

. . . I n doing, this, we base our work o n . . .
. .. It will be of
, . . .
T h i s solution is based on the assumption that-
... I n this case it is

particularly easy t o . . .
169
, . ..
... I n particular, I am
indebted t o . . .
,
... Care must be taken here, particularly i f . . .

. . . I n this section we shall
, ... T h i s is
,
(-). We are
specifically interested i n . . .
(-).
We are particularly interested in the location of...
,
... Special care must be used t o . . .

. One application of this principle is
especially important.
, . . . Particularly
striking i s . . .
... It is particularly important t o . . .
0 , . . . It should be
noted especially t h a t . . .
, . . . It is of
particular interest to note t h a t . . .
, . . . O f special
note i s . . .
...
T h e above result is particularly useful for problems
involving...
, . . . It is worthy of
special emphasis t h a t . . .
( = ) , . . .
W h a t is sought, specifically, i s . . .
. .. T h e problem

. .. T h i s information is particularly
, ... T h i s process
is particularly simple w h e n . . .
. ..
particularly useful for representing. ..
- It is
, ... T h i s is especially
true w h e n . . .
, ... T h i s feature
is particularly useful w h e n . . .
( = ) , ... T h i s
is particularly the case w h e n . . .
. Two
,
..). There are various
possibilities depending on the nature of...
. Three features can
be noted.

. .. A distinguishing feature of the book i s . . .
,
. .. Nevertheless there
are certain features that are common to all types of...
, . .. T h i s is
especially true w h e n . . .
singular, particular, special, specific

( = )
... - T h e reader must observe carefully t h a t . . .
( = ) separately, particularly,
explicitly, especially
noted especially t h a t . . .
, ... T h i s is
not a particularly useful definition, since..
singular, particular, peculiar, critical,

distinctive; extra
, . . .
In particular cases it may happen that. ..
,
( = ) , ...
T h e critical case is that in w h i c h . . .

( = )
. I n special cases, however,
this difficulty may be circumvented.
... Special attention
. .. Special
consideration must be given t o . . .
. .. O f particular
value i s . . . ; O f special interest i s . . .
, , ,
/. ..
. .. T h i s effect
is particularly marked n e a r . . .
( = ) realize, perceive,
become cognizant of
singularity, peculiarity, exception,

characteristic, (special) feature
. .. It is now possible
to see the significance of...

(-). T h i s
helps us to realize the importance of...
, . . . It remains
to examine w h e t h e r . . . ; It remains to verify t h a t . . .
be contested
. . . It remains to take
, . . . Its role
was much disputed u n t i l . . .
, ...
T h i s has been contested by some writers, b u t . . .
. T h i s method is open
to argument.
( ) remain, be left, leave

over
. . .
, . . . T h e question of... is still largely
unanswered, although...
, . . . A l l that remains
is to show t h a t . . .

, ... I t remains
now to deal with the case w h e n . . .
, . . . It remains to
consider the fact t h a t . . .
... It only remains to
compute...
, . . . It remains
to be seen whether...
,
. It remains to be seen whether this
procedure is viable.
- ,
. . . T h e problem still remains of how to
deal w i t h . . .
, ...
.
T h e previous equations still stand; T h e previous equations
remain valid.
, ...
T h e result remains true i f . . .
, , . . . Hence we have only to prove t h a t . . .
... It remains to be seen

whether...
, , . . . It therefore
suffices to show t h a t . . .
.
Much remains to be done in this area.
F(x) X, ,
. . . W h e n F(x) remains bounded on X we say
that...
, . . . It remains for us to
show t h a t . . . ; It remains to be shown t h a t . . . ; We need
only to show t h a t . . .
,
. . . O u r analysis remains valid u n t i l . . .

. O u r research efforts often go
unrewarded.
. Two
difficulties remain, however.
. . . It remains to
be seen w h e t h e r . . .
. . . It remains to be
investigated...
, . . .
... this end it is only
necessary t o . . .
,
mentioned.
.
Many other questions remain to be answered.
, . .. We are accordingly
left w i t h . . .
. T h e conditions remain
the same.
,
demonstrate that. ..
, ,
( = ) leave

, . . . It is left as an exercise for the
reader to show t h a t . . .
( ..)
. T h e details are left to the reader.
(-). ..
We leave it as a problem to show t h a t . . .

. We leave it as an exercise for
the reader to check the formula.

. We leave the converse proof to the
reader.

. We leave verification of this assertion to
the reader.
, . . . It is
left for the reader to verify t h a t . . .
leaving
171
,
,... Apart from the exceptional cases
mentioned above,...
, . . . Leaving
these singular cases aside, w e . . .
,
question whether...
,
. .. Leaving such points for the
moment, we proceed t o . . .
, , . ..
Leaving this case out of consideration, it follows t h a t . . .
( = ) remaining, residual,
the rest (of), remainder, other



. .. For the remainder of this section we will
be interested i n . . .
. .. For the
remainder of the proof we w r i t e . . .

. T h e remainder of the proof is left to the
reader.
...
We devote the rest of this section t o . . .
,
... Transforming the remaining terms in a
similar manner, we o b t a i n . . .
( = , ) the
other, the rest, remaining
. .. T h e rest of

similarly.
, ... T h i s
process may be terminated i f . . .
( = ) stop, discontinue,
shut down
, ( = )
, . .. There is, of course,
nothing to prevent us from imagining...
. T h e machine was shut
down.
is cautious
,
(, ) . . . Note that we still must be
cautious a b o u t . . .
care, caution
, ,
... Observers should,
naturally, take great care t o . . .


. T h e process of insertion must be
carried out with great care.
cautious, careful, delicate,

conservative
, , . . .
Care must be taken when assuming t h a t . . .

. T h i s is a conservative
estimate.
( = ) realize, effect,
bring about, carry out, put into practice, achieve,
complete, arrange
.
T h e molecules engage in Brownian motion.
,
, . . . carry out this program, we
must assume t h a t . . .
be realized, be effected, come

about, be performed, put into effect, be underway,
be carried out, occur
, . . .
A special situation results if w e . . .
, .
T h i s seems to have escaped the notice of other physicists.
N > 2
. .. T h e extension to N > 2 dimensions

answer (for, to), reply, response
will be effected b y . . .
...
In order to satisfy the remaining inequalities we w i l l . . .

questions.
( = , ) stop,
discontinue, shut, check, shut down, arrest, bring
to a stop
. . .
, ... T h e question of... is still largely
unanswered, although. ..
to start up or shut down
, . . ,
, ( =
) . .. I n other words,
there is nothing to prevent us from u s i n g . . .
.
again the answer is yes.
172
...
E a c h of us must determine the answer for himself...
. .. It is useful
to digress here and consider...
.
We cannot give a complete answer here.
separately, apart, singly, i n its own right
. T h e answer to this question is not known with certainty.

( = )... One answer to this question lies
in the concept of...
. . . T h e answer reside^ in the fact
that...
. .. T h e answer
to this question is provided b y . . .
. T h e answer is simple.
. T h e answer is no.

( = ). T h e answer is in the ^.

leads t o . . .

. We consider these two cases separately.

... L e t us now discuss separatefy two Afferent
ranges of...
i n a separate manner
. . . It will
separate, individual, isolated, single,

self-contained

necessary t o . . .
, , , . . . T h e answer, of
course, is t h a t . . .
( = ) waive, relinquish,
refuse, avoid, deny, discard, give up, rule out
, . . . T h e Answer must
be that. ..

, ()
, . . . T h e answer must obviously be sought in
,
appear to be obvious s i n c e . . . . It will turn out, however,
that...
2
. T h e estimating theorem which ; described
in C h . 2 gives a partial answer to this problem.
s
responsibility
. . .
A l l of us share in the responsibility for...
( = ) answer, reply, respond,

correspond (to)
. . . We might answer
this by. .
,
. . . We must answer the question whether. ..
, ,
: . . . A major question to be
answered is whether. ..
, ... answer this
we s h a l l . . .
, . ..
answer
,
0 saupoc &s\uee
r
digress, look aside
( = ) postpone, put aside,

put off, single out

to Section 5.

Chapter 5.
deviation (of, from), divergence,

deflection (from), variation, error distance
,
. .. Unfortunately,
many competing mechanisms can cause small variations
in...
( = ) open, discover, uncover,

reveal, push open

, , . . .
discovery, opening, findings
. T h e discovery was met with

disbelief.
, . . .
,
, . .. T h i s discovery would
have difficult, if not impossible, before the invention of...
. ..
,
[1],... After the original discovery made by
Smith [1],...
173
...
Smith's discovery made possible a new method of...
, . . . T h e only
... A further
important discovery was t h a t . . .
. There are two

important distinctions.

. T h i s new discovery has aroused
considerable interest in the scientific community.
,
,
. . . T h i s discovery was notable for the fact t h a t . . .
. . . . . . . There is
( = ) distinguish (between), set

(them) apart, tell the difference between... a n d . . .
, . . .
T h e main difference with their work is that. ..
. .. . . . It is easily
distinguish... f r o m . . .
... . . . L e t us
...
T h i s last case should be distinguished from the case of...

,
:... Exactly the same considerations apply
here, with one important difference:...
differ, differ from, be distinguished,

be different from, be unlike, be noted for, feature

. T h e second experiment
differs from the first in several important ways.
( = ) distinctive
,
/ . . . T h i s equation is different from those arising
in. .
( = ; ,
) different, different from, distinct,
distinctive, other than, excellent, perfect
[2].
T h e method is different from the one due to Malkin [2].

. We adopt an entirely different method.

[1]. His findings were at variance with those of
Smith [1].

[1]. A different method has been
given by Jones [1].

,
( ..)... T h i s behavior is
totally different from that predicted b y . . .

[1]. O u r results barely differ from
those of Smith [1].
,

, . . .
T h e method used differs significantly in character from
that used i n . . .
. .. Prof. Smith
has distinguished himself in the field of...

. .. A distinguishing feature of the book i s . . .
(4)
... T h e result (4) may
( = ) separate off, single

out, lay aside, postpone
. . . .
A s this topic will be reviewed again in Sec. 3, we will defer
our discussion until then.

. . . It is quite otherwise
with...

week.
,
... T h i s is in marked contrast to the finite
dimensional case, w h e r e . . .
.
Dr. Smith's lecture will be delayed one week.
. . . T h i s is
considerably different f r o m . . .
( = )
(. , )
difference (from), distinction (from), contrast (to)
( = ) mark, note, mention,

notice, observe, intimate, list, point out
, ,
. . . I n contrast, we cannot always say that. ..
, . . . We remark, in
conclusion, t h a t . . .
, . . . Another
, . . . I n this connection,
we observe that. ..
174
,
connection, it should be noted t h a t . . .
I n this
, . . . I n this
connection, it is worth noting t h a t . . .
-, , . . . Secondly, ve note
that...
, ,
, . . . T h i s is perhaps the place to comment
that...
, . . . O f special
note i s . . .
( = )
. . . . . . L e t us contrast the
definitions of... a n d . . .
, . . . For later use, we
, . . . For reference, let
us note here t h a t . . .
, , . . . Furthermore, it is
important to note t h a t . . .
that...
, . . . I t i s dr some
<4 . . , &&!& , .,...

We record a fact to be used later, namely t h a t . . .
, . . . Once again it is noted t h a t . . .
, . . . Next observe t h a t . . .
( ) , . . . It may be
mentioned here t h a t . . .

. One other precaution nUght be
mentioned here.
. Other
disadvantages may be noted.
. Three features can
be noted.
.
special cases may be noticed.
Three
, . . . We should also
, . . .
note i n passing t h a t . . .
We may
( = ), . . . We have
already called attention t o . . .
...
We have noted on several occasions t h a t . . .
()... We have
cited three instances o f . . .
, . . . It is only
fair to mention t h a t . . .
, . . . It is worth
remarking at this stage t h a t . . .
( = ) .
There is a further point to be made here.
, . . . It is to be noted
, . . . It is to be noted t h a t . . .
, . . . It must be
carefully noted t h a t . . .
(1),

,
, , . . . One vital point to be
, . . .
T h e point to notice at this stage, "however, i s (PsX-
, ...
...
Another important practical point to notice is t h a t . . .
, . . . O u r first step is to notice
that...
, . . . It is instructive to note
that...
, ,
. . . Before we go further, it is worth observing
that...
, . . .
() , . . . It has been noted
previously t h a t . . .
, , ,
. . . We note for future reference t h a t . . .
, . . . For the present, we
merely note t h a t . . .
, , , . . . It is fair to remark,
however, that. . .
, . . . It is noteworthy t h a t . . . ; It is
worth pointing out t h a t . . . ; It is worth remarking t h a t . . . ;
It is worth noticing t h a t . . .
, ,
, . . . I n order to obtain this relation, we
, ,
. . . see this in greater detail, let us note t h a t . . .
4.
be remarked
, , ...
A s remarked previously, it is not recommended that. ..
() , . . . T h e point has often
been made that. . .
marked, noted, recorded,

distinguished
- ()
. . . D r . Smith was recently honored for his
contributions i n . . .
175
- . . . D r . Smith
was recognized for his contributions i n . . .
...
A relatively modern development is t h e . . .
(= ) take away, subtract
(12)
[1]. For
Smith [1].
. T h i s
analysis is time consuming.
relatively, about, w i t h respect to,

relating to, concerning, relative to, over, as regard
to, as, w i t h reference to
(
..)... I n many situations it is relatively easy t o . . .

... So far we have made no assumptions
regarding...
()
, ( = )
. Unfortunately,
very little can be said along these lines.
,
. . . There seem to have been relatively
few investigations o f . . .


... We shall not dwell upon t h e . . .
,
... We consider a relatively simple situation in
which...
... Little is
known about the role of...
...
. .. . Not
() ... Very
little is known a b o u t . . .

. ( =
.) Very little is known about these objects.


about...

( = ) . . . L e t us review some important facts
regarding...
,
( = ) ... We must keep in mind,
therefore, the possibility of...


. .. We state without proof the following
theorem concerning...

experimental data concerning...
* ... It is now
a relatively simple matter t o . . .
To . ..
T h e same things can be said a b o u t . . .
... .
. ..

( ..) . . . For
more exhaustive treatment, the reader is referred t o . . .

. . . T h i s already gives some information
about...
.
Nyquist [1].

. . . T h i s result is independent of any

[1].
For a proof under less restrictive conditions, see Smith [1].
( ..)...
It is
...
. Little has been said as to speeds
obtained i n . . .
(2)
. A few remarks
relative

. .. A numerical example will illustrate the
( = ) refer, relate, put, place,

assign
... T h e poor
performance was attributable t o . . .
be t o , be relative to, relate, concern,

be attributed

. A l l the above forces fall into this category.
176

. These properties are not pertinent to the
problem in hand.
... Other
famous conjectures include...
,
. I hope this suggestion will
receive the attention it deserves.
16
. Its basic principle dates back to 16th century.
( = ) referring,
involving, relating to, concerned with, relevant,
pertaining
, ,
[2]. A number of results referring
to this problem can be found in [2].
ratio, quotient, relation, relationship,

regard, attitude to

. .. A more satisfactory solution in this
regard is obtained b y . . .

. . . I n some respects they can be considered a s . . .

... I n this respect it is
similar t o . . .
, ...
,... I n one respect,
however,. ..
starting


( = ) reflect, repulse, repel,

map, be representative of

. . . T h i s representation more
adequately depicts the a c t u a l . . .
[2, 3) . Those topics are
reflected in [2, 3].
( = ) lag, lag behind, fall back,

delay, retard, drop
, 1930-
. T h e country has been falling behind in research
since 1930s.
absence, lack, freedom from

. .. However, the procedure may fail even in
the absence of...
lack, miss, be free of, be lacking,

be absent, be missing

. Adequate empirical support for the theory
is lacking.

, ,
. . . I n the absence of strong evidence to the contrary
we assume t h a t . . .
. No
experimental values are available.
( = ) refer to

[1]. T h e reader is referred to the classic treatise
of Smith [1].

[3]. For a precise
wording of all hypotheses and conclusions we refer to the
paper [3].
be referred
( )
book by Smith [1].
from here (on), hence, therefore

... From now o n . . . ; Henceforth. . . ;
From this point f o r w a r d . . . ; From this time onward. ..
0 , . . . It immediately
, . . . It also follows t h a t . . .
. .. From these we construct. ..
partly, i n part, partially, to some extent,

in some measure, to a degree
, ... These
problems are partially overcome i f . . .
(. , ) report,
record, account
be reflected, be mapped

presence of...
.
Heating has an affect on the system behavior.
, . . . From
published accounts, it is apparent t h a t . . .

. Those topics are reflected in some of the papers
in the collection.

... Examples will be found in standard
accounts o f . . .
deny, negate, contradict


. . . It is impossible within the scope of this
volume to give a detailed account of...
177
... T h i s report
describes a new method of...
describe, characterize, give

account of

. .. ( =
. .. ) We now give an explicit
characterization of...
( = ) envelop, contain,
involve, cover, include, embrace
( = )
, . . . T h i s curve encloses the same area
as...

... Investigation covers the fields of
mechanics,...
. T h e contour
includes the origin.
,
. It remains an open problem whether one could
improve upon this bound.
,
. . . T h e most recent and best estimate is
that obtained f r o m . . .
, . . . O u r estimates
...
... Some appreciation o f . . . can be gained
by comparing...
, . .. It is estimated t h a t . . .
()
... Estimates of the latter may be
made from measurements of...
... Estimates suggest t h a t . . .
, . . . For
the purpose of making estimates, suppose t h a t . . .

. Oceanography encompasses
the study of all aspects of the oceans.
(-).
to an evaluation of...
( = ) consider, evaluate,
estimate, bound, measure, appreciate, make an
estimate of
.
These estimates do not depend on the knowledge of the
solution in a pointwise sense.
, . . . It has been estimated t h a t . . .
...
N, ,
. . . We may estimate N by supposing t h a t . . .
... T h i s gives an estimate of...
(-).
We shall not attempt to give significance t o . . .

estimate...

, ... T h e full
meaning of this principle can be appreciated only after we
have...
,
, . . . It is
therefore important to understand and appreciate the
processes involved i n . . .
. It is difficult
to assess these effects numerically.
, . . . evaluate the
hypothesis, w e . . .
estimate, bound, evaluation, valuation,

estimation, inequality
. . .
A similar estimate be made for...
... For
more realistic assessment, it is necessary t o . . .
We turn now
. T h i s is a conservative
estimate.

contribution of...
(. , ) clearly,
evidently, apparently, obviously, i t is clear, i t
stands to reason
, . . . It will
become evident later in this chapter t h a t . . .
, . . . I n any case it is
evident t h a t . . .
clear t h a t . . .
, . . . , , .
T h i s is obviously impossible in light of the fact t h a t . . .

inspection.
, . . . It is not at all obvious
that...
, , . . .
. A method for
estimating this will be given shortly.
,
, . . . T h e proposition is
intuitively obvious from the fact t h a t . . .
...
The method can be used to estimate...
, . . . It is evident from
the definition t h a t . . .
178
1 , . . . I t is
evident from the foregoing equations t h a t . . .
, . . . I t is by no means
obvious t h a t . . . ; It is simply evident t h a t . . .
(),
. . . I n this case it is obvious from symmetry t h a t . . . ;
From symmetry it is obvious t h a t . . .
, . . . I t will be apparent
already t h a t . . .
, . . . It is apparent from
symmetry t h a t . . .
(1) , . . . Now it is
obvious from equation (1) t h a t . . .
() ,
. . . Now it is obvious from the form of the function
g(x) t h a t . . .
, , . . . Conversely, it is clear
that...
He , . . . It is not so obvious t h a t . . .
, . . . It is immediately
He , . . . It is not obvious
that...
, . . .
Physically, it is evident t h a t . . .
, (
..)... B u t it is obviously more natural t o . . .
. T h i s will
be obvious from a study of the figures.
,
( ..)... T h e method could clearly be
extended t o . . ,
immediately obvious, because...
, ... Clearly, there is no

need t o . . .
, . . . T h i s is at
once obvious from the fact t h a t . . .
, ()
, . . . T h e answer must obviously be
sought in the fact t h a t . . .
, , (-). T h i s
evidently requires a knowledge o f . . .
evident, clear, obvious, apparent,

manifest, trivial, compelling
,
( = ) (1) , ...
T h e fulfillment of (1), clearly, is possible only i f . . .
, . . . Clearly its
, ... I t is plain that we c a n . . .
, ... It is obvious
that we cannot s i m p l y . . .
, (),
. . . It is evidently unnecessary to suppose t h a t . . .
, ( ..)...
It is clearly not possible t o . . .
, ( ..)...
It is clearly not feasible t o . . .
, /... T h i s is
obvious in the case of...
, ()
. . . Obviously a similar result is true for...
,
... These results clearly hold for a n y . . .
, , . . . T h i s clearly means
that...
, , . . .
T h i s is evidently equivalent to the condition t h a t . . .
,
. It is plain, that
this step will depend upon our definition of A.
Q
-
, . . . It soon became
obvious t h a t . . .
,
(-)...
T h i s apparent
paradox disappears when we realize t h a t . . .
. . .
. Straightforward numerical
procedures can be devised for...
,
when...
,
() ,
. . . Except in certain simple cases it
will not be obvious w h e t h e r . . .
,
. . . It is evident from this equation t h a t . . .
,
. .. There is an obvious need to consider...
. . . . . . . There
is an obvious analogy between... a n d . . .
, (3)
... Solving (3) is clearly equivalent to
finding v such t h a t . . .
( ),
,
()... We conclude by making some rather
,
. . . O n the basis of this example, it is evident t h a t . . .
He ... It was not apparent

179
(), . . . It is
not obvious a priori t h a t . . .
He , . . . It is not obvious
that...
. ,
prove sufficiency.
. T h e stresses are
moderately high.
t u r n , line, queue
, , . . . We shall
first give a statement o f . . .
, . . . It is
associated primarily w i t h . . .
, .
Things are not always as obvious as this, however.
... T h i s in turn
reduces the risk of...
(-). T h i s
apparent anomaly is explained b y . . .
( = ..)
... T h i s in turn acts a s . . .

. .. T h e straightforward interpretation of this
result i s . . .
, . . .
T h i s in turn can lead t o . . .
, ...
The obvious course is to demand t h a t . . .
(1)
... A n obvious deduction from (1) is the
formula...
, ,
( = (,
)) error, mistake, tolerance, fallacy
...
The obvious way of doing this is t o . . .
,
depend o n . . .

. . .
... T h e next
obvious step is t o . . .
... T h i s
error could be reduced b y . . .
,
that...

. T h e use of such techniques will avoid
these errors.
evident now t h a t . . .
, . . .
The reader may consider it as obvious t h a t . . .
,
. .. These ideas might seem rather obvious,
but...


, . . . T h i s property is almost evident
,
... T h i s compensating effect is most obvious
when...
. T h i s procedure is quite
straightforward.
very, very much, greatly, highly, closely

, . . . It is of first importance that. ..
... It is very easy t o . . . ; It is a simple
matter t o . . .
, Q
( = ) . Nevertheless, the dependence
of P on Q is very important.

... T h e best way to minimize this
kind of error is t o . . .

. My previous assertion contains a
rather serious error/blunder.

. My previous assertion
contains a minor error.
. My
previous assertion contains an error.

. My previous assertion contains a major error.
, ... Errors are
more likely to occur w h e n . . .
, ,
. .. Let us examine the errors that can arise
when...
,
. . . Obviously no error can result from...
,
. . . It is a common error to suppose t h a t . . .
.
,
... It is a common mistake to forget t h a t . . .
180
, . . . T h i s will
not give rise to confusion because. ..
. T h e calculation was in
error.
, ...
. M y statement
was in error.
, , . . . I
committed an error when I stated t h a t . . .
, .
showed this assumption to be untrue.
, , . . . I committed
an error when I wrote t h a t . . .
, , . . .
Nevertheless, it would be wrong to think t h a t . . .
, , . . . I committed
an error when 1 said t h a t . . .
,
. . . These data may i n error because...
. I made a mistake,
be most pronounced
erroneous, mistaken, wrong
... There is a shortage of...
1
( = ) fall, drop

. Ninety percent of the storage cost is due to
tanks.
,
. . . If the temperature sinks below the critical point
then...
,
. T h u s all of the rays do not strike the
surface at an oblique angle.
, . . .
In the preceding section we mentioned t h a t . . .

. T h e following
subsection outlines some additional considerations.
...
. . .
(. , , )
section
...
In this section we illustrate the application of...

,

... I n this section we discuss some
simple properties and examples of...
. .. I n this
<> . . .

. .. We summarize in this section some of the
properties of...


... I n this section we shall

. .. For the remainder of this section we will
be interested i n . . .

. .. I n this section we establish the basic
facts about. ..
2 . . .
, . . .
, .
In the last section we discovered that. ..
,
. . . close this section it is worth noting t h a t . . .
,
... I n the preceding section we have shown

( ..)... For the purposes of this
section it is more convenient t o . . .
181
,
,... T h e problem to be considered in this
section...

, ... T h e aim of the next section
is to establish conditions which enable us t o . . .
,
. . . It is apparent from the last section that. ..
...
(1) 1 ... We have,

from equation (1) of Section 1,...
. These
,
. T h i s is not a coincidence, as we will see in
the next section.
,
. .. T h i s will be illustrated
further in the next section where we consider...
, ,
. T h i s is
paradox

1980 . [1] ,
... I n 1980, Smith [1] resolved the paradox
by suggesting t h a t . . .
, . . .
(),
. . . T h e seeming paradox is resolved by the fact
that...
...

( ..)... We conclude this section by
mentioning another...

to Section 5.
... O u r
interest in this section is in finding...

. Several worked out examples
are presented in the next section.

however, i s . . .
. ..
The main idea of this section is t h a t . . .

be o n . . .
, ,
. .. T h e points made
in this section can be illustrated b y . . .
. ..
, ,
, ... It is clear that the rules of
the previous section will enable us t o . . .
? W h a t is the
source of this paradox?
, ,
( ..)... Paradoxes such as
the one just raised are resolved b y . . .

. . . T h e solution to this paradox is to be
found i n . . .
paradoxical
. T h i s may
seem paradoxical.

, . . . T h i s may appear to be paradoxical in
view of the fact t h a t . . .
i n a parallel way, i n parallel; (it) is

parallel

... W h e n a point moves parallel to the
axis...

( = ). T h e machine carries out many
similar operations in parallel.
parameter
,
. . . We can now introduce two important
parameters associated w i t h . . .
pedantic
, ...
T h i s may seem pedantic, b u t . . .

(. ) originally,
initially
,
. . . ,
. . . . is much less
troublesome than one would at first suppose.
,

[1]. T h e method appears to have originated in
the works of Smith [1].
182
, . . . Originally it was
.
At first sight this seems hopelessly complicated.

. T h i s technique was developed originally in
physics.
,
( = ), . . . At first
sight this may seem somewhat surprising because...
original, prime, initial,

primary, elementary, primitive, starting
,
see t h a t . . .


( = ) ,
. First we will give some
preliminaries for the proof of the theorem.
( = , )
[1],
. . . First and
foremost,...
... T h e first of these
questions involves...
... T h e first to
be investigated w a s . . .
( = ) pioneer,
ground breaker, trail blazer

... T h e first of these, and the simplest, i s . . .
[1]
( = ) . Smith [1] is
considered a pioneer in this field.
, . . .
[1]
( = ) . Smith [lj is often regarded
as a pioneer in this field.
... .
T h e . . . effect is named for its discoverer.
(. ,
) first, early, pioneered
... A t first
[1] , . . . Smith [1] appears to have
been the first t o . . .

. Only the first of these two problems will
concern us here.
...
() , -,
, . . . prove the theorem, suppose
first t h a t . . .
...
first approximation we should expect. ..
first assertion.

. . . a first approximation we may
regard...
( = ) translate, transfer,
change, shift, switch over
. . . It is associated
primarily w i t h . . .
- , . .. O u r
first observation is that there is no need t o . . .
-,
thanks t o . . .
-, , . . . First, it is clear t h a t . . .
-, , . . . I n the first place, it is clear
that...
, , . . . Hilbert
was the first to prove t h a t . . .
(24),
... Using the first three conditions (24), we
find...
,
... We carry this out in several
.
T h e mapping carries into .
before, preceding, i n front of, ahead of, to,

compared to, prior to, forward of
,
, ... There are
number of precautions that should be observed before...

, ( . . ) . . . Before
...,
,
( = ). .. Before simplifying this
solution, let us e x a m i n e . . .
, ()
, ... Before taking
, , (). .. Before we
go any further, we s h a l l . . .
change

,
, . . . T h e proof is easily adapted to
show t h a t . . .
( = )
( = ) toggle, switch,
commute, reverse, flip to

. For this reason its discussion is deferred for
the next section.

, . . . We turn our attention
next to proving t h a t . . .
( = ,
) variable, argument
Q
-
. In this case the quantity Q has no
x,y,z,
. .. L e t us now introduce new variables
( = ,
) index, enumerate, number,
renumber, reindex
, . . . L e t these
quantities be renumbered so t h a t . . .
,
. A manuscript should
be numbered beginning with the title page.
( = ) rediscover

. T h e proof has been rediscovered by
many later writers.
He .
The variables are not all independent.
( = ) overestimate,
overrate, overemphasize, estimate once more
, ,
. .. We therefore introduce a new
variable r defined b y . . .
... It is
Q . . . T h e quantity Q is
closely related t o . . .
,
( ..)... Now introduce a quantity
defined b y . . .

, ( ..).
It is convenient to transform these equations to new
variables defined b y . . .
,
t. T h i s is the relation connecting x and
t.
( = , ,
) travel, migrate, shift, transfer to
, ,
depends o n . . .
( = , ,
) transfer, transport, carry over, adapt;
withstand

. These methods are easily
extended to forms in higher dimensions.

case of...
impossible to overestimate the importance of analysis of...
rewrite

,
. T h e author must rewrite Section 2 of this
paper before it can be accepted for publication.
,
.
The author should be required to revise Section 2 before
the paper is given further consideration.
( ) . ..
may be rewritten in terms of...
This
confuse
,
. .. T h e reader should be careful not to
confuse...
( = ) process,
remake, alter, revise, transform, reprocess
,
... O u r aim is to recast this in a form
which i s . . .
( = ) intersect
Q. Two
circles intersect at P and Q; Two circles meet at P and Q.

[1], . .. Our results overlap those of
Smith [1], w h o . . .
,
. We assume these hyperplanes
intersect at a unique point A .
[2] ... We will adapt

method due to Hall [2] t o . . .
( = ) revise,
reconsider, look over

2 . T h i s transformation
can be adapted to our Problem 2 in several ways.
, . . . Let
us reconsider our conclusion that. ..
be transferred
. .. Let us reconsider the

problem of...

. .. B u t let us
reconsider. ..
( = ) cease, stop
, ...
T h e method ceases to be reasonably accurate i f . . .

. Here we present two such schemes for
consideration.
. .. T h e overall
design has been strongly influenced b y . . .
, ... T h i s
. Such a plan is not

recommended.
( = )
rephrase, restate, reformulate
...
A n essential feature of the design i s . . .
,
. T h u s the
reformulation, restatement

reformulation is t h a t . . .

. T h e following result is a restatement
of Gauss's theorem.
,
, . . . carry out this program, we
must assume t h a t . . .

need for...
behavior, conduct, policy

,
, ... Furthermore, the same general
behavior is to be expected w h e n . . .
,
completely equivalent, restatement of ..
. .. Much
more typical is the behavior of...
( = )
rephrase, paraphrase, restate
... L e t us now
examine in detail the behavior o f . . .
(
). T h e argument can be restated in a
different way.

, ... T h e nature of the solution is
( = ) pass, turn, cross, get

over, change to, go into, t u r n (into)
. .. We consider the
behavior of...
...
If we pass on to equations of the second degree...
. .. O u r concern is over the

behavior of...

discussion of...
He ( = )
. .. Not less intricate is the behavior of...

study of...
,
... Before proceeding to this problem it is
desirable to consider...
. ..
We proceed now to a brief discussion of...
. .. We proceed
now to the establishment of...
. .. We now
pass to another problem. ..
(1) (2). E q . (1) goes
over into E q . (2).
, ,

. T h e reader not interested in this subtle
point can turn immediately to the next section.

( ..)... Some insight
into the reason for this behavior can be gained b y . . .
. . .
T h e reason for this type of behavior must be sought i n . . .
. 1. T h i s
behavior is illustrated in Figure 1.
(
..)... T h i s behavior cannot be explained b y . . .
,
( ..)... T h i s behavior is
totally different from that predicted b y . . .

.
we determine the precise asymptotic behavior of these
small eigenvalues.
. ..
T h i s concept is helpful in elucidating the behavior of...
plan, setting, scheme, map, design, layout,

outline, survey
... T h i s behavior
has been attributed t o . . .
. .. Another
plan is to u s e . . .
easily explained.
185
. .. It also explains the
behavior of...
,
. .. T h i s type of behavior may be modeled
using...
be lucky
, . . . We were fortunate (enough) to
(discover. . . )
( = ) believe; check
. T h e discovery was met with
disbelief.
pertaining to surface, surface,

superficial

, . . . A superficial reading of
this theorem might lead one to believe that. ..
.
T h e treatment is at a superficial level.
surface, face, surface area, plane

. .. We have
barely scratched the surface of...
x S.
Let a; be a point on the surface S.
- apparently, seemingly, evidently, to

all appearances, i t seems likely that, appear to be,
be likely to be
- ( = ,) ,
. . . It seems reasonable to say t h a t . . .
imply, entail, involve, result i n , involve

,
. . . For this would imply the
existence of...
( = ) influence, affect
. T h i s can
be caused by several factors.
,
. . . Throughout this chapter we have assumed
that...
, . . .
. ..
range of...
( ) repeat, iterate,
reiterate
, .
We should probably repeat the experiment.
,
, . . . T h e argument proceeds as
before, except that. ..

2 [ l j . O u r proof follows along
the lines of L e m m a 2 of (1).
, ,
... Again, this is why we h a v e . . .
. Repeat
, , . . . For
emphasis we repeat that. ..
. T h i s
process may have to be repeated several times,
be repeated
, . . .
T h e process is then repeated u n t i l . . .
, . . . avoid repetition, we
shall...
recurring, repeating

, . .. If we imagine
( = ) reason, pretext, cause, basis
repeating, iterating, by repeating
...
,
. .. B y repeating the above argument we
obtain...
We have noted on several occasions that. ..
damage, failure, injury

...
Such injuries can result in a loss of...
, ,
daily, everyday
suppressing, repressing, damping

... . . . Everyday usage ignores this distinction

, . . . We learn
from common experience t h a t . . .
universally, generally, everywhere,

commonly
, . . . It is universally accepted
that. ..
. . . Repeating this argument, we find t h a t . . .
( = ) bring, bring to, place

:... To s u m m a r i z e : . . . ; I n s u m m a r y . . .
...
( = ) everywhere, all over,

throughout
to be brought
,

. Energy must be supplied to and
withdrawn from the control system.
T h i s discussion leads us to a general study of...
186
( = ) to prepare, to
prepare for
... . There is in fact

no provision for...
,
. A high
temperature is maintained.
, () . . . In this
way the stage was set for...

. T h e output working
velocity must be kept as high as possible.
be ready
( = ) ,
(,). We are now ready to
calculate
T(x,y).
preparatory
. T h i s is
preparation, training, background

at all levels.

,
that...
prepared
()
-,
. It should be accessible to
,
. .. We are now equipped
to state and prove. ..
( = ) yield to, give way,

lend itself (to)
( )...
.
T h e temperature is kept constant,
support, backing

. T h e results add
considerable support for this point of view,
be supported

supported by factual evidence,
be subject to
He , . .. It is beyond question
t h a t . . . ; There is no question t h a t . . .
similarly, alike, similar to, much like

( = ) (-).
T h i s is similar in principle t o . . .
(. ) similar, similar
to, similarly
.. . I n this respect it is
similar t o . . .

( ..)... I n all such experiments it is
necessary t o . . .
,
. . . T h e chain of reasoning is similar to that of...
(
). .. T h e situation is reminiscent of...
encouraged
,
. Two triangles are similar if and
only if the triangles are equiangular.
( = ) ,
( ..)... Encouraged by this, we
attempt t o . . .

( = ) support, hold
up, maintain
, [1],
/. Arguments given in Smith [1] support
this view.

. Experimental
, . . .
T h e results also lend support to the view t h a t . . .
to be maintained, to be
supported

. T h i s supposition received support
among researchers.
(1].
A different approach was advocated by Smith [1].

2. T h e proof is similar to the proof of
Theorem 2.
.
In a similar manner other cases may be discussed.
,
(, ) . . . Note that the present argument is very
similar to. .
,
( ..)... W i t h any method such as this it is
necessary t o . . .
,
, . . . It may happen that no such
elements exist, so t h a t . . .
,
. Such vague ideas really tell us
nothing.
187
,
... Something similar may be done even i f . . .


, . .. Such an approach,
however, is usually not satisfactory because...

similarly.
, (3),
. .. Estimates like (3) are easily obtained by
introducing a . . .

... Such cases can be covered by the
general equation...

[1]. Similar experiments have been conducted
by Smith [1].
( = ) . . .
No such effects were observed i n . . .

called a . . .

, ()
, ...
, ,
/ . . . A similar
method applies t o . . .
( = )
... A similar connection exists between...
. . . A similar
technique is used for...
( u . . )
, . . A related point arises
if w e . . .

, ... A similar conclusion holds in the dual
case w h e r e . . .
. . . A similar
generalization is possible for...
. . . Such an
arrangement is c a l l e d . . .
, ...
A similar situation develops w h e n . . .
, ...
... A similar
, ...
. . .
( = ),
. . . Similar computations reveal t h a t . . .
, ... Similar
, . . . I n like

. .. I n the same way we can easily write down
the equation of...
... I n this manner we
can...
... We can,
in a similar way, define...

, . 1, ...
,
, . . . From this and similar
experiments it is found t h a t . . .
,
. . . It can be shown by an exactly similar process
that...
... T h i s
... T h i s appears to be
similar t o . . .
selected, chosen
, -, .
T h e conditions seem to have been poorly chosen.
be suspected, be under suspicion

(of)
, . . . It is suspected t h a t . . .
( = ) arrive at, approach, fit
...

2 . . . Students will have entered on
the study of the theory of functions before the end of the
Chapter 2.
. Such
( = ) divide into,
subdivide into, partition
188

:... T h e energy in
question can be divided into four t e r m s : . . .
29 .
T h e table categorizes plastics into 29 families.
...
,
. . . It may be verified by direct substitution t h a t . . .
be divided into
x = 0 (2) ,
. . . Substituting = 0 in E q . (2) shows t h a t . . .
1 12 ( = 12
). One foot is divided into 12 inches.
... Substituting
these values gives u s . . .
, ,
(1)
.
T h e paper is divided into five sections.
(2.2)
... O n substitution of the expression for x
from (2.2), we g e t . . .
at greater length, i n greater detail,

fully
. 1. For more details, see
Appendix 1.
i n detail, at length, explicitly, more

closely, more carefully, more thoroughly, more
specifically

publication.

,
3.
detail

. We do not
present this argument in detail for the following reasons.
detailed, comprehensive, explicit,

extensive

given by Smith [1].
(-).

[1]. A detailed description of the methodology
may be found in Smith [1].
( = )
, . . . Detailed
( = ) suggest, prompt
, . . . Intuition suggests
that...
substituting, by substituting, i f we
substitute
(1) (2), ...
Substituting (1) into (2), we o b t a i n . . .
substitution, permutation, insertion
, . . . It is
readily verified by direct substitution that. ..
calculate
... We shall now
calculate the energy of...
( = ) confirm,
corroborate, acknowledge, verify, lend credence to,
lend support to, provide support for, support
, . . .
More recent experiments confirm that. ..
/ ,
. . . A l l these findings support the argument t h a t . . .
, ,
. . . It is easily confirmed, using this relationship,
that...
, , . . .
Unfortunately, we failed to recognize t h a t . . .
, . . . It is easy to confirm t h a t . . .
,
. . . T h i s agreement is a strong confirmation of the
hypothesis t h a t . . .
, . . .
T h e reader can easily confirm t h a t . . .
,
( = ) , . . . Experiment
confirms this but also shows that. ..

prediction.
( ..)
[2]. T h i s was confirmed
experimentally by Johns [2].
. T h i s
fact substantiates our earlier assumptions.

that...
be verified, be confirmed, be
supported, be borne out
, . . . It is readily confirmed
that...
189
(-).
These conclusions are completely borne out b y . . .
... A more
scientific approach is t o . . .

, ,
. T h i s is easily confirmed.

. A better approach is as follows.

. T h i s is supported by laboratory
measurements.
,
to u s e . . .
.
T h i s is confirmed by the results shown.
. Three
. .. T h i s is
strongly supported by the results of...
...
... T h i s is well
confirmed in the case of...
,
that...
supporting, in support of
,
. There are no authenticated
examples of such a phenomenon in the literature.
confirmation, corroboration,
affirmation

. - Adequate empirical support for the theory
is lacking.
, . . .
There is a great deal of evidence for the idea t h a t . . .
,
. . . There is now, however, clearer evidence t h a t . . .
. . .
The first important piece of evidence comes f r o m . . .
( =
) , . . . Confirmation of
this view is found in the fact that. ..

... Confirmation of this observation was obtained
from...


, . . . There are experimental reasons
for concluding t h a t . . .
. ..
The experiment provided dramatic confirmation of...
.
, . . .
Different approaches will, in general, lead t o . . .
. .. T h i s
chapter will describe two approaches t o . . .

adopted.
, . T h i s is probably a
sensible approach.
,
, . . . T h e approach must be
modified to accommodate the fact that. ..

. T h i s approach is best matched to the problem
under consideration.
... T h i s
approach violates the basic principle of...

outlined below.
[1].
A different approach was advocated by Smith [1].
confirmed, verified
... Still another


. These predictions
are generally confirmed by experimental findings.

. Another approach to problems of this type
is worthy of notice.
approach

. . . A much
more satisfactory approach is t o . . .
...
An alternative approach is contained in the idea of...
/
... It is possible to adopt/to choose/to take/to
use a more detailed approach t o . . .
() (
)... A n alternative approach is to write. ..
. We shall discuss
three general approaches.
190

. We decided to adopt a more empirical
approach.

(-). T h i s approach is very useful in analyzing the
effects o f . . .
... T h e most
primitive approach is t o . . .


. . .
problem intensified the need f o r . . .


[1]. A very interesting approach has been
proposed by Smith [1].

, ... Such an approach,
,
... Designers have used various approaches in
arriving a t . . .
. . .
A fundamentally different approach is based o n . . .

... T h i s suggests another approach to the
problem of. ..
...
T h e success of this attack will be determined b y . . .
. . . W h a t is
lacking in such an approach i s . . .
new way t o . . .
...
,
. . . T h e two aspects are related by the fact t h a t . . .

. T h e topics covered span three
different approaches to the history of mathematics.
, [1]. T h i s is the
approach suggested by Smith [1].
[1]. T h i s
approach was first attempted by Smith [1].
... T h i s
approach has been used in the study o f . . .

, . . . T h i s
approach has the advantage t h a t . . .
, . .. T h i s
approach is adopted because...
(
..)... T h i s approach requires a good deal of...

...
T h i s fundamental approach is useful in
solving...
( = ) approach, arrive at, come

to, come near, draw near, fit, match, suit, be suited

. . . T h i s procedure
does not appear suitable for...
,
... T h e method is particularly appropriate
when...

, ,
not, in general, suitable for...
, ..
We now come to a series of theorems concerning...
suitable, proper, appropriate,

adequate, apt
...
In some cases, it may be appropriate t o . . .
,
. . . T h i s apparently provides a suitable basis for...
, ,
, ,
. . . T h i s is perhaps a good place to stress t h a t . . .
,
possible t o . . .
, ... B y
, L ,
can...
,
... Clearly we must search for a better
...
T h i s approach can succeed only i f . . .
( = )
... Purely from a logical point of
view it might be appropriate t o . . .
... T h i s
approach is especially attractive i n view of. ..
( = )
. . . Since there is no available technique for...
191
, ... It is now
, , . . . For
emphasis we repeat t h a t . . .
... We have
already had an opportunity t o . . .
... T h i s underlies the

applicability o f . . .

... A satisfactory theory can be
developed u s i n g . . .

, . . . T h i s is a good place to review
a number of properties connected w i t h . . .
( = ) underline,
emphasize, stress, lay emphasis on
subordinate, subordination,
subject to
(1),
( ..)... O u r objective is to
solve (1) subject t o . . .
(= ) obey, be subject
to, be subordinate to, follow, comply w i t h ,
conform to, be governed by
, . . .
In conclusion, it should be stressed t h a t . . .

:... T h e potentials are subject to the
following constraints:...
, ,
... T h i s is perhaps the place to emphasize
that...
(3).
These functions are subject to boundary conditions (3).
,
. . . It is hardly necessary to stress the fact t h a t . . .
, . . . A t this point
,... A s we emphasized
above,...
, , . . .
A n additional point to emphasize is t h a t . . .
, , . . .
We start by emphasizing again t h a t . . .
, . . . We stress again
that...
, . . . We emphasize again
that...
, ... We have
emphasized this by our use o f . . .
, . . . It is necessary to
stress t h a t . . . ; It should be stressed t h a t . . . ; It must be
emphasized t h a t . . .
... There
is no need to emphasize the importance o f . . .
, . . . B u t it needs
to be stressed t h a t . . .
, . . .
( = ) sum up,
summarize
, . . .
... For
completeness, we also s u m m a r i z e . . .

, . . . We may summarize these results
with the statement t h a t . . .
( ), ,
. . . We can summarize by stating t h a t . . .

( = )
... We summarize the most important
properties of...
. T h i s we
summarize by saying t h a t . . .

. T h e above results may be
summarized as follows.

. T h e relevant facts may be summarized as
follows.
( = ) permit, allow, enable,

afford, make i t possible
. .. . . . L e t us
,
. T h e results are
not yet sufficient to allow definite conclusions.
, . . . It should be stressed
that...
. .. T h e method enables
one t o . . .
,
... I t is to be emphasized

. T h i s method permits one to get good
results.
...
T h e method allows an investigator t o . . .
, ,
. . . clarify this point, it should be emphasized
that...

. T h i s method enables us to solve
several problems of practical importance.
192
,
neglect...

, , ...
T h e methods we have considered enable us t o . . .
,
( ..)... We must have another rule
which will enable us t o . . .
,
(
..)... Lack of space prevents us f r o m . . .
... T h i s result
may allow us t o . . .

. T h e new procedure enabled us to
overcome the above difficulties.

( ..)...
A t least in principle, this enables
us t o . . .
, ,
, ... It is clear that the rules of
the previous section will enable us t o . . .
(3) ,
... T h e advantage of (3) is that it p e r m i t s . . .
...
, . . .
T h e following theorem enables us to show t h a t . . .
, ,
. .. T h u s we have a method which y i e l d s . . .
. .. Such an
arrangement p e r m i t s . . .


( ..)... T h i s additional information
allows us t o . . .
. . . T h i s theorem provides
us w i t h . . .
, . . . These
identities enable us to show t h a t . . .
... These facts allow
us t o . . .
( = ) later, at a later time, at a

later date
( = ) ,
. . . It will become evident later in this chapter
that...
, , . . . A s a matter
of fact, we will see later t h a t . . .
, , . . . I n particular,
we shall see later t h a t . . .
,... A s will be seen l a t e r , . . .
. We shall
return to this point later.
. We shall deal
. Some
, ,...
For reasons that will become c l e a r , . . .
, ,
( ..)... It is convenient, for reasons which
will appear later, t o . . .
, ,
, . . . We assume, for reasons which
will become apparent, t h a t . . .
. . . Later on we shall
meet...
,
. We shall learn how to treat more
practical problems later.
... T h i s has made it possible to

study...

about...
. .. T h i s will enable us
to identify...
, . . . Later it is found
that...
,
to decide w h e t h e r . . .
, . . . It will become
apparent later t h a t . . .
( ..)...
T h i s allows us to make use of...
(1)
the f o r m . . .

, ... T h e validity of this
assumption will be considered further w h e n . . .
... It was only much later
that...
congratulate
193
.
. T h e colleagues congratulated Prof. Holmes on
his success.
2
( = , ) later, later on, more

recently
,
. .. I n the preceding section we have shown
, . . . It will be seen later t h a t . . .
( = ) be
curious, display interest (in)
,
... One might wonder whether...
,
wonder whether...
as yet, while, until, as (so) long as, for the

present, for the time being, for now, until now, as
yet
, , . . .
Importantly, the study also shows t h a t . . .
, . . . A l l that remains
, . . . Computations have
shown t h a t . . .
, . . . It will be shown in the
sequel t h a t . . .
, . . . It can further be shown
that...
, . . . ,
, , . . . It is easy to show,
,
, , ,
> 2 . . . Next, we
show that there are functions which violate this inequality
for > 2.
showing
, ,
that...
( = ) shown, pictured,
presented, represented, depicted, exhibited,
illustrated (in)
, , , . . .
(1) ,

. T h e formulation reveals several things.
x . 3.
Calculated values for are shown in Figure 3.
, . . . These
examples should make it clear t h a t . . .
1. T h e effect
is clearly shown in Table 1.
... Presented here a r e . . .
,
, . . . T h e result will follow immediately if
we can show t h a t . . .
. 1. T h e general effect is
shown in Figure 1.
. 1 . .. T h e device in
Fig. 1 i s . . .
, . . . It was demonstrated t h a t . . .
, . . . It will now be shown
that...
( = ) show, register, read,

exhibit, reveal, depict, display, illustrate, indicate
, . . . Inspection
,
... B y a more refined argument it can be shown
that...
, , . . .
The discussion shows, moreover, t h a t . . .
, . . . A more
, . . . It will be shown in a moment
that...
, ,
. . . Indeed, in this case, we may show that. ..
, . .
,
[11], , . . . E v e n more
startling is an example due to Smith [11], which shows
that...
, ... Again, this
demonstrates the dependence of...
, . . . We can
show here only t h a t . . .
... , . . . Studies of... indicate
that...
F G, ,
and G , to show t h a t . . .
,
194
(4) , . . .
A n examination of (4) shows t h a t . . .
, . . .
T h e calculations outlined above show t h a t . . .
... T h e studies
, , . . . We shall show, for

, , . . . A l l this seems to
show t h a t . . .
, , . . . For
, ...,
, , . . .
,
, ,
. . . A s an application of this result, we show that. ..
, . . . O u r simple
example demonstrates t h a t . . .
, . . . O u r figures show
that...
,
. . . A minor modification of the proof shows that...
,
that...
, . . .
A moment's reflection will indicate that. ..
, . . . It is easily shown t h a t . . .
, . . . Recent
experiments have shown t h a t . . .

, ,
... T h e method of analysis outlined in the
, . . . Many
years of experimentation have shown that. ..
,
. It can be shown that this conclusion is
generally valid.
, ,
, ...
T h i s can be shown to be equivalent to the condition
that...
, . . . We have to show t h a t . . .
, . . . Recent work has

shown t h a t . . .
, . . . A moment's
thought will show t h a t . . .
, . . .
A slightly different argument shows t h a t . . .
... It is a matter of
common observation t h a t . . .
. . . . 2. One type of... is shown
in Figure 2.
, , . . . We wish to show,
, . . . B u t we have already
shown that. ..
, . . .
T h e next theorem shows, however, t h a t . . .
. We can
demonstrate this with a simple example.

. showed existence of a global-in-time weak
solution.

, . . . We leave it as a problem to show
that...
, . . .
, .
We shall now show that this is not the case.
, . . . We wish to show
explicitly t h a t . . .
, . . . We have in
, . . . We can
show, in fact, that. ..
, , , ,
. . . Actually his investigation seemed to show
that...
, . . . We need only to show
t h a t . . . ; It remains for us to show that. ..
, . . . Historical
, . . . It remains to be shown
that...
, . . . It is estimated t h a t . . .
...
A similar argument will show t h a t . . .
, . . . Similar
computations reveal t h a t . . .
, . . . I n like
, . . . A detailed
derivation would show t h a t . . .
195
(1)
, . . . Next it will
be shown t h a t . . .
, . . . Detailed theory
shows t h a t . . .
,
. . . It can be shown by an exactly similar process
that...
, , . . .
Above all, we need to show t h a t . . .
, . . . A comparison of
A and shows t h a t . . .
,
, . . . Among other things, this result
shows t h a t . . .
(2) ,
. . . A comparison with the exact result (2) shows
that...
, . . . T h e latter
expansion shows t h a t . . .
(6) , . . .
Reference to equation (6) shows t h a t . . .
.
In practice this may be difficult to demonstrate.
, . . .
A routine calculation shows that. ..
, . . .
T h e preliminary results suggest t h a t . . .
, . . . T h e tables show
that...
(, ,
. . . Neglecting these effects it is easy to show that. ..
, . . .
Theoretical considerations show t h a t . . .
2 , . . .
, (
..)... We shall now show that it is
,
, , . . . W i t h the same
notation as in Section 1, we shall show t h a t . . .
20 .
T h e thermometer shows/reads 20 degrees below zero.
...
... . 2. A t y p i c a l . . . is shown
in Figure 2.
, 1,
, . . . Proceeding as in Section 1, we
may show t h a t . . .
To , . . .
T h e same reasoning shows t h a t . . .
, . . . Earlier we showed
that. ..
, ,

, . . . Hilbert's discussion of this
equation shows t h a t . . .
, , , . . .
To , . . .
T h e same reasoning evidently shows t h a t . . .
To , , ,
To, , . .. W h a t we have shown is
that...
,
. 2 , . .. F i g . 2
shows results obtained for Equation (2.8).
. T h e result is recorded below.
, , . . .
T h e aim is to show t h a t . . .
, , . . .
O n the other hand, experiments show t h a t . . .
, , . ..
prove the theorem it is sufficient to show that. ..
( = )
. .. T h e following series of illustrations
shows...
,
demonstrate that. ..
, . . .
, ,
must...
,
... T h e following problems will help show
that importance of...

. Examples will bring out the significance
of this definition.
, . . . T h e following
example shows t h a t . . .
, , ...
, ,
,
( ) , . .. Experiment
confirms this but also shows that. ..
196
, . . . Experiment shows
t h a t . . . ; Experiment tells us t h a t . . .
, . . .
. It may seem unnecessary t o . . .
,
. . . Experiments with semiconductors show t h a t . . .
,
. . . T h i s may seem to suggest t h a t . . .
, . . .
These and many other examples show t h a t . . .
, . . .
At first sight, it might appear t h a t . . .
, . . . These

, . . . A t first sight this may
seem somewhat surprising because...
, . . . These
cansidexatiaii
shew
iis
thai...
, . . . These
results clearly show t h a t . . .
,
, . . . T h e proof is easily adapted to
show t h a t . . .

... T h i s may be shown readily by employing
the condition t h a t . . .
. T h i s can be
seen in two ways.
() (-).
T h i s demonstrates an important limitation o f . . ,
, . . . T h i s shows once more
that...

, . . .
[1] ,
,
. Smith [1] suggests that this
property may have a useful practical application as follows.
,
that...
,
... These ideas might seem rather obvious,
but...
, . . . T h i s shows that it
is impossible t o . . .

,
. . . T h i s simple relation shows immediately t h a t . . .
. T h i s may
seem paradoxical.
, . . . - T h i s
relation also shows t h a t . . .
, . . .
T h i s may seem pedantic, b u t . . .
. 1,
(-). T h i s is clearly demonstrated in
Figure 1 which shows the results o f . . .
, ,
since...
,
. . . T h i s example shows that it may be
necessary t o . . .

... T h i s figure clearly illustrates the
basic differences between...
2,
( = ) cover, cover by, cover

with, overlap, coat, blanket, give a coat
,
( = ) . . . Prof Smith
wrote a comprehensive book o n . . .
be covered
... A l l cases of
this kind are covered b y . . .
( = ) suppose, assume, set, let
( = ) seem, appear; be
shown
, . . . There is good
, . . . It is
readily shown in a similar way t h a t . . .
field
, . . . A l l in all it
would seem t h a t . . .
^
. . . It might seem natural to ^tart our

0 .
\..
it *
seem
odd t h a t . . .
reason to believe that. . .

. T h i s
offers a wide field for research,
is useful
. Another example will
be helpful.
. Two special
terms are useful here.

effects o f . . .
197
it is useful, it is sound practice, it is

advantageous
, ...
which...

for...
...
. . . It will be useful
to have a reformulation o f . . .
. .. It is
particularly useful for representing. . .

more generally.
c> . . . I t will be useful

to reconsider. . .
. . . It would
be very useful to be able to compute...
... I n some cases
it is more useful t o . . .
, . . .
In fact, it is often useful to think o f . . .
, . . . It is
. . . Sometimes it is
useful to think o f . . .
... It is
sometimes useful to consider...
utility, usefulness

... Subsequent chapters will demonstrate
the utility o f . . .

.
T h e utility of this theory has yet to be demonstrated.
, . ..
Finally, we should point out the usefulness o f . . .

. . . Similar principles prove helpful in
the design o f . . .
. . . T h i s is
severe restriction on the usefulness o f . . .
. . . It may be helpful
to imagine...
. . . T h i s
essentially limits the usefulness o f . . .
, ... It is found
more useful, however, t o . . .

identifying the early stages o f . . .
, . . . It is very useful to
...,
... Before beginning a more
useful, helpful, efficient, valuable, of use

...
A n analogy is sometimes useful in understanding. . .
( = ) . .. It is
instructive to compute...
(1)
. . . A form of (1) more useful for our
purposes i s . . .
... It might be well to

examine...
, ... I n principle
it may be advantageous t o . . .
. . . It is useful
to digress here and consider...
, .
. .. It is
useful to be able to visualize...
, ,
... We can then obtain useful information by
studying...
, . . . A useful result to remember

is t h a t . . .
, . ..
, (
..)... When doing this it is sometimes
( ..)...
useful at this point t o . . .
It will be
... It may be helpful at

this point t o . . .
, . . . It is therefore
useful to think o f . . .
, . . . T h i s
notation is useful because...

. . . T h i s result will prove useful in the
discussion of...
(10)
. . . .
Many useful results may be deduced f r o m . . .

. T h e following
198
, . . .
, . . . When written
in full, this i s . . .

, . .. Some of these
may not be as useful as others, because...

... Currently there is no completely
satisfactory theory of...
. ..
A somewhat more useful design curve is obtained b y . . .
, ,
. A l l the necessary formulas for
numerical calculations are given in full.
...
A useful approximation is obtained b y . . .

. .. A n equally useful representation,
however, i s . . .

... Such solutions are most useful for
calculating...
,
... T h e above result is particularly useful
for problems involving...
, 1
, . . . A simple but useful consequence of
Theorem 1 is t h a t . . .
,
. . . T h e problem is exactly the same
as that encountered in connection w i t h . . .

, . .. T h e test is not
wholly satisfactory because...
, ( ..),
. It is utterly negligible,
as we can easily show b y . . .
.. . .
Many aspects of... are still not fully understood.
( = )
. . . We wish to thoroughly investigate...
, (9),

1. We argue exactly as in the
proof of Theorem 1.
. . .
. We adopt
an entirely different method.
. . .
.
We cannot, however, ignore it completely.
. .. It is often useful
to specify...

. T h i s paper should be thoroughly revised
before publication.
will find it helpful to keep in mind t h a t . . .
. . . , ... It is usually
advantageous t o . . .
. .. T h i s
form is particularly useful for obtaining...
. T h i s is a very useful
analogy.
, ... T h i s is
not a particularly useful definition, s i n c e . . .
, ... T h i s is
useful definition because...
,
. .. T h i s expression is often useful
because it provides. ..
, . .. T h i s
... a simple and useful
criterion
politics, policy

, ... T h e full meaning
of this principle can be appreciated only after we h a v e . . .
,
. . . Prof Smith wrote
comprehensive book o n . . .
, ,
,
.
T h e listings of the programs in fully are given in an
appendix.
...
fully appreciate the significance of this i d e a . . .
. .. T h i s
chapter has been almost wholly concerned w i t h . . .
. . . T h i s arises entirely
from...
, . . . T h i s is
reasonable policy because...
completely, entirely, totally, i n total,

throughout, wholly, altogether, fully
,
199
,
... T h i s statement is strictly true only i f . . .
, , ... However this
does not account entirely ( f o r ) . . .

satisfactory.

thoroughly satisfactory representation
completeness
... For
completeness, we also summarize...
positive, affirmative

, ... Such efforts, however, are
successful only i f . . .
. T h e answer is in the
affirmative.
, ,
, . . . Since is necessarily positive, it follows
that...
( = , . ,
, ) get, obtain,
receive, derive, deduce
full, complete, total, perfect, whole,

everywhere defined
,
. A n antenna is used to receive the signal.
. We now

, ... T h i s is by no
means an exhaustive list o f . . .
()
in the literature.
. . .
The result is in perfect agreement w i t h . . .
.
.
Nyquist [1].
shows t h a t . . .
[1], T h e derivation is
given in full by Jones [1].
,
[2]. A fuller proof, given by Hilbert [2], is
as follows.
, . . .
. . . We now
,
... T h i s
understanding of...
. ..
situation, position, condition, state,

aspect, statement, location, point, thesis
. ..
This chapter provides an outline of...
,
. . . One way out of the difficulty is t o . . .
. .. T h i s is why we
, ...
Having calculated the coefficients, we can o b t a i n . . .
- .
Dr. Smith received the Jones Award in late June.
,
... L e t us use this solution to o b t a i n . . .
, ,
... We can then obtain useful information by
studying...

... T h e idea originated with the
study of...
procedure, it follows that. ..
... For
the orientation shown, we h a v e . . .
, . . . ,

from...
... succeeded in
obtaining the equation of...
. . . We next
... From the
second equality, we h a v e . . .
, . . . It follows without difficulty
that...
. . . It is
positiveness
(-).
We may obtain yet another form of...
(1) ,
. (1) is to ensure A will
be positive.
,
, . . . We could have obtained this result
more easily by noting that. ..
200

... Here we


( ..)... T h e same result may be
obtained by s i m p l y . . .
. . . We hope to
obtain a theorem regarding...; We hope to establish a
theorem regarding. ..
(1)
, . .. E x a c t
... Again we have obtained. ..

. . .
We can also obtain an expression for...
(
..)... I n this way we can arrive a t . . .
. ..
... It is impossible to gain a
thorough knowledge of... without a basic knowledge of...

. It is difficult to obtain a relatively pure
sample of the material.
(2.2), , . . .
obtain (2.2), we note that. ..
, . . .

}()
for f(x), suppose t h a t . . .
, , . . .

, . . . obtain a practical result in such
cases, w e . . .
,
. . . Obviously no error can result f r o m . . .
(1) (2), ...
= , ... Setting = , we
obtain.. .
... We shall now derive a
solution of...
,
... obtain a satisfactory theory it is
necessary t o . . .
/ . . .
, ...
,
, ,
, ... These matters are clearly
of much greater importance w h e n . . .

... A n excellent fit
to experimental data can usually be obtained b y . . .
. T h i s can
be obtained as follows.
,
. .. Transforming the remaining terms in a
,
. .. T h e solution is most readily obtained by
the use of...

( ..)... A simple and direct proof can
be obtained b y . . .
,
. T h i s relation can also be

.
It is possible to obtain this result in a different way.
... Initially, we will o b t a i n . . .

, ... I n this
way we obtain the expressions...
. .. T h i s raises the
. We now
have the desired result.
,
more easily by recognizing t h a t . . .
,
. .. T h i s result may also be obtained by
means of...
(. ) result, come
out, be obtained, succeed


obtained b y . . .
. . .
(). ..
A more accurate description is obtained b y . . .
201
, ,
( =
) ( ..)...
A better approximation is obtained b y . . .
. . .
T h e problem of obtaining the best upper bound for
F(x) i s . . .
(,
..)... A better approximation is
obtained b y . . .
()
. . . T h e usual way
of obtaining these is t o . . .

. . . Further experimental evidence is derived f r o m . . .
. . . We proceed
to obtain expressions f o r . . .
,
. .. Another approximation is obtained
by regarding...
... T h i s
, ,
, ... Another case of interest is
obtained i f . . .
( = ) obtained, received,
derived, realized

... A n alternate proof may be obtained b y . . .
(1.2) (1.3) , . . .
From (1.2) and (1.3) one gets t h a t . . .
. . .
A similar estimate can be made for...
, , . . . It turns out,
fortunately, t h a t . . .

. .. Better approximations to can
by obtained by u s i n g . . .
, . ..
, /. ..
, , . . . It turns out, for
instance, t h a t . . .
, . . .
- , . . .
However, this inevitably involves...
,
( ..)... A s it turns out, however, it is
considerably more convenient t o . . .
( = ) , . . . It is
as if
, . . . It turns out t h a t . . .
. ..
The approximate solution is obtained b y . . .
,
. . . We therefore have a formal solution for...
, . . . Now it turns out t h a t . . .

( ..)... These relations are obtained most
simply b y . . .
obtaining, receiving, recovery,

generation, production, creation
F
( = )
. Excellent agreement was obtained.
,

( )... Another relation
, ,

( ..)... A very satisfactory
approximation can, however, be obtained b y . . .
(
). . . T h e y cannot, however, be obtained
merely b y . . .
, ,
. .. Obviously this result could have been
, ,

. . . Confirmation of this observation was obtained
from...
2002 .
T h e manuscript was received in July 2002.
... .
,
( = ) :... T h e following key
results are therefore obtained:...

, , . . . Another way of
obtaining the same result is to note that. ..
, ,
... T h e technique by which this is
achieved is known a s . . .
202

.... Conditions cannot be obtained by the
usual methods. I n Problem 2, this means that a solution of
type (2) cannot be obtained by the above technique.
(1),
. . . T h i s cannot be obtained directly
from (1), because...
resulting
,
use, advantage, benefits, utility

He , . . . There
is no evidence to suggest t h a t . . .
,
. . . B u t there is another reason t h a t . . .
. T h e utility of this
result is clear.
, . . . A t the
,
. . . For some applications we have to remember
that...
, , . . .
In using this method it is well to remember that. ..

, . . . I n practice
we must remember t h a t . . .
,
when calculating...
( ) , . . . B u t
we must be aware t h a t . . .
user
, . . . One
. ..
: . . . A useful result
to remember is t h a t . . .
,
be able t o . . .
, . . . Keep in mind t h a t . . .
( = ) make use of
. We shall make
( = ) using, making
use of, i f we use, by using
,
, ...
, ,
. . . It suffices to show, by virtue of Arzela's theorem,
that. ..
( = ) interchange
... Next let us interchange
the roles of...
( = ) put, place, locate,

imbed, invest, set

... For future reference, we include here the
equations f o r . . .
( = , ) besides, except,
aside from, i n addition to, beyond, other than,
apart from, excerpt for, exclusive of, over and
above, other than
, . . . ...,
... A s well as b e i n g . . . (it) is also a n . . .
, , . . . I n doing so, it
is well to bear in mind t h a t . . .

... We must keep in mind, therefore, the
possibility of...
, , . . . It should
therefore be borne in mind t h a t . . .
, . . .
T h e students must always be aware of...
,
( = )... It is a common mistake to
forget that. ..
, . . . T h e reader must
keep in mind t h a t . . .
, . . .
T h e reader will find it helpful to keep in mind t h a t . . .
( = ) help, aid

clarify...
,... It is helpful,
however, t o . . .
,
... T h e following problems will help show
that importance of...
, . . . Apart from this, we do n o t . . .

. T h e following example may help to clarify this
point.
( = ) remember, keep i n mind,

bear i n mind
... T h i s analogy
helps us to understand...
()
. T h i s is an important principle to be
kept in mind as we proceed.

(-). T h i s concept is helpful in elucidating the
behavior of...
203
(,
..)... T h i s helps us to realize the importance of...
be necessary, be needed, be
required
, . . . T h i s
helps us decide whether...
,
. .. Alternatively, it may be required to
determine...
help, aid, assistance


... T h e problem
is solved by means of...
, ,

... We shall often illustrate our
arguments b y . . .
...
We illustrate these procedures b y . . .

by means of...

examples.
,
. . . Such pictures are valuable as
conceptual aids so long as we do n o t . . .
()

. A numerical example will illustrate this.
(1) , , , . . .
We thus see, with the aid of (1), t h a t . . .
(1) , . . . W i t h the
,
. . . O n the basis of this example, it is evident t h a t . . .
. ..
T h i s result is of assistance in calculating the values of...
. ..
The problem is solved by a p p l y i n g . . .
... T h i s will be done
with the aid of...
... T h i s can be
easily achieved w i t h . . .

explicit b y . . .
. . ()
assistance.
,
... One will have to go a long way to find...
, ...
It will take some time before...
understanding, comprehension,
meaning

... Most of this fails to
provide any additional insight i n t o . . .
( )
. .. I n this chapter we assume
an intuitive knowledge of...
,... According to
...
. . His
.
T h e precise meaning of this is rather difficult to grasp.
,
/... A better understanding has been gained
of the way in w h i c h . . .
,
. . . We cannot arrive at a comprehensive view of
this unless w e . . .

, ...
. .. . . . O u r
...
... It is impossible to gain a thorough
knowledge o f . . . without a basic knowledge of...

... A n analogy is sometimes useful in
understanding. ..
... . ..
Some knowledge of... is necessary to an
understanding of...

... Some insight into the reason for
this behavior can be gained b y . . .
,
. B u t such a view is clearly nonsense.

this theorem might lead one to believe t h a t . . .
204
, . . . It is
crucial to understand that. ..

. .. T h e next theorem provides more insight
into...

... T h e following simple reasoning may give
some insight i n t o . . .
( = ) ,
. . . T h i s view presumes t h a t . . .
,
()
... W h a t is needed is a clear
understanding of...
, . . .
avoid misunderstanding, we s h a l l . . .

... Experimental work has given us a better
insight into the mechanism of...
,
... T h i s
understanding of...

. .. T h i s could also lead to a better
understanding of...
. ..
. . . T h i s
view does not conflict w i t h . . .
. .. T h i s
presupposes an intimate knowledge of...
, .
T h i s theory is difficult to comprehend in simple terms.

that...
( = ) mean, understand,
comprehend
. . . . 2. . . . can be understood by
reference to F i g . 2.

. It is
approximations.
, . . . It is important to realize
that. ..
, . . .
It is important in all cases to recognize whether...
,
... L e t us begin by defining more
, ,
. . . T h i s apparent paradox disappears when we
realize t h a t . . .
, . . . Because of
, , . . . W i t h this framework
before us, we realize t h a t . . .
, . . .
Investigators must understand t h a t . . .
?. .. How can
we understand this result?
/
? How can we understand this result?
. 1,
... A s illustrated in Figure 1, this process
can be understood in terms of...
(). T h e reason
for this is readily understood.
, . . . It is easily comprehended
that. . . ; It is easy to understand that. ..
( = )
. T h e situation is best considered
graphically.

, . .. One
can understand these results by considering...
, . .. We must
understand clearly what is meant b y . . .
,
. .. We may see more clearly what is
involved here b y . . .
,
... It is most
important to understand the reason f o r . . .
, . ..
T h e idea is most easily understood by examining...

, . . . It is therefore important
to understand and appreciate the processes involved i n . . .
/ , . . . I t is to be
understood t h a t . . .
... It is not difficult to understand
(how, what, that). . . ; There is no difficulty in
understanding h o w . . .
, . . . However, it
must be understood t h a t . . .
... B y
solving this problem we m e a n . . .
, . . . It is
important to realize at the outset t h a t . . .

,
understand...
, . . . It should be realized
that...
be regarded, be understood
,
... First we must say what we mean b y . . .
, ... We have
... T h i s analogy
helps us to understand. ..
, ...

, , . . .
No harm can come from this practice if one clearly
()
. They are to be understood as follows.
. .. It is
now possible to see the significance of...
... It is difficult to comprehend
the nature of...

, , . . . T h e experimental
difficulties become apparent when one realizes t h a t . . .
( = ), . . .
Physicists will recognize at once t h a t . . .
...
T h e reader must understand clearly the difference
between...
,
. . . T h e reader will realize that these
properties are directly connected w i t h . . .
, ...
In order to understand these equations more easily we
may...
..., (). ..
better u n d e r s t a n d . . . , imagine...
...
In order to better appreciate the physical mechanism
for...
,

d = 1. get a feel for this result and how it is proved
we begin with the trivial case d = 1.
, , ...
, ... see
, ,
that...
, , . . . T h i s may
readily be understood by remembering that. ..
,
. T h i s is best understood through
a specific example.
already explained what is meant b y . . .
( = ),
... We need first to define what is
meant b y . . .
understanding, realizing, seeing

, . W i t h
this understanding, we can prove the following,
concept, notion, idea

, ,
.. T h i s
hypothesis has its source in the notion of...
..
not restrict this notion t o . . .
We need
... W h a t is needed is a
notion of...
, . . . A n d
this notion is clearly incompatible w i t h . . .
. These concepts
are, in general, distinct.
. T h i s is not an
unfamiliar notion.
( = ). .. T h i s leads
to a conception in w h i c h . . .
(. , ) i t is clear
, , . . . Furthermore it is
now clear t h a t . . .
, . . . I n retrospect it is
clear t h a t . . .
, . . .
At the same time, it was also clear t h a t . . .
-, , . . . First, it is clear that. ..
that...
, (1) , . . . Indeed it is
clear from (1) t h a t . . .
,
... It should be clear that there is some risk i n . . .
, ... We have still
long way to go toward understanding h o w . . .
is easily understood by noting t h a t . . .
, . . . It is plain from the

definition t h a t . . .
, ... T h e idea is easily

understood, but. ..
, . . . From the figure it is clear

that. ..
206
,
. . . It should be clear from the above remarks
that...
,
(4) , . . . It is clear
from (4) t h a t . . .
( = ),
... T h i s becomes clear on
consideration of...
, .
However, it is clear from our discussion t h a t . . .
, . T h e reason for
this will soon be clear.

... T h i s point becomes clear only w h e n . . .
be understood
, . R ^- 4ft ^, ,. .. Lt, vs.
perhaps not generally realized t h a t . . .
, ... T h i s
implies that we understand what is meant b y . . .
,
, . . . It is iiow clear
how to deal w i t h . . .
( = ) h i t , hit a target, get into,

find oneself, fall into
, . . . It is now clear that.

, . . . It must already be
clear t h a t . . .
, . . . W h a t is not
well understood is t h a t . . .

. Many important scientific problems fall into this
class.
( = ) try, attempt,
experiment

order to. ..
,
, . . . T h i s has the advantage of
making it quite clear t h a t . . .
merely, simply
,
, . . . T h i s seems encouraging
until it is realized t h a t . . .
(= ), , . . . T h i s says,
, , ... P u t
very simply, t h a t . . .
( = ) popular, topical
( = ) clear, intelligible, jiatural
...
A more popular alternative is t o . . .
,
... T h e importance of this fact tfdU become

,
when...
,
. . . A n easily understood, yet nt too
trivial, example is that of...
... For reasons not
well understood,...
, >
... It is convenient, for reasons th^t will soon
be obvious, to l e t . . .
, ,
( ..)... It is convenient, for
reasons which will appear later, t o . . .
, ,...
,
... T h e reason becomes apparent if we
consider. ..
, . ..
Let us make these ideas clearer by considering..
, . . . It becomes clear t h a t . . .
()
.
i n passing, incidentally, simultaneously,

by the way
1
. A s a by-product of Theorem 1,
we also obtain the following.
, . . . We mention in passing...
( = ) try, attempt,
undertake
( ..)...
hopeless to try t o . . .
It is
2
,
( 1 ) . . . T h u s we may attempt to find a
solution of (1) b y . . .

207
,
... T h e first difficulty comes to light as
soon as we attempt t o . . .
,
... B u t their efforts failed, and more
recent attempts h a v e . . .
, (
..)... Encouraged by this, we attempt t o . . .
( = )
. Such attempts are not necessarily
successful.
. .. Various
workers have tried t o . . .
,
understand. ..
... Let us now attempt to
find...
,
difficulty, let us assume t h a t . . .
... . Attempts a t . . . have not been

successful.

, ... T h e next important task is to
try to determine w h y . . .
( = ),
, . . . T h i s attempt failed, and it became
clear t h a t . . .
. .. .
(1),
... I n an effort to simplify (1), let u s . . .
time, period, season; pore; i t is an

appropriate time
try, attempt, endeavor, effort

( = )
... Various attempts have been made t o . . .

only w i t h . . .
. ..
, . . . So far we
have not assumed t h a t . . .
... Many attempts have

been made t o . . .
... Several attempts

. .. T h i s
about. ..
. . . So far no mention
has been made of...
... So far we have
discussed...
, ...
So far we have considered only cases in w h i c h . . .
... It has not
so far been found possible to. ..
...
, . . . So far it has been


(-)...
I n this chapter no
attempt has been made to discuss the very difficult
problem of...
, . . . Since then it has

been found t h a t . . .
, , ...
In addition, some attempt should be made t o . . .
,
... Perhaps the first serious attempt to solve the
problem w a s . . .
... No attempt

. .. date, relatively few attempts
. .. We have made no
attempts a t . . .
( = ) h i t , strike, defeat,
invade, attack, affect, amaze
, . . . T h e striking
thing about this result is that. ..
striking, startling, dramatic


. . . A striking example of such a
transformation appears in connection w i t h . . .
, . . .
A striking fact is t h a t . . .
He ,
rigorous discussion, we merely note t h a t . . .
( ..)...
Attempts are being made, however, t o . . .
,
( = ) generate, induce,
provide, give rise to
...

. This> is borne
out by experiments,
order, rank, sequence, arrangenient,

degree, multiplicity

, . .. T h e argument is reversible
so that. ..
,
... Thus, in the first-order approximation! we
may...
( = ) devote, dedicate
, #
, ... Much of the material
presented in this chapter has dealt w i t h . . .
. .. IVluch of this
... ^~ T h i s
chapter will be devoted to an exposition of...
...
T h i s chapter is devoted primarily to explaining.
( ) as, (in) so far as, as far

as, in that, as long as, since, because, inasmuch as,
by virtue of the fact that
,
. .. I n many cases, however, the analysis
breaks down because...

, ... Since,
however, this formula is too complicated for practical
purposes, we s h a l l . . .

, ... Some of these may not be
as useful as others, because...
idealization because. ..
, . .. T h i s
approach is adopted because. ..
after, later, on, upon, next to, following

, , . . .

. .. Most of our discussion so far lias been
about...
, . ..
After a brief computation we find t h a t . . .
...
with...
(2.2)
... O n substitution of the expression for x
from (2.2), we g e t . . .
.
A great deal of emphasis has been laid o n . . .
, ,
. When A has arrived at , will
begin to move.
... We have
devoted our efforts to studies of...
last, latter, last-mentioned, the latest
...
Recently, considerable attention has been devoted t o . . .

... T h i s paper presents our latest findings in
the area of...
-
... T h e rest of
be devoted

. . . T h e volume under review d^als with
analytic methods for...
. ..
This
chapter has been almost wholly concerned with-
dealing with, devoted to,

dedicated to, concerned with, concerned w i t h
...
Our treatment has so far been confined t o . . .
. ..
( = ) visit, attend, report (to)

. We attended
a seminar run by Bob Osserman on eigenvalue problems.
, , ^
, .

. .. As a final example in this chapter we
consider...
... As
...
A s a final topic let us consider...
( )
. .. I n the latter case it may be
, . . .
In the last section we discovered t h a t . . .
...


... During the
past few y e a r s , . . .
209
,
, . . . A l l these
that...
, ... T h i s ,
however, is of no consequence s i n c e . . .
( = )

( = ). ..
T h e following theorem and corollary are immediate
consequences of...
, . . . Prom the
latter condition it follows t h a t . . .
(1) ,
. . . T h e physical implication of (1) is t h a t . . .
, . . .
. . . These
findings have important implications f o r . . .
...
.
T h i s has various practical consequences.
. T h e latter is
often the case.
, . . . T h i s is
simply a consequence of the fact that. ..
. .. T h i s
consequent, following, next,

subsequent, successive, ensuing, eventual
...
T h e last approximation is valid only i f . . .
. . . . . . . are given
in the succeeding paragraphs.
... T h e latter

. . . Our subsequent work will remedy this
defect a n d . . .
, ,
chapter shows that. ..
( = ) ... I n the
sequel it will be convenient t o . . .
,

. . . Subsequent chapters will demonstrate
the utility of...
i n turn, successively,
consecutively, in sequence, i n series, one after
another, sequentially
/
... I n subsequent experiments, it was possible
to measure...

, .
The machine performs all operations on the workpiece
simultaneously rather than consecutively.
( = )
... I n the sequel we require a

successively.
sequence, succession,
order, train, the consecutive order
,

sequential, consecutive,
successive, systematic, series, i n series
( = )
( ..)...
A comprehensive theory must account for...
( = ) follow
( = ).
Their properties are discussed in the following.
( = ) serve
...
T h i s can eventually c a u s e . . .
,
. .. I hope that this text will serve to
clarify...
( = ) look at
( = )
. It is useful to look at these factors in
more detail.
... W h a t followed w a s . . .
, , ... Consider
now what happens i f . . .
,
here a more general method due to Vorovich [ l j .
, . . .
Let us now see how this argument carries over t o . . .
consequence, corollary

, , ... Let us
now see what happens w h e n . . .
( = ) via, by means of,

by virtue of, by way of, through
210
() ,

... We can, however, represent the
function by means of...
[1] ,
... Smith [1] describes a simple test
whereby...
(4)

postulate, axiom, hypothesis

,
. We thus arrive at the following postulate,
postulate, state, assign

, . . . It is quite
acceptable to postulate t h a t . . .
, . . . L e t us now postulate
that...
(= ) put, place, set, set down

. . . T h i s leads us to postulate the

. E a c h element is assigned two indices.
be postulated

follows.


... set himself the task of proving the
possibility...
,
existence of...
, . . . It is also postulated
that...
loss, waste
, . . .
There is no loss of generality in assuming t h a t . . .
, < 1,
since...
...
, ...,
posed, set, formulated, placed
. T h i s

( = ) lose
,
( = ) therefore
constant, fixed, uniform, stable,

permanent, stationary, steady, invariable
involves no loss of generality,

. T h e whole analysis
loses its meaning,
, , . . .
T h i s is perhaps to be expected, s i n c e . . .
, . . . It is for this reason t h a t . . .

. a fair approximation, the gravitational field
is constant over the region of interest.
( = ) require
,

. T h e parameters of the
system are all assumed to be constant in time and space.
. .. It seems
natural to require...
constructed
, . . .
( = ) construct
(
..)... Still more general solutions may
be constructed b y . . .
,
... We shall use this solution to construct...
,
... T h e procedure described above
can be used to construct...
, . . . T h i s is partly because...
, ... It has been claimed
that...
, , ... O f
course it can hardly be claimed t h a t . . .
, ... We claim t h a t . . .
, ...
T h e obvious course is to demand t h a t . . .
, ... Accordingly
we shall demand t h a t . . .
be required
...,
. Frequent
effect of...
tremendous, startling, brandishing

. .. Over the
past two decades, we have witnessed a tremendous
increase i n . . .
instructively
... It will be instructive,

however, t o . . .
(4)
... I t is instructive to express (4) in
terms of...

values of...
, . . . It is instructive to note
that...
,
. I t is instructive to verify this
result from first principles.
... It is

... It is
instructive to work out these equations for the case of...
, . .. It is
. .. It is instructive to
compare...
. It is instructive to verify
this.
instructive
(-).
? W h y is
this procedure better than the others?
? Why is this?
,
... There are two reasons why it is
desirable t o . . .
, , ...
almost
( , almost
,
,
to be: almost to
be. ,
almost .)

. T h i s is made plausible by
the following argument.

(= ) thus, therefore, then,

so, that is why, hence, w i t h this i n mind, because
of this, as a consequence
. .. For
this reason it seems better t o . . .
, . . . T h i s had led many
people to believe t h a t . . .
, . . . For this reason we say
that...

:... T h u s we can rewrite this a s . . .
. .. T h e reader will
( = ) likely
, , . . . Nevertheless, it is likely
that...
( = ) similar, like, resembling

, . . . Note that this
is very similar t o . . .

. . . Formally, the result looks somewhat
similar t o . . .
why
( ..)...
, ,
... T h i s is why we
important t o . . .
, ... We shall discuss the
reason for the existence of...

. .. For this reason it is
necessary t o . . .
, . .. So it is
recommended t h a t . . .

required.
. ..
, . ...
Clearly this would not be an easy task, so we s h a l l . . .
( = , ) appear
, = q, (4)
log . In the
critical case q p an additional log p factor appears in (4).

,
. . . T h i s equation is different from those
arising i n . . .
212

obtaining the same result is to note t h a t . . .
,
. .. I n accordance with common usage, we
write...
. A n important
point arises here.

... L e t us now apply our rule to the simple
case of...
. . . Recently
,
[1]. T h e method appears to have
originated in the works of Smith [1].
,
. T h i s rule is
of major importance.
,
... A n exception to this rule may occur w h e n . . .
... A s a general r u l e , . . .
, , ... It is generally
,
... T h i s opinion was reached after experiments
in w h i c h . . .
,
... We must have another rule which will enable
us t o . . .
appearance, occurrence, advent,

emergencies
. . . A similar rule
holds for...

... Before Newton's time, this
phenomenon was regarded a s . . .
,
... It is clear that the rules of the
previous section will enable us t o . . .
...
. . . T h e introduction of... has led to many
. There are
exceptions to this rule.
( = ) explanation,
clarification
. .. .
explaining, clarifying

. T h e publication is illustrated with
explanatory drawings.
t r u t h ; i t is true (that)
, ,
. .. There is perhaps some truth in this;
however,...
i t is realistic, i t approaches
reality
,
, ... T h u s we may assert as
a general rule t h a t . . .

determining...

... T h e rules presented so
far can be extended t o . . .
,
/ . . . T h i s rule is not universal, but it
applies t o . . .
properly, in the right way, right,

correctly, realistically, adequately
He , . .. It is not quite
, . . . It is
more realistic to suppose that. ..
, . . . ? Are we correct
in assuming t h a t . . . ?
regularity, correctness, validity,

accuracy
, . . . It is physically
plausible t h a t . . .
(6),
, . . . We can prove the correctness of (6) by
probable, likely, reliable,

plausible, (is) realistic, reasonable, credible
,
. . . T h e most likely explanation is t h a t . . .
right, true, proper, regular,

rectilinear, faithful, tame, correct
()

,... Although such an assumption
seems plausible,...
right, right-hand

. T h i s is made plausible by the following
argument.
, , . . . I was mistaken
rule, principle, law
, , , . . .
It turns out that I was wrong when I said t h a t . . .
when I said t h a t . . . ; I was wrong when I said t h a t . . .
practitioner
213

, ... Practitioners
rarely worry about mathematical rigor b u t . . .
. ..
In practice, however, it is not necessary t o . . .
practice
, . . .
In practice it often happens, however, that. ..

, .
But this is not what happens in practice.
.
... It is
generally good practice t o . . .
(
..)... For all these reasons it has become normal
practice t o . . .

practice of...
( ..)...
In practice it is possible t o . . .
. .. I n practice
we usually ignore...
, . . . I n practice
we must remember t h a t . . .

. It is
considered good practice to express all measurements in
metric units.
.
T h i s practice leads to serious confusion.
,
... I n practice, it is almost invariably the case
that...

, ,
. . . No harm can come from this practice if one
clearly understands t h a t . . .
... I n practice, we
would like to be able t o . . .
.
...
In practice, we can often neglect...
. Such
, ... I n practice
it is not recommended t h a t . . .
.
, . . . It usually
happens in practice t h a t . . .
.

( ..). We can now justify the usual
practice of...
. .. I n practice one
is interested usually i n . . .
, . . . I n practice it
often happens t h a t . . .

. .. It is of great practical importance to
be able t o . . .
, . . . I n practice, this
means t h a t . . .
( ..)...
In practice, it is much more convenient t o . . .
, ,
. .. I n practice, therefore, the major concern
is t o . . .

, , ... W i t h

. .. I n practice, however, one usually has to
settle f o r . . .

somewhat difficult to achieve because. ..
, ...
T h e result is important in practical terms s i n c e . . .
,
in practice.
, . . .
T h i s is often the case in practice and means that. ..
to achieve in practice.

, ... T h e apparent discrepancy
between theory and practice can be resolved i f . . .
practically, i n practice, essentially,

as good as, for practical purposes

. .. A s an example of practical importance
we consider. ..

. .. It is virtually
.

... I n much the
same w a y , . . .
. .. It is
rarely feasible to determine. ..
(-). T h i s is closely
analogous t o . . .
, . . . T h i s
( ) practical

214
,
... Nevertheless, practical considerations often
dictate t h a t . . .

, . . . A third practical advantage of
this form lies in the fact t h a t . . .

. .. For practical applications
convenient formulation i s . . .
,
( ..)... Although not
very practical problem, it is of interest t o . . .
(
..)... Because of the practical difficulties
involved i n . . .

cases, w e . . .
.
In many cases this is of no practical significance.
,
. .. T h i s
understanding of...
,
, . ..
A much simpler problem, but one of practical interest, is
to c a l c u l a t e . . .
,
. . . T h i s is of great practical importance, s i n c e . . .

. . . A t that time, the only practical method w a s . . .
.
() .
,
... T h i s means that for all practical purposes
one can. ..

...
However, for practical reasons it is conventional t o . . .


, ... Since,
,
, . . . There is
,
. We shall learn how to treat
more practical problems later.
() ,
, (
..)... For practical purposes it is best t o . . .

, ... A case of great practical interest is
that in w h i c h . . .
, ,
[1] ,
,
i t is practical

( ) . . . It is not practical to be too rigid
about. ..
. .. It is usually
cheaper and more practical t o . . .

. .. I n certain circumstances it may be
practical t o . . .
(= ) practical,
efficient
(-).
There is just one sensible way of...

... One method of doing this, not a very
practical one, is t o . . .
( = , )
exceed, surpass, be i n excess of
.
T h e signal stands out above the background noise.
. T h i s limit
should not be exceeded.
i n advance, preliminary,
tentative, first
,
. . . If this proposal is tentatively accepted as v a l i d , . . .
( = ) .
T h e domains are not known ahead of time.
preliminary, tentative
215

assumed.
(
..)... We do not propose to prove the
existence of...

knowledge of...
.
We would like to propose the following alternative.

foresee, forecast, look ahead to

envisage
( = ) . . . T h i s
might have been anticipated f r o m . . .
limit, limiting
, ...

values of...
( = ) offer, propose,
suggest, recommend
. Several
techniques have been suggested.
, /. .. It has been suggested
t h a t . . . ; It has been proposed t h a t . . .
... I n this
chapter we propose to d i s c u s s . . .

. A s encouragement for the
beginner, we offer the following.
... I n such
cases it was suggested t h a t . . .
,
(-). .. We might perhaps conjecture
that...

. Let us propose the following as a trial
solution.
... T h i s

[1]. A very interesting approach has been
proposed by Smith [1].
.
put forward a new theory for this phenomenon.
... It is reasonable to suggest
t h a t . . . ; It stands to reason t h a t . . .
[1]
1980 . A way out of this dilemma was proposed
in 1980 by Smith [1].
() ( = ) ,
. . . Symmetry tells us t h a t . . .
[1] ... Smith [1]
,
... Nevertheless, there is enough evidence
to suggest t h a t . . .
,
... T h e analogy is often used to suggest
that. ..
[1],
(-)... T h i s idea has been exploited by
, . . . These data suggest
that...
. . . T h i s
has been suggested as an explanation for...

[1],
... T h i s explanation was proposed by
Smith [1], w h o . . .

. .. T h i s result suggests a natural
<> ( = )
. this end, Sommerfeld offered the
following words of advice.
be suggested, be proposed
[1].
A different method has been given by Jones [1].
, ... I n some
books it is suggested t h a t . . .
( = )
. T h e study of
logic offers an opportunity to sharpen one's reasoning
skills.
, ... It is sometimes
suggested t h a t . . .
( = ) . . .
Everyday experience suggests t h a t . . .

problem of...
,
. . . T h e reader is welcome to check t h a t . . .

. Cauchy devised a simple
method for determining the convergence of such series.
conjecture, proposal, sentence,

proposition, suggestion
.
We might suggest the following approach.
10 .
T h e proposal was due by December 10.
216

. Other suggestions may be
found in the technical literature.
, . . . T h i s
book is intended for anyone interested in the modeling and
solution of real problems.

supported by factual evidence.

. T h e book is directed to researchers in Lie
theory.

. Once revised according to the suggestions
given above, the paper should be acceptable for
publication.
,
. . T h e method is intended to
, . . .
Various writers have suggested t h a t . . .
. .. verify this
suggestion w e . . .
,
... These proposals never gained acceptance,
although...
proposed, suggested, offered, put

forward (by), initiated
, ... It has been suggested
that. ..
[1].
T h e method was suggested by Smith, et al. [1].
, ... It is suggested t h a t . . .
, [1]. T h i s is the
approach suggested by Smith [1].
suggesting
1980 . [1] ,
, . . . I n 1980, Smith [1] resolved the
paradox by suggesting t h a t . . .
subject, matter, object, unit, topic,

article, item

given by Smith [1].
, ,

, , ,... O u r interest is not to develop
the subject systematically, but t o . . .
.
Nyquist [1].

. . . A preview of this subject would be
. .. What we
claim is : . . . ; We claim as our recent invention:...
. . . T h i s
study is chiefly intended for...
destination
...
T h e purpose of the transmitter is t o . . .
intended, meant, destined

, . . . T h i s
book is intended for anyone interested in the modeling and
solution of real problems.
,
... T h e model seeks to e x p l a i n . . .
,
. .. T h i s
understanding of...

... T h i s book is intended primarily for the
student of...
,
... These comments are not intended t o . . .

guide for...
vested
. Permission has been
granted.
( = ) let, submit,
leave, allow, contribute, offer, make available

the reader to show that. ..
. We leave
the proof to the reader.
. . .

be permitted, be allowed, be
given, be provided
. T h i s constitutes the
subject matter of physics.

be meant, be intended for, be

for use i n , be aimed at
(-/ -).
Familiar examples are provided b y . . .

speak of...
, < 1,
since...
. ..
, . . .
There is no loss of generality in assuming t h a t . . .

. .. A vast amount of technical data is
supplied b y . . .
, , . . . More precisely, we
shall suppose t h a t . . .
( =
) (-). However, an
important exception to this is provided b y . . .

reader.
(-).
The simplest example is afforded b y . . .
(-).
The simplest example is furnished b y . . .

(-). A n example of an entirely different kind is
provided b y . . .
warning, caution

that...
. A word
of warning is necessary here.
precaution, safeguard
,
, ... There are
number of precautions that should be observed before...

. One other precaution might be
mentioned here.
,
, ... Despite these
. ..
also taken against. ..
. ..
. Caution is required, however, in the

. . . Provision should be made for...
( = ) prevent
(from), keep from, guard against, inhibit, deter
( = )
. . . T h i s should not deter us f r o m . . .
(-). T h i s must be
prevented b y . . .
( = ) assume,
presuppose, suppose, expect, fancy, intend,
imagine, speculate
, . . . We will
tentatively assume t h a t . . . ; For now, we will assume
t h a t . . . ; For the time being we will assume t h a t . . .
. . . We shall also a s s u m e . . .
, . . . It would be
wrong to assume that. ..
, , . . .
In any case, it is reasonable to suppose t h a t . . .
, . . .
We have assumed in our exposition t h a t . . .



, . . . I n the above treatment, it has
been tacitly assumed t h a t . . .
,
that. ..
,
with...
, , ...
In particular, suppose it is possible to. ..
, . . .
, . . .
, . . . We will assume
for the time being t h a t . . .
, . . . We shall assume for
the moment t h a t . . .
, . . .
, . . . We shall
, . . . Assuming further t h a t . . .
, . . .
be specific let us assume t h a t . . .
, . . . For
definiteness we shall suppose t h a t . . .
,
. . . Let us assume for the sake of argument t h a t . . .
218
, ,
, . . . For the
, . . . For the sake of
convenience we have assumed t h a t . . .
, . . . So far we
have not assumed t h a t . . .
, . . . It is permissible to
, . . . It would appear
reasonable that. ..
, . . . It has been
assumed, of course, that. ..
,
, . . . Intuitively
we would suppose t h a t . . .
, ,
, , . . .
It might, for example, be conjectured t h a t . . .
. . . It seems
reasonable to conjecture t h a t . . .
, . . . It seems
reasonable to assume that. ..
, , . . . We shall
assume as before t h a t . . .
, . . . It can be assumed
that. . . ; It may be supposed that. . . ; One may conjecture
that...
, . . . We have implicitly
supposed A to be continuous o n . . .
, . . . We assume
without discussion t h a t . . .
...
We assume very little knowledge of...
, .
We assume this condition to be fulfilled.
[1] ,
. . . Smith [1] conjectured from his observations
that...
, . . .
At this stage we cannot assume that. ..
, , . . . For instance, suppose
that...
, , ... Suppose,
for example, that we wish t o . . .
, , . . . L e t
us assume from now,on that. ..
, . . . There is no
reason to suppose t h a t . . .
,
, . . . One way of proceeding is to
,
. . . It would be very wrong to assume, however,
that...
,
, . . . However, it is not obviously
valid to assume t h a t . . .
, . . . It cannot be
assumed, however, t h a t . . .
, . . . It is
safe to assume t h a t . . . ; It may be safely suggested t h a t . . .
, ...
But suppose that we wish to o b t a i n . . .
, . . . It is plausible to
, . . . For the
present, however, we shall assume t h a t . . .
. .. We shall
assume the presence of...
,
. . . T h e result does assume, however, that. ..
,
( = ). ..
We shall assume that the reader has a clear intuitive
idea of...
,
, . . . Based on these examples, one
might conjecture t h a t . . .
, . . . We will always
, . . . One is
tempted to surmise t h a t . . .
() . . .
We might suspect this f r o m . . .
, . . .
, , . . .
It is evidently unnecessary to suppose t h a t . . .
, ,
, . . . We might
also conjecture t h a t . . .
,
. . . Throughout this chapter we have assumed
that...
, . . . We tacitly
, . . . Tentatively
, . . . We do not
presume t o . . .
, . . . Assume for the

219
, . . . Suppose, by
contradiction, t h a t . . .
, ... For
purposes of analysis we shall a s s u m e . . .
, . . . L e t us suppose t h a t . . .
(), ,
. . . B y way of illustration, suppose t h a t . . .
,

possible illustration, suppose t h a t . . .
, ... L e t us
suppose that we wish to find...
, ,
assume t h a t . . . ; It is commonly supposed t h a t . . .
, . . . It is tempting to
... For purposes of
analysis we shall a s s u m e . . .
, ,
. . . account for this fact, Maxwell supposed
that...
be assumed, be supposed
. . . ,
, ,
, , . . .
Furthermore, let it be assumed t h a t . . .
,
, . . . Above all, we cannot assume in general
that...
, . . . It will be assumed
that...
, ,
. . . Henceforth we shall always assume t h a t . . .

... I n this chapter we assume an intuitive
knowledge of...
, ( ),
. . . We presume, therefore, t h a t . . .
,
. . . I n the approximate theory it is assumed t h a t . . .
, , . . . It is
thus reasonable to assume/suppose t h a t . . .
, . . . It is generally
, . . . Initially, it was
supposed that. ..
, . . . It was correctly
reasoned t h a t . . . ; I t was correctly supposed t h a t . . .
, ,
, . . . When such terms are used, it is
, . . . It was
considered reasonable to assume t h a t . . .
, . . . Instead one
assumes t h a t . . .
, . . . T h i s view
presumes t h a t . . .
, ,
. . . Further, the method presupposes. ..
, . . . We may now
suppose that. ..
, . . . For
simplicity it will be assumed t h a t . . .
, . . . A t this point, we
, . . . For convenience
it is assumed t h a t . . .
, . . . For now we assume

that...
, , ,
. . . L e t us now assume tentatively t h a t . . .
() , -,
, . . . prove the theorem, suppose
first t h a t . . .
,
f(x)
for / ( x ) , suppose t h a t . . .
,
, . . . So far it has been

...
T h i s presupposes an intimate knowledge of...
, , . . . A s usual, it is
, . . . It goes without
, . . . It has been implicitly
assumed that. ..

assumed.
, . . . It is usually assumed
that. ..
220
,
. . . I t is assumed that the reader already
, . . . It is often
wrongly assumed t h a t . . .
, , . . . We do this on
N, , . . .
We may estimate N by supposing t h a t . . .
...
.
,
. There are several
reasons why this assumption should be questioned.
assuming
, ,
Care must be taken when assuming t h a t . . .
, ,... T h e n , by
hypothesis,...
, ,
obtain...
( = ) supposition,
hypothesis, suggestion, assumption, premise,
conjecture, presumption, guess, proposal
,
that...
, . . . It was assumed
that...
(1) , . . .

:. .. I n this section the following
assumptions are made: ( i ) . . .
,
that. ..
,
. . . Implicit in this model is the assumption t h a t . . .
, . . . It is
interesting to speculate whether...
, . . . O n the
mistaken assumption t h a t . . .



assumption that. ..
, . . . We make
the usual assumption t h a t . . .
, . . . We do this
on the assumption t h a t . . .

. .. We proceed from
the assumption that. . . ; We operate on the premise t h a t . . .
,
supposition that. ..
, , . . . It is
probably a reasonable assumption t h a t . . .
, . ..

assumption.

, . . . O u r work in
the previous section might lead us to suspect t h a t . . .

, . . .
Our initial assumption was t h a t . . .
,
, . . . Jones makes the

. .. So far we have made no assumptions
regarding...
, . . .
Another working assumption is that. ..
> , . . . this
assumption is wrong, t h e n . . .

. .. It is necessary to make some
assumption regarding. ..
... Implicit
in this assumption is t h a t . . .

the theory of...


. .. A t time, however,
have we made any assumptions regarding. ..

,
. . . Equally important, however, is the assumption
that...
, . . . These
were derived on the assumption t h a t . . .
, . . . T h e y made
the simple assumption t h a t . . .
. ..

. .. T h e above equation is based on the
assumption that. ..

. .. T h e foregoing arguments rely on the

. .. T h e above results have been
obtained under the assumption of...

. .. Under weaker regularity
assumptions on initial d a t a . . .

... Under the assumptions made on fc, we
get...
,
. . . T h e simplest reasonable assumption is t h a t . . .
,
. . . It is a common error to suppose t h a t . . .
, ,
. . . We therefore conjecture t h a t . . .

, . . . We now
remove the assumption t h a t . . .
, ... T h i s
assumption has now been justified, s i n c e . . .
, . . .
The test rests on the assumption t h a t . . .

,... Although such an assumption
seems plausible,...
. . . T h e assumption
is consistent w i t h . . .
, . . . T h i s is
contrary to the hypothesis t h a t . . .
<>
, . . . T h i s is contrary to the widely
used assumption t h a t . . .
/
, . . . T h i s solution is based on the
assumption that. ..

. .. T h i s is a consequence of assuming
the existence of...

. .. T h i s result is independent of any
presumably, as may be
supposed, supposedly, tentatively, admittedly
. . . ,
. We model this growth
w i t h . . . , where r would presumably be small.
, (-). T h i s is
presumably a consequence of...
( = ) (-) prefer
(to)
, ,
. .. Some authorities,
therefore, prefer to consider. ..
... Some
. ..
we prefer, however, to employ...
be preferred, be preferable, be
favored

. Analytical
methods are preferred over the more complicated assays.
.
T h i s is favored by the following data,
preferred, preferable,
preferential
(
..)... For many purposes it is preferable t o . . .
,
, . . . prove this
statement, we make the simplifying assumption that. ..

[1]. O u r results compare favorably
with those of Smith [1].
,
, . . . avoid undue
. .. For
this reason it seems better t o . . .
,
. . . These results are consistent with the assumption
that...
(
). T h e outcome is certainly preferable t o . . .
, , ...
T h e preferred method, however, is t o . . .
...
This very crude assumption y i e l d s . . .
, . .. T h i s is
preferable to u s i n g . . .
, . ..
The assumption ignores the fact t h a t . . .
( ) take up,
undertake, launch, attempt, initiate

... A serious effort was mounted to
c a l c u l a t e .. .
,
, ... If we imagine
...
We have undertaken the present investigation in
order t o . . .
. . . It may be helpful
to imagine...
.
We embarked on a series of control experiments.

1993 . T h e first step was taken in 1993.
[ l j ... Smith [1[ has
undertaken a generalization of...
, . . .
undertake such a study w e . . .
prediction, forecast
( = )
. No exception to this
prediction has ever been found.
,
. .. a reasonable degree, the
above predictions are borne out b y . . .
predicted
. T h i s
is precisely the expected result.
( = ) predict,
forecast
, ,
. .. Unfortunately, as we shall see, the
theory does not p r e d i c t . . .

, . . . T h e theory given above
does not predict the well-known result t h a t . . .
... It is conceivable...; One

can envision...
. . .
We intend to present three techniques for...

. . . We can, however, represent the
. .. O f particular
value i s . . .
, ... Think
of such motions as a collection of...
,
... Before presenting more examples, let u s . . .
, . . . L e t us imagine now
that...
,
, . . . Now imagine that we operate
our apparatus such t h a t . . .
... It is the purpose
of this chapter to present...
, ,
that. ..
..., ()...
better understand. . . , imagine...
. .. It can be
conceived of a s . . . ; It may be thought of a s . . .
. . . T h i s formula
clearly p r e d i c t s . . .
representation,
idea, concept, notion
be predicted
( 5 ) . . . A s
opposed to expressing A in the series representation (5),
note t h a t . . .
,
. . . A s we have seen, the same
results are predicted for...
, . . . Prom this it is
predicted t h a t . . .
,
(). . . T h i s behavior is totally
different from that predicted b y . . .
presentation;

. .. I n the next chapter we give a more

clarify...
( = ) represent,
present, offer, assume, produce
. . . A general
idea can be had of...
... I n the
present chapter we shall give a selection of...

. .. A n equally useful representation,
however, i s . . .
. . . I n this
chapter, we shall formulate the procedure for...
. .. A t this
point, it is convenient to represent...

. .. Such a representation can be made
unique b y . . .
... I n this
appendix we shall present. ..

, . . . Such pictures are
valuable as conceptual aids so long as we do n o t . . .
, . . . I t is
sufficient for us to imagine...
. .. T h e result is
a representation of...
223
. . .
Some insight i n t o . . . has been gained.
. .. It is
convenient to have an alternative representation of...
. . .
It is convenient to employ a graphical representation of...
. ..
. .. It is
the purpose of this chapter to present. ..
. ..
T h e purpose of such a representation is t o . . .
. .. It is
particularly useful for representing...
, ,
that...
represented, outlined

... I n the discussion presented here we h a v e . . .
1. T h e y are tabulated in
Table 1; T h e y are represented in Table 1.
,
. . . These effects obviously cannot be
represented a s . . .


. T h e treatment given here has been
purely formal.
( = ,
..)
.... Sketches of these patterns are also of
interest.
, ...
Hot h of these represent ways in w h i c h . . .


[1], ... T h e first useful application
was provided by Smith [1], w h o . . .

... It is useful to be able to visualize...
, . . . We imagine for the
. .. It is customary to
represent. . .
,
... Alternatively, the angle
may be given in terms of...
F , F
. .. T h e physical meaning of F is that it
represents. ..
...

. These studies hold no mechanical value.
. 1,
. .. T h i s is clearly demonstrated in Figure 1
which shows the results of...

. T h i s example is of academic interest only.
,
,
conclude that. ..
( = ) seem,
appear, be represented
, (9),
. .. T h e result (9) is very
useful for deducing properties of...
. 4. T h i s situation
is represented by Figure 4.
. 3 4.
The results are displayed in Figures 3 and 4.
. T h i s is
clearly brought out in the figure.
( = ) represent,
present, offer, assume, produce, set out, symbolize,
depict
. . . . . . . are given
in the succeeding paragraphs.
, ... L e t us imagine
a case w h e r e . . .
. Its
geometry is not easy to visualize.

consideration.
. ..
We shall not have occasion to u s e . . .
representing, representative
, ,
, /... Another case of interest is
obtained i f . . .
,
. There are
( = ,
) notify, caution, warn
,
, . . . Before
. A word
of warning must be given.
preceding, former, previous,

antecedent, prior, earlier, foregoing
224
, . . .
We have seen in preceding chapters t h a t . . .
, . . .
It may be seen from the preceding remarks that. ..

Rayleigh [1].

.... T h e foregoing paragraphs are
a very brief and simplified account of...
. ..
T h e foregoing analysis is not restricted t o . . .
demand
. . . .
T h e following demands are made o n . . . ; T h e following
requirements are imposed u p o n . . .
( = ) previous,
the preceding
, . . .
I n the preceding section we mentioned t h a t . . .
,
before, except t h a t . . .
, . . . From
the above discussion, it is evident t h a t . . .
, . . . From the
above discussion it is clear that. ..
, . . . It is clear from the
foregoing t h a t . . .
, . . .
, . . . It is
evident from the foregoing equations t h a t . . .
0
somewhat imprecise.
... B y
...
, . . .
T h e preceding discussion leads to the idea t h a t . . . ;
T h e foregoing discussion gives a n idea of...
,
, ... illustrate
the preceding statements, let us consider a n experiment in
which...
before, first, formerly, previously

. . . It is first of all
necessary t o . . .
, , . . .
,
, ,
previous, former, prior, earlier

- ,
. . . T h e reader might, however, still contend t h a t . . .
, , -
. T h e conditions remain
the same.
(. ,
) advantage, preference, the benefits of,
the advantages of
. . . .
T h e advantages of.. .are mamfold/numerous/many.
(3.7) (3.3)
, . . . T h e important advantage of (3.7)
over (3.3) is t h a t . . .

,

that...

, . . .
T h e major advantage of this procedure over the traditional
method is t h a t . . .
(5) ,

the principle of...

generality.

attention o n . . .

simplicity.

. .. T h e above results have been
.
T h e method has many important advantages.
. ..
T h e above results once more illustrate...
,
225
? W h a t are
the advantages of this procedure?
...
T h e method possesses the obvious advantage of...

. .. There would seem to be little
advantage in u s i n g . . .

(-). We will illustrate the advantages and
disadvantages of...

, . . . T h e primary advantage of this
,
. .. Finally, it might be advantageous for
some purposes t o . . .
,
- . It is doubtful
that this procedure can be used to any real advantage.

, . . . A third practical advantage of
this form lies in the fact t h a t . . .

(2)

, . .. I n order to take advantage
of this procedure, one m u s t . . .
,
, . . . T h i s has the advantage of making it
quite clear t h a t . . .
,
. . . T h i s is not necessarily an advantage, s i n c e . . .
, . . . T h i s
relation has the advantage t h a t . . .

, . . . T h i s
approach has the advantage that. ..
,


. T h e main advantage of the procedure lies in
its simplicity.
fine, nice, excellent

, ,
... It would obviously be a great advantage i f . . .

...
obtained b y . . .
... T h i s case
provides an excellent example of...
bonus, premium, prize

, ... T h e first advantage of this
procedure is that it is easier t o . . .
.
. T h e prize for physics has been awarded to
Prof. Ivanov.
, ()
, ... Before taking

. . . T h i s work culminated in the Nobel Prize
for...

, . . . A potential advantage of this
procedure lies in the fact t h a t . . .
( = ) neglect, ignore,
disregard
, . . .
The advantage of this choice is t h a t . . .
,
. . . T h e advantage of this method lies in the fact
that...
, . . .
The advantage of this procedure is that. ..
, ,
, . .. T h e advantage
of this procedure, therefore, is that it provides a s i m p l e . . .
. .. I n the
above discussion we have neglected...
,
neglect...
. Their difference can
be ignored.
...,
. .. It can be neglected. ..
(3) ,
, < 0. We disregard
the case when x < 0.
() , . . .
The advantage of this i s . . .
,
^
. .. I n practice
we usually ignore...
. . .
In practice, we can often neglect. ..
,
(-)...
I n discussing this problem
we have neglected the possibility t h a t . . .

. .. For the present, however, we neglect the
effects of...
,
. This
term can be ignored in the equation.
neglect (of), disregard, ignoring

, (-)
. We are therefore justified in neglecting...
transformation, transform,
mapping, operator, map, conversion, processing,
rearranging, changing
(1)
( = ) . . . After simplification equation (1)
becomes...
, . ..
Obviously, such a transformation produces...
226

, . .. T h i s transformation may
,
. . . T h i s arrangement is not particularly desirable
because...
transformed, converted,
processed
(2) ,
. . . Equation (2) may be rearranged to g i v e . . .
( = ) transform,
change, convert, reconstitute, reconstruct,
translate, recast
( = )
,
(. . . ) . It is convenient to transform
these equations to new variables defined b y . . .
( = ) (1)
, ... convert
E q . (1) to a standard form, we define...
,
( = ). .. These parts are arranged to
form...
be changed

:... T h i s result rearranges to the following
form:...

. . . A striking example of such a
transformation appears in connection w i t h . . .
transforming, converting, i f we
transform

. T h e conversion of degrees to
radians is just a proportion problem.
,
... Transforming the remaining terms in a
,
... After some manipulation, it can be proved
that. ..

. . . W i t h a little
manipulation this formula can be shown to depend o n . . .

... I n order to simplify the algebra we s h a l l . . .
.
There are two problems with this arrangement.
... Standard
manipulation then gives...
,
. .. Such an
arrangement p e r m i t s . . .
. . .
We now discuss a useful transformation of.,.
. . . B y familiar
manipulations w e . . .
<>
(1) ... T h i s may be
( = , )
overcome

()... If we try to escape this difficulty b y . . .

. T h e new procedure
enabled us to overcome the above difficulties.

. T h e difficulties to be surmounted are great.
,...
overcome the attractive forces,...
, ... T h i s
difficulty is overcome by m a k i n g . . .
()... T h i s
difficulty can be overcome b y . . .
(
..)... T h e difficulty cannot be overcome b y . . . ;
T h e difficulty is not overcome b y . . .
overcoming, surmounting

. One method has been advanced for
overcoming this difficulty.

. .. One way around this problem i s . . .
227

, ... T h e technique for overcoming the
instruction, teaching
.
Teaching is maintained at a very high level.
...
first approximation we should e x p e c t . . .

(). .. a first approximation we may
(regard). ..
obstacle, barrier, obstruction
. . .
T h e approximation is based o n . . .

. There is a serious handicap to such a
study.
,
by regarding. ..
, , . . .
One obstacle seems to be that the extremal functions
change with n.


. .. T h e biggest
obstacle to higher production rates i s . . .

. .. A t this point, however, we encounter a
obstruct, hinder, prevent (from),

inhibit, oppose, be opposed to, block
. .. There is nothing
to prevent... f r o m . . .
be interrupted
(),
, . . . Before going further we
pause to g i v e . . .
, ... Let us
take a moment to examine...
pursue, chase
... We pursue a goal
to determine. ..
( = ) exaggerate,
overstate
, , . . .
We cannot emphasize enough t h a t . . .
at, i n , by, when, while, if, for, on, upon, with,

under
? Under what
circumstances does it exist?
, ...
T h e following theorem gives conditions under w h i c h . . .
approximation, approach,
drawing near
fitting,
(
..)... A better approximation is obtained b y . . .
,
... Better approximations to can by
obtained by u s i n g . . .

...

( ..)... A very
satisfactory approximation can, however, be
obtained b y . . .
...
,
... A much closer approximation is obtained i f . . .
, ...
T h i s is legitimate for a first approximation provided
that. ..
approximate, rough, designated

,
. . . I n the approximate theory it is assumed t h a t . . .
. ..

. I n such cases, approximate
solutions may be used.

... These
approximate theories to describe. ..
( = )
approximately, roughly, i n the vicinity of, about,
(at) around, i n the neighborhood of

, ... T h e inside and
outside temperatures will be approximately the same
when...
,
. It is expected that will vary roughly as x .
2
a = b
, . . . T h e condition = b is approximately
satisfied in any problem where. ..
reduced, quoted, presented,

mentioned, adduced
(10)
, ,

. Some of listed articles are wrong.
228

2 , . ..
/
2. A n example of its use has already been given in
Chapter 2.
, . . .
Different approaches will, in general, lead t o . . .
, . . .
T h i s in turn can lead t o . . .
1
. .. I n Table 1 we summarize t h e . . .
. ..
In this appendix we present the results of...
, ,
chapter shows that. .
,
that...

case of...
...
Further argument would then lead to the idea of...
.
attractiveness

attractive

... T h i s
approach is especially attractive in view of...
( = ) attract, draw, invoke,

call on
, . . . We call
,
that...
.
Let us merely call attention to one p o i n t : . . .

, . . . A t this point, we wish to call
,
. Finally we draw
the reader's attention to the counterexamples we have
included.
|1] , . . .
Smith [1] has drawn attention to the fact t h a t . . .
,
. solve this problem, we
must invoke another technique.
. . .
reduce, reduce to, bring, cite, deduce,

list, adduce, enter
, ,
that. ..

... It would be easy to give many more
examples o f . . .
,
. . . T h e procedure can be continued,
yielding...
(-). We give
here another example o f . . .
. . .
we give some formulae for...

leads t o . . .
. One further

. .. It is possible to give a geometric
.

. We do not
.
the values of...
We quote below
(5).
We now give an application of (5).
, . . . We are led to
the suggestion that. ..

.
A very rough reason, however, can be given here.
...
T h e procedure described here always y i e l d s . . .
,
, . . . Before proceeding
to give examples, we make the important observation
that...
...
,
. . . Clearly such a process alone could not
lead t o . . .
229
, . . .
T h e preceding discussion leads to the idea t h a t . . .
,
[2j. A fuller proof, given by Hilbert [2], is
as follows.
, [1].
Smith [1] points out certain exceptions as follows.
. . . Let
us list some major criteria f o r . . .
:. ..
, ... - We now give
a change i n . . .

. T h i s expression can be put in a more convenient
form.
,
give here.

. . . I t led naturally to various schemes for...
,
. . . T h i s conclusion is based on the
same ideas that lead t o . . .

... T h i s could also lead to a better
understanding of...
, . . . T h i s will
not give rise to confusion because...
,
, . . . Hence, we must try to
develop a theory that leads t o . . .

[1]
... Smith [1] makes a persuasive case for
the existence of...
. . . This
crude argument leads t o . . .

. . . We first
quote a result f r o m . . .

. T h i s practice leads to serious
confusion.

. Nevertheless, this formal
work has produced a concrete result.
(1)
the f o r m . . .
,
. ..
. .. T h i s involves an
increase i n . . .
, . . . T h i s carries the
implication t h a t . . .
,
. . . T h i s suggests quite strongly t h a t . . .
. .. T h i s leads to
conception in w h i c h . . .

. .. We shall now give some
experimental data concerning. ..
. T h i s leads to new
conceptions.

. ..
We now give an explicit characterization of...
.
A few concrete examples are in order.
,
can consider...
,
, .
The elegant proof we give is essentially due to Hilbert.
. . .
T h i s leads to useful ways of dealing w i t h . . .
, , ,
... T h i s leads
into the topic of...
. T h i s
motivates the following definition.
, ... T h i s leads
to what is known a s . . .
... T h i s leads


existence of...
1
. T h e results are set out in Table 1 for three
values of r.

... T h i s result automatically
leads to a study of...
230
be reduced, be listed

. T h e following
<> F :...
T h e formula usually given for F i s . . .
... . . . A brief
. 1. T h i s is sketched in
F i g . 1.
. .. 3.
Some values of... are listed in Table 3.
. .. Below i s . . . ; Below is g i v e n . . . ;
Following i s . . . ; Seen below i s . . .
,
... T h e main results are stated below, first for
the case of...
... .
A list o f . . . appears in Appendix A .
( )
Section 2.
( = ) customary, habitual,
usual
. .. Over the years
it has, however, become customary t o . . .
suitable, sound, adequate, useful, fit,

feasible for, satisfactory for, suitable for, good for

. . . T h i s method is unsuitable for
viscoelastic effects i n . . .
,
[1],
who...
,
. . . Mathematicians have always maintained t h a t . . .

practice of...

, . . .
We shall adhere to the convention t h a t . . .
. We shall
follow this method.
. . .
We follow the usual procedure a n d . . .
. T h i s
doctrine still holds today.
( = ) admit, recognize,
acknowledge, accept
, . . .
, , . . . It has long been
recognized, for example, t h a t . . .
, . . . We hasten to
confess that. ..
... T h i s equation is
recognized a s . . .
, . . . It was
recognized at an early stage t h a t . . .
, . .. Few physicists
have recognized t h a t . . .

publication.
, . . . However, it
has since been recognized t h a t . . .
( = ) add, attach, give, impart
, , . . .
Seemingly no other physicists have recognized t h a t . . .
, (-). T h u s we have
given a meaning t o . . .
. .. T h i s gives
means of defining. ..
(-). T h i s
analysis sheds new light o n . . .
( = -) follow,
hold to, keep to, adhere to, confine oneself to
, . . . L e t us
entertain the hypothesis t h a t . . .

[1]
, . . . I n opposition to this, Smith [1]
held t h a t . . .
, , . . .
It appears that no other physicists have recognized t h a t . . .
, [1] , , . . .
Smith [1] seems to have been the first to recognize that. ..
, . . . One is forced to accept
, . . . It must be admitted t h a t . . .
... T h i s is now recognizable
as...
be admitted, be recognized, be
acknowledged
, . . . It has long been
appreciated that. ..
. .. So far there has been
no recognition of...
, . . . It is now recognized that. ..
231
indication, sign, mark, test, feature,
symptom, condition, marker, indicator, evidence of
, . . . There is ample
evidence that. ..
, . . . There is not
a grain of evidence to suggest...
recognized, acknowledged, renowned

. . .
Dr. Smith was a renowned expert i n . . .

... D r . Smith is a recognized expert in the
field of...
,
, . . . It is now widely
( = ) arrive
, . . . It was concluded that. ..
,
( = ) add, apply, adjoin,

enclose, affix
( = )
... T h e method is applicable to a large class of...
( = )
( = )... We may also apply the
concept of...

. . . T h e above considerations
may be applied equally well t o . . .
,
, . . . These expressions may be applied, for
example, t o . . .
be applied, be attached, be
appended to
. . . . A great deal of
effort is going i n t o . . .
,
, . .. It will be observed that these methods
are only applicable w h e n . . .
To . . . T h e same
argument applies t o . . .
. . .
Precisely similar ideas are applicable to. ..
application, supplement, appendix

(3). A s an application of the analysis, we
consider E q . (3).

. .. I n many engineering applications, it
,
required.
. We will soon
consider a number of applications.
.
We explore this topic further in the appendix.
(1) ,
<> ,
. . . For some applications we have to remember
that...

.. Here we shall deal only with its
application t o . . .

. These practical applications will not
concern us here.
.
There has been little commercial application of...
, ,
. . . A s an application of this result, we show that. ..
. T h e method is rich
in applications.
(5).



more useful to think of...

. However, this result has another
application.

. One important application is the following.

. One application of this principle is especially
important.
. . . These have
extensive applications i n . . .

. These are considered in some detail in
Appendix A .
... I n this
appendix we shall present. ..

[1], ... T h e first useful application
was provided by Smith [1], w h o . . .
...
. 1. For more detail, see

Appendix 1.
232

role i n . . .
is applied, is used

... . . .
T h e method of... could safely be applied t o . . .

.. T h e next theorem has applications in the
study of...
[1] ,
,
. Smith [lj suggests that this
... .
A list of... appears in Appendix A .
,

/ . . .
... T h i s is a

... T h i s general conclusion applies to a wide
class of...
. T h i s is useful in
many applications.
applicability
... / . . .
T h e method of... should apply t o . . .
,
. . . Let us now see how this argument
carries over t o . . .
( , )
application, use, employment, utilization

method described above we show t h a t . . .

(-). I n this section we illustrate the
application of...

. . . A n important application of
(1) ,

... T h i s result can also be obtained by the
application of...
,
. .. We must, of course, be careful in
applying...
1
, . . . A direct application of Theorem 1
yields...
applicable

, ... Since,

, (3),
... T h e bound provided
by (3) is of limited use because it involves the unknowns...
,
( = ). Unfortunately, the method was not
applicable; T h e method, unfortunately, was not applicable.
(1)
. .. T h i s underlies
the applicability of...
, ()
( = ). - It turned out that the method was
not applicable.
, , /. ..
Clearly they do not apply to cases w h e r e . . .

... T h e results are applicable to a very large class
of numerical optimal control problems.
,
/ . . . T h i s rule is not universal, but it
applies t o . . .
... T h i s solution
applies strictly only w h e n . . .

...
A n application of Newton's second law gives...
...
T h e application of this method is confined t o . . .
. ..

(-). T h e adoption of this particular method is
justified b y . . .

... T h e application of the theory to particular
cases requires...
...
T h e next step was to apply the idea of...
...
T h e problem is solved by a p p l y i n g . . .
233
. . .
T h e technique lends itself readily t o . . .
. . . . Several
methods are available f o r . . .
... T h i s is
rather typical use of...
, ,
... T h i s is a
applicability, adaptability,
validity
2 (-).

( = ). .. T h i s essentially limits the
usefulness o f . . .
( = ) applicable, suitable,
usable, useful, applied

, . . .
T h e approximation breaks down because...
, ...
T h i s definition is applicable even w h e n . . .
/ . . . T h e method
does not apply t o . . .
, . O f course, this
method will not always work.
,
. . . T h i s situation does
not apply t o . . .
( = , ) apply,
adapt, employ, use, make use of
,
. .. These are generally designed to make
use of...
( = ,
) 3.2. Last time we were not
appealing to Theorem 3.2.
,
(-). .. We must be careful not to
imply t h a t . . .
,
, . . . We may apply these considerations, for
example, t o . . .

, . ..
We may apply some of the results of this chapter to
illustrate...
,
... We can at once apply this theorem to find...
, , 1 ,
/. .. We can, of course, apply Theorem 1 to the
case where. ..

. We shall apply our results to a simple case.
,
1, . . . We apply the
asymptotic expansion method used in C h . 1 t o . . .

. We advise against the use of soft plastics in this
application.
, . .. / . . .


/ . . . However, both of these processes may easily be
adapted t o . . .
/ . . .
A similar argument may be applied t o . . .

. I n that case, we must resort to a
purely numerical technique.

, ... It is
important that we be able to apply the concept of...

/ . . . T h e relations obtained may also be
applied t o . . .
, ... . . .
It is probably safe to apply the method of... t o . . .

case of...

/ . . . T h e argument can be applied equally
well t o . . .
<> , /. ..
T h e method is not applicable w h e n . . .

applied t o . . .

, ,
, , . . .
[1] . . . Smith [1] has
applied this method t o . . .
/ . . .
A corresponding analysis can be applied t o . . .
/ . . . T h e same
method may be applied t o . . .
234
. . .
, ...
These methods are not applicable in the case of...

well t o . . .
. .. T h i s
generalization cannot be applied to the case of...
. ..
T h i s principle has been applied to the manufacture of...
be suitable for, be applied to, be

useful, make use of
,
, ... We may see more clearly what
is involved here b y . . .
,
,
,
> 1. A similar argument applies when a > 1.
, ...
, . .
/ . . .
A test of a similar kind can be applied t o . . .
To, ,
. .. W h a t has been said above applies in
, ...
T h e same principle applies w h e n . . .
, , . . .
,
... T h i s device can be employed whenever...
,
applied t o . . .
applying, i f we apply
, , . . .
When applying the theorem it is essential to check that. ..
,
... T h i s result may also be obtained by
means of...
example, instance, model

, (-). T h i s is, of course, an
example of...
... A more
intriguing example i s . . .

... It would be easy to give many more
examples of...
[2] . Several
examples are given in [2].

. .. E a c h
of these examples Is concerned w i t h . . .
. ..
As a further example we may e x a m i n e . . .

consider. ..
... A s

. .. As an example of practical importance
we consider...

, . .. A s an example of the method
described above we show t h a t . . .
... B y way of
example, let us now consider...

, . .. A s a slightly harder example we prove
that. ..
...
As a specific illustration, suppose t h a t . . .
. .. A s

. As a particular example take the following.

examples we will assume for convenience that. ..
...
,
... I n the following examples we use
this method to determine...
, . . . I n these
examples it happens t h a t . . .
,
(-). .. It is important to note from this example
that. ..
<5 (
..)... A more complex example is afforded b y . . .
, ,
, , . . . Probably
the vaain lesson to be gained fram these three examples is
that...
. Another example will

be helpful.
...
T h e foregoing is a good example of...
235

example i s . . .
,
. L e t us approach this question
... These
examples should make it clear t h a t . . .


( ..)... T h i s example is typical of m a n y . . .

,
. . . T h e real point of this illustration is t h a t . . .
...
. Other examples of... are mentioned in
Section 2.
,
. . . Another
example might be taken f r o m . . .
0
/ [11],
, . . . E v e n more startling is an
example due to Smith [11], which shows t h a t . . .
,
...
Here we describe some early examples of...
(-). We give
here another example of...

(-/-). .. Familiar examples are provided b y . . .
,
. . . We may infer from this particular example
that. ..
,
(-)...

where. . . ; T h e history of... abounds in cases where. ..
, . ..
Let us, for example, consider the interaction of...
, , . . .
It might, for example, be conjectured t h a t . . .
, , . . . It is estimated, for
, , . . . For instance,
, . .. This is
,
,
. . . A n easily understood, yet not too
trivial, example is that of...
... A less
( ..) ,
... We conclude by giving an
example to illustrate...
, . . .
We conclude this example with the observation that. ..
, , , . . . We might,
. We can
demonstrate this with a simple example.

examples.
, (-). We shall see
that this is an example of...

( ) . . . T h e most conspicuous examples are to
be found i n . . .
,
. . . T h e most significant feature of this example is
that...
...
example demonstrates t h a t . . .
. .. A more
difficult example is provided b y . . .

. Several worked out examples
are presented in the next section.
, . ..
A n example is used below to i l l u s t r a t e . . .

(-). T h e following is a good example of...
, . . .
T h e following example shows t h a t . . .

examples.
. . .

. . . A n interesting variation on the last
example is provided b y . . .
236

. It is, however,
example.
, [ l j ,
... B u t , as Smith [1] points out,
there are certainly examples of...
, ,
that. ..
, . .. It is
,
fact t h a t . . .
,
easier t o . . .
,
. .. Before presenting more examples, let u s . . .
, . L e t us see how
that works in an example.
, ... We now give
2 , . . .
3 , . . .
Example 3 illustrates the general principle t h a t . . .
. A n example should
make this clear.
,
, . . . Guided by our earlier example, w e . . .
,
. . . O n the basis of this example, it is evident that. ..
,
. .. We now work out some
examples to illustrate...
( = )
... T h e following series of illustrations
shows...
.

solution.

( = ). T h e following example may help
to clarify this point.

. T h e following example may make this point
clearer.

following example.
(). ..
[lj
. .. Smith [1] makes a persuasive case for
the existence of...
() . First we consider
an example.
2.
A n example of its use has already been given in Chapter 2.

(-). A n example of an entirely different kind is
provided b y . . .

... There are many

examples o f . . .
( ) . . .
A n example of such a structure occurs i n . . .
,
(-). T h u s we arrive at our first instance of...
. ..
Examples will be found in standard accounts of...
,

. A numerical example will illustrate this.
...
We now turn to some examples of...
() ...
T h e simplest example of this is given b y . . .
.
(-).
T h e simplest example is afforded b y . . . ; T h e simplest
example is furnished b y . . .

case of...

... T h e simplest example of such
a situation is the special case of...

possibility

. .. T h e simplest example of such an
operation i s . . .
... We have here

another example of...
. Let us take a
numerical example.

... A simple example, often quoted, is the
case of...
237

. . . T h i s example is of
.
,
... T h i s example shows that it may be
necessary t o . . .
. . . , .

. T h i s example is of academic interest only.
,
can consider...

.
T h e technique is illustrated in the next example.


problems of...
(-). T h i s
belong, belong to, be due to,

pertain (to), appertain (to), lie (in)
, ( ) . . .
( =
). T h i s theorem is due to Gauss.
.
T h i s solution is generally attributed to Gauss.
.
. T h i s result is due to
Gauss. L e t us formulate it as a theorem.
. . . is
responsible for much of the work o n . . .
, . . . These and
many other examples show t h a t . . .
. ..
deserves the credit for the design of...
()
guide for...
,
. We describe the method which is due to
Dirichlet.
, .
These examples are typical but not exhaustive.

Rayleigh [1].
,
example, t o . . .

(-). T h i s is another
example of...
... T h i s is a further
example of...
,
. T h i s is best understood through
a specific example.
example of what is c a l l e d . . .
(-). T h i s is a good
example of...
.
The procedure is best illustrated by an example.
belonging (to), pertaining (to),

contoured (by), due to
,
( = ) take, receive, accept,

admit, assume, accept, adopt, find
...
In this case the equation takes the f o r m . . .
, . . . It is important to appreciate
that...

... Let us adopt the usual convention of
writing...
.
We shall not adopt this convention here.
, . . . Here we
adopt the attitude t h a t . . .
, . . . When
. . . T h i s very
simple example is typical of...
.. .
... T h i s
, . . . We must
reconcile ourselves to the fact that. ..
, . . . T h i s
example illustrates the general fact t h a t . . .
.
238
. . .
, . . . It is commonly
accepted that. ..
, . .. We are
(1) , . . .
, ... We adopt the

convention that if R i s . . . t h e n . . .

convenience.
,
,
, ... Despite these
, . . .
, , . . . Indeed it is
usually accepted t h a t . . .
, . . . However, it
was recognized at the time t h a t . . .
, . . .
From now on, it should go without saying that. ..
()
settle f o r . . .
...
also taken against...
W
, ...
. These can
take various forms.
()
, [1] ,
... Smith [1] seems to have been the first to accept
the notion of...
,
, ,
. . . - Therefore we may take as axiomatic the idea
that. ..
,
, . . .
,
, ,
recall that. ..
, . . . T h i s
procedure was adopted because...
,
. . . T h e technique provides a rational

. T h i s may be appreciated from the
following argument.
( = ) begin (with), start

(with)

. No late submissions will be accepted.
:... T h e point
of view adopted is one w h i c h . . .
, . .. T h i s
approach is adopted because...
( = ) bring, yield

viewpoint o n . . .
. ..
T h e experiment provided dramatic confirmation of...
,
,
. .. Research spanning two
decades has yielded surprisingly few results o n . . .
principle, mode, consideration, concept,

precept
, . . .
T h e underlying idea is that. ..

. T h i s is an important principle to be kept in
mind as we proceed.
(-). T h i s is similar in
principle t o . . .
, ... I n principle
it may be advantageous t o . . .

. . . A n important application of
... T h i s
approach violates the basic principle of...
. . .
The principle is readily extended t o . . .
, . . . T h i s principle
239
,
,
. . . T h e principle used here i s . . .
() ... W i t h this
(general) principle in m i n d . . .
...
principal, fundamental, of
principle, crucial
,
. . . Its principal importance lies ultimately in the
fact t h a t . . .

. T h e general principle is quite clear and easy
to state.

. . . T h i s does not impose any
fundamental restrictions o n . . .
, . . . T h i s
method is based on the principle t h a t . . .

basic differences between. ..

. One application of this principle is especially
important.
,
,
,
. . . T h e principal features to note a r e . . .

( ..)... A t least in principle, this enables
us t o . . .

. .. Similar principles prove helpful in
the design of...

, . .. T h e full
meaning of this principle can be appreciated only after we
have...
,
. It is instructive to verify this
result from first principles.

the principle of...
,
fact t h a t . . .
, . . . B y
applying the principle of virtual work w e . . .
, ...
Thus, in principle at least, it is only necessary t o . . .
, . ..
T h e same general principles hold w h e n . . .

. .. We now turn to several fundamental
principles...
, ...
T h e same principle applies w h e n . . .
,
. . . Example 3 illustrates the general principle
that...
. T h i s
accepted, adopted, used, admitted,

assumed
, . ..
Efforts have been made to insure t h a t . . .
, ...
Precautions have been taken to reduce effects of...
,
that. ..

. .. I n electromagnetics it is conventional to
define...

, . . . T h e most widely accepted modern
theories suggest t h a t . . .
, ...
A similar method may be adopted w h e n . . .
... It is customary to express...
. . . It is usual to speak of...
speak of...
assume that. . . ; It is commonly supposed t h a t . . .
,
,
( ..). We are therefore justified in
accepting...
,
. T h i s
policy is adopted in the interest of simplicity.
,
... T h i s is a familiar procedure, undertaken in
many studies of...
( = ) accepting, adopting,
assuming
, ... Under this
( = ) ascribe (to), assign,

attach, add, attribute (to), register, give credit for
240

... No simple physical meaning tfan be
attached t o . . .
equating
, ,
. . . B y equating the two terms it can be seen t h a t . . .
( = , ) nature,
character
. . There
has been much debate about the nature of...
...
. Four distinct cases arise according
to the nature o f . . .
, ...
. It is
approximations.
.
We shall indicate the general nature of...
( ..) -
T h e details depend on the nature of...
... Note the singular
nature o f . . .
,
( ..). There are various
possibilities depending on the nature of...
the nature of...
( = ) begin, proceed (to),

enter upon, set (about), embark on, go into
,
. .. T h e main question is how we
<> ,
presence, occurrence, attendance

( = )...
We shall assume the presence of...
^-
T h e solution process is complicated by the presence of...
inherent (in), intrinsic, common (to)

,
... Nevertheless there
are certain features that are common to all types of...
( = ) arrive, come
,
( = ), . .. We thus come to the important
conclusion that. ..
, ( = )
. A t this point \ve bring'Our
discussion of these matters to a close.
, . We have now
reached a contradiction.
. . .
T h e first important piece of evidence comes f r o m . . .
, . . .
In an attempt to improve on this situation, one is led t o . . .
. . . B y
the same sort of reasoning we are led t o . . .
,
, , . ..
One thus arrives at a model w h i c h . . .
,
(-). T h u s we arrive at our first instance of...
,
. We thus arrive at the following postulate.
. Now we
come to an important question.
... We now come to the
theory of...

( = ), . . . arrive at a definite conclusion,
we...
. . . I n this way
we arrive at the idea of...
where, moreover, and also, besides

. . .
. It is required to construct the above
set of eigenfunctions while the error estimates must be
uniform with respect to n.
reason (for), cause (of), motive

, , ... T h i s is certainly
the reason w h y . . .
,
considering...

essential t o . . .
(-)...
T h e discussion below deals with the reasons for...
, . . .
T h e real reason is that. ..

. There are many reasons for our study of A.
. There are a number of
reasons for this.
, . . .
. . . There are many
different reasons f o r . . .
, .
. There are several
reasons why this assumption should be questioned.
241
, . .. There
are numerous reasons w h y . . .
( ..)...
this reason it is futile t o . . .

( ..)... For all these reasons
it has become normal practice t o . . .
, ,
? W h a t is the
source of this paradox?
.

. We do not present this
argument in detail for the following reasons.
. .. We shall
discuss the reason for the existence of...
... It is most
important to understand the reason for...
,
. . . There seem to be two principle causes for...

, ... There
is nothing to guarantee t h a t . . .

For
,
()
,
. .. T h e reason becomes apparent if we
consider. ..
. . .
T h e reason for this type of behavior must be sought i n . . .

[1]. T h e reason for the discrepancy was
, . . .
T h e reason for this apparent anomaly is t h a t . . .
, . . . T h e reason for
this lies in the fact t h a t . . .
() .
T h e reason for this has been hotly debated.
, . . . There is
every reason to believe t h a t . . .
, . . . One reason is
that...
. . .
, . . . B u t
there is another reason t h a t . . .
,
. .. There are two reasons why it is
desirable t o . . .
, ,
. .. It is convenient, for reasons that
will soon be obvious, to l e t . . .
, ...
, ,
( ..)... It is convenient, for reasons which
will appear later, t o . . .
, ,

, . . . For
this reason we should expect. ..

. .. For this reason we impose the
restriction...

... For this reason we
usually...
, . ..
There are still other reasons why it is useful t o . . .
,
. . There are four reasons for devoting
attention t o . . .
, , ... Yet,
on a purely logical basis, there is no reason t o . . .
. T h i s
, . . . It is for this
reason t h a t . . .

. T h i s may be appreciated from the following
argument.
, ... T h i s is one of
the main reasons w h y . . .

. T h i s definition is unsatisfactory
for several reasons.
. T h i s
( = ) cause
242

... A n y such obstruction may cause datnage to
the...

. . . We shall discuss the existence and uniqueness
problem for...
,
. . . T h i s is particularly troublesome in dealing
with...
... We are confronted

by the task of...
{>...
acceptably, agreeably, gratefully, nicely,

pleasantly
, . . . It is comforting to know t h a t . . .
( = , , )
problem, task, matter, point, topic, question
, (-). T h i s is essentially
a matter of...
..,

,

, ... Another
problem arises w h e n . . .

. Another way of regarding this
problem is as follows.

. .. Another problem is the possible
contamination of...
,
... Another way to treat this Problem is to
take...

,
. . . Two difficulties associated
w i t h . . . should be mentioned here.
, ,
... Interesting but difficult questions arise
when...
, . .. So we are
faced with the problem of...
, ,

this matter.



some detail.
,
, . . . I n discussing this problem we
have neglected the possibility t h a t . . .

is to u s e . . .

, ... It is possible, however,
to extend the treatment to a more general problem in
which...
, . . . T h e main
point is t h a t . . .
,
... T h e main problem is to determine...
... O u r
.
[1]. For a discussion of this problem, see Smith [1].
, ,
(-). T h i s is
determination of...

, ( ..)... Before
- . . .
T h e problem still remains of how to deal w i t h . . .
(-). Thereafter
it is a matter of...
,
. . . T h e latter condition raises problems, because...
...
. T h e problem of... has not yet been solved
satisfactorily.
. .. T h e problem may
be accentuated b y . . .
, ... - - We will
not go into problems w h i c h . . .
, ...
T h e problem is more difficult w h e n . . .
.
243
, ,
, , . . .
, (-),
. T h e problems that arise i n . . . are

, . . . T h e simplest way to approach the problem
is t o . . .

. .. T h e solution to such a problem is
readily deduced by considering...

( = ), . . . I n order to
focus our attention on a specific objective, we s h a l l . . .
.
,
choosing...

problem o f . . .
<> .
investigated.

problems of...
, ... These
problems are partially overcome i f . . .
convention that. ..
, . . .
with...
dip, sink, p i t , caving, cave-in, failure

...
failures of...
. ..
T h e failure of this process is due t o . . .
fail, break down

,
( ) ... B u t their efforts
failed, and more recent attempts h a v e . . .
, , . . . T h i s
attempt failed, and it became clear that. ..
. .. We now
pass to another problem...
. .. .
. Technically, the
problem is now solved.
( = ) conducted, led,
drawn, traced


concern us here.
a = b
, . . . T h e condition = b is approximately
,
. .. I n the
above discussion we have neglected...

revised, inspected, examined,

proved

( = ). T h i s procedure has not yet been
fully tested.
testing, test, check (-up), verification,

control, examination, inspection
. . . ()
. . . . can be identified by inspection.

... A problem which arises very
frequently i s . . .

/3.... A l l three tests gave similar values of /3.
, . . . treat this
problem, w e . . .

,
... illustrate the problems involved, we c a n . . .
,
. . . formulate the more general problem, w e . . .
... T h i s problem does
not arise w i t h . . .


the reader.
, . . . It is
left for the reader to verify that. ..
, . . .
However, closer scrutiny reveals that. ..
, . . . B u t
further tests indicated t h a t . . .
244
/ . . .
oojiee
... Full appreciation of these
processes demands more critical examination of-
. . .
Examination of each individual case leads t o . . ,
,
. . . T h e following theorem gives a
useful test for determining whether...
, . . . It remains
to examine whether...
, . . . I t remains to verify t h a t . . .
,
... Before simplifying this solution, let us
examine...
, . . . It will be
illuminating to examine...
. It is instructive to verify
this.
. mjou,e.(iyrjQ& ?& .,
. . . It is a routine matter to verify t h a t . .
, , . . .
When applying the theorem it is essential to check t h a t . . .

. It can be found from... by inspection.
, . .. It is therefore
worthwhile to examine...
... T h i s condition
is obtained by examining...
, , . . . Strictly
speaking we should verify t h a t . . .
( = ) check (for, oil, with),

test (for), verify, examine, inspect
, . . .
We are now ready to test whether. ..
. .. We shall now
examine properties of T which follow from (2.9) . ..
A s a further example we may examine...
( ..)
. These can all be easily verified.
, ,
... T h e result, which may be easily
verified, i s . . .

statements.
, .
,
... It is worthwhile to
examine...
. .. verify this
suggestion w e . . .
, . . . It may be verified
without difficulty t h a t . . .
, . ..

. It is easy to verify the truth of the
following statements.
()... T h i s can be
verified b y . . .
, . . . It is readily verifiable that. . . ;

It is easy to verify t h a t . . . ; It is easy to check t h a t . . .
, ,
. . . It is a routine matter to verify t h a t . . .
be verified
, . . , It is
usually best to determine w h e t h e r . . .
, . . . It is
. .. Meanwhile we
should e x a m i n e . . .

[15]. These issues are carefully examined in a
recent paper by Smith [15].
, . . . It & be
immediately verified t h a t . . .
, (1) (2)
. I t can be verified that (1) arid (2) are
equivalent.
, ...
to examine...
- Finally e ought
w
,
. . . We still need to examine whether...
, . . . It is
directly verifiable t h a t . . .
,
. . . It may be verified by direct substitution that. ..
( = ) lead, carry on, carry

out, conduct

. Much research work has been accomplished.

... L e t us carry out this procedure
here for the special case of...

( = ),
. .. T h e argument is reversible so t h a t . . .

. T n e prooi ot t'ne converse Vias already
given.
245
*
order t o . . .
0

. .. A similar argument may be made
using...
()
... Estimates of the latter may be
made from measurements o f . . .
( = ) do, make, perform
.
In response to this, the following points can be made.
* ... It is
<> , , . . .

theory o f . . .
*
. . . A further advance was
accomplished b y . . .
,
... Satisfactory analysis has been performed
on samples h a v i n g . . .
,
. . . We carry this out in several

, , , . . .
Although no extensive experiments have been carried out,
we expect that. . .

. . . We shall now make a more systematic
study of...
* . . .
ft is often convenient to carry out the fatter process b y . . .
progress
be carried out, be conducted, be i n

questions.
, ...
. . . T h i s
can be done most easily b y . . .
*
expended o n . . .

.
T h e differentiation is performed with respect to x.

... One method of doing this, not a very
practical one, is t o . .
.
T h e proof is by induction on n.

no ... Work is
underway to determine...
, , . . .

. T h e simplest form of averaging proceeds as
follows.
,
progress, step forward

*
[1], ... Initial progress along
these lines was made by Smith [1], w h o . . .
. . . Progress was
inhibited at first b y . . .
advance
move forward, move ahead,
* ,
, ...
In order to do this we must investigate...

progress, advance
,... B y
a precisely similar a n a l y s i s , . . .
,
... . . . I n doing this, it is convenient to make a
distinction between. . . a n d . . .
* . .
A further advance was accomplished b y . . .
( = ) doing (this, t h a t ) , making
(this, that)
, . .
We can go no further without defining...
* T o ...
T h e same can be done for a n y . . .
( = ) done

made with the aid o f . . .
( = )
show, do, illustrate, demonstrate
...
We shall indicate the general nature o f . . .

,
246
.
, . . . It is
demonstrable that. ..
,
. . . We may continue this argument and so deduce
that...
. . . T h i s has
been clearly demonstrated b y . . .
... We could also

proceed b y . . .
,
. .. T h i s technique will now be demonstrated
using...
, ...
At this point we can only proceed further i f . . .
, ... Next it
will be shown t h a t . . .
, , . . .
Nevertheless, it has been demonstrated t h a t . . .
. ^- We shall
now undertake to demonstrate this in detail.
,
. .. illustrate some of the ideas, let us
consider...
, ,
concept we consider, first,...
(4).
T h i s is easily done using (4).
, . ..
T h i s can be demonstrated by considering...
imposed, dictated

, ...
T h e analysis was inspired by experimental observations
made b y . . .
( = ) continue, prolong,
produce, extend, carry on, proceed
. ..
In this chapter, we will continue our study of...
,
... Having provided this background, we
now proceed w i t h . . .
,
. . . T h e procedure can be continued,
yielding...
,
. .. Unfortunately, many investigators
continue to u s e . . .
? How should we
proceed?
, ... I n the
interim, we may continue t o . . .
. .. One
could proceed further and consider...
. .. We proceed to
calculate...
. . . We continue to work
with...
. We proceed as
follows.
, . . . We persisted in
the belief t h a t . . .
. .. We shall continue to
use...
.
We now pursue our discussion in more detail.
4. We shall go further into
this in Chapter 4.
,
. .. We now proceed to discuss the rate at
which...
,
,
... Leaving such points for the
moment, we proceed t o . . .
, ,
. . . Before going further we pause to g i v e . . .
, , . . . Before
proceeding, we observe t h a t . . .
, ... Before
advancing further, we s h o u l d . . .
,
. We need one more definition before
proceeding w i t h . . .
, ,
that. ..
, ... Before we go
any further, we s h a l l . . .
, ...
, ...
We could continue in this way; however,...
,
...
. . . We proceed
to obtain expressions for...
247
()
. L e t us now proceed systematically.
... O u r project is
concerned with the possibility of...
... We now
proceed to write d o w n . . .
*
... We proceed now to describe a very general
procedure f o r . . .
, . ..
, ... I n order to
proceed further we require...
. T h i s
may be continued endlessly.
be i n progress
be extended, continue, last (for),
,
continuing, extending, i f we continue
,
. .. Proceeding in this fashion one can
construct. ..
* , . ..
2,
. Proceeding as in C h . 2 we obtain
the generalized problem.
1,
, . . . Proceeding as in Section 1, we may
show t h a t . . .
* , ,
. . . Proceeding as above, we find t h a t . . .
, ()... Proceeding as
before, we (can). ..
, ... Proceeding
by induction, we o b t a i n . . .
, , . . .
continuation, extension, sequel

... However, it turns out that

the best way to proceed i s . . .
* ,
... There is another way to proceed, however,
which gives...
projection, designing, planning
* ...

. .. Similar principles prove helpful in
the design of...
. ..
project, plan, design
,
. . . T h i s structure is designed to ensure
that...
designer, planner
*
, ... T h i s can best be
achieved by the designer w h o . . .
, . .. It is clear
that the designer m u s t . . .
( = ) produce, construct,
make, create, derive, carry out, generate, perform
, ,
possible t o . . .
... It has
been found possible to produce. ..

. .. We shall now make a more systematic
study of...
* , . ..
Obviously, such a transformation produces...
* i,j
. Summation is over repeated subscripts

. . . Throughout this treatment an effort will be
made t o . . .

[1]. Similar experiments have been conducted
by Smith [ l j .
. .. I n this way
we can m a k e . . .
necessary to generate...
, . . . For
the purpose of making estimates, suppose t h a t . . .
. .. For the
purpose of illustration we carry o u t . . .
<>
use of...

, . .. T h i s transformation may
long-term, continuous,
lasting, prolonged, lengthy
productively, fruitfully
. .. It is,
however, more fruitful to consider...
project, plan, design
production, manufacture, output,

industry, preparation, building, the making of

... T h e biggest obstacle to
higher production rates i s . . .
248
. ..
doing
,
... T h i s will be illustrated further
in the next section where we consider...
,
,
, ... T h i s is a simple
procedure which can be illustrated by considering...
arbitrarily, at random, at will, i n an

arbitrary way
,
, . .. It is enough to illustrate this in the
case in w h i c h . . .
() ... L e t it be
taken arbitrarily a s . . .
.
T h e unit length may be chosen at will.

. Some of the Ci may be chosen arbitrarily.
( = ) is
illustrated


[1]. T h i s argument can be illustrated by
the exemplary work of Smith [1].
( = )
illustrate, picture

,
will be able to illustrate...

, . .. We may apply
...

... We shall illustrate our theorem and
conditions by the following...
( = ) result, ensue,
originate, arise
. . .
, . . . O u r
contention follows from the fact t h a t . . .
. . .
T h e main experimental difficulty arises f r o m . . .
, . . .
T h e difficulty arises from the fact that. ..
( = , , )
happen, take place, originate, occur, be the result
(of), arise, be in progress, be at work
,
. . . T h i s will not happen, in general, unless...
(-)...
In particular cases it may happen t h a t . . .
, ,
... Consider for a moment what would happen i f . . .

( = ), . .. A n exception to this rule
may occur w h e n . . .
, , ,
. .. T h i s seems to result, at least in part,
from...
, .
We know that this does not happen.
. ..
T h e failure of this process is due t o . . .
. ..
We will illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of...
. B u t
this does not occur in a living animal.
, ,
(-). T h e points
() , ,
, , . . . If we
consider what happens more carefully, however, we can see
that. ..
, . ..

,
, ...
illustrate the preceding statements, let us consider an
experiment in w h i c h . . .
,
... illustrate the problems involved, we c a n . . .
, ...
100 . Such
explosions occur each 100 years.
. Such
. .. T h i s is partly
because...
, ... T h i s
is partly because it is difficult t o . . .
249
, . . . T h i s
arises from the fact t h a t . . .
origin, descent, extraction,

genesis
, . ..

. .. It is of historical interest to trace
the origins o f . . .
()
facts i s . . .

. .. T h e simplest example of such an
operation i s . . .
, /. ..
take place, happen, occur
,
... T h e next simplest case is that in w h i c h . . .

... T h i s results in a marked decrease i n . . .
()...
Among the simplest of these i s . . .
( = ) model
.
vanish, disappear, get lost

, ... No confusion will
exist i f . . .
... T h i s
connection is simplest in the case of...
simply, simple, merely, just

omitted, skipped
. A l l this is not merely

guesswork.
.
The component has been tested and approved.
, . . . It is fairly easy to
see t h a t . . .

. We now proceed to fill in the details.
, ... Here the

matter is very simple, and we c a n . . .
( = ) trace

... It is of historical interest to trace
the origins of...
. . . It is necessary to keep
track of...
(. ) simplest
...
The simplest arrangement is to h a v e . . .
, ,
( ..)... W i t h the
difficult t o . . .
. . . One of the
simplest ways is t o . . .
,
... T h e simplest proof rests on the concept of...
,
... T h e simplest reasonable assumption is t h a t . . .

... T h e simplest
example of this is given b y . . .
(-).
The simplest example is furnished b y . . . ; T h e simplest
example is afforded b y . . .

, . . . Here we will merely

note t h a t . . .
,
the next section.
,
that. ..
,
more easily by noting t h a t . . .

. L e t us merely call attention to one p o i n t : . . .
,
. . . T h e idea is most easily understood by
examining...
...
,
supposition t h a t . . .

(). . . T h i s can be done most easily b y . . .
... T h e y
cannot, however, be obtained merely b y . . .
, . . . For
the present, however, we merely state t h a t . . .
,
we introduce...
250
( ..)
... I t can be found most
simply b y . . .
, ... It is obvious
that we cannot s i m p l y . . .
, ,
because...
. T h e device is simple to
install.
, ,
perhaps most easily introduced by observing t h a t . . .

( ..)... These relations are obtained most
simply b y . . .
, . . .
T h i s last equation simply means that. ..
( ..)...
matter (to write o u t . . . )
T h i s is a simple
, . . . T h i s is
simply a consequence of the fact t h a t . . .
, ,
... T h i s is simply a statement to the effect
that. ..
( ..)...
is simply a particular case of...
This
,
the use of...

. .. T h i s requirement is most simply
met b y . . .
, . . . T h i s
equation simply states t h a t . . .

, . . . T h i s condition can
be most easily satisfied by requiring t h a t . . .
(. ) simple,
prime, primary, easy, straightforward; standing
time, breakdown time, down time, off-time,
standing idle, stoppage
, , . . .
T h i s procedure, although straightforward, leads t o . . .
, ...
T h i s method is simple and quite interesting, b u t . . .

interpretation.


. .. For convenience, we will often
, . .
( ..) .
. T h e proof is simple; we leave
it to the reader.
(-). Here we see
a simple case of...
,
, ...
A much simpler problem, but one of practical interest, is
to calculate. ..
,
that...
... O r it may be
simpler to express...
... Sometimes it is simpler t o . . .
() ,
, . . .
It is possible to derive a very simple condition that. ..

theorem as follows.

,
which...
... It is much
easier in practice to find...

proof was given by Smith [1], whose method we follow
here.
example demonstrates that. ..
naparpadpe
. . .
, . . .
...
I such a case, it might be simpler to specify...
/ ,
. T h e proof, however, is
not as easy as one might think.
. Let
us work one more simple problem.
, ...
251
, ...
A particularly simple situation is that in w h i c h . . .
, ... T h i s process
is particularly simple w h e n . . .
. T h e answer is simple.
, . ..
T h e result is not simple because...

... T h e first of these, and the simplest, i s . . .
,
easier t o . . .

( ..)... A simple and direct proof can
be obtained b y . . .
, 1
. . . a simple and useful
criterion
. . . A simple test case is
provided b y . . .
...
T h e simplest such method i s . . .
, ...
T h e situation is slightly simpler in the case w h e r e . . .



determining...

, / . . . We now
... It is now

, . . . It is often simpler to
do this than t o . . .
. . . , .
,
. . . take an even simpler example, we
can consider. . .
simplicity

simplicity.
, . . . For
simplicity it will be assumed t h a t . . .
. .. For the sake of
simplicity, let us consider...

, . . . For simplicity in what follows we
assume that. . .
,
... For simplicity, we start by restricting our
attention t o . . .
... For

, . . . For the sake of simplicity we will
consider a case in w h i c h . . .
,
. . . A s before, for simplicity, we will u s e . . .

its simplicity.
. T h i s
against, opposite, facing, contrary to, as

against
, . . .
Against this practice is the fact t h a t . . .
( = , ) the
contrary, the opposite
.
T h e argument is by reductio ad absurdum.
opposite, inverse, negative,

contrary to, antipodal


. We leave the
()
, ,
. . . I n the absence of strong evidence to the contrary
contraposition, opposition


(5) , . . . A s opposed to expressing A
in the series representation (5), note that. . .
(. )
contradiction
252
,
that. ..
, D r . Smith is now a
tenured associate professor. D r . Smith is an associate
professor of physics.


viewpoint o n . . .
, ... There is no
contradiction here because...

, . Prof. Smith's
, . We hsive now
reached a contradiction.
,
.
T h i s contradiction completes the proof.
, , ,
(. )
contradict, be i n contrast with, be contrary to
, . T h i s is of course
contrary to experience.

, . . . A nonphysical aspect of this solution is
that...
,
. . . T h i s equation contradicts the assumption t h a t . . .

. T h e observed results are contradictory to this
theory.
(-). T h i s is not in
contradiction w i t h . . .
. T h i s would
, . . . It defies common sense to argue t h a t . . .
, . . . - - T h i s is
contrary to the hypothesis t h a t . . .
,
[1]. T h i s is in conflict with conclusions reached
by Smith [1].

extend, duration, stretch, range,

spread

. . . Throughout our work, we lay heavy
emphasis o n . . .
professor
D r . Smith is an adjunct professof in our
department. D r . Smith is an assistant professor of physics.
D r . Smith is a lecturer in physics.
D r . Smith was promoted to full professor
this year. D r . Smith is a professor of physics. P r . Smith is
a professor in the Physics Department.
,
. . . Prof.
Smith was a talented researcher who published a long list
of papers o n . . .

... Prof. Smith was a skilled

. .. Prof. Smith has distinguished himself in
the field of...

... Prof. Smith had a long and distinguished
career in the field of...

(. , )
procedure, method
,
. .. A n alternative procedure is to make
use of.. .

. . . A l l such procedures can have

,
. . . T h e major advantage of this procedure over the
traditional method is t h a t . . .

... L e t us carry out this procedure here for the
special case of...
.
T h e merits of this procedure are as follows.
. . .
. Straightforward numerical
procedures can be devised for...
,
. . . Another disadvantage of this procedure is
that...
,
. . . T h e other disadvantage of this procedure is
that...

this, ^cocedjoxe. is. thaii
? W h a t is the
253
? W h a t are
the advantages of this procedure?
. One can
see the disadvantage of this procedure.
, .
We doubt whether this procedure would work.

, . . . T h e primary advantage of this
,
- . It is doubtful
that this procedure can be used to any real advantage.
, . . .
A disadvantage of this procedure is the fact that. ..
,
... T h e disadvantage of this procedure is that it
requires...
/ ,
. . . Such a procedure is to be avoided
because...
,

, . . . One special merit of the

,
. It remains to be seen whether this
procedure is viable.


, ... T h e first advantage of this
procedure is that it is easier t o . . .
,

, . . . A potential advantage of this
? W h y is
this procedure better than the others?
, ,
,
that. ..
,
that...
. . . We first
give a procedure for...
, . . .
It is a routine matter to verify t h a t . . .
, ,
. .. However, we may simplify matters by
using...


, . .. I n order to take advantage
of this procedure, one m u s t . . .

. T h i s procedure has not yet been fully
tested.
.
T h e procedure has the following disadvantages.
, ... It is standard
procedure t o . . .
(. ) process,
procedure

processes.
, ...

,
clearly b y . . .
(
..)... L e t us investigate in more detail the
process of...
, ... T h e process
terminates i f . . .
. T h e process
is easy to automate.
( = )
, . . . T h e advantage of this procedure is t h a t . . .

, ,
, ,.. T h e advantage
of this procedure, therefore, is that it provides a s i m p l e . . .
, ( )
( = ), . . .
Indeed, this process is much more powerful t h a n . . .

. ..
254
. 1,
... A s illustrated in Figure 1, this
process can be understood in terms of...
. . . Later in the
process, w e . . .
. T h i s
process may have to be repeated several times.
. ..
T h e process is detected by the observation of...
(-). T h i s process is
governed b y . . .
other

/ . . . However, both of these processes may easily be
adapted t o . . .

. .. Among other possibilities, serious
. . .
B u t generally the process will lead t o . . .
. Repeat

, ). Such processes simply do

not occur.
, , . . .
Such processes will depend largely u p o n . . .
,
lead t o . . .
, , . ..
, . . . .
T h e process is then repeated u n t i l . . .
a change i n . . .
...
T h e solution process is complicated by the p r ^ c e of...
s e n

. time
progresses, the process will move toward a steady state
distribution.

. .. Such processes can most conveniently be
. We shall now
discuss these three operations.
,
. .. T h e expression neglects a number of
processes w h i c h . . .
, . .. T h i s is a process in
which...

;
. .. T h i s process
leads to the development of...
, . . . T h i s process
is A V S - H ' because...
, ... T h i s
process may be terminated i f . . .
firmly, securely, strongly, robustly, sturdily

" . . . "
. T h e term " . . . " is deeply embedded in the
physical literature.
firm, sound, strong, stable, durable,

resistant, secure, stiff, sturdy
, . It is a strong
yet flexible layer.
( = ) show, exhibit

... - Great care must to be exercised in
selecting...
( = , )
develop, become apparent, appear, show up
. Two
,
. .. T h e first difficulty comes to light as
make clear
, . .. It will be
illuminating to examine...
directly, straight, outright

. . .
Right away we need a notation to i n d i c a t e . . .

directly from (6).
straight, direct, right, straightforward,

erect
. . .
. . . . can be identified by inspection.

proof was given by Smith [1], whose method we follow
here.
. ..
T h i s theorem is a direct corollary of...

. .. T h e above definitions are

( ..)...
A simple and direct proof can
be obtained
by...
1 ,
. . . A direct application of Theorem 1 y i e l d s . . .
255
, . . . It is
(. , , )
way, curve, path, course
, . . . Direct
experience has shown t h a t . . .
...
Better isolation can be obtained b y . . .

... T h e following theorem is a direct
, . ..
In this chapter, we consider the way in w h i c h . .
. It is an immediate
consequence of the definition.
directly
, ,
since...
people, audience
, ,
. His talk, scheduled for 1 P M
Thursday, is open to the public.
published paper, article, book

publication.

before publication.

publication.
,
... I n this chapter, we will examine some of
the ways in w h i c h . . .
. .. Another
,
, ... We may see more clearly what
is involved here b y . . .
, . . . I n this way it is
found t h a t . . .


is to u s e . . .
, ... Both of
these represent ways in w h i c h . . .
/. ..
In much the same way,. .
.
( = ) point, item, article, heading,

section, subsection, locality, post, spot
/,
. There are three principal ways in
which this can be done.
. . . I n the
present context, the important point is t h a t . . .
... I n the same way, we

can...

... T h e number of
molecules in the path of the l i g h t . . .

. T h e following example may help to clarify this
point.
...
T h e next obvious step is t o . . .
, ,
. . . clarify this point, it should be emphasized
that...
let
, , . . .
Furthermore, let it be assumed t h a t . . .
( = , ) (3.9)
. .. Suppose the
basis (3.9) is constructed with the specified degree p of
accuracy with respect t o . . .
... I n this way we

arrive at the idea of...

... T h i s is achieved by adjusting the
positions of...

( = ) attempt, try, seek,

strive

,
( = ) confuse, confuse w i t h ,
implicate
, , . . .
He . . . It should not be confused

with...

()... If we try to escape this difficulty b y . . .
256
... We will try to

understand. ..
, ...
,
.
We will attempt a graphical solution first.
work, paper, report, investigation, study,

contribution, performance, operation, labor, run

. . . O u r subsequent work will remedy this
defect a n d . . .

,
. . . For very accurate work, silver is usually
used because...
,

. We expect to publish our work within two years.

. . . Throughout our work, we lay heavy
emphasis o n . . .
, . . . Recent work has
shown that. ..

expended o n . . .
()
of this work.
,
,
. . . Prof.
Smith was a talented researcher who published a long list
of papers o n . . .

... Prof. Smith was
skilled researcher who had many years of experience
with...
, ,
-. It should be
researchers.
1980
[1]. T h e development of such a
theory began in the early 1980s with the work of Smith [1].

. Adjustments can be made while the machine
is operating.
[1] . . .
Smith [1] had many years of experience dealing w i t h . . .

40
. . .

... T h i s labor
may be avoided b y . . .
(12)
[1]. For
Smith [1].
, .
. .. Clearly this would not be an easy task, so we
shall...
. .. I n some work
it is necessary t o . . .
...
,
, , . . . T h e reason for
undertaking the work was principally that. ..
work, operate, function, be i n operation,

run, perform
. . . It will be
convenient to deal separately w i t h . . .
, .
257
,
. . . T h i s approach, however, breaks
down when applied t o . . .
,
. Although this method
is somewhat unorthodox, it is as valid as any of the more
familiar methods.
working; worker
, . . .
Another working assumption is t h a t . . .
( = , ) divide,
partition, layout, break (up), decompose, split
() ,
. T h e proof is
2.1
( 2.1
2.7). T h e proof of Theorem 2.1 is arranged as a
series of seven Lemmas (Lemma 2.1 to L e m m a 2.7).
equality, equation
. We shall divide
the domains into two classes.
. .. From the
second equality, we h a v e . . .
. We shall
divide the proof into two steps.
,
S . We divide S into
two parts.
, . . . These
(. ) equal, is equal (to)

A > : A is
< : is less
than or equal to ; does not exceed A
A < <C: ,
A is at least as
large as B, and is at least as large as C; A cannot
exceed B, and cannot exceed C; A cannot exceed B,
which in turn cannot exceed C; I n ascending order, we
have A,B,C;
I n descending order, we have , , A
(. ) equal, alike, similar,

like, congruent (geom.)
. .. It is equally
, ( = )
, . . . B u t equally
important, one should notice, is the fact t h a t . . .

( )...
We now split this expression i n t o . . .
expanded, developed, explicit,

unrolled, unfolded, detailed

( ..)... It is not our purpose to give an
extensive treatment of...
( = ) develop, evolve, generate,

unwind
. .. I n this
chapter we shall develop the theory of...
( ..)...
quite possible to develop...
It is
, [1] ...
theory of...
,
,
method for...
time(s); once; since
, (
..)... It is therefore of great value to develop...
, . . . Once again it is noted

that...

, / . . . We now develop
few of the simpler concepts that arise i n . . .

( ..)... We have indicated a few times
our intention t o . . .
.
contributors.
. ..
We have mentioned several times the influence of...
( = ) develop, grow,
evolve, progress, be progressing, be heading
... Once again it is

necessary t o . . .
.
Research in this field is making steady headway.
,

, .,. This snows once more

that...
. T h i s
subject will be developed in the following chapter.
,
development, growth, evolution,

progress

1968 ., ...
A further development took place in 1968 w h e n . . .

. T h e historical order of
development will be followed here.
...
There is an obvious need for the development of...
...
There have been considerable developments in the
use of...
. ..
, ...
( ..)
()... T h e final stage of the development is
reached b y . . .
...
. T h e introduction of... has led to many
1980
theory began in the early 1980s with the work of Smith [1].

. . . T h e development of this theory is
. .. T h e aim

. .. These fundamental difficulties have
influenced the development of...
.
T h i s provides a sound basis for development.
developed

... A large part of the theory can be
developed in terms of...
258
( = ) distinguish (between,
among), differentiate, recognize, perceive the
differences between
, . . . ,
distinguished, according to whether. ..
... It is sometimes
convenient to distinguish between...
? How
can we reconcile these two statements?
( =
)... A careful distinction must be made
between...
, ( =
) ... . . . I n doing this, it is convenient
to make a distinction between... a n d . . .
,
. We have now two cases to distinguish,
differ; be different
. . . Several
families are distinguished b y . . .
. . .
, ,
. .. A l t h o u g h . . . vary
( = , . ,
) distinction, difference, contrast


notational distinction between. ..
( = ) , . . .
Another difference is t h a t . . .
...
There is a vitally important distinction between...

... Most of these more advanced methods
require...
, ,
. . . There seems to be some difference
of opinion as to w h e t h e r . . .
, ...
W i t h more elaborate instruments it is possible t o . . .
, ... . . .
. It seems that a worthwhile distinction can be
drawn between... a n d . . .
( = )
, ... A satisfactory theory can
be developed u s i n g . . .
,
... Many
authors make no distinction between...
, . . . It is
our contention t h a t . . .
be broken down into
He ... No clear-cut
distinction e x i s t s . . .

. T h e equations decouple only in
certain special cases.

... . . . Yet, there is an important difference
striking
. . . T h i s
result bears a striking resemblance t o . . .

. B u t we can make no hard and fast
distinction.
259
(2.1) (2.5)
. . . T h e main difference between (2.1)
and (2.5) is in the choice of boundary conditions.
. . . . . . L e t us
contrast the definitions o f . . . a n d . . .
,
a subtle
difference worth preserving
,
(-). It is difficult to see how these differences could
arise f r o m . . .
...
between...
. . .
T h e differences here are purely associated w i t h . . .
dimension, degree, dimensionality

1967 . T h i s theorem has
been generalized to higher dimensions by Weinstein (1967).
arrangement, location, distribution,

occupancy, arrangement, allocation
, . . . There is
another arrangement in w h i c h . . .
reflection, speculation

, . . .
A moment's reflection will indicate t h a t . . . ; A moment's
thought will show t h a t . . .
<> ,
. . . A moment's consideration should convince the
. T h i s
distinction is fundamental.
, . . .

... T h i s figure clearly illustrates the basic
differences between...
( = ) difference (in, on,

between), distinction
different, distinct, various,

alternative, dissimilar
, ...
,
,
( ..). There are various
possibilities depending on the nature o f . . .
0 . A variety of
techniques are used.
. These can take
various forms.
, f(x) .
Assume that the zeros of f(x) are distinct.
(4)
A moment's reflection shows t h a t . . .
... .
Any variation i n . . . should be corrected.
. . . . . . . There is no
appreciable difference between...
:...
T h e difference is c r u c i a l : . . .

difference between. ..
... . . . We shall
discuss here the difference between... a n d . . .
(4) (5)
, . . . T h e crucial difference
between (4) and (5) is t h a t . . .
variety, kind, species

( = )
. . . A n interesting
variation on the last example is provided b y . . .
difference of, disagreement i n ,

discord i n , discrepancy between
, . ..
It has been pointed out by various writers t h a t . . .
... There
is some disagreement o n . . .
...
the variety of, the diversity of,

range
expansion, decomposition,
factorization, decay
,

(-). We also investigate in more detail the
decomposition o f . . .
, . . . T h e latter
expansion shows t h a t . . .
( = ) size, amount, dimension,

measure
, . . . T h e dimensions are such
that. . .
various, diverse
, ...
Various attempts have been made t o . . .
. . . .
Various opinions have been voiced with regard t o . . .
, . . .
. T h e problems that arise i n . . . are
260
.
different, various, unlike, of all kinds,

diverse
...
. - Four distinct cases arise according to the
nature o f . . .
disappointment, disillusionment,
disenchantment

/. .. Many customers
have expressed their dissatisfaction w i t h . . .

, . . . E a r l y workers
expressed disappointment over the fact t h a t . . .
disappointed
, , , ... We will
certainly be disappointed i f . . .
. .. We are
slightly disappointed w i t h . . .
disappointing
, ,
... T h e results have been disappointing, mainly
because. ..
.
These findings were certainly disappointing.
( = ) work out,
develop, devise, formulate, elaborate
... Several
types o f . . . have been developed.
,

. .. Alternatively, some authors have
developed. ..
, ... It is
possible to devise techniques t o . . .
. . .
Quite subtle techniques have been devised for...
He ,
analyze...
be worked out, be developed,

be under development

. .. A procedure for approximate
solution is developed...
,
perform.

physics.
worked out (by), developed, due

to
, ...
T h i s theory is not sufficiently advanced to p e r m i t . . .
,
[1)
, . . . T h e method devised by
Smith [1] depends on the fact t h a t . . .
( = ) work out,
develop
() ,
general method whereby. ..
. . .
( = ) .
Straightforward numerical procedures can be devised
for...

this difficulty.
,
. . .
A vast amount of theory has been developed f o r . . .
( = ) development,
elaboration, investigation, processing

. .. A more recent development is the
use of...
...
,
. ..
T h i s book can be used to d e s i g n . . .
.

( = ) permit, allow, enable,

authorize
to allow
: It is not allowed to sit
here.
1980 . [1] ,
, . . . I n 1980, Smith [1] resolved the
paradox by suggesting t h a t . . .
. allowed us
to attend his lectures.
, ()...
Clearly, this problem can be overcome b y . . .
permission, solution, reduction;

resolution
261
, ,
, ... T h e most urgent question,
perhaps, i s . . .

... One way of overcoming this problem
is to u s e . . .
...
A considerably more clever approach is t o . . .
, . . . It was
, . . . T h i s is
reasonable policy because...
. Permission has been

granted.
( = ) clarify, explain (to),

elucidate (to), interpret (to)
. . .
T h e solution to this paradox is to be found i n . . .
. A n example should
make this clear.
solvable, decidable, resolvable

, , (2.1)
. Conversely suppose (2.1) is not
resolvable.
, , . . .
( = , ) search, find
break, gap, discontinuity, rupture, fracture
... L e t us seek
solution of the f o r m . . .
,
... T h u s the gap between the general theory
and this example is, in some sense, diminished.

we seek...
reasonably, i t is reasonable, intelligently
<> . . . We will
seek expressions for...
... It would be wise t o . . . ; It would

be proper. ..
be found, be sought
, . . .
In any case, it is reasonable to suppose t h a t . . .

. . . T h e reason for this type of
behavior must be sought i n . . .
, . . . B u t the
sensible thing is to use the fact t h a t . . .
To, , . . . W h a t is
sought, specifically, i s . . .
, ... It is reasonable to
suggest t h a t . . . ; It stands to reason t h a t . . .
frame, framework
...
, ( = )
, . . . It is thus reasonable to assume
that...
previously, earlier, formerly, before
, ... It is therefore
sensible t o . . .
, ,
... Instead, as mentioned above, we s h o u l d . . .
, , . . . I t is thus
reasonable to expect t h a t . . .

, , . . . It is
thus reasonable to suppose t h a t . . .
, () . .. A s before,
reasonable, intelligent, judicious,

rational, sound
, , . . . We shall
assume as before t h a t . . .
, , . . . It is
probably a reasonable assumption t h a t . . .
,... As we emphasized
above,...
, . T h i s is probably
a sensible approach.
, . . . Proceeding as before,
we...
. . .
, ... Proceeding as
before, we c a n . . .
,
, , . . .
Proceeding as above, we find t h a t . . .
, . . . It seems
reasonable to assume t h a t . . .
, . . . Earlier we showed
that...

, . . . We will not prove here the very
reasonable statement that. ..
, . . . It has been noted

previously t h a t . . .
,
. . . T h e simplest reasonable assumption is t h a t . . .
, ...,
, . . . T h e reader who has
previously s t u d i e d . . . may have the impression t h a t . . .

early, previous
[1]. A more
recent discussion is given by Smith [1].

,
, . . . Guided by our earlier example, w e . . .

. T h i s terminology dates from the early
days of particle physics.
262


(). .. T h i s process can clearly
extend, enlarge, spread

(over), expand, propagate, travel

. .. We shall not dwell upon t h e . . .
recognize

... T h i s notation is extended in an obvious
manner for...

under consideration, under

discussion, under the question, considered, at
hand, in hand, for consideration, i n question
arrangement, disposition,
situation, distribution, location, ordering, order,
alignment
...
T h e simplest arrangement is to h a v e . . .
( = ),
. .. There is another arrangement in w h i c h . . .

(-). We are particularly interested in the
location of...
. 1.
A suitable arrangement is shown in F i g . 1.
, ...
A typical arrangement is one in w h i c h . . .
spreading, propagation,
extension, diffusion, occurrence, range, prevalence
, ,
( = )... T h e argument
is essentially an extension of...
extended, expanded,
propagated, frequently encountered, widespread;
abundant, popular, protracted, drawn out, spread
out
, ... I n the

. For the problem in hand, this procedure is
not applicable.
( = , )
examine, consider, discuss, regard, analyze, be
concerned with, deal with, inspect, give
consideration to, review, look upon, treat


more generally.
. .. It will be useful
to reconsider. ..
...
In this chapter we shall be concerned only w i t h . . .

... A t this point, it is worthwhile to go more
deeply i n t o . . .
,
. . . It is a common error to suppose that. ..

. . . Much more generally, we may
consider. ..
,
. . . There is widespread agreement among physicists
that. ..

. .. A s an additional illustration, consider the
case of...
, . . .
There is a common misconception t h a t . . .

consider. ..
( = ,
) spread, extend, diffuse
... B y way of
example, let us now consider. ..

( = ) . . . T h i s

. . . Later
he extended the method t o . . .
. ..
a first approximation we may regard. ..


. . . I n the next four chapters we shall be
263
. .. I n this spirit we
consider. ..
,
. .. O n the whole it seems least confusing
to r e g a r d . . .

best source for...

...
^ . .. We consider the
behavior of...

. . . I n many engineering applications, it
^ . We shall deal

. We will soon
,
. .. Let us consider in more detail the manner
in w h i c h . . .

... L e t us pursue the easier course of
finding...
<> , . .. I n effect,
we are now considering...
<> . .. It will be of
He . ..
. .. Let us look in
detail a t . . .
, . . .
Let us reconsider our conclusion that. ..
. ..
Let us look at some particular cases of...
* ,
. Let us approach this question
. .. L e t us carefully
inspect...
* , , ...
Further, we briefly treat cases in w h i c h . . .
* . .. For the sake of
simplicity, let us consider...
, ...
<> , ,
. .. Some authorities,
therefore, prefer to consider...
*
some detail.
* ...
A few/several investigators have considered the effect of...
* .
These processes need not be considered.
< ,
consider. ..
* ... It is,
however, more fruitful to consider...
* ... B u t let us
reconsider. ..
*
... Quite a few investigators have considered
the effect of...
0
,
by regarding. ..
* ,
. .. There is an obvious need to consider. ..
. .. We briefly review/consider. . . ;
Let us take a brief look a t . . . ; L e t us briefly run through. ..
. .. One
could proceed further and consider. ..
... We will
consider four types of...
, ...
We still have not dealt with the case in w h i c h . . .
*
question.
()
, , . . . If we consider what
happens more carefully, however, we can see that. ..
. .. We are concerned
here, however, w i t h . . .
. ..
However, many textbooks do not treat. ..
... However,
we are concerned here only w i t h . . .

() . A number of
complicating factors must, however, be considered.
* . ..
But very often we have to consider...
* . .. For the
present, however, we can consider. ..
* . . . It remains to take
<> , ... It remains
264
. . . It remains to consider
... Consideration should be

given t o . . .
...,
,
... T h e next step is to consider. ..
( ),
. . . A similar situation will arise when
we discuss...
. .. It is
useful to digress here and consider...
... We first deal

with the case of...
() . First we consider
an example.
, . ..
Thus it is unnecessary to treat. ..

... I t is instructive to consider these results from
, (
..)... Nevertheless, it is interesting to look
briefly a t . . .
, ... We direct
our attention, rather, t o . . .
()
, f(x). We shall now
consider a procedure for removing these restrictions on
, ,
,
,
( = ). .. L e t us take a moment to examine. ..
...
, ,
, , . . .
... L e t us
consider more closely the significance o f . . .
... Let us consider two
properties of...
. .. Let us briefly consider...

... L e t us review some important facts
regarding...
the question o f . . .
... Consider now
the use of...
. L e t us take a
numerical example.
. We consider
this question a little further.
-
We might equally well have considered...
/(*).

... We now turn to several fundamental
principles...
... We consider now
the effect of...
,
( ..)... L e t us now consider whether it
... It is convenient now to
consider...
,
, . .
see
, ,
concept we consider,
first,...
, ... deal
, ...
see this in greater detail, let u s . . .
, . . . cover this
case, w e . . .
,
, (5) ...
It is tempting to regard (5) a s . . .
, ...
T h i s becomes clear on consideration of...
. .. We shall presently
c o n s i d e r . . . ; A t present we shall consider...
be regarded, be considered, be
under consideration, be the subject of
,
... It will be sufficient for the present to consider
the case w h e r e . . .

. These are considered in some detail in Appendix A .
, .
We shall therefore not deal w i t h . . .
F
265
. .. It is the object of
the present chapter t o . . .
, ... One
...
, ... T h i s
is demonstrated below by considering...
. .. E a c h
of these examples is concerned w i t h . . .
, . ..
T h e idea is most easily understood by examining...

. . . I n some respects they can be considered a s . . .
, . ..
. . . T h i s chapter is

, . .. We illustrate
this by considering...
, . ..
Let us make these ideas clearer by considering. ..
, ...
T h i s can be demonstrated by considering...
, ... . T h u s
far, no consideration has been given to the role of...
treatment, consideration, analysis,

examination
H e ... No consideration has

been given to questions of...
,
considering. ..

54.

... B u t until recently it was
regarded a s . . .
[1]
( = ) .
Smith [1] is considered a pioneer in this field.
[1]
( = ) .
Smith [1] is often regarded as a pioneer in this field.

concern us here.
(1) ,
... Equation (1) may be regarded as
defining...
[1]. T h i s
problem is also treated by Smith [1].

. These phenomena will be explored in
more detail in Chapter 2.

... T h i s may now be regarded as a special
case of...
. .. T h i s
is not to be regarded as a weakness of...
considering, regarding, viewing

,
... I n the next chapter we
simplify matters by considering the case of...
,
... T h i s concept can be illustrated by
considering...

, ,

consideration.
. .. , . . .
Close inspection of... shows t h a t . . .
...
(-). We conclude by considering a particular
class of...

... We conclude with a brief look a t . . .

examples.
... We shall begin with
consideration o f . . . ; L e t us begin by considering...

question.
...
We also exclude from consideration two classes of...

He ,
. .. Without giving a rigorous treatment we
briefly discuss...

... Special
consideration must be given t o . . .

. .. . . . For a more
exhaustive treatment, the reader is referred t o . . .
<>
, ( ..)... Before


purely formal.
,
... O n closer examination this theory is
noted to b e . . .
.

... .
T h e case of... requires special consideration.
, . . .
A rigorous treatment of the problem shows that. ..
,
. . . T h e essence of the matter is t h a t . . .
.
T h e data need further consideration.
266
( = ) reasoning,
argument
,
that...

/ . . . a lesser extent, similar considerations hold
for...
,
. .. For the general case the argument is
made precise by use of...

a similar argument.
,
that...

. .. Further argument would then lead to the
idea of...
,

/ .. T h e argument can be applied equally
well t o . . .

, . .. T h e argument is reversible
so t h a t . . .
... T h i s leads
into the topic of...
,
before, except t h a t . . .

. - T h i s result is worth a more careful look.
. ..
examined, analyzed
( = )
. A more subtle argument is required.
, .
Three questions in particular have to be considered.

. .. A l l these factors must be considered
in any investigation of...
[1],
... Such a procedure has been considered by
Smith [1], w h o . . .
distance, space, range, interval,

spacing
... . . . ... T h e space
, ,
depends o n . . .
reason, argue, discuss

1. We argue exactly as in the proof of
Theorem 1.
, , ,
... T h e meteorologist, on the other hand,
thinks mainly in terms of...
, . ..
Using precisely the same reasoning, we find...


... We shall often illustrate our
arguments b y . . .
, ,
/ . . . We may apply these considerations, for
example, t o . . .
.

, . . . We may continue this argument and
so deduce that. .

. We do not
. ..
267

...
T h e following treatment illustrates the method of...
, . . .
,
... Following the argument of Bautin we
can now easily show t h a t . . .
, , . . . B y an
, . . .
T h e essence of the argument is t h a t . . .
, . . .
However, it is clear from our discussion t h a t . . .

. .. B y

. Arguments of the same type prove the
following result.
,
... B y repeating the above argument we
obtain...
, ,
. . . Repeating this argument, we find that. ..
... A similar
, . . . A similar
argument would prove that. ..
,
... A similar argument may be made u s i n g . . .
, ...
,
> 1. A similar argument applies when a > 1.
,
. . . L e t us now see how this argument
carries over t o . . .

. T h e foregoing
reasoning requires some further comment.

. .. T h e foregoing arguments rely on the

. ..
, ,

. . . B y
the same sort of reasoning we are led t o . . .
,
,


To , . . .
T h e same reasoning shows t h a t . . .
To / . . .
T h e same argument applies t o . . .
To , . . .
To , , ,
.
T h i s chain of reasoning does not stand up under scrutiny.
, . . . These
considerations dictate t h a t . . .
, . . . These
considerations suggest t h a t . . .
, . . . These
considerations show us that. ..
, ...
These considerations show how we c a n . . .
. . . T h i s

[1]. T h i s discussion is based on that given by
Kelvin [1].
.
T h i s limitation does not concern us.
,
... T h i s argument can be justified if we
write...

well t o . . .
,
, . ..
This argument is only correct w h e n . . .
, ,
. .. T h e argument is essentially an
extension of.. .
268
( = ) calculate, reckon,
count, count on, expect, depend (on), be rated
, ... T h e method
is expected to g i v e . . .
( = ) grow, increase, spring up

reaction

... O u r immediate reaction might be t o . . .

. .. Concerns have
been growing with respect t o . . .
... It is, however, more

realistic t o . . .
, . . . T h e belief is
growing t h a t . . .
growing, increasing, coercive

. . . Recently
( = , ) deviation,
divergence, disagreement


(1]. T h e reason for the discrepancy was
, ...
T h i s discrepancy is essentially removed w h e n . . .

extension, prolongation, expansion,

dilatation, completion, enlargement
substantively
realistic t o . . .
? Is this feasible?
real, actual, workable

... It is essential to
have a realistic view of...
, , , . . .
realistic
... For
more realistic assessment, it is necessary t o . . .
, ,
. . . Unfortunately this is a n unrealistic goal
because...
,
... T h e method is intended to
rarely, seldom, hardly ever, not often

He , , ... Not
infrequently, however, it is necessary t o . . .
...
T h e following theorem gives another extension of...
( = ) sharply, abruptly, drastically,

widely
, ,
... T h e argument is essentially an
extension of...
. . . T h i s contrasts
very sharply w i t h . . .
extended, widened, augmented
(. ) result, effect,
consequence, finding

. .. It is not our purpose to give an

( = , ) extend,
widen, expand, enlarge
,
. .. T h e analysis may be extended to
include...

, . .. It is possible, however,
to extend the treatment to a more general problem in
which...
,
include...
2
. Theorem 2 can be
extended to deal with parabolic equations.
,
... broaden our scope of

by Smith [1].
,
. . . T h i s result means, in effect, t h a t . . .
,
, , . . . A s a result,
practically everyone in the field was willing to admit
that...
(1)
. . . After simplification equation (1) becomes...
, . . .
... A s a result,
there has been a tendency t o . . .

269
, ,

... I n accordance with this result, we may
identify...
, ,
. ..
,
. .. T h e importance of this result
is that it clearly establishes...
,
. . . Probably the best way to express
the results is to u s e . . .
( = )
, , . . . T h i s result is expressed
roughly by saying t h a t . . .

, ... T h i s result should look familiar
to anyone who has s t u d i e d . . .

interpretation.

interpretation.

.
T h i s result can be written in a slightly simpler form as
follows.
, ,
, . . . T h e result, which may be easily
verified, i s . . .
, , ,
-, ... I n order to prove this result
we must first calculate...
, ,

obtaining the same result is to note t h a t . .

. His results may be summed up in the
following theorem.
(7), , . . .
If we make use of the result (7) we see that. .
. .. One further
result of interest is t h a t . . .
,
that...
,
, . . . these
that...
,
,
. .. A much better result would have been
obtained u s i n g . . .
. . .
T h e result is in perfect agreement w i t h . . .
. . . .
Many useful results may be deduced f r o m . . .
/. .. T h i s
result explains...

,
assumption that. ..

discussion o f . . .
, ...
. T h i s result is
due to Gauss.
,
, . . . T h e result will follow immediately if
we can show t h a t . . .
. . . T h i s result is in
agreement w i t h . . .

. .. T h i s result can also be obtained by the
application of...
, . . .
,
,
. . . It is apparent from the last section t h a t . . .
[1] ,
. .. From the results of experiments, Smith [1]
, . . . These results
imply t h a t . . .
(10), , . . . Making
. .. With this result we
can...
, . ..
With the help of this result we can deduce...
270
, ,

. .. Research spanning two decades has
,
. .. Prom these results it is possible to
construct. ..
? How can we
understand this result?
,
. . . A s we have seen, the same
results are predicted for...
4 . . . A s
by-product of Theorem 4, we also obtain the
convergence of...
, ,
. . . A s an application of this result, we show t h a t . . .
,
,
that...

. . . T h i s result can be
extended, by mathematical induction, t o . . .

case of...

, . .. Many of our earlier results can
,
, . . . These results might be interpreted to
mean t h a t . . .
, . .. One
, ... We shall
apply this result t o . . .

way.

,
more easily by noting that. ..

. We could obtain this result by a different
argument.
,
( = )... We can use this result to
define...



, . .. We may apply



.
We have proved the following result.


estimate...
,
( - ) . . . T h e most important
results are those concerning...
, /. ..
,
. . . O u r main result will be t h a t . . .
, . . .
Our next result demonstrates that. ..

between...

[1], ... O u r results overlap those of
Smith [1], w h o . . .

[1]. O u r results compare favorably
with those of Smith [1].

, . . . A n immediate corollary of
the above result is the fact t h a t . . .
,
. . . A somewhat simpler result is obtained if w e . . .
, . . .
These results are of course independent of...
,
[1]. T h e following is
generalization of a result proved by Smith [1].
, , . . . O n
combining these results we see t h a t . . .
... T h i s usually
occurs as a result of...
271
, ...
There are other results, however, w h i c h . . .
<>


. However, this result has another
application.
,
. . . T h e result does assume, however, t h a t . . .

, ... One interesting
feature of these results is that they indicate...
, ,
... Obviously this result could have been
, ()
. . . Obviously a similar result is true f o r . . .
^>^

does not predict the well-known result that. ..

( ..)...
T h e output can be found b y . . .
. T h e result is recorded below.

, (9),
{-). T h e result (9) is
,
() ,
. T h e result, which may be verified
by the reader, i s . . .
. .. T h e result is
a representation of...

. .. T h e results are obtained by direct
observation of...
0 ,
... These results clearly hold for any ..
,
... T h e results have been disappointing, mainly
because...

... T h e straightforward interpretation of this
result i s . . .
. . .

, ( ..)...
necessary t o . . .
...
, . . .
The results are consistent with the view t h a t . . .

, . . . From this and similar experiments
it is found t h a t . . .

for...
,
() . . .
A corresponding result holds f o r . . .

. . . A somewhat similar result holds f o r . . .

. T h e same result can be seen
geometrically.
,
. . . T h e results obtained
should be capable of comparison w i t h . . .
, ,
. . . Among other things, this result shows t h a t . . .
, . .. W i t h
this result in mind, let us examine...


... T h e above results have been
(2) ,
that. ..

. It is
considered good practice to express all measurements in
metric units.
, . T h e result
is therefore established.
,
, . . Thus, we can
- . ..
T h e above results once more illustrate...
,
( = ) . .. T h e following key
results are therefore obtained:...

. T h e above results may be
summarized as follows.

. Arguments of the same type
prove the following result.
272
(
). T h e outcome is certainly preferable t o . . .
, . . .
It is a well-established result t h a t . . .




. We are now in a position to state the
following result.
. We now
have the desired result.

( ..)... We have now
assembled the main definitions and results of...


. T h e same result can be put in a
different form.
. . .
T h e same result may be deduced f r o m . . .
,
. . . T h e physical significance of this result is t h a t . . .

. . . Formally, the result looks somewhat
similar t o . . .
,
(4), , . . . Numerical
computations based on (4) show t h a t . . .

...
,
, . . .

cases, w e . . .

. T h e results were of far reaching
importance.

. .. These results can easily be described in
terms of...
,

, . . . These
results are not affected if w e . . .
. 3 4.
T h e results are displayed in Figures 3 and 4.
,
that...
,
. . . T h e results also lend support to the view t h a t . . .

... These results can now be specialized to the
case of...
. These
. . . These
results are a consequence of...
, . . . These
. . . These
results are broadly consistent w i t h . . .
. , . . . T h i s is
an important result. It says t h a t . . .
. T h i s
is precisely the expected result.
. T h i s is an interesting
result.
, . . . T h i s is an
interesting result because...

. . . T h i s contrasts with the corresponding result
for...
. , . . .
T h i s is a very important result. It means t h a t . . .
.
, ...
The result is important in practical terms s i n c e . . .
.
These two results are of considerable interest.
.
T h i s is in agreement with our previous result.
, . . .
These two results together show t h a t . . .
. .. T h i s is
strongly supported by the results o f . . .

. T h i s establishes
the result.
273
,
. . . T h i s is an exceedingly important
. 1,
(-). T h i s is clearly demonstrated in
Figure 1 which shows the results of...
. ..
This incorrect result is due t o . . .
,
, . . . T h i s result is more or
less to be expected from the fact t h a t . . .

( = ), . . . T h i s result
has been stated rather vaguely because...
,
, . . . T h i s result was to be expected from the
fact t h a t . . .
... T h i s result

. T h i s result is worth a more careful look.
. . .
This result bears a striking resemblance t o . . .
. It is easy to
, . . . T h e striking
thing about this result is t h a t . . .


(4). T h e result is exactly the same as that
given by equation (4).
, . . .
T h i s result is in agreement with the fact t h a t . . .
,
... T h i s result may also be obtained by
means of...
,
, . . . T h i s result is more or
less to be expected, however, from the fact t h a t . . .
summary, resume, abstract, synopsis

, . . . It is
apparent from the preceding summary that. ..
summarize, sum up, abstract

, . . . I n s u m m a r y , . . .
( = ) . . .
These data are summarized i n . . .
recommendation

. Many authors have made
... T h i s result is more

( ) recommend

directly from (6).
,
... For planning purposes it was recommended
that...
. .. T h i s result
may allow us t o . . .
. . .
... O f the many books available o n . . . , we
strongly recommend. .
,
more easily by recognizing that. ..
,
... It is safe to use this result only i f . . .

explicit b y . . .

. .. T h i s result is independent of any
, ...
The result is not essentially different i f . . .
, . . .
The result is not simple because...
specific recommendations on these points,
[1)
introduction t o . . . ; Smith |1] is strongly recommended as
, ... We strongly
recommend t h a t . . . ; It is strongly suggested t h a t . . .
<> ( = ) (,
..)... We advise the reader t o . . .

. .. T h e interested reader is urged to
explore...

. We advise against the use of soft plastics in this
application.
. .. O u r recommendation is t h a t . . .
, ... T h i s
[1] . .. Smith [1] has suggested

that. ..

that...
[1] . . .
Smith [1] recommends that the analysis be based o n . . .
, ... T h i s
,
. Consequently, we recommend the following
strategy.

suggested, recommended,
advisable
.
T h e recommended test procedure is as follows.
, ... T h i s
is a frequently recommended strategy, b u t . . .
be recommended

study o f . . .


. T h e use of older replacement parts is
not recommended.
, , ...
As remarked previously, it is not recommended t h a t . . .
274
,
. Although
well-written, this paper is not very informative.
. . .
T h i s paper provides a new viewpoint o n . . .
.
T h i s is a well-written, informative review.
( = , ) solve, resolve,
decide upon, determine, conclude
(4), ...

. T h i s method enables us to solve several
, , , . . . We might,
.
We decided to adopt a more empirical approach.
, , ... I t is generally
(1) .
We wish to solve (1) for x.
, ... I n practice
it is not recommended t h a t . . .
(
..)... We have yet to decide how t o . . .
, ... It is strongly
. .. It is
He , ... T h i s is not to suggest

that...
, ... It is
. Such a plan is not

recommended.
, ,
. . . T h u s , it would be difficult to decide whether. ..
, ... So it is
, . . . solve
this type of problem, w e . . .
, . . . I t is tempting to
,
. .. solve our problem we need the
value of...
, ... It is recommended t h a t . . .
. . . It is also advisable t o . . .
review, critique (
paper)

,
,
. T h i s review is, unfortunately, rather poorly
written.

successively.
,
to decide w h e t h e r . . .
, . . . T h i s
helps us decide w h e t h e r . . .
- ,
... T h i s equation is still fairly difficult to solve,
but...

. T h i s review should be
thoroughly revised before publication.
be solved, be decided
,
.
T h e author should be required to revise Section 2 before
... T h e problem is
solved by a p p l y i n g . . .

given above, the critique should be acceptable for
publication.
... T h e problem
is solved by means o f . . .
resolving, deciding, decision, decisive

... T h i s
limitation is crucial i n . . .
() , . . . It is
crucial to understand t h a t . . .
275
...
T h i s paper is crucial in demonstrating...
, . . . T h i s
paper is crucial because i t . . .
solution, decision, determination

, [1],
... A n alternative solution given by
Smith [1] i s . . .
( = )
... It is more
usual to express the solution in terms of...

...
We have introduced a wide range of procedures for
solving...
[0,1] .
There is exactly one solution a: in the interval [0,1].


(1) ... T h e most elementary
approach to the solution of (1) i s . . .
... We need to
, ... No
general resolution is possible, s i n c e . . .

... A more satisfactory solution in this
,
that...
... L e t us seek a solution

of the f o r m . . .
,
. Solutions can
still be obtained, however, by resorting to purely numerical
methods.

. I n such cases, approximate
solutions may be used.
,
. . . O u r solution is no longer exact in this
case, because...
,
... Let us use this solution to o b t a i n . . .

that...


. There is no real solution to this dilemma.

... Another attack on the problem starts
from the equation...

( ..)... Still more
general solutions may be constructed b y . . .

. A general method of obtaining these solutions
is considered here.
. There
,
( 1 ) . . . T h u s we may attempt to find a
solution of (1) b y . . .

, ... T h e nature of the solution is
,
. .. We shall use this solution to construct. ..
( ..)...

()
only i f . . .
, , ...
Clearly these solutions are not as valuable a s . . .
,
. .. Before simplifying this solution, let us
examine...
. .. B y
solving this problem we mean t h a t . . .

. .. Such solutions are most useful for
calculating...
... T h e full solution is
given b y . . .
... We shall now derive a
solution of...
. .. It is
(3),
... Preparatory to solving E q . (3), we
will first discuss. .
a < 0 (1) .
Equation (1) has no solution for a < 0.
, . . .
...
T h e approximate solution is obtained b y . . .
276
...
. T h e problem o f . . . has not yet been solved
satisfactorily.
... - T h e solution process is complicated by the presence of...

. A solution can exist only under
the following conditions.
> 0. A solution does not
exist when p > 0.

[1]
1980 . A way out of this dilemma was proposed
in 1980 by Smith [1].

. .. Solutions to
. . .
of this problem follow readily f r o m . . .
Solutions
,
( ..)... We must therefore study
solutions t o . . .
,

. .. T h e technique provides a rational
,
. .. These equations have a nontrivial solution
only i f . . .
.
Analytical solutions to these equations are seldom possible.
, ... T h i s will
not be an exact sorad'on s i n c e . . .
,
the use of...
, . . .
, . . .
. .. T h i s solution
applies strictly only w h e n . . .
.
T h i s equation has one and only one solution.

... T h i s fundamental approach is useful in
solving...
determined, solved, decided
,

. .. T h e same problem might be solved
directly b y . . .
, . . .
. Technically, the
,
risk

solution.
problem is now solved,

... T h i s in turn
...
.
( = ) design, figure, drawing,

illustration
.
There are various ways of tackling this problem,
, . . . From the figure it is clear

that...
..
1... A s illustrated in
Figure 1,...
We now
To, ,
from...
1 /. .. F i g . 1 g i v e s . . . ;
Fig. 1 i l l u s t r a t e s . . . ; F i g . 1 d e p i c t s . . . ; F i g . 1 d i s p l a y s . . . ;
In F i g . 1 is s h o w n . . .
... A n exact
1. T h i s is sketched in
Fig. 1.
(1)
, ... E x a c t
1, , . . .
Referring again to Figure 1, we see that. ..
, ...
complete the solution, we m u s t . . .
1, , . . . Referring
to Figure 1, it will be seen t h a t . . .
...
1. T h e general
effect is shown in Figure 1.
1, , . . .
W i t h reference to Figure 1, it can be seen t h a t . . .
277
. . . 1. One type of... is
shown in Figure 1.
1 ...
T h e device in F i g . 1 i s . . .
1,
. . . A simple illustration of this is given in Figure 1,
where...
, 1, ...
1. T h e results
are depicted in F i g . 1.

role i n . . .
... Next let us interchange
the roles of...
growth, increase, development, height

, ... There is
indeed evidence for an increase i n . . .
() ( = )...
T h i s involves an increase i n . . .
... There is also an increase i n . . .
1 2 ... Figures 1
and 2 show the effects o f . . .
guidance, direction, guide book,

management, administration
... 1. A t y p i c a l . . . is
shown in Figure 1.

students.

7. T h e nature of the approximation is
illustrated in Figure 7.
1. A sketch of the
system is given in Figure 1.

1. T h e two main possibilities are illustrated
in Figure 1.
. T h i s
will be obvious from a study of the figures.

of Smith [ l j .

. We attended
()
guide for...
follow, be guided by
. T h i s is
... We are guided

by the formula...

basic differences between...
series ( series), row, line, sequence, a

number of, a range of
equally, exactly, regularly, precisely

[0,1] .
There is exactly one solution x in the interval [0,1].
. We will soon
family, genus, sort, kind

T h i s method enables us to solve several
. ..
In discussions of this kind it is necessary to point o u t . . .
... .

. There are a number of

reasons for this.
... T h i s
. ..
... T h e proof of Theorem 2.1 is arranged as a
series of seven Lemmas (Lemma 2.1 to L e m m a 2.7).
(. ) role, part, function

- . . . D r . Smith
has played a significant role i n . . .
, (-).
Notice the different roles played b y . . .
Polyethylene is
plastic of economic importance.
, ... . T h u s
far, no consideration has been given to the role of...
, () ...
It seems that an important role is played b y . . .
... Little is
known about the role of...

, . . . It is therefore important
to understand and appreciate the processes involved i n . . .
1
, ... There are
number of ways in w h i c h . . .

grounds, t h a t . . .

. Stein and Weiss
introduced a number of new ideas.
.
myself, itself, etc.

no , . . . ,OTI
own, does not guarantee t h a t . . .
,
guarantee that. ..
,
, . . . T h i s is of interest, not only for its own
sake, but also because...

( = ), ... - T h i s in itself appears to
be sufficient justification f o r . . .
all-sufficient

(. ) same, very, the most

. . .
mathematics.
, , . . .
A s a matter
, (
..)...
It has, in fact, become customary t o . . .
, ( .-)-

another generalization of the same basic idea . ..
,... A s we stated
at the outset,...
, . . .
We have in
He . . . Not
least among these questions i s . . .
, . . . It should
. . . First afid
foremost,...

... T n e first 0 1 these, and trie siriipiest, i s . . .
, . . . I t is
important to realize at the outset t h a t . . .
, . . . A t the outset
. ..
T h e simplest such method i s . . .

problem of...
To ...
T h e same can be done for a n y . . .
To . . . T h e same
things can be said a b o u t . . .
To . .. T h e same
is true of...
To, , . .. W h a t
actually happens is t h a t . . .

( ..)...
T h e same result may be
( = )
. . . E x a c t l y the same holds for...
information, data, material

,
( ..)...
Having provided this background,
we now proceed w i t h . . .
, , . . .
From these facts it is easy to prove that. ..

. .. L e t us review some important facts
regarding. ..

evidence,...
,

. . . These findings have provided new
clues to the origin of...

... These insights into the
strength of materials obtained from experiments show
that...
light, world

( . . ) . . . I n view of all these facts it
becomes natural t o . . .
,
279
. .. I n light of this, one
can legitimately a s k . . .

... T h e agreement between
theory and experiment is quite good in view of...

, . . . T h i s may seem rather pointless in light of
( ..),
. . . B y this procedure we have
reduced the problem t o . . .
be reduced, reduce (itself), come

2 (-).
Table 2 summarizes the properties of...
,
. . . O u r proof amounts to showing t h a t . . .

,
evaluating. ..
evidence, illustration, indication,

certificate, testimony
, . . . T h u s
far our discussion has been limited t o . . .
, . .. There is
indeed evidence for an increase i n . . .
,
choosing...
, . . .
A l l available evidence indicates that. ..
() . .. There
is very little evidence of...
, . . . There is evidence
that...
, . . . There is
every indication t h a t . . .
, . . . There is
some evidence t h a t . . .
, . . . There is
evidence to suggest t h a t . . .
. .. T h i s amounts to
finding...
... T h i s amounts to
discussion of...
resume, abstract
... . . . A brief
( ..)...

in Table 7.

. .. There is no evidence that it is
possible t o . . .
his (her, its, their, one's) own
,
. . . B u t there is a great deal of evidence t h a t . . .
, ,

, , . . .
More convincing evidence is needed, however, to
substantiate the claim t h a t . . .
, . . . There is
also evidence t h a t . . .
evidence, testify (to), attest

(to), indicate
() , . . .
Symmetry tells us t h a t . . .
( = ), . . .
Experiment tells us t h a t . . .
[lj . . .
T h e research of Smith [1] also gives evidence of...
freedom, liberty
... There is
( = ) reduce; summarize, bring

together, tabulate, take; remove
1 (). ..
In Table 1 we summarize t h e . . .
, . . .
Thus we should concentrate our efforts o n . . .
property, character, feature, behavior,

quality
, ( ) . . .


...
. Four distinct cases arise according to
the nature of...
2 (-).

(-). We summarize in this
section some of the properties of...

. .. A l l real numbers have the following
properties:...

. ..

determining...

. .. We next derive some of the elementary
properties of...

. T h e material retains its
properties over a wide temperature range.
. .. We shall study the
properties of...

... We shall now obtain some elementary
properties of...
,
define...
, . ..
280

. .. T h e following theorem generalizes a
(-)
... T h e following properties are immediately
evident:...
[lj ,
,
, ...
properties of...

. .. We are now in a position to determine
. .. Topology
deals with the properties o f . . .

. T h i s property is not shared by particles
with a finite mass.
. .. We will
discuss the asymptotic properties of...
,
(-).
We have deduced some of the properties of...
, , . . .

. T h e most concise statement of these
properties is as follows.
,

( ..). B u t let us first establish
some fundamental properties of...
... T h i s leads
,
consider...


, ... One interesting
feature of these results is that they indicate...
(12) ,
, . . .
T h e interesting feature to notice about (12) is t h a t . . .
. ..
We summarize the most important properties of...

... T h i s
property is known a s . . .
<> ,
... T h i s property can be used to d e r i v e . . .

, . . . T h i s property is almost evident

. T h i s property is a consequence of the
following theorem.
( = , ,
) corresponding, connected,
related to, associated, linked, dependent, coupled,
combined, implied, bound, concerned
... Let us consider two

properties of...
() , ,
, (9),

( = ), . . . Two difficulties
associated w i t h . . . should be mentioned here.
281
,
. . . We can now introduce two important
parameters associated w i t h . . .
, . . .
, . . . , , , .
T h i s is obviously impossible in light of the fact t h a t . . .
,
. . . T h e most important results are those
concerning...
,
. . . T h i s raises the question of w h e t h e r . . .
. . . T h i s , however,
must be related t o . . .
.
Q T h e quantity Q is
, . . . I n this
connection, we observe t h a t . . .
.<
, . . . ^n this
connection, it should be noted t h a t . . .
.
, .. It is thought to be
related t o . . .
, . . . I n this
...
. . . These

. .. T h e subject has received increased
,
. . . T h i s is obviously related to the familiar and
intuitive idea t h a t . . .
,
,

, - T h i s is connected
. . .
A few remarks may be made here in connection w i t h . . .
with the fact t h a t . . .
( = ) tie (together), bind,

connect, relate
( = )
... A similar connection exists between. ..
,
, . . .
.. T h i s is linked with
the possibility of...
... T h i s
,
t. T h i s is the relation connecting x
and i .
, ,
(. )
communicate (with), get into touch (with), be
bound (to), be combined
,
. . . It is
associated primarily w i t h . . .
. . . These
impulses are associated w i t h . . .
, ,
, .
( = ) tie, constraint, relation,

association, restriction, bond, communications
, ... There is
(/)
. .. I n view or its importance, a lew
words may be said here about..
4 . . .
T h i s is further discussed in Chapter 4 in conjunction
with...

. . . T h i s may not be too surprising in view of
the...

natural and useful connection between...
, . . .
with...
...
T n i s requirement at once establishes a connection
between. ..
282
. . . T h i s example is of
. .. .
made, done, manufactured, suitable,

certain
. ..
T h e obvious way of doing this is t o . . .

... date, relatively few attempts
. Three
, . ..
Let us make these ideas clearer by considering...
T h e device is made of stainless steel,
( = , ) make, do

clearer.
, ( = )
, , . . . T h i s
has to be made precise of course, but essentially it means
that...
. There
are several ways to do this.
...
, . . . It is often simpler to
( . . ) . . .
Many attempts have been made t o . . .
, , . ..
do this, we make use of the fact that. ..
...
... T h i s will be done

with the aid of...
,
... T h i s can be
done in terms of...
, . . . A great
deal needs to be done before...
.
Much remains to be done in this area.
()
.
, . . . A s
, . . .
depends o n . . .
. T h i s
can be done in a variety of different ways.
. T h i s
may be done as follows.

explicit b y . . .
itself, himself, oneself

,
, . .. Let us imagine now
that...
,
, . . . It may be concluded
t h a t . . . ; I t may be deduced t h a t . . .
today, this day

. Several conclusions may be drawn from these
measurements.

. .. There is absolutely no agreement
today o n . . .
. There are
a number of points to be made.
now, at once, presently, at present,

immediately, right away
. It should
be noted t h a t . . . ; It should be pointed out t h a t . . . ;
A remark is in order.
, ...
Something similar may be done even i f . . .
( ..)...
Attempts are being made, however, t o . . .
, . B u t this is
,
. .. It can be done rather easily, however, if
we introduce...
. .. B u t even at this
stage we m u s t . . .
. .. For the
present, however, we can consider...
. . .
Right away we need a notation to indicate...
( ..)...
useful at this point t o . . .
It will be
(
..)... It may be of interest at this point to. ..
... It may be helpful
at this point t o . . .
283
. .. We proceed to a discussion of...
. .. Now we consider...
... A t present we shall
consider o n l y . . .
. .. Here we
,
... I t will be sufficient for the present to consider
the case w h e r e . . .
, . . .
T h e prevailing view today is that. ..
, . . . It is now recognized that. ..
, . .. It is currently thought
that. ..
. T h i s
(. ) seminar, talk

. We attended
. T h e talk is
scheduled for 1 P M Thursday.
, ,
. . Those
who wish to attend Thursday's talk should contact Prof.
Smith as soon as possible.
series, run, range, model, sequence

. ..
T h e following series of illustrations s h o w s . . .
, ...
We now come to a series of theorems concerning. ..
seriously

serious, grave
. . . A more formidable
difficulty is that of...
,
... Perhaps the first serious attempt to
solve the problem w a s . . .

(-). T h i s compels us give
serious attention t o . . .
. . . ,
. These and other
questions need to be given serious attention before. ..

- , . . . A severe
from...
...

. .. Among other possibilities, serious

/... A much more serious defect is
encountered w i t h . . .
.
' T h i s practice leads to serious confusion.
T o , ,
[1]. T h a t this is a serious objection
has been pointed out by Smith [1].
strong, powerful, intense

,
, . . . Perhaps it is not putting the
matter too strongly to say t h a t . . .
,
/, . . . Indeed, this process is much
more powerful t h a n . . .
, . T h i s is
obviously a. strong claim.
symbol
... We can
write this symbolically a s . . .
symmetry, reflection
,
. . . In this case it is obvious from symmetry t h a t . . . ;
, . . . It is
apparent from symmetry t h a t . . .
() , . . .
Symmetry tells us t h a t . . .
singular
( = ) ... Note
the singular nature of...
( = , ) system,
class, arrangement, scheme, pattern, model
... I n more
,
. . . T h e main advantage of this system is t h a t . . .
<}
, . ..
T h e variety of such systems is endless, b u t . . .
,
... We wish to use this test system
to determine...
, , . . . T h e system
response evidently depends o n . . .
. ..
...

, ,
to be linear.

... I n such a situation, we might ask two
questions:...

. It is considered good practice to express all
measurements in metric units.
. .. I n such
situation, it is necessary t o . . .
. . . A typical
system of this kind will consist of...
. 1. A sketch of the
system is given in Figure 1.
,
simplify matters by considering the case o f . . .
,
. . . I n these situations it seems unlikely t h a t . . .
systematically, methodically
(
..)...
I n this situation it pays t o . . .
( . . )
. L e t us now proceed systematically.
, . . . I n this
situation, we often say that. ..
systematic, methodical
. .. I n this
situation it is natural to define. .

. .. We shall now make a more systematic
study of...

He
... There is no systematic way of
determining...
,
systematic methods which can be applied t o . . .
... I n this
context we shall deal w i t h . . .
, . . . I n this
, ... A n important
situation arises w h e n . . .
(
..)... I n many situations it is relatively easy t o . . .
() .
systematize, put i n order
. ..
T h e situation is adequately illustrated b y . . .
, . . .
We have arranged the notation so t h a t . . .
. . . T h e situation is
reminiscent of...
situation
, ...
which...

more generally.
,
. There are complex situations that bafHe
the intuition.

,
. . . I n most practical cases this is not
important s i n c e . . .
, /. ..
T h e situation is similar to that of...
, . . . A n d this
might create the situation w h e r e . . .
, ... T h e ideal
. .. T h e study
, . . . Sometimes
we have the situation t h a t . . .
, . B u t
here the situation is different, as we shall now see.
,
... We revert to the standard situation in
which...
(
..)... For less critical cases, it is possible t o . . .

. We can look at
. .. I n some
situations it is possible t o . . .
,
, . .. Normally,
it would be expected t h a t . . .
.

, . . . I n such a n uncertain situation, the
,
which...
285
, . . . We have
seen in other circumstances that. ..
, ,
. . . Effectively, the situation arises because...
, ... There are
occasions, however, when it is convenient t o . . .
, .
Things are not always as obvious as this, however.
, ... However,
things are less simple w h e n . . .
, . . .
special situation results if w e . . .
, ...
A particularly simple situation is that in w h i c h . . .
, ,
because...

,

. T h e situation is best described in
spherical coordinates.
, . .. T h i s
situation may also arise i f . . .
, . . . T h i s situation
is so common t h a t . . .
. 4. T h i s situation is
represented by Figure 4.
2 3. This
situation is treated in Chapters 2 and 3.
... It may simplify
matters t o . . .
( =
). T h i s is not an unfamiliar
situation.
. T h i s is a typical situation,
( = ) say, tell, assert
, , ,
. . . O f course this is not to say that. ..
( ),
... A similar situation will arise when
we d i s c u s s . . .
, , ,
. . . I n any case, it is probably fair to say t h a t . . .
,
/... A similar situation exists in the case of...
, ,
. . . I n contrast, we cannot always say t h a t . . .

(/)
... I n view of its importance, a few

. . . I n an
attempt to improve on this situation, one is led t o . . .
.
T h e situation is very different today.
, ... T h e situation is
even less clear i f . . .
, . . . T h e situation changes
if w e . . .
, . . . I n this
, . . .
, . . .
In general nothing more can be said a b o u t . . .
, . . . Instead, we
must say that. ..
, ,
. . . Perhaps it is not putting the matter too strongly
to say t h a t . . .
, ...
,
, ...
T h e situation is improved in the case of...
, , . . .
A l l that need be said now is t h a t . . .
,
, . . .
, ... clarify
the situation we introduce...
,
,
... I n order to handle such a situation, we
need t o . . .
Suffice it to say t h a t . . .
. ..
, ,
286
, , . . . T h u s we may say
that...
To ...
T h e same things can be said a b o u t . . .
... It is hardly to
much to s a y . . . ; It can be said without exaggeration...
To
:... Another way of putting it is t h a t . . .
, . . . It is valid to
say t h a t . . .
. ..
A few words concerning (the. . . ) may be in order.
, . . . It can be said
with confidence t h a t . . . ; We can state with assurance
t h a t . . . ; I t is safe to s a y . . .
, , . . .

also be made.
, . . .
reasonably safe to suggest t h a t . . .
. . . We have said little a b o u t . . .
:...
Another way of saying this i s . . .
, . . . T h a t is not to say
that...
, . . . It is
impossible to state conclusively t h a t . . .
, ... There is no way of
telling w h e n . . .
, . . . It should
be said from the outset that. ..
:
. .. T h e converse is not true:
, . . . B u t we
may say roughly t h a t . . .
said t h a t . . .
, . B u t this is
, . . . T h i s is another way
of saying t h a t . . .
, , . . . T h i s is not
the same as saying t h a t . . .
how much

. T h i s constant can be chosen as small as we
please.
construct

( ..)... Still more
general solutions may be constructed b y . . .
,
. .. From these results it is possible to
construct. ..
,
. . . Proceeding in this fashion one can
construct. ..
focus

. . . I n the present discussion,
attention will be focused o n . . .
. . .
We will again focus our attention o n . . .
faster, more quickly, more rapid; rather,

more likely

,
. T h i s is the most that can be said in general
however.
speed, velocity, rate

... We shall have more to say on this point
later under the heading of...

( = ), . .. I n many cases it is
, , . . .
summarize these results, we may say t h a t . . .

, . . . I n fairness it ought to
be said t h a t . . .
boring, tedious
, , . . .
Thus we can say roughly t h a t . . .
,
( -)... It is tedious but
straightforward t o . . .
, ,
. . . T h u s , it is not possible to say in
advance whether. ..
weakly, slightly, loosely
, . . . We can no
( = , )
weakening
To . . . T h e same
may be said for...
... T h e main
, . . .
287

( = )... T h i s is not to be regarded as a
weakness of...
, ,
. . . Henceforth we shall always assume t h a t . . .
weak, feeble, slack
infer t h a t . . .
1
from...
, , . . .
Hence, we might hope t h a t . . .
...
T h e effect is small and easily masked b y . . .
() . .. There
is very little evidence of...
... Very little
,
. . . A weak point in the above discussion is t h a t . . .
, ,
. . . We can therefore speak without ambiguity of...
, (
..)... Therefore it is preferable t o . . .
easily, slightly, just, somewhat, gently
, , ...
Therefore, now and in the sequel we h a v e . . .
,
... Incidentally, this proof can be made
, ,
, . . . T h u s , we have good grounds for
, ...
,
equilibrium.
(1) (2) ( = )
, , . . .
Manipulating (1) and (2) in a slightly different way, we
can easily see t h a t . . .
watch ( ), leave
traces, watch, follow, keep track of, make sure,
look after
( = ) follow, succeed
. . . , . . . . , which was to be
expected.
, . . .
We must be careful not to imply that. ..
, , ,
, ... One must be careful t h a t . . . ;

One must make sure t h a t . . .
(i). Finally, (i)

is proved as follows.
,
... Special care must be used t o . . .
, . . . I n general it
,
. Care must be exercised to avoid overheating.
... I n essence we
follow the procedure of...
consequently, hence, therefore, i t

follows that
, . . .
, , ,
. . . T h e outcome of the present analysis is therefore
that...
, ... So
we are faced with the problem of...
,
necessary t o . . .
, . . . It is
therefore more logical to speak of...
, , . . .
It therefore suffices to show t h a t . . .
, . . . A t the
, ,
. .. A second point to notice is t h a t . . .
. . . T h i s
theorem is a direct corollary o f . . .
. . .
,
, . . . T h e result will follow
immediately if we can show t h a t . . .
sensible t o . . .

, . . . T h u s one can
speak of...
, ...
T h i s being the case, it follows t h a t . . .
288

. T h e historical order of development will be
followed here.
,
that. ..
, . . . From the latter
condition it follows t h a t . . .
. . . T h i s involves an
increase i n . . .
,
. .. Hence follows an equation relating the
two densities: ( . . . )
,

, . . . A n immediate corollary of the above
result is the fact that. ..
, , . . . I n doing so,
it is well to bear in mind t h a t . . .
, . . . It follows
from the foregoing results t h a t . . .
, . .. O n the
,
that. ..
( = ) . .. It is worthwhile to say
t h a t . . . ; It should be noted t h a t . . .
,
. . . I n this case it is obvious from symmetry t h a t . . . ;
... T h i s i m p l i e s . . . ; It follows t h a t . . .

. .. It will be r e c a l l e d . . .
. . . It is noteworthy. ..
, . . . It is to be expected t h a t . . .
,
. . . It is evident from this equation t h a t . . .
, . . . I t is worth noticing that. ..
1... It follows from

Theorem 1 that. ..
, . . . I t is to be understood
that...
...
... A distinction
needs to be drawn between. ..
, , . . . Finally, one
must not forget t h a t . . .
. .. Consideration should be
given t o . . .

[2J. O u r proof of Theorem 2 follows the
arguments in Ivanov [2] closely.
. One further
comment is in order; One further comment should be
made.
He , . . . It should be remembered
that...
He , . . . It is not to be inferred
that...
1
. A n immediate consequence of Theorem 1 is
the following.
... Attention
, . . .
Attention should be paid to the fact that. ..
... Due attention
should be given t o . . .
. .. It should be pointed o u t . . .
() , . . . It does not follow,

, , , . . . It is fair to remark,
, . . .
T h e point to notice at this stage, however, is t h a t . . .
, ,
. . . Since is arbitrary, it follows t h a t . . .
, . . . ( =
, . . . ) It should not be forgotten,
however, that. ..
() ,
g(x) t h a t . . .
said t h a t . . . ; It has to be said, however, t h a t . . .
To, ,
from...
, . . . It should also
be noted, however, t h a t . . .
, . . . T h i s will y i e l d . . .
, . . . It follows
, . . . It does not
necessarily follow t h a t . . .
To, , . . .
(3) (4)
(5). T h e identity (3) follows easily from (4), (5).

the existence of...
289
, . . . It is for
this reason that we h a v e . . .
, . . . T h i s is
(-). T h i s must be
prevented b y . . .

() , . . . T h i s property is almost evident
, . . .
T h i s is at once obvious from the fact t h a t . . .
consequence, corollary, implication

,
. . . A n important consequence of this theorem is
that...
, ,
. .. Its existence can simply be seen
as a consequence of...
,
that...

following theorem.

(-). T h i s is an almost immediate corollary of...
following, next, further

. I n this direction there are the following
results.
.
... A s an
immediate corollary we h a v e . . .

. . . I n the next four chapters we shall be
, . . . A s
. T h e question is as
follows.
, ... A s a result, there

should b e . . .

, ... A s
result there is a change in the character o f . . .
(1)
formula...
,
, . . . Among other things, this result
shows t h a t . . .
() ,
, (-). T h i s is
presumably a consequence of...
1
, ,
... T h i s implies that we understand what
is meant b y . . .

. . . T h e following theorem and corollary
are immediate consequences o f . . .
(i) 3. Assertion
(i) is a consequence of L e m m a 3.
far-reaching.
... These
results are a consequence of...
( = ) .
It is an immediate consequence of the definition.
, . . . T h i s is
a necessary consequence of the fact t h a t . . .
, .
. T h e plan of the
paper is as follows.
follows.
. ..
T h e main result is the following:...

... O u r next
task is t o . . .
. T h i s we
summarize by saying that. ..
.
... T h e next
... O u r next
task is to describe...
...
T h e following properties are immediately evident:...
, . . . T h e following
example shows t h a t . . .
. . .
, . . .
T h e next question is whether. ..
,
. T h u s the
290

possibility.
... It is
convenient to write this in the f o r m . . .
:... These
factors include the following:...

. .. A few words may be said here
about. ..
i n a complicated way
.
. T h e 'only
. T h i s
can be obtained as follows.
- ,
but...
(1)
the f o r m . . .
( = , )
complexity, complication, difficulty, compilation
following
( ..) [1],
( ..)...
Following Smith [1], we shall find it convenient t o . . .
...
In practice there are complications in the
, ...
, ...
Following a similar procedure, we may express...
, ... Complications arise

when...
too, too much
complicated, complex, compound,

composite, involved
,
. . . A n easily understood, yet not too trivial,
example is that o f . . .
, , . . . For
,
( ..).. It is
not particularly convenient t o . . .

... It would lead us too far a field to d i s c u s s . . .
, ...
T h e result is not essentially different i f . . .
word
(/)
. .. I n view of its importance, a few
, ,
. . . I n other words, it could be argued t h a t . . .
we would expect. ..
, . .. I n other words,
we s e e k . . .
wish t o . . .
,
... I n other words, there is nothing to
prevent us from u s i n g . . .

... We conclude this chapter with a few
words o n . . .
. . . ,
. . . . a difficult subject that takes
many years to master.
(
..)... A more complex example is afforded b y . . .
,
. There are complex situations that baffle
the intuition.
... I n more

, . . . As a slightly harder example we prove
that. ..
() .

question.
...
T h e task at hand is more complicated in the case of...
He ... Not less
intricate is the behavior of...
, ,
(-). T h i s is
determination of...

. T h i s is indeed a
deep question.
,
give here.
291
, .
This theory is difficult to comprehend in simple terms.
,
(). .. At best such values represent...
layer, band, shell, fiber, stratum
,
( ..)... I n any case it is more
satisfactory t o . . .
, . It is a strong
yet flexible layer.
( = ) serve, be used (for),

work
(, ) ...
A more popular alternative is t o . . .
, ,
, . . . A n alternative explanation, of course,
may be t h a t . . .
... T h i s
,
.
also sufficient.
. ..
Our immediate reaction might be t o . . .
,
that...
, . . . T h e answer must
be t h a t . . .

(. , , )
case, event, occurrence, incident, occasion, chance
,
... O f course this applies only i f . . .
, ... I n some cases, of
course,...
, ...
A still more restricted case is that in w h i c h . . .
. .. I n the vast
majority of c a s e s , . . .

Q
-
, ,
, . . . I n any case, it is probably fair to say
that. ..
clear t h a t . . .
F
. . . I n some cases more
reliable values for F can be obtained f r o m . . .
... I n some cases
it is more useful t o . . .
... I n some cases it is
possible t o . . .
... I n some cases, it
is sufficient t o . . .

... It may be necessary in some
cases t o . . .
. .. I n some
instances the two bounds fall close together...
( ..)...
It will not in general be possible t o . . .
, . . . I n the
general case it will be found t h a t . . .
, . . .
In general, it is possible to prove t h a t . . .
... Generally, it is
rather difficult t o . . .
(
..)... I n general, we find it best t o . . .
, . .. It is not in
general true t h a t . . .
, . . . It is generally
,
. .. For the general case the argument is
, . . . In general it
. ..
In the general case, we cannot reasonably expect...
.
,
... T h i s will not happen, in general, unless...
. . . . Three
. I n general this is
not true.
, . . . ,
distinguished, according to whether. ..
, ,... I n the

case of...
( = ) , ,
. . . I n a typical case, for example, one m i g h t . . .
...
In such a case, it might be simpler to specify...
292
, ...
In such cases it was suggested t h a t . . .
. .. A l l cases of
this kind are covered b y . . .
(
..). . I n the latter case it may be sufficient t o . . .
(-). A l l of
, X
(2.3), ... I n the simple
special case that X has the form (2.3) we can w r i t e . . .
, ... L e t us choose
the special case w h e r e . . .
, ...
,
() (1) [2].
In the case (a) inequality (1) is proved in [2].
, , .
You will be given due notice in the event that the lecture
is postponed.
, ... L e t us imagine
a case w h e r e . . .

case of...

(-). L e t us look at some particular cases of...

, ,
... Further, we briefly treat cases in w h i c h . . .
...
. Four distinct cases arise according to the
nature o f . . .
, ...
T h e method is particularly appropriate w h e n . . .
, . . . I n this
, ,
... Indeed, it is typically the case t h a t . . .
, . . . I n this
... For
(-).
In particular cases it may happen t h a t . . .
, ...
...
.
In a similar manner other cases may be discussed.
( = )...
For this case we may define...
... A t the other

extreme is the case of...

. . . Another
simple case is that of...
, (
..)...
I n this case, it is no longer possible t o . . .
, ,
, /. .. Another case of interest is
obtained i f . . .
, ... A n important
case occurs w h e n . . .
, . .. I n all cases it
is generally recognized t h a t . . .
. . . I n the latter case one
speaks of...

( = ), . .. I n many cases it is


inspection.
, ...
T h i s being the case, it follows t h a t . . .
()...
A further case of interest is that of...
,
,
. . . Except in certain simple cases it will not be
obvious whether. ..
(-). There are cases on
record of...
( = )
(-). Here we see
a simple case of...
. I n many
cases this is of no importance.
. . .
Again this is in accordance w i t h . . .
,
/... Returning now to the more general case
where...
, . . .
In this case it is obvious from symmetry t h a t . . . ; From
symmetry it is obvious t h a t . . .
293
,
. There are
, ... There are cases w h e n . . .
, ( ..)...
There are cases when it is possible t o . . .
. Several
special cases are of interest.
, ...
A n interesting case occurs w h e n . . .
, ... A n interesting
special case is w h e n . . .

leads t o . . .
, ,
... We therefore confine ourselves to the most
important case, which i s . . .
, , ...
, ,
( ..)... W i t h the
difficult t o . . .

,

,
... We have already seen that we cannot, in
general, e x p e c t . . .
,
... I n practice, it is almost invariably the case
that...
,
... T h e most important case is that in w h i c h . . .
() ,
... T h e most conspicuous case occurs w h e n . . .
, ,
. .. T h e simplest case, and
the most widely used, is that o f . . .
(-). No case of... has
come to our notice.

case of...
, ...
54.

... Between these two rather extreme
cases lies the great majority of...

. Three

. . . I n general,
properties of...
; , ...
We still have not dealt with the case in w h i c h . . .
...
, ... We deal
here with the case in w h i c h . . .
, , 1 ,
/. .. We can, of course, apply Theorem 1 to the

.. . .

circumvented.
, ...
We discuss this in the general case w h e n . . .
... B u t in
many cases, we do not k n o w . . .
...
. ..
For these cases it is, however, often more efficient t o . . .
, ,
that...
,
, < 0. We disregard
the case when x < 0.
, ... There are,

however, many cases in w h i c h . . .

. We sbaJJ & resijhs to a simpie case.
, ...
There is, however, one interesting case in which...
...
, ...
294
,
... There are, however, some special cases in
which...
,
/. .. There are, however, a few specific
,
. .. It is easy, however, to generalize this
,
when...
, , . .. means the case f o r . . .
B u t this is by no
, , , . . . It is
not true in general, however, t h a t . . .
. ..
A n important exception is the case of...
, ...

... I n each of these cases, therefore, it is
necessary t o . . .
,
. .. T h e next simplest case is that in w h i c h . . .

, //. . . A case of great practical
interest is that in w h i c h . . .
, ,
(-) .
, ... T h i s kind of
, , ,
. .. A case of special interest arises w h e n . . .
,
... T h e main results are stated below, first for
the case of...
... We first deal

with the case of...
,
. . . Particularly important for our purposes is the
case of...
,
. .. B y far the most important case is that in
which...
, ... T h i s is particularly
the case w h e n . . .
, ... Special
, . . . Leaving
, , . ..
,
... T h i s
, , . . .
, ... It remains
2
. Theorem 2 can be
extended to deal with parabolic equations.
, , /...
Clearly they do not apply to cases w h e r e . . .
() ...
We can now generalize to the case of...

, ... T h e first of these, and the
simplest, i s . . .

... Such cases can be covered by the
general equation. ..
... It is

cases requires...

. .. T h e simplest example of such
, /
... T h e simplest case is that in w h i c h . . .
,
... O n the other hand, it is not in general
,
. We have now two cases to
distinguish.
To, , , ,
... What has been said above applies in

case of...
. ..
We shall not have occasion to u s e . . .

...
A particular case of this theorem is t h a t . . .
, . . . W h a t is
295

cases, w e . . .
, '. It may
happen that P coincides with P'.
, . .. deal
,
, . . . cover this
case, w e . . .
, . We know
that this does not happen.

... These results can now be specialized to
the case of...

case of...
. T h i s is a common occurrence.
, /. .. T h i s is
obvious in the case of...
, . . . T h i s
( ..)...
is simply a particular case of...
This
,
in practice.
,
. . . T h i s is in marked contrast to the finite
, . ..
T h i s is satisfactory in many instances; however,...
... T h i s is well
, , ,
... It is obviously enough to consider the c a s e . . .
(-). T h i s
(-). T h i s
case is neatly illustrated b y . . .
by chance, accidentally, randomly, by

accident
, . . . It is no accident t h a t . . .
( = , ) happen,
come about, occur
, /. .. It will often
( = ),
. .. A n important case occurs w h e n . . .
, ... T h i s
probably occurred because. ..
( = )
... T h i s simplification also occurs for
other types of...
, . . . It can sometimes
, . . . It sometimes happens
that. ..
. B u t
this does not occur in a living animal.
, . . .
In practice it often happens, however, t h a t . . .
, .
But this is not what happens in practice.
, , . . . T h i s
appears to occur because...
( =
). Such processes simply do not occur.
, , ... Consider
now what happens i f . . .
, . . . It also commonly
, , ... Let us
now see what happens w h e n . . .
, . . . It frequently happens t h a t . . .
,. .. prevent this from
happening...
, . . . T h i s
cannot occur unless...
, . . .
T h i s is often the case in practice and means that. ..
examine
( = ) look, look at, see,
.
[1]. For a discussion of this problem, see Smith [ l j .
( = , . ,
) sense, meaning, point,
significance

significance of...
. ..
In a more extended sense we may define. ..

... At this point, it is worthwhile to go more
deeply i n t o . . .
(
..)... I n this situation it pays t o . . .
.

that...
296
,
. . . T h e real point of this illustration is t h a t . . .
,
, . . . For the
comparison to be meaningful, we also assume that. ..
/
difficult to grasp.
, . . . Common
sense guides us to suppose t h a t . . .
, . . . I t is reasonable to
... It is worthwhile to
examine...
, ... There is
another sense in w h i c h . . .
, , ... Hence it seems
reasonable t o . . .
,
... Common sense seems to tell us t h a t . . .
...
We interpret this experiment to mean t h a t . . .

... No simple physical meaning can be
attached t o . . .
. Both sides of the
equation have meaning.
, . . . B u t

. I t is, however,
example.
... However, it
is necessary to consider the significance of...

, ... T h e full meaning
of this principle can be appreciated only after we h a v e . . .
. T h i s would
first, at first, i n the first place, all over

again, to start with, from the beginning

. .. B u t let us first establish some fundamental
properties of...
. .. It is first necessary,
however, t o . . .
, . . . We first assume t h a t . . .
the question of...
... We shall first c a l c u l a t e . . .
.
.
,
... First we must say what we mean b y . . .
(-). A t first, we
attributed this t o . . .
... We first deal
with the case of...
... We first establish...

, . . . Initially, it was
supposed t h a t . . .
. First we consider
an example.
( = , ) reduce, lower,
bring down, lessen, hold down
. T h e cost can be
lowered somewhat,
( = ) drop (off), fall off,

decrease, decline
. .. , . . . T h e quality
is degraded to the extent t h a t . . .
sensible t o . . .
( = ) take, take off, make cut,

remove
, (
..)... It is, therefore, seldom worthwhile t o . . .
( = ) ,
. . . We must now remove the restriction t h a t . . .
. T h i s restriction is
easily removed.
, . . . T h e point is t h a t . . .
, , ,
. . . I t seems reasonable at this point to ask
whether. ..
again, once again, afresh, anew
,
. . . T h e physical significance of this result is that. ..
, . . . We emphasize again
that...

... These equations are now in a
form analogous in some respects t o . . .
... Again we have obtained...

, . . . Again we argue t h a t . . . ;
We argue, in the same way as before, t h a t . . .
... T h i s gives
means of defining...
, ,
... It will be useful

to reconsider. ..
297
( = ) gather, collect

tf3...
We collect here
some of t h e . . .

( ..)... -- We have now assembled
the main definitions and results a -
1
be going, intend, plan, be on the

point of, be about, gather
, ,
. . . T h e problem we are about to discuss originates
from...
. .. It is not our intention t o . . .
. . .

... We are going to rely on the reader's

. T h e solution of the problem is
summarized by three main theorems,
( = ) observe, keep to
,
... Care must be taken here, particularly i f . . .
, ,
. .. Observers should,
naturally, take great care t o . . .
event, occurrence
, ...
A similar situation develops wheli-
( = ) accomplish, perform

( = , )
absolutely, quite, completely, fully, entirely,
thoroughly, at all, totally, whatsoever
, . .. Notice that it is
perfectly legitimate t o . . .
( = )
. We cannot, however, ignore it
completely.

of our goal.

... There is absolutely no agreement
today o n . . .
^, . . . We now
know beyond a doubt t h a t . . .
(-).
A n example of an entirely different kind is provided b y . . .
. . .
, . . .
It can be shown by an exactly similar process t h a t . . .
( = )
, ( ..)... T h i s
behavior is totally different from that predicted b y . . .
, . . . It is immediately
. . . T h i s
T h i s is at once obvious from the fact t h a t . . .
perfect, absolute, complete,

principal
,
that...

( = ) ( ),
. . . We cannot arrive at a comprehensive view of
this unless w e . . .
advice, counsel
. A n y advice would be
appreciated.
() .
. . ()
assistance.
( = , .
) advise
( =
)... T h e reader is strongly urged t o . . .
(,
..)... We advise the reader t o . . .

. Participants were advised not to discuss
these matters outside the group.
compatible, consistent
, . . . These
two desires are not compatible, s i n c e . . .
simultaneously, jointly, combined, i n

combination with, together w i t h , i n conjunction
with, integrally w i t h
(1) ,
. . . T h i s fact, taken together with (1), implies
that...
1
. T h i s fact together with
Theorem 1 implies the following corollary.
( = ) coincide with, agree

with, be i n agreement with, be the same (as),
concur, be i n line, fit
,
Htmssfja. t . . . " s &!&} 'Oifb /
:
, . . . ^ It is by no means
obvious t h a t . . .
Q . T h e set Q is precisely R.
298
, '. I t may
happen that P coincides with P'.
, , . . . There
seems to be some agreement t h a t . . .
not to be equal, to disagree (with), to be

inconsistent (with)

. .. However, there is broad
agreement o n . . .

, , ,
. . . T h i s is not the same as saying t h a t . . .
,

coincidence, congruence, fit, fitness

,
the next section.

...
obtained b y . . .
( = )
, . . . T h i s
agreement is a strong confirmation of the hypothesis
that...

. T h i s is accomplished
through the revolution of the H and A planes into
coincidence with B.

today o n . . .
( ..)
, . . . T h i s agreement is
strong confirmation of the hypothesis that. ..

,
[2]. These results are found
to agree with those published by Smith [2].
.
This, too, is in accord with observation.
. . .
T h i s equation is in excellent agreement w i t h . . .
(= ) i n accordance to, i n
accord; according to, by
, ,... T h e n , by
hypothesis,...

evidence,. ..
,. .. According to
electromagnetic theory,...
present, current, contemporary,

modern, up to date, of today, state-of-the-art,
recent
,
...
agreeing, agreeing w i t h , consistent,

concordant

, , . . .
Most physicists seem to agree t h a t . . .
... ... O u r
...
(
) ... T h i s book provides
an up-to-date description of...
( = , , )
absolutely, entirely, completely, readily, of all, quite
... T h i s does not
account at all f o r . . .
, ,
. . . Most physicists seem to accept the notion
that...
be consistent w i t h , be
compatible with, conform to, agree with, fit (well)
w i t h , correlate, be i n line

. T h i s formula is in good agreement with
the experiment.
. . .
T h e result is in perfect agreement w i t h . . .
. . . T h i s result is in
agreement w i t h . . .
(. ) conformity,
accord, goodness of fit, consent, concordance,
agreement, accordance
. . . T h e latter
method agrees precisely w i t h . . .
. . . T h i s model
is in agreement w i t h . . .
. . .
( = )
. . . T h i s
299
,
that...

(-). T h i s would be consistent with the
requirements of...
. . . T h i s cannot be
brought into agreement w i t h . . .
1. T h i s is
He . .. There is
no convention regarding...
( =
), . . . It is customary to speak of...
, ...
,
. . . T h e assumption
is consistent w i t h . . .
,
that...
.
T h i s is in agreement with our previous result.
contents, table of contents, matter,

substance
. . . T h i s condition is
consistent w i t h . . .
,
, . . .
T h i s result is in agreement with the fact that. ..

. T h e subject matter of
this section can be generalized in numerous directions.
, , . . . These
results are broadly consistent w i t h . . .
meaningful, interesting, rich i n

content, informative, meaningful, profound, useful,
appropriate
, , . . . T h i s
result is broadly consistent w i t h . . .
, . . .
T h e results are consistent with the view t h a t . . .
. . . T h i s is in accord w i t h . . .
. . . T h i s , again, is
(= ) agree, consent,
concur
? Do you agree
with his assertion?
, ,
. . . Most mathematicians seem to agree t h a t . . .
.
, . . . Some authorities disagree; they believe
that...
stipulation, agreement,
understanding, contract, convention
, ,
, . . . W h e n such terms are used, it is

... L e t us adopt the usual convention of
writing...
.
We shall not adopt this convention here.
, . . .
We shall adhere to the convention t h a t . . .
. . . A s a matter
of convention, we agree to speak of...
. ..
,
... O u r convention will be to choose...
,
.
be contained, contain
, ,
... There is perhaps some truth in this;
however,...
.
T h e subgroup R is not contained in the group A.
containing, bearing, incorporating,

involving
, .
consider the term containing x .
2
First
regret
, . . . It is regrettable
that...
,
( ..)... Unfortunately it is generally
rather cumbersome t o . . .
, ,
( ..)... W i t h the
difficult t o . . .
, ,
. . . Unfortunately, as we shall see, the
, . . .
available o n . . .
,
. Unfortunately, very little can be
said along these lines.
300
, (
..)... Unfortunately, it is not a trivial matter t o . . .
, . . . There can be no
doubt t h a t . . . ; There is no doubt t h a t . . .
, /. ..
, . . . There is no doubt t h a t . . .
(. ) regret
, . . . It is a cause for
regret t h a t . . .
(= ) create, originate, invent,

produce, generate, bring into being, develop, offer,
form, build up
, . . . There is no doubt,
. . . .
But doubts have been expressed a b o u t . . .
. T h i s (fact) is beyond
question.
, . . . A n d this
might create the situation where. ..
. . .
These analyses leave no doubt a b o u t . . .
. . . Edison created
new scheme f o r . . .
( = , ) concept,
consideration, reason, argument
, , , . . . T h i s seems

. T h e following
abbreviated, brief

( ..)...
T h e amount of manipulation in this case could have been
significantly reduced b y . . .
serious, substantial, solid

,
(
..)... T h i s approach requires a good deal o f . . .
doubt, be doubtful of
()
, . . . There appears to be little reason to doubt
that...
possible to doubt t h a t . . .
doubt t h a t . . .
, . . . There can
be little doubt that. ..

. We have no doubt of power of the
method.
, .
...
T h e importance of... has never been doubted,
doubt
,
. There
are several reasons why this assumption should be
questioned.
,
. .. For this and other reasons, we limit
ourselves t o . . .
, ,
. . . Furthermore, we know from elementary
, . . .
It is easily seen geometrically t h a t . . .
,
... For planning purposes it was recommended
that...

, ... For the sake of simplicity we will
consider a case in w h i c h . . .
,
( =
) . .. Physically this
arises because of...

expected because...
, ,
. . . From the above reasoning it is clear t h a t . . .

grounds, t h a t . . .
... It is a matter of
common observation t h a t . . .
...
However, for practical reasons it is conventional t o . . .
, , . . . There
seems to be little doubt that. ..
... For some

purposes it is convenient t o . . .
He , . . . It is beyond question
t h a t . . . ; There is no question t h a t . . .
. T h i s
, . . . It cannot
be doubted t h a t . . .
, . . .
301

. We now obtain the same formula from
another point of view.

,
:... Exactly the same considerations apply
here, with one important difference:. ..

considerations.

considerations.
( = , ,
) inform, communicate, announce,
present
, . . . From
personal experience, I can say t h a t . .
,
, . . . A l l this, needless to say, is based
on the premise that. . .
0
, . . .
that...
We hasten to say

( ..)... We have indicated a few times our
intention t o . . .

. We can say more, however.
... Accordingly
we now define...
, , . . . Accordingly, we
shall specify t h a t . . .
, , . . . Correspondingly, it
, . . . We are accordingly
left w i t h . . .
correspondence, congruence,
agreement, accordance (with), relation, mapping
(
). Excellent agreement was
obtained.
,
may...

... I n accordance with this result, we may
identify...
, 1,
,
. . . I n accordance with common usage, we
write...
...
. Four distinct cases arise according to the
nature o f . . .
,
. Please inform me as soon as you receive my
letter; W i l l you please inform as soon as you receive my
letter.
,. . . According to
. . . Little else
has been reported regarding...
correspond, correspond (to,

with), match, fit, conform with, conform to, be
consistent with, be matched (by), comply with
, . . . A number of authors
have reported t h a t . . .
[1] , . . . ^ It was reported
initially by Smith [1] t h a t . . .
,
... First we must say what w^ mean b y . . .
, . . . It is stated t h a t . . .
,
0
. . .
T h e theorem says
( = , ) information,
report, communication, message, presentation, a n
account

... T h i s is in
accordance with the theory o f . . .
,
. . . T h i s limitation corresponds to the fact t h a t . . .

. T h i s approach is best matched to the problem
under consideration.
, . . . T h i s
( ..),
. . . T h i s is consistent with the expectation t h a t . . .
( = ) proper,
corresponding, appropriate, suitable, due,
pertinent, respective, congruent, compatible with,
conforming to, associated
:...
. . .
A corresponding result holds f o r . . .
respectively, Correspondingly,
accordingly
(
..)... B y a proper analysis it is possible t o . . .
, ... Accordingly
relation, correlation, ratio,

relationship, formula

obtained b y . . .
(2)
. A few remarks
...
A more difficult and subtle relation i s . . .
, (1)
;, , z,
... L e t us now introduce new variables
,

(4.1).
Additional relations for the new functions are established
from the series representations in (4.1).
(1)
...
A similar connection exists between...

. . . T h e relations obtained may also be
applied t o . . .
(3) ,
. .. T h e advantage of (3) is that it p e r m i t s . . .

( ). .. Another relation
,
... A relationship of this sort is to be expected
because...
(1)
that...
...
A relationship between and is given by the formula...
(4),
, . . . From the
above relation it is clear t h a t . . .

. There is a simple relationship between
these two quantities.

the f o r m . . .
(3) ,
... Making use of the relation between x and
given by (3), one may w r i t e . . .
,
(4) (5)
, ,
-, . . . I n order to obtain this relation, we
, . . .
(1), ...
establish (1), l e t . . .
,
example, t o . . .

()... These relations are obtained most
simply b y . . .
. T h i s is a remarkable
relation.
, ,
. . . It is easily confirmed, using this relationship,
that...


. Aside from
these basic relations, we must also consider certain
auxiliary conditions.
,
. . . T h i s simple relation shows immediately t h a t . . .


. This relation can also be

between...
, . . . T h i s
relation also shows t h a t . . .
,
. . . It is not possible to simplify this relationship any
further because. ..
(1), , . . .
Referring back to (1), we find t h a t . . .
, . . . This
relation has the advantage t h a t . . .
,
. .. T h i s expression is often useful
because it provides...
,
t. T h i s is the relation connecting x and
t.
303

directly from (6).
, . . .
be accompanied (by), entail
, . . .
T h e outcome of all this is that. ..
, . .. Unfortunately
this is accompanied b y . . .
(5) ,

. .. These may in some circumstance
be accompanied b y . . .
, ,
kind, quality, form, grade

... I n discussions of this kind it is necessary
to point o u t . . .
, . .. T h i s kind of
( = )
concentrate, focus

. . . U p to now we have
concentrated o n . . .

. . . T h e research and design
activities were confined t o . . .
, . . .
(
..)... A t present we will confine our attention t o . . .
to be concentrated
(
..)... I n this chapter we concentrate o n . . .
, , ...
T h e features on which we concentrate a r e . . .
( = , ,
) compose, compile, comprise, work
out, draw up, put together, constitute, make up,
form, generate

small portion of...
,
( = )... These parts are arranged to
form...
state, condition, position, status

.
T h e atmosphere is always in a state of motion.

consist (in, of), lie (in), be, be made

(of), be composed of, include

,
. .. Another
,
take...
, . . . T h e only
... T h e problem is to
find numerical solutions f o r . . . ; T h e problem consists in
searching for the stressed state of...
, ,
, . . .
, ...
T h e significance of our methods is that they will y i e l d . . .
,
. T h e idea is as follows.
, , , . . .
, . . .
T h e principle used here i s . . .
follows.
steps.
. T h e procedure
involves many steps.
, ,
, . . . Our
central argument is t h a t . . .
, . . . O u r
main result will be t h a t . . .
,
. . . O u r first task is to prove...
( = ) , . . .
T h e general conclusion was that. ..
conclusion is t h a t . . .
304

. . . One way of overcoming this problem
is to u s e . . .
,
, , . . . T h e aim
take place, be held

... . There has been
controversy over...
consisting (of)
,
. . . One interpretation of this problem is t h a t . . .
, ,
. A system composed of such
( = ) ,
. . . One reason is t h a t . . .
preservation, conservation, invariance

observation is t h a t . . .
() .
It consisted mainly of the notes.
, . . . T h e main point
is t h a t . . .

its simplicity.
, , , . . . T h e answer,
of course, is t h a t . . .
elements is said to be linear,

. .. For the
sake of illustration, consider...
( = ) preserve, retain,
remain, maintain, keep
,
. . . Instead, it is better to retain the concept that. ..

. T h e material retains its properties over a
wide temperature range.
specialize (in, to), be

specialized
()... D r .
Smith specializes i n . . .
,

... These results can now be specialized to
the case of...
, . . .
T h e advantage of this choice is t h a t . . .
(. ) expert,
specialist (in)
.

... D r . Smith is a recognized expert in the
field of...
,
. . . A second, more subtle point is that. ..
. ..
Dr. Smith is a specialist in the field o f . . .
,
. .. T h e next step is to consider...
,
, ... D r . Smith, a well-known authority
on primates, w i l l . . .
. T h e article consists of
three parts; T h e article has three parts; T h e article
includes three parts; T h e article is composed of three
parts; T h e article is divided into three parts.
(4) (5)

. . . A typical
system of this kind will consist of...
To, , , . . . W h a t is
required is t h a t . . .
.
A specialist should be consulted,
specifically, especially
( = ) , . . . It is
worthy of special emphasis t h a t . . .
special, specific, special-purpose

() . A special
name is given to. .
( = ) ,
. .. Let us choose the special case w h e r e . . .

F , F
represents. ..
,
,
. . . Except in certain simple cases it will not be
obvious whether...
,
. . . T h e physical significance of this result i s . . .
. Two special
, . . .
().
Several special cases are of interest.
305
. Three


circumvented.
,
/... There are, however, some special cases in
which...
,
/. . . There are, however, a few specific

. L e t us consider a
specific case.
... .
, . . . O u r
contention follows from the fact t h a t . . .
(. , , )
way, method (of), process, technique (for),
procedure, fashion, mode

. .. A n alternative way of handling this
situation is t o . . .

. . . A more controlled way of achieving the
same end is t o . . .
...
A more satisfactory way is t o . . .
, ... B y
, . . . B y the
,
... L e t us consider in more detail the manner
in w h i c h . . .
... Only in very

special circumstances...

. .. Let us pursue the easier course of
finding...

,
, . . . Indeed, this process is much more
powerful than. ..

case of...

. .. A fairly accurate way of measuring P
is t o . . .
specific, characteristic, inherent,

peculiar, unique
...
... Only
in very special circumstances...

be specific to

(3). Such behavior is specific to all solutions
of (3).
list, copy
o , ... T h i s is by no
means an exhaustive list of...
... .
A list of... appears in Appendix A .

... Previous work in this direction includes
that of Keller and Reiss [3].

. T h i s
list does not exhaust the possibilities.
( = , )
design, program, plan
,
. . . T h e book is designed as a user's
guide to the macro package. ..
arguments, controversies, debates, quarrel
. . .

. .. Another attack on the problem starts
from the equation. ..
,
take...

. .. T h e only way to guard against
such occurrences i s . . .
,
,
,
. . . Prom the way in which this equation has been
,
, . . . Another way of obtaining the
same result is to note t h a t . . .
, ... There are
number of ways in w h i c h . . .
306
(-).
There is just one sensible way of...
, , ...
... There are


. There

... T h e best way to minimize this
kind of error is t o . . .
..
ways of...
There may be many
, ... T h e total
number of ways in which it can be marked is t h u s . . .
... I n much the
same w a y , . . .
. , . . . P u t in
another way, this means t h a t . . .

. We could obtain this result by a different
argument.
,
... T h e simplest way to approach the problem
is t o . . .
, ,
. . . We can put this another way by saying that. ..
,
... T h u s we have a new way of
looking a t . . .

. . .

(1) . .. T h e most elementary
He
. .. There is no systematic way of
determining...
, ,
. .. It should be noted that there are two
. . . T h e usual way
of obtaining these is t o . . .
. . . One of the
simplest ways is t o . . .
,
,
() ... However, it turns
,
... There is another way to proceed, however,
which gives...

. .. One method of doing this, not a very
practical one, is t o . . .

... One way of satisfying these conditions
is t o . . .
,
(-. ). Clearly, one way of achieving
this would be t o . . .
, ...
T h e obvious course is to demand t h a t . . .
, ,
. 1, . . . A way of doing this is illustrated in
Fig. 1, w h e r e . . .
, ,
, ,
( = )
... A considerably more clever approach
is t o . . .
. ..
.
. There
are several ways to do this.

theory of...
. ..
,
,
. .. There are three ways by which
we may approach the problem of...
. .. I n this way
we can m a k e . . .
. T h i s
... I n the same
way, we can s t u d y . . .
307
()
f(x). We shall now consider a
, ...
We now consider ways in w h i c h . . .
... I n exactly the same w a y , . . .
(-). Edison
invented a new way of...
,
. T h i s is possible by the way in which x
is defined.
, . . . T h i s is another way
of saying that. ..
. T h i s
can be done in a variety of different ways.
. T h i s can be

,
that...
. It is constructed
as follows.
.
It is possible to obtain this result in a different way.
. .. T h i s
able, capable (of, for)

, . .. T h e y are furthermore
capable of...
...
,
be able t o . . .
( = )
, ... T h i s puts us in a position to
answer several questions w h i c h . . .
(. ,
, , ) correctly,
it is true
, . . . It is certainly true
that...
, , . . . Moreover, it is true
that...
, , . . . It is unfortunately
true that. ..
, .
We shall now show that this is not the case.
,
. O u r objective is to show
that this is indeed the case.
, (
-.) . However, it is not obviously valid
to assume t h a t . . .
()
. T h e converse is not necessarily true,
however.

so.
20 or
Q.
A corresponding inequality holds for Q.
, . . . It was correctly
reasoned t h a t . . . ; It was correctly supposed t h a t . . .
, . . . It is legitimate t o . . .
To
. .. T h e same limitation applies to the
use of...
To ... T h e same
is true of...
. . . Exactly the
same holds f o r . . .
, .
, . .. T h i s is
especially true w h e n . . .
, ,
that...
, ...
T h i s is legitimate for a first approximation provided
that. ..
. .. T h i s is true for
the majority of...
, , . . . T h i s
is so despite the fact t h a t . . .
,
. .. T h i s statement is strictly true only i f . . .
correctness, validity, fairness

. ..

,
( = ). T h i s is in fact not
the case, as we show below.
,
,
,
, . . . this, needless to say, is based
on the premise that. ..

308

geometrically.

(4.3) (3.4). T h e validity of the
statement follows from (4.3), (3.4).
. . .
T h e validity of this formula depends o n . . .
(. = )
valid, correct, true, just, equitable, fair

, . .. T h e converse is not generally
true, although...
,
. I n fact, much more than this is true.
To, , . . .
-
,
. Although this method is somewhat
unorthodox, it is as valid as any of the more familiar
methods.
,
( = ) manage, cope
(with); ask (about), consult
,
... I n order to handle such a situation, we
need t o . . .
( = ) ask, inquire
...
-
, ... T h e theorem still holds
in a trivial sense i f . . .
, . . . O n e
then inquire whether. ..
,
. . . I n a similar way, one may ask
whether. ..
, ...
, , ,
. . . It seems reasonable at this point to ask
whether...
,
. .. a certain extent this must be true, b u t . . .
, ,
. . . T h i s is equivalent to asking w h e t h e r . . .

,
. I t can be shown that this conclusion is
generally valid.
designed, planned, projected

,
... These are generally designed to make
use of...
comparison, congruence, matching
,
... O u r analysis remains valid u n t i l . . .

. T h e sodium atom is
favored slightly over the hydrogen ion.
:
. .. T h e converse is not true:
, ,
, . . . For the
,
, . . . A comparison of
A and shows t h a t . . .
( =
) . . . A similar rule holds for...
(2) ,
that...
, ... A similar
argument holds i f . . .
...

so.
20 or

reasonably valid f o r . . .
, . It follows
that the hypothesis is false.
() . . .
A corresponding result holds for...
To, ,
/ . . . T h a t this is not always the case was seen i n . . .
(10) (12)
, . . . Comparison of (10) with (12) shows
that...
,
( = ) compare, equal, equate

... . . . It is interesting to
compare... w i t h . . .
, . .. T h u s it is
informative to compare. ..
... It is instructive to
compare...

309
(-). T h i s can be
compared t o . . .
(6) , . . .
( = ) at once, all at once, at a

glance, at first glance, right away, off hand,
instantaneously
. .. Also, for
future reference, let u s . . .
,
, . . . It will be seen at once

that...
... For purposes of reference we s h a l l . . .
stage, phase, step, point, stadium
He , . . . It was not apparent

. T h e bridge is
, . . . It will be apparent
already that. ..
... Later in the

process, w e . . .
, . . . It is immediately obvious
that...
, . .. It was
recognized at an early stage that. ..
,
... Once this distinction is
clearly understood, it becomes possible t o . . .

D/Dt.
T h i s follows at once from the meaning of the operator
D/Dt.
currently under construction.
among, of
( ..)
... Among the simplest of these i s . . .
. ..
,
that...
means, tool
(= ) collide (with),
run into, run against, clash, encounter
, . .. So we are faced
with the problem of...
. .. We are confronted
by the task of...
norm, standard

standard, normal, conventional,

regular
,

... It is more usual to express the solution in
terms of...

. .. T h e obvious remedy is t o . . .

. .. T h e usual starting point is to t a k e . . .
, ... A means
must be found to a v o i d . . .
(6),
... Writing this system in the
standard form (6), one easily computes...
( = , )) refer to,
quote, cite, allude
. .. For
future reference we remark t h a t . . .
, ,
T h e book just referred to
has been translated into English.
... We have already
mentioned. . . ; We have already referred t o . . .
. . . T h i s
process is often referred to a s . . .
. . . We refer t o . . .
reference; exile

. . . For future reference, we include here the
equations for...
,
... We revert to the standard situation in
which...

. . . However, there is a standard method of
...
Examples will be found in standard accounts of...
... Standard
manipulation then gives...
,
. . . It is a routine matter to verify t h a t . . .
, . . .
A routine calculation shows t h a t . . .
.
T h e standard procedure is as follows.
, . . . For reference, let

us note here t h a t . . .
.
T h i s may be proved in the standard way.
, . . .
We note for future reference t h a t . . .
, ... It is
standard procedure t o . . .
310
.
,
( = , ) become,
get, begin, start (to), t u r n , grow; take a position,
stand, stop
(1)
( = )... After simplification
equation (1) becomes...

( ..)... I n view of all these facts it
,
, . .. It soon became
obvious that. ..
, ...
,

case o f . . .
, ...
(-).
Thereafter it is a matter o f . . .
,
... T h e reason becomes apparent if we
consider...
,
... T h e situation is slightly simpler in the case
where...
,
... Once this distinction is
clearly understood, it becomes possible t o . . .
, . . . It becomes clear t h a t . . .
, . . . It becomes apparent t h a t . . .
( ..)...
... It is now
evident now t h a t . . .
( = ),
. .. T h i s becomes clear on
consideration of...
,
. .. T h i s effect becomes even more marked
when...
( = , ) become,
begin (to)
He , . . . It was not apparent
( ..)...
... Only recently

(. , , )
article, item, paper, contribution; clause

,

. .. T h i s
about...

... T h i s paper presents our latest findings in
the area of...

... I n the main the
paper is primarily concerned with establishing quantitative
performance data for
... T h e paper is concerned w i t h . . . ;
T h e article deals w i t h . . . ; T h e paper presents...
. .. T h i s paper
describes the results of...
[1] , . . . From the
work of Smith [1] it is now known t h a t . . .

. .. T h e information in this
paper is vital to the effectiveness o f . . .
,
. T h i s paper is, unfortunately, rather poorly
written.
[1].
,
, . . . T h i s has the advantage of making it
quite clear t h a t . . .

.
T h e author should be required to revise Section 2 before
,
. . . T h i s study is facilitated by the
use of...

before publication.
. 2, . . . T h i s
becomes apparent in Figure 2, w h e r e . . .
. T h e outline of the
paper is as follows.
311

publication.
. . .
Prof Smith published a lengthy/extensive paper o n . . .
, ...
T h e paper is rather long, b u t . . .
, ...
T h e paper is somewhat lengthy, b u t . . .
,
. . . T h i s paper
provides a new viewpoint o n . . .
,
. .. T h i s paper is important to all those working
in the field of...
,
( = ) . There are several
points worth noting:
, . . . It is worth
remarking at this stage t h a t . . .

. It is, however, worthwhile to
illustrate the technique by the following example.
, ,
. . . Before we go further, it is worth observing
that...
, , . . . I n doing so, it
is well to bear in mind t h a t . . .
, . . . It is noteworthy t h a t . . . ; It is
worth noticing t h a t . . .
, . . . It is worth pointing out t h a t . . .
. T h i s
, (
..)... Nevertheless, it is interesting to look
briefly a t . . .
, ... T h i s
paper is important because i t . . .
century

-,
... T h i s paper is crucial reading for electrical
,
. . . T h i s paper is crucial because i t . . .
. ..
T h i s paper is crucial in demonstrating...
.
T h i s is a well-written, informative paper,
degree, extent, measure, power, order,

ratio

,
. . . B y the end of the 20th century, it was generally
side, aspect
.
We can look at this in another way.


of this work.
, . . . Leaving
... a limited extent,...
,
,... Apart from the exceptional cases mentioned
above,...

,
... Leaving such points for the moment, we
proceed t o . . .
,
, , . . .

, . . . Equally important, however, is
,
. .. O n the other hand, it is not in general
,
, ... O n the
( = ) be worth, cost, be
worthwhile, be a matter of
, . . .
, . . . I n this
, ,
, . . . O n the other hand this may
not be worth the effort s i n c e . . .
,
312
, F , . . .
O n the other hand, it follows from the definition of F
that...

,
( ..)... O n the other hand, it is
, ,
O n the other hand we can be sure t h a t . . .
...
,
indicate that. . .
, ,
. . . O n the other hand one always has to make sure
that...
, , . . .
, ,
, ... O n the
other hand, this method will g i v e . . .
proponent, adherent, supporter,

advocate
, ...
stand, stop, be shut down, be at test, be,

be situated, remain, last, be idle

, .
T h e quadratic form tends to a limit independent of x, as a
tends to zero.
-
- ... Theoretical
physicists have long sought to establish some relationship
among...
(. , )
rigorous, strict, close, rigid, severe

( = ), . . . For the general case the
argument is made precise by use o f . . .
He ,
He ,
rigorous discussion, we merely note t h a t . . .
(12)
[1]. For
Smith [1].
. T h e formal proof is
as follows.

, ...

( ..). A comprehensive theory must
account for...
.
A short historical review of the literature is in Order.
2. A rigorous
strange, odd, surprising
, . . .
A rigorous treatment of the problem shows t h a t . . .
,
( = ), . . . ^- A t first
sight this may seem somewhat surprising because...
strategy
,
compromise.

. . . A better strategy is simply to u s e . . .
.
We have decided to adopt a simpler strategy.
,
. Consequently, we recommend th^ following
strategy.
, ... T h i s
is a frequently recommended strategy, b u t . . .
tend to, approach, a i m for, try, strive

L , ,
. L is a nonempty
interval whose length goes to zero as n goes to infinity.
z . z tends to infinity.


(-). T h i s establishes a rather strong form o f . . .
. . . T h i s
rigorously, strictly
, ,
, ... Strictly speaking,
, , . . . Strictly
, , . . . Strictly
speaking, we should verify that. . .
rigor

. . . Practitioners rarely worry about
mathematical rigor but...
( = ) construct, build ( u p ) ,
form, set up
313
... T h i s fact is
the foundation on which we b u i l d . . .
... Frorri these we construct...
,
. .. We now work out some
examples to illustrate...
student
- ...
Most students of physics would be aware o f . . .

at all levels.
,
,
( = )
-,
.
It should be accessible to

... T h i s book is intended primarily for the
student o f . . .
(first year vn college) Mr. Smith
is a college freshman. Mr. Smith is a freshman at Indiana
University.
(second year college) Mr.
Smith is a college sophomore. Mr. Smith is a sophomore at
Indiana University.
(third year m college) Mr.
Smith is a college junior. Mr. Smith is a junior at Indiana
University.
(fourth year in college) Mr.
Smith is a college senior. Mr. SrAith is a senior at Indiana
University.
< . Mr. Smith
earned a bachelors degree in physics. Mr. Smith completed
his bachelors degree in 1997. Mr- Smith received his
bachelors degree with honors.
Mr. Smith is a
first-year graduate student. Mr. Smith is in his first year of
graduate school. Mr. Smith begn his graduate studies this
year.
Mr. Smith is in
his second year of graduate school. Mr. Smith is studying
for his masters degree. Mr. Smith is working toward a
masters degree.
dock (with), link up (with)
( = )
, . . . We may summarize
these results with the statement t h a t . . .
( ), ,
. . . We can summarize by stating t h a t . . .
( = ) .
T h i s we summarize by saying t h a t . . .
( = ) essentially,
substantially, significantly, materially, tangibly
~B . . .

( ..)...

,

[1]. His findings were at variance with those of
Smith [1].


[1]. O u r results barely differ from
those of Smith [1].
, , . . . It is by no means
essential t h a t . . .
,
,
. . . I n developing the theory we shall
make considerable use o f . . .
,
... B y far the most important case is that in
which...
...
A considerably more clever approach is t o . . .

... A much more serious defect is encountered
with...
. . . Far less is known
about...
, ,
. . . It is essential that we determine w h e t h e r . . .
sum, s u m up, add together,

summarize
. . .
, ,
. . . A l t h o u g h . . . vary
}}&& ntxxaiiaig >...
( = )
. His results may be summed up
in the following theorem.

. Experimental

. T h e computer interface to instruments.
314
. T h i s is essential
for our purposes.
. T h e plan
was intrinsically flawed.
. . . T h i s i in


... T h i s essentially limits the
usefulness of...
,
. . . T h i s is in marked contrast to the finite
. . . T h i s is
considerably different f r o m . . .
( = )
. .. T h i s is strongly supported > the
results of...
( = ) essential,
important, significant, substantial
[1] ,
. A point of considerable interest
was raised by Smith [1].

essential t o . . .
. . . . There is no
appreciable difference between...

difference between. ..

... There would seem to be little
advantage in u s i n g . . .
,
considerable room for improvement in the study of...
( = , ) essence, being,
entity, point
, , . . .
rLssern;i'aVfy, rs efrgoed. Vrrar...
1
, , . . .
In essence, this tells us t h a t . . .
( = )
, . . . T h e essence of the matter is
that...
( = ) . T h e essence of
the problem is clear.
existence, presence, occurrence,

life-span
,
. .. For this would imply the
existence of...
, ,
... Its existence can simply be seen
(
..)...
We do not propose to prove the
existence of...
. .. We shall
discuss the reason for the existence of...

these lines.

. . . We shall discuss the existence and uniqueness
problem for...
^ (4) (5)
. .. T h i s
model does not exclude the existence of...
, ..

to determine...
,
. . . T h e essential question now is
whether...

,
:. .. E x a c t l y the same considerations apply
here, with one important difference:...

( ..)... It will be an
essential tool in our treatment of...
. .
, ... T i n s sort of
. .. These
phenomena point to the existence of...
(-). It does not
explain the existence of...

existence of...

the existence of...
exist, be, be available, to be in

existence
, . . . There

. No detectable level of carbon was present in
the sample.
...
. T h e r e is at 'least one such point in
the neighborhood of every. ..
315
, ... There are
basically two types of...
, ... Basically,
there are two forms of...
, ... Further, there
cannot be more than o n e . . .
. . .
for...

today o n . . .
(-). There is an
enormous range of...
. ..
. .. There are many
examples of...

. There is no real solution to this dilemma.
, . . . There is
. . . . . . ( = )
. There is an obvious analogy
.
,
,
... There may be exceptional values of x at
which...
He . . . There is no
general formula f o r . . .
He . .. No clear-cut
distinction e x i s t s . . .
, ,

. . . However, there is a standard method of
,
when...
, [1],
, ...
,
... It follows that the possibility exists
for the use of...
... A similar
connection exists between. ..
, . ..
A similar situation exists in the case of...
a < (1) .
Equation (1) has no solution for a < 0.
? Under what

> 0. A solution does not
exist when p > 0.
. . .
. . . There is
general tendency for...
( = ) ,
. . . There is a common misconception t h a t . . .

m ,
h, . . . There exists a constant > 0,
independent of h, such t h a t . . .
x > 0, . . . There is x > 0 such
that. ..
. . . T h e tendency has been
for...
, . . . It is theorized
that...
. .. There are
two main disadvantages of...
,
, ...
There are still other reasons why it is useful t o . . .

theory of...
...
There are various ways of defining. ..
.
,
,
. .. There are four reasons for devoting
attention t o . . .

, . . . There are experimental reasons
for concluding t h a t . . .
316
existing, present-day, currently

available
... . . . There is
vague similarity between... a n d . . .


essence, main point, entity, the

principle of
. . .
T h i s result bears a striking resemblance t o . . .
, . . .
T h e essence of the argument is t h a t . . .
formulated, stated

by Smith [1].

by Smith [1].

.
T h i s result can be written in a slightly simpler form as
follows.
...
Under the conditions stated, we c a n . . .

,
. . . T h i s result has been stated rather
vaguely because. ..
() state,
formulate, express
,
. .. Probably the best
way to express the results is to u s e . . .

. We may also formulate it in a different manner.
,
... We are now equipped
to state and prove...
happiness, fortune, luck

,
... Fortunately, it is always
possible to avoid confusion b y . . .
,
, , . . . It turns out,
fortunately, t h a t . . .
, . Fortunately
this is not necessary.
, ( ..)...
is easy t o . . .
Fortunately, it
,
. .. Fortunately, this can be accomplished
by a straightforward generalization of...
, .
Fortunately, such problems are rarely encountered.
calculation, computation, count, account, bill

... T h i s behavior
has been attributed t o . . .
count, compute, add up, reckon, consider,

regard, assume, believe, regard, suggest, look upon,
think (of)
, . . .
A large number of scientists now believe t h a t . . .
(
..)... I n general, we find it best t o . . .
[1] , . . .
In opposition to this, Smith [1] held t h a t . . .
scheme, plan, diagram, circuit, chart,

network, pattern
,
that...
, . . . It is believed by
many observers t h a t . . .

following example.
, ,
. . . Edison created
new scheme f o r . . .

(. , )
similarity, likeness, resemblance, analogy
, . . . I t is our opinion t h a t . . .
, , . . . ,
, ... / . . .
.
, . . . Some authorities disagree; they believe
that...
, . . . There is no reason to
, . . . It is generally believed t h a t . . .
317
, [1]
this method.
, . . . Some
authorities, however, do not believe t h a t . . .
, ,
, . . . Until
, . . . It is widely believed
that...
, . . . T h e accepted wisdom
is, however, t h a t . . .
, . . . It is currently thought
that...
( = ), . . . It is commonly
, . . . There is

. I t is considered good practice to express all
measurements in metric units.
, . . .
T h e reader may consider it as obvious t h a t . . .
to be taken for, be considered

, . . . I n ancient times
it was generally believed that. ..
, . . . It is presently
1980-
, . .. Until the early 1980s it was common
belief t h a t . . .
, . . . It is thought to be
related t o . . .
, . . . It was generally
, . . . It was
, , , . . . It is
widely but erroneously believed t h a t . . .
iTI
table, list, array, plate, chart, schedule,
diagram
He , . . . It is no great surprise
that...
,
... Much of the material is in
, , ...
understand why this is so, we m u s t . . ,
2 (-).
( = ) also, too, as well, likewise

( , also
. Too
.
too either.)
1. T h e effect
( ..)...
1 (
). .. I n Table 1 we summarize t h e . . .
1 , . . . It is clear from Table 1

that...

in Table 7.

. Only those elements in
the fifth column of the table can be used for this purpose.
tabulate
such, so, that

, . . . I n this
,
( ..)...
() ...
For future reference, let us t a b u l a t e . . .
, , . ..
Of equal or greater importance i s . . .
so, thus, like this
firmly, steadfastly, soundly
318


, . . . I t is
a well-established result t h a t . . .
...
rigid, hard, firm, solid
. . .
T h e theorem follows at once f r o m . . .
.
(= ) text, listing
,
, theme, subject, topic, matter

...
A s a final topic let us consider...

...
-
. T h i s theorem is
due to Gauss.

. .. T h i s theorem is a direct corollary of...
.
.
We explore this topic further in the appendix.

. .. prove part (ii), we w r i t e . . .
. T h i s
.
We state this theorem here for convenience.
1. We now prove
tendency, inclination, trend, bias

. His results may be summed up in the
following theorem.
... A s a result,
there has been a tendency t o . . .
. .. T h i s tendency is
opposed b y . . .
... There was
also an increasing tendency t o . . .
. .. T h e trend
has been toward bigger and more sophisticated computers.
. .. One
source of confusion is the tendency t o . . .
...
range o f . . .
. . . There is
general tendency f o r . . .
1

. From these results we deduce the following
important theorem.
. . . There is
,
. . . T h i s theorem, as we shall see,
is the basis of...

to the extra assumption that. ..
theorem
,
. .. We can at once apply this theorem to find...
1
from...


... I n the next theorem we obtain further
properties of...
, , 1 ,
/... We can, of course, apply Theorem 1 to the
,
/. .. T h e next theorem deals with the
case in w h i c h . . .
, ,
, .
,
. . . A n important consequence of this theorem is
that...
. ..
We hope to obtain a theorem r e g a r d i n g . . . ; We hope to
establish a theorem regarding. ..
319

theorem.

. .. T h e following theorem is a direct

Theorem 1.

context.
1
(). A n immediate consequence
of Theorem 1 is the following.

. .. T h e following
theorem and corollary are immediate consequences of...

. A slightly deeper theorem is proved by
Smith [1).

. T h e following result is a restatement
of Gauss's theorem.
,
... T h e following theorem gives conditions
under w h i c h . . .
.

, . . .
T h e next theorem shows, however, t h a t . . .
. T h e first

,
include...
, , . . .
When applying the theorem it is essential to check t h a t . . .
1
.
Let us consider this theorem geometrically.

(-). T h e next theorem provides more
...
T h e following theorem gives another extension of...
,
useful test for determining whether...
... T h e next

... T h e next theorem has applications in the
study of...

... T h e following theorem generalizes a

. .. We state without proof the following
,
. T h u s the

... Taylor's theorem is extremely useful for
the study of...
. . . T h e theorem says
.
We now come to the proof of the theorem.
,
. T h i s
theorem.
, . ..
We now come to a series of theorems concerning...

( = ), ... T h e statement of the
theorem needs modification i f . . .

. ..
A particular case of this theorem is t h a t . . .
, , . . .
, . . .
, -, ,
. . . prove the theorem, suppose first t h a t . . .

, ,
320
... T h i s theorem
provides us w i t h . . .
, . . .
These two results together show t h a t . . .

... These theorems are closely analogous
to those concerning...

,
... T h i s theory is not sufficiently advanced
to p e r m i t . . .
, . . .
()
( ..). A comprehensive theory
must account for...
shows t h a t . . .
. T h i s proves
the theorem; T h e proof of the theorem is finished; Q . E . D .
,
. . . T h e other disadvantage of the theory is t h a t . . .

following theorem.
, . . . If this theory is correct,

then...
theoretical, speculative,
fundamental, abstract

,
, ,
theory does not predict. ..

, . . .
...
We could go on to develop a theory o f . . .
. ..
T h e theoretical basis for this i s . . .

theoretically
, . . . It is theoretically
possible t o . . .
, . . . It is to be
expected theoretically t h a t . . .
theory, hypothesis

. Adequate empirical support for
the theory is lacking.

, ...
... I n this
chapter we shall develop the theory o f . . .
...
,
. . . I n the approximate theory it is assumed that. ..

... Currently there is no
, . . . These
theories have in common the idea t h a t . . .

He ,
analyze...
. . .
vast amount of theory has been developed for...
. . .
... One theory suggests
that...
-
. T h e theory still suffered from two defects,
however.

, -,
theory of...

(-). One such tool is the classical theory of...
- ...
Dr. Smith has been a key contributor to the theory of...
, ,
... Before leaving the general theory it may
be desirable t o . . .

. . . T h e theory could accordingly be
based o n . . .

(). .. T h e above theory is easily illustrated
by means of...
321


role i n . . .

cases requires...
, [1] ...
theory of...
,
... I n developing the theory we shall
make considerable use of...
1980-
theory began in the early 1980s with the work of Smith [1]

... T h e development of this theory is
,
. .. According to
electromagnetic theory,...

theory of...

... We now come to the
theory of...

. .. A satisfactory theory can be
,
... obtain a satisfactory theory it is
necessary t o . . .
,...
decide between the two theories...
... T h i s theory
may also account f o r . . .

... These
... These
... T h i s is in
accordance with the theory o f . . .

. T h i s theory is difficult to comprehend in
simple terms.
...
T h i s theory is applicable only w h e n . . .

, . . .
A salient feature of the theory is t h a t . . .
( = ) present,
contemporary, present-day
... . . . O u r
( ) now, at present, at the present

time, today
, (,
..)... A t this point the reader will probably...
(1),
, . . . For the
present, however, we shall assume t h a t . . .
... It is desirable at this
stage to introduce. ..
. . .
... We now proceed to write
down...
(,
..)... We are now in a position t o . . .
... Now we are free t o . . .
. T h i s
theorem.

following result.
. . .
( = )
... We now define several o t h e r . . .
, . . . A t this point, we
, ...
, . . . It now
follows immediately t h a t . . .
.
, . . . We can no
322
, , ,
. . . It seems reasonable at this point to ask
whether...
term

... It is more usual to express the solution in
terms o f . . .
( . . )
... T h i s is more conveniently expressed in
terms of...

... These results can easily be described in
terms of...
... T h i s can be
done in terms o f . . .
... T h i s may be
rewritten in terms of...
. .. T h i s is
frequently expressed in terms of...
... T h i s

terminology, nomenclature

be interpreted in terms of...
,
... see the motivation for this terminology,
let u s . . .
,... I n less
technical language,...

. T h i s terminology dates from the early
days of particle physics.
. Two special
. 1,
... A s illustrated in Figure 1, this process
can be understood in terms of...

. We can express the relation in
terms of the following formula.
phenomenon can be understood in terms of...
. . . T h i s
terminology derives f r o m . . .
.
, . . . T h i s
terminology is unfortunate, because...
1. T h i s is

, , . . . We summarize
be lost
, ( = ),
, ... T h e meteorologist, on the
other hand, thinks mainly in terms of...
closely, intimately, tightly, narrowly

(4)
... It is instructive to express (4) in
terms of...
,
,
. . . .
T h e word " . . . " is used (somewhat) loosely in the
literature.
. . .
. T h e term " . . . " is deeply embedded in the
physical literature.
(1)
, ... E x a c t

(-). A n equivalent formulation may be
given in terms of...
, . . . W h a t is
lacking in such an approach i s . . .
() ,
closely related.
Q . . . T h e quantity Q is

test

, ... T h e test is not
.
,
useful test for determining w h e t h e r . . .
[1] ,
. .. Smith [1] describes a simple test
whereby...
/ . . .
,
perform.
323
test
,
. .. We wish to use this test system
to determine...
technology, engineering, techniques
,
. .. T h i s technique will now be demonstrated
using...
, , , . . . T h i s
technique was used, for example, t o . . .
,
type, model, pattern
, ... It is
possible to devise techniques t o . . .

... T h i s simplification also occurs for other
types of...
... Several
types of... have been developed.
, ,
. .. Probably the most well-known
technique is that involving...
. . .
. . .
T h e technique can also be of value in helping t o . . .
, ...
T h e technique is used where it is necessary' t o . . .
,... Once the

technique has been mastered,...
,
... Whichever technique is used, there will
generally b e . . .
.
However, the technique is useful as a teaching tool.
. . . A similar
technique is used for...
.
. . . Since there is
no available technique for...
. . . We now
describe a general technique f o r . . .
( = ),
, ... T h e technique by which this
is achieved is known a s . . .

..., ()
. A technique has been developed to s t u d y . . .
. . .
T h e technique lends itself readily t o . . .
. .. T h i s
technique is being replaced by the use of...

physics.

. . . . 2. One type o f . . . is shown

, ( ..)...
Using this technique, it is possible t o . . .
... We will
consider four types of...
in Figure 2.
typical, characteristic
. .. Much
more typical is the behavior o f . . .
, ,
... Indeed, it is typically the case t h a t . . .
.
... . 2. A t y p i c a l . . . is shown
in Figure 2.
, . These
examples are typical but not exhaustive,
(= ) only, solely, merely, just, alone,

but, not until
() . It has
been received only occasional attention in the literature.
,
... T h i s will not happen, in general, u n l e s s . . .

. A s A arrives at , begins
to move.

only w i t h . . .
( = )
, . . . We can
show here only t h a t . . .
, . . . We mention in passing
that...
... We have
barely scratched the surface of...

. T h e problem is only touched on in the later
chapter.
, . . . We have just proved
that...
, ... We require only t h a t . . .
324
()
only i f . . .
volume
, (1)
thin, fine, subtle, refined
,
lead t o . . .


. A more subtle
analysis is also possible.
,
... Only recently
... Only in
very special circumstances...

. Only those elements in
the fifth column of the table can be used for this purpose.
. T h e y will not
be discussed in this volume,
() ( = )
. A more subtle argument is required.
... It is a more
delicate matter t o . . .
...
,
( = ). .. For very accurate work,
silver is usually used because...
, ... W i t h
more elaborate instruments it is possible t o . . .
,
. . . A second, more subtle point is t h a t . . .
.
Only a physicist would make such a remark.
10 . . . It was not until 10 years later

t h a t . . . ; It was another 10 years before...
that, those
, . . . It has just been

...

case o f . . .
... A n exact


. T h e degree
can be rewarded only after successful completion of all
requirements.
.
T h e electric field depends solely on and </>.
,
only i f . . .
. .. T h i s follows
merely by virtue o f . . .
... T h i s
solution applies strictly only w h e n . . .
.

... T h i s point becomes clear only w h e n . . .
a subtle difference worth preserving

, Q

...
point, place, spot, dot, period

: Dr.,
Ph.D.,
Sat,
Mrs.,
U.S.A.


more generally.

[1]
, . . . I n opposition to this, Smith [1]
held t h a t . . .
,... According to
- . There is something
to this viewpoint.
,
. .. I n fact, from this point of view it is
325
[1],
who...

viewpoint o n . . .
()
, . . . When
. . .

way.

. We can look at
, . . . We are

,
. Both
viewpoints are legitimate.

, . . . Confirmation of this view is found in the
fact t h a t . . .


, . . .
Adopting the attitude of the engineer, let u s . . .
, , . . .
Adopting this point of view, we see t h a t . . .
x S. L e t be
a point on the surface S.

that...
.
Let us consider this theorem geometrically.
(
..)... T h i s viewpoint is strengthened b y . . .

below.
...
T h e points are obtained by solving E q s . (2.6), (2.8)
simultaneously with (2.10).
(. ) accurately,
exactly, precisely, just, directly, closely, w i t h
precision
, , ,
, , . . . More precisely, we
shall suppose t h a t . . .
. . . I n exactly
the same manner, we m a y . . .
, ,
... If this estimate is to be reasonably accurate,
it is necessary t h a t . . .
. . . We can
never determine e x a c t l y . . .

Theorem 1.
, ... B u t this is exactly h o w . . .
. We state this
requirement more precisely as follows.
, ...
In precisely the same way we require...
... I n exactly the same w a y , . . .
, . . . It is well established t h a t . . .
... solve the problem
exactly,. ..

. T h i s is precisely the expected result.

accuracy, exactness, precision

(
..)... For practical purposes it is best t o . . .
,
. Unfortunately, the values of T are not
known to great precision.

, ,
... Greater accuracy could, of course, be
obtained b y . . .

[ l j . T h i s viewpoint has been used extensively
by Smith [1].
,
, ... Other factors that could
limit accuracy i n c l u d e . . .
326
precise, exact, accurate, explicit, correct,

strict, close, proximate, faithful, sharp
, , . . .
, . A more
,
,
( ).. A more
. ..
A more accurate generalization is the concept of...
!
... For the general case the argument is
, . . . If this
requirement is not satisfied, t h e n . . .

is reliability.
,
. . . O u r solution is no longer ejtact in this
case, because. ..

jips. &:<&, . &, ^/., ....
. - ' A more
precise definition is as follows.
, . . .
A final constraint is t h a t . . .
, . . . ,
, ... T h e essential feature required o f . . . is
that...

... A fairly accurate way of measuring P
is t o . . .
, ...
T h e method ceases to be reasonably accurate if-

, . T h i s is
obviously a strong claim.
,
. . . B y Weyl's criterion this is equivalent to the
requirement t h a t . . .
. We state
this requirement more precisely as follows.
!
. . . These

somewhat imprecise.

(-). T h i s would be consistent with the
requirements of...
... T h e whole idea

is made precise b y . . .
. T h i s does
not satisfy our requirements.
( . T h e precise
statement is as follows.

. .. T h i s requirement is most simply
met b y . . .
(2) ,
that...
(10)
... ^- A n exact
,
...
T h i s requirement at once establishes a connection
between...

, . . . T h i s is
equivalent to the requirement t h a t . . .
( = ) require, demand, ask

for, call for, want, involve, necessitate
, ... T h i s will
not be an exact solution s i n c e . . .
, ... T h i s , of
requirement, demand

. .. Most of these more advanced methods
require...

,
that...
course, requires the use of...
. .. I n later work we
require...
, , ...
327
, ... We do not claim t h a t . . . ;
We do not require t h a t . . .
, ... We required that
the matrix i s . . .
, ... We require only t h a t . . .
, ,
... Clearly, more effort is required to
understand...
, , . . .
It is evidently unnecessary to suppose t h a t . . .
,
. . . It takes more effort to demonstrate t h a t . . .

required.
... Neither of
, , ... T h u s it is
occasionally claimed t h a t . . .
, ... B u t
Newton's second law requires t h a t . . .

cases requires...
, , ... Accordingly
To, , . . . W h a t is required is ( t h a t ) . . .
, ,
... do this satisfactorily requires t h a t . . .
i t is trivial
He ( ..)...
It is
not at all a trivial matter t o . . .
trivial, zero
, ... I n precisely the

same way we require...
... A s
, ...
T h e statement of the theorem needs modification i f . . .
-
, ... I n order to
proceed further we require...

/. .. Also, it requires a rather
large...
, , ... T h i s evidently
requires a knowledge of...

require...
take, need, require

, , ... Furthermore, it is
' required t h a t . . .
,
required.
. . . We next
require an expression for...
. A more
subtle argument is required.
. We require two lemmas.
He , ,

, , . . . B u t all
that is required in practice i s . . .
/ . . . Considerable
ingenuity is required i n . . .
,
. Few prerequisites
are needed apart from basic algebra and trigonometry.
,
. . . A n easily understood, yet not too trivial,
example is that o f . . .
... A less
(), ,
true.
. .. It is
trivial observation t h a t . . .

, . . . T h i s would be
trivial i f . . .
work, labor, difficulty, investigation, paper

() . We can
prove this without difficulty,
(. ) i t is difficult
... Generally, it is
rather difficult t o . . .
, ( ..)...
, , . . . It is difficult to see,
then, h o w . . .
( ..)...
much more difficult t o . . .
It is
... It is sometimes difficult t o . . .

, . . . It is
sometimes quite difficult to prove t h a t . . .
, ,
( ..)... W i t h the
difficult t o . . .
328
... It can be difficult t o . . .

.
, , . . . For
,
( ). .. Fortunately, this difficulty
can be overcome b y . . .
? How do we get
around these difficulties?
He ... It is not hard to show t h a t . . .
, , . ..
We avoid these difficulties by assuming t h a t . . .
, ,
... It is difficult if
()... We can
remove the difficulty b y . . .
,
( ..)... O n the other hand, it is
, ,
. . . Thus, it would be difficult to decide whether. ..
, ... We remove
this difficulty by u s i n g . . .
( =
) , ... One way
out of this difficulty is t o . . .
sometimes difficult t o . . .
, ,
, . . . One of the difficulties
encountered in this method is t h a t . . .
, , . . .
It is therefore difficult to know whether. ..
() . Two difficulties
remain, however.
... It is difficult to a t t a i n . . .

( = ) . I n special cases,
however, this difficulty may be circumvented.
... It is an open question whether

or n o t . . .
. . . It is difficult to overestimate...
the nature of...
. .. It is difficult to imagine...
. . . It is hard to tell
whether. ..
, . .. T h i s
... It is often difficult t o . . . ;
Often, it is difficult t o . . .
( = , )
difficulty, obstacle
. . . A more formidable
difficulty is that of...
, ... These
complications disappear altogether w h e n . . .
. . . Because of
the practical difficulties involved i n . . .
, . . .
T h e difficulty arises from the fact t h a t . . .

/-. .. A t this point, however, we
encounter a difficulty due t o . . .
... However,
we can circumvent the difficulty b y . . .

, , . . .

, ... Experienced investigators have
. . .
,
. .. T h e first difficulty comes to light as
, . . . T h e first
difficulty is t h a t . . .
.


- , . . . A severe
from...

this difficulty.
, . . .
... If we
try to escape this difficulty b y . . .

,
, . ..
329

. T h e difficulties to be surmounted are great.
...

, , . . . T h e experimental
difficulties become apparent when one realizes t h a t . . .

... I n this chapter no attempt has
, ... A difficulty arises

when...
,
, . .. T h i s discovery would
have difficult, if not impossible, before the invention of...
. . . T h e difficulty is t h a t . . .
, , ,
arise i f . . .
, ...
In order to avoid these difficulties, we s h a l l . . .
, ...
/
difficult to grasp.
, ,
that. ..
, ,
although...
,
resort t o . . .
, , ...
,
... avoid difficulties,...

. . . T h i s difficulty arises from the
use of...
,
/. .. T h i s difficulty is overcome by
making...

, . .. These

... These fundamental difficulties have
influenced the development of...
...

...
... T h i s difficulty
can be circumvented b y . . .
. .. It seems
rather difficult to determine. ..
, ...
. . .
problem.
,
, ...
T h e problem is more difficult w h e n . . .
,
. .. These equations are somewhat more
difficult to deal with because. ..

, ... A rigorous analysis becomes much
more difficult w h e n . . .

,... Since the problem is hard to solve
analytically,...
(10)
()... T h i s
difficulty can be overcome b y . . .
... T h e problem
(). ..
T h e difficulty cannot be overcome b y . . .
, ,
. T h i s seemingly difficult task
turns out to be relatively simple.
(). ..
T h e difficulty is not overcome b y . . .
difficult, hard
. . . ,
. .. T h i s makes it difficult t o . . .
, .
T h i s theory is difficult to comprehend in simple terms.
carefully, w i t h great care, thoroughly,

in detail, closely, exhaustively, laboriously
330
... L e t us carefully
c o n s i d e r . . . ; L e t us carefully i n s p e c t . . .
, . . .
Great care is required s i n c e . . .
...
A careful distinction must be made between...
careful, thorough, accurate, close,

intimate
.
We carefully researched all the available literature.
,
[1], ... A more accurate calculation by
Smith [1] gives...
,
. Please read all instructions carefully
before proceeding.
, . . . A more
careful analysis shows t h a t . . .
( = )
. T h e book owes much to his careful criticism.
... L e t us
consider more closely the significance of...
, . . .
However, closer scrutiny reveals t h a t . . .

. One must be careful with the notation.
, . . .
Careful study shows, however, t h a t . . .
.
Carefully worded specifications are required.

... Such factors require a careful study of...
.

[15). These issues are carefully examined
in a recent paper by Smith [15].
,
. . . T h e derivation should be studied closely
because...
( = )
. .. Close attention must be given t o . . .
( = )
, . . . Careful comparison is somewhat
hampered by the fact t h a t . . .
, . . . Careful
tests proved t h a t . . .
care, attention, accuracy
( = )
. These processes require careful handling.

( = ), ... Care must be
taken here, particularly i f . . .
heavy, complicated
,
... Extreme care should always be taken w h e n . . .
. T h i s
restriction is much too severe.
*
conclusively, convincingly, i n a
conclusive way
, . . .
There is now conclusive evidence t h a t . . .
,

[1] ,
. . . Smith [1] argues effectively against the notion
that...
, . . .
T h i s provides strong evidence that; T h i s is strong proof
convincing, conclusive, striking,

well founded
(= ) convince, persuade

, . . . We have amassed a convincing body of

, , . . .
that; It is good evidence for

,
. . . A moment's consideration should convince the
, . . . I t also assures us
that...
331
( = , , )
convince oneself, be convinced, make sure, verify,
see for oneself, make certain
, . . . It is safe to
say t h a t . . . ; It can be said with confidence that. . . ; We can
state with assurance t h a t . . .
, . . . It is of
importance to ascertain whether...
, . . .
reasonably safe to suggest t h a t . . .
, . . . It is reasonably
easy to see t h a t . . .
, ,
. .. Its existence can simply be seen
, . . . It is easy to convince
ourselves t h a t . . .
,
... We have already seen that we cannot, in
general, e x p e c t . . .
He , ,
,
, . . . Very slight observation is
enough, however, to convince us t h a t . . .
, . . . It remains
to be seen whether. ..
will readily convince himself t h a t . . .
conviction, belief

decrease, diminish, decay, take away

F(x) [0,1].
decreases from A to 0 on [0,1].
F(x)

. T h e normal modes decay to zero exponentially.
,
convinced, certain, sure, certain,

confident
, , . . . We must,
of course, be sure t h a t . . .
, . . . We can be certain
that...

, . . . I n practice, the
investigator cannot always be certain whether...
, . . .
We cannot be sure, however, t h a t . . .
, , . . .
O n the other hand we can be sure t h a t . . .
, , . . .
However, it is fairly certain t h a t . . .
, . . .
T h e reader may rest assured t h a t . . .
( = ) see, observe, lay eyes on

3
. I n Chapter 3 we shall meet another
generalization of the same basic idea.
, , . . . A s a matter
, . . . We shall see in
the next chapter t h a t . . .
increase (in), enlargement,

magnification, extension, expansion, growth, gain

, . . . We shall see shortly that. ..
( = ) increase, enlarge,
extend, magnify, augment, multiply, add contribute
... T h i s can increase
the costs of...
increase, undergo a rise

f r o m . . . to . . . , grow

. Useful life
is increased considerably.
... .
T h e difference between... tends to widen.
certainty, confidence
, . . . It is
safe to assume that. . . ; It may be safely suggested t h a t . . .
, , . . . It is difficult to see,
then, h o w . . .
, , . . . Actually we shall
see t h a t . . .
, . . . It is fairly easy to
see t h a t . . .
,
. . . It is easily seen geometrically t h a t . . .
, ,
0 ,
. T h i s is not a coincidence, as we
will see in the next section.
. .. A s we shall see l a t e r , . . .
,
. . . T h i s theorem, as we shall see,
is the basis of...
332
,... A s will be seen l a t e r , . . .
, , . . .
see this in greater detail, let us note that. ..
.
( = ) succeed (in), t u r n out

well, be successful i n , manage
, . . . It will be seen at once

that. ..
... succeeded in
obtaining the equation of...
, . . . It will be seen later t h a t . . .
, , . . .
Unfortunately, we failed to recognize t h a t . . .
, ( ..)...
We shall find it possible t o . . .
,
... I t will be observed that this investigation
,
closely related.
,
, ... I t will be observed that these
,
. . . We shall see that these
conditions can be met u s i n g . . .
, (-). We shall see
that this is an example of...
He , ,
. . . It does not require much reflection to see that. ..
, . . . However, we shall discover
that...
, , .
B u t here the situation is different, as we shall now see.
, [1] , ,
. . . It appears that Smith [1] was the first to
recognize t h a t . . . ; Smith [1] appears to be the first to have
recognized t h a t . . .

geometrically.
, . . . Now we
may easily see t h a t . . .
. We succeeded
in proving the theorem.
, '
... I n many cases, however, the analysis
breaks down because. ..
. . .
Some insight i n t o . . . has been gained,
still needed
()
f(x). We shall now consider a
( = ) remove, move off, send

away, withdraw, dispose (of), clear out, draw off
(). ..
We can remove the difficulty b y . . .

, . . .
We must now remove the restriction t h a t . . .
( = ) give, spare, allot

(-). I n this chapter we shall devote some
attention t o . . .
(
..)... We shall give some further attention t o . . .
... We have not
paid much attention t o . . .
... Not enough
. .. Special attention
,
(-). It is difficult to see how these
differences could arise f r o m . . .
. . . ,
. These and other
, . . .
T h e skilled investigator will quickly see t h a t . . .
... Attention
,
that...
, . . .
Attention should be paid to the fact t h a t . . .
,
, ...
... Close
attention must be given t o . . .
, ,
be devoted, be paid
, . .. see
(-). Little attention

has been given t o . . .
(-) . Little attention

has been paid t o . . .
333
(-).
Particular attention will be given t o . . .
... I n the sequel it will

be convenient t o . . .
(-). Very
little attention has been paid t o . . .
, . ..
surprisingly, astonishingly
, , , . . . Moreover,
it is perhaps surprising t h a t . . .
, /. . .
T h i s phenomenon can be conveniently observed i f . . .
. ..
, ,

. . . Research spanning two decades has
... It will be
convenient for our purposes t o . . .
He , . . . It is no great surprise
that...
( ..)...
, . . . It is no wonder t h a t . . . ; Small
wonder that. . . ; It is little wonder t h a t . . . ; It is not
surprising t h a t . . .
... For some purposes it

is convenient t o . . .
, , . . . It is therefore
not surprising t h a t . . .
, . . . T h e surprising thing is t h a t . . .

. . . T h i s may not be too surprising in view of
the...
. . . T h i s is in
remarkable contrast t o . . .
astonishing, striking
,
[11], ,
. . . E v e n more startling is an example due to
Smith [11], which shows t h a t . . .
surprise, astonishment
... everyone's s u r p r i s e , . . .
... Surprisingly, w e . . .
, ... Much to their
surprise they. ..
, , . . . Surprisingly, it was
found t h a t . . .
be surprised (at)
surprising t h a t . . .
For our

. For
... For this purpose, it is

the f o r m . . .
. It is sometimes
convenient to replace by B .
... It is
sometimes convenient to distinguish between...
(
..)... It is mathematically more convenient t o . . .
( ..)...
convenient at this stage to. ..
It is
, ,
( ..)... I n practice, it is much more
He - ( ..)...
particularly convenient t o . . .
It is not
, ... It is found
convenient to introduce...
, , . . . We shall
not be surprised to find t h a t . . .
, , (
..)... It is customary and often convenient t o . . .
, , . . .
T h e reader may be puzzled to see t h a t . . .
conveniently; i t is convenient
... It is usually more

... T h i s is
more conveniently expressed in terms of...
... It will be convenient to
measure...
, . .. There are
occasions, however, when it is convenient t o . . .
. . . I t will
,
(
..)... A s it turns out, however, it is
considerably more convenient t o . . ,
... A t this
point, it is convenient to represent. ..
... However, it is
often more convenient t o . . .
334
, , -

convenience.
, ,
( ..)... It is convenient, for reasons
which will appear later, t o . . .

notational distinction between. ..
,
... . . . I n doing this, it is convenient to make a
distinction between... a n d . . .

... For convenience, we will often

... Such processes can most conveniently be
... For convenience we

define...
... It is convenient now to

consider...
... It is
, . . . For the sake of

convenience we have assumed t h a t . . .
, . . . For convenience
it is assumed t h a t . . .
. . . It is convenient to start w i t h . . .
.

, (. . . ) . It is
convenient to transform these equations to new variables
defined b y . . .
,
. . . B u t this is merely a matter of convenience, and is
not...
, . . . It is also convenient to
say t h a t . . .
, ,... It is convenient
(though not necessary) t o . . .
. . . It is often
more convenient to work w i t h . . .

. . . It is often convenient to impose
( )
... It is often convenient to carry out the
latter process b y . . .
suitable, convenient, opportune,

comfortable, handy
, ...
Alternatively, it may be more convenient t o . . .

,
... A far more convenient approach is t o . . .
[1],
( ..)... Following Smith [1], we
shall find it convenient t o . . .
... Oftentimes, it is
handier to use another space used in [2].

is t o . . .
(-). T h i s is the
convenience, comfort, ease, utility

satisfaction, satisfying

satisfactorily, adequately

, ,
... do this satisfactorily requires t h a t . . .
, ...
T h i s is satisfactory in many instances; however,...
satisfactory, adequate,
fair, reasonable

. .. A more satisfactory solution in this

. .. A more satisfactory method is to
establish...
...
A more satisfactory way is t o . . .
,
( ..)... I n any case it is more
satisfactory t o . . .

... Currently there is no

. . . A very satisfying result of this type is t h a t . . .

, . .. T h e test is not

. . . A much more satisfactory approach is t o . . .
335

( ..)... A very satisfactory
approximation can, however, be obtained b y . . .


, . .. Such an approach,
, . . . If these
conditions are not satisfied, t h e n . . .
, ,
. .. It is difficult if
, . . . If this
requirement is not satisfied, t h e n . . .
()... One can be
content w i t h . . .

a thoroughly satisfactory representation
... It is
satisfactory here to study o n l y . . .
. ..
. T h e problem of... has not yet been solved
satisfactorily.
.

... A satisfactory theory can be
,
, ... T h i s is
time-consuming technique, but the results are gratifying
because...

. T h i s definition is unsatisfactory
for several reasons.

satisfactory.
( = ) satisfy, meet,
comply (with)
5 ,
3.
In Section 5 we show that our equations meet the
hypotheses of Theorem 3.

. ..
T h e only way we can satisfy both requirements
simultaneously is t o . . .

of our goal.

is t o . . .
, . . . T h i s clearly
does not satisfy...
,
...
make sure
, ,
. . . O n the other hand one always has to make sure
that...
already, now, by this time, but even, as early

as, as late as, as little as, as low as; narrower
( ""
; ""
,
"now" "even")
. . . We have already dealt w i t h . . .
, ... We have
emphasized this by our use of...

. T h e rest of the proof is now more or less
straightforward.
,
. T h u s the whole sequence converges.
. . . B y familiar
manipulations w e . . .
. . . Brief mention has
already been made of...
( = , , )
recognize, learn, find out, determine
, . . . It is of
interest to know w h e t h e r . . .
, , ... W i t h
. T h i s does
not satisfy our requirements.
, . . . Later in this
chapter we will learn t h a t . . .

. . . T h i s requirement is most simply
met b y . . .
,
. We shall learn how to treat
more practical problems later.

, . ..
properties of...
(= ) be
satisfied; rest content w i t h
, . . . Physicists will
recognize at once t h a t . . .
336
... T h i s will enable us to
identify...
indication, instruction, designation,

reference, direction, hint, instruction
. . . There is some evidence f o r . . .
, . .. Evidence i n d i c a t e s . . . ;
There is evidence t h a t . . .
, . . . There is
increasing evidence t h a t . . .
, . . .
There is abundant evidence that. ..
, . . . T h i s is
interpreted as an indication t h a t . . .
( = , )
indicated, stated, mentioned, specified, pointed
out, chosen, outlined, shown
, ...
Instead, as mentioned above, we s h o u l d . . .
, . . . It was pointed out
by Maxwell t h a t . . .

. T h e new procedure enabled us to overcome
the above difficulties.
, . . . It may be pointed out

that...

, , . . . We shall
wish to point out t h a t . . .
(-). We have
indicated the relevance of...
, . . . We wish to point out

pointed out.
, . ..
Finally, the model must i n d i c a t e . . .
, ...
Finally, we should point out the usefulness of...
, . . . O u r
, . . . O u r estimates
, . . . Several
studies indicate t h a t . . .
, . . . It is fair, though,
to point out t h a t . . .
( = , ) indicate,
specify, point out, show
, . . . B u t
further tests indicated t h a t . . .
...
In discussions of this kind it is necessary to point o u t . . .

,
, , . . . It is perhaps worth
pointing out t h a t . . .
, . . .
It is hardly necessary to point out t h a t . . .
, . . .
A l l available evidence indicates t h a t . . .

presence o f . . .
, . . . These
experiments indicated t h a t . . .
, . . . It is worth
pointing out to experts that the spaces of...
, . . . Other
studies have also indicated t h a t . . .
(4) , . . .
... , . . . Studies of... indicate
that. ..
. ,
. . . Many scientists object to this. T h e y point out
that...
, [1],
, [1], ,
... B u t , as Smith [1] points out, it is not
sufficient t h a t . . .

, . .. One interesting
feature of these results is that they i n d i c a t e . . .
, . . . We will indicate later
that...
,
[1]. Smith [1] points out certain exceptions as
follows.
, . . . I t has been
pointed out by various writers t h a t . . .
, ,
. . . O n the other hand, recent findings indicate
that. ..
[1] , . . . Smith [1] has indicated t h a t . . .
. .. These
, , . . . It was
Einstein who pointed out t h a t . . .
337
, . . . T h i s
suggests quite strongly t h a t . . .

interpretation and indicates that. ..
be pointed out
,
... A s indicated above this effect is due t o . . .
( = ) strengthen, be
strengthened, be reinforced, be consolidated
( = ) reduce, diminish,
decrease, lower, t r i m
, ... T h i s in turn
... T h i s
error could be reduced b y . . .
diminution, decrease (of, i n ) ,

reduction (of, in), depreciation, fall (of, in),
demagnification

(
..)... T h i s viewpoint is strengthened b y . . .
i t is appropriate, i t is i n order
( = ) improve, refine, perfect,

better
, . . . It is
appropriate at this point to recall that. ..

,
, . . .
In an attempt to improve on this situation, one is led t o . . .
[7]. T h i s
theorem improves a result of D a y [7).
improved
(,
..)...
T h i s can be improved b y . . .
(. ) improvement,
refinement, adaptation, bettering, perfecting,
sharpening
,
... Several improvements
have been made which minimize the problem of...

. . . We can expect dramatic improvements
in...
, ,
... Particularly significant, however, has
been the great improvement i n . . .
,
,
considerable room for improvement in the study of...
. .. Some
improvement is achieved b y . . .
skilled, skillful

... Prof. Smith was a skilled
, . . .
T h e skilled investigator will quickly see t h a t . . .
. ..
A few words concerning ( t h e . . . ) may be in order.
, . . . It is pertinent to note
that...
be able, know, can; be good

... It would
be very useful to be able to compute. ..
, ...
It is important that we be able to apply the concept of...
. .. I n practice, we
would like to be able t o . . .
mentioned, referred to
( = )
. .. A simple example, often
quoted, is the case of...
mention, reminder, mentioning

, . . .
In this connection, it is worthwhile to mention t h a t . . .
,

, . . . It is noteworthy
that...
,
. There are some other terms that require
mention.
,
. There are several points worth noting:
. . .
. No further mention will be made of...
...
( = ) mention, refer (to)

. Three
ability, knowledge
, . . . It would be
unfair not to mention t h a t . . .
/ . . . Considerable
ingenuity is required i n . . .
, . . .
In the preceding section we mentioned t h a t . . .
338
..
We have not yet mentioned the problem of...
. . . So far no mention
has been made of...
, . . . It will suffice to
mention t h a t . . .
,
, . ..
A s we have mentioned, we are particularly interested i n . . .
, . . . It may be mentioned
here t h a t . . .
. . . We can
,
(-). We can do no more than
mention...
... Reference has already been
made t o . . .
...
We have mentioned several times the influence of...
...
We mention only two such methods of...
, . ..
We may finally mention the influence of...
, ... Finally, mention
,
mentioned.
, , . . . Indeed it is
worth noticing t h a t . . .
... It should be mentioned...
. ..
... We mention just
a few:...
be mentioned, refer
...
. Other examples of... are mentioned in
Section 2.
. . . No mention has been
made of the fact t h a t . . .
, , ,. A s
already mentioned, however, we m u s t . . .
mentioned

, ( ..)...
necessary t o . . .
( = , ) emphasis,
rest, prop, support
, . . . A s

... Throughout our work, we lay heavy
emphasis o n . . .

however, i s . . .

be o n . . .
( = ) put i n order,
regulate
,
use, usage, application

. It has not
come into general use.
govern, control
,
, . . . Now imagine that we operate
our apparatus such t h a t . . .
be governed, be controlled
... T h i s
particular situation may be handled b y . . .
(-). T h i s process is
governed b y . . .
governing
,
... There are three major criteria
governing...
,
governing E and B.
exercise

Exercise 1.3.

, . . . I t is a simple exercise for
, , ,
. . . A l l the theorems cited above assume t h a t . . .

. . . A s we have mentioned
in...
,
. . . We leave it as a problem to show t h a t . . .
,
,... Apart from the exceptional cases
mentioned above,...
,
... Recall that the purpose of the exercise
is t o . . .
339
54.

(= ) simplify
,
. .. In the next chapter we
,
... Incidentally, this proof can be made
() . .. We can
make further simplification b y . . .
,
. . . It is not possible to simplify this relationship any
further because...
,
... Before simplifying this solution, let us
examine...

... I n order to simplify the algebra we s h a l l . . .
,
, ,
. .. However, we may simplify matters by
using...
W ,
... T h e formula for W can be simplified still
further by introducing...
, . .. simplify
the computations, we introduce. ..
, ... simplify
matters we s h a l l . . .
, ,
, . ..
,
attention t o . . .
,
, . . . avoid undue
simplification

. .. T h i s simplification also occurs for other
types of...
... simplify matters we
shall...
simplified
, . . .
(-).
we give a simplified description of...

. . .
T h e simplified initial value problem i s . . .
equation
, . . . Inspection
(1)
(). .. A form of (1) more useful for
our purposes i s . . .
(4), . . .
(1)
... After simplification equation (1) becomes...
(1)
. A second method of obtaining (1) is as
follows.

...
Geometrically, these equations define...

... T h e geometrical interpretation of this
equation is t h a t . . .
,
. . . T h i s equation is different from those
arising i n . . .
<> ... It may simplify

matters t o . . .
(4) , . . .
. T h i s
facilitates the structural correlation.
, . . . It is
evident from the foregoing equations that. ..
( = ) be simplified
, ...
,
... T h e analysis
is greatly simplified b y . . .
(1) 1 ... We have,

from equation (1) of Section 1,...
simplifying
,
, . . . prove this
, . . .
,
. . . Iti s evident from this equation that. ..
340
(5).
. . . T h i s equation is
recognized a s . . .
( l ) ,
( ..)... O u r objective is to

. . . Such cases can be covered by the
general equation...

the equation o f . . .
(1) (2), ^
(1)
. It is

. .. T h e above equation is based on the
(1)
... Equation (1) can also be written in
the f o r m . . .
(1) ,
. . . Equation (1) may be regarded as
defining...
(1) , . . . Equation (1) states
that...

... A n equation of this type also arises in the
study of...
( )
. T h e equations
decouple only in certain special cases.
,
. . . I n order to understand these equations more
easily we m a y . . .
(1),
... I n an effort to simplify (1), let u s . . .
(1) ,
. . . convert E q . (1) to a standard
form, we define...
(3) ,
, ...
Evidently, this form of the equation is not convenient
when...

,
only i f . . .

( ..)...
Solutions to these equations
. . . These
equations can be easily solved a n d . . .
. . . Solutions to

successively.
(1) , . . . ^ W i t h the
... These
,
. . . These equations are somewhat more
difficult to deal with because...
.
Analytical solutions to these equations are seldom possible.
(6) , . . .
(1) , . . . Now it is
obvious from equation (1) t h a t . . .
,
( ) - ( ) . We now investigate the motion
,
. .. These equations are now in a

accomplished by rearranging E q . (1) i n the f o r m . . .
. .. T h i s
new equation provides engineers w i t h . . .
,
governing E and B.
(1)
. . . T h i s enables us to reduce (1) to
the f o r m . . .
(1)
, ... E x a c t
, . . .
T h i s last equation simply means t h a t . . .

, (), It is
convenient to transform Vnese equations to new "*Jn iaWits
defined b y . . .
:
.

"1- ' . . . ! ' tarn "rje "aserj
341

contribution of...
. . . T h i s
equation is in excellent agreement w i t h . . .

. .. T h i s equation need not hold for the more
general. ..
, . . .
He , ,
. . . It does not require much reflection to see that. ..
. . . Recent
efforts have been directed towards . .
(-). A great
deal of effort has been devoted t o . . .
- ,
but...

, . . . T h i s
equation simply states that. ..
. . .
A parallel effort went i n t o . . .
level, standard, floor, plane, elevation,

the point

at all levels.
()
.
.
... Given
the present state of knowledge, it is inevitable t h a t . . .
. .. T h e level of
mathematics is limited t o . . .
task, lesson
, ,
, , . . .
examples is that. ..
reinforced, fortified, amplified,

strengthen, sharpened, strong, intensified
. T h e material is
reinforced with steel rods.
stress, intensification, effort, force
, , ,
, ... O n the other hand this may not be
worth the effort s i n c e . . .
stress
, . .. Here we
wish to stress the fact t h a t . . .

. . .
problem intensified the need for...
( = , ,
) condition, term, hypotheses, predicate
, ,
... It is, of course, necessary to determine
,
... More general conditions
will not be discussed here, but it may be said t h a t . . .
,
. .. Moreover,
existing proofs under certain additional assumptions
that...

, ,
possible t o . . .
3 N
. . . Under the circumstances of
Proposition 3 the normalizer N is contained in t h e . . .
(-).
It takes more effort to demonstrate t h a t . . .
.

,
. . . Much effort has gone into both theoretical

. .. L e t us next deduce a necessary
condition for the existence o f . . .
...
Considerable effort was expended in attempts t o . . .

. . . There has recently been considerable
effort put toward. ..
... T h i s
. T h e condition
is sufficient.
. T h e condition
is necessary.
. . .
U p to now we have concentrated o n . . .
, . . . If this
condition is fulfilled, t h e n . . .
. ..
A great deal of emphasis has been laid o n . . .
, . . . If these
conditions are not satisfied, t h e n . . .
342
... Given proper

conditions,...
,
.
also sufficient.
( ) ,
. . . T h e latter condition raises problems,
because...
... T h e latter
condition implies t h a t . . .
. . . Here we have
imposed conditions o n . . .

, . . . From the
latter condition it follows t h a t . . .
? Under what

, ... Whatever the

conditions, it is vital t h a t . . .
,
. It is easy to see that this condition is a
necessary one.
,
, . . . A l l this, needless to say, is based
on the premise t h a t . . .
, . . .
It is possible to derive a very simple condition t h a t . . .
, ()
, . It may be shown
that they are sufficient as well as necessary.
, ,
. . . T h i s can be shown to be equivalent to the
, -
We assume this condition to be fulfilled.
,
. .. We shall see that these
conditions can be met u s i n g . . .
,
... We need one more condition to
determine...

(-). T h e required additional condition is
provided b y . . .
f(x)
...
Under the conditions stated, we c a n . . .
. ..
Under such circumstances it is impossible to find...
... Under these
circumstances, it is possible t o . . . ; Under such conditions,
it is possible t h a t . . .
, . . . W i t h these
stipulations, it is easily seen t h a t . . .
-
. .. Under these circumstances we may
still u s e . . .
, ... Under this

. . . T h i s
is therefore a necessary condition for...
,
. . . T h u s we have a necessary
and sufficient condition f o r . . .
, . ^~
, 1 ,

(2.7). A general class of
physically meaningful conditions is given in (2.7)-
,
equilibrium.

is t o . . .
, ...
T h e following theorem gives conditions under w h i c h . . .
(3) ...
T h e remaining condition (3) reads h e r e . . . .

[1].
For a proof under less restrictive conditions, see Smith [1].
, , -

. . . Similarly, we can establish the condition for...
.
We first establish the necessity of the condition.
. We state this
requirement more precisely as follows.
()
. There may also be further conditions on x and
V ,
. . . We now give a necessary and sufficient condition
for...
343
.
T h e condition for equilibrium can now be written.
a = b
, . . . T h e condition b is approximately
(1) . . .
Condition (1) is by no means a necessary one for...
, . . . ,
... A condition c a l l e d . . . results from a loss of. ..
, X,
restrictive.
,
... T h e purpose of this note is to point out
that, in certain circumstances, the m e a n . . .
,
( = ) complicate
,
... keep the mathematics simple it is often
. .. T h i s may
complicate the design of...
be complicated (by), become more

involved
, . . . T h e added complication
is that. ..
, . . .
T h e problem is complicated by the fact that. ..
, ... However,
things are less simple w h e n . . .
. ..
T h e calculations are made slightly more complicated b y . . .
complicating
...

() . A number of
,
. .. These conditions are just
sufficient for the elimination of...
improved, perfected,
adjusted, refined

, . . . T h i s may be shown readily by
employing the condition t h a t . . .
. . . These are the
necessary conditions for...
,
... T h i s last proviso is not needed w h e n . . .
() ,
, ... These are the conditions which
must be met i f . . .
. T h i s
requirement must be fulfilled.
... This
condition can be expressed a s . . .


success, progress, advances, gains,

improvement
( . . . ) . Success has been
achieved i n . . .
. ..
failures of. ..
,
( )... B u t their
efforts failed, and more recent attempts h a v e . . .

. . . T h e above considerations may
be applied equally well t o . . .
(-).
T h e success of this attack will be determined b y . . .
... T h i s condition
is obtained by examining...
successfully, w i t h advantage,
advantageously, w i t h profit
. . . This condition is
, . . . Having carried
out the test successfully, w e . . .
, . . . T h i s is equivalent

applied t o . . .
to the requirement t h a t . . .
complication
,
. ..
A further complication is the presence of. ..
,
, . . . avoid undue
. T h e operation
was conducted successfully.
successful, effective, advantageous

,
to u s e . . .
.
Such attempts are not necessarily successful.
344
,
applied t o . . .
( = , ,
) establish, set (up), ascertain, determine,
stipulate, install, locate, adjust, estimate,
recognize, place, mount, erect, locate
(1), ...
establish (1), l e t . . .
(3),
. .. establish (3) we need o n l y . . .
, . .. establish this
it is enough t o . . .
. . . ( = )
. . . . can be found similarly.
,
^ ,
. .. A more satisfactory method is to
establish...

[1]
, . . . I n a classical investigation, Smith [1]
established that. ..
...
T h i s requirement at once establishes a connection
between...

. T h i s establishes
the result.
,
, . . . A second objective
is to ensure that. ..
. .. It is then necessary
to establish...
, ... . . .
. It seems that a worthwhile distinction can be
drawn between... and. ..
... As things
stand today,. ..
. It is easy to
be settled, be formed

(-). T h i s establishes a rather strong form of...
having established, having determined

, . . . Having established this, w e . . .
mounting, installation, arrangement,

placing, positioning, aim, purpose, set (up), device,
unit

. Most of these units will fail within ten years.
, . . . It is easy to ascertain t h a t . . .
. E a s e in
fabrication and erection.
, ...
. T h e unit is
not yet in production.
. .. A s far as could be
determined,...
establishment

(-). B u t let us first establish some
fundamental properties of...

, ( ..).
necessary t o . . .

. . . Similarly, we can establish the condition for...
. T h e device is simple to
install.
, . . . Smith has ascertained t h a t . . .
, ...
Nevertheless, we can identify a number of...
. .. We proceed now to the
establishment of...
,
established, fixed, mounted,

installed, positioned, determined
, . . . It is
, . . . It is well established t h a t . . .
(3) . T h e condition (3) is
established.
eliminated, reduced

( = ) remove, eliminate,
reduce, put out
, . . . It is well established
that...

. . . O u r subsequent work will remedy this
defect a n d . . .
, >..
. .. T h i s obviates the
necessity for...
345
( = ) be eliminated, be
removed
- , . . .
It seems reasonable to say t h a t . . .
, . ..
T h e difficulty is eliminated by employing
, ,
. . . We can therefore speak without ambiguity of...
getting, setting, putting, if we direct
, . . . We now assert t h a t . . .
N , ... Letting N
tend to infinity, we h a v e . . .
device, mechanism, apparatus,

equipment, unit, arrangement, system, computer,
machine, a means for, contraption

. .. T h e optimum protection is afforded by
the addition of...
,
,
affirmative, positive
, . . . T h e scientists argue
that. ..

. , . . . T h i s is
an important result. It says that. ..
, . . . T h i s
equation simply states t h a t . . .
statement, assertion, confirmation,

affirmation, claim, proposition, conclusion
? Do you agree
with his assertion?

( = ). T h e answer is in the affirmative.
,
1 ,
, ... Theorem 1 tells us the
answer is positive ( = affirmative) w h e n . . .
. . .
state, assert, affirm, predicate,

approve, argue, maintain
. T h i s
assertion has no justification.
,
. . . Without going into any proofs, we simply state
that...
(ii)
... prove part (ii), we w r i t e . . .
, . . .
In fact it can be asserted t h a t . . .
, . . . We shall
first give a statement of...
, . . . Riemann's
hypothesis states that. ..
, . . . T h e Smith
conjecture states t h a t . . .
, . . . T h e hypotheses holds
that...
, . . . Next we assert t h a t . . .
, . . . T h i s principle
, ,
. . . I n other words, it could be argued t h a t . . .
, . . . It is sometimes said t h a t . . .
, . . . It has been argued on
occasion t h a t . . .
, . . . It is sometimes argued
that...
,... As we stated
at the outset,...
, . . . Again we argue t h a t . . . ;
We argue, in the same way as before, t h a t . . .

for the converse.

given.

... T h e only exception to this statement i s . . .



()... E a c h of these statements is readily
proved b y . . .
? How
can we reconcile these two statements?
. .. A s the statement
indicates...


. M y previous assertion contains a
rather serious error.
346
. M y prior
assertion was wrong.
. M y statement was
incorrect.
. return to this point later.
We shall
,
. .. make this statement more concrete
consider...
,
, . . . prove this

,
, ... illustrate
the preceding statements, let us consider an experiment in
which...

, . . . We will not prove here the very
reasonable statement t h a t . . .
first assertion.
.

. We leave the

the reader.

in detail here.

/ . . . T h e basis for this assertion
lies i n . . .

. T h e precise
statement is as follows.
,
. .. T h e following propositions are
often used to determine. ..

clearer.
,
underlying these statements is that of...

(). . . We now give a more general
statement of...

(ii) m . For any
m the statement of (ii) holds.
,
... I t is a fundamental fact that e v e r y . . .
! , . . .
T h i s supports our statement t h a t . . .
, (-).
T h i s is simply a statement to the effect t h a t . . .
,
... T h i s statement is strictly true only i f . . .

. .. T h i s point becomes clear only w h e n . . .
tedious, tiresome
,
refined, more precise, proximate,

corrected
, ...
A sharper result can be obtained w h e n . . .
( = ) make more precise, define

more exactly, correct, revise, specify, refine, adjust
...
In such a case, it might be simpler to specify...
... It is often useful
to specify...
... To be precise,. .
( = ) leave, depart
. T h i s
concept has roots stretching back into antiquity,
textbook, manual
. ..
However, many textbooks do not t r e a t . . .
...
(. ) learned,
erudite; scholar, (scientific) worker, researcher,
scientist
, . . . A large
number of scientists now believe t h a t . . .

this matter.
, . . . T h e statement is
often made that. ..
( =
). , . . . Many scientists object
to this. They point out t h a t . . .

statements.

that...
347
calculation, registration, consideration,
accounting discount
... A comprehensive theory must account

for...

of this volume to give a detailed account o f . . .
. .. It must be borne in
m i n d . . . ; It should not be overlooked...; Account must be
taken o f . . . ; Proper allowance must be made for...

, . . . T h i s may seem rather pointless in
light of the fact t h a t . . .
, ,
that...
( = ) take into account, bear i n

mind, consider, have regard to
( = ) considering, seeing, having

regard to
. . . , , ... . . . however
this does not account entirely ( f o r ) . . .
, (1),
that...
. .. T h i s hypothesis
fails to account for...
,
, . . . T h e approach must be modified
to accommodate the fact t h a t . . .

, ... Taking these

facts into account, we c a n . . .
( = ) understand, clarify, explain

. 1... It can be made
clearer by F i g . 1...
(. , , ,
, ) fact, case, one point
, . . . A d d to this the
fact t h a t . . .

, . . . Its principal importance lies ultimately
in the fact t h a t . . .
. . . T h i s fact strongly suggests t h a t . . .

( ..)... I n view of all these facts it
, . . . , ,
. T h i s is obviously impossible in light of the
fact t h a t . . .

... I n this section we establish the basic
facts a b o u t . . .
,
,
that...
,
. . . It is hardly necessary to stress the fact that. ..
, . . .
,
,
, . . . T h e approach must be modified
to accommodate the fact t h a t . . .
, . . . T h e problem
is complicated by the fact t h a t . . .
, . . . It is
remarkable fact t h a t . . .
, . . . It is
remarkable fact t h a t . . .
, . . .
, , . . . W i t h
this framework before us, we realize t h a t . . .
, (1), , . . .
T h i s fact, taken together with (1), implies t h a t . . .
, . . .
, . . . It is an
extraordinary fact t h a t . . .
. We shall
make use of this fact later.
,
, ... We can take
advantage of this fact t o . . .
, . . . We can
explain this fact b y . . .
348
, . . . We call
, . . .
Attention should be paid to the fact t h a t . . .
.
, , . . .
We thus recover the fact t h a t . . .
,
, . . . It is

, . . . A t this point, we wish to call attention
to the fact t h a t . . .
, . . . , . . . T h e fact

pointed out.
, . . . Most
() , . . . We are
all familiar with the fact t h a t . . .
,
. . . Some of the problems arise from the fact that. ..

, . . . A n immediate corollary of
the above result is the fact t h a t . . .
... It is a trivial
,
the fact that.. .
, ... Taking these
facts into account, we c a n . . .
, . . .
,
... It is a fundamental fact that e v e r y . . .
, , . . .
do this, we make use of the fact that. ..
,
, ,
that...
, . . .
A n unexpected fact is t h a t . . .
, . . . It is found, as
an experimental fact, t h a t . . .
, . . . B u t

. T h e relevant facts may be summarized as
follows.
W
W, however, we must take into account the fact that. ..
,

, . . . Confirmation of this view is found in the
fact that. ..

about...
: . . . A useful result
to remember is t h a t . . .
, . . .
,
fact t h a t . . .
, . . . T h e reason for
this lies in the fact t h a t . . .

facts i s . . .

. .. L e t us review some important facts
regarding...
, ... These
facts can be explained i f . . .
... These facts allow
us t o . . .

, . . . T h i s amounts to
no more than a restatement of the fact t h a t . . .
, . .. T h i s illustrates

, . . . T h i s may seem rather
pointless in light of the fact t h a t . . .

, . . . T h i s is
a necessary consequence of the fact t h a t . . .
,
. . . T h i s is clearly borne out by the fact t h a t . . .
, . . .
T h e assumption ignores the fact t h a t . . .
, . . . T h i s
arises from the fact t h a t . . .
,
that...
349
, . . . T h i s is
, . . . T h i s is connected
with the fact t h a t . . .
(4),
, . . .
T h i s follows from our
,
. . . T h i s is at once obvious from the fact that. ..
, . . . T h i s
, , . . . T h i s
is so despite the fact t h a t . . .
, . . .
T h i s example illustrates the general fact t h a t . . .
^ ,
to be expected from the fact t h ^ t . . .
,
, . . . T h i s result was to be expected from the
fact t h a t . . .
feM , . . .
T h i s result is in agreement with the fact t h a t . . .
4.
, . . . It is an
factor, coefficient, cause, consideration

(-). A l l these factors must be
considered in any investigation of...
. T h i s
factor can contribute markedly /materially /appreciably.
. T h i s can
be caused by several factors.

() . A number of

... Such factors require a careful study of...
.
It is useful to look at these factors in more detail.
... These
factors include the following:
. . . T h i s factor is
independent of...

( = ) 3. Calculated values for are shown in
Figure 3.
( = ) 4 , . . . It is observed
from Figure 4 t h a t . . .
( = ) 1,
... A s illustrated in
Figure 1, this process can be understood in terms of...

( = ) 7. T h e nature of the
approximation is illustrated in Figure 7.
, ( = ) 1,
... T h e process, shown in F i g . 1, is similar t o . . .
. ( = ) 4.
T h i s situation is represented by Figure 4.

( = ) 3 4. T h e results are displayed in
Figures 3 and 4.
( = ) 1,
(-). T h i s is clearly
demonstrated in Figure 1 which shows the results of...
physically
, . . . Physically (speaking),
this means t h a t . . .
,
, . . . Physically, it is evident
that...
, . . . It is physically
plausible t h a t . . .
physical

that...

interpretation.
,

, . . . Physically this arises because of...
.
T h e general physical picture is as follows.
,
. . . T h e physical significance of this result is t h a t . . .
phenomenon, effect
(1) ,

F , F
represents...
0 qbeHOMSH ...
can give rise t o . . .
This
phenomenon
( = ., . , ) figure,
illustration
. . . T h e physical significance of this result i s . . .

, . . .
350
. .. T h i s reveals
the physical significance of...

expected because. ..

considerations.
form, shape, quantic, pattern,

configuration

obtained b y . . .
(1)
... A form of (1) more useful for
our purposes i s . . .
(3.1)
... T h e general solution of (3.1) can be written
as...
. These can take
various forms.
, , . . . There
g(x) ,
g(x) t h a t . . .

different form.
... It is
1
from...
(4)

(1)
, . .. convert E q . (1) to
standard form, we define...

... More economically, this can be written a s . . .
... T h i s
... Basically, there

are two forms of...

... These equations are now in a
(1)
( = ) . . . After simplification equation (1)
becomes...
, . . .

( = ) . . . I n this case the equation takes the f o r m . . .

(-). This establishes a rather strong form of...

... We deduce the form of...
(-). T h i s is the
,
( 3 . 2 ) . . . T h i s has the same form as
equation (3.2), except that in ( 3 . 2 ) , . . . , while in ( 3 . 3 ) , . . . .
,
1. T h i s equation has the same general form
as E q . (1).
, () ,
. . . Note that this is of the same form a s . . .
formalizing
, , . . .
, .
(-).
We may obtain yet another form of...
... W i t h
the aid of this formalism, we c a n . . .
:...
Another way of saying this i s . . .
,
... L e t us now set up a mathematical
formalism that expresses...
formalism

. We may also formulate it in a different manner.
formally, nominally, legally
.
We reduce the equation to a special form.
. We now
express this more formally.
(/)
, . . . T h e most
widely used form is that derived f r o m . . .
. .. T h i s is formally
equivalent t o . . .
,
. .. O u r aim is to recast this in a form
which i s . . .
(. , )
formal
().
T h e formal proof is as follows.
351

purely formal.

. We now obtain the same formula from
another point of view.
,
(1) ,

(4)
, . . . A formal
calculation shows t h a t . . .
(2)
( )
Section 2.
, . . .
T h e formal foundation of the fact that the boundary
conditions a r e . . .
formula (pi. formulae, formulas)
. . .
Analogous formulas can be written down for...
... We are guided
by the formula...
(2)
. I n the formulas (2), is assumed to be
a function of r .
, . . .

the experiment; T h i s formula is in good agreement with
with experimental results.
F :...
T h e formula usually given for F i s . . .
. . .
. . .
T h e problem is then to deduce a formula f o r . . .
. . .
we give some formulae for...
, ... Using such
. . . T h i s formula is
useful whenever...
... T h i s formula
clearly predicts...
,
( = ) formulate, word, lay down,
state
...
T h i s chapter provides an outline of...

. T h i s result
can be written in a slightly simpler form as follows.
.
.
.
( = )

,
... Before presenting more examples, let u s . . .
. .. Before
quoting the theorem, we present a revised definition of...

. . . T h e problem is to find a general formula for...

... We state without proof the following
He . . . There is no
general formula for...
. We state
this requirement more precisely as follows.
(1)
formula...

() . . . These ideas can be formulated just as easily
for...

,
, (9),
...
We are now in a position to state and prove...
. . .
T h e validity of this formula depends o n . . .

following result.
352

. .. We now give a more general
statement of...
(6)
is t o . . .
.
We now express this more formally.

different form.
, . . .
formulate the more general problem, w e . . .
,
()., - obtain this concept,, we begin w j j j j . . .
formula, statement, formulation

a more concise
formulation

( = ). .. It will be useful to have a
reformulation of...
foundation
. .. T h i s fact is the
foundation on which we b u i l d . . .
fundamental, basic,
profound, solid

. . . There is, in fact, one basic reason for
considering...

. . . There is really nothing basic
or fundamental about. ..



. T h e following

... These fundamental difficulties have
influenced the development o f . . .

formulations of...
,
(). .. T h i s is the fundamental idea b e h i n d . . .
. T h i s
question is fundamental.
, We begin
with a lemma.
function, operate


. T h i s unit can operate over a wide
range of temperatures.

(-). A n equivalent
formulation may be given in terms of...

[3]. a precise
wording of all hypotheses and conclusions w^ refer to the
paper [3].
function

... We can, however, represent the
()
, . . . Now it is obvious from the form of the
function g(x) t h a t . . .
,
... T h e statement of the theorem ne^ds
modification i f . . .
,
common that we give it a special name.
( = , ) character,
nature, pattern, mode
, ... A s
result there is a change in the character of...
, ( = )
. .. I n particular, it does not depend on the
nature of...
. .. L e t us now
examine the general character of...
... L e t us now
describe the general" character o t " . .

Figure 7.
353
D.
T h e nature of these roots depends on whether D > 0.
characteristic property, index,

character, measure, degree, feature, performance,
behavior
. . . A further
important characteristic is t h a t . . .

. .. I n general,
properties of...
,
. . . - T h e principal features to note
are...
, ,
... T h i s , above all else, is the characteristic
that m a k e s . . .
(-).
T h i s will give us the required characterization of...
characteristically; is characteristic
, . . . It is characteristic t h a t . . .
typical, characteristic, distinctive,

peculiar, specific

example i s . . .
...
(-). T h i s is a good
example of...
well, properly
.
Analysts are well aware of these difficulties.
, . . . I n this
. . . There is

, . . . It is common knowledge
that...
, . . . It is well established
that. ..
, . . . What is
not well understood is t h a t . . .


well t o . . .
... T h i s is well
good, fine, nice, fair, close
( = ) wish, want, aim, desire
( = )
( ..)... A better approximation
is obtained b y . . .
( "want" ,
)
( = )
, ... A much closer approximation is
obtained i f . . .

wish t o . . .

. .. A better strategy is simply to u s e . . .

, , . . . We shall
wish to point out that. ..
( = ) . ..
A better technique is t o . . .

( = )
, . .. Better approximations
to can by obtained by u s i n g . . .

(15)? How good is

(-). T h e following is a good example of...
, ,
, . . . Thus, we have good grounds for
(
..)... I n practice, we would like to be able t o . . .
, ,
. . . We do not wish to imply, however, t h a t . . .

... We now wish to extend our
consideration t o . . .
( ) worse
... make matters worse,...
, , ...
appropriate, advisable,
expedient, reasonable, worthwhile, suitable
( ..)...
It may be expedient t o . . .
( ..)...
, integer; whole, the whole, entire,

integral
(
..)... O n the whole it seems least confusing to
regard...
. . .
In general nothing more can be said a b o u t . . .
, . . . O n balance it seems t h a t . . .
, . . . in all it
would seem t h a t . . .
,
. . . There exists such a positive integer t h a t . . .
( = ) aim, purpose, target, goal,

object, end, mark

. . . A more controlled way of achieving the same end
is t o . . .
(1)
... A form of (1) more useful for our
purposes i s . . .
, . . . It is
not our intention to argue here t h a t . . .
, . . . A second objective
is to ensure t h a t . . .
. T h e above
objective has been achieved.
... T h e main objective is t o . . .
, , (
... W i t h this aim in
m i n d . . . ; To accomplish these e n d s . . .
(
..)... For many purposes it is preferable t o . . .
(10)
For our
.
For our purposes the details are not important.
() ... For
... For this purpose we
must...
... For this purpose, it is

... Far more important for our purposes i s . . .
...
A shift in perspective is needed in order t o . . .
, , . . .
Unfortunately this is an unrealistic goal because...

( ..)... We have indicated a few times our
intention t o . . .

,
... Finally, it might be advantageous for
some purposes t o . . .
,
... Recall that the purpose of the exercise
is t o . . .
,
... O u r aim is to recast this in a form
which i s . . .
. O u r goal is
three-fold.
... O u r
main purpose is to given an exposition of...

...
T h e main objective is to determine...
... O u r task will be t o . . .
,

... I t will be
convenient for our purposes t o . . .
,

... O u r object is to
study...
355

,
. .. T h u s for our purposes we may
always u s e . . .
(1),
( ..).. . O u r objective is to
...
Further observations are required in order t o . . .

of this work.

, ... Since, however,
this formula is too complicated for practical purposes, we
shall...

order t o . . .

of our goal.

...
T h e principal aim of the present book is t o . . .
,
. . . Particularly important for our purposes is the
case o f . . .

. A full discussion of such factors
is beyond the scope of this paper.
,
, . . . I n order to focus our
attention on a specific objective, we s h a l l . . .

of this volume to give a detailed account of...
... For purposes of
analysis we shall assume...

, . . .
We note for future reference t h a t . . .
(14) ,
. . . For
the purpose of making estimates, suppose that. ..
,
... For this
purpose, we shall u s e . . .
, . . . this end ( = For
this purpose), we note t h a t . . .
... O u r next
task is to describe...

... For practical applications
convenient formulation i s . . .

is t o . . .
. .. It is the aim of
this book to provide...
. . . T h e purpose of this
book is t o . . .
, , . . . T h e aim
(6)
is t o . . .
. .. It is
the purpose of this chapter to present...
. .. T h e aim
,
, . . . It is the purpose of this note to
announce t h a t . . .
...
T h e purpose of this book is to describe...
... It is the
purpose of the present discussion t o . . .

...
T h e purpose of such a representation is t o . . .
...
, ... meet this
. . . It is
sufficient for the purpose in v i e w . . .
. T h i s is essential
for our purposes.
, ...
T h i s approach can succeed only i f . . .
,
. .. A goal for this symposium, I believe is to
ensure we all understand. ..
price, cost, value, worth

, ,
... T h e price which is paid for this
efficiency i s . . .
value, worth, importance
356

. T h i s modification of the method seems to be
of great value.
. . . T h i s information is particularly
central, main
, ,
,
. .. T h e following key results are therefore
obtained:...

. These studies hold no mechanical value.
( = )
. . . T h e key tool in the proof of...
valuable, useful, of value, essential
,
. . . T h e crux of the proof is t h a t . . .

, . . . Such pictures are valuable
as conceptual aids so long as we do n o t . . .
, . . . T h e major
point here is t h a t . . .
cited, quoted
, , ...
Clearly these solutions are not as valuable a s . . .
,

context.
cite, quote
() () . . .
We first quote a result f r o m . . .
partially, partly, i n part

, , ,
from...
, . . . T h i s is
partly because...
. . . T h i s is partly
because...
, ... T h i s
, . . .
partial
, 2,
. T h e estimating
theorem which is described i n C h . 2 gives a partial answer
to this problem.
detail, particularity
, , . . . T h i s implies in
particular t h a t . . .
, ...
In particular, it is often useful t o . . .
, . .. We are interested, in
particular, i n . . .
, ... I n particular,
we may be able to choose...
,
with...
, ( = )
. .. I n particular, it does not depend on the
nature of...
, , ...
In particular, suppose it is possible t o . . .
, 1, ,
, ... Note that Theorem 1 in
particular contains the two cases w h e n . . .
T o , ,
partial, particular, special, private

(-). A l l of

(-). L e t us look at some particular cases of...
... Another simple
case is that of...
,
. . . We may infer from this particular example
that...

( = ) 1... A s
a particular application of Theorem 1 we see t h a t . . .
.
( )
( = ) (-). We conclude by
considering a particular class of...
. .. We shall have
frequent occasion t o . . .
. ..
A particular case of this theorern is t h a t . . .

cases requires. ..
. . . T h i s is an
important special case a n d . . .
(). .. T h i s is
simply a particular case of...
often, frequently, commonly

, . . . It will often happen
that...
necessary t o . . .

for...
... It is often difficult t o . . .
...
A problem which arises very frequently i s . . .
, . . . It is often found t h a t . . .
, . . . It frequently happens t h a t . . .
, ,

For the base
response the most often used model is the Winkler
foundation.

from...
( u . . ) . . . Often, it is
difficult t o . . .
...
It is often convenient to carry out the latter process b y . . .
, . It is often simpler to
...
. These
. .. Extensive use
will be made of...
part, side (of an equation or inequality),

share, portion, piece
. . .
In practice, we can often neglect...
3 4 3 parts solution to 4
parts water
. .. Much of this

speak of...

. .. A large part of the theory can be
developed in terms o f . . .

... For these cases it is, however, often more
efficient t o . . .
,
. . . Much of the material is in
, . . .
In practice it often happens, hovever, t h a t . . .

. I n most practical
situations, neither of these pieces of information is given.
...
B u t very often we have to consider...
. .. However, it is
frequently necessary t o . . .
... ^_ B u t in many cases, we
do not k n o w . . .
.
. Such



. . . For the remainder of this section we
will be interested i n . . .
. ..
It is often desirable, therefore, to ensure that. ..

. T h e following
. Such

... For efficient functioning, all parts must b e . . .

... Most of our discussion so far has been
about...
...
with...
, ,
portions of...
. . .
A vast amount of theory has been developed f o r . . .

small portion of...

. .. T h e rest of
. T h e first
. . . T h e next part
follows f r o m . . .
,
. . . T h e crux of the proof is that. ..

... . Some of
the most famous work o n . . . was performed by Bramble.

, . .. Some of these may not be as
useful as others, because. ..
,
. .. keep the mathematics simple it is often
,
. .. These parts are arranged to f o r m . . .
frequent, quick, rapid, fast

...,
. Frequent
effect of...
( = ) feature, property,
trait, line, stroke, hyphen, streak, over-bar
,
[1]. I n essence, this was the method employed
by Smith [1].
()
example i s . . .
,
based o n . . .
,
. . . T h e most significant feature of this example is
that...
...
T h e development below outlines the concept of...
358
,
...
, . . .
A salient feature of the theory is that. ..
neatly, sharply, clearly, well denned

, . . . It must be
carefully noted that. ..

, , . . .
No harm can come from this practice if one clearly
To , . . .
, . . . T h i s shows
more precisely t h a t . . .
(-). T h i s
case is neatly illustrated b y . . .
numerical
,
, .
Numerical simulations that illustrate these results are
presented in Sec. 3.

. Solutions can still
methods.
...
. L e t us take a
numerical example.
,
(4), , . . . Numerical
computations based on (4) show t h a t . . .
number, quantity, integer, date

:
> : A is greater than ;
A is larger than ; A exceeds
< : is less than ; is
smaller than A
A > : A is
A < : A is at least as
large as
< : is less
than or equal to ; does not exceed A
A < < : ,
A is less than , and is less than ;
In strictly ascending order, we have , , C.
> > : ,
I n strictly descending order, we have , B , A ;
is greater than B , and is greater than ; is larger
than B , and is larger than ; exceeds B , and
359
exceeds ; is greater than , which in turn is greater
than ; is larger than B, which in turn is larger than A ;
exceeds B, which in turn exceeds A
A < < : ,
A is at least as
large as B, and is at least as large as C; A cannot
exceed B, and cannot exceed C ; A cannot exceed B,
which in turn cannot exceed C ; I n ascending order, we
have , , C ; I n descending order, we have , , A

( = ) (-). O f great importance is the
large number of...
, . . . A large
number of scientists now believe t h a t . . .

( ..)...
7.
T h e irrational numbers include e and 7r.
( = )(-).
We wish to find the number of...
10 1.
T h e most significant digit of the number 10 is 1.
,
that...
, . . . A n alert
, ... A t this point the
reader will probably...
, ...
T h e reader will probably be familiar w i t h . . .
, , . . .

. T h e details of this
straightforward computation are left to the reader.

( ..) .
. T h e proof is simple; we leave
it to the reader.
( ..)
. T h e details are left to the reader.
... Natural
numbers are also known as counting numbers.
( )
book by Smith [1].
N ,
. . . There exists such a positive integer N t h a t . . .
.
T h e book should be accessible to everyday readers.
numerical, number

. Every real
number can be paired with a point on the number line.
pure, proper, clean, clear

. .. Here we have arrived at a purely
geometrical proof of...
reader
( reader
the)
, . . . T h e reader is
doubtless familiar w i t h . . .
, , . . .
T h e reader is no doubt familiar with the idea t h a t . . .

... I n this chapter we assume an intuitive
knowledge of...


the reader to show that. ..
,
. . . I n particular, we assume familiarity
with...



audience.

variety of readers.
, . . .
We shall assume that the reader is familiar w i t h . . .
,
. .. We shall
assume that the reader has a clear intuitive idea of...
. .. T h e reader
is strongly urged t o . . .

. We leave the

the reader.
, . . . It is
left for the reader to verify that. ..
360

of Smith [1].
,
... T h e reader should be careful not to
confuse...

. .. T h e interested reader is urged to
explore...
, . . . T h e reader must observe carefully t h a t . . .
( ..)...
We advise the reader t o . . .

. .. We are going to rely on the reader's
, . . .
T h e observant reader will have noticed t h a t . . .
, . . .
,
. . . B u t it would be wrong for the reader to think
that...
, . . .

statements.
, .
.
...
between...
- ,
. . . T h e reader might, however, still contend that. ..
,

reader.
,
.
Few prerequisites are needed apart from basic algebra and
trigonometry.
. . . ,

(). .. For a brief
introduction t o . . . , and a further reference, the reader is
directed t o . . .
(12)
[1]. For
Smith |1].
,
, . . . Before
, ... W i t h
these remarks in mind, the reader s h o u l d . . .
,

,
,
. . .
, . . . T h e reader who has previously
s t u d i e d . . . may have the impression t h a t . . .
, . . .
T h e reader will readily convince himself t h a t . . .
, , . . .
T h e reader may be puzzled to see t h a t . . .

(-).
T h e reader may have begun to wonder a b o u t . . .
... T h e reader may
also want t o . . .
, , . . . T h e reader
may be surprised to see t h a t . . .
may have noticed t h a t . . .
( = ),
. . . T h e reader can easily confirm that. ..
, . . .
T h e reader may rest assured t h a t . . .

, . . .
T h e reader may consider it as obvious t h a t . . .
... T h e reader will
... T h e reader will find this result in any textbook o n . . .
, . . . T h e reader will find t h a t . . .
, . . . T h e reader must
keep in mind t h a t . . .
,
361
,
that...
* ,
, , ,
. . . T h e reader might begin to suspect that. ..
, ,
.
T h e reader not interested in this subtle point can turn
immediately to the next section.
^ , , , . . . T h e reader
will doubtless recall t h a t . . .
* , . . .
T h e reader will find it helpful to keep in mind t h a t . . .
... It will occur to the reader
that...
,
...
There is a vitally important distinction between...

, . . . We will not
prove here the very reasonable statement t h a t . . .
. ..
, Q

. .. Taylor's theorem is extremely useful for
the study of...
<> , . . . It is very significant
that...
, . . . It is highly probable
that...
member, term, element, component
^ , . . . It is extreme/y
unfortunate t h a t . . .
^ -
. D r . Smith is
a highly respected and valuable member of our research
team.

... A very great range of phenomena is
explained b y . . .
^
. . . We shall, however, avoid these cumbersome terms
and...
,
extreme, extraordinary
^ . . . T h e first term is
independent of...
, ...
Great care is required s i n c e . . .
^ , , . . .
B y equating the two terms it can be seen that. ..
\> , . . .
^ (4)
^ . First consider the

term containing x .
sensible, apprehensible,
sensitive
,
... T h i s is small in comparison with the first term
unless...
, . . . These
methods are so sensitive t h a t . . .
extremely, especially, exceedijujly,

very, extraordinarily
reading
s>
^>
... These methods are very sensitive
to
pitch, step, pace, spacing

. T h i s terminology dates from the early days of
particle physics.
,
. .. We retrace our steps for a moment to
consider...
wide, broad, extensive
, . . .
...
In a more extended sense we may define...
() ,
. T h e proof is
steps.
,
,
... We carry this out in several
...
At a subsequent stage it is essential to consider...
( ..)
()... T h e final stage of the development is
reached b y . . .
,
, . . . It is thus a natural step to
think o f . . .
,
... T h e next step is to consider. ..
... T h e next
logical step was t o . . .
/
... T h e method is applicable to a large
class of...


audience.

variety of readers.
()
.

. .. A very great range of phenomena is
explained b y . . .
()
. .. These advantages have led to the
widespread use of...
widely, i n a broad fashion

. T h i s method is
widely used.
... O u r
next task is to describe...

. . . T h e techniques most widely used
are based o n . . .
... T h e next
obvious step is t o . . .
, . . . It is now widely
,
. . . Next it will be shown t h a t . . .
, . . . It is
widely believed t h a t . . .
...
T h e next step was to apply the idea of...
, , , . . . I t is
widely but erroneously believed that. ..

... spare future investigators the
same difficulties,...

i t is equivalent
, ,
. . . T h i s can be shown to be equivalent to the
, , . . .
. .. T h i s is formally
equivalent t o . . .
, . . . T h i s is
equivalent to saying that. ..
, ,
. . . T h i s is equivalent to asking w h e t h e r . . .
, . . . T h i s is
equivalence
. . . T h i s
equivalence is based o n . . .
equivalent
, (1) (2)
. It can be verified that (1) and (2) are
equivalent.

formulations of...

(-). A n equivalent
formulation may be given in terms of...
,
completely equivalent, restatement of...
, . . . T h i s is
equivalent to saying t h a t . . .
, . . . T h i s is
economy
... I n the
interests of economy, it would be desirable t o . . .

. .. For reasons of space we omit the
proof of...

. We omit the proof in order to save
space.
, . . .
More recent experiments confirm t h a t . . .

,
... Experiments are currently underway to
investigate. ..

... I n subsequent experiments, it was possible
to measure...

, . .. Following these studies,
experiments were carried out in w h i c h . . .
, . . .
Instead, experiments show t h a t . . .

( ..)... I n all such experiments it is
necessary t o . . .

. T h e second
experiment differs from the first in several important ways.
,
... Let us consider a hypothetical experiment
in w h i c h . . .

the experiment.
, . . . These
experiments indicated t h a t . . .
[1] ,
. . . From the results of experiments, Smith [1]
,
, . . . From this and similar
experiments it is found t h a t . . .
, . . . Recent
experiments have shown t h a t . . .
,
. . .

... Considerable economy of notation may
be achieved b y . . .

[ l j . Similar experiments have been conducted
by Smith [1].
economical
, , , ...
Consider, for example, an experiment in w h i c h . . .

... More economically, this can be written a s . . .
experiment, test, trial
, , . . .
364
^
,
... Smith has performed analogous
experiments in w h i c h . . .

,
, . . . T h e experimental difficulties
become apparent when one realizes t h a t . . .
, . . . Careful
tests proved t h a t . . .
,
, . .. illustrate
the preceding statements, let us consider an experiment in
which...
. T h i s is borne
out by experiments.

(-) T h i s effect was first observed
experimental, pilot

,

. These predictions are
generally confirmed by experimental findings.

. . . Further experimental evidence is derived f r o m . . .
,
, . . . Experiment confirms this but also
shows t h a t . . .
. . .
for...
. . .
T h e experiment provided dramatic confirmation of...
,
, . . . There is no experimental
evidence to indicate t h a t . . .
, . . . Experiment
tells us t h a t . . .
,
. . . Experiments with semiconductors show t h a t . . .
... These experiments
were concerned w i t h . . .
. T h i s is borne
out by experiments.
,
. .. T h i s opinion was reached after experiments
in w h i c h . . .

. T h i s is supported by laboratory
measurements.
.
T h e experiment was a dismal failure.
,
. .. T h i s experiment may seem
experimentally
, , . . .
Indeed, the experimental conclusion was t h a t . . .
, , . . .
, . . . It has
been found experimentally t h a t . . .
, . . . It is found, as
an experimental fact, t h a t . . .

. . . Experimentally this curve can be
obtained b y . . .
()
[2]. T h i s was confirmed
experimentally by Johns [2].

. T h e two theories have their bases in
experimental evidence.


...
obtained b y . . .
...
,
... I n the course of experimental work, it is
,
, . . . There is an abundance of
experimental evidence to show t h a t . . .

, . . . There are experimental reasons for
concluding t h a t . . .

experimental data concerning...


prediction.
experimentation
, . . .
Many years of experimentation have shown t h a t . . .
experimenter
365

,
wonder w h e t h e r . . .
elementary, primary, fundamental

, ,
. . . Furthermore, we know from elementary

. T h e proof is quite elementary.
-

... We next derive some of the elementary
properties of...
(= ) expert

. .. We shall now obtain some elementary
properties of...

. . .
A world-renowned expert on primates, D r . Smith has been
invited to speak on
, . . . It is worth
pointing out to experts that the spaces of...

(1) . .. T h e most elementary
empirical, a posteriori
. . .
Dr. Smith was a renowned expert i n . . .

adopted.
. . . D r . Smith was an
expert i n . . .
.
We decided to adopt a more empirical approach,
,
, ... D r . Smith, a well-known expert on
stage, step
,
, ... D r . Smith, a world authority on
, . . .
A t this stage we cannot assume t h a t . . .
,
extrapolation

extreme

... Under extreme conditions of temperature
and pressure...
elegant

... A n elegant version of this method
employs...
element, cell, pile, unit
( ..)...
convenient at this stage t o . . .
It is

, . . A t this point, we wish to call attention
to the fact t h a t . . .

pointed out.
, . . .
T h e point to notice at this stage, however, is t h a t . . .
this, that
... this end l e t . . .
... For this purpose we m u s t . . .
. For
. T h i s appears to be the case.
. T h i s is scarcely
surprising.
all elements of A ; each

element of A; every element of A; any element of A
. T h i s point
,
effect, result
He . Not all of these

elements are independent.
. . . Inclusion of
these effects leads t o . . .
, ,
to be linear.
... Let us briefly

has not been finally established,

... I n this
i n an elementary way
,
. .. T h e effect should be most marked w h e n . . .
(1) .
T h e problem (1) is also solved in an elementary way.
( = )
... T h e effect is small and easily masked b y . . .

1. T h e effect
,
. .. A s indicated above this effect is due t o . . .
,
...
We could just as well introduce...
366

effects of...
2,
, ,
. We shall
discuss this effect in a later chapter.
( ..)...
T h i s effect is particularly marked n e a r . . .
... .
,
... T h i s effect becomes even more marked
when...
... It is
necessary, however, not to overlook the effect of...
effectively, efficiently

... It does, however, illustrate the effects of...
,
[1].
.
These instruments performed at their best.
,
... These effects obviously cannot be
represented a s . . .
...
T h i s can best be done b y . . .
. Such
... T h e latter
effectiveness, efficiency,
performance
...
It is possible to improve the efficiency of operation b y . . .
, ,
. . . Neglecting these effects it is easy to show that. ..

... T h e information in this
paper is vital to the effectiveness o f . . .
... Consider first the

effect of...
.
... We can now

investigate the effect of...
, ,
... T h e price which is paid for this
efficiency i s . . .
... We consider now

the effect of...
, . ..
In order to achieve these effects, it is necessary t o . . .

. .. T h i s method was subsequently
brought to full fruition b y . . .
... . Proficiency
i n . . . improves with practice.
...,
. Frequent
effect of...
effective, efficient, profitable,

attractive, adequate
. It is
difficult to assess these effects numerically.
... I n this
. T h i s

. . . For efficient functioning, all parts must b e . . .
,
... T h i s compensating effect is most obvious
when...

( ..)... For these cases it is, however,
often more efficient t o . . .
( = , ) appearance,
occurrence, phenomenon (pi. phenomena),
emergence
,
. There are no authenticated examples of such a
phenomenon in the literature.
, , . . .
predict phenomena yet to be studied, it i s . . .
( = , ) be;
appear, emerge, represent, offer, be revealed
,
. . . It is interesting and important to notice t h a t . . .
... I n this
.
T h e variables are not all independent.

be interpreted in terms of...
, . . . Another
. ..
T h i s phenomenon can be described in terms o f . . . ; T h i s
phenomenon can be understood in terms of...
, /...
T h i s phenomenon can be conveniently observed i f . . .
... His

Chapter 5.
...
( = ) , . . .
T h e usual effect is t h a t . . .
. . . No such
effects were observed i n . . .
... T h e latter


. These phenomena will be explored in
more detail in Chapter 2.
(-). These
effects can be accounted for b y . . .
5. These
. .. These

... T h i s effect was first observed

. .. T h i s phenomenon may explain the
rapid disappearance of...
, . . .
, . . .
A n interesting fact is t h a t . . .
,
. It is easy to see that this condition is a
necessary one.
. Mechanics is no
exception.
,
He , . . . It is not
, . . .
(1)
formula...
...
T h e first of these, and the simplest, i s . . .
, . . .
( ..) ,
. . . T h e advantage of this i s . . .
. L e t be a function of .
(1) . . .
Condition (1) is by no means a necessary one for...
(1) ,
(6)
is t o . . .
. T h i s is not an
unfamiliar notion.
... T h i s
is an almost immediate corollary of...
368
, . . .
T h e result is not simple because...
, . . . It is an
explicitly, evidently, obviously, distinctly; i t

is evident, i t is clear
, ... We can
explicit, evident, clear, obvious, distinct
, ,
,
clear t h a t . . .
, . . . It is equally clear t h a t . . .

, , . . . No
harm can come from this practice if one clearly
, . . . It is now clear t h a t . . .
...
T h i s results in a marked decrease i n . . .
...
between...
. . . We next
, , . . . T h i s
attempt failed, and it became clear that. ..
. . . It is
, . . . These
. ..
We now give an explicit characterization of...

for...
. T h i s is
bright, intense, luminous

, . . .
A salient feature of the theory is t h a t . . .
clearly, distinctly, explicitly, i t is clear

significance of...
, , . . . I n fact it is clear t h a t . . .
,
apparent that. ..
-, , . . . I n the first place, it is clear
that...
that...
1. T h e effect
, . . . It is clear enough t h a t . . .
, . . . From the
above relation it is clear t h a t . . .
, . . . It is clear from the
foregoing t h a t . . .
,
,
. . We may see more clearly what is
involved here b y . . .
, . . . It is now well
understood t h a t . . .
, . . . It is apparent t h a t . . . ; It is obvious
t h a t . . . ; It is clear t h a t . . . ; It stands to reason t h a t . . .
, .
... Clearly this would not be an easy task, so we
shall...
clarity

. .. For the sake of both brevity and clarity,
we denote. ..
(),
... - For the sake of clarity, let us t a k e . . .
clear, distinct, explicit, evident

, . . . It is
important to be clear on the fact t h a t . . .
,
... Its deeper significance will become
apparent w h e n . . .
,
. . . There is now, however, clearer evidence t h a t . . .
, ,
. T h e reason for this
will soon be clear.

clearer.
()
... W h a t is needed is a clear
understanding of...
13
21
33
13
22
34
13
22
34
13
22
34
23
34
13
23
34
14
23
34
23
15
15
15
15
8
8
8
13
14
14
14
34
23
34
24
35
24
35
24
35
24
35
24
35
24
35
15
24
36
24
36
25
36
15
15
15
16
25
36
16
25
36
26
36
16
26
36
10
16
16
17
26
26
37
36
10
18
26
10
18
26
38
18
18
26
11
18
26
11
10
10
19
26
37
38
38
38
27
38
28
19
28
19
29
38
- 11
19
30
11
19
30
38
11
11
11
11
11
19
38
38
38
19
20
30
20
30
39
30
() 11
20
- 12
20
30
12
20
39
30
39
39

32
39
40
12
32
12
40
21
32
20
12
21
12
32
41
21
32
21
32
41
32
41
32
41
12
12
21
13
13
21
21
33
41
41
13
21
33
13
4 2
21
33
42
13
41
370
42
51
62
72
42
51
62
72
42
62
72
43
51
63
43
51
43
51
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63
72
51
63
43
52
63
64
74
43
43
43
52
52

63
74
52
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43
53
64
74
43
53
73
73
64
74
75
53
53
65
44
53
65
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44
53
65
44
54
65
75
65
75
65
75
65
66
75
43
43
44
54
44
44
45
54
54
54
65
75
75
75
75
46
54
46
47
47
54
47
55
66
76
47
55
66
76
47
66
47
66
76
66
75
54
54
66
55
55
66
75
76
66
76
48
48
48
58
48
, 58
67
48
59
67
76
48
59
67
- 76
76
57

58
67
76
67
76
67
76
76
48
59
67
48
60
69
76
48
60
69
76
60
48
48
60
49
49
60
49
60
61
69
69
69

77
77
69
77
77
69
49
61
69
49
61
50
50
61
50
61
71
78
50
62
71
50
62
71
61
76
78
70
78
70
78
71
78
79
77
371
79
87
99
104
79
87
- 99
104
79
88
99
104
79
88
99
105
79
99
105
99
99
105
99
105
89
79
89
80
89
80
80
81
90
81
90
90
90
100
106
100

100
106
106
82
90
100
106
82
90
100
106
82
90
101
106
82
90
-.
82
82
91
82
91
82
91
83
91
83
91
83
91
83
91
83
91
83
92
102
83
102
108
83
90
101
106
92
94
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101
102
83
94
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107
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107
102
107
102
107
108
102

107
102
94
106
106
102
83
83
101

102
108
102
95
102
83
95
102
83
95
102
84
84
97
84
102
109
84
103
85
85
96
97
97
97
108
102

102
103
108
109
109
109
97
103
85
97
85
97
103
85
97
86
98
103
109
86
98
103
110
86
98
103
110
86
98
103
87
98
115
109
109
109
103
103
109
115
87
104
87
98
115
87
98
87
98
87
99
98
104
104
104
115
115
104
108
108
116
115
108
108

116
372
116
123
123
116
116
123
123
116
116
117
117
118
118
118
118
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
121
131

121

121
121
121
132
125
122

122
122
122
123

123
123
140
136
140
136
136
136
126
126
127
128
137
128
137
128
129
129
129
141
137
137
141

141

142
142
142
137
137
143
137
138
138
138
142
143
137
141
141
137
129
140
128
137
137
137
128
140
141
128
128
140
140
137
127
136
12?
140
136
137
140
140
136
126
123
136
126
128
122
139
136
125
126
122
139
135
135
122
139
125
125
139
139
121
125
127
121

139
132
125
139
132
132
121
125
125
125
139
132
125
121
126
121
139
132
124
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121
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121
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121
121
131
131
139
139
131
124
124
139
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124
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119
131
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130
124
119
119

124
124
117
117
138
130
124
138
138
130
124
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123
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138
129
130
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116
129
143
143
143

144
144
143
373
144
157
166
158
166
158
158
167
145
158
144
144
145
145
158
145
145
145
147
147
147
160
147
147
148
160
148
160
160
160

170
170
171
148
151
151

152
163
153
154
154
164
165
165
165
154
155
155
155
164
165
165
165
172
172

172
180
180
172

164
180

180
164
153
163
163
171
171

153
179
179
171
163
153
153
171
171
162
178
179
162
151
151
162
177

171
162
151
171
162
150
161
150
149
177
177
171
172
172
172
181
181
172
181
172
172
173
173
173
182
182
173
165
173
165
173
183
166
173
166
157
157
157
166
166
166
166
174
174
183
183
175
182
183
156
182
182
182
155
181
181
172
180
181
155
156
177
177
171
176
176
170

161
176
176
176
176
170
161

176

148
176
176
176
161
169
148
148
161
176
176
169
160

169
169
160
159

169
147
168
176
176
168
159
160
147
159
168
168
168
175
159
145
145

158
167
175
183

175
175
183
183
183
374
183
188
202
210
183
188
202
210
188
202
210
183
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184
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184
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203
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184
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211
184
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184
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211
184
189
205
211
185
189
205
211
185
190
205
211
185
190
205
211
185
191
206
211
- 185
191
206
212
185
191
206
212
185
206
212
185
191
206
212
185
192
206
212
185
192
206
212
185
193
183
184
185
193
185
185
185
185
185
193
193
193
196
185
186
186
186
186
186
186
186
186
186
186
186
186
186
186
187
187
187
187
188
188
191
193
185
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196
196
196
196
196
197
197
197
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199
199
199
199
200
201
201
202
202
202
206
212
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215
209
216
209
216
209
216
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216
210
216
210
216
210
216
210
216
210
216
210
217
375
217
228
243
253
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244
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217
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244
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219
230
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217
220
244
230
245
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220
230
245
221
245
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221
221
230

221
230
230
245
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254
245
255
221
231
222
231
222
231
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231
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247
223
247
232
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2 2 7
2 4 3
- 243
252
227
228
252
252
251
259
260
260

&&- 260
260
260
260
260
376
260
274
284
274
285
286
274
274
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298
298
286
286
298
299
299
275
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276
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261
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261
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26
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261
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277
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300
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290
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266
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344
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313
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, .
. -
. . , . .
. .
. .

129085, . , , .
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.., ..

Journey into the World of

L.P. Lebedev and M . J . Cloud. Tensor Analysis. World Scientific, 2003.

L.P. Lebedev and I . I . Vorovich. Functional Analysis in Mechanics. Springer, 2002.

Functional Analysis (second edition). Horwood L t d , 2007.

V . Hutson, J.S. Pym, and M . J . Cloud. Applications

of Functional Analysis and Operator Theory (second

CRC Press, 2001.

M . J . Cloud and B.C. Drachman. Inequalities with Applications

to Engineering. Springer, 1998. Japanese

Department of Mechanics and Mathematics

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

adequately, sufficiently, equally

accurately, carefully, neatly

accurate, precise, exact

axiom, postulate, principle

analysis, examination, test

algorithm is particularly simple w h e n . . .

... I n the final a n a l y s i s , . . .

analogous (to), similar, like

apparatus, device, instrument, tool,

analogy (to, w i t h ) , similarity (with),

(15)? How good is

point, side, aspect, perspective

post-graduate student, graduate student

basis, base, foundation

. . . T h i s theorem, as we shall see, is the basis of...

() be based (on, upon), rest on

, , ... O f course this applies only i f . . .

( = ) without, w i t h no, free of, free from,

safe, safety, foolproof, secure

, ... I n gome cases, of

infinitely, extremely, fairly, endlessly

near, like, close, similar

nearly, close (to), closely, at hand, near by

rich, high-grade, high in, abundant,

more, more than, over

( = -) thanks to, due to, because

..)... We can make further simplification b y . . .

the majority, plurality, most of,

fast, readily, i n no time

( = , ) be, happen, occur,

... Sometimes, however, there will

during, i n the course of

... Also it is vitally

... T h i s brings out the

. . . T h e following very important result is the basis

, ... Nevertheless, these

introduction, inlet, intake

i n view of, by virtue of, for reasons of,

leading, conducting, conductor

(-). L e t us return briefly

... We quote below the

, . . . If this theory is correct,

. T h i s is not always the case.

probability, chance, likelihood

, . . . There is also the

interaction, reciprocal action,

Let us, for example, consider the interaction o f . . .

view, glance, point of view, look

( = ) lead, conduct, direct, r u n ,

( = , . ) all, the whole

( = ) very, highly, greatly,