. ..

,

010400 ,
010500

2006
 22.151.5
80
512.647.2

:
/ . .. , .. , .. .
: -
, 2006. 64 .

-
.
.
, -
, .

:
.. , ..-.., . . ,
.. , ..-., . .

512.647.2

c

. . . , 2006
 200
. -
, , , , -
.

. , -
.
. -
, , . -
; ().
;
.
-
.
-
, [2, 5]. -
.

1.

. -
, (x, y) =
(x, y) x, y.

1. -
, (x, y) = (x, y)
x y. , -
.
2.
:
1) ( ) = ;
2) ( + ) = + ;
3) () = ;
4) () = ;
5) ,
( )1 = (1 ) ;
6) (m ) = ( )m m;

3
 7) , (m ) = ( )m m;
f(x) = a0 xm +a1 xm1 +. . .+am1 x+am ,
8) 

f () = f ( ), f (x) = a0 xm +a1 xm1 +. . .+am1 x+am .
>
3. A = A , A -
, -
A. , , 2, -
.
4. ,
?
5. . -
.
6. -
, x [a, x], a
. .
7. , f -
-
, , f (x, y) = (x, y) x
y. ,
f
, , f (x, y) = (x, y) x y.
, ,
, A ,
F f , F = A> .
8. , f -
-
, , f (x, y) = (x, y) x
y. ,
f
, , f (x, y) = (x, y) x y.
, ,
, B ,
F f , F = B.
9. , f -

, , f (x, y) = (x, y)

4
 x y. , -

f , , f (x, y) = (x, y) -
x y. , ,
, A
, F f ,
F = A> .
10. , f

, , f (x, y) = (x, y) x
y. ,
f
, , f (x, y) = (x, y) x
y. , , -
, B
, F f ,
F = B.
11. -
; A , .
, 1 A>
. , ,
A> .
12. -
; A , .
, 1 A>
. , ,
A .
13. , , -
, .
14. , , -
, .
15. -
, -
x = 2y = z x 2y + z = 0,
.
16. -

5
 ,
x2y +z = 0 x = 2y = z,
.
17. 2
(f, g) = a0 b0 +a1 b1 +a2 b2 , f (x) = a0 x2 +a1 x+a2 ,
f (x) = b0 x2 + b1 x + b2 . -
:
1) 1, x, x2 ;
1 1 1 1
2) x2 x, x2 1, x2 + x;
2 2 2 2
3 1
3) 1, x, x2 .
2 2
18. 2
(f, g) = f (1)g(1) + f (0)g(0) + f (1)g(1).
, -
, 17.
19. 2

Z 1
(f, g) = f (x)g(x)dx.
1

,
, 17.
20.
(X, Y ) =
tr X > Y . , -
, X AX, A
.
.
21.
(X, Y ) =
tr X > Y .
, X A1 XA,
A . -
.

6
22. , -
1) ; 2) ; 3) -
; 4) .
23. , -
1) ; 2) -
; 3) ; 4) -
.
24. x ,
; y -
, ; 6= . ,
x y .
25. x . -
, x -
.
26. , -
-
. : ,
Ax = b ,
- b
A y = 0. -
: Ax = b b,
A y = 0 -
.
27. f1 , . . . , fm g1 , . . . , gm -
, (fi , gj ) = 0 i 6= j, (fi , gi ) = 1 (i, j =
1, . . . , m). , , -
, .
28. f1 , . . . , fm g1 , . . . , gm ,
. . (fi , gj ) = 0 i 6= j, (fi , gi ) 6= 0 (i, j = 1, . . . , m).
L1 -
f1 , . . . , fm , L2
(g1 , x) = 0, . . . , (gm , x) = 0. ,
L1 L2 .
29. 28 -
x, f1 , . . . , fm , g1 , . . . , gm x

7
 1) L1 L2 ;
2) L1 L2 .
30. x = (x, g1 )f1 + . . . +
(x, gm )fm , f1 , . . . , fm , g1 , . . . , gm . -
,
1) -
(gj , g1 )f1 +
. . . + (gj , gm )fm (j = 1, . . . , m).
2)
(fj , f1 )g1 + . . . + (fj , fm )gm (j = 1, . . . , m).
31. 30 , x = (x, f1 )g1 +. . .+(x, fm )gm .
32. A. -
, -
A .
33. V
L1 L2 . , -
L1 L2 -
L
2 L1 .
-
. 15, 16.
34. L -
. , L .
35. n -

n
X
(f, g) = ai bi ,
i=0

f (x) = a0 xn +a1 xn1 +. . .+an1 x+an , g(x) = b0 xn +b1 xn1 +

. . . + bn1 x + bn . -
, .
36. n -

n
X
(f, g) = f (k)g(k).
k=0

8
 n- , -
.
37. n -

Z 1
(f, g) = f (x)g(x)dx.
1

n- ,
.
38. , -
n 1)
n 1; 2)
k, 0 < k < n.
39. : -
,
.
.
40. -
. -


.
1 3 3 3 10 0
1) () 2 6 13 ; 2) 3 8 0 ;
1 4 8 1 3 1

13 3 1 3 2 1 2 1
1 5 5 3 0 1 0 0
3 1 11 5 ; 4) 1
3) .
0 1 1
1 1 7 3 3 1 2 2
41. -
2, -
, 1) 17; 2) 18; 3) 19.
42. , -
= .
. , -

.

9
 43. , n-
(n 1)- -
.
44. ,
.
45. , -
-
.

2.

-
, = . : -
-
, ,
.

46. , (-
) . -
.
47. , , -

1) ;
2) k k;
3) f () f (x);
4) 1 , ;
5) .
48. , , +
,
.
49. A , A A = AA . ,
-
. ,
-
.

10
50. , , -

1) ;
2) .
51. , (-
) .
52. , -
.
53. , -
x = [x, a], a ,
.
54. n
, 17. , -
:
1) f (x) f (x);
 
n 1
2) f (x) x f .
x
55. , -

,
1) i- i- ;
2) i- j- -
j- i- .
56. , , -
x |x| = | x| (. 138).
57. , -
.
58. , -
,
, . . -
.
59. , L1 L2 -
, L1
L2 , . .
.

11
60. , -
-
.
61. , 60:
-
, -
.
62. , -
.
63. -
?
64. -
. ,

, -
.
  0 3 0
3 i
1) ; 2) 3 0 4 ;
i 3
0 4 0
1 1 0 0
2+i 2 1 0 1 1 0
3) 2 1 + i 2 4)
0 0 1 1 ;

1 2 2+i
1 0 0 1

1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
5)
1 1
.
1 1
1 1 1 1
65. -
. ,

, -

 -

.

12

1 1 0 0
0 3 0 0 1 1 0
1) 3 0 4 ; 2)
0 0 1 1 ;

0 4 0
1 0 0 1

1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
3)
1 1
.
1 1
1 1 1 1
66. n
, -
?
67. n
, f (x) -
f (ax+b). a b -
, ?
68. -
V . , V
, .
69. , , -
,
.
  4 4 5
1 1
1) ; 2) 1 1 1 ;
0 2
2 2 3
1 3 2
3) () 3 4 1 .
3 2 4
70. , ,
.
71. -
. ,
1) ;
2) ;
3) .
72. ,
.

13
73. , , -
A B, -
. -

:

0 1 1 0 1 1
1) A = 1 0 1 , B = 1 0 1 ;
1 1 0 1 1 0
2 2 1
2) A = 2 1 2 ,
1 2 2
1 + 5i 2 + 2i 1i
B = 2 + 2i 4 + 2i 2 + 2i .
1 i 2 + 2i 1 + 5i
74. -
:
() = max |i |.
i

. ,
,
|(x, x)|
() = max = max |(x, x)|.
x6=0 (x, x) |x|=1

, , -
,
.
75. ,
A = (aij ):
 
X n 
1  
(A)  aij  .
n i, j=1 

76. , ,
|x|
() = max = max |x|.
x6=0 |x| |x|=1

x, , -
?

14
3.

()
( ), = = . ,
() ; 1 =
. :
,
1 (. 83, 84).
,
(. 80, 107).
77. , () . -
, ()
1) ;
2) ;
3) 1 ;
4) k k;
5) .
78. , , (-
) (-
).
79. , () -
,
|| = 1.
80. , , -
() , (x, y) =
(x, y) x, y.
81. A , A1 =
A> . ,
, -
() .
82. A , A1 = A .
,
, -
() .
83. , (-
) 1.

15
84. , -
1, -
.
85. () -
() .
86. , -
.
87. x = [x, a]?
88. , 54 -
.
89. 54 , -
19?
90. (-
)?
91. , -
(), -
.
92. , () A
, , -
-
. -
.
93. ,
1, -
. , -
.
94. , -
() (-
).
95. () A, B -
() , -
() Q, , B = Q1 AQ. -
, () -
()
, .

16
 96. , -
.
97. , A B A -
, B .
98. ,
.
99. , 54 -
.
.
100. 1, x, x2 2 -


3 0 2
4 1 4 .
4 0 3

, .
, .
101. , k =
k 6= 0, ().
102. , () -
1.
103. R3
(1, 0, 1)> , (1, 1, 1)>
(1, 0, 1)> , (1, 1, 1) ,
1. -
.
104. , ,
() , -
x, y ,
. . (x, y) = (x, y).
105. , , -
() , -
. -
(), -
.

17
106. R4 -
(2, 2, 2, 2)> , (2, 0, 2, 2)> ,
(2, 2, 0, 2)> , (2, 2, 2, 0)> , (4, 0, 0, 0)> , (3, 1, 1, 1)> , (3, 1, 1, 1)> ,
(3, 1, 1, 1)> . -
?
107. , , -
() ,
, . . x: |x| =
|x|.
108. -
. ,
-
,

  .  
cos sin cos sin
1) ; 2) ;
sin cos cos
sin
2 2 1 2 2 1
1 1
3) 2 1 2 ; 4) 1 2 2 ;
3 3
1 2 2 2 1 2
1 2 6i 6 + 2i
1
5) 2 6i 4 3i 4i ;
9
6 2i 4i 4 + 3i

0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1
0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
6) 0 0 0 1 ;
7) ;
2 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
109. -
. ,
-
, -
  (1) -
cos sin
, 6= k.
sin cos
  2 2 1
cos sin 1
1) ; 2) 1 2 2 ;
sin cos 3
2 1 2

18

0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 .
3)

1 0 0 0
110. ,
1) ,
1, -
;
2) ,
1, -
: -
, -
.
111. v, -
, x =
x 2(x, v)v, ().
112. v 111 -
.
.
113. |v| = 1. , 111 -
(x, v) = 0 (-
).
114. -

115. , () P ,
1, 1 -
1, E2ww , w = (w1 , . . . , wn )> ,
|w1 |2 + . . . + |wn |2 = 1. -
.
116. ,  
cos sin
P =
sin cos
. -
w.

19
4.

()
( ), = . ,
() . -
: -
, -
( 121, 122).
, ,
.

() -
( ), = . ,
() . -
-
, .

117. , -
V , . ,
+ , , -
V -
. , -
V n?
118. , .
, + -
, , -
.
?
119. ,
, -
.
120. A ( -
), A = A. A ,
A> = A. , -
. -
,
. -
, .

20
121. , -
.
122. , -
, -
.
123. ,
, i .
124. , () -
(-
), .
125. , , -
(), ().
126. () , -
.
127. , -
x = [x, a] .
128. , -
x =
[x, a] a.
129. () -
. , -
():
1) + ;
2) i( ) ( );
3) ;
4) .
130. R4 -

(1, 0, 1, 1)> , (3, 2, 1, 0)> , (4, 2, 3, 1)> , (5, 1, 3, 2)>

(2, 8, 14, 10)> , (4, 15, 14, 18)> ,
(4, 7, 12, 8)> , (1, 1, 6, 1)> .

21
131. , 54 -
.
132. ,
().
133. , , -
() (), -
.
134. , ,
x (x, x) .
135. , -
, (x, x) = 0 x.
136. , () -
(x, x) = 0 x, -
. . 162.
137. , () -
x (x, x) =
(x, x), = .
138. , 56:
x
|x| = | x|, .
139. , -
.
140. , -
.
141. -
. ,
-
,
.
    3 2 1
3 2 2 3i
1) ; 2) ; 3) 2 5 3 ;
2 3 3+i 5
1 3 2
2 2 1 4 3 3
4) 2 1 2 ; 5) 3 4 1 ;
1 2 2 3 1 4

22

0 2 + 2i 4 2i
6) 2 2i 2 3 i ;
4 + 2i 3 + i 1
4 1 2i 2 i
7) 1 + 2i 0 i ;
2 + i i 0
2 1 1 1
1 2 1 1
8)
1 1
;
2 1
1 1 1 2
142. () -
. , (-
) . , -
( )
.
143. , () -
-
()
, , 2 = . -
.
() .
144. :

  34 7 7
5 4
1) () , 2) 7 34 7 ,
4 5
7 7 34
1 1 1 1
10 7 1 1 1 1 1
3) 7 18 7 , 4)
1 1 1 1 .

1 7 10
1 1 1 1

5.

. 710 .
145. . ,

23
 (x, y) -
, .
146. . ,
(x, y) -
, .
147. () -
() . -
() f (x, y) = (x, y):
1) f , -
;
2) f ,
;
3) f , -
;
4) f ,
.
148. , (-
) -
, .
149. -
. , -
. .
1) 3x21 4x1 x2 + 3x22 ;
2) 3x21 5x22 2x23 + 4x1 x2 + 2x1 x3 + 6x2 x3 ;
3) 2x21 x22 + 2x23 + 4x1 x2 + 2x1 x3 4x2 x3 ;
4) 4x21 4x22 4x23 6x1 x2 + 6x1 x3 2x2 x3 ;
5) x21 + x22 + x23 + x24 x1 x2 + x1 x3 x1 x4 x2 x3 + x2 x4 x3 x4 .
150. -
. ,
. .
1) 2|x1 |2 + (3 i)x1 x2 + (3 + i)x2 x1 + 5|x2 |2 ;
2) 2|x2 |2 |x3 |2 + (2 + 2i)x1 x2 (4 + 2i)x1 x3 + (2 2i)x2 x1 + (3
i)x2 x3 (4 2i)x3 x1 + (3 + i)x3 x2 ;
3) 4|x1 |2 + (1 2i)x1 x2 (2 + i)x1 x3 + (1 + 2i)x2 x1 ix2 x3 (2
i)x3 x1 + ix3 x2 .
151. A, B B -
. Q , Q> BQ

24
 . C = Q> AQ. P -
, P 1 CP . ,
(QP )> B(QP ) . , QP -
, , A, B
, .
152. 151 ,
B .
153. n- -
A.
, ,
,
Ax = x.
154. , ,
, . -
151 153 ,
. :
1) () f = 2x21 + 6x1 x2 + 6x22 ; g = x21 + 2x1 x2 + 2x22 ;
2) () f = 5x21 + 2x1 x2 + x22 ; g = 2x21 + 2x1 x2 + x22 ;
3) f = 4x21 + 5x22 + 4x23 + 4x1 x2 + 8x1 x3 + 4x2 x3 ;
g = 4x21 + x22 + 2x23 2x1 x2 4x1 x3 + 2x2 x3 ;
4) f = 4x21 x22 + 8x1 x3 + 4x2 x3 ;
g = 7x21 4x22 3x23 2x1 x2 + 6x1 x3 2x2 x3 ;
5) f = 8x21 + 3x22 + 5x23 + 8x1 x2 4x1 x3 6x2 x3 ;
g = x21 x22 + 2x1 x3 + 2x2 x3 ;
6) f = 2x21 7x22 3x23 + 2x1 x2 2x1 x3 + 8x2 x3 ;
g = 2x21 + x22 + x23 2x1 x2 + 2x1 x3 .
155. , , -
, -
. ,
.
(. 72).
1) f = x21 x22 7x23 + 8x2 x3 , g = 2x21 + x22 2x23 + 4x2 x3 ;
2) f = x21 x22 x23 + 2x1 x2 + 2x1 x3 + 2x2 x3 ,
g = 3x21 + x22 + 3x23 4x1 x3 .
156. () . ,

25

(x, x) (x, x)
1 = max = max (x, x), n = min = min (x, x),
x6=0 (x, x) |x|=1 x6=0 (x, x) |x|=1

1 , n -
. , , -
,
.
157. -
x21 +x22 2x23 +4x1 x2 2x1 x3 +2x2 x3 x21 +x22 +x23 = 1.
158. -
x21 x22 + 2x1 x3 + 2x2 x3 8x21 + 3x22 + 5x23 + 8x1 x2
4x1 x3 6x2 x3 = 1.
159. , -
() A = (aij ) -
:
1 max aii , n min aii .
i i

6. ,

160. . -
, -
1 , 2 , =
1 +i2 ( ). ,
.
161.
?
162. , -
(x, x) = 0 x, -
.
?
() -
() -
() , , = (-
). .

26
163.
?
164.
     
1 0 0 1 1 1
=
1 1 1 0 1 0
?
165. , (-
) () -
(-
) , , = (
).
166. , -
. 1 , . . . , n -
,
1 . . . r > r+1 = . . . = n = 0;
f1 , . . . , fn
p ,
. j = j (j = 1, 2, . . . , n)
. -
.
1
gj = fj (j = 1, 2, . . . , r).
j
, g1 , . . . , gr . -
gr+1 , . . . , gn -
. , -

fj = gj (j = 1, 2, . . . , r),
= 1 .
167. , = -
, , ,
.
168. , ,
, -
.

27
169. () , -

 
5 5
,
3 3

-
, =
.
170. A A = U H,
U   (),
 H ():
3 5 7 7
1) ; 2) ;
1 0 1 1
   
2 2 3 4i
3) ; 4) ;
0 0 4i 3
1 2 1 0 0 0
5) 0 1 1 ; 6) 1 0 1 .
1 1 0 1 0 1
171. 2
, -
,
1) 17; 2) 18; 3) () 19.
172. , -
, -
.
173. , -
.
174. , -
.
175. , () -
(), -
1.
176. 1 , . . . , n -
. 1 .
177. ,
1 , . . . , n ?

28
178. , () -
A, B , -
, . . (-
) P , Q, , B = P AQ.
179. , A, B () -
, A A B B .
180. ,

|x| |x|
1 = max = max |x|, n = min = min |x|,
x6=0 |x| |x|=1 x6=0 |x| |x|=1

1 , n -
.
181. ,
n 1 , 1 , n -
.
182. , -
A | det A|.
V , W , .
, V W . , -
W V , , (x, y) =
(x, y) x V y W . -
. -
V W , -
.

183. -
. ,
-
() . -
,
( ) (. 142).
V W n m .
k = min {m, n}. 1 , . . . , k

. 1 = 1 , . . . , k = k -
. -
.

29
 e1 , . . . , en V ,
, f1 , . . . , fm -
W , -
. e1 , . . . , er f1 , . . . , fr
12 , . . . , r2 ei = ei (i = 1, . . . , r), e1 , . . . , en f1 , . . . , fm -
.
.
. (-
) A m n ()
P , Q m m n n -
D , , A = P DQ
( A). D -
A. P -
, Q
.
184. A = P DQ (-
) m n. -
1 , . . . , r r
D, p1 , . . . , pr q1 , . . . , qr r -
P Q . , A =
1 p1 q1 + . . . + r pr qr .
185. , (-
) A m n -
. k = min {m, n}. 1 , . . . , n -
A A ,
1 . . . r > r+1 = . . . = n = 0;
f1 , . . . , fn ,
p . -
A: j = j (j = 1, 2, . . . , k). D -
m n 1 , . . . , k . -
f1 , . . . , fm Q.
1
gj = Afj (j = 1, 2, . . . , r).
j
, g1 , . . . , gr . -
gr+1 , . . . , gm

30
 . g1 , . . . , gn
P . , A = P DQ .
186. , -
, .
187. , -
, .
188. A , -
A = P DQ .
189. A = P DQ
A. -
A1 .
190. 185 186
:
     
7 7 2 2 3 4i
1) ; 2) ; 3) ;
1 1 0 0 4i 3
0 1 1 0 1 1
4) 1 1 2 ; 5) 0 0 0 ;
1
0 1 0 1 1

1 0 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 1 0 0
6) ()
1 1 2 ;

0 1 0 .
7)

1 1 2 0 0 1

7.

, V W ; b
W . x = b -
x V . x
e ,
|x
e b| = minx |x b|. x = b -
, -
. .
Ax = b
() A m n:
, -
.

31
 + , b W
x = b, .
. A+ (
) A, x = A+ b b
Ax = b.
197, 199 , -
-
. . , -
-
(, 185, 186,
;
).
191. b0 b (
) . , -
x = b
x = b0 . -
Ax = b.
192. , x = b
x0 + K, -
K , . -
, b
.
193. , x = b
x =
b.
194. , x = b -
,
, , , ,
. -
-
.
195. ,
Ax = b,
191194.
196. -
:

32

x1 + x2 = 6; x1 + x2 + x3 = 0;
1) x1 x2 = 2; 2) () x1 + x2 + x3 = 1;
x1 + 2x2 = 3; x1 + x2 + x3 = 2;


x1 + x 2 + 2x 3 = 1;
x1 + x2 + 2x3 = 5;
x1 x2 = 0; x1 x2 + x3 + x4 = 4;

3) 4)

x1 + x2 + 2x3 = 0;
x1 x4 = 4;
x x = 0; x + x 2x4 = 1;

1 2 1 2
37x 1 + 11x 2 = 1; 31x 1 + 23x2 = 11;
5) 19x1 + 29x2 = 1; 6) 21x1 + 14x2 = 16;
18x1 40x2 = 1; 10x1 + 9x2 = 11.

197. r, n- -
V m- W . -
e1 , . . . , en -
12 , . . . , n2 ,
i > 0 (i = 1, . . . , r). ,
1) x = b

( b, ei )
x = 1 e1 + . . . + n en , i = (i = 1, . . . , r),
i2

r+1 , . . . , n ;
2) 1 e1 + . . . + r er .
198. 197 -
f1 , . . . , fm . -
, x = b

(b, fi )
x = 1 f1 + . . . + r fr , i = (i = 1, . . . , r).
i2

199. A = P DQ (-
) m n. P , D, Q
:
 
D1 0
P = (P1 P2 ), D = , Q = (Q1 Q2 ),
0 0

D1 -
r, P1 Q1 r .

33
 ,
Ax = b x = Q1 D11 P1 b + Q2 z, z
. ,
Q1 D11 P1 b.
200. , -
:
 1 
+ 1 + + D 0
A = Q1 D1 P1 = QD P , D =
0 0

(. 189).
201. ,
1) A , A+ = A1 ;
2) A , A+ = A (AA )1 ;
3) A , A+ = (A A)1 A .
202. ,
1) (A+ )+ = A;
2) (A )+ = (A+ ) .
203. , (7, 5)> , (5, 4)>


42x1 + 49x2 = 36, 42x1 + 49x2 = 12,
39x1 + 26x2 = 163, 39x1 + 26x2 = 131,
26x1 13x2 = 238 26x1 13x2 = 164

.

42x1 + 49x2 = 8;
39x1 + 26x2 = 98;
26x1 13x2 = 134.

204. ,
:

  1 1 0 1 2
1 1
1) ; 2) 1 0 ; 3) 1 0 1 .
1 1
1 1 2 1 0
205. , + -
-
.

34
206. T
T , + T T . -
, + , . .
x T y T

+ x = x, + y = y.

207. , , 205, 206, -

.
208. ,
+ .
.
209. , + = .
210. , = -
,
T , T .
211. , +
, = ,
, -
.
212. V
W . , + (-
) -
V T .
213. , -
= , () = .
214. , + + = + .
215. = , () = . -

= ?
216. V
W . , + (-
) -
W T .

35
217. ,

= , = , () = , () =

( ) -
.

8.

218. A -
e01 , e02 , A
 e1 , e2 .
,
i 2
1) A = , e01 = e1 + ie2 , e02 = ie1 2e2 .
2i 3
 
1 1+i
2) A = , e01 = e1 ie2 , e02 = 2ie1 + e2 .
i 1
 
1 i
3) A = , e01 = e1 ie2 , e02 = (1 + i)e1 + e2 .
 i 2 
i 1
4) A = , e01 = ie1 e2 , e02 = e1 + (1 + i)e2 .
 2i 1 
1 + i 1 + i
5) A = , e01 = e1 + ie2 , e02 = ie1 2e2 .
 2i  3
i 1
6) A = , e01 = e1 ie2 , e02 = 2ie1 + e2 .
2i 3
 
1 1+i
7) A = , e01 = e1 ie2 , e02 = (1 + i)e1 + e2 .
i 1
 
1 1
8) A = , e01 = ie1 e2 , e02 = e1 + (1 + i)e2 .
 i 1 + i 
1+i 0
9) A = , e01 = e1 + ie2 , e02 = ie1 2e2 .
 2i 2 +i
1 + i 1
10) A = , e01 = e1 ie2 , e02 = 2ie1 + e2 .
 2i 3 
2 1+i
11) A = , e01 = e1 ie2 , e02 = (1 + i)e1 + e2 .
 i 1 
1 + i 1
12) A = , e01 = ie1 e2 , e02 = e1 + (1 + i)e2 .
2i 2

36
  
2+i 1
13) A = , e01 = e1 + ie2 , e02 = ie1 2e2 .
 2i 1 +i
1 1
14) A = , e01 = e1 ie2 , e02 = 2ie1 + e2 .
i 1 + i
 
2 1
15) A = , e01 = e1 ie2 , e02 = (1 + i)e1 + e2 .
i 1 + i
 
2+i 0
16) A = , e0 = ie1 e2 , e02 = e1 + (1 + i)e2 .
 2i 3  1
i 2
17) A = , e01 = e1 + ie2 , e02 = ie1 + 2e2 .
 2i 3 
1 i
18) A = , e01 = ie1 e2 , e02 = e1 + (1 + i)e2 .
 i 2 
1 1+i
19) A = , e01 = e1 + ie2 , e02 = ie1 2e2 .
 i 1
1 2
20) A = , e01 = ie1 e2 , e02 = e1 + (1 + i)e2 .
i 1
 
1 1+i
21) A = , e01 = e1 + ie2 , e02 = ie1 2e2 .
i 1
 
1+i 0
22) A = , e01 = e1 ie2 , e02 = 2ie1 + e2 .
 2i 2 +i
1 1
23) A = , e01 = e1 ie2 , e02 = (1 + i)e1 + e2 .
 i 1
1 1
24) A = , e01 = ie1 e2 , e02 = e1 + (1 + i)e2 .
 i 2 
1 + i 1
25) A = , e01 = e1 + ie2 , e02 = ie1 2e2 .
 2i 2 
1 + i 1 + i
26) A = , e01 = e1 ie2 , e02 = 2ie1 + e2 .
2i 3
 
0 1
27) A = , e01 = e1 ie2 , e02 = (1 + i)e1 + e2 .
i 1
 
2 1
28) A = , e0 = ie1 e2 , e02 = e1 + (1 + i)e2 .
 1+i 1  1
1 1
29) A = , e01 = e1 + ie2 , e02 = ie1 2e2 .
 i 1 + i 
2+i 1
30) A = , e01 = e1 ie2 , e02 = 2ie1 + e2 .
2i 1 + i

37
219. , -
, -
,

.
1 1 1 0 3 1 0 0
4 3 4 1 1 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 .
1) 2) .
0 3 5 3
0 0 4 3 1 2 3 1
1 1 1 1 3 1 0 0
4 3 1 0 4 1 0 0
3) . 4) .
0 0 3 4 4 1 1 4
0 0 1 1 1 2 1 3

3 1 1 0 5 3 3 0
1 1 4 3 3 1 2 1
5) . 6) .
0 0 5 3 0 0 1 1
0 0 3 1 0 0 1 3
1 1 0 0 1 1 1 2
4 3 0 0 4 3 4 1
7) . 8) .
4 1 1 4 0 0 1 1
3 1 1 3 0 0 4 3

1 1 0 0 1 3 0 0
1 3 0 0 3 5 0 0
9) . 10) 1 1 1 1 .

3 0 1 3
4 1 3 5 1 1 1 3

3 1 2 1 1 4 0 0
4 1 1 4 1 3 0 0
11) . 12) .
0 0 1 4 2 1 3 1
0 0 1 3 1 4 4 1
3 1 0 1 1 4 0 0
1 1 3 2 1 3 0 0
13) . 14) .
0 0 5 3 1 1 1 1
0 0 3 1 5 4 4 3

3 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 3 2 4 3 3 4
15) . 16) .
0 0 5 3 0 0 1 4
0 0 3 1 0 0 1 3

38

3 1 0 0 1 1 2 1
1 1 0 0 4 3 1 4
17) . 18) .
3 0 5 3 0 0 3 4
4 1 3 1 0 0 1 1

3 1 0 0 1 3 0 0
4 1 0 0 3 5 0 0
19) . 20)
1 2 1 1 .

4 2 1 4
2 1 1 3 2 1 1 3

5 3 0 3 1 1 0 0
3 1 1 4 4 3 0 0
21) . 22) .
0 0 1 1 4 2 1 4
0 0 1 3 2 1 1 3
1 1 1 2 1 1 0 0
4 3 2 4 1 3 0 0
23) 0 0 1 4 .
24) .
0 3 1 3
0 0 1 3 1 2 3 5

3 1 1 1 3 1 1 2
1 1 1 1 4 1 2 4
25) . 26) .
0 0 5 3 0 0 1 4
0 0 3 1 0 0 1 3
1 4 0 0 3 1 1 2
1 3 0 0 1 1 2 1
27) . 28) .
1 2 3 1 0 0 5 3
2 4 4 1 0 0 3 1

1 4 0 0 1 3 0 0
1 3 0 0 3 5 0 0
29) 1 1
. 30)
2
.
1 1 1 1 1
3 4 4 3 5 4 1 3
220. -

1 2 1
A = 0 1 1 .
0 0 2
, -
) , ) , -
.

39

1 1 0 1 2 1
1) 1 2 1 ; 2) 2 5 3 ;
0 1 2 1 3 3
1 2 3 1 2 1
3) 2 5 7 ; 4) 2 5 3 ;
3 7 11 1 3 3
1 2 3 1 3 4
5) 2 5 8 ; 6) 3 10 14 ;
3 8 14 4 14 21
1 2 2 1 1 4
7) 2 5 6 ; 8) 1 2 6 ;
2 6 9 4 6 21
1 3 2 1 2 2
9) 3 10 6 ; 10) 2 5 4 ;
2 6 5 2 4 5
1 1 5 1 1 7/2
11) 1 2 8 ; 12) 1 2 13/2 ;
5 8 35 7/2
7/2 89/4
1 1 1 1 1 3/2
13) 1 2 3/2 ; 14) 1 2 5/2 ;
1 3/2 9/4 3/2 5/2 17/4
1 1 5/2 1/4 1/8 1/12
15) 1 2 9/2 ; 16) 1/8 1/8 1/24 ;
5/2 9/2 45/4 1/12 1/24 1/4

1/9 1/15 1/10 1 1/2 7/6
17) 1/15 2/25 3/25 ; 18) 1/2 1/2 2/3 ;
1/10 3/25 43/100 7/6 2/3 3/2

1/9 1/12 1/18 1/16 0 1/24
19) 1/12 1/8 1/6 ; 20) 0 1/4 1/6 ;
1/18 1/6 19/36 1/24 1/6 1/4
1 1 2 1/16 1/4 1/3
21) 1 2 3 ; 22) 1/4 2 8/3 ;
2 3 81/16 1/3
8/3 11/3
1 1 5/4 1 3/2 1
23) 1 2 9/4 ; 24) 3/2 5/2 3/2 ;
5/4 9/4 21/8 1 3/2 2

40

1/4 1/12 0 1 2 1/3
25) 1/12 5/36 1/3 ; 26) 2 5 2/3 ;
0 1/3 2 1/3 2/3 2/9

1 3/4 1 1 3 0
27) 3/4 5/8 1 ; 28) 3 10 1/4 ;
1 1 3 0 1/4 1/8
1 1/3 5/2 1/4 1/6 1/2
29) 1/3 2/9 5/6 ; 30) 1/6 2/9 1/3 .
5/2 5/6 13/2 1/2 1/3 5/4
221. -
. , -
. -

.
2 2 1 5 2 1
1) 2 1 2 . 2) 2 2 2 .
1 2 2 1 2 5
1 2 1 7 4 4
3) 2 4 2 . 4) 4 1 8 .
1 2 1 4 8 1
8 2 2 1 2 2
5) 2 5 4 . 6) 2 4 4 .
2 4 5 2 4 4
9 6 2 10 3 1
7) 6 7 6 . 8) 3 2 3 .
2 6 9 1 3 10
1 3 1 6 2 3
9) 3 9 3 . 10) 2 3 6 .
1 3 1 3 6 2
13 2 3 1 2 3
11) 2 10 6 . 12) 2 4 6 .
3 6 5 3 6 9
1 8 4 5 4 2
13) 8 1 4 . 14) 4 5 2 .
4 4 7 2 2 8
4 4 2 1 2 2
15) 4 4 2 . 16) 2 1 2 .
2 2 1 2 2 1

41

2 1 1 1 1 1
17) 1 2 1 . 18) 1 1 1 .
1 1 2 1 1 1
3 2 6 10 2 6
19) 2 6 3 . 20) 2 13 3 .
6 3 2 6 3 5
4 2 6 1 2 2
21) 2 1 3 . 22) 2 2 1 .
6 3 9
2 1 2
2 2 2 4 2 2
23) 2 5 1 . 24) 2 1 1 .
2 1 5 2 1 1
1 8 4 5 4 2
25) 8 1 4 . 26) 4 5 2 .
4 4 7 2 2 8
4 4 2 7 6 6
27) 4 4 2 . 28) 6 9 2 .
2 2 1 6 2 9
2 3 3 9 3 3
29) 3 10 1 . 30) 3 1 1 .
3 1 10 3 1 1
222. ()
. ) ,
-
, -
. ) ,

, -
-
 
cos sin
(1) ,
sin cos
6= k.

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
. 2) 1 1 1 1 1 .
1 1 1 1
1) 1

2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

42

4 2 2 1 2 1 4 2
1 2 4 1 2 . 4) 1 2
4 1 2
3) .
5 2 1 4 2 5 4 2 2 1
1 2 2 4 1 2 2 4

4 1 4 4 0 1 1 0
1 2 4 2 . 6) 1 1
5 0 0 1

5) .
7 2 4 5 2 2 0 1 1 0
5 4 2 2 1 0 0 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 . 8) 1 1 1 1 1 .
1
7)
2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 4 1 4 2 2 1
1 1 4 2 2 . 10) 1 2 4 1 2

9) .
5 4 1 2 2 5 2 1 4 2
2 2 1 4 1 2 2 4

4 1 4 4 0 1 1 0
1 2 4 2 5
. 12) 1 1 0 0 1

11) .
7 2 4 5 2 2 0 1 1 0
5 4 2 2 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 . 14) 1 1 1 1 1

13) .
2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

4 1 2 2 4 2 2 1
1 2 2 1 4
. 16) 1 1 2 2 4

15) .
5 2 2 4 1 5 2 1 4 2
1 4 2 2 2 4 1 2

4 2 2 5 0 1 0 1
1 1 4 4 4 . 18) 1 1 0 1 0

17) .
7 4 2 5 2 2 1 0 1 0
4 5 2 2 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 . 20) 1 1 1 1 1

19) .
2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

43

2 2 5 4 1 0 1 0
2 5 2 4 . 22) 1 0 1 0 1
21) 1

.
7 4 4 4 1 2 0 1 0 1
5 2 2 4 1 0 1 0

4 1 2 2 4 2 2 1
2 2 1 . 24) 1 1
4 2 2 4
23) 1

.
5 2 2 4 1 5 2 1 4 2
1 4 2 2 2 4 1 2

2 2 4 5 1 0 0 1
2 5 4 2
25) 1 . 26) 1 0 1 1 0

.
7 5 2 4 2 2 1 0 0 1
4 4 1 4 0 1 1 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 . 28) 1 1 1 1 1
27) 1

.
2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

4 2 2 5 0 1 0 1
1 4 4
29) 1 . 30) 1 1
4 0 1 0

.
7 4 2 5 2 2 1 0 1 0
4 5 2 2 0 1 0 1
223.


.

0 0 9 2 5 0
1) 2 3 0 . 2) 0 0 1 .
3 2 0 5 2 0
0 7 2 0 7 2
3) 2 0 0 . 4) 2 0 0 .
0 2 7 0 2 7
0 0 1 0 0 9
5) 7 2 0 . 6) 3 2 0 .
2 7 0 2 3 0
2 7 0 2 5 0
7) 0 0 2 . 8) 0 0 1 .
7 2 0 5 2 0
0 1 0 0 9 0
9) 7 0 2 . 10) 3 0 2 .
2 0 7 2 0 3

44

0 7 2 0 5 2
11) 2 0 0 . 12) 1 0 0 .
0 2 7 0 2 5
0 0 1 0 0 9
13) 7 2 0 . 14) 3 2 0 .
2 7 0 2 3 0
2 7 0 2 5 0
15) 0 0 2 . 16) 0 0 1 .
7 2 0 5 2 0
0 1 0 0 9 0
17) 7 0 2 . 18) 3 0 2 .
2 0 7 2 0 3
0 7 2 0 5 2
19) 2 0 0 . 20) 1 0 0 .
0 2 7 0 2 5
0 0 1 0 0 9
21) 7 2 0 . 22) 3 2 0 .
2 7 0 2 3 0
2 7 0 0 9 0
23) 0 0 2 . 24) 3 0 2 .
7 2 0 2 0 3
0 1 0 0 9 0
25) 7 0 2 . 26) 3 0 2 .
2 0 7 2 0 3

0 5 2 0 5 2
27) 1 0 0 . 28) 1 0 0 .
0 2 5 0 2 5

0 0 1 0 1 0
29) 2 7 0 . 30) 7 0 2 .
7 2 0 2 0 7

9. , ,
4. -
x. -
. -

45
 -
.
5. = 1 ( ).
6. = .
11. : 7, 8.
12. : 9, 10.
15. 2x = y = 2z 2x + y 2z = 0.
! 2x = y = 2z
16. ! 2x + y 2z = 0.
0 1 0 0 0 0
17. 1) 0 0 2 , 1 0 0 ;
0 0 0
!0 2 0 !
3 4 1 1 1 1
1
2) 1 0 1 , 0 0 0 ;
2
1 4 3 1 1 1
! !
0 1 0 0 4 0
1
3) 0 0 3 , 6 0 3 .
6
0 0 0 0 8 0
! ! !
0 8 0 3 1 1 0 8 0
1 1 1
18. 1) 3 0 2 ; 2) 4 0 4 ; 3) 6 0 3 .
2 2 4
0 12 0 1 1 3 0 16 0
! ! !
0 5 0 12 8 8 0 0 0
1 1
19. 1) 6 0 2 ; 2) 5 0 5 ; 3) 3 0 0 .
2 4
0 15 0 8 8 12 0 5 0
20. X = A> X ; X = A X -
.
21. X = (A1 )> XA> ; X = (A1 ) XA
.
(x, g1 ) (x, gm )
29. 1) f1 + . . . + fm ;
(f
1 , g1 ) (fm , gm ) 
(x, g1 ) (x, gm )
2) 2 f1 + . . . + fm x.
(f1 , g1 ) (fm , gm )
35. ; xk , xk+1 , . . . , xn
(k = 0, 1, . . . , n).
n
P
36. f (x), f (x) = 0.
k=0
R1
37. f (x), f (x)dx = 0.
1
38. : 1) (
, -
).
39. : , , -
Lk (k = 1, 2, . . . , n), , L1 L2 . . . Ln ,
Lk k, n.
. -
.

46
 ! !
1 3 3 1 2 1
40. 1) []e = 2 6 13 , [ ]e = []e = 3 6 4 .
1 4 8 3 13 8
: ( 1)3 . -
0 = 1. -

!
0 2 1
[ ]e 0 E = 3 7 4 .
3 13 7

. -
(1, 3, 6)> . x1 +
3x2 6x3 = 0 L2 , -
. f1 , f2 :
! !
0 3
[f1 ]e = 2 , [f2 ]e = 1 .
1 0

! !
3 6
[f1 ]e = []e [f1 ]e = 1 , [f2 ]e = []e [f2 ]e = 0 .
0 1

f1 = f2 , f2 = f1 + 2f2 , 
 L2 -
0 1
f1 , f2 [|L2 ]f = ,
1 2
(
  -

0 1
) [|L2 ]f = . -
1 2
2 2
( 1) .
: 0 = 1.
 
1 1
[|L2 ]f 0 E = .
1 1
. -
(1, 1)> . x1
x2 = 0, x1 , x2 f1 , f2 , -
L3 , .
g1 :  
1
[g1 ]f = .
1
g1 :
!
3
[g1 ]e = [1 f1 + 1 f2 ]e = [f1 ]e + [f2 ]e = 1
1

47
 (, g1 : -
). , :
V1 V2 V3 , V1 = L(g1 ), V2 = L(f1 , f2 ), V3 -
. g1 V2
f1 , V2 = L(g1 , f1 ). g1 , f1 -
V3 e1 , V3 = L(g1 , f1 , e1 ). g1 , f1 , e1
.
, , -
g1 , f1 , e1 ( ):
[g10 ]e = [g1 ]e = (3, 1, 1)> ;
(f1 , g10 ) 1
[f10 ]e = [f1 ]e [g10 ]e = (9, 19, 8)> ;
(g10 , g10 ) 11
(e1 , g10 ) (e1 , f10 ) 1
[e01 ]e = [e1 ]e [g10 ]e [f10 ]e = (1, 3, 6)
(g10 , g10 ) (f10 , f10 ) 46
, ,

!
3/11 9/506 1/46
[h]e = 1/11 19/506 3/46
1/ 11 8/ 506 6/ 46
:
!
11/ 46 237/
1 506
[h]1
[]h = e []h [h]e = [h]>
e []h [h]e
= 1 046/ 11 .
0 0 1
! !
0 2 5 5 1 1/ 5 7/ 5
1
2) 0 5 2 5 , 0 2 13 .
5
5 0 0 0 0 3
8 12 0 4

1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 0 8 4 4
3) , .
2 1 1 1 1 0 0 8 4
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 8

2 0 0 1/ 2 1 2 2 2 4
0 1 0 0 , 0 1 0 0
4) .
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2
1/ 2 0 0 1/ 2 0 0 0 1
41. : 1, x, x2
,
1, x, x2 .
1) 1, 2
x, x;
3 2 6 2 6
2) , x, x ;
3 2 2 3

2 6 3 10 2 10
3) , x, x .
2 2 4 4

48
42. e -
. e, e, 2 e, . . . , m1 e , m e
. , L
-
. L ,
k e = k e = k e (k = 0, 1, . . .) .
43. : -
.
61. : -
, .
63. , . .
64.
.
1
   
1 1 3+i 0
1) , .
2 1 1 0 3i
! !
3 2/10 3 2/10 4/5 5i 0 0
2) i 2/2 i 2/2 0 , 0 5i 0 .
2 2/5 2 2/5 3/5 0 0 0
! !
1/ 2 1/3 1/6 3+i 0 0
3) 0 1/3 2/6 , 0 3+i 0 .
1/ 2 1/ 3 1/ 6 0 0 3 + i
i i

1 1 2 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 0 1 + i 0 0
4) ,
2 1 i i 1 0 0 1i 0
1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0
2 0 1 1

2 0 0 0
1 0 2 i i 0 2 0 0
5) , .

2 i i 0 0 2i 0
0 2
2 0 1 1 0 0 0 2i
65.
. ! !
3/5 0 4/5 0 5 0
1) 0 1 0 , 5 0 0 .
4/5 0 3/5 0 0 0

1 0 2 1

2 0 0 0
1 1 2
2) 0 1 ,
0 1 1 0
.
0 1 1 0
2 1 0 2 1
1 2 0 1 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 1 2 0 0 0
2 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 0
3) , .
2 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 2
1 0 0 1 0 0 2 0
66. n = 0. -
, , ,
.

49
67. n = 0 a, b . n 1, a = 1, b = 0.
69. x1 , . . . , xn , y1 , . . . yn x y
:
1) (x, y) = x1 y1 + 2x2 y2 x1 y2 x2 y1 ;
2) (x, y) = 3x1 y1 +6x2 y2 +6x3 y3 4x1 y2 4x2 y1 4x1 y3 4x3 y1 +5x2 y3 +5x3 y2 .
3) : -
. 1,
i, i
!
13 2 + i 2 i
Q= 6 1 + i 1 i .
9 1 1

, -
. ,
, Q> Q = E,
!
1 46 49 34
> 1


1
= Q Q = 49 54 35 .
4 34 35 26

1
(x, y) = (46x1 y1 +
4
54x2 y2 + 26x3 y3 49x1 y2 49x2 y1 + 34x1 y3 + 34x3 y1 35x2 y3 35x3 y2 ),
x1 , x2 , x3 , y1 , y2 , y3 x y
.
70. : , , f (i ) = i , 1 , 2 ,
. . . , n .
71. : 70.
72. : 44.
73. A, B -
.
1 1 1

1 3 1 3
1 1 + i i
1) 2, 1, 1; 0, 3, 3; 2 2 2 2
3 ;
1 3 1 3
1 i + i
2 2 2 2
!
1/ 2 1/3 1/6
2) 3, 3, 3; 6i, 6i, 6; 0 1/3 2/6 .
1/ 2 1/ 3 1/ 6
|x|
76. . , , = 1 x 6= 0.
|x|
80. y = xx, ( x, y) =
(x, y) = (x, y) ( x x, x x) = 0, x = x -
x, . . = .
83. e () , -
e = e. (e, e) = (e, e) = (e, e) = (e, e), ||2 = = 1.

50
 84. : -
.
85. , , 1.
87. . .
89. 1) ; 2) .
90. , .
99. 1) = 1 -
; = 1
. 2) = 1 -
xn + 1, xn1 + x, . . .; = 1 -
xn 1, xn1 x, . . .;
n = 2k 1, k; n = 2k,
k + 1, k.
100. 1 + x2 , x, 1 + 2x +
2x2 . , -
: f (x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 , g(x) = b0 + b1 x + b2 x2 ,
(f, g) = 9a0 b0 + 2a0 b1 7a0 b2 + 2a1 b0 + a1 b1 2a1 b2 7a2 b0 2a2 b1 + 6a2 b2 .
103. !
1 2 2 1
2 1 2 .
3 1 2 2
:
. .
106. . : -
, .
, .
|x + y|2 |x y|2
107. : : (x, y) = -
4
2 2 2
|x + y| |x y| + i|x + iy| i|x iy| 2
(x, y) = -
4
.
108.

.
2
   
1 i cos + i sin 0
1) , .
2
i 1
0 cos i sin

cos sin
2
 
2 2 1 0
2) , .
2 0 1
sin cos
2 2
! !
1/3 1/2 1/6 1 0 0
3) 1/3 0/2 2/6 , 0 1 0 .
1/ 3 1/ 2 1/ 6 0 0 1
! !
3/3 3/6 i/2 3/6 + i/2 1 0 0
4) 3/3 3/6
+ i/2 3/6
i/2 , 0 1/2 + 3i/2 0 .
3/3 3/3 3/3 0 0 1/2 3i/2

51
 ! !
i 2i 2 1 0 0
1
5) 2i i 2 , 0 i 0 .
3
2 2 i 0 0 i
2 2 2 2


1 2 + 2i 2 2i 2 + 2i 2 2i
6) ,
4 2i 2i 2i 2i
2 + 2i 2 2i 2 + 2i 2 2i

2+i 2 0 0 0
1 0 2i 2 0 0 .
2 0 0 2+i 2 0

0 0 0 2i 2
1 1

1 1 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0
7) , .
2 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1
109.
.


cos sin
2
 
2 2 1 0
1) , .
2 0 1
sin cos
2 2
!
1/3 1/6 1/ 2
2) 1/3 1/ 6 1/ 2 ,
1/ 3 2/ 6 0

! 1 0 0
1 0 0 0 cos 5 sin 5
0 1/2
3/2 = 3 3
5 5

0 3/2 1/2
0 sin cos
3 3

2 0 2 0
1 1 1
3) 1 1
,
2 0 2 0 2
1 1 1 1
7 7

cos sin 0 0
4 4
2 2 0 0 7 7


sin cos 0 0
1 2 2 0 0 4 4
=
.
2 0 0 2 2 5 5
0 0 cos sin
0 0 2 2
4 4

5 5
0 0 sin cos
4 4
111. |v| = 1
112. E 2ww , w v.
114. 1. 1 1; -

52
 w. 1 n 1, n -
; 0 -


w.

sin
2
116. w = .


cos
2
117. n(n + 1)/2.
118. -
(. 119).
121. e , e = e.
(e, e) = (e, e) = (e, e) = (e, e), = .
122. : -
.
126. -
.
.
130. .
4 5 2 4

5 0 0 13 .
2 0 8 4
4 13 4 10
141.

.
2
   
1 1 5 0
1) , .
1 1 0 1
2   
(3 i)/
35 (3 + i)/ 14 7 0
2) , .
5/ 35 2/ 14 0 0
! !
3/11 1/66 1/6 4 0 0
3) 1/11 7/66 1/6 , 0 7 0 .
1/ 11 4/ 66 2/ 6 0 0 1
! !
1/3 1/ 2 1/6 3 0 0
4) 1/3 0 2/6 , 0 3 0 .
1/ 3 1/ 2 1/ 6 0 0 3
! !
3/11 2/22 0 6 0 0
5) 1/11 3/22 1/2 , 0 5 0 .
1/ 11 3/ 22 1/ 2 0 0 5
! !
6 (4 2i)/
(1 + i)/ 66 2/ 11 4 0 0
6) 2/ 6 (3 i)/
66 (1 + i)/ 11 , 0 4 0 .
0 6/ 66 (2 i)/ 11 0 0 7
! !
(1 2i)/
7 0 2/ 14 6 0 0
7) 1/ 7 1/ 2 (1 2i)/ 14 , 0 1 0 .
i/ 7 i/ 2 (2 i)/ 14 0 0 1

53
 1 1 1 1

5 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0
8) , .
2 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1
142. : e . , e = 0
, 0. -
, e .
143. . e1 , . . . , en

ei = i ei , -
ei = i ei . , ()
2 = . . f1 , . . . , fn
fi = i fi .
fi = 2 fi = 2i fi . , ,
,
i , , -
, 2i . , -
-
.  
5 4
144. 1) A = ,
4 5

   
1 1 1 0
Q= , D= ,
1 1 0 9

, Q1 AQ = D.
D:

1 0

D= ,
0 3
A:

2 1

Q DQ1 = .
1 2

!
10 1 1
3
2) 1 10 1 ,
3
1 1 10!
3 1 0
3) 1 4 1 ,
0 1 3

1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
4) .
2 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
149.
:
1 1 1 1
1) 5x02 02
1 + x2 , x1 =
x01 + x02 , x2 = x01 + x02 ;
2 2 2 2

54
 3 1 1 1 7 1
2) 4x02 02
1 7x2 x3 ; x1 =
02 x01 + x02 + x03 , x2 = x01 x02 x03 ,
11 66 6 11 66 6
1 0 4 0 2 0
x3 = x1 + x2 x3 ;
11 66 6
1 0 1 1 1 2
3) 3x1 + 3x2 3x3 ; x1 = x1 + x02 + x03 , x2 = x01 x03 , x3 =
02 02 02
3 2 6 3 6
1 0 1 0 1 0
x1 + x2 x3 ;
3 2 6
3 2 1 3 1
4) 6x1 5x2 5x3 ; x1 = x01 + x02 , x2 = x01 + x02 + x03 ,
02 02 02
11 22 11 22 2
1 0 3 0 1 0
x3 = x1 x2 + x3 ;
11 22 2
1 1 1
5) (5x1 +x2 +x3 +x4 ), x1 = (x01 +x02 +x03 x04 ), x2 = (x01 +x02 x03 x04 ),
02 02 02 02
2 2 2
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
x3 = (x1 + x2 x3 + x4 ), x4 = (x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 ).
2 2
150.
:
3i 3i 5 2
1) 7|x01 |2 , x1 = x01 x02 , x2 = x01 + x02 ;
35 14 7 7
1 + i 4 + 2i 2 2 3i
2) 4x02 02
1 + 4x2 7x3 ; x1 =
02 x01 x0 + x03 , x2 = x01 + x02
6 66 2 11 6 66
1i 0 6 0 2i 0
x3 , x3 = x2 + x3 ;
11 66 11
1 2i 2 1 1 1 + 2i 0
3) 6x02 02
1 x2 x3 ; x1 =
02 x01 + x03 , x2 = x01 + x02 x ,
7 14 7 2 14 3
i i 2i
x3 = x01 x02 + x03 .
7 2 14
153. : 7.
154.
:
1) f g :
   
2 3 1 1
A= , B= .
3 6 1 2
, .
151. B -
( -
, ) B :
   
1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0
.
1 2 0 1 0 1 1 1
, , Q, ,

55
 Q> BQ .
 
2 1
C = Q> AQ = .
1 2
C 1 = 1, 2 = 3.
(1, 1)> , (1, 1)> , , ,

2

1 1
P = .
2 1 1

2
 
2 0
S = QP = .
2 1 1
 
1 0
S > AS = P > CP = .
0 3
S , f -
S > AS. g . ,
f g: f = x02 02 02 02
1 +3x2 , g = x1 +x2 ,

0 2 0 2 0
x1 = 2x1 , x2 = x + x .
2 1 2 2
2) f g :
   
5 1 2 1
A= , B= .
1 1 1 1
, . -
153.
Ax = Bx.
 
5 2 1
det(A B) =   = 2 5 + 4 = ( 1)( 4).
 
1 1
( ): 1 = 1, 2 = 4.
A j B = 0 (j = 1, 2).
1 = 4
n
3x1 0x2 = 0;
0x1 0x2 = 0.

, 1 = 1, c (0, 1)> , c 6= 0.
2 = 4
n
3x1 3x2 = 0;
3x1 3x2 = 0.

, 2 = 4, c(1, 1)> , c 6= 0.
:
 
0 1
S= .
1 1

56
 S > AS f , -
:
 
1 0
S > AS = .
0 4
g . , -
f g: f = x02 02 02
1 +4x2 , g = x1 +x2 ,
02

x1 = x02 , x2 = x01 x02 .

2 1
3) f = 10x02 02 02 02
1 + 8x2 ; g = x1 + x2 + x3 ; x1 =
02 x01 x03 ; x2 = 2x02 ;
10 10
3 0 1 0 1 0
x3 = x + x + x ;
10 1 2 2 10 3

5 0 1 1
4) f = 4x021 x 02 ; g = x02 x02 x02 ; x =
2 1 2 3 1 x + x03 ; x2 = x01 +
4 1 4 2 2 5
1 1 7 1 1
x02 x03 ; x3 = x01 x02 x03 ;
5 2 2 4 5 5 4 2
1 02 2 1 1
5) f = x02 02 02
1 + x2 + x3 ; g = 2 x1 3x2 ; x1 =
02 x02 + x03 ; x2 = x01 +
3 6 2
5 1 1 2 1
x02 x03 ; x3 = x01 + x02 x03 ;
3 6 2 3 6
1 0 1 1 3 1
6) f = x1 x2 x3 ; g = 2x1 +x2 ; x1 = x1 + x02 + x03 ; x2 = x01 + x03 ;
02 02 02 02 02
4 2 4 4 4
5 0 1 0
x3 = x1 x3 .
4 4
155.
. : 72.
2 1
1) f = x02 02 02 02 02 02
1 + x2 9x3 , g = 2x1 + 2x2 3x3 , x1 = x1 , x2 =
0 x02 + x03 ,
5 5
1 0 2 0
x3 = x2 x3 ;
5 5
1 1 1
02 02
2) f = x1 2x2 2x02 02 02 02
3 , g = x1 + x2 + 5x3 , x1 =
x01 + x02 + x03 ,
3 6 2
1 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
x2 = x x , x3 = x + x x .
3 1 6 2 3 1 6 2 2 3
>
157. , 3, (1/6, 1/ 6, 2/ 6) .
, 3, (1/ >
2, 1/ 2, 0) . >
158. 3; (2/ 3, 5/ 3, 2/ 3) .
, 1/2, (0, 1/ 2, 1/ 2)> .
: , -
8x21 + 3x22 + 5x23 + 8x1 x2 4x1 x3 6x2 x3 .
1 1
160. : , 1 = ( + ), 2 = ( ).
2 2i
161. .

57
162. . , -
x = [a, x]
(x, x) = 0. :
136.
163. .
164. ,
.
165. : .
169. e1 , e2 , []e
:  
34 34
[ ]e = []e []e = .
34 34
1 = 68, 2 = 0.
:
1 1
   
1 1
[f1 ]e = , [f2 ]e =
2 1 2 1
( f1 , f2 ).
-
1 = 2 17, 2 = 0.

1 1
 
5
[g1 ]e = [f1 ]e = .
1 34 3
g1 g2 :
1
 
3
[g2 ]e = .
34 5
e1 , e2 f1 , f2 g1 , g2
1 1
   
1 1 5 3
[f ]e = , [g]e = .
2 1 1 34 3 5
fj = gj (j = 1, 2).
[]e []e [f ]e = [g]e :
1
 
4 1
[]e = [g]e [f ]1
e = ,
17 1 4

= 1 :
 
[]e = []1
e []e =
17 17 .
17 17

, ,
.
170.  A 
 A = U H:

1/5 2/5 5 5
1) ;
2/ 5 1/ 5 5 2 5

58
    
3/5 4/5 5 5
2) ;
4/5 3/5
   5
5

1/2 1/2 2 2
3) ;
1/ 2 1/ 2 2 2
   
3/5 4i/5 5 0
4) ;
4i/5 3/5
!0 5
!
0 1 0 1 1 0
5) 0 0 1 1 2 1 ;
1 0 0 0 1 1
! !
0 1 0 1 0 1
6) 1 0 0 0 0 0 .
0 0 1 1 0 1
171. 1) 2, 1, 0;r
3
2) 12, , 0.
2
3) -
3 1
1, x, x2 ( )
2 2
! !
0 1 0 0 0 0
A= 0 0 3 , B= 3 0 0
0 0 0 0 5 0

(. 17, 19).
!
3 0 0
BA = 0 15 0
0 0 0

15, 3, 0,
15, 3, 0.
1
176. 11 , . . . , n .
177. ||1 , . . . , ||n .
186. : A, (-
) S
S = Q1 DQ, Q () .
188. A = QDP .
189. A1 = QD1 P ( , D
).
190.  A A = P DQ :
    
7/50 1/50 10 0 1/2 1/2
1) ;
1/ 50 7/ 50 0 0 1/ 2 1/ 2
     
1 0 2 2 0 1/2 1/2
2) .
0 1 0 0 1/ 2 1/ 2
     
3/5 4i/5 5 0 1 0
3) ;
4i/5 3/5 0 5 0 1

59
 ! !
1/6 1/ 2 1/3 3 0 0
4) 2/6 0 1/3 0 1 0
1/ 6 1/ 2 1/ 3 0 0 0
!
1/6 1/6 2/ 6
1/2 1/2 0 ;
1/ 3 1/ 3 1/ 3
! ! !
1/ 2 1/ 2 0 2 0 0 0 1/2 1/2
5) 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1/ 2 1/ 2 ;
1/ 2 1/ 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
6) !
3 2 5

A A= 2 3 5
5 5 10
1 = 15, 2 = 1, 3 = 0.
,
!
1/6 1/2 1/3
Q= 1/6 1/ 2 1/3 .
2/ 6 0 1/ 3

1 = 15, 2 = 1, 3 = 0,


15 0 0
0 1 0
D= .
0 0 0
0 0 0


1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
f1 = Af1 = , f2 = Af2 =
1 10 2 2 2 0
2 0
, ,

0 2
1 0 1 2
f3 = , f4 = .
2 1 10 1
1 1
f1 , f2 , f3 , f4

1/10 1/2 0 2/10
P =
1/10 1/ 2 0 2/10
.

2/10 0 1/2 1/10
2/ 10 0 1/ 2 1/ 10

A = P DQ .

60

3/12 0 0 1/2

0 02
1/12 2/6 0 1/2 0
1 0
7)

1/12 1/6 1/2 1/2 0 10
1/ 12 1/ 6 1/ 2 1/2 0 00
!
1/3 1/3 1/3
2/ 6 1/6 1/6 .
0 1/ 2 1/ 2
193. b0 b , b00 -
b , , , -
, b = b0 + b00 . ,
x = b. b = b0 + b00 = x + b00
x, b = x + b00 . b00 = 0, -
x = b. , x = b -
x = b. , b00 = 0,
x + b00 = b, (b0 x) = 0. , b0 x -
, ,
, x = b0 , . . x .
196. 1) (1, 2)> .
2) A b :
! !
1 1 1 0
A= 1 1 1 , b= 1 .
1 1 1 2

! !
3 3 3 3
A A = 3 3 3 , A b = 3 .
3 3 3 3
A Ax = A b -
:
! ! !
1 1 1
x= 0 + t1 1 + t2 0 ,
0 0 1

t1 , t2 . (1, 0, 0)> -
A, . . (1, 1, 1)> . -
(1/3, 1/3, 1/3)> .
3) x = (0, 0, 1/4)> + t(1, 1, 1)> , t
.
(0, 0, 1/4)> (1, 1, 1)> . (1/12, 1/12, 2/12)> .
4) x = (4, 3, 3, 0)> + t(1, 1, 1, 1)> , t
. (4, 3, 3, 0)>
(1, 1, 1, 1)> . (3, 4, 2, 1)> .
5) (0, 0)> . : b A .
6) (288/49, 369/49)> . : -
A .

61
197. 1) f1 , . . . , fm W , -
e1 , . . . , en . 191, -
x = b x = b0 , b0 -
b T . b0 . , -
f1 , . . . , fr () T , -
b0 = (b, f1 )f1 + . . . + (b, fr )fr . x =
1 e1 +. . .+n en . x = 1 e1 +. . .+n en = 1 1 f1 +. . .+n n fn =
1 1 f1 + . . . + r r fr . x = b0 1 1 f1 + . . . +
(b, fi ) (b, ei )
r r fr = (b, f1 )f1 + . . . + (b, fr )fr , i = =
i i2
(i = 1, . . . , r), r+1 , . . . , n .
2) .
199. 197. .
P (),
2
D1 Q1 x P1 b

|Ax b|2 = |P Ax P b|2 = 
  = |D Q x P b|2 + |P b|2 .
1 1
P2 b  1 2

, D1 Q1 x = P1 b. Q1 Q2 = 0 , ,
Q1 Q2 z = 0, x = Q1 D11 P1 b + Q2 z,
z . |x|2 = |Q1 D11 P1 b|2 + |Q2 z|2 .
, z = 0.
203. (4, 3)> . : .
204. : ei -
 Ax = ei .
1 1 1
1) ;
4 1 1
1

2 2 2
2) ;
6 3 0 3 !
0 1 2
1
3) 1 0 1 .
6
2 1 0
213. T T .
215. , . , Tvarphi
.
217. : () = ,
T . 207.

62

[1] . . -
. .: , 1983.
[2] . ., . ., . .
. .: , 1987.
[3] . . . .: , 1974.
[4] . . . .: , 1988.
[5] . . . .: , 1975.
[6] . . . .: .
, 1996.

63

1. 3

2. 10

3. 15

4. 20

5. 23

6. , 26

7. 31

8. 36

9. , , 45

63

. ..
603950, , . , 23

60 84 1/16.
. . .
. . . 4,00. .-. . 4,25. 250 .

. . .
603600, . , . , 37
18 0099 14.05.01