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(cu )' = cu
(x 0 )(x
= -sin x
cos x
1
(ctg x ) = - 2
sin x
(tg x )
(cos x )
(sin x ) = cos x
y - f (x 0 ) = f '
- x0)
u ' u v - uv
=
v
v2
c = 0; x = 1
Dx
x + Dx
dy
( )
1
;
x
(lo g a x ) '
1
x ln a
y = f (u ), u = j (x ), dy = f ' (u ) du
1 - x2
1
arccos x ' = 1 - x2
1
arctg x ' =
1 + x2
1
arcctg x ' = 1 + x2
(arcsin x)' =
Dy = f ' (x 0 ) Dx + a (Dx ) Dx
(ln x ) '
(e x )
1 '
1
; = - 2 ;
x
x
2 x
'= ex;
x '
x
a
= a ln a
( x )' =
- f (x )
D y = f (x + D x ) -
d y = f (x ) D x ; d x = D x
y = f (x )
Dy
; y = tg a
Dx
(x n )' = n x n - 1
y = f (x )
= f (x + D x )
y + Dy =
Dx 0
y = lim
y = f (u ), u = j(x ), y = f ' (u ) u
..
,
-
,
2012
51(075.8)
22.173
93
-
. ..
- . ..
:
. .. (, , . 27, 9, 13, 14, 16),
. .. (. 8, 15), . .. (. 1012),
. .. (. 1)
:
(. - .-. , . .. )
- .-. , . ..
.. ,
, , ,
93
:
, / [.. .]; . .
.. . 3- . .: -, 2012.
479 . ( )
I. , .
ISBN 978-5-238-00991-9
CIP
,
.
,
. , ,
,
( , , , , ..).
, , .
22.173
ISBN 978-5-238-00991-9
, 1997, 1998, 2006
-, 1997, 1998, 2006
( 94- 21 2005 .).
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n , A(n),
, A(n + 1).
.
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2 6 (
6 2), , , 12 6 ( 12
6). , ..
, .
, 6 ,
2 3, 2 3 6.
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.
-, - .
,
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:
(287212 . );
. (15961650);
. (16431727); , . (16461716); ,
. (17071783);
. (17361813); . (1777
1855); . (17891857) .
.. (17921856), .. (18011861), .. (18211894), ..
(18561922), .. (18571918) .
: .. , .. ,
.. , .. , .. , .. ,
.. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. ,
.. , .. , .. , .. ,
.. , .. .
1
1.1.
. , , .
m n
, m n . ,
, .
()
, , , , , ...,
: aij , i , j .
,
a11 a12 ... a1 j ... a1n
A =
(1.1)
mn ai1 ai 2 ... aij ... ain
...................................
m1 a m2 ... a mj ... a mn
, , = ( aij ) ; i = 1, 2, ..., m; j = 1, 2, ..., n.
,
0 3
1
A=
.
5
8
2
23
.
: [ ],
A B ,
, .. aij = bij i = 1, 2, ..., m;
j = 1, 2, ..., n.
10
. ,
(. .)
5,3
4,1
2,8
2,1
4,8
5,1
5,3 4,1
A = 2,8 2,1 .
32 4,8 5,1
, , a11 = 5,3 , ,
a 22 = 2,1
.
. , , ()-, ()-: = ( a11 , a12 ,..., a1n ) ;
b11
B = b21 -.
b
m1
n- ,
n.
1 4
5 7
1 2 3
, A = 0
.
aij , -
11
0
5
A = 0 1
0
0
0 .
n- ,
n- , .
1 0 0
0 0 0 1
, E = 0 1
.
, , :
0 0 0
0 = 0 0 0 .
mn
0 0 0
1.2.
, ,
,
, .
1. . A
= , bij = aij
i = 1, 2, ..., m; j = 1, 2, ..., n.
, A = 2 4 , 5 A = 10 20 .
3 2
15 10
.
.
, 20 12 6 = 2 10 6 3 .
52 2 0
26 1 0
, A 0 , .. 0 A = 0.
2. . A B m n C = A + B , cij = aij + bij i = 1, 2, ..., m; j = 1, 2, ..., n (..
).
12
,
A = 2 3 0 , B = 0 1 4 , C = A + B = 2 4 4 .
1 5 6
2 5 1
3 10 7
A + 0 = A.
3. . : A B = A + (1) B.
4. . A B
,
1. A B
mk k n
C , cij
mn
i- A j- B:
k
cij = ai1b1 j + ai 2b2 j + ... + aik bkj = ais bsj , i = 1, 2, ..., m; j = 1, 2, ..., n.
s =1
1.1. A B ,
1 0 1
A = 1 0 2 ; B = 5 1 4 .
3 1 0
2 0 1
. 1. - (
): A B = C .
23 33
23
2. - ,
A B :
C = 1(1) + 0 5 + 2( 2)
3(1) + 1 5 + 0( 2)
5 0
=
2 1
1 0 + 0 1 + 2 0 1 1 + 0 4 + 2 1 .
3 0 + 1 1 + 0 0 3 1 + 1 4 + 0 1
3 .
7
, , ( ):
1) A + B = B + A.
5) (A + B)C = A + C.
2) (A + B) + C = A + (B + C).
6) (AB) = (A)B = A (B).
3) (A + B) = A + B.
7) A(BC) = (AB)C.
4) A(B + C) = AB + C.
1
13
. ,
:
) B , BA . , 1.1
A23 B33 , B33 A23
, .
) AB BA , .
1.2. AB BA:
0 3
2 1 1
1 5 .
A=
,
B
=
0 3 2
1 1
0 12
. A23 B32 = C22 =
;
1 17
0 9 6
B32 A23 = D33 = 2 16 11 , .. AB BA.
2 2 1
) , AB BA
(
A ), () , ,
, .. A B B A .
1.3. AB BA,
( )
AB = ( 12 21)
24 47
( )
A= 1 2 , B= 0 5 .
3 4
6 8
15 20
; .. AB BA .
30 44
; BA =
A n- E ,
A:
AE = EA = A.
14
Ann Enn
a11 a12
a
a22
= 21
...
...
an1 an 2
Enn Ann
0
=
...
...
a1n 1
... a2 n 0
... ... ...
... anm 9
0
1
...
0
0 ... 1 an1 an 2
...
...
...
...
...
0 a11
0 a21
=
... ...
1 an1
a1n a11
... a2 n a21
=
... ... ...
... anm an1
...
a1n
... a2 n
= A.
...
...
... anm
...
a1n
... a2 n
= A.
...
...
... anm
,
, 1 .
) , .. , A B = 0, , = 0
= 0. ,
1 1
1 1
0 0
A=
0; B =
0, AB =
= 0.
1 1
1 1
0 0
5.
Am (m>1) A m
, , ..
Am =
A
A
A.
m
,
.
A0 = E , A1 = A. ,
Am Ak = Am + k ,
( Am )k = Amk .
1
3
1 2 1 2 7
. A2 =
=
3 4 3 4 15
1.4. A2 , A =
2
.
4
10
.
22
, Am = 0
, = 0.
6. A A ,
15
. A A:
a11 a12 ... a1n
a11 a 21 ... a m1
...
a
a
a
2n
21 22
a12 a 22 ... a m2
, A =
.
A =
(1.2)
.........................
..............................
a1n a 2n ... a mn
a m1 a m2 ... a mn
, A
m n , A n m .
,
1 2 3
;
A23 =
4 5 6
1 4
A3 2 = 2 5 .
3 6
, , A .
:
3) ( A + B) = A + B.
1) ( A) = A.
2) (A) = A.
4) ( AB ) = BA.
.
.
1.5. : P1 , P2 , P3 : S1 S 2 .
2 3
A = 5 2 ,
1 4
aij (i = 1, 2, 3; j = 1, 2) ,
j-
i- . -
C = (100 80 130), (. .)
30
.
50
- B =
, , .
. 1- S1 = 2 100 +
+ 5 80 +1 130 = 730 . 2- S 2 = 3 100 + 2 80 + 4 130 = 980 .,
- S
16
2 3
S = C A = ( 100 80 130) 5 2 = (730 980).
1 4
2 3
210
30
2 = 250 ,
1 4 50 230
, .. R = A B = 5
210
Q = CR = C ( AB ) = (100 80 130) 250 = (70900).
230
7
(. c. 13) :
(CA) B = C ( AB ).
1.3.
, A,
(. . 2). A
A .
A = ( a11 ) , -
, a11 :
( )
A = aij , , , :
2 = A =
a11 a12
= a11a22 a12 a21.
a21 a22
(1.3)
2 3
,
1 5
. , A =
2 = A =
2 3
= 2 5 3 1 = 7.
1 5
17
a11 a12
A = a21 a22
a31 a32
a13
a23 .
a33
A = (aij), , , :
3 = A = a11a22 a33 + a12 a23 a31 + a21a32 a13 a31a22 a13
a12 a21a33 a32 a23 a11.
(1.4)
,
6 , 6 .
. ,
(1.4), , (. 1.1),
.
a11 a12
a21 a22
a31 a32
a13
a23
a33
. 1.1
1.6.
1 1 1
A = 2 1 1.
1 1 2
. = +1 1 2 + 2 1 1 + ( 1) 1 1 1 1 1 2 (1) 2
1 1 1 = 5 .
, .
n- :
a11 a12
a
a22
A = 21
...
...
a
a
n2
n1
18
... a1n
... a2 n
.
... ...
... anm
n 2 ,
n , ,
. , (a11a22 ann ) (an1an 1,2 a1n ) .
, 1- , 2- .., ..
(a1 j1 , a2 j2 , , anjn ).
(1.5)
( j1 , j2 ,, jn ) -
J n : 1, 2, , n. n!1
n .
, , J.
, . , J = (2;
1; 3) (2; 1), J = (3; 2; 1)
: (3; 2), (3; 1), (2; 1). r (J) J.
(1.5) A,
:
a1 j1 a2 j2 anjn
(1.6)
r (J), J =
= ( j1; j2 ; ; jn ) .
. n- , n- , 2,
n! , n ,
, (1)r ( J ) , r(J) J
,
:
. . 158.
2 , , -
,
.
19
a11 a12
a
a22
A = 21
...
...
an1 an 2
... a1n
... a2 n
r(J )
= (1) a1 j1 a2 j2 ... anjn , (1.7)
... ...
(J )
... anm
J. , , n = 3
(1.4):
3 = (1)0 a11a22 a33 + (1)2 a12 a23 a31 + (1) 2 a13 a21a32 + (1)3 a13 a22 a31 +
+ (1)1 a12 a21a33 + (1)1 a11a23a32 ,
.. , (1.4).
, n
(n!), n = 4 (1.7) ( 24 !).
. .
A n- .
M ij aij n-
(n 1)- , A i- j- .
, a12 A :
M12
a11
= a21
a31
a12
a22
a32
a13
a
a
a23 = 21 23 = a21a33 a31a23 .
a31 a33
a33
n- n 2 (n 1)-
.
Aij aij n -
, (1)i + j :
Aij = (1)i + j M ij ,
(1.8)
.. , (i + j) , , (i + j) .
20
1 1 1
A = 2 1 1 .
1 1 2
A11 = ( 1)1+1
1 1
2 1
2 1
= 1; A12 = (1)1+ 2
= 3; A13 = (1)1+3
= 1;
1 2
1 2
1 1
A21 = (1)2+1
1 1
1 1
1 1
= 3; A22 = (1)2+2
= 1; A23 = (1)2+3
= 2;
1 2
1 2
1 1
A31 = (1)3+1
1 1
1 1
1 1
= 2; A32 = (1)3+2
= 1; A33 = (1)3+3
= 3.
1 1
2 1
2 1
.
1.
() :
n
(1.9)
s =1
( i- ; i = 1, 2, ..., n );
n
(1.10)
s =1
( j- ; j = 1, 2, ... , n).
.
:
a11 a12
a21 a22
a31 a32
a13
a
a23 = a11 (1)1+1 22
a32
a33
+ a13 (1)1+3
a23
a
a
+ a12 (1)1+ 2 21 23 +
a33
a31 a33
a21 a22
.
a31 a32
21
( )
,
(1.4). .
1.8. 1:
5 3
0 1
0 0
0 0
0
2
3
0
7
3
.
1
1
. , :
5 3
0 1
0 0
0 0
0
2
3
0
7
1 2 3
3
= 5 ( 1)1+1 0 3 1 + 0 + 0 + 0 =
1
0 0 1
1
= 5 ( 1)
3 1
+ 0 + 0 = 5 ( 1) 3 1 + 0 = 15.
0 1
,
(, , ) .
, n- (n 1)- .
1.4.
1. - () , 0.
2. - ()
, .
. ,
, :
1 , , ( ) , .
22
a11 a12
a
a22
= 21
...
...
an1 an 2
... a1n
... a2 n
= a11 A11 + a12 A12 + ... + a1n A1n =
... ...
... anm
2 4 6
1 2 3
1 2 3
8 0 4 = 2 8 0 4 = 22 4 0 2 =
2 2 8
2 2 8
2 2 8
1 2 3
1 2 3
= 2 2 2 4 0 2 = 2 2 2 2 2 0 1 ,
1 1 4
1 1 4
2 4 6
1 2 3
8 0 4 =2 4 0 2.
2 2 8
1 1 4
3. : A = A .
4. () .
,
: i i + 1 .
i- ,
( )
(i+1)- . ,
(1.9)
( (1)i + j (1)i +1+ j , = .
, , , i- (i + k)-,
i- k (
), (i + k)- (k 1) ,
(k 1) , .. (2k 1) : = .
.
23
5.
(), 0.
, ().
, , , ,
4 , .. = , = 0.
6. () , 0.
. , ,
2: = ,
5 0.
7. - ()
() 0, ..
n
ais A js = 0 ,
i j.
(1.11)
S =1
A A , A j- i-:
a11 a12
... ...
a
i1 ai 2
A = ... ...
ai1 ai 2
... ...
an1 an 2
... a1n
... ...
... ain
... ... ,
... ain
... ...
... ann
.. A ,
5 0.
j- , :
n
A = ais A js = 0 (i j).
S =1
.
7, :
n
A i = j ,
0 i j.
ais A js =
S =1
(1.12)
8. , - ()
24
(),
.
i-
j- , ( i j ).
: [( ai1 + a j1 ) (ai 2 + a j 2 ) (ain +
+ a jn ) ]. i- :
Ais i- ( s = 1, 2, , n; i j ) . :
n
s =1
s =1
1.9. :
4 6 2 4
1 2 3 1
A=
.
4 2
1 0
6 4 4 6
25
. , 3-
, , 0. , , 3- (4) 2 1- 2- . ,
4 6 2 4
12 2 2 4
12 2 4
1 2 3 1
13 4 3 1
A=
=
= 1(1)3+3 13 4 1 .
4 2
1 0
0 0
1 0
10 12 6
6 4 4 6 10 12 4 6
, .
2- ( ). 3- ,
(13) 4, 1- 2-
:
12 2 4 40 18 4
A = 13 4 1 = 0 0 1 .
10 12 6 88 36 6
, :
A = 1 (1) 2+3
40 18
5 1
= (1)(8) 18
= 144.
88 36
11 2
1.5.
a 0 a 1 , a a 1 = 1.
.
. A1 A,
, :
A1 A = A A1 = E.
(1.13)
, ; .
26
a 0 a 1 , A1
A 0.
( A 0), , ; ( A = 0) ,
.
(
). A1 ( ) , .
. A A1 , . A A1 = A1 A = E. 10
A A1 = A A1 = E = 1, .. A 0 A1 0 .
. A 0. n- A , 1, A , A: aij = Aij = A ji
(i = 1, 2, , n;
j = 1, 2, , n).
A A = B :
n
n
A i = j
(. 1.12).
bij = ais asj = Asi asj =
0 i j
s =1
s =1
B ,
:
A
0
B=
...
0
0
A
...
0
...
...
...
...
0
0
.
...
A
, A A
,
B: A A = A A = B.
1
, .
27
A1 =
1
A
A
( A 0) ,
(1.14)
A1 A A A1 E n-
: A1 A = A A1 =
1
B = E.
A
. , X Y , X A1
Y A1 , A1 (1.14), : AX = E YA = E . , A1
, : A1 AX = A1E , EX = A1E , ..
X = A1. , A1 , Y = A1 . .
10.
:
. A = 0 , A A1 . A 0 ,
A .
20 . A , A .
30 . Aij = A ji (i = 1, 2, , n; j = 1, 2, , n) A : aij = Aij = A ji (i =
= 1, 2, , n;
j = 1, 2, , n) .
40 . (1.14).
50.
1
A , A1 A = A A1 = E (. 50 -
).
1.10. , :
1 1 1
A = 2 1 1 .
1 1 2
. 10. A = 5 0 (. 1.6), .. A A1 .
20. A , A :
28
1 2 1
A = 1 1 1 .
1 1 2
30 . A A , 1 3 2
, Aij = A ji : A = 3
1 1 (. 1.6).
1 2
3
1
40 . A1 =
A:
A
1 3 2 1/ 5
3/ 5 2 / 5
1
A1 = 3
1 1 = 3/ 5
1/ 5
1/ 5 .
5 1 2
3 1/ 5 2 / 5
3/ 5
50 .
A1 A = A A1 = E
).
:
1. A1 =
2.
1
;
A
( A1 )1 = A;
3.
( A m ) 1 = ( A 1 ) m ;
4.
( AB )1 = B 1 A1 .
5.
( A1 ) = ( A)1 .
1.6.
.
-
A m n
k- , k min ( m; n).
k- A.
, A34
, .
. A .
A rang A, r (A).
29
4
2
A=
3
1
0
0
0
0
8
4
6
2
0
0
.
0
0
. A ,
r (A) 4. A = 0 , A
, r (A) 3.
, r (A) 2. ( ),
( ),
; r (A) 1. A , .. , r (A) = 1.
1.12.
1 3 0 4
A = 3 2 0 3.
2 1 0 3
, 3-, , ..
( 4,
):
3 0 4
1 0 4
1 3 4
1 3 0
2 0 1 = 0; 3 0 1 = 0; 3 2
1 = 0; 3 2 0 = 0.
1 0 3
2 0 3
2 1 3
2 1 0
, r (A) 2.
, ,
1 3
= 7 0 , r (A) = 2.
3 2
30
. , .
:
1) ().
2) ()
, .
3) () .
4) ()
(), .
5) .
. .
,
, , .
, .. .
, .
A , :
22 ... a2 r ... a2 k ,
(1.15)
A=
... ...
... ...
...
...
0 ... arr ... ark
0
aii 0, i = 1, 2, , r ; r k .
. r k
.
, r ,
r- , :
a11 a12
0 a22
... ...
0
0
... a1r
... a2 r
= a11 a22 ... arr 0.
... ...
... arr
31
1.13.
0
0 1 3
2 4 1
5
A=
4 5 7 10
1 8 5
2
2
3
.
0
3
. 10 . a11 = 0 ,
, a11 0.
, , 1- 2- (.
).
20 . a11 0 , 2-, 3- 4-
( a21 a11 = 0,
a31 a11 = 2,
a41 a11 = 1 )
2-1, 3- 4- , , 1- ( a11 ) 2:
5
2 4 1
0 1 3
0
4 5 7 10
1 8 5
2
3 2 4 1 5 3
2 0 1 3 0 2
.
0 0 3 9 0 6
3 0 3 9 0 6
30 . a22 0 ( a22 = 1 0 ),
3- 4- (
, a32 a22 = 3, a42 a22 = 3 ), ,
2- ( a12 , a22 ) .
( ), ( ),
( ):
2 4 1 5
0 1 3 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
3
2 2 4 1 5 3
.
0 0 1 3 0 2
0
, , ,
1
2
a21 = 0 , .
.
32
2 4
= 2 0. , 0 1
, 2.
:
2) r ( A + B ) r ( A) r ( B ) ,
1) r ( A + B ) r ( A) + r ( B ) ,
3) r ( AB ) min r ( A); r ( B )} ,
4) r ( AA) = r ( A) ,
5) r ( AB ) = r ( A), B B 0 ,
6) r ( AB ) r ( A) + r ( B ) n, n
.
() 1.
A :
, : ek = es , akj = asj , j = 1, 2, , n.
( , ) ,
:
ek = (ak1 ak2 ...akn ) ;
e e1 , e2 , , es
,
:
e = 1e1 + 2 e2 + ... + s es ,
(1.16)
1 , 2 , , s .
e1 , e2 , , em
, 1 , 2 , , m ,
,
:
1 ,
.
33
1e1 + 2 e2 + + m em = 0,
(1.17)
0 = (0 0...0).
,
.
, (1.17)
m 0 ,
em = ( 1 m ) e1 + ( 2 m ) e2 + + ( m 1 m ) em 1 ,
em = 1e1 + 2 e2 + + m 1em 1 ,
(1.18)
= ( / ); i = 1, 2, , m1.
i
, em
.
(1.17)
, i , ..
1 = 2 = = m = 0 , e1 , e2 , , em
.
.
,
().
A m n r ( r min(m; n) ) .
, r- . r-
.
a11 a12
a21 a22
=
... ...
ar1 ar 2
... a1r
... a2 r
0.
... ...
... arr
e1 , e2 ,, er . , , .. ,
er , :
er = 1e1 + 2 e2 + + r 1er 1 .
r- 1- , 1 , 2- , 2 , ..,
, (r1)- , r1 . 8 (. 1.4) -
34
, r-
, = 0 ,
, e1 , e2 , , er
, .
e1 , e2 , , er .
,
( r + 1)
, .. .
( r + 1) - ,
i j:
...
...
...
...
...
a11 a12
a21 a22
= ... ...
ar1 ar 2
ai1 ai 2
a1r a1 j
a2 r a2 j
... ... 0.
arr ar j
air aij
, r, .
()
, a1 j A1 j + a2 j A2 j + + arj Arj + aij Aij = 0 , Aij
, .. Aij 0 .
Aij , aij :
r
aij = s asj ,
(1.19)
s =1
s = asj / Aij.
i (i > r) , j
( j = 1, 2, , n ) i- ei e1 , e2 , , er , .. i-
r
: ei = s esj .
s =1
, .
35
1.14. .
2 1 3
. 1 3 4
A =
B = (10 15 ) . -
2 0
3 4 2
1 3 ; C = 1 3 .
A=
;
B
=
0 5
1 0 5
0 4
1.16. ABC ,
93
4 3
28
7 3
A=
; B = 38 126 ; C = 2 1 .
7
5
1.17. D = ABC 3E ,
1 2 3
1
A = 1 0 2 ; B = 2 ; = (2 0 5); E 4 5 3
1
1.18.
A3 ,
1 1 1
A = 3 1 2 .
2 1 0
1
1 1 1
2
1.19. 2 3
1 . 1.20.
3
4 1 5
4
2
3
4
1
3
4
1
2
0
4
3
1
. 1.21. 5
2
3
3
1
6
2
1
8
0
3
4
4
7
3
5
1
3
6
4
1
0
2.
1
0
1.22. , A , , :
4 8 5
A = 4 7 1 .
3 5
1
36
1.23. B = 11 ( A1 ) + A ,
1 2 3
A = 0 1 2 .
1 0 4
1.24.
4 1
A = 2 5 1 .
0
1
5 6
1 5 .
2 6 1
1 3
1.25. 4
7 2 5
4 8 3.
3 6 10 4 7
0 5 1 1 5
2 3 0 1 6
1.28.
.
1 3 1 3 0
3 1 0 4 6
1.26. 1 0
1 2 1 4
5 1 4 .
1 3 4 6
1.27. 0
1.29.
2
4
0
0
3 5
3
1 7
3 5 3
3 2 2
37
1
5
.
3
4
, .
2.1.
m n 1:
aij , bi ( i = 1, 2, , m; j = 1, 2, , n )
(2.1)
.
:
n
aij x j = bi ( i = 1, 2, , m ) .
j =1
(2.2)
(2.1) n ( x1 = k1 , x2 = k2 , , xn = kn ) , .
,
, , .
,
, ,
. ,
1 , .. x1, x2, x3, ...,
x, y, z, ..., .
38
2 x1 + x2 = 20,
x x = 10 ,
1 2
2 x + x2 = 10,
(10; 0); 1
2 x1 + x2 = 15
2 x + x2 = 10,
; 1
4 x1 + 2 x2 = 20
, , ( x1 = c, x2 = 10 2c), c
.
, , .
,
. 1 (,
, ;
), (2.1), .
(2.1) . :
a11 a12
a
a22
A = 21
a
a
m1 m 2
a1n
x1
b1
b
a2 n
x
; X = 2 ; B = 2 ,
x
amn
n
bm
A ,
, X - ; B .
Amn
X n1 ,
...........................................
am1 x1 + am 2 x2 + + amn xn
-. (2.1). (2.1) :
AX = B.
39
(2.3)
2.2. n
n .
(2.1) , .. m = n. ,
= A .
:
a11 x1 + a12 x2 = b1 ;
a x + a x = b ,
2
21 1 22 2
(2.4)
.
x2 , -
a22 , ( a12 )
. x1 ,
( a21 ), a11 . :
(2.5)
= a11a22 a21a12 =
1 = b1a22 b2 a12 =
b1
b2
a11 a12
.
a21 a22
a12
a
b
, 2 = a11b2 a21b1 = 11 1 ,
a22
a21 b2
(2.5) :
x1 = 1;
x = .
2
2
(2.6)
, 0 , (2.4) , -
, x2 = 2 .
= 0, 1 0 ( 2 0) , (2.4) -
: x1 =
0 x = ;
1
1
, :
0 x2 = 2 .
40
= 1 = 2 = 0 , (2.4) , -
0 x = 0;
1
:
0
x
2 = 0.
(2.1) m = n , Ann , .. A 0. A1 .
(2.3)
A1 ,
A1 ( AX ) = A1B.
A1 ( AX ) = ( A1 A ) X = EX = X ,
-
X = A1B.
(2.7)
. A,
j , A
j- . , 0 , , :
xj =
( j = 1, 2, , n) .
(2.8)
(2.8) .
(1.14) A1 =
1
A,
A
A , A .
A
A , , (2.7)
:
A11
x1
x 1 A
2 = 12
A ...
xn
A1n
A21 ...
A22 ...
... ...
A2 n ...
41
An1 b1
An 2 b2
.
...
Ann bn
, A = ,
2 = 1 12 2 22
.........................................
xn
b1 A1n + b2 A2 n + ... + bn Ann
j ( j = 1, 2, , n)
xj =
1
b1 A1 j + b2 A2 j + +bn Anj .
9 (. 1.4) b1 A1 j +
+b2 A2 j + + bn Anj = j , j , A j - ( j = 1, 2, , n) . , x j =
,
(2.4) n = 2 .
2.1.
x1
2 x1 +
x1 +
x2 + x3 = 3,
x2 + x3 = 11,
x2 + 2 x3 = 8
) ; ) .
. )
x1
1 1 1
3
A = 2 1 1 ; X = x2 ; B = 11 .
1 1 2
8
x3
: AX = B.
A = 5 (. 1.10). A 0 ,
A , A1 . A1 ,
1.5. (. 1.10):
42
1 3 2
1
A 1 = 3
1 1 . (2.7)
5 1 2
3
1 3 2 3
20
4
1
1
X = A1B = 3
1 1 11 = 10 = 2 ,
5 5 1
5 1 2
3
.. (4; 2; 1).
) = A = 5 (. . ).
0 ,
.
1 , 2 , 3 ,
A ,
:
3 1 1
1 3 1
1 1 3
1 = 11 1 1 = 20; 2 = 2 11 1 = 10; 3 = 2 1 11 = 5
8 1 2
1 8 2
1 1 8
( ).
(2.8)
x1 =
1 20
10
5
=
= 4; x2 = 2 = = 2; x3 = 3 = = 1,
5
5
.. (4; 2; 1).
( )
,
, , .
n
n
,
.
,
.
43
2.3.
(2.1) m
n .
, ( ) , , ( ) , .
, (2.1) x1 a11 0 ( , -
, a11 0 ).
1. (
a21 / a11 , a31 / a11 , , am1 / a11 ) , , ..., m (2.1), x1
, .
a22
x2 + ... + a2(1)n xn = b2(1) ,
..................................................
(1)
(1)
ai(1)
2 x2 + ... + ain xn = bi ,
..................................................
(1)
xn = bm(1) ,
am(1)2 x2 + ... + amn
(2.9)
(1) , .
(1)
2. , a22 0 ( , -
(1)
, a22 0 ).
(1)
(1)
a32 a22 ,
(1)
(1)
(1)
a42
/ a22
, ..., am(1)2 / a22
, , ..., m- ,
x2 , .
44
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
a22
x2 + + a2(1)r xr + a2,
r +1 xr +1 + + a2n xn = b2 ,
( r 1)
( r 1)
( r 1)
0 = br(+r 11) ,
0 = bm( r 1) .
mr , 0 x1 + 0 x2 + + 0 xn .
( r 1)
( r 1)
br +1 , , bm
, -
, (2.1) .
,
br( +r 11) , ,
bm( r 1)
(2.10) . -
m r (2.10)
(2.1). ,
: ) (2.10)
, .. r = n ( (2.10)
); ) r < n ( (2.10)
).
(2.1) (2.10) , (2.10) .
, , .
a11 a12
a
a22
A1 = 21
...
...
a
a
m1 m 2
... a1n b1
... a2 n b2
,
...
... ...
... amn bm
45
(2.11)
(2.1), ,
A ,
.
2.2. :
x1 +
2 x1 +
3x +
1
2 x1
2 x2 + 3x3 2 x4 = 6,
4 x2 2 x3 3 x4 = 18,
2 x2
x3 + 2 x4 = 4,
3 x2 + 2 x3 +
x4 = 8.
. :
3 2 6
1 2
2 4 2 3 18
3 2 1 2 4 .
1 8
2 3 2
1. a11 = 1 0 , -
a22 = 0 , :
3 2
6 1 2
3 2
6
1 2
0 0 8
1
6 0 4 10 8 14
0 4 10 8 14 0 0 8
1
6
0 7 4 5 20 0 7 4 5 20
(1)
2. a22 = 4 0 , ( 7 4 ) , x2 , :
2
3
6
1 2
3 2
6
1 2
0
4
10
8
14
0 4 10 8 14
.
0
0
8
1
6
0 0
8
1
6
117 117
0
0
13,5
9
4,5
0
0 0
16
8
(2)
3. , a33 = 8 0 ,
13,5/8 = 27/16, ,
46
x3 . (.
)
3x3
2 x4 =
6,
x1 + 2 x2 +
8 x4 =
4 x2 10 x3 +
14,
x4 =
6,
8 x3 +
117
117
x4 =
,
16
8
, , -
6 x4 6 + 2
=
= 1 ;
8
8
14 8 x4 + 10 x3 14 8(2) + 10(1)
=
= 2 x2 =
4
4
x1 = 6 + 2 x4 3 x3 2 x2 = 6 + 2( 2) 3(1) 2 2 = 1,
x4 = 2 ;
x3 =
.. (1; 2; 1; 2).
2.3. :
x1 + 2 x2 x3 = 7,
2 x1 3 x2 + x3 = 3,
4 x1 + x2 x3 = 16.
7 1 2 1
7
1 2 1 7
1 2 1
2 3 1 3 0 7 3 11 0 7 3 11 .
4
0 7 3 12 0 0 0 1
1 1 16
, ,
, 0 = 1 , , .
2.4. m
n
, (. 1.6). , A1 , ..
(2.1), , A1
, .. r = m , ,
r < m.
47
(2.1) .
. , .
, .
(2.1)
(2.10), .. A
A1 , .
(. 2.3) , (2.10)
,
. 2.1
r < n. r x1 , x2 , , xr
( ),
(.. ) .
n r ( ).
(2.1), n r , .
48
, 1 Cnr , Cnr . ,
m n (m < n)
,
, Cnr , r m.
. 2.1 ,
(2.1) ,
A
A1 . .
( , 2.2):
;
,
, (
);
.
2.4.
x3
x4 = 5,
2 x1 x2 +
x1 + 2 x2 2 x3 + 3 x4 = 6,
3x1 +
x2
x3 + 2 x4 = 1.
.
( ,
x1 1):
3 6
1 2 2 3 6 1 2 2
2 1 1 1 5 0 5 5 7 17
3 1 1 2 1 0 5 5 7 17
n r ()
n r, . Cnr : Cnr =
n( n 1)...(n r + 1)
.
1 2 ... r
49
2 2
3 6
3 6
1 2 2
, .. 5 5 7 17
0
5
5
7
17
0 0 0 0 0
r = 2 .
x1 , x2 ,
0
( ( ) , ..
1 2
0 ). 0 5
x3 , x4 .
x1 + 2 x2 = 6 + 2 x3 3x4 ,
5 x2 = 17 5 x3 + 7 x4 ,
x2 =
17
7
+ x3 x4
5
5
7 4 1
17
x1 = 6 + 2 x3 3x4 2 + x3 x4 = x4 .
5 5 5
5
x3 = c1 , x4 = c2 ,
x1 =
4 1
17
7
c2 ; x2 = + c1 c2 ; x3 = c1; x4 = c2
5 5
5
5
2.5. , 2.4.
. r = 2 (
2.4), , , , , .
43
= 6 ,
1 2
: x1 , x2 ; x1 , x3 ; x1 , x4 ; x2 , x3 ; x2 , x4 ; x3 , x4 .
, x1 , x2 .
1 Cnr = C42 =
. . 49.
50
, ..
2 1
= 5 0 , x1 , x2
1 2
. , ,
x2 , x3 ,
1 1
= 0.
2 2
,
x1 , x2 ,
x3 , x4 . , .. x3 = x4 = 0 ,
2 x x2 = 5
,
: 1
x1 + 2 x2 = 6
4
17
x1 = ; x2 = , .. (4/5; 17/5; 0; 0).
5
5
x1 , x3
x2 , x4 , .. x2 = x4 = 0 ,
(4/5; 0; 17/5; 0). (9/7; 0; 0; 17/7),
(0; 9; 0; 4) (0; 0; 9; 4).
2.5. .
m n
, . :
(2.12)
,
, , ( ) (0, 0, ..., 0).
(2.12) m = n , ,
,
. , ,
,
, .
51
:
, , .. r ( A) < n.
(2.12) x1 = k1 , x2 = k2 , , xn = kn
e1 = ( k1 , k2 , , kn ) .
:
1. e1 = ( k1 , k2 , , kn ) (2.12),
e1 = ( k1 , k2 , , kn ) .
2. e1 = ( k1 , k2 , , kn ) e2 = ( l1 , l2 , , ln ) (2.12), c1 c2
.
.
,
. (2.12), .
.
e1 , e2 , , ek ,
(2.12)
e1 , e2 , , ek .
. r
(2.12) n , (2.12) n r .
(2.12)
:
c1e1 + c2 e2 + + ck ek ,
(2.13)
e1 , e2 , , ek ,
c1 , c2 , , ck k = n r.
52
, m
n (2.1) (2.12)
(2.1).
2.6.
2.6.
4
0
3 2
1 2 7
A=
; B=
; C =
1 1
0 4 8
2
3
: ) AX = B; ) XA = C .
7
1
.
3
4
. ) A
(2.7) X = A1B ,
, X -
( 2.1), ( 2 3) ,
A212 B23 = X 23 .
A1 , 1.5:
A = 3 1 1 2 = 1 ; A 0 , A1 . -
3 1
, 2 1
A A
1 2
A =
.
1 3
1 1 2
A=
A1 =
A
1 3
A , A , A =
1 2 1 2 7 1 6 9
X = A1B =
=
.
1 3 0 4 8 1 10 17
) A ,
XA = C A1 : (XA)A1= CA1.
( XA ) A1 = X ( AA1 ) = XE = X , X = CA1
,
( 4 2) ,
C42 A212 = X 42 . -
53
4
0
X =
2
3
7
3 13
1 1 2 1 3
.
=
3 1 3 1 5
4
1 6
2.7.
4 3
6 8 5 4
1 1 X 2 1 = 2 0 .
4 3
6 8
5 4
. A =
, B = 2 1 , C = 2 0 ,
1
1
AXB = C.
A1 B 1 , , A B
: A = 1 0, B = 10 0 .
A1 ( AXB ) B 1 = A1CB 1. ,
( A1 A) ( XB ) B 1 = E ( XB ) B 1 = ( XB ) B 1 =
A1 ( AXB ) B 1 =
= X ( BB 1 ) = XE = X , X = A1CB 1.
1 1 8
1 3
, B 1 = 2 6 .
1
4
10
A1 =
1 11 4 1 8
1 3 5 4 1 1 8
X =
=
10 13 4 2 6
1 4 2 0 10 2 6
1 3 64 0,3 6, 4
=
=
.
10 5 80 0,5 8,0
2.8. : , ;
: S1 , S2 , S3 .
1 :
S1
S2
S3
,
. .
5
3
4
1 , . .
2700
800
1600
54
.
. x1
, x2 x3 .
:
5 x1 + 3 x2 + 4 x3 = 2700,
x3 = 900,
2 x1 + x2 +
3x1 + 2 x2 + 2 x3 = 1600.
1
2
, . .
1
2
15
20
8
25
7950 . . .
. xij ,
i- j- ( i, j = 1, 2 ) .
x12
x11 +
x11
x12
15 x
+
x12
20
11
x21 +
x22
+ x21
+
x22
+ 8 x21 + 25 x22
= 350,
= 150,
= 200,
= 300,
= 7950.
, , . (
.) x11 = 50, x12 =
55
2.7.
( )
,
: n , ? , , , ,
.
, ,
, ,
, 1936 . . .
, n , .
,
( )
.
(, ).
: xi () i- ( i = 1, 2, , n ) ;
xij i- , j-
( i, j = 1, 2, , n ) ;
yi i- -
.
i-
, n ,
,
n
xi = xij + yi
j =1
( i = 1, 2, , n ) .
(2.14)
(2.14) .
,
, (2.14), .
56
aij =
xij
( i,
xj
j = 1, 2, , n ) ,
(2.15)
i-
j- .
, aij . , ..
xij = aij x j
( i, j = 1, 2, , n )
(2.16)
.
(2.14) :
n
xi = aij x j + yi ( i = 1, 2, , n ) .
j =1
a11 a12
x1
a
x
a22
X = 2 , A = 21
x
n
an1 an 2
1
X , Y
, A
(2.17)
a1n
y1
y
a2 n
, Y = 2 ,
ann
yn
).
(2.14) :
X = AX + Y .
(2.18)
X,
A Y.
(2.18) :
( E A) X = Y .
1
. 3.
57
(2.19)
( E A)
, .. E A 0 ,
(2.7)
X = ( E A ) Y = SY .
S = ( E A )
(2.20)
( )
S = sij ,
1 Y1 = (1, 0, , 0 ) , Y2 = ( 0, 1, , 0 ) , Yn = ( 0, 0, , 1) . (2.20)
1n
2n
nn
, sij S i- ,
j- y j = 1 ( j = 1, 2, , n ) .
xi
yi 0 aij 0, i, j = 1, 2, , n .
A 0 ,
Y 0 X 0 (2.19).
.
A . , A ,
,
, .. A , aij 0
i, j = 1, 2, , n
j ,
max aij 1, -
j =1,2,, n i =1
aij < 1.
i =1
1 .
58
2.10.
, . . .:
-
-
7
21
12
15
72
123
100
150
,
, .
.
x1 = 100, x2 = 150, x11 = 7, x12 = 21, x21 = 12, x22 = 15; y1 = 72, y2 = 123.
(2.15) :
a11 = 0,07, a12 = 0,14, a21 = 0,12, a22 = 0,10 , .
0,07 0,14
A=
0,12 0,10
(2.20):
X = ( E A) Y .
S = ( E A )
0,93 0,14
E A=
. E A = 0,8202 0 , 0,12 0,90
(1.14)
1 0,90 0,14
.
0,8202 0,12 0,93
144
Y =
.
123
S = ( E A)
(2.17) :
X=
=
,
0,8202 0,12 0,93 123 160,5
59
..
179,0 . ., 160,5 . .
x1
2.11. 2 x1
3 x1
+ 2 x2
+ 3x2
4 x2
+
x3
3x3
+ 5 x3
2 x1
2.12. 3x2
x1
+
x2
+ 4 x3
+
x3
2 x1
3x2
+ 4 x2
+
x2
x3
+ 3 x3
+ x3
2.13. 3x1
x1
2 x1 + x2
2.14. x1 2 x2
3x1 + 4 x2
= 8,
= 5,
= 10.
= 0,
= 0,
= 1.
x3
6
+ 6 = 0,
+ 5 = 0,
+ 2 = 0.
+ 6
x3
2 x3
= 0,
= 5,
= 13.
+ 2 x2
+ 3x2
+
x2
+ 3 x3
x3
4 x3
= 6,
= 4,
= 0.
+ 3 x2
x2
+ x2
+ 2 x2
x3
+ 2 x3
+ 3x3
+ 3x3
x4
+
+ 4 x4
2 x4
+ 5 x4
x1 + 2 x2
2 x 3x2
2.17. 1
3x 2 x2
1
x1 x2
+ 3 x3
+ x3
+ 4 x3
+ 3 x3
=
=
=
=
x1
2.15. 2 x1
3x1
2 x1
3 x
2.16. 1
x
1
x1
60
6,
0,
5,
3.
= 3,
= 8,
= 6,
= 3.
2 x1
3x
2.18. 1
x
1
6
x1
3x1
2.19. 3x1
x1
+ 3x2
x2
+ 2 x2
+ 4 x2
x3
+ 2 x3
+ 3x3
+ 4 x3
x4
+
+
x4
+ 4 x4
+ 6 x4
=
=
=
=
2 x2
2 x2
x2
+ 3 x3
x3
+ 2 x3
3x4
+
x4
+ 5 x4
= 0,
= 0,
= 0.
2 x1 +
2.20.
2 x1
x2
x2
+ 2 x2
+
x4
+ 2 x4
+ 3 x4
x3
x3
5,
1,
6,
1.
= 1,
= 2,
= 3.
2 1
1 0 7
.
2
4 3
2.22. X
= 1 1 .
1 1 0 1
2.21.
X = 8 1
1 1
5 4 1
2 3
1 1 7 ; C = 1 1 0 .
;
B
=
6 5 9
5 8
0 1 1
2.23. AXB = C , A =
+ 2 x2
x2
3 x
+
+
2.24. 1
2 x1
2.25. 1
x1
x2
x2
x2
x1 +
+ 2 x2
x1
x2
2.26. 2 x1
3x1
2.27. x1
x1
x2
x2
x2
x3
3 x3
= 5,
= 4.
x3
x3
2 x4
+ 2 x4
=
=
4,
1.
+
x4
+ 2 x4
x4
=
=
=
2,
2,
2.
x3
x3
+ 2 x3
+
x3
+ 2 x4
+ 2 x4
2 x4
= 18,
= 0,
=
1.
2.28. ,
(
). 1/3 6000 ..
1, 1/2 2 3
7250 . . 1/6 1, 2/3
2 1/6 3,
7200 . .; 1/2 1,
61
1
2
1
2
100
160
275
40
240
85
500
400
, 2 , 20%.
62
3
3.1.
, .
AB c A
B (
(. 3.1)).
. 3.1
,
, , :
a = AB, a = AB a = AB .
( )
AB AB ,
AB , .
,
, .
, AA ,
0 = AA .
: 0 = 0 . , , .
b = a , b = a ,
63
a -
a (<0)
a (>0)
. 3.2
(1), .. a = (1) a .
a b c = a + b ,
a ,
b ,
b a
(. 3.3) ( ).
, c
,
. 3.3
a b (. 3.3) ( ).
. ,
, a , b , c , d (. 3.4a)
e = a+ b+ c+ d ,
a ,
d ( ) (. 3.4 ).
. 3.4
, d = a + b + c , ,
,
a , b c , ( ) (. 3.5).
64
. 3.5
a b
a b ,
. 3.6
b (. 3.6).
,
,
a = AB b = AD ,
a b ,
. 3.7
d = DB (. 3.7).
a ,
. a
.
,
a = OM Oxy
x y ( a = ( x, y )
. 3.8.), Oxyz x, y
. 3.8
z ( a = ( x, y, z ) . 3.9).
65
. 3.9
, ,
, a = ( x1 , y1 , z1 )
b = ( x2 , y2 , z2 )
c = a + b = ( x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 , z1 + z2 ) ,
d = a b = ( x1 x2 , y1 y2 , z1 z2 ) ,
a = ( x1 , y1 , z1 )
b = ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) .
. 3.8 3.9 , :
a = OM = x 2 + y 2
a = OM = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 .
(3.1)
. ( a , b )
a b , -
a , b = a b = a b cos .
a b.
ABD (. 3.7),
a = ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) , b = ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) d = a b =
= ( x1 x2 , y1 y2 , z1 z2 ) , ,
2
d 2 = a + b 2 a b cos ,
1 2 2 2
a b cos = a + b d .
66
(3.2)
(3.1)
2
d = ( x1 x2 )2 + ( y1 y2 ) 2 + ( z1 z2 )2
(3.2)
a , b = a b cos = x1 x2 + y1 y2 + z1 z1 ,
(3.3)
.. .
, a = b = 0, cos =1
(3.4)
.. .
, d
A( x1 , y1 ) B ( x2 , y2 )
AB = ( x2 x1 , y2 y1 ) .
2
d=
AB = ( x2 x1 )2 + ( y2 y1 )2 .
(3.5)
a b
cos =
(a, b)
a b
x1 x2 + y1 y2 + z1 z2
x12 + y12 + z12 x22 + y22 + z22
(3.6)
: ) c = 2 a d = b a ; ) c
d ; ) d ; )
( c , d ); ) c d .
. ) c = 2 a = (4; 2; 4);
d = b a = (6; 3; 2).
) (3.1) c d :
67
) (3.4)
, .. ( d , d ) = d = d
= 7 2 = 49.
) (3.3)
( c , d ) = 4 6 + (2)(3) + ( 4) 2 = 22.
) (3.6) c d :
cos =
(c,d)
c d
22
0,52 ,
67
3.2. n-
,
, , .
.
. n-
n ,
x = ( x1 , x2 , , xn ), xi i- x1.
n- ,
x = ( x1 , x2 , , xn ),
y = ( y1 , y2 , , yn ).
n- , , .. x = y, xi = yi , i =
= 1, 2, , n.
n
z = x + y, 1 n- ,
( ,
),
( ), .
68
i = 1, 2, , n.
..
zi = xi + yi ,
x u = x , ui x , ..
ui = xi , i = 1, 2, , n.
:
1. x + y = y + x () :
2. (x + y) + z = x + (y + z) ()
;
3. ( x ) = () x
;
4. (x + y) = x + y () ;
5. ( + ) x = x + x
;
6. 0 = (0, 0, ..., 0) ,
x + 0 = x x ( );
7. x
(x) , x + (x) = 0;
8. 1 x = x x ( 1).
. ,
,
( ),
.
, x, y, z
, () .
.
, ,
, n. , x y
n, 18. , , ,
, n, ,
69
, n.
n,
,
:
.
() , 18,
, x
0 x (x),
(1).
3.3.
,
, 1.6 .
. am
a1, a2, ..., am1 R, :
(3.7)
am = 1a1 + 2 a2 + + m 1am 1 ,
1 , 2 , , m1 .
. a1, a2, ..., am
R , 1 , 2 , , m , ,
1a1 + 2 a2 + + m am = 0 .
(3.8)
70
, 1 = 2 = 0 , ,
, 2 0 , a2 =
1
a1 a1 a2 2
. .
.
1. a1, a2, ..., am ,
. , ,
(3.8)
,
a1= 0,
1 = 1, 2 = = m = 0 .
2. a1, a2, ..., am , . , , , a2, ..., am ,
2 a2++ m am = 0,
. 2 , , m
1 = 0 (3.8).
a2 = (2, 1, 1, 2) a3 = (3,1,1,1) .
. 1a1 + 2 a2 +
+ 3 a3 = 0. 1, 2, 3 -,
1
2
3 0
3
1
1 0
1 + 2 + 3 = .
1
1
1 0
3
2
1 0
71
1
31
1
31
+ 2 2
+ 2
+ 2
+ 2 2
+ 33
3
+ 3
+ 3
=
=
=
=
0,
0,
0,
0.
(. 2.3), :
1 + 2 2
2
3 3
+ 23
0
0
=
=
=
=
0,
0,
0,
0,
(1 = c,
2 = 2c, 3 = c) , c .
, (3.8)
1 = 2 = 3 = 0
(,
,
1 = 1, 2 = 2, 3 = 1 ( c = 1 ); 1 = 2, 2 = 4, 3 = 2 (c = 2)
..), , .
. R n-,
n ,
(n + 1) . ,
. n
R dim ( R).
. n n R .
.
. x R
.
e1 , e2 , , en n- R. ( n + 1) n- R , ,
, e1 , e2 , , en x.
1 , 2 , , n , ,
72
1e1 + 2 e2 + + n en + x = 0.
0 , , = 0
1 , 2 , , n ,
e1 , e2 , , en . ,
x=
e1 2 e2 n en
x = x1e1 + x2 e2 + + xn en ,
xi =
(3.9)
i
(i = 1, 2, , n).
x e1 , e2 , , en ,
- , ,
x = y1e1 + y2 e2 + + yn en ,
, (3.9),
e1 , e2 , , en ,
y1 x1 = y2 x2 = = yn xn = 0
y1 = x1 , y2 = x2 , yn = xn .
(3.9) x
e1 , e2 , , en , x1 , x2 , , xn x
.
(3.9) .
, , , ,
.
.
. e1 , e2 , , en
R a
e1 , e2 , , en , R n-, e1 , e2 , , en .
m R,
m > n .
e1 , e2 , , en :
73
a1 = 11e1 + 12 e2 + +
a2 = 21e1 + 22 e2 + +
a
e
e
=
+ +
m
m1 1
m2 2
A = (ij ) (i = 1, 2, , m;
1n en ,
2 n en ,
mn en .
j = 1, 2, , n) .
a2 = ( 1; 1; 1) a3 = ( 3; 5; 6). ,
a1 , a2 , a3 .
. a1 , a2 , a3 ,
1 = 2 = 3 = 0 , .. a1 , a2 , a3 -
, , .
3.4.
e
=
a
e
+
a
e
+
+
a
n1 1
n2 2
nn en .
n
(3.10)
a21
a22
...
a2n
74
... an1
... an 2
,
... ...
... ann
.
,
( , )
.
e1* , e2* , , en* e1 , e2 , , en -
A1 .
. x
( x1 , x2 , , xn )
( x1* , x2* , , xn* ) , ..
(3.11)
*
*
*
=
+
+
+
x
a
x
a
x
a
n
nn xn ,
1n 1
2n n
..
x1*
x1*
x1
x1
x*
x*
x2
x2
2
2
= A = A1 .
x
x
x*
x*
n
n
n
n
(3.12)
a1
a2
a3
= e1
+ e2 ,
= e1
e2
= 3e1 + 5e2
75
+ e3 ,
6e3 .
e1 , e2 , e3 a1 , a2 , a3
1 1 3
A = 1 1 5 .
0 1 6
x1*
1
1
*
(3.12) x2 =
6
* 4
x
1
3
1 3 2
1
A1 = 6 6 8 (. 1.5).
4 1 1 2
3 2 4
2
0,5
1
8 =
2,
6 8 4 =
4
1 2 5
2 0,5
.. b a1 , a2 , a3 0,5; 2
0,5 b :
b = 0,5a1 + 2a2 0,5a3 .
3.5.
() ,
,
, , .. .
, , ,
.
.
x = ( x1 , x2 , , xn ) y = ( y1 , y2 , , yn )
n
(x, y) = x1 y1 + x2 y2 + + xn yn = xi yi .
i =1
(3.13)
.
x = ( x1 , x2 , , xn ) ,
y = ( y1 , y2 , , yn ) , (x, y)
.
:
1. (x, y) = (y, x) ;
2. (x, y + z) = (x, y) + (x, z) ;
3. (x, y) = (x, y) ;
4. (x, x) > 0, x ; (x, x) = 0, x
.
. () ,
, ( ), .
76
() x :
x = ( x, x ) =
(3.14)
:
1. x = 0 , x = 0;
2. x = x , ;
3. ( x, y ) x y
(3.15)
( );
4. x + y x + y ( ).
x y
cos =
( x, y )
,
x y
(3.16)
0 < .
, (3.15) ( x , y ) x y , .. cos 1 .
,
. , . ,
,
2 ( cos 2 = 0 ).
e1 , e2 , , en n- , , ,
, ..
(ei , e j ) = 0 i j ei = 1 i = 1, 2, , n.
,
e1 , e2 , , en n R (.. Rn). ,
e1 , e2 , , en , ..
1e1 + 2 e2 + + n en = 0
77
(3.17)
1 = 2 = = n = 0 .
, (3.17)
ei (i = 1, 2, , n) ,
i = 1, 2, , n , , i = 0 i = 1, 2, , n .
( ) .
. n- .
n ei , i- , : e1 = (1, 0, ..., 0),
3.6.
.
: R n n
R m m.
. (), x R n y R m , , (, ) A ( x ), R n
R m , y = A ( x ).
() , x y R n :
1. A ( x + y ) = A ( x ) + A ( y ) ;
2. A (x ) = A ( x ) .
y = A ( x ) x,
x y.
R n R m , A R n .
.
78
R n e1 , e2 , , en ,
(3.9), x
:
x = x1e1 + x2 e2 + xn en .
A
A ( x ) = x1 A (e1 ) + x2 A (e2 ) + + xn A (en ) .
A (ei ) ( i = 1, 2, , n ) R n ,
e1 , e2 , , en .
(3.18)
A ( x ) = y1e1 + y2 e2 + + yn en .
(3.20)
(3.19) (3.20),
yn = an1 x1 + an 2 x2 + + ann xn .
A = ( aij ) ( i, j = 1, 2, , n) A e1 , e2 , , en , r A
A .
,
. : n- n-
.
79
x y = A ( x )
Y = AX ,
(3.21)
X = ( x1 , x2 , , xn ),
Y = ( y1 , y2 , , yn ) -c x y.
3.5. R3 -
3 2 4
A e1 , e2 , e3 A = 1 5 6 .
1 8 2
y = A( x ) x = 4e1 3e2 + e3 .
. (3.21)
y1 3 2 4 4 10
y = 1 5 6 3 = 13 .
2 1 8 2 1 18
y3
A B
( A + B ) , : ( A + B )( x ) = A ( x ) + B ( x ).
A
A , (A )( x ) = ( A ( x )).
A B -
)( x ) = A ( B ( x )).
, : ( AB
AB
, , ( A + B ) , A , AB
, , .. .
O ,
R n O ( x ) = 0,
E , : E ( x ) = x.
.
80
. A A* A
e1 , e2 , , en e1* , e2* , , en*
A* = C 1 AC ,
(3.22)
C 1.
A R n y , ..
(3.21) ( )
y* = A* x
(3.23)
( ). C , (3.12)
x = Cx * ,
y = Cy * .
(3.24)
(3.25)
(3.24) A,
17 6
. A 6 8
e1* = e1 2e2 , e2* = 2e1 + e2 .
A =
. C =
2
2
, 1
1 1 2
. , (3.22)
52 1
1 1 2 17 6 1 2 5 0
A* =
=
.
5 2 1 6 8 2 1 0 20
C 1 =
1 * ,
C ,
(3.22). ,
C 0 .
81
3.7.
. x 0
A , ,
A ( x ) = x .
(3.26)
A
( A), x.
, -
A , , .. .
. .
(3.26) :
Ax = x ,
(3.27)
x -,
an1 x1 + an 2 x2 + + ann xn = xn .
, :
a12 x2
+ +
a1n xn
= 0,
( a11 ) x1 +
a21 x1
a2 n xn
+ (a22 ) x2 + +
= 0,
a
x
a
x
(
a
)
x
0.
+
+
+
n1 1
n2 2
nn
n
(A E) x = 0.
x = 0 = (0, 0, , 0).
(. 2.5) ,
82
a11
a12
a21
a22
A E =
an1
an 2
a1n
a2 n
=0.
ann
(3.28)
A E n- .
A A, (3.28)
A A.
. ,
A* E ,
A* E = C 1 AC E = C 1 AC C 1EC = C 1 ( A E )C .
,
(. 1.4),
A* E = C 1 A E C = C 1C A E = A E , ..
A* E = A E .
3.7.
1 4
A=
.
9 1
A ,
A E =
1
4
= 0 2 2 35 = 0 ,
9 1
A 1 = 5 ,
2 = 7 .
x (1) = ( x1 , x2 ) , 1 = 5 .
83
6 4 x1 0
x
( A 1E ) 1 = 0
=
,
x
9
6 x2 0
2
x2 = 1,5 x2 . x1 = c , , x (1) = (c; 1,5c) c 0
A
1 = 5.
2
3
, x (2) = c1; c1
c1 0
A 2 = 7 .
A A , n e1 , e2 , , en ,
1 , 2 , , n . e1 , e2 , , en . A (ei ) = i ei ( i = 1, 2, , n ) (3.18)
1 0
0
2
A* =
0 0
0
0
.
n
: A A
,
A .
, n
,
, .
1 4
9 1
3.8. A =
A .
. 3.7 1 = 5, 2 = 7 -
84
2
3
x (2) = c; c (.. c 0 , c1 0 ,
A :
5 0
A* = 1
A* = 0 7 .
, , , x (1) = (2; 3)
x (2) = (4; 6) . , C
2 4
C = x (1) , x (2) =
. (3.22) A
3 6
x (1) , x (2) :
1
2 4 1 4 2 4
A* = C 1 AC =
3 6 9 1 3 6
5 0
,
7
( ) A* =
0
.. ,
A.
3.8.
.
. L( x1 , x2 , , xn ) n ,
,
, :
n
L( x1 , x2 , , xn ) = aij xi x j .
i =1 j =1
85
(3.29)
, aij
aij = a ji .
A = (aij )
( i, j = 1, 2, , n ), , 1 .
:
L = X AX ,
(3.30)
X = ( x1 , x2 , , xn ) - .
:
a1n x1
a2 n x2
=
ann xn
a11 a12
a
a22
L = ( x1 , x2 , , xn ) 21
an1 an 2
a1 j x j
a x n
n
n
= ( x1 , x2 , , xn ) 2 j j = a1 j x1 x j + a2 j x2 x j + + anj xn x j =
j =1
j =1
j =1
anj x j
2.
3.9.
L( x1 , x2 , x3 ) =
4 6 5 x1
1 0 x .
L = ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) 6
5 0 3 x2
, .
1 ,
2
aij = a ji , .
n
i=1
86
- X = ( x1 , x2 , , xn )
Y = ( y1 , y2 , , yn ) X = CY ,
C = (cij ) ( i, j = 1, 2, , n )
n- . 1
, X = CY
:
A* = C AC .
(3.31)
3.10. L( x1 , x2 ) = 2x12 +
+ 4 x1 x2 3x22 . L( y1 , y2 ) ,
x1 = 2 y1 3 y2 , x2 = y1 + y2 .
.
2 2
2 3
A=
, C = 1 1 .
2
, (3.31)
2 1 2 2 2 3 13 17
A* =
,
=
3
3 1 2 3 1 1 17
L( y1 , y2 ) = 13 y12 34 y1 y2 + 3 y22 .
, .
n
L = aij xi x j
i =1 j =1
( ),
aij = 0 i j :
n
.
.
1 (CY)=Y C
(c. . 16).
87
.
.
3.11.
L( x1 , x2 , x3 ) = x12 3 x1 x2 + 4 x1 x3 + 2 x2 x3 + x32 .
. x1 , :
2
2
1
1
1
+ 2x2 x3 + x32 = x1
3
9
x2 + 2 x3 x22 + 6 x2 x3 4 x32 + 2 x2 x3 + x32 =
2
4
9
= x1 x2 + 2 x3 x22 + 8 x2 x3 3 x32 .
2
4
x2 , :
2
3
32
256 2
9
L = x1 x2 + 2 x3 x2 x2 x3 +
x +
2
4
9
81 3
9 256 2
3
16 37 2
x3 3x32 = x1 x2 + 2 x3 x2 x3 +
x .
4 81
2
4
9
9 3
y1 = x1
3
16
x2 + 2 x3 , y2 = x2 x3 , y3 = x3
2
9
L1 ( y1 , y2 , y3 ) = y12
9 2 37 2
y +
y .
4 2 9 3
,
.
.
.
88
( ).
() .
, L 3.10
L2 ( y1 , y2 , y3 ) =
37 2
y + y12 y32 ,
4 1
y1 = x1 , y2 = 2 x1 + x2 + x3 , y3 =
7
x1 + x2 .
2
, ( ) .
, , ,
.
L( x1 , x2 , , xn ) () , , ,
89
a11 a12
a
a22
n = 21
an1 an 2
a1n
a2 n
.
ann
, ,
.
3.12. , L = 13 x12
6 x1 x2 + 5 x22 .
. . A -
13 3
. A
3 5
A =
A E =
13
3
2 18 + 56 = 0.
3 5
, 1 = 14 , 2 = 4 . A ,
L .
. A
a11 = 13,
a11 a12
13 3
=
= 56
a21 a22 3 5
, L .
3.9.
,
,
( ).
n S1 , S 2 , , S n , x1 , x2 , , xn .
aij
S j Si . -
90
,
, , ..
n
aij = 1 ( j = 1, 2, , n ).
i =1
a11 a12
a
a22
A = 21
an1 an 2
(3.32)
a1n
a2 n
,
ann
.
(3.32) A
1.
Si (i = 1, 2, , n)
:
pi = ai1 x1 + ai 2 x2 + + ain xn .
Si , .. :
pi xi (i = 1, 2, , n) .
, pi > xi (i = 1, 2, , n) ,
(3.33)
(3.32), ,
x1 + x2 + + xn > x1 + x2 + + xn .
, pi > xi (i = 1, 2, , n) -
, pi xi pi = xi (i = 1, 2, , n) . (
,
.)
91
(3.34)
x -, .. A, = 1.
3.13.
S1 , S2 , S3 :
1 3 1 4 1 2
A = 1 3 1 2 1 2 .
1 3 1 4 0
.
. x,
= 1 , ( A E ) x = 0
2 3 1 4 1 2 x1 0
1 3 1 2 1 2 x2 = 0
1 3 1 4 1 x 0
3
x2 = 2c,
. x1 = (3 2)c,
3
2
3
2
x3 = c,
..
x = c; 2c; c .
,
x = c; 2c; c , ..
3/2 : 2 : 1 3 : 4 : 2.
3.14. ( a b )2 , a = 2 2; b = 4, a ^ b = 135.
3.15. OA = (1; 1; 0)
OB = (0; 3; 1) OC
AB .
92
c d , c =
1
a , d = 2 a+ b .
2
3.17. ,
a = (2; 1; 0) b = (0; 2; 1) .
, a1 , a2 , a3 :
3.18. a1 = (2; 1; 3) , a2 = (1; 4; 1), a3 = (0; 9; 5) .
c = (0;1;1) , e1 , e2 , e3 , .
3.21. a = e1 + e2 + e3 , b = 2e2 + 3e3 , c = e2 + 5e3 ,
e1 , e2 , e3 . ,
a, b , c . d =
= 2e1 e2 + e3 a, b, c.
3.22. e1 , e2 , e3 , e4 , e5
.
3.23. e1 , e2 , e3
e2 , e3 , e1 .
3.24. A e1 , e2
3 2
A=
. y = A( x ) , x = 4e1 3e2 .
1 5
3.25. A e1 , e2 , e3 -
1 0 2
1 1 . y = A ( x ) , x = 2e1 + 4e2 e3 .
3 0 1
A = 2
2
3.26. e1 , e2 A A =
A
4
.
3
3
e1* = e2 2e1 ,
, :
93
2 4
.
1 3
3.28. A = 1
3.27. A =
2 2
0
3 .
3 0
2 1
.
3 4
3.29. A =
2 1
.
2 3
3.30. A =
3.31.
.
3.32.
1
L( x1 , x2 , x3 ) = ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) 2
3
3.33.
0 2 x1
4 1 x2 .
0 1 x3
L( x1 , x2 ) = 3x12 x22 + 4 x1 x2 .
,
x1 = 2 y1 y2 , x2 = y1 + y2 .
:
3.34. x12 + 4 x22 + 3 x32 + 2 x1 x2 .
3.35. 2 x22 x12 x1 x3 + 2 x2 x3 2 x32 .
3.36. ,
1 = (6; 2; 4), 2 = (1; 8; 9), 3 = (3; 5; 9) .
94
4
4.1.
.
M (x,y)
()
(. 4.1). x y , ,
,
x
0
. 4.1
. .
. () Oxy , x y
, .
F (x, y) = 0 ( ) y = f (x), F (x, y) y = f (x)
( . 5).
M (x, y) , , , .
M (x, y) (
, ).
y
M 2 ( x2 , y2 ) (3.5):
d=
( x2 x1 ) 2 + ( y2 y1 ) 2 .
( x + 4) 2 + ( y 2) 2 =
95
( x + 2) 2 + ( y + 6)2 .
, x 4y 5 = 0
y =
1
5
x .
4
4
MD ,
AB (. . 4.2).
( ).
.
, x 2 + y 2 = 0
. 4.2
(0; 0), x 2 + y 2 + 7 = 0
,
.
, M (a, b)
F (x, y) = 0, ,
F (x, y) = 0.
4.2.
y
B (0; b) Ox
(0 < <
. 4.3
) (. . 4.3).
2
M (x, y).
MBN:
tg =
MN y b
.
=
NB
x
(4.1)
k = tg ;
k=
y b
x
y = kx + b.
96
(4.2)
, (4.2)
< < .
2
, ,
(4.2). , , ,
(4.2).
(4.2) .
(4.2).
y
y
y = kx
k>0
y = kx
k<0
0
. 4.4
y= b
B(0;b)
b
y= 0
x= 0 x= a
a
x
. 4.5
A(a ;0)
. 4.6
1. b = 0, y = kx , k = tg > 0
Ox, k = tg < 0 (.
. 4.4). , I III -
= 1),
4
3
II IV y = x (k = tg
= 1).
4
y = x ( k = tg
2. = 0, k = tg 0 = 0, , Ox, y = b, Ox y = 0
(. . 4.5).
, Ox (.
2
. 4.6) k = tg
, ..
2
3. =
. ,
Ox , a. ,
x = a ( a), Oy x = 0.
97
,
. M1 ( x1 , y1 )
Ox
(. 4.7).
2
. 4.7
. 4.8
M1 ( x1 , y1 ) ,
(4.2), ..
y1 = k x1 + b.
(4.3)
(4.3) (4.2),
y y1 = k (x x1 ).
(4.4)
. (4.4) k , , M1 ( x1 , y1 ), ,
Oy (. 4.8).
4.2. 1.
, A (3;2):
) 135 Ox; ) Oy. 2.
.
. 1. ) k = tg 135 = 1.
,
A (3; 2) (. . 4.9), . 4.9
(4.4) y + 2 = 1 (x 3)
y = x + 1.
) , Oy, x = 3.
2. , A (3; 2),
y + 2 = k (x 3).
98
, .
M1 ( x1 , y1 ), M 2 ( x2 , y2 ) x1 x2 , y1 y2 .
M1 M 2 (. 4.10) , M1 :
y y1 = k (x x1 ).
M 2 ( x2 , y2 )
,
, M 2 y2 y1 =
. 4.10
= k( x2 x1 )
k=
y2 y1
.
x2 x1
(4.5)
y y1 =
y2 y1
(x x1 )
x2 x1
y y1
x x1
=
.
y2 y1
x2 x1
(4.6)
3
1
x+ .
4
4
y4
x+5
=
, 2 4
3+5
.
a 0 b 0, . (4.6), ,
A (a; 0) B (0; b)
(. 4.11),
y0
xa
=
b0
0a
B (0;b)
b
A (a;0)
0
. 4.11
x
y
+
= 1.
a
b
99
(4.7)
(4.7) .
4.4. , A (2; 1),
Oy , , Ox (. 4.12).
. b = 2a (a > 0,
b > 0).
(4.7),
x
y
+
= 1.
a
2a
A (2; 1) ,
, ..
a = 1,5.
2
1
= 1, a
2a
. 4.12
y
x
+
= 1
1,5
3
y = 2x + 3.
.
Ax + By + C = 0,
(4.8)
A B ,
.. A2 + B 2 0.
1. B 0. (4.8)
y=
A
C
.
x
B
B
k = A/B, b = C/B. A 0, C 0, y = kx + b ( );
A 0, C = 0, y = kx ( ,
); A = 0, C 0, y = b ( , Oy); A = 0, C = 0, y = 0 ( Ox).
2. B = 0, A 0. (4.8)
x =
C
. a = C/A. C 0, x = a
A
( , Oy); C = 0, x = 0
( Oy).
100
, A, B (
) C (4.8) Oxy.
(4.8) . , (4.4) (4.8) ,
Oy.
4.3.
.
.
y = k1 x + b1 (1),
y = k2 x + b2 (2)
.
. 4.13 , = 2 1 ,
k1 = tg 1 , k2 = tg 2 ,
. 4.13
1 /2, 2 /2.
tg = tg ( 2 1 ) =
tg =
tg 2 tg 1
1 + tg 1 tg 2
k2 k1
,
1 + k1k2
(4.9)
, (1) (2) .
.
y = k1 x + b1 (1) y = k2 x + b2 (2) ,
= 0 tg = 0, (4.9) k1 = k2 . -
, k1 = k2 , (4.9) tg = 0 = 0. , .
, = /2, ctg =
= ctg(/2) = 0 ctg =
1 + k1k2
1
1
=
= 0, k1 =
k2 k1
k2
tg
101
k1k2 = 1. . , , .
1x + 1y + C1 = 0 (1)
A2 x + B2 y + C2 = 0 (2), , k1 = A1 / B1 k2 = A2 / B2 ,
k1 = k2
A1 B1
. ,
=
A2 B2
, ,
.
k1k2 = 1
A1
B1
A2
= 1 A1 A2 + B1B2 = 0, ..
B2
, ,
x y.
4.5. ,
A (2; 1), 3x
2y +2 = 0, .
.
,
A (2; 1), y 1 = k (x2).
. 4.14
(2) (3)
(. 4.14).
(1) k1 = 3/2 ( (1)
3
x + 1). 2
(2) k2 = k1 = 3/2 y 1 =
3
(x 2) 3x 2y 4 = 0.
2
1
2
(3) k3 = =
3
k1
2
y 1 = (x 2) 2x + 3y 7 = 0.
3
y =
102
. Ax + By + C = 0
3x 2y + 2 = 0, x y , ..
B
A
=
. A = 3, B = 2
3
2
( , 1),
3x 2y + C = 0. C
, A (2; 1), , , .. 3 2 2 1 + C = 0,
C = 4 (2) 3x 2y 4 = 0.
, 3x 2y + 2 = 0,
: 2x + 3y + C = 0 ( x y ,
.. 3 2 + (2) 3 = 0).
A (2; 1) , 2 2 + 3 1 + = 0, C = 7 (3) 2x 3y 7 = 0.
. A1 x + B1 y +
+ C1 = 0 A2 x + B2 y + C2 = 0. , , ..
A1 x + B1 y + C1 = 0,
A x + B y + C = 0.
2
2
2
, ..
A1
B1
,
B2
A2
y
M( x 0,y )0
L
.
N(x 1,y 1)
.
M ( x0 , y0 )
0
x
K
Ax + By + C = 0.
M KL
. 4.15
d = MN, M KL (. 4.15).
d : ) MN,
M 0 ( x0 , y0 ); ) N ( x1 , y1 ) , ; ) (3.5) , .. d = MN.
103
d=
Ax0 + By0 + C
(4.10)
A2 + B 2
( (4.10) ).
4.6.
3x + 4y 24 = 0 3x + 4y + 6 = 0.
.
, 3x + 4y 24=
. 4.16
= 0, A (0; 6)
(. 4.16). A 3x + 4y + 6 = 0:
d=
30 + 46 + 6
32 + 42
= 6.
4.4.
,
,
.
R c
O ( x0 , y0 ) (. 4.17). .
M (x, y) OM = R. (3.5)
( x x0
)2
+ ( y y0
)2
. 4.17
= R (
)
( x x0 ) 2 + ( y y0 ) 2 = R 2 .
(4.11)
, M (x, y) (4.11). ,
, ,
.
(4.11) . ,
(x0 = y0 = 0)
104
x2 + y 2 = R2 .
(4.12)
A x 2 +Bxy +C y 2 +Dx +Ey + F = 0,
(4.13)
A, B C , .. A2 + B 2 +
+ C 2 0. ,
.
(4.11)
x 2 + y 2 2 x0 x 2 y0 y + x02 + y02 R 2 = 0.
(4.14)
(4.13) (4.14)
, B , .. B = 0,
,
A
C
=
, A = C 0 ( A2 + B 2 + C 2 0, B = 0).
1
1
A x 2 +A y 2 +Dx +Ey + F = 0,
(4.15)
.
A 0 , x y, ,
2
D 2 + E 2 4 AF
D
E
.
x+
+ y+
=
4 A2
2A
2A
(4.16)
(4.16) (4.11),
, (4.13) , 1) A = C; 2) B = 0; 3) D 2 + E 2
4AF > 0.
E
D
;
, R =
2A 2A
(4.13)
=
D 2 + E 2 4 AF
.
2A
105
4.7.
x 2 + y 2 + 16y 9 = 0.
. , y,
,
x 2 +( y 2 + 16y + 64) 64 9 = 0,
73 .
R =
(4.13), - B = 0.
A x+
D2 E 2
D
E
+
F
+ C y+
=
4 A 4C
2A
2C
A (x x0 ) 2 + C (y y0 ) 2 =,
x0 =
D
E
D2 E 2
; y0 =
;=
+
F.
2A
2C
4 A 4C
,
, .. x0 = y0 = 0.
(4.17)
A x 2 + C y 2 = .
(4.17) (
), A C
.
, A > 0, C > 0 ( (1).
:
) > 0; ) = 0; ) < 0.
, ( < 0) (4.17)
, ( = 0)
(4.17) O (0; 0).
( > 0).
x2
y2
+
=1
a2
b2
106
(4.18)
a =
(. 4.18). a = b (4.18)
C
x 2 + y 2 = a 2 .
F1 (c; 0) F2 (c; 0), 1
b =
c = a 2 b2 ,
(4.19)
. 4.18
c
a
(4.20)
c.
. , 0 1, = 0.
A1 (a; 0), A2 (a; 0), B1 (0; b), B2 (0; b)
.
M (x, y)
, (3.5):
d = F2 M + MF1 =
( x + c)2 + y 2 +
( x c)2 + y 2 .
(4.18) (4.20)
F2 M =
=
x 2 + 2cx + c 2 + y 2 = x 2 + 2cx + (a 2 b 2 ) + (b 2
(1
b2 2
) x + 2cx + a 2 =
a2
b2 2
x )=
a2
c
( x + a )2 = a + x.
a
1 b (
Ox Oy).
107
, MF1 = a x.
d = F2 M + MF1 = (a + x) + (a x) = 2a, ..
, 2a.
.
4.8.
x 2 + 2 y 2 4 x + 16 y = 0 . (4.21)
. = 1
= 2 , .
,
, , ( x 2) 2 + 2( y + 4) 2 = 36
( x 2)2 ( y + 4) 2
+
= 1.
62
(3 2) 2
. 4.19
, (4.21) a = 6 b = 3 2 , O (2;
4) (. 4.19).
4.5.
(4.17) (
), A C , .. AC < 0.
A > 0, C < 0. : 1) > 0; 2) = 0; 3) < 0.
( > 0) ,
x2 y 2
= 1,
a 2 b2
a =
(4.22)
; b =
A
C
(. 4.20).
108
c
a
.
(4.21)
y=
b
a
. 4.20
x2 a2 .
(4.23)
x 2 a 2 x 2 = x
b
x, .. x
a
b
y = x, a
(4.23) y
.
(a = b) x 2 y 2 = a 2 y = x .
( = 0) (4.17)
x2 y 2
= 0, ..
a 2 b2
x y
x y
=0 +
= 0.
a b
a b
( < 0)
109
x2 y 2
= 1
a 2 b2
a =
, c
C
b =
A
(4.22) ( . 4.20 ).
4.9. y =
3
x, (6; 3/2).
4
.
.
(6; 3/2)
,
36
9
= 1.
2
a
4b 2
b
3
= ,
,
a
4
(4.22)
3
y = x. 4
. 4.21
, a = 4 2 , b = 3 2 , ..
x2 y 2
= 1 (. 4.21). 32 18
2a = 8 2 .
,
y =
. 4.22
m
x
xy = m.
(4.24)
Ox Oy
(. 4.22),
(4.24)
x
y . OM = r,
110
x = r cos (45+ ) =
y = r sin (45+ ) =
1
2
1
2
(r cos r sin ) =
(r cos + r sin )=
1
1
(x y ),
(x + y ),
m , -
, .
-
y=
c 0, bc ad 0.
(4.25),
ax + b
,
cx + d
(4.25)
d b d
a x + +
a x +
c a c
a (bc ad ) / c 2
a
=
= +
.
y=
d
d
d
c
x+
c x +
c x +
c
c
c
x+
d
a
= x , y = y .
c
c
m = (bc ad)/c2.
O xy ,
, O (
d a
; )
c c
(. . 4.23)
. 4.23
y =
111
m
xy = m.
x
, - (4.25) x =
d
a
; y = ,
c
c
.
4.10. , y =
3 2x
.
x +1
. ,
- :
y=
y + 2=
2( x + 1) + 5
5
=2+
x +1
x +1
5
,
x +1
(x+1) (y + 2) = 5.
x + 1 = x, y + 2 = y ,
xy = 5, ..
O (1;2)
x + 1 = 0, y + 2 = 0 (. 4.24).
m = 5 > 0,
I III -
. 4.24
, ( 5 ; 5 ).
x = x 1, y = y 2,
A ( 5 1; 5 2),
B ( 5 1;
5 2).
(4.13) B = 0,
A C ; A = 0, C 0, ..
C y 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0.
(4.26)
D 0 (
y = y1 y = y2 , y1
y2 C y 2 + Ey + F = 0 -
112
- ). ,
y,
2
E2
E
.
C y+
= Dx F +
4C
2C
F
E2
E
D
x0 =
+
, y0 =
, 2p = ,
D
4 DC
2C
C
( y y0 ) 2 = 2p (x x0 ).
(4.27)
(4.27) , O ( x0 , y0 ) , p . p > 0
, p < 0 (. 4.25).
y = y0 .
,
(4.27)
y 2 = 2px.
(4.28)
y
N(p/2; y)
M(x,y)
p/2
. 4.25
F( p/2;0)
. 4.26
. 4.27
p
2
F ( ; 0) ,
x=
p
.
2
M (x, y)
(3.5)
113
p2
p
p
p
2
2
+ 2 px = x + = x +
+ y = x px +
4
2
2
2
p
0). , ( x +
2
p
(. 4.26).
MN = x +
2
r = x
,
, () (). .
(4.28) x y, x 2 = 2py , .
y = A x 2 , A =
1
. A > 0
2p
, A < 0 (. 4.27).
y = A x 2 + Bx + C (A 0).
y = A( x 2 +
B
C
x+
). ,
A
A
, ,
y = A x +
2
2
4 AC B 2
B C B2
B
=
A
+
.
+
x
+
4A
2A
A 4 A2
2A
(4.29)
B
4 AC B 2
= x , y
= y ,
4A
2A
B
4 AC B 2
,
) Oxy O (
4A
2A
(4.29) y = A x2 .
, y = A x 2 + Bx + C
B
4 AC B 2
O (
,
)
4A
2A
B
, Oy.
x =
2A
x +
4.11. y = 3 x 2 + 10x 3.
. x 2 ,
114
y = 3( x 2
2
2
10
5
25
5 16
x + 1) = 3 x + 1
= 3 x +
3
3
9
3
3
16
5
y
= 3 x .
3
3
5
16
x = x, y = y,
3
3
y = 3 x2 .
,
5 16
)
3 3
O ( ;
O y ,
. 4.28
Oy (. 4.28).
4.6.
4.12. 3x 4y +
3 x 4 y + 24 = 0,
4 x + 3 y + 32 = 0,
x = 8, y = 0, .. B (8; 0).
. 4.29
A C,
AB AC, AC BC: A (8; 12), C (2;
8) (. 4.29).
115
(4.30)
AC , k AC = 2.
k BD =
y=
1
1
= . BD
2
k AC
1
(x + 8) x + 2y + 8 = 0.
2
3. ,
, ..
x A + xC
y + yC
, yF = A
.
2
2
8 + (2)
12 + (8)
xF =
= 3, y F =
= 2, .. F (3; 2).
2
2
xF =
(4.5)
k BF =
k =
BF:
y=
yF yB
20
2
=
=
.
xF xB
3 (8) 11
2
(4.30), 11
2
(x + 8) 2x 11y + 16 = 0
11
( BF (4.6)
, : B (8; 0)
F (3; 2)).
4. 3x 4y + 24 = 0 (AB) 4x + 3y + 32 = 0
(BC) , , k AB =
3
4
k BC =
4
3
. BE 45. (4.9)
116
k BE
3
k BE
k AB k BE
tg 45 =
= 4
= 1,
3
1 + k AB k BE
1 + k BE
4
1
= . (4.30)
7
BE
y=
1
(x + 8) x + 7y + 8 = 0.
7
4
3
k BE +
k BE
k BE k BC
k AB k BE
3 .
=
4
=
3
4
1 + k AB k BE
1 + k BE k BC
1 + k BE
1 k BE
4
3
1
, ( k BE )1 = (k BE ) 2 = 7,
7
.)
5. BF (3.5)
A (8; 0) F (3; 2):
d BF = (3 + 8)2 + (2 0) 2 =
125 = 5 5 11,2.
6. BE
E AC,
4
4
4
4
2 x y 4 = 0,
, x = ; y = , .. E ( ; ).
x + 7 y + 8 = 0.
3
3
3
3
(3.5)
2
d BE =
20 2
4
4
9,4.
+ 8 + 0 =
3
3
3
7. BD ,
.
(4.10) B (8; 0) 2x y 4 = 0 (AC):
d BD =
2(8) + (1) 0 4
22 + (1) 2
= 4 5 8,9.
117
4.13. -
, y =
y = x2 + 2x
4x 4
2x + 1
1
. ,
3
.
. 1.
1
4( x + ) 6
4( x 1)
2
=
= 2
y =
1
1
2( x + )
2( x + )
2
2
3
3
, y 2 =
1
1
x+
x+
2
2
1
( x + ) (y 2) = 3.
. 4.30
2
1
x +
= x , y 2 = y ,
2
1
Oxy O ( ; 2) xy = 3, 2
II IV (. 4.30).
2. ,
y = x 2 +2x
1
1
2
= ( x 1) 2 +1 = ( x 1) 2 + ,
3
3
3
, A (1;
.
3. OA (4.5)
1
x+
y2
2 8x + 9y 14 = 0.
=
1
2
2
1+
3
2
118
2
),
3
4. O (0; 0) 8x + 9y
14 = 0 (4.10)
d=
8 0 + 9 0 14
82 + 92
14
145
1,2.
5. ,
O (
1
; 2) R, 2
O . xy = m (
) x = y =
m ,
(0; 0) (3.5)
2 m . -
, R = 2 m = 2 3 = 6 . , -
1
2
(4.11) ( x + )2 + ( y 2) 2 = 6.
4.7.
. Q
M 0 ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) n = (A, B, C)
(. 4.31).
Oxyz.
n Q. Q
M (x, y, z ).
M 0 M = (x x0 , y y0 , z z0 )
. 4.31
n = (A, B, C). ,
, .. ( n , M 0 M ) = 0.
:
A(x x0 ) + B(y y0 ) + C(z z0 ) = 0.
119
(4.31)
(4.31) ,
n1 = (A, B, C)
M 0 ( x0 , y0 , z0 ).
,
Ax + By + Cz + D = 0
(4.32)
( D = A x0 B y0 C z0 ), .
,
.
D = 0, Ax + By + Cz = 0 , .
+ D = 0 , Ox; A = D=
= 0, By +Cz = 0 , Ox; A = B = 0, Cz + D = 0 , Oxy; A = B =
= D = 0, Cz = 0 ( z = 0) Oxy.
n1 = ( A1 , B1 , C1 ) n1 = ( A2 , B2 , C2 ).
A1 B1 C1
,
=
=
A2 B2 C2
A1 A2 + B1B2 + C1C2 = 0 .
, .. ,
A1 x + B1 y + C1 z + D1 = 0,
A x + B y + C z + D = 0.
2
2
2
2
120
s = (m, n, p) ( )
. 4.32
M1 ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) (. 4.32),
M 1M = (x x1 , y y2 , z z1 ) (
) s = (m, n, p):
M (x, y, z) -
x x1
y y1 z z1
=
=
.
p
m
n
4.14. ,
Oy F (4; 0).
4.15. , A (2; 3): ) Ox; ) Oy; )
Ox 45.
4.16. , :
) A (3; 1) B (5; 4); ) A (3; 1) C (3; 5); ) A (3; 1) D (4; 1).
4.17. AB, BC AC ABC
4x + 3y 5 = 0,
x 3y + 10 = 0,
x 2 = 0. .
4.18. ,
2x 3y + 1 = 0 3x y 2 = 0 y = x + 1.
4.19. BD
A (3; 0), B (2; 5); C (3; 2).
4.20. , A (4; 3)
3 . .
4.21. A (2; 0), B (2; 4) C (4; 0).
, AE, AD
AE.
4.22. ABC : AB 3x + 2y
12 = 0, BM x + 2y 4 = 0, AM 4x + y 6 = 0,
M . AC, BC
CM.
121
4.23.
y = x 2 x 5y + 6 = 0.
. .
4.24. ,
x 2 + y 2 = 5 x 2 + y 2 + 2x + 4y 31 = 0. .
4.25. x 2 + y 2 = 36 . .
4.26. , ,
M1 (4; 4 5 /3) M 2 (0; 4). ,
.
4.27. 3 x 2 4 y 2 = 12
; ; ; .
4.28. ,
,
x2
y2
= 1.
+
25
9
4.29. , y =
4 5x
.
x 1
4.30. , :
) (0; 0) (1; 3) Ox; ) (0; 0)
(2; 4) Oy.
4.31. , , Ox y = x
x + y 2 = 0 .
4.32. , y =
y = 2x 2 + 5x 2.
122
x +1
,
x 1
5.1.
, .
(, ) . , , , , .
: , ,
..
, . a A, a A. b A, b A.
, ,
. , x 2 +1 = 0 .
B
, A B A.
, , A , B
- , A, .. B A.
, .
A B C,
,
, .. C = A B.
A B D,
,
A B, .. D = A B.
A B E, A,
B, .. E = A \ B.
124
5.2. .
. ( ) x x, x ,
x, x :
x=
x, x 0,
x, x < 0,
, , x 0 .
125
5.2. x x .
. x 0, x = x x x = x x = 0 = 0.
x < 0, x = x
x x = x ( x ) = 2 x = 2 x.
:
x + y x + y ,
xy = x y ,
x
x
=
.
y
y
x y x y ,
x a x a x < a,
x > a (. . 5.2).
, ,
. 5.2
x a < ( >0)
x (a , a + ) (. 5.3), a < x < a + .
, a, a.
. 5.3
(a , a + ), .. x , x a < ( > 0),
- a.
5.3. .
,
. , , .
, .
,
. ,
S = vt, S t ,
v .
.
. x X (x X) y
Y (y Y), , X y = f (x).
x ( ),
y , f .
126
X ( ) , Y .
X , x, ..
x, y = f (x) .
, y = x 2 + 10 x
(; 10], 10 x 0; x , , ,
x 0 [0; 10].
.
.
) , y = f (x). . , y = x 2 + 10 x , , .
. , ,
x < 0,
x 0,
: x 2 ( x < 0) x + 3
x 2 ,
y =
x + 3,
( x 0).
) , , x
f (x), .
) (x, y) ,
x, y = f (x).
) ,
, : f (x) = 1, x ; f (x) = 0, x .
.
1. . y = f (x) , x f (x) =
= f (x) , f (x) = f (x).
y = f (x) .
, y = x 2 ( f (x) =
= ( x ) 2 = x 2 f (x) = f (x), y = x3 (
f (x) = ( x )3 = x 3 f (x) = f (x).
, , y = x 2 + x3
, f (x) = ( x ) 2 + ( x )3 = x 2 x3
f (x) f (x) f (x) f (x).
127
(., , y = x 2 . 5.6),
(., , y = x3 . 5.5)
2. . y = f (x)
() X, ()
.
x1 , x2 X x2 > x1 .
X, f ( x2 ) > f ( x1 ), , f ( x2 ) < f ( x1 )
(. . 5.4).
1 .
. 5.4
, , y = x 2 (. . 5.6) x (; 0]
x [0; ) .
3. . y = f (x)
X,
M > 0, f (x) M x X.
.
, y = sin x
, sin x 1 x R.
1 , ; ,
,
, .. ,
x1 , x2 X,
x2 > x1 , f ( x2 ) f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) f ( x1 ).
128
nN
y = x n
nN
y = xn
(, 0)
(0, +),
n
;
[0; +),
n
(0, +)
(, +),
n
;
[0; +),
n
,
n
;
,
,
n
;
,
n
129
(, 0)
(0, +),
n ;
(; 0) (0, +),
n
6
7
1.
(, +), -
n ;
(, 0], (0, +),
n
(, 0)
(, +)
X
1
2
3
. 5.7
. 5.5
. 5.8
. 5.6
5.4.
y = sin x
(, +)
y = log a x (0; +)
(a > 0, a 1)
(, +)
3
(, +),
n
;
[0; +),
n
y = ax
(a > 0,
a 1)
nN
n>1
y=nx
1
3
[1; 1]
(, +)
(0; +)
4
(, +),
n
;
[0; +),
6
7
(; +),
n ;
[0; +), n
130
4.
[/2+2n,
= 2
/2+2n]; [/2+2n,
3/2+2n], n Z
3.
(0; +),
a > 1;
(0; +),
0<a<1
2.
(; +),
a > 1;
(; +),
0 < a < 1
5
,
n
;
,
n
. 5.9
. 5.13
. 5.12
. 5.11
. 5.10
2
y = cos x
y = tg x
y = ctg x
1
7
(, +)
4
[1; 1]
(n, +n); (, +)
NZ
(/2 + n,
/2+n);
nZ
3
(, +)
(n, +n);
nZ
(/2+n,
/2+n);
nZ
6
[+2n, 2n],
[2n, +2n]
nZ
=2
131
5.
y = arcsin x, y = arccos x, y = arctg x, y = arcctg x
. 5.16
. 5.15
. 5.14
4. . y = f (x) T 0, x f (x + T) = f (x).
, y = sin x 1 T = 2,
x sin (x +2) = sin x.
5.5. . .
, , ; , y = x 2 + 5x +1.
y x ,
F (x, y) = 0, . , y (y 0), x3 + y 2 x = 0. (,
, y = x x3 y 0 y = x x3 y < 0.)
. y = f (x) x, X
Y. y Y x X, f (x) = y.
x = (y), Y c X, .
x, y, , y = f (x),
y = (x). y = (x)
y = f 1 (x) ( ).
, y = a x x = log a y
( )
y = log a x .
x
,
y=a
y = log a x y = (x)
.
(
. 5.17
. 5.17 y = a x
y = log a x a > 1).
1 ,
2; y = sin x, , 2n, n Z.
132
. y = f (u)
u, U Y, u
u = (x) x, X U. X
y = f [(x)] (
, , ).
, y = lg sin x , y = lg u, u = sin x.
.
:
) ; )
.
. ,
, .
,
y=
x sin 2 x
3
x + 52 x 3
+ lg3 x 1
, ,
, , (sin 2 x, 52 x3 , lg 3 x ,
lg3 x 1 ) .
y = [x] x (. . 6.9), (. 127).
.
().
, .
:
( ):
y = a0 x n + a1 x n 1 + + an 1 x + an ;
- ;
( ).
. : , , ,
.
133
. III
, .
.
y = f (x).
. 5.18
. 5.19
.
1. y = f (x + a) y = f (x), ( a > 0 , a < 0 ) a Ox (. 5.18).
2. y = f (x) + b y = f (x), ( b > 0 , b < 0 ) b
Oy (. . 5.18).
3. y = mf (x) (m 0) y = f (x),
( m > 1) m ( 0 < m < 1)
0y (. . 5.19). < m < 0
y = mf (x) y = mf(x)
Ox.
4. y = f (kx) (k 0) y = f (x),
( k>1) k ( 0 < k < 1)
Ox (. . 5.20). < k < 0
134
y = f (kx)
y = f (kx)
Oy.
5.3. y = 3cos 2x.
.
C y = 3cos 2x (.
5.21).
1.
y = cos x.
2. y = cos x
2
Ox y
= = cos 2x.
3. y = cos 2x
Ox
y = cos 2x.
4.
y = cos 2x
. 5.20
. 5.21
3 Oy y = 3cos 2x.
5.6. .
.
: ,
, .
, ,
, -, (, ..), (), . ,
.
135
:
1. ( )
, .. , () .
2. .
3. ( ) .
4. ( )
.
5. ,
,
(, , ..).
, ,
.
, , .
,
, ,
,
,
, .
. 15.
,
, . .
1.
y=
b x( x a3 )
b1 ( x a1 )
b ( x a2 )
( x > a3 )
( x > a1 ) , y = 2
( x > a2 ) , y = 3
x c1
x c2
x c3
( . ),
a1 , a2 , a3 ,
() b1 , b2
(. . 5.22).
136
b2
b1
q(p)
s( p)
a1 a2 a3
. 5.22
p0
. 5.23
2.
, ()
( ) (. . 5.23).
3. (, x y
), , xy = U,
pxx + pyy = I px py I, x0
y0, U0 (. . 5.24).
. 5.24
. 5.25
137
,
,
.
, ,
. ()
.
,
,
. x
x0 x1 = x0 + h,
. 5.26
y0 = f ( x0 ) y1 = f (x1) = f ( x0 ) + f,
, (. 5.26)
f(x) f ( x0 ) +
x x0
f .
h
(5.1)
x x0
f h
. .
,
.
5.4. y = f(x) :
x
y
2
2,42
2,04
2,88
2,08
3,38
) , f (2,008).
) x, f (x) = 3,1?
: ) x0 = 2; f( x0 ) = 2,42; x1 = 2,04;
f( x1 ) = 2,88;
f = f( x1 )
138
y = f (2,008) 2,42 +
2,008 2,0
0,46 = 2,512.
0,04
)
, x y:
(y) = ( y0 ) +
y y0
,
h
(5.2)
x = (y) .
y0 = 2,88; ( y0 ) = 2,04; y1 = 3,38; ( y1 ) = 2,08; h = y1 y0 =
= 3,38 2,88 = 0,50; = ( y1 ) ( y0 ) = 2,08 2,04 = 0,04.
(5.2)
x = (3,1) 2,04 +
3,1 2,88
0,04 = 2,0576 2,058.
0,5
, .
5.7.
5.5.
) y = x lg(2x3); ) y = log3 sin x + 4 x 2 ;
) y = arccos
2x
.
1 + x2
. ) X
x
0,
x > 3/2 X = (3/2; +).
2 x 3 > 0,
sin x > 0
. , 4 x2 0
. 5.27
139
2x
1, 1 + x2
2x
1. x 1+ x 2 > 0,
1 + x2
1 x 2 2x 1+ x 2 ,
2 x 1 x 2 ,
(1 + x) 2 0,
2 x 1 + x 2 , (1 x)2 0.
x, .. X = (; +).
5.6. :
) y = sin x + cos x; ) y =
6x
.
1 + x2
. )
sin x +
cos x = 2 sin sin x + cos cos x =
4
4
2
= 2 sin x + .
4
y = 2
2 sin x + 2 , y 2 ,
4
2 y 2 . , Y = [ 2, 2 ].
1, .. sin x +
1 ,
4
) , III. : x = (y), Y,
Y .
x y. x = (y), x 2 y 6x + y = 0. , ,
D = b 2 4ac
, .. 62 4 y 2 0 y 2 9, y 3 3 y 3.
, Y = [3; 3].
5.7. () :
) y = x ctg 3 x ; ) y = x
2x + 1
; ) y = ( x 1) 2 sin 2 x .
2x 1
140
2 x + 1
2x + 1
=x
( ).
2 x 1
2x 1
f (x) = f (x), .
) f (x) = ( x 1) 2 sin 2 ( x) = ( x + 1) 2 sin 2 x .
f (x) f (x) f (x) f(x),
, .. , .
:
5.8. y =
x + lg(2x5).
5.9. y =
1
+3 x+2 .
lg(1 x)
5.10. y = arcsin (2 x 2 + x) .
:
5.11. y = 3 sin x + cos x.
5.12. y =
x
.
1 + x2
() :
5.13. y = x3 sin x.
5.14. y = x x3 + 5x5 .
5.15. y = lg
1+ x
.
1 x
5.16. y = x 2 + sin x.
:
5.18. y = cos 2
5.17. y = tg x + ctg x.
x
.
2
:
5.19. ) y = 2x 2 ; ) y = 2 ( x + 3)2 ; ) y = 2 ( x + 3)2 + 1;
) y = 2 x 2 + 5 x 2 .
3
3
3
3
; ) y = ; ) y =
; ) y =
2;
x 1
x
x
x 1
4x 3
.
) y =
x 1
5.21. ) y = log 1 (2x); ) y = log 1 (2x); ) y = log 1 (3 2 x) 2 .
5.20. ) y =
141
;
3
6
6.1.
. n an , , {an } :
a1 , a2 , , an , .
, : an = f(n).
a1 , a2 , , an -
, an n- .
1:
2, 4, 6, 8, , 2n, (, ),
1, 0, 1, 0,
(, ),
0,
3 2 5
(1)n
, , , , 1 +
,
2 3 4
n
(6.1)
(, ).
(6.1).
(. 6.1).
. 6.1
, an n
1. an 1 . :
a1 1 =1, a2 1 =
1
1
1
1
1
, a3 1 = , a4 1 = , , an 1 = , ,
n
2
3
4
. 5.
142
.. n
an 1 -
.
. A {an } , -
> 0 N (
, N = N()),
n > N
(6.2)
an A< .
lim an = A
n
an A n. , , , .
: (
) (
), ,
(A = lim an ) (>0)(N = N())(n>N) an A< .
n
, n {an } A (
, , ).
6.1. , (6.1)
lim an =1.
. , , = 0,1.
1 < , .. n <
1
, >0 N =
(
1
), n > N ( = 0,1 n > 10,
(1)n
n
143
.
a1 , a2 , , an , ,
. (6.2) an A< -
A < an < A + ,
an - A (. 6.2).
A
a1
a 3 a5
2
a7 a 9 A a8
A+
a6
a4
a2
an
. 6.2
, A {an } , -
> 0 N, (
n > N)
- A, .
-
.
6.2.
. an = f (n)
y = f (x) . n, , , x, , .
. A y = f (x)
x, ,
> 0 S > 0 ( ; S = S()), x,
, x> S, :
f(x) A< .
(6.3)
lim f ( x ) = A f (x)A
x
x .
:
144
f(x)A< .
, :
x f(x)
A ( ).
. 6.3
. 6.4
5x + 1
= 5.
x
x
lim
. > 0 (6.3)
5x + 1
5 <
x
1
1
< x > .
, > 0 S =
1
> 0,
5x + 1
; , lim f ( x ) = 5.
x
x
.
x -
145
x . x , .. x + x .
(6.3)
x, , x > S, x, , x < S.
. y = f (x) x0 , , , x0 .
. A f (x) x,
x0 ( x0 ),
> 0 > 0 ( , = ()), x,
x0
x x0 < ,
(6.4)
f(x) A < .
(6.5)
lim f ( x) = A f(x)A
x x0
x x0 .
:
f (x) A< .
f (x) x0 -
, x, x0 ,
f (x) A
( ).
. , f (x) A<
A < f (x) < A + ,
2 (. . 6.4). x x0 < x0 < x < x0 +, -
x - x0 .
A f (x) x x0 ,
> 0 - x0 , x x0
f (x) A < y < A + ,
.
146
6.3. , lim(2 x + 3) = 5.
x 1
.
2
, > 0 =
(
2
1. x0 , x x0 x0 . ,
lim f ( x) , , x
x x0
x0 , x0 . -
x x0
x0 ,
( ) x0 .
2. x x0 x
, x0 , , -
, x0 , f (x) A, f (x)
lim f ( x) lim f ( x ) = A. x x0 0
x x0 + 0
x x0 + 0
147
x x0
6.3.
. (x) x x0 , x , :
lim ( x) =0.
x x0 ( )
x x0 x ,
:
(x)
x x0 , > 0 > 0 ( , = ()), x, x0
x x0 < ,
(6.6)
(x) < .
(6.7)
:
( x )
x x0 (>0)(=()>0)(x x0 : x x0 <)(x)<.
lim ( x ) = 0
xx0
x , (6.7) x. :
( x )
, y = cos x x
y=
2x 7
2
x ,
.
(x)
, > 0, x x0 ( x x0 )
x ( x ) (x)
(6.7) ( ).
148
. . f (x) x x0 (x ) ,
A, A (x) x x0 (x ), ..
f (x) = A + (x).
(6.8)
x x0 1.
lim f ( x) = A. , > 0
x x0
lim
x x0 ( )
f ( x) = A.
f (x) = A + (x). , , x x0 .
(x) = f (x) A
x x0 , > 0 > 0,
x x0 x x0 <
(x) = f (x) A< .
, lim f ( x) = A.
x x0
:
1. .
2.
( ,
) .
1 , x 0, 0, ..
x x0 , x0 + , > 0.
, ( ) , .. | x | > S ( S > 0)
) (
x ; S S ; + .
149
3. ,
, .
1 (x) (x) x x0 . ,
((x) + (x)) x x0 .
(x) (x) x x0 .
, =
> 0
2
1 > 0, 2 > 0, x x0
x x0 < 1
(6.9)
x x0 < 2
(6.10)
(x) <
(6.11)
(x) <
.
2
(6.12)
1 2 ,
+ = .
2 2
(. 5.2), ..
|(x) + (x) (x) + (x),
(x) + (x)< .
(6.13)
, > 0 > 0,
x x0 x x0 < (6.13). , (x) + (x) .
, , (x) = 5x 10, (x) = lg(x 1) x 2 (
lim ( x) = 0,
x2
150
x2
( x) 5 x 10
=
(
( x) x 2 5
3) x 2.
. 3 (x) (x) - .
( x)
: ;
x x0 ( ) ( x )
lim
A 0; . (x)
:
, (x); ;
( x)
= 1,
x x0 ( ) ( x )
(x) (x) x x0 ( x ) -
, (x). ,
lim
6.4.
. f (x) x x0 ,
M > 0 > 0 ( M, = (M)), x, x0
x x0 < ,
f(x)> M.
, f (x)
x x0 , : lim f ( x ) = f (x) x x0 .
x x0
151
f ( x )
x x0 (M>0)( = (M)>0)(x x0 : x x0 < )
lim f ( x ) = 0
xx0
f (x) > M.
f (x) > M ( f (x) < M),
lim f ( x ) = + ( lim f ( x ) = ).
x x0
x x0
x . :
f ( x )
, , y = tg x x
, y = 5x 7
2
x .
f (x) , M > 0,
x x0 ( x x0 ) x ( x )
f (x) M ( ).
. 5.3 X. , x x0 (x ). . ,
y = x sin x (
), ,
x ,
( ) .
:
1. , , .
2.
.
3. , , .
152
, f (x) = tg x
(x) = 4x 3 x
(
2
lim f ( x) = ),
x
(2 3),
2
, (x) = sin x ,
f (x)(x) = (4x 3) tg x
(
1),
f ( x)
tg x
( =
( x) 4 x 3
3) x
.
2
f(x) + (x) = tg x + sin x ( 2),
. . (x) x x0 (x ), f (x) =
1
( x)
x x0 (x ). ,
f (x)
x x0 (x ),
1
x x0 (x ).
f ( x)
x x0 , .. (x)
1
, f (x) =
x x0 .
( x)
(x) x x0 , -
(x) =
, > 0 > 0,
x x0 x x0 < (x)< . ( ,
x0 x x0 (x) 0)
M =
1
1
1
> f (x) > M, f (x) =
(
x)
( x)
1
. , x x0 f (x)
.
.
153
y=
2x 7
2
1
x , y =
cos x
2x 7
x
,y=
x 3
2
. , y = tg x x
, y = 5x 7
2
, y = cos x x
x ,
y=
1
= ctg x x
y=
x
tg x
2
5x 7
6.5. .
f (x) (x) , ( x ):
x x0
lim f ( x) = A,
x x0 ( )
lim ( x) = B. .
x x0 ( )
1. .
, .. f (x)
A D, A D.
(6.8) f (x) = A + (x), f (x) = D + (x), (x) (x)
x x0 (x ).
, 0 = A D + ((x) (x)), (x)
(x) = D A. ,
1 (x) (x) . , .
2.
, ..
lim [ f ( x) + ( x) ] =A + B.
x x0 ( )
3. , ..
lim [ f ( x)( x) ] =AB.
x x0 ( )
154
,
, ..
lim (cf(x)) = cA.
x x0 ( )
4.
( , ), ..
f ( x) A
=
(B 0).
( x) B
5. lim f (u ) = A, lim ( x ) = u0 ,
lim
x x0 ( )
u u0
x x0
lim f [ ( x)] = A.
x x0
x x0 ( )
2.
f ( x) = A lim ( x) = B, ,
lim
x x0 ( )
x x0 ( )
f ( x)( x ) = AB + B ( x ) + A( x ) + ( x )( x ) .
( x)
, (x)
x x0 (x ). , f (x) (x)
AB (x).
, lim f ( x) (x) = AB.
x x0 ( )
. f (x) (x), , . ,
,
, , .
155
lim tg x lim tg x. x
, .
.
,
, .
.
1. {an }
, .
: )
a1 a2 an M (. . 6.5);
)
a1 a2 an M (. . 6.5).
. 6.5 A .
. 6.5
2. x0 (
x) f (x)
(x) (x), A
x x0 ( x ), f (x) A.
x x0 lim ( x) = A, lim ( x ) = A.
x x0
x x0
, > 0
> 0, x x0 x x0 <
(x) A< , (x) A<
156
6.6. .
sin x
=1.
x 0 x
lim
(6.15)
(6.15) R
. OB , x
(0 < x <
) Ox (. . 6.6).
2
, AOB
. 6.6
AOB, AOC, ..
S AOB < S . AOB < S AOC .
1
1
1
R R sin x = R 2 sin x , S . AOB = R 2 x ,
2
2
2
1
1
1 2
S AOC = AO AC = AO ( AO tg x) = R tg x ,
2
2
2
1 2
1
1
R sin x < R 2 x < R 2 tg x , , 2
2
2
1 2
x
1
<
R sin x > 0 , 1 <
sin x cos x
2
sin x
cos x <
< 1.
x
sin x
cos x
, x
< x < 0.
2
S AOB =
157
x 0
. 6.7). -
sin x
= 1.
x 0 x
lim
6.4. :
sin 6 x
1 cos x
; ) lim
.
x 0 4 x
x 0
x2
sin 6 x
3
sin 6 x
3
3
: ) lim
= lim
= 1 = ;
x 0 4 x
2 x 0 6 x
2
2
) lim
1 cos x
= lim
x 0
x 0
x2
) lim
x
x
sin
1
1
1
2
2 = lim
x = 12 = .
2
x
2 x 0
2
2
2sin 2
. n
1
. n
a2 = 2, 25 , a3 = 2,37 ,
, a1 = 2,0,
a4 = 2, 441, a5 = 2, 488, , ,
an = 1 +
{an }
. , -
1 (. 14.2):
n
1 n(n 1) 1
n(n 1) ( n ( n 1)) 1
1
an = 1 + = 1 + n +
+ +
2
n
n
1
2
n
1 2 n
nn
an = 2 +
1 1
1 1 2 n 1
1 + +
1 1 1
1 2 n
1 2 n n n
n
(6.16)
n ( n+1), ,
.. a1 < a2 < < an <
{an }
(6.16), an :
1 n ( n!, ): n! = 123(n1)n.
158
an < 2 +
1
1
1
1
+ +
+ < 2 + + +
,
n
1 2
1 2 n
2
2 1
( , 1,
:
1
1
1
1
< , ,
<
.
2
n
1 2 3 2
1 2...n 2 1
1
1
+ +
S n 1
n
2
2 1
1
a =
2
1
q = .
2
n 1
1 1
1
a (q n 1 1) 2 2
= 1 1 < 1.
Sn 1 =
=
1
2n 1
q 1
1
2
S n 1 < 1 , an = 1 +
1
< 2 + 1 = 3.
n
an = 1 +
1
.
n
. ( )
= lim 1 +
n
1
.
n
(6.17)
1
x +
x
1
.
x
(6.18)
, 2 < e < 3.
2,718281, .. .
, y = 1 +
x ( x n ) , :
= lim 1 +
159
y =
1
1
, x =
; x y 0.
x
y
:
1
= lim (1 + y ) y .
(6.19)
y 0
( , )
. y = e x (.
. 7.8) .
, . ln: log e x = ln x.
6.5. :
3x
5
) lim 1 + ;
x
x
2
lim (1 3 y ) y
y 0
x x
3x
5
5
5
) lim 1 + = lim 1 +
x
x
x
x
2
) lim (1 3 y ) y
y 0
= lim (1 3 y ) 3 y
y 0
3 y
3 x
2
y
15
5
5
= lim 1 + = e15 ;
x
x
= lim (1 3 y ) 3 y = e 6 .
y 0
, , , ., ,
, , ..
. Q0 .
p% .
Qt t .
.. Q1 = Q0 1 +
p
Q0 ,
100
p
2p
pt
, Q2 = Q0 1 +
, ..., Qt 1 +
. 100
100
100
.
(1+
p
) , ..
100
160
Q1 = Q0 (1+
p t
p
p 2
), Q2 = Q0 (1+
) , , Qt = Q0 (1+
) .
100
100
100
,
n , p%
1
p
-
%, t
n
n
nt
Qt = Q0 (1+
p nt
) .
100n
(6.20)
,
(n = 2), (n = 4), (n = 12),
(n = 365), (n = 8760) .., (n ). t
pt
100 n 100
nt
p
p
p
= Q0 lim 1 +
Qt = lim Q0 1 +
n
n
100n
100n
100n
(6.18) x =
p
pt
Qt = Q0 e100 .
(6.21)
(6.21) ()
( p > 0) ( p < 0).
.
, Qt , Q0 = 1 . .,
p = 5%, t = 20 .
,
. .
2,0000
n = 1 n = 2 n = 4 n = 12 n = 365
2,6355 2,6851 2,7015 2,7126
2,7181
2,7182
, (6.21)
161
(6.20) ,
(n = 1), (p = 5%) ( 2,5%).
. -
, ,
.
6.7.
, ,
.
1. f (x) x0 , : 1) x0 (.. f ( x0 )); 2)
x x0 ; 3) -
x0 , ..
lim f ( x) = f ( x0 ) .
(6.22)
x x0
6.6. x = 0 :
) y =
1
x + 1 x 0,
x 2 x 0,
; ) y =
) y =
) y = x 2 .
x 1 x < 0;
1 x = 0;
x
. 6.7
. ) x = 0 y = f (x) (.
. 6.7) ,
f (0).
) x = 0 y = f (x) (. . 6.7)
, f (0)
(f (0) = 1), -
162
lim f ( x ) ( ,
x 0
lim f ( x) = 1
x 0
lim f ( x) = 1,
x 0 +
x 0 ).
) x = 0 y = f (x) (. . 6.7)
f(0) (f(0) = 1) lim f ( x) = 0,
x 0
: lim f ( x) f (0).
x 0
) x = 0 y = f (x) (. . 6.7) ,
lim f ( x) = f (0) = 0.
x 0
(6.22) x0
:
(6.23)
lim f ( x) = f (lim x) ,
x x0
x x0
..
.
. 6.8
,
( ).
, .
x0 x. y = f (x)
y, -
163
: y = f ( x0 +x) f ( x0 ) (.
. 6.8).
2. y = f (x)
x0 ,
:
lim y = 0.
(6.24)
x 0
. (6.22)
x = x0 + x lim f ( x0 + x) = f ( x0 ) , x 0
x x0 x 0.
f ( x0 + x ) = f ( x0 ) + ( x ) ,
( x ) = f ( x0 + x ) f ( x0 ) = y
x 0, .. lim y = 0 .
x 0
x0 f (x),
.
: ( x x0 , ) (
). , x0 = 0 . 6.7 , . 6.7 .
, x x0 ,
. , x0 = 0
. 6.7 .
, :
1. f (x) (x) x0 , -
f ( x)
(
( x)
( x0 ) 0) , x0 .
.
2. y = f (x) x0 f ( x0 ) > 0,
x0 , f (x) > 0.
164
,
x 0 (6.24) y,
y = f (x) ( x0 x, x0 +x) .
3. y = f (u) u0 ,
u = (x) u0 = ( x0 ),
y = f [(x)] x0 .
, x 0 (6.24)
u = (x)
u 0,
y = f(u) y 0.
3
lim f [ ( x) ] = f lim ( x) ,
x x0
x x0
(6.25)
.. .
y = f(x) X,
.
,
.
6.7. y = cos x.
. lim y = lim (cos( x + x) cos x) =
x 0
= 2 lim cos
x 0
lim sin
x 0
x 0
2 x + x
x
2 x + x
= 0, cos
sin
1,
2
2
2
sin(x 2)
1
sin(x 2)
x 1
lim x =
= lim
x = lim
2 2 x 0 x 2
2 x0 x 2 x 0
1
1 0 = 0 , .. lim y = 0, x 0
2
(6.24) y = cos x
.
. ,
. -
165
3
2
3
2
f(1) = 1, ,
lim f ( x) ( x 1
lim f ( x) = 0
x 1 0
lim f ( x) = 1) (. . 6.9).
x 1+ 0
, f(x) =
= [x]
, ,
, .
, :
1. y = f (x) [a, b],
(. . 6.10).
. 6.9
2. y = f (x) [a, b],
m M ( ) (. . 6.11).
. 6.10
. 6.11
. 6.12
166
, (a, b), ,
f() = 0 ( -) (. . 6.12).
6.8.
3x + 5
3x + 5
sin x
; ) lim
; ) lim
;
x 7 x 5
x 5 x 5
x x
6.8. : ) lim
1
x
) lim x cos .
x 0
. )
x = 7
3x + 5 3 7 + 5
=
= 13.
x 7 x 5
75
, .. lim
) x 5 (3x + 5) 35 + 5 = 20
(.. ), (x 5)
(.. ); ,
, ..
3x + 5
= .
x 5 x 5
sin x
= 0, sin x
) lim
x x
lim
(sin x 1) x ( x )
.
1
= 0, x 0
x
1
1
x ( x 0) cos ( cos 1)
x
x
) lim x cos
.
, , lim cos
x 0
1
x
1
( x 0
x
1
, cos
x
1 1 1 1,
().
167
:
.
, : , -
( ) 0
( ).
0
[], [0], 1 , [ 0 ], [ 00 ].
6.9. :
2 x2 x 1
x+2 6 x
x 1
; ) lim
; ) lim
.
3
x 1 ( x 1) 2
x2
x 1 x 1
x2 4
) lim
. )
0
(x 1): , x 1 (x 1)
, .
1
2( x + )( x 1)
2x + 1
2
= lim
= .
2
x 1 x 1
( x 1)
0
) 0
2 x2 x 1 0
lim
= = lim
x 1 ( x 1) 2
0 x 1
, ,
:
lim
x2
= lim
x + 2 6 x 0
( x + 2 6 x )( x + 2 + 6 x )
= = lim
=
2
x
x2 4
0
( x 2 4)( x + 2 + 6 x )
2( x 2)
x 2 ( x 2)( x + 2)(
x + 2 + 6 x)
1
2
= lim
= .
x 2 ( x + 2)( x + 2 + 6 x )
8
168
) 0
t = 6 x ( x = t 3 , 3 x = t 2 ,
x 1, t 1),
:
t3 1
(t 1)(t 2 + t + 1)
x 1 0
= = lim
= lim
=
x 1 x 1
0 t 1 t 2 1 t 1 (t 1)(t + 1)
t2 + t +1 3
= lim
= .
t 1 (t + 1)
2
3x 2 + 2
;
6.10. : ) lim
x 4 x 5 + 3 x + 1
4 9
a x n + b1 x n 1 + + k1 x + l1
x +1
; ) lim
;
) lim 1
m
m
1
x a2 x + b2 x
x x 2 + x
+ + k2 x + l2
2 x +1 + 3x +1
;
) lim f ( x) lim f ( x) , f(x) =
x +
x
2 x + 3x
4 x + sin x
.
) lim
x x cos x
. ) .
lim 3
, x ( 3x 2 4x 5 ),
x5 , .. x
. ,
3
2
+
3
5
3x 2 + 2
0+0
x
x
=
= lim
=
= 0.
lim
3
1
x 4 x 5 + 3 x + 1
x
4
+
0
+
0
+
4+
x 4 x5
) , . , ,
0, n < m,
a1 x n + b1 x n 1 + + k1 x + l1
= = 1 / 2 , n = m,
x a2 x m + b2 x m 1 + + k2 x + l2
, n > m,
P ( x)
0, .. lim n
x Qm ( x)
lim
x , -
169
n ,
m.
.
) .
n =
9
, 4
m = 2; n > m, ,
. , .
,
lim
4 1+
+1
=
= lim
+ x x 1 +
4
x
x9
x x 2
x9 ,
1
x9 = .
1
4
x7
) x+ ,
, .
3x ,
x
2 x +1 + 3x +1
x + 2 x + 3 x
lim
2
x 3
2
2 + 3
0+3
3
= = lim
=
= 3,
x
0 +1
x+ 2
+1
3
lim = 0.
x , 0
, .
2 x ,
x
2 x +1 + 3x +1
x 2 x + 3 x
lim
3
2 + 3
0
2 = 2 + 0 = 2.
= = lim
x
1+ 0
0 x
3
1+
2
170
)
x,
sin x
4+
4 x + sin x
x = 4 + 0 = 4,
= = lim
lim
x x cos x
x 1 cos x 1 0
x
sin x
cos x
lim
= 0, lim
= 0 (. 6.8 ).
x x
x x
6.11. :
x 2 1 ); ) lim ( x 2 + 2 + x) ;
) lim ( x 2 + 1
x
2
1
.
x 1 1 x 1 x 2
) lim
. ) [ ]
,
lim ( x 2 + 1 x 2 1 ) = [ ]=
= lim
( x 2 + 1 x 2 1)( x 2 + 1 + x 2 1)
x2 + 1 + x2 1
2
= lim
x2 + 1 + x2 1
=0.
) x [ ],
. 6.11.
( x 2 + 2 + x)( x 2 + 2 x)
lim x 2 + 2 + x =[ ]= lim
=
x
x
x2 + 2 x
= lim
x2 + 2 x
= 0.
, x
, , .
171
(1 + x) 2
2
2
= [ ] = lim
=
2
x 1 1 x 1 x
x 1 1 x 2
x 1
1
1
0
= lim
= = lim
= .
x 1 (1 x )(1 + x )
2
0 x 1 1 + x
) lim
(6.15) 6.4. .
6.12. : ) lim x sin
x
sin x 6
x
; ) lim(1 x)tg
.
) lim
5
x 0 sin x
x 1
2
1
sin 4 x
; ) lim
;
x 0 sin 8 x
x
1
sin
1
x = 0 = lim sin y = 1
. ) lim x sin = [0] = lim
0 y 0 y
1
x
x
x
x
1
( y =
) lim
sin 4 x
x 0 sin 8 x
; x y 0).
sin 4 x sin 8 x
:
= = lim
= (1:1) = .
2 x 0 4 x
8x 2
2
0
sin x 6 sin x 5
sin x 6 0
5
= = lim x
:
=(01): 1 =0.
x 0 sin 5 x
x 6 x
0 x 0
) lim
) x 1 [0].
1 x = y, x = 1 y x 1 y 0.
lim(1 x)tg
x 1
x
y
y
=[0]= lim y tg
= lim y ctg
=
y 0
2
2
2 2 y 0
sin
y
2
= lim cos
:
y 0
2
y
2
= 1 : 1 =
.
2
0
y
= = lim cos
y
0
0
2
y
sin
2 =
: lim
2 y 0 y
2
1
6.5. ,
172
,
x
x +1
1
lim
lim = 0 (
= x
x 2 x 1
2
x
x2 2x
1
, 1) lim
lim 1x = 1
= x
x x ( x 2)
2
( ).
1 ,
1 ( 1), .
2x 3
2x 1
6.13. : ) lim
x
x 0
4x
sin x
x2
: ) 1 ,
2x 3
= 1, lim (4 x) = .
x 2 x 1
x
lim
2x 3
(2 x 1) 2
2
=
=1
.
2x 1
2x 1
2x 1
2
1 1
y =
; x y 0, x = + .
2x 1
y 2
, (6.19),
(6.25) ,
2x 3
lim
x 2 x 1
4x
= lim (1 + y )
4
+2
y
y 0
= lim (1 + y ) y
y 0
= lim (1 + y )
y 0
4
y
lim (1 + y ) 2 =
y 0
1 = e 4 .
) [0]. ,
1+ x
1
x
x
x x
x
= [ 0] = lim ln 1 +
x
1
.
x
173
(6.25) , ..
x
x
1
1
lim ln 1 + = ln lim 1 + = ln e =1.
x
x
x
x
) 1 , lim (1 + 2 x) =1;
x 0
sin x
sin x 1
= lim
=
x 0 x x
x2
sin x
1
1 , ).
( x 0
x
x
lim
x 0
sin x
2
lim (1 + 2 x) x
x 0
= 1 = lim (1 + 2 x) x
x 0
2 lim
x 0
2
= lim (1 + 2 x) x
x 0
sin x
x
2sin x
x
= e 21 = e 2 .
6.14. y = f(x)
x = 0
:
sin x
sin x
,
; ) y = x
x
1,
) y = 21/ x .
) y =
x 0,
x = 0;
) y =
1
;
1 + 21/ x
. ) x = 0 f (x) , , .
sin x
=1
x 0 x
sin x
sin x
x = 0 , .. lim
= lim
= 1,
x 0 x
x 0 + x
lim
x = 0 .
) . x = 0
, lim f (x) = f (0) = 1, ,
x0
174
) x = 0 f (x) .
x = 0 , ..
1
1
1
=
= 1, lim
= 0 ( 21/ x
1/
x
0
x
+
1+ 2
1+ 0
1 + 21/ x
x 0 + ), x = 0 f (x) lim =
x0
) x = 0 f (x) :
lim 21/ x = 0, lim 21/ x = .
x0
x0+
,
x = 0 .
, , :
2n 1
=2. 6.16. lim(3 x 4) =11. 6.17. lim ( x 2 3) =1.
n n + 3
x 5
x 2
6.15. lim
2x 7
.
x 8
5x 2 x2 2
.
6.20. lim
1
2x 1
x
x 8
x 5
6.21. lim
x 0
1 + x 3 x3
.
x 1 + x 2 + 3 x3
x2 x
.
x 1
x 1
6.23. lim
6.22. lim
x2 + 1 + x
6.24. lim
x 4
x3 + x x
6.26. lim x( x 2 + 1 x ).
x
6.28. lim
x 0
6.30. lim
x
1 cos 4 x
.
x2
sin( x / 6)
3 / 2 cos x
1
.
x5
1 + x2 1
.
x 2 + 16 4
6.18. lim
2 x 3x
.
x 2 x + 3 x
6.25. lim
1
.
x5
6.31. lim
x 0
sin 4 x
x +1 1
x
2
6.32. lim 2 x tg x
1 + .
. 6.33. xlim
cos x
x
x
2
175
5x
6.34. lim 1 +
.
x
x2
x2 + 1
6.35. lim
x x 2 3
1 2x
6.36. lim
.
x 0 x + 1
x3 5
6.37. lim 1 + tg 2 x
x 0
1
2x
x = 1?
:
x2 1
6.38. y =
.
x 1
6.40. y =
1
1 + 21/( x1)
x2 1
,
6.39. y = x 1
2,
1
6.41. y =
.
x 1
x 1,
x = 1.
6.42. , 10% , 6 . . 5
: ) ; ) ; ) .
176
7.1. ,
1. . xy y = f (x) M 0 ( x0 , y0 ) (. 7.1).
,
.
,
. 7.1
.
, (1) . 7.2 (2), . (3) .
7.2, (4), , A.
.
x0 x
y = f (x) M 0 ( x0 ; f ( x0 )) M1 ( x0 + x; f ( x0 + x )) .
M 0 M1
(. . 7.1).
y = f (x) M 0
M 0 M1
M0 ,
..
M1
x 0.
. 7.2
,
M 0 , (4.4)
178
y f ( x0 ) = k ( x x0 ) .
( )
kM1M 0
M 0 M1 N : kM 0 M1 = tg =
(. . 7.1).
k = lim k M 0 M1 = lim
x 0 x
x 0
y
x
(7.1)
.
2. .
s = s(t), s , t
, t0 .
t0 s0 = s (t0 ) ,
(t0 + t ) s0 + s = s (t0 + t ) (. 7.3).
t
vcp =
=
s
. t ,
t
. 7.3
t0 . t0
t0
t0 + t , t 0, ..
v = lim vcp = lim
t 0
t 0
s
.
t
(7.2)
3. . u = u(t)
u t
t0 .
t0 t0 + t u0 = u (t0 )
u0 + u = u( t0 + t );
u
zcp =
. , t
t0 -
179
t0
t0 + t t 0, ..
u
.
t 0 t
(7.3)
, (7.1)(7.3) . , .
7.2. .
y = f (x) X. x X. x x 0,
y = f (x + x) f (x).
. y = f (x)
( ):
y
f ( x + x) f ( x )
= lim
.
x 0 x
x 0
x
y = lim
(7.4)
: y, f (x),
dy df ( x)
,
.
dx
dx
, , ,
, y x .
.
x , . , X, .
.
: f ( x0 ) (
) , y = f (x) x0 , .. k = f ( x0 ) .
180
y = f (x) x0
(7.5)
y f ( x0 ) = f ( x0 ) (x x0 ).
: s(t0 )
t0 : v ( t0 ) = s(t0 ) .
, u ( t0 ) t0 .
= tg 135= 1.
yD
C Ox ( = 0),
yC = tg 0 = 0. A E . 7.4
x, = 90, tg 90 , .. f (x) ,
: f A = +,
f E = (, , , A f ( x)
( ), E ( ).
7.2. , y = x x = 0.
. ( )
x + x x
y
= lim
.
x 0 x
x 0
x
y = lim
181
, x = 0 ,
0 + x 0
x
x
x
1 x > 0 1 x < 0, ..
x 0 (
, ). -
. 7.5
x = 0 (. 7.5).
. . y = f (x)
x0 , .
y = f (x) x0 , ..
y
= f ( x0 ) ,
x 0 x
lim
f ( x0 ) , x.
(. 6.3)
y
= f ( x0 ) + (x),
x
(7.6)
(x) x 0
y = f ( x0 ) x + (x)x.
(7.7)
x 0 , y 0 , , (6.24)
y = f(x) x0 .
, , , ..
, . , , y = x x = 0, lim x = 0 = 0 (. 7.5), ,
x 0
7.2, .
, , .
, .
182
.
.
X, . (
), .
7.3. .
y = f (x) :
1. x x 0 y + y = f (x + x).
2. y = f (x + x) f (x).
3.
4.
y = lim
x 0 x
y
.
x
x0,
..
( ).
7.3. y = x3 .
. 1. x x 0
y + y = ( x + x )3 .
2. y = ( x + x)3 x3 = x3 +
+3 x 2 x + 3x x 2 + x3 x3 = x (3 x 2 + 3xx + x 2 ).
y
= 3 x 2 + 3xx + x 2 .
x
y
= lim (3 x 2 + 3xx + x 2 ) =
4. y = lim
x 0 x
x 0
3.
= 3 x2 .
, , ( x3 ) = 3 x 2 . (.
7.5), ( ) n
( x n ) = nx n 1 .
(7.8)
n =
n = 1:
183
( x ) =
(7.9)
1
1
= 2 .
x
x
(7.10)
2 x
7.4. y = x 2 4 x3 .
3
11
. y = x 2 x 4 = x 4 .
(7.8) y =
11 7
x4 .
4
7.5. y =
=
1
x = 1.
x
y
3
.
(7.5)
y = f (x) =
1
x = 1 y f(1) =
x
1
.
x2
1 1
0
y = 1/x
x+y2=0
x = 1 f (1) = 1.
. 7.6
x = 1 f (1) = 1.
y 1 = 1(x 1) x + y 2 = 0
(. 7.6).
.
1. , ..
c = 0.
,
y = c .
2. 1, ..
x = 1.
(7.8) n = 1.
, u = u(x) v = v(x)
.
184
3.
, ..
(7.11)
(u + v) = u + v .
4.
, ..
(uv) = u v + uv .
(7.12)
1.
:
(cu) = cu .
(7.13)
2. , :
(uvw) = uvw + uvw + uvw.
(7.14)
5.
u v uv
u
=
v2
v
(7.15)
( , v 0).
4, ..
(7.12). u = u(x) v = v(x) .
y = uv, , 7.3.
1. x x 0. u
v u + u v + v, y
y + y = (u + u)(v + v).
2.
y = (u + u)(v + v) uv = uv + uv + uv + uv uv =
= uv + uv + uv.
y
,
x
y
u
v
u v
x .
=
v + u
+
x
x
x
x x
3.
185
4. x 0,
y
u
v
u
v
v + u lim
lim
lim x .
= lim
+ lim
x 0 x
x 0 x
x 0 x
x 0 x x 0 x x 0
lim
,
y = u v + uv + u v 0 y = u v + uv .
7.6. y = f (x) x = 1:
) y = x3 ( 4 x + 1) ; ) y = 15 ( x 4 1) ; ) y =
x3 1
x
1
4
y = ( x3 )( x 4 + 1) + x3 ( x 4 + 1) = 3 x 2 ( x 4 + 1) + x 3 ( x
13
= x 2 ( 4 x + 3) .
4
3
4
+ 0) =
13
1 + 1) =
4
x = 1 y (1) = 1 (
= 4,25.
) :
y = 15 ( x 4 1) = 15 4 x3 = 60 x3 ; y (1) = 60.
) (7.15)
( x3 1) x ( x3 1)( x )
=
y =
( x )2
3x 2 x ( x3 1)
x
1
2 x = 5 x3 + 1 ;
2x x
y (1) = 3.
7.4.
y u (y = f (u)),
u
x, .. y = f [(x)] (.
5.5).
. y = f (u) u = (x) ,
186
u,
x, ..
y = f (u)u .
(7.16)
x x 0. u = (x) y = f (u) u y.
, u 0.
y = f (u)
lim
u 0 u
= f (u),
f (u) , u.
y
= f (u) + (u),
u
(u) u 0,
y = f (u)u + (u)u.
(7.17)
y
u
u
= f (u)
+ (u)
.
x
x
x
(7.18)
u = (x) ,
x, , x 0 u 0
(u) 0.
, x 0 (7.18),
u
= f (u)u .
x 0 x
y = f (u) lim
. ,
x 0, u 0,
y y u
=
x u x
x 0.
(7.16)
: y x = yu u x
187
dy dy du
=
.
dx du dx
y = x n ( (7.8) (7.10)).
(7.16) y = u n , u = u(x),
(u n ) = nu n 1 u ,
(7.19)
( u ) =
1
2 u
u ,
(7.20)
1
1
= 2 u .
u
u
(7.21)
7.7. :
) y = ( x + 5)3 ; ) y = 3
12
x2 1
; ) y =
.
2
2
x + x +1
x +1
. ) y = u 3 ,
u =
x + 5 . (7.19)
y = 3u 2 u = 3 ( x + 5)2 ( x + 5) =
) y =
u , u =
(7.16) (7.19)
3( x + 5)2
2 x
x2 1
,
x2 + 1
1 2
1 x2 1
y = u 3 u =
3
3 x 2 + 1
2
3
x2 1
x2 + 1 =
1 3 x 2 + 1 2 x( x 2 + 1) ( x 2 1) 2 x
4x
=
.
3 x2 1
( x 2 + 1) 2
3( x 2 + 1) 3 ( x 2 + 1)( x 2 1) 2
) 12
(7.21),
2
1
1
( x + x + 1) =
= 12 2
2
2
x + x +1
( x + x + 1)
12(2 x + 1)
=
.
( x 2 + x + 1) 2
y = 12
.
y = f(x)
X. y 188
, x , x = (y) (. 5.5) ,
, Y.
. , ,
, ..
xy =
1
.
y x
(7.22)
y = f (x) y ( x) =
= f (x) 0.
y 0 y,
x x = (y).
x
1
=
.
y
y / x
(7.23)
(7.23) y 0 ,
x 0,
lim
y 0 y
y x
1
1
, .. xy =
.
y x
lim (y / x)
x 0
(7.22) .
y = f (x) Ox, xy
Oy,
(
2
3
) (. 7.7) + =
(
2
+ =
).
1
. tg
1
xy =
.
y x
tg = ctg tg =
189
. 7.7
7.5. .
.
. ) y = ln x. , 7.3.
1. y+y = ln (x + x).
x + x
x
= ln 1 +
.
x
x
2. y = ln (x + x)ln x = ln
y
1
x
=
ln 1 +
.
x
x
x
y
1
x
ln 1 +
4. y = lim
= lim
.
x 0 x
x 0 x
x
x
= y , x = xy
3.
1
1
y = lim
ln(1+y) = lim ln(1 + y ) y .
x 0 xy
x y 0
,
(6.25), ,
(6.19);
y =
1
1
1
1
ln lim (1 + y ) y = ln e = .
x y 0
x
x
,
(ln x) =
1
1
(ln u) = u .
u
x
) y = log a x . y =
=
1
, ..
x ln a
( log a x ) =
ln x
(ln x) =
log
x
=
( a )
=
ln a
ln a
1
1
u .
( log a u ) =
x ln a
u ln a
, ln y = x. x , ln y ,
y
= 1, y = y, ..
y
( e x ) = e x ( eu ) = eu u .
(7.24)
x
, y = e , -
(7.16) (ln y) = x
: x y = e x ( ) :
e x = tg (. 7.8).
) y = a x .
y = ( a x ) = (eln a ) x = (e x ln a )
(7.16)
y = e x ln a ( x ln a) = a x ln a . ,
(a x ) = a x ln a
. 7.8
(au ) = au ln a u .
(7.25)
.
y = x n n.
, ln y = n ln x. ,
1
1
1
1
y = n , y = ny = n x n = n x n 1 , ..
x
y
x
x
n
1
n
n
1
n
( x ) = nx
(u ) = nu u .
(7.26)
- . y = f(x) ( x ) .
ln y = (x) ln f(x). ,
y
( x) f ( x)
= ( x) ln f ( x) + ( x) [ ln f ( x) ] = ( x) ln f ( x) +
.
y
f ( x)
, y = f(x) ( x ) ,
(7.27)
.. -
, , (, (u n ) = nu n 1 u (a u ) = a u ln a u ) .
.
(ln y) =
y
.
y
191
, .
(ln y) =
y
y
.
7.8. : ) y = x x ;
) y =
( x + 1)( x 2 2)
.
3 x
. ) (7.27) , : y = x x x 1 + x x ln x = x x (1 + ln x) .
) , (7.9) (7.15). . ,
ln y =
1
ln( x + 1) + ln( x 2 2) ln(3 x) . ,
2
y 1 1
1
1
( x + 1) +
( x 2 2)
(3 x)
=
2
3 x
y 2 x +1
x 2
y =
1 1
2x
1
y
+
+
.
2
2 x +1 x 2 3 x
y,
y =
x3 4 x 2 3x + 4
(3 x) ( x + 1)( x 2 2)(3 x)
. ) y = sin x.
(. 7.3):
1. y + y = sin (x + x).
2. y = sin (x + x) sin x = 2sin 2sin
y
=
3.
x
2sin
x
x
cos( x + )
2
2 .
x
192
x
x
cos( x + ).
2
2
x
sin
y
2 lim cos( x + x ) = cos x (
= lim
4. y = lim
x 0 x
x 0 x
x 0
2
2
(6.15)
cos x).
,
(sin x) = cos x (sin u) = cos uu .
(7.28)
) y = cos x.
(cos x) = sin x (cos u) = sin uu
(7.29)
( . ).
) y = tg x.
y =
) y = ctg x.
(ctg x)=
1
1
u
; (ctg u)=
2
sin x
sin 2 u
(7.31)
( . ).
) y = arcsin x, 1 x 1 /2 y /2.
x = sin y, xy = cos y 0,
/2 < y < /2.
(7.22)
y x =
1
1
1
1
=
=
=
.
xy cos y + 1 sin 2 y
1 x2
x = 1 .
,
(arcsin x) =
1
1
x2
(arcsin u) =
1
1 u2
u .
(7.32)
y
/
0
14
eu u
au ln a u
1
u
u
1
u
u ln a
15
eu
au
u+v
u +v
16
ln u
uv
u v+uv
17
log a u
uvw
18
sin u
cos uu
cu
19
cos u
sin uu
20
tg u
21
ctg u
22
arcsin u
u vw+uv w+
+uvw
cu
u
v
u
c
c
v
u v uv
v2
u
c
c
v
v2
10
f(u), u=(x)
f (u)u
23
arccos u
11
un
nu n 1u
24
arctg u
12
25
arcctg u
7
8
9
13
1
u
u
2 u
1
u
u2
1
u
cos 2 u
1
u
sin 2 u
1
u
1 u2
1
u
1 u2
1
u
1 + u2
1
u
1 + u2
y = e x , y = x n , y = f ( x)( x )
7.8 .
7.9. y, x 2 xy + ln y = 2, (2; 1).
. ,
y x, 2x y xy +
y =
y
= 0,
y
2 xy y 2
.
xy 1
x = 2, y = 1 y (2) = 3.
.
f (x) f (x),
. f (x) ,
.
n- (n 1)- .
: f (x) (
), f (x) ( ).
, , f (4) ( x), , f ( n ) ( x) f IV ( x) ..
.
,
s = s(t) ( s , t ), s (t0)
t0 . ,
s ( t0 ) = [ s(t0 ) ] = v(t0 )
t0 .
7.10. n- y = ln x.
. y =
1
1
2
1
1
, y = =
, y =
,
=
x
x2
x
x 2 x3
23
.. , n-
x4
(1) n 1 (n 1)!
=
.
xn
y (4) =
y ( n)
195
7.6. .
7.2 ,
.
, .
y
x. x , y
y
x 0 x
. y = lim
.
( ) x , (
, ..). , , , ,
.
. (
), , .
, () . , ,
()
(, , , ..). .
1
.
1
. ; ( .
average ). , R , AR .
196
() r p
q, .. r = pq.
, , . , ,
. , , .. p(q) p = aq + b, a < 0, b > 0. r = (aq + b)q = aq2 + bq
(. 7.9).
rcp =
r
= aq + b, , ..
q
,
rq = 2aq + b (. . 7.9). ,
, ( ) .
,
,
, , , = b.
r = bq
rcp =
r
= b rq = b (. 7.10).
q
, .
. 7.9
. 7.10
197
.
. E x ( y ) y x x 0:
y x x
y x
: = lim
Ex ( y ) = lim
= y .
x 0 y
x y x0 x y
(7.33)
,
y = f (x) x 1%.
.
(7.33)
Ex ( y) =
x
x
y = tg ,
y
y
tg (, ) (.
. 7.11). , MBN MN = x tg ,
MC = , MBN AMC
() =
MN MB
=
,
MC MA
MB
, .. (
MA
)
.
, ()
(. 7.11), , () (. 7.12).
. 7.11
. 7.12
198
.
1. x Ty = (ln y) =
y
, ..
y
E x ( y ) = x Ty .
(7.34)
2. ()
() :
Ex (uv) = Ex (u ) + Ex (v) ,
(7.35)
u
E x = E x (u ) E x ( v ) .
v
(7.36)
3. :
Ex ( y ) =
1
.
E y ( x)
(7.37)
. , y x (
x) , (7.33) ,
( ) ( ) 1%.
( )
Ex ( y ) > 1 , , Ex ( y ) < 1 ( ). Ex ( y ) = 1,
.
, , r = pq . , p = p (q)
; , p = p (q) .
q
rq = ( pq)q = pq q + p 1 = p 1 + pq = p 1 + Eq ( p ) .
p
, (7.37)
, ..
Eq ( p ) =
1
, , (q) < 0, E p (q)
199
1
rq = p 1
E p (q)
(7.38)
, .. (q)< 1,
(7.38) rq ; , .. (q) > 1, rq . ,
, .
,
,
. . 7.9
.
7.11. y x
y = 50x 0,05 x3 (. .).
10 .
. ( -
y
= 50 0,05 x 2 ; x =
x
10 ( ) ycp (10) =
) ycp =
7.12.
y (. .) x (. .)
y = 0,5x + 80. , 60 . .
. (7.33)
200
0,5 x
x
=
.
0,5 x + 80 x 160
x = 60 E x =60 ( y ) = 0,6 , .. , Ex ( y ) =
60 . ., 1%
0,6%.
7.7.
7.13. :
ln x + 1 + ln( x + 1);
) y =
) y = 5 x3 ln 2 x ; ) y = log 2
) y = arctg
( x 2)5
sin 2 x
; ) y =
;
( x + 3) 2
cos 2 x
x
+ ln x 2 + 3 ; ) y = xsin 2 x ; ) e y + e x + xy = 0.
3
. ) ,
(y = u ),
(u =
= ln x + 1), (y =
= ln u, u =
y =
+
x + 1 ):
1
(ln x + 1) +
2 ln x + 1
x +1 2 x
1
1
1
( x + 1) =
+
x +1
2 ln x + 1 x
1
1
+
2 x x(ln x + 1)
.
x + 1
1
)
3
5x
ln 2 x ,
(y = 5u , u = x3 ; y1 = u13 , u1 = ln x ).
3
3
3
3
y = (5 x ) ln 2 x + 5 x (ln 2 x) = 5 x ln 5( x3 ) ln 2 x + 5 x [ 2ln x(ln x)] =
3
= 5 x ln 5 3 x 2 ln 2 x + 5 x 2ln x
1
2
3
= 5 x ln x(3ln 5 x 2 ln x + ) .
x
x
201
) ,
, :
y = 5log 2 ( x 2) 2log 2 ( x + 3) .
5
( x 2)
( x 2)ln 2
2
1 5
2
3x + 19
( x + 3) =
=
.
ln 2 x 2 x + 3 ln 2( x 2)( x + 3)
( x + 3) ln 2
y =
sin 2 x cos 2 x
cos3 2 x
) y = arctg
y =
x 1
+ ln( x 2 + 3) .
3 2
1
x 1
2
+ 2 x 2 + 3 ( x + 3) =
2
x 3
1+
3
3
1 1
2x
x+ 3
+
=
=
.
x 2 + 3 3 2 ( x 2 + 3)
x2 + 3
1
) -
(7.27)
sin 2 x
y = xsin 2 x
+ ln x sin 2 x .
x
) , y x,
202
e y y + e x ( x) + xy + xy = 0
e x y
e y y e x + y + xy = 0, y =
.
x + ey
7.14. y =
= f (x) x = /4: ) y = ln 1 + ctg 2 x ; ) y = ln 4 sin x .
. ) ,
1
ln(1 + ctg 2 x) .
2
1
1
1
y =
(1 + ctg 2 x) =
2ctg x(ctg x) =
2
2 1 + ctg x
2(1 + ctg 2 x)
1
1
=
ctg x
= ctg x.
2
(1 + ctg x)
sin 2 x
, y =
,
y =
1 1
ln
= ln sin x .
2 sin 2 x
x = /4:
y (/4) = ctg(/4) = 1.
) y = 4(ln sin x)3 (ln sin x) =
= 4ln 3 sin x
1
4ln 3 sin x cos x
(sin x) =
= 4ln 3 sin x ctg x .
sin x
sin x
x = /4
x2
4
2) 1 = 0,5ln 3 2 .
x .
: ) 3x + 2y 4 = 0;
) ; ) (2; 5).
. ) 1. ,
:
x2
y=
x,
x = 2, x2 = 4,
, 1
4
y1 = 1, y2 = 8.
3x + 2 y 4 = 0
203
1
x 1 . 2
y (2) = 0, y (4) = 3.
2. y =
3. (7.5) y + 1 = 0 y 8 =
= 3 (x + 4) 3x + y + 4 = 0 (c. 1 2 . 7.13).
) k =
3
, 2
, , k3 = k =
3
1
k4 = =
k
2
2
= . ,
3
, -
. 7.13
1
3
f (x) = x 1 =
2
2
1
2
10
f (x)= x 1 = , x1 = 1 x2 =
. 2
3
3
5
f (1) =
4
5
10
f = . :
9
3
5
3
5 2
10
y = ( x + 1) 6x + 4y + 1 = 0 y + = ( x )
9 3
4
2
3
6x 9y 25 = 0 (. 3 4 . 7.13).
) M 0 x0 ,
x02
x0
4
1
k = f ( x0 ) = x0 1
2
x0 2
1
y
x0 = ( x0 1)( x x0 ) .
4
2
(*)
M1 (2; 5) (. 7.14),
(*), ..
x2
1
5 0 x0 = ( x0 1)(2 x0 ),
4
2
204
: x02 4 x0 12 = 0
( x0 )1 = 2
( x0 )2 = 6.
f (2) = 3,
f ( 2 ) = 2 f (6) = 3, f ( 6 ) = 2,
(7.5) y 3 = 2 (x+2) y 3 =
= 2 (x 6) y = 2x 1
y = 2x 9 (. 1 2
. 7.14).
7.16. , -
. 7.14
,
s(t) = 4 + 8t 5t 2 , s(t) , t . : )
; )
; ) .
. ) t
s (t), .. v(t) = s (t) = 8 10t; t = 0 v(0) = s(0) = 8 /.
) s(t) = 0, .. 4 + 8t 5t 2 =
= 0, t1 = 2; t2 = 0,4 ( , t > 0).
t = 2 v(2) = s (2) = 8 102 = 12 /
( , t = 2 ).
) s (t) ,
0 , .. v(t) = 8 10t = 0, t = 0,8.
s(t) = s(0,8) = 5 + 80,8
5 0,82 = 8,2 .
7.17. u,
5
6
, u = t 3 +
15 2
t + 100t +
2
+ 50(.), 1 t 8, t . ,
.
205
5
z(t) = u (t ) = t 2 + 15t + 100 (./),
2
z(t)
Tz (t ) = [ ln z (t ) ] :
z (t) = 5t + 15 (./ 2 ),
Tz (t ) =
2t 6
z (t )
5t + 15
=
(./).
=
z (t ) 5 t 2 + 15t + 100 t 2 6t 40
2
q=
p+8
s = p + 0,5, q s p+2
,
, p . : ) ,
.. , ;
) ; ) 5% .
. )
q = s:
p +8
= p + 0,5 , p = 2, .. 2 . .
p+2
206
) (7.33):
E p (q) =
6p
2p
; E p (s) =
.
( p + 2)( p + 8)
2 p +1
p=2
E p = 2 (q ) = 0,3 ;
E p = 2 ( s ) = 0,8 .
1,
() . , . ,
p 1% 0,3%, 0,8%.
) p 5%
50,3 = 1,5%, ,
3,5%.
7.19.
, 1?
. y y = f (x), x . y -
y
. y .
x
x
y = 1,
Ex(y) = 1, .. (7.33),
y
y
y = . , y = y, ..
x
ycp =
(,
).
:
4
x2 1
.
x2 + 1
7.20. y =
207
7.22. y = 3 x (e3 x 5) .
2
1 3x
.
1 + 3x
7.26. y = 3 x ln(1 x 2 ) .
7.24. y = ln 3
7.28. y = 3
1 e4 x
.
e4 x
7.23. y = 4 1 + e 4 x + 5 .
7.25. y = ln
x(1 + x 2 )
1 x2
7.27. y = x 3 ln 2 x .
7.29. y = ( xe 2 x + 3)5 .
1 x
. 7.31. y = sin( x 2 + 2 x ) .
1+ x
ln cos x
.
= 4e ln x (1 ln x ) . 7.33. y =
cos x
x
= cos 2 x + ln tg . 7.35. y = ln( 1 + e x 1) ln( 1 + e x + 1).
2
1
x
cos x
= e x ln sin x . 7.37. y = ln tg
.
2
2 2sin 2 x
arcctg x
3
2
sin x .
=
7.39. y =
.
+
4x
2 x
cos
cos
1 + x2
x 1
7.41. y = arcctg + ln( x 2 + a 2 ) .
= 1 x2 arccos x.
a 2
7.30. y = ( x 2 1) ln
7.32. y
7.34. y
7.36. y
7.38. y
7.40. y
x = x0 :
7.42. y = 1 + ln 2 x; x0 =1. 7.43. y = ln( x +
7.44. y = sin x ecos x ; x0 =
.
2
x 2 + 12); x0 = 2.
7.45. y = ln 4
1 + tg x
; x0 = 0.
1 tg x
7.46. y =
8
:
4 + x2
) x = 2; ) y.
7.47. y = x 2 2 x . : ) 3x + y 2 = 0;
) .
) (1; 5).
7.48.
y = x2 y = 2x2 + 4x 4.
208
7.49. s (t ) =
4t + 3
,
t+4
s , t .
t = 6.
, :
7.50. x 2 + xy + y 2 = 6.
7.51. e x sin y e y cos x =0.
n- :
7.52. y = x n .
7.53. y = a x .
7.54. u (. .)
u = t 3 5t 2 + 75t + 425 , t
(). 2
.
7.55. y (.
.) x (.)
y=10x 0,04x3 . , 5 .
7.56. q s p q = 7 p s = p + 1.
: ) ; ) ; ) ( )
5% .
209
, .
8.1.
. X
y = f (x) x0 ,
, .. f ( x0 ) = 0 .
y = f (x)
X x0 X (. 8.1).
f ( x0 + x) f ( x0 ),
x0 + x X , , y = f ( x0 + x) f ( x0 ) 0
x
x.
y
0 x > 0
x
y
0 x < 0.
x
x 0+ ()
x 0 (),
lim
x 0
y
0.
x
y
0
x 0+ x
lim
. 8.1
y = f (x) x0 ,
, x 0
x 0
(
),
..
y
y
= lim
, , f ( x0 ) = 0 .
x 0+ x
x 0 x
lim
210
, f (x)
x0 . n
:
, X, .
,
.
. y = f (x) :
1) [a, b];
2) (a, b);
3) , ..
f (a) = f (b).
(a, b), :
f () = 0.
(. 6.7) ,
, M
m . , (.. m = M),
,
[a, b]. .
(.. m < M),
y
.
(.
. 8.2):
, f(a)
f(b)
;
a
2 b x
(, 0
1
. 8.2 : 1 2 ).
. 8.2
f (a) = f (b) = 0,
:
.
211
, . , , . 8.3, : . 8.3
[a, b], . 8.3 (a, b), . 8.3
f (a) = f (b).
(a, b),
f () = 0.
)
. 8.3
.
. y = f (x) :
1) [a, b];
2) (a, b).
(a, b),
, ..
f () =
f (b ) f ( a )
.
ba
(8.1)
g (x) :
g (x) = f (x)
f (b) f (a)
( x a) .
ba
g (x) :
[a, b],
(a, b) :
g (a) = f (a),
g (b) = f (b)
f (b) f (a)
(b a ) = f (a).
ba
212
, (a, b), , g () = 0
g () = f ()
f (b) f (a )
f (b) f (a )
= 0, f () =
.
ba
ba
(8.1)
:
f (b) f (a) = f ()(b a).
(8.2)
.
f (b) f (a) [a, b];
f (b) f (a )
ba
; . ,
: , ,
.
. 8.4.
AB
,
(a, b),
f (x) AB, AB, ( (4.5) . 8.4
k AB =
f (b) f (a)
,
ba
k = f ()).
. f (x)
X,
.
X [a, x].
f (x) f (a) = f ()(x a),
a < < x. f () = 0, , f (x) f (a) = 0,
.. f (x) = f (a) = const.
213
8.2.
.
( ), .
, ,
0
lim
x x0
( x )
f ( x)
f ( x)
.
= lim
g ( x) x x0 g ( x)
(8.3)
( x )
x x0 .
0
, f (x) g (x),
x0 , lim f ( x ) =
x x0
= f ( x0 ) = 0 lim g ( x) = g ( x0 ) = 0.
x x0
lim
x x0
f ( x) f ( x0 )
f ( x)
= lim
.
g ( x) x x0 g ( x) g ( x0 )
f (1 )( x x0 )
f (1 )
f ( x)
= lim
= lim
,
x x0 g ( x )
x x0 g (2 )( x x0 )
x x0 g ( 2 )
x < 1 < x0 , x < 2 < x0 .
x x0 f (x) g (x)
f ( 1 ) f ( x0 ) g ( 2 ) g ( x0 ).
lim
, (8.3).
. ,
(8.3) , .
8.1. :
log a x
x
xk
; ) lim
; ) lim
.
x e x
x a x
x x k
. ) .
) lim
, :
214
x
x
1
= = lim
= lim
= 0.
x
x
x e
x (e )
x e x
) .
lim
k , k , [k] + 1 , k
( [k] k):
xk
kx k 1
k (k 1) x k 2
= = lim
= = lim
= ==
x a x
x a x ln a x a x ln 2 a
k (k 1) (k [ k ]) x k [ k ]1
= lim
.
x
a x ln[ k ]+1 a
lim
[k] + 1 , .. ( k ; k , ).
xk
= 0.
x a k
1
log a x
(log a x)
1
1
lim
= = lim
= lim x ln a =
= 0.
) lim
k
k
k
1
x kx
x x
k ln a x x k
x ( x )
. , lim
: x n
, log a x , a x ,
xn
ax
= , lim
=.
x log a x
x x n
x n ; , lim
8.2. :
e x + e x 2
; ) lim x ln x .
x 0
x 0
x2
) lim
. )
e x + e x 2 0
(e x + e x 2)
e x e x
= = lim
= lim
.
x 0
x 0
( x 2 )
x2
2x
0 x 0
0
- . 0
lim
215
e x e x
( e x e x )
e x + e x
= lim
= lim
= 1.
x 0
x 0
x 0
(2 x)
2x
2
lim
) [0].
ln x
,
x 0 + 1
x
x 0 +
. ,
1
ln x
= = lim x = lim ( x) = 0.
lim
x 0 + 1
x 0
x 0 + 1
x2
x
. .
8.3. :
) lim
x +1
x 1
x + sin x
.
x x sin x
; ) lim
. ) ,
lim
2 x + 1 = lim x 1 = ,
= = lim
1
x x + 1
x 1 x
2 x 1
x +1
.. ; .
, . ,
.
,
lim
1
x = 1.
= lim
x 1 x
1
1
x
1+
x +1
) , ..
216
x + sin x
( x + sin x)
1 + cos x
= = lim
= lim
,
x x sin x
x 1 cos x
x ( x sin x)
lim
,
, lim cos x .
x
sin x
1+
x + sin x
x =1 ,
lim
= lim
sin x
x x sin x
x
1
x
sin x
lim
= 0 (. 6.8).
x x
8.3.
(. 5.3), y = f (x) () X,
x1 , x2 X, x2 > x1 f ( x2 ) > f ( x1 )( f ( x2 ) < f ( x1 )).
( ).
X, .
x1 x2
X. x2 > x1 , x1 , x2 X. , f ( x2 ) > f ( x1 ).
f (x) [ x1 , x2 ]
,
f ( x2 ) f ( x1 ) = f ()( x2 x1 ),
(8.4)
f ( x2 ) > f ( x1 ).
.
( ). X, .
. 8.5.
217
(. 8.5),
, (. 8.5), .
8.4.
. 8.5
x2
4x + 3.
y=
. y = 2x 4. y > 0 x > 2
y < 0 x < 2, .. (, 2)
(2, +), x0 = 2
.
, . () X, , () : f (x) 0
( f (x) 0), x X, .. .
8.5. y = x3 .
. y = 3x 2 . ,
y > 0 x 0. x = 0 .
(.
. 5.5).
218
8.4.
. , , , . .
1. x0 -
f (x), x0
f (x) f ( x0 ) (. . 8.6).
2. x1 -
f (x), x1
f (x) f ( x1 )
(.
. 8.6).
x0
x1
.
.
,
,
. 8.6
x0 .
, ,
,
. 8.6 f min ( x2 ) > f max ( x0 ) . ( ) X ,
f (x) ()
(, , ()).
(. . 8.7).
219
,
y = f (x) ,
. , ,
1, 3,
5, 7, 9.
,
,
y = f (x).
2, 4, 6, 8,
. 8.7
(
, ).
. x0 y = f (x) , (.
8.1), , , , .. f ( x0 ) = 0.
, . , ,
y = x () x = 0,
(. 7.2 . 7.5). 3
x 2 x = 0 (. 8.8),
2
y =
: y (0) = .
3
3 x
y =
y = 3 x2
. 8.8
. 8.9
220
y = f (x) x0 ,
,
(f ( x0 ) = 0) .
, , .. ,
( 1). ,
.
, - ,
. , , ,
. .
8.6. :
) y = x 2 ; ) y = x3 + 1 ; ) y = 3 x 1 .
. ) y = 2x. x = 0 y (0) = 0
x = 0 y = x 2
(. . 5.6).
) y = x3 + 1 . y = 3x 2 x = 0
, .. y (0) = 0, x = 0 (. . 8.9).
3
x 1 ;
1
y =
x = 1 , .. y (1) =
33 ( x 1)2
) y =
= , (. . 8.10).
y
y = 3 x 1
x
0
. 8.10
x0
. 8.11
1 , , .
221
, .
, .
. . x0
y = f (x) , x0
y = f (x), ,
.
, .. (a, x0 ) ( f (x) > 0),
( x0 , b) ( f (x) < 0).
f (x) (a, x0 ) -
( x0 , b), (. . 8.11).
f ( x0 ) > f(x)
, x0 y = f (x).
, .
,
x0 .
, x0 .
. 8.12
, y = f(x) x0
, .. y = f (x):
222
(. 8.12) (. 8.12)
. , .
y = f (x) .
1. y = f (x).
2. , f (x) = 0 .
3.
.
4. ( ) .
8.7. y = x(x 1)3.
. 1. y = (x 1) 3 +
+ 3x (x 1)2 = (x 1)2 (4x 1).
2. ,
x1 =
1
; x2 = 1 . (,
4
, f (x)
.)
3.
(. 8.13).
. 8.13
1
1
, , x = 0 x =
4
2
1
1
f (0) = 1 < 0 f ( ) =
> 0; , f (x) < 0
2
4
1
1
x < f (x) > 0 ( ; 1).
4
4
x =
1
4
. x = 1 .
223
1
4
4. f min =
11
27
.
1 =
4 4
256
. .
f (x)
x0 , f ( x0 )
, x0 f (x);
f ( x0 ) , x0 .
f ( x0 ) = 0,
f ( x0 ) > 0.
x0 , .. x0 .
f ( x0 ) = 0 f ( x0 ) < 0.
y = f (x) ,
( . 1, 2, 4). 3, : f (x) .
8.8.
p , S(x) = ax + x3 (a < p, > 0).
.
. x.
C(x) = px (ax + x3 ), px
.
1. C (x) = (p a) 3 x 2 .
2. : C (x) = (p a) 3 x 2 = 0,
x1 =
pa
pa
( x2 =
3
3
).
3. C (x) = 6x x1 =
pa
:
3
224
C x1 =
pa
< 0 ( C (x) < 0
3
x > 0), , x =
pa
C(x) .
3
4. (..
)
Cmax x1 =
p a ( p a) p a
.
=
3
3 3
,
x0 f ( x0 ) 0,
. , , .
.
, , y = x 4 . y = 4x 3 ,
y = 12x 2 . x = 0
. x = 0 ,
. , .
, x0 f ( x0 ) = 0, .
8.5.
, ,
( )
X.
C ( 6.7),
y = f (x) . 8.14
[a, b],
.
225
,
. , . 8.14
x = b, x1.
:
1. f (x).
2. , f (x) = 0
.
3.
f f.
8.9. -
y = ( x 2) 2 e x [0; 5] .
.
1. f (x) = 2 ( x 2)e x ( x 2) 2 e x = e x ( x 2)( x 4) .
2. f (x) = 0, x1 = 2 x2 = 4.
3. f (2) = 0, f (4) =
f (0) = 4 f (5) =
4
e4
9
. , f = f (0) = 4,
e5
f = f (2) = 0.
. y = f (x) (a, b),
. ,
(a, b) (
), ( )
( ) .
, (1; 2) y = x 2 6 x + 5
ymin = y(3) = 4, ,
y = 4. ,
.
8.6. .
,
. ,
, .
, . 8.15.
226
. , , , . 8.15 8.15. x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5
. , .
x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 .
1. y = f (x)
X, x1 , x2 X
f ( x1 ) + f ( x2 )
x +x
.
f 1 2
2
2
(8.5)
f ( x1 ) + f ( x2 )
x +x
.
f 1 2
2
2
(8.6)
2. 1 X, x1 , x2 X
. 8.15
, ,
. 8.16. , , ,
, (. . 8.16), , (. . 8.16).
1 , .
227
. 8.16
y=f(x)
y=f(x)
1
0
x1
x2
2
0
. 8.17
x1 x2
. () X
,
().
, f (x)
() X, ()
(. . 8.17, ).
().
, ().
.
() X, () .
f (x) = (f (x)) > 0, x X, f (x) X, ,
X. f (x) < 0, x X.
: X, , f (x) 0
( f (x) 0), x X. , y = x 4
228
, y = 12 x 2 : x = 0 f (0) = 0.
.
, ,
.
,
.
.
( ). f (x) x0
, .. f (x) = 0.
( ). f (x)
x0 , x0
.
(. . 8.18).
x1
, . x2 ,
,
. x0 .
. 8.18
,
,
.
:
1. f (x).
2. , f (x) = 0
.
3.
.
4. .
229
8.10. y = x ( x 1)3 .
. 1. y = ( x 1) 2 (4 x 1) (. 8.7).
1
x2 =1 (. 8.19).
2
. 8.19
3. y > 0 (,
1
(x 1).
2
1
) (1, +), ,
2
; y < 0 -
1
, 1), , ,
2
1
x1 =
x2 = 1 .
2
1
1
4. f ( ) = , f (1) = 0.
2
16
8.7.
. .
.
. y = f (x) , ,
(x, f (x)) .
. 8.20 ,
. 8.20 , . 8.20 . ,
.
230
)
. 8.20
.
1. y = f (x) x0 (, , )
x x0 0 () x x0 + 0
()
lim
x x0 + 0
..
lim
x x0 0
f ( x) =
f ( x) = . x = x0 -
y = f (x).
, x = x0
, x0 ,
lim f ( x) = f ( x0 ). ,
x x0
x = x0
y = f (x) (a, b), a b
.
2. y = f (x)
x lim f ( x) = b.
x
y = b
y = f (x).
.
lim f ( x) = b lim f ( x) = b, x
x +
y = b y = b
.
231
, lim f ( x) = , x
.
3. y = f (x)
x
lim
f ( x)
=k
x
lim [ f ( x) kx ] = b. y = kx + b
y = f (x).
y = kx + b , ,
b
f ( x)
k = 0. lim [ f ( x) (kx + b) ] = 0 lim
x x
x
f ( x)
. lim [ f ( x ) (kx + b) ] = 0, k = lim
x x
x
, k , : b = lim [ f ( x) kx ] .
x
, ,
.
8.11. -
y =
ax + b
a b
, c 0
0.
c d
cx + d
d
d
. f (x) x .
c
c
ax + b
ax + b
d
a b
=
. ,
0
c d
cx + d c( x + d )
c
c
d
, .. x
c
ax + b
d
= x =
. lim
d
c
x cx + d
x=
b
x =a.
= lim
d c
x
c+
x
a+
232
ax + b
=
x cx + d
lim
, y =
a
c
. (, 4.5
-
.)
, , y =
3 2x
x +1
x = 1, y = 2 ( . 4.24).
y=
x3
x2 + 1
8.12.
. , ( ),
x3
= ). .
+1
f ( x)
x3
x2
k = lim
= lim
: x = lim
= 1;
x x
x x 2 + 1
x x 2 + 1
x
x3
b = lim [ f ( x ) 1 x ] = lim
x = lim
= 0.
x
x x 2 + 1
x x 2 + 1
( lim
x x 2
, y = x.
8.8.
:
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. ,
.
5. .
6. .
7. , , , .
233
, .
8.13. y =
1 + x2
1 x2
.
. 1. (, 1) (1, 1)
(1, +), .. x 1.
2. , f (x) = f (x), .
3.
x = 1. x 10 ()
x 1 + 0 () , ..
1 + x2
=
x 1+ 0 1 x 2
lim
1 + x2
= +, x = 1
x 1 0 1 x 2
lim
. f (x) x = 1
.
4. .
1 + x2
=
x + 1 x 2
lim
1 + x2
= 1, ..
x 1 x 2
= 1. lim
y = 1 .
5. .
y =
2 x(1 x 2 ) (1 + x 2 )(2 x)
4x
=
; y = 0
2
2
(1 x )
(1 x 2 ) 2
x = 0 y x = 1.
x1 = 0 (
x = 1 ). x < 0 f (x) < 0, x > 0 f (x) > 0 (. 8.21),
x = 0 f min = f (0) = 1 .
(, 1) (1, 0) , (0, 1) (1, +) .
6. .
. 8.21
y =
234
. 8.22
8.14. y =
x2
2x e 2
.
. 1. (, +).
2. , f (x) = f (x)
.
3. ,
x.
4. :
(2 x)
2
= lim
= 0.
x + x2
x +
x +
x2
e2
xe 2
e2
lim f ( x) = 0, .. y = 0
lim f ( x) = lim
2x
x2
= = lim
x +
( )
( ) .
5. :
y = 2e
x2
2
+ 2 xe
x2
2
( x) = 2e
x2
2
(1 x 2 ) ;
y = 0 x = 1, .. x1 = 1, x2 = 1.
. 8.23.
235
, x = 1 ; x = 1
f min = f(1) =
f max = f(1) =
2
e
1,21,
1,21.
. 8.23
x2
2
( x)(1 x 2 ) + 2e
x2
2
= 2 xe
x2
2
(3 x 2 );
y = 0 x = 0 x = 3 . . 8.24.
,
. 8.24
( 3 , 0) ( 3 , +) -
(, 3 ) (0,
x2 = 0, x3 = 3 .
3 ), x1 = 3 ,
7. f (0) = 0.
f (x) = 0
x = 0, .. (0; 0).
. 8.25.
. 8.25
8.9.
8.15. :
1 xx
.
x 1 1 x
) lim ( 1 + x 2 3 1 + x3 ) ; ) lim
x
. ) [].
0
1 + x 2 , :
0
236
1 + x3
lim ( 1 + x 2 3 1 + x3 ) = [] = lim 1 + x 2 1
x
x
1 + x2
1
= lim
1 + x3
1 + x2 = 0 .
0
1
2
1+ x
1
lim
1 + x3
1
1 + x 2
1 + x 2 = lim
.
1
x
1
1 + x2
1 + x2
3
1 + x3
( )
lim
x 1
(1 +
2
x3 ) 3
= 0,
() ( ).
) .
0
:
1 xx 0
(1 x x )
= = lim
= lim( x x ) = lim x x (1 + ln x ) = 1
x 1
x 1 1 x
0 x1 (1 x) x1
lim
( ( x x ) . 7.7).
8.16. 1 .
50% ,
100%,
.
p%. p , ?
. x (. ) , 1 x . (1 x) (1 +
237
50
3 3
) = x,
100
2 2
, : x (1 +
100
) = 2x. 100
p
2
(2x x ).
100
p
, .. 100
:
3 3
p
3
p 3
2
A (x) = x + 1
(2x x ) = + 2 1
x
2 2
100
2
100
p 2
1
x ,
100
[0; 1].
p 3
p
2 1
x
100 2
100
p 3
2 1
100 2 .
A (x) = 0 x0 =
p
2 1
100
p
A (x) = 2 1
< 0, ..
100
x0 .
x0 [0; 1],
A (x) = 2 1
0 < 2 1
p 3
p
< 2 1
, p < 25.
100 2
100
, p > 25, .
p < 25, , x = x0
2
p 3
2 1
3 100 2
3
A( x0 ) = +
> = A(0),
p
2
2
4 1
100
.. ,
.
238
8.17.
y = 1 ln 2 x -
.
. 1.
x > 0,
1 ln 2 x 0,
, e .
e
2. , .
3. .
. -
1
x = e:
e
lim 1 ln 2 x = 0; lim 1 ln 2 x = 0,
x =
x e
1
e
.. .
4. .
x > e x <
1
, e
.
5. .
y =
2ln x
2 x 1 ln 2 x
y = 0 x = 1, .. x = 1. ,
1
e
( , e)
ln x
x 1 ln 2 x
. 8.26
.
. 8.26.
, x = 1
f max = f (1) =1.
6. .
(
)
y =
ln 3 x ln x + 1
.
x 2 (1 ln 2 x)3 / 2
239
, ln x1 ln 3 x ln x +1 , .. y <0
1
x e
e
. .
. 8.27.
8.18. y = 3 x3 3 x 2
.
. 8.27
. 1.
(, ).
2. ( , ),
f (x) f (x).
3. ,
.
4. :
lim
x3 3x 2 = lim x 3 1
x
3
= .
x
, .
:
f ( x)
k = lim
x x
= = lim
x
x3 1
x
3
x = lim
3 1
3
= 1,
x
b = lim ( f ( x) 1 x) = lim ( 3 x3 3x 2 x ) = [ ] =
x
= lim
x3
= lim
x 3
3x 2
3
x)( 3
( x3 3x 2 )2 + x 3 x3 3x 2 + x 2 )
( x3 3x 2 ) 2 + x 3 x3 3x 2 + x 2
x3 3 x 2 x 3
3
( x3 3 x 2 ) 2 + x x3 3 x 2 + x 2
= 1
( 3x 2 ,
3x 2 ). y = x 1 .
5. :
240
y =
1 3
x2 2 x
x2
( x 3x 2 ) 3 (3 x 2 6 x) =
=
,
3
3
3
3
2
2
3
( x 3x )
x ( x 3)2
y = 0 x = 2, y x = 0; x = 3, .. x1 = 2, x2 = 0, x3 = 3.
. 8.28.
, x=0
f max = f (0) = 0, x = 2
. 8.28
f min = f (2) = 3 4 ,
x = 3 .
6. .
y =
2
4
5
x 3 ( x 3) 3
.. y = f (x)
x = 0 x = 3. f (x) . 8.29.
,
(;
0) (0; 3), (3; ),
. 8.29
x = 3 .
7. . f (0) = 0, ,
(0; 0). f (x) = 0
x = 0 x = 3. ,
x = 0 x = 3.
y
. 8.30.
5
,
x = 0
3
x = 3
1
0
3
. 8.30
241
8.10.
. , ,
, ,
, .
.
:
.
x0 -
, MS ( x0 ) = MD ( x0 ), MS , MD .
(x). (x) = D(x) S(x).
, ,
, ..
x0 , (x) ().
(x) = 0. (x) = D ( x ) S ( x ) ,
D ( x0 ) = S ( x0 ), .. MD ( x0 ) = MS ( x0 ).
, .
: .
.
AS (x)
S ( x)
, ..
x
, .
y = AS (x), ..
AS (x) =
S x S
S
= 0, S x S = 0 S = , .. MS(x) =
2
x
x
= AS(x).
.
:
,
242
(,
..), .
,
y
, x ,
x
y , x. , : y = f(x), , , .
U = U(x), x , U
. , . :
. ,
:
, .
.
, :
x3 + x 2 6 x
.
x x 3 x + 16
ln ( x 2 3)
.
8.21. lim
x 2 x 2 + 3 x 10
e x2 + e x2 2
.
8.23. lim
x 0
x2
x3 + x 2 5 x + 3
.
x 1 x 3 4 x 2 + 5 x 2
x3 1
8.22. lim
.
x 1 ln x
8.19. lim
8.20. lim
, (
0
0
):
1
1
.
x
x 0 x e 1
8.25. lim ( x ln x
8.24. lim
:
8.26. y = x3 2 x 2 7 x + 4 .
8.27. y =
243
x3
.
1 + x2
x + x2 ) .
8.28. y = x ln 2 x .
8.29. y =
8.30. y = ln (2 cos x ) .
8.31. y =
ln 2 x 1 .
ex
.
x
:
8.32. y = 3 x 2 6 x [0; 3].
8.33. y =
1+ x
(1; ].
ln x
8.34.
512 2, .
,
?
8.35. , . , .
:
8.37. y = 2 x 2 + ln x .
8.36. y = 2 x3 3 x 2 + 15 .
8.40. y = e x 2 .
8.38. y = x3 6 x 2 .
8.39. y = x e x .
:
3 4x
.
2 + 5x
3x5
8.44. y =
.
2 + x4
8.41. y =
1 x2
.
1 + x2
2 x3 ln x
8.45. y =
.
x2 + 1
8.42. y =
8.43. y =
1 + x2
.
1 x2
:
8.46. y = x 2 + x .
8.49. y = x3 12 x 2 + 36 x .
8.51. y = (2 + x) e x .
1
( x 1)3
. 8.48. y =
.
( x + 1) 2
x2
27
8.50. y = x +
.
x3
x
3
8.52. y = e x 2 .
8.53. y =
.
ln x
8.47. y = x 2 +
8.54. R(a)
R ( a ) = R 1 + 3 a , R -
. R
?
244
8.55. ,
C = C0
gr
,
( re r ) + gr
0 , r , g , , re
, . ,
, : r1 = 0,2,
r2 = 0,4, g1 = g2 = g. , re = 0,5. . g ?
245
9
9.1.
y = f (x) X x X.
y
= f (x).
x 0 x
lim
y
= f (x) + (x),
x
(x) x 0,
y = f (x)x + (x)x.
(9.1)
, y : 1) x; 2) ( , x,
(. 6.3) lim
x 0
(x)x
= lim (x) = 0).
x 0
x
. ,
x ,
dy = f (x)x.
9.1.
(9.2)
2 x2
3 x x = 10 x = 0,1.
y =
.
y = f (x + x) f (x) = [2(x + x)2 3(x + x)] (2x2 3x) =
= x(4x + 2x 3).
dy = f (x)x = (4x 3)x.
x = 10 x = 0,1 y = 3,72 dy = 3,70.
y dy 0,02, 0,5%.
246
9.2. y = x.
. dy = dx = x x,
dx = x,
..
.
dy = f (x) dx,
(9.3)
f (x) =
dy
dy
. ,
dx
dx
, dy dx.
. 9.1
. 9.2
.
y = f (x) M(x, y).
x x. y = f (x)
y = f (x + x) f (x) (. . 9.1)
y = f (x) M,
Ox, ..
f (x) = tg . MKN
KN = MNtg = x tg = f (x)x,
.. (9.2) dy = KN.
, , y = f (x) , x x.
, dy < y. , . 9.2 , dy > y.
247
. . :
1. dc = 0.
4. d(uv) = v du + u dv.
u vdu udv
.
=
v2
v
2. d(cu) = c du.
5. d
3. d(u v) = du dv.
,
, .
.
y = f (x) x, ,
dy = f (x)dx. y = f (u),
u = (x) x, ..
y = f [(x)]. y = f(u) u = (x) ,
, 7.4,
y = f (u)u .
dy = f (x) dx = f (u)u dx = f (u) du,
(9.2) u dx = du. ,
dy = f (u) du.
(9.4)
,
, x u.
(.. ) ( ) .
(9.3) (9.4) : (9.3)
, .. dx = x,
(9.4) du u x du u.
9.2.
, y = dy + (x)x, ..
y dy
,
248
dy = f (x)x. x y dy
f (x + x) f (x) f (x)x,
f (x + x) f (x) + f (x)x.
(9.5)
x, (9.5).
(9.5)
.
9.3. : )
4 16,64
; ) tg 46.
. )
n- . f (x) = n x , -
1 1 1 n x
xn =
(9.5) n x + x n x +
nx
n
n
x x
x
n x + x n x 1 +
+
.
nx
nx
x
4
x + x 4 x 1 +
.
4x
f (x) =
0,64
16 1 +
= 21,01 = 2,02.
4 16
1
) f (x) = tg x, f (x) =
cos 2 x
x
(9.4) tg(x + x) tg x +
. , tg46 = tg(45 + 1)=
cos 2 x
= tg +
x =
. tg46= tg +
, x =
4
180
4 180
4 180
1
=1+
= 1 + 0,0349 1,035.
tg +
4 cos 2 180
90
4
x = 9, x = 7,64!). ,
4 16,64
, (9.5)
, < 1:
(1 ) n 1 n ;
1 1
; sin , cos 1
1 , e 1 + , ln(1)
;
n 1
2
..
2
249
() .
y = f (x) x1 , ,
x x= x x1 .
f ( x1 ) f (x),
, f (x) f ( x1 )= y dy = f (x)x.
y =
y
y
( x) :
y =
y dy
f ( x)x
xf ( x) x
=
=
y
y
f ( x)
f ( x)
x
y = Ex ( y ) x ,
(9.6)
E x ( y ) (. 7.6) (
); x =
x
x
() x.
9.4. y () 100
x (/)
y = 18 0,3x + 0,003 x 2 .
x = 90 /, 5%.
. (
)
xf ( x)
x( 0,3 + 0,006 x)
=
. x = 90 Ex =90 ( y ) = 1,41
18 0,3x + 0,003x 2
f ( x)
(9.6) y = 1,415
Ex ( y ) =
7,1%.
250
9.5. , 2%?
. x f (x) =
f (x) = 4x 2 , Ex ( f ) =
(9.6) y 3 x = 32 = 6%.
4 3
x . 3
xf ( x)
x 4x 2
=
= 3 4 3
f ( x)
x
3
.
(. 14.3).
9.3.
y = f (x) (9.3)
dy = f (x)dx, .. : x dx.
,
, ,
x. dy x,
.
( ) d 2 y y = f (x) , ..
d 2 y = d(dy).
(9.7)
n- ( n- ) d n y (n1)-
, .. d n y = d( d n 1 y ).
d 2 y . d 2 y = d(dy) =
= d(f (x)dx). dx x, ..
x , dx
, ..
d 2 y = dxdf (x) = dx[f (x)] dx = f (x) (dx)2 .
,
d 2 y = f (x) dx 2 ,
(9.8)
251
dx 2 = ( dx) 2 ,
d n y = f ( n ) ( x)dx n ,
(9.9)
d2y
dx 2
f ( n) ( x) =
dny
.
dx n
,
( ) .
x x:
9.6. y = x3 3 x 2 + 3 x , x = 2, x = 0,01.
9.7. y =
1 + x 2 , x = 0, x = 0,01.
, :
6
67,84 .
9.10. e1,03 .
9.9.
9.13. arctg
9.8.
255,15 .
9.11. ln(e + 0, 272) .
0,99
.
1,01
9.14. , ,
, 10%?
9.15. , ,
2,13,1 5%.
252
10
.
.
10.1.
. F (x) f (x) X, x
F (x) = f (x).
x3
3
x3
f (x) = x 2 , = x 2 .
3
, F (x) =
F (x) y = F (x) x.
f (x)
. 10.1
y = F (x),
x
f (x) (. . 10.1).
, f (x) . ,
,
x3
x3
x3
+1,
5
+ C , C
3
3
3
,
f (x) = x 2 . , F(x)
f (x), , (F (x) + C) = F (x) = f (x),
F (x) + C, C ,
f (x).
254
,
y = F(x), F (x) = tg = f (x), , , , (
x) (.
. 10.1).
, F (x) + C
f (x).
.
. F1 (x) F2 (x) f (x)
X, C,
F2 (x) = F1 (x) + C.
f ( x) dx,
f (x) , f (x)dx . ,
f ( x) dx = F (x) + C,
(10.1)
F (x) f (x), C .
,
f (x) = x 2 , x 2 dx =
x3
3
x3
+C.
3
,
, x , , , , x ( ,
(10.1) ).
255
.
. 11 , X
. (,
, (. 7.2).)
10.2. .
.
1. , ..
( f ( x) dx ) = f ( x ).
(10.1),
:
( f ( x ) dx) = (F(x) + C) = F (x) + C = f (x).
2. , ..
d( f ( x ) dx) = f (x)dx.
(10.2)
1
3.
, ..
dF ( x) = F (x) + C,
(10.3)
C .
F (x) f (x),
f ( x) dx = F (x) + C
(10.2) f (x)dx = dF(x),
dF ( x) = f ( x) dx = F(x) + C.
2 3, ,
( d
256
, 3, ,
).
4. , ..
f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx ,
(10.4)
.
g (x) =
g(x) = ( f ( x )dx f ( x )dx )=
f ( x)dx f ( x)dx :
( f ( x)dx ) ( f ( x)dx ) =
f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx +.
, 4 .
5. , ..
( f ( x) g ( x) ) dx = f ( x)dx g ( x)dx .
(10.5)
0dx = C,
(10.6)
4.
, 5
.
,
:
x n +1
x n dx = n + 1 +C,
n 1,
dx
= ln x+ C,
x
(10.7)
(10.8)
, x = 0,
ax
a x dx = ln a + C, a > 0, a 1,
(10.9)
e x dx = e x + C,
(10.9)
(10.10)
257
(10.11)
dx
x
+C, a < x < a, a > 0,
a
a2 x2
dx
1
x
a 2 + x 2 = a arctg a +C, a 0,
dx
1
xa
x 2 a 2 = 2a ln x + a +C, a 0,
dx
x 2 + a = ln x + x 2 + a +C, a 0,
= arcsin
(10.12)
(10.13)
(10.14)
(10.15)
dx
cos2 x = tg x + C;
dx
sin 2 x = ctg x + C;
(. ). , (10.7) , -
x n+1
( n + 1) x n
+C =
= x n (10.7)
n +1
n +1
(10.7).
1
. x < 0, x= x (ln x+) =
x
1
1
=
, ..
= (ln(x) + ) =
x
x
+) = (ln x + ) =
(10.8) . .
10.1. :
)
dx
x4 ;
xdx ; )
dx
.
x
. (10.7) , n.
) n = 4:
x 4 dx =
x 3
1
+C =
+C .
3
3x3
258
x4 / 3
3
+ C = x4 / 3 + C .
4/3
4
1/ 2
x
+C = 2 x +C .
) n = 1/2: x 1/ 2 dx =
1/ 2
) n = 1/3:
x1/ 3dx =
10.2. :
)
dx
dx
dx
3x ; ) 23 x1 dx ; ) 9 x2 1 ; ) 4 x 2 + 25 ; )
dx
4 x2 + 1
1 1
= (10.9)
. ) ,
3x 3
a = 1/3, :
dx
(1 3) x
1
1
=
dx
=
+C=
+C.
3x 3
x
3 ln 3
ln(1 3)
1
2
) 23 x1 = 23 x 21 = 8 x , (10.4) (10.9)
a = 8,
1 8x
23 x1 dx = 2 8x dx = 2 8x dx = 2 ln 8 +C.
1
9 x2
(10.14) a = 1/3:
dx
9 x2 1 = 9
=
1
1
, (10.4)
2
9 x (1 3) 2
x2
dx
1
dx
=
=
2
2
(1 3)
9 x (1 3) 2
1 3 x 1 3
1 3x 1
+ C = ln
+ C.
ln
9 2 x +1 3
6 3x + 1
) 4 x 2 + 25 = 4( x 2 + (5 2)2 ) , (10.4)
(10.13) a = 5/2,
dx
4 x 2 + 25 = 4
)
a = 1/4:
dx
4x2
+1
x2
dx
1
dx
1
2x
=
= arctg
+C.
2
2
2
10
5
+ (5 2)
4 x + (5 2)
4 x 2 + 1 = 2 x 2 + 1/ 4 , (. 10.4) (10.15)
1
dx
1
= ln x + x 2 + 1 4 +C.
2
2
x +1 4 2
259
, 4
5, .
10.3. , :
)
(2 x + 1)3
x x dx ; )
(sin ( x
x 2 16
x + 2 dx ;
2) + cos ( x 2))2 dx ; )
x2
x 2 + 4 dx .
.
. ) )
:
(2 x + 1)3
8 x3 / 2 + 12 x + 6 x1/ 2 + 1
dx =
dx =
x3 / 2
x x
dx
1
+
= (8 + 12 x 1/ 2 + 6 + x 3/ 2 )dx = 8 dx + 12 x 1/ 2 dx + 6
x
x
2
+C
+ x 3 / 2 dx = 8 x + 24 x + 6ln x
x
)
(. (10.7) (10.8)).
, C,
. ,
.
.
)
x 2 16
( x 2)( x + 2)( x + 4)
dx =
x + 2 dx =
x +2
= ( x3 / 2 + 4 x1/ 2 2 x 8) dx =
= x3 / 2 dx + 4 x1/ 2 dx 2 xdx 8 dx =
2 5/ 2 8 3/ 2
x + x x 2 8 x +C.
5
3
) ,
(sin( x 2) + cos( x 2))2 dx =
260
) ,
( x 2 + 4) 4
4
x2
=
= 1
.
2
2
2
x +4
x +4
x +4
1
x
x
dx
x2
x 2 + 4 dx = dx 4 x 2 + 4 = x 4 2 arctg 2 +C = x 2arctg 2 +C
(. (10.13)).
10.3.
( ), :
f ( x) dx = f
(10.16)
x = (t) ,
.
t
(10.16):
( f ( x) dx )t = ( f ( x) dx )x xt = f (x) (t),
(. 1 ).
x = (t), ,
(10.16)
. , .
(10.16) , , . , (10.16) .
, ().
10.4.
dx
1 2x .
261
. t = 1 2x. x =
1 1
t,
2 2
1
1 1 1 1
t = t dt = dt
2
2 2 2 2
(1 2)dt
1 dt
1
1
dx
1 2 x = t = 2 t = 2 ln t = 2 ln 1 2 x + C
dx = d
(. (10.4) (10.8)).
, (
).
10.5.
cos(3x + 2) dx .
. (. 9.1),
dx =
1
1
d(3x) = d (3 x + 2) .
3
3
1
1
1
cos(3 x + 2) d (3x + 2) = sin(3x+2)+C
3
3
(. (10.4) (10.11)).
10.4 10.5 t = kx + b, k b k 0. .
. F (x) f (x).
f (kx + b) dx
1
F (kx + b) + C ,
k
(10.17)
k b , k 0.
(10.1) f ( kx + b) d ( kx + b) = F (kx + b) + C .
262
(kx + b) , 1/k .
10.6. :
)
3 xdx ; )
dx
4 x + 3 ; ) e2 x+7 dx .
. :
(10.17)
.
) (10.7) (10.17) ,
1 ( kx + b) n +1
+ C , n 1, k 0.
n +1
(kx + b)n dx = k
(10.18)
, n = 1/3, k = 1, b = 3,
3
3 xdx = (3 x) 4 / 3 + C .
4
) (10.8) (10.17) ,
1
ln kx + b + C , k 0.
(10.19)
k
1
dx
k = 4, b = 3,
= ln 4 x + 3 + C .
4x + 3 4
dx
kx + b
) (10.9) (10.17) ,
ekx+b dx = k ekx+b + C .
(10.20)
(10.20) k = 2, b = 7,
e2 x+7 dx = k e2 x +7 + C .
.
10.7.
xe x
dx .
. t = x 2 . 10.4: x
t, dx. . -.
t = x 2 : dt = d( x 2 ) = ( x 2 )dx, .. dt = 2x dx. x dx,
263
1
2
: x dx = dt .
=
xe x
1
dx = et dt =
2
1 t
1
1
e dt = = et + C = e x 2 + C (. (10.9)).
2
2
2
10.8. :
)
xdx
; )
1
ln x
dx ; )
x
x2
dx ; )
xdx
3 2 x 2 ; ) x 2e3+5x
dx ;
tg x dx .
. ) t = 1 x 2 . dt = d (1 x 2 ) =
1
2
= (1 x 2 ) dx = 2x dx, x dx = dt , ,
1
1 dt
= t 1/ 2 dt = t1/ 2 + C = 1 x 2 + C .
2
2 t
1 x2
1
dx
) t = x . dt = d( x )=
= 2dt
dx ,
x
2 x
xdx
dx = et 2dt = 2 et dt = 2et + C = 2e
+C .
) ,
1
4
x dx = d (3 2 x 2 ) . (
t = 3 2x 2 .)
xdx
1 d (3 2 x 2 )
1 d (3 2 x 2 )
=
=
=
3 2 x2 4 3 2 x2
4 3 2 x2
1
= ln 3 2 x 2 + C.
4
) ,
x 2 dx =
t = 3 + 5x 3 .)
1
d (3 + 5 x3 ) (
15
264
+C.
dx
= d ln x,
x
ln x
2
dx = (ln x)1/ 2 d ln x = (ln x)3 / 2 + C .
3
x
) sin x dx = d cos x,
tg xdx =
(1) d cos x
d cos x
=
= ln cos x + C .
cos x
cos x
.
,
, .
10.9.
x2 + 1
x + 2 dx .
. t = x + 2. dt = d (x + 2) = dx.
x = t 2,
x2 + 1
(t 2)2 + 1
t 2 4t + 5
5
dt =
dt = (t 4 + )dt =
t
t
t
2
2
dt t
x
2 x + 5ln x + 2 + C ,
= tdt 4 dt + 5 = 4t + 5ln t + C1 =
t
2
2
x + 2 dx =
=1 6.
10.4.
u = u(x) v = v(x) .
(. 9.1)
d(uv) = v du + u dv
u dv = d(uv) v du.
(10.5) (10.2),
udv = uv vdu .
(10.21)
(10.21) . (u dv).
(10.21) (
:
du = udx),
265
(v =
dv +C (. (10.2)).
(10.21) -
, ( ,
).
10.10. :
)
. ) x = 1, e 2x ( (10.20) ),
, u = x, dv = e 2x dx.
(10.21) v du.
u = x, du = dx. (10.3) (10.20) k = 2,
b = 0,
v=
dv = e2x dx = 2 e2 x + C .
,
(10.21),
xe2x dx
1
2
1
2
= x ( e 2 x + C ) ( e 2 x + C ) dx .
, ,
, v. ,
xe2x dx
1 2 x
1 1
xe + Cx + e 2 x Cx + C1 =
2
2 2
1 2 x 1 2 x
= xe
e + C1 .
2
4
. ,
C, v ( dv), .
C, v,
. , v, C = 0, .
) 2 + 3x = u, e x / 3 dx = dv .
266
v = dv = e x / 3 dx = 3e x / 3
(. (10.20)). ,
= (9 x 21)e x / 3 + C .
10.11. :
)
dx
x2
v = dv = xdx =
( = 0, .
x
2
10.10), ;
1
x2
x2 1
x2
dx =
ln x
ln x xdx =
2
2 x
2
2
2
2
x
x
=
ln x
+C.
2
4
dx
) u = ln x, dv = ( x3 + 1) dx . du =
v = dv =
x
x4
+ x .
= ( x3 + 1) dx =
4
x ln xdx
x4
dx
x4
+ x ln x + x =
4
4
x
4
4
1
x4
x
=
+ x ln x x3dx dx = + x ln x
x+C .
4
16
4
( x3 + 1)ln xdx =
267
10.12.
x2 sin xdx .
. u = x 2 , sin x dx = dv. du = dx 2 =
= 2xdx v = dv = sin xdx = cos x (. (10.10)). ,
, ,
: x , cos x
, .
. , u = x, cos x dx = dv. du = dx,
v = dv = cos x dx = sin x (. (10.11))
1.
2.
a, m, k (k 1), n .
n (
u = x n , dv), n x
, (. 10.10, 10.12).
x k dx = dv ( u). ,
x k ln n xdx
268
n (
ln x ,
, ).
.
10.13.
ln 2 (2 x + 3) dx .
. : t = 2x + 3.
1
dt . ,
2
1
1
ln 2 (2 x + 3) dx = ln 2 t 2 dt = 2 ln 2 t dt .
1
ln 2 t = u , dt = dv. du = d ln 2 t = 2ln t dt ,
t
v = dv = dt = t , dt = d (2x + 3) = 2dx dx =
, :
ln 2 (2 x + 3) dx = 2 (t ln 2 t t 2ln t t
1
dt ) = t ln 2 t ln t dt .
2
u = ln t,
dv = dt,
ln tdt = t ln t t + C .
1
ln 2 (2 x + 3) dx = 2 t ln 2 t t ln t + t + C =
1
(2 x + 3)ln 2 (2 x + 3) (2 x + 3) ln (2 x + 3) + 2 x + C.
2
10.5.
, n
a0 + a1 x + + an x n , a0 , a1 , , an
an 0, n 0. , 3 + 2x , x 4 +
+ 3x + 2 ..
. ,
3x + 1 2 + x 2 + 4 x3
,
, .
x +1
x2 + 1
. ,
269
(.. ), .
(. 10.2). ,
.
(., , (10.7) n, (10.8), (10.13), (10.14)).
.
,
, .. ,
. , , ,
,
,
. ,
x3 3 x + 4
6
= x2 + 2x + 1 +
,
x2
x2
4x4 4x + 5
12 x 7
= 4 x 2 + 8 x + 12 +
2
2
x 2x + 1
x 2x + 1
.. (
, . 10.2) .
1,
dx
kx + b , -
ex + f
ax 2 + bx + c dx ,
(10.22)
a, b, c, e, f , a 0. :
ex + f
ax 2 + c dx ,
(10.23)
, .
c = 0, (10.23)
( ; . ).
c 0. (10.23)
dx
ax 2 + c
270
(10.24)
xdx
ax 2 + c .
(10.25)
(10.24) ( )
(10.13), ac > 0,
(10.14), ac < 0 (. 10.2, ).
(10.25) t = ax 2 + c ( , , . 10.8). dt = 2ax dx, x dx =
xdx
dt
ax 2 + c = 2at = 2a
xdx
ax 2 + c = 2a ln
dt 1
ln t + C1 .
=
t 2a
ax 2 + c + C1 ,
1
dt
2a
(10.26)
a 0.
(10.22), ,
(10.23),
, () .
10.14. :
)
2x + 1
x +1
8 x
x 2 + 2 x + 1 dx ; ) 4 x 2 + 4 x 3 dx ; ) x 2 4 x + 13 dx .
. ) x 2 + 2 x + 1 = ( x + 1) 2 , t = x + 1. dt = dx, x = t 1
2x + 1
x 2 + 2 x + 1 dx =
dt
2t 1
1
t 2 dt = 2 ln t + +C =
dt = 2
2
t
t
t
1
+C.
x +1
) 4 x 2 + 4 x 3 = (2 x + 1) 2 4 , t = 2x + 1.
1
1
x = (t 1), dx = dt
2
2
x +1
(1 2)(t 1) + 1 1
4 x 2 + 4 x 3 dx = t 2 4 2 dt =
1 t +1
1 tdt
1
dt
=
+
.
dt =
2
2
2
4 t 4
4 t 4
4 t 4
= 2 ln x + 1 +
271
(10.26) a = 1, c = 4. (. (10.14)).
1
t2
+C=
ln
16
t+2
1
1
2x 1
ln
+C.
= ln 4 x 2 + 4 x 3 +
8
16
2x + 3
) x 2 4 x + 13 = ( x 2) 2 + 9 , t = x 2.
8 x
6t
dt
tdt
.
dx =
dt = 6
dt = dx, x = t + 2
2
2
2
2
t +9
t +9
x 4 x + 13
t +9
x +1
4 x 2 + 4 x 3 dx = 8 ln
t2 4 +
(. (10.13)), (10.26).
8 x
x 2 4 x + 13 dx = 2 arctg 3 2 ln ( t 2 + 9 ) +C = 2 arctg
1
ln x 2 4 x + 13 +C.
2
x2
,
(
)
: ,
.
.
dx
x 2 a 2 ( -
(10.14)).
:
x2
1
1 1
1
=
.
2
a
2a x a x + a
, (10.19), :
dx
dx
dx
x 2 a 2 = 2a x a x + a = 2a ( ln x a ln x + a )+C =
=
1
xa
ln
+C.
2a
x+a
, , f ( x) g ( x) , g(x)
n, n x1 , x2 , , xn ,
272
An
A
A2
f ( x)
= 1 +
+ ... +
,
g ( x) x x1 x x2
x xn
1, 2, , n .
.
x2 2x + 2
x3 + 2 x 2 8 x dx .
. x3 + 2 x 2 8 x = x (x + 4)(x + 2),
A
A
A
x2 2x + 2
= 1+ 2 + 3 .
3
2
x + 2 x 8x x x 2 x + 4
A1 , A2 , A3 .
10.15.
,
A1 (x 2)(x + 4) + A2 (x + 4)x + A3 (x 2) x = x 2 2 x + 2 .
x = 0, 8 A1 = 2 A1 = 1/4. x = 2,
12 A2 = 2 A2 = 1/6. x = 4, 24 A3 = 26, .. A3 =
13
.
12
( , A1 , A2 , .)
x2 2x + 2
1 dx 13 dx
1 dx
+
+
=
x 12 x + 4 6 x 2
x3 + 2 x 2 8 x dx = 4
1
4
= ln x +
13
1
ln x + 4 + ln x 2 + C
12
6
(. (10.19)). (
.)
10.6.
,
, 10.5 (.. ).
273
R(u, v) u, v ,
(, ,
).
u + 3v
..
2 u2
x )dx .
R ( x,
t =
10.16.
dx
x+3x
x.
.
2 3.
2 3 6, R ( x, 6 x ) dx
x =
t6 ,
dx =
6t 5 dt ,
dx
x+3x
= t3 , 3
= t2 .
x = t. -
6t 5
t3
dt = 6
dt .
t3 + t 2
t +1
t + 1 = z. dz = d(t + 1) = dt
dx
x+3x
= 6
dz
( z 1)3
dz = 6 z 2 dz 18 zdz + 18 dz 6 =
z
z
= 2 z 3 9 z 2 + 18z 6ln z + C = 2
( 6 x + 1)
( 6 x + 1)
+ 18
( 6 x + 1) + C =
= 2 x 33 x + 6 6 x 6ln( 6 x + 1) + C ,
C1 = C11.
R ( x,
x ) dx -
- , ..
R x,
ax + b
dx , ad cb 0,
cx + d
t =
274
ax + b
.
cx + d
1 x dx
.
1+ x 1+ x
1 t2
1 x
. t =
. x =
,
1+ t2
1+ x
4tdt
2
1
1+ t2
=
, 1+x =
,
.
dx =
1+ t2 x +1
2
(1 + t 2 ) 2
10.17.
+ 2
1 x dx
t (1 + t 2 )
4t
t 2 dt
dt = 2
= 2 dt +
=
1+ t2
1+ x 1+ x
2 (1 + t 2 ) 2
1 x
1 x
dt
+ arctg
+C .
=2t + 2 arctg t +C = 2
2
1+ x
1+ x
1+ t
R ( x,
ax 2 + bx + c ) dx .
(. (10.12), (10.15)). (
ax 2 + bx + c .)
10.18. :
)
dx
x2 + 4 x + 5
; )
xdx
8 + 4x 4x2
. , x 2 + 4 x + 5 = ( x + 2)2 + 1 , t = x + 2. (. (10.15)):
dx
x2 + 4 x + 5
dt
t2 +1
= ln x + 2 +
= ln t + t 2 + 1 + C =
x2 + 4 x + 5 + C .
) 8 + 4 x 4 x 2 = 9 (1 2 x)2 , 1 2x = t.
1 t
1
, dx = dt , ,
2
2
xdx
1 (1 t )
1
dt
1
tdt
=
+
dt =
.
4 9 t2
4 9 t2 4 9 t2
8 + 4 x 4 x2
x =
(. (10.12)), (10.7) z = 9 t 2 :
275
1
t 1 1/ 2
z
dz =
4
3 8
8 + 4x 4x2
1
1 2x 1
8 + 4x 4x2 + C .
= arcsin
4
3
4
xdx
= arcsin
R ( x,
ax 2 + bx + c ) dx .
10.7.
t = tg
,
x
, < x < .
2
2tg ( x / 2)
2t
1 tg 2 ( x 2) 1 t 2
=
, cos x =
=
,
1 + tg 2 ( x / 2) 1 + t 2
1 + tg 2 ( x 2) 1 + t 2
2dt
x = 2arctg t, dx =
.
1+ t2
1 t 2 2dt
2t
R(sin x, cos x)dx = R 1 + t 2 , 1 + t 2 1 + t 2 = R1 (t ) dt .
dx
10.19.
.
sin x
x
. t = tg . ,
2
sin x =
t dx sin x, , ,
(1 + t 2 )2dt
dt
x
= = lnt+= ln tg +C.
t
(1 + t 2 )2t
2
R(u, v) u v, .
, R(u, v) ,
u v R(u, v) = R(u, v),
t = cos x.
R(sin x, cos x) dx
276
10.20.
sin 3 x
cos4 x dx .
. R(u, v) = u 3 v 4 , R(u, v) =
= R(u, v). cos x = t, dt = sin x dx. , , sin 2 x = 1 t 2 ,
sin 3 x
cos 4 x dx =
1 t2
t 3 1
t +C =
dt = t 4 dt + t 2 dt =
3
t4
1 1
1
=
+C .
3
3 cos x cos x
R (u , v ) = R (u , v ) ,
t = sin x.
10.21.
. R(u, v) = u 2 v3 .
t = sin x. dt = cos x dx , ,
t3
t5
sin 3 x sin 5 x
+C.
3
5
sin x cos x dx,
=
cos x cos x dx , , .
.
10.22.
sin 3x cos5 x dx .
1
(sin 8 x sin 2 x ),
2
1
1
sin 3x cos5 x dx = 2 sin 8 xdx 2 sin 2 xdx =
1
1
1
1
= sin 8 xd (8 x ) sin 2 xd (2 x) = cos 2 x cos8 x + C .
16
4
4
16
. sin 3x cos5 x =
277
10.8.
10.23. :
)
e3 x
e2 x + 1dx ; ) x3e x
dx .
. ) e x = t. dx =
e3 x
dt
e2 x + 1dx =
t 3 dt
1
t 2 dt
dt
=
= 1
= t arctg t + C =
dt = dt
2
2
2
t +1
1+ t2
(t + 1)t
t +1
= e x arctg e x + C .
, t = e x R (e x ) dx .
=
) ,
, .
x 2 = t.
=
tet 2dt
1 t
te dt.
2
1
dt = xdx
2
x 3e x
dx = x 2 e x 2 xdx =
t = u, et dt = dv. du = dt, v = et dt = et
1 t
1
1
1
1
1
te dt = tet tet dt = tet et + C = x 2 e x 2 e x 2 + C .
2
2
2
2
2
2
10.24. :
)
1 + x 2 dx ; )
e x sin xdx .
. )
.
u =
1 + x 2 , dv = dx. du =
xdx
1 + x2
v = dv = dx = x J = 1 + x 2 dx = x 1 + x 2
= x 1 + x2
( x 2 + 1) 1
1 + x2
278
dx =
x2
1 + x2
dx =
= x 1 + x 2 1 + x 2 dx +
= x 1 + x 2 1 + x 2 dx + ln x +
dx
1 + x2
x2 + 1 + C .
J, ..
J = x 1 + x 2 J + ln x +
x2 + 1 + C ,
o
2J = x 1 + x 2 + ln x +
J=
C1 =
x2 + 1 + C ,
1
1
x 1 + x 2 + ln x + x 2 + 1 + C1 ,
2
2
1
C.
2
R ( x,
a 2 + x 2 ) dx ,
x = a tg t.
) .
sin x = u, e x dx = dv . du = cos x dx, v = e x ,
J = e x sin xdx = e x sin x e x cos xdx .
, cos x = u, e x dx = dv . du = sin x dx, v = e x
J = e x sin x (e x cos x + e x sin xdx) + C ,
.. J = e x sin x e x cos x J + C .
(
10.24)
2J = e x (sin x cos x) + C , J =
C1 =
1
C.
2
279
1 x
e (sin x cos x) + C1 ,
2
a b
.
10.25. :
x3 2 x 2 + 4
x 2 + 2 x 3 dx .
. ,
x3
x3
2x2
2x2
4x2
4x2
4 x2
3x
3x + 4
8 x + 12
11x 8
+ 2x 3
x 4
x3 2 x 2 + 4
11x 8
=x4+
.
2
2
x + 2x 3
x + 2x 3
x3 2 x 2 + 4
11x 8
dx = xdx 4 dx +
dx =
x2 + 2 x 3
x2 + 2 x 3
=
x2
11x 8
4x +
dx .
2
2
x + 2x 3
x 2 + 2 x 3 = ( x + 1) 2 4 , t = x+1,
(10.26) (10.14) (. 10.5).
x3 2 x 2 + 4
11(t 1) 8
x2
dt =
dx =
4x +
t2 4
x2 + 2x 3
2
=
=
x2
tdt
dt
=
4 x + 11
19
2
2
2
t 4
t 4
x2
11
19
t2
4 x + ln t 2 4 ln
+C=
t+2
2
2
4
x2
11
19 x 1
4 x + ln x 2 + 2 x 3 ln
+C.
2
2
4
x+3
280
10.26.
1+ 4 x
x+
dx .
. x = t 4 (. 10.6). dx = 4t 3 dt
1+ 4 x
x+
dx =
1+ t
t 1
t2 + t
dt = 4 1 +
4t 3dt = 4
dt =
t2 +1
t4 + t2
t2 +1
tdt
dt
= 4 dt +
.
t2 +1
t2 +1
. (10.26).
1+ 4 x
x+
dx = 4t + 2ln (t 2 + 1) 4arctg t + C =
= 4 4 x + 2ln(1 + x ) 4arctg 4 x + C.
10.27.
(4 x 2 )3
dx .
x6
. ,
R ( x,
a 2 x 2 ) dx
x = a sin t.
x = 2sin t. dx = 2cos t dt
(4 x 2 )3
(4 4sin 2 t )3
1 cos 4 t
dx =
2cos t dt =
dt =
4 sin 6 t
x6
64sin 6 t
(4 x 2 )5
1 ctg 4t dt
1
1
+C .
= ctg 4t d ctg t = ctg 5t + C =
4 sin 2 t
4
20
20 x5
tg x
dx .
10.28.
1 ctg 2 x
dt
. t = tg x. dx =
1+ t2
tg x
tdt
t 3dt
t 3dt 1 d (t 4 1)
dx
=
=
=
1 ctg 2 x
(1 1/ t 2 )(1 + t 2 ) t 4 1 t 4 1 = 4 t 4 1 =
1
1
= ln t 4 1 + C = ln tg 4 x 1 + C .
4
4
281
, t = tg x
R (tg x )dx .
10.9. ,
,
. , ( ) , .. , . ,
. , e x 2 dx , sin x 2 dx ,
cos x2 dx ,
sin x
dx ,
x
cos x
dx ,
x
dx
ln x
, ..
f (x), f ( x ) = e x 2 , f ( x) = sin x 2 ..
, ,
, .
, ,
.
, ( . 14).
, :
10.29.
10.31.
x 2 3 x2 + 1
dx .
4
x
e3 x + 1
dx .
ex + 1
10.30.
(1 x)3
dx .
x3 x
10.32.
x2 + 3
dx .
x2 1
, :
282
dx
.
2 5x
xdx
10.35.
.
1 + x2
10.33.
x3dx
.
x8 2
e x dx
10.38.
.
2 + ex
cos x dx
10.36.
10.37. x 2 e 2 x3 +1dx .
10.39.
ln x dx
1 + ln x
10.40.
1 + sin 2 x
, :
ln x
dx .
x3
10.44. ln 2 xdx .
10.41. x 2 x dx .
10.42.
10.43. x 2 e3x dx .
10.45. x ln
1+ x
dx .
1 x
10.46. x cos x dx .
dx
.
x2 + x 2
2x 3
dx .
10.49.
x2 4
2x + 3
10.51.
dx .
2
x + 3x 10
x2 5x + 9
10.53.
dx .
x2 5x + 6
10.47.
dx
10.48.
5x2 7 .
10.50.
x2 + 2x 3 .
10.52.
x 2 + 3x + 2 .
10.54.
x2 + 4 x + 9 .
dx
xdx
dx
:
10.55.
x2
dx .
2 x
dx
10.57.
.
4
(1 + x )3 x
10.59.
10.61.
dx
3
x+ x
x
dx .
x +1
283
dx
10.56.
1+
10.58.
x
x +1 x 1
dx .
x +1 + x 1
10.60.
1 + x dx
.
1 x 1 x
10.62.
x +1
1 x2
dx .
1 3x
10.63.
3 + 2 x dx .
10.65.
dx
ex + 1
x
10.67. sin 2 dx .
2
10.69.
x +1 +1
dx .
x +1 1
284
x + ln x
dx .
x
10.64.
10.66.
10.68.
10.70.
x ln (3x + 2) dx .
cos x
x
dx .
2 x 4 + 4 x 2 1
dx .
1 x2
11
11.1. ,
.
[a, b] y = f (x).
S ,
y = f (x), x = a, x = b y = 0 (. 11.1).
( S y = f (x) [a, b].)
.
, -
. 11.1
. 11.2
285
. [a, b]
y = f (x). [a, b] n
x0 , x1 , , xn : a = x0 < x1 < x2 < < xn = b.
[ xi 1 , xi ]
xi = xi xi 1 , i = 1, 2, , n.
n
f (i ) xi
(11.1)
i =1
1 , 2 , , n [ xi 1 , xi ],
i = 1, 2, , n.
.
y = f (x) [a, b]. f ( i ) xi
(11.1) Si
f ( i ) xi ,
i = 1, 2, , n
(. . 11.3, x0 x1 = x1 , x2 x1 = x2 ..).
, Si y = f ( i )
[ xi 1 , xi ]. (11.1)
S= S1 + S 2 ++ S n
,
[ xi 1 , xi ]
y = f ( i ), (. 11.3).
. [a, b]
max xi i
. 11.3
[ xi 1 , xi ], i = 1, 2, , n.
. (11.1)
max xi ,
i
x1 , x2 , 1 , 2 ,
y = f (x)
286
f ( x)dx , y = f (x) -
[a, b],
[a, b], ..
b
f ( x)dx =
f (i )xi .
lim
max xi 0 i =1
i
a , b
; f (x) , f (x)dx ,
b
f ( x)dx
f (x) -
[a, b].
, , :
b
(11.1).
,
:
f ( x)dx
f ( x)dx
a
f ( x)dx
, a < b.
f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx .
a
(11.2)
(11.2), , :
.
287
(11.2) b = a,
f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx
a
2 f ( x )dx = 0, ..
a
f ( x)dx
= 0.
(11.3)
f ( x)dx
S y = f (x) [a, b]
(. . 11.1). , max xi
i
(. . 11.3)
.
,
,
. ,
1
dx =1,
0
x dx =
0
1
,
2
1 x 2 dx =
..
4
( ; , ;
; .)
, (11.3)
: , ,
, ,
, .
. z = f (t)
. u, [0, T ].
, (f (t) ), -
288
u,
[t, t + t], u = f (t)t. u = f()t, [t, t + t],
, t.
[0, T ] :
0 = t0 < t1 < t2 << tn = T. ui , [ ti 1 , ti ],
ui = f (i ) ti , i [ ti 1 , ti ], ti = ti ti 1 , i = 1, 2, , n. n
i =1
i =1
u ui = f (i ) ti .
max ti
i
,
u=
f (i )ti .
lim
max xi 0 i =1
i
,
T
u=
f (t )dt ,
0
.. f (t) t,
f (t )dt
0
[0, T ].
(. ) , u , [0, T ],
z = f (t), , T
[0, T ]
f (t )dt .
0
( ). . y = f (x) [a, b], .
.
289
x2 dx .
11.1.
. ,
, [ xi 1 , xi ] -
xi , 1/n, n -
, [ xi 1 , xi ]
i , .. i = xi =
i
,
n
i = 1, 2, , n. ( y = x 2 ,
1 , 2 , , n
.)
n
i =1
i 1 1 n
f (i )xi = = i 2 .
n3 i =1
i =1 n n
,
n
i2 =
,
1
x2 dx = nlim
i =1
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
.
6
n(n + 1)(2n + 1) 1
1 1
1
= lim 1 + 2 + = .
3
6 n n
n 3
6n
, ,
,
. , . , 11.4.
11.2.
.
290
, .
1. , ..
b
f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx,
a
(11.4)
.
[a, b] 1 , 2 , , n .
() ,
i =1
i =1
f (i )xi = f (i )xi .
max xi 0 :
lim
f (i )xi = lim
max xi 0 i =1
f (i )xi =
max xi 0 i =1
lim
f (i )xi .
max xi 0 i =1
i
(11.4), .
2. , ..
b
( f ( x) g ( x) ) dx = f ( x)dx g ( x)dx.
(11.5)
,
.
2 1.
, .
3. ,
, .. a, b, c:
b
(11.6)
3. a < c < b
f (x) [a, b]. c
f ( x)dx = S1 ,
a
291
f ( x)dx = S2 (. 11.4),
f ( x)dx = S,
y = f (x) [a, b] (
. 11.4). (11.6) () : S = S1 + S 2 .
a < b < c, y = f(x)
[a, c]. (11.2)
(11.6), ,
( (11.6)
. 11.4
):
b
(11.7)
(11.7)
()
(. 11.5): S1 = S S 2 , S y = f (x) [a, c].
4. [a,
f (x) g (x),
b
f ( x)dx
b]
g ( x)dx ,
(11.8)
..
.
[a, b] 1 , 2 , ,
. 11.5
n .
f (x) g (x)
:
n
i =1
f (i )xi g (i )xi .
i =1
max xi 0 , (11.8).
i
292
m(b a)
4
b
m dx
a
(11.9)
f ( x) dx
M dx .
a
, 1
m dx = m dx = m (b a)
M dx
= M(b a).
f ( x)dx = f ()(ba).
(11.10)
, , x [a, b] , m f(x) M, m
M [a, b].
, (11.9),
b
1
f ( x)dx M .
b a a
, , , . , ,
[a, b],
b
1
f ( x)dx = f ().
b a a
f (x) 0 [a, b]. :
[a, b],
y = f (x) [a, b]
. 11.6
f () (b a) (. . 11.6
293
).
. 11.6.
11.3.
, ,
(. . 5). .
y = f (x) [a, b], , , [a, x],
[a, b].
x
( x) = f ( x)dx = f (t )dt ,
a
(11.11)
, (. 11.4)
dt
= ln x , x > 1,
t
1
ln x x S(x) y =
1
[1, x] (. . 11.8).
t
1 (11.11) x ,
.
(x),
, (. 11.1)
, t.
294
(x) ( , . (11.11)).
1. f (x)
[a, b],
(x)
[a, b].
x , x + x
[a, b]. (11.1) (11.6),
x +x
(x + x) =
. 11.8
f (t )dt =
x +x
= f (t ) dt +
f (t )dt = (x) +
x +x
f (t )dt .
(. 11.2)
x +x
[x, x + x],
f (t )dt = f ()x , ,
(x + x) = (x) + f ()x.
(11.12)
, , [a, b],
m f () M, m M f (x) [a, b]. ( x f (),
, , .)
(11.12) x 0 ,
x 0
x 0
, . .
2. f (x) [a, b].
x [a, b] (x)
f (x), ..
295
(11.13)
( x + x) ( x)
= f ( ) ,
x
(11.14)
(11.12) 1.
f (x)), (11.13).
2.
f (t) 0 [a, b].
= (x + x) (x) = SABEF
SABCD = SDCEF (. 11.9), .. (x)
y = f (t) x x + x.
[x, x + x], S DCEF
S DGHF f () x.
(x). ,
e t
0
296
dt ,
dt
ln t
( .. , ,
. 10.9) , e x 2 ,
1
, ln x
11.4.
, , ,
. .. (. (11.15)).
. y = f (x) [a, b]
F(x) f (x) [a, b]. f (x) [a, b] F(x) , ..
b
f ( x) dx
= F(b) F(a).
(11.15)
F(x) f (x).
2 (. 11.3) (x),
(11.11), f (x),
10.1 C, F (x) = (x) + C.
F(b) F(a) = ((b) + C) ((a) + C) = (b) (a) =
b
= f ( x) dx f ( x ) dx
(. (11.11) (x)). a
, (11.3)
f ( x) dx = 0.
a
(11.15) :
,
, F (x) f (x); , . , .
297
F ( x)
= F (b ) F ( a ) .
(11.16)
,
F (x) f (x), ,
C = 0.
1
11.2. : )
x2 dx ; )
0
23 x4 dx .
1
. )
x3
+ C .
3
f (x) = x 2 F(x) =
,
C = 0 (. ).
1
x2 dx
x3 1 13 03 1
=
= ,
3 0 3 3 3
, , , 11.1.
) , (10.9). ,
2
11.2
( F ( x ) )
b
= F ( x) ,
a
a
(11.17)
.
, (11.2) (11.3) . ,
b
f ( x) dx
= F(a) F(a) = 0.
298
,
,
: .
11.5.
(
, ). , , ,
, .
1. (t) [, ], a = (), b = () f (x) x x = (t), t [, ].
b
f ( x) dx = f ( (t )) (t ) dt .
(11.18)
(11.18)
.
F (x) (t) f (x) f ((t ))(t ) . . 10 , F ((t)) f ((t ))(t ) .
C,
(t) = F ( (t)) + C, t [, ].
() () = (F( ()) + C) (F ( ()) + C) = F (b) F (a).
() ()
(11.18), F (b) F (a) (11.18).
, ,
, ().
.
t t
(t) = a (t) = b. , ,
299
, t = (x)
. t : = (a), = (b).
1
11.3.
x(2 x 2 )5 dx .
0
. t = 2 x 2 .
1
2
dt = d (2 x 2 ) = (2 x 2 ) dx = 2x dx x dx = dt . x = 0,
t = 2 02 = 2, x = 1, t = 2 12 = 1. ,
1
1
1
1
1 5
1 t6
2 )5 dx = t 5 dt =
x
(2
x
t
dt
=
2
2 2
2 6
0
2
1 6 1
1
21
t = (1 26 ) = .
4
12
12 2
, .
2. u = u (x) v = v (x) [a, b].
b
u dv = uv vdu ,
uv
(11.19)
(11.19) .
(uv) = u v + uv , uv u v + uv .
(11.5) :
b
uv = (u v + uv) dx = vu dx + uvdx ,
(11.19), u (x) dx = du v (x) dx = dv.
300
ln(1 + x) dx .
11.4.
dx
v = dv = dx = x (. . 10).
1+ x
(11.19),
1
ln(1 + x) dx = x ln (1+x) x
dx
.
1+ x
1 + x = t.
dx = dt, x = t 1 x = 0, t = 1, x = 1,
t = 2. ,
1
= ln2 t + ln t
t 1
dt
=
dt = ln2 dt +
t
t
1
1
1
ln(1 + x) dx = x ln(1+x)
11.6.
. 1.
y = f (x) [a, b].
(.
11.1) S y = f (x) [a, b] (. . 11.1) b
f ( x) dx , ..
a
S = f ( x) dx .
a
11.5. , x =
y , x = 0, y = 4.
. (. . 11.10) ,
S OAB
:
S = SOABC SOBC ,
301
y = 4,
,
x = y
x= y
, B
y = 4 x = y
(2; 4).
2
SOABC = 4dx = 4 dx = 4 x = 8 ,
2
SOBC = x 2 dx =
0
x3 2
3
. 11.10
8
3
= .
S = 8
8 16
= (.2).
3 3
,
. .
d
( y) dy =
c
lim
(i )yi .
max yi 0 i =1
i
, [c, d]
. 1 , 2 , , n ,
. ,
d
( y ) dy
S , x = (y)
x = 0, y = c, y = d (. . 11.11). ( ,
.)
,
, :
4
S =
0
y dy =
2 3/ 2
y
3
2
= (43 / 2 03 / 2 ) =
0 3
4
= 16/3 (. 2 ).
302
. 11.11
2. y = f (x) [a, b] (.
. 11.12). ,
S
y = f (x) [a, b] b
f ( x) dx .
a
. 11.12
y = f (x) , y = f (x).
y = f (x) [a, b],
[a, b] S (. . 11.13).
b
S = ( f ( x ) dx ) , .. S = f ( x ) dx .
a
,
y = f (x) [a, b],
S y = f (x) [a, b]
(11.20)
f ( x)dx .
a
11.6.
,
. 11.13
y = x 2 , y = x 2, y = 0.
. . 11.14 , S
OAB
OAB [0; 2].
()
.
S = SOAB OAB , A .
S = SOAC + S ABC (. . 11.14). O, A, B
. ( ,
O, A, B (0; 0),
(1; 1) (2; 0),
. 11.14
.)
303
SOAC = ( x 2 ) dx = x 2 dx =
x3
3
1
0
1
,
3
x2
2 1
S ABC = ( x 2) dx = + 2 x = .
2
1 2
1
S =
1 1 5
+ = (. 2 ).
3 2 6
3. [a, b]
y = f (x) . , ,
y = f (x)
. ,
b
f ( x) dx
. , ,
,
. 11.15. S = S1 + S 2 + S3 , ..
:
. 11.15
S= f ( x ) dx f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx .
(. 11.2).
(11.10)
b
( f ( x) f () ) dx = 0,
a
.. ,
[a, b],
y = f (x)
f ()
y = f (x) f ()
,
304
. 11.16
Ox, (,
. 11.16 S1 = S 2 ).
4. ,
.
. [a, b]
y = f1 ( x ) y = f 2 ( x ) , , f 2 ( x ) f1 ( x ) . S
, y = f 2 ( x ) y = f1 ( x ) , -
[a, b]
b
S=
( f 2 ( x) f1 ( x) ) dx .
(11.21)
. 11.17
.
[a, b].
1. f 2 ( x ) f1 ( x ) 0 (. . 11.17).
b
S = S aABb SaA1B1b = f 2 ( x ) dx f1 ( x ) dx ,
(11.21).
2. 0 f 2 ( x ) f1 ( x ) (. . 11.17).
b
S = SaA1B1b SaABb = f1 ( x ) dx f 2 ( x ) dx ,
a
(11.21).
3. f 2 ( x ) f1 ( x ) , f 2 ( x ) 0, f1 ( x ) 0 (. . 11.17).
b
S = SaABb + SaA1B1b = f 2 ( x ) dx + f1 ( x ) dx ,
a
(11.21).
305
S=
( x ( x 2 2)) dx =
x2
2
2
1
x3
3
2
1
+ 2x
2
1
1
1
(4 (1) 2 ) (23 ( 1)3 ) + 2(2 ( 1)) = 4,5 (. 2 ).
2
3
. [a, b] y = f (x).
Vx , , y = f (x),
y = 0, x = a, x = b (. . 11.19).
y
y=f (x)
,
f(i )
.
x i-1
xi
[a, b] a
i
b
x
0
: a = x0 < x1 <
< x2 << xn = b
[ xi 1 , xi ] -
. 11.19
i ,
306
i = 1, 2, , n.
n
f 2 (i ) xi ,
(11.22)
i =1
i- (i = 1, 2, , n)
xi = xi xi 1 f ( i ) (.
. 11.19). , Vx ,
xi , Vx
Vx =
f 2 (i ) xi ,
max xi 0
lim
(11.23)
i =1
max xi .
i
, (11.23), ,
(x) = f 2 ( x) , (.
(11.4))
b
Vx = f 2 ( x) dx .
(11.24)
11.8.
, , y = e x , y = 0, x = 0, x = 1
Ox.
.
(11.24)
(. 11.20).
b
Vx = (e x ) 2 dx =
a
1
2
1
1
= 1 1,36 (. 3 ).
0 2 e2
= e 2 x
307
. 11.20
(11.24) x y, V y ,
:
d
V y = 2 ( y )dy
(11.25)
. 11.21
( . 11.21 ).
11.9. ,
,
y = x 2 , y = x3 .
.
(. 11.22), , V
: V y1 , , x =
y , x = 0, y = 1,
V y 2 , -
y , x = 0, y = 1. (
x =
(11.25) x = (y),
y .) (11.25), :
1
V y1 = ( 3 y )2 dy = y 2 / 3 dy =
3 y5 / 3 1
3
= ,
0 5
5
1
Vy 2 = ( y )2 dy = y dy =
V = V y1 V y 2
y2
2
1
0
.
2
3
1
= = 0,1 (. 3 ).
5
2
. 11.22
11.7.
, (, , )
308
. ,
( ) , .
. y = f (x)
t
t a.
f ( x) dx -
f ( x) dx = lim
t +
f ( x) dx .
(11.26)
, (11.26), , ( ), .
(. . 13)
:
) ;
) ,
.
.
, () (. ).
+
11.10.
.
+
dx
.
x2
t
dx
dx
= lim
.
2
t + x 2
x
1
309
, ,
:
t
x 2 dx =
1
x 1
1
1
=1 .
t
1
t
dx
1
= lim 1 = 1 ,
x 2 t + t
.. 1. , +
, ,
dx
xm
1
, m > 1, ,
m 1
m 1. , y =
y=
xm
1
:
x
,
[1; +) ,
;
y =
1
, x
. 11.23
(. . 11.23).
(11.26)
(, b]:
b
f ( x) dx = lim
f ( x)dx .
(11.27)
f ( x)dx
.
(,
+). a
a
f ( x) dx
f ( x) dx . ,
310
f ( x) dx =
f ( x) dx +
f ( x) dx ,
(11.28)
f ( x) dx .
, (11.28), +
f ( x) dx -
. ( , a.)
+
11.11.
e x dx .
e x dx
e x dx . ( (11.28) a = 0.)
0
e x dx
= lim
.. 1.
+
t +
e x dx
e x dx .
e x
2 2
dx
, .
,
+
e x
2 2
dx
= 2 ,
311
(11.29)
, S
y =
e x2
1 x2
e
2
y=
(-
) (, +)
1 (. 11.24).
.
. 11.24
: y = f (x) ,
[a, b).
b
f ( x) dx
a
0+
> 0, ..
lim
f ( x) dx =
0+
f ( x) dx,
f ( x) dx .
(11.30)
, (11.30), , , .
y = f (x) , (a, b]:
b
f ( x) dx = lim
0 +
1
11.12.
f ( x) dx .
(11.31)
a +
dx
x
dx
x
= lim
0+
x1/ 2 dx .
x 1/ 2 dx = 2 x1/ 2
312
= 2(1 ) .
dx
x
= lim 2(1 ) = 2 ,
0+
y=
.. , ,
y=
1
x
1
x
x = 1, -
, 2 2. (.
. 11.25).
. 11.25
f (x) x = , c ( a, b ) ,
f ( x)dx
a
.
b
f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx
, b
f ( x ) dx
a
. ,
dx
dx
dx
=
+
x 1 x 0 x
1
, (
).
11.8.
(. 11.4). ,
.
, .
,
.
313
.
[a, b] y = f (x).
, f (x) 0 [a, b].
b
f ( x) dx
y = f (x) -
[a, b]. ,
,
(. 11.1). : n
ba
n
[ xi 1 , xi ] ,
i=1, 2, , n; xi = x0 + i h , h =
y = f (x)
,
(. 11.26).
b
f ( x) dx S1 + S 2 + + S n ,
. 11.26
S1 , S 2 , , S n (
), . 11.26 .
S1 =
b
f ( x0 ) + f ( x1 )
f ( xn 1 ) + f ( xn )
f ( x1 ) + f ( x2 )
h ; ...; Sn =
h ; S2 =
h.
2
2
2
f ( x) dx
a
f ( x0 ) + f ( x1 )
f ( xn 1 ) + f ( xn )
f ( x1 ) + f ( x2 )
h ++
h+
h=
2
2
2
f ( xn 1 ) f ( xn )
f ( x0 ) f ( x1 ) f ( x1 ) f ( x2 )
+
+
+
++
+
.
2
2
2
2
2
2
= h
h, ,
, f ( x0 ) / 2 f ( xn ) / 2 ,
. , h =
314
ba
,
n
f ( x) dx
a
b a f ( x0 ) + f ( xn )
+ f ( x1 ) + + f ( xn 1 ) , (11.32)
n
2
x0 = a, xi = x0 +i h, i = 1, 2, , n. (11.32) .
y = f (x), ,
.
(,
(11.32)
).
S(n) ,
(11.32).
b
= f ( x) dx S(n)
a
(11.32). M 2
f ( x ) y = f (x)
x[ a ,b ]
f ( x) .
(b a ) 3
M2 .
12n 2
(11.33)
11.13. n = 5
1,5
dx
. .
x
. n 5,
b a 1,5 1
=
= 0,1
n
5
xi = x0 +ih, i = 1, 2, , 5, x0 =1, x1 =1,1; x2 =1,2;
315
1
,
x
1,5
1 1 1 1
dx
1
1
1
0,1 +
+
+
+
+
= 0,4059.
2
1
1,5
1,1
1,
2
1,3
1,
4
x
1
2
. f (x) = =
.
x x3
[1; 1,5],
(.. x = 1). M 2 = f (1) =
(11.33)
2
= 2 13
0,53
2 = 0,84 103 .
12 52
,
1,5
dx
= ln x
x
1,5
1
= ln1,5 ,
0,4059
( ) ln1,5 .
, .
11.9.
, .
.
(. . 15) , , , g (t) = (t + ) e t .
T :
T
Q = (t + )e t dt .
0
316
(11.34)
11.14. ,
4 , g (t) = (1+t) e3t .
. (11.34) Q
4
Q = (1 + t )e3t dt .
0
1
3
4
1
1
1
1 4
Q = (t + 1) e3t e3t dt = (5e12 1) e3t =
3
3
9
0 03
0
1
= (14e12 2) 2,53 105 (. .)
9
y
100(1)
A
( OBA, . 11.27), %()
. B
C
0
100(1) %())x
OA,
. 11.27
OAB OA
,
OAC ( ),
.
11.15.
OBA (. 11.27) y = 1 1 x 2 , x , .
.
. , (.
. 11.27)
317
k=
SOAB
S
1
= 1 OBAC = 1 2 SOBAC , SOAC = .
2
SOAC
S OAC
1
SOBAC = (1 1 x 2 ) dx = dx 1 x 2 dx = 1 1 x 2 dx .
0
k = 12(1 1 x 2 dx ) = 2 1 x 2 dx 1 .
1
, , x = sin t
1 x 2 dx = /4. , k = 2
1 = 1
4
2
0,57.
k .
,
t () ( ) p, .
.
Kt , t , K () ,
. ,
Kt = K(1 + it), i = p/100 .
K = Kt /(1 + it).
t
t
Kt = K(1 + it) K = Kt /(1 + i) .
f (t) ,
i, . ,
K T :
T
K=
f (t )eit dt .
(11.35)
11.16.
8%, ()
10 .
1 .
318
. ,
f (t) = 10 + 1t = 10 + t. (11.35) 3
K= (10 + t )e 0,08t dt .
0
11.14),
K = 30,5 . ,
10 13 . 30,5 . , , .
t = t (x), t , x
. tcp , x1 x2 ,
(11.10):
tcp =
1
x2 x1
x2
t ( x) dx .
(11.36)
x1
t = t (x),
t = ax b ,
(11.37)
a , b
.
11.17. ,
x1 = 100
1
600
600 x 1/ 2 dx =
tcp =
2 x
21
121 100 100
319
121
100
400
57,2 ().
7
11.10.
11.18. :
5
ln 3
x dx
1 + 3x
dx
e x e x ; )
ln 2
; )
( x3 + 1) dx
x2 4 x2
. ) :
t = 1 + 3x .
x =
t2 1
2
dx = t dt . x = 0, t = 1 , x = 5,
3
3
t = 4. ,
5
4
x dx
2 2
2 t3
= (t 1) dt =
9 3
1 + 3x 9 1
4
2 64 1
t
4 + 1 = 4 .
=
9 3
1
1
0
t2 1
, x =
, ,
4
4
2
9
t 2 = t,
4 2
4
x dx
(t 1)2t dt 2
2 4 t 3
= (1 t 2 ) dt = t
=
9 1
9 1 3
1 + 3x 1 3(t )3
= 4 + 1
1
( (4)3 (1)3 ) = 4 .
3
) t = e x . x = ln t, dx =
dt
x = ln 2,
t
t = 2, x = ln 3, t = 3. ,
ln 3
dt
dt
dx
1 t 1
e x e x = t (t t 1 ) = t 2 1 = 2 ln t + 1
ln 2
2
2
3
2
1 3
ln .
2 2
3 ],
( ) t ; .
6 3
3
( x3 + 1) dx
x2 4 x2
= 2cos t
/3
/3
/3
8sin 3 t + 1
1
dt
4sin 2 t dt = 2 sin t dt + 4 sin 2 t =
/6
/6
/6
1
ctgt
6 4
3 1 3
7
2 2 4 3 3 = 2 3 1 .
= 2
320
11.19.
xe x dx .
0
.
(11.19): u = x, e x dx = dv. du = dx,
v = dv = e x dx = e x
xe x dx = xe x
0
1
0
(e x ) dx =
0
= e 1 + e x dx = e 1 e x
0
1
0
e2
.
e
11.20.
,
y = 4 x 2 , y = x 2 2 x (. 11.28).
. 11.28
.
y = 4 x 2 y = x 2 2 x
: (1; 3) (2; 0).
(. 11.7), ,
, ; [1; 2]
f 2 ( x ) = 4 x 2 f1 ( x ) = x 2 2 x .
(11.21),
2
S=
(4 x2 ( x2 2 x)) dx = (4 2 x 2 + 2 x) dx =
= 4x
2
1
2
x3
3
2
1
+ x2
2
1
2
4(2 ( 1)) (23 ( 1)3 ) + 22 ( 1) 2 =
3
= 9(. 2 ).
11.21.
,
1
y = , y = x 2 , y = 4
x
. 11.29
(. 11.29)
. , , A (1/4; 1),
B (2; 4), C (1; 1) (. 11.29). A, B, C -
321
(. 11.7), , S ABC
ABHE ACFF
CBHF: S = S ABHE ( S ACFE + SCBHF ) . :
2
S ABHE =
4dx = 4x
1/ 4
S ACFE =
1
xdx = ln x
1/ 4
2
SCBHF = x 2 dx =
1
, S = 7 ln 4 +
2
1 4
= 4(2 1 4) = 7,
= ln1 ln1/4 = ln 4,
1 4
x3 2 1 3 3 7
= (2 1 ) = .
3
3 1 3
7 14
2
= ln 4 3, 28 (. ).
3 3
11.22.
,
y = ln x, x = 0, y = 0, y = 1.
. (. 11.30)
y (. 11.5). y= ln x
x = f (y), x = e y .
1
S = f ( y ) dy = e y dy = e y
0
. 11.30
= e 1 1,72 (. 2 ).
,
.
11.23. ,
,
x = y2 2, y = x.
. (. 11.31,
ABC).
,
,
322
. 11.31
OBC.
: Vx = VBCD VOCD ,
VBCD ,
BCD,
VOCD ,
OCD.
y = f (x) (11.24),
2
2
x2
2
x + 2 dx = ( x + 2) dx = + 2 x
= 8,
2
2
2
2
2
x3 2 8
8
16
VOCD = x 2 dx =
(. 3 ).
= , Vx = 8 =
3
3
3
3
0
0
VBCD =
11.24. ,
, y = x 2 2 x , y = 0.
. (. 11.32)
, V y : V y = VABCO VBCO,
V y = (1 + 1 + y ) 2 dy (1 1 + y ) 2 dy =
0
= (1 + 1 + y ) 2 (1 1 + y ) 2 dy =
1
= 4
1 + ydy =
8
(1 + y )3 / 2
3
323
0
1
8
(. 3 ).
3
:
8
11.25.
3
( 2 x + x ) dx .
11.26.
11.27.
0
3/ 2
11.29.
25 + 3 x
11.28.
11.30.
sin 2 x cos x dx .
11.32.
ln(1 +
x ) dx .
11.41.
11.36.
x +1
1+
0
11.38.
dx
x 2 3x + 2 .
3
dx .
dx
2x + 1
x sin x dx .
xe x dx .
0
4
x dx
0
1
dx
x 2 + 3x + 2 .
x 1+ 3 x
11.34.
x 2 ln x dx .
1
1
11.39.
ln 5
0
2
11.37.
1 + ex
11.35.
dx
ln 3
64
11.33.
dx
x ln x .
e
ln 8
4x + 3
dx .
( x 2)3
11.31.
1+ y
dy .
y2
1
e2
dx
1
/2
11.40.
8 x 2 dx.
2 2
11.42.
x dx
.
4x + 5
, :
11.43. y =
x , y = 2 x, y = 0.
11.44. y = 1/x, y = x, x = 2.
11.45. y = x 2 2 x + 3 , y = 3x 1. 11.46. y = x 2 , y = 1 +
11.47. y = 2 x , y = x 2 5 2 .
11.48. y = x 2 + 2 , y = 1 x 2 , x = 0, x = 1.
11.49. y = x 2 , y = 2e x , x = 0, x = 1.
11.50. y = 4 x 2 , x = 1, y = x 1.
324
3 2
x .
4
x , y = 4 3x , y = 0. 11.52. y = ln x, x = e, y = 0.
11.51. y =
, Ox
y , :
11.53. y = 4 x 2 , y = 0, x = 0, x 0.
11.54. y = e x , x = 0, x = 1, y = 0.
11.55. y = x 2 + 1 , y = 0, x = 1, x = 2.
11.56. y = x3 , y = 1, x = 0.
( ):
dx
.
11.57.
x3
1
1/ 2
11.58.
0
1
11.59.
e2 x dx .
0
3
11.61.
dx
( x 1)2 .
11.60.
dx
3x .
0
6
11.62.
dx
.
x ln 2 x
dx
3 (4 x)2 .
2
10
(. ./).
x+2
20 .
325
12
12.1.
, ,
.
, , . (
).
F (x)
f (x) (. . 10),
F (x),
F (x) = f (x).
(12.1)
G (x, y, y , , y ( n ) ) = 0,
G n + 2 , n 1,
n , , .
,
,
x 2 ( y ) 4 x ( y )5 + 8 = 0
..
n- ,
y ( n ) = F ( x, y, y , , y ( n 1) ) ,
F n + 1 .
(12.1)
y = y (x), . , y = sin x y + y = 0, (sin x) + sin x = 0 x.
326
.
.
12.1. y = x.
. y =
dy
,
dx
: dy = xdx.
, y =
x2
+ C1 ,
2
C1 . , -
x2
+ C1 dx . , 2
3
y = x 6 + C1 x + C2 , C2 .
dy =
,
. , . ()
,
, ,
. (
, , .
x .) ,
, y(0) = 1 y (0) = 2,
y = x 3 6 + 2 x + 1 . , n-
, , n .
(12.1) n-
y = ( x, C1 , ..., Cn ),
(12.2)
x n
C1 , C2 , , Cn . ( -
.)
327
,
C1 , C2 , , Cn .
12.1 y = x 3 6 + C1 x + C2 , y =
= x 3 6 + 2 x + 1 y = x.
,
(12.2), (12.2) n , , y x,
(12.2) C1 , C2 , , Cn .
12.2. y = (C1 + C2 x) e x .
. , ,
y = C2 e x + y , y = 2C2 e x + y .
C2 ,
y 2y + y = 0.
, , , .. .
12.3. ,
k1 k2 . . ( .)
. y = y (t) t. y t , ..
y = k1 y t k2 y t
y
= ky,
t
k = k1 k2 . t 0,
y = ky,
(12.3)
328
(. 12.4 12.8),
y = Ce kt ,
(12.4)
C ,
( ).
12.4. ,
, , .
. M(x, y)
; y = kx + b
M; A(, 0) B(0, b)
(. . 12.1).
AM = BM b = 2y
y kx = 2y. , .. k = y ,
. 12.1
y =
y
,
x
(12.5)
(. 12.5),
y = C/x,
(12.6)
C .
12.2. .
, , .. ,
y = f (x, y),
(12.7)
f .
xy, f (x, y) ,
, . (
329
,
.)
(12.7). y
( )
y = y (x)
x. , (12.7)
(x, y) Oxy
tg = f (x, y)
y = y (x), . ,
(12.7) . 12.2
(. . 12.2).
(12.7) , .
, . (
. . 15.)
. (12.7)
f (x, y)
f
y
Oxy. :
1. ( x0 , y0 )
y = y (x) (12.7),
y0 = y ( x0 );
2. y = y1 (x)
y = y2 (x) (12.7)
x = x0 , ..
y1 ( x0 ) = y2 ( x0 ),
x, .
. 12.3
, ( x0 , y0 )
(12.7) (. . 12.3).
330
(12.7),
y ( x0 ) = y0 .
12.5.
y = y.
. f (x, y) = y,
(12.8)
f
= 1 y
x y, , ,
Oxy.
,
y = Ce x ,
(12.9)
C , (12.8).
, (12.8)
C. y = y (x) (12.8), x = x0 ,
, y0 = y ( x0 ). C = y0 e x0 . y = y (x)
y = Ce x = y0 e x0 e x = y0 e x x0 (12.8)
x = x0 ,
. 2 .
, , ..
xy, .
y = y 2 / 3 . ,
. 12.4
x
y = 0 y = ,
3
(0; 0) (. . 12.4).
12.3.
(12.7) ,
f y, ..
331
y = f (y).
(12.10)
(, (12.8) .)
. , , , , (12.10) x
(., , 12.3).
, f (y) , (12.10)
y, .. , f (y) y (. 12.2). , ,
f (y) ( f (y) = 0) , .. ,
.
, (12.10) Oy,
( x ).
y . (12.10)
.
f (y). , f (a) = 0 y0 = a,
x
( y). ( .) ,
, y = a (12.10). y = a = const ,
. f (y) .
a, b, c, f (y). y = a, y = b,
y = c, ... ,
. , .
f (y) , (12.10) y
. ,
, ,
.
332
12.6.
(12.8).
.
f (y) = y
y = 0.
y = 0
0
(). (12.8) (12.9). C = 0 y = 0,
. C > 0
, C < 0 (. . 12.5).
. 12.5
, , y = Ce x , C > 0.
Ce x x0 = C1e x , C1 = Ce x0 > 0,
, .
y = C1e x y = C2 e x C1 > 0, C2 > 0.
x0 = ln (C2/C1) , .
,
y = C2 e x x0 = C2 eln(C1 / C2 ) e x =
C2C1 x
e = C1e x .
C2
,
.
, y = 0,
,
.
, ,
12.6, .
, ,
. , ,
333
(12.10). , y = y (. 12.6)
. 12.6.
: (; 0), (0; +)
. 12.6
y = 0.
12.7. y = 1 y 2 .
. 1 y 2 = 0, : y = 1. :
(; 1), (1; 1), (1; +) y = 1.
, y > 1 y < 1,
y < 0, y = y (x) , , , ().
1 < y < 1, y > 0, . . 12.7.
. (.
. 12.7),
y = 1,
. 12.7
y = 1.
. , y = 1,
y = 1.
. 12.8
.
. (, y = 0
y = y 2 (. . 12.8)
y = 0
y = y 4 y 2 (. . 12.9).
. 12.9
334
12.4.
.
(12.7) , f x,
y. .
dy
= f (x).
dx
dy = f (x) dx, y = f ( x) dx .
1. y = f (x)
2.
y = f (y).
(12.11)
x = x (y), .. ,
y , x . ( y =
dy
, (12.7)
dx
dy
= f (x, y)
dx
, , x y .) (12.11)
dy
= dx
f ( y)
x =
dy
.
f ( y)
(12.12)
12.8. (12.8):
y = y.
. x = x (y). ,
y 0 (12.8) (12.12), x =
X = ln y+ C1 ,
dy
y
(12.13)
y= e C1 e x y = e C1 e x . ,
C = e C1 , y = Ce x . (, -
335
C = 0 y = 0, .)
,
dy
= f (x)g (y)
dx
(12.14)
(12.15)
dy
= f (x) dx
g ( y)
dy
g ( y ) = f ( x) dx .
, (12.14).
y 2 + 1 dx = xy dy.
12.9.
y2 + 1
dx
=
x
. ,
y dy
y2 + 1
dx
=
x
x 0),
y dy
(12.16)
y2 + 1
ln x = y 2 + 1 + C1
(12.17)
( (12.16) ,
, ,
y 2 + 1 = t,
= t + C1 =
y 2 + 1 = t 2 , 2y dy = 2t dt
y 2 + 1 + C1 ).
336
y dy
y2 + 1
t dt
= dt =
t
(12.17) x = eC1 e
x = Ce
y 2 +1
y 2 +1
, C = eC1 .
y = f (ax + by),
(12.18)
a b , z = ax + by
(
z = ax + by + , c ).
12.10.
(x + 2y)y = 1.
(12.19)
. z = x + 2y. z = 1 + 2y ,
y =
1
(z 1)
2
1
z(z 1) = 1,
2
. , z ,
z =
, ,
z+2
z
z dz
= dx .
z+2
z dz
dx = z + 2 x = z 2ln z +2+ C1
(
z dz
dz
z + 2 = 1 z + 2 dz = dz 2 z + 2 = z 2ln z +2+ C1 ).
,
x = x + 2y 2ln x + 2y + 2 + C1
y ln x + 2y + 2 = C,
(12.20)
1
2
C = C1 .
,
(12.20) (12.19).
337
12.5.
,
y = g (y/x),
(12.21)
g ( ).
, y =
y
y
cos ln .
x
x
. y = f (x, y)
k ( x y),
f (x, y) = k f (x, y).
(12.22)
12.11. , :
2x + 3y
; ) f (x, y) = xy + 1.
x y
. ) f (x, y) = (x ) 2 (x)(y) =
= 2 (x 2 xy ) = 2 f (x, y), ) f (x, y) = x 2 xy ; ) f (x, y) =
2.
) f (x, y) =
2(x) + 3(y )
2x + 3y
=
= 0 f (x, y),
x y
x y
0.
) f (x, y) = 2 xy + 1 k (xy + 1)
k, .
f (x, y) 0,
y = f (x, y)
(12.23)
. ,
1
1
x, y =
x
x
338
,
M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0,
(12.24)
M(x, y) N(x, y) k,
,
(12.24)
dy
M ( x, y )
,
=
dx
N ( x, y )
, , 0.
(12.21). ,
z x ( ) z = y/x . , y = zx,
y = zx + z, (12.21)
,
z x + z = g (z),
dz
dx
=
.
g ( z) z
x
(12.25)
12.12.
x + 2y
.
(12.26)
x
x + 2y
.
= 1 + 2y/x, (12.26)
x
(12.21) g (y/x) = 1 + 2y/x. z = y/x.
g (z) z = 1 + 2z z = 1 + z , (12.25),
dx
dz
=
.
x
1+ z
y =
,
ln 1 + z = ln x + C1,
339
y
= Cx,
x
12.6.
,
y + f (x)y = g (x),
(12.27)
f (x) g (x) ()
x. , g (x) , , .
(12.27): y = u (x)v (x) ( u (x) v (x), , (12.27).
y = u v + uv , (12.27) u v + uv + f (x)uv = g (x)
(12.28)
- v = v (x)
v + f (x)v = 0.
(12.29)
(. (12.28)) u = u(x)
vu = g (x).
(12.30)
(12.27)
(.
(12.29) (12.30)).
12.13.
xy 2y = 2 x 4 .
(12.31)
. (12.31) x,
:
y
2
y = 2x 3 .
x
340
y = uv, .. y = u v + uv , (12.31) -
2
uv = 2 x3
x
2
u v + u (v v ) = 2x3 .
x
u v + uv
(12.32)
2
dv
2
dv
dx
= v ,
=2
.
v = 0
dx
v
x
x
x
, -
, , C = 0 ln v = 2ln x v = x 2 .
v = x 2 (12.32) u x 2 = 2x 3 ,
du
= 2x. dx
,
u = x 2 + C.
y = uv = ( x 2 + C) x 2 = x 4 + Cx 2 .
12.7.
,
( , ).
y = f (x),
(. 12.1).
y (x),
..
G(x, y , y ) = 0,
, z = y .
12.14. xy + y = 0.
. z = y . y = z
x z + z = 0.
341
dz
dx
.
=
z
x
z = C1 x . ,
C dx
y = C1 x , dy = 1 , , x
y = C1 ln x + C2 .
x, ..
G(y, y , y ) = 0,
,
y, z = z (y) = y .
12.15. 2y y = (y ) 2 + 1.
. z = z(y) = y. y =
dz dz dy
= z z,
=
dx dy dx
2yzz = z 2 + 1 .
:
2 zdz dy
=
z2 + 1 y
d ( z 2 + 1) dy
=
. ,
z2 + 1
y
ln( z 2 + 1) = ln y + C
,
C = ln C1 ,
z = C1 y 1 . z = y , y (x)
dy
= dx.
C1 y 1
, C1 y 1 =
C1 y 1 =
C12
( x + C2 ) 2 .
4
C1
( x + C2 )
2
12.8.
y + py + qy = r (x),
(12.33)
342
p, q , r (x)
. r (x) 0,
y + py + qy = 0
(12.34)
; r ( x ) 0 (12.33) .
, (12.33), y ( x0 ) = z1 ,
y ( x0 ) = z2 , x0 , z1 , z2 () .
(12.34) c .
, y1 (x)
y2 (x) C1 C2
C1 y1 (x) + C2 y2 (x).
C1 y1 (x) + C2 y2 (x) ,
C1 C2 , y1 y2 ,
.
12.16. :
) e1x e 2 x , 1 2 ; ) e x xe x ; ) ex sin x
ex cos x , 0.
. ) C1e 1x + C2 e 2 x 0, C1 C2 e( 2 1 ) x ,
1 2 , , , , C2 = 0 ,
, C1 = 0.
) C1ex + C2 xex 0 ,
C1 + C2 x , C1 = C2 = 0.
) , C1ex sin x + C2 e x cos x 0.
C1 sin x + C2 cos x 0. -
C1 C2 , x, (, x = 0 x =
, C1 = C2 = 0.
343
).
2
(12.34), ,
, , : y1 (x) y2 (x) (12.34),
(12.35)
y = C1 y1 + C2 y2 ,
C1 C2 , . , (12.35)
(12.34),
y + py + qy = C1 y1 + C2 y2 + p ( C1 y1 + C2 y2 ) + q ( C1 y1 + C2 y2 ) =
= C1 ( y1 + p y1 + q y1 ) + C2 ( y2 + p y2 + q y2 ) = C1 0 + C2 0 = 0.
, (12.35)
(12.34) .
: (12.34) ,
? .
1. y1 (x) y2 (x)
(12.34), , ..
(12.35) C1 C2 .
, (12.34),
y1 y2 .
(12.34)
y = e x ,
(12.36)
() ( ). ( ex ) + p ( e x ) + q ex = ( 2 + p + q) ex , (12.36) (12.34),
2 + p + q = 0,
(12.37)
(12.34).
344
(12.34) ,
(12.37)
,
. .
2. 1. (12.37)
(12.34) 1 2 ,
1 2 . (12.34)
y = C1e1x + C2 e 2 x ,
(12.38)
C1 C2 .
2. (12.37)
( 2), (12.34)
y = C1ex + C2 xex ,
(12.39)
C1 C2 .
3. (12.37) , (12.34)
y = C1e x sin x + C2 e x cos x ,
(12.40)
= p/2, = q p 2 4 , C1 , C2 .
1 , 12.16, ,
,
. , , ,
(12.34) . e1x
e 2 x . e x . (12.36) (.
).
.
12.17. :
) y 3y + 2y = 0, y (0) = 3, y (0) = 4;
) y 2y + y = 0, y (0) = 1, y (0) = 0;
) y 2y + 2y = 0, y (0) = 1, y (0) = 1.
345
. )
2 3 + 2 = 0 , 1 = 1, 2 = 2.
y = C1e x + C2 e 2 x .
C1 C2 ,
. y (0) = C1 + C2
y (0) = C1 + 2 C2 , C1 C2 ,
C1
C
1
+ C2
+ 2C2
= 3,
= 4.
C1 = 2, C2 = 1.
(12.33)
y = 2e x + e 2 x .
) 2 2 + 1 = 0 , 1 = 2 = 1. . 2 2 (12.34) y = (C1 + C2 x )e x .
y (0) = 1, C1 = 1 , y = y + C2 e x y (0) = 0,
C2 = 1. , -
y = (1 x )e x .
) 2 2 + 2 = 0
. . 3 2
y = C1e x sin x + C2 e x cos x ( = = 1).
y (0) = 1, C2 = 1. y = (C1 C2 )e x sin x +
+ (C1 + C2 )e x cos x . , y (0) = 1, C1 = 0. , y = e x cos x .
(12.33) .
, , , .
y = C1 y1 + C2 y2
(12.34), ,
(12.33).
(12.33) y = C1 ( x ) y1 + C2 ( x ) y2 , .. -
346
, C1 C2 -
x. C1 ( x ) C2 ( x )
C1 y1
C1 y1
+ C2 y2
+ C2 y2
= 0,
= r.
(12.41)
12.18.
y 3 y + 2y = e x .
(12.42)
.
y 3 y + 2y = 0.
(. 12.17 ),
(12.43)
y = C1e x + C2 e 2 x .
, C1 C2 x, , (12.41)
C1e x + C2 e 2 x = 0,
C e x + C 2e 2 x = e x .
2
1
C1 = 1, C2 = e x .
. , C1 = x + C3 , C2 = e x + C4 , C3 , C4
. ,
y = ( x + C3 ) e x + ( e x + C4 ) e 2x =
= C3 e x + C4 e 2x + (x 1) e x .
. (12.43),
(12.42). , , (12.42).
, .. .
3. (12.33) (12.34) (12.33).
, , -
347
, 3. , , (12.34),
(12.33). (12.33),
.
.
1. (12.33) m, ..
r (x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + ... + mxm,
a0, a1, ..., am am 0.
(12.33)
u (x) = (C0 + C1x + ... + Cmxm) xs,
.. m s,
s = 0, q 0 (. (12.37)), s = 1, q = 0 p 0 s = 2,
q = p = 0. ( , s
= 0
(12.37).)
12.19.
y" 3y' = 1 + 6x.
(12.44)
. (12.44)
(12.45)
u(x) = (C0 + C1x) x.
C0 C1
u(x). (12.45),
u' (x) = C0 + 2C1x, u" (x) = 2C1.
u() (12.44), C0
C1 , u" 3u' = 1 + 6x, ..
2C1 3C0 = 1,
6C = 6.
1
348
(12.46)
, , 0 = 1 = 1 , ..
(12.44)
u(x) = x x2.
2. (12.33)
r (x) = Aex,
.
(12.33)
u(x) = C0 xs ex,
s
(12.37).
(12.47)
=
12.20. :
) y" 3y' + 2y = 2e3x;
) y" 2y' + y = 6ex.
. ) = 3
(1 = 1, 2 = 2)
2 3 + 2 = 0, s = 0. , () u = C0e3x.
u' = 3C0e3x, u" = 9C0e3x.
u", u', u (),
9C0e3x 9C0e3x + 2C0e3x = 2e3x
2C0e3x = 2e3x,
. C0 = 1
u = e3x.
) = 2
(1 = 1, 2 = 2) . s = 1, () u = C0xe2x.
u e (),
( ) u = xe2x.
) = 1. 2 2 + 1 = 0 ()
1 = 2 = 1 (.. = 1 2).
s = 2, ()
u = C0 2e2x.
349
u (), u = 32ex.
3. (12.33)
r (x) = a cos x + b sin x,
a, b, 0.
(12.33) :
u(x) = xs(C0 cos x + C1 sin x),
s = 1,
=0
(. 12.37), q > 0, = q , s = 0 . ( s = 1 ,
r (x) , 1 i
(12.33).)
12.21.
y" 3y' + 2y = sin x.
(12.48)
.
u = C0 cos x + C1 sin x.
u' = C0 sin x + C1 cos x, u" = C0 cos x C1 sin x.
u", u', u (12.48),
(3C1 + C0) cos x + (C1 + 3C0 + 2C1) sin x = sin x,
.
, sin x 0 cos x + 1 sin x, :
3C1 + C0 = 0
C1 + 3C0 = 1,
0 = 0,3, 1 = 0,1 , ,
u = 0,3 cos x + 0,1 sin x.
(12.33)
r (x) = ex (f (x) cos x + g (x) sin x),
(12.49)
f (x), g (x) ( );
, () .
1 . 16.
350
, (12.33)
(12.49)
u = xsex (v (x) cos x + w (x) sin x),
(12.50)
12.9.
, ,
.
351
() .
1. y (t) ,
t. ,
p, ..
. t Y(t) = py(t).
I (t) ,
. ,
() , ..
y' (t) = lI (t).
(12.52)
( , .. , .)
, I (t) ,
I (t) = mY(t) = mpy (t),
(12.53)
m ( ) , 0 < m < 1.
(12.53) I (t) (12.52),
y' = ky,
(12.54)
k = mpl.
(. 12.4). , y (t ) = y0 e k (t t0 ) , y0 = y (t0).
, (12.54) ( , . 12.1),
,
.
.
, .. p y p = p (y) (
).
352
(12.55)
- .
(12.55)
, y' > 0, y (t). y (t) . , (12.55) ,
dp
y = mly
y + p .
dy
, (
p dy
E p ( y) =
(. 7.6). y dp
y"
y = mly p
+ 1
E p ( y)
y" = 0 Ep (y) = 1.
, , .. |Ep(y) | >1
Ep(y) < 1, y" > 0 y (t) ; , , .. |Ep(y) | < 1, 1 < p(y) < 1,
y" < 0 y (t) .
12.23. y = y (t), , p(y)
p(y) = 2 y, 1/l = 2,
m = 0,5, y(0) = 0,5.
. (12.55)
y' = (2 y)y
dy
= dt .
(2 y ) y
ln
y2
= 2t + C1
y
y2
= Ce 2t ,
y
353
(12.56)
C = eC1 .
, y(0) = 0,5, , = 3. y
(12.56),
y=
2
.
1 + 3e 2t
. 12.10.
E p ( y ) =
E p ( y) =
y2
y
. 12.10
p dy y 2
=
,
y dp
y
, y = 1.
, . 12.10, .
(), ,
.
2. Y(t), t , I(t)
C(t), ..
Y(t) = I(t) + C(t).
(12.57)
, , , ..
bY' (t) = I(t),
(12.58)
b (
(12.52)
l =1/(pb)).
Y(t)
C (t).
C (t) : C (t) = (1 m)Y(t), m (. 1).
(12.57) (12.58)
Y =
m
Y,
b
(12.54) p = const.
354
(12.59)
C(t) ( ).
12.24. Y = Y(t), , = 2t;
b = 1/2,
Y (0) = 2.
. (12.57) (12.58)
1
Y (t ) = Y (t ) + 2t ,
2
..
.
, 12.6:
Y(t) = u(t) v(t).
u(t) = 2te2t + e2t + C, v (t) = e2t. : Y(0) = u (0)v (0) = 2,
= 1. Y(t) = 2t + e2t + 1.
:
12.26. y 2 = 2Cx .
12.25. y = Cx 2 .
12.27. x 3 = C ( x 2 y 2 ) .
12.28. y = C1e 2 x + C2 e x .
:
12.30. y x y = 1 + x 2 y .
12.29. xy y = y 3 .
12.31. xy y = 1 x 2 .
12.33.
y 2 + 1 dx = xy dy.
12.35. y y + x = 1.
12.32. xy dx + (x + 1) dy = 0.
12.34. 2x 2 yy + y 2 = 2.
12.36. y = 10 x + y .
, :
12.37. y y = 2x 3.
12.38. (2x y)dx + (4x 2y + 3) dy = 0.
:
y
1.
12.40. (x y)y dx x 2 dy = 0.
x
12.41. ( x 2 + y 2 ) dx 2 xy dy = 0.
12.42. y dx + (2 xy x) dy = 0.
12.39. y =
12.43. y dy + (x 2y)dx = 0.
12.44. y = x(y
355
e y ).
dy y
= x.
dx x
12.47. y 2 dx (2xy + 3) dy = 0.
12.45.
2y
= x3 .
x
12.48. y y = e x .
12.46. y +
, :
12.50. x(y + 1) + y = 0.
12.49. y = e 2x .
, :
2
356
13
, ,
, .
,
. .
13.1. .
. u1 , u2 , , un , :
u1 + u2 + + un + = un .
(13.1)
n =1
u1 , u2 , , un , , un
n- .
(13.1) ,
un = f ( n) ( n = 1, 2, ), .. f (n) . ,
un =
(1)n 1
n 2 (n + 1)
1
1
1
(1)n 1
+
+
+ .
2
2
2 2 3 3 4
n 2 (n + 1)
12
: . , .
13.1. :
)
2
5
4
9
6
13
+ ; )
3 8 15 24
+
+ .
5 10 17 26
358
. , )
un =
(1) n1 ( n + 1) 2 1
2n
, ) un =
.
4n + 1
(n + 1) 2 + 1
S1 = u1 ,
S2 = u1 + u2 , ,
Sn = u1 + u2 + + un .
n S n n-
.
. ,
, ..
lim Sn = S .
(13.2)
S .
u1 + u2 + + un + = un = S .
(13.3)
n =1
, .
13.2. ,
.. ,
a + aq + aq 2 + aq n1 + = aq n1.
(13.4)
n =1
. ,
q (13.4)
.
, n
, .. n-
q 1
Sn =
a(q n 1)
.
q 1
359
(13.5)
:
1) q < 1, lim q n = 0,
n
a
a
, ..
lim Sn = lim
=
n
n q 1 q 1 1 q
a
S=
;
1 q
aq n
;
3) q = 1, (13.4) a + a + + a + ,
+
a
+ ... +a = na lim S n = lim na = ,
n- S n = a
n
.. ;
4) q = 1, (13.4) a a + a a +
+ + (1) n1 a + Sn = 0 n Sn = a n , , lim Sn , .
n
, S =
a
1 q
q < 1 q 1.
13.3.
1
1
1
1
+
+
+ +
+ .
1 2 2 3 3 4
n( n + 1)
(13.6)
. n-
Sn =
1
1
1
1
1
1
. ,
+
+
+ +
=1 ,
1 2
2
1 2 2 3 3 4
n( n + 1)
1
1 1
1
1 1
1
1
1
=
,
= ,
= , ,
2 3 2 3 3 4 3 4
n(n + 1) n n + 1
1
1
n
1 1 1 1 1
1
Sn = 1 + + + +
.
=
=1
n +1 n +1
2 2 3 3 4
n n +1
n
= 1, .. S = 1.
lim S n = lim
n
n n + 1
360
. 1. u1 + u2 + + un +
S, u1 + u2 + + un + ( ) S .
2. u1 + u2 + + un + v1 + v2 + + vn +
S1
S2 ,
) , S1 + S2 .
1 2 .
3. , ,
( ) .
(13.1) n (
,
). ,
un +1 + un + 2 + + un + m + ,
(13.7)
m = un +1 + un + 2 + + un + m ,
.
, Sn + m = Sn + m . , n
lim Sn + m
, lim m .
m
, (13.7) .
(13.7), n , n- .
n- rn , ..
rn = un +1 + un + 2 + + un + m + = lim m ,
m
(13.8)
(13.1)
S = Sn + rn .
(13.9)
4.
4. (13.1) , , n , ..
lim rn = 0.
361
(. 6.3).
() Sn lim S n ( 13.2,
n
13.3) - Sn ( n ).
, .
13.2. .
( ). , un n , ..
lim un = 0.
n- n ( n 1) ,
..
un = Sn Sn 1. ,
lim Sn = S
lim S n 1 = S .
13.4. (13.6).
. (. 13.3),
(13.6) ,
1
= 0, ..
n n( n + 1)
lim un = lim
.
. (13.1)
n , .. lim un 0, .
n
, .. (13.1) .
lim un = 0,
n
, , ..
(13.1) .
362
13.5.
.
4n + 3 4
= 0,
lim un = lim
5
n
n 5n 7
4n + 3
5n 7 .
n =1
..
, , .
. ,
,
. lim un = 0, ,
n
1+
1 1
1
+ ++ + ,
2 3
n
(13.10)
.
:
1
= 0. , , , n n
lim un = lim
.
.
2n n :
S2n = 1 +
1 1
1
1
1
+ ++ +
++ ,
n n +1
2 3
2n
Sn = 1 +
1 1
1
+ ++ .
n
2 3
S2n Sn =
1
1
++ .
n +1
2n
1
,
2n
S2n Sn >
1
1
1
1 1
+ +
= n
= S2 n Sn > .
2
2n
2
2n 2
n
n
363
, .. , lim S n = lim S2 n = S , n
(. 6.5), , S S
1
1
0 .
2
2
, , , .. .
.
13.3.
( ). :
un (1)
n =1
vn (2),
n =1
, .. n
un vn .
(13.11)
: ) 2, 1; ) 1, 2.
) 1 2 sn Sn . 2 , , lim S n = S Sn Sn S , S, 2 n
. sn 1. : (
n n )
( sn Sn (13.11), ..
sn Sn S ).
, (. 6.5) sn , .. 1
.
) . , 2 . 1, ; ..
2 .
.
, (13.11)
364
n. , , n = k ,
un vm + n , m
.
13.6.
1+
1
1
1
+
+ +
+ .
2
23 33
n 3n 1
. 1 +
1 1
1
1
+ ++
+ ( q = < 1 ).
2
n
1
3 3
3
3
, ,
1
1
1
1
<
< ,
2
2
3
3
3
2
3
3
1
1
<
,
n 3n 1 3n 1
.
13.7.
1
2 1
1
3 2
+ +
1
n(n 1)
+ .
. 1 +
1
+
2
1
1
+ + + + , , 1
3
n
(, , ).
1
1
> ,
2 1 2
2 1 < 2 = 22 ,
1
1
> ,
3 2 3
n(n 1)
>
1
n
, .
, :
365
aq n1
1)
q < 1, -
n =1
q 1;
2)
n =1
3)
n = 1 + 2 + 3 + + n +
(13.12)
n =1
> 1, 1 ( .
13.10; , < 1
(13.12) ,
n =1
n,
= 2
n =1
(13.12) (13.6)).
, , (13.11),
(,
, ..).
.
( ).
un
n =1
vn
n =1
un
= k 0,
n vn
lim
.
un
= k ,
n vn
(. 6.1) > 0 lim
366
N, n > N
un
k < un kvn < vn , (k )vn < un < (k + )vn .
vn
vn ,
n =1
(k + )vn ,
n =1
un ;
n =1
un ,
n =1
vn .
(k )vn
n =1
n =1
. .
13.8.
2n 2 + 5
.
n3
n =1
( -
n =1
, n
u
2n 2 + 5 2
). lim n =
3
n vn
n
n
2n 2 + 5
2n 2 + 5 1
: = lim
= lim
= 2 0, ,
n
n3
n n n 2
, .
.
( ).
un
n =1
(n + 1)-
un +1
= l. , l < 1, n un
; l > 1, ; l = 1, n- lim
.
367
,
> 0 N, n > N
un +1
u
l < l < n +1 < l + .
un
un
1) l < 1. ,
q = l + < 1, ..
un +1
< q un +1 < qun .
un
n > N , ..
n = N + 1, N + 2, :
u N + 2 < qu N +1 ,
, ,
( n + 1) .
un ,
n =1
2) l > 1. , l > 1. -
un +1
u
> l , n +1 > 1. ,
un
un
, N + 1,
, .. , .
13.9. :
)
1 2
n
+
+ +
+ ; )
2
2 2
2n
3n n !
.
n
n =1 n
un +1
n +1 n
= lim
:
n un
n 2n +1 2 n
. ) lim
n +1 1
= < 1, .
n 2n
2
3n +1 (n + 1)! 3n n!
u
:
) lim n +1 = lim
=
n un
n ( n + 1) n +1
nn
= lim
368
3n 3n!(n + 1) n n
n
= lim
= 3 lim
=
n
n
n ( n + 1) ( n + 1)3 n !
n n + 1
3
1
lim 1 +
n
n
3
> 1,
e
un +1
= , .
n un
u
2. lim n +1 = l = 1, ,
n un
1. lim
, ,
.
( ).
un ,
, ..
n =1
u1 u2 un , f ( x), x 1,
un
(13.13)
n =1
f ( x)dx.
1
2
n +1
f ( x)dx + f ( x )dx + +
f ( x )dx + .
(13.14)
n-
2
n +1
Sn = f ( x)dx + f ( x )dx + +
369
f ( x )dx =
n +1
f ( x )dx. (13.15)
(13.14) (13.15), ..
f ( x)dx,
lim Sn = lim
n +1
f ( x) dx = f ( x)dx. 1
f ( x) [ n, n + 1] f (n) f ( x) f ( n + 1) ,
(13.13),
un f ( x) un+1.
(13.16)
(13.16) [ n, n + 1] ,
n +1
un dx
un
un
n +1
f ( x)dx
n +1
n +1
un+1dx,
n
f ( x)dx un +1.
(13.17)
n =1
(13.17) (13.14),
f ( x)dx.
, -
f ( x)dx,
.. (13.14),
(13.17)
un+1 = u2 + u3 + + un + un+1 + ,
n =1
un = u1 + u2 + u3 + + un + .
n =1
13.10.
n .
n =1
370
1
. f ( x) x > 0 (
x
. f ( x) =
, x 1 ) (
).
= 1, I = lim ln x
1,
dx
dx
dx
. I =
= lim .
b x
x
x
1
1
b
1
= lim ( ln b ln1) = .
b
x +1 b
1
1 ( 1) > 1;
=
I = lim
lim ( b1 1) =
< 1.
b + 1 1 1 b
, > 1 1.
13.4.
. , ,
: u1 u2 + u3 u4 + + ( 1) n1 un + , un > 0.
( ).
u1 > u2 > > un >
n , .. lim un = 0,
n
, : S u1.
n = 2m :
n = 2m ) ( , S2m -
371
, ,
S2 m < u1 m , , S u1.
n = 2m + 1. , S 2 m +1 =
, n ( ) lim S n = S , ..
n
. . 13.1 S n S
n
n.
. 13.1
S , : m
S2 m S S2 m +1.
13.11.
1
1
(1)n 1
+ ++
+ .
n2
22 32
. 1 >
1
1
1
>
> >
> ,
2
2
2
3
n2
1
= 0, n n 2
lim
.
.
lim un = 0, u1 > u2 > > un > . , n
1
1
1
1
++
+
2 1
2 +1
n 1
n +1
, lim un = 0, . -
, (
)
372
2 +1+
2
2
1
1 1
++
+ = 2 1 + + + +
+ ,
3
n 1
n 1
2 3
.. .
.
,
, .
(13.9) n n- , ..
S = Sn + rn . S Sn, , rn. n n- un +1 un + 2 + , , rn
un +1 , .. rn un+1. n n-
un+1 + un+2 ... rn < 0, , ,
n
rn un +1 .
(13.18)
13.12.
( 1)n +1
2
n =1 n
, 0,001?
. rn < 0,001.
(13.18),
1
0,001, (n + 1)2 1000
(n + 1) 2
n 1000 1, n 30,6 , ..
un +1 0,001
31 .
. u1 + u2 + + un + -
(13.1), un
, .
(
). , (13.1)
u1 + u2 + + un +
(13.19)
, .
S n+ S n
(13.1), .
373
Sn1 = Sn+ Sn , ,
lim S n2 = S .
n
S n+ S n (
lim Sn , -
, .
(13.19) , (13.1) . ,
1 1
(1)n 1
+ +
+ ,
2 3
n
1 1
1
1 + + + + +
2 3
n
( ) .
.
1. ,
, ,
.
2. ,
, , , .
,
,
(1) n 1
2
n =1 n
(1) n 1
.
n
n =1
, : ,
,
, .
. 374
, , , .
.
, , 1
1 1 1
(1) n 1
+ + +
+ . 2 3 4
n
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 + + + .
2 4 3 6 8 5 10 12
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + = 1 + + + ,
2 2 3 4 5 6
2 4 6 8 10 12
..
2 .
( ), ,
, .
13.5.
13.13.
.
3
5
7
+
+
+ ,
1 4 4 9 9 16
. , un =
2n + 1
n 2 (n + 1)2
3
5
7
2n + 1
+
+
+ +
=
2
1 4 4 9 9 16
n ( n + 1) 2
4 1 9 4 16 9
( n + 1) 2 n 2
=
+
+
+ +
=
1 4 4 9 9 16
n 2 ( n + 1) 2
Sn =
1
1
1
1 1 1 1 1
= 1 + + + +
= 1
.
( n + 1) 2
4 4 9 9 16
n 2 ( n + 1) 2
n S n
, ,
1
S = lim Sn = lim 1
= 1.
n
n
(n + 1)2
375
13.14. :
a)
lg n
ln n + 2 ; )
n =1
)
sin
n =1
; )
2n
4 4 7 4 7 10
+
+
+ ; )
2 2 6 2 6 10
n =1
n +1 n
;
n
1
ln(n + 1) .
n =1
. ) , :
lg n
= .
n ln n + 2
lim un = lim
, . (n) (x)1, -
1
lg x
(lg x)
1
= lim
= lim x ln10 =
0,
lim un = lim
1
n
x ln x + 2
x (ln x + 2) x
ln10
x
, .
) , ,
> 0, 0 <
< n.
n
2
2n 2
sin
q =
0< x<
< 1, .. sin
<
(
2
2n 2n
sin x < x ), .
un =
n +1 n
1
=
. n
n( n + 1 + n )
, 1
, lim f ( x ) ( x
), lim f ( n ) .
n
376
(13.12) =
3
> 1.
2
un
n1 2
1
1
= lim
= lim
=
:
n vn
n n( n + 1 + n ) n3 2 n
n +1 + n
lim
= lim
1+
1
+1
n
1
, ,
2
, , .
) , ,
4 7 10 (3n + 1)
.
2 6 10 (4n 2)
4 7 10 (3n + 1)(3n + 4)
un +1 =
2 6 10 (4n 2)(4n + 2)
u
3n + 4 3
= <1, .. .
lim n +1 = lim
n un
n 4n + 2
4
un un =
) :
lim
un +1
1
1
ln( n + 1)
= lim
= 1,
:
= nlim
n
ln( n + 2)
un
ln(n + 2) ln( n + 1)
.. .
( -
1
= 0, ..
n ln( n + 1)
): lim un = lim
n
, -
.
. , , .
un
1
1
n
: = lim
= lim
= , .. n vn
n ln( n + 1) n n ln( n + 1)
u
. ( lim n = 0
n vn
u
lim n = ) n vn
lim
377
(. 13.3)1. , , .
,
1 1
1
+ + +
+ .
2 3
n +1
1
1
> ,
(
ln 2 2
1
1
1
1
>
,
>
ln 3 3
ln(n + 1) ( n + 1)
ln x < x ), .
13.15. :
(1) n n7
; )
)
6
n =1 7 n + 3
(1) n ln n
2n 1 ; )
n =1
n =1
(1)n cos
n2 + 1
n
3.
. )
(1)n n 7
(1)n
= , = lim
3
n 7 n 6 + 3
n 7
+
n n7
lim un = lim
, , 1 ( n) 1 ( n). ,
, .
) , ,
ln 2 ln 3
ln n
>
> >
>
3
5
2n 1
ln n
= 0 ( ,
lim
n 2n 1
, ), 1 , ,
dx
- , ln( x + 1)
1
(.. ).
378
ln n
2n 1 ,
n =1
, ,
,
1
ln n
1
1
>
> . , :
2 2n 1 2n 1 2n
.
) ,
, ,
(13.12) = 2 > 1 :
(1)n cos
n2
+1
n
3
1
1
< , + 1 n2
n2
, .
:
13.16.
4 7 10 13
3 8 15 24
+ + + + . 13.17. + + +
+ .
3 4 5 6
5 10 17 26
, , :
13.18.
1
1
1
+
+ +
+ . 13.19.
1 3 2 4
n(n + 2)
(3n 2)(3n + 1) .
n =1
, :
13.20.
5n + 6
100n 1 .
13.21.
n =1
n =1
n3 25
n + 50
:
13.22.
n =1
13.24.
1
n(1 + n 2 )
tg n + 2 .
n =1
.
13.25.
13.23.
n +1
n =1
n3
1
1
1
1
+
+
+
+ .
3
5
1 2 3 2
52
7 27
379
13.26.
3n 2 + 2n
n3 + 5n 5 .
n =1
13.27.
ln 1 + n2 .
n =1
:
13.28.
n(n + 1)
.
3n
n =1
13.29.
n3
.
13.30.
n =1 ( n + 1)!
13.31.
n!
10n .
n =1
n
n
n! .
n =1
:
13.32.
(1)n n 2
.
3
n =1 n + 2
13.33.
n =1
( 0,01) :
13.34.
(3) n
(4n + 1)n .
(1) n +1
(3n)2 .
n =1
13.35.
(1)n +1
.
n!
n =1
( ,
):
13.36.
(1)n n
n3 + 4 .
13.37.
n =1
2
n
+ n 1
.
13.38.
3
n =1 n n + 3
13.40.
13.39.
n =1
ln n + 5 .
n =1
1
1
1
+
+
+ . 13.41.
2
2
1 5 1 7 1
32
n =1
n
3 .
3
2 n +1
( 1)n sin
+ 4 tg + .
13.43. tg + 2 tg + 3tg
4
8
16
32
n!
13.44. .
13.45.
n
n =1 8
13.42.
(2n 1)22n1 .
380
(1)n 10n
.
n
n =1 n + 2
14
,
, .. .
, ,
c0 + c1 x + c2 x 2 + + cn x n + ... .
(14.1)
, c0, c1, , cn
.
14.1.
x, (14.1)
, .
14.1.
1 + x + x2 + + xn + .
. q = x, q=
= x< 1. 1 < x < 1, ..
(1; 1).
.
. 1)
x = x0 0 ( ), , , x , x< x0 . 2) x = x1 , x , x > x1 .
1) (14.1) x = x0 0, , lim un =
n
= lim
cn x0n
= 0 . , Cn x0n
381
, .. M > 0, n
cn x0n < M.
(14.2)
, (14.1)
cn x0n ,
n =0
c0 + c1 x0
x
x
+ + cn x0n
x0
x0
+ .
(14.3)
(14.3) (14.2)
M+M
x
x
++ M
x0
x0
+ ,
, ,
q =
x
< 1 , .. x< x0 , ,
x0
(14.1) .
2) (14.1) x = x1 . ,
x,
x> x1 . , ..
x> x1
(14.1) . x1 ( x1 < x), . -
, x , x > x1 , (14.1) .
(. . 14.1) , R 0, x < R , x > R
.
R ,
(R; R)
.
. 14.1
, .. x = R x = R, ,
(. . 14.1).
382
(14.1) . ,
c0 + c1 x + c2 x 2 + + cn x n + ,
(14.4)
cn ,
n, .
(14.4) ,
lim
un +1
c x n +1
c
= lim n +1
= x lim n +1
n
n cn x
n cn
un
1, ..
x lim
cn +1
c
< 1 x < lim n .
n
cn
cn +1
, (14.1), ..
cn
.
cn +1
R = lim
(14.5)
. ,
(R = 0), Ox (R = ).
14.2.
1+
2x
32 3
4x2
52 32
++
2n x n
(2n + 1) 2 3n
+.
.
(14.5)
R = lim
cn
2n
2n +1
:
= lim
=
cn +1 n (2n + 1) 2 3n [ 2(n + 1) + 1]2 3n +1
=
3
(2n + 3)2
3
lim
=
,
2 n (2n + 1) 2
2
..
383
3
3
;
.
2
2
3
2
1
1
( 1) n
+
+
+ ;
1
32 52
( 2n + 1)2
. x =
. x =
1 +
1
1
1
+
++
+ ,
2
2
3
5
(2n + 1)2
(13.12) = 2,
. = 2 > 1,
.
, x =
3
2
(. 13.4), , , ..
(2n + 1)2 ,
n =1
3
3
;
.
2
2
.
,
lim
un +1
= l =1
un
; (, , ..).
14.3. :
) 1 + x +
x 2 x3
xn
+
+ +
+ ; ) 1 + x + 22 x 2 + + n n x n + .
2! 3!
n!
384
. ) (14.5)
R = lim
cn
(n + 1)!
= lim
= lim (n + 1) = , .. n
cn +1 n n!
(; +).
) . , , x 0 lim un = lim n n x n 0 , ..
n
, .
,
x = 0.
14.4.
(3x)n2 = 1 + 3x + 34 x 4 + 39 x9 +
n =0
. (14.5)
, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10 .. .
.
, lim
un +1
< 1 , ,
un
un +1
> 1 .
n un
lim
un +1
(3 x)( n +1)2
2 n +1 , 3 x > 1;
= lim
= lim 3x
=
2
n un
n (3 x ) n
n
0, 3x < 1.
1
1
, < x <
3
3
1 1
; .
3 3
lim
x=
1
3
x =
1
3
(1)n2 =
1 1 + 1 1 + ,
n =0
(1)n2 = 1 + 1 + 1 + , .. -
n =0
385
, .
1 1
.
3 3
, ;
. f (x) , .. f (x) =
cn x n .
n =0
,
():
[a, b], (R; R), f (x) , ,
:
b
f ( x) dx = c0 dx + c1 x dx + + cn x n dx + .
, :
f (x) = c1 + 2c2 x + 3c3 x 2 + + ncn x n 1 + .
R.
14.2.
, f (x), n x = 0, , ,
f (x) = c0 + c1 x + c2 x 2 + c3 x3 + c4 x 4 + + cn x n + .
f (x). f (x), n :
f (x) = c1 + 2c2 x + 3c3 x 2 + 4c4 x3 + + ncn x n1 + ,
x = 0, f (0) = c0 ,
f (0)
f (0)
f ( n ) (0)
, c3 =
, ..., cn =
.
2!
3!
n!
c0 , c1 , c2 , c3 , , cn ,
c0 = f (0) , c1 = f (0) , c2 =
f ( x) = f (0) + f (0) x +
f (0) 2 f (0) 3
f ( n ) (0) n
x +
x + +
x + , (14.6)
2!
3!
n!
.
,
. , , f (x),
f (x).
, f (x) (13.9)
f (x) = S n ( x ) + rn ( x ) ,
S n (x) n- ; rn ( x) n-
.
4 (. 13.1)
.
. f (x), , n
, ..
lim rn ( x) = 0
(14.7)
x .
, f (x) , .
.
:
f(x) = f ( x0 ) + f ( x0 )( x x0 ) +
f ( x0 )
f ( n ) ( x0 )
( x x0 )2 + +
( x x0 )n +
2!
n!
x0 = 0.
387
:
f (x) = f ( x0 ) + f ( x0 )( x x0 ) +
f ( x0 )
( x x0 ) 2 + +
2!
f ( n ) ( x0 )
( x x0 )n + Rn ( x) ,
n!
Rn ( x) :
Rn ( x) =
f ( n +1) ()
( x x0 ) n +1 ,
(n + 1)!
( x0 , x) ( (x, x0 )), .
, (14.7) rn ( x)
Rn ( x) .
1. y = e x .
f (x) = f (x) = f (x) = = f ( n ) ( x ) = e x ;
f (0) = f (0) = f (0) = = f ( n ) (0) = e0 =1.
(13.6)
ex = 1 + x +
x 2 x3
xn
+
+ +
+ .
2! 3!
n!
(14.8)
(; ) (. 14.3).
2. y = sin x.
f (x) = sin x; f (x) = cos x; f (x) = sin x; f (x) = cos x;
f (4) ( x) = sin x, f (0) = 0; f (0) = 1; f (0) = 0; f (0) = 1;
f (4) (0) = 0 ..
, f (2 n ) (0) = 0 ,
f (2 n 1) (0) = (1) n 1 , n = 1, 2, .
(14.6)
sin x = x
x3 x5
(1)n 1 x 2 n1
+
+ +
+ .
3! 5!
(2n 1)!
(14.9)
(; +).
3. y = cos x. ,
cos x = 1
x2 x4
(1)n x 2 n
+
+
+ .
2! 4!
(2n)!
(; +).
388
(14.10)
4. y = (1 + x) m , m .
f (x)= (1 + x) m , f (x) = m(1 + x) m 1 , f (x) = m(m 1) (1 + x) m 2 ,
f(x) = m (m 1)(m 2)(1 + x)m2, , f ( n ) ( x) = m (m 1) (m n + 1)
(1 + x)mn.
x = 0 f(0) = 1, f (0) = m, f (0) = m(m 1), f (0) = m(m 1)
(m 2), , f ( n ) (0) = m(m 1)(m n + 1). (14.6)
(1 + x) m = 1 + mx +
+
m( m 1)...( m n + 1) n
x +
n!
(14.11)
(1; 1) (
x = 1 m).
(14.11) . m ,
, n = m + 1 m n + 1 = 0, n-
, .. ,
.
5. y = ln(1 + x).
,
(14.6) .
1
= 1 x + x 2 x3 + + (1)n x n +
1+ x
(14.12)
q = x, q= x < 1,
.. 1< x < 1, f (x) =
a
1
=
.
1 q 1+ x
| x< 1, ,
ln (1 + x) = x
dx
1 + x = ln 1 + x
0
x
0
= ln (1 + x) ,
x 2 x3
(1)n x n +1
+
+
+
2
3
n +1
389
(14.13)
(
) (1; 1].
, , (14.8)
(14.13), , .
(14.6) (14.8) (14.13).
14.5. : ) y =
) y = ln
1+ x
.
1 x
. ) (14.8) e x = 1 + x +
, x ( x 2 ),
1 e x2
;
x2
x2
xn
++
+ ,
2!
n!
x4
(1) n x 2 n
+ +
+ ,
2!
n!
x4
(1) n +1 x 2 n
+ +
+
1 e x2 = x 2
2!
n!
e x2 = 1 x 2 +
, ,
1 e x2
x2
(1) n +1 x 2 n 2
=1
++
+ .
x2
2!
n!
(; +).
) ln (1+x) = x
x (x);
ln (1x) = x
x 2 x3
( 1) n 1 x n
+
+
+ 2
3
n
x 2 x3
xn
.
n
2
3
ln
1+ x
x 2 x3
x 2 x3
= ln(1 + x) ln(1 x) = ( x
+ ) ( x
) =
1 x
2
3
2
3
3
5
2
n
1
x
x
x
+
++
+ ) .
= 2( x +
(14.14)
3
5
2n 1
(1; 1).
390
14.3.
.
, ,
, .
14.6.
0,0001:
)
1
5 3
e
; ) ln 0,8; )
36 ; ) sin 20; )
x e x dx .
. )
(14.8) x =
1
5 3
e
=e
3
5
3
, (; +):
5
3
5 =1
3
32
33
(1) n 3n
+
++
+ =
5 52 2! 53 3!
5n n !
1
5 3
e
0,5488.
391
0, 22 0, 23
0, 2n
= (0,2 + 0,02 +
2
3
n
+ 0,00266 + 0,0004 +).
ln 0,8 ,
rn =
0, 25 0, 26
0, 2n
0, 25 0, 26
0, 2n
+
++
+ <
+
++
+ =
5
6
5
5
5
n
0, 25
0, 25
1
(1 + 0, 2 + + 0, 2n5 + ) = 5 (1 0, 2) = 0,00008 < 0,0001.
5
( ,
a
1
=
.) ,
1 q 1 0, 2
1+ x
1
= ln 0,8, x =
9
1 x
(14.14)
1
(1)2 n 1
+ =
3
2
n
1
9
(2n 1)
9 9 3
ln 0,8 = 2
36
1 5
36 = 32 + 4 = 2 1 + .
8
392
1
8
1
1
(1; 1), x = , m = , (14.11),
8
5
x =
11
11 1
1
1 n + 1
1 1 5 5 1
5 5 5
1 + =
5
+ ... +
36 = 2(1 + +
2
5 8
2!
8
8n
n!
= 2 + 0,05 0,0025 + 0,000188 0,000016 + 2,0477.
(
4 , rn 0,000016 <
< 0,0001.)
) sin 20= sin
x=
(14.9)
9
, (; +):
9
3
sin
1
1
(1) n 1
= + +
9 9 3! 9 5! 9
(2n 1)! 9
2 n 1
+ =
x2
(1)n x n
+
+ .
2!
n!
x
e x = 1 x +
xe x = x1/ 2 e x = x1/ 2 x3 / 2 + +
393
(1) n x n + 1/ 2
+
n!
xe x dx =
(1)n x n +1/ 2
dx + =
n
!
0
x1/ 2 dx x3 / 2 dx + +
2
2
1
xn+3/ 2 1
2 2
(1)n 2
= x3/ 2 x5/ 2 ++
+= ++
+ =
3
3 5
(2n + 3) n!
3 n! 0
0 5
0
n +
2
1
14.4.
14.7.
3n + (2) n
n ( x + 1)n .
n =1
(14.15)
. (14.15),
(x a) = (x (1)),
(14.5);
R = lim
cn
3n + (2) n 3n +1 + ( 2) n +1
=
= lim
:
cn +1 n
n
n +1
3n + (2) n
n +1
=
n
n
n 3 3 2( 2)
n
= lim
1 + (2 / 3) n
n +1
1+ 0
1
lim
1 = ,
=
n 3 2( 2 / 3) n n n
3
3 20
= lim
.. R = 1/3. (14.15)
R < x a < R R < x < a + R. 394
3n + (2) n 1
(1) n 1 2
n 3 = n + n 3 ,
n =1
n =1
n =1
.. . ,
(1)n
, () (. 13.4),
n =1 n
12
n 3 n =1
1 2 n +1 1 2 n 2
un +1
n
2
= <1,
= lim
: = lim
n un
n n + 1 3
n 3 3 n n + 1 3
lim
.. , , (14.15)
x = 4/3.
x = 2/3 (14.15)
3n + (2)n 1
1 1 2
n 3 = n + n 3 .
n =1
n =1
n =1
,
, , . , (14.15)
x = 2/3 . (
3n + (2) n 1
> 0 n N
3n
n
, n > 1
, 1/3:
395
2
n 1+
3n + (2) n 1
1
3
=
> .)
n
3n
n
3
, (14.15) [4/3;
2/3).
14.8.
y = sin 2 x .
. . (14.6).
n-
x = 0:
f (x) = sin 2 x ; f (x) = 2sin x cos x = sin 2 x ; f (x) = 2cos2x;
f (x) = 22 sin 2x ; f (4) ( x ) = 23 cos 2 x ; f (5) ( x ) = 24 sin 2 x ..
x = 0 f (x) :
f (0) = 0; f (0) = 0; f (0) = 2; f (0) = 0; f (4) (0) = 23 ; f (5) (0) = 0
..
(14.6)
sin 2 x = 0 + 0 +
2 2
23
25
x + 0 x 4 + 0 + x 6 +
2!
4!
6!
1
2
(1)n1 22n1 2n
sin 2 x = x2 x4 + x6 +
x + .
3
45
(2n)!
. , sin 2 x =
(14.16)
1 1
cos 2 x ,
2 2
1
1
, .
2
2
1
1 (2 x) 2 (2 x) 4
( 1) n (2 x) 2 n
cos 2 x = 1
+
+
+
2
2
2!
4!
(2n)!
396
sin 2 x =
1 1
1 1 (2 x) 2 (2 x) 4
( 1) n 1 (2 x) 2 n
cos 2 x = +
++
+
2 2
2 2 2 2! 2 4!
2 (2n)!
1
(1) n 1 22 n1 x 2n
+,
sin 2 x = x 2 x 4 + +
3
(2n)!
.. (14.16).
. y = sin 2 x
.
x = 0
f ( x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 + + an x n + ,
( x) = b0 + b1 x + b2 x 2 + + bn x n + ,
sin x = 0 + x + 0
1 3
1
1
x + 0 + x5 + 0 x 7 +,
3!
5
7
(14.17)
1
sin 2 x = 02 + 2 0 1x + (2 0 0 + 12 ) x 2 + (2 0 + 2 1 0) x3 +
3!
1
(1)n1 22n1 x2n
1
+ (2 0 0 + 2 1 + 02 ) x4 + = x2 x4 + +
+,
3
(2n)!
3!
.. (14.16).
397
, ,
(; +).
1
14.9. 0,0001
xe x dx .
. 14.6:
1
xe x dx =
2 2
2
2
2
+ +
+
+ +
+ . (14.18)
3 5 7 2! 9 3!
(2n + 3)n !
14.6,
, ,
.
. , n ( n = 0).
rn =
2
2
2
+
+
+
(2n + 3)n! (2n + 5)( n + 1)! (2n + 7)( n + 2)!
2n + 5 > 2n + 3, 2n + 7 > 2n + 3,
(n + 1)! = n!(n + 1) > n!n, (n + 2)! = n!(n + 1)(n + 2) > n! n 2 ,
,
rn <
1 +
2
2
2
2
+
+
+=
(2n + 3)n !
(2n + 3)n! (2n + 3) n!n (2n + 3) n!n 2
1 1
2
2
1
=
,
+
+ =
2
1
(2
n
+
3)(
n
1)!(n 1)
n n
(2n + 3)n! 1
(13.5) a = 1, q =
398
1
.
n
n = 7
rn <
2
0,00003 < 0,0001.
17(1 2 3 4 5 6) 6
:
14.10. x +
x 2 x3 x 4
+
+
+ .
2
3
4
14.11.
(2)n x 2n .
n =1
14.12. 1 + 2! x + 3! x 2 + 4! x3 + .
14.13.
3n x n
2n
n =1
14.14.
(1) n 1 ( x 4) 2 n 1
.
2n 1
n =1
14.15.
(n!) 2
(2n)!x n .
n =1
x :
14.16. y =
ex 1
.
x
14.17. y = x ln (1 + x 2 ).
14.19. y =
14.18. y = cos 2 x .
x + ln (1 x)
.
x2
0,0001:
14.20.
1
60 7
e
14.21. ln 1,1.
14.23.
399
130 .
14.24. ln 3.
14.25.
cos
xdx .
,
,
:
12
14.26.
12
dx
1+
x4
14.27.
e x
0
400
dx .
401
15
. , ,
.
, .
15.1.
. n ,
(x1 , x2 , , xn ) X
z. , z = f ( x1 , , xn ).
, z = x12 x2 z
: x1 ( ) x2 ().
x1 , , xn , z , f . X . , n .
15.1. :
) z =
1 x12 x22 ; ) z =
1
.
x1 x2
. ) :
402
) x1 0, x2 0, ..
Ox1x2 Ox1
Ox2.
.
1. z = a1 x1 + a2 x2 + + an xn + b , a1 , , an , b
, . n x1 , , xn .
2. z =
1 n
bij xi x j ( bij ) 2 i , j =1
. , .. .
3. 5.6 .
z = f ( x1 , , xn ),
n .
:
) z =
ai ln (xi ci ) ,
i =1
ai > 0, xi > ci 0 -
;
) z =
1 ib ( xi ci )1bi .
i =1
.
4. n (. 5.6), x1 ,
x2 , , xn .
(z , x1 , x2 ), n = 2:
)
z = b0 x1b1 x2b2 ;
403
) :
z = e0 e1 x1 + e2 x2
(n = 2),
, n = 2, n > 2.
.
z = f (x, y). X
Oxy.
M 0 ( x0 , y0 ) X , -
M 0 (. . 15.1).
, .
. :
z = f (x, y)
x = x0
z = f ( x0 , y) y = y0 z = f (x, y0 ).
,
z = f (x, y0 )
. 15.1
z = f ( x0 , y)
, .
, , z = K 0 1 +
x
, 100
y x%. ,
x y.
404
z = f (x, y)
(x, y, z), z
x y
z = f (x, y).
z = f (x, y), ,
1.
z = f (x, y) z = f (x, y0 ) z = f ( x0 , y),
z = f (x, y) ,
Oxz Oyz, .. y = y0 x = x0 .
15.2. z = x 2 + y 2 2 y .
. z = x 2 + y 2 2 y = x 2 +
+ ( y 1)2 1
Oyz Oxz,
(, x = 0
z = ( y 1) 2 1, y = 1
z = x 2 1 ..).
Oxy, .. z = 0,
x2 + (y 1)2=
= 1.
-
. 15.2
, (. . 15.2).
,
, .
,
1
n > 2.
(n+1)- . .
405
. , .
, . .
. z = f (x, y)
, ,
.
C .
. 15.3 ,
C = 1 C = 2.
, L1
. L2 .
. ,
. . 15.3
. 15.10
.
,
.
15.3.
z = x2 + y2 2 y .
. 15.4
.
z = C Oxy,
x 2 + y 2 2 y = C x 2 + ( y 1) 2 = C + 1. -
(0; 1)
406
C + 1 (. 15.4).
15.2.
, , .
. A z = f (x, y)
x x0 y y0 ( ( x0 , y0 )),
> 0 > 0 ( , = ()), ,
(x, y), ( x0 , y0 ) ,
, 1 (.. 0 < < ),
f (x, y) A< .
:
lim f ( x, y ) = A.
x x0
y y0
15.4.
lim
ln (1 x 2 y 2 )
x 0
y 0
x2 + y 2
x 2 + y 2 = . x 0, y 0
, 0.
, (3.5) ( x0 , y0 )
(x, y) = ( x x0 ) 2 + ( y y0 ) 2 .
407
lim
x 0
y 0
ln(1 x 2 y 2 )
x2 + y2
(ln(1 2 ))
ln(1 2 ) 0
=
= = lim
0
0 0
= lim
1
(2)
1 2
= 0.
= lim
0
1
, . ,
,
,
(. 6.2).
, .
15.5. , lim
x 0
y 0
2 xy
.
x2 + y2
. (0; 0)
y = kx.
2 xy
2k
2 x(kx)
= lim
=
.
x 0 x 2 + y 2
x 0 x 2 + ( kx ) 2
1+ k2
y = kx, lim
y 0
. z = f (x, y)
( x0 , y0 ), : 1) ( x0 , y0 ); 2) x x0 y y0 ; 3)
( x0 , y0 ), .. lim f ( x, y ) = f ( x0 , y0 ).
x x0
y y0
:
( x0 , y0 ) , .
408
15.3.
x x, y y. z
f (x + x, y + y). z = f (x + x, y + y) f (x, y) (x; y).
x
y,
x z = f (x + x, y) f (x, y) y z = f (x, y + y) f (x, y) .
, , , ..
z x z + y z.
15.6. z = xy.
. x z = (x + x)y xy = yx; y z = x(y + y) xy =
= xy. z = (x + x)(y + y) xy = xy + yx + xy.
,
z x z + y z .
.
(
).
: z x , z y
z
z
,
,
x
y
f y ( x, y ) .
f x ( x, y ) ,
. 15.5
409
, z = f (x, y)
x z
f ( x + x, y ) f ( x, y )
= lim
,
x 0 x
x 0
x
z x = lim
z y = lim
y 0
yz
y
= lim
y 0
(15.1)
f ( x, y + y ) f ( x, y )
.
y
(15.2)
z = f (x, y) ( x0 , y0 ) . 15.5.
z = f (x, y)
P. y = y0 x .
z x -
x , ( x0 , y0 ), ..
z x ( x0 , y0 ) = tg , x.
z y ( x0 , y0 ) = tg .
(15.1), (15.2) ,
z x (x, y)
y, z y (x, y) x.
. 7 .
15.7. :
) z = x ln y +
y
; ) z = x y .
x
. a) x,
y . , z x =
1
x
y
. , y,
x2
, .. z y = x (ln y) +
= ln y + y = ln y
1
x 1
y = + .
x
y x
) y x.
, z x = yx y 1 . x
y z y = x y ln x .
410
z=
15.8. z
x2
, x , y y
. .
. z x =
2x
, y
. z y =
x2
, y2
15.4.
9.1 y = f (x)
, x, , f (x)x.
, .
. , ..
dz = z x x + z y y.
(15.3)
, f (x, y) = x, g (x, y) = y
(15.3) df = dx = x; dg = dy = y, (15.3)
dz = z x dx+ z y dy
(15.4)
dz =
z
z
dx + dy .
x
y
411
, ,
, , x y, .
, z
z = f (x, y), dz
z = f (x, y) , x y x y (. . 15.6).
,
y = f (x) f (x)
(9.1), ..
y = dy + (x)x,
,
1.
. 15.6
: ,
.
.
. z x (x, y) z y (x, y)
(x, y) (x, y), z = f (x, y) .
15.5.
.
z = f (x, y) M(x, y), l , -
1 , . 7
y = f (x) .
412
e .
l M(x, y)
M1 (x + x, y + y) z l z = f (x + x,
y + y) f(x, y),
z
l (. 15.7).
MM1 = l , , ,
x = l cos ; y = l cos ,
l z = f (x +
,
+ l
. 15.7
l
, ..
zl = lim
l 0
l z
.
l
(15.6)
zl
l.
, z x
z y , x y.
,
zl = z x cos + z y cos .
(15.7)
z = f (x, y).
. z z = f (x, y)
( z x , z y ).
413
(. 3.1)
z = ( z x , z y ) e = (cos ; cos ).
(15.8)
C = f ( x0 , y0 )). , -
y, .. y = g (x) Lc ( ,
x
).
,
(1, g (x)). dx, ,
(dx, g (x)dx), .. (dx, dy), Lc (.
. 15.8).
f (x, y) = const, .. df | Lc =0,
z x dx + z y dy = 0 Lc . z x dx + z y dy
( z x , z y ) (dx, dy),
Lc , .. .
414
. 15.8
. 15.9
, (. . 15.9).
,
( x0 , y0 ).
.
,
.
.
( x1 , y1 )
.
,
( ) .
. 15.10
15.6.
, z = f (x, y)
, . .
. M( x0 , y0 )
() z = f (x, y),
M, , (x, y)
f ( x0 , y0 ) f (x, y)
415
(f ( x0 , y0 ) f (x, y)).
. 15.10 A ( x1 , y1 ) , B ( x2 , y2 ) .
( ) ,
( x0 , y0 ).
.
. ( x0 , y0 )
z = f (x, y). f x ( x0 , y0 ) f y ( x0 , y0 ) .
M( x0 , y0 ) .
, y, y = y0 . z1 = f (x, y0 ), , -
, x = x0 .
z1 ( x0 ) = f x (x, y0 ) = 0. ,
f y ( x0 , y0 ) = 0.
, z = f (x, y), .. z x z y
, .
: .
.
416
, .
. 15.11
M( x0 , y0 ).
f x ( x0 , y0 )
f y ( x0 , y0 )
, , ,
M( x0 , y0 ) .
. 15.11
.
, . ,
.
, .
z x = f x (x, y) z y = f y (x, y)
,
, .
z x = f x (x, y), -
(x, y) z yx = f yx
(x, y). z xx = f xx
z y = f y (x, y),
( x0 , y0 ) = f yx
( x0 , y0 ).
f xy
.
( ). z = f (x, y): )
( x0 , y0 ),
f x ( x0 , y0 ) = 0 f y ( x0 , y0 ) = 0;
417
) ( x0 , y0 ) = B;
( x0 , y0 ) = A; f xy ( x0 , y0 ) = f yx
f xx
( x0 , y0 ) = C. , = AC B 2 > 0,
f yy
( x0 , y0 ) z = f (x, y) , A < 0
, A > 0 . = AC B 2 < 0,
z = f (x, y) . = AC B 2 = 0,
.
:
1. z x z y .
2. z x = 0, z y = 0 .
3. ,
.
4. ( ) .
15.9.
z=
2( x + y )(1 + xy )
.
(1 + x 2 )(1 + y 2 )
. 1.
z x =
2(1 x 2 )
2(1 y 2 )
, z y =
.
(1 + x 2 )2
(1 + y 2 ) 2
2. :
2(1 x 2 )
(1 + x 2 ) 2
2(1 y 2 )
(1 + y 2 )2
= 0,
= 0,
418
3. :
z xx =
4 x ( x 2 3)
(1 + x 2 ) 2
; z xy = z yx = 0; z yy =
4 y ( y 2 3)
(1 + y 2 ) 2
.
, (1; 1) = z (1; 1) = 1; B = 0; C = 1.
= AC B 2 = (1)2 0 = 1 > 0 A = 1 < 0, (1; 1) .
, (1; 1) ,
(1; 1) (1; 1), = AC B 2 < 0, . .
4. zmax = z (1; 1) = 2, zmin =
= z(1; 1) = 2.
15.7.
(.. ) , 1 ,
, , .
15.10.
z =
1
1
+
1 2
1+ x
1 + y2
.
. 1.
z x =
2x
2y
; z y =
.
2
2
(1 + x )
(1 + y 2 )2
2. z x = 0,
z y = 0, x = 0, y = 0; ..
(0; 0).
1 ,
() , .. , , .
419
3.
, x 2 + y 2 = 1.
y 2 = 1 x 2 z = z(x, y), 1
1
3
+
=
, x [1; 1].
z =
2
2
1+ x
2 x
2 + x2 x4
2 x(2 x 2 1)
z =
(2 + x 2 x 4 )2
, : x1 = 0,
x2,3 =
1
2
4. z = f (x, y)
z = (0; 0) = 2
1
1 4
z
= z
= , 2 3
2
[1; 1]
z(1) =
= z(1) =
3
2
x ,
-
. 15.12
, z = z(0, 0) = 2
1
1
1
1
1
1
,
,
,
z = z
= z
= z
=
2
2
2
2
2
2
1 4
1
,
= z
= (. 15.12).
2
2 3
,
.
,
.
. D n- , A B, -
420
D, , , D.
, , . 15.13, , . 15.13 .
. 15.13
, , x 0, y 0, z 0.
. z = f (x, y), D, ,
( x1 , y1 ) ( x2 , y2 )
x1 + x2 y1 + y2 f ( x1 , y1 ) + f ( x2 , y2 )
,
,
2
2
2
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
,
2
2
f ( x1 , y1 ) + f ( x2 , y2 )
.
2
f
, ,
. 15.14.
,
,
. 15.11.
,
. 15.14
, . , , .. ,
, , .
421
. .
.
, ,
,
, ()
. 15.15
.
15.8. .
,
, , , .
z = f (, ),
g (, ) = , .
. (, ) (),
, (, ) , g (, ) = ,
f (0, 0) f (, ) (f (0, 0) f (, )).
. 15.15 (0, 0).
,
z = f (, ) ( . 15.15 (1, 1)).
422
.
g (, ) =
, : = ().
,
z = f (, ) = f (, ()), .. . z
= f (, ).
15.11. z = 2 + 22 3 +2 = 11.
. 3 +2 = 11
2
11 3 x
11 3x
z. z = x 2 + 2
2
2
11
z = ( x 2 6 x + 11) .
2
11 3x0
= 1.
0 = 3. y0 =
2
y=
, (3; 1) ().
g (, ) = , .
.
.
L(, , ) = f (, ) +
+ (g (, ) ).
, . .
. (0, 0) z = f (, ) g (, ) = C, 0 , (0, 0, 0)
L(, , ).
,
z = f (, ) g (, ) =
423
L = f x ( x, y ) + g x ( x, y ) = 0,
x
Ly = f y ( x, y ) + g y ( x, y ) = 0,
L = g ( x, y ) C = 0.
.
grad f = grad g,
.. f (, )
g (, ) .
. 15.16 . g (, ) = , g (, ) = Q
z = f (, ) .
. 15.16 ,
z = f (, )
g (, ) = .
15.12.
z = 2 + 22
3 + 2 = 11, .
. 15.16
.
L = 2 + 2 2 + (3 + 2 11).
,
2 x + 3 = 0,
4 y + 2 = 0,
3x + 2 y 11 = 0.
424
,
.
, , . ( . 15.11).
15.9. .
.
x y , .
, ..
x
y
x1
x2
y1
y2
xi
yi
xn
yn
x y, ..
y x,
, .
y = f(x).
,
, .
.
y = f (x), .. , , ,
- .
425
, ,
( ( xi , yi )
). , ,
(. . 15.17).
, . 15.17
,
. , , . 15.17, I II.
, .. x y.
.
( . 15.17 ), , .
.
, y = f (x) , ,
( ,
..).
,
y = f (x) . .
f (x) ,
i ,
f ( xi ), y = f (x),
yi , ..
n
i =1
i =1
S = i2 = ( f ( xi ) yi )2
426
(15.9)
(. 15.18).
. 15.18
, S ( xi , yi ) y = f (x)
n
i =1
n
i =1
i = ( f ( xi ) yi )
i = ( f ( xi ) yi ) .
i =1
i =1
i=1
, i .
n
i=1
, .
y = f (x)
y = ax + b a b, (15.9)
n
S = ( axi + b yi ) 2
i =1
. ,
S = S(a, b) a b ,
, (
427
) , xi , yi
, .
, ,
,
n
2(axi + b yi ) xi
= 0,
i =1n
= 0,
2( axi + b yi )
i =1
Sa
S
b
= 0,
= 0.
:
n
n 2
( xi ) a + ( xi )b =
i =1
i =1
n
( x )a +
nb
=
i
i =1
xi yi ,
i =1
n
yi .
(15.10)
i =1
(15.10) .
,
A=
i =1
n
i =1
xi2 xi
xi
= n
i =1
xi2
n
xi 0
i =1
(15.11)
i =1
( A > 0,
n 2).
, (15.10)
S = S(a, b).
n
i =1
i =1
= 2 xi2 = A ; Sab
= 2 xi = B ; Sbb
= 2n = C .
Saa
= AB
i =1
i =1
= 4 ( n xi2 ( xi ) 2 ) > 0
n
A = 2
xi2 >
0, ,
i =1
428
(15.10). , S = S(a, b)
, ( ).
15.13.
x (. .) y (. .).
17,28
537
x
y
17,05
534
18,30
550
18,80
555
19,20
560
18,50
552
, x y , y = ax + b,
.
.
n
xi ,
i =1
i =1
i =1
i =1
yi , xi yi , xi2 .
xi
17,28
17,05
18,30
18,80
19,20
18,50
109,13
yi
xi yi
537
534
550
555
560
552
3288
9 279,36
9 104,70
10 065,00
10 434,00
10 752,00
10 212,00
59 847,06
xi2
298,5984
290,7025
334,8900
353,4400
368,6400
342,2500
1988,5209
(15.10)
a = 12,078, b = 328,32 :
y = 12,078x + 328,32. ,
1 . . 12,08 .
429
15.10.
,
.
.
:
.
(. 11.1).
D Oxy (
). (. . 15.19).
. 15.19 D,
. ,
,
,
..
( ,
). i, j (i = 1, , n;
j = 1, , m), i
( ), j
. 15.19
( ). xi y j
ij .
xi 0 y j 0
D , ,
: D D, D
D, .
ij ( i ; j ).
z = f (x, y) D n m
S = f (i , j )xi y j .
i =1 j =1
430
d , .. ( d = xi2 + y 2j ).
. z = f (x, y)
D, I D d 0.
I z = f (x, y)
D.
:
I = f ( x, y ) dx dy .
D
. I
D (
), ( i ; j ) .
,
n m
f ( x, y ) dx dy = lim f (i , j ) xi y j .
d 0 i =1 j =1
. f (x, y) D,
f ( x, y) dx dy
(),
D
dx dy
D
D.
431
.
.
D Oxy
Ox,
g (x) h (x),
[a, b]
, g (x) h(x),
x = a
x = b (. 15.20).
. 15.20
, .
. z = f (x, y)
D,
b h( x)
f ( x, y ) dx dy = f ( x, y ) dy dx .
a g ( x)
(15.12)
, (15.12),
b
h( x )
g ( x)
I = dx
f ( x, y ) dy .
15.14.
( x + y 3 ) dx dy , D
D
, . 15.21.
. D .
a = 0, b = 1, g (x) 0 h(x) = + 1 x 2 . ,
:
( x +
D
y 3 ) dx dy
1 x 2
= dx
1
y4
( x + y 3 ) dy = ( xy +
4
432
1 x2
0
dx =
(1 x 2 )2
1
= x 1 x2 +
dx = 1 x 2 d (1 x 2 ) +
20
4
0
+
1
(1 2 x 2 + x 4 ) dx =
4 0
3
1 (1 x2 ) 2
=
3
2
2
=
x5 1
1 2
+ x x3 + =
3
50
0 4
1 1 2 1 7
+ 1 + = .
3 4 3 5 15
. 15.21
, , .
15.11.
.
,
z = f (x, y). , .
x y f(x,y)=Q
, z = f (x, y)
, x
y. . 15.22
f (x, y) = Q ,
, , . 15.22
-
433
, ..
, . , , . ,
x y .
.
z = g (x, y) , ,
x y (
:
g (x, y) = p x x + p y y , px p y x y).
. 15.20.
f (x) g (x)
x y. , , ( x1 , y1 )
, ( x2 , y2 ), , .
( x0 , y0 )
.
(
) (. 5.6)
( )
(. . 15.23).
x, y
. 15.23 .
( x0 , y0 )
.
.
. 15.23
.
( -
434
) r ( ,
).
(, r),
D (.
. 15.24).
,
. ,
U =U (, r)
. ,
D,
. 15.24
.
1952 .
.
. 7.6 E x (y).
z = f ( x1 , x2 , , xn ) xi :
x z x
E xi (z) = lim i : i
xi 0
xi
z
xi
= z xi .
z
, ,
(. 15.1) z = b0 xb1 y b2 , , E x (z) = b1 , E y (z) = b2 ,
.. b1 b2 ,
x y 1%.
u x , u y . M u x , M u y . , -
435
a1 1b
a
x 1 + 2 y1b2 .
1 b1
1 b2
Mu x = a1 x b1 , Mu y = a2 x b2 , ..
u(x, y) =
, b1 b2
.
q , p r, .. q = f (p, r), Ep (q) =
=
p
qp Er (q) =
q
r
qr . , , Er (q) > 0 q
Er (q) < 0 ,
, .
, 1, .. q = f (p, p1, r),
, E p1 ( q) =
p1
qp
q 1
1%. ,
E p1 (q ) > 0,
. Ep1(q) < 0,
.
,
.
z = f (x, ) MP(x) =
= f x ( x, y ), MP( y ) = f y ( x, y ) , -
436
x
x
d ln
y
y
= lim
=
.
P ( x)
P( x)
x 0
d ln
y 0 ln
P ( y )
P ( y )
ln
xy
t
ln t =
t
, t
. , , ,
, ()/() (/) 1%.
15.1
. . . z = f (x, y) , dz = f xdx + f y dy
. .
()dx + ()d
0.
dy P ( x )
=
, .. z dx P ( y )
dy
, dx
, .
dy
d ln
1
dx .
,
=
y
xy
d ln
x
dy
,
dx
y
(, ),
x
OM (, ) (. . 15.25).
437
xy
, ..
.
tg
tg ,
xy
. 15.25
(. 7.6).
. , 8.10,
.
15.12.
15.15.
z = b0 xy 2 , x y p1 = 1, p2 = 2.
. ( x0 , y0 ), x y,
3
z = x + 2y b0 xy 2 = C (. 15.11).
2
C 3
y=
.
b0 x
1
x + 2y = A, k = .
2
,
438
C
1
b x = 2 ,
0
x0
y0 =
2 2
5
3 C5
2
5
2
5
b0
x0 =
45 C 5
3 2
5 5
3 b0
, x, y 4 : 3.
15.16. x y :
x
y
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1,61 3,05 5,50 8,96 13,42 19,00 25,20 33,78 41,96 51,62
, y x
y = ax 2 + b , a b
, .
. S, (15.10),
n
S=
(axi2 + b yi )2 .
i =1
i =1
i =1
xi4 a + xi2 b =
i =1
i =1
n
=
x2 a +
nb
i
i =1
439
xi2 yi ,
i =1
n
yi .
i =1
(15.13)
10
n = 10
xi2 =
385,
i =1
10
10
10
i =1
i =1
i =1
:
15.17. z =
2
1
x .
y
x
15.18. z =
xy
.
ln x
15.21. z = x e x y .
x 2 (1 + y )
.
1 y
(1 + ln x) y
.
x
15.22. z = x 2 + ln y ln x .
15.19. z =
15.20. z =
:
15.23. z = x3 y 2 2 xy 3 .
15.24. z = ln( x 2 + 2 y 3 ) .
15.25. z = (1 + x 2 ) y .
15.27. z = ln
x + y2 + 1
y + x2 + 1
15.26. z = ( x
1 x2 y
)e
.
y
15.28. z = ln x y .
:
15.29. z = ( y x ) 2 + ( y + 2)2 .
( x + 2 y 16) 2
.
5
15.32. z = x e x y .
15.31. z = 2 xy 4 x 2 y .
15.30. z = x 2 + y 2 +
15.33.
z = x 2 + y 3
.
440
15.34.
1
.
x2 + y 2 + 1
15.37. z = x 2 y 2 .
15.38. z = ln (1 + x 2 + y 4 ) .
15.39.
y = ax + b , :
x
y
0,5
0,7
1,0
1,7
1,5
1,6
2,0
3,1
2,5
3,6
3,0
4,6
.
15.40.
y = ax + b , :
x
y
0,2
3,2
0,2
2,9
0,4
1,8
0,6
1,6
0,8
1,2
1,0
0,7
. y = ax + b
y x = 0,1.
15.41. u (r, ) = r 2 ( r
, ), D
(. . 15.23) r = a + b.
.
15.42. : r 1 r 2 .
: r =
441
r1 + r2
2
1
(r 1 r ) 2 + ( r 2 r ) 2 ,
2
.
?
( r , ) .
.
15.43.
.
442
16
. , , , .
. , .
16.1.
.
z = x + iy,
x y , i .
z Re(z) ( . reele ), y
z Im(z) ( . imaginaire ), .. x = Re(z), y = Im (z).
z = x + iy y = 0. z = x + iy,
, .. y 0,
, x = 0 y 0, .. z = iy .
z = x + iy z = x iy .
z1 = x1 + iy1 z2 = x2 + iy2
, , ..
z1 = z2, Re(z1) = R(z2), Im(z1) = Im(z2). , z = 0,
Re(z) = 0 Im(z) = 0.
.
1. ( )
z1 z2 = x1 x2 + i(y1 y2).
443
(16.1)
2.
z1z2 = (x1x2 y1y2) + i(x1y2 + x2y1).
(16.2)
,
i 2 = (0 + i1)(0 + i1) = (0 1) + i(0 + 0) = 1,
.. , 1.
3.
z1 ( x1 x2 + y1 y2 ) + i ( x2 y1 x1 y2 )
=
( z2 0).
z2
x2 2 + y2 2
(16.3)
,
(16.1) (16.3)
x1 + iy1 x2 + iy2, i 2 = 1. ,
(16.2)
z1z2 = (x1 + iy1) (x2 + iy2) = (x1x2 + i 2y1y2) + i(x1y2 + x2y1)=
= (x1x2 y1y2) + i(x1y2 + x2y1).
16.1. z1 = 12 + 5i, z2 = 3 4i.
z1 z2, z1z2,
z1/z2.
z1 12 + 5i
.
=
z2 3 4i
3 + 4i ,
16 + 63i
= 0,64 + 2,52i.
25
444
Oxy.
, z = x + iy
z(x, y),
. 16.1
(. 16.1).
, z = x + 0i = x
z = 0 + iy = iy,
.
16.2.
z (x, y)
- Oz , r z z (. . 16.1):
r = z = x2 + y 2 .
(16.4)
, - Oz , z Arg z.
= Arg z arg z,
< arg z . , arg 5 = 0,
arg (3i) = /2, arg (1 i) = /4.
(. . 16.1),
x = r cos , y = r sin .
(16.5)
, z = x + iy
z = r (cos + i sin ).
(16.6)
445
(16.6), r = z 0,
= Arg z, .
.
1. ()
() .
. 16.2
. 16.2 - z1 z2, z1 + z2
z1 z2.
2. ()
() ,
() , ..
z = z1z2, z = r1r2 = z1z2,
Arg z = 1 + 2 = Arg z1 + Arg z2;
z =
(16.7)
z
r
z1
( z2 0) , z = 1 = 1 (r 2 = z2 0),
z2
r2 z2
Arg z = 1 2 = Arg z1 Arg z2.
(16.8)
z1 z2 - r1 ( r2) r2 ( r1)
2
( 1).
16.2. z1 = 1+i, z2 = 3 + i
z1z2 z1/z2.
. (16.4)
z1:
r1 = z1 = (1)2 + 12 = 2, (16.5)
cos = 1
2 , sin = 1
2 z1 (
446
3
3
+ i sin .
4
4
r2 = z2 =
.. 2 = arg z2 = /6
( 3)
z2 = 2 cos + i sin .
6
6
(16.7) (16.8)
3
3
z1 z2 = 2 2 cos + + i sin + =
4 6
4 6
11
11
= 2 2 cos
+ i sin
,
12
12
z1
2 3
3
=
cos + i sin =
z2
2 4 6
4 6
=
2
7
7
+ i sin .
cos
2
12
12
(16.7) (16.8) , ,
n, :
[r (cos + i sin )]n = r n (cos n + i sin n ).
(16.9)
16.3. (1+i)20.
. 16.2 , 1 + i =
20
3
3
( 1 + i ) = 2 cos + i sin =
4
4
20
3
3
= 2 cos 20 + i sin 20 =
4
4
20
( )
447
z = ( cos + i sin ) .
,
(16.9),
z =
( cos + i sin )
= n
( cos n + i sin n )
+ 2k
, k Z , ..
n
+ 2k
+ 2 k
(16.10)
k = 0, 1, 2, ..., n1.
k = n, n + 1, ... .
, n- (
) n .
16.4.
1 + i .
. 16.2
3
3
3 4 + 2k
3 4 + 2k
1 + i = 3 2 cos
+ i sin
, k = 0, 1, 2,
3
3
z1 =
( 3 1 + i )1 = 6 2 cos 4 + i sin 4 ,
z2 =
z3 =
z1, z2, z3,
2 (. 16.3).
1.
e i = cos + i sin .
. 16.3
:
z = re
(16.11)
(16.12)
r = |z|, = Arg z.
, ,
, , , ,
.
(1 + i )100
3 i
50
16.8.
.
4
1.
1
.
449
1. . / . .. .
: , 1993.
2. .. . .:
, 1985.
3. .., .., ..
. .: , 1997.
4. .., .. . .: , 1978.
5. .., .. : 2 .
.: , 1971. . 1; 1993. . 2.
6. . : . . .: , 1975.
7. / . .. .
.: , , 1997.
8. .., .., .. . .: , 1982. . 1 2.
9. .., .., .. .
.: , 1987.
10. .., .., ..
. .: , 1987.
11. .. . .:
-, 1997.
12. .., .. .
.: , 1985.
13. .. - .
.: , 1987.
14. .., .. .
. . . .: , 1986.
15. .., .. . .:
, 1990.
16.
/ . .. .. .
.: , 1989.
17. . : . . .: , , 1992.
18. .., .., .. . .: , 1998. . 1.
19. ., . ., . : . . .:
-. 1997.
450
1 0 10
13
2 0
6 3 15 .
.
1.16.
.
1.17.
0 3
9
34 0 82
7 0 0
1.18. 0 7 0 . 1.19. 40. 1.20.
0 0 7
12
17 43
1
1.22.
7 11 24 . 1.23.
13 1 4 4
160. 1.21. 0.
5 2 0
6 8 2 . 1.24. {8; 1} . 1.25. 2.
4 0 5
2
2.11. (1; 2; 3). 2.12. (1; 2; 0). 2.13. (2; 1; 1). 2.14. (3; 0; 2).
2.15. (1; 1; 1). 2.16. (1; 1; 2; 0). 2.17. (1; 1; 1). 2.18. . 2.19. (14c; 21c; c; c), c .
1
1
c2 ; c1 2c2 + 2; c1; c2 ), c1; c2 2
2
6 26
7 1 5
1 .
. 2.22. X = 0
. 2.21. X =
1 4
15 2 3
40 50 43
2.23. X =
. 2.24. (3/5; 14/5; 0), (19; 0; 14), (0;
29 36 31
2.20. (c1 +
19/7; 3/7). 2.25. (5/2; 7/2; 0; 0), (5/2; 0; 7/2; 0), (3/4; 0; 0;
7/8), (0; 3/2; 0; 5/4), (0; 0; 3/2; 5/4). 2.26. (1; 1; 2; 0), (1; 0;
2; 1). 2.27. (4; 4; 1; 0), (4; 0; 1; 2). 2.28. 25%, 20%, 15%.
2.29. X = (945, 6; 691, 2).
451
0 0 1
0 0 . 3.24. 6e1 19e2 . 3.25. 4e1 + 7e2 + 7e3 .
0 1 0
y= 15 . 3.23. 1
3 14
. 3.27. (4c; c), 1 = 1; ( c1 ; c1 ), 2 = 2, c 0,
8
3.26.
3
1 0
1 0
. 3.30.
.
5
0 4
2 2 3 x1
1 1 2,5
x . 3.32. 1
3.31. L= ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) 2 3 5
4 0,5 .
3 5 1 x2
2,5 0,5 1
3
2
3.33. L= ( y1 , y2 ) = 19 y1 2 y2 10 y1 y2 . 3.34. 5 c2 ), 3 = 3, c 0, c1 0, c2 0. 3.29.
0
. 3.35. . 3.36. 15 : 10 : 6.
4
4.14. y 2 = 8( x 2) . 4.15. ) y = 3; ) x = 2; ) y = x + 1.
4.16. ) 3x 2y 7 = 0; ) x = 3; ) y = 1. 4.17. A (2; 1), B (1; 3),
C (2; 4). 4.18. x y = 0; x + y 2 = 0. 4.19. 10 ; 3x + y 11 = 0.
4.20. x/2 y/3 = 1 x/4 + 2y/3 = 1. 4.21. AE: 2x 5y + 4 = 0;
AD: x 2y + 2 = 0; 29 . 4.22. AC: 2x y + 6 = 0; BC: x 4y 4 = 0;
CM = 2x 3y + 2 = 0. 4.23. x y + 2 = 0; x 5y 6 = 0;
x + y = 0, x 2y = 0. 4.24. 2x y = 0;
5 6 . 4.25. x 2 36 + y 2 4 = 1 .
4.26. a = 6, b = 4; F1 (2 5; 0) , F2 (2 5; 0) ; = 5 3 . 4.27. a = 2,
b= 3;
F1 ( 7; 0) ,
F2 ( 7; 0) ;
= 7 2;
y = ( 3 2)x .
5.
5
5.8. X = (2,5; +). 5.9. X = (; 0) (0; 1). 5.10. X = [1; 0,5].
5.11. Y = [2; 2]. 5.12. Y = [0,5; 0,5]. 5.13. . 5.14. . 5.15. . 5.16. . 5.17. T = . 5.18. T = 2.
6
6.18. . 6.19. 0. 6.20. 1,5. 6.21. 4. 6.22. 3. 6.23. 1. 6.24. 1.
6.25. 1. 6.26. 0,5. 6.27. 0. 6.28. 8. 6.29. 1. 6.30. 2. 6.31. 8. 6.32. 2.
6.33. e 2 . 6.34. 1. 6.35. . 6.36. 1/ e . 6.37. e . 6.38. x = 1
. 6.39. . 6.40. x = 1
. 6.41. x = 1
. 6.42. ) 9,663 .; ) 9,832 .; ) 9,892 .
16 x( x 2 1)3
e3 x (9 x + 1) 5
. 7.21. 32 x 3 ln 2 x . 7.22.
.
2
5
( x + 1)
33 x 2
4
2 x 4 3x 2 1
e4 x
. 7.24.
. 7.25.
.
7.23.
4 (1 + e 4 x )3
9 x2 1
x( x 4 1)
7.20.
7.26. 3 ln(1 x 2 )
7.28.
7.30.
7.33.
7.36.
7.39.
2x2
. 7.27. x 2 ln x (3ln x + 2) .
1 x 2
. 7.29. 5e 2 x ( xe 2 x + 3) 4 (2 x + 1) .
(1 e 4 x ) 2 e 4 x
1 x
x ln
+ 1 . 7.31. (2 x + 2 x ln 2) cos ( x 2 + 2 x ) . 7.32. 2e
1+ x
sin x(ln cos x 1)
1 sin x sin 2 x
1
. 7.34.
. 7.35.
.
2
cos x
sin x
1 + ex
1
8 3cos 4 x
e x (ctgx + ln sin x) . 7.37.
. 7.38.
.
sin 3 x
cos5 x
1 + x arcctg x
x
arccos x .
. 7.40. 1 +
2
2
3
1 x
(1 + x )
33
453
ln x
xa
ln x
1
. 7.42.
; 0. 7.43.
; 0,25.
2
2
2
+a
x 1 + ln x
x + 12
1
7.44. ecos x (cos x sin 2 x) ; 1. 7.45.
; 0,5. 7.46. ) x + 2y
2cos 2x
7.41.
x2
4 = 0; ) y = 2. 7.47. ) y + 1 = 0, 6x + y + 4 = 0; ) 12x + 4y + 1 = 0,
12x 36y 49 = 0; ) 4x y 9 = 0, 4x + y + 1 = 0. 7.48. 4x
y 4 = 0, 12x + 9y + 4 = 0. 7.49. 0,13 /; 0,026 / 2 .
7.50.
2x + y
e x sin y + e y sin x
. 7.51.
. 7.52. n ! 7.53. a x (ln a) n .
x + 2y
e x cos y + e y cos x
8
8.19. 1. 8.20. 4. 8.21. 4/7. 8.22. 3. 8.23. 0. 8.24. 1/2. 8.25. .
8.26. ymax ( 1) = 12, ymin (7 3) = 304 27 . 8.27. .
8.28. ymax (e 2 ) = 4/ e 2 , ymin (1) = 0. 8.29. .
(1/ 2 ; e 1/ 2 );
(1/ 2 ; 1/ 2 ) (; 1/ 2 )
(1/ 2 ; +). 8.41. x = 2/5; y = 4/5. 8.42. y = 1. 8.43. x = 1,
x = 1,
y = 1.
8.44.
y = 3x.
8.45.
.
8.46. ymin (1/ 2) = 1/4, (; 1/2), (1/2; +), (; +). 8.47.
454
e ) ( 2 /4;
e ).
9
9.6.
y = x 3( x 2 + ( x 1)x (2 x 1)) + x 2 ;
dy = 3(x 1) 2 x;
10
4 4
24 12 5 4 4 3
x x
x x +
x +C .
5
17
3
3 3
3
1
1 2x
e ex + x + C .
1 + x x 2 + x3 + C . 10.31.
10.30.
3
2
2
5
8
x
x 1
2
2 5x + C .
10.32. x + 2 ln
+ C . 10.33.
5
x +1
10.29.
10.34.
10.36.
+ C . 10.35. 2 ln (1 + x ) + C .
4
12
11
1
8 2
ln
x4 2
1
+ C . 10.37. e 2 x3 +1 + C .
6
x4 + 2
2
( 2 + ln x ) 1 + ln x + C .
3
x ln 2 + 1
+C .
ln (sin x + 1 + sin 2 x ) + C . 10.41.
2 x ln 2 2
ln x
1
e3 x
(9 x 2 6 x + 2) + C .
+ C . 10.43.
27
2x2 4x2
1 x2 1 + x
x ln 2 x 2 x ln x + 2 x + C . 10.45. x
ln
+C .
2
1 x
1
x 1
x sin x + cos x + C. 10.47. ln
+C .
3
x+2
1
2 35
ln
7 5x
3 2 x
+ C . 10.49. ln x 2 4 ln
+C.
4 2+ x
7 + 5x
1 x 1
ln
+ C . 10.51. ln x 2+ ln x + 5 + C.
4 x+3
1 ( x 2 + 3x + 2)( x + 2)3
+ C . 10.53. x + 3lnx 3 3lnx2 + C.
10.52. ln
2
( x + 1)3
10.50.
2
1
x+2
arctg
+ C . 10.55. (32 + 8 x + 3x 2 ) 2 x + C .
15
5
5
2
4
10.56. 2 x ln (1 + x ) + C . 10.57.
+C .
(1 + 4 x) 2 1 + 4 x
10.54.
456
x2 x x2 1 1
+ ln x + x 2 1 + C .
2
2
2
10.59. 2 x 33 x + 6 6 x 6ln ( 6 x + 1) + C .
10.58.
1+ x
1+ x
2arctg
+ C . 10.61. x 2 x + ln ( x + 1) 2 + C .
1 x
1 x
3
11
10.62. arcsin x 1 x 2 + C . 10.63. x + ln 3 + 2 x + C .
2
4
10.60. 2
10.64. 2 x +
ln 2 x
+ C . 10.65. ln
2
ex + 1 1
ex + 1 + 1
+C.
1
( x sin x) + C .
2
2 3
1
x 1
x 2 x ln
+C.
x +1
3
2
10.69. x + 4 x + 1 + 4ln
x + 1 1 + C .
x2 x
x2 2
ln (3 x + 2)
+ +C .
4 3
2 9
10.70.
11
1
3
457
12
12.25. xy 2y = 0. 12.26. y 2xy = 0. 12.27. 3y 2 x 2 = 2xyy .
12.28. y y 2y = 0. 12.29. x =
Cy
1+
y2
. 12.30. y = 1 +
Cx
.
1+ x
y 2 + 1 , x = 0. 12.34. y 2 2 = Ce1/ x .
12.35. y 2 + x 2 2 x = C . 12.36. y = lg (C 10 x ).
12.37. 2x + y 1 = Ce x . 12.38. 5x + 10y + = 3ln 10x 5y + 6.
c
. 12.40. x = x/y; y = 0; 12.41. ( x C ) 2 y 2 = C 2 .
x
x y + ln y = C , y = 0. 12.43. x = (y x) lnC (y x), y = x.
12.39. y = x ln
12.42.
1 4
x + C / x2 .
6
12.49. y = e 2 x 8 + C1 x 2 + C2 x + C3 . 12.50. y = C1 ln x
1
ln y = x + 1. 12.52. y 3 y = 3x .
2
12.53. y = C1e 2 x + C2 e3 x . 12.54. y = (C1 + C2 x)e x .
x2
+ C2 .
4
12.51. y
11
11
x + C2 sin
x) .
6
6
12.56. y = e 2 x (C1 cos3 x + C2 sin 3 x) .
1
12.57. y = (C1 + C2 x )e 2 x + (2 x 2 + 4 x + 3) .
8
1
12.58. y = (C1 + C2 x )e x + e 2 x . 12.59. y = C1e x + C2 e7 x + 2 .
9
1
12.60. y = C1e x + C2 e x + x e x . 12.61. y = (73x) e x 2 .
2
12.62. y = 2cos x 5sin x + 2 e x . 12.63. y = e 2 x 1 2e x + e 1 .
12.64. y = e x ( x sin x) .12.65.
x(t) = x(0) e t 20 ; x(t) = 0,01x(0) t = 60/lg 2 200 .
12.55. y = e x / 6 (C1 cos
13
13.16. un =
3n + 1
(n + 1) 2 1
. 13.17. un =
. 13.18. 0,75. 13.19. 1/3.
(n + 1)2 + 1
n+2
14
14.10. [1; 1). 14.11. (1
14.13. ( 2 3;
2; 1
2 ). 14.12. {0} .
x n1 / n!
n =1
14.17.
14.19.
n =1
n =1
(1)2n1 xn2
(2n)! .
n =1
14.26.
0,5031;
15
15.17. y = 2x/( x 2 + Cx + 1) . 15.18. y = (C x 2 ) / (C + x 2 ) .
15.19. y = C(ln x)/x. 15.20. y = Cx/(1 + ln x). 15.21. y = (x ) e x .
15.22. y = xeC x 2 . 15.23. z x = 3x 2 y 2 2 y 3 , z y = 2 x3 y 6 xy 2 .
459
15.24. z x = 2 x /( x 2 + 2 y 3 ) , z y = 6 y 2 ( x 2 + 2 y 3 ).
15.25. z x = 2 xy (1 + x 2 ) y /(1 + x 2 ), z y = (1 + x 2 ) y ln (1 + x 2 ).
15.26. z x = e x 2 y (1 2 x 2 y + 2 x ) , z y = e x 2 y ( x 2 y x3 + 1 y 2 ).
15.27. z x =
z y =
(x +
y x2 + 1 x y 2 + 1 + 1
y 2 + 1 ( y x 2 + 1 + x 2 + 1)
y x2 + 1 x y 2 + 1 1
( y + x 2 + 1)( x y 2 + 1 + y 2 + 1)
. 15.28. z x = (ln x y ) ln ln y ,
z = 2r + 2r 2 2 2.
(1; 0) c. 15.43. 1.
16
+ i sin (11 12 ) ) ; 1
16.7. 1 2 +
2 ( cos ( 7 12 ) + i sin ( 7 12 ) ) .
3 2 i. 16.8. 1
)
(1 2 ) (1 i ).
2 (1 + i ) ;
(1 2 ) ( 1 + i ) ; (1 2 ) ( 1 i ) ;
460
) ( cos (11 12 ) +
-
125, 126
6
6
20
166
126, 402
440, 445
230233
231, 232
231, 232
231233
109
17
72
48, 50, 51
35
35
5660
, 57
, 57
, 57
, 58
, 57
, 58
, 58
, 57
,
57
151,
153, 154
0, 151, 152
,
152, 153
, 153, 154
148,
149
151
151
151
0, 148
, 149151
, 153, 154
151
19
389
389
422
63
63, 69, 71
n- 68
64
11
11
69
126
126
113
109
107
461
8
227
447
15
397
,
217
, 218
128
195
251
158159
227
227, 228, 421
227, 228, 421
420
,
228
, 228
, 229
5
6
108112
, 108
111
110
,
109
405
225, 419, 421
225, 419, 421
413, 414
127
405
430433
, 431
7
444
11, 19
19
431
113
318
246248
251
, 247
, 248
n- 252
246
, 250
,
248, 249
, 248
411
,
412
177253, 402429
326355
331
341351
, 341, 342
342351
343,
346351
343346
326
335, 336
329342
,
330
340, 341
462
338, 339
336, 337
, 327
326
,
326
, 326, 327
180
, 184
, 194
180182
63, 66, 67, 77
, 77
125
7, 8
434
434
434
7678
- 126
75
182, 183
327
425429
331
178179
160162
179
285, 286
179, 180
328, 329
447449
433, 434, 437
19
7
. . .
327
286
, 286
254326,
430433
256
260, 261
262
261265,
269, 276, 277, 281, 299, 300
273276
265268, 278, 279, 300,
301, 321
269273
276277
, 289
287
125
125
382
138, 139
139
138, 139
138
138
463
138
422
, 233236,
239241
179, 180
8588
, 88
, 86
89
, 89, 90
89
, 89, 90
114, 115
143
143
63
445
, 445
, 445
443449
, 443
, 449
,
446
443
,
445
133
65, 73
95
95
317
381
312
317
137, 434
104
58, 59
89, 90
221, 416
( ) 9092
70
33
343
78
78
69, 70
70, 72
33, 34
343
70
34
343
7880
137
406, 407, 433
6
354
219, 416
49
219, 415
196
5
, 5, 6
7
6
7
328, 329
6
464
10
27
12
11, 22
11
86
()
27
12
26
, 28, 29
,
27, 28
79
74
27
58, 59
86
39
46
13
27
11
39
39
31
11
16
22
10
346, 347
4447, 49
,
45
, 49
6
6
422424
425429,
439, 440
41, 42, 43, 53,
54
219, 415
20
k- 29
444
443
133
124
125
419
125
125
330
124
125
125
432
423
352
5659
( ) 9092
, 91
,
92
352, 353
351
355
63
445
125
128
226, 419
465
226, 419
226, 227
, 226
226
225, 226
419, 420
63
413
121
160
n- 358
128
426
x 83
7, 8
7, 8
152, 312
254285
, 282
, 256, 257
,
257, 258
.
160
163167
, 164, 165
167, 168
166
408
77
77
308313
, 310
312, 313
309312
309
309
128
n-
72
n- 68
, 68
127, 129131
132, 296,
297
77
119
n- 361, 373
142
358
127,
129131
127, 129
131
79
110
132, 140
100, 101
, 100, 101
142
358
124
338
126, 404
,
104, 105
128
192
78
78
466
80
80
285287
, 287
, 301306, 321323
, 306
308, 322, 323
316319
, 318
,
317
316, 317
319
, 288
,
289
294297
, 287
313315
,
391, 394395
, 290294
, 288,
289
1727
22
17
n- 20
, 2226
17
18
22
25
40
77
77
77
125
126
113
,
113
,
114
405
137
158,
159
254, 255
126
126
48
48
48
48
124
19
7476
128
128
5
6
5
432
161
29
124
81
255, 287
255,
287
330
124
467
124
133
109
109
107
215218
64
64
64
17, 18
64
17, 18
143146, 155161, 167
175
145,
147
, 146
, +
147
147149
,
147, 148
407, 408
0 148
0 + 0 148
143145
, 145
, 168175, 236237
196
196
437,
438
196
196, 435
196, 242, 243
196
196, 197, 240, 241
196
78
134, 135
157, 158
362
367369, 377
373,
374
369371
371373, 378
, 373
362, 363, 376,
378
361, 362
364365, 376, 379
364, 365, 375
63,
69
80
80
1214
11, 12
181207
196
, 196
196201, 205, 207
, 242, 243
, 243
,
242
, 242
, n- 196
, 181
191, 192
190
, 181
468
194
187190
413
190, 191
186188
183, 184,
191, 192
- 191
, 183
192, 193
, 182, 197
.
136,
403, 433, 434
125
o 79
160
160, 161
68
443
10
124
() 33
P 137, 206, 207
39
- 438
442
65
124
10
7274
73
386
388, 393, 394
2931, 33, 34
89
79
67, 95, 117, 407
103, 104
386390
388
sin 388
cos 388
ln (1+ ) 389
387
. .
69, 71
13
69
125
417
7, 143
38
, 40, 41
38, 39, 40,
48
39,
4143
,
38
, 48, 49
, 38
38
38
38
, 38
, 38
38
,
52, 53
469
51, 52
, 51, 52
, 52
, 52
428, 439
66, 76
, 76
, 76
67
64
443
12
133
() 84
() 82, 83
, n
m 49
127
207, 242
197
221, 416
381399
389
, 382
,
387
, 381386
, 391394, 398,
399
, 382383
, 386
128
64, 69
80
12, 13
470
186, 187
73, 74
34, 35
149
293, 294, 304, 305
n-
78
52
e
329, 330
347, 348
154156
419
219
219
124
229, 230
, 229
, 229
103
419
164
164
164
164
15, 16
,
217
, 218
128
96
67, 68
101
13
, 14, 15
12
444
397
181, 184,
203205
95
120
,
120
99
,
98
99
97
98
422
120, 121
121
120
101, 102
101, 102
120
422
422
422425
332
334
113
109
107
52
447
471
297
161
388
,
388
315
449
40, 41, 43
126, 127
133
,
127
136
136
183
,
127
402425
, 409
, 409
127
- 111
136
134
403, 435
- 183
423
130, 403
136
136,
402425
403
403
403
404
132
, 127, 140, 141
130
472
143
160, 161
160
358380
374,
379
363, 364
359, 360
373375
371373
366
359
,
361
359
364371
374, 379
443
39
429
161, 192
161
219225
, 224
415419
,
417, 418
, 416,
417
, 418
, 220
221
,
222, 223
, 223
417420
109
107
437, 438
436, 437
198200
, 199
435, 436
133
106, 107
, 106,
107
, 107
425
473
I.
1.
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
1.5.
1.6.
10
10
12
17
22
26
29
36
2.
2.1.
2.2. n n .
2.3.
2.4. m n
2.5. .
2.6.
2.7.
( )
38
38
3.
3.1.
3.2. n-
3.3.
3.4.
3.5.
474
63
63
68
70
74
76
40
44
47
51
53
56
60
3.6.
3.7.
3.8.
3.9.
78
82
85
90
92
4.
4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
.
4.4.
4.5.
4.6.
4.7.
119
121
II.
123
5.
5.1.
5.2. .
5.3. .
5.4.
5.5. . .
5.6. .
5.7.
124
124
6.
6.1.
6.2.
6.3.
6.4.
6.5. .
142
142
144
148
151
475
95
95
96
101
104
108
115
125
126
129
132
135
139
141
154
6.6. .
6.7.
6.8.
157
162
167
175
III.
7.
7.1. ,
7.2. .
7.3. .
7.4.
7.5. .
7.6. .
7.7.
177
178
178
8.
8.1.
8.2.
8.3.
8.4.
8.5.
8.6. .
8.7.
8.8.
8.9.
8.10.
210
210
214
217
219
9.
9.1.
9.2.
9.3.
476
246
246
180
183
186
190
196
201
207
225
226
230
233
236
242
243
248
251
252
IV.
253
10.
10.1.
10.2. .
10.3.
10.4.
10.5.
10.6.
10.7.
10.8.
10.9. ,
254
254
11.
11.1. ,
11.2.
11.3.
11.4.
11.5.
11.6.
11.7.
11.8.
11.9.
11.10.
12.
12.1.
285
477
256
261
265
269
273
276
278
282
282
285
290
294
297
299
301
308
313
316
320
324
326
326
12.2. .
12.3.
12.4.
.
12.5.
12.6.
12.7. ,
12.8.
12.9.
329
331
335
338
340
341
342
351
355
V.
357
13.
13.1. .
13.2. .
13.3.
13.4.
13.5.
358
358
14.
14.1.
14.2.
14.3.
14.4.
VI.
381
381
386
391
394
399
401
15.
402
15.1.
402
478
362
364
371
375
379
15.2.
15.3.
15.4.
15.5.
15.6.
15.7.
15.8.
15.9.
.
.
.
15.10.
15.11.
15.12.
407
409
411
412
415
419
422
425
430
433
438
440
443
16.
443
16.1. .
443
16.2.
445
449
479
450
451
461
n +1
x
+C
n +1
dx
x = ln x + C
e dx = e + C
a
a d x = ln a + C
x dx =
)+C
,
( n - 1)
dF (x ) = F (x ) +C
F(x)+C2
F(x)
F(x)+C1
.. F (x)
f (x)
d f (x ) dx = f (x ) dx ;
= F (x
F''(x) = f(x);
f (x ) d x
y
c o s x d x = sin x +
dx
c o s x = tg x +
dx
sin x = - c tg x +
sin x d x = - c o s x +
f (x ) dx = F (b ) - F (a )
a
a
S =
i =1
x -a
x 2 + a 2 = a arctg a +
dx
x
a 2 - x 2 = arcsin a +
dx
dx
x 2 - a 2 = 2a ln x + a + C
dx
x 2 + a = ln x + x 2 + a + C
f (x) dx = 0
x [a , b ]
y = f (x ) 0,
f (x i ) D x
f (x ) dx
max
D xi 0
f ( x ) d x = lim