, -

2005

 .
. .
: , 2005. 240 : .
ISBN 5-94387-232-9

.
,
.
.
,
(Windows, DOS, Linux), ,
.
, ,
-
, ,
.
. .

.. ..
Copyright Computer Press 2004 Uiime se programovat
vjazyce Assembler pro PC by Rudolf Marek, ISBN: 80-722-6843-0.
All rights reserved

llllllll llllllllli I llll lllll II

I

(812) 567

- 7 0 " 2 5 . 567-70-26
(044)516-38-66

www.nit.com.ru

a VQ Vo 1 "7 li t.
ISBN 5-94387-232-9

,
, 2005
,
, , 2005

0 0 0 .
000350 23 1999 .
198097, . -, . , . 29.
08.08.05. 70x100 1/16.
. . 15 . .
5000 . 293

190005, -, ., 29

10

1.

11

1.1.
1.2. .
2. 86
2.1.
2.2. 86
2.3. :
2.4. 80386




2.5
3.

12
15
19
20
22
23
25
25
27
27
27
28
30

3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.

31
33
34
35

4.

36

4.1. MOV
4.2.
4.3.
4.3.1. ADD SUB
4.3.2. INC DEC
4.3.3.
4.3.4.
NEG
CBW
CWD
CDQ
CWDE
4.3.5.
MUL IMUL
DIV IDIV
4.4.
AND
OR
XOR
NOT
( )

37
39
40
41
43
44
46
46
46
47
47
47
48
48
50
51
51
52
52
53
53

 5.
5.1.
5.2. IF THEN
5.2.1. TEST
5.2.2. JMP
5.2.3. Jx
5.3.
IF GOTO
LOOP ,
.
LOOPZ LOOPNZ
5.4.
?
PUSH POP:
PUSHA/POPA PUSHAD/POPAD:

PUSHF/POPF PUSHFD/POPFD:

CALL RET:
INT IRET:
6.
6.1.
CLI STI
STD CLD
6.2. XCHG
6.3. LEA
6.4.
STOSx
LODSx
CMPSx
SCASx
REP REPZ
6.5. / (I/O)
IN OUT
. NOP
6.6.
SHR SHL
SAL SAR
RCR RCL
ROR ROL
6.7.
DB, DW DD
RESB, RESWn RESD . .
TIMES ..
INCBIN
EQU
SEG
6.8.
ALIGN

55
56
57
57
58
59
63
63
65
66
67
67
68
70
71
71
73
76
77
77
77
78
78
79
79
80
80
80
80
84
84
86
86
87
89
89
90
90
90
91
91
92
92
93
93
93
94
94
95
96

 7.
7.1.






7.2.
7.3.
8.
8.1.
8.2. .

8.3.

(swapping)

8.4.




8.5.

, BIOS
9. NASM
9.1.
9.2.
9.3.
9.4.

NASM
%define, %undef
%macro %endmacro
%assign
%if
? %ifdef, %infndef
%include
9.5.
BITS
SECTION SEGMENT ...
EXTERN, GLOBAL COMMON

CPU

ORG
9.6.
:

97
98
98
99
99
100
101
101
102
107
111
112
113
113
114
114
115
116
116
117
117
120
120
121
122
123
123
123
124
125
126
126
127
128
128
129
130
130
131
131
131
132
132
134
134
134
135
135

 bin
OMF 16-
Win32 32-
aout aoutb UNIX
coff a.out
elf UNIX

10. DOS
10.1.
10.2.
10.3.
10.4.
10.5.

DOS
1 MB
DOS


. Hello, World!

10.6. -




/
(SEEK)


10.7.
(MKDIR, RMDIR)
(CHDIR)
(GETCWD)
10.8.



10.9.
10.10.
10.11.
10.11.1.
10.11.2. grdb.exe

grdb

10.12.
10.13.

1 1 . Windows
11.1.
11.2. Windows-
11.2.1. API
11.2.2. Hello, World! Windows
11.3.
11.4. DOS- Windows
11.5.

136
136
137
137
138
138
138
139
140
142
143
144
146
146
147
148
153
153
154
154
155
158
160
161
162
163
163
163
163
165
165
166
166
166
167
168
168
169
169
172
172
180
185
186
187
187
187
188
190
190
190

 12. Linux
12.1.
12.2.
12.3.
12.4.
12.5.
12.6.
12.7.
12.8.
12.9.
12.10.

Man-
Hello, World! Linux
: Asmutils
Asmutils
/ (I/O)






12.11.
(MKDIR, RMDIR)
(CHDIR)
(GETCWD)
12.12. . .
IOCTL
12.13.
12.14. . ALD
12.15. GAS
12.16. .
12.17.
13.
,
13.1.
13.2. -?
13.2.1. - (32- )
13.2.2. - (16- )
13.3. -
13.4. Pascal-

191
192
193
194
194
195
195
197
199
200
201
201
202
202
203
206
207
209
209
210
210
210
211
212
215
216
216

217
218
219
220
223
224
226

14.

229

15.

230



86
.
,
, ,
,
, .

.

, ,
,
,
,
.
,
, ,
DOS, Windows Linux, ,
,
.
, ,
.
:
, ,
;
;
;
;
, ;
Netwide
Assembler (NASM);
DOS, Windows Linux;

( ).

, - 514 ,
Asmutils
Linux- MPlayer.
10

 ,
0 1. ,
( 2) ,
(1) (0).
,
,
( 8 16
). ,
.

1.1.

,
, . , ,
, :
,
0. ,
, .
, ,
,
:
1

= V + *" + ... + a,*z'+a *z

an , a Z ,
10.
, 1234 :
1234 = 1*103 + 2*102 + 3*10' + 4*10

, .
12

 1.

, . ,
1100, ,
, 12,
. (1100)2,
: . ,
, 1100
:
(1100), = 1*23 + 1*22 + 0*2' + 0*2
8+4 , (1100)2 12. ,
, . ,
12 .
, ,
15, (1) 2 = I* 8 + I* 4 + I* 2 + 1*' = 15.
16 :

1000

1001

10

10

1010

11

11

1011

100

12

1100

101

13

1101

110

14

1110

111

15

1111

, , 16
(10000)2.
( 8)
( 0 7).

, :
(77)8 = 7*8' + 7*8 - 63
8 ATARI, ZX Spectrum . , .
10 ,
5 A-F:
= 10, = 11, = 12, D = 13, = 14, F = 15
13

, :
10 12 .
:
(524D)16 = 5*163 + 2*162 + 4*16 + 13*16 =
= 20 480 + 512 + 64 + 13 = 21 069
(DEAD) 16 13*163 + 14*162 + 10*16' + 13*16 = 57 005
(DEADBEEF)16 = 13*167 + 14*166 + 10*165 + 13*164 +
+ 11*163 + 14*162 + 14*16' + 15*16 = 3 735 928 559
(001)16 12*163 + 0*162 + 0*16' + 1 = 49 153
, ,
, , .

.
,
0. , 14
:
14/2 = 7

7/2 = 3

3/2 = 1

1/2 = 0

, 0.
,
(1110)2.
13 :
13/2 - 6

6/2 = 3

3/2 = 1

1/2 = 0

, ,
0. , (1101)2.

123456 :
123456/16 = 7716 0
7716/16 = 482
14

 1.

482/16 = 30

30/16 = 1

14 =

1/16 = 0

, 123 456 = (1240)16.

,

:
$0
h.
A-F, 0,
, , ,
, ODEADh.
, 0x1234, $01234 01234h
(1234)16.

d. , 1234 1234d
(1234).
, ,
(1100),.
q: 12q (12)8.

0..., ..., .
( d h)
,
, .

1.2. .

. bit
binary digit .
0 1 , .
,
.
,
,
(), .
, : 24
.
15

() ,
. 0.
0 ( ). LSB-
(Least Significant Bit ).
MSB- (Most Significant Bit ).
,
(nibble). ,
, ,
, .
, , IBM,
.
(word)
(dword double word). PC-
:
1 = 8
1 (word) = 2 = 16
1 (dword) = 4 = 32
, '
,
. 0 255 (
28 256 ). -'
, .
0 65 535 ( 216 = 65 536 ~
). 0 4 294 967 295 (232
4 294 967 296 ).
-, , ^
. -'
0-1
(0 - 0x1)

31 16 15
0

(dword)

0 - 4294967295
(0 - OxFFFFFFFF)

. 1.1.
16

 1.

, ,
. .
, (KB, Kb, ).
, SI,
1000, 1024. 1024?
,
. 1024 210.
(, MB, Mb, ), G (, GB, ), (, , )
(, , ) 1024
, , 1 = 1024, , 1 = 1 * 1024 = 1024 * 1024 - 1 048
576 . , , .

, .
.
, .
.
ASCII- (American Standard Code for Information Interchange).
128 , ,
.
ASCII (. 1.2).

. ,
40 01. , 0x41
( 65 ) '' ASCII-.
ASCII- 0x20 ( 32d).
32 .
LF , OxD
CR .
CR LF ,
,
\. ,
-: , Windows ( DOS)
(CR, LF OxD, ), UNIX
(LF ).
128 256
. , ,
, ,
, ..
, 866 ( DOS)
1251 (Windows).

17

. 1.2. ASCII

18



86

..

86

80386

 .
,
.
, ,
. ,
,
,
.
,
(
), ,
.
, ,
, -;
.

2.1. ...
ENIAC (Electron'
Numerical Integrator And Calculator),
.
,
.
ENIAC EDVA
(Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer), 1946
, , :
, ,
. EDVAC,
,
:
1. :
(), , , /.
20

 2. 86

2. (
ENIAC), .
3. ( )
( ,
,
).
4. ,
(1 1 ).
5. ,
( ),
(
). ,
, ( ,

).
6.
(jump) .
7. ( , )

.
, ,
.

. 1950- ,
, , .
,
. : .
(). ,

. 2.1.
21

, ,
.
: .
1970- ,
.
? !

, , Apple.
Apple ,
,
.
1981 IBM
IBM PC XT.
, .
IBM PC XT 8-
Intel 8088.
(PC, Personal Computer),
.

2.2. 86
16- 86, 8086,
Intel 1978 . 5, 8
10 20- 1
.
8- , Intel
8088, 8086,
8- .
1982 Intel 80286,
, ,
24-, . 16
. (
),
.

, ,
.
86.
, 1986 , Intel 80386 DX,
( ) 32-.
80386 SX, 80386 DX,
22

 2. 86

16- .
20, 25 33 . 80386
,
80387.
1989 Intel
80486DX, 80486DX/2 80486DX/4,
. 80486SX, 80486DX,
.
8 -.
1993 Pentium.
, ,
, 20 8086.
, 86, Intel,
: AMD, Cyrix, NEC, IBM.
80386,
.

2.3. :

.
, ,
, (
, pin).
, ,
.
. ,
.
7 :
( , )

.
,
. (1 0)
. , 16- 8-
24 (16 8) ,
. , 27 (00011011 )
8- ,
(LSB), 1, 1,
0 ..
23

, .
,
: , - ()
.

. :
,
.
- ()
.
, ,
(, )
.
, ,
, , (, ),
. ,
(barrel-shifter),
.

, .
,

24

 2. 86

. ,
.
:
, .
, .
( ).
. ,
,
. ,
.

2.4. 80386
80386 32-, ,
4 (232 ).
32-,
32 ( int
32-).
,
(. 2.3) .
.

. ,
, EDX (, , ). ,
,
(. 2.4).
80386 80286,
16-. 80386 ,
?
16- ( 80286)
16 , . ,
( 80386, 80286) 8-
AL.
0x12345678,
0x5678 (0x56 0x78 AL), 0x1234
.

: , , ,
BL ..
25

26

 2. 86


80386 ESI, EDI ( SI, DI 16- ).
:
, .. : (Source
Index), (Destination Index), (Base Pointer).
: ESI, EDI
.
, .
.
ESI, EDI 16- 32-
.

.
(,
).
( )
. 16-, ,
80286.
: CS (Code
Segment, ) EIP (IP) ,
; SS (Stack
Segment, ) ESP (SS:SP) .
DS, ES, FS, GS (Data, Extra, F G )
.

ESP (SP) ,
(86- ).
.
EIP (IP, Instruction Pointer) .
, .

, .
(
) EFLAGS. ,
- .
32 ,
:
27

ZF (Zero Flag) 1,
.
SF (Sign Flag) 1,
.
OF (Overflow Flag) 1,
(overflow),
, .
CF (Carry Flag) 1,
( ,
).
IF (Interrupt Flag) 1,
.
DF (Direction Flag)
, .
,
.
80386 80387 (
),
.

.

, .
,
,
.
.
16- 32- ,
()) .

2.5.
,
,
,
.
.
. .
, .
28

 2. 86

, (
) .
. , .
.
86 256
. 256 (
) .
.

IRQ (Interrupt Requests). ISA
16 (IRQ0 IRQ15).
,
.
,
, ,
, .

IRQ0-IRQ15.
: ,
() ,
. (maskable),
(non-maskable).
IF 0. ,
NMI, ,
, .

, .

.

29

3.1.

,
.
. RISC
(Reduced Instruction Set Computer)
. RISC
RISC I. ,

(, ),
.
RISC- .
( ,
),
. RISC
,
.
, CISC
(Complex Instruction Set Computer)
. CISC ,
. 86-
CISC.
0x1234 .
MOV , 0x1234.
,
( 7 ).
. MOV , 0x1234
:
31

0x11:
0x1111: 08, 0x34, 0x12
0x1114:
0x1111.
, , 3
. MOV.
08? 08
.
1011 MOV. 1011,
, MOV. (1)
, 16-.
. ( AL,
0, ,
8-).
,
. ,
, IP ( ) 0x1111.
,
, ,
.
, ,
0x1111 ( 08),
() . , ,
, 16-
, 0x1112 0x1113 (
, 0x1234).
.
.
, .
IP 3 ( 3 ),
, ,
0x1114 .
, ,
IF. (0),
; (1),
,
.
, ,
.
, .
32

 3.

3.2.
, , .
;
, .
, .
(,
0x123), (
).
, 32-, 16-, 8-
. ,
(). MOV , 0x1234
: , 16-
.
,
, .
.
.

:
regS- 8- ;
regl6-onepaHfl 16- ;
reg32-onepaHfl 32- ;
m ;
imm8 8- ;
imml6 16- ;
imm32 32- ;
segreg .
, : reg8/imm8-onepaHfl
8-
8- .
, ,
: R/imm8-onepaHfl
( 8- )
8- .

2 . 293

33

3.3.
, , , .
, ,
,
( ).
,
, : [].
, ,
, [ESI], ,
.
, , [0x594F].
,
. ,
. ,
ESI, , ,
[ESI].
, ESI
( 0) .
, , (,
1 ) ?
, . ,
,
[ESI + 1].
: [ + + 4].
, 4 ,
.
(, Effective Address) ,
( ).
80386
, :
[ + * 4].
:
[ - + * 8 + E S I ]

[ESI]
, , [ESI + 4].
, 16- 32-
[], [],... [].
80286
, SI, DI,
.
34

 3.
, .
. ,
()
. :
ES:[ESI]
:
[ES:ESI]
,
,
.

3.4.
, , ,
. :
_ []

. ,
.
. BYTE (8-
), WORD (16-) DWORD (32-).
,
.
,
. ,
, :
mov dword [ 0x12345678 ],0
mov word

[ 0x12345678 ],0

mov b y t e

[ 0x12345678 ],0

; 4 ,
; 0x12 345678
; 2 ,
/ 0x12345678
; 1
; 0x12345 678

.
.
4 ,
0x12345678. ,
.
( : 00000000) 0x12345678.
35

MOV

 86,
, ,
. ,
,
.

4.1. MOV
- ,
: .
, .
MOV, move (
), ,
:
MOV ,
MOV:
mov a x , [ n u m b e r ]

number

mov [number],bx

number
mov b x , e x


mov a l , 1
AL 1
mov d h , 1
DH
CL
mov e s i , e d i
EDI
ESI
mov word [number]
16- 1
"number"
86
. ,
number_one, number_two,
:
mov [number_two], [number_one]

;!!!
37

 .
,
:
mov ax, [number_one]
mov [number_two],

; 16-
; "number_one"
;
;"number_two"

MOV :
mov ,

bl

;! -
;.

BL
, , 0 :
mov ,
mov a h , 0

;
;""
;

8- .
MOV ,
, . ,
0, 0 MOV ah,
. 8-
, BL, 16 . , 16-,
.
: ,
BL (AL):
mov ,

mov al, bl

; = 0 , AL =

; AL BL

16- 32- .

MOV :
MOV r / m 8 , r e g 8
MOV r / m l 6 , r e g l 6
MOV r/m32,reg32
MOV r e g 8 , r / m 8
MOV r e g l 6 , r / m l 6
MOV r e g 3 2 , r / m 3 2
MOV reg8,imm8
MOV r e g l 6 , i m m l 6
MOV reg32,imm32
MOV r/m8,imm8
MOV r/ml6,imml6
MOV r/m32,imm32 '
38

 4.

4.2.
. ,
, 0x12345678,
, 32- counter.
0x12345678 co
unter:
mov e b p , 0x12345678
mov [ c o u n t e r ] , ebp

; 0x12345678
;
; " c o u n t e r " ()

, ,
. , ,
, , , ,
.
?
.
, , : ,
,
, :
0804808

BD78563412

0804808F

' 892DC0900408

mov e b p , 0x12345678
mov dword [ + 0x80490c0] , ebp

,
, .
.
counter
(0804900).
, mov ebp, 0x12 345 67 8,
:
= 0x00000000 ebx = 0x00000000 = 0x00000000 edx = 0x00000000
esp = 0xBFFFF910 ebp = 0x00000000 e s i = 0x00000000 edi = 0x00000000
ds = 0x0000002B es = 0x0000002B fs = 0x00000000 gs = 0x00000000
ss = 0x0000002B cs = 0x00000023 eip = 0x0804808A eflags = 0x00200346
Flags: PF ZF TF IF ID

0x12345678.
(0804900), :
Dumping 64 b y t e s of memory s t a r t i n g at 0x080490C0 in hex
080490C0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00

39

MOV, 0x12345678
0804900
:
Dumping 64 b y t e s of memory s t a r t i n g at 0x080490C0 in hex
080490C0: 78 56 34 12 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 xV4

(0x12345678)
0804900, - . , 86-
LITTLE_ENDIAN,
(little-end-first,
). BIG_ENDIAN (, Motorola)
:
(big-end-first, ).
.
, LITTLEENDIAN BIG_ENDIAN :

,
.
, , .
, , , ... ,
.

( )
, .
, ,
,

(htonl, htons, ntohl, ntohs).
counter ,
, 0x12345678.

4.3.
MOV
, .

. 80386
, ,
80386.
.

40

 4.

4.3.1. ADD SUB

(ADD) (SUB).
ADD , MOV:
ADD o l , 2
ADD ol,
.
SUB:
SUB o l , o2
, ol-o2, ol, ol .
:
mov
mov
mov
add

ax,
,
dx,
dx,

8
6

ax

; 8
; 6
; DX, DX =
;DX = DX +

( )
,
DX, DX. ADD
DX + DX,
.
ADD SUB:
add e a x , 8
sub e c x , e b p
add b y t e [number]

sub word [number], 4

add dword [number], 4
sub b y t e

[number],

sub a h , a l

al

EAX = EAX + 8
ECX = ECX - EBP
4
number
1
( 0-255)
number = number 4
2
( 0-65535)
00000004
"number"
AL
"number"
AL ,

, AL (8- )
(255), 8?
mov a l , 255
add a l , 8

; AL 255, OxFF
; 8

AL 7.
41

. 4.1. 255 (OxFF) + 8

0x107 (263 ). ?
AL 8- (
255). , , ,
CF .
,
. ADC (Add With
Carry ) SBB (Subtract With Borrow
):
ADC o l , o2
SBB o l , o2

; o l = Ol + 2 + CF
; o l = o l - 2 - CF

, ADD SUB,
CF.

. ,
. EDX:EAX ( DX:AX)
. 16 , a DX 16
. 80286 32-
, 32- .
: DX:AX OxFFFF ( = OxFFFF, DX = 0).
8 DX:AX:
mov
mov
add
adc

ax,
dx,
ax,
dx,

Oxffff
0
8
0

;AX = OxFFFF
;DX = 0
;AX = AX + 8
; DX

ADD 8 .
, CF.
DX 0 CF.
ADC CF DX (DX 1).
OxFFFF 8 (0x10007) DX:AX
(DX=1,AX=0007).

42

 4.

. 4.2. OxFFFF 0x0008

80386 32-
:
mov e a x , O x f f f f
add eax, 8

; = OxFFFF
; = + 8

. 4.3. 32- 80386

32-
0x10007. 64-
EDX:EAX , DX:AX.

4.3.2. INC
DEC
.
INC , a DEC .
, ADD SUB,
:
INC Ol
DEC Ol

;ol = ol + 1
;ol = ol - 1

! CF.
, , (
43

) , ,
.
AL :
;AL = AL + 1
add a l , l
;AL = AL + 1
inc a l
16- number:

inc word [number]

;
; word

4.3.3.

.
,
, , .
.
0 255.
-128 127. 0 127
,
128 255: -1 255 (OxFF), -2 254 (OxFE) ..
-50 206. :
1
, .
(mapping).
2 ( 0 65535).
-32768 32767.
4 , -2 147 483 648 2 147 483 647.

(integer).
256(0x100)
: 4, -4,386, -8000
45000 , ,
16 (2 ).
, ,
16 .
: 2 16.
216 = 65 536,
0 65 535. :
65 536 / 2 = 32 768. ,
-32 768 32 767 (0
!).

44

206(0)

1
128

1

. 4.4.
1

 4.

, 4, <0, 32 767>,
4. -4
, <-32 768, 0>.
65 536 4 = 65 532. 386
. -8 000 ,
65 536 8 000 = 57 536 -8 000 .
, , 45 000 ,
.

ADD SUB. ,
, -6 7
2 . 7 , -6
65 536 6 = 65 530 (OxFFFA). ,
(7 65 530)? :
mov ax,OxFFFA
mov d x , 7
add a x , d x

;AX = - 6 , 65530 OxFFFA

;DX = 7
;AX = AX + DX

65 530 + 7 = 65 537 = 0x10001,

, .
, !
,

.
. NASM
,
:
mov ax, -6
mov
dx,add ax,dx

; = -6
;DX = - 6
;AX = AX + DX

: 0xFFF4 ( CF, ).
0xFFF4 = 65 524.
: -12 (65 536 65 524 = 12).
.
, ,
(,
):
mov , [ - 1 ]

;
; ,

-1 OxFFFF,
: MOV AX, [BX+OxFFFF].
CF, , .
45

4.3.4.

NEG
80386 ,
.
NEG (negation, ):
NEG r/m8
NEG /16
NEG /32
NEG,
. NEG ,
.
: 8, 16 32 .


b y t e [number]

; ,
; , 8-
;
; 8- number

:
,
.
.
.
.
,
. ,
.
CBW
CBW () AL ,
AL
( 0x00 OxFF = 11111111b,
AL). ? ,
, .
15

I ! AL I

15

87

. 4.5. CBW

46

 4.
CWD

CWD DX,
DX:AX.

. 4.6. CWD

CDQ

CDQ EDX,
EDX:EAX.
CWDE

CWDE ( )
,
, .

. 4.7. CWDE

:
mov a l , -l
cbw

;AL = -1 ( OxFF)
;

CBW OxFFFF,
- 1 . (1) ,
AL .
47

 .
mov a x , 4
cwd

; = 4
/ DX

4. , CWD,
DX:AX.
DX ,
0. 0 DX.
CWD DX,
, , 0x8000.

4.3.5.
:
.
MUL, DIV.

ADD SUB.
:
IMUL IDIV.
, MUL DIV.
.
,
.
, :
.

,
, .
ADD SUB, MUL, DIV, IMUL, IDIV
.
MUL IMUL

MUL
:
MUL r/m8
MUL r/ml 6
MUL r/m32
8- 8-
. AL. (
) .
48

 4.
(r/m8) * AL ->
16- 16-
. .
DX:AX.
(r/ml6) * -> DX:AX
32- ,
EDX.EAX.
(r/m32) * -> EDX:
.
1: , CL,
:
mov a l , bh
mul cl

;AL = AL
; = AL * CL CL

.
: 4862, DX:AX:
mov ax, 486
mul

; = 486
; * -> DX:AX

2: , 8-
r a d i u s l , 16- d i a m e t e r l :
mov a l , 2
mul byte [ r a d i u s l ]
mov [ d i a m e t e r l ] , a x

; AL = 2
; AX = r a d i u s * 2
; diameter <- AX

, 16-
DX:AX, - 32- ?
16- ,
32- .
IMUL ,
. , IMUL
, MUL,
.
, IMUL
,
. ,
.
imul e d x , e c x
imul e b x , [ s t h i n g ]

;EDX = EDX * ECX

; 32-
; " s t h i n g " ,
;
49

imul ,6

; = * 6

, IMUL
, .
, ,
:
imul edx,ecx,7
imul ebx,[sthing],9
imul ecx,edx,ll

EDX = ECX * 7
"sthing" 9,
EBX
= EDX * 11
DIV IDIV

MUL, DIV
:
- DIV r/m8
DIV r/ml 6
DIV r/m32
, (
MUL). 8- ()
8- .
. : AL, .
/ (r/m8) -> AL, ->
16- 16-
. DX:AX.
DX:AX (DX , ).
DX:AX / (r/ml6) -> , -> DX
32- EDX:EAX,
EDX:EAX ( , EDX).
EDX:EAX / (r/m32) -> , -> EDX
IDIV ,
, DIV.
.
1: 13 2, BL, :
mov
mov
div
mov

50

,13
cl,2
cl
bx,ax

= 13
CL = 2
CL
,

 4.
2: - ,
16- diameterl, radiusl,
.
mov a x , [ d i a m e t e r l j
mov , 2
div
mov [ r a d i u s l ] , a l

AX = d i a m e t e r l
2

4.4.
: (, AND),
(, OR), (XOR) (NOT).
.
AND
AND ol 2.
ol. ,
ADD: 8-, 16- 32- ,
.
AND o l , o2
AND (. 4.1).

AND

4.1

a AND b

(1 AND 0).
mov a l , 1
mov b l , 0
and a l . b l

AL = one
BL = z e r o
AL = AL and BL = 0

, :
mov a l , 1
and a l , 0

;AL = one
; AL = AL and 0 = 1 and 0 = 0

51

 .
OR

OR ol 2.
ol. ,
AND.
OR o l , o2
OR (. 4.2).

OR

4.2

a OR b

.
( ) mask 1.
or byte [mask],1
XOR

ol 2.
1. , .
:
XOR o l , 2
XOR (. 4.3).
XOR

4.3

a XOR b

: (( ) )
.
mov al,0x55
al,0xAA
xor al,0xAA
52

; AL = 0x55
;AL = AL xor OxAA
; AL - 0x55

 4.

NOT

,
.
:
NOT r/m8
NOT r/ml 6
NOT r/m32
NOT (. 4.4).

NOT

NOT a

4.4

N O T
NEG:
mov al,00000010b
mov bl,al
not al
neg bl

;AL = 2
;BL = 2
;
;11111101b = OxFD (-3)
;a
/: 11111110 = OxFE (-2)

( )

. , 16- 16
0 1.
. 16
, (/)
1 . , ,
.

, , ,
. ,

.
: , ..

.

53

. ,
, ,
.
(
) OR.
,
, . ,
,
10000001. , 0 OR
X X.
( 0),
, ,
, ,
AND. 1 AND X X,
.
.
. AL .
1. .
or a l , 10101010b

; 1

. , AL, 0- 7-
, .
.
and a l ,

01111110b

; 1
;

XOR ,
. 1 ,
(0 1, 1 0),
0. XOR , .
XOR
: XOR
(),
(XOR) .

54

IF THEN


: ,
.
,
, .

5.1.
.

.
, , .

,
,
.
,
, .

j.
1

2
. 5.1.

56

 5.

5.2. IF THEN

IF-THEN.

.
, .

. 5.2.

5 . 2 . 1 . TEST
TEST .
, , 8,
16 32 .
o l , 2

compare, .
SUB: 2 ol. ,
.
,
.
TEST ,
.
. TEST
.
:
, 4
d l , a h
[ d i a m e t e r l ] ,

; 4
; DL
,- " d i a m e t e r l "

57

cmp a x , [ d i a m e t e r l ]
,
t e s t ax, 00000100b

; " d i a m e t e r l "
;
,-
;( )

5.2.2. JMP

jmp
. ( IP
CS),
. :
JMP [_]
JMP GOTO,
.
, jump, .
,
. (
) ,
. :
, ,
.
:
(short), (near) (far).
jmp. ,
near.
(
) .
() 8- ,
-128 127 .
8-
(I).
(near) .
IP,
( 64 );
EIP,
4 .
far IP CS,
.
CS.

58

 5.

. ,
, .
.
:
mov , 4
new_loop :
mov bx,

; = 4
; new_loop
;

new__loop ,
:
jmp new_loop

; new_loop

new_loop.

, :
:
jmp s t a r t
finish:

/ s t a r t
; " f i n i s h "
;-

start:
jmp f i n i s h

; " s t a r t "
/ " f i n i s h "

:
, .
, 128 .
2 ,
3 , 5 , .
,
s h o r t , :
near_label:
; " n e a r _ l a b e l "
;
jmp short near_label

/ "near_label"

5.2.3. Jx

.
,

59

.
.
. :
, , ,
.
:
Jx _
:
jz
jc
js
jo

is_true
is_true
is_true
is_true

;
;
;
/
;OF = 1

is_true,
is_true,
is_true,
is_true,

ZF = 1
CF = 1
SF = 1

, :
jnz is_true ; is_true, ZF =
JNC, JNS JNO.

, ( ,
jump) (. . 5.1).

1==2
1=2

1!=2
>2

JE(JZ)

JNE(JNZ)

Jump,

Jump,

Jump,
0

Jump,
0

JE(JZ)

JNE(JNZ)

Jump,

Jump,

Jump,
0

Jump,

1>2

5.1
2

1=<2

1>=2

JA(JNBE)

JB(JNAE)

JNA(JBE)

JNB(JAE)

Jump,

Jump,

Jump,

Jump,

Jump,

Jump,

Jump,

Jump,

JG(JNLE)

JL(JNGE)

JNG(JLE)

JNL(JGE)

Jump,

Jump,

Jump,

Jump,

Jump,

Jump,

Jump,

Jump,

.
(
). ,
: equal , above , below ,
zero , greater , less . , JE Jump
if Equal (, ), JNE Jump if Not Equal (,
), JA Jump if Above (, ) ..
60

 5.
MUL DIV,
. ,
.

128 : .
128 ,
, jmp,
:
jz far_jump
far_jump:
jmp f a r f i n i s h

; ZF = 1, far_jump
;
; ""

, IF-THEN
. i f_three,
3.
, .
:
, 3

; 3

JZ,
:
jz i s _ t h r e e

; " i s _ t h r e e " , = 3

,
(JZ JNZ )
. = 3, jz
i s _ t h r e e ,
jz .
CL AL.
, BL 1, AL ,
CL, BL=2, AL CL, BL=3.
cmp a l , c l
jz w r i t e _ l
cmp a l , c l
ja w r i t e _ 2
mov , 3
end_if:

; AL CL
; w r i t e _ l , AL = CL
; AL CL
; w r i t e _ 2 , AL > CL
; 3 BL
; , IF

write_l:
mov b l , l
jmp end_if
write_2:
mov bl,2
jmp end_if

; w r i t e _ l
;BL = 1
; end_if
; write_2
;BL = 2
; end_if

61

. 5.3.
(jmp end_if),
. :
w r i t e _ l ,
.
jmp end_if .
:
mov , 1
cmp a l , c l
je end_if
mov , 2
cmp a l , c l
ja end_if
mov , 3
e n d _ i -.

; BL = 1
; AL CL
; , AL
CL
;BL = 2
; AL CL
; , AL > CL
;BL = 3
;

, ,
. MOV ,
:
mov , 1
cmp a l , c l
je end__if
mov b l , 2
ja end_if
mov , 3
end i f :

62

BL = 1
AL CL
, AL
CL
BL = 2
, AL > CL
BL = 3

 5.

,
:
if (al == c l ) = 1 e l s e if (al > cl) = 2 e l s e = 3;

5.3.
, ,
, .
.

. 5.4.

, :
( FOR),
;
( WHILE), ,
;
( UNTIL), ,
.
IF GOTO

(
). ,
, .
, ,
. ,
- .
63

FOR :
FOR_START:

1=0
FOR_LOOP:
...

;
;
; ()
;
1=1+1
;
IF I < 10 THEN
;
GOTO FOR_LOOP
;
FOR_FINISH:
;
10 .
. ( ),
1. : 10,
, 10,
.

. ,
IF GOTO,
FOR. ( I)
:
for_start:
mov ecx,0
for_loop:

64

; = 0
;

 5.
...
;
i n c
; 1
, 1 0
; 10
jnz for_loop
; , f o r _ l o o p
for_finish:
; = 10,
FOR. , ,
, , I.
for_start:
mov dword [i],0
for_loop:
...
i n c dword [ i ]
cmp dword [ i ] , 1 0
jnz for_loop
for_finish:

; dword 1 = 0
;
;
/ i 1
,- i 10
; , f o r _ l o o p
; ,

,
, ,
.
,
DEC ZF .
: (=10),
, 1. ZF , ,
0 :
for_start:
mov , 1 0
for_loop:
...
dec
jnz for_loop
for_finish:

; = 1 0
;
; .
; 1
; 0, f o r _ l o o p
; 0,

:
for

( i = 0 ; i < 10;i++)

{}

LOOP ,
, 80386, , 86- CISC (
), . ,
,
. ? CISC-,

3 3<. 293

65

 .

LOOP:
LOOP
MUL, LOOP .
, .
( ). . LOOP
() ,
, . 128
( ).
FOR LOOP:
for_start:
mov ex, 10
for_loop:
...
loop for_loop
for_finish:

;CX = 10 10
;
;
; , 0,
; for_loop
;

, .
.
LOOPZ LOOPNZ
LOOPZ
. , :
, , 10 , ,
3.
, .
LOOPZ
LOOPNZ
LOOPZ :
,
ZF . LOOPE.

:
for_start:
mov cx,10
f_1:

= 10

FOR
-

66

 5.

,3
loopz for_loop

for

finish:

; 3?
;=-1; , =3,
; for_locp
; = 0 3,

LOOPNZ ,
: () 0
ZF 0. LOOPNE.

5.4.

- ,
.

, .
?

, . , .
, , .
, ,
. ,
, . FIFO (First
In First Out) , .

67

LIFO (Last In First Out)

, . ,
- , ,
. , - .
, ,
.

. 5.7. LIFO

LIFO. , ,
.
PC- ,
. SS:SP (SS:ESP)
(Stack Segment) (Stack Pointer).
,
. ,
,
, SP (ESP).
16- 32- .
PUSH POP.
PUSH POP:

PUSH 16-
32- . :
PUSH ol
68

 5.
:
push eax

PUSH
:
sub e s p , 4
mov [ s s : e s p ] , e a x

; ESP 4 ( - 4-
;)
/

( sizeof,
) push ol
:
(E)SP=(E)SP-sizeof(ol)
ol -> S S : [ ( E ) S P ]
, POP,
( ).
, PUSH ( ,
32- , 32 ).
POP MOV ADD:
mov e a x , [ s s : e s p ]
add e s p , 4

/
/""
/ dword

:
push eax
push e s i

;
/ ESI

pop eax
pop e s i

/
/ ESI

ESI: , ESI,
(
ESI) ,
, ESI.

16- .
mov ,0x1234
mov bx,0x567 8
push ax
push bx
. . .
pop bx

/ = 0x1234
; = 0x5 67 8
;
/
/
/

69

. 5.8.

PUSH
0x0000. SS:SP. , SP
OxFFFE. PUSH AX
2 OxFFFC, ( )
0x1234. , PUSH BX,
SP 2 (OxFFFA)
0x5678. POP BX 0x5678
, 2. OxFFFC,
0x1234.
, 8- .
IP (EIP) , PUSH/POP:
-, , .
PUSHA/POPA PUSHAD/POPAD:


. PUSHA,
. PUSHA
16- .
.
PUSHA
80386, 32- (
).
PUSHAD POPAD.
70

 5.
( ):
(), (), (E)DX, (E)BX, (E)SP, (E)BP, (E)SI, (E)DI
:
pusha

;
; ,
;

;
PUSHF/POPF PUSHFD/POPFD:

. 16- 16-,

PUSHF POPF. ,
32-, 32- PUSHFD
POPFD.
16
,
PUSHF POPF.
cmp ax,bx
pushf
...
add d i , 4
popf
jz equal

;
; ,
;,
;
; = , "equal"

CALL RET:
.
:

.
CALL,
RET. :
CALL _
RET
CALL
. , ,
. JMP, CALL
71

IP (EIP).
.
JMP, CALL .
near. f a r ,
CS IP (EIP).
RET,
IP (EIP).
,
CALL.
CALL far,
IP (EIP), CS:
RETF, RET.
:
RETF RET , ,
IP (EIP) CS.
13 ,

, .
, ,
, .

.
a d d _ i t .
.
,
. ADD ,
:
add_it:
push eax
add eax,ebx
mov ecx,eax
pop eax
ret

;
;EAX = +
/
;
;

add_it 4 8:
mov eax,4
mov ebx,8
call add it

; = 4
; = 8
; add_it
;

(
pop eax)? RET 72

 5.

, ,
, .
, RET:
, ,
.
a d d _ i t ,
POP PUSH:
add_it:
mov e c x , e a x
add e c x , e b x
ret

; ( )
; ( ) ,
;
;
INT IRET:

. ,

, .
,
.
, :
.
INT.
, ,
.
, .
INT 8- ,
.
INT op

,
(ISA PCI). ,
, (IRQ, interrupt
requests). 16 ,
16 ISA .
, , ,
.
.
DOS, IRQ 0 ( ) 8 ().
,
, ,
, , .
CS, ()1 .
73

. .
, .

, .
, ,
CS ()1.
.
, DOS,
21- (0x21) , :
i n t 0x21

DOS

IRET, (E)IP, CS
. :
IRET

, 21-
(. 5.9). ,
16- .

. 5.9. CS IP

.
INT,
. .
:
pushf
push cs

74

/
; CS

 5.

push ip

; .
. :
c a l l here
here:

,
: JMP far.
: ,
,
0x0000:0x0000.
. IP ( ),
CS.
0x21 00000:(021*4),
:
jmp far [0x21*4]

;
;, , DS=0,
;
;00000: 0x0000)
INT PUSHF
CALL far:
pushf
c a l l far [0x21*4]

;
; CS IP
; "jump"

. ,
.

75

XCHG

LEA

/ (I/O)


86.
.

6.1.


. ,
IF ID, .
STI
CLI (Clear Interrupt) STI (Set Interrupt)
IF. ,
.
(1), . CLI (0)
. ,
STI:
cli
...
sti

; DOS!
;
/ - , ,
;
;
STD CLD

STD CLD DF.

,
. CLD (
), a STD ( ).
77

:
STD
CLD

6.2. XCHG

. ,
, , , ,
XCHG (exchange ),
.
XCHG o l , o 2

MOV, ol 2.
8-, 16- 32-,
, MOV.
xchg ,
xchg
xchg
xchg
xchg

/
;
ebx,ecx
;
al,ah
;
dl,ah
;
byte [variable],cl ;

.
NOP

AL
DL
CL

6.3. LEA

Load Effective Address,
.
(
). ,
, .
LEA o l ,

[o2]

LEA , ,
:
lea edi, [ebx*4+ecx]

; EDI ,
; EDI = *4+

, LEA,
:
. LEA
, .
78

 6.

6.4.
(
), ( , ).

0x43 0x6F 0x6D 0x70 0x75 0x74 0x65 0x72 0x00

/ 0

. 6.1.

86- ,
.
, , LOOP,
.

. 8-
, .
(byte). ,
16- , W (word).
32- , D
(double word).
, ,
.
(DF).
STOSx
STOSx (STOre String) :
STOSB
STOSW
STOSD
STOSB AL ,
ES:(E)DI,
( DF) (E)DI,
AL . DF=0, (E)DI
1, 1.
DI EDI .
, STOSW, ,
, a (E)DI / 2. STOSD
, a E(DI) / 4.
79

 .
eld
stosw

; DF,
; ES:[DI] ES:[EDI] (
; ) (E)DI 2
LODSx

LODSx (LOaD String) :

LODSB
LODSW
LODSD
:
AL, .
DS:(E)SI. DF ,
SI 1/2/4 (, W, D),
1/2/4.
CMPSx
CMPSx (CoMPare String) :
CMPSB
CMPSW
CMPSD
CMPSB , ES:(E)DI,
DS:(E)SI SI DI
DF. CMPSB CMPSD ,
, SI DI
(2 4).
SCASx
SCASx (SCAn String) :
SCASB
SCASW
SCASD
SCASB/W/D AL/AX/EAX
[ES:(E)DI]. (E)DI
DF.
REP REPZ
REP (Repeat) .
: ,
80

 6.

- .
LOOP: ,
() . ()
. REP
MOVS STOS:
rep
movsb

:
rep
stosb

() D S : ( E ) S I
E S : ( E ) D I .
- memcpy()

() A L E S : ( E ) D I .
: - m e m s e t ( )

REPZ ( REPE), LOOPZ,

. ,
() , ZF .
REPNZ ( REPNE).
SCAS CMPS:
repz
scasb
:
repz
cmpsb

; SCASB

; CMPSB

,
, strlenQ.

. 6.2. - strlen()

,
ES:(E)DI. ( +
) . ES:(E)DI
, () .
6.1.
6.1. strlen()
strlen:
push eax
EAX
xor ecx,ecx
(=0),
: mov ecx,
xor eax,eax
EAX = 0
dec ecx
= - 1. OxFFFFFFFF
eld
DF = 0, ,
repne scasb

neg ecx
( )

pop eax

ret

. 6.3. ES:(E)DI
strlen

16-
: .
,
, . , ES:(E)DI
.
CALL,
.
call strlen
82

; s t r l e n

 6.

,
strcmp().

. 6.4. - strcmp

: ES:(E)DI, a
DS:(E)SI. ,
0, ,
. strcmp () 6.2.
6.2. strcmp()
strcmp:
push edx
push edi
call strlen
mov edx,ecx
mov edi,esi
;push ds
;push ds
;pop es
call strlen
;pop ds
cmp ecx,edx
jae .length_ok

; EDX
/ EDI
;
; EDX
;EDI = ESI
; DS
;
; ES (ES = DS)
;
; DS
; ?
;, ()
;

83

mov ecx,edx
.length_ok:
pop edi
eld
repe empsb
pop edx
ret

;
; EDI
;DF =
; ,
;
/
; EDX
;

stremp ,
DS ES .
,
.
, .
. 6.5
.

ECX=0xA
. 6.5. stremp

6.5. / (I/O)
/
/.
( )
.
IN OUT.
IN OUT
IN , a OUT
, .
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
84

a l , dx
ax, dx
eax, dx
a l , imm8
ax, imm8

OUT
OUT
OUT
OUT
OUT

dx, a l
dx, ax
dx, eax
imm8, al
imm8, ax

 6.

IN /,
DX, AL/AX/EAX. ,
AL/AX/EAX DX, .
OUT . ,
IN, : .
/,
, . 6.1.
/

6.1

0000-001f :dma1

DMA (Direct Memory Access)

0020-003f: p i d

0040-005f: timer

0060-006f: keyboard

0070-007f: rtc

(RTC, real time clock)

0080-008f: dma page reg

DMA page register

OOaO-OObf: pic2

OOcO-OOdf: dma2

DMA-

OOfO-OOff: fpu

0170-0177 :ide1

IDE- (Secondary)

01f0-01f7:ide0

IDE- (Primary)

0213-0213 :isapnp read

PnP (plug-and-play) ISA

0220-022f: soundblaster

0290-0297 :w83781d

0376-0376 : idel

IDE- ()

03c0-03df:vga+

03f2-03f5: floppy

03f6-03f6: ideO

IDE- ()

03f7-03f7: floppy DIR

()

03f8-03ff: lirc_serial

0a79-0a79: isapnp write

PnP (plug-and-play) ISA

()

0cf8-0cff: PCI conf 1

PCI

4000-403f: Intel Corp. 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 ACPI

ACPI

5000-50: Intel Corp. 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 ACPI

ACPI

e000-e01f: Intel Corp. 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 USB

USB

fOOO-fOOf: Intel Corp. 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 IDE

85

. :
in a l , 0 x 6 0

/ 0x60
; ( - )
. NOP

No Operation,
, .

?
/, .
: ,
, .
NOP. ,

:
jmp short delayl
delayl:
2 ,
:
jmp short $+2

; 2

.
,
, .
,
,
JMP .

0x80:
out 0x80,al

6.6.
,
. .
() ,
. () ,
.
, .
86

 6.

( ) ,
.
,
.
, .
SHR SHL
SHR SHL
.
.
5 0101b. 2
10, 01010b.
, , , , 5
10: , .
. ,
16 (2 4)
4 .

0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
I

. 6.6. 5 2

,
.
SHL :
SHL o l , 2

, .
, .
.
, CL
. 32 ,
, 32.
CF,
. CF (SF)
t

87

 .
(OF). ,
,
( SF OF 1).
, SHL, :
SHR o l ,

CF, .
SHR . 6.7.

. 6.7. SHR

,
.
: SHR, 16,
:
shr ,4

; 4

:
BBL.

16- ,
16 . CF,
,
JC. CF , BL.
mov , 0
mov ex, 16
repeat:
s h r ax, 1
jnc not_one
inc
not_one:
loop repeat

; BL=0
; = 16
; 1 ,
; CF
; 0,
; BL 1
; 16

BL
, 0.

88

 6.
SAL SAR

SAL SAR
( ). SAL ,
SAR -- .
:
SAL o l , 2
SAR o l , 2

SAR , ,
. , , CF.
, SHL SHR.

. 6.8. SAR

RCR RCL

(). RCR
, SHR,
CF.
CF. RCL RCR,
.
:
RCR o l , 2
RCL o l , 2

. 6.9. RCR

. 6.10. RCL

89

 .
ROR ROL
: ROR
,
CF; ROL .
ROR o l , 2
ROL o l , 2

RCR RCL.

. 6.11. ROR

6.7.
, , ,
. MOV AX, [number],
,
number. ,
.
.
(
). ,
.
.
:
, .
DB, DW DD
DB (define byte),
. :
;
; : 0x5 5,
;05, 0x57
db '',0x55
;
;.
; 0x61, 0x55
db 'Hello',13,10,'$' ; .
; 0x48, 0x65, , ,
;0x6F, OxD, OxA, 0x24
db 0x55
db 0x55,0x56,0x57

90

 6.
, ,
DW (define word):
dw 0x1234
dw ' a '

;034, 0x12
;0x61, 0x00:

DD (define double word) ,

:
dd 0x12345678
dd 1.234567e20

;078 0x56 0x34 0x12

;

, number:
number dd 0x1

; number
; 1

number ,
0x00000001 .
RESB,

RESWH

RESD

. ,
, .

, . ,

, .
: RESB ( ),
RESW ( ) RESD ( ).
:
resb 1
resb 2
resw 2
resd 1
number

; 1
; 2
; 4 (2 )
; 4
resd l
; 4
;"number"
buffer
r e s b 64
,- 64
; buffer

, NASM,
. RESx.
TIMES
TIMES ,
.
91

 .
, DUP
Borland TASM. ,
.
, 64 Hello:
many_hello: times 64 db 'Hello'
, ,
. ,
32
TIMES:
buffer db "Hello"
times 32-($-buffer) db '

;
/
;
32-($-buffer) 27, $-buffer
, 5.
'

TIMES ,
:
times 5 inc eax

;5 INC EAX

:
inc
inc
inc
inc
inc

eax
eax
eax
eax
eax
INCBIN

.
:
i n c b i n "sound.wav"
i n c b i n "sound.wav",512
incbin "sound.wav",512,80

;
/ 512
/ 512
/ 80

EQU
, .
.
EQU :
four EQU 4

92

; .
/

 6.
SEG

,
16- . ,
.
SEG
, :
mov a x , s e g c o u n t e r ; ,
; c o u n t e r
mov e s , a x
/
/.
;
mov b x , c o u n t e r
; ()
/ c o u n t e r . ES:BX
; c o u n t e r
mov c x , e s : [ b x ]
/
;

, .
SEG .

6.8.
, ,
.
, , ,
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
ALIGN
, ,
, .
, .
.
,
, . , 93

 .
, .

.
, .
, .
ALIGN.
, , ,
:
align 4
a l i g n 16

; , 4
; , 16

,
,
. , ?
MOV, 0?
XOR ( ,
0):
,

; 0,00

,
mov eax,0

; 08,0,0,0,0

, XOR ,
, .
:
,
inc eax

; = 0
/ 1

1. DEC
INC, - 1 .

, ,
INC , ADD. ,

add eax,4

; 4

:
inc
inc
inc
inc
94

eax
eax
eax
eax

; 1

 6.

, INC, DEC ,
64- , .
INC DEC,
.
,
.
LEA,
. :
lea ebx,[ecx+edx*4+0x500]
lea ebx, [eax+eax*4-l]
l e a ebx, [+*8]
lea ecx,[eax+ebx]

;
; + EDX*4 + 0x500
; = *5 - 1
; = *9
; = +

- 0.
, OR
TEST. ,
m ,0
jz i s _ z e r o

; 0 ?
;? is_zero

:
; OR
or ,
; (ZF),
;? is_zero
jz i s _ z e r o
OR ,
. , :
OR , (ZF) 1.
,
0.
jz:
dec
jz now_zero

;, 0

, .
TEST, ,
, .
SF 1, ,
1. , TEST
: , SF
( 1 (1 AND 1 = 1)
, SF=1):
95

t e s t eax,eax
js is_negative

; TEST
;
;, SF=1

(, LOOP ).
:
, .
,
. near,
128 , (short).
- .

96

 ,
.
- ,
. ,
, .

7.1.
,
.

: 32- , numb e r l number2, r e s u l t .
, .
, r e
sult:
mov eax,[number1]
mov ebx,[number2]
add eax,ebx
mov [result],eax

;
; = number2
; = +
; r e s u l t

number1 dd 8

; numberl
; 8
; number2
; 2
; result

number2 dd 2
r e s u l t dd 0

, :
mov eax,[numberl] ;EAX = "numberl"
add eax,[number2] ;EAX = EAX + number2
mov [result],eax ; result

98

 7.

: 32- . EDI
, .
EDX.
32- ,
EDI. 4 ,
, , 4 .
mov e d x , [ e d i ]
add e d x , [ e d i + 4 ;

; EDX
; , EDX

EDI:
mov e d i , n u m b e r s
mov e d x , [ e d i ]
add e d x , [ e d i + 4 ]

/ EDI numbers
; -
; EDX
;

numbers dd l

/ numbers
; 1 2,
; EDX 3
dd 2
;
;
, .

: 8- , ESI
. .
8- ,
32- .
,
.
; ESI
mov esi,array
; =
mov ebx,0
; =
mov eax,ebx
again:
mov al,[esi]
; AL
inc esi
; .
add ebx,eax
; = +
cmp a1,0
;AL ?
jnz again
; again, AL
array db 1,2,3,4 5,6,7,8,0 ; .
; () 3 6

99

. 7.1. -

: , .
, .
SHR, CF,
, .
p u s h ax
shr ,1
pop ax
jc odd
even:

;
; CF
;
; CF = 1, odd
; , -

odd:

; ,

, :
test al,l
j z even

; 1, TEST
;ZF ( ) , t e s t
; 0, = 0,
;

odd:
even:

; ,

, AL, .
.
100

 7.

: , AL,
,
.. .
, 0x15, 00010101b.
: 10101000b, 08.
, .
AL ,
,
, .

. , SHR ( ),
CF ( ) , RCL,
. 8 ,
.
mov , 8
theloop:
shr a l , l
rcl ah,l
loop theloop

; = 8
; AL 1 ,
; CF
/ 1 ,
; CF
; 8

: ,
.
,
10 (). AL ,
. :
, YES.
, :
mov ,0
d i v bl
cmp a h , 0
jz y e s
:

;BL = 10 -
; BL
; = 0?
; , YES
; ,

yes :

101

7.2.
, .
:
.
,
.
? 10
, 0 (.
ASCII, . 1.2). ,
. :
#include <unistd.h>
void main(void) {
unsigned int number;
char remainder;
number=12345 678;
while (number 1= 0)
{
remainder = (number % 10)+'0';
/* remainder = number mod 10 + char('0') */
number /=10; /* number = number div 10*/
printf("%c",remainder);
}
}

. 7.2. -

102

 7.
, , :
12345678, 87654321,
, .
?
, , ,
, .
,

. , .
,
.
.
,
EDI ( ),
.
( ).
c o n v e r t .
while
, ,
.
.
convert , 7.1.
7.1.
( )
convert:
mov ecx,0
mov ebx,1
.dividei
mov edx,0
div ebx

; =
; = 010

add edx, ' 0'

push edx
inc ecx
cmp eax,0
jnz .divide

;EDX = 0
; , ,
; EDX
; ASCII- 0
;
;
;? ( 0?)
; , .divide
; ,
; ,
;

.reverse:
pop eax

103

 .
mov [edi] al
add e d i , 1
dec ecx

;
;
; ,
;
cmp ecx,0
; ?
jnz . reverse
;?
ret
;?
.
, .
MOV ecx, 0 XOR ecx, ecx.
, 10 (
0), 10 BL:
.
0 OR eax,eax (
TEST e a x , e a x ) .
:
mov [ e d i ] , a l
add e d i , 1
:
stosb
, .

LOOP. , 7.2.
7,2.
( )
convert:
,
xor ebx,ebx
mov , 1 0
.divide:
xor edx,edx
div ebx
add dl,'0'
push edx
inc ecx
or eax,eax
jnz .divide

104

; =
; =
; = 010
;EDX = 0
; , ,
; EDX
; ASCII- 0
;
;
;? ( 0?)
; 0, .divide.
; , ,
;

 7.
. reverse:
pop eax
stosb

;
; AL ,
;EDI, EDI 1
loop . r e v e r s e
;=-1, ,
ret
;?
, .
,
:
MOV b y t e [ e d i ] , 0
LOOP RET.
b y t e ,
, EDI.
. ,
.

(, , , EDX EDI). ,
,
.
:
mov eax,0x12345678
mov e d i , b u f f
c a l l convert

; ,
;
; EDI
;
;

, ,
. ,
. EDI
DI ( ). CALL
.
.
convert
. ,
.
, ASCII-
. , ASCII-
(. 1.2).
16, F, ASCII-
, 9. :
105

 .
9, .
ASCII- ,
HexDigit:
HexDigit:
cmp d l , 1 0
jb .less
add d l , ' A ' -10
ret
.less:
or d l , ' 0 '
ret

; DL 0-15,
;
;
; DL 10
;,
;10 ' ' , 11 ' ' . .
;
;
;

convert, 10
0x10, 16.
,
. ,
N- ,
.
, , ,
. ,
PUSHAD POPAD.
, 7.3,
:
7.3.
( )
NumToASCII
= 32-
ebx =
edi = -
:

NumToASCII:
pushad
xor esi,esi
convert_loop:

106

ESI = 0:

 7.
xor edx,edx
div ebx
call HexDigit
push edx
inc esi
test eax,eax
jnz convert_loop
eld
write_loop:
pop eax
stosb
dec esi
test esi,esi
jnz write_loop
mov byte [edi],0
popad
ret

;EDX =
; , ,
; EDX
; ASCII
,- EDX
;
;? ( = 0)
; 0,
; DF:
;
;
; ES:(E)DI
;
;? (ESI = 0)
; 0,
;
;
;
; ! ! !

7.3.
, .

(readln, scanf),
.

c o n v e r t _ c h a r , '0'-'9' 0-9,
'A'-'F' ''- 1015 (-OxF). ,
, AL,
ASCII-.
.
.
convert_char:
sub al,'0'
emp al, 10

jb done
add al,'0'
and al,0x5f

; ASCII-
; 10,
;
;
; JB ,
;
;AL =
.-

107

sub a l , ' A ' - 1 0

and a l , 0 x 0 f

done:
ret

; 10
; 0-15.
; F,
; 4 AL

: ,
.
, .
ASCII- .
0-9, :
done; , .
ASCII (. 1.2)
(
),
( 0x5F).
, '' , '' .. , ,
AND
0x00 OxOF.
,
. , . ,
, , ,
. , , ,
.
,
,
NEG ().
.
:
= an*zn + an-1*zn-1 + ... + a1*z1 + a0*z (n )
, 1234 :
1234 = 1*103 + 2*102 + 3*10' + 4*10
, 0x524D
:
3

(524D)16 = 5*16 + 2*16 + 4*16' + 13*16 = 21 069

, :
convert_char,
,
. ,
108

 7.

,
. ,
, .
1234 :
1234 = ((((1)*10 + 2)*10 + 3)*10) + 4
, ,
, ..

.

. 7.3. -

7.4.

109

 .
7.4.
ASCIIToNum
;
;
;
;
;

esi = ,
0x0
=
:
=

ASCIIToNum:
push esi
xor eax,
xor ebx,ebx
cmp byte [esi]
jnz .next
inc esi
.next:
lodsb
or al,al
j z .done
call convert_char
imul ebx,ecx
add ebx,eax
jmp short .next
.done:
xchg ebx,eax
pop esi
cmp byte [esi],'-'
jz .negate
ret
.negate:
neg eax
ret

110

;
; = 0
; = 0:
; ?
; ,
;
; '- '
; AL
; ?
;
; AL
; ,
;
;
;
; ESI
; ?
;,
;,
;
:!!!

 ,
,
() .
.

8.1.
1950- .
:
, ,
, .
,

.

.

(1960- ).
.
,
.

.
,

. .
,

.

. ,
, ,
, ,
1964 .
112

 8.

: , , ,
, ?
.

8.2.
.
, ,
.

,
, . ,
, - ,
.
.
( ,
) .
.

. 8.1.

, .
UNIX (Linux) init.
, .
DOS
COMMAND.COM.

. (kill),
. ,
( init), .
113

,
.
,
. , .

,
.
, ,
.
, - ,
,
. ,
.
.
,
, , , ,
.
. ,
,
. ,
, .

.
,
(, process control block).
UNIX
:
, ,
.
: ,
.
,
.
.
,
, : - ,
, .
, ,
, , (-).
114

 8.

. 8.2.

DOS , DOS
:
.
:
.
( , ..).
.
.
.
(PID, Process ID).
.
.
.
.

, (,
) , .
(Round
Robin). .
.
,
.

. ,

. ,
115

. 8.3. Round Robin

,

.
.

8.3.
,

.
.

.
, ,
, .

.

. 8.4.

116

 8.

, .
, .

. ,
. .

,
. , ,
.

.
,

.
(swapping)
,
.

.
( !) .
, .
.
, () ,
,
.

: ,
.
,
, .

.
,
, ,
.
, 4 .
,
.
117

. 8.5.

(MMU, Memory Management Unit),
.

,
.

. 8.6.

. ,
, ()
.
(read/write/execute) .
.
()
(. 8.7).
118

 8.

. 8.7.

MMU ,
.
.
.
,
( 1) ()
.
,
( ) , .
( 0),
( MMU) (Page
Not Found), .

.
,
, .
, ,
, 119

. ,
.
.

() ,
.
86-
4 . ,
, ,
, , .
.

8.4.
,
, .
, .
,
.
, ? ,
,
. ,

, .

,
,
, , , .
,
.
.
,
.
, .
- (IBM 390, AS/400).
, .
,
, .
DOS
UNIX.
120

 8.

.
.
( ).
, .
.
,
, , .
,
. DOS \, UNIX /.
.
.

.
,
, . ,
.
UNIX /
:
, /
.
0,
(stdin). (stdout)
(stderr). 1,
2.
,
/. ,
,
. DOS,
UNIX, ,

. DOS UNIX
:
Is > f i l e l
( ) filel
Is, , ,
. Is
,
.
, .
121

(), ^
().
, /
(. 8.8). ,
. , , .
,
: , .

. 8.8.

, .
, ,
512 . /
.
.
,
. ,
, . ,
.
60 (
).
, ,
.
(
) ,
0 . ,
, .

122

 8.

, .
, . : ,
,
, . -
, .
(partition table).

( )
( ) .
, .

8.5.

.
, ROM (read-only memory). ROM
/ (BIOS, Basic Input Output
System). BIOS
, ,
POST (Power On Self Test).
BIOS
. BIOS
, , ,
( 0), CD-ROM .. ( 0)
.
MBR (Master Boot Record). BIOS
MBR
.

, ,
.
.
( ) .

,
: .

123

, BIOS
BIOS (Basic Input/Output System /)
PC.
.
DOS BIOS
.
BIOS
,
. BIOS
(. 8.1).

BIOS

8.1

0x10

( )

0x13

0x14

0x15

0x16

0x17

( )
BIOS,
BIOS .
BIOS ,

.

. 8.9.

124

 9 NASM

NASM

 NASM
(Netwide Assembler), (
) LGPL.
http://nasm.sourceforge.net.

MASM (Microsoft Assembler) TASM (Turbo Assembler Borland),
NASM
, .

9.1.
( )
:


(, ).
. (;),
.
, ,
'V ( ).
(
).

9.2.
,
. NASM
.

. , ,
126

 9. NASM

MOV eax, [+4].

:
Array, 4.
, :
add

dl, ''-

' ' -10 ,

ADD dl, 55.
,
. (. 9.1)
.
, NASM,

I
&
>>
+ * / % // %%
+ - ~

9.1

OR
XOR
AND


, , (
), ,
, (NOT)

:
mov eax,((5*6+2)+(040<<2))/8

; :
;MOV e a x , 0 x 2 4

:
mov c l , ~ l

;: mov cl,11111110b
;:

mov c l , 0 x F E

9.3.
JMP CALL,
, . ,
. ,
,
.
,
,
127

. , NASM,
.
,
, .
(, )
, ? ,
,
.
: ,
.
subprog:

subprog2:

; subprog
;
;
;
; subprog2

.local_loop:

.11_1:

9.4. NASM
,

.
,
.
. ,
, , ,
.
NASM ,
.
%.
( ).

, %i
(%idefine %define ..).
%define, %undef

, ,
.
:
128

 9. NASM
%define a v e r a g e ( a , b )

((()+(b))/2)

:
mov a l , a v e r a g e ( 3 , 7 )
, :
mov a l , 5

%define , :
% d e f i n e SEC_IN_MIN
60
% d e f i n e SEC_IN_HOUR SEC_IN_MIN * 60

, :
% d e f i n e USE_MMX

, , , ,
%ifdef () %ifndef ( ).
%undef.
%macro %endmacro

%define ,
( ). , ,
%macro %endmacro.
. ,
. %endmacro .
%macro subtract 3
sub %1,%2
sub %1,%3
%endmacro
s u b t r a c t :
subtract

eax,ecx,[variablel]

:
sub eax,ecx
sub eax,[variablel]
. NASM
. ,
2-3 , 2 3 .
,
:
%macro a d d i t 2-3 0
a d d %1,%2
a d d %1,%3
%endmacro
5 . 293

129

a d d i t , ,
, ,
0:
a d d i t eax ebx
:
add eax,ebx
add eax,0
%assign

%assign ()
. ,
. ,
%assign i i+1
1. %assign
.
%if

, NASM
. ,
.
:
%:<>
; if e l i f
;, .
%:<2>
; %elif %else
; ,
%else
; ,
; %else %endif
%endif
%elif %else .
%elif, %else ( ) .
.
: = , < , > , < = , > = , < > (,
, , , , ).
== != = .

|, , && (OR, XOR, AND), .
130

 9. NASM
? %ifdef, %infndef
%ifdef .
:
%define TEST_IT
%ifdef TEST_IT
cmp eax,3
%endif
, %ifdef ( ,3)
, TEST_IT
% define.
%ifdef %ifndef.
,
.
%include
%include ,
. .
%include
:
%include macro.mac
,
, . ,
:
%ifndef MACROS_MAC
%define MACROS_MAC
;
%endif
.
, .

9.5.
NASM ,
. NASM , MASM TASM,
.

131

 .
BITS

,
.
16- (BITS 16) 32- (BITS 32).
,
NASM.
, 80386,
.
.
16- . 80386
32- . , 32-
16- ?
, . 3,
. Intel
, 32- ,
? .
16- MOV ,01234 08,
0x34, 0x12.
32- MOV ,000001234
0x66, 08, 0x34, 0x12, 0x00, 0x00.
16- () 32-
0x66 (
0x67). 16- .
32-.
32- 32 . 08, 0x34, 0x12, 0x00, 0x00 (
0x66) MOV ,000001234.
BITS ,
.
SECTION SEGMENT

, ,
: , (
) (, ,
,
).
SECTION
SEGMENT.

132

 9. NASM
.text,
.data, .bss.
, ( 9.1)

9.1. ,
/
; , ,
;()2005 .. <ivan@ivanov.com>
SECTION .text
; .text
;
mov eax,2
EAX = 2
mov ebx,5
EBX = 5
add eax,ebx
EAX = EAX + EBX
add eax,[statl]
EAX = EAX + statl
mov [dynl],eax

dynl
SECTION .data
; DB, DW and DD
;
.data
statl: dd 1
SECTION .bss
;B ,
/. .bss
; RESB, RESW RESD.
; ,
;. .
;RES* ,
;
dynl: resd l
;
(.stack).
, .
SECTION S E G M E N T
.
.

. , ,
.

133

 .
EXTERN, GLOBAL COMMON
13 (
) ,
,
.
EXTERN (extern) .
,
, - .
.
GLOBAL

().
COMMON GLOBAL
, .bss.
COMMON
,
.
CPU

CPU,
.
80386, CPU.
,
86- .
CPU
,
.
CPU 808 6

;
; I n t e l 8086
; . . 286, 386, 486, P e n t i u m . . .
ORG

ORG
, .
, ORG - (
), ORG
0x100. DOS
, 0x100.
134

 9. NASM

,
NASM ,
.
MASM TASM, NASM
ORG .
ORG: ORG,
. MASM TASM
:
ORG
;
;
ORG 510
DW 055
; NASM ORG
; TIMES:
ORG 0
;
;
TIMES 510-($-$$) DB 0
DW 0XAA5 5

9.6.
Netwide Assembler (NASM)
86- . NASM

, .

-f. ,
.
:
.
()
.
, (
)
.
135

 .
, (linking),
.
, ,
, ,
( EXTERN GLOBAL),

.
bin
bin .
.
.
, h e l lo . asm:
; ,
/ 0x0.
; DB " H e l l o w o r l d ! " ,
;
s t r i n g : db "Hello world!",Oxd,Oxa
, -f:
nasm -t bin hello.asm
h e l l o , Hello world.
- , hello
,
ASCII-, .
bin (, ,
). ALIGN,
, . ,
, 16:
section

. t e x t align=16

bin ,
DOS (.COM .SYS) .
BITS 16.
, bin,
ORG.
OMF 16-
OMF (Object Module Format) ,
Intel, Turbo Assembler.
MASM NASM .
136

 9. NASM

OMF .obj,
OBJ. .obj
.
, obj 16-
, NASM 32- .
NASM 32-
Borland, 32- ,
, Microsoft.
OBJ , ,
SEGMENT (SECTION).
,
NASM.
, OBJ IMPORT,
11, Windows.
IMPORT DLL,
DLL.
OBJ- ( ).
,
. (entry point)
( ) ..start:.
OBJ,
-1 obj.
Win32 32-
Microsoft Visual C+ +
32- Win32.
COFF (Common Object File Format),
. ,
COFF,
coff, .
Win32,
-f Win32.
aout aoutb UNIX
a.out (Assembler and link editor OUTput files)
Linux.
a.outb BSD- (NetBSD, FreeBSD OpenBSD). NASM ,
-f aout Linux -f aoutb BSD.

137

 .
coff a.out
COFF (Common Object File Format)
a.out.
UNIX, Windows NT,
( ) , , DJGPP.
C + + .
-f coff,
COFF. .
elf UNIX
ELF (Executable and Linkable Format)
, . UNIX-
. ,
Linux, Solaris x86, UnixWare, SCO-UNIX UNIX
System V, .
..
-f elf.


.
,
, ..
,
.
NASM
-g. OBJ ELF.

 10
DOS

DOS

DOS

640 KB
( 1981)
DOS ( MS-DOS, Microsoft Disk Operating System)
IBM PC.
/,
8- 16- .
DOS .
, .
,
UNIX .
DOS 640 , ,
.
(
8086),
,
, . 80286 80386
. , ,
. ,
.

.1.
8086 20-
220 (1 ) . ,
16-: 20
?
. ,
,
16- , 16.
140

 10. DOS

. 10.1.

,
:
mov a l ,

[ds:si]

; AL
; d s : s i

, DS = 0559, a SI 0x100.
20- :
0559 * 0x10 (0x10 16) + 0x100

: 05590 + 0x100 =
0550.
, (,

) (offset).
, 0550
, , 0558 0x200.
, , .
16-,
64 . ,
64 , .

. ,
, 10.4.

16- .
DOS-, DOS, 86- .
141

10.2. DOS
, - ,
DOS 1 .
10.1. ,
, .
10.1
(:)

0x0000:0x0000

0x0040:0x0000

BIOS

00????:00000

DOS kernel ( )

00????:00000

, ,

00????:00000

()
COMMAND.COM

00????:00000

(TSR, Terminate and Stay Resident)

00????:00000

(,
..)

00????:00000

0:000

( )

:0

( )

08:0000

80:0 - 0000:000

ROM
(Read Only Memory)

0xF000:OxO000

ROM BIOS

. . 256
, , 4 . 1 .
, 0x400 (.. 0x0040:0x0000),
BIOS. ,
, .
, - ,
Ralf Brown Interrupt List .

.
COMMAND.COM,
.
TSR .
, ,
142

 10. DOS

.
, ,
.
,
DOS (
), .

.
, .
640 , ..
000:00. 640 1
.
64 .
.
00800:00000
, . 00800:00000

. . ASCII , .
,
ROM (Read Only Memory): BIOS BIOS
.

10.3. 1 MB
640 ,
, .
80286 24- ,
20 , .. 1 .
0x0F000,
BIOS. BIOS ,
OxFFFF.
20 ,
1 .

,
OxOFFFF. 1
, - 21- 1.
- , 20 (21- 20,
). 20 21-
64 .
143

64 ,
. 640 1
, ROM-. -
?
, . Lotus, Intel Microsoft
, LIM EMS (Expanded
Memory Specification). 640 1
64 KB, , 16
. (page frame), EMS
1 .
80286 EMS- ,
80386
.
1
XMS (Extended Memory Specification).
HIMEM.SYS,
1 1
.
, . ,
.

10.4. DOS
DOS
.
,
.SYS. .

CONFIG.SYS.
.
( .
. ) .

. 64 , 256
.
(.. 64 KB).
0x100.

(CS, ES, DS SS),
SP OxOFFFE, a
0x100,
.
144

 10. DOS

0 0x100 .
PSP (Program Segment Prefix).
PSP-
. 0x80 ,
.
-, 0x1234
(. . 10.2):
-

10.2

(:)

0x1234:0x0000

, .

0x1234:0x0080

0x1234:0x0100

0x100 COM-

01234:0????

()

01234:0????

()

01234:0????

(.bss)
,

0x1234:0xFFFE

. ,
, 64 .
.
.
,
. , ,
, (call far),
(CS IP).
(retf). ,
SEG
. ,
, .
, .
, (..
)?
,
0x0000:0x0000,
0x0000:0x0000 0x0000:0xFFFF,
0x1000:0x0000 .
, (..
0x0000, 0x1000 ..),
(relocation table).
145

 .
.
,
,
.
.
, .

10.5.

. ,
, ,
.
0x21.
. DOS
. ,
, .

,
.
DOS 04,
.
:
:
0x4
AL =

, AL
, ,
.
, , .
, exit .
( 10.1).
10.1. DOS
SECTION .text
; DOS.
; ,
;
org 0x100
; , 0x100

146

 10. DOS
mov ah,0x4C
mov al,0
int 0x21
;

;
; 0
;

f i n i s h . a s m .
,

.
f i n i s h . asm nasm:
nasm -f bin - finish.com finish.asm
-f , -
f i n i s h , com.
f i n i s h . c o m ,
finish Enter.
.
. Hello, World!
.
,
.

, $ (0x24).
:
:
= 0x09
DS:DX = , $

DOS
0x02, ASCII DL.
:
:
= 0x02
DL = ASCII-

, ,
Hello, World! .
f i n i s h , asm.
. d a t a hello,
, Hello, World!, CR (OxD)
LF (), ,
$ ( 10.2).
147

10.2. Hello, World! DOS

SECTION .text
; "Hello, World!'
; (E0L - End Of Line)
org 0x100
;
mov ah,0x9
; DOS
mov dx,hello
; DX
int 0x21
; DOS
mov ah,0x4C
; DOS
mov al,0
;
int 0x21
;
SECTION .data
hello DB "Hello, World!",0xd,0xa,'$'
;
DS:
.
h e l l o . asm
nasm -f bin - hello.com h e l l o . a s m .
h e l l o .

DOS
0x01, getchar readkey
Pascal.
:
:
= 0x01

:
AL ,
()

0x01 .
( 0x08 ,
).
AL 0,
(extended) ASCII-, Page
Up, Page Down, Home, End, F1..F12 ..
0x01 AL ASCII-
.
,
Enter. DOS ,
.
148

 10. DOS
:

:
:
=
DS:DX =

,
.
,
(1-254), (ASCII 7) Enter.
, OxOD (
Enter).
mov a h ,
mov dx, s t r i n g
i n t 0x21

; ,
,- DX ()
; DOS

s t r i n g db 5,0,0,0,0,0,0
mov a h ,
;
mov d x , s t r i n g
; DX () s t r i n g
i n t 0x21
; DOS
s t r i n g db 5,0,0,0,0,0,0
int 0x21
Enter.
7 , 4
Enter. ,,,
Enter, string :
s t r i n g d b 5,3,0x65,0x66,0x67,OxOD,0
,
OxD,
(ABC), OxD.
.
1: ,
.
Enter ( 10.3).
DOS- 0x01,
. , ,
DOS- 0x02.

149

 .
10.3. ,

;
SECTION .text
again:
;DOS-
mov ah,0x01
;
DOS
int 0x21
;
DL
mov dl,al
;
"Enter"?
cmp dl, OxD
; ,
j z endprog
;DOS-
mov ah, 0x02
; DOS
int 0x21
;
jmp again
endprog:
mov ah,0x4C
;DOS-
int 0x21
; DOS
;
echo . asm. echo . com

nasm -f bin - echo.com echo.asm
2: ,
Enter ( 10.4).
DOS- ,
,
DOS- 0x02.
10.4. ,
Enter
SECTION .text
;
; .
org 0x100
; COM
mov ah, OxOA
;DOS-
mov dx,string
; DX
int 0x21
; DOS
xor ax,ax
;
mov al,[string+1] ;
inc dx
;
add dx, ax
; ,
;
mov s i,dx
; DX SI

150

 10. DOS
std

;
/

print_next_char:
lodsb
; DS:SI SI 1
cmp s i , s t r i n g + 1
; ? ( )
jb endprog
; ,
mov d l , a l
; DL
mov ah,0x02
;DOS-
i n t 0x21
; DOS
jmp p r i n t _ n e x t _ c h a r ;
endprog:
mov ah,0x4C
mov a l , 0
i n t 0x21
SECTION .data
s t r i n g db 254,0
times 253 db ' '
;

;-
; 0
; DOS
;

r e v e r s e . asm ,
:
nasm -f bin - reverse.com reverse.asm
,
.
, .
,
.
mov ah, OxOA
mov d x , s t r i n g
i n t 0x21

;DOS-
; DX
; DOS

, Enter,
. ,
.
,
;
mov a l , [ s t r i n g + 1 ]
;
DX
string. () ,
DX + 2 + _ 1 (

, ).
DX+2 , ,
OxOD ( Enter). ,
.
151

 .
, 2 1 1,
. ,
.
inc dx
add dx,ax
mov s i , d x

;
; ,
;
; DX SI

, ,
AL, ,
, .
. LODSB
, SI,
.
1: ,
.
std
print_next_char:
lodsb

;
;
; DS:SI SI 1

LODSB AL , [DS:SI] , SI
1 . LODSB
s t r i n g + 1 , SI
( ).
(JZ), ,
, .
, .
cmp s i , s t r i n g + 1
jb e n d p r o g

; ?
; ,

. , AL,
DL, DOS .
LODSB, .
mov d l , a l
mov ah,0x02
i n t 0x21
jmp p r i n t _ n e x t _ c h a r

;
; DL
;DOS-
; DOS
;

04.
endprog:
mov ah,0x4C
mov al,0
int 0x21

152

;DOS-
; 0
; DOS

 10. DOS
.
SECTION .data
s t r i n g db 254,0
times 253 db ' '
/
,
.
( , 254 ),
0 . TIMES,
253 .

10.6. -
8, ,
. DOS
. - -
.
() ,
.
.
DOS Windows
: 8 3
. Windows ,
256- , .
, 8+3.

0x3D.
DS:DX (DS , a DX ). AL
.
(AL=0).
.
CF=1, CF=0.
;.

= 0x3D
DS:DX = ,
0x0
AL. = :
AL = 0
AL = 1
AL = 2

:
CF = 0 ,
= ,

CF= 1 ,
= :
= 0x0002
= 0x0003

153

 .

,
:
:

:
CF = 0

=
=

CF = 1 ,
=

, ,
, .
( 10.5).
10.5. -

SECTION .text
org 0x100
mov ax, 0x3D00
mov dx,file_name
int 0x21
jc error
mov bx,ax
mov ah,
int 0x21
mov al,0
endprog:
mov ah,4Ch
int 0x21
error:
mov al,1
jmp short endprog

DOS ,
-
, DS

DOS
? , error
,

DOS
DOS
:

; DOS
; DOS
; :
;
;endprog

SECTION . d a t a
f i l e _ n a m e d b " t e x t . t x t " , 0 ; t e x t . t x t

, 10.5 ,
:
. DOS- 0x3F.
154

 10. DOS

.
(
),
.
:

:
= 0X3F
=

:
CF = 0
= ,
( , EOF)
:
CF=1
=

DS:DX =

=

.
, ,
DS:DX.
, :
.
( ,
, ).
CF=1,
.
, ,
DOS 0x09. ,
$, 0x09.
, 0x09,

,
/, .
0x0001.

0x40. ,
:
:
:
= 0x40
=
DS:DX =
= ,

:
:
CF = 0
= ,

:
CF = 1
=

155

DS:DX , ,
. ,
: .
, ,
. , , ,
.
, t e x t . t x t
.
, t e x t . t x t ,
0x3D.
0x3F, .
0x40.
.
10.6.

%define B_LENGTH 8 0
%define STDOUT 0x0001
SECTION .text
org 0x100
mov bp,STDOUT
mov ax, 0x3D00
mov dx,file_name
int 0x21
jc error
mov bx,ax
read_next:
mov ah,0x3F
mov dx,buffer
mov cx,B_LENGTH
int 0x21
jc error
or ax,ax
jz end_reading
mov ex,ax

156

;
;

;
;
;
; ;
; . DS
;
; DOS
;? , error
;
;
; DOS
;
;
; DOS
;? , error
; 0 ?
; ,
; ,
;
;
; ,
; ,

 10. DOS

mov ah,0x40
xchg bp,bx

int 0x21
xchg bp,bx
jmp read_next
end_reading:
mov ah, 0x3E
int 0x21
mov al,0
endprog:
mov ah,4Ch
int 0x21

; DOS
;
; ,
;
;
; DOS
/
; read_next,
;
; DOS
; DOS
; :
; DOS
;
; DOS.
;

error:
; :
mov al,1
jmp short endprog
; endprog
SECTION .data
file_name db "text.txt' 0
; text.txt
SECTION .bss
buffer RESB B_LENGTH

;
;buffer B_LENGTH
list it. asm
nasm listit.asm - listit.com -f bin
t e x t . t x t
:
echo I'll BE BACK! > text.txt
t e x t . t x t
.
,
.
.
, !

157

 .
/

0x3D 6 ,
, ,
.
:
/
=
AL = 0x00 ( 0)
=
CX =
DX =
DS;DX =

:
:
CF = 0
=
CX = (. )
:
CF = 1

: ,
(
).
DX.
.
4 ( DL):
DL = 0000b , (
).
DL = 0001b , .
DL = 0010b ( ),
.
4 ( DH):
DH = 0000b , .
DH = 0001b , .
,
DX 0x0012.
, ,
.
( )
. DOS UNIX, ,
, DOS :
0: 1, .
1: 1, .
2: 1, .
3: 1, .
158

 10. DOS

4: 1, .
5: 1, .
6-15: .
0x20:
.
.
,
.
= 0: .
= 1: .
= 2: .
(CF=0)
( 0x3D).
:
= 1: .
= 2: .
= 3: .
l i s t i t . a s m ( 10.6) ,
. ( )
.
, . ,
:
mov ax, 6C00h

; DOS /
/ :
;06 0 AL
mov ex, 0x20
;
mov dx, 0x12
;
mov s i , other_file_name ;
i n t 0x21
; DOS
jc e r r o r
;
mov bp,
;
, MOV bp,STDOUT.
:
:
mov ah,0x3
mov bx,bp
i n t 0x21

; DOS
;

, , :
other_file_name db " t e x t l . t x t " , 0

;
159

text.txt textl.txt.
, ,
,
.
copy.asm :
nasm -f bin - copy.com copy.asm
(SEEK)

,
, .
(, 1 2
), /.
seek(), DOS 0x42.
:

= 0x42
AL =
=
CX:DX =

:
:
CF = 0
DX:AX =
CX =
:
CF = 1
=

.
CX:DX. ,
, ,
4 ( FAT16 2 ).
16 , a DX 16 .
AL ,
CX:DX :
AL = 0: (SEEK_SET),
CX:DX.
AL = 1: (SEEK_CUR).
AL = 2: (SEEK_END).
DX:AX.
SEEK
. 0x42 :
mov
mov
xor
xor
int

160

ax,0x4202
bx,filedes
dx,dx
cx,cx
0x21

=
DX = 0
= 0
DOS

 10. DOS
DX:AX
.

,
.
0x41:
:

= 0x41
DS:DX =

:
:
CF = 0
:
CF=1
=

,
, .
0x43:
:

= 0x43
AL = 0x00
DS:DX =
:

=
AL = 0x01
DS:DX =

:
CF = 0
=
:
CF=1
=

0x56.
,
, ,
.
:

= 0x56
DS:DX =
ES:DI =

:
: CF = 0
:
CF=1
=

: text.txt
.
. :
( 10.7).
6 . 293

161

 .
10.7.

SECTION .text
;
org 0x100
/ DOS 0x5 6
mov ah, 0x5 6
; DX
mov dx,src
mov di,dest
; DI
int 0x21
;
mov ax,0x4c00
int 0x21
SECTION .data
src db "text.txt",0
dest db "\text.txt",0
rename.asm .
, .
,
. :
SECTION .data
dest db "\"
src db "text.txt",0
.
, , .

Windows 95 8+3 .

, 8+3, . , LinuxRulez
LINUXR~1.
,
Windows. Ralf
Brown Interrupt List (http://www.ctyme.com/rbrown.htm).

0x70. AL
( ), ,
AL, .
, 0x3D
:
0706, .

162

 10. DOS

10.7.

. MKDIR, RMDIR, CHDIR .. ,
.
(MKDIR, RMDIR)
0x39,
. .
,
.
:

= 0x39

=
DS:DX =

:
: CF = 0
:
CF = 1
=

(CHDIR)

(CHDIR). DOS,
, .
, DOS .
:

= 0x3
DS:DX =

:
: CF = 0
:
CF=1
=

(GETCWD)
,
. 0x47 ,
.
:

:

- 0x47
DL = :
DL = 0x00
DL = 0x01 :

: CF = 0
:
CF = 1
=

DS:SI = ,

163

 .
,
0x19:
:

= 0x19

:
AL = :
AL 0x00 :
AL = 0x01 :

10.8. pwd,
,
10.8. , ,

SECTION .text
org 0x100
mov ah,0x19
i n t 0x21
add byte [buffer] ,al
xor dl,dl
mov ah,0x47
mov si,buffer+3
int 0x21
mov ah,0x40
mov bx,0x0001
mov cx,BUFF_LEN
mov dx,buffer
int 0x21
mov ax,0x4c00
int 0x21
SECTION .data
buffer db "A:\"
times 64 db " "

db 0x0D,0x0A
BUFF_LEN equ $-buffer

164

; DOS
; DOS
; '',
/
;
;
;
; DOS
;
; ":\"
; DOS
,- DOS
;
;
/ DOS
; DOS
; DOS
;
;
; $ ,
; .
; ,

 10. DOS

:
:

=
DL = 0x00 :
DL = 0x01 :

AL =

10.8.
, DOS,
.
DOS,
. ,
04.

04.
, .
, 1,
.
:

= 04
=
ES = ,

: CF = 0

CF=1
=
=

16 .
- 64 (
0x1000 ). 0x1000
:
mov ah, 0x4A
mov bx, 0x1000
i n t 0x21
jc error

;
;- ; ES
;

0x48, .
165

 .

0x48
. ,
. .
:

= 0x48
=

:
CF = 0
=
:
CF=1
=
= ( )

, 64 , .
, ,
04.
mov ah,0x48
mov bx,0x1000
i n t 0x21
jc e r r o r
p u s h es
mov e s , a x

; DOS
; 64 KB
; DOS
; CF = 1, ,
;
;
; ES
; ES

()
. 0x49:
:

= 0x49
ES =

:
: CF=0

CF=1
=

10.9.

argc ( ) argv (
). DOS ,
0x81 .
OxOD 166

 10. DOS
0x80 ( ).
.

. : ,
0x81 ( 10.9).
10.9. ,
SECTION .text
%define STDOUT 1
org 0x100
mov ah,0x40
mov bx,STDOUT
mov dx,0x81
xor ex,ex
mov cl,[0x80]
mov di,ex
add di,dx

;
;
;-
; DOS

inc di
mov byte [di],OxA
inc
int
mov
int

ex
0x21
ax,0x4c00
0x21

;
;
; CL
; DI
;
; [OxOD]
; DI
;
; ,
,- EOL
; 1
;
;
; DOS

10.10.
, ,
: (CF=1), .
.
=0x59.
Ralf Brown Interrupt List.
10.3 .
DOS-

10.3

0x0002

0x0003

0x0005

167

 .
. 10.3

0x0008

0x0009

OxOOOf

0x0010

0x0011

10.11.
10.11.1.


.
, : -
, .
(debugger).
- bug () ,
, ,
.
debugger.
, ,
..
DOS ( Windows)
debug.exe. Turbo Debugger,
Borland,
. IDA (Interactive
Disassembler) DataRescue.

( open, load).
, :
. : ( ,
) (
). ,
,
( ) .
(
,
).
168

 10. DOS

( step). .
,
, .
step-over,
,
. ,
.

go continue.
(
breakpoints). ,

.
, ,
..
(,
) .
(, , ,
, result), ,
. ,
,
.

grdb, .

.11.2. g r d b . e x e

grdb (Get Real Debugger, )
.
, http://www.members.tripod.com/~ladsoft/grdb.htm.
, .
grdb.
:\>grdb
GRDB v e r s i o n 3.6 C o p y r i g h t (c) LADsoft 1997-2002
History enabled
eax:00000000 ebx:00000000 ecx:00000000 edx:00000000 esi:00000000
edi:00000000 ebp:00000000 esp:0000FFEE eip:00000100 eflags:00000202
NV UP EI PL NZ NA PO NC

169

ds: 10FB es:10FB fs:10FB gs:10FB SS:10FB CS:10FB

10FB:0100 74 IE
jz
0120
->
(->) ,
. pwd.com (
). 1
pwd.com (1 load, ).
.
->1 pwd.com
Size:
->

00000069

.
t. t
Enter:
->t
:00001900 ebx:00000000 :00000069 edx:00000000 esi:00000000
edi:00000000 ebp:00000000 esp:0000FFEE eip:00000102 eflags:00000202
NV UP EI PL NZ NA PO NC
ds: 10FB es:10FB fs:10FB gs:10FB SS:10FB cs:10FB
10FB:0102 CD 21
int
21
->
t ,
0x19. INT 21,
. ( CS:IP)
. t Enter
DOS, AL .
->t
:00001902 ebx:00000000 :00000069 edx:00000000 esi:00000000
edi:00000000 ebp:00000000 esp:0000FFEE eip:00000104 eflags:00000202
NV UP EI PL NZ NA PO NC
ds: 10FB es:10FB fs:10FB gS:10FB ss:10FB cs:10FB
10FB:0104 00 06 24 01 add
[0124],al
ds:[0124]=41
->
AL 02, :.
ADD [buffer],al,
AL ''. , buffer
. :
buffer, () 0124.
d 124. d
, ,
.
170

 10. DOS
- > d 124
" 10FB:0120
10FB:0130
10FB:0140
10FB:0150
10FB:0160
10FB:0170
10FB:0180
10FB:0190
lOFBiOlAO

20
20
20
20

20
20
20
20

20
20
20
20

-41
20-20
20-20
20-20
20-20

20
20
20
20

5
20
20
20
20

20-20
20-20
20-20
20-20
0D-0A

20
20
20
20
C7

20
20
20
20
06

20-20
20-20
20-20
20-20
8C-CD

20
20
20
20
01

20
20
20
20
00

20 : \
20
20
20
EB

60 26 8A 47-01 32 E4 40-D1 E0 03 D8-26 8A OF 32 '&.G.2.@....&..2

ED OB C9 74-OF 43 53 26-8B IF E8 C6-00 5B 73 41 ...t.CS&
[sA
43 43 E2 F2-2E C7 06 8C-CD 03 00 EB-34 26 8A 47 CC
4&.G
01 32 E4 40-D1 EO 03 D8-26 8A 07 32-E4 Dl EO 40 . 2 . 0 . . . . & . . 2 . . . 0

->
ADD t. :\
:\ ( ). d:
- > d 124
10FB:0120

- 4 3 5 2 0 - 2 0 20 20 2 0 - 2 0 20 20 20 : \

,
.
t
g (go),
.
.
() .
,
, .
( step over),
.
,
:
-> 100
10FB:0100
10FB:0102
10FB:0104
10FB:0108
10FB:010A
10FB:010C
10FB:010F
10FB:0111
10FB:0113
10FB:0116
10FB:0119

B4
CD
00
30
B4
BE
CD
B4
BB
B9
BA

19
21
06
D2
47
27
21
40
01
45
24

mov
int
24 01 add
xor
mov
mov
01
int
mov
00
mov
mov
00
01
mov

ah,0019
21
[0124],al
dl,dl
ah,0047
si,0127
21
ah,0040
bx,0001
ex,0045
dx,0124
171

 .
10FB:011C CD 21
10FB:011E B8 00 4C
->

int
mov

21
ax,4C00

q.
grdb
grdb .10.4.
grdb

10.4

I <filename> [p]

<filename> () []

a <addr>

<addr>

num addr.
0 F, 16

b<num>,addr
b

,
.

7. ,
,
.
, ASCIIToNum:
; ASCIIToNum
;
;
;
;
172

e s i = , 0x0
=
:
=

 10. DOS

DOS,
16- . () SI,
ESI.
.
,
.
.
SkipSpace, .
,
, .
; SkipSpace
; si =
; :
; si = ,
SkipSpace:
.again:
lodsb
; AL DS:SI,
/ SI
cmp a l , ' '
;
jz again
; ,
ret
, ,
. ,
0x81, OxD.
. ,
, . ,

. ,

.
; SkipNum
; : SI =
; : DI =
SkipNum:
mov di,si
.find_end_of_numberi
inc di
cmp [di],'0'

;DI
;DI=DI+1
; ASCII-
;

173

 .
j b .end_found
cmp [ d i ] , ' 9 '
ja .end_found
jmp .find_end_of_number
.end_found:
ret

; ,
; ASCII-
9
; ,
;

:
mov si, 0x81
call SkipNum
mov [di],0
mov ecx,10
call ASCIIToNum
mov edx,eax
mov si,di
inc si
call Skipspace
call SkipNum
mov [di],0
call ASCIIToNum
add e a x , e d x

; SI
;
;
;
;
; , SI
;
; EDX
; SI
;
;
;
;
;
; , SI
;
; ,
; EDX

.
,
.
. DI
, , .
SI,
DI.
,
.
.
,
.
NumToASCII:

174

 10. DOS

; NumToASCII

;
;
;
;
;

eax = 32-
ebx =
edi =
:

mov ebx,10

mov di,buffer
call NumToASCII

mov ah,0x40
mov d x , d i

; DOS
;
; DS:DX
;

; DI
;
;
,
. ,
. :
.
, .

mov cx,25
i n t 0x21
mov ax, 0x4c00
;
i n t 0x21
25 :
buffer times 2 5 db ' '

.
SECTION . t e x t
org 0x100
mov si, 0x81
call SkipNum
mov [di],0
mov
call ASCIIToNum
mov edx,eax
mov si,di
inc si
call Skipspace
call SkipNum

/ SI
;
;
;
;
; , SI
;
; EDX
; SI
;
;
;

175

mov

[di],0

call ASCIIToNum
add eax,edx
mov ebx,10
mov di,buffer
call NumToASCII
mov ah,0x40
mov dx,di
mov ex,2 5
int 0x21
mov ax, 0x4c00
int 0x21

;
;
; , SI
;
; ,
/ EDX
;
;
; DI
;
;
;
; DX,
; DI
;
; DOS
;

; SkipSpace -
; si =
; :
; si = ,
SkipSpace:
.again:
lodsb
AL DS:SI,
SI
cmp al,' '
;
jz again
,
ret
; SkipNum
; : SI =
; : DI =
SkipNum:
mov di,si
;DI
.find_end_of_number:
;DI=DI+1
inc di
emp [di],'0'
; ASCII-
jb .end_found
; ,
emp [di],'9'
; ASCII- 9
ja .end_found
; ,
jmp .find_end_of_number
;
.end_found:
ret

176

 10. DOS
. * * * * * *****
SECTION .data
buffer times 2 5 db ' '
;
.
:
nasm -f bin - t e s t . c o m t e s t . a s m
t e s t . a s m : 6 : e r r o r : o p e r a t i o n s i z e not s p e c i f i e d
t e s t . a s m : 1 3 : e r r o r : symbol ' S k i p s p a c e ' undefined
t e s t . a s m : 1 5 : e r r o r : o p e r a t i o n s i z e not s p e c i f i e d
t e s t . a s m : 4 1 : e r r o r : symbol ' a g a i n ' undefined
t e s t . a s m : 5 3 : e r r o r : o p e r a t i o n s i z e not s p e c i f i e d
t e s t . a s m : 5 5 : e r r o r : o p e r a t i o n s i z e not s p e c i f i e d
t e s t . a s m : 1 4 1 : e r r o r : phase e r r o r d e t e c t e d at end of assembly.
, . .
6:
mov [ d i ] , 0

, :
mov byte [ d i ] , 0

,
. ,
Skipspace SkipSpace. .
13 ,
6. 41 'again':
jz

.again

53 55 .
'byte' .
, . ,
. :
mov
mov
mov
int

ah,0x4 0
dx,di
cx,25
0x21

/
; DX, DI
;
; DOS

,
0x01 10.
.
45 50. :
C : \ t e s t 45 50
945

7 . 293

177

95, 945. ?
. grdb:
:>grdb

GRDB version 3.6 Copyright (c) LADsoft 1997-2002

->
'1 test.com 45 5 0' :
->1 t e s t . c o m 45 50
S i z e : 000000E1
->
, ,
.
, ASCIIToNum .
ASCIIToNum MOV ,10.
ASCIIToNum.
->1 t e s t . c o m 45

50

Size: 000000E1
->
:00000000 ebx:00000000 :0000001 edx:00000000 e s i : 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 1
edi:00000000 ebp:00000000 esp:0000FFEE eip:00000103 eflags:00000202
NV UP EI PL NZ NA PO NC

ds: 10FB es:10FB fs:10FB gs:10FB SS:10FB cs:10FB

10FB:0103 E8 44 00
call
014A
->P
eax:00000000 ebx:00000000 ecx:000000El edx:00000000 esi:00000081
edi:00000084 ebp:00000000 esp:0000FFEE eip:00000106 eflags:00000287
NV UP EI MI NZ NA PE CY
ds: 10FB es:10FB fs:10FB gs:10FB ss:10FB cs:10FB
10FB:0106 C6 05 00
mov
byte [di],0000
ds:[0084]=20
->p
eax:00000000 ebx:00000000 ecx:000000El edx:00000000 e s i : 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 1
edi:00000084 ebp:00000000 esp:0000FFEE eip:00000109 eflags:00000287
NV UP EI MI NZ NA PE CY

ds: 10FB es:10FB fs:10FB gs:10FB ss:10FB cs:10FB

10FB:0109 66 B9 0A 00 00 00 mov ecx,0000000A
->p
eax:00000000 ebx:00000000 ecx:0000000A edx:00000000 esi:00000081
edi:00000084 ebp:00000000 esp:0000FFEE eip:0000010F eflags:00000287
NV UP E I MI NZ NA PE CY

ds: 10FB es:10FB fs:10FB gs:10FB ss:10FB CS:10FB

10FB:010F E8 6D 00
call
017F
->P
eax:000003Bl ebx:00000000 ecx:0000000A edx:00000000 esi:00000081
edi:00000084 ebp:00000000 esp:0000FFEE eip:00000112 eflags:00000297

178

 10. DOS
NV UP E I MI NZ AC PE CY
ds: 10FB es:10FB fs:10FB gs:10FB SS:10FB cs:10FB
10FB:0112 66 89 C2
mov
edx,eax
->

01,
45. 01 945.
? , ,
, .
, , SI:
->d s i
10FB;0080
10FB:0090
10FB:00A0
10FB:00B0
10FB:OOCO
10FB:00D0
10FB:00E0
10FB:00F0
10FB:0100
->

20 34 35-00 35 30 0D-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01 45.50

01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01
01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01
01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01
01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01
01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01
01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01
01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01
BE 81 00 E8-44 00 C6 05-00 66 B9 0A-00 00 00 E8 ....D....f

,
. :
( 20). :
SkipSpace,
.
. :
C : \ t e s t 3 45 50
5

, .
ASCIIToNum:
->
:00000034 ebx:00000000 :0000000A edx:00000000 esi:00000083
edi:00000084 ebp:00000000 esp:0000FFEE eip:00000112 eflags:00000287
NV UP EI MI NZ NA PE CY
ds: 10FB es:10FB fs:10FB gs:10FB ss:10FB cs:10FB
10FB:0112 E8 6D 00
call
0182
->d si
10FB:0080
35-00 35 30 0D-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01 5.50
10FB:0090 01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01
10FB:00A0 01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01
10FB:00B0 01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01
10FB:00C0 01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01
10FB:00D0 01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01

179

 .
10FB:00E0 01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01
10FB:00F0 01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01
10FB:0100 BE 81 00 E8-41 00 E8 44-00 C6 05 00-66 B9 0A 00 . .. . A . . D . . . . f . . .
->

, SkipSpace,
, 5 0
5 + 0 = 5. LODSB SI
, , . ,

. :
SkipSpace:
.again:
lodsb
cmp al,' '
jz again
dec si
ret

; AL DS:SI,
; SI
;
; ,

, , ,
:
C:\test4 45 50
95
. !
!

.12.
DOS ,
, .
, , .
.
.
,
, , .
0x33,
( , )
.
. ,
. , DOS
, DOS
( ). , 180

 10. DOS

DOS, ,
. , , ,
, .
,
Scroll Lock. ,
, .

.
DOS ,

.
, 0x60
- , ASCII- ,
, . -
Scroll Lock 0x46.
IRQ1,
- , ASCII-
.
BIOS.
, IRQ 1
(int 0x9), .
- 0x60. Scroll
Lock, - .
( )
.
iret.

, .
, ,
.
color,
. (
) . , ,
0800 .
, : 0800:00001,
800:, 0800:00005 .. .
, , 0x04.
80x25 ,
.

181

 .
color:
push ax
push ex
push si
push es
xor si,si
mov ax, 0xB800
mov es,ax
mov ex,80*25
.repeat:
inc si
mov byte [es:si],0x4
inc si
dec ex
jnz .repeat
pop es
pop si
pop ex
pop ax
ret

;
; ,
;
; SI
;
;
;
SI 1
; 0x04
; 1
; 1
; . r e p e a t , > 0
;

.
, ,
04:
SECTION . t e x t
call color
mov a x , 0x4c00
i n t 0x21
color:
IRQ 1:
new_handler:
push ax
i n a l , 0x60
emp a l , 0x46
jnz pass_on
call color
pass_on:
pop ax
jmp f a r [ c s : o l d _ v e c t o r ]

;
; -
; 0x46 (Scroll-Lock)
; , pass_on
;
;
;
;

o l d _ v e c t o r
( ).
182

 10. DOS

CS,
.
old_vector,
.
setup.
setup:
cli
xor ax,ax
mov es,ax

;
;
;
;
mov ax,new_handler
; new_handler
;
xchg ax,[es:0x9*4]
;
; .
;
;,
mov [ds :old__vector] ,ax
;
; old_vector
mov ax,cs
; CS
xchg ax,[es:0x9*4+2]
;
;,
;
mov [ds:old_vector+2],ax ; 2
/ old_vector
sti
;
ret
;

, .
0x31.
:

= 0x31
AL =
DX = ,

r e s i d e n t . asm
10.10.
10.10.

SECTION .text
org 0x100
jmp initialize

183

new_handler:
push ax
in al, 0x60
cmp al, 0x46
jnz pass_on
call color
pass_on:
pop ax
jmp far [cs:old_vector]
color:
push ax
push ex
push si
push es
xor si, si
mov ax, 0xB800
mov es ,ax
mov ex,80*25
.repeat:
inc si
mov byte [es : si] ,!
,0x4
inc si
dec ex
jnz .repeat
pop es
pop si
pop ex
pop ax
ret
old_.vector dd 0
initialize:
call setup
mov ax,0x3100
mov dx,initialize
shr dx,4
inc dx
int 0x21
setup:
cli

184

;
; -
; 0x4 6 (Scroll-Lock)
; , pass_on
;
;
;
;
;
;,
;

; SI
;
;
;
,- SI 1
; 0x04
; 1
; 1
; .repeat, > 0
;

;
;
; DOS:
;
; :
;
; initialize
; 16
/ 1
;
;
;

 10. DOS

;
;
;
; new_handler
mov ax,new_handler
;
;
xchg ax,[es:0x9*4]
;
; .
;
; ,
;
mov [ds:old_vector],ax
;
; old_vector
mov ax,cs
; CS
xchg ax,[es:0x9*4+2]
;
;,
mov [ds:old_vector+2],ax ;
; 2
; old_vector
sti
;
ret
;
:
,
mov e s , a x

nasm -f bin - resident.com resident.asm.

, Scroll Lock
. (
)
DOS, - Windows.

10.13.
:
www.ctyme.com/rbrown.htm HTML-
(Ralf Brown's Interrupt List);
http://programmistu.narod.ru/asm/lib_l/index.htm
IBM PC .

185


Windows

Windows-

DOS-
Windows

11.1.
- Microsoft Windows
DOS.
,
. UNIX-
(Linux, BSD .), Windows
(GUI) .

11.2. Windows-
Windows-
API-. API (Application
Programming Interface) ,
.
GUI , API

. ,
, .
,
Hello, World! .
.

11.2.1. API
DOS
0x21. Windows API.
API (DLL).
,
, : user32.dll, kernel32.dll ..
API , , Borland Delphi (
win32.hlp). Delphi, win32.zip
( , win32.hlp):
ftp://ftp.borland.com/pub/delphi/1echpubs/delphi2/win32.zip
187

11.2.2. Hello, World!

Windows
.
API- MessageBoxA,
ExitProcess.
Windows API MessageBoxA :
int MessageBox(
HWND hWnd,
LPCTSTR lpText,
LPCTSTR lpCaption,
UINT uType
);

//
//
//
//

,
. ,
0. ,
. , .
, ,
. () ,
_.
API ExitProcess,
( DOS), .
Windows- ,
win32.inc, API-
(, HWND LPCTSTR dword)
. :
%include win32n.inc;
API-,
, EXTERN
IMPORT:
EXTERN
IMPORT
EXTERN
IMPORT

MessageBoxA
/MessageBoxA
MessageBoxA u s e r 3 2 . d l l
;
ExitProcess
/ E x i t P r o c e s s
ExitProcess kernel32.dll
; -

user32.dll

kernel32.dll

, DOS, : .
SECTION CODE USE32 CLASS=CODE
SECTION DATA USE32 CLASS=DATA

;
;

, API.
13, ,
, ,
API.
188

 11. Windows
STDCALL.
( , ),
( ).
PUSH,
CALL. He .
11.1.
11.1. Hello, World!
Windows
%include win32n.inc
/
EXTERN MessageBoxA
;MessageBoxA
IMPORT MessageBoxA user32.dll
; - user32.dll
EXTERN ExitProcess
;ExitProcess
IMPORT ExitProcess kernel32.dll ; kernel32.dll
SECTION CODE USE32 CLASS=CODE
;
; ,
..start:
,-
; .
push UINT MB_OK
; :
;
push LPCTSTR title
;-
; - ,
push LPCTSTR banner
;
;
push HWND NULL
;:
; API.
call [MessageBoxA]
;
;
; ExitProcess
push UINT NULL
;
call [ExitProcess]
SECTION DATA USE32 CLASS=DATA
banner db 'Hello world!',OxD,OxA,0 ;
; EOL
t i t l e db 'Hello',0
;
, , NASM
Windows, : http://nasm.sourceforge.net. NASM
,
.
alink, : http://alink.sourceforge.net.
msgbox.asm. nasmw -fobj:
:\WIN32>NASMW -fobj msgbox.asm

189

msgbox.obj,
alink:
C:\WIN32>ALINK -oPE msgbox
- . Windows
. msgbox.exe,
.

11.3.
, ,
VM86, .
( cli, popf .),
( in out)
, ,
.
DOS BIOS .

11.4. DOS- Windows

DOS- Windows
MS DOS. DOS- cmd
( -> -* cmd). VM86
DOS. NASM
C:\NASM, DOS,
:
cd :\NASM

, DOS
8+3 (8 , 3 ).
,
.
,
.txt .asm.

11.5.
,
Windows:
http://win32asm.cjb.net
http://rsl.szif.hu/~tomcat/win32
http://asm.shadrinsk.net/toolbar.html
190


Linux

:
Asmutils. Asmutils

. ALD

GAS

12.1.
Linux .
Linux , (-)
. Linux
86-.

, .
, Linux
. ,
, ,
,
.
86-
.
:
.
( )
(
).
.

. , ,
(. 8).
(, , 32- ),
Linux 4 . 4
. ?
0 (4 ), ,
, 4
. ,
, ,
.
192

 12. Linux

12.2.
, 4
.
? ,
: , ,
() . , ,
. Linux
, ELF (Executable and
Linkable Format). ELF-.
,
.
:
0x08048000
.text

.data

( )

.bss

( )

.stack

OxBFFFFFFF (3 )

0x08048000 ( 128 ).
.
(
).
.bss .stack
, .
- ,
,
( 1 ).
( .text, .data, .bss).
.bss .stack,
? ,
. (page fault)
.

, .

193

12.3.

,
?
, .
:
.
,
. :
ESP
argc
argv[0]

(dword)

argv[1]

argv[argc-1]
NULL
env[0]
env[1]

erw[n]
NULL

POP,
- . ,
(argc),
.
argc > 1, ,
.

, .

12.4.
DOS
0x21. Linux :
0x80. ,
?
, 0x80
( ) .

.
194

 12. Linux

DOS, (syscalls)
, .
.
, , ..

: , , EDX, ESI EDI. 2.4.x
.

12.5.
.
, ,
. .
, ,
,
.
Linux man-,
, ,
.

12.6. M a n -
DOS Windows Linux .
( Manual Pages )

, Linux. ,
man- ( Linux-)
, man-
. .
, ,
. DOS
=04. ?
Linux. unistd.h,
/usr/snVlinux/include/asm:
#ifndef _ASM_I3 8 6_UNISTD_H_
#define _ASM_I3 86_UNISTD_H_
/*
* This f i l e c o n t a i n s the system c a l l numbers.
*/
#define
NR_exit
1
#define
NR_fork
2

195

 .
#define
#define
#define
#define

NR_read
NR_write
NR_open
NR_close

3
4
5
6

#define _ s y s c a l 1 1 ( t y p e , n a m e , t y p e l , a r g l )
type name(typel a r g l ) \

{ \

long
res; \
asm
v o l a t i l e ( i n t $0x80 \
: =a ( res) \
: 0 ( NR_##name), b ( ( l o n g ) ( a r g l ) ) ) ;
syscall_return(type,
res); \

Linux.

NR_exit:
#define

NR_exit

, , , 1.
( ) 2 .
, exit(). :
man 2 e x i t
man-:
_EXIT(2)
Linux Programmer's Manual
, _EXIT(2)
NAME
_exit, _Exit terminate the current process
SYNOPSIS
#include <unistd.h>
void _exit(int status);
#include <stdlib.h>
void _Exit(int status);
DESCRIPTION
The function _exit terminates the calling process immedi
ately. Any open file descriptors belonging to the process
are closed; any children of the process are inherited by
process 1, init, and the process's parent is sent a SIGCHLD
signal. The value status is returned to the
parent process as the process's exit status, and can be col
lected using one of the wait family of calls. The function
_Exit is equivalent to _exit.
RETURN VALUE
These functions do not return.

196

 12. Linux

'exit' ( DOS)
() . 0
.
:
mov ,1
mov ebx,0
int 0x80

; exit
; 0
;

12.7. Hello, World! Linux

. , 8
(STDIN, ), (STDOUT,
) (STDERR, ). Hello,
World! STDOUT
. STDOUT ,
, .
unistd.h, write().
:
man 2 w r i t e
WRITE(2)
Linux Programmer's Manual
WRITE(2)
NAME
write write to a file descriptor
SYNOPSIS
#include <unistd.h>
ssize_t write(int fd, const void *buf, size_t count);
, man-, ,
. ?
,
- . , ,
, ,
.
write : ,
, ( buf),
, .
,
.

nasm, Id,
197

 .
Linux. ELF
-f elf.
Id , . 12.1.
Id

-o<name>
-s

12.1

() <name>

Id ,
_start.
Hello, World! 12.1.

12.1. Hello, World! Linux

SECTION .text
global _start
_start:
mov eax,4
mov ebx,1
mov ecx,hello
mov edx,len

; .
;
/
; write
; STDOUT 1
;
; Hello, World!
;
;
; 1 exit
;
;

int 0x80
mov eax,1
mov ebx,0
int 0x80
SECTION .data
hello db Hello, world!,Oxa
l e n equ $ - h e l l o

;
;
;

:
nasm

-f

elf h e l l o . a s m

:
Id -S - hello hello.
- . -s
,
.
198

 12. Linux
:
./hello
Hello, World!

12.8. :
Asmutils
Asmutils ,
.
LIBC.
Asmutils
.
NASM 86-.
, , Asmutils
(
).
: BSD (FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD), UnixWare, Solaris AtheOS.
Asmutils
,
.
12.2 , hello
Asmutils.
12.2. Hello World! Linux
Asmutils
%include system.inc
CODESEG
;
START:
;
;
sys_write STDOUT,hello,len
;
; write
; write
sys_exit 0
; exit
DATASEG
;
hello db Hello, World!,Oxa
len equ $-hello
END

199

.

. FreeBSD,
MCONFIG.
Asmutils http://asm.sourceforge.net/asmutils.html,
Asmutils. Asmutils
GNU, .
Asmutils ,
.
.
, NASM (
RedHat-, Debian-).
asmutils-0.17.tar.gz.
/doc, /src /inc. MCONFIG.
, ,
, .
/src Makefile.
, ( ).
hello ( .asm).
make.
( ).

12.9. Asmutils
.

, .
sys_,
, man-. Linux
, man-
. .
sys_exit 0 :
mov ,1
mov ebx,0
i n t 0x80

; 1 e x i t
; 0
;

.
rtn,
sys_exit [rtn], :
mov ,1
mov e b x , [ r t n ]
i n t 0x80
200

; 1 e x i t
; r t n
;

 12. Linux

,
, EMPTY
.
EMPTY .

12.10.
/ (I/O)
Linux , Linux UNIX-
, :
,
.

() ,
, .
Linux (man 2 open).
:
i n t openfconst char *pathname, i n t f l a g s ) ;
i n t open(const char *pathname, i n t f l a g s , mode_t mode);
( ), ,
(/ .).
.

.
12.2 (
man-).

12.2

0_RDONLY

0_WRONLY

0_RDWR

0_CREAT

O_TRUNC

0_APPEND

,
( NFS)

0_LARGEFILE

201

 .
0_CREAT,
. ,
.
, :

S_RWXU

S_RGRP

S_ROTH

, name,
:
sys_open name, 0_RDWR, EMPTY
t e s t eax,eax
,-
js . e r r o r _ o p e n
;
; 7

DB:
name

DB

my_file_which_has_a_very_long_name.txt,0

| (
OR). , ,
, 700 (//
, ):
sys_open name, 0_RDWR I 0_CREAT, S_IRWXU
t e s t eax,eax
js . e r r o r _ o p e n ; e r r o r _ o p e n ,
...
;

DOS, .
close(), sys_close.
.
, :
sys_close eax

.
, ,
, .
read:
202

 12. Linux
ssize_t read(int fd, void *buf, size_t count);
,
, ,
, .
, .
sys_read ,
STDIN
.

, :
, , ,
, .
, :
ssize_t write(int fd, const void *buf, size_t count);
,
Enter
. ,
ASCII.
, , ,
Ctrl + .
Enter read
, .
'' 'z' '' 'Z'.
STDOUT.
Asmutils
CODESEG, DATASEG,
UDATASEG.
system.inc ( 12.3).
12.3. ,
Enter

%include system.inc
%define MAX_DATA 10
CODESEG
START:
again:
;
sys_read STDIN,read_data,MAX_DATA
test eax.eax
;? ( )

203

 .
j s endprog
add ecx,eax

compare_next:
dec ecx
cmp byte [ecx],'a'
jb no_conversion
cmp byte [ecx],'z'
ja no_conversion
sub byte [ecx],0x20

;?
;?
;
;
; ,
;
; + 1
;
; < '',
;,
/
; > 'z'
;
;
; 0x2 0

no_conversion:
cmp ecx,read_data
jz printit

; ?
;? ,
;
jmp short compare_next /
printit:
/
;.
/
/
/ ,
/
/ ,
/ EDX,
/ w r i t e
s y s _ w r i t e STDOUT,read_data, eax
jmp s h o r t a g a i n
/ .
endprog:
s y s _ e x i t 255
/ 25 5
UDATASEG
/
r e a d _ d a t a r e s b MAX_DATA
END
;
, ,
MAX_DATA.
sys_read.
.
.
.
:
3, ( 204

 12. Linux
, ).
POP .
, (). ,
.
, ,
, .
.
12.4.
12.4.
%include system.inc
%define BUFF_LEN 409 6
CODESEG
START:
pop eax
;
;
cmp ,3
/ 3
jae enough_params
; ,
mov eax,255
; , 255
endprog:
sys_exit eax
;
enough_jpara:ms:
pop ebx
; .
; ,
;
pop ebx
; .
sys_open EMPTY,0_RDONLYI0_LARGEFILE
;
test eax,eax
;? ...
j s endprog
mov ebp,eax
; EBP
pop ebx
; EBX
sys_open EMPTY,0_WRONLYI0_LARGEFILEI0_CREAT|OJTRUNC,S_IRWXU
/ ,
,- 700
test eax,eax
js endprog
;?
mov ebx,eax
; EBX
copy_next:
xchg ebp,ebx
; EBX EBP,
; EBX
sys_read EMPTY,buff,BUFF_LEN
/ 1
test eax,eax
/

205

 .
js e n d _ c l o s e
jz e n d _ c l o s e
xchg e b p , e b x

;?
; ?
; ,
; -
s y s _ w r i t e EMPTY,EMPTY,
; ,
;
t e s t ,
js e n d p r o g
;?
jmp s h o r t copy_next ;
end_close:
s y s _ c l o s e EMPTY
;
xchg e b p , e b x
;
s y s _ c l o s e EMPTY
jmp s h o r t endprog
;
UDATASEG
buff r e s b BUFF_LEN
; 4
END

/ . ,
,
, ,
.
/
lseek:
off_t lseek(int fildes, off_t offset, int whence);
, , ,
, ,
:
SEEK_SET ;
SEEK_CUR ;
SEEK_END .
lseek
.
: lseek, :
sys_lseek [fd], , SEEK_END
,
, .

206

 12. Linux
, ,
, ? DOS
. UNIX-
,
:
.

UNIX-
.
, : ,
,
. ( ) ,
,
. ,
( ).
link:
i n t l i n k ( c o n s t char *oldpath, const char *newpath);
,
( ).
(symlinks).
, .

.
, .

, .
symlink:
i n t symlink(const char *oldpath, const char *newpath);
, link.
, .
unlink,
. ,
.
i n t u n l i n k ( c o n s t char *pathname);
.
0, .
rename:
i n t rename(const char *oldpath, const char *newpath);
207

 .
link:
(, ) .
,
.
symhard. asm,
( 12.5).
1 2 .
. ,
, ,
.
12.5.

%include system.inc
CODESEG
START:
pop ebx
cmp ebx,2
jz ok
endprog:
sys_exit 0
ok:
pop ebx
pop ebx
sys_link EMPTY,one
sys_symlink EMPTY,two
jmp short endprog
DATASEG
one DB 1,0
two DB 2,0
END

;
/
; ,
;,
;
;,
;
;

;
; ^
;
;
;
;
;

;
Makefile make.
.
1 2. 1
, 2 . - , ,
,
.

208

 12. Linux
./symhard ./symhard
, Is -1,
chown, chmod rm .

12.11.
DOS, Linux ,
. Asmutils
, .
(MKDIR, RMDIR)
mkdir:
int mkdir(const char *pathname, mode_t mode);
, ,
.
, open.
12.6 my_directory
/ tmp.

12.6.
%include system.inc
CODESEG
;
START:
;
sys_mkdir name, S_IRWXU ; , 0700
sys_exit 0
;
DATASEG
name DB <</tmp/my_directory, 0
END
.
( chmod) -:
q . , 0700
700q.
RMDIR,
:
int rmdir(const char *pathname);

8 . 293

209

 .
(CHDIR)
chdir:
i n t c h d i r ( c o n s t char * p a t h ) ;
,
sys_exit
s y s _ c h d i r name
(GETCWD)
getcwd, ,
Linux 2.0 ( 2.4-2.6).
: ,
, , :
long sys_getcwd(char *buf, unsigned long size)
, :
sys_getcwd path,PATHSIZE
mov e s i , e b x
xor edx,edx
.next:
i n c edx
lodsb
or al,al
jnz .next
mov b y t e [ e s i - 1 ] ,

; p a t h
;
; ESI
/ EDX

; EDX path
; AL, ESI
; ?
;?
n
;
;
sub esi,edx
;
sys_write STDOUT,esi,EMPTY ; STDOUT
; EDX
sys_exit_true
;

12.12. .
.
IOCTL

read.
Enter .

(, ).
IOCTL.
210

 12. Linux

, ,
IOCTL.
IOCTL Input/Output Control /
. IOCTL,
,
/.
Linux (
), IOCTL- TCGETS TCSETS. ,
TCGETS, ,
. man-
termios.
, , Asmutils.
,
,
ICANON ECHO. 0.
TCGETS,
TCSETS.
B_STRUC,
system.inc.
mov edx,termattrs
sys_ioctl STDIN,TCGETS
mov eax,[termattrs.c_lflag]
push eax
and eax,-(ICANONI ECHO)
mov [termattrs.c_lflag],eax
sys_ioctl STDIN, TCSETS
pop dword [termattrs.c_lflag]

EDX



ECHO ICANON

U D A T A S E G :
termattrs B_STRUC termios,.c_lflag
, .

12.13.
,
. ,
. DOS, ,
,
.bss ( ,
).
.bss , .
211

 .
- ,
(
heap.asm Asmutils).
,
.bss, brk:
void * b r k ( v o i d *end_data_segment);

.bss. .bss.
,
. brk :
sys_brk 0
;
add eax,____
;
sys_brk eax
/
.bss .

12.14. . ALD
UNIX-
gdb, -
, .
,
ALD (Assembly Language
Debugger).
, ,
GNU.
http://ald.sourceforge.net. 86-
ELF ,
.
ALD
.
aid:
aid
Assembly Language Debugger 0.1.3
Copyright (C) 2000-2002 Patrick Aiken
ald>
convert:
ald> load convert
echo: ELF I n t e l 80386 (32 b i t ) , LSB, Executable, Version 1
212

 12. Linux

(current)
Loading debugging symbols...(no symbols found)
ald>
,
. ALD
s (step).
:
ald> s
= 0x00000000 ebx = 0x00000000 = 0x00000000 edx = 0x00000000
esp = 0xBFFFF8CC ebp = 0x00000000 esi = 0x00000000 edi = 0x00000000
ds = 0x0000002B es = 0x0000002B fs = 0x00000000 gs = 0x00000000
ss = 0x0000002B cs = 0x00000023 eip = 0x08048082 eflags =0x000000346
Flags: PF ZF TF IF
08048082 5A
pop edx
, , pop edx.
0x8048082.
ZF ( ).
( s), Enter.
, int 0x80,
( = 0x00000003):
ald>
= 0x00000003 ebx = 0x00000000 = 00804908 edx = OxOOOOOOOA
esp = 0xBFFFF8D0 ebp = 0x00000000 esi = 0x00000000 edi = 0x00000000
ds = 0x0000002B es = 0x0000002B fs = 0x00000000 gs = 0x00000000
ss = 0x0000002B cs = 0x00000023 eip = 0x0804808D eflags =0x00000346
Flags: PF ZF TF IF
0804808D CD80
i n t 0x80
EDX (OxOOOOOOOA = lOd)
10 . ,
.
(examine): e :
ald> e
Dumping 64 bytes of memory starting at 0x080490C8 in hex
080490C8: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
080490D8: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
080490E8: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
080490F8: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00

213

 .
s
int 0x80. ,
Enter. , :
ald> e

Dumping 64 bytes of memory starting at 0x080490C8 in hex

080490CS: 61 73 6D 20 72 75 6C 65 7A 0A 00 00 00 00 00 00
asm rulez
080490D8:

00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00

080490E8:

00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00

080490F8:

00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00

,
. .
, ,
Ctrl+.
help , a help
_ . . 12.3
ALD.
ALD

12.3

load <filename>

()

set args <args>

step [n]

() . step
s

next [n]

step,

disassemble

. d.
, d 0x08048061

continue

( )

examine

.
.
, , , edx 0x08048000

register

help

. ,
, , help examine

break <addr>

(breakpoint) addr

Ibreak

quit

. q

ALD (
, breakpoints). 214

 12. Linux
,
.
.
0.1.7
( ),
.
,
-g nasm.
Asmutils MCONFIG DEBUG=.

12.15. GAS
UNIX
GAS. gcc, -
.
gcc,
. :
.
GAS NASM: NASM-
( MASM TASM) Intel, a GAS
AT&T, Intel
.
Hello, World!,
AT&T ( 12.7).
12.7. Hello, World!, GAS
.data
#
msg:
.ascii Hello, world!\n#
len = . msg
#
.text
#
# _start ,
#
.global _start
#
_start:
movl $len,%edx
movl $msg,%ecx
movl $l,%ebx

#
#
#
#

s t d o u t :
-
-
- STDOUT = 1
215

movl $4,%eax
int $0x80
movl $0,%ebx
movl $1,%
int $0x80

#
#
#
#
#
#

'write'

:

'exit'

12.16.

Linux, http://linuxassembly.org.
(, ),
.
Web-, 514
( httpd.asm).

12.17.
NASM :

-V

-9

-f <fmt>
-fh
- <name>
-I <path>

216

<fmt> (. 9)

<name>

-?

Pascal-


, .
,
, .
,
Pascal.

13.1.

(, ):
.
,
: .
,
.

. ,
,

, .
,
CALL,
RET. CALL
PUSH, .
( CALL)
.
,
.

(E)SP .
, , ,
. ,
218

 13.

,
.
,
, RET.
- ,
.

13.2. -?

() SP ,
, .
()
, .
().
() ,
() (E)SP.
,
().

. 13.1. (stackframe)

219

, , ,
(), -.
(
, ), .
(), , -.
,
.

13.2.1. - (32- )
.
32- ,
Linux:
i n t a d d i t ( i n t a , i n t b)
i n t d = a + b;
r e t u r n d;

i n t main(void) {
i n t e;
e = addit(0x55,0xAA);
}
0x55 addit,
.
( main) :
080483F4
080483F5
080483F7
080483FA
080483FD
08048402
08048404
08048409
0804840
0804840
08048411
08048413
08048414

55
895
8318
83C4F8
68000000
655
E8C7FFFFFF
83410
890
8945FC
89
5D

push ebp
mov dword
sub dword
add dword
push Oxaa
push 0x55
call near
add dword
mov dword
mov dword
mov dword
pop ebp
retn

ebp, esp
esp, 0x18
esp, 0xfffffff8
+0xffffffc7
esp, 0x10
eax, eax
[ebp+Oxfc], eax
esp, ebp

main EBP (
) .
ESP, . , SUB ADD,
0x18 0x8 ,
. , 8
.

220

 13.
,
, .
,
. PUSH (0x55
) . , CALL, addit.
addit.
(. . 13.1).
addit

. 13.1

0XBFFFF860 = ESP

0 x 0 8 0 4 8 4 0 9 ( )

0XBFFFF864

0x00000055

0XBFFFF868

0xBFFFF86C-0xBFFFF84

main

0xBFFFF888

0xBFFFF88C = EBP

0xBFFFF8C8 - U B C

0xBFFFF890

400392

32- ,
, CALL.
32- ,
addit. ,
. ,
main,
libc, main.
main .
addit:
080483D0
080483D1
080483D3
080483D6
080483D9
080483DC
080483DF
0804832
0804835
0804837
0804839
080483F0
080483F2
080483F3

55
895
8318
84508
8550
8D0C02
894DFC
8B55FC
89D0
07
8DB42600000000
89
5D

push ebp
mov dword ebp, esp
sub dword esp, 0x18
mov eax, dword [ebp+0x8]
mov edx, dword [ebp+Oxc]
lea ecx, [eax+edx]
mov dword [ebp+Oxfc], ecx
mov edx, dword [ebp+Oxfc]
mov dword eax, edx
jmp short +0x7
lea esi, [esi+OxO]
mov dword esp, ebp
pop ebp
retn
221

addit .
, - main.
addit:
ESP. SUB d,
+b.
addit,
SUB (. 13.2).
addit 13.2

0xBFFFF844 = ESP

0XBFFFF848 - 0xBFFFF854

0xBFFFF858 = - 4 (+OXFFFFFFFC) : d
0XBFFFF85C =

0xBFFFF88C m a i n
( - )

0xBFFFF860 = EBP + 4

0 x 0 8 0 4 8 4 0 9 ( main)

0xBFFFF864=EBP + 8

0x00000055

0xBFFFF868 = EBP + 0xC

0xBFFFF86C - 0xBFFFF84

main

0xBFFFF888

: main

0xBFFFF88C

0xBFFFF8C8 - U B C

OxBFFFF890

0400392

, (dword)
,
. , d,
.
main. addit,
main main.
addit EDX
:
080483D6
080483D9

84508
8550

mov e a x , dword [ebp+0x8]

mov edx, dword [ebp+Oxc]

0x8?
- ,
8 ( -)
. ,
8 + 4 = 12 .
. 13.3 ( ),
.
222

 13.

13.3

[ebp 4]

[ebp + 0]

[ebp+ 4]

[ebp + 8]

[ebp + OxC]

addit 0x55. ,
, .
addit ,
EDX, LEA.
. addit -
:
080483F0
080483F2

89
5D

mov dword e s p , ebp

pop ebp

,
- main.
(main),
.
.
, (char, short),
, 4 .

13.2.2. - (16- )
, -, 16-
, :

(4 ), (2 );
32- 16- (..
, SP ESP ..);
, DX:AX.
,
32- , (
80286 ).
16- -
. ,
.

223

- medium, large huge

CALL FAR, CALL NEAR.
,
, .
,
2 , FAR.
FAR- RETF, RETN.
NASM ,
, -
-.

13.3. -

_. , printf
_printf. ELF
( Linux), .
-, printit,
plus
. printit ,
printf.
Linux.
- :
const int plus = 6;
void printit(int);
int main(void) {
printit(5);
}
plus 6.
printit. main,
printit 5.

plus printf:
e x t e r n plus
extern printf
gcc
ELF, .
include proc, arg
endproc, :
%include
224

misc/c32.mac

 13.
printit.
: push ebp mov ebp,esp. arg
. ,
arg .
4 ( 32.).
printit
%$what arg
:
mov eax,[ebp + %$what] ;
add eax,[plus]
;
; plus
push eax
;
; printf
push strl
; -
;
call printf
/ p r i n t f
endproc
; e n d p r o c ,
;
;( )
13.1.

13.1. -
%include misc/c32.mac
section .text
extern plus
extern printf
global printit
proc printit
%$what arg
mov eax,[ebp + %$what]
add eax,[plus]
push eax

;
;
; . p l u s
; . p r i n t f
; p r i n t i t
; p r i n t i t ,
; what
;
; p l u s
;
; p r i n t f
push strl
;
call printf
; p r i n t f
endproc
; e n d p r o c ,
;
;( )
;
section .data
strl db SUM = S>d,0x0A;,0x0
; ,
;
;

225

printit.asm :
nasm -f e l f p r i n t i t . a s m
- main.c
gcc, printit.o:
- printit main.c printit.o
printit, ,
SUM = .
16- ,
16.. endproc
NEAR FAR-. FAR-
:
%define FARCODE

.
, ,
:
%macro c g l o b a l l
g l o b a l _%1
%define %1 _%1
%endmacro
%macro c e x t e r n 1
e x t e r n _%1
%define %1 _%1
%endmacro

cglobal cextern
global extern.
.

13.4. Pascal-

. ,
( ) - ( 16 ). .
,
,
.
, , .

, FAR-.
, ,
226

 13.
retf , ,
.
(. 13.4).

[-...]

13.4

[ + 0]

(2 )

[ + 2]

IP (2 )

[ + 4]

CS (2 )

[ + 6]

[+...]

, .

writeln , addit
.
{$L a d d i t . o b j }
uses c r t ;
var p l u s : i n t e g e r ;
function
addit(x:integer):longint;far;external;
begin
p l u s := 6;
writelnCSUM = ', a d d i t ( 5 ) ) ;
end.
addit, , .

external. , addit
, longint
(4 ) FAR. He $L,
addit,
.
addit, addit.asm.
Borland Turbo Pascal
obj, ,
. CODE, CSEG
, _, CONST ,
_DATA,
DATA, DSEG, , _BSS.
.text, .data .bss,
, -,
, .
227

addit 16- ,
integer 2 . longint (4 )
DX:AX. ,
-, 16..
addit 13.2.
13.2.
SECTION ._TEXT
%define PASCAL
%include misc/cl6.mac
extern plus
global addit
proc addit
%$what arg
xor dx,dx
mov ax,[bp+%$what]
add ax,[plus]
adc dx,0
endproc

FAR-


plus
addit
addit
-

what
DX
= what
= + plus

arg
. 16- 2 .
longint ,
, 4 .
, :
bp
; proc
bp,sp
; proc
dx,dx
;DX=0
ax,[bp+0 6] ; 1-
;
C S 007
03065200 add
ax,[0052] ;
; plus
CS 0082
81D20000 adc
dx,0000
;
CS 0086
89
mov
sP/bp
; endproc
CS 0088
5D
pop
; endproc
bp
CS 0089
0200
retf
0002
; endproc
;

.
CS
CS
CS
CS

228

0076
0077
0079
007

55
895
31D2
84606

push
mov
xor
mov

,
,
, , , .

,
,
.

,

(, SSE, 3DNow),
.
,

DOS, Windows Linux.
,
,
.


.

 15

15.

MOV

XCHG
PUSH
POP
ADD
SUB

MUL
DIV
INC ( 1)
DEC ( 1)
AND ( )

OR ( )
XOR
NOT

TEST
SHR ()

SHL ()
RCR
RCL

JMP
LOOP , () 0
JZ (ZF)

JC (CF)
JNZ (ZF)
JNC (CF)
CALL

RET
INT
REP , () 0

MOVSx
CMPSx
SCASx

231