Reverse Engineering

Reverse Engineering

<dennis(a)yurichev.com>

cbn d
2013-2015, .
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs
( ) 3.0 .
, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/.
(14 2015 .).
( ) beginners.re.
.
LITE- ( ),
reverse engineering: beginners.re
twitter : @yurichev1 ,
2 .
: facebook.
1 twitter.com/yurichev
2 yurichev.com

i
, !

http://beginners.re/survey.html

ii


I 1

II 469

III 478

IV Java 628

V 665

VI 688

VII 742

3
VIII RE - 748

IX (proprietary) 862

X 894

XI 912

XII 916

954

956

996

3 Reverse Engineering

iii


0.0.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi

I 1
1 CPU 3
1.1 ISA4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2 5
2.1 x86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 ARM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3 MIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3.1 - MIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

3 Hello, world! 7
3.1 x86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.1.1 MSVC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.1.2 GCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.1.3 GCC: AT&T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2 x86-64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.2.1 MSVC x86-64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.2.2 GCC x86-64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.3 GCC - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.4 ARM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.4.1 Keil 6/2013 ( ARM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.4.2 Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.4.3 Xcode 4.6.3 (LLVM) ( ARM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.4.4 Xcode 4.6.3 (LLVM) ( Thumb-2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.4.5 ARM64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.5 MIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.5.1 (global pointer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.5.2 GCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.5.3 GCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.5.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.5.5 GCC: GDB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.7.1 #1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.7.2 #2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

4 24
4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

5 25
5.1 ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
5.2 ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
5.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
5.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.2.4 x86: alloca() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.2.5 (Windows) SEH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.2.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4 Instruction Set Architecture ( )

iv

5.2.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
5.5.1 #1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
5.5.2 #2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

6 printf() 37
6.1 x86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
6.1.1 x86: 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
6.1.2 x64: 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
6.2 ARM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
6.2.1 ARM: 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
6.2.2 ARM: 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
6.3 MIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
6.3.1 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
6.3.2 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
6.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
6.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

7 scanf() 61
7.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
7.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
7.1.2 x86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
7.1.3 MSVC + OllyDbg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
7.1.4 x64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
7.1.5 ARM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
7.1.6 MIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
7.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
7.2.1 MSVC: x86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
7.2.2 MSVC: x86 + OllyDbg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
7.2.3 GCC: x86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
7.2.4 MSVC: x64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
7.2.5 ARM: Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
7.2.6 ARM64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
7.2.7 MIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
7.3 scanf() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
7.3.1 MSVC: x86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
7.3.2 MSVC: x86: IDA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
7.3.3 MSVC: x86 + OllyDbg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
7.3.4 MSVC: x86 + Hiew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
7.3.5 MSVC: x64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
7.3.6 ARM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
7.3.7 MIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
7.3.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
7.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
7.4.1 #1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

8 91
8.1 x86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
8.1.1 MSVC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
8.1.2 MSVC + OllyDbg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
8.1.3 GCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
8.2 x64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
8.2.1 MSVC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
8.2.2 GCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
8.2.3 GCC: uint64_t int . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
8.3 ARM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
8.3.1 Keil 6/2013 ( ARM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
8.3.2 Keil 6/2013 ( ARM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
8.3.3 Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
8.3.4 ARM64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
8.4 MIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

v

9 101
9.1 void . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
9.2 ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
9.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

10 104
10.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
10.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
10.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

11 GOTO 114
11.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
11.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

12 118
12.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
12.1.1 x86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
12.1.2 ARM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
12.1.3 MIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
12.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
12.2.1 MSVC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
12.2.2 Keil 6/2013: Thumb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
12.2.3 Keil 6/2013: ARM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
12.2.4 GCC 4.9 (ARM64) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
12.2.5 MIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
12.2.6 ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
12.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
12.3.1 x86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
12.3.2 ARM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
12.3.3 ARM64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
12.3.4 MIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
12.3.5 , if/else . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
12.3.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
12.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
12.4.1 32-bit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
12.4.2 64-bit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
12.4.3 MIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
12.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
12.5.1 x86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
12.5.2 ARM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
12.5.3 MIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
12.5.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
12.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

13 switch()/case/default 147
13.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
13.1.1 x86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
13.1.2 ARM: Keil 6/2013 ( ARM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
13.1.3 ARM: Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
13.1.4 ARM64: GCC (Linaro) 4.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
13.1.5 ARM64: GCC (Linaro) 4.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
13.1.6 MIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
13.1.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
13.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
13.2.1 x86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
13.2.2 ARM: Keil 6/2013 ( ARM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
13.2.3 ARM: Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
13.2.4 MIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
13.2.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
13.3 case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
13.3.1 MSVC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
13.3.2 GCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
13.3.3 ARM64: GCC 4.9.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
13.4 Fall-through . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
13.4.1 MSVC x86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

vi

13.4.2 ARM64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
13.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
13.5.1 #1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

14 178
14.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
14.1.1 x86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
14.1.2 x86: OllyDbg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
14.1.3 x86: tracer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
14.1.4 ARM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
14.1.5 MIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
14.1.6 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
14.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
14.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
14.2.2 ARM ARM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
14.2.3 MIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
14.2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
14.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
14.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
14.4.1 #1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
14.4.2 #2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
14.4.3 #3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
14.4.4 #4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

15 - 197
15.1 strlen() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
15.1.1 x86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
15.1.2 ARM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
15.1.3 MIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
15.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
15.2.1 #1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

16 210
16.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
16.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
16.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
16.1.3 , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
16.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
16.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
16.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
16.3.1 #2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

17 FPU 217
17.1 IEEE 754 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
17.2 x86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
17.3 ARM, MIPS, x86/x64 SIMD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
17.4 /++ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
17.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
17.5.1 x86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
17.5.2 ARM: Xcode 4.6.3 (LLVM) ( ARM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
17.5.3 ARM: Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
17.5.4 ARM64: GCC (Linaro) 4.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
17.5.5 ARM64: GCC (Linaro) 4.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
17.5.6 MIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
17.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
17.6.1 x86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
17.6.2 ARM + Xcode 4.6.3 (LLVM) ( Thumb-2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
17.6.3 ARM + Keil 6/2013 ( ARM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
17.6.4 ARM64 + GCC (Linaro) 4.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
17.6.5 MIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
17.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
17.7.1 x86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
17.7.2 ARM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
17.7.3 ARM64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
17.7.4 MIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264

vii

17.8 , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
17.9 x64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
17.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
17.10.1 #1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
17.10.2 #2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264

18 267
18.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
18.1.1 x86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
18.1.2 ARM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
18.1.3 MIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
18.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
18.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
18.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
18.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
18.3.1 Xcode 4.6.3 (LLVM) ( Thumb-2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
18.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
18.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
18.5.1 x64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
18.5.2 32- ARM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
18.5.3 ARM64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
18.5.4 MIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
18.5.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
18.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
18.6.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
18.6.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
18.6.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
18.6.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
18.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
18.7.1 32-bit ARM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
18.7.2 ARM64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
18.7.3 MIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
18.7.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
18.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
18.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
18.9.1 #1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
18.9.2 #2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
18.9.3 #3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
18.9.4 #4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
18.9.5 #5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

19 316
19.1 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
19.1.1 x86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
19.1.2 ARM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
19.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
19.2.1 x86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
19.2.2 ARM + Keil 6/2013 ( ARM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
19.2.3 ARM + Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
19.2.4 ARM + Xcode 4.6.3 (LLVM) ( ARM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
19.2.5 ARM: BIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
19.2.6 ARM64: GCC (Linaro) 4.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
19.2.7 ARM64: GCC (Linaro) 4.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
19.2.8 MIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
19.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
19.4 : FPU5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
19.4.1 - XOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
19.4.2 x86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
19.4.3 MIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
19.4.4 ARM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
19.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
19.5.1 x86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
19.5.2 x64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
5 Floating-point unit

viii

19.5.3 ARM + Xcode 4.6.3 (LLVM) ( ARM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
19.5.4 ARM + Xcode 4.6.3 (LLVM) ( Thumb-2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
19.5.5 ARM64 + GCC 4.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
19.5.6 ARM64 + GCC 4.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
19.5.7 MIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
19.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
19.6.1 ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
19.6.2 ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
19.6.3 ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
19.6.4 ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
19.6.5 ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
19.6.6 ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
19.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
19.7.1 #1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
19.7.2 #2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
19.7.3 #3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
19.7.4 #4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353

20 356
20.1 x86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
20.2 x64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
20.3 32-bit ARM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
20.4 MIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
20.4.1 MIPS (relocs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
20.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361

21 362
21.1 MSVC: SYSTEMTIME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
21.1.1 OllyDbg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
21.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
21.2 malloc() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
21.3 UNIX: struct tm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
21.3.1 Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
21.3.2 ARM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
21.3.3 MIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
21.3.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
21.3.5 32- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
21.3.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
21.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
21.4.1 x86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
21.4.2 ARM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
21.4.3 MIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
21.4.4 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
21.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
21.5.1 OllyDbg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
21.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
21.6.1 CPUID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
21.6.2 oat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
21.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
21.7.1 #1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
21.7.2 #2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393

22 (union) 398
22.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
22.1.1 x86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
22.1.2 MIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
22.1.3 ARM ( ARM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
22.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
22.2.1 x86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
22.2.2 ARM64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
22.2.3 MIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
22.2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
22.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404

ix

23 406
23.1 MSVC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
23.1.1 MSVC + OllyDbg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
23.1.2 MSVC + tracer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
23.1.3 MSVC + tracer (code coverage) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
23.2 GCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
23.2.1 GCC + GDB ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
23.2.2 GCC + GDB ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415

24 64- 32- 418

24.1 64- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
24.1.1 x86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
24.1.2 ARM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
24.1.3 MIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
24.2 , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
24.2.1 x86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
24.2.2 ARM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
24.2.3 MIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
24.3 , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
24.3.1 x86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
24.3.2 ARM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
24.3.3 MIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
24.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
24.4.1 x86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
24.4.2 ARM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
24.4.3 MIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
24.5 32- 64- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
24.5.1 x86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
24.5.2 ARM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
24.5.3 MIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428

25 SIMD 429
25.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
25.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
25.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
25.2 strlen() SIMD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439

26 64 443
26.1 x86-64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
26.2 ARM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
26.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450

27 SIMD 451
27.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
27.1.1 x64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
27.1.2 x86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
27.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
27.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
27.3.1 x64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
27.3.2 x86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
27.4 : x64 SIMD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
27.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
27.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462

28 - ARM 464
28.1 (#) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
28.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
28.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
28.3.1 32- ARM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
28.3.2 ARM64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
28.4 ARM64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466

29 - MIPS 468
29.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
29.2 MIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468

x

II 469
30 471

31 Endianness ( ) 473
31.1 Big-endian ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
31.2 Little-endian ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
31.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
31.4 Bi-endian ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474
31.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474

32 475

33 CPU 476
33.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476
33.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476

34 - 477
34.1 ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477

III 478
35 479
35.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
35.1.1 MSVC 2012 x86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
35.1.2 MSVC 2012 x64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
35.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481

36 484
36.1 #1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
36.2 #2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
36.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490

37 CRC32 491

38 494
38.1 calc_network_address() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
38.2 form_IP() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
38.3 print_as_IP() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
38.4 form_netmask() set_bit() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
38.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499

39 : 500
39.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
39.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
39.3 Intel C++ 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502

40 Duffs device 505

41 9 508
41.1 x86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
41.2 ARM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
41.2.1 Xcode 4.6.3 (LLVM) ( ARM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
41.2.2 Xcode 4.6.3 (LLVM) ( Thumb-2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510
41.2.3 Xcode 4.6.3 (LLVM) Keil 6/2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510
41.3 MIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510
41.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
41.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512
41.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512
41.5.1 #1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512
41.5.2 #2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
41.6 #1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513

42 (atoi()) 515
42.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515

xi

42.1.1 MSVC 2013 x64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
42.1.2 GCC 4.9.1 x64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
42.1.3 Keil 6/2013 ( ARM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
42.1.4 Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
42.1.5 GCC 4.9.1 ARM64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
42.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518
42.2.1 GCC 4.9.1 x64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
42.2.2 Keil 6/2013 ( ARM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520
42.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521

43 Inline- 522
43.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
43.1.1 strcmp() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
43.1.2 strlen() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
43.1.3 strcpy() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
43.1.4 memset() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
43.1.5 memcpy() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
43.1.6 memcmp() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
43.1.7 IDA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530

44 C99 restrict 531

45 abs() 534
45.1 GCC 4.9.1 x64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534
45.2 GCC 4.9 ARM64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535

46 (variadic) 536
46.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536
46.1.1 cdecl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536
46.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
46.2 vprintf() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539

47 541
47.1 x64: MSVC 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542
47.2 x64: GCC 4.9.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543
47.3 x64: GCC 4.9.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544
47.4 ARM64: GCC (Linaro) 4.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
47.5 ARM64: GCC (Linaro) 4.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546
47.6 ARM: Keil 6/2013 ( ARM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547
47.7 ARM: Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547
47.8 MIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548

48 toupper() 550
48.1 x64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550
48.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550
48.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551
48.2 ARM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552
48.2.1 GCC ARM64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552
48.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553

49 554
49.1 (x86) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554
49.2 ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555

50 559
50.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
50.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560
50.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560
50.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560
50.2.3 / . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560
50.2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
50.2.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
50.3 / - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
50.4 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
50.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562

xii

50.5.1 #1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562

51 ++ 563
51.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
51.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
51.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
51.1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572
51.1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
51.1.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576
51.2 ostream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579
51.3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580
51.4 STL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580
51.4.1 std::string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580
51.4.2 std::list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587
51.4.3 std::vector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596
51.4.4 std::map std::set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603

52 614

53 Windows 16-bit 617

53.1 #1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617
53.2 #2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617
53.3 #3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618
53.4 #4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619
53.5 #5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
53.6 #6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625
53.6.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626

IV Java 628
54 Java 629
54.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629
54.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629
54.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633
54.4 JVM6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636
54.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636
54.6 beep() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638
54.7 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638
54.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
54.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641
54.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642
54.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
54.12switch() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
54.13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646
54.13.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646
54.13.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647
54.13.3 main() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647
54.13.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648
54.13.5 - (variadic) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650
54.13.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651
54.13.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652
54.13.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653
54.14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653
54.14.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653
54.14.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654
54.15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655
54.16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658
54.17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660
54.17.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660
54.17.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662
54.18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664
6 Java virtual machine
7

xiii

V 665
55 667
55.1 Microsoft Visual C++ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667
55.1.1 Name mangling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667
55.2 GCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667
55.2.1 Name mangling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667
55.2.2 Cygwin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667
55.2.3 MinGW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667
55.3 Intel FORTRAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668
55.4 Watcom, OpenWatcom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668
55.4.1 Name mangling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668
55.5 Borland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668
55.5.1 Delphi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668
55.6 DLL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669

56 (win32) 670
56.1 Windows API . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670
56.2 tracer: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671

57 672
57.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672
57.1.1 /++ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672
57.1.2 Borland Delphi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672
57.1.3 Unicode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673
57.1.4 Base64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676
57.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676
57.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676

58 assert() 677

59 678
59.1 Magic numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678
59.1.1 DHCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679
59.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679

60 680

61 682
61.1 XOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682
61.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682

62 magic numbers 684

63 685
63.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685
63.2 ++ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685
63.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685
63.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686
63.4.1 Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687
63.4.2 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687

VI 688
64 689
64.1 cdecl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689
64.2 stdcall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689
64.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 690
64.3 fastcall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 690
64.3.1 GCC regparm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691
64.3.2 Watcom/OpenWatcom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691
64.4 thiscall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691
64.5 x86-64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691
64.5.1 Windows x64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691
64.5.2 Linux x64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694

xiv

64.6 oat, double . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694
64.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694
64.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695

65 Thread Local Storage 697

65.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697
65.1.1 Win32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697
65.1.2 Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701

66 (syscall-) 702
66.1 Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702
66.2 Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703

67 Linux 704
67.1 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704
67.1.1 Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706
67.2 LD_PRELOAD Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706

68 Windows NT 709
68.1 CRT (win32) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709
68.2 Win32 PE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712
68.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712
68.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713
68.2.3 Subsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713
68.2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713
68.2.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714
68.2.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714
68.2.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715
68.2.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717
68.2.9 .NET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717
68.2.10TLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718
68.2.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718
68.2.12Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718
68.3 Windows SEH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718
68.3.1 MSVC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718
68.3.2 MSVC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723
68.3.3 Windows x64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736
68.3.4 SEH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739
68.4 Windows NT: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740

VII 742
69 743
69.1 IDA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743

70 744
70.1 OllyDbg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744
70.2 GDB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744
70.3 tracer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744

71 745
71.0.1 strace / dtruss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745

72 746

73 747

VIII RE- 748

74 task manager (Windows Vista) 750
74.1 LEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752

75 Color Lines 754

xv

76 (Windows XP) 758
76.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762

77 + SMT- Z3 763
77.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763
77.2 Z3 SMT- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766

78 771
78.1 #1: MacOS Classic PowerPC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771
78.2 #2: SCO OpenServer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778
78.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785
78.3 #3: MS-DOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787

79 QR9: , 793

80 SAP 820
80.1 SAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820
80.2 SAP 6.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 830

81 Oracle RDBMS 834

81.1 V$VERSION Oracle RDBMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 834
81.2 X$KSMLRU Oracle RDBMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841
81.3 V$TIMER Oracle RDBMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843

82 847
82.1 EICAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847

83 849
83.1 10 PRINT CHR$(205.5+RND(1)); : GOTO 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849
83.1.1 42- Trixter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849
83.1.2 Trixter: 27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 850
83.1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 850
83.1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851
83.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 852
83.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853
83.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858
83.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 860

IX (proprietary) 862
84 XOR- 863
84.1 Norton Guide: XOR- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 864
84.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865
84.2 XOR- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867
84.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 870

85 Millenium 871

86 Oracle RDBMS: .SYM- 878

87 Oracle RDBMS: .MSB- 888

87.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893

X 894
88 npad 895

89 897
89.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897
89.2 x86- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897

90 Compiler intrinsic 898

91 899

xvi

92 OpenMP 900
92.1 MSVC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 902
92.2 GCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903

93 Itanium 906

94 8086 909

95 basic block- 910

95.1 Prole-guided optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 910

XI 912
96 913
96.1 Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 913
96.2 /++ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 913
96.3 x86 / x86-64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 913
96.4 ARM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 913
96.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 913

97 914
97.1 Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 914

98 915

XII 916
99 1 919
99.1 1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 919

100 2 920
100.1 2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 920
100.1.1 MSVC 2010 x86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 920
100.1.2 MSVC 2012 x64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921
100.2 2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921
100.2.1 MSVC 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921
100.2.2GCC 4.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 922
100.2.3 Keil ( ARM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 923
100.2.4 Keil ( Thumb) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 924
100.2.5 GCC 4.9.1 (ARM64) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 924
100.2.6 GCC 4.4.5 (MIPS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 925
100.3 2.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 926
100.3.1 MSVC 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 926
100.3.2 Keil ( ARM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 927
100.3.3 Keil ( Thumb) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 927
100.3.4 GCC 4.9.1 (ARM64) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 928
100.3.5 GCC 4.4.5 (MIPS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 929
100.4 2.13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 929
100.4.1 MSVC 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 929
100.4.2Keil ( ARM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 930
100.4.3Keil ( Thumb) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 930
100.4.4 GCC 4.9.1 (ARM64) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 930
100.4.5 GCC 4.4.5 (MIPS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 930
100.5 2.14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931
100.5.1MSVC 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931
100.5.2Keil ( ARM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 932
100.5.3GCC 4.6.3 for Raspberry Pi ( ARM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 932
100.5.4 GCC 4.9.1 (ARM64) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 933
100.5.5 GCC 4.4.5 (MIPS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 934
100.6 2.15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 935
100.6.1 MSVC 2012 x64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 935
100.6.2 GCC 4.4.6 x64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 938
100.6.3 GCC 4.8.1 x86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 938
100.6.4Keil ( ARM): Cortex-R4F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 939

xvii

100.6.5 GCC 4.9.1 (ARM64) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 940
100.6.6 GCC 4.4.5 (MIPS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 941
100.7 2.16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 942
100.7.1 MSVC 2012 x64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 942
100.7.2 Keil ( ARM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 943
100.7.3 Keil ( Thumb) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 943
100.7.4 GCC 4.9.1 (ARM64) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 943
100.7.5 GCC 4.9.1 (ARM64) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 944
100.7.6 GCC 4.4.5 (MIPS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 947
100.8 2.17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 948
100.9 2.18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 948
100.10
2.19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 948
100.11
2.20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 948

101 3 950
101.1 3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 950
101.2 3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 950
101.3 3.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 950
101.4 3.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 950
101.5 3.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 951
101.6 3.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 951

102crackme / keygenme 952

954
103? 954

956
A x86 956
A.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 956
A.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 956
A.2.1 RAX/EAX/AX/AL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 956
A.2.2 RBX/EBX/BX/BL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 957
A.2.3 RCX/ECX/CX/CL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 957
A.2.4 RDX/EDX/DX/DL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 957
A.2.5 RSI/ESI/SI/SIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 957
A.2.6 RDI/EDI/DI/DIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 957
A.2.7 R8/R8D/R8W/R8L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 957
A.2.8 R9/R9D/R9W/R9L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 958
A.2.9 R10/R10D/R10W/R10L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 958
A.2.10 R11/R11D/R11W/R11L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 958
A.2.11 R12/R12D/R12W/R12L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 958
A.2.12 R13/R13D/R13W/R13L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 958
A.2.13 R14/R14D/R14W/R14L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 958
A.2.14 R15/R15D/R15W/R15L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 958
A.2.15 RSP/ESP/SP/SPL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 959
A.2.16 RBP/EBP/BP/BPL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 959
A.2.17 RIP/EIP/IP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 959
A.2.18 CS/DS/ES/SS/FS/GS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 959
A.2.19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 959
A.3 FPU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 960
A.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 960
A.3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 961
A.3.3 Tag Word . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 961
A.4 SIMD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 962
A.4.1 MMX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 962
A.4.2 SSE AVX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 962
A.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 962
A.5.1 DR6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 962
A.5.2 DR7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 962
A.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 963

xviii

A.6.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 963
A.6.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 964
A.6.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 968
A.6.4 FPU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 972
A.6.5 ASCII- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 973

B ARM 975
B.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975
B.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975
B.3 32- ARM (AArch32) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975
B.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975
B.3.2 Current Program Status Register (CPSR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 976
B.3.3 VPF ( ) NEON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 976
B.4 64- ARM (AArch64) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 976
B.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 976
B.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 977
B.5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 977

C MIPS 978
C.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 978
C.1.1 GPR8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 978
C.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 978
C.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 978
C.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 979

D GCC 980

E MSVC 981

F Cheatsheets 982
F.1 IDA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 982
F.2 OllyDbg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 982
F.3 MSVC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983
F.4 GCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983
F.5 GDB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983

G 985
G.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 985
G.1.1 Hello, world! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 985
G.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 985
G.1.3 scanf() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 986
G.1.4 switch()/case/default . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 986
G.1.5 #1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 986
G.1.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 986
G.1.7 #3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 986
G.1.8 #4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 987
G.1.9 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 987
G.1.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 987
G.1.11 FPU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 987
G.1.12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 988
G.1.13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 989
G.1.14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 990
G.1.15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 991
G.1.16 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 991
G.2 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 992
G.2.1 1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 992
G.2.2 1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 992
G.3 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 992
G.3.1 2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 992
G.3.2 2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 992
G.3.3 2.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 992
G.3.4 2.13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 993
G.3.5 2.14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 993
G.3.6 2.15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 993
8 General Purpose Registers ( )

xix

G.3.7 2.16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 993
G.3.8 2.17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 993
G.3.9 2.18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 993
G.3.10 2.19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 993
G.3.11 2.20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 994
G.4 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 994
G.4.1 3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 994
G.4.2 3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 994
G.4.3 3.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 994
G.4.4 3.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 994
G.4.5 3.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 994
G.4.6 3.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 994
G.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 994
G.5.1 (Windows XP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 994

996
1000

1002

xx


reverse engineering : 1) ; 2) -
; 3) .
.

x86/x64, ARM/ARM64, MIPS, Java/JVM.

Oracle RDBMS (81 (. 834)), Itanium (93 (. 906)), (78 (. 771)), LD_PRELOAD (67.2
(. 706)), , ELF9 , PE win32 (68.2 (. 712)), x86-64 (26.1 (. 443)),
(68.4 (. 740)), (66 (. 702)), TLS10 , - (PIC11 ) (67.1 (. 704)), prole-
guided optimization (95.1 (. 910)), C++ STL (51.4 (. 580)), OpenMP (92 (. 900)), SEH (68.3 (. 718)).

reverse engineer . -
: dennis(a)yurichev.com, Skype: dennis.yurichev.

, : herm1t , Avid .
, : Beaver , , Shell
Rocket, Zhu Ruijin, Changmin Heo.
: , Arnaud Patard (rtp #debian-arm IRC), .
: Archer.
: Byungho Min.
: Lstar , , , Logxen , Yuan Jochen Kang,
Mal Malakov, Lewis Porter.
.
: .
github.com .
LATEX. .
9 , Linux *NIX
10 Thread Local Storage
11 Position Independent Code: 67.1 (. 704)

xxi

0.0.1.

, () .
, , 12 (LaTeX),
.
.
: PLANS13 .
, , .
http://yurichev.com/donate.html.
!

http://yurichev.com/donors.html.

mini-

Q: ?
A: 14 , : -
15 . , CPU16
. - ,
: 1) malware () ; 2) -
. , ,
, , , .

Q: PDF-, ?
A: Adobe Acrobat Reader Alt+LeftArrow.

Q: ! ?
A: lite-: http://beginners.re/#lite.

Q: , reverse engineering-.
A: , LITE- 1-2 .

Q: ? ?
A: , Creative Commons. -
, .

Q: .
A: .

Q: reverse engineer-?
A: reddit, RE17 , hiring thread (2013 Q3, 2014). .
netsec : 2014 Q2.

Q: ?
A: : ; .

Q: ...
A: (dennis(a)yurichev.com) : forum.yurichev.com.

Reverse Engineering

Its very well done .. and for free .. amazing.18 Daniel Bilar, Siege Technologies, LLC.
12 github.com/dennis714/RE-for-beginners
13 github.com/dennis714/RE-for-beginners/blob/master/PLANS
14
15 : [Fog13b]
16 Central processing unit
17 reddit.com/r/ReverseEngineering/
18 twitter.com/daniel_bilar/status/436578617221742593

xxii

... excellent and free19 Pete Finnigan, Oracle RDBMS.
... book is interesting, great job! Michael Sikorski, Practical Malware Analysis: The Hands-On Guide to
Dissecting Malicious Software.
... my compliments for the very nice tutorial! Herbert Bos, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam,
Modern Operating Systems (4th Edition).
... It is amazing and unbelievable. Luis Rocha, CISSP / ISSAP, Technical Manager, Network & Information Security at
Verizon Business.
Thanks for the great work and your book. Joris van de Vis, SAP Netweaver & Security.
... reasonable intro to some of the techniques.20 Mike Stay, Federal Law Enforcement Training
Center, Georgia, US.
I love this book! I have several students reading it at the moment, plan to use it in graduate course.21 ,
Research Assistant Professor Computer Science Dartmouth College
Dennis @Yurichev has published an impressive (and free!) book on reverse engineering22 Tanel Poder,
Oracle RDBMS.
This book is some kind of Wikipedia to beginners... Archer, Chinese Translator, IT Security Researcher.
, .
, DefCon-UA

2015, Acorn (
2014) .
.
Byungho Min (twitter/tais9).
: facebook/andydinka.
.
,
.

19 twitter.com/petennigan/status/400551705797869568
20 reddit
21 twitter.com/sergeybratus/status/505590326560833536
22 twitter.com/TanelPoder/status/524668104065159169

xxiii
 I

, ++, , ,
. 23 . ,
/++ , , .
, , , .
- .
, ( )
.

,
, . ,
(
), .
. .

.
, .
.
, ( ) . -
( )
.
-
, , .
,
. ,
.
reverse engineer ,
, . .

23 , , , .

2
 1. CPU 1. CPU

CPU

CPU .
:
: CPU. : , ,
. , CPU (ISA).
: CPU. .
: , : ,
, ..
CPU : CPU (GPR). 8 x86, 16
x86-64, 16 ARM. . ,
1 8 32 ( 64) .
!
?
/++, Java, Python, CPU . ,
CPU , . ,
- , , .
, 2 .

1.1. ISA
x86 , 64- , x64
ISA. x86 , 16- 8086 -
.

ARM RISC3 - ,
. ARM 4- 4 . ,
ARM.
, . , 5
c .
ISA Thumb, 2- .
Thumb. ARM , Thumb -
. , ARM Thumb .
ARM , Thumb : Thumb-2 ( ARMv7). Thumb-2
, 4 . ,
Thumb-2 ARM Thumb. . Thumb-2 -
ARM.
iPod/iPhone/iPad Thumb-2, Xcode .
64- ARM. ISA 4- , Thumb. 64-
1
2 .
3 Reduced instruction set computing
4 , , ( ) .

switch() (13.2.2 (. 167)).

5 MOV/PUSH/CALL/Jcc

3
 1. CPU 1. CPU
ISA, 3 ARM: ARM, Thumb ( Thumb-
2) ARM64. , , ,
. , ARM ISA.
RISC ISA 32- MIPS, PowerPC Alpha
AXP.

4
 2. 2.

, :
, :

2.1: /++
int f()
{
return 123;
};

2.1. x86
GCC:

2.2: GCC/MSVC ( )
f:
mov eax, 123
ret

MSVC
. 123 EAX, -
. RET, .
EAX.

2.2. ARM
ARM?

2.3: Keil 6/2013 ( ARM) ASM Output

f PROC
MOV r0,#0x7b ; 123
BX lr
ENDP

ARM R0 , 123 R0.

(RA1 ) ARM , LR2 . BX LR
, -.
, MOV x86 ARM . , ,
.
1
2 Link Register

5
 2. 2.
2.3. MIPS
MIPS. ( $0 $31) ($V0, $A0, ..).
GCC :

2.4: GCC 4.4.5 ( )

j $31
li $2,123 # 0x7b

IDA3 :

2.5: GCC 4.4.5 (IDA)

jr $ra
li $v0, 0x7B

$2 ( $V0) . LI Load Immediate .

(J JR), -,
$31 ( $RA). LR ARM.
(LI) (J JR) ? RISC
branch delay slot. , . : MIPS
. ,
, .

2.3.1. - MIPS

MIPS .
, ISA .

3 , Hex-Rays

6
 3. HELLO, WORLD! 3. HELLO, WORLD!

Hello, world!

, The C programming Language[Ker88]:

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
printf("hello, world\n");
return 0;
}

3.1. x86

3.1.1. MSVC

MSVC 2010:
cl 1.cpp /Fa1.asm

( /Fa )

3.1: MSVC 2010

CONST SEGMENT
$SG3830 DB 'hello, world', 0AH, 00H
CONST ENDS
PUBLIC _main
EXTRN _printf:PROC
; Function compile flags: /Odtp
_TEXT SEGMENT
_main PROC
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
push OFFSET $SG3830
call _printf
add esp, 4
xor eax, eax
pop ebp
ret 0
_main ENDP
_TEXT ENDS

MSVC Intel. Intel AT&T :

3.1.3 (. 9).
1.obj, 1.exe.
: CONST ( -) _TEXT ( ).
hello, world /++ const char[] [Str13, p176, 7.3.2], .
- , $SG3830.
:

7
 3. HELLO, WORLD! 3. HELLO, WORLD!

#include <stdio.h>

const char $SG3830[]="hello, world\n";

int main()
{
printf($SG3830);
return 0;
}

. ,
/++ . : 57.1.1 (. 672).
_TEXT : main(). main(), ,
1 .
printf() : CALL _printf. ( )
PUSH .
, printf() main(), ( )
. , ( ESP) .
ADD ESP, 4 4 ESP. 4? 32- ,
4 . x64- 8 . ADD ESP, 4 POP , -
2 .
, , Intel C++ Compiler, ADD POP ECX
( , , Oracle RDBMS, ), ,
ECX. , POP ECX, (1
POP 3 ADD).
POP ADD Oracle RDBMS:

3.2: Oracle RDBMS 10.2 Linux ( app.o)

.text:0800029A push ebx
.text:0800029B call qksfroChild
.text:080002A0 pop ecx

printf() /++ return 0 0 -

main(). XOR EAX, EAX. XOR,
3 , MOV EAX, 0 ,
(2 XOR 5 MOV).
SUB EAX, EAX, EAX EAX,
0 .
RET . /++ CRT4 , -
, , .

3.1.2. GCC

GCC 4.4.1 Linux: gcc 1.c -o 1 IDA

main(). IDA, MSVC, Intel5 .

3.3: IDA
main proc near

var_10 = dword ptr 10h

push ebp
mov ebp, esp
and esp, 0FFFFFFF0h
sub esp, 10h
mov eax, offset aHelloWorld ; "hello, world\n"
1 (4 (. 24)).
2 , ,
3 wikipedia
4 C runtime library : 68.1 (. 709)
5 GCC -S -masm=intel.

8
 3. HELLO, WORLD! 3. HELLO, WORLD!
mov [esp+10h+var_10], eax
call _printf
mov eax, 0
leave
retn
main endp

. hello, world, , EAX, -

. AND ESP, 0FFFFFFF0h ESP
16- , (
, 4 16)6 .
SUB ESP, 10h 16 . , , 4.
, 16- .
( ) PUSH. var_10 -
printf(). .
printf().
MSVC, GCC MOV EAX, 0
.
LEAVE MOV ESP, EBP POP EBP
EBP . , .. ESP
EBP ( MOV EBP, ESP / AND ESP, ).

3.1.3. GCC: AT&T

, AT&T . -
UNIX-.
3.4: GCC 4.7.3
gcc S 1_1.c

:
3.5: GCC 4.7.3
.file "1_1.c"
.section .rodata
.LC0:
.string "hello, world\n"
.text
.globl main
.type main, @function
main:
.LFB0:
.cfi_startproc
pushl %ebp
.cfi_def_cfa_offset 8
.cfi_offset 5, 8
movl %esp, %ebp
.cfi_def_cfa_register 5
andl $16, %esp
subl $16, %esp
movl $.LC0, (%esp)
call printf
movl $0, %eax
leave
.cfi_restore 5
.cfi_def_cfa 4, 4
ret
.cfi_endproc
.LFE0:
.size main, .main
.ident "GCC: (Ubuntu/Linaro 4.7.31ubuntu1) 4.7.3"
.section .note.GNUstack,"",@progbits

6 Wikipedia:

9
 3. HELLO, WORLD! 3. HELLO, WORLD!
( ). . , ,
( .string, ,
). 7 :
3.6: GCC 4.7.3
.LC0:
.string "hello, world\n"
main:
pushl %ebp
movl %esp, %ebp
andl $16, %esp
subl $16, %esp
movl $.LC0, (%esp)
call printf
movl $0, %eax
leave
ret

Intel AT&T :
.
Intel-: <> < > <->.
AT&T-: <> <-> < >.
, : Intel
(=) , AT&T
() 8 .
AT&T: (%), ($).
.
AT&T: , :
q quad (64 )
l long (32 )
w word (16 )
b byte (8 )
: , IDA. : 0FFFFFFF0h
$-16. : 16 0x10 . -0x10
0xFFFFFFF0 ( 32- ).
0 MOV, XOR. MOV
. ( , ). -
LOAD STORE - .

3.2. x86-64

3.2.1. MSVC x86-64

64- MSVC:
3.7: MSVC 2012 x64
$SG2989 DB 'hello, world', 0AH, 00H

main PROC
sub rsp, 40
lea rcx, OFFSET FLAT:$SG2989
call printf
xor eax, eax
add rsp, 40
ret 0
main ENDP

7 , , GCC: -fno-asynchronous-unwind-tables
8 , (, memcpy(), strcpy()) -
Intel: , -.

10
 3. HELLO, WORLD! 3. HELLO, WORLD!
x86-64 64- R-.
( , ), -
(fastcall: 64.3 (. 690)). ..
. Win64 4 RCX, RDX, R8, R9.
: printf() , RCX.
64-, 64- ( R-).
32 E-.
RAX/ EAX/ AX/ AL x86-64:
7 ( ) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
RAXx64
EAX
AX
AH AL
main() int, /++, -
, 32-. main() RAX, EAX, .. 32- .
, 40 . shadow space, :
8.2.1 (. 94).

3.2.2. GCC x86-64

GCC 64- Linux:

3.8: GCC 4.4.6 x64

.string "hello, world\n"
main:
sub rsp, 8
mov edi, OFFSET FLAT:.LC0 ; "hello, world\n"
xor eax, eax ;
call printf
xor eax, eax
add rsp, 8
ret

Linux, *BSD Mac OS X x86-64 [Mit13]. 6

RDI, RSI, RDX, RCX, R8, R9, .
EDI (32- ). 64- , RDI?
64- MOV, - 32-
, 32-[Int13]. , MOV EAX, 011223344h
RAX, .
IDA (.o), 9 :

3.9: GCC 4.4.6 x64

.text:00000000004004D0 main proc near
.text:00000000004004D0 48 83 EC 08 sub rsp, 8
.text:00000000004004D4 BF E8 05 40 00 mov edi, offset format ; "hello, world\n"
.text:00000000004004D9 31 C0 xor eax, eax
.text:00000000004004DB E8 D8 FE FF FF call _printf
.text:00000000004004E0 31 C0 xor eax, eax
.text:00000000004004E2 48 83 C4 08 add rsp, 8
.text:00000000004004E6 C3 retn
.text:00000000004004E6 main endp

, , EDI 0x4004D4, 5 . ,
64- RDI, 7 . , GCC . , , ,
, , 4GiB.
EAX printf(). -
*NIX x86-64 EAX : with variable
arguments passes information about the number of vector registers used [Mit13].
9 Options Disassembly Number of opcode bytes

11
 3. HELLO, WORLD! 3. HELLO, WORLD!
3.3. GCC -
, - const (3.1.1 (. 7)), , -
(immutable), : -
.
:
#include <stdio.h>

int f1()
{
printf ("world\n");
}

int f2()
{
printf ("hello world\n");
}

int main()
{
f1();
f2();
}

/++ ( MSVC) , GCC 4.8.1:

3.10: GCC 4.8.1 + IDA

f1 proc near

s = dword ptr 1Ch

sub esp, 1Ch

mov [esp+1Ch+s], offset s ; "world\n"
call _puts
add esp, 1Ch
retn
f1 endp

f2 proc near

s = dword ptr 1Ch

sub esp, 1Ch

mov [esp+1Ch+s], offset aHello ; "hello "
call _puts
add esp, 1Ch
retn
f2 endp

aHello db 'hello '

s db 'world',0xa,0

, , puts(),
f2(), , . ,
, .
puts() f1(), world . puts() ,
- !
( GCC) .

3.4. ARM
ARM :
embedded- Keil Release 6/2013.

12
 3. HELLO, WORLD! 3. HELLO, WORLD!
Apple Xcode 4.6.3 ( LLVM-GCC 4.210 ).
GCC 4.9 (Linaro) ( ARM64), win32 http://go.yurichev.com/
17325.
, , 32- ARM ( Thumb Thumb-2).
64- ARM, ARM64.

3.4.1. Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)

Keil:
armcc.exe arm c90 O0 1.c

armcc Intel. -
, ARM11 , ,
IDA.
3.11: Keil 6/2013 ( ARM) IDA
.text:00000000 main
.text:00000000 10 40 2D E9 STMFD SP!, {R4,LR}
.text:00000004 1E 0E 8F E2 ADR R0, aHelloWorld ; "hello, world"
.text:00000008 15 19 00 EB BL __2printf
.text:0000000C 00 00 A0 E3 MOV R0, #0
.text:00000010 10 80 BD E8 LDMFD SP!, {R4,PC}

.text:000001EC 68 65 6C 6C+aHelloWorld DCB "hello, world",0 ; DATA XREF: main+4

, 4 . ,
ARM, Thumb.
, STMFD SP!, {R4,LR}12 , PUSH x86,
(R4 LR) . , armcc
PUSH {r4,lr}. , PUSH Thumb,
, , IDA.
, SP14 , , ,
R4 LR , SP.
, PUSH Thumb,
, . , x86 . , STMFD
PUSH ( ), , SP.
, STMFD .
ADR R0, aHelloWorld PC15 ,
hello, world. PC, ? , - 16
- . , -
PC . ADR ,
. , , .
, ( PC),
-.
BL __2printf17 printf(). :
BL (0xC) LR;
printf(), PC.
printf() , , , ,
, LR.
RISC- ARM CISC18 - x86,
19 .
10 : Apple Xcode 4.6.3 - GCC LLVM
11 , PUSH/ POP, ARM
12 STMFD13
14 stack pointer. SP/ESP/RSP x86/x64. SP ARM.
15 Program Counter. IP/EIP/RIP x86/64. PC ARM.
16 (67.1 (. 704))
17 Branch with Link
18 Complex instruction set computing
19 (5 (. 25))

13
 3. HELLO, WORLD! 3. HELLO, WORLD!
, 32- ( ) 32- BL,
24- . ARM 4 (32 )
4, 2 ( ) . 26
, current_P C 32M .
MOV R0, #020 0 R0. - 0, -
R0.
LDMFD SP!, R4,PC21 , STMFD. (
) R4 PC, SP.
POP.
N.B. STMFD R4 LR, LDMFD
R4 PC.
, LR , .
, main() -
printf(). , ,
PC, , , .
main() /++, , -
CRT - .
BX LR .
DCB , ASCII-, DB x86-.

3.4.2. Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb)

Keil Thumb:
armcc.exe thumb c90 O0 1.c

( IDA):

3.12: Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb) + IDA

.text:00000000 main
.text:00000000 10 B5 PUSH {R4,LR}
.text:00000002 C0 A0 ADR R0, aHelloWorld ; "hello, world"
.text:00000004 06 F0 2E F9 BL __2printf
.text:00000008 00 20 MOVS R0, #0
.text:0000000A 10 BD POP {R4,PC}

.text:00000304 68 65 6C 6C+aHelloWorld DCB "hello, world",0 ; DATA XREF: main+2

(16-) , , Thumb.
BL. 16- . 16-
, printf(). 16-
10 , 11 . ,
Thumb- 2 ( 16 ). , Thumb- -
. , . ,
Thumb- BL current_P C 2M .
(PUSH POP) , STMFD/ LDMFD,
SP . ADR , . MOVS 0
R0 .

3.4.3. Xcode 4.6.3 (LLVM) ( ARM)

Xcode 4.6.3 , -
( -O3), .

3.13: Xcode 4.6.3 (LLVM) ( ARM)

__text:000028C4 _hello_world
__text:000028C4 80 40 2D E9 STMFD SP!, {R7,LR}
__text:000028C8 86 06 01 E3 MOV R0, #0x1686
20 MOVe
21 LDMFD22

14
 3. HELLO, WORLD! 3. HELLO, WORLD!
__text:000028CC 0D 70 A0 E1 MOV R7, SP
__text:000028D0 00 00 40 E3 MOVT R0, #0
__text:000028D4 00 00 8F E0 ADD R0, PC, R0
__text:000028D8 C3 05 00 EB BL _puts
__text:000028DC 00 00 A0 E3 MOV R0, #0
__text:000028E0 80 80 BD E8 LDMFD SP!, {R7,PC}

__cstring:00003F62 48 65 6C 6C+aHelloWorld_0 DCB "Hello world!",0

STMFD LDMFD .
MOV 0x1686 R0 , Hello world!.
R7 ( , [App10]) frame pointer, .
MOVT R0, #0 (MOVe Top) 0 16 . , MOV
ARM - 16 ,
. , ARM 32 . ,
. ( 16- 31- )
MOVT. , , MOV R0,
#0x1686 . , .
ADD R0, PC, R0 PC R0 Hello world!.
, - , .
BL puts() printf().
printf() puts(). , printf()
puts(). , , printf(),
. 23 .
? puts() 24 .
puts() stdout .
MOV R0, #0, 0 .

3.4.4. Xcode 4.6.3 (LLVM) ( Thumb-2)

Xcode 4.6.3 Thumb-2 :

3.14: Xcode 4.6.3 (LLVM) ( Thumb-2)

__text:00002B6C _hello_world
__text:00002B6C 80 B5 PUSH {R7,LR}
__text:00002B6E 41 F2 D8 30 MOVW R0, #0x13D8
__text:00002B72 6F 46 MOV R7, SP
__text:00002B74 C0 F2 00 00 MOVT.W R0, #0
__text:00002B78 78 44 ADD R0, PC
__text:00002B7A 01 F0 38 EA BLX _puts
__text:00002B7E 00 20 MOVS R0, #0
__text:00002B80 80 BD POP {R7,PC}

...

__cstring:00003E70 48 65 6C 6C 6F 20+aHelloWorld DCB "Hello world!",0xA,0

BL BLX Thumb, , 16- , Thumb-2

, 32- .
Thumb-2 0xFx 0xEx. IDA
. - , ARM : ,
( Thumb Thumb-2 ), , ( ARM) , ,
(.. endianness).
IDA:
ARM ARM64: 4-3-2-1;
Thumb: 2-1;
16- Thumb-2: 2-1-4-3.
23 , puts() \n , .
24 ciselant.de/projects/gcc_printf/gcc_printf.html

15
 3. HELLO, WORLD! 3. HELLO, WORLD!
MOVW, MOVT.W BLX 0xFx.
Thumb-2 MOVW R0, #0x13D8 16- R0,
.
MOVT.W R0, #0 , MOVT , Thumb-2.
, BLX BL. ,
LR puts(), Thumb/Thumb-
2 ARM ( ). , , , ( -
ARM):
__symbolstub1:00003FEC _puts ; CODE XREF: _hello_world+E
__symbolstub1:00003FEC 44 F0 9F E5 LDR PC, =__imp__puts

, puts() .
, : puts()
, ?
- .
( DLL Windows, .so *NIX
.dylib Mac OS X). ,
puts().
(Windows PE .exe, ELF Mach-O) , (-
) , .
, ,
.
, __imp__puts 32- ,
. LDR 32- , ,
PC, .
,
, , , .
, , 32-
. , ARM,
, .
( thunk-) Thumb-.
, ( ARM), BL
thunk-, ( X ).

thunk-

Thunk- , , - .
- . , -
, .
Thunk- wrapper-. Wrap , .
:

A piece of coding which provides an address:, according to P. Z. Ingerman, who invented thunks in 1961
as a way of binding actual parameters to their formal denitions in Algol-60 procedure calls. If a procedure is
called with an expression in the place of a formal parameter, the compiler generates a thunk which computes
the expression and leaves the address of the result in some standard location.

Microsoft and IBM have both dened, in their Intel-based systems, a 16-bit environment (with
bletcherous segment registers and 64K address limits) and a 32-bit environment (with at addressing
and semi-real memory management). The two environments can both be running on the same computer
and OS (thanks to what is called, in the Microsoft world, WOW which stands for Windows On Windows). MS
and IBM have both decided that the process of getting from 16- to 32-bit and vice versa is called a thunk;
for Windows 95, there is even a tool THUNK.EXE called a thunk compiler.

( The Jargon File )

16
 3. HELLO, WORLD! 3. HELLO, WORLD!
3.4.5. ARM64

GCC

GCC 4.8.1 ARM64:

3.15: GCC 4.8.1 + objdump

1 0000000000400590 <main>:
2 400590: a9bf7bfd stp x29, x30, [sp,#16]!
3 400594: 910003fd mov x29, sp
4 400598: 90000000 adrp x0, 400000 <_init0x3b8>
5 40059c: 91192000 add x0, x0, #0x648
6 4005a0: 97ffffa0 bl 400420 <puts@plt>
7 4005a4: 52800000 mov w0, #0x0 // #0
8 4005a8: a8c17bfd ldp x29, x30, [sp],#16
9 4005ac: d65f03c0 ret
10
11 ...
12
13 Contents of section .rodata:
14 400640 01000200 00000000 48656c6c 6f210a00 ........Hello!..

ARM64 Thumb Thumb-2, ARM, 32- . 2

: B.4.1 (. 976). 64- X-, 32- W-.
STP (Store Pair) : X29 X30. ,
, SP, . ARM64
64-, 8 , 16 .
, SP 16
. pre-index. post-index pre-index
: 28.2 (. 464).
, x86, -
PUSH X29 PUSH X30. X29 ARM64 FP25 , X30 LR,
.
SP X29 ( FP). .
ADRP ADD Hello! X0,
. ARM ,
( 4- . : 28.3.1 (. 465)).
. (ADRP) X0 4-
, (ADD) . : 28.4 (. 466).
0x400000 + 0x648 = 0x400648, , .rodata
- Hello!.
BL puts(). : 3.4.3 (. 15).
MOV 0 W0. W0 32 64- X0:
32 32
X0
W0
X0, main() 0, .
32- ? ARM64, x86-64, int 32-, .
, 32- int, 32 X0.
, , . main()
64- :

3.16: main() uint64_t

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdint.h>

uint64_t main()
{
printf ("Hello!\n");
25 Frame Pointer

17
 3. HELLO, WORLD! 3. HELLO, WORLD!
return 0;
}

, MOV :

3.17: GCC 4.8.1 + objdump

4005a4: d2800000 mov x0, #0x0 // #0

LDP (Load Pair) X29 X30.

. , , SP 16.
post-index.
ARM64 : RET. BX LR, , -
, , ,
.
- GCC .

3.5. MIPS

3.5.1. (global pointer)

(global pointer) MIPS. , -

MIPS 32 , 32- .
( GCC
).
, , register
32768...register + 32767, 16 ). -
- 64KiB .
(global pointer) 64KiB.
printf(),
GCC , , -
. ELF- 64KiB- .sbss (small
BSS26 ) .sdata (small data) .
, ,
.sdata/.sbss.
MS-DOS 94 (. 909)
XMS/EMS, 64KiB.
MIPS. PowerPC .

3.5.2. GCC

, .

3.18: GCC 4.4.5 ( )

1 $LC0:
2 ; \000 :
3 .ascii "Hello, world!\012\000"
4 main:
5 ;
6 ; GP:
7 lui $28,%hi(__gnu_local_gp)
8 addiu $sp,$sp,32
9 addiu $28,$28,%lo(__gnu_local_gp)
10 ; RA :
11 sw $31,28($sp)
12 ; puts() GP $25:
13 lw $25,%call16(puts)($28)
14 ; $4 ($a0):
15 lui $4,%hi($LC0)
26 Block Started by Symbol

18
 3. HELLO, WORLD! 3. HELLO, WORLD!
16 ; puts(), link-:
17 jalr $25
18 addiu $4,$4,%lo($LC0) ; branch delay slot
19 ; RA:
20 lw $31,28($sp)
21 ; 0 $zero $v0:
22 move $2,$0
23 ; RA:
24 j $31
25 ; :
26 addiu $sp,$sp,32 ; branch delay slot

, $GP . RA
. puts() printf(). puts() $25 LW
(Load Word). $4 LUI (Load Upper Immediate) ADDIU
(Add Immediate Unsigned Word). LUI 16 (
upper) ADDIU 16 . ADDIU JALR ( branch delay slots?).
$4 $A0, 27 .
JALR (Jump and Link Register) $25 ( puts())
(LW) RA. ARM. : RA
( delay slot ),
( delay slot). JALR RA P C + 8.
LW ADDIU.
LW (Load Word) 19 RA ( ).
MOVE 22 $0 ($ZERO) $2 ($V0). MIPS , -
. , MIPS 0 ,
$0, , 0. : MIPS
, . , MOVE DST, SRC ADD DST, SRC, $ZERO
(DST = SRC + 0), . , MIPS -
. , MOVE. ,
CPU 28 .
J 24 RA, . ADDIU J
J ( branch delay slots?) .
IDA. :

3.19: GCC 4.4.5 (IDA)

1 .text:00000000 main:
2 .text:00000000
3 .text:00000000 var_10 = 0x10
4 .text:00000000 var_4 = 4
5 .text:00000000
6 ;
7 ; GP:
8 .text:00000000 lui $gp, (__gnu_local_gp >> 16)
9 .text:00000004 addiu $sp, 0x20
10 .text:00000008 la $gp, (__gnu_local_gp & 0xFFFF)
11 ; RA :
12 .text:0000000C sw $ra, 0x20+var_4($sp)
13 ; GP :
14 ; - , GCC:
15 .text:00000010 sw $gp, 0x20+var_10($sp)
16 ; puts() GP $t9:
17 .text:00000014 lw $t9, (puts & 0xFFFF)($gp)
18 ; $a0:
19 .text:00000018 lui $a0, ($LC0 >> 16) # "Hello, world!"
20 ; puts(), link-:
21 .text:0000001C jalr $t9
22 .text:00000020 la $a0, ($LC0 & 0xFFFF) # "Hello, world!"
23 ; RA:
24 .text:00000024 lw $ra, 0x20+var_4($sp)
25 ; 0 $zero $v0:
26 .text:00000028 move $v0, $zero
27 ; RA:
27 MIPS C.1 (. 978)
28 -

19
 3. HELLO, WORLD! 3. HELLO, WORLD!
28 .text:0000002C jr $ra
29 ; :
30 .text:00000030 addiu $sp, 0x20

15 GP .
GCC, - GCC29 . GP ,
64KiB.
, puts() $T9, T- temporaries
.

3.5.3. GCC

GCC .

3.20: GCC 4.4.5 ( )

1 $LC0:
2 .ascii "Hello, world!\012\000"
3 main:
4 ;
5 ; GP FP :
6 addiu $sp,$sp,32
7 sw $31,28($sp)
8 sw $fp,24($sp)
9 ; FP ( ):
10 move $fp,$sp
11 ; GP:
12 lui $28,%hi(__gnu_local_gp)
13 addiu $28,$28,%lo(__gnu_local_gp)
14 ; :
15 lui $2,%hi($LC0)
16 addiu $4,$2,%lo($LC0)
17 ; puts() GP:
18 lw $2,%call16(puts)($28)
19 nop
20 ; puts():
21 move $25,$2
22 jalr $25
23 nop ; branch delay slot
24
25 ; GP :
26 lw $28,16($fp)
27 ; $2 ($V0) :
28 move $2,$0
29 ; .
30 ; SP:
31 move $sp,$fp
32 ; RA:
33 lw $31,28($sp)
34 ; FP:
35 lw $fp,24($sp)
36 addiu $sp,$sp,32
37 ; RA:
38 j $31
39 nop ; branch delay slot

, FP . 3 NOP30 -.
.
, GCC NOP- (- branch delay slots) ,
, . .
IDA:

3.21: GCC 4.4.5 (IDA)

29 , GCC, .
30 No OPeration

20
 3. HELLO, WORLD! 3. HELLO, WORLD!
1 .text:00000000 main:
2 .text:00000000
3 .text:00000000 var_10 = 0x10
4 .text:00000000 var_8 = 8
5 .text:00000000 var_4 = 4
6 .text:00000000
7 ;
8 ; GP FP :
9 .text:00000000 addiu $sp, 0x20
10 .text:00000004 sw $ra, 0x20+var_4($sp)
11 .text:00000008 sw $fp, 0x20+var_8($sp)
12 ; FP ( ):
13 .text:0000000C move $fp, $sp
14 ; GP:
15 .text:00000010 la $gp, __gnu_local_gp
16 .text:00000018 sw $gp, 0x20+var_10($sp)
17 ; :
18 .text:0000001C lui $v0, (aHelloWorld >> 16) # "Hello, world!"
19 .text:00000020 addiu $a0, $v0, (aHelloWorld & 0xFFFF) # "Hello, world!"
20 ; puts() GP:
21 .text:00000024 lw $v0, (puts & 0xFFFF)($gp)
22 .text:00000028 or $at, $zero ; NOP
23 ; puts():
24 .text:0000002C move $t9, $v0
25 .text:00000030 jalr $t9
26 .text:00000034 or $at, $zero ; NOP
27 ; GP :
28 .text:00000038 lw $gp, 0x20+var_10($fp)
29 ; $2 ($V0) :
30 .text:0000003C move $v0, $zero
31 ; .
32 ; SP:
33 .text:00000040 move $sp, $fp
34 ; RA:
35 .text:00000044 lw $ra, 0x20+var_4($sp)
36 ; FP:
37 .text:00000048 lw $fp, 0x20+var_8($sp)
38 .text:0000004C addiu $sp, 0x20
39 ; RA:
40 .text:00000050 jr $ra
41 .text:00000054 or $at, $zero ; NOP

IDA LUI/ADDIU LA (Load Address)

15. , 8 ! ( ),
MIPS, .
: IDA NOP- 22, 26 41. OR $AT, $ZERO. ,
$AT , , , . MIPS,
ISA, NOP-.

3.5.4.

. ? ,
RA GP - ( printf())
. leaf function, . : 2.3
(. 6).

3.5.5. GCC: GDB

3.22: GDB
root@debianmips:~# gcc hw.c O3 o hw
root@debianmips:~# gdb hw
GNU gdb (GDB) 7.0.1debian
Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.

21
 3. HELLO, WORLD! 3. HELLO, WORLD!
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Type "show copying"
and "show warranty" for details.
This GDB was configured as "mipslinuxgnu".
For bug reporting instructions, please see:
<http://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/bugs/>...
Reading symbols from /root/hw...(no debugging symbols found)...done.
(gdb) b main
Breakpoint 1 at 0x400654
(gdb) run
Starting program: /root/hw

Breakpoint 1, 0x00400654 in main ()

(gdb) set stepmode on
(gdb) disas
Dump of assembler code for function main:
0x00400640 <main+0>: lui gp,0x42
0x00400644 <main+4>: addiu sp,sp,32
0x00400648 <main+8>: addiu gp,gp,30624
0x0040064c <main+12>: sw ra,28(sp)
0x00400650 <main+16>: sw gp,16(sp)
0x00400654 <main+20>: lw t9,32716(gp)
0x00400658 <main+24>: lui a0,0x40
0x0040065c <main+28>: jalr t9
0x00400660 <main+32>: addiu a0,a0,2080
0x00400664 <main+36>: lw ra,28(sp)
0x00400668 <main+40>: move v0,zero
0x0040066c <main+44>: jr ra
0x00400670 <main+48>: addiu sp,sp,32
End of assembler dump.
(gdb) s
0x00400658 in main ()
(gdb) s
0x0040065c in main ()
(gdb) s
0x2ab2de60 in printf () from /lib/libc.so.6
(gdb) x/s $a0
0x400820: "hello, world"
(gdb)

3.6.
x86/ARM x64/ARM64 , 64-. ,
CPU 64-, ,
, , 32- . 64-.

3.7.

3.7.1. #1

main:
push 0xFFFFFFFF
call MessageBeep
xor eax,eax
retn

win32-?
: G.1.1 (. 985).

3.7.2. #2

22
 3. HELLO, WORLD! 3. HELLO, WORLD!

main:
pushq %rbp
movq %rsp, %rbp
movl $2, %edi
call sleep
popq %rbp
ret

Linux-? AT&T- .
: G.1.1 (. 985).

23
 4. 4.

. - :
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
sub esp, X

: EBP , EBP ESP,

.
EBP ,
. ESP, .
, EBP -
:
mov esp, ebp
pop ebp
ret 0

4.1.
.
: 36.3 (. 490).

24
 5. 5.

1 .
+ ESP x86 RSP x64, SP ARM,
- .
PUSH POP ( x86 Thumb- ARM). PUSH -
ESP/ RSP/SP 4 32- ( 8 64-), ,
ESP/ RSP/SP, .
POP (
) 4 ( 8).
- . PUSH -, POP .
, . , .
ARM, , , , -
.

, STMFD/LDMFD, STMED2 /LDMED3 descending- ( ,

). STMFA4 /LDMFA5 , STMEA6 /LDMEA7 ascending-
( , ).

5.1. ?
, , , , ..
.
, , , . ,
: . ,
, .

Heap . Stack

[RT74] :
1 wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_stack
2 Store Multiple Empty Descending ( ARM)
3 Load Multiple Empty Descending ( ARM)
4 Store Multiple Full Ascending ( ARM)
5 Load Multiple Full Ascending ( ARM)
6 Store Multiple Empty Ascending ( ARM)
7 Load Multiple Empty Ascending ( ARM)

25
 5. 5.

The user-core part of an image is divided into three logical segments. The program text segment begins
at location 0 in the virtual address space. During execution, this segment is write-protected and a single
copy of it is shared among all processes executing the same program. At the rst 8K byte boundary above
the program text segment in the virtual address space begins a nonshared, writable data segment, the size
of which may be extended by a system call. Starting at the highest address in the virtual address space is a
stack segment, which automatically grows downward as the hardwares stack pointer uctuates.

: -
, , . - ,
.

5.2. ?

5.2.1.

x86

CALL ,
CALL, ( JMP) , .
CALL PUSH address_after_call / JMP.
RET POP tmp /
JMP tmp.
, :
void f()
{
f();
};

MSVC 2008 :
c:\tmp6>cl ss.cpp /Fass.asm
Microsoft (R) 32bit C/C++ Optimizing Compiler Version 15.00.21022.08 for 80x86
Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

ss.cpp
c:\tmp6\ss.cpp(4) : warning C4717: 'f' : recursive on all control paths, function will cause runtime
stack overflow

, , :
?f@@YAXXZ PROC ; f
; File c:\tmp6\ss.cpp
; Line 2
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
; Line 3
call ?f@@YAXXZ ; f
; Line 4
pop ebp
ret 0
?f@@YAXXZ ENDP ; f

, (/Ox), , ,
8 :
?f@@YAXXZ PROC ; f
; File c:\tmp6\ss.cpp
; Line 2
$LL3@f:
; Line 3
jmp SHORT $LL3@f
8

26
 5. 5.
?f@@YAXXZ ENDP ; f

GCC 4.4.1 , .

ARM

ARM RA, , . -
Hello, world! (3.4 (. 12)), RA LR (link register).
- LR , .
, PUSH R4-R7,LR , POP R4-R7,PC
, , LR.
, , RISC leaf
function9 . , leaf- LR ( ).
, , . , ARM
leaf- . x86,
10 . , ,
.
: 8.3.2 (. 97), 8.3.3 (. 97), 19.17 (. 326), 19.33 (. 343), 19.5.4 (. 344), 15.4
(. 205), 15.2 (. 204), 17.3 (. 225).

5.2.2.

x86 cdecl:
push arg3
push arg2
push arg1
call f
add esp, 12 ; 4*3=12

.
, f():
ESP
ESP+4 #1, IDA arg_0
ESP+8 #2, IDA arg_4
ESP+0xC #3, IDA arg_8

. (64 (. 689)). ,
, , ,
. , .
, ,
EAX. 11 . , x86 ARM -
.

, .
( printf()) (
%). -
printf("%d %d %d", 1234);

printf() 1234, , .

, main() : main(), main(int argc, char *argv[]) -

main(int argc, char *argv[], char *envp[]).
, CRT- main() :
9 infocenter.arm.com/help/index.jsp?topic=/com.arm.doc.faqs/ka13785.html
10 -, , PDP-11 VAX CALL ( ) 50% ( -
), , - [Ray03, Chapter 4, Part II].
11 , , 1.4.1 [Knu98, 1.4.1],

JMP, .
, IBM System/360.

27
 5. 5.

push envp
push argv
push argc
call main
...

main() , , , , .
main() main(int argc, char *argv[]), ,
. , main(int argc), .

5.2.3.

,
. .
. -
. .

5.2.4. x86: alloca()

alloca()12 .
malloc(), .
free() , (4 (. 24)) ESP
.
alloca().
, , ESP , ESP
. :
#ifdef __GNUC__
#include <alloca.h> // GCC
#else
#include <malloc.h> // MSVC
#endif
#include <stdio.h>

void f()
{
char *buf=(char*)alloca (600);
#ifdef __GNUC__
snprintf (buf, 600, "hi! %d, %d, %d\n", 1, 2, 3); // GCC
#else
_snprintf (buf, 600, "hi! %d, %d, %d\n", 1, 2, 3); // MSVC
#endif

puts (buf);
};

_snprintf() , printf(), stdout (..

), buf. puts() buf stdout. ,
printf(),
.

MSVC

(MSVC 2010):

5.1: MSVC 2010

...

12 MSVC, alloca16.asm chkstk.asm C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual

Studio 10.0\VC\crt\src\intel

28
 5. 5.
mov eax, 600 ; 00000258H
call __alloca_probe_16
mov esi, esp

push 3
push 2
push 1
push OFFSET $SG2672
push 600 ; 00000258H
push esi
call __snprintf

push esi
call _puts
add esp, 28 ; 0000001cH

...

alloca() EAX, 13 . alloca() ESP

600 , buf.

GCC + Intel

GCC 4.4.1 :

5.2: GCC 4.7.3

.LC0:
.string "hi! %d, %d, %d\n"
f:
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
push ebx
sub esp, 660
lea ebx, [esp+39]
and ebx, 16 ; 16-
mov DWORD PTR [esp], ebx ; s
mov DWORD PTR [esp+20], 3
mov DWORD PTR [esp+16], 2
mov DWORD PTR [esp+12], 1
mov DWORD PTR [esp+8], OFFSET FLAT:.LC0 ; "hi! %d, %d, %d\n"
mov DWORD PTR [esp+4], 600 ; maxlen
call _snprintf
mov DWORD PTR [esp], ebx ; s
call puts
mov ebx, DWORD PTR [ebp4]
leave
ret

GCC + AT&T

, AT&T:

5.3: GCC 4.7.3

.LC0:
.string "hi! %d, %d, %d\n"
f:
pushl %ebp
movl %esp, %ebp
pushl %ebx
subl $660, %esp
leal 39(%esp), %ebx
andl $16, %ebx
13 , alloca() , .. compiler intrinsic(90 (. 898)) .
, , , alloca() MSVC14
, , VM15 .

29
 5. 5.
movl %ebx, (%esp)
movl $3, 20(%esp)
movl $2, 16(%esp)
movl $1, 12(%esp)
movl $.LC0, 8(%esp)
movl $600, 4(%esp)
call _snprintf
movl %ebx, (%esp)
call puts
movl 4(%ebp), %ebx
leave
ret

, .
, movl $3, 20(%esp) mov DWORD PTR [esp+20], 3 Intel.
+ AT&T (%).

5.2.5. (Windows) SEH

SEH16 ( ).
: (68.3 (. 718)).

5.2.6.

(18.2 (. 274)).

5.2.7.

, SEH- , ,
, (
ADD). , , .
(heap) .

5.3.
32- :

ESP-0xC #2, IDA var_8
ESP-8 #1, IDA var_4
ESP-4 EBP
ESP
ESP+4 #1, IDA arg_0
ESP+8 #2, IDA arg_4
ESP+0xC #3, IDA arg_8

5.4.
. ? ,
. :
#include <stdio.h>

void f1()
{
int a=1, b=2, c=3;
};
16 Structured Exception Handling : 68.3 (. 718)

30
 5. 5.

void f2()
{
int a, b, c;
printf ("%d, %d, %d\n", a, b, c);
};

int main()
{
f1();
f2();
};

5.4: MSVC 2010

$SG2752 DB '%d, %d, %d', 0aH, 00H

_c$ = 12 ; size = 4
_b$ = 8 ; size = 4
_a$ = 4 ; size = 4
_f1 PROC
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
sub esp, 12
mov DWORD PTR _a$[ebp], 1
mov DWORD PTR _b$[ebp], 2
mov DWORD PTR _c$[ebp], 3
mov esp, ebp
pop ebp
ret 0
_f1 ENDP

_c$ = 12 ; size = 4
_b$ = 8 ; size = 4
_a$ = 4 ; size = 4
_f2 PROC
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
sub esp, 12
mov eax, DWORD PTR _c$[ebp]
push eax
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _b$[ebp]
push ecx
mov edx, DWORD PTR _a$[ebp]
push edx
push OFFSET $SG2752 ; '%d, %d, %d'
call DWORD PTR __imp__printf
add esp, 16
mov esp, ebp
pop ebp
ret 0
_f2 ENDP

_main PROC
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
call _f1
call _f2
xor eax, eax
pop ebp
ret 0
_main ENDP

c:\Polygon\c>cl st.c /Fast.asm /MD
Microsoft (R) 32bit C/C++ Optimizing Compiler Version 16.00.40219.01 for 80x86
Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

31
 5. 5.
st.c
c:\polygon\c\st.c(11) : warning C4700: uninitialized local variable 'c' used
c:\polygon\c\st.c(11) : warning C4700: uninitialized local variable 'b' used
c:\polygon\c\st.c(11) : warning C4700: uninitialized local variable 'a' used
Microsoft (R) Incremental Linker Version 10.00.40219.01
Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

/out:st.exe
st.obj

c:\Polygon\c>st
1, 2, 3

. . f2(). ,
.

32
 5. 5.
OllyDbg:

. 5.1: OllyDbg: f1()

f1() a, b c 0x14F860 ..

33
 5. 5.
f2():

. 5.2: OllyDbg: f2()

... a, b c f2() ! ,
.
SP -
, .. ).
.
, ( ) .
, , .
? ,
( ) .

5.5.

5.5.1. #1

MSVC , . ? -
MSVC (/Ox)? GCC ?
#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
printf ("%d, %d, %d\n");

return 0;
};

: G.1.2 (. 985).

5.5.2. #2

5.5: MSVC 2010

$SG3103 DB '%d', 0aH, 00H

34
 5. 5.

_main PROC
push 0
call DWORD PTR __imp___time64
push edx
push eax
push OFFSET $SG3103 ; '%d'
call DWORD PTR __imp__printf
add esp, 16
xor eax, eax
ret 0
_main ENDP

5.6: Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)

main PROC
PUSH {r4,lr}
MOV r0,#0
BL time
MOV r1,r0
ADR r0,|L0.32|
BL __2printf
MOV r0,#0
POP {r4,pc}
ENDP

|L0.32|
DCB "%d\n",0

5.7: Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb)

main PROC
PUSH {r4,lr}
MOVS r0,#0
BL time
MOVS r1,r0
ADR r0,|L0.20|
BL __2printf
MOVS r0,#0
POP {r4,pc}
ENDP

|L0.20|
DCB "%d\n",0

5.8: GCC 4.9 (ARM64)

main:
stp x29, x30, [sp, 16]!
mov x0, 0
add x29, sp, 0
bl time
mov x1, x0
ldp x29, x30, [sp], 16
adrp x0, .LC0
add x0, x0, :lo12:.LC0
b printf
.LC0:
.string "%d\n"

5.9: GCC 4.4.5 (MIPS) (IDA)

main:

var_10 = 0x10
var_4 = 4

lui $gp, (__gnu_local_gp >> 16)

addiu $sp, 0x20
la $gp, (__gnu_local_gp & 0xFFFF)

35
 5. 5.
sw $ra, 0x20+var_4($sp)
sw $gp, 0x20+var_10($sp)
lw $t9, (time & 0xFFFF)($gp)
or $at, $zero
jalr $t9
move $a0, $zero
lw $gp, 0x20+var_10($sp)
lui $a0, ($LC0 >> 16) # "%d\n"
lw $t9, (printf & 0xFFFF)($gp)
lw $ra, 0x20+var_4($sp)
la $a0, ($LC0 & 0xFFFF) # "%d\n"
move $a1, $v0
jr $t9
addiu $sp, 0x20

$LC0: .ascii "%d\n"<0> # DATA XREF: main+28

: G.1.2 (. 985).

36
 6. PRINTF() 6. PRINTF()

printf()

Hello, world! (3 (. 7)), main():

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
printf("a=%d; b=%d; c=%d", 1, 2, 3);
return 0;
};

6.1. x86

6.1.1. x86: 3

MSVC

MSVC 2010 Express, :

$SG3830 DB 'a=%d; b=%d; c=%d', 00H

...

push 3
push 2
push 1
push OFFSET $SG3830
call _printf
add esp, 16 ; 00000010H

, , , printf()
: .
, , int 32- , , 32 , 4 .
, 4 . 4 4 = 16 16 3
int.
ADD ESP, X ESP - ,
, , X 4.
, cdecl- , 32- .
. (64 (. 689)).
, , ,
:
push a1
push a2
call ...
...
push a1

37
 6. PRINTF() 6. PRINTF()
call ...
...
push a1
push a2
push a3
call ...
add esp, 24

6.1: x86
.text:100113E7 push 3
.text:100113E9 call sub_100018B0 ; (3)
.text:100113EE call sub_100019D0 ;
.text:100113F3 call sub_10006A90 ;
.text:100113F8 push 1
.text:100113FA call sub_100018B0 ; (1)
.text:100113FF add esp, 8 ;

38
 6. PRINTF() 6. PRINTF()
MSVC OllyDbg

OllyDbg. win32- .
MSVC 2012 /MD MSVCR*.DLL,
.
OllyDbg. ntdll.dll, F9 ().
CRT-. main().
, (MSVC main()
):

. 6.1: OllyDbg: main()

PUSH EBP, F2 ( ) F9 (). -

, CRT-, .

39
 6. PRINTF() 6. PRINTF()
F8 ( , ) 6 , .. 6 :

. 6.2: OllyDbg: printf()

PC CALL printf. OllyDbg, , -

, . F8, EIP
. ESP , .

? :

. 6.3: OllyDbg: ( )

3 : , OllyDbg. OllyDbg
printf()-, 3 .
, Follow in dump
, - . .
, .
, , .

40
 6. PRINTF() 6. PRINTF()
F8 ( , ).
:

. 6.4: printf()

. 6.5: OllyDbg printf()

EAX 0xD (13). : printf() .

EIP . , CALL printf. ECX EDX
. , printf() - .
, ESP . - !
3 , . , cdecl,
ESP . .

41
 6. PRINTF() 6. PRINTF()
F8 , ADD ESP, 10:

. 6.6: OllyDbg: ADD ESP, 10

ESP , ! , -
. (SP) .
, , .

GCC

Linux GCC 4.4.1 IDA:

main proc near

var_10 = dword ptr 10h

var_C = dword ptr 0Ch
var_8 = dword ptr 8
var_4 = dword ptr 4

push ebp
mov ebp, esp
and esp, 0FFFFFFF0h
sub esp, 10h
mov eax, offset aADBDCD ; "a=%d; b=%d; c=%d"
mov [esp+10h+var_4], 3
mov [esp+10h+var_8], 2
mov [esp+10h+var_C], 1
mov [esp+10h+var_10], eax
call _printf
mov eax, 0
leave
retn
main endp

, GCC, MSVC
. GCC PUSH/ POP.

GCC GDB

GDB1 Linux.
-g .
$ gcc 1.c g o 1

1 GNU debugger

42
 6. PRINTF() 6. PRINTF()

$ gdb 1
GNU gdb (GDB) 7.6.1ubuntu
Copyright (C) 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Type "show copying"
and "show warranty" for details.
This GDB was configured as "i686linuxgnu".
For bug reporting instructions, please see:
<http://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/bugs/>...
Reading symbols from /home/dennis/polygon/1...done.

6.2: printf()
(gdb) b printf
Breakpoint 1 at 0x80482f0

. printf(), GDB .
(gdb) run
Starting program: /home/dennis/polygon/1

Breakpoint 1, __printf (format=0x80484f0 "a=%d; b=%d; c=%d") at printf.c:29

29 printf.c: No such file or directory.

10 . .
(gdb) x/10w $esp
0xbffff11c: 0x0804844a 0x080484f0 0x00000001 0x00000002
0xbffff12c: 0x00000003 0x08048460 0x00000000 0x00000000
0xbffff13c: 0xb7e29905 0x00000001

RA (0x0804844a). , :
(gdb) x/5i 0x0804844a
0x804844a <main+45>: mov $0x0,%eax
0x804844f <main+50>: leave
0x8048450 <main+51>: ret
0x8048451: xchg %ax,%ax
0x8048453: xchg %ax,%ax

XCHG , NOP.
(0x080484f0) :
(gdb) x/s 0x080484f0
0x80484f0: "a=%d; b=%d; c=%d"

3 (1, 2, 3) printf(). ,
, , .. .
nish. . -
printf().
(gdb) finish
Run till exit from #0 __printf (format=0x80484f0 "a=%d; b=%d; c=%d") at printf.c:29
main () at 1.c:6
6 return 0;
Value returned is $2 = 13

GDB , printf() EAX (13). , OllyDbg,

.
return 0; 1.c 6. , 1.c
GDB . GDB , - ? -
, ,
. GDB - .
. 13 EAX:

43
 6. PRINTF() 6. PRINTF()

(gdb) info registers

eax 0xd 13
ecx 0x0 0
edx 0x0 0
ebx 0xb7fc0000 1208221696
esp 0xbffff120 0xbffff120
ebp 0xbffff138 0xbffff138
esi 0x0 0
edi 0x0 0
eip 0x804844a 0x804844a <main+45>
...

. , -
.
(gdb) disas
Dump of assembler code for function main:
0x0804841d <+0>: push %ebp
0x0804841e <+1>: mov %esp,%ebp
0x08048420 <+3>: and $0xfffffff0,%esp
0x08048423 <+6>: sub $0x10,%esp
0x08048426 <+9>: movl $0x3,0xc(%esp)
0x0804842e <+17>: movl $0x2,0x8(%esp)
0x08048436 <+25>: movl $0x1,0x4(%esp)
0x0804843e <+33>: movl $0x80484f0,(%esp)
0x08048445 <+40>: call 0x80482f0 <printf@plt>
=> 0x0804844a <+45>: mov $0x0,%eax
0x0804844f <+50>: leave
0x08048450 <+51>: ret
End of assembler dump.

GDB AT&T. -
Intel:
(gdb) set disassemblyflavor intel
(gdb) disas
Dump of assembler code for function main:
0x0804841d <+0>: push ebp
0x0804841e <+1>: mov ebp,esp
0x08048420 <+3>: and esp,0xfffffff0
0x08048423 <+6>: sub esp,0x10
0x08048426 <+9>: mov DWORD PTR [esp+0xc],0x3
0x0804842e <+17>: mov DWORD PTR [esp+0x8],0x2
0x08048436 <+25>: mov DWORD PTR [esp+0x4],0x1
0x0804843e <+33>: mov DWORD PTR [esp],0x80484f0
0x08048445 <+40>: call 0x80482f0 <printf@plt>
=> 0x0804844a <+45>: mov eax,0x0
0x0804844f <+50>: leave
0x08048450 <+51>: ret
End of assembler dump.

. GDB , , .
(gdb) step
7 };

MOV EAX, 0. EAX .

(gdb) info registers
eax 0x0 0
ecx 0x0 0
edx 0x0 0
ebx 0xb7fc0000 1208221696
esp 0xbffff120 0xbffff120
ebp 0xbffff138 0xbffff138
esi 0x0 0
edi 0x0 0
eip 0x804844f 0x804844f <main+50>
...

44
 6. PRINTF() 6. PRINTF()
6.1.2. x64: 8

, , ,
9 ( printf() 8 int):
#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
printf("a=%d; b=%d; c=%d; d=%d; e=%d; f=%d; g=%d; h=%d\n", 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8);
return 0;
};

MSVC

, 4 Win64 RCX, RDX, R8, R9 ,

. . , PUSH , MOV
.

6.3: MSVC 2012 x64

$SG2923 DB 'a=%d; b=%d; c=%d; d=%d; e=%d; f=%d; g=%d; h=%d', 0aH, 00H

main PROC
sub rsp, 88

mov DWORD PTR [rsp+64], 8

mov DWORD PTR [rsp+56], 7
mov DWORD PTR [rsp+48], 6
mov DWORD PTR [rsp+40], 5
mov DWORD PTR [rsp+32], 4
mov r9d, 3
mov r8d, 2
mov edx, 1
lea rcx, OFFSET FLAT:$SG2923
call printf

; 0
xor eax, eax

add rsp, 88
ret 0
main ENDP
_TEXT ENDS
END

, int 8 , 4? ,
: 64-, 8 . :
. ,
. 32- : 4 .

GCC

*NIX- x86-64 , 6 RDI, RSI, RDX, RCX,

R8, R9. . GCC , EDI RDI
: 3.2.2 (. 11).
printf() EAX : 3.2.2 (. 11).

6.4: GCC 4.4.6 x64

.LC0:
.string "a=%d; b=%d; c=%d; d=%d; e=%d; f=%d; g=%d; h=%d\n"

main:
sub rsp, 40

mov r9d, 5

45
 6. PRINTF() 6. PRINTF()
mov r8d, 4
mov ecx, 3
mov edx, 2
mov esi, 1
mov edi, OFFSET FLAT:.LC0
xor eax, eax ;
mov DWORD PTR [rsp+16], 8
mov DWORD PTR [rsp+8], 7
mov DWORD PTR [rsp], 6
call printf

; 0

xor eax, eax

add rsp, 40
ret

GCC + GDB

GDB.
$ gcc g 2.c o 2

$ gdb 2
GNU gdb (GDB) 7.6.1ubuntu
Copyright (C) 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Type "show copying"
and "show warranty" for details.
This GDB was configured as "x86_64linuxgnu".
For bug reporting instructions, please see:
<http://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/bugs/>...
Reading symbols from /home/dennis/polygon/2...done.

6.5: printf(),
(gdb) b printf
Breakpoint 1 at 0x400410
(gdb) run
Starting program: /home/dennis/polygon/2

Breakpoint 1, __printf (format=0x400628 "a=%d; b=%d; c=%d; d=%d; e=%d; f=%d; g=%d; h=%d\n") at printf.
c:29
29 printf.c: No such file or directory.

RSI/ RDX/ RCX/ R8/ R9 . RIP printf().

(gdb) info registers
rax 0x0 0
rbx 0x0 0
rcx 0x3 3
rdx 0x2 2
rsi 0x1 1
rdi 0x400628 4195880
rbp 0x7fffffffdf60 0x7fffffffdf60
rsp 0x7fffffffdf38 0x7fffffffdf38
r8 0x4 4
r9 0x5 5
r10 0x7fffffffdce0 140737488346336
r11 0x7ffff7a65f60 140737348263776
r12 0x400440 4195392
r13 0x7fffffffe040 140737488347200
r14 0x0 0
r15 0x0 0
rip 0x7ffff7a65f60 0x7ffff7a65f60 <__printf>
...

46
 6. PRINTF() 6. PRINTF()
6.6:
(gdb) x/s $rdi
0x400628: "a=%d; b=%d; c=%d; d=%d; e=%d; f=%d; g=%d; h=%d\n"

x/g g giant words, .. 64- .

(gdb) x/10g $rsp
0x7fffffffdf38: 0x0000000000400576 0x0000000000000006
0x7fffffffdf48: 0x0000000000000007 0x00007fff00000008
0x7fffffffdf58: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
0x7fffffffdf68: 0x00007ffff7a33de5 0x0000000000000000
0x7fffffffdf78: 0x00007fffffffe048 0x0000000100000000

, , RA. 3 : 6, 7, 8. , 8
32- : 0x00007fff00000008. ,
int, 32-. .
GDB main(), , printf():
(gdb) set disassemblyflavor intel
(gdb) disas 0x0000000000400576
Dump of assembler code for function main:
0x000000000040052d <+0>: push rbp
0x000000000040052e <+1>: mov rbp,rsp
0x0000000000400531 <+4>: sub rsp,0x20
0x0000000000400535 <+8>: mov DWORD PTR [rsp+0x10],0x8
0x000000000040053d <+16>: mov DWORD PTR [rsp+0x8],0x7
0x0000000000400545 <+24>: mov DWORD PTR [rsp],0x6
0x000000000040054c <+31>: mov r9d,0x5
0x0000000000400552 <+37>: mov r8d,0x4
0x0000000000400558 <+43>: mov ecx,0x3
0x000000000040055d <+48>: mov edx,0x2
0x0000000000400562 <+53>: mov esi,0x1
0x0000000000400567 <+58>: mov edi,0x400628
0x000000000040056c <+63>: mov eax,0x0
0x0000000000400571 <+68>: call 0x400410 <printf@plt>
0x0000000000400576 <+73>: mov eax,0x0
0x000000000040057b <+78>: leave
0x000000000040057c <+79>: ret
End of assembler dump.

printf(), EAX, EAX -

. RIP LEAVE, .. main() .
(gdb) finish
Run till exit from #0 __printf (format=0x400628 "a=%d; b=%d; c=%d; d=%d; e=%d; f=%d; g=%d; h=%d\n")
at printf.c:29
a=1; b=2; c=3; d=4; e=5; f=6; g=7; h=8
main () at 2.c:6
6 return 0;
Value returned is $1 = 39
(gdb) next
7 };
(gdb) info registers
rax 0x0 0
rbx 0x0 0
rcx 0x26 38
rdx 0x7ffff7dd59f0 140737351866864
rsi 0x7fffffd9 2147483609
rdi 0x0 0
rbp 0x7fffffffdf60 0x7fffffffdf60
rsp 0x7fffffffdf40 0x7fffffffdf40
r8 0x7ffff7dd26a0 140737351853728
r9 0x7ffff7a60134 140737348239668
r10 0x7fffffffd5b0 140737488344496
r11 0x7ffff7a95900 140737348458752
r12 0x400440 4195392
r13 0x7fffffffe040 140737488347200
r14 0x0 0
r15 0x0 0

47
 6. PRINTF() 6. PRINTF()
rip 0x40057b 0x40057b <main+78>
...

6.2. ARM

6.2.1. ARM: 3

ARM : 4 R0-R3;
. , fastcall (64.3 (. 690)) win64 (64.5.1
(. 691)).

32- ARM

Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)

6.7: Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)

.text:00000000 main
.text:00000000 10 40 2D E9 STMFD SP!, {R4,LR}
.text:00000004 03 30 A0 E3 MOV R3, #3
.text:00000008 02 20 A0 E3 MOV R2, #2
.text:0000000C 01 10 A0 E3 MOV R1, #1
.text:00000010 08 00 8F E2 ADR R0, aADBDCD ; "a=%d; b=%d; c=%d"
.text:00000014 06 00 00 EB BL __2printf
.text:00000018 00 00 A0 E3 MOV R0, #0 ; return 0
.text:0000001C 10 80 BD E8 LDMFD SP!, {R4,PC}

, 4 R0-R3, : - printf()
R0, 1 R1, 2 R2 3 R3.
0x18 0 R0 return 0.
.
Keil 6/2013 .

Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb)

6.8: Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb)

.text:00000000 main
.text:00000000 10 B5 PUSH {R4,LR}
.text:00000002 03 23 MOVS R3, #3
.text:00000004 02 22 MOVS R2, #2
.text:00000006 01 21 MOVS R1, #1
.text:00000008 02 A0 ADR R0, aADBDCD ; "a=%d; b=%d; c=%d"
.text:0000000A 00 F0 0D F8 BL __2printf
.text:0000000E 00 20 MOVS R0, #0
.text:00000010 10 BD POP {R4,PC}

ARM.

Keil 6/2013 ( ARM) + return

, return 0:
#include <stdio.h>

void main()
{
printf("a=%d; b=%d; c=%d", 1, 2, 3);
};

48
 6. PRINTF() 6. PRINTF()
:

6.9: Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)

.text:00000014 main
.text:00000014 03 30 A0 E3 MOV R3, #3
.text:00000018 02 20 A0 E3 MOV R2, #2
.text:0000001C 01 10 A0 E3 MOV R1, #1
.text:00000020 1E 0E 8F E2 ADR R0, aADBDCD ; "a=%d; b=%d; c=%d\n"
.text:00000024 CB 18 00 EA B __2printf

(-O3) ARM, B
BL. , ,
, (, R0 LR). B
, LR, JMP x86.
? . : 1) ,
SP; 2) printf() , . printf(),
, , LR. LR ,
! , printf() .
LR, LR. LR, ,
printf(), , !
.
, .
: 13.1.1 (. 149).

ARM64

GCC (Linaro) 4.9

6.10: GCC (Linaro) 4.9

.LC1:
.string "a=%d; b=%d; c=%d"
f2:
; FP LR :
stp x29, x30, [sp, 16]!
; (FP=SP):
add x29, sp, 0
adrp x0, .LC1
add x0, x0, :lo12:.LC1
mov w1, 1
mov w2, 2
mov w3, 3
bl printf
mov w0, 0
; FP LR
ldp x29, x30, [sp], 16
ret

, STP (Store Pair) FP (X29) LR (X30) . ADD X29, SP, 0

. SP X29.
ADRP/ ADD . lo12 12 , ..,
12 LC1 ADD.
%d printf() 32- int, 1, 2 3 32- .
GCC (Linaro) 4.9 .

6.2.2. ARM: 8

9- : 6.1.2 (. 45).
#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{

49
 6. PRINTF() 6. PRINTF()
printf("a=%d; b=%d; c=%d; d=%d; e=%d; f=%d; g=%d; h=%d\n", 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8);
return 0;
};

Keil 6/2013: ARM

.text:00000028 main
.text:00000028
.text:00000028 var_18 = 0x18
.text:00000028 var_14 = 0x14
.text:00000028 var_4 = 4
.text:00000028
.text:00000028 04 E0 2D E5 STR LR, [SP,#var_4]!
.text:0000002C 14 D0 4D E2 SUB SP, SP, #0x14
.text:00000030 08 30 A0 E3 MOV R3, #8
.text:00000034 07 20 A0 E3 MOV R2, #7
.text:00000038 06 10 A0 E3 MOV R1, #6
.text:0000003C 05 00 A0 E3 MOV R0, #5
.text:00000040 04 C0 8D E2 ADD R12, SP, #0x18+var_14
.text:00000044 0F 00 8C E8 STMIA R12, {R0R3}
.text:00000048 04 00 A0 E3 MOV R0, #4
.text:0000004C 00 00 8D E5 STR R0, [SP,#0x18+var_18]
.text:00000050 03 30 A0 E3 MOV R3, #3
.text:00000054 02 20 A0 E3 MOV R2, #2
.text:00000058 01 10 A0 E3 MOV R1, #1
.text:0000005C 6E 0F 8F E2 ADR R0, aADBDCDDDEDFDGD ; "a=%d; b=%d; c=%d; d=%d; e=%d; f=%d; g=%"...
.text:00000060 BC 18 00 EB BL __2printf
.text:00000064 14 D0 8D E2 ADD SP, SP, #0x14
.text:00000068 04 F0 9D E4 LDR PC, [SP+4+var_4],#4

:
:
STR LR, [SP,#var_4]! LR, -
printf(). pre-index. , SP
4, SP LR. x86 -
PUSH. : 28.2 (. 464).
SUB SP, SP, #0x14 SP, , ,
0x14 (20) . , 5 32-
printf(). 4 , 5 4 = 20. 4 32-
.
5, 6, 7 8 : R0, R1, R2 R3 . ADD
R12, SP, #0x18+var_14 R12 , 4 .
var_14 , -0x14. IDA, ,
. var_?, IDA, R12
SP+4. STMIA R12, R0-R3 R0-R3
, R12. STMIA Store Multiple Increment After. Increment
After , R12 4 .
4 : 4 R0, STR R0, [SP,#0x18+var_18]
. var_18 -0x18, 0, R0 (4) , SP.
1, 2 3 :
(a, b, c) (1, 2, 3 ) R1, R2 R3
printf(), 5 , :
printf().
:
ADD SP, SP, #0x14 SP , , -
. , , ,
.
LDR PC, [SP+4+var_4],#4 PC LR ,
. , PC ,
SP (4 + var_4 = 4 + (4) = 0, LDR PC, [SP],#4),

50
 6. PRINTF() 6. PRINTF()
SP 4. post-index2 . IDA ?
, var_4
LR. - POP PC x863 .

Keil 6/2013: Thumb

.text:0000001C printf_main2
.text:0000001C
.text:0000001C var_18 = 0x18
.text:0000001C var_14 = 0x14
.text:0000001C var_8 = 8
.text:0000001C
.text:0000001C 00 B5 PUSH {LR}
.text:0000001E 08 23 MOVS R3, #8
.text:00000020 85 B0 SUB SP, SP, #0x14
.text:00000022 04 93 STR R3, [SP,#0x18+var_8]
.text:00000024 07 22 MOVS R2, #7
.text:00000026 06 21 MOVS R1, #6
.text:00000028 05 20 MOVS R0, #5
.text:0000002A 01 AB ADD R3, SP, #0x18+var_14
.text:0000002C 07 C3 STMIA R3!, {R0R2}
.text:0000002E 04 20 MOVS R0, #4
.text:00000030 00 90 STR R0, [SP,#0x18+var_18]
.text:00000032 03 23 MOVS R3, #3
.text:00000034 02 22 MOVS R2, #2
.text:00000036 01 21 MOVS R1, #1
.text:00000038 A0 A0 ADR R0, aADBDCDDDEDFDGD ; "a=%d; b=%d; c=%d; d=%d; e=%d; f=%d; g=%"...
.text:0000003A 06 F0 D9 F8 BL __2printf
.text:0000003E
.text:0000003E loc_3E ; CODE XREF: example13_f+16
.text:0000003E 05 B0 ADD SP, SP, #0x14
.text:00000040 00 BD POP {PC}

, Thumb
: 8 , 5, 6, 7 4 .

Xcode 4.6.3 (LLVM): ARM

__text:0000290C _printf_main2
__text:0000290C
__text:0000290C var_1C = 0x1C
__text:0000290C var_C = 0xC
__text:0000290C
__text:0000290C 80 40 2D E9 STMFD SP!, {R7,LR}
__text:00002910 0D 70 A0 E1 MOV R7, SP
__text:00002914 14 D0 4D E2 SUB SP, SP, #0x14
__text:00002918 70 05 01 E3 MOV R0, #0x1570
__text:0000291C 07 C0 A0 E3 MOV R12, #7
__text:00002920 00 00 40 E3 MOVT R0, #0
__text:00002924 04 20 A0 E3 MOV R2, #4
__text:00002928 00 00 8F E0 ADD R0, PC, R0
__text:0000292C 06 30 A0 E3 MOV R3, #6
__text:00002930 05 10 A0 E3 MOV R1, #5
__text:00002934 00 20 8D E5 STR R2, [SP,#0x1C+var_1C]
__text:00002938 0A 10 8D E9 STMFA SP, {R1,R3,R12}
__text:0000293C 08 90 A0 E3 MOV R9, #8
__text:00002940 01 10 A0 E3 MOV R1, #1
__text:00002944 02 20 A0 E3 MOV R2, #2
__text:00002948 03 30 A0 E3 MOV R3, #3
__text:0000294C 10 90 8D E5 STR R9, [SP,#0x1C+var_C]
__text:00002950 A4 05 00 EB BL _printf
__text:00002954 07 D0 A0 E1 MOV SP, R7
__text:00002958 80 80 BD E8 LDMFD SP!, {R7,PC}

2 : 28.2 (. 464).
3 x86 IP/EIP/RIP POP, , .

51
 6. PRINTF() 6. PRINTF()
, , , STMFA (Store Multiple Full Ascending)
STMIB (Store Multiple Increment Before). SP
, .
, . , R0
, 0x2918, 0x2920 0x2928, .
, ,
.
. , MOVT R0, #0 ADD R0, PC, R0 ,
R0. MOVT R0, #0 MOV R2, #4 -
, . ,
, .

Xcode 4.6.3 (LLVM): Thumb-2

__text:00002BA0 _printf_main2
__text:00002BA0
__text:00002BA0 var_1C = 0x1C
__text:00002BA0 var_18 = 0x18
__text:00002BA0 var_C = 0xC
__text:00002BA0
__text:00002BA0 80 B5 PUSH {R7,LR}
__text:00002BA2 6F 46 MOV R7, SP
__text:00002BA4 85 B0 SUB SP, SP, #0x14
__text:00002BA6 41 F2 D8 20 MOVW R0, #0x12D8
__text:00002BAA 4F F0 07 0C MOV.W R12, #7
__text:00002BAE C0 F2 00 00 MOVT.W R0, #0
__text:00002BB2 04 22 MOVS R2, #4
__text:00002BB4 78 44 ADD R0, PC ; char *
__text:00002BB6 06 23 MOVS R3, #6
__text:00002BB8 05 21 MOVS R1, #5
__text:00002BBA 0D F1 04 0E ADD.W LR, SP, #0x1C+var_18
__text:00002BBE 00 92 STR R2, [SP,#0x1C+var_1C]
__text:00002BC0 4F F0 08 09 MOV.W R9, #8
__text:00002BC4 8E E8 0A 10 STMIA.W LR, {R1,R3,R12}
__text:00002BC8 01 21 MOVS R1, #1
__text:00002BCA 02 22 MOVS R2, #2
__text:00002BCC 03 23 MOVS R3, #3
__text:00002BCE CD F8 10 90 STR.W R9, [SP,#0x1C+var_C]
__text:00002BD2 01 F0 0A EA BLX _printf
__text:00002BD6 05 B0 ADD SP, SP, #0x14
__text:00002BD8 80 BD POP {R7,PC}

, , , Thumb-.

ARM64

GCC (Linaro) 4.9

6.11: GCC (Linaro) 4.9

.LC2:
.string "a=%d; b=%d; c=%d; d=%d; e=%d; f=%d; g=%d; h=%d\n"
f3:
; :
sub sp, sp, #32
; FP LR :
stp x29, x30, [sp,16]
; (FP=SP):
add x29, sp, 16
adrp x0, .LC2 ; "a=%d; b=%d; c=%d; d=%d; e=%d; f=%d; g=%d; h=%d\n"
add x0, x0, :lo12:.LC2
mov w1, 8 ; 9th argument
str w1, [sp] ; store 9th argument in the stack
mov w1, 1
mov w2, 2

52
 6. PRINTF() 6. PRINTF()
mov w3, 3
mov w4, 4
mov w5, 5
mov w6, 6
mov w7, 7
bl printf
sub sp, x29, #16
; FP LR
ldp x29, x30, [sp,16]
add sp, sp, 32
ret

8 X- W-: [ARM13c]. 64- ,

X0. 32- int, 32-
(W-). (8) . ,
, .
GCC (Linaro) 4.9 .

6.3. MIPS

6.3.1. 3

GCC 4.4.5

Hello, world! , printf() puts()

$5$7 ( $A0$A2).
A-. , .

6.12: GCC 4.4.5 ( )

$LC0:
.ascii "a=%d; b=%d; c=%d\000"
main:
; :
lui $28,%hi(__gnu_local_gp)
addiu $sp,$sp,32
addiu $28,$28,%lo(__gnu_local_gp)
sw $31,28($sp)
; printf():
lw $25,%call16(printf)($28)
; printf():
lui $4,%hi($LC0)
addiu $4,$4,%lo($LC0)
; printf():
li $5,1 # 0x1
; printf():
li $6,2 # 0x2
; printf():
jalr $25
; printf() (branch delay slot):
li $7,3 # 0x3

; :
lw $31,28($sp)
; 0:
move $2,$0
;
j $31
addiu $sp,$sp,32 ; branch delay slot

6.13: GCC 4.4.5 (IDA)

.text:00000000 main:
.text:00000000
.text:00000000 var_10 = 0x10
.text:00000000 var_4 = 4

53
 6. PRINTF() 6. PRINTF()
.text:00000000
; :
.text:00000000 lui $gp, (__gnu_local_gp >> 16)
.text:00000004 addiu $sp, 0x20
.text:00000008 la $gp, (__gnu_local_gp & 0xFFFF)
.text:0000000C sw $ra, 0x20+var_4($sp)
.text:00000010 sw $gp, 0x20+var_10($sp)
; printf():
.text:00000014 lw $t9, (printf & 0xFFFF)($gp)
; printf():
.text:00000018 la $a0, $LC0 # "a=%d; b=%d; c=%d"
; printf():
.text:00000020 li $a1, 1
; printf():
.text:00000024 li $a2, 2
; printf():
.text:00000028 jalr $t9
; printf() (branch delay slot):
.text:0000002C li $a3, 3
; :
.text:00000030 lw $ra, 0x20+var_4($sp)
; 0:
.text:00000034 move $v0, $zero
;
.text:00000038 jr $ra
.text:0000003C addiu $sp, 0x20 ; branch delay slot

IDA LUI ADDIU LA.

0x1C: LA 8 .

GCC 4.4.5

GCC :

6.14: GCC 4.4.5 ( )

$LC0:
.ascii "a=%d; b=%d; c=%d\000"
main:
; :
addiu $sp,$sp,32
sw $31,28($sp)
sw $fp,24($sp)
move $fp,$sp
lui $28,%hi(__gnu_local_gp)
addiu $28,$28,%lo(__gnu_local_gp)
; :
lui $2,%hi($LC0)
addiu $2,$2,%lo($LC0)
; printf():
move $4,$2
; printf():
li $5,1 # 0x1
; printf():
li $6,2 # 0x2
; printf():
li $7,3 # 0x3
; printf():
lw $2,%call16(printf)($28)
nop
; printf():
move $25,$2
jalr $25
nop

; :
lw $28,16($fp)
; 0:
move $2,$0

54
 6. PRINTF() 6. PRINTF()
move $sp,$fp
lw $31,28($sp)
lw $fp,24($sp)
addiu $sp,$sp,32
;
j $31
nop

6.15: GCC 4.4.5 (IDA)

.text:00000000 main:
.text:00000000
.text:00000000 var_10 = 0x10
.text:00000000 var_8 = 8
.text:00000000 var_4 = 4
.text:00000000
; :
.text:00000000 addiu $sp, 0x20
.text:00000004 sw $ra, 0x20+var_4($sp)
.text:00000008 sw $fp, 0x20+var_8($sp)
.text:0000000C move $fp, $sp
.text:00000010 la $gp, __gnu_local_gp
.text:00000018 sw $gp, 0x20+var_10($sp)
; :
.text:0000001C la $v0, aADBDCD # "a=%d; b=%d; c=%d"
; printf():
.text:00000024 move $a0, $v0
; printf():
.text:00000028 li $a1, 1
; printf():
.text:0000002C li $a2, 2
; printf():
.text:00000030 li $a3, 3
; printf():
.text:00000034 lw $v0, (printf & 0xFFFF)($gp)
.text:00000038 or $at, $zero
; printf():
.text:0000003C move $t9, $v0
.text:00000040 jalr $t9
.text:00000044 or $at, $zero ; NOP
; :
.text:00000048 lw $gp, 0x20+var_10($fp)
; 0:
.text:0000004C move $v0, $zero
.text:00000050 move $sp, $fp
.text:00000054 lw $ra, 0x20+var_4($sp)
.text:00000058 lw $fp, 0x20+var_8($sp)
.text:0000005C addiu $sp, 0x20
;
.text:00000060 jr $ra
.text:00000064 or $at, $zero ; NOP

6.3.2. 8

9- : 6.1.2 (. 45).
#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
printf("a=%d; b=%d; c=%d; d=%d; e=%d; f=%d; g=%d; h=%d\n", 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8);
return 0;
};

55
 6. PRINTF() 6. PRINTF()
GCC 4.4.5

4 $A0 $A3, .
O32 ( MIPS). ( N32)
.
SW Store Word ( ). MIPS ,
(LI/SW).

6.16: GCC 4.4.5 ( )

$LC0:
.ascii "a=%d; b=%d; c=%d; d=%d; e=%d; f=%d; g=%d; h=%d\012\000"
main:
; :
lui $28,%hi(__gnu_local_gp)
addiu $sp,$sp,56
addiu $28,$28,%lo(__gnu_local_gp)
sw $31,52($sp)
; 5- :
li $2,4 # 0x4
sw $2,16($sp)
; 6- :
li $2,5 # 0x5
sw $2,20($sp)
; 7- :
li $2,6 # 0x6
sw $2,24($sp)
; 8- :
li $2,7 # 0x7
lw $25,%call16(printf)($28)
sw $2,28($sp)
; 1- $a0:
lui $4,%hi($LC0)
; 9- :
li $2,8 # 0x8
sw $2,32($sp)
addiu $4,$4,%lo($LC0)
; 2- $a1:
li $5,1 # 0x1
; 3- $a2:
li $6,2 # 0x2
; printf():
jalr $25
; 4- $a3 (branch delay slot):
li $7,3 # 0x3

; :
lw $31,52($sp)
; 0:
move $2,$0
;
j $31
addiu $sp,$sp,56 ; branch delay slot

6.17: GCC 4.4.5 (IDA)

.text:00000000 main:
.text:00000000
.text:00000000 var_28 = 0x28
.text:00000000 var_24 = 0x24
.text:00000000 var_20 = 0x20
.text:00000000 var_1C = 0x1C
.text:00000000 var_18 = 0x18
.text:00000000 var_10 = 0x10
.text:00000000 var_4 = 4
.text:00000000
; :
.text:00000000 lui $gp, (__gnu_local_gp >> 16)
.text:00000004 addiu $sp, 0x38
.text:00000008 la $gp, (__gnu_local_gp & 0xFFFF)

56
 6. PRINTF() 6. PRINTF()
.text:0000000C sw $ra, 0x38+var_4($sp)
.text:00000010 sw $gp, 0x38+var_10($sp)
; 5- :
.text:00000014 li $v0, 4
.text:00000018 sw $v0, 0x38+var_28($sp)
; 6- :
.text:0000001C li $v0, 5
.text:00000020 sw $v0, 0x38+var_24($sp)
; 7- :
.text:00000024 li $v0, 6
.text:00000028 sw $v0, 0x38+var_20($sp)
; 8- :
.text:0000002C li $v0, 7
.text:00000030 lw $t9, (printf & 0xFFFF)($gp)
.text:00000034 sw $v0, 0x38+var_1C($sp)
; 1- $a0:
.text:00000038 lui $a0, ($LC0 >> 16) # "a=%d; b=%d; c=%d; d=%d; e=%d; f=%d; g
=%"...
; 9- :
.text:0000003C li $v0, 8
.text:00000040 sw $v0, 0x38+var_18($sp)
; 1- $a1:
.text:00000044 la $a0, ($LC0 & 0xFFFF) # "a=%d; b=%d; c=%d; d=%d; e=%d; f=%d; g
=%"...
; 2- $a1:
.text:00000048 li $a1, 1
; 3- $a2:
.text:0000004C li $a2, 2
; printf():
.text:00000050 jalr $t9
; 4- $a3 (branch delay slot):
.text:00000054 li $a3, 3
; :
.text:00000058 lw $ra, 0x38+var_4($sp)
; 0:
.text:0000005C move $v0, $zero
;
.text:00000060 jr $ra
.text:00000064 addiu $sp, 0x38 ; branch delay slot

GCC 4.4.5

GCC :

6.18: GCC 4.4.5 ( )

$LC0:
.ascii "a=%d; b=%d; c=%d; d=%d; e=%d; f=%d; g=%d; h=%d\012\000"
main:
; :
addiu $sp,$sp,56
sw $31,52($sp)
sw $fp,48($sp)
move $fp,$sp
lui $28,%hi(__gnu_local_gp)
addiu $28,$28,%lo(__gnu_local_gp)
lui $2,%hi($LC0)
addiu $2,$2,%lo($LC0)
; 5- :
li $3,4 # 0x4
sw $3,16($sp)
; 6- :
li $3,5 # 0x5
sw $3,20($sp)
; 7- :
li $3,6 # 0x6
sw $3,24($sp)
; 8- :
li $3,7 # 0x7

57
 6. PRINTF() 6. PRINTF()
sw $3,28($sp)
; 9- :
li $3,8 # 0x8
sw $3,32($sp)
; 1- $a0:
move $4,$2
; 2- $a1:
li $5,1 # 0x1
; 3- $a2:
li $6,2 # 0x2
; 4- $a3:
li $7,3 # 0x3
; printf():
lw $2,%call16(printf)($28)
nop
move $25,$2
jalr $25
nop
; :
lw $28,40($fp)
; 0:
move $2,$0
move $sp,$fp
lw $31,52($sp)
lw $fp,48($sp)
addiu $sp,$sp,56
;
j $31
nop

6.19: GCC 4.4.5 (IDA)

.text:00000000 main:
.text:00000000
.text:00000000 var_28 = 0x28
.text:00000000 var_24 = 0x24
.text:00000000 var_20 = 0x20
.text:00000000 var_1C = 0x1C
.text:00000000 var_18 = 0x18
.text:00000000 var_10 = 0x10
.text:00000000 var_8 = 8
.text:00000000 var_4 = 4
.text:00000000
; :
.text:00000000 addiu $sp, 0x38
.text:00000004 sw $ra, 0x38+var_4($sp)
.text:00000008 sw $fp, 0x38+var_8($sp)
.text:0000000C move $fp, $sp
.text:00000010 la $gp, __gnu_local_gp
.text:00000018 sw $gp, 0x38+var_10($sp)
.text:0000001C la $v0, aADBDCDDDEDFDGD # "a=%d; b=%d; c=%d; d=%d; e=%d; f=%d; g
=%"...
; 5- :
.text:00000024 li $v1, 4
.text:00000028 sw $v1, 0x38+var_28($sp)
; 6- :
.text:0000002C li $v1, 5
.text:00000030 sw $v1, 0x38+var_24($sp)
; 7- :
.text:00000034 li $v1, 6
.text:00000038 sw $v1, 0x38+var_20($sp)
; 8- :
.text:0000003C li $v1, 7
.text:00000040 sw $v1, 0x38+var_1C($sp)
; 9- :
.text:00000044 li $v1, 8
.text:00000048 sw $v1, 0x38+var_18($sp)
; 1- $a0:
.text:0000004C move $a0, $v0
; 2- $a1:

58
 6. PRINTF() 6. PRINTF()
.text:00000050 li $a1, 1
; 3- $a2:
.text:00000054 li $a2, 2
; 4- $a3:
.text:00000058 li $a3, 3
; printf():
.text:0000005C lw $v0, (printf & 0xFFFF)($gp)
.text:00000060 or $at, $zero
.text:00000064 move $t9, $v0
.text:00000068 jalr $t9
.text:0000006C or $at, $zero ; NOP
; :
.text:00000070 lw $gp, 0x38+var_10($fp)
; 0:
.text:00000074 move $v0, $zero
.text:00000078 move $sp, $fp
.text:0000007C lw $ra, 0x38+var_4($sp)
.text:00000080 lw $fp, 0x38+var_8($sp)
.text:00000084 addiu $sp, 0x38
;
.text:00000088 jr $ra
.text:0000008C or $at, $zero ; NOP

6.4.
:
6.20: x86
...
PUSH
PUSH
PUSH
CALL
; ( )

6.21: x64 (MSVC)

MOV RCX,
MOV RDX,
MOV R8,
MOV R9, 4-
...
PUSH 5-, 6- , .. ( )
CALL
; ( )

6.22: x64 (GCC)

MOV RDI,
MOV RSI,
MOV RDX,
MOV RCX, 4-
MOV R8, 5-
MOV R9, 6-
...
PUSH 7-, 8- , .. ( )
CALL
; ( )

6.23: ARM
MOV R0,
MOV R1,
MOV R2,
MOV R3, 4-
; 5-, 6- , .., ( )
BL
; ( )

59
 6. PRINTF() 6. PRINTF()
6.24: ARM64
MOV X0,
MOV X1,
MOV X2,
MOV X3, 4-
MOV X4, 5-
MOV X5, 6-
MOV X6, 7-
MOV X7, 8-
; 9-, 10- , .., ( )
BL CALL
; ( )

6.25: MIPS ( O32)

LI $4, ; AKA $A0
LI $5, ; AKA $A1
LI $6, ; AKA $A2
LI $7, 4- ; AKA $A3
; 5-, 6- , .., ( )
LW temp_reg,
JALR temp_reg

6.5.
, x86, x64, fastcall, ARM MIPS
, , , , .
, , -
.
$A0$A3 MIPS ( O32). -
( , $ZERO)
.
CPU .
,
, , . .

60
 7. SCANF() 7. SCANF()

scanf()

scanf().

7.1.

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
int x;
printf ("Enter X:\n");

scanf ("%d", &x);

printf ("You entered %d...\n", x);

return 0;
};

scanf() , - .
int.

7.1.1.

. ,
, , .
, (callee) - ,
. , , -callee
, callee - .
/++ - .
x86 32- (.. 4 ), x86-64 64- (
8 ). , , x86-64
2 , -.
(void*); ,
memcpy(), , 2 void*,
, . ,
.
, (
(10 (. 104)) ). scanf() . , ,
, .
/++ . , ,
.

61
 7. SCANF() 7. SCANF()
7.1.2. x86

MSVC

, MSVC 2010:
CONST SEGMENT
$SG3831 DB 'Enter X:', 0aH, 00H
$SG3832 DB '%d', 00H
$SG3833 DB 'You entered %d...', 0aH, 00H
CONST ENDS
PUBLIC _main
EXTRN _scanf:PROC
EXTRN _printf:PROC
; Function compile flags: /Odtp
_TEXT SEGMENT
_x$ = 4 ; size = 4
_main PROC
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
push ecx
push OFFSET $SG3831 ; 'Enter X:'
call _printf
add esp, 4
lea eax, DWORD PTR _x$[ebp]
push eax
push OFFSET $SG3832 ; '%d'
call _scanf
add esp, 8
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _x$[ebp]
push ecx
push OFFSET $SG3833 ; 'You entered %d...'
call _printf
add esp, 8

; 0
xor eax, eax
mov esp, ebp
pop ebp
ret 0
_main ENDP
_TEXT ENDS

x .
/++ . ,
. , , x86 .
PUSH ECX ECX. (
POP ECX ).
4 x .
x _x$ ( -4) EBP
.
EBP EBP+
, .
ESP, , .
, EBP ESP .
32- :

62
 7. SCANF() 7. SCANF()

EBP-8 #2, IDA var_8
EBP-4 #1, IDA var_4
EBP EBP
EBP+4
EBP+8 #1, IDA arg_0
EBP+0xC #2, IDA arg_4
EBP+0x10 #3, IDA arg_8

scanf() .
, %d x.
x EAX lea eax, DWORD PTR _x$[ebp].
LEA load effective address, - (A.6.2 (. 965)).
, LEA EAX EBP
_x$.
lea eax, [ebp-4].
, EBP 4 EAX. EAX
scanf().
printf(). : You entered %d...\n.
: mov ecx, [ebp-4]. ECX x, .
ECX printf().

63
 7. SCANF() 7. SCANF()
7.1.3. MSVC + OllyDbg

OllyDbg. , F8 ( , ) ,
, ntdll.dll. , main().
(PUSH EBP), F2 (set a breakpoint), F9 (Run)
main().
, x:

. 7.1: OllyDbg:

EAX Follow in stack.

. , . . -
(0x6E494714). , PUSH .
F8 scanf(). scanf() , , , ,
123:

. 7.2:

64
 7. SCANF() 7. SCANF()
scanf() :

. 7.3: OllyDbg: scanf()

scanf() 1 EAX, , .
0x7B (123).

65
 7. SCANF() 7. SCANF()
ECX printf() :

. 7.4: OllyDbg: printf()

GCC

Linux GCC 4.4.1:

main proc near

var_20 = dword ptr 20h

var_1C = dword ptr 1Ch
var_4 = dword ptr 4

push ebp
mov ebp, esp
and esp, 0FFFFFFF0h
sub esp, 20h
mov [esp+20h+var_20], offset aEnterX ; "Enter X:"
call _puts
mov eax, offset aD ; "%d"
lea edx, [esp+20h+var_4]
mov [esp+20h+var_1C], edx
mov [esp+20h+var_20], eax
call ___isoc99_scanf
mov edx, [esp+20h+var_4]
mov eax, offset aYouEnteredD___ ; "You entered %d...\n"
mov [esp+20h+var_1C], edx
mov [esp+20h+var_20], eax
call _printf
mov eax, 0
leave
retn
main endp

GCC printf() puts(). , (3.4.3 (. 15)).

MOV.

, , /++-
. /++ ,
, .

66
 7. SCANF() 7. SCANF()
7.1.4. x64

, .

MSVC

7.1: MSVC 2012 x64

_DATA SEGMENT
$SG1289 DB 'Enter X:', 0aH, 00H
$SG1291 DB '%d', 00H
$SG1292 DB 'You entered %d...', 0aH, 00H
_DATA ENDS

_TEXT SEGMENT
x$ = 32
main PROC
$LN3:
sub rsp, 56
lea rcx, OFFSET FLAT:$SG1289 ; 'Enter X:'
call printf
lea rdx, QWORD PTR x$[rsp]
lea rcx, OFFSET FLAT:$SG1291 ; '%d'
call scanf
mov edx, DWORD PTR x$[rsp]
lea rcx, OFFSET FLAT:$SG1292 ; 'You entered %d...'
call printf

; 0
xor eax, eax
add rsp, 56
ret 0
main ENDP
_TEXT ENDS

GCC

7.2: GCC 4.4.6 x64

.LC0:
.string "Enter X:"
.LC1:
.string "%d"
.LC2:
.string "You entered %d...\n"

main:
sub rsp, 24
mov edi, OFFSET FLAT:.LC0 ; "Enter X:"
call puts
lea rsi, [rsp+12]
mov edi, OFFSET FLAT:.LC1 ; "%d"
xor eax, eax
call __isoc99_scanf
mov esi, DWORD PTR [rsp+12]
mov edi, OFFSET FLAT:.LC2 ; "You entered %d...\n"
xor eax, eax
call printf

; 0
xor eax, eax
add rsp, 24
ret

67
 7. SCANF() 7. SCANF()
7.1.5. ARM

Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb)

.text:00000042 scanf_main
.text:00000042
.text:00000042 var_8 = 8
.text:00000042
.text:00000042 08 B5 PUSH {R3,LR}
.text:00000044 A9 A0 ADR R0, aEnterX ; "Enter X:\n"
.text:00000046 06 F0 D3 F8 BL __2printf
.text:0000004A 69 46 MOV R1, SP
.text:0000004C AA A0 ADR R0, aD ; "%d"
.text:0000004E 06 F0 CD F8 BL __0scanf
.text:00000052 00 99 LDR R1, [SP,#8+var_8]
.text:00000054 A9 A0 ADR R0, aYouEnteredD___ ; "You entered %d...\n"
.text:00000056 06 F0 CB F8 BL __2printf
.text:0000005A 00 20 MOVS R0, #0
.text:0000005C 08 BD POP {R3,PC}

scanf() , int. int 32- ,

4 , 32- . x
, IDA var_8. , , .. SP
, . SP R1,
format-, scanf(). , LDR,
R1, printf().

ARM64

7.3: GCC 4.9.1 ARM64

1 .LC0:
2 .string "Enter X:"
3 .LC1:
4 .string "%d"
5 .LC2:
6 .string "You entered %d...\n"
7 scanf_main:
8 ; 32 SP, FP LR :
9 stp x29, x30, [sp, 32]!
10 ; (FP=SP)
11 add x29, sp, 0
12 ; "Enter X:"
13 adrp x0, .LC0
14 add x0, x0, :lo12:.LC0
15 ; X0= "Enter X:"
16 ; :
17 bl puts
18 ; "%d":
19 adrp x0, .LC1
20 add x0, x0, :lo12:.LC1
21 ; "x" (X1=FP+28):
22 add x1, x29, 28
23 ; X1= "x"
24 ; scanf() :
25 bl __isoc99_scanf
26 ; 32- :
27 ldr w1, [x29,28]
28 ; W1=x
29 ; "You entered %d...\n"
30 ; printf() X0 "x" X1 ( W1)
31 adrp x0, .LC2
32 add x0, x0, :lo12:.LC2
33 bl printf
34 ; 0
35 mov w0, 0
36 ; FP LR, 32 SP:
37 ldp x29, x30, [sp], 32

68
 7. SCANF() 7. SCANF()
38 ret

32 , . ,
? x ( 22). 28?
-, , .
scanf(), , , .
32- int. 27 printf().

7.1.6. MIPS

x , $sp + 24.
scanf(), LW (Load Word
) printf().

7.4: GCC 4.4.5 ( )

$LC0:
.ascii "Enter X:\000"
$LC1:
.ascii "%d\000"
$LC2:
.ascii "You entered %d...\012\000"
main:
; :
lui $28,%hi(__gnu_local_gp)
addiu $sp,$sp,40
addiu $28,$28,%lo(__gnu_local_gp)
sw $31,36($sp)
; puts():
lw $25,%call16(puts)($28)
lui $4,%hi($LC0)
jalr $25
addiu $4,$4,%lo($LC0) ; branch delay slot
; scanf():
lw $28,16($sp)
lui $4,%hi($LC1)
lw $25,%call16(__isoc99_scanf)($28)
; scanf(), $a1=$sp+24:
addiu $5,$sp,24
jalr $25
addiu $4,$4,%lo($LC1) ; branch delay slot

; printf():
lw $28,16($sp)
; printf(),
; $sp+24:
lw $5,24($sp)
lw $25,%call16(printf)($28)
lui $4,%hi($LC2)
jalr $25
addiu $4,$4,%lo($LC2) ; branch delay slot

; :
lw $31,36($sp)
; 0:
move $2,$0
; :
j $31
addiu $sp,$sp,40 ; branch delay slot

IDA :

7.5: GCC 4.4.5 (IDA)

.text:00000000 main:
.text:00000000
.text:00000000 var_18 = 0x18
.text:00000000 var_10 = 0x10
.text:00000000 var_4 = 4

69
 7. SCANF() 7. SCANF()
.text:00000000
; :
.text:00000000 lui $gp, (__gnu_local_gp >> 16)
.text:00000004 addiu $sp, 0x28
.text:00000008 la $gp, (__gnu_local_gp & 0xFFFF)
.text:0000000C sw $ra, 0x28+var_4($sp)
.text:00000010 sw $gp, 0x28+var_18($sp)
; puts():
.text:00000014 lw $t9, (puts & 0xFFFF)($gp)
.text:00000018 lui $a0, ($LC0 >> 16) # "Enter X:"
.text:0000001C jalr $t9
.text:00000020 la $a0, ($LC0 & 0xFFFF) # "Enter X:" ; branch delay slot
; scanf():
.text:00000024 lw $gp, 0x28+var_18($sp)
.text:00000028 lui $a0, ($LC1 >> 16) # "%d"
.text:0000002C lw $t9, (__isoc99_scanf & 0xFFFF)($gp)
; scanf(), $a1=$sp+24:
.text:00000030 addiu $a1, $sp, 0x28+var_10
.text:00000034 jalr $t9 ; branch delay slot
.text:00000038 la $a0, ($LC1 & 0xFFFF) # "%d"
; printf():
.text:0000003C lw $gp, 0x28+var_18($sp)
; printf(),
; $sp+24:
.text:00000040 lw $a1, 0x28+var_10($sp)
.text:00000044 lw $t9, (printf & 0xFFFF)($gp)
.text:00000048 lui $a0, ($LC2 >> 16) # "You entered %d...\n"
.text:0000004C jalr $t9
.text:00000050 la $a0, ($LC2 & 0xFFFF) # "You entered %d...\n" ; branch delay
slot
; :
.text:00000054 lw $ra, 0x28+var_4($sp)
; 0:
.text:00000058 move $v0, $zero
; :
.text:0000005C jr $ra
.text:00000060 addiu $sp, 0x28 ; branch delay slot

7.2.
x , ?
, . -,
.
#include <stdio.h>

// x
int x;

int main()
{
printf ("Enter X:\n");

scanf ("%d", &x);

printf ("You entered %d...\n", x);

return 0;
};

7.2.1. MSVC: x86

_DATA SEGMENT
COMM _x:DWORD
$SG2456 DB 'Enter X:', 0aH, 00H

70
 7. SCANF() 7. SCANF()
$SG2457 DB '%d', 00H
$SG2458 DB 'You entered %d...', 0aH, 00H
_DATA ENDS
PUBLIC _main
EXTRN _scanf:PROC
EXTRN _printf:PROC
; Function compile flags: /Odtp
_TEXT SEGMENT
_main PROC
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
push OFFSET $SG2456
call _printf
add esp, 4
push OFFSET _x
push OFFSET $SG2457
call _scanf
add esp, 8
mov eax, DWORD PTR _x
push eax
push OFFSET $SG2458
call _printf
add esp, 8
xor eax, eax
pop ebp
ret 0
_main ENDP
_TEXT ENDS

. x _DATA. .
, . -
( ,
?), , - , ,
1 .
:
int x=10; //

:
_DATA SEGMENT
_x DD 0aH

...

0xA DD (dword = 32 ).
.exe- IDA, , x _DATA,
.
IDA.exe , x , :
.data:0040FA80 _x dd ? ; DATA XREF: _main+10
.data:0040FA80 ; _main+22
.data:0040FA84 dword_40FA84 dd ? ; DATA XREF: _memset+1E
.data:0040FA84 ; unknown_libname_1+28
.data:0040FA88 dword_40FA88 dd ? ; DATA XREF: ___sbh_find_block+5
.data:0040FA88 ; ___sbh_free_block+2BC
.data:0040FA8C ; LPVOID lpMem
.data:0040FA8C lpMem dd ? ; DATA XREF: ___sbh_find_block+B
.data:0040FA8C ; ___sbh_free_block+2CA
.data:0040FA90 dword_40FA90 dd ? ; DATA XREF: _V6_HeapAlloc+13
.data:0040FA90 ; __calloc_impl+72
.data:0040FA94 dword_40FA94 dd ? ; DATA XREF: ___sbh_free_block+2FE

_x ?, . ,
.exe , [ISO07, 6.7.8p10].
.exe . .
, .
1 VM

71
 7. SCANF() 7. SCANF()
7.2.2. MSVC: x86 + OllyDbg

. 7.5: OllyDbg: scanf()

. , PUSH ( x)
, , Follow in dump.
.
123, 0x7B.
7B? , 00 00 00 7B.
endianness, x86 little-endian. , , -
. : 31 (. 473).
32- EAX printf().
x 0x00C53394.

72
 7. SCANF() 7. SCANF()
OllyDbg (Alt-M) , PE- .data
:

. 7.6: OllyDbg:

7.2.3. GCC: x86

Linux . , x ,
_bss. ELF :
; Segment type: Uninitialized
; Segment permissions: Read/Write

- , , 10,
_data, :
; Segment type: Pure data
; Segment permissions: Read/Write

7.2.4. MSVC: x64

7.6: MSVC 2012 x64

_DATA SEGMENT
COMM x:DWORD
$SG2924 DB 'Enter X:', 0aH, 00H
$SG2925 DB '%d', 00H
$SG2926 DB 'You entered %d...', 0aH, 00H
_DATA ENDS

_TEXT SEGMENT
main PROC
$LN3:
sub rsp, 40

lea rcx, OFFSET FLAT:$SG2924 ; 'Enter X:'

call printf

73
 7. SCANF() 7. SCANF()
lea rdx, OFFSET FLAT:x
lea rcx, OFFSET FLAT:$SG2925 ; '%d'
call scanf
mov edx, DWORD PTR x
lea rcx, OFFSET FLAT:$SG2926 ; 'You entered %d...'
call printf

; 0
xor eax, eax

add rsp, 40
ret 0
main ENDP
_TEXT ENDS

x86. scanf() x
LEA, printf() MOV . DWORD PTR
( ) ,
32-, MOV .

7.2.5. ARM: Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb)

.text:00000000 ; Segment type: Pure code

.text:00000000 AREA .text, CODE
...
.text:00000000 main
.text:00000000 PUSH {R4,LR}
.text:00000002 ADR R0, aEnterX ; "Enter X:\n"
.text:00000004 BL __2printf
.text:00000008 LDR R1, =x
.text:0000000A ADR R0, aD ; "%d"
.text:0000000C BL __0scanf
.text:00000010 LDR R0, =x
.text:00000012 LDR R1, [R0]
.text:00000014 ADR R0, aYouEnteredD___ ; "You entered %d...\n"
.text:00000016 BL __2printf
.text:0000001A MOVS R0, #0
.text:0000001C POP {R4,PC}
...
.text:00000020 aEnterX DCB "Enter X:",0xA,0 ; DATA XREF: main+2
.text:0000002A DCB 0
.text:0000002B DCB 0
.text:0000002C off_2C DCD x ; DATA XREF: main+8
.text:0000002C ; main+10
.text:00000030 aD DCB "%d",0 ; DATA XREF: main+A
.text:00000033 DCB 0
.text:00000034 aYouEnteredD___ DCB "You entered %d...",0xA,0 ; DATA XREF: main+14
.text:00000047 DCB 0
.text:00000047 ; .text ends
.text:00000047
...
.data:00000048 ; Segment type: Pure data
.data:00000048 AREA .data, DATA
.data:00000048 ; ORG 0x48
.data:00000048 EXPORT x
.data:00000048 x DCD 0xA ; DATA XREF: main+8
.data:00000048 ; main+10
.data:00000048 ; .data ends

, x , , -, ,
(.data). , (.text), x ?
, , . , . -
, , .text.
( , embedded-,
), . , -
, . ,
, , , , .

74
 7. SCANF() 7. SCANF()
x (off_2C)
. , x -
, . LDR Thumb-
1020 .
ARM- 4095 . , x
, , 2
- , !
: const, Keil .constdata.
, .

7.2.6. ARM64

7.7: GCC 4.9.1 ARM64

1 .comm x,4,4
2 .LC0:
3 .string "Enter X:"
4 .LC1:
5 .string "%d"
6 .LC2:
7 .string "You entered %d...\n"
8 f5:
9 ; FP LR :
10 stp x29, x30, [sp, 16]!
11 ; (FP=SP)
12 add x29, sp, 0
13 ; "Enter X:":
14 adrp x0, .LC0
15 add x0, x0, :lo12:.LC0
16 bl puts
17 ; "%d":
18 adrp x0, .LC1
19 add x0, x0, :lo12:.LC1
20 ; x:
21 adrp x1, x
22 add x1, x1, :lo12:x
23 bl __isoc99_scanf
24 ; x:
25 adrp x0, x
26 add x0, x0, :lo12:x
27 ; :
28 ldr w1, [x0]
29 ; "You entered %d...\n":
30 adrp x0, .LC2
31 add x0, x0, :lo12:.LC2
32 bl printf
33 ; 0
34 mov w0, 0
35 ; FP LR:
36 ldp x29, x30, [sp], 16
37 ret

x , ADRP/ADD ( 21 25).

7.2.7. MIPS

x . IDA. IDA
x ELF- .sbss ( Global Pointer? 3.5.1 (. 18)),
.

7.8: GCC 4.4.5 (IDA)

2 linker

75
 7. SCANF() 7. SCANF()
.text:004006C0 main:
.text:004006C0
.text:004006C0 var_10 = 0x10
.text:004006C0 var_4 = 4
.text:004006C0
; :
.text:004006C0 lui $gp, 0x42
.text:004006C4 addiu $sp, 0x20
.text:004006C8 li $gp, 0x418940
.text:004006CC sw $ra, 0x20+var_4($sp)
.text:004006D0 sw $gp, 0x20+var_10($sp)
; puts():
.text:004006D4 la $t9, puts
.text:004006D8 lui $a0, 0x40
.text:004006DC jalr $t9 ; puts
.text:004006E0 la $a0, aEnterX # "Enter X:" ; branch delay slot
; scanf():
.text:004006E4 lw $gp, 0x20+var_10($sp)
.text:004006E8 lui $a0, 0x40
.text:004006EC la $t9, __isoc99_scanf
; x:
.text:004006F0 la $a1, x
.text:004006F4 jalr $t9 ; __isoc99_scanf
.text:004006F8 la $a0, aD # "%d" ; branch delay slot
; printf():
.text:004006FC lw $gp, 0x20+var_10($sp)
.text:00400700 lui $a0, 0x40
; x:
.text:00400704 la $v0, x
.text:00400708 la $t9, printf
; "x" printf() $a1:
.text:0040070C lw $a1, (x 0x41099C)($v0)
.text:00400710 jalr $t9 ; printf
.text:00400714 la $a0, aYouEnteredD___ # "You entered %d...\n" ; branch delay
slot
; :
.text:00400718 lw $ra, 0x20+var_4($sp)
.text:0040071C move $v0, $zero
.text:00400720 jr $ra
.text:00400724 addiu $sp, 0x20 ; branch delay slot

...

.sbss:0041099C # Segment type: Uninitialized

.sbss:0041099C .sbss
.sbss:0041099C .globl x
.sbss:0041099C x: .space 4
.sbss:0041099C

IDA , objdump -
:
7.9: GCC 4.4.5 (objdump)
1 004006c0 <main>:
2 ; :
3 4006c0: 3c1c0042 lui gp,0x42
4 4006c4: 27bdffe0 addiu sp,sp,32
5 4006c8: 279c8940 addiu gp,gp,30400
6 4006cc: afbf001c sw ra,28(sp)
7 4006d0: afbc0010 sw gp,16(sp)
8 ; puts():
9 4006d4: 8f998034 lw t9,32716(gp)
10 4006d8: 3c040040 lui a0,0x40
11 4006dc: 0320f809 jalr t9
12 4006e0: 248408f0 addiu a0,a0,2288 ; branch delay slot
13 ; scanf():
14 4006e4: 8fbc0010 lw gp,16(sp)
15 4006e8: 3c040040 lui a0,0x40
16 4006ec: 8f998038 lw t9,32712(gp)
17 ; x:

76
 7. SCANF() 7. SCANF()
18 4006f0: 8f858044 lw a1,32700(gp)
19 4006f4: 0320f809 jalr t9
20 4006f8: 248408fc addiu a0,a0,2300 ; branch delay slot
21 ; printf():
22 4006fc: 8fbc0010 lw gp,16(sp)
23 400700: 3c040040 lui a0,0x40
24 ; x:
25 400704: 8f828044 lw v0,32700(gp)
26 400708: 8f99803c lw t9,32708(gp)
27 ; "x" printf() $a1:
28 40070c: 8c450000 lw a1,0(v0)
29 400710: 0320f809 jalr t9
30 400714: 24840900 addiu a0,a0,2304 ; branch delay slot
31 ; :
32 400718: 8fbf001c lw ra,28(sp)
33 40071c: 00001021 move v0,zero
34 400720: 03e00008 jr ra
35 400724: 27bd0020 addiu sp,sp,32 ; branch delay slot
36 ; NOP- - 16- :
37 400728: 00200825 move at,at
38 40072c: 00200825 move at,at

, x 64KiB, GP
( 18). : , (puts(),
scanf(), printf()) 64KiB GP ( 9, 16 26). GP ,
, , x
- . , .
NOP- (MOVE $AT,$AT ),
16- .

, x :
int x=10; //

IDA x .data:

7.10: GCC 4.4.5 (IDA)

.text:004006A0 main:
.text:004006A0
.text:004006A0 var_10 = 0x10
.text:004006A0 var_8 = 8
.text:004006A0 var_4 = 4
.text:004006A0
.text:004006A0 lui $gp, 0x42
.text:004006A4 addiu $sp, 0x20
.text:004006A8 li $gp, 0x418930
.text:004006AC sw $ra, 0x20+var_4($sp)
.text:004006B0 sw $s0, 0x20+var_8($sp)
.text:004006B4 sw $gp, 0x20+var_10($sp)
.text:004006B8 la $t9, puts
.text:004006BC lui $a0, 0x40
.text:004006C0 jalr $t9 ; puts
.text:004006C4 la $a0, aEnterX # "Enter X:"
.text:004006C8 lw $gp, 0x20+var_10($sp)
; x:
.text:004006CC lui $s0, 0x41
.text:004006D0 la $t9, __isoc99_scanf
.text:004006D4 lui $a0, 0x40
; x:
.text:004006D8 addiu $a1, $s0, (x 0x410000)
; x $a1.
.text:004006DC jalr $t9 ; __isoc99_scanf
.text:004006E0 la $a0, aD # "%d"
.text:004006E4 lw $gp, 0x20+var_10($sp)
; :

77
 7. SCANF() 7. SCANF()
.text:004006E8 lw $a1, x
; x $a1.
.text:004006EC la $t9, printf
.text:004006F0 lui $a0, 0x40
.text:004006F4 jalr $t9 ; printf
.text:004006F8 la $a0, aYouEnteredD___ # "You entered %d...\n"
.text:004006FC lw $ra, 0x20+var_4($sp)
.text:00400700 move $v0, $zero
.text:00400704 lw $s0, 0x20+var_8($sp)
.text:00400708 jr $ra
.text:0040070C addiu $sp, 0x20

...

.data:00410920 .globl x
.data:00410920 x: .word 0xA

.sdata? , - GCC? , x .data,

.
. LUI (Load Upper Immediate
16 ) ADDIU (Add Immediate Unsigned Word ).
objdump- :

7.11: GCC 4.4.5 (objdump)

004006a0 <main>:
4006a0: 3c1c0042 lui gp,0x42
4006a4: 27bdffe0 addiu sp,sp,32
4006a8: 279c8930 addiu gp,gp,30416
4006ac: afbf001c sw ra,28(sp)
4006b0: afb00018 sw s0,24(sp)
4006b4: afbc0010 sw gp,16(sp)
4006b8: 8f998034 lw t9,32716(gp)
4006bc: 3c040040 lui a0,0x40
4006c0: 0320f809 jalr t9
4006c4: 248408d0 addiu a0,a0,2256
4006c8: 8fbc0010 lw gp,16(sp)
; x:
4006cc: 3c100041 lui s0,0x41
4006d0: 8f998038 lw t9,32712(gp)
4006d4: 3c040040 lui a0,0x40
; x:
4006d8: 26050920 addiu a1,s0,2336
; x $a1.
4006dc: 0320f809 jalr t9
4006e0: 248408dc addiu a0,a0,2268
4006e4: 8fbc0010 lw gp,16(sp)
; x $s0.
; :
4006e8: 8e050920 lw a1,2336(s0)
; x $a1.
4006ec: 8f99803c lw t9,32708(gp)
4006f0: 3c040040 lui a0,0x40
4006f4: 0320f809 jalr t9
4006f8: 248408e0 addiu a0,a0,2272
4006fc: 8fbf001c lw ra,28(sp)
400700: 00001021 move v0,zero
400704: 8fb00018 lw s0,24(sp)
400708: 03e00008 jr ra
40070c: 27bd0020 addiu sp,sp,32

LUI ADDIU, $S0,

LW (Load Word), LW
printf().
T-, S-,
(.. saved). $S0 0x4006cc
0x4006e8 scanf(). scanf() .

78
 7. SCANF() 7. SCANF()
7.3. scanf()
, scanf() .
, , scanf() - ,
scanf() .
#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
int x;
printf ("Enter X:\n");

if (scanf ("%d", &x)==1)

printf ("You entered %d...\n", x);
else
printf ("What you entered? Huh?\n");

return 0;
};

, scanf()3 .
, , scanf() 1. , 0 ( EOF4 ).
, scanf() - .
:
C:\...>ex3.exe
Enter X:
123
You entered 123...

C:\...>ex3.exe
Enter X:
ouch
What you entered? Huh?

7.3.1. MSVC: x86

(MSVC 2010):
lea eax, DWORD PTR _x$[ebp]
push eax
push OFFSET $SG3833 ; '%d', 00H
call _scanf
add esp, 8
cmp eax, 1
jne SHORT $LN2@main
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _x$[ebp]
push ecx
push OFFSET $SG3834 ; 'You entered %d...', 0aH, 00H
call _printf
add esp, 8
jmp SHORT $LN1@main
$LN2@main:
push OFFSET $SG3836 ; 'What you entered? Huh?', 0aH, 00H
call _printf
add esp, 4
$LN1@main:
xor eax, eax

, (
scanf()) EAX.
3 scanf, wscanf: MSDN
4 End of le ( )

79
 7. SCANF() 7. SCANF()
CMP EAX, 1 (CoMPare), EAX 1.
CMP: JNE. Jump if Not Equal,
.
, EAX 1, JNE CPU JNE, $LN2@main.
, CPU printf() What you entered? Huh?.
, printf() : 'You entered
%d...' x.
printf(), JMP, -
, printf() XOR EAX, EAX,
return 0.
, - -
CMP Jcc, cc condition code. CMP -
5 . Jcc ( ).
, , CMP SUB,
. ,
CMP. 1 1, , 0, ZF (zero ag),
, 0. EAX, ZF
, , . JNE ZF,
. , JNE JNZ (Jump if Not Zero).
. , CMP SUB ,
, SUB - . CMP SUB ,
.

7.3.2. MSVC: x86: IDA

, IDA. , MSVC
/MD, ,
MSVCR*.DLL. , .
IDA, ( ). . , ,
, JNZ . , n
error. exit. :
.text:00401000 _main proc near
.text:00401000
.text:00401000 var_4 = dword ptr 4
.text:00401000 argc = dword ptr 8
.text:00401000 argv = dword ptr 0Ch
.text:00401000 envp = dword ptr 10h
.text:00401000
.text:00401000 push ebp
.text:00401001 mov ebp, esp
.text:00401003 push ecx
.text:00401004 push offset Format ; "Enter X:\n"
.text:00401009 call ds:printf
.text:0040100F add esp, 4
.text:00401012 lea eax, [ebp+var_4]
.text:00401015 push eax
.text:00401016 push offset aD ; "%d"
.text:0040101B call ds:scanf
.text:00401021 add esp, 8
.text:00401024 cmp eax, 1
.text:00401027 jnz short error
.text:00401029 mov ecx, [ebp+var_4]
.text:0040102C push ecx
.text:0040102D push offset aYou ; "You entered %d...\n"
.text:00401032 call ds:printf
.text:00401038 add esp, 8
.text:0040103B jmp short exit
.text:0040103D
.text:0040103D error: ; CODE XREF: _main+27
.text:0040103D push offset aWhat ; "What you entered? Huh?\n"
.text:00401042 call ds:printf
5 . x86-: wikipedia.

80
 7. SCANF() 7. SCANF()
.text:00401048 add esp, 4
.text:0040104B
.text:0040104B exit: ; CODE XREF: _main+3B
.text:0040104B xor eax, eax
.text:0040104D mov esp, ebp
.text:0040104F pop ebp
.text:00401050 retn
.text:00401050 _main endp

. ,
.
IDA : ,
.
:
.text:00401000 _text segment para public 'CODE' use32
.text:00401000 assume cs:_text
.text:00401000 ;org 401000h
.text:00401000 ; ask for X
.text:00401012 ; get X
.text:00401024 cmp eax, 1
.text:00401027 jnz short error
.text:00401029 ; print result
.text:0040103B jmp short exit
.text:0040103D
.text:0040103D error: ; CODE XREF: _main+27
.text:0040103D push offset aWhat ; "What you entered? Huh?\n"
.text:00401042 call ds:printf
.text:00401048 add esp, 4
.text:0040104B
.text:0040104B exit: ; CODE XREF: _main+3B
.text:0040104B xor eax, eax
.text:0040104D mov esp, ebp
.text:0040104F pop ebp
.text:00401050 retn
.text:00401050 _main endp

+ .

81
 7. SCANF() 7. SCANF()
, , IDA :

. 7.7: IDA

: . , -
, .

82
 7. SCANF() 7. SCANF()
(group nodes). :

. 7.8: IDA

. , ( ) ,
.

83
 7. SCANF() 7. SCANF()
7.3.3. MSVC: x86 + OllyDbg

OllyDbg , scanf() .
scanf() , .
0x6E494714:

. 7.9: OllyDbg: scanf()

84
 7. SCANF() 7. SCANF()
scanf() , - , asdasd. scanf()
0 EAX, , :

. 7.10: OllyDbg: scanf()

. ,
scanf()? .
. EAX, , ,
Set to 1. .
EAX 1, , printf() .
(F9) :

. 7.11:

, 1850296084 (0x6E494714)!

85
 7. SCANF() 7. SCANF()
7.3.4. MSVC: x86 + Hiew

.
, , .
MSVCR*.DLL (.. /MD)6 ,
main() .text. Hiew,
.text (Enter, F8, F6, Enter, Enter).
:

. 7.12: Hiew: main()

Hiew ASCIIZ7 - , .

6 , dynamic linking
7 ASCII Zero (ASCII- )

86
 7. SCANF() 7. SCANF()
.00401027 ( JNZ, ), F3, -
9090( NOP-):

. 7.13: Hiew: JNZ NOP-

F9 (update). . , .
NOP- , , . 0
( ), JNZ .
: EB, ( ) .
. ,
.

7.3.5. MSVC: x64

int, x86-64 32-, , -

E-. , , 64-
R-.

7.12: MSVC 2012 x64

_DATA SEGMENT
$SG2924 DB 'Enter X:', 0aH, 00H
$SG2926 DB '%d', 00H
$SG2927 DB 'You entered %d...', 0aH, 00H
$SG2929 DB 'What you entered? Huh?', 0aH, 00H
_DATA ENDS

_TEXT SEGMENT
x$ = 32
main PROC
$LN5:

87
 7. SCANF() 7. SCANF()
sub rsp, 56
lea rcx, OFFSET FLAT:$SG2924 ; 'Enter X:'
call printf
lea rdx, QWORD PTR x$[rsp]
lea rcx, OFFSET FLAT:$SG2926 ; '%d'
call scanf
cmp eax, 1
jne SHORT $LN2@main
mov edx, DWORD PTR x$[rsp]
lea rcx, OFFSET FLAT:$SG2927 ; 'You entered %d...'
call printf
jmp SHORT $LN1@main
$LN2@main:
lea rcx, OFFSET FLAT:$SG2929 ; 'What you entered? Huh?'
call printf
$LN1@main:
; 0
xor eax, eax
add rsp, 56
ret 0
main ENDP
_TEXT ENDS
END

7.3.6. ARM

ARM: Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb)

7.13: Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb)

var_8 = 8

PUSH {R3,LR}
ADR R0, aEnterX ; "Enter X:\n"
BL __2printf
MOV R1, SP
ADR R0, aD ; "%d"
BL __0scanf
CMP R0, #1
BEQ loc_1E
ADR R0, aWhatYouEntered ; "What you entered? Huh?\n"
BL __2printf

loc_1A ; CODE XREF: main+26

MOVS R0, #0
POP {R3,PC}

loc_1E ; CODE XREF: main+12

LDR R1, [SP,#8+var_8]
ADR R0, aYouEnteredD___ ; "You entered %d...\n"
BL __2printf
B loc_1A

: CMP BEQ8 .
CMP x86: .
BEQ , ,
0, Z 1. JZ x86.
: , , R0 0
.

ARM64

8 (PowerPC, ARM) Branch if Equal

88
 7. SCANF() 7. SCANF()
7.14: GCC 4.9.1 ARM64
1 .LC0:
2 .string "Enter X:"
3 .LC1:
4 .string "%d"
5 .LC2:
6 .string "You entered %d...\n"
7 .LC3:
8 .string "What you entered? Huh?"
9 f6:
10 ; FP LR :
11 stp x29, x30, [sp, 32]!
12 ; (FP=SP)
13 add x29, sp, 0
14 ; "Enter X:"
15 adrp x0, .LC0
16 add x0, x0, :lo12:.LC0
17 bl puts
18 ; "%d":
19 adrp x0, .LC1
20 add x0, x0, :lo12:.LC1
21 ; x
22 add x1, x29, 28
23 bl __isoc99_scanf
24 ; scanf() W0.
25 ; :
26 cmp w0, 1
27 ; BNE Branch if Not Equal (, )
28 ; W0<>0, L2
29 bne .L2
30 ; W0=1, ,
31 ; x
32 ldr w1, [x29,28]
33 ; "You entered %d...\n":
34 adrp x0, .LC2
35 add x0, x0, :lo12:.LC2
36 bl printf
37 ; , "What you entered? Huh?" :
38 b .L3
39 .L2:
40 ; "What you entered? Huh?" :
41 adrp x0, .LC3
42 add x0, x0, :lo12:.LC3
43 bl puts
44 .L3:
45 ; 0
46 mov w0, 0
47 ; FP LR:
48 ldp x29, x30, [sp], 32
49 ret

, CMP/BNE (Branch if Not Equal: ).

7.3.7. MIPS

7.15: GCC 4.4.5 (IDA)

.text:004006A0 main:
.text:004006A0
.text:004006A0 var_18 = 0x18
.text:004006A0 var_10 = 0x10
.text:004006A0 var_4 = 4
.text:004006A0
.text:004006A0 lui $gp, 0x42
.text:004006A4 addiu $sp, 0x28
.text:004006A8 li $gp, 0x418960
.text:004006AC sw $ra, 0x28+var_4($sp)
.text:004006B0 sw $gp, 0x28+var_18($sp)

89
 7. SCANF() 7. SCANF()
.text:004006B4 la $t9, puts
.text:004006B8 lui $a0, 0x40
.text:004006BC jalr $t9 ; puts
.text:004006C0 la $a0, aEnterX # "Enter X:"
.text:004006C4 lw $gp, 0x28+var_18($sp)
.text:004006C8 lui $a0, 0x40
.text:004006CC la $t9, __isoc99_scanf
.text:004006D0 la $a0, aD # "%d"
.text:004006D4 jalr $t9 ; __isoc99_scanf
.text:004006D8 addiu $a1, $sp, 0x28+var_10 # branch delay slot
.text:004006DC li $v1, 1
.text:004006E0 lw $gp, 0x28+var_18($sp)
.text:004006E4 beq $v0, $v1, loc_40070C
.text:004006E8 or $at, $zero # branch delay slot, NOP
.text:004006EC la $t9, puts
.text:004006F0 lui $a0, 0x40
.text:004006F4 jalr $t9 ; puts
.text:004006F8 la $a0, aWhatYouEntered # "What you entered? Huh?"
.text:004006FC lw $ra, 0x28+var_4($sp)
.text:00400700 move $v0, $zero
.text:00400704 jr $ra
.text:00400708 addiu $sp, 0x28

.text:0040070C loc_40070C:
.text:0040070C la $t9, printf
.text:00400710 lw $a1, 0x28+var_10($sp)
.text:00400714 lui $a0, 0x40
.text:00400718 jalr $t9 ; printf
.text:0040071C la $a0, aYouEnteredD___ # "You entered %d...\n"
.text:00400720 lw $ra, 0x28+var_4($sp)
.text:00400724 move $v0, $zero
.text:00400728 jr $ra
.text:0040072C addiu $sp, 0x28

scanf() $V0 0x004006E4 -

$V0 $V1 (1 $V1 , 0x004006DC). BEQ Branch Equal ( ).
(.. ), 0x0040070C.

7.3.8.

, JNE/JNZ JE/JZ ( BNE BEQ ).

. - .

7.4.

7.4.1. #1

, GCC Linux x86-64, (segmentation fault).

Windows, MSVC 2010 x86. ?
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>

void alter_string(char *s)

{
strcpy (s, "Goodbye!");
printf ("Result: %s\n", s);
};

int main()
{
alter_string ("Hello, world!\n");
};

: G.1.3 (. 986).

90
 8. 8.

, .
?

8.1:
#include <stdio.h>

int f (int a, int b, int c)

{
return a*b+c;
};

int main()
{
printf ("%d\n", f(1, 2, 3));
return 0;
};

8.1. x86

8.1.1. MSVC

, (MSVC 2010 Express):

8.2: MSVC 2010 Express

_TEXT SEGMENT
_a$ = 8 ; size = 4
_b$ = 12 ; size = 4
_c$ = 16 ; size = 4
_f PROC
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
mov eax, DWORD PTR _a$[ebp]
imul eax, DWORD PTR _b$[ebp]
add eax, DWORD PTR _c$[ebp]
pop ebp
ret 0
_f ENDP

_main PROC
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
push 3 ;
push 2 ;
push 1 ;
call _f
add esp, 12
push eax
push OFFSET $SG2463 ; '%d', 0aH, 00H

91
 8. 8.
call _printf
add esp, 8
; 0
xor eax, eax
pop ebp
ret 0
_main ENDP

, : main() f(int,int,int).
f() , , : _a$ = 8, ,
, _a$ EBP,
EBP.
- : a EAX. EAX IMUL
, _b, EAX . EAX ,
_c. EAX , .
EAX printf().

8.1.2. MSVC + OllyDbg

OllyDbg. f(), -
(), , EBP . .
EBP, RA. ,
. EBP 8 (2 32-
).
OllyDbg , RETURN from Arg1 = , ..
N.B.: , . OllyDbg
Arg .

. 8.1: OllyDbg: f()

8.1.3. GCC

GCC 4.4.1 IDA:

8.3: GCC 4.4.1

public f
f proc near

arg_0 = dword ptr 8

arg_4 = dword ptr 0Ch
arg_8 = dword ptr 10h

push ebp

92
 8. 8.
mov ebp, esp
mov eax, [ebp+arg_0] ;
imul eax, [ebp+arg_4] ;
add eax, [ebp+arg_8] ;
pop ebp
retn
f endp

public main
main proc near

var_10 = dword ptr 10h

var_C = dword ptr 0Ch
var_8 = dword ptr 8

push ebp
mov ebp, esp
and esp, 0FFFFFFF0h
sub esp, 10h
mov [esp+10h+var_8], 3 ;
mov [esp+10h+var_C], 2 ;
mov [esp+10h+var_10], 1 ;
call f
mov edx, offset aD ; "%d\n"
mov [esp+10h+var_C], eax
mov [esp+10h+var_10], edx
call _printf
mov eax, 0
leave
retn
main endp

, .
, LEAVE
(A.6.2 (. 965)) , .

8.2. x64
x86-64 , (4 6) , callee
, .

8.2.1. MSVC

MSVC:

8.4: MSVC 2012 x64

$SG2997 DB '%d', 0aH, 00H

main PROC
sub rsp, 40
mov edx, 2
lea r8d, QWORD PTR [rdx+1] ; R8D=3
lea ecx, QWORD PTR [rdx1] ; ECX=1
call f
lea rcx, OFFSET FLAT:$SG2997 ; '%d'
mov edx, eax
call printf
xor eax, eax
add rsp, 40
ret 0
main ENDP

f PROC
; ECX
; EDX

93
 8. 8.
; R8D
imul ecx, edx
lea eax, DWORD PTR [r8+rcx]
ret 0
f ENDP

, f() . LEA
. , ADD. main()
LEA : , , LEA
, MOV.
MSVC:

8.5: MSVC 2012 x64

f proc near

; shadow space:
arg_0 = dword ptr 8
arg_8 = dword ptr 10h
arg_10 = dword ptr 18h

; ECX
; EDX
; R8D
mov [rsp+arg_10], r8d
mov [rsp+arg_8], edx
mov [rsp+arg_0], ecx
mov eax, [rsp+arg_0]
imul eax, [rsp+arg_8]
add eax, [rsp+arg_10]
retn
f endp

main proc near

sub rsp, 28h
mov r8d, 3 ;
mov edx, 2 ;
mov ecx, 1 ;
call f
mov edx, eax
lea rcx, $SG2931 ; "%d\n"
call printf

; 0
xor eax, eax
add rsp, 28h
retn
main endp

: 3 - . shadow space 1 :
Win64 ( ) 4- . -
: 1) ( 4 )
, ; 2) ,
2 .
, - shadows space ,
, , .
shadow space caller.

8.2.2. GCC

GCC :

8.6: GCC 4.4.6 x64

1 MSDN
2 MSDN

94
 8. 8.
f:
; EDI
; ESI
; EDX
imul esi, edi
lea eax, [rdx+rsi]
ret

main:
sub rsp, 8
mov edx, 3
mov esi, 2
mov edi, 1
call f
mov edi, OFFSET FLAT:.LC0 ; "%d\n"
mov esi, eax
xor eax, eax ;
call printf
xor eax, eax
add rsp, 8
ret

GCC:

8.7: GCC 4.4.6 x64

f:
; EDI
; ESI
; EDX
push rbp
mov rbp, rsp
mov DWORD PTR [rbp4], edi
mov DWORD PTR [rbp8], esi
mov DWORD PTR [rbp12], edx
mov eax, DWORD PTR [rbp4]
imul eax, DWORD PTR [rbp8]
add eax, DWORD PTR [rbp12]
leave
ret
main:
push rbp
mov rbp, rsp
mov edx, 3
mov esi, 2
mov edi, 1
call f
mov edx, eax
mov eax, OFFSET FLAT:.LC0 ; "%d\n"
mov esi, edx
mov rdi, rax
mov eax, 0 ;
call printf
mov eax, 0
leave
ret

System V *NIX[Mit13] shadow space, callee - -

, , , . .

8.2.3. GCC: uint64_t int

32- int, 32- E-.

, 64- :
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdint.h>

95
 8. 8.
uint64_t f (uint64_t a, uint64_t b, uint64_t c)
{
return a*b+c;
};

int main()
{
printf ("%lld\n", f(0x1122334455667788,
0x1111111122222222,
0x3333333344444444));
return 0;
};

8.8: GCC 4.4.6 x64

f proc near
imul rsi, rdi
lea rax, [rdx+rsi]
retn
f endp

main proc near

sub rsp, 8
mov rdx, 3333333344444444h ;
mov rsi, 1111111122222222h ;
mov rdi, 1122334455667788h ;
call f
mov edi, offset format ; "%lld\n"
mov rsi, rax
xor eax, eax ;
call _printf
xor eax, eax
add rsp, 8
retn
main endp

, , , R-.

8.3. ARM

8.3.1. Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)

.text:000000A4 00 30 A0 E1 MOV R3, R0

.text:000000A8 93 21 20 E0 MLA R0, R3, R1, R2
.text:000000AC 1E FF 2F E1 BX LR
...
.text:000000B0 main
.text:000000B0 10 40 2D E9 STMFD SP!, {R4,LR}
.text:000000B4 03 20 A0 E3 MOV R2, #3
.text:000000B8 02 10 A0 E3 MOV R1, #2
.text:000000BC 01 00 A0 E3 MOV R0, #1
.text:000000C0 F7 FF FF EB BL f
.text:000000C4 00 40 A0 E1 MOV R4, R0
.text:000000C8 04 10 A0 E1 MOV R1, R4
.text:000000CC 5A 0F 8F E2 ADR R0, aD_0 ; "%d\n"
.text:000000D0 E3 18 00 EB BL __2printf
.text:000000D4 00 00 A0 E3 MOV R0, #0
.text:000000D8 10 80 BD E8 LDMFD SP!, {R4,PC}

main() , (f()) .
, 4 ARM 4- (R0-R3).
f(), , (R0-R2) .
MLA (Multiply Accumulate) (R3 R1), -
(R2) (R0), , ,
.

96
 8. 8.
3 (Fused multiplyadd) . , -
x86 FMA- SIMD4 .
MOV R3, R0, -, (
MLA). , , .
BX , LR , ,
Thumb ARM . , , , f() ,
, ARM Thumb. , Thumb, BX
, Thumb.
, ARM: [ARM12, A2.3.2].

8.3.2. Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)

.text:00000098 f
.text:00000098 91 20 20 E0 MLA R0, R1, R0, R2
.text:0000009C 1E FF 2F E1 BX LR

f(), Keil (-O3). MOV

: MLA R0,
.

8.3.3. Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb)

.text:0000005E 48 43 MULS R0, R1

.text:00000060 80 18 ADDS R0, R0, R2
.text:00000062 70 47 BX LR

Thumb MLA , , -
. MULS R0 R1, R1. (ADDS)
R2, R0.

8.3.4. ARM64

GCC (Linaro) 4.9

. MADD , ( MLA,
). 3 32- X-. ,
32- int. W0.

8.9: GCC (Linaro) 4.9

f:
madd w0, w0, w1, w2
ret

main:
; FP LR :
stp x29, x30, [sp, 16]!
mov w2, 3
mov w1, 2
add x29, sp, 0
mov w0, 1
bl f
mov w1, w0
adrp x0, .LC7
add x0, x0, :lo12:.LC7
bl printf
; 0
mov w0, 0
; FP LR
ldp x29, x30, [sp], 16
3 Wikipedia: -
4 wikipedia

97
 8. 8.
ret

.LC7:
.string "%d\n"

64- uint64_t :
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdint.h>

uint64_t f (uint64_t a, uint64_t b, uint64_t c)

{
return a*b+c;
};

int main()
{
printf ("%lld\n", f(0x1122334455667788,
0x1111111122222222,
0x3333333344444444));
return 0;
};

f:
madd x0, x0, x1, x2
ret
main:
mov x1, 13396
adrp x0, .LC8
stp x29, x30, [sp, 16]!
movk x1, 0x27d0, lsl 16
add x0, x0, :lo12:.LC8
movk x1, 0x122, lsl 32
add x29, sp, 0
movk x1, 0x58be, lsl 48
bl printf
mov w0, 0
ldp x29, x30, [sp], 16
ret

.LC8:
.string "%lld\n"

f() , 64- X-. 64-

, : 28.3.1 (. 465).

GCC (Linaro) 4.9

:
f:
sub sp, sp, #16
str w0, [sp,12]
str w1, [sp,8]
str w2, [sp,4]
ldr w1, [sp,12]
ldr w0, [sp,8]
mul w1, w1, w0
ldr w0, [sp,4]
add w0, w1, w0
add sp, sp, 16
ret

- ( -)
W0...W2, , -
. Register Save Area. [ARM13c] . Shadow
Space: 8.2.1 (. 94).

98
 8. 8.
GCC 4.9 , , ?
, W0...W2
.
MUL/ ADD MADD.

8.4. MIPS

8.10: GCC 4.4.5

.text:00000000 f:
; $a0=a
; $a1=b
; $a2=c
.text:00000000 mult $a1, $a0
.text:00000004 mflo $v0
.text:00000008 jr $ra
.text:0000000C addu $v0, $a2, $v0 ; branch delay slot
; $v0

.text:00000010 main:
.text:00000010
.text:00000010 var_10 = 0x10
.text:00000010 var_4 = 4
.text:00000010
.text:00000010 lui $gp, (__gnu_local_gp >> 16)
.text:00000014 addiu $sp, 0x20
.text:00000018 la $gp, (__gnu_local_gp & 0xFFFF)
.text:0000001C sw $ra, 0x20+var_4($sp)
.text:00000020 sw $gp, 0x20+var_10($sp)
; c:
.text:00000024 li $a2, 3
; a:
.text:00000028 li $a0, 1
.text:0000002C jal f
; b:
.text:00000030 li $a1, 2 ; branch delay slot
; $v0
.text:00000034 lw $gp, 0x20+var_10($sp)
.text:00000038 lui $a0, ($LC0 >> 16)
.text:0000003C lw $t9, (printf & 0xFFFF)($gp)
.text:00000040 la $a0, ($LC0 & 0xFFFF)
.text:00000044 jalr $t9
; - f() printf():
.text:00000048 move $a1, $v0 ; branch delay slot
.text:0000004C lw $ra, 0x20+var_4($sp)
.text:00000050 move $v0, $zero
.text:00000054 jr $ra
.text:00000058 addiu $sp, 0x20 ; branch delay slot

4 A-.
MIPS : HI LO, 64- -
MULT. MFLO MFHI. MFLO
$V0. 32-
( HI ). , 32- int.
, ADDU (Add Unsigned ) .
MIPS : ADD ADDU. , , :
ADD . 5 , , Ada.
ADDU . /++ ,
ADDU ADD.
32- $V0.
main() : JAL (Jump and Link). JAL JALR ,
, JALR , (Jump
5 http://go.yurichev.com/17326

99
 8. 8.
and Link Register). f() main() ,
f() .

100
 9. 9.

x86 1 EAX,
(char), EAX AL. ,
FPU ST(0). ARM R0.

9.1. void
, , main() int, void?
.. startup- main() :
push envp
push argv
push argc
call main
push eax
call exit

:
exit(main(argc,argv,envp));

main() void, ( return), -

exit() , EAX main(). , , -
, . .

. , main() void:
#include <stdio.h>

void main()
{
printf ("Hello, world!\n");
};

Linux.
GCC 4.8.1 printf() puts() ( : 3.4.3 (. 15)) , , puts()
, printf(). , EAX
main(). EAX main() , puts() .

9.1: GCC 4.8.1

.LC0:
.string "Hello, world!"
main:
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
and esp, 16
sub esp, 16
1 . : MSDN: Return Values (C++): MSDN

101
 9. 9.
mov DWORD PTR [esp], OFFSET FLAT:.LC0
call puts
leave
ret

bash, (exit status exit code) :

9.2: tst.sh
#!/bin/sh
./hello_world
echo $?

:
$ tst.sh
Hello, world!
14

14 .

9.2. ?
printf() , -
. , ,
:
int f()
{
// skip first 3 random values
rand();
rand();
rand();
// and use 4th
return rand();
};

rand() EAX . , EAX,

.

9.3.
, EAX.
, , ( int),
, , . ,
, , .
, , , , .
, , ,
. ,
.
:
struct s
{
int a;
int b;
int c;
};

struct s get_some_values (int a)

{
struct s rt;

rt.a=a+1;

102
 9. 9.
rt.b=a+2;
rt.c=a+3;

return rt;
};

(MSVC 2010 /Ox):

$T3853 = 8 ; size = 4
_a$ = 12 ; size = 4
?get_some_values@@YA?AUs@@H@Z PROC ; get_some_values
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _a$[esp4]
mov eax, DWORD PTR $T3853[esp4]
lea edx, DWORD PTR [ecx+1]
mov DWORD PTR [eax], edx
lea edx, DWORD PTR [ecx+2]
add ecx, 3
mov DWORD PTR [eax+4], edx
mov DWORD PTR [eax+8], ecx
ret 0
?get_some_values@@YA?AUs@@H@Z ENDP ; get_some_values

$T3853 .
, C99:
struct s
{
int a;
int b;
int c;
};

struct s get_some_values (int a)

{
return (struct s){.a=a+1, .b=a+2, .c=a+3};
};

9.3: GCC 4.8.1

_get_some_values proc near

ptr_to_struct = dword ptr 4

a = dword ptr 8

mov edx, [esp+a]

mov eax, [esp+ptr_to_struct]
lea ecx, [edx+1]
mov [eax], ecx
lea ecx, [edx+2]
add edx, 3
mov [eax+4], ecx
mov [eax+8], edx
retn
_get_some_values endp

, , .
. .

103
 10. 10.

10

( scanf() (7 (. 61))).
, .

10.1.

#include <stdio.h>

void f1 (int x, int y, int *sum, int *product)

{
*sum=x+y;
*product=x*y;
};

int sum, product;

void main()
{
f1(123, 456, &sum, &product);
printf ("sum=%d, product=%d\n", sum, product);
};

10.1: MSVC 2010 (/Ob0)

COMM _product:DWORD
COMM _sum:DWORD
$SG2803 DB 'sum=%d, product=%d', 0aH, 00H

_x$ = 8 ; size = 4
_y$ = 12 ; size = 4
_sum$ = 16 ; size = 4
_product$ = 20 ; size = 4
_f1 PROC
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _y$[esp4]
mov eax, DWORD PTR _x$[esp4]
lea edx, DWORD PTR [eax+ecx]
imul eax, ecx
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _product$[esp4]
push esi
mov esi, DWORD PTR _sum$[esp]
mov DWORD PTR [esi], edx
mov DWORD PTR [ecx], eax
pop esi
ret 0
_f1 ENDP

_main PROC
push OFFSET _product
push OFFSET _sum
push 456 ; 000001c8H

104
 10. 10.
push 123 ; 0000007bH
call _f1
mov eax, DWORD PTR _product
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _sum
push eax
push ecx
push OFFSET $SG2803
call DWORD PTR __imp__printf
add esp, 28 ; 0000001cH
xor eax, eax
ret 0
_main ENDP

105
 10. 10.
OllyDbg:

. 10.1: OllyDbg: f1()

f1(). Follow in dump

, . ,
(BSS) : [ISO07, 6.7.8p10].

106
 10. 10.
, , Alt-M :

. 10.2: OllyDbg:

107
 10. 10.
(F7) f1():

. 10.3: OllyDbg: f1()

456 (0x1C8) 123 (0x7B), .

108
 10. 10.
f1(). , :

. 10.4: OllyDbg: f1()

109
 10. 10.
printf():

. 10.5: OllyDbg: printf()

10.2.
:

10.2:
void main()
{
int sum, product; // -

f1(123, 456, &sum, &product);

printf ("sum=%d, product=%d\n", sum, product);
};

f1() . main():

10.3: MSVC 2010 (/Ob0)

_product$ = 8 ; size = 4
_sum$ = 4 ; size = 4
_main PROC
; Line 10
sub esp, 8
; Line 13
lea eax, DWORD PTR _product$[esp+8]
push eax
lea ecx, DWORD PTR _sum$[esp+12]
push ecx
push 456 ; 000001c8H
push 123 ; 0000007bH
call _f1
; Line 14
mov edx, DWORD PTR _product$[esp+24]
mov eax, DWORD PTR _sum$[esp+24]
push edx
push eax
push OFFSET $SG2803
call DWORD PTR __imp__printf
; Line 15
xor eax, eax
add esp, 36 ; 00000024H
ret 0

110
 10. 10.
OllyDbg. 0x2EF854 0x2EF858. , -
:

. 10.6: OllyDbg:

111
 10. 10.
f1(). 0x2EF854 0x2EF858 :

. 10.7: OllyDbg: f1()

112
 10. 10.
f1():

. 10.8: OllyDbg: f1()

0x2EF854 0x2EF858 0xDB18 0x243, f1().

10.3.
f1() . .
, references ++ . : (51.3 (. 580)).

113
 11. GOTO 11. GOTO

11

GOTO

GOTO - [Dij68], ,
[Knu74], [Yur13, . 1.3.2].
:
#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
printf ("begin\n");
goto exit;
printf ("skip me!\n");
exit:
printf ("end\n");
};

MSVC 2012:

11.1: MSVC 2012

$SG2934 DB 'begin', 0aH, 00H
$SG2936 DB 'skip me!', 0aH, 00H
$SG2937 DB 'end', 0aH, 00H

_main PROC
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
push OFFSET $SG2934 ; 'begin'
call _printf
add esp, 4
jmp SHORT $exit$3
push OFFSET $SG2936 ; 'skip me!'
call _printf
add esp, 4
$exit$3:
push OFFSET $SG2937 ; 'end'
call _printf
add esp, 4
xor eax, eax
pop ebp
ret 0
_main ENDP

goto JMP, : .
printf() ,
.

114
 11. GOTO 11. GOTO
. Hiew:

. 11.1: Hiew

115
 11. GOTO 11. GOTO
JMP (0x410), F3 (), , EB
00:

. 11.2: Hiew

JMP . 0 .
JMP printf().
F9 () . :

. 11.3:

, JMP NOP. NOP 0x90

1 , 2 .

11.1.
printf() (dead code) . ,
. ,
:

11.2: MSVC 2012

$SG2981 DB 'begin', 0aH, 00H
$SG2983 DB 'skip me!', 0aH, 00H
$SG2984 DB 'end', 0aH, 00H

_main PROC
push OFFSET $SG2981 ; 'begin'
call _printf
push OFFSET $SG2984 ; 'end'
$exit$4:
call _printf
add esp, 8
xor eax, eax
ret 0
_main ENDP

, skip me! .

116
 11. GOTO 11. GOTO
11.2.
.

117
 12. 12.

12

12.1.

#include <stdio.h>

void f_signed (int a, int b)

{
if (a>b)
printf ("a>b\n");
if (a==b)
printf ("a==b\n");
if (a<b)
printf ("a<b\n");
};

void f_unsigned (unsigned int a, unsigned int b)

{
if (a>b)
printf ("a>b\n");
if (a==b)
printf ("a==b\n");
if (a<b)
printf ("a<b\n");
};

int main()
{
f_signed(1, 2);
f_unsigned(1, 2);
return 0;
};

12.1.1. x86

x86 + MSVC

f_signed():

12.1: MSVC 2010

_a$ = 8
_b$ = 12
_f_signed PROC
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
mov eax, DWORD PTR _a$[ebp]
cmp eax, DWORD PTR _b$[ebp]
jle SHORT $LN3@f_signed
push OFFSET $SG737 ; 'a>b'
call _printf
add esp, 4

118
 12. 12.
$LN3@f_signed:
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _a$[ebp]
cmp ecx, DWORD PTR _b$[ebp]
jne SHORT $LN2@f_signed
push OFFSET $SG739 ; 'a==b'
call _printf
add esp, 4
$LN2@f_signed:
mov edx, DWORD PTR _a$[ebp]
cmp edx, DWORD PTR _b$[ebp]
jge SHORT $LN4@f_signed
push OFFSET $SG741 ; 'a<b'
call _printf
add esp, 4
$LN4@f_signed:
pop ebp
ret 0
_f_signed ENDP

JLE Jump if Less or Equal. ,

, . (
), , printf(). JNE: Jump if Not Equal.
, .
JGE: Jump if Greater or Equal . -
, , printf() .
.
f_unsigned() , , JBE JAE JLE JGE:

12.2: GCC
_a$ = 8 ; size = 4
_b$ = 12 ; size = 4
_f_unsigned PROC
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
mov eax, DWORD PTR _a$[ebp]
cmp eax, DWORD PTR _b$[ebp]
jbe SHORT $LN3@f_unsigned
push OFFSET $SG2761 ; 'a>b'
call _printf
add esp, 4
$LN3@f_unsigned:
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _a$[ebp]
cmp ecx, DWORD PTR _b$[ebp]
jne SHORT $LN2@f_unsigned
push OFFSET $SG2763 ; 'a==b'
call _printf
add esp, 4
$LN2@f_unsigned:
mov edx, DWORD PTR _a$[ebp]
cmp edx, DWORD PTR _b$[ebp]
jae SHORT $LN4@f_unsigned
push OFFSET $SG2765 ; 'a<b'
call _printf
add esp, 4
$LN4@f_unsigned:
pop ebp
ret 0
_f_unsigned ENDP

, : JBE Jump if Below or Equal JAE

Jump if Above or Equal. (JA/ JAE/ JBE/ JBE) JG/ JGE/ JL/ JLE ,
.
: (30 (. 471)). , -
JG/ JL JA/ JBE , ,
(signed) (unsigned).
main(), :

119
 12. 12.
12.3: main()
_main PROC
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
push 2
push 1
call _f_signed
add esp, 8
push 2
push 1
call _f_unsigned
add esp, 8
xor eax, eax
pop ebp
ret 0
_main ENDP

120
 12. 12.
x86 + MSVC + OllyDbg

OllyDbg, , . f_unsigned(),
. CMP ,
, .
:

. 12.1: OllyDbg: f_unsigned():

, : C=1, P=1, A=1, Z=0, S=1, T=0, D=0, O=0. , OllyDbg .

OllyDbg , (JBE) . , [Int13],
, JBE CF=1 ZF=1. , .

121
 12. 12.
:

. 12.2: OllyDbg: f_unsigned():

OllyDbg , JNZ . , JNZ ZF=0 (zero ag).

122
 12. 12.
, JNB:

. 12.3: OllyDbg: f_unsigned():

[Int13] , JNB CF=0 (carry ag). , ,

printf().

123
 12. 12.
OllyDbg f_signed(), .
: C=1, P=1, A=1, Z=0, S=1, T=0, D=0, O=0.
JLE :

. 12.4: OllyDbg: f_signed():

[Int13] , ZF=1 SFOF. SFOF,

.

124
 12. 12.
JNZ : ZF=0 (zero ag):

. 12.5: OllyDbg: f_signed():

125
 12. 12.
JGE , , SF=OF, :

. 12.6: OllyDbg: f_signed():

126
 12. 12.
x86 + MSVC + Hiew

, f_unsigned() a==b,
. Hiew:

. 12.7: Hiew: f_unsigned()

, :
;
;
.
(code ow) printf(),
a==b.
( ):
JMP, (jump offset) .
,
, (jump offset) 0.
. 0,
.
JMP , , .

127
 12. 12.
:

. 12.8: Hiew: f_unsigned()

- , printf(),
.

GCC

GCC 4.4.1 , puts() (3.4.3 (. 15)) printf().

GCC

, CMP , ?
, MSVC , GCC 4.8.1 :

12.4: GCC 4.8.1 f_signed()

f_signed:
mov eax, DWORD PTR [esp+8]
cmp DWORD PTR [esp+4], eax
jg .L6
je .L7
jge .L1
mov DWORD PTR [esp+4], OFFSET FLAT:.LC2 ; "a<b"
jmp puts
.L6:
mov DWORD PTR [esp+4], OFFSET FLAT:.LC0 ; "a>b"
jmp puts
.L1:
rep ret
.L7:

128
 12. 12.
mov DWORD PTR [esp+4], OFFSET FLAT:.LC1 ; "a==b"
jmp puts

JMP puts CALL puts / RETN. : 13.1.1 (. 148).

, x86- . MSVC 2012, , . ,
, Jcc .
-, , .
f_unsigned() :

12.5: GCC 4.8.1 f_unsigned()

f_unsigned:
push esi
push ebx
sub esp, 20
mov esi, DWORD PTR [esp+32]
mov ebx, DWORD PTR [esp+36]
cmp esi, ebx
ja .L13
cmp esi, ebx ;
je .L14
.L10:
jb .L15
add esp, 20
pop ebx
pop esi
ret
.L15:
mov DWORD PTR [esp+32], OFFSET FLAT:.LC2 ; "a<b"
add esp, 20
pop ebx
pop esi
jmp puts
.L13:
mov DWORD PTR [esp], OFFSET FLAT:.LC0 ; "a>b"
call puts
cmp esi, ebx
jne .L10
.L14:
mov DWORD PTR [esp+32], OFFSET FLAT:.LC1 ; "a==b"
add esp, 20
pop ebx
pop esi
jmp puts

, 2 CMP . , GCC 4.8.1, ,

.

12.1.2. ARM

32- ARM

Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)

12.6: Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)

.text:000000B8 EXPORT f_signed
.text:000000B8 f_signed ; CODE XREF: main+C
.text:000000B8 70 40 2D E9 STMFD SP!, {R4R6,LR}
.text:000000BC 01 40 A0 E1 MOV R4, R1
.text:000000C0 04 00 50 E1 CMP R0, R4
.text:000000C4 00 50 A0 E1 MOV R5, R0
.text:000000C8 1A 0E 8F C2 ADRGT R0, aAB ; "a>b\n"
.text:000000CC A1 18 00 CB BLGT __2printf
.text:000000D0 04 00 55 E1 CMP R5, R4
.text:000000D4 67 0F 8F 02 ADREQ R0, aAB_0 ; "a==b\n"
.text:000000D8 9E 18 00 0B BLEQ __2printf

129
 12. 12.
.text:000000DC 04 00 55 E1 CMP R5, R4
.text:000000E0 70 80 BD A8 LDMGEFD SP!, {R4R6,PC}
.text:000000E4 70 40 BD E8 LDMFD SP!, {R4R6,LR}
.text:000000E8 19 0E 8F E2 ADR R0, aAB_1 ; "a<b\n"
.text:000000EC 99 18 00 EA B __2printf
.text:000000EC ; End of function f_signed

ARM .
.
, ADD ADDAL , AL Always, , .
4- 32- ARM- (condition eld). -
B , ,
AL condition eld, (execute ALways), .
ADRGT , ADR, , CMP, -
, , (Greater Than).
BLGT , BL ,
(Greater Than). ADRGT R0 a>b\n , BLGT printf(). , -
-GT , R0 ( a) , R4
( b).
ADREQ BLEQ. , ADR BL, -
. CMP, printf()
.
LDMGEFD. , LDMFD1 , -
(Greater or Equal).
LDMGEFD SP!, {R4-R6,PC} , , a >= b,
.
, a < b, LDMFD SP!, {R4-R6,LR}.
. R4-R6, LR PC, ,
, .
printf() a<b\n .
printf() printf() -
(6.2.1 (. 48)).
f_unsigned , ADRHI, BLHI, LDMCSFD. (HI =
Unsigned higher, CS = Carry Set (greater than or equal)) ,
.
main() :

12.7: main()
.text:00000128 EXPORT main
.text:00000128 main
.text:00000128 10 40 2D E9 STMFD SP!, {R4,LR}
.text:0000012C 02 10 A0 E3 MOV R1, #2
.text:00000130 01 00 A0 E3 MOV R0, #1
.text:00000134 DF FF FF EB BL f_signed
.text:00000138 02 10 A0 E3 MOV R1, #2
.text:0000013C 01 00 A0 E3 MOV R0, #1
.text:00000140 EA FF FF EB BL f_unsigned
.text:00000144 00 00 A0 E3 MOV R0, #0
.text:00000148 10 80 BD E8 LDMFD SP!, {R4,PC}
.text:00000148 ; End of function main

, ARM .
? : 33.1 (. 476).
x86 , CMOVcc, MOV,
, CMP .
1 LDMFD

130
 12. 12.
Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb)

12.8: Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb)

.text:00000072 f_signed ; CODE XREF: main+6
.text:00000072 70 B5 PUSH {R4R6,LR}
.text:00000074 0C 00 MOVS R4, R1
.text:00000076 05 00 MOVS R5, R0
.text:00000078 A0 42 CMP R0, R4
.text:0000007A 02 DD BLE loc_82
.text:0000007C A4 A0 ADR R0, aAB ; "a>b\n"
.text:0000007E 06 F0 B7 F8 BL __2printf
.text:00000082
.text:00000082 loc_82 ; CODE XREF: f_signed+8
.text:00000082 A5 42 CMP R5, R4
.text:00000084 02 D1 BNE loc_8C
.text:00000086 A4 A0 ADR R0, aAB_0 ; "a==b\n"
.text:00000088 06 F0 B2 F8 BL __2printf
.text:0000008C
.text:0000008C loc_8C ; CODE XREF: f_signed+12
.text:0000008C A5 42 CMP R5, R4
.text:0000008E 02 DA BGE locret_96
.text:00000090 A3 A0 ADR R0, aAB_1 ; "a<b\n"
.text:00000092 06 F0 AD F8 BL __2printf
.text:00000096
.text:00000096 locret_96 ; CODE XREF: f_signed+1C
.text:00000096 70 BD POP {R4R6,PC}
.text:00000096 ; End of function f_signed

Thumb B (condition code),

Thumb .
BLE Less than or Equal, BNE Not Equal, BGE Greater than or Equal.
f_unsigned , BLS
(Unsigned lower or same) BCS (Carry Set (Greater than or equal)).

ARM64: GCC (Linaro) 4.9

12.9: f_signed()
f_signed:
; W0=a, W1=b
cmp w0, w1
bgt .L19 ; Branch if Greater Than (, )(a>b)
beq .L20 ; Branch if Equal (, )(a==b)
bge .L15 ; Branch if Greater than or Equal (, )(a>=b) (
)
; a<b
adrp x0, .LC11 ; "a<b"
add x0, x0, :lo12:.LC11
b puts
.L19:
adrp x0, .LC9 ; "a>b"
add x0, x0, :lo12:.LC9
b puts
.L15: ;
ret
.L20:
adrp x0, .LC10 ; "a==b"
add x0, x0, :lo12:.LC10
b puts

12.10: f_unsigned()
f_unsigned:
stp x29, x30, [sp, 48]!
; W0=a, W1=b
cmp w0, w1

131
 12. 12.
add x29, sp, 0
str x19, [sp,16]
mov w19, w0
bhi .L25 ; Branch if HIgher (, )(a>b)
cmp w19, w1
beq .L26 ; Branch if Equal (, )(a==b)
.L23:
bcc .L27 ; Branch if Carry Clear ( )( , ) (a<b)
; ,
ldr x19, [sp,16]
ldp x29, x30, [sp], 48
ret
.L27:
ldr x19, [sp,16]
adrp x0, .LC11 ; "a<b"
ldp x29, x30, [sp], 48
add x0, x0, :lo12:.LC11
b puts
.L25:
adrp x0, .LC9 ; "a>b"
str x1, [x29,40]
add x0, x0, :lo12:.LC9
bl puts
ldr x1, [x29,40]
cmp w19, w1
bne .L23 ; Branch if Not Equal (, )
.L26:
ldr x19, [sp,16]
adrp x0, .LC10 ; "a==b"
ldp x29, x30, [sp], 48
add x0, x0, :lo12:.LC10
b puts

. , ,
, - , .

, .

12.1.3. MIPS

MIPS . ,
(data dependency).
, SETcc x86: SLT (Set on Less Than ,
) SLTU ( ). - 1 0
.
- , BEQ (Branch on Equal ) BNE
(Branch on Not Equal ) .
MIPS .
:

12.11: GCC 4.4.5 (IDA)

.text:00000000 f_signed: # CODE XREF: main+18
.text:00000000
.text:00000000 var_10 = 0x10
.text:00000000 var_8 = 8
.text:00000000 var_4 = 4
.text:00000000 arg_0 = 0
.text:00000000 arg_4 = 4
.text:00000000
.text:00000000 addiu $sp, 0x20
.text:00000004 sw $ra, 0x20+var_4($sp)
.text:00000008 sw $fp, 0x20+var_8($sp)

132
 12. 12.
.text:0000000C move $fp, $sp
.text:00000010 la $gp, __gnu_local_gp
.text:00000018 sw $gp, 0x20+var_10($sp)
; :
.text:0000001C sw $a0, 0x20+arg_0($fp)
.text:00000020 sw $a1, 0x20+arg_4($fp)
; reload them.
.text:00000024 lw $v1, 0x20+arg_0($fp)
.text:00000028 lw $v0, 0x20+arg_4($fp)
; $v0=b
; $v1=a
.text:0000002C or $at, $zero ; NOP
; . , "slt $v0,$v0,$v1" .
; $v0 1, $v0<$v1 (b<a) 0 :
.text:00000030 slt $v0, $v1
; loc_5c, .
; . , "beq $v0,$zero,loc_5c" :
.text:00000034 beqz $v0, loc_5C
; "a>b"
.text:00000038 or $at, $zero ; branch delay slot, NOP
.text:0000003C lui $v0, (unk_230 >> 16) # "a>b"
.text:00000040 addiu $a0, $v0, (unk_230 & 0xFFFF) # "a>b"
.text:00000044 lw $v0, (puts & 0xFFFF)($gp)
.text:00000048 or $at, $zero ; NOP
.text:0000004C move $t9, $v0
.text:00000050 jalr $t9
.text:00000054 or $at, $zero ; branch delay slot, NOP
.text:00000058 lw $gp, 0x20+var_10($fp)
.text:0000005C
.text:0000005C loc_5C: # CODE XREF: f_signed+34
.text:0000005C lw $v1, 0x20+arg_0($fp)
.text:00000060 lw $v0, 0x20+arg_4($fp)
.text:00000064 or $at, $zero ; NOP
; a==b, loc_90, :
.text:00000068 bne $v1, $v0, loc_90
.text:0000006C or $at, $zero ; branch delay slot, NOP
; , "a==b" :
.text:00000070 lui $v0, (aAB >> 16) # "a==b"
.text:00000074 addiu $a0, $v0, (aAB & 0xFFFF) # "a==b"
.text:00000078 lw $v0, (puts & 0xFFFF)($gp)
.text:0000007C or $at, $zero ; NOP
.text:00000080 move $t9, $v0
.text:00000084 jalr $t9
.text:00000088 or $at, $zero ; branch delay slot, NOP
.text:0000008C lw $gp, 0x20+var_10($fp)
.text:00000090
.text:00000090 loc_90: # CODE XREF: f_signed+68
.text:00000090 lw $v1, 0x20+arg_0($fp)
.text:00000094 lw $v0, 0x20+arg_4($fp)
.text:00000098 or $at, $zero ; NOP
; $v1<$v0 (a<b), $v0 1, :
.text:0000009C slt $v0, $v1, $v0
; (.. $v0==0), loc_c8:
.text:000000A0 beqz $v0, loc_C8
.text:000000A4 or $at, $zero ; branch delay slot, NOP
; , "a<b"
.text:000000A8 lui $v0, (aAB_0 >> 16) # "a<b"
.text:000000AC addiu $a0, $v0, (aAB_0 & 0xFFFF) # "a<b"
.text:000000B0 lw $v0, (puts & 0xFFFF)($gp)
.text:000000B4 or $at, $zero ; NOP
.text:000000B8 move $t9, $v0
.text:000000BC jalr $t9
.text:000000C0 or $at, $zero ; branch delay slot, NOP
.text:000000C4 lw $gp, 0x20+var_10($fp)
.text:000000C8
; 3 , :
.text:000000C8 loc_C8: # CODE XREF: f_signed+A0
.text:000000C8 move $sp, $fp
.text:000000CC lw $ra, 0x20+var_4($sp)
.text:000000D0 lw $fp, 0x20+var_8($sp)

133
 12. 12.
.text:000000D4 addiu $sp, 0x20
.text:000000D8 jr $ra
.text:000000DC or $at, $zero ; branch delay slot, NOP
.text:000000DC # End of function f_signed

SLT REG0, REG0, REG1 IDA SLT REG0, REG1. -

BEQZ (Branch if Equal to Zero ), , , BEQ REG, $ZERO,
LABEL.
, SLTU ( , U )
SLT:

12.12: GCC 4.4.5 (IDA)

.text:000000E0 f_unsigned: # CODE XREF: main+28
.text:000000E0
.text:000000E0 var_10 = 0x10
.text:000000E0 var_8 = 8
.text:000000E0 var_4 = 4
.text:000000E0 arg_0 = 0
.text:000000E0 arg_4 = 4
.text:000000E0
.text:000000E0 addiu $sp, 0x20
.text:000000E4 sw $ra, 0x20+var_4($sp)
.text:000000E8 sw $fp, 0x20+var_8($sp)
.text:000000EC move $fp, $sp
.text:000000F0 la $gp, __gnu_local_gp
.text:000000F8 sw $gp, 0x20+var_10($sp)
.text:000000FC sw $a0, 0x20+arg_0($fp)
.text:00000100 sw $a1, 0x20+arg_4($fp)
.text:00000104 lw $v1, 0x20+arg_0($fp)
.text:00000108 lw $v0, 0x20+arg_4($fp)
.text:0000010C or $at, $zero
.text:00000110 sltu $v0, $v1
.text:00000114 beqz $v0, loc_13C
.text:00000118 or $at, $zero
.text:0000011C lui $v0, (unk_230 >> 16)
.text:00000120 addiu $a0, $v0, (unk_230 & 0xFFFF)
.text:00000124 lw $v0, (puts & 0xFFFF)($gp)
.text:00000128 or $at, $zero
.text:0000012C move $t9, $v0
.text:00000130 jalr $t9
.text:00000134 or $at, $zero
.text:00000138 lw $gp, 0x20+var_10($fp)
.text:0000013C
.text:0000013C loc_13C: # CODE XREF: f_unsigned+34
.text:0000013C lw $v1, 0x20+arg_0($fp)
.text:00000140 lw $v0, 0x20+arg_4($fp)
.text:00000144 or $at, $zero
.text:00000148 bne $v1, $v0, loc_170
.text:0000014C or $at, $zero
.text:00000150 lui $v0, (aAB >> 16) # "a==b"
.text:00000154 addiu $a0, $v0, (aAB & 0xFFFF) # "a==b"
.text:00000158 lw $v0, (puts & 0xFFFF)($gp)
.text:0000015C or $at, $zero
.text:00000160 move $t9, $v0
.text:00000164 jalr $t9
.text:00000168 or $at, $zero
.text:0000016C lw $gp, 0x20+var_10($fp)
.text:00000170
.text:00000170 loc_170: # CODE XREF: f_unsigned+68
.text:00000170 lw $v1, 0x20+arg_0($fp)
.text:00000174 lw $v0, 0x20+arg_4($fp)
.text:00000178 or $at, $zero
.text:0000017C sltu $v0, $v1, $v0
.text:00000180 beqz $v0, loc_1A8
.text:00000184 or $at, $zero
.text:00000188 lui $v0, (aAB_0 >> 16) # "a<b"
.text:0000018C addiu $a0, $v0, (aAB_0 & 0xFFFF) # "a<b"
.text:00000190 lw $v0, (puts & 0xFFFF)($gp)
.text:00000194 or $at, $zero

134
 12. 12.
.text:00000198 move $t9, $v0
.text:0000019C jalr $t9
.text:000001A0 or $at, $zero
.text:000001A4 lw $gp, 0x20+var_10($fp)
.text:000001A8
.text:000001A8 loc_1A8: # CODE XREF: f_unsigned+A0
.text:000001A8 move $sp, $fp
.text:000001AC lw $ra, 0x20+var_4($sp)
.text:000001B0 lw $fp, 0x20+var_8($sp)
.text:000001B4 addiu $sp, 0x20
.text:000001B8 jr $ra
.text:000001BC or $at, $zero
.text:000001BC # End of function f_unsigned

12.2.
:
int my_abs (int i)
{
if (i<0)
return i;
else
return i;
};

12.2.1. MSVC

12.13: MSVC 2012 x64

i$ = 8
my_abs PROC
; ECX = input
test ecx, ecx
;
; NEG
jns SHORT $LN2@my_abs
;
neg ecx
$LN2@my_abs:
; EAX:
mov eax, ecx
ret 0
my_abs ENDP

GCC 4.9 .

12.2.2. Keil 6/2013: Thumb

12.14: Keil 6/2013: Thumb

my_abs PROC
CMP r0,#0
; ?
; , RSBS
BGE |L0.6|
; 0 0:
RSBS r0,r0,#0
|L0.6|
BX lr
ENDP

135
 12. 12.
ARM , Keil Reverse Subtract,
, , .

12.2.3. Keil 6/2013: ARM

ARM , Keil :

12.15: Keil 6/2013: ARM

my_abs PROC
CMP r0,#0
; "Reverse Subtract" , 0:
RSBLT r0,r0,#0
BX lr
ENDP

: 33.1 (. 476).

12.2.4. GCC 4.9 (ARM64)

ARM64 NEG :

12.16: GCC 4.9 (ARM64)

my_abs:
sub sp, sp, #16
str w0, [sp,12]
ldr w0, [sp,12]
; WZR
; ( )
cmp w0, wzr
bge .L2
ldr w0, [sp,12]
neg w0, w0
b .L3
.L2:
ldr w0, [sp,12]
.L3:
add sp, sp, 16
ret

12.2.5. MIPS

12.17: GCC 4.4.5 (IDA)

my_abs:
; $a0<0:
bltz $a0, locret_10
; ($a0) $v0:
move $v0, $a0
jr $ra
or $at, $zero ; branch delay slot, NOP
locret_10:
; $v0:
jr $ra
; . , "subu $v0,$zero,$a0" ($v0=0$a0)
negu $v0, $a0

: BLTZ (Branch if Less Than Zero). NEGU,

. U SUBU NEGU ,
.

12.2.6. ?

, : 45 (. 534).

136
 12. 12.
12.3.
(ternary conditional operator) /++ :
expression ? expression : expression

:
const char* f (int a)
{
return a==10 ? "it is ten" : "it is not ten";
};

12.3.1. x86

, if/else
:

12.18: MSVC 2008

$SG746 DB 'it is ten', 00H
$SG747 DB 'it is not ten', 00H

tv65 = 4 ;
_a$ = 8
_f PROC
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
push ecx
; 10
cmp DWORD PTR _a$[ebp], 10
; $LN3@f
jne SHORT $LN3@f
; :
mov DWORD PTR tv65[ebp], OFFSET $SG746 ; 'it is ten'
;
jmp SHORT $LN4@f
$LN3@f:
; :
mov DWORD PTR tv65[ebp], OFFSET $SG747 ; 'it is not ten'
$LN4@f:
; . EAX.
mov eax, DWORD PTR tv65[ebp]
mov esp, ebp
pop ebp
ret 0
_f ENDP

12.19: MSVC 2008

$SG792 DB 'it is ten', 00H
$SG793 DB 'it is not ten', 00H

_a$ = 8 ; size = 4
_f PROC
; 10
cmp DWORD PTR _a$[esp4], 10
mov eax, OFFSET $SG792 ; 'it is ten'
; $LN4@f
je SHORT $LN4@f
mov eax, OFFSET $SG793 ; 'it is not ten'
$LN4@f:
ret 0
_f ENDP

137
 12. 12.
12.20: MSVC 2012 x64
$SG1355 DB 'it is ten', 00H
$SG1356 DB 'it is not ten', 00H

a$ = 8
f PROC
;
lea rdx, OFFSET FLAT:$SG1355 ; 'it is ten'
lea rax, OFFSET FLAT:$SG1356 ; 'it is not ten'
; 10
cmp ecx, 10
; , RDX ("it is ten")
; , . "it is not ten" RAX.
cmove rax, rdx
ret 0
f ENDP

GCC 4.8 x86 CMOVcc, GCC 4.8 -

.

12.3.2. ARM

Keil ARM ADRcc, :

12.21: Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)
f PROC
; 10
CMP r0,#0xa
; EQual (), "it is ten" R0
ADREQ r0,|L0.16| ; "it is ten"
; Not Equal ( ), "it is not ten" R0
ADRNE r0,|L0.28| ; "it is not ten"
BX lr
ENDP

|L0.16|
DCB "it is ten",0
|L0.28|
DCB "it is not ten",0

ADREQ ADRNE .
Keil Thumb ,
, :
12.22: Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb)
f PROC
; 10
CMP r0,#0xa
; |L0.8| EQual ()
BEQ |L0.8|
ADR r0,|L0.12| ; "it is not ten"
BX lr
|L0.8|
ADR r0,|L0.28| ; "it is ten"
BX lr
ENDP

|L0.12|
DCB "it is not ten",0
|L0.28|
DCB "it is ten",0

12.3.3. ARM64

GCC (Linaro) 4.9 ARM64 :

138
 12. 12.
12.23: GCC (Linaro) 4.9
f:
cmp x0, 10
beq .L3 ; branch if equal (, )
adrp x0, .LC1 ; "it is ten"
add x0, x0, :lo12:.LC1
ret
.L3:
adrp x0, .LC0 ; "it is not ten"
add x0, x0, :lo12:.LC0
ret
.LC0:
.string "it is ten"
.LC1:
.string "it is not ten"

ARM64 , ADRcc 32- ARM

CMOVcc x86 [ARM13a, p390, C5.5]. , CSEL (Conditional SELect), GCC 4.9
, , .

12.3.4. MIPS

GCC 4.4.5 MIPS , :

12.24: GCC 4.4.5 ( )

$LC0:
.ascii "it is not ten\000"
$LC1:
.ascii "it is ten\000"
f:
li $2,10 # 0xa
; $a0 10, , :
beq $4,$2,$L2
nop ; branch delay slot

; "it is not ten" $v0 :

lui $2,%hi($LC0)
j $31
addiu $2,$2,%lo($LC0)

$L2:
; "it is ten" $v0 :
lui $2,%hi($LC1)
j $31
addiu $2,$2,%lo($LC1)

12.3.5. , if/else

const char* f (int a)

{
if (a==10)
return "it is ten";
else
return "it is not ten";
};

, GCC 4.8 x86 CMOVcc :

12.25: GCC 4.8

.LC0:
.string "it is ten"
.LC1:
.string "it is not ten"
f:
.LFB0:

139
 12. 12.
; 10
cmp DWORD PTR [esp+4], 10
mov edx, OFFSET FLAT:.LC1 ; "it is not ten"
mov eax, OFFSET FLAT:.LC0 ; "it is ten"
; Not Equal ( ), EDX EAX
; ,
cmovne eax, edx
ret

Keil ARM : .12.21.

MSVC 2012 .

12.3.6.

? :
33.1 (. 476).

12.4.

12.4.1. 32-bit

int my_max(int a, int b)

{
if (a>b)
return a;
else
return b;
};

int my_min(int a, int b)

{
if (a<b)
return a;
else
return b;
};

12.26: MSVC 2013

_a$ = 8
_b$ = 12
_my_min PROC
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
mov eax, DWORD PTR _a$[ebp]
; A B:
cmp eax, DWORD PTR _b$[ebp]
; , A B:
jge SHORT $LN2@my_min
; A EAX
mov eax, DWORD PTR _a$[ebp]
jmp SHORT $LN3@my_min
jmp SHORT $LN3@my_min ; JMP
$LN2@my_min:
; B
mov eax, DWORD PTR _b$[ebp]
$LN3@my_min:
pop ebp
ret 0
_my_min ENDP

_a$ = 8
_b$ = 12
_my_max PROC
push ebp

140
 12. 12.
mov ebp, esp
mov eax, DWORD PTR _a$[ebp]
; A B:
cmp eax, DWORD PTR _b$[ebp]
; , A B:
jle SHORT $LN2@my_max
; A EAX
mov eax, DWORD PTR _a$[ebp]
jmp SHORT $LN3@my_max
jmp SHORT $LN3@my_max ; JMP
$LN2@my_max:
; B
mov eax, DWORD PTR _b$[ebp]
$LN3@my_max:
pop ebp
ret 0
_my_max ENDP

: JGE (Jump if Greater or Equal

) JLE (Jump if Less or Equal )
.
JMP , MSVC, , .

ARM Thumb x86-:

12.27: Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb)

my_max PROC
; R0=A
; R1=B
; A B:
CMP r0,r1
; , A B:
BGT |L0.6|
; (A<=B) R1 (B):
MOVS r0,r1
|L0.6|
;
BX lr
ENDP

my_min PROC
; R0=A
; R1=B
; A B:
CMP r0,r1
; , A B:
BLT |L0.14|
; (A>=B) R1 (B):
MOVS r0,r1
|L0.14|
;
BX lr
ENDP

: BGT BLT.
ARM , . MOVcc
:

12.28: Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)

my_max PROC
; R0=A
; R1=B
; A B:
CMP r0,r1

141
 12. 12.
; B A B R0
; A<=B (.. LE - Less or Equal, )
; ( A>B), A R0
MOVLE r0,r1
BX lr
ENDP

my_min PROC
; R0=A
; R1=B
; A B:
CMP r0,r1
; B A B R0
; A>=B (.. GE - Greater or Equal, )
; ( A<B), A R0
MOVGE r0,r1
BX lr
ENDP

GCC 4.8.1 MSVC 2013 CMOVcc,

MOVcc ARM:

12.29: MSVC 2013

my_max:
mov edx, DWORD PTR [esp+4]
mov eax, DWORD PTR [esp+8]
; EDX=A
; EAX=B
; A B:
cmp edx, eax
; A>=B, A EAX
; , ( A<B)
cmovge eax, edx
ret

my_min:
mov edx, DWORD PTR [esp+4]
mov eax, DWORD PTR [esp+8]
; EDX=A
; EAX=B
; A B:
cmp edx, eax
; A<=B, A EAX
; , ( A>B)
cmovle eax, edx
ret

12.4.2. 64-bit

#include <stdint.h>

int64_t my_max(int64_t a, int64_t b)

{
if (a>b)
return a;
else
return b;
};

int64_t my_min(int64_t a, int64_t b)

{
if (a<b)
return a;
else
return b;
};

142
 12. 12.
, :

12.30: GCC 4.9.1 ARM64

my_max:
sub sp, sp, #16
str x0, [sp,8]
str x1, [sp]
ldr x1, [sp,8]
ldr x0, [sp]
cmp x1, x0
ble .L2
ldr x0, [sp,8]
b .L3
.L2:
ldr x0, [sp]
.L3:
add sp, sp, 16
ret

my_min:
sub sp, sp, #16
str x0, [sp,8]
str x1, [sp]
ldr x1, [sp,8]
ldr x0, [sp]
cmp x1, x0
bge .L5
ldr x0, [sp,8]
b .L6
.L5:
ldr x0, [sp]
.L6:
add sp, sp, 16
ret

, :

12.31: GCC 4.9.1 x64

my_max:
; RDI=A
; RSI=B
; A B:
cmp rdi, rsi
; B RAX :
mov rax, rsi
; A>=B, A (RDI) RAX .
; , ( A<B)
cmovge rax, rdi
ret

my_min:
; RDI=A
; RSI=B
; A B:
cmp rdi, rsi
; B RAX :
mov rax, rsi
; A<=B, A (RDI) RAX .
; , ( A>B)
cmovle rax, rdi
ret

MSVC 2013 .
ARM64 CSEL, , MOVcc ARM CMOVcc x86, :
Conditional SELect.

143
 12. 12.
12.32: GCC 4.9.1 ARM64
my_max:
; X0=A
; X1=B
; A B:
cmp x0, x1
; X0 (A) X0 X0>=X1 A>=B (Greater or Equal: )
; X1 (B) X0 A<B
csel x0, x0, x1, ge
ret

my_min:
; X0=A
; X1=B
; A B:
cmp x0, x1
; X0 (A) X0 X0<=X1 (Less or Equal: )
; X1 (B) X0 A>B
csel x0, x0, x1, le
ret

12.4.3. MIPS

GCC 4.4.5 MIPS , :

12.33: GCC 4.4.5 (IDA)

my_max:
; $v1 to 1, if 1, $a1<$a0:
slt $v1, $a1, $a0
; , $a1<$a0:
beqz $v1, locret_10
; branch delay slot
; $a1 $v0 , :
move $v0, $a1
; , $a0 $v0:
move $v0, $a0

locret_10:
jr $ra
or $at, $zero ; branch delay slot, NOP

; min() , SLT :
my_min:
slt $v1, $a0, $a1
beqz $v1, locret_28
move $v0, $a1
move $v0, $a0

locret_28:
jr $ra
or $at, $zero ; branch delay slot, NOP

branch delay slots: MOVE BEQZ, MOVE

.

12.5.

12.5.1. x86

12.34: x86
CMP register, register/value
Jcc true ; cc=

144
 12. 12.
false:
... , , ...
JMP exit
true:
... , , ...
exit:

12.5.2. ARM

12.35: ARM
CMP register, register/value
Bcc true ; cc=
false:
... , , ...
JMP exit
true:
... , , ...
exit:

12.5.3. MIPS

12.36:
BEQZ REG, label
...

12.37: ?
BLTZ REG, label
...

12.38:
BEQ REG1, REG2, label
...

12.39:
BNE REG1, REG2, label
...

12.40: , ()
SLT REG1, REG2, REG3
BEQ REG1, label
...

12.41: , ()
SLTU REG1, REG2, REG3
BEQ REG1, label
...

12.5.4.

, : MOVcc
ARM ( ARM), CSEL ARM64, CMOVcc x86.

145
 12. 12.
ARM

ARM :

12.42: ARM ( ARM)

CMP register, register/value
instr1_cc ; , ,
instr2_cc ; , ,
... .....

, CPU
.
Thumb IT, 4 , .
: 17.7.2 (. 260).

12.43: ARM ( Thumb)

CMP register, register/value
ITEEE EQ ; : ifthenelseelseelse
instr1 ; ,
instr2 ; ,
instr3 ; ,
instr4 ; ,

12.6.
(ARM64) .12.23 , -
CSEL.

146
 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT

13

switch()/case/default

13.1.

#include <stdio.h>

void f (int a)
{
switch (a)
{
case 0: printf ("zero\n"); break;
case 1: printf ("one\n"); break;
case 2: printf ("two\n"); break;
default: printf ("something unknown\n"); break;
};
};

int main()
{
f (2); // test
};

13.1.1. x86

MSVC

(MSVC 2010):

13.1: MSVC 2010

tv64 = 4 ; size = 4
_a$ = 8 ; size = 4
_f PROC
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
push ecx
mov eax, DWORD PTR _a$[ebp]
mov DWORD PTR tv64[ebp], eax
cmp DWORD PTR tv64[ebp], 0
je SHORT $LN4@f
cmp DWORD PTR tv64[ebp], 1
je SHORT $LN3@f
cmp DWORD PTR tv64[ebp], 2
je SHORT $LN2@f
jmp SHORT $LN1@f
$LN4@f:
push OFFSET $SG739 ; 'zero', 0aH, 00H
call _printf
add esp, 4
jmp SHORT $LN7@f
$LN3@f:
push OFFSET $SG741 ; 'one', 0aH, 00H

147
 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT
call _printf
add esp, 4
jmp SHORT $LN7@f
$LN2@f:
push OFFSET $SG743 ; 'two', 0aH, 00H
call _printf
add esp, 4
jmp SHORT $LN7@f
$LN1@f:
push OFFSET $SG745 ; 'something unknown', 0aH, 00H
call _printf
add esp, 4
$LN7@f:
mov esp, ebp
pop ebp
ret 0
_f ENDP

switch(), , -
:
void f (int a)
{
if (a==0)
printf ("zero\n");
else if (a==1)
printf ("one\n");
else if (a==2)
printf ("two\n");
else
printf ("something unknown\n");
};

, , -
switch(), if(). , switch()
if().
, , -
(a) v641 .
GCC 4.4.1, , (
-O3).

MSVC

MSVC (/Ox): cl 1.c /Fa1.asm /Ox

13.2: MSVC
_a$ = 8 ; size = 4
_f PROC
mov eax, DWORD PTR _a$[esp4]
sub eax, 0
je SHORT $LN4@f
sub eax, 1
je SHORT $LN3@f
sub eax, 1
je SHORT $LN2@f
mov DWORD PTR _a$[esp4], OFFSET $SG791 ; 'something unknown', 0aH, 00H
jmp _printf
$LN2@f:
mov DWORD PTR _a$[esp4], OFFSET $SG789 ; 'two', 0aH, 00H
jmp _printf
$LN3@f:
mov DWORD PTR _a$[esp4], OFFSET $SG787 ; 'one', 0aH, 00H
jmp _printf
$LN4@f:
mov DWORD PTR _a$[esp4], OFFSET $SG785 ; 'zero', 0aH, 00H
1 tv MSVC

148
 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT
jmp _printf
_f ENDP

-, .
: EAX 0. , , , 0 EAX
? , ZF ( , 0 0)
JE (Jump if Equal JZ Jump if Zero) $LN4@f,
'zero'. , , -
0, .
, , printf()
'something unknown'.
: , , : a,
printf() CALL, JMP. .
CALL . CALL (RA)
. ( ,
, - ESP) :
ESP RA
ESP+4 a
, printf(), ,
. , , .
, printf(),
f(), printf(). printf() stdout, RET,
RA , f(),
f().
, printf() f() . - longjmp()2 .
, , .
ARM printf() (6.2.1 (. 48)).

2 wikipedia

149
 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT
OllyDbg

, OllyDbg.

OllyDbg switch()-, . EAX -

2, :

. 13.1: OllyDbg: EAX ( )

150
 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT
0 2 EAX. , EAX 2. ZF 0, , -
:

. 13.2: OllyDbg: SUB

151
 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT
DEC EAX 1. 1 , ZF 0:

. 13.3: OllyDbg: DEC

152
 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT
DEC . EAX 0 ZF , :

. 13.4: OllyDbg: DEC

OllyDbg , .

153
 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT
two :

. 13.5: OllyDbg:

: 2 2 0x001EF850.

154
 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT
MOV 0x001EF850 (. ). . -
printf() MSVCR100.DLL ( /MD):

. 13.6: OllyDbg: printf() MSVCR100.DLL

printf() 0x00FF3010 .

155
 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT
printf():

. 13.7: OllyDbg: printf() MSVCR100.DLL

two .

156
 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT
F7 F8 ( , ) , f() main():

. 13.8: OllyDbg: main()

, printf() main(). RA -
f() main(). CALL 0x00FF1000 f().

13.1.2. ARM: Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)

.text:0000014C f1:
.text:0000014C 00 00 50 E3 CMP R0, #0
.text:00000150 13 0E 8F 02 ADREQ R0, aZero ; "zero\n"
.text:00000154 05 00 00 0A BEQ loc_170
.text:00000158 01 00 50 E3 CMP R0, #1
.text:0000015C 4B 0F 8F 02 ADREQ R0, aOne ; "one\n"
.text:00000160 02 00 00 0A BEQ loc_170
.text:00000164 02 00 50 E3 CMP R0, #2
.text:00000168 4A 0F 8F 12 ADRNE R0, aSomethingUnkno ; "something unknown\n"
.text:0000016C 4E 0F 8F 02 ADREQ R0, aTwo ; "two\n"
.text:00000170
.text:00000170 loc_170: ; CODE XREF: f1+8
.text:00000170 ; f1+14
.text:00000170 78 18 00 EA B __2printf

, , switch()
if().
, , , ADREQ ((Equal)),
R0 = 0, R0 zero\n. BEQ
loc_170, R0 = 0.
, , BEQ , ADREQ
R0 - ? , BEQ , CMP, ADREQ
.
. printf() , , (6.2.1
(. 48)). printf() .
CMP R0, #2 , a = 2 . , ADRNE (Not
Equal) R0 something unknown \n, a 0 1 ,
a . R0 = 2, R0 two\n
ADREQ.

157
 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT
13.1.3. ARM: Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb)

.text:000000D4 f1:
.text:000000D4 10 B5 PUSH {R4,LR}
.text:000000D6 00 28 CMP R0, #0
.text:000000D8 05 D0 BEQ zero_case
.text:000000DA 01 28 CMP R0, #1
.text:000000DC 05 D0 BEQ one_case
.text:000000DE 02 28 CMP R0, #2
.text:000000E0 05 D0 BEQ two_case
.text:000000E2 91 A0 ADR R0, aSomethingUnkno ; "something unknown\n"
.text:000000E4 04 E0 B default_case

.text:000000E6 zero_case: ; CODE XREF: f1+4

.text:000000E6 95 A0 ADR R0, aZero ; "zero\n"
.text:000000E8 02 E0 B default_case

.text:000000EA one_case: ; CODE XREF: f1+8

.text:000000EA 96 A0 ADR R0, aOne ; "one\n"
.text:000000EC 00 E0 B default_case

.text:000000EE two_case: ; CODE XREF: f1+C

.text:000000EE 97 A0 ADR R0, aTwo ; "two\n"
.text:000000F0 default_case ; CODE XREF: f1+10
.text:000000F0 ; f1+14
.text:000000F0 06 F0 7E F8 BL __2printf
.text:000000F4 10 BD POP {R4,PC}

, Thumb- ,
Thumb- x86 CISC, .

13.1.4. ARM64: GCC (Linaro) 4.9

.LC12:
.string "zero"
.LC13:
.string "one"
.LC14:
.string "two"
.LC15:
.string "something unknown"
f12:
stp x29, x30, [sp, 32]!
add x29, sp, 0
str w0, [x29,28]
ldr w0, [x29,28]
cmp w0, 1
beq .L34
cmp w0, 2
beq .L35
cmp w0, wzr
bne .L38 ;
adrp x0, .LC12 ; "zero"
add x0, x0, :lo12:.LC12
bl puts
b .L32
.L34:
adrp x0, .LC13 ; "one"
add x0, x0, :lo12:.LC13
bl puts
b .L32
.L35:
adrp x0, .LC14 ; "two"
add x0, x0, :lo12:.LC14
bl puts
b .L32
.L38:
adrp x0, .LC15 ; "something unknown"

158
 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT
add x0, x0, :lo12:.LC15
bl puts
nop
.L32:
ldp x29, x30, [sp], 32
ret

int, W0, X0.

puts() ADRP/ADD, Hello, world!: 3.4.5
(. 17).

13.1.5. ARM64: GCC (Linaro) 4.9

f12:
cmp w0, 1
beq .L31
cmp w0, 2
beq .L32
cbz w0, .L35
;
adrp x0, .LC15 ; "something unknown"
add x0, x0, :lo12:.LC15
b puts
.L35:
adrp x0, .LC12 ; "zero"
add x0, x0, :lo12:.LC12
b puts
.L32:
adrp x0, .LC14 ; "two"
add x0, x0, :lo12:.LC14
b puts
.L31:
adrp x0, .LC13 ; "one"
add x0, x0, :lo12:.LC13
b puts

. CBZ (Compare and Branch on Zero )

W0 . puts() , : 13.1.1
(. 148).

13.1.6. MIPS

13.3: GCC 4.4.5 (IDA)

f:
lui $gp, (__gnu_local_gp >> 16)
; 1?
li $v0, 1
beq $a0, $v0, loc_60
la $gp, (__gnu_local_gp & 0xFFFF) ; branch delay slot
; 2?
li $v0, 2
beq $a0, $v0, loc_4C
or $at, $zero ; branch delay slot, NOP
; , 0:
bnez $a0, loc_38
or $at, $zero ; branch delay slot, NOP
; :
lui $a0, ($LC0 >> 16) # "zero"
lw $t9, (puts & 0xFFFF)($gp)
or $at, $zero ; load delay slot, NOP
jr $t9 ; branch delay slot, NOP
la $a0, ($LC0 & 0xFFFF) # "zero" ; branch delay slot
#

loc_38: # CODE XREF: f+1C

159
 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT
lui $a0, ($LC3 >> 16) # "something unknown"
lw $t9, (puts & 0xFFFF)($gp)
or $at, $zero ; load delay slot, NOP
jr $t9
la $a0,
($LC3 & 0xFFFF) # "something unknown" ; branch delay slot
#

loc_4C: # CODE XREF: f+14

lui $a0, ($LC2 >> 16) # "two"
lw $t9, (puts & 0xFFFF)($gp)
or $at, $zero ; load delay slot, NOP
jr $t9
la $a0,
($LC2 & 0xFFFF) # "two" ; branch delay slot
#

loc_60: # CODE XREF: f+8

lui $a0, ($LC1 >> 16) # "one"
lw $t9, (puts & 0xFFFF)($gp)
or $at, $zero ; load delay slot, NOP
jr $t9
la $a0, ($LC1 & 0xFFFF) # "one" ; branch delay slot

puts(), puts() (JR: Jump Register)

RA (jump and link). : 13.1.1 (. 148).
NOP- LW. load delay slot: delay slot MIPS. LW
, LW . ,
LW. MIPS- , LW,
, GCC NOP- . ,
.

13.1.7.

switch() if/else: .13.1.1.

13.2.
, JE/ JNE .
#include <stdio.h>

void f (int a)
{
switch (a)
{
case 0: printf ("zero\n"); break;
case 1: printf ("one\n"); break;
case 2: printf ("two\n"); break;
case 3: printf ("three\n"); break;
case 4: printf ("four\n"); break;
default: printf ("something unknown\n"); break;
};
};

int main()
{
f (2); // test
};

13.2.1. x86

MSVC

, (MSVC 2010):

160
 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT
13.4: MSVC 2010
tv64 = 4 ; size = 4
_a$ = 8 ; size = 4
_f PROC
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
push ecx
mov eax, DWORD PTR _a$[ebp]
mov DWORD PTR tv64[ebp], eax
cmp DWORD PTR tv64[ebp], 4
ja SHORT $LN1@f
mov ecx, DWORD PTR tv64[ebp]
jmp DWORD PTR $LN11@f[ecx*4]
$LN6@f:
push OFFSET $SG739 ; 'zero', 0aH, 00H
call _printf
add esp, 4
jmp SHORT $LN9@f
$LN5@f:
push OFFSET $SG741 ; 'one', 0aH, 00H
call _printf
add esp, 4
jmp SHORT $LN9@f
$LN4@f:
push OFFSET $SG743 ; 'two', 0aH, 00H
call _printf
add esp, 4
jmp SHORT $LN9@f
$LN3@f:
push OFFSET $SG745 ; 'three', 0aH, 00H
call _printf
add esp, 4
jmp SHORT $LN9@f
$LN2@f:
push OFFSET $SG747 ; 'four', 0aH, 00H
call _printf
add esp, 4
jmp SHORT $LN9@f
$LN1@f:
push OFFSET $SG749 ; 'something unknown', 0aH, 00H
call _printf
add esp, 4
$LN9@f:
mov esp, ebp
pop ebp
ret 0
npad 2 ;
$LN11@f:
DD $LN6@f ; 0
DD $LN5@f ; 1
DD $LN4@f ; 2
DD $LN3@f ; 3
DD $LN2@f ; 4
_f ENDP

: printf() . ,
, , , .
$LN11@f.
, a 4, $LN1@f, printf() -
'something unknown'.
a 4, 4 ($LN11@f).
, , . ,
a 2. 2 4 = 8 ( 32- , ,
4 ). 8 $LN11@f , $LN4@f. JMP
$LN4@f .
jumptable branch table3 .
3 computed GOTO FORTRAN: wikipedia. - , !

161
 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT
printf() 'two'. , jmp DWORD PTR $LN11@f[ecx*4]
DWORD, $LN11@f + ecx * 4.
npad (88 (. 895)) , , -
4 ( 16). , 32-
, -, ..

162
 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT
OllyDbg

OllyDbg. (2) EAX:

. 13.9: OllyDbg: EAX

163
 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT
, 4? , (default) :

. 13.10: OllyDbg: 2 4:

164
 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT
jumptable:

. 13.11: OllyDbg: jumptable

, Follow in Dump Address constant, jumptable . 5 32-

4 . ECX 2, ( ) . ,
Follow in Dump Memory address OllyDbg ,
JMP. 0x010B103A.

4 OllyDbg, FIXUP-: 68.2.6 (. 714),

165
 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT
0x010B103A: , two:

. 13.12: OllyDbg: case:

GCC

, GCC 4.4.1:

13.5: GCC 4.4.1

public f
f proc near ; CODE XREF: main+10

var_18 = dword ptr 18h

arg_0 = dword ptr 8

push ebp
mov ebp, esp
sub esp, 18h
cmp [ebp+arg_0], 4
ja short loc_8048444
mov eax, [ebp+arg_0]
shl eax, 2
mov eax, ds:off_804855C[eax]
jmp eax

loc_80483FE: ; DATA XREF: .rodata:off_804855C

mov [esp+18h+var_18], offset aZero ; "zero"
call _puts
jmp short locret_8048450

loc_804840C: ; DATA XREF: .rodata:08048560

mov [esp+18h+var_18], offset aOne ; "one"
call _puts
jmp short locret_8048450

loc_804841A: ; DATA XREF: .rodata:08048564

mov [esp+18h+var_18], offset aTwo ; "two"
call _puts
jmp short locret_8048450

loc_8048428: ; DATA XREF: .rodata:08048568

166
 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT
mov [esp+18h+var_18], offset aThree ; "three"
call _puts
jmp short locret_8048450

loc_8048436: ; DATA XREF: .rodata:0804856C

mov [esp+18h+var_18], offset aFour ; "four"
call _puts
jmp short locret_8048450

loc_8048444: ; CODE XREF: f+A

mov [esp+18h+var_18], offset aSomethingUnkno ; "something unknown"
call _puts

locret_8048450: ; CODE XREF: f+26

; f+34...
leave
retn
f endp

off_804855C dd offset loc_80483FE ; DATA XREF: f+12

dd offset loc_804840C
dd offset loc_804841A
dd offset loc_8048428
dd offset loc_8048436

, : arg_0 4
2 ( 4) (16.2.1 (. 215)).
off_804855C .

13.2.2. ARM: Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)

13.6: Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)

00000174 f2
00000174 05 00 50 E3 CMP R0, #5 ; switch 5 cases
00000178 00 F1 8F 30 ADDCC PC, PC, R0,LSL#2 ; switch jump
0000017C 0E 00 00 EA B default_case ; jumptable 00000178 default case

00000180
00000180 loc_180 ; CODE XREF: f2+4
00000180 03 00 00 EA B zero_case ; jumptable 00000178 case 0

00000184
00000184 loc_184 ; CODE XREF: f2+4
00000184 04 00 00 EA B one_case ; jumptable 00000178 case 1

00000188
00000188 loc_188 ; CODE XREF: f2+4
00000188 05 00 00 EA B two_case ; jumptable 00000178 case 2

0000018C
0000018C loc_18C ; CODE XREF: f2+4
0000018C 06 00 00 EA B three_case ; jumptable 00000178 case 3

00000190
00000190 loc_190 ; CODE XREF: f2+4
00000190 07 00 00 EA B four_case ; jumptable 00000178 case 4

00000194
00000194 zero_case ; CODE XREF: f2+4
00000194 ; f2:loc_180
00000194 EC 00 8F E2 ADR R0, aZero ; jumptable 00000178 case 0
00000198 06 00 00 EA B loc_1B8

0000019C
0000019C one_case ; CODE XREF: f2+4
0000019C ; f2:loc_184
0000019C EC 00 8F E2 ADR R0, aOne ; jumptable 00000178 case 1

167
 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT
000001A0 04 00 00 EA B loc_1B8

000001A4
000001A4 two_case ; CODE XREF: f2+4
000001A4 ; f2:loc_188
000001A4 01 0C 8F E2 ADR R0, aTwo ; jumptable 00000178 case 2
000001A8 02 00 00 EA B loc_1B8

000001AC
000001AC three_case ; CODE XREF: f2+4
000001AC ; f2:loc_18C
000001AC 01 0C 8F E2 ADR R0, aThree ; jumptable 00000178 case 3
000001B0 00 00 00 EA B loc_1B8

000001B4
000001B4 four_case ; CODE XREF: f2+4
000001B4 ; f2:loc_190
000001B4 01 0C 8F E2 ADR R0, aFour ; jumptable 00000178 case 4
000001B8
000001B8 loc_1B8 ; CODE XREF: f2+24
000001B8 ; f2+2C
000001B8 66 18 00 EA B __2printf

000001BC
000001BC default_case ; CODE XREF: f2+4
000001BC ; f2+8
000001BC D4 00 8F E2 ADR R0, aSomethingUnkno ; jumptable 00000178 default case
000001C0 FC FF FF EA B loc_1B8

ARM,
4 .
, , a 4: , something
unknown\n.
CMP R0, #5 a c 5.
ADDCC PC, PC, R0,LSL#2 5 R0 < 5 (CC=Carry clear / Less than).
, ADDCC ( R0 5), default_case.
R0 < 5 ADDCC , .
R0 4. , LSL#2 2 .
(16.2.1 (. 215)) , 2 e 4.
R0 4 PC, , , -
B (Branch).
ADDCC, PC 8 (0x180),
ADDCC (0x178), , , 2 .
ARM: ADDCC, -
, PC . .
a = 0, PC PC PC (
8) loc_180. 8 , ADDCC.
a = 1, PC P C + 8 + a 4 = P C + 8 + 1 4 = P C + 12 = 0x184. loc_184.
a PC 4. 4 ARM -
, B, 5 .
B , ,
switch(). , ..

13.2.3. ARM: Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb)

13.7: Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb)

000000F6 EXPORT f2
000000F6 f2
5 ADD

168
 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT
000000F6 10 B5 PUSH {R4,LR}
000000F8 03 00 MOVS R3, R0
000000FA 06 F0 69 F8 BL __ARM_common_switch8_thumb ; switch 6 cases

000000FE 05 DCB 5
000000FF 04 06 08 0A 0C 10 DCB 4, 6, 8, 0xA, 0xC, 0x10 ; jump table for switch statement
00000105 00 ALIGN 2
00000106
00000106 zero_case ; CODE XREF: f2+4
00000106 8D A0 ADR R0, aZero ; jumptable 000000FA case 0
00000108 06 E0 B loc_118

0000010A
0000010A one_case ; CODE XREF: f2+4
0000010A 8E A0 ADR R0, aOne ; jumptable 000000FA case 1
0000010C 04 E0 B loc_118

0000010E
0000010E two_case ; CODE XREF: f2+4
0000010E 8F A0 ADR R0, aTwo ; jumptable 000000FA case 2
00000110 02 E0 B loc_118

00000112
00000112 three_case ; CODE XREF: f2+4
00000112 90 A0 ADR R0, aThree ; jumptable 000000FA case 3
00000114 00 E0 B loc_118

00000116
00000116 four_case ; CODE XREF: f2+4
00000116 91 A0 ADR R0, aFour ; jumptable 000000FA case 4
00000118
00000118 loc_118 ; CODE XREF: f2+12
00000118 ; f2+16
00000118 06 F0 6A F8 BL __2printf
0000011C 10 BD POP {R4,PC}

0000011E
0000011E default_case ; CODE XREF: f2+4
0000011E 82 A0 ADR R0, aSomethingUnkno ; jumptable 000000FA default case
00000120 FA E7 B loc_118

000061D0 EXPORT __ARM_common_switch8_thumb

000061D0 __ARM_common_switch8_thumb ; CODE XREF: example6_f2+4
000061D0 78 47 BX PC

000061D2 00 00 ALIGN 4
000061D2 ; End of function __ARM_common_switch8_thumb
000061D2
000061D4 __32__ARM_common_switch8_thumb ; CODE XREF: __ARM_common_switch8_thumb
000061D4 01 C0 5E E5 LDRB R12, [LR,#1]
000061D8 0C 00 53 E1 CMP R3, R12
000061DC 0C 30 DE 27 LDRCSB R3, [LR,R12]
000061E0 03 30 DE 37 LDRCCB R3, [LR,R3]
000061E4 83 C0 8E E0 ADD R12, LR, R3,LSL#1
000061E8 1C FF 2F E1 BX R12
000061E8 ; End of function __32__ARM_common_switch8_thumb

Thumb Thumb-2 , . ,
, x86.
, , ,
, , . ,
.
, __ARM_common_switch8_thumb.
BX PC , ARM-. ,
. , .

169
 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT
, LR . ,
, LR BL __ARM_common_switch8_thumb ,
.
, , -
switch().
IDA
jumptable 000000FA case 0.

13.2.4. MIPS

13.8: GCC 4.4.5 (IDA)

f:
lui $gp, (__gnu_local_gp >> 16)
; loc_24, 5:
sltiu $v0, $a0, 5
bnez $v0, loc_24
la $gp, (__gnu_local_gp & 0xFFFF) ; branch delay slot
; 5
; "something unknown" :
lui $a0, ($LC5 >> 16) # "something unknown"
lw $t9, (puts & 0xFFFF)($gp)
or $at, $zero ; NOP
jr $t9
la $a0, ($LC5 & 0xFFFF) # "something unknown" ; branch delay slot

loc_24: # CODE XREF: f+8

;
; LA , LUI ADDIU:
la $v0, off_120
; 4:
sll $a0, 2
; :
addu $a0, $v0, $a0
; :
lw $v0, 0($a0)
or $at, $zero ; NOP
; , :
jr $v0
or $at, $zero ; branch delay slot, NOP

sub_44: # DATA XREF: .rodata:0000012C

; "three"
lui $a0, ($LC3 >> 16) # "three"
lw $t9, (puts & 0xFFFF)($gp)
or $at, $zero ; NOP
jr $t9
la $a0, ($LC3 & 0xFFFF) # "three" ; branch delay slot

sub_58: # DATA XREF: .rodata:00000130

; "four"
lui $a0, ($LC4 >> 16) # "four"
lw $t9, (puts & 0xFFFF)($gp)
or $at, $zero ; NOP
jr $t9
la $a0, ($LC4 & 0xFFFF) # "four" ; branch delay slot

sub_6C: # DATA XREF: .rodata:off_120

; "zero"
lui $a0, ($LC0 >> 16) # "zero"
lw $t9, (puts & 0xFFFF)($gp)
or $at, $zero ; NOP
jr $t9
la $a0, ($LC0 & 0xFFFF) # "zero" ; branch delay slot

sub_80: # DATA XREF: .rodata:00000124

; "one"

170
 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT
lui $a0, ($LC1 >> 16) # "one"
lw $t9, (puts & 0xFFFF)($gp)
or $at, $zero ; NOP
jr $t9
la $a0, ($LC1 & 0xFFFF) # "one" ; branch delay slot

sub_94: # DATA XREF: .rodata:00000128

; "two"
lui $a0, ($LC2 >> 16) # "two"
lw $t9, (puts & 0xFFFF)($gp)
or $at, $zero ; NOP
jr $t9
la $a0, ($LC2 & 0xFFFF) # "two" ; branch delay slot

; .rodata:
off_120: .word sub_6C
.word sub_80
.word sub_94
.word sub_44
.word sub_58

SLTIU (Set on Less Than Immediate Unsigned ,

, ). , SLTU (Set on Less Than Unsigned), I
immediate, .. .
BNEZ Branch if Not Equal to Zero ( ).
ISA. SLL (Shift Word Left Logical )
4. MIPS - 32- , (jumptable) 32-.

13.2.5.

switch():

13.9: x86
MOV REG, input
CMP REG, 4 ;
JA default
SHL REG, 2 ; . 3 x64
MOV REG, jump_table[REG]
JMP REG

case1:
; -
JMP exit
case2:
; -
JMP exit
case3:
; -
JMP exit
case4:
; -
JMP exit
case5:
; -
JMP exit

default:

...

exit:

....

jump_table dd case1
dd case2
dd case3

171
 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT
dd case4
dd case5

: JMP jump_table[REG*4].
JMP jump_table[REG*8] x64.
(jumptable) , : 18.5 (. 285).

13.3. case
: case :
#include <stdio.h>

void f(int a)
{
switch (a)
{
case 1:
case 2:
case 7:
case 10:
printf ("1, 2, 7, 10\n");
break;
case 3:
case 4:
case 5:
case 6:
printf ("3, 4, 5\n");
break;
case 8:
case 9:
case 20:
case 21:
printf ("8, 9, 21\n");
break;
case 22:
printf ("22\n");
break;
default:
printf ("default\n");
break;
};
};

int main()
{
f(4);
};

,
.

13.3.1. MSVC

13.10: MSVC 2010

1 $SG2798 DB '1, 2, 7, 10', 0aH, 00H
2 $SG2800 DB '3, 4, 5', 0aH, 00H
3 $SG2802 DB '8, 9, 21', 0aH, 00H
4 $SG2804 DB '22', 0aH, 00H
5 $SG2806 DB 'default', 0aH, 00H
6
7 _a$ = 8
8 _f PROC
9 mov eax, DWORD PTR _a$[esp4]
10 dec eax

172
 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT
11 cmp eax, 21
12 ja SHORT $LN1@f
13 movzx eax, BYTE PTR $LN10@f[eax]
14 jmp DWORD PTR $LN11@f[eax*4]
15 $LN5@f:
16 mov DWORD PTR _a$[esp4], OFFSET $SG2798 ; '1, 2, 7, 10'
17 jmp DWORD PTR __imp__printf
18 $LN4@f:
19 mov DWORD PTR _a$[esp4], OFFSET $SG2800 ; '3, 4, 5'
20 jmp DWORD PTR __imp__printf
21 $LN3@f:
22 mov DWORD PTR _a$[esp4], OFFSET $SG2802 ; '8, 9, 21'
23 jmp DWORD PTR __imp__printf
24 $LN2@f:
25 mov DWORD PTR _a$[esp4], OFFSET $SG2804 ; '22'
26 jmp DWORD PTR __imp__printf
27 $LN1@f:
28 mov DWORD PTR _a$[esp4], OFFSET $SG2806 ; 'default'
29 jmp DWORD PTR __imp__printf
30 npad 2 ; $LN11@f 16-
31 $LN11@f:
32 DD $LN5@f ; '1, 2, 7, 10'
33 DD $LN4@f ; '3, 4, 5'
34 DD $LN3@f ; '8, 9, 21'
35 DD $LN2@f ; '22'
36 DD $LN1@f ; 'default'
37 $LN10@f:
38 DB 0 ; a=1
39 DB 0 ; a=2
40 DB 1 ; a=3
41 DB 1 ; a=4
42 DB 1 ; a=5
43 DB 1 ; a=6
44 DB 0 ; a=7
45 DB 2 ; a=8
46 DB 2 ; a=9
47 DB 0 ; a=10
48 DB 4 ; a=11
49 DB 4 ; a=12
50 DB 4 ; a=13
51 DB 4 ; a=14
52 DB 4 ; a=15
53 DB 4 ; a=16
54 DB 4 ; a=17
55 DB 4 ; a=18
56 DB 4 ; a=19
57 DB 2 ; a=20
58 DB 2 ; a=21
59 DB 3 ; a=22
60 _f ENDP

: ($LN10@f) , ($LN11@f)
.
, ( 13).
: 0 case ( 1, 2, 7, 10), 1 (
3, 4, 5), 2 ( 8, 9, 21), 3 ( 22), 4 .
( 14).
, . DEC
10 a = 1. a = 0.
.
? , (13.2.1 (. 166)), ,
? , 8- ,
.

173
 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT
13.3.2. GCC

GCC , (13.2.1 (. 166)), .

13.3.3. ARM64: GCC 4.9.1

-, , 0, GCC
, 1.
GCC 4.9.1 ARM64 . 8- .
, ARM64 4 . GCC ,
. .

13.11: GCC 4.9.1 ARM64

f14:
; W0
sub w0, w0, #1
cmp w0, 21
; ():
bls .L9
.L2:
; "default":
adrp x0, .LC4
add x0, x0, :lo12:.LC4
b puts
.L9:
; X1:
adrp x1, .L4
add x1, x1, :lo12:.L4
; W0=input_value1
; :
ldrb w0, [x1,w0,uxtw]
; Lrtx:
adr x1, .Lrtx4
; 4 ( 2 ) ( ) Lrtx:
add x0, x1, w0, sxtb #2
; :
br x0
; (text):
.Lrtx4:
.section .rodata
; ".section" (rodata):
.L4:
.byte (.L3 .Lrtx4) / 4 ; case 1
.byte (.L3 .Lrtx4) / 4 ; case 2
.byte (.L5 .Lrtx4) / 4 ; case 3
.byte (.L5 .Lrtx4) / 4 ; case 4
.byte (.L5 .Lrtx4) / 4 ; case 5
.byte (.L5 .Lrtx4) / 4 ; case 6
.byte (.L3 .Lrtx4) / 4 ; case 7
.byte (.L6 .Lrtx4) / 4 ; case 8
.byte (.L6 .Lrtx4) / 4 ; case 9
.byte (.L3 .Lrtx4) / 4 ; case 10
.byte (.L2 .Lrtx4) / 4 ; case 11
.byte (.L2 .Lrtx4) / 4 ; case 12
.byte (.L2 .Lrtx4) / 4 ; case 13
.byte (.L2 .Lrtx4) / 4 ; case 14
.byte (.L2 .Lrtx4) / 4 ; case 15
.byte (.L2 .Lrtx4) / 4 ; case 16
.byte (.L2 .Lrtx4) / 4 ; case 17
.byte (.L2 .Lrtx4) / 4 ; case 18
.byte (.L2 .Lrtx4) / 4 ; case 19
.byte (.L6 .Lrtx4) / 4 ; case 20
.byte (.L6 .Lrtx4) / 4 ; case 21
.byte (.L7 .Lrtx4) / 4 ; case 22
.text
; ".text" (text):
.L7:

174
 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT
; "22"
adrp x0, .LC3
add x0, x0, :lo12:.LC3
b puts
.L6:
; "8, 9, 21"
adrp x0, .LC2
add x0, x0, :lo12:.LC2
b puts
.L5:
; "3, 4, 5"
adrp x0, .LC1
add x0, x0, :lo12:.LC1
b puts
.L3:
; "1, 2, 7, 10"
adrp x0, .LC0
add x0, x0, :lo12:.LC0
b puts
.LC0:
.string "1, 2, 7, 10"
.LC1:
.string "3, 4, 5"
.LC2:
.string "8, 9, 21"
.LC3:
.string "22"
.LC4:
.string "default"

IDA. :

13.12: jumptable in IDA

.rodata:0000000000000064 AREA .rodata, DATA, READONLY
.rodata:0000000000000064 ; ORG 0x64
.rodata:0000000000000064 $d DCB 9 ; case 1
.rodata:0000000000000065 DCB 9 ; case 2
.rodata:0000000000000066 DCB 6 ; case 3
.rodata:0000000000000067 DCB 6 ; case 4
.rodata:0000000000000068 DCB 6 ; case 5
.rodata:0000000000000069 DCB 6 ; case 6
.rodata:000000000000006A DCB 9 ; case 7
.rodata:000000000000006B DCB 3 ; case 8
.rodata:000000000000006C DCB 3 ; case 9
.rodata:000000000000006D DCB 9 ; case 10
.rodata:000000000000006E DCB 0xF7 ; case 11
.rodata:000000000000006F DCB 0xF7 ; case 12
.rodata:0000000000000070 DCB 0xF7 ; case 13
.rodata:0000000000000071 DCB 0xF7 ; case 14
.rodata:0000000000000072 DCB 0xF7 ; case 15
.rodata:0000000000000073 DCB 0xF7 ; case 16
.rodata:0000000000000074 DCB 0xF7 ; case 17
.rodata:0000000000000075 DCB 0xF7 ; case 18
.rodata:0000000000000076 DCB 0xF7 ; case 19
.rodata:0000000000000077 DCB 3 ; case 20
.rodata:0000000000000078 DCB 3 ; case 21
.rodata:0000000000000079 DCB 0 ; case 22
.rodata:000000000000007B ; .rodata ends

1, 9 9 Lrtx4. 22, 0 4,
0. Lrtx4 L7, , 22.
, .rodata ( ).
(0xF7). , , default
( .L2).

175
 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT
13.4. Fall-through
switch() .. fallthrough (). :
1 #define R 1
2 #define W 2
3 #define RW 3
4
5 void f(int type)
6 {
7 int read=0, write=0;
8
9 switch (type)
10 {
11 case RW:
12 read=1;
13 case W:
14 write=1;
15 break;
16 case R:
17 read=1;
18 break;
19 default:
20 break;
21 };
22 printf ("read=%d, write=%d\n", read, write);
23 };

type = 1 (R), read 1, type = 2 (W), write 2. type = 3 (RW),

read write 1.
14 : type = RW type = W . break
case RW, .

13.4.1. MSVC x86

13.13: MSVC 2012

$SG1305 DB 'read=%d, write=%d', 0aH, 00H

_write$ = 12 ; size = 4
_read$ = 8 ; size = 4
tv64 = 4 ; size = 4
_type$ = 8 ; size = 4
_f PROC
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
sub esp, 12
mov DWORD PTR _read$[ebp], 0
mov DWORD PTR _write$[ebp], 0
mov eax, DWORD PTR _type$[ebp]
mov DWORD PTR tv64[ebp], eax
cmp DWORD PTR tv64[ebp], 1 ; R
je SHORT $LN2@f
cmp DWORD PTR tv64[ebp], 2 ; W
je SHORT $LN3@f
cmp DWORD PTR tv64[ebp], 3 ; RW
je SHORT $LN4@f
jmp SHORT $LN5@f
$LN4@f: ; case RW:
mov DWORD PTR _read$[ebp], 1
$LN3@f: ; case W:
mov DWORD PTR _write$[ebp], 1
jmp SHORT $LN5@f
$LN2@f: ; case R:
mov DWORD PTR _read$[ebp], 1
$LN5@f: ; default
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _write$[ebp]
push ecx

176
 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT 13. SWITCH()/CASE/DEFAULT
mov edx, DWORD PTR _read$[ebp]
push edx
push OFFSET $SG1305 ; 'read=%d, write=%d'
call _printf
add esp, 12
mov esp, ebp
pop ebp
ret 0
_f ENDP

, . $LN4@f $LN3@f:
(code ow) $LN4@f, read 1, write. ,
: ( read)
( write). type = W , $LN3@f, read 1 .

13.4.2. ARM64

13.14: GCC (Linaro) 4.9

.LC0:
.string "read=%d, write=%d\n"
f:
stp x29, x30, [sp, 48]!
add x29, sp, 0
str w0, [x29,28]
str wzr, [x29,44] ; "read" "write"
str wzr, [x29,40]
ldr w0, [x29,28] ; "type"
cmp w0, 2 ; type=W?
beq .L3
cmp w0, 3 ; type=RW?
beq .L4
cmp w0, 1 ; type=R?
beq .L5
b .L6 ; ...
.L4: ; case RW
mov w0, 1
str w0, [x29,44] ; read=1
.L3: ; case W
mov w0, 1
str w0, [x29,40] ; write=1
b .L6
.L5: ; case R
mov w0, 1
str w0, [x29,44] ; read=1
nop
.L6: ; default
adrp x0, .LC0 ; "read=%d, write=%d\n"
add x0, x0, :lo12:.LC0
ldr w1, [x29,44] ; "read"
ldr w2, [x29,40] ; "write"
bl printf
ldp x29, x30, [sp], 48
ret

. .L4 .L3.

13.5.

13.5.1. #1

13.2 (. 160) ,
, . .
: G.1.5 (. 986).

177
 14. 14.

14

14.1.

14.1.1. x86

x86 LOOP. ECX

0, ECX , . , -
, , .
- LOOP, .

, /++ for(), while(), do/while().

for().
, , (/)
.
for (; ; )
{
_;
}

, .
:
#include <stdio.h>

void printing_function(int i)
{
printf ("f(%d)\n", i);
};

int main()
{
int i;

for (i=2; i<10; i++)

printing_function(i);

return 0;
};

(MSVC 2010):

14.1: MSVC 2010

_i$ = 4
_main PROC
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
push ecx
mov DWORD PTR _i$[ebp], 2 ;
jmp SHORT $LN3@main

178
 14. 14.
$LN2@main:
mov eax, DWORD PTR _i$[ebp] ; :
add eax, 1 ; 1 i
mov DWORD PTR _i$[ebp], eax
$LN3@main:
cmp DWORD PTR _i$[ebp], 10 ; **
jge SHORT $LN1@main ; i 10,
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _i$[ebp] ; : printing_function(i)
push ecx
call _printing_function
add esp, 4
jmp SHORT $LN2@main ;
$LN1@main: ;
xor eax, eax
mov esp, ebp
pop ebp
ret 0
_main ENDP

, .
GCC 4.4.1 , :

14.2: GCC 4.4.1

main proc near

var_20 = dword ptr 20h

var_4 = dword ptr 4

push ebp
mov ebp, esp
and esp, 0FFFFFFF0h
sub esp, 20h
mov [esp+20h+var_4], 2 ; i
jmp short loc_8048476

loc_8048465:
mov eax, [esp+20h+var_4]
mov [esp+20h+var_20], eax
call printing_function
add [esp+20h+var_4], 1 ; i

loc_8048476:
cmp [esp+20h+var_4], 9
jle short loc_8048465 ; i<=9,
mov eax, 0
leave
retn
main endp

, MSVC 2010 (/Ox):

14.3: MSVC
_main PROC
push esi
mov esi, 2
$LL3@main:
push esi
call _printing_function
inc esi
add esp, 4
cmp esi, 10 ; 0000000aH
jl SHORT $LL3@main
xor eax, eax
pop esi
ret 0
_main ENDP

179
 14. 14.
: i ,
: ESI. , .
, , : f() ESI. -
, ESI f(),
. : PUSH ESI/POP ESI
.
GCC 4.4.1 (-O3):

14.4: GCC 4.4.1

main proc near

var_10 = dword ptr 10h

push ebp
mov ebp, esp
and esp, 0FFFFFFF0h
sub esp, 10h
mov [esp+10h+var_10], 2
call printing_function
mov [esp+10h+var_10], 3
call printing_function
mov [esp+10h+var_10], 4
call printing_function
mov [esp+10h+var_10], 5
call printing_function
mov [esp+10h+var_10], 6
call printing_function
mov [esp+10h+var_10], 7
call printing_function
mov [esp+10h+var_10], 8
call printing_function
mov [esp+10h+var_10], 9
call printing_function
xor eax, eax
leave
retn
main endp

GCC 1 .
, ( ) ,
, . , .
, -
-2 .

i 100 . GCC :

14.5: GCC
public main
main proc near

var_20 = dword ptr 20h

push ebp
mov ebp, esp
and esp, 0FFFFFFF0h
push ebx
mov ebx, 2 ; i=2
sub esp, 1Ch

; loc_80484D0 ( ) 16- :
nop

loc_80484D0:
; i printing_function():
1 loop unwinding
2 : [Dre07]. Intel : [Int14, . 3.4.1.7].

180
 14. 14.
mov [esp+20h+var_20], ebx
add ebx, 1 ; i++
call printing_function
cmp ebx, 64h ; i==100?
jnz short loc_80484D0 ; ,
add esp, 1Ch
xor eax, eax ; 0
pop ebx
mov esp, ebp
pop ebp
retn
main endp

, MSVC 2010 (/Ox). ,

i EBX. GCC , f(),
, , main().

181
 14. 14.
14.1.2. x86: OllyDbg

MSVC 2010 /Ox /Ob0 OllyDbg.

, OllyDbg , :

. 14.1: OllyDbg: main()

(F8 , ) , ESI 1. , ESI = i = 6:

. 14.2: OllyDbg: i = 6

9 . JL :

. 14.3: OllyDbg: ESI = 10,

14.1.3. x86: tracer

, . tracer.
IDA, PUSH ESI (
f(),) 0x401026 tracer:
tracer.exe l:loops_2.exe bpx=loops_2.exe!0x00401026

BPX tracer .
tracer.log :

182
 14. 14.

PID=12884|New process loops_2.exe

(0) loops_2.exe!0x401026
EAX=0x00a328c8 EBX=0x00000000 ECX=0x6f0f4714 EDX=0x00000000
ESI=0x00000002 EDI=0x00333378 EBP=0x0024fbfc ESP=0x0024fbb8
EIP=0x00331026
FLAGS=PF ZF IF
(0) loops_2.exe!0x401026
EAX=0x00000005 EBX=0x00000000 ECX=0x6f0a5617 EDX=0x000ee188
ESI=0x00000003 EDI=0x00333378 EBP=0x0024fbfc ESP=0x0024fbb8
EIP=0x00331026
FLAGS=CF PF AF SF IF
(0) loops_2.exe!0x401026
EAX=0x00000005 EBX=0x00000000 ECX=0x6f0a5617 EDX=0x000ee188
ESI=0x00000004 EDI=0x00333378 EBP=0x0024fbfc ESP=0x0024fbb8
EIP=0x00331026
FLAGS=CF PF AF SF IF
(0) loops_2.exe!0x401026
EAX=0x00000005 EBX=0x00000000 ECX=0x6f0a5617 EDX=0x000ee188
ESI=0x00000005 EDI=0x00333378 EBP=0x0024fbfc ESP=0x0024fbb8
EIP=0x00331026
FLAGS=CF AF SF IF
(0) loops_2.exe!0x401026
EAX=0x00000005 EBX=0x00000000 ECX=0x6f0a5617 EDX=0x000ee188
ESI=0x00000006 EDI=0x00333378 EBP=0x0024fbfc ESP=0x0024fbb8
EIP=0x00331026
FLAGS=CF PF AF SF IF
(0) loops_2.exe!0x401026
EAX=0x00000005 EBX=0x00000000 ECX=0x6f0a5617 EDX=0x000ee188
ESI=0x00000007 EDI=0x00333378 EBP=0x0024fbfc ESP=0x0024fbb8
EIP=0x00331026
FLAGS=CF AF SF IF
(0) loops_2.exe!0x401026
EAX=0x00000005 EBX=0x00000000 ECX=0x6f0a5617 EDX=0x000ee188
ESI=0x00000008 EDI=0x00333378 EBP=0x0024fbfc ESP=0x0024fbb8
EIP=0x00331026
FLAGS=CF AF SF IF
(0) loops_2.exe!0x401026
EAX=0x00000005 EBX=0x00000000 ECX=0x6f0a5617 EDX=0x000ee188
ESI=0x00000009 EDI=0x00333378 EBP=0x0024fbfc ESP=0x0024fbb8
EIP=0x00331026
FLAGS=CF PF AF SF IF
PID=12884|Process loops_2.exe exited. ExitCode=0 (0x0)

, ESI 2 9.
, tracer .
trace. , . .idc-
IDA, . , IDA main() 0x00401020 :
tracer.exe l:loops_2.exe bpf=loops_2.exe!0x00401020,trace:cc

BPF .
loops_2.exe.idc loops_2.exe_clear.idc.

183
 14. 14.
loops_2.exe.idc IDA :

. 14.4: IDA .idc-

, ESI 2 9 , [3..0xA]. ,
main() 0 EAX.
tracer loops_2.exe.txt, , -
:

0x401020 (.text+0x20), e=
0x401021 (.text+0x21), e=
0x401026 (.text+0x26), e=
0x401027 (.text+0x27), e=
this CALL 8D1000h=0x8d1000
0x40102c (.text+0x2c), e=
0x40102d (.text+0x2d), e=
0x401030 (.text+0x30), e=
0x401033 (.text+0x33), e=
0x401035 (.text+0x35), e=
0x401037 (.text+0x37), e=
0x401038 (.text+0x38), e=
14.6: loops_2.exe.txt
1 [PUSH ESI] ESI=1
1 [MOV ESI, 2]
8 [PUSH ESI] ESI=2..9
8 [CALL 8D1000h] tracing nested maximum level (1) reached, skipping
8 [INC ESI] ESI=2..9
8 [ADD ESP, 4] ESP=0x38fcbc
8 [CMP ESI, 0Ah] ESI=3..0xa
8 [JL 8D1026h] SF=false,true OF=false
1 [XOR EAX, EAX]
1 [POP ESI]
1 [RETN] EAX=0

grep.

14.1.4. ARM

Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)

main
STMFD SP!, {R4,LR}
MOV R4, #2
B loc_368
loc_35C ; CODE XREF: main+1C
MOV R0, R4
BL printing_function
ADD R4, R4, #1

loc_368 ; CODE XREF: main+8

CMP R4, #0xA

184
 14. 14.
BLT loc_35C
MOV R0, #0
LDMFD SP!, {R4,PC}

i R4.
MOV R4, #2 i.
MOV R0, R4 BL printing_function .,
, f() .
ADD R4, R4, #1 i .
CMP R4, #0xA i 0xA (10). BLT (Branch Less Than) ,
i 10.
R0 0 ( 0) .

Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb)

_main
PUSH {R4,LR}
MOVS R4, #2

loc_132 ; CODE XREF: _main+E

MOVS R0, R4
BL printing_function
ADDS R4, R4, #1
CMP R4, #0xA
BLT loc_132
MOVS R0, #0
POP {R4,PC}

Xcode 4.6.3 (LLVM) ( Thumb-2)

_main
PUSH {R4,R7,LR}
MOVW R4, #0x1124 ; "%d\n"
MOVS R1, #2
MOVT.W R4, #0
ADD R7, SP, #4
ADD R4, PC
MOV R0, R4
BLX _printf
MOV R0, R4
MOVS R1, #3
BLX _printf
MOV R0, R4
MOVS R1, #4
BLX _printf
MOV R0, R4
MOVS R1, #5
BLX _printf
MOV R0, R4
MOVS R1, #6
BLX _printf
MOV R0, R4
MOVS R1, #7
BLX _printf
MOV R0, R4
MOVS R1, #8
BLX _printf
MOV R0, R4
MOVS R1, #9
BLX _printf
MOVS R0, #0
POP {R4,R7,PC}

185
 14. 14.
, f() :
void printing_function(int i)
{
printf ("%d\n", i);
};

LLVM , f() inline-,

8 . , ( )
, .

ARM64: GCC 4.9.1

14.7: GCC 4.9.1

printing_function:
; printf():
mov w1, w0
; "f(%d)\n"
adrp x0, .LC0
add x0, x0, :lo12:.LC0
; :
b printf
main:
; FP LR :
stp x29, x30, [sp, 32]!
; :
add x29, sp, 0
; X19 :
str x19, [sp,16]
; W19 .
; 2:
mov w19, 2
.L3:
; printing_function():
mov w0, w19
; .
add w19, w19, 1
; W0 .
bl printing_function
; ?
cmp w19, 10
; , :
bne .L3
; 0
mov w0, 0
; X19:
ldr x19, [sp,16]
; FP LR:
ldp x29, x30, [sp], 32
ret
.LC0:
.string "f(%d)\n"

ARM64: GCC 4.9.1

14.8: GCC 4.9.1 -fno-inline

printing_function:
; printf():
mov w1, w0
; "f(%d)\n"
adrp x0, .LC0
add x0, x0, :lo12:.LC0
; :
b printf
main:

186
 14. 14.
; FP LR :
stp x29, x30, [sp, 32]!
; :
add x29, sp, 0
; X19 :
str x19, [sp,16]
; W19 .
; 2:
mov w19, 2
.L3:
; printing_function():
mov w0, w19
; .
add w19, w19, 1
; W0 .
bl printing_function
; ?
cmp w19, 10
; , :
bne .L3
; 0
mov w0, 0
; X19:
ldr x19, [sp,16]
; FP LR:
ldp x29, x30, [sp], 32
ret
.LC0:
.string "f(%d)\n"

14.1.5. MIPS

14.9: GCC 4.4.5 (IDA)

main:

; IDA
; :
i = 0x10
saved_FP = 8
saved_RA = 4

; :
addiu $sp, 0x28
sw $ra, 0x28+saved_RA($sp)
sw $fp, 0x28+saved_FP($sp)
move $fp, $sp
; 2
li $v0, 2
sw $v0, 0x28+i($fp)
; . "BEQ $ZERO, $ZERO, loc_9C":
b loc_9C
or $at, $zero ; branch delay slot, NOP
#

loc_80: # CODE XREF: main+48

; printing_function():
lw $a0, 0x28+i($fp)
jal printing_function
or $at, $zero ; branch delay slot, NOP
; , :
lw $v0, 0x28+i($fp)
or $at, $zero ; NOP
addiu $v0, 1
sw $v0, 0x28+i($fp)

loc_9C: # CODE XREF: main+18

; , 10?

187
 14. 14.
lw $v0, 0x28+i($fp)
or $at, $zero ; NOP
slti $v0, 0xA
; 10, loc_80 ( ):
bnez $v0, loc_80
or $at, $zero ; branch delay slot, NOP
; , 0:
move $v0, $zero
; :
move $sp, $fp
lw $ra, 0x28+saved_RA($sp)
lw $fp, 0x28+saved_FP($sp)
addiu $sp, 0x28
jr $ra
or $at, $zero ; branch delay slot, NOP

B. , (BEQ).

14.1.6. -

: i, .
i, . .
, . , , :
for (i=0; i<total_entries_to_process; i++)
_;

total_entries_to_process 0, .
.
, , ,
, Keil, Xcode (LLVM),
MSVC GCC .

14.2.
4 8 , SIMD3 ,
, .. , , .
#include <stdio.h>

void my_memcpy (unsigned char* dst, unsigned char* src, size_t cnt)
{
size_t i;
for (i=0; i<cnt; i++)
dst[i]=src[i];
};

14.2.1.

14.10: GCC 4.9 x64 (-Os)

my_memcpy:
; RDI =
; RSI =
; RDX =

; (i) 0
xor eax, eax
.L2:
; ? :
cmp rax, rdx
je .L5
3 Single instruction, multiple data

188
 14. 14.
; RSI+i:
mov cl, BYTE PTR [rsi+rax]
; RDI+i:
mov BYTE PTR [rdi+rax], cl
inc rax ; i++
jmp .L2
.L5:
ret

14.11: GCC 4.9 ARM64 (-Os)

my_memcpy:
; X0 =
; X1 =
; X2 =

; (i) 0
mov x3, 0
.L2:
; ? :
cmp x3, x2
beq .L5
; X1+i:
ldrb w4, [x1,x3]
; X1+i:
strb w4, [x0,x3]
add x3, x3, 1 ; i++
b .L2
.L5:
ret

14.12: Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb)

my_memcpy PROC
; R0 =
; R1 =
; R2 =

PUSH {r4,lr}
; (i) 0
MOVS r3,#0
; -, :
B |L0.12|
|L0.6|
; R1+i:
LDRB r4,[r1,r3]
; R1+i:
STRB r4,[r0,r3]
; i++
ADDS r3,r3,#1
|L0.12|
; i<size?
CMP r3,r2
; ,
BCC |L0.6|
POP {r4,pc}
ENDP

14.2.2. ARM ARM

Keil ARM :

14.13: Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)

my_memcpy PROC
; R0 =
; R1 =
; R2 =

189
 14. 14.

; (i) 0
MOV r3,#0
|L0.4|
; ?
CMP r3,r2
; " ",
; .. R2<R3 i<size.
; R1+i:
LDRBCC r12,[r1,r3]
; R1+i:
STRBCC r12,[r0,r3]
; i++
ADDCC r3,r3,#1
; " ".
; , i<size
; , (.. i>=size)
BCC |L0.4|
;
BX lr
ENDP

14.2.3. MIPS

14.14: GCC 4.4.5 (-Os) (IDA)

my_memcpy:
; , :
b loc_14
; (i) 0
; \$v0:
move $v0, $zero ; branch delay slot

loc_8: # CODE XREF: my_memcpy+1C

; $t0 $v1:
lbu $v1, 0($t0)
; (i):
addiu $v0, 1
; $a3
sb $v1, 0($a3)

loc_14: # CODE XREF: my_memcpy

; , (i) $v0 ("cnt" $a2)
sltu $v1, $v0, $a2
; :
addu $t0, $a1, $v0
; $t0 = $a1+$v0 = src+i
; , "cnt":
bnez $v1, loc_8
; (\$a3 = \$a0+\$v0 = dst+i):
addu $a3, $a0, $v0 ; branch delay slot
; , BNEZ
jr $ra
or $at, $zero ; branch delay slot, NOP

: LBU (Load Byte Unsigned) SB (Store Byte). ARM,

MIPS 32 . , x86.
, 32- . LBU
(Unsigned). , LB (Load Byte) 32- . SB
8 .

14.2.4.

GCC : 25.1.2 (. 435).

190
 14. 14.
14.3.
2 9 :

14.15: x86
mov [counter], 2 ;
jmp check
body:
;
; -
;
add [counter], 1 ;
check:
cmp [counter], 9
jle body

3 :

14.16: x86
MOV [counter], 2 ;
JMP check
body:
;
; -
;
MOV REG, [counter] ;
INC REG
MOV [counter], REG
check:
CMP [counter], 9
JLE body

, :

14.17: x86
MOV EBX, 2 ;
JMP check
body:
;
; -
; EBX, !
INC EBX ;
check:
CMP EBX, 9
JLE body

14.18: x86
MOV [counter], 2 ;
JMP label_check
label_increment:
ADD [counter], 1 ;
label_check:
CMP [counter], 10
JGE exit
;
; -
;
JMP label_increment
exit:

, ,
. , , ,
:

191
 14. 14.
14.19: x86
MOV REG, 2 ;
body:
;
; -
; REG, !
INC REG ;
CMP REG, 10
JL body

LOOP. , . , ,
:

14.20: x86
; 10 1
MOV ECX, 10
body:
;
; -
; ECX, !
LOOP body

ARM. R4 :

14.21: ARM
MOV R4, 2 ;
B check
body:
;
; -
; R4, !
ADD R4,R4, #1 ;
check:
CMP R4, #10
BLT body

14.4.

14.4.1. #1

LOOP ?

14.4.2. #2

, (14.1.1 (. 178)), -
, , [6..20].

14.4.3. #3

14.22: MSVC 2010

$SG2795 DB '%d', 0aH, 00H

_main PROC
push esi
push edi
mov edi, DWORD PTR __imp__printf
mov esi, 100
npad 3 ; align next label
$LL3@main:
push esi

192
 14. 14.
push OFFSET $SG2795 ; '%d'
call edi
dec esi
add esp, 8
test esi, esi
jg SHORT $LL3@main
pop edi
xor eax, eax
pop esi
ret 0
_main ENDP

14.23: Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)

main PROC
PUSH {r4,lr}
MOV r4,#0x64
|L0.8|
MOV r1,r4
ADR r0,|L0.40|
BL __2printf
SUB r4,r4,#1
CMP r4,#0
MOVLE r0,#0
BGT |L0.8|
POP {r4,pc}
ENDP

|L0.40|
DCB "%d\n",0

14.24: Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb)

main PROC
PUSH {r4,lr}
MOVS r4,#0x64
|L0.4|
MOVS r1,r4
ADR r0,|L0.24|
BL __2printf
SUBS r4,r4,#1
CMP r4,#0
BGT |L0.4|
MOVS r0,#0
POP {r4,pc}
ENDP

DCW 0x0000
|L0.24|
DCB "%d\n",0

14.25: GCC 4.9 (ARM64)

main:
stp x29, x30, [sp, 32]!
add x29, sp, 0
stp x19, x20, [sp,16]
adrp x20, .LC0
mov w19, 100
add x20, x20, :lo12:.LC0
.L2:
mov w1, w19
mov x0, x20
bl printf
subs w19, w19, #1
bne .L2
ldp x19, x20, [sp,16]
ldp x29, x30, [sp], 32
ret
.LC0:

193
 14. 14.
.string "%d\n"

14.26: GCC 4.4.5 (MIPS) (IDA)

main:

var_18 = 0x18
var_C = 0xC
var_8 = 8
var_4 = 4

lui $gp, (__gnu_local_gp >> 16)

addiu $sp, 0x28
la $gp, (__gnu_local_gp & 0xFFFF)
sw $ra, 0x28+var_4($sp)
sw $s1, 0x28+var_8($sp)
sw $s0, 0x28+var_C($sp)
sw $gp, 0x28+var_18($sp)
la $s1, $LC0 # "%d\n"
li $s0, 0x64 # 'd'

loc_28: # CODE XREF: main+40

lw $t9, (printf & 0xFFFF)($gp)
move $a1, $s0
move $a0, $s1
jalr $t9
addiu $s0, 1
lw $gp, 0x28+var_18($sp)
bnez $s0, loc_28
or $at, $zero
lw $ra, 0x28+var_4($sp)
lw $s1, 0x28+var_8($sp)
lw $s0, 0x28+var_C($sp)
jr $ra
addiu $sp, 0x28

$LC0: .ascii "%d\n"<0> # DATA XREF: main+1C

: G.1.7 (. 986).

14.4.4. #4

14.27: MSVC 2010

$SG2795 DB '%d', 0aH, 00H

_main PROC
push esi
push edi
mov edi, DWORD PTR __imp__printf
mov esi, 1
npad 3 ; align next label
$LL3@main:
push esi
push OFFSET $SG2795 ; '%d'
call edi
add esi, 3
add esp, 8
cmp esi, 100
jl SHORT $LL3@main
pop edi
xor eax, eax
pop esi
ret 0
_main ENDP

194
 14. 14.
14.28: Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)
main PROC
PUSH {r4,lr}
MOV r4,#1
|L0.8|
MOV r1,r4
ADR r0,|L0.40|
BL __2printf
ADD r4,r4,#3
CMP r4,#0x64
MOVGE r0,#0
BLT |L0.8|
POP {r4,pc}
ENDP

|L0.40|
DCB "%d\n",0

14.29: Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb)

main PROC
PUSH {r4,lr}
MOVS r4,#1
|L0.4|
MOVS r1,r4
ADR r0,|L0.24|
BL __2printf
ADDS r4,r4,#3
CMP r4,#0x64
BLT |L0.4|
MOVS r0,#0
POP {r4,pc}
ENDP

DCW 0x0000
|L0.24|
DCB "%d\n",0

14.30: GCC 4.9 (ARM64)

main:
stp x29, x30, [sp, 32]!
add x29, sp, 0
stp x19, x20, [sp,16]
adrp x20, .LC0
mov w19, 1
add x20, x20, :lo12:.LC0
.L2:
mov w1, w19
mov x0, x20
add w19, w19, 3
bl printf
cmp w19, 100
bne .L2
ldp x19, x20, [sp,16]
ldp x29, x30, [sp], 32
ret
.LC0:
.string "%d\n"

14.31: GCC 4.4.5 (MIPS) (IDA)

main:

var_18 = 0x18
var_10 = 0x10
var_C = 0xC
var_8 = 8
var_4 = 4

195
 14. 14.
lui $gp, (__gnu_local_gp >> 16)
addiu $sp, 0x28
la $gp, (__gnu_local_gp & 0xFFFF)
sw $ra, 0x28+var_4($sp)
sw $s2, 0x28+var_8($sp)
sw $s1, 0x28+var_C($sp)
sw $s0, 0x28+var_10($sp)
sw $gp, 0x28+var_18($sp)
la $s2, $LC0 # "%d\n"
li $s0, 1
li $s1, 0x64 # 'd'

loc_30: # CODE XREF: main+48

lw $t9, (printf & 0xFFFF)($gp)
move $a1, $s0
move $a0, $s2
jalr $t9
addiu $s0, 3
lw $gp, 0x28+var_18($sp)
bne $s0, $s1, loc_30
or $at, $zero
lw $ra, 0x28+var_4($sp)
lw $s2, 0x28+var_8($sp)
lw $s1, 0x28+var_C($sp)
lw $s0, 0x28+var_10($sp)
jr $ra
addiu $sp, 0x28

$LC0: .ascii "%d\n"<0> # DATA XREF: main+20

: G.1.8 (. 987).

196
 15. - 15. -

15

15.1. strlen()
. strlen()1 while(). ,
MSVC:
int my_strlen (const char * str)
{
const char *eos = str;

while( *eos++ ) ;

return( eos str 1 );

}

int main()
{
// test
return my_strlen("hello!");
};

15.1.1. x86

MSVC

, :
_eos$ = 4 ; size = 4
_str$ = 8 ; size = 4
_strlen PROC
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
push ecx
mov eax, DWORD PTR _str$[ebp] ; "str"
mov DWORD PTR _eos$[ebp], eax ; "eos"
$LN2@strlen_:
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _eos$[ebp] ; ECX=eos

; , ECX EDX 32- ,

movsx edx, BYTE PTR [ecx]

mov eax, DWORD PTR _eos$[ebp] ; EAX=eos
add eax, 1 ; EAX
mov DWORD PTR _eos$[ebp], eax ; eax "eos"
test edx, edx ; EDX ?
je SHORT $LN1@strlen_ ; , EDX ,
jmp SHORT $LN2@strlen_ ;
$LN1@strlen_:

197
 15. - 15. -
;

mov eax, DWORD PTR _eos$[ebp]

sub eax, DWORD PTR _str$[ebp]
sub eax, 1 ;
mov esp, ebp
pop ebp
ret 0
_strlen_ ENDP

: MOVSX TEST.
. MOVSX , - ,
, EDX. EDX 32-. MOVSX MOV with Sign-Extend. 8-
31- MOVSX , , , .
.
MSVC GCC char . , char, int (int
), -2 ( 0xFE) int,
0x000000FE, , int, , 254, -2. -2 int
0xFFFFFFFE. 0xFE char int
, . MOVSX.
. (30 (. 471)).
char EDX,
, DL. , . register allocator
.
TEST EDX, EDX. TEST (19 (. 316)).
EDX 0.

GCC

GCC 4.4.1:
public strlen
strlen proc near

eos = dword ptr 4

arg_0 = dword ptr 8

push ebp
mov ebp, esp
sub esp, 10h
mov eax, [ebp+arg_0]
mov [ebp+eos], eax

loc_80483F0:
mov eax, [ebp+eos]
movzx eax, byte ptr [eax]
test al, al
setnz al
add [ebp+eos], 1
test al, al
jnz short loc_80483F0
mov edx, [ebp+eos]
mov eax, [ebp+arg_0]
mov ecx, edx
sub ecx, eax
mov eax, ecx
sub eax, 1
leave
retn
strlen endp

MSVC, MOVZX, MOVSX. MOVZX MOV with Zero-Extend.

- 0. ,
, : xor eax, eax / mov al, [...].

198
 15. - 15. -
, , : mov al, byte ptr [eax] / test al,
al , EAX . ,
. , ,
( ) .
SETNZ. , AL , test al, al
ZF 0, SETNZ, ZF==0 (NZ not zero) 1 AL. , AL , -
loc_80483F0. , ,
.

MSVC

MSVC 2012, (/Ox) :

15.1: MSVC 2012 /Ob0

_str$ = 8 ; size = 4
_strlen PROC
mov edx, DWORD PTR _str$[esp4] ; EDX >
mov eax, edx ; EAX
$LL2@strlen:
mov cl, BYTE PTR [eax] ; CL = *EAX
inc eax ; EAX++
test cl, cl ; CL==0?
jne SHORT $LL2@strlen ; ,
sub eax, edx ;
dec eax ; EAX
ret 0
_strlen ENDP

. ,
.
INC/ DEC -. .

199
 15. - 15. -
MSVC + OllyDbg

() OllyDbg. :

. 15.1: OllyDbg:

, OllyDbg , , .
EAX, Follow in Dump , .
hello!. 1 , . OllyDbg ,
- , .

200
 15. - 15. -
F8 ( , ) , :

. 15.2: OllyDbg:

, EAX .

201
 15. - 15. -
F8 , :

. 15.3: OllyDbg:

, EAX , . EDX
. .

202
 15. - 15. -
SUB :

. 15.4: OllyDbg: EAX

EAX 7. , hello! 6, -
7. strlen() .
.

GCC

GCC 4.4.1 ( -O3):

public strlen
strlen proc near

arg_0 = dword ptr 8

push ebp
mov ebp, esp
mov ecx, [ebp+arg_0]
mov eax, ecx

loc_8048418:
movzx edx, byte ptr [eax]
add eax, 1
test dl, dl
jnz short loc_8048418
not ecx
add eax, ecx
pop ebp
retn
strlen endp

GCC MSVC MOVZX.

, MOVZX mov dl, byte ptr [eax].
, GCC , char 32-
EDX , .
NOT. . ,
XOR ECX, 0ffffffffh. NOT ADD

203
 15. - 15. -
. -. ECX,
str, .
. : (30 (. 471)).
, , , :
ecx=str;
eax=eos;
ecx=(ecx)1;
eax=eax+ecx
return eax

:
ecx=str;
eax=eos;
eax=eaxecx;
eax=eax1;
return eax

GCC , ? . , -
.

15.1.2. ARM

32- ARM

Xcode 4.6.3 (LLVM) ( ARM)

15.2: Xcode 4.6.3 (LLVM) ( ARM)

_strlen

eos = 8
str = 4

SUB SP, SP, #8 ; 8

STR R0, [SP,#8+str]
LDR R0, [SP,#8+str]
STR R0, [SP,#8+eos]

loc_2CB8 ; CODE XREF: _strlen+28

LDR R0, [SP,#8+eos]
ADD R1, R0, #1
STR R1, [SP,#8+eos]
LDRSB R0, [R0]
CMP R0, #0
BEQ loc_2CD4
B loc_2CB8
loc_2CD4 ; CODE XREF: _strlen+24
LDR R0, [SP,#8+eos]
LDR R1, [SP,#8+str]
SUB R0, R0, R1 ; R0=eosstr
SUB R0, R0, #1 ; R0=R01
ADD SP, SP, #8 ; 8
BX LR

LLVM . , -
. :
eos str. IDA var_8 var_4 eos str .
, str eos.
loc_2CB8 .
(LDR, ADD, STR) eos R0.
eos .

204
 15. - 15. -
LDRSB R0, [R0] (Load Register Signed Byte) R0, -
32- (signed) R02 . MOVSX x86.
(signed), char .
(15.1.1 (. 198)) , x86.
, ARM 8- 16- , -
x86. , , x86 ,
16- 8086 8- 8080, ARM 32- RISC-. -
, ARM, 32- .
, LDRSB R0, . CMP BEQ ,
0. 0, . 0, .
eos str, ,
R0.
N.B. . R0-R3 scratch registers.
,
. , .
, .
(BX) LR.

Xcode 4.6.3 (LLVM) ( Thumb)

15.3: Xcode 4.6.3 (LLVM) ( Thumb)

_strlen
MOV R1, R0

loc_2DF6
LDRB.W R2, [R1],#1
CMP R2, #0
BNE loc_2DF6
MVNS R0, R0
ADD R0, R1
BX LR

LLVM , eos str ,

. str R0, eos R1.
LDRB.W R2, [R1],#1 R2 R1, (signed),
32- , . #1 Post-indexed addressing, ..
R1 .
: 28.2 (. 464).
CMP BNE3 . , 0.
MVNS4 ( , NOT x86) ADD eos str 1. ,
R0 = str + eos, , . ,
, (15.1.1 (. 203)).
, LLVM, GCC, , ( ).

Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)

15.4: Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)

_strlen
MOV R1, R0

loc_2C8
LDRB R2, [R1],#1
CMP R2, #0
SUBEQ R0, R1, R0
SUBEQ R0, R0, #1
2 Keil char , MSVC GCC.
3 (PowerPC, ARM) Branch if Not Equal
4 MoVe Not

205
 15. - 15. -
BNE loc_2C8
BX LR

, , , str eos 1
, . -EQ ,
CMP . , R0 0,
SUBEQ R0.

ARM64

GCC (Linaro) 4.9

my_strlen:
mov x1, x0
; X1 (eos), ,
.L58:
; X1 W2, X1 (-)
ldrb w2, [x1],1
; Compare and Branch if NonZero: W0 , .L58
cbnz w2, .L58
; X0 X1
sub x0, x1, x0
; 32-
sub w0, w0, #1
ret

15.1.1 (. 199): , ,
1 . .
, : my_strlen() 32- int,
size_t 64- .
, , strlen() , 4GB,
64- 64- . - ,
SUB 32- , SUB
64- ( ). , ,
, .

GCC (Linaro) 4.9

my_strlen:
;
sub sp, sp, #32
; (str) [sp,8]
str x0, [sp,8]
ldr x0, [sp,8]
; "str" "eos"
str x0, [sp,24]
nop
.L62:
; eos++
ldr x0, [sp,24] ; "eos" X0
add x1, x0, 1 ; X0
str x1, [sp,24] ; X0 "eos"
; X0 W0
ldrb w0, [x0]
; ? (WZR 32- )
cmp w0, wzr
; (Branch Not Equal)
bne .L62
; . .
; "eos" X1
ldr x1, [sp,24]
; "str" X0
ldr x0, [sp,8]
;

206
 15. - 15. -
sub x0, x1, x0
;
sub w0, w0, #1
;
add sp, sp, 32
ret

. ( ). :
32- .

15.1.3. MIPS

15.5: GCC 4.4.5 (IDA)

my_strlen:
; "eos" $v1:
move $v1, $a0

loc_4:
; "eos" $a1:
lb $a1, 0($v1)
or $at, $zero ; load delay slot, NOP
; , loc_4:
bnez $a1, loc_4
; , "eos":
addiu $v1, 1 ; branch delay slot
; . "str":
nor $v0, $zero, $a0
; $v0=str1
jr $ra
; = $v1 + $v0 = eos + ( str1 ) = eos str 1
addu $v0, $v1, $v0 ; branch delay slot

MIPS NOT, NOR OR + NOT. -

5 , . NOT NOR DST, $ZERO, SRC.
30 (. 471), ,
1 . NOT str str 1.
.

15.2.

15.2.1. #1

15.6: MSVC 2010

_s$ = 8
_f PROC
mov edx, DWORD PTR _s$[esp4]
mov cl, BYTE PTR [edx]
xor eax, eax
test cl, cl
je SHORT $LN2@f
npad 4 ; align next label
$LL4@f:
cmp cl, 32
jne SHORT $LN3@f
inc eax
$LN3@f:
mov cl, BYTE PTR [edx+1]
inc edx
test cl, cl
5 NOR . , Apollo Guidance Computer -

5600 NOR: [Eic11].

207
 15. - 15. -
jne SHORT $LL4@f
$LN2@f:
ret 0
_f ENDP

15.7: GCC 4.8.1 -O3

f:
.LFB24:
push ebx
mov ecx, DWORD PTR [esp+8]
xor eax, eax
movzx edx, BYTE PTR [ecx]
test dl, dl
je .L2
.L3:
cmp dl, 32
lea ebx, [eax+1]
cmove eax, ebx
add ecx, 1
movzx edx, BYTE PTR [ecx]
test dl, dl
jne .L3
.L2:
pop ebx
ret

15.8: Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)

f PROC
MOV r1,#0
|L0.4|
LDRB r2,[r0,#0]
CMP r2,#0
MOVEQ r0,r1
BXEQ lr
CMP r2,#0x20
ADDEQ r1,r1,#1
ADD r0,r0,#1
B |L0.4|
ENDP

15.9: Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb)

f PROC
MOVS r1,#0
B |L0.12|
|L0.4|
CMP r2,#0x20
BNE |L0.10|
ADDS r1,r1,#1
|L0.10|
ADDS r0,r0,#1
|L0.12|
LDRB r2,[r0,#0]
CMP r2,#0
BNE |L0.4|
MOVS r0,r1
BX lr
ENDP

15.10: GCC 4.9 (ARM64)

f:
ldrb w1, [x0]
cbz w1, .L4
mov w2, 0
.L3:
cmp w1, 32
ldrb w1, [x0,1]!

208
 15. - 15. -
csinc w2, w2, w2, ne
cbnz w1, .L3
.L2:
mov w0, w2
ret
.L4:
mov w2, w1
b .L2

15.11: GCC 4.4.5 (MIPS) (IDA)

f:
lb $v1, 0($a0)
or $at, $zero
beqz $v1, locret_48
li $a1, 0x20 # ' '
b loc_28
move $v0, $zero
loc_18: # CODE XREF: f:loc_28
lb $v1, 0($a0)
or $at, $zero
beqz $v1, locret_40
or $at, $zero

loc_28: # CODE XREF: f+10

# f+38
bne $v1, $a1, loc_18
addiu $a0, 1
lb $v1, 0($a0)
or $at, $zero
bnez $v1, loc_28
addiu $v0, 1

locret_40: # CODE XREF: f+20

jr $ra
or $at, $zero
locret_48: # CODE XREF: f+8
jr $ra
move $v0, $zero

G.1.9 (. 987).

209
 16. 16.

16

, . , ADD
SUB : 18 .52.1.
, . LEA, ,
: A.6.2 (. 965).

16.1.

16.1.1.

16.1: MSVC 2010

unsigned int f(unsigned int a)
{
return a*8;
};

8 , . , MSVC
, .
_TEXT SEGMENT
_a$ = 8 ; size = 4
_f PROC
; File c:\polygon\c\2.c
mov eax, DWORD PTR _a$[esp4]
add eax, eax
add eax, eax
add eax, eax
ret 0
_f ENDP
_TEXT ENDS
END

16.1.2.

2n .
unsigned int f(unsigned int a)
{
return a*4;
};

210
 16. 16.
16.2: MSVC 2010
_a$ = 8 ; size = 4
_f PROC
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
mov eax, DWORD PTR _a$[ebp]
shl eax, 2
pop ebp
ret 0
_f ENDP

4 2 , 2 ( ).
3 100 .
:

7. 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

CF 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0

.
4 ARM:

16.3: Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)

f PROC
LSL r0,r0,#2
BX lr
ENDP

4 MIPS:

16.4: GCC 4.4.5 (IDA)

jr $ra
sll $v0, $a0, 2 ; branch delay slot

SLL Shift Left Logical.

16.1.3. ,

, 7 17, .
.

32-

#include <stdint.h>

int f1(int a)
{
return a*7;
};

int f2(int a)
{
return a*28;
};

int f3(int a)
{
return a*17;
};

211
 16. 16.
x86

16.5: MSVC 2012

; a*7
_a$ = 8
_f1 PROC
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _a$[esp4]
; ECX=a
lea eax, DWORD PTR [ecx*8]
; EAX=ECX*8
sub eax, ecx
; EAX=EAXECX=ECX*8ECX=ECX*7=a*7
ret 0
_f1 ENDP

; a*28
_a$ = 8
_f2 PROC
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _a$[esp4]
; ECX=a
lea eax, DWORD PTR [ecx*8]
; EAX=ECX*8
sub eax, ecx
; EAX=EAXECX=ECX*8ECX=ECX*7=a*7
shl eax, 2
; EAX=EAX<<2=(a*7)*4=a*28
ret 0
_f2 ENDP

; a*17
_a$ = 8
_f3 PROC
mov eax, DWORD PTR _a$[esp4]
; EAX=a
shl eax, 4
; EAX=EAX<<4=EAX*16=a*16
add eax, DWORD PTR _a$[esp4]
; EAX=EAX+a=a*16+a=a*17
ret 0
_f3 ENDP

ARM

Keil, ARM, ,
:

16.6: Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)

; a*7
||f1|| PROC
RSB r0,r0,r0,LSL #3
; R0=R0<<3R0=R0*8R0=a*8a=a*7
BX lr
ENDP

; a*28
||f2|| PROC
RSB r0,r0,r0,LSL #3
; R0=R0<<3R0=R0*8R0=a*8a=a*7
LSL r0,r0,#2
; R0=R0<<2=R0*4=a*7*4=a*28
BX lr
ENDP

; a*17
||f3|| PROC
ADD r0,r0,r0,LSL #4

212
 16. 16.
; R0=R0+R0<<4=R0+R0*16=R0*17=a*17
BX lr
ENDP

Thumb . f2():

16.7: Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb)

; a*7
||f1|| PROC
LSLS r1,r0,#3
; R1=R0<<3=a<<3=a*8
SUBS r0,r1,r0
; R0=R1R0=a*8a=a*7
BX lr
ENDP

; a*28
||f2|| PROC
MOVS r1,#0x1c ; 28
; R1=28
MULS r0,r1,r0
; R0=R1*R0=28*a
BX lr
ENDP

; a*17
||f3|| PROC
LSLS r1,r0,#4
; R1=R0<<4=R0*16=a*16
ADDS r0,r0,r1
; R0=R0+R1=a+a*16=a*17
BX lr
ENDP

MIPS

16.8: GCC 4.4.5 (IDA)

_f1:
sll $v0, $a0, 3
; $v0 = $a0<<3 = $a0*8
jr $ra
subu $v0, $a0 ; branch delay slot
; $v0 = $v0$a0 = $a0*8$a0 = $a0*7

_f2:
sll $v0, $a0, 5
; $v0 = $a0<<5 = $a0*32
sll $a0, 2
; $a0 = $a0<<2 = $a0*4
jr $ra
subu $v0, $a0 ; branch delay slot
; $v0 = $a0*32$a0*4 = $a0*28

_f3:
sll $v0, $a0, 4
; $v0 = $a0<<4 = $a0*16
jr $ra
addu $v0, $a0 ; branch delay slot
; $v0 = $a0*16+$a0 = $a0*17

64-

#include <stdint.h>

213
 16. 16.
int64_t f1(int64_t a)
{
return a*7;
};

int64_t f2(int64_t a)
{
return a*28;
};

int64_t f3(int64_t a)
{
return a*17;
};

x64

16.9: MSVC 2012

; a*7
f1:
lea rax, [0+rdi*8]
; RAX=RDI*8=a*8
sub rax, rdi
; RAX=RAXRDI=a*8a=a*7
ret

; a*28
f2:
lea rax, [0+rdi*4]
; RAX=RDI*4=a*4
sal rdi, 5
; RDI=RDI<<5=RDI*32=a*32
sub rdi, rax
; RDI=RDIRAX=a*32a*4=a*28
mov rax, rdi
ret

; a*17
f3:
mov rax, rdi
sal rax, 4
; RAX=RAX<<4=a*16
add rax, rdi
; RAX=a*16+a=a*17
ret

ARM64

GCC 4.9 ARM64 :

16.10: GCC (Linaro) 4.9 ARM64

; a*7
f1:
lsl x1, x0, 3
; X1=X0<<3=X0*8=a*8
sub x0, x1, x0
; X0=X1X0=a*8a=a*7
ret

; a*28
f2:
lsl x1, x0, 5
; X1=X0<<5=a*32
sub x0, x1, x0, lsl 2

214
 16. 16.
; X0=X1X0<<2=a*32a<<2=a*32a*4=a*28
ret

; a*17
f3:
add x0, x0, x0, lsl 4
; X0=X0+X0<<4=a+a*16=a*17
ret

16.2.

16.2.1.

, 4:
unsigned int f(unsigned int a)
{
return a/4;
};

(MSVC 2010):

16.11: MSVC 2010

_a$ = 8 ; size = 4
_f PROC
mov eax, DWORD PTR _a$[esp4]
shr eax, 2
ret 0
_f ENDP

SHR (SHift Right) 2 .

(.. ) . 2 . ,
.
SHR SHL, .

7. 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

0 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 CF

, , 23. 23
10 (3 ). 2 .

, , - , -
!

4 ARM:

16.12: Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)

f PROC
LSR r0,r0,#2
BX lr
ENDP

4 MIPS:

16.13: GCC 4.4.5 (IDA)

jr $ra
srl $v0, $a0, 2 ; branch delay slot

SRL Shift Right Logical.

215
 16. 16.
16.3.

16.3.1. #2

16.14: MSVC 2010

_a$ = 8
_f PROC
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _a$[esp4]
lea eax, DWORD PTR [ecx*8]
sub eax, ecx
ret 0
_f ENDP

16.15: Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)

f PROC
RSB r0,r0,r0,LSL #3
BX lr
ENDP

16.16: Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb)

f PROC
LSLS r1,r0,#3
SUBS r0,r1,r0
BX lr
ENDP

16.17: GCC 4.9 (ARM64)

f:
lsl w1, w0, 3
sub w0, w1, w0
ret

16.18: GCC 4.4.5 (MIPS) (IDA)

f:
sll $v0, $a0, 3
jr $ra
subu $v0, $a0

G.1.10 (. 987).

216
 17. FPU 17. FPU

17

FPU

FPU .
CPU.

17.1. IEEE 754

IEEE 754 , 1 .

17.2. x86
FPU x86 2
Forth3 .
, ( 80486) ,
, . 4 . 80486 DX
FPU.
FWAIT, CPU , FPU
. , FPU- .. escape- (D8..DF)
, .
FPU 80- : ST(0)..ST(7). , IDA OllyDbg ST(0) ST,
Stack Top ( ).
IEEE 7545 .

17.3. ARM, MIPS, x86/x64 SIMD

ARM MIPS FPU , . SIMD
x86/x64.

17.4. /++
/++ : oat ( 6 ,
32 ) 7 double ( 8 , 64 ).
1 signicand fraction
2 wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_machine
3 wikipedia.org/wiki/Forth_(programming_language)
4 , Doom (ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/___),

32- GPR (16 16 ), Doom 32- FPU, .. 80386

80486 SX.
5 wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_oating_point
6 wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-precision_oating-point_format
7 oat (21.6.2

(. 390)).
8 wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-precision_oating-point_format

217
 17. FPU 17. FPU
GCC long double (extended precision9 , 80 ), MSVC .
, oat , int 32- , ,
, .

17.5.
:
#include <stdio.h>

double f (double a, double b)

{
return a/3.14 + b*4.1;
};

int main()
{
printf ("%f\n", f(1.2, 3.4));
};

17.5.1. x86

MSVC

MSVC 2010:

17.1: MSVC 2010: f()

CONST SEGMENT
__real@4010666666666666 DQ 04010666666666666r ; 4.1
CONST ENDS
CONST SEGMENT
__real@40091eb851eb851f DQ 040091eb851eb851fr ; 3.14
CONST ENDS
_TEXT SEGMENT
_a$ = 8 ; size = 8
_b$ = 16 ; size = 8
_f PROC
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
fld QWORD PTR _a$[ebp]

; : ST(0) = _a

fdiv QWORD PTR __real@40091eb851eb851f

; : ST(0) = _a 3.14

fld QWORD PTR _b$[ebp]

; : ST(0) = _b; ST(1) = _a 3.14

fmul QWORD PTR __real@4010666666666666

; :
; ST(0) = _b 4.1;
; ST(1) = _a 3.14

faddp ST(1), ST(0)

; : ST(0) =

pop ebp
ret 0
9 wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_precision

218
 17. FPU 17. FPU
_f ENDP

FLD 8 ST(0), 80-

(extended precision).
FDIV ST(0) , __real@40091eb851eb851f
3,14. ,
3,14 IEEE 754.
FDIV ST(0) .
, FDIVP, ST(1) ST(0), -
. Forth10 , 11 .
FLD b.
ST(1) , ST(0) b.
FMUL b ST(0) __real@4010666666666666 4,1
ST(0).
FADDP ST(1) ,
ST(0). ST(0).
ST(0), , .

10 wikipedia.org/wiki/Forth_(programming_language)
11 wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_machine

219
 17. FPU 17. FPU
MSVC + OllyDbg

2 32- . IEEE 754,

main(). , FLD 1,2 ST(0):

. 17.1: OllyDbg: FLD

- 64- IEEE 754 80- ( FPU),

1,1999, 1,2. EIP (FDIV),
. , OllyDbg : 3,14.

220
 17. FPU 17. FPU
. FDIV , ST(0) 0,382 (quotient):

. 17.2: OllyDbg: FDIV

221
 17. FPU 17. FPU
: FLD , ST(0) 3,4 ( 3,39999) :

. 17.3: OllyDbg: FLD

quotient ST(1). EIP : FMUL. 4,1

, OllyDbg .

222
 17. FPU 17. FPU
: FMUL , ST(0) :

. 17.4: OllyDbg: FMUL

223
 17. FPU 17. FPU
: FADDP , ST(0) , ST(1) :

. 17.5: OllyDbg: FADDP

ST(0) ST(0). main()

.
- : 13,93 ST(7). ?
, FPU : 17.2 (. 217). . ,
, . ( ) ,
7 ( ) , .
FPU 8 ( TOP), ,
. TOP ,
. .
. (, , ,
). . , FADDP ,
. , TOP.
, FPU .

GCC

GCC 4.4.1 ( -O3) , :

17.2: GCC 4.4.1

public f
f proc near

arg_0 = qword ptr 8

arg_8 = qword ptr 10h

push ebp
fld ds:dbl_8048608 ; 3.14

; : ST(0) = 3.14

224
 17. FPU 17. FPU

mov ebp, esp

fdivr [ebp+arg_0]

; : ST(0) =

fld ds:dbl_8048610 ; 4.1

; : ST(0) = 4.1, ST(1) =

fmul [ebp+arg_8]

; : ST(0) = , ST(1) =

pop ebp
faddp st(1), st

; : ST(0) =

retn
f endp

, 3,14 ( ST(0)), arg_0 ,

ST(0).
FDIVR Reverse Divide , . -
, ( ),
FMUL -R .
FADDP , . ST(0)
.

17.5.2. ARM: Xcode 4.6.3 (LLVM) ( ARM)

ARM , -
. VFP (Vector Floating Point).
x86 , FPU-, , .

17.3: Xcode 4.6.3 (LLVM) ( ARM)

f
VLDR D16, =3.14
VMOV D17, R0, R1 ; "a"
VMOV D18, R2, R3 ; "b"
VDIV.F64 D16, D17, D16 ; a/3.14
VLDR D17, =4.1
VMUL.F64 D17, D18, D17 ; b*4.1
VADD.F64 D16, D17, D16 ; +
VMOV R0, R1, D16
BX LR

dbl_2C98 DCFD 3.14 ; DATA XREF: f

dbl_2CA0 DCFD 4.1 ; DATA XREF: f+10

, D. 64- . 32 -
(double) SIMD ( ARM NEON).
32 32- S-. (oat).
: D- double-, S- single-. -
: B.3.3 (. 976).
(3,14 4,1) IEEE 754.
VLDR VMOV, , LDR MOV, D-.
, , D-, ,
SIMD (NEON), .
R-, , ,
64 , R-.
VMOV D17, R0, R1 32- R0 R1 64- D17.

225
 17. FPU 17. FPU
VMOV R0, R1, D16 : D16 R0 R1,
, 64 , R0 R1.
VDIV, VMUL VADD, , , , ,
.
Thumb-2 .

17.5.3. ARM: Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb)

f
PUSH {R3R7,LR}
MOVS R7, R2
MOVS R4, R3
MOVS R5, R0
MOVS R6, R1
LDR R2, =0x66666666 ; 4.1
LDR R3, =0x40106666
MOVS R0, R7
MOVS R1, R4
BL __aeabi_dmul
MOVS R7, R0
MOVS R4, R1
LDR R2, =0x51EB851F ; 3.14
LDR R3, =0x40091EB8
MOVS R0, R5
MOVS R1, R6
BL __aeabi_ddiv
MOVS R2, R7
MOVS R3, R4
BL __aeabi_dadd
POP {R3R7,PC}

; 4.1 IEEE 754:

dword_364 DCD 0x66666666 ; DATA XREF: f+A
dword_368 DCD 0x40106666 ; DATA XREF: f+C
; 3.14 IEEE 754:
dword_36C DCD 0x51EB851F ; DATA XREF: f+1A
dword_370 DCD 0x40091EB8 ; DATA XREF: f+1C

Keil , FPU NEON.

R-, FPU-
__aeabi_dmul, __aeabi_ddiv, __aeabi_dadd, , -
. , FPU-, , .
, x86 -
.
FPU- ARM soft oat armel (emulation), FPU- -
hard oat armhf.

17.5.4. ARM64: GCC (Linaro) 4.9

17.4: GCC (Linaro) 4.9

f:
; D0 = a, D1 = b
ldr d2, .LC25 ; 3.14
; D2 = 3.14
fdiv d0, d0, d2
; D0 = D0/D2 = a/3.14
ldr d2, .LC26 ; 4.1
; D2 = 4.1
fmadd d0, d1, d2, d0
; D0 = D1*D2+D0 = b*4.1+a/3.14
ret

226
 17. FPU 17. FPU
; IEEE 754:
.LC25:
.word 1374389535 ; 3.14
.word 1074339512
.LC26:
.word 1717986918 ; 4.1
.word 1074816614

17.5.5. ARM64: GCC (Linaro) 4.9

17.5: GCC (Linaro) 4.9

f:
sub sp, sp, #16
str d0, [sp,8] ; "a" Register Save Area
str d1, [sp] ; "b" Register Save Area
ldr x1, [sp,8]
; X1 = a
ldr x0, .LC25
; X0 = 3.14
fmov d0, x1
fmov d1, x0
; D0 = a, D1 = 3.14
fdiv d0, d0, d1
; D0 = D0/D1 = a/3.14

fmov x1, d0
; X1 = a/3.14
ldr x2, [sp]
; X2 = b
ldr x0, .LC26
; X0 = 4.1
fmov d0, x2
; D0 = b
fmov d1, x0
; D1 = 4.1
fmul d0, d0, d1
; D0 = D0*D1 = b*4.1

fmov x0, d0
; X0 = D0 = b*4.1
fmov d0, x1
; D0 = a/3.14
fmov d1, x0
; D1 = X0 = b*4.1
fadd d0, d0, d1
; D0 = D0+D1 = a/3.14 + b*4.1

fmov x0, d0 ; \
fmov d0, x0 ; /
add sp, sp, 16
ret
.LC25:
.word 1374389535 ; 3.14
.word 1074339512
.LC26:
.word 1717986918 ; 4.1
.word 1074816614

GCC . , -
( GMOV). , GCC 4.9
ARM64. ARM64 64- D- 64-.
double GPR . 32- CPU.
, , , -
FMADD.

227
 17. FPU 17. FPU
17.5.6. MIPS

MIPS ( 4),
, FPU.
ARM, MIPS . 32 32- ($F0-$F31): C.1.2 (. 978).
64- double, 32- F-.

17.6: GCC 4.4.5 (IDA)

f:
; $f12$f13=A
; $f14$f15=B
lui $v0, (dword_C4 >> 16) ; ?
; 32- 3.14 $f0:
lwc1 $f0, dword_BC
or $at, $zero ; load delay slot, NOP
; 32- 3.14 $f1:
lwc1 $f1, $LC0
lui $v0, ($LC1 >> 16) ; ?
; A $f12$f13, 3.14 $f0$f1, :
div.d $f0, $f12, $f0
; $f0$f1=A/3.14
; 32- 4.1 $f2:
lwc1 $f2, dword_C4
or $at, $zero ; load delay slot, NOP
; 32- 4.1 $f3:
lwc1 $f3, $LC1
or $at, $zero ; load delay slot, NOP
; B $f14$f15, 4.1 $f2$f3, :
mul.d $f2, $f14, $f2
; $f2$f3=B*4.1
jr $ra
; 64- $f0$f1:
add.d $f0, $f2 ; branch delay slot, NOP

.rodata.cst8:000000B8 $LC0: .word 0x40091EB8 # DATA XREF: f+C

.rodata.cst8:000000BC dword_BC: .word 0x51EB851F # DATA XREF: f+4
.rodata.cst8:000000C0 $LC1: .word 0x40106666 # DATA XREF: f+10
.rodata.cst8:000000C4 dword_C4: .word 0x66666666 # DATA XREF: f

:
LWC1 32- ( 1 ). -
LWC1 L.D.
DIV.D, MUL.D, ADD.D , (.D -
, .S )
: LUI .
, 64- double $V0. .
- - , , 12 .

17.6.

#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main ()
{
printf ("32.01 ^ 1.54 = %lf\n", pow (32.01,1.54));

return 0;
}

12 dennis(a)yurichev.com

228
 17. FPU 17. FPU
17.6.1. x86

, (MSVC 2010):

17.7: MSVC 2010

CONST SEGMENT
__real@40400147ae147ae1 DQ 040400147ae147ae1r ; 32.01
__real@3ff8a3d70a3d70a4 DQ 03ff8a3d70a3d70a4r ; 1.54
CONST ENDS

_main PROC
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
sub esp, 8 ;
fld QWORD PTR __real@3ff8a3d70a3d70a4
fstp QWORD PTR [esp]
sub esp, 8 ;
fld QWORD PTR __real@40400147ae147ae1
fstp QWORD PTR [esp]
call _pow
add esp, 8 ; "" .

; 8 .
; ST(0)

fstp QWORD PTR [esp] ; ST(0) printf()

push OFFSET $SG2651
call _printf
add esp, 12
xor eax, eax
pop ebp
ret 0
_main ENDP

FLD FSTP FPU- . pow()13

FPU- ST(0). printf() 8 double.
, MOV:
IEEE 754, pow() , .
, ARM: 17.6.2 (. 229).

17.6.2. ARM + Xcode 4.6.3 (LLVM) ( Thumb-2)

_main

var_C = 0xC

PUSH {R7,LR}
MOV R7, SP
SUB SP, SP, #4
VLDR D16, =32.01
VMOV R0, R1, D16
VLDR D16, =1.54
VMOV R2, R3, D16
BLX _pow
VMOV D16, R0, R1
MOV R0, 0xFC1 ; "32.01 ^ 1.54 = %lf\n"
ADD R0, PC
VMOV R1, R2, D16
BLX _printf
MOVS R1, 0
STR R0, [SP,#0xC+var_C]
MOV R0, R1
ADD SP, SP, #4
POP {R7,PC}

13 ,

229
 17. FPU 17. FPU
dbl_2F90 DCFD 32.01 ; DATA XREF: _main+6
dbl_2F98 DCFD 1.54 ; DATA XREF: _main+E

, 64- R-.
(, ), R-
D-.
, , _pow R0 R1, R2 R3. R0
R1. _pow D16, R1 R2, printf() -.

17.6.3. ARM + Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)

_main
STMFD SP!, {R4R6,LR}
LDR R2, =0xA3D70A4 ; y
LDR R3, =0x3FF8A3D7
LDR R0, =0xAE147AE1 ; x
LDR R1, =0x40400147
BL pow
MOV R4, R0
MOV R2, R4
MOV R3, R1
ADR R0, a32_011_54Lf ; "32.01 ^ 1.54 = %lf\n"
BL __2printf
MOV R0, #0
LDMFD SP!, {R4R6,PC}

y DCD 0xA3D70A4 ; DATA XREF: _main+4

dword_520 DCD 0x3FF8A3D7 ; DATA XREF: _main+8
; double x
x DCD 0xAE147AE1 ; DATA XREF: _main+C
dword_528 DCD 0x40400147 ; DATA XREF: _main+10
a32_011_54Lf DCB "32.01 ^ 1.54 = %lf",0xA,0
; DATA XREF: _main+24

D-, R-.

17.6.4. ARM64 + GCC (Linaro) 4.9

17.8: GCC (Linaro) 4.9

f:
stp x29, x30, [sp, 16]!
add x29, sp, 0
ldr d1, .LC1 ; 1.54 D1
ldr d0, .LC0 ; 32.01 D0
bl pow
; pow() D0
adrp x0, .LC2
add x0, x0, :lo12:.LC2
bl printf
mov w0, 0
ldp x29, x30, [sp], 16
ret
.LC0:
; 32.01 IEEE 754
.word 1374389535
.word 1077936455
.LC1:
; 1.54 IEEE 754
.word 171798692
.word 1073259479
.LC2:
.string "32.01 ^ 1.54 = %lf\n"

230
 17. FPU 17. FPU
D0 D1: pow() . D0 pow().
printf() , printf()
X-, D-.

17.6.5. MIPS

17.9: GCC 4.4.5 (IDA)

main:

var_10 = 0x10
var_4 = 4

; :
lui $gp, (dword_9C >> 16)
addiu $sp, 0x20
la $gp, (__gnu_local_gp & 0xFFFF)
sw $ra, 0x20+var_4($sp)
sw $gp, 0x20+var_10($sp)
lui $v0, (dword_A4 >> 16) ; ?
; 32- 32.01:
lwc1 $f12, dword_9C
; pow():
lw $t9, (pow & 0xFFFF)($gp)
; 32- 32.01:
lwc1 $f13, $LC0
lui $v0, ($LC1 >> 16) ; ?
; 32- 1.54:
lwc1 $f14, dword_A4
or $at, $zero ; load delay slot, NOP
; 32- 1.54:
lwc1 $f15, $LC1
; pow():
jalr $t9
or $at, $zero ; branch delay slot, NOP
lw $gp, 0x20+var_10($sp)
; $f0 $f1 $a3 $a2:
mfc1 $a3, $f0
lw $t9, (printf & 0xFFFF)($gp)
mfc1 $a2, $f1
; printf():
lui $a0, ($LC2 >> 16) # "32.01 ^ 1.54 = %lf\n"
jalr $t9
la $a0, ($LC2 & 0xFFFF) # "32.01 ^ 1.54 = %lf\n"
; :
lw $ra, 0x20+var_4($sp)
; 0:
move $v0, $zero
jr $ra
addiu $sp, 0x20

.rodata.str1.4:00000084 $LC2: .ascii "32.01 ^ 1.54 = %lf\n"<0>

; 32.01:
.rodata.cst8:00000098 $LC0: .word 0x40400147 # DATA XREF: main+20
.rodata.cst8:0000009C dword_9C: .word 0xAE147AE1 # DATA XREF: main
.rodata.cst8:0000009C # main+18
; 1.54:
.rodata.cst8:000000A0 $LC1: .word 0x3FF8A3D7 # DATA XREF: main+24
.rodata.cst8:000000A0 # main+30
.rodata.cst8:000000A4 dword_A4: .word 0xA3D70A4 # DATA XREF: main+14

, LUI 32- double $V0. .

MFC1 (Move From Coprocessor 1) ( ). FPU -
1, 1 . -
CPU (GPR). pow() $A3 $A2
printf() 64- double.

231
 17. FPU 17. FPU
17.7.
:
#include <stdio.h>

double d_max (double a, double b)

{
if (a>b)
return a;

return b;
};

int main()
{
printf ("%f\n", d_max (1.2, 3.4));
printf ("%f\n", d_max (5.6, 4));
};

, , , .

17.7.1. x86

MSVC

MSVC 2010:

17.10: MSVC 2010

PUBLIC _d_max
_TEXT SEGMENT
_a$ = 8 ; size = 8
_b$ = 16 ; size = 8
_d_max PROC
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
fld QWORD PTR _b$[ebp]

; : ST(0) = _b
; _b ( ST(0)) _a,

fcomp QWORD PTR _a$[ebp]

fnstsw ax
test ah, 5
jp SHORT $LN1@d_max

; a>b

fld QWORD PTR _a$[ebp]

jmp SHORT $LN2@d_max
$LN1@d_max:
fld QWORD PTR _b$[ebp]
$LN2@d_max:
pop ebp
ret 0
_d_max ENDP

, FLD _b ST(0).
FCOMP ST(0) , _a C3/ C2/ C0 FPU.
16- FPU.
FCOMP . FCOM,
, .

232
 17. FPU 17. FPU
, Intel P614 , C3/ C2/ C0. ,
( , FPU - ).
Intel P6 FCOMI/ FCOMIP/ FUCOMI/ FUCOMIP, , -
ZF/ PF/ CF.
FNSTSW AX. C3/ C2/ C0 , , 14, 10,
8. AX, AH.
b > a , C3/ C2/ C0 : 0, 0, 0.
a > b, : 0, 0, 1.
a = b, : 1, 0, 0.
( ), : 1, 1, 1.
C3/ C2/ C0 AX:
14 10 9 8

C3 C2 C1 C0

C3/ C2/ C0 AH:

6 2 1 0

C3 C2 C1 C0

test ah, 515 C0 C2 ( 0 2), -

.
parity ag16 . .
1 . 0 .
Wikipedia17 :

One common reason to test the parity ag actually has nothing to do with parity. The FPU has four
condition ags (C0 to C3), but they can not be tested directly, and must instead be rst copied to the ags
register. When this happens, C0 is placed in the carry ag, C2 in the parity ag and C3 in the zero ag. The
C2 ag is set when e.g. incomparable oating point values (NaN or unsupported format) are compared with
the FUCOM instructions.

Wikipedia, FPU- .
PF 1, C0 C2 1 0. JP (jump if PF==1).
C3/ C2/ C0 , , JP
: b > a a = b ( C3 test ah, 5).
. , FLD _b ST(0), ,
_a .

C2?

C2 (NaN, ..), . ,
FPU-, , .

14 Intel P6 Pentium Pro, Pentium II,

15 5=101b
16
17 wikipedia.org/wiki/Parity_ag

233
 17. FPU 17. FPU
OllyDbg: a=1,2 b=3,4

OllyDbg:

. 17.6: OllyDbg: FLD

: a = 1, 2 b = 3, 4 ( : 2 32- ). b (3,4)
ST(0). FCOMP. OllyDbg FCOMP,
.

234
 17. FPU 17. FPU
FCOMP :

. 17.7: OllyDbg: FCOMP

condition- FPU: . ST(7). ,

: 17.5.1 (. 224).

235
 17. FPU 17. FPU
FNSTSW :

. 17.8: OllyDbg: FNSTSW

, AX . , condition- . (OllyDbg -
FNSTSW FSTSW ).

236
 17. FPU 17. FPU
TEST :

. 17.9: OllyDbg: TEST

PF . : 0 0, 0 . OllyDbg -
JP JPE18 . .

18 Jump Parity Even ( x86)

237
 17. FPU 17. FPU
JPE , FLD ST(0) b (3,4):

. 17.10: OllyDbg: FLD

238
 17. FPU 17. FPU
OllyDbg: a=5,6 b=-1

OllyDbg:

. 17.11: OllyDbg: FLD

: a = 5, 6 b = 4. b (-4) ST(0). FCOMP. OllyDbg

FCOMP, .

239
 17. FPU 17. FPU
FCOMP :

. 17.12: OllyDbg: FCOMP

condition- FPU: , C0.

240
 17. FPU 17. FPU
FNSTSW :

. 17.13: OllyDbg: FNSTSW

, AX 0x100: C0 16- .

241
 17. FPU 17. FPU
TEST :

. 17.14: OllyDbg: TEST

PF . : 0x100 1, 1 . JPE .

242
 17. FPU 17. FPU
JPE , FLD ST(0) a (5,6):

. 17.15: OllyDbg: FLD

MSVC 2010

17.11: MSVC 2010

_a$ = 8 ; size = 8
_b$ = 16 ; size = 8
_d_max PROC
fld QWORD PTR _b$[esp4]
fld QWORD PTR _a$[esp4]

; : ST(0) = _a, ST(1) = _b

fcom ST(1) ; _a ST(1) = (_b)

fnstsw ax
test ah, 65 ; 00000041H
jne SHORT $LN5@d_max
; ST(0) ST(1) ,
; _a
fstp ST(1)

; : ST(0) = _a

ret 0
$LN5@d_max:
; ST(0) ST(0) ,
; _b
fstp ST(0)

; : ST(0) = _b

243
 17. FPU 17. FPU
ret 0
_d_max ENDP

FCOM FCOMP , . -
, . C3/ C2/ C0 :
a > b, C3/ C2/ C0 : 0, 0, 0.
b > a, : 0, 0, 1.
a = b, : 1, 0, 0.
test ah, 65 C3 C0. , a > b:
JNE . FSTP ST(1) ST(0) -
. , ST(0) ( _a) ST(1).
_a. . ST(0) _a
.
JNE : b > a a = b. ST(0) ST(0) (
). ,
ST(1) ( _b). . FPU
, .

244
 17. FPU 17. FPU
OllyDbg: a=1,2 =3,4

FLD :

. 17.16: OllyDbg: FLD

FCOM: OllyDbg ST(0) ST(1) .

245
 17. FPU 17. FPU
FCOM :

. 17.17: OllyDbg: FCOM

C0 , .

246
 17. FPU 17. FPU
FNSTSW , AX=0x3100:

. 17.18: OllyDbg: FNSTSW

247
 17. FPU 17. FPU
TEST :

. 17.19: OllyDbg: TEST

ZF=0, .

248
 17. FPU 17. FPU
FSTP ST ( FSTP ST(0)) 1,2 , 3,4:

. 17.20: OllyDbg: FSTP

, FSTP ST FPU-.

249
 17. FPU 17. FPU
OllyDbg: a=5,6 b=-4

FLD :

. 17.21: OllyDbg: FLD

FCOM.

250
 17. FPU 17. FPU
FCOM :

. 17.22: OllyDbg: FCOM

condition- .

251
 17. FPU 17. FPU
FNSTSW , AX=0x3000:

. 17.23: OllyDbg: FNSTSW

252
 17. FPU 17. FPU
TEST :

. 17.24: OllyDbg: TEST

ZF=1, .

253
 17. FPU 17. FPU
FSTP ST(1) : FPU- 5,6.

. 17.25: OllyDbg: FSTP

, FSTP ST(1) : , ST(1).

GCC 4.4.1

17.12: GCC 4.4.1

d_max proc near

b = qword ptr 10h

a = qword ptr 8
a_first_half = dword ptr 8
a_second_half = dword ptr 0Ch
b_first_half = dword ptr 10h
b_second_half = dword ptr 14h

push ebp
mov ebp, esp
sub esp, 10h

; a b :

mov eax, [ebp+a_first_half]

mov dword ptr [ebp+a], eax
mov eax, [ebp+a_second_half]
mov dword ptr [ebp+a+4], eax
mov eax, [ebp+b_first_half]
mov dword ptr [ebp+b], eax
mov eax, [ebp+b_second_half]
mov dword ptr [ebp+b+4], eax

; a b FPU:

254
 17. FPU 17. FPU
fld [ebp+a]
fld [ebp+b]

; : ST(0) b; ST(1) a

fxch st(1) ; ST(1) ST(0)

; : ST(0) a; ST(1) b

fucompp ; a b , .. a b
fnstsw ax ; FPU AX
sahf ; SF, ZF, AF, PF, CF AH
setnbe al ; 1 AL, CF=0 ZF=0
test al, al ; AL==0 ?
jz short loc_8048453 ;
fld [ebp+a]
jmp short locret_8048456

loc_8048453:
fld [ebp+b]

locret_8048456:
leave
retn
d_max endp

FUCOMPP FCOM, ,
-.
-.
FPU , NaN19 .
, , . .
, -
, .
, FCOM - . FUCOM
.
SAHF (Store AH into Flags) , FPU. 8 AH
8 :
7 6 4 2 0

SF ZF AF PF CF

, FNSTSW C3/ C2/ C0 AH, 6, 2,

0 AH:
6 2 1 0

C3 C2 C1 C0

, fnstsw ax / sahf C3/ C2/ C0 ZF, PF, CF.

, C3/ C2/ C0 :
a b , C3/ C2/ C0 : 0, 0, 0.
a b, : 0, 0, 1.
a = b, : 1, 0, 0.
, FUCOMPP/ FNSTSW/ SAHF :
a > b , : ZF=0, PF=0, CF=0.
a < b, : ZF=0, PF=0, CF=1.
a = b, : ZF=1, PF=0, CF=0.
SETNBE AL . JNBE,
, SETcc20 1 0 AL, Jcc . SETNBE 1
CF=0 ZF=0. , 0 AL.
CF 0 ZF 0 : a > b.
19 ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/NaN
20 cc condition code

255
 17. FPU 17. FPU
AL 1, JZ _a.
, _b.

GCC 4.4.1

17.13: GCC 4.4.1

public d_max
d_max proc near

arg_0 = qword ptr 8

arg_8 = qword ptr 10h

push ebp
mov ebp, esp
fld [ebp+arg_0] ; _a
fld [ebp+arg_8] ; _b

; : ST(0) = _b, ST(1) = _a

fxch st(1)

; : ST(0) = _a, ST(1) = _b

fucom st(1) ; _a _b
fnstsw ax
sahf
ja short loc_8048448

; ST(0) ST(0) ( ), ,
; _b
fstp st
jmp short loc_804844A

loc_8048448:
; _a ST(0), , _a
fstp st(1)

loc_804844A:
pop ebp
retn
d_max endp

, , : JA SAHF. ,
, ( JA, JAE, JBE, JBE, JE/ JZ,
JNA, JNAE, JNB, JNBE, JNE/ JNZ) CF ZF.

, C3/ C2/ C0 AH FSTSW/ FNSTSW:

6 2 1 0

C3 C2 C1 C0

, AH CPU SAHF:
7 6 4 2 0

SF ZF AF PF CF

C3 C0 ZF CF ,
. JA , CF ZF .
, FNSTSW/ SAHF.
, FPU C3/ C2/ C0 , -
?

GCC 4.8.1 -O3

P6 Intel FPU-21 . FUCOMI (

CPU) FCMOVcc ( CMOVcc, FPU). , GCC
P6 ( Pentium, 80486, etc.) .
21 Pentium Pro, Pentium-II, ..

256
 17. FPU 17. FPU
, FPU P6, CPU -
FPU.
:

17.14: GCC 4.8.1

fld QWORD PTR [esp+4] ; "a"
fld QWORD PTR [esp+12] ; "b"
; ST0=b, ST1=a
fxch st(1)
; ST0=a, ST1=b
; "a" "b"
fucomi st, st(1)
; ST1 ( "b") ST0 a<=b
; , "a" ST0
fcmovbe st, st(1)
; ST1
fstp st(1)
ret

, FXCH ( ). -
FLD FCMOVBE (below or equal ) FCMOVA (above ). ,
.
FUCOMI ST(0) (a) ST(1) (b) CPU. FCMOVBE
ST(1) ( b) ST(0) ( a) ST 0(a) <= ST 1(b). (a > b),
a ST(0).
FSTP ST(0) , ST(1).
GDB:

17.15: GCC 4.8.1 and GDB

1 dennis@ubuntuvm:~/polygon$ gcc O3 d_max.c o d_max fnoinline
2 dennis@ubuntuvm:~/polygon$ gdb d_max
3 GNU gdb (GDB) 7.6.1ubuntu
4 Copyright (C) 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
5 License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>
6 This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
7 There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Type "show copying"
8 and "show warranty" for details.
9 This GDB was configured as "i686linuxgnu".
10 For bug reporting instructions, please see:
11 <http://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/bugs/>...
12 Reading symbols from /home/dennis/polygon/d_max...(no debugging symbols found)...done.
13 (gdb) b d_max
14 Breakpoint 1 at 0x80484a0
15 (gdb) run
16 Starting program: /home/dennis/polygon/d_max
17
18 Breakpoint 1, 0x080484a0 in d_max ()
19 (gdb) ni
20 0x080484a4 in d_max ()
21 (gdb) disas $eip
22 Dump of assembler code for function d_max:
23 0x080484a0 <+0>: fldl 0x4(%esp)
24 => 0x080484a4 <+4>: fldl 0xc(%esp)
25 0x080484a8 <+8>: fxch %st(1)
26 0x080484aa <+10>: fucomi %st(1),%st
27 0x080484ac <+12>: fcmovbe %st(1),%st
28 0x080484ae <+14>: fstp %st(1)
29 0x080484b0 <+16>: ret
30 End of assembler dump.
31 (gdb) ni
32 0x080484a8 in d_max ()
33 (gdb) info float
34 R7: Valid 0x3fff9999999999999800 +1.199999999999999956
35 =>R6: Valid 0x4000d999999999999800 +3.399999999999999911
36 R5: Empty 0x00000000000000000000
37 R4: Empty 0x00000000000000000000
38 R3: Empty 0x00000000000000000000

257
 17. FPU 17. FPU
39 R2: Empty 0x00000000000000000000
40 R1: Empty 0x00000000000000000000
41 R0: Empty 0x00000000000000000000
42
43 Status Word: 0x3000
44 TOP: 6
45 Control Word: 0x037f IM DM ZM OM UM PM
46 PC: Extended Precision (64bits)
47 RC: Round to nearest
48 Tag Word: 0x0fff
49 Instruction Pointer: 0x73:0x080484a4
50 Operand Pointer: 0x7b:0xbffff118
51 Opcode: 0x0000
52 (gdb) ni
53 0x080484aa in d_max ()
54 (gdb) info float
55 R7: Valid 0x4000d999999999999800 +3.399999999999999911
56 =>R6: Valid 0x3fff9999999999999800 +1.199999999999999956
57 R5: Empty 0x00000000000000000000
58 R4: Empty 0x00000000000000000000
59 R3: Empty 0x00000000000000000000
60 R2: Empty 0x00000000000000000000
61 R1: Empty 0x00000000000000000000
62 R0: Empty 0x00000000000000000000
63
64 Status Word: 0x3000
65 TOP: 6
66 Control Word: 0x037f IM DM ZM OM UM PM
67 PC: Extended Precision (64bits)
68 RC: Round to nearest
69 Tag Word: 0x0fff
70 Instruction Pointer: 0x73:0x080484a8
71 Operand Pointer: 0x7b:0xbffff118
72 Opcode: 0x0000
73 (gdb) disas $eip
74 Dump of assembler code for function d_max:
75 0x080484a0 <+0>: fldl 0x4(%esp)
76 0x080484a4 <+4>: fldl 0xc(%esp)
77 0x080484a8 <+8>: fxch %st(1)
78 => 0x080484aa <+10>: fucomi %st(1),%st
79 0x080484ac <+12>: fcmovbe %st(1),%st
80 0x080484ae <+14>: fstp %st(1)
81 0x080484b0 <+16>: ret
82 End of assembler dump.
83 (gdb) ni
84 0x080484ac in d_max ()
85 (gdb) info registers
86 eax 0x1 1
87 ecx 0xbffff1c4 1073745468
88 edx 0x8048340 134513472
89 ebx 0xb7fbf000 1208225792
90 esp 0xbffff10c 0xbffff10c
91 ebp 0xbffff128 0xbffff128
92 esi 0x0 0
93 edi 0x0 0
94 eip 0x80484ac 0x80484ac <d_max+12>
95 eflags 0x203 [ CF IF ]
96 cs 0x73 115
97 ss 0x7b 123
98 ds 0x7b 123
99 es 0x7b 123
100 fs 0x0 0
101 gs 0x33 51
102 (gdb) ni
103 0x080484ae in d_max ()
104 (gdb) info float
105 R7: Valid 0x4000d999999999999800 +3.399999999999999911
106 =>R6: Valid 0x4000d999999999999800 +3.399999999999999911
107 R5: Empty 0x00000000000000000000
108 R4: Empty 0x00000000000000000000

258
 17. FPU 17. FPU
109 R3: Empty 0x00000000000000000000
110 R2: Empty 0x00000000000000000000
111 R1: Empty 0x00000000000000000000
112 R0: Empty 0x00000000000000000000
113
114 Status Word: 0x3000
115 TOP: 6
116 Control Word: 0x037f IM DM ZM OM UM PM
117 PC: Extended Precision (64bits)
118 RC: Round to nearest
119 Tag Word: 0x0fff
120 Instruction Pointer: 0x73:0x080484ac
121 Operand Pointer: 0x7b:0xbffff118
122 Opcode: 0x0000
123 (gdb) disas $eip
124 Dump of assembler code for function d_max:
125 0x080484a0 <+0>: fldl 0x4(%esp)
126 0x080484a4 <+4>: fldl 0xc(%esp)
127 0x080484a8 <+8>: fxch %st(1)
128 0x080484aa <+10>: fucomi %st(1),%st
129 0x080484ac <+12>: fcmovbe %st(1),%st
130 => 0x080484ae <+14>: fstp %st(1)
131 0x080484b0 <+16>: ret
132 End of assembler dump.
133 (gdb) ni
134 0x080484b0 in d_max ()
135 (gdb) info float
136 =>R7: Valid 0x4000d999999999999800 +3.399999999999999911
137 R6: Empty 0x4000d999999999999800
138 R5: Empty 0x00000000000000000000
139 R4: Empty 0x00000000000000000000
140 R3: Empty 0x00000000000000000000
141 R2: Empty 0x00000000000000000000
142 R1: Empty 0x00000000000000000000
143 R0: Empty 0x00000000000000000000
144
145 Status Word: 0x3800
146 TOP: 7
147 Control Word: 0x037f IM DM ZM OM UM PM
148 PC: Extended Precision (64bits)
149 RC: Round to nearest
150 Tag Word: 0x3fff
151 Instruction Pointer: 0x73:0x080484ae
152 Operand Pointer: 0x7b:0xbffff118
153 Opcode: 0x0000
154 (gdb) quit
155 A debugging session is active.
156
157 Inferior 1 [process 30194] will be killed.
158
159 Quit anyway? (y or n) y
160 dennis@ubuntuvm:~/polygon$

ni, FLD .
FPU ( 33).
, FPU , (17.5.1 (. 224)). GDB
STx, FPU (Rx). ( 35) .
TOP Status Word ( 44). 6,
6.
a b FXCH ( 54).
FUCOMI ( 83). : CF ( 95).
FCMOVBE b (. 104).
FSTP ( 136). TOP 7, FPU- -
7.

259
 17. FPU 17. FPU
17.7.2. ARM

Xcode 4.6.3 (LLVM) ( ARM)

17.16: Xcode 4.6.3 (LLVM) ( ARM)

VMOV D16, R2, R3 ; b
VMOV D17, R0, R1 ; a
VCMPE.F64 D17, D16
VMRS APSR_nzcv, FPSCR
VMOVGT.F64 D16, D17 ; "b" D16
VMOV R0, R1, D16
BX LR

. D17 D16 VCMPE.

x86, ARM (FPSCR22 ),
. , x86, ARM
, . VMRS, 4
(N, Z, C, V) ( APSR23 ).
VMOVGT MOVGT, D-, ,
(GT Greater Than).
, D16 b, D17.
D16 a.
VMOV , D16, R0 R1.

Xcode 4.6.3 (LLVM) ( Thumb-2)

17.17: Xcode 4.6.3 (LLVM) ( Thumb-2)

VMOV D16, R2, R3 ; b
VMOV D17, R0, R1 ; a
VCMPE.F64 D17, D16
VMRS APSR_nzcv, FPSCR
IT GT
VMOVGT.F64 D16, D17
VMOV R0, R1, D16
BX LR

, , . ,
ARM .
Thumb . 16- 4 ,
.
Thumb-2 Thumb- .
, IDA, VMOVGT, .
VMOV, IDA -GT ,
IT GT.
IT if-then block. -
, . IT GT ,
, GT (Greater Than) .
. , Angry Birds ( iOS):

17.18: Angry Birds Classic

...
ITE NE
VMOVNE R2, R3, D16
VMOVEQ R2, R3, D17
BLX _objc_msgSend ; not prefixed
...

22 (ARM) Floating-Point Status and Control Register

23 (ARM) Application Program Status Register

260
 17. FPU 17. FPU
ITE if-then-else . ,
, ITE (NE, not equal) , .
( NE EQ (equal)).
VMOV ( VMOEQ) , (BLX).
, Angry Birds:

17.19: Angry Birds Classic

...
ITTTT EQ
MOVEQ R0, R4
ADDEQ SP, SP, #0x20
POPEQ.W {R8,R10}
POPEQ {R4R7,PC}
BLX ___stack_chk_fail ; not prefixed
...

T , -
. IDA -EQ.
, , ITEEE EQ (if-then-else-else-else),
:
EQ
NE
NE
NE

Angry Birds:

17.20: Angry Birds Classic

...
CMP.W R0, #0xFFFFFFFF
ITTE LE
SUBLE.W R10, R0, #1
NEGLE R0, R0
MOVGT R10, R0
MOVS R6, #0 ; not prefixed
CBZ R0, loc_1E7E32 ; not prefixed
...

ITTE (if-then-then-else) , , LE (Less or Equal) ,

(GT Greater Than).
. , Angry Birds (
classic iOS) IT: IT, ITE, ITT, ITTE, ITTT, ITTTT. ?
IDA ( ), 4
. , 16- (IT 0xBF), grep :
cat AngryBirdsClassic.lst | grep " BF" | grep "IT" > results.lst

, Thumb-2 , , -
IT , .

Xcode 4.6.3 (LLVM) ( ARM)

17.21: Xcode 4.6.3 (LLVM) ( ARM)

b = 0x20
a = 0x18
val_to_return = 0x10
saved_R7 = 4

STR R7, [SP,#saved_R7]!

MOV R7, SP
SUB SP, SP, #0x1C
BIC SP, SP, #7
VMOV D16, R2, R3

261
 17. FPU 17. FPU
VMOV D17, R0, R1
VSTR D17, [SP,#0x20+a]
VSTR D16, [SP,#0x20+b]
VLDR D16, [SP,#0x20+a]
VLDR D17, [SP,#0x20+b]
VCMPE.F64 D16, D17
VMRS APSR_nzcv, FPSCR
BLE loc_2E08
VLDR D16, [SP,#0x20+a]
VSTR D16, [SP,#0x20+val_to_return]
B loc_2E10

loc_2E08
VLDR D16, [SP,#0x20+b]
VSTR D16, [SP,#0x20+val_to_return]

loc_2E10
VLDR D16, [SP,#0x20+val_to_return]
VMOV R0, R1, D16
MOV SP, R7
LDR R7, [SP+0x20+b],#4
BX LR

, , - a b, ,
.

Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb)

17.22: Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb)

PUSH {R3R7,LR}
MOVS R4, R2
MOVS R5, R3
MOVS R6, R0
MOVS R7, R1
BL __aeabi_cdrcmple
BCS loc_1C0
MOVS R0, R6
MOVS R1, R7
POP {R3R7,PC}

loc_1C0
MOVS R0, R4
MOVS R1, R5
POP {R3R7,PC}

Keil FPU-, , , -
. __aeabi_cdrcmple.

N.B. , BCS (Carry set

Greater than or equal) .

17.7.3. ARM64

GCC (Linaro) 4.9

d_max:
; D0 a, D1 b
fcmpe d0, d1
fcsel d0, d0, d1, gt
; D0
ret

ARM64 ISA FPU-, CPU APSR FPSCR . FPU

( ). FCMPE. , D0 D1
( ) APSR (N, Z, C, V).

262
 17. FPU 17. FPU
FCSEL (Floating Conditional Select) D0 D1 D0 (GT Greater Than
), , APSR FPSCR. ,
, .
(GT), D0 D0 (.. ). ,
D1 D0.

GCC (Linaro) 4.9

d_max:
; "Register Save Area"
sub sp, sp, #16
str d0, [sp,8]
str d1, [sp]
;
ldr x1, [sp,8]
ldr x0, [sp]
fmov d0, x1
fmov d1, x0
; D0 a, D1 b
fcmpe d0, d1
ble .L76
; a>b; D0 (a) X0
ldr x0, [sp,8]
b .L74
.L76:
; a<=b; D1 (b) X0
ldr x0, [sp]
.L74:
; X0
fmov d0, x0
; D0
add sp, sp, 16
ret

GCC .
(Register Save Area). X0/ X1 D0/ D1 -
FCMPE. , . FCMPE
APSR. FCSEL,
: BLE (Branch if Less than or Equal (
)). (a > b) a X0. (a <= b) b X0.
, X0 D0, .

, ,
( FCSEL).

GCC (Linaro) 4.9 oat

. oat double.
float f_max (float a, float b)
{
if (a>b)
return a;

return b;
};

f_max:
; S0 a, S1 b
fcmpe s0, s1
fcsel s0, s0, s1, gt
; S0

263
 17. FPU 17. FPU
ret

, S- D-. oat 32- S-

( 64- D-).

17.7.4. MIPS

MIPS , FPU -
CPU. MIPS ( FCC0), 8 ( FCC7-FCC0).
FCCR.

17.23: GCC 4.4.5 (IDA)

d_max:
; FPU 1, $f14<$f12 (b<a):
c.lt.d $f14, $f12
or $at, $zero ; NOP
; locret_14
bc1t locret_14
; ( "a"):
mov.d $f0, $f12 ; branch delay slot
; (.. b>=a)
; "b":
mov.d $f0, $f14

locret_14:
jr $ra
or $at, $zero ; branch delay slot, NOP

C.LT.D . LT Less Than ( ). D double.

, FCC0 .
BC1T FCC0 , . T
(True). BC1F , (False).
$F0.

17.8. ,
, 24 .
12 34 12, 34, .
, .

17.9. x64
, x86-64, : 27 (. 451).

17.10.

17.10.1. #1

FXCH 17.7.1 (. 256) .

17.10.2. #2

?
24 ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/__

264
 17. FPU 17. FPU
17.24: MSVC 2010
__real@4014000000000000 DQ 04014000000000000r ; 5

_a1$ = 8 ; size = 8
_a2$ = 16 ; size = 8
_a3$ = 24 ; size = 8
_a4$ = 32 ; size = 8
_a5$ = 40 ; size = 8
_f PROC
fld QWORD PTR _a1$[esp4]
fadd QWORD PTR _a2$[esp4]
fadd QWORD PTR _a3$[esp4]
fadd QWORD PTR _a4$[esp4]
fadd QWORD PTR _a5$[esp4]
fdiv QWORD PTR __real@4014000000000000
ret 0
_f ENDP

17.25: Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb / Cortex-R4F CPU)

f PROC
VADD.F64 d0,d0,d1
VMOV.F64 d1,#5.00000000
VADD.F64 d0,d0,d2
VADD.F64 d0,d0,d3
VADD.F64 d2,d0,d4
VDIV.F64 d0,d2,d1
BX lr
ENDP

17.26: GCC 4.9 (ARM64)

f:
fadd d0, d0, d1
fmov d1, 5.0e+0
fadd d2, d0, d2
fadd d3, d2, d3
fadd d0, d3, d4
fdiv d0, d0, d1
ret

17.27: GCC 4.4.5 (MIPS) (IDA)

f:

arg_10 = 0x10
arg_14 = 0x14
arg_18 = 0x18
arg_1C = 0x1C
arg_20 = 0x20
arg_24 = 0x24

lwc1 $f0, arg_14($sp)

add.d $f2, $f12, $f14
lwc1 $f1, arg_10($sp)
lui $v0, ($LC0 >> 16)
add.d $f0, $f2, $f0
lwc1 $f2, arg_1C($sp)
or $at, $zero
lwc1 $f3, arg_18($sp)
or $at, $zero
add.d $f0, $f2
lwc1 $f2, arg_24($sp)
or $at, $zero
lwc1 $f3, arg_20($sp)
or $at, $zero
add.d $f0, $f2
lwc1 $f2, dword_6C
or $at, $zero
lwc1 $f3, $LC0

265
 17. FPU 17. FPU
jr $ra
div.d $f0, $f2

$LC0: .word 0x40140000 # DATA XREF: f+C

# f+44
dword_6C: .word 0 # DATA XREF: f+3C

G.1.11 (. 987).

266
 18. 18.

18

, 1 .

18.1.

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
int a[20];
int i;

for (i=0; i<20; i++)

a[i]=i*2;

for (i=0; i<20; i++)

printf ("a[%d]=%d\n", i, a[i]);

return 0;
};

18.1.1. x86

MSVC

18.1: MSVC 2008

_TEXT SEGMENT
_i$ = 84 ; size = 4
_a$ = 80 ; size = 80
_main PROC
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
sub esp, 84 ; 00000054H
mov DWORD PTR _i$[ebp], 0
jmp SHORT $LN6@main
$LN5@main:
mov eax, DWORD PTR _i$[ebp]
add eax, 1
mov DWORD PTR _i$[ebp], eax
$LN6@main:
cmp DWORD PTR _i$[ebp], 20 ; 00000014H
jge SHORT $LN4@main
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _i$[ebp]
shl ecx, 1
mov edx, DWORD PTR _i$[ebp]
1 AKA2

267
 18. 18.
mov DWORD PTR _a$[ebp+edx*4], ecx
jmp SHORT $LN5@main
$LN4@main:
mov DWORD PTR _i$[ebp], 0
jmp SHORT $LN3@main
$LN2@main:
mov eax, DWORD PTR _i$[ebp]
add eax, 1
mov DWORD PTR _i$[ebp], eax
$LN3@main:
cmp DWORD PTR _i$[ebp], 20 ; 00000014H
jge SHORT $LN1@main
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _i$[ebp]
mov edx, DWORD PTR _a$[ebp+ecx*4]
push edx
mov eax, DWORD PTR _i$[ebp]
push eax
push OFFSET $SG2463
call _printf
add esp, 12 ; 0000000cH
jmp SHORT $LN2@main
$LN1@main:
xor eax, eax
mov esp, ebp
pop ebp
ret 0
_main ENDP

, . , . shl ecx, 1
ECX 2, (16.2.1 (. 215)).
80 , 20 4 .

268
 18. 18.
OllyDbg.
, : 32- int, 2:

. 18.1: OllyDbg:

, 20 .

GCC

GCC 4.4.1:

18.2: GCC 4.4.1

public main
main proc near ; DATA XREF: _start+17

var_70 = dword ptr 70h

var_6C = dword ptr 6Ch
var_68 = dword ptr 68h
i_2 = dword ptr 54h
i = dword ptr 4

push ebp
mov ebp, esp
and esp, 0FFFFFFF0h
sub esp, 70h
mov [esp+70h+i], 0 ; i=0
jmp short loc_804840A

loc_80483F7:
mov eax, [esp+70h+i]
mov edx, [esp+70h+i]
add edx, edx ; edx=i*2

269
 18. 18.
mov [esp+eax*4+70h+i_2], edx
add [esp+70h+i], 1 ; i++

loc_804840A:
cmp [esp+70h+i], 13h
jle short loc_80483F7
mov [esp+70h+i], 0
jmp short loc_8048441

loc_804841B:
mov eax, [esp+70h+i]
mov edx, [esp+eax*4+70h+i_2]
mov eax, offset aADD ; "a[%d]=%d\n"
mov [esp+70h+var_68], edx
mov edx, [esp+70h+i]
mov [esp+70h+var_6C], edx
mov [esp+70h+var_70], eax
call _printf
add [esp+70h+i], 1

loc_8048441:
cmp [esp+70h+i], 13h
jle short loc_804841B
mov eax, 0
leave
retn
main endp

a int* ( int).
, , ( -
). a[idx], idx
, , .
. string . const char[]. -
. : string[i]
/++!

18.1.2. ARM

Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)

EXPORT _main
_main
STMFD SP!, {R4,LR}
SUB SP, SP, #0x50 ; 20- int

MOV R4, #0 ; i
B loc_4A0
loc_494
MOV R0, R4,LSL#1 ; R0=R4*2
STR R0, [SP,R4,LSL#2] ; R0 SP+R4<<2 ( SP+R4*4)
ADD R4, R4, #1 ; i=i+1

loc_4A0
CMP R4, #20 ; i<20?
BLT loc_494 ; ,

MOV R4, #0 ; i
B loc_4C4
loc_4B0
LDR R2, [SP,R4,LSL#2] ; ( printf) R2=*(SP+R4<<4) ( *(SP+R4*4))
MOV R1, R4 ; ( printf) R1=i
ADR R0, aADD ; "a[%d]=%d\n"
BL __2printf

270
 18. 18.
ADD R4, R4, #1 ; i=i+1

loc_4C4
CMP R4, #20 ; i<20?
BLT loc_4B0 ; ,
MOV R0, #0 ;
ADD SP, SP, #0x50 ; , 20
LDMFD SP!, {R4,PC}

int 32 ( 4 ), 20 int, 80 (0x50) .

SUB SP, SP, #0x50
.
i R4.
, , : i 2, 1 , -
MOV R0, R4,LSL#1 .
STR R0, [SP,R4,LSL#2] R0 . : SP
, R4 i. i 2 , 4 (
4 ) .
LDR R2, [SP,R4,LSL#2]. -
.

Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb)

_main
PUSH {R4,R5,LR}
; 20 int +
SUB SP, SP, #0x54

MOVS R0, #0 ; i
MOV R5, SP ;

loc_1CE
LSLS R1, R0, #1 ; R1=i<<1 ( i*2)
LSLS R2, R0, #2 ; R2=i<<2 ( i*4)
ADDS R0, R0, #1 ; i=i+1
CMP R0, #20 ; i<20?
STR R1, [R5,R2] ; R1 *(R5+R2) ( R5+i*4)
BLT loc_1CE ; , i<20,

MOVS R4, #0 ; i=0

loc_1DC
LSLS R0, R4, #2 ; R0=i<<2 ( i*4)
LDR R2, [R5,R0] ; *(R5+R0) ( R5+i*4)
MOVS R1, R4
ADR R0, aADD ; "a[%d]=%d\n"
BL __2printf
ADDS R4, R4, #1 ; i=i+1
CMP R4, #20 ; i<20?
BLT loc_1DC ; , i<20,
MOVS R0, #0 ;
; , 20- int
ADD SP, SP, #0x54
POP {R4,R5,PC}

Thumb . Thumb ( LSLS),

.
- , 4 .

GCC 4.9.1 (ARM64)

271
 18. 18.
18.3: GCC 4.9.1 (ARM64)
.LC0:
.string "a[%d]=%d\n"
main:
; FP LR :
stp x29, x30, [sp, 112]!
; (FP=SP)
add x29, sp, 0
; 0 (WZR ):
str wzr, [x29,108]
; :
b .L2
.L3:
; "i":
ldr w0, [x29,108]
; 2:
lsl w2, w0, 1
; :
add x0, x29, 24
; 32- 64- :
ldrsw x1, [x29,108]
; (X0+X1<<2=array address+i*4) W2 (i*2) :
str w2, [x0,x1,lsl 2]
; (i):
ldr w0, [x29,108]
add w0, w0, 1
str w0, [x29,108]
.L2:
; , :
ldr w0, [x29,108]
cmp w0, 19
; L3 ( ), :
ble .L3
; .
; 0.
; ,
; (i) .
str wzr, [x29,108]
b .L4
.L5:
; :
add x0, x29, 24
; "i":
ldrsw x1, [x29,108]
; (X0+X1<<2 = + i*4)
ldr w2, [x0,x1,lsl 2]
; "a[%d]=%d\n" :
adrp x0, .LC0
add x0, x0, :lo12:.LC0
; "i" W1 printf() :
ldr w1, [x29,108]
; W2 .
; printf():
bl printf
; "i":
ldr w0, [x29,108]
add w0, w0, 1
str w0, [x29,108]
.L4:
; ?
ldr w0, [x29,108]
cmp w0, 19
; , :
ble .L5
; 0
mov w0, 0
; FP LR:
ldp x29, x30, [sp], 112
ret

272
 18. 18.
18.1.3. MIPS

S-, . -
.
18.4: GCC 4.4.5 (IDA)
main:

var_70 = 0x70
var_68 = 0x68
var_14 = 0x14
var_10 = 0x10
var_C = 0xC
var_8 = 8
var_4 = 4
; :
lui $gp, (__gnu_local_gp >> 16)
addiu $sp, 0x80
la $gp, (__gnu_local_gp & 0xFFFF)
sw $ra, 0x80+var_4($sp)
sw $s3, 0x80+var_8($sp)
sw $s2, 0x80+var_C($sp)
sw $s1, 0x80+var_10($sp)
sw $s0, 0x80+var_14($sp)
sw $gp, 0x80+var_70($sp)
addiu $s1, $sp, 0x80+var_68
move $v1, $s1
move $v0, $zero
; .
; GCC :
li $a0, 0x28 # '('

loc_34: # CODE XREF: main+3C

; :
sw $v0, 0($v1)
; ( ) 2 :
addiu $v0, 2
; ?
bne $v0, $a0, loc_34
; , 4 :
addiu $v1, 4
;
;
la $s3, $LC0 # "a[%d]=%d\n"
; "i" $s0:
move $s0, $zero
li $s2, 0x14

loc_54: # CODE XREF: main+70

; printf():
lw $t9, (printf & 0xFFFF)($gp)
lw $a2, 0($s1)
move $a1, $s0
move $a0, $s3
jalr $t9
; "i":
addiu $s0, 1
lw $gp, 0x80+var_70($sp)
; , :
bne $s0, $s2, loc_54
; 32- :
addiu $s1, 4
;
lw $ra, 0x80+var_4($sp)
move $v0, $zero
lw $s3, 0x80+var_8($sp)
lw $s2, 0x80+var_C($sp)
lw $s1, 0x80+var_10($sp)
lw $s0, 0x80+var_14($sp)
jr $ra

273
 18. 18.
addiu $sp, 0x80

$LC0: .ascii "a[%d]=%d\n"<0> # DATA XREF: main+44

: i, i 2 (
2 ) ( 4 ).
: ( $V0) 2 , ( $V1) 4.
printf(). i , ,
1 ( $S0), ( $S1) 4 .
, : 39 (. 500). ,
.

18.2.

18.2.1.

, []. ,
printf() , ? 20 ?
/++, , , .
, :
#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
int a[20];
int i;

for (i=0; i<20; i++)

a[i]=i*2;

printf ("a[20]=%d\n", a[20]);

return 0;
};

(MSVC 2008):

18.5: MSVC 2008

$SG2474 DB 'a[20]=%d', 0aH, 00H

_i$ = 84 ; size = 4
_a$ = 80 ; size = 80
_main PROC
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
sub esp, 84
mov DWORD PTR _i$[ebp], 0
jmp SHORT $LN3@main
$LN2@main:
mov eax, DWORD PTR _i$[ebp]
add eax, 1
mov DWORD PTR _i$[ebp], eax
$LN3@main:
cmp DWORD PTR _i$[ebp], 20
jge SHORT $LN1@main
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _i$[ebp]
shl ecx, 1
mov edx, DWORD PTR _i$[ebp]
mov DWORD PTR _a$[ebp+edx*4], ecx
jmp SHORT $LN2@main
$LN1@main:
mov eax, DWORD PTR _a$[ebp+80]
push eax
push OFFSET $SG2474 ; 'a[20]=%d'

274
 18. 18.
call DWORD PTR __imp__printf
add esp, 8
xor eax, eax
mov esp, ebp
pop ebp
ret 0
_main ENDP
_TEXT ENDS
END

. 18.2: OllyDbg:

-, , 80 .

275
 18. 18.
OllyDbg, . , -
:

. 18.3: OllyDbg: 20- printf()

? , EBP.

276
 18. 18.
, , :

. 18.4: OllyDbg: EBP

, ? - ,
, 3 ,
.

18.2.2.

, - , ?
:
#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
int a[20];
int i;

for (i=0; i<30; i++)

a[i]=i;

return 0;
};

MSVC

:
3 Java, Python, ..

277
 18. 18.
18.6: MSVC 2008
_TEXT SEGMENT
_i$ = 84 ; size = 4
_a$ = 80 ; size = 80
_main PROC
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
sub esp, 84
mov DWORD PTR _i$[ebp], 0
jmp SHORT $LN3@main
$LN2@main:
mov eax, DWORD PTR _i$[ebp]
add eax, 1
mov DWORD PTR _i$[ebp], eax
$LN3@main:
cmp DWORD PTR _i$[ebp], 30 ; 0000001eH
jge SHORT $LN1@main
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _i$[ebp]
mov edx, DWORD PTR _i$[ebp] ; . .
mov DWORD PTR _a$[ebp+ecx*4], edx ; ECX.
jmp SHORT $LN2@main
$LN1@main:
xor eax, eax
mov esp, ebp
pop ebp
ret 0
_main ENDP

, . . , .

278
 18. 18.
OllyDbg, 30 :

. 18.5: OllyDbg: EBP

279
 18. 18.
:

. 18.6: OllyDbg: EIP , OllyDbg 0x15

, .
EIP 0x15. , win32-! - , ,
. , EBP 0x14, ECX EDX 0x1D.
.
main(), EBP.
i 84 . (20+1)*sizeof(int). ESP _i
PUSH -, - _i.
main():
ESP 4 i
ESP+4 80 a[20]
ESP+84 EBP
ESP+88
a[19]=_ int ( !)
a[20]=_ _ EBP.
. 20-
20. , , EBP (20 -
0x14 ). RET,
POP EIP.
RET ( - CRT), main()),
21 , 0x15 . 0x15,
, .

280
 18. 18.
! buffer overow 4 .
int ( char), , ,
, , ,
. , , 5 .

GCC

GCC 4.4.1. :
public main
main proc near

a = dword ptr 54h

i = dword ptr 4

push ebp
mov ebp, esp
sub esp, 60h ; 96
mov [ebp+i], 0
jmp short loc_80483D1
loc_80483C3:
mov eax, [ebp+i]
mov edx, [ebp+i]
mov [ebp+eax*4+a], edx
add [ebp+i], 1
loc_80483D1:
cmp [ebp+i], 1Dh
jle short loc_80483C3
mov eax, 0
leave
retn
main endp

Linux : Segmentation fault.

GDB, :
(gdb) r
Starting program: /home/dennis/RE/1

Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault.

0x00000016 in ?? ()
(gdb) info registers
eax 0x0 0
ecx 0xd2f96388 755407992
edx 0x1d 29
ebx 0x26eff4 2551796
esp 0xbffff4b0 0xbffff4b0
ebp 0x15 0x15
esi 0x0 0
edi 0x0 0
eip 0x16 0x16
eflags 0x10202 [ IF RF ]
cs 0x73 115
ss 0x7b 123
ds 0x7b 123
es 0x7b 123
fs 0x0 0
gs 0x33 51
(gdb)

, win32, .
4 wikipedia
5 : [One96]

281
 18. 18.
18.3.
/++. MSVC
6 :
/RTCs Stack Frame runtime checking
/GZ Enable stack checks (/RTCs)

. ,
RET, ( ). , , .
7 , 8 .
, , .
, .
(18.1 (. 267)) MSVC RTC1 RTCs,
@_RTC_CheckStackVars@8, .
, GCC. alloca() (5.2.4 (. 28)):
#ifdef __GNUC__
#include <alloca.h> // GCC
#else
#include <malloc.h> // MSVC
#endif
#include <stdio.h>

void f()
{
char *buf=(char*)alloca (600);
#ifdef __GNUC__
snprintf (buf, 600, "hi! %d, %d, %d\n", 1, 2, 3); // GCC
#else
_snprintf (buf, 600, "hi! %d, %d, %d\n", 1, 2, 3); // MSVC
#endif

puts (buf);
};

, , GCC 4.7.3 :

18.7: GCC 4.7.3

.LC0:
.string "hi! %d, %d, %d\n"
f:
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
push ebx
sub esp, 676
lea ebx, [esp+39]
and ebx, 16
mov DWORD PTR [esp+20], 3
mov DWORD PTR [esp+16], 2
mov DWORD PTR [esp+12], 1
mov DWORD PTR [esp+8], OFFSET FLAT:.LC0 ; "hi! %d, %d, %d\n"
mov DWORD PTR [esp+4], 600
mov DWORD PTR [esp], ebx
mov eax, DWORD PTR gs:20 ;
mov DWORD PTR [ebp12], eax
xor eax, eax
call _snprintf
mov DWORD PTR [esp], ebx
call puts
mov eax, DWORD PTR [ebp12]
xor eax, DWORD PTR gs:20 ;
6 , : wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffer_overow_protection
7 canary
8 miningwiki.ru/wiki/__

282
 18. 18.
jne .L5
mov ebx, DWORD PTR [ebp4]
leave
ret
.L5:
call __stack_chk_fail

gs:20. , , ,
gs:20. , __stack_chk_fail
- (Ubuntu 13.04 x86):
*** buffer overflow detected ***: ./2_1 terminated
======= Backtrace: =========
/lib/i386linuxgnu/libc.so.6(__fortify_fail+0x63)[0xb7699bc3]
/lib/i386linuxgnu/libc.so.6(+0x10593a)[0xb769893a]
/lib/i386linuxgnu/libc.so.6(+0x105008)[0xb7698008]
/lib/i386linuxgnu/libc.so.6(_IO_default_xsputn+0x8c)[0xb7606e5c]
/lib/i386linuxgnu/libc.so.6(_IO_vfprintf+0x165)[0xb75d7a45]
/lib/i386linuxgnu/libc.so.6(__vsprintf_chk+0xc9)[0xb76980d9]
/lib/i386linuxgnu/libc.so.6(__sprintf_chk+0x2f)[0xb7697fef]
./2_1[0x8048404]
/lib/i386linuxgnu/libc.so.6(__libc_start_main+0xf5)[0xb75ac935]
======= Memory map: ========
0804800008049000 rxp 00000000 08:01 2097586 /home/dennis/2_1
080490000804a000 rp 00000000 08:01 2097586 /home/dennis/2_1
0804a0000804b000 rwp 00001000 08:01 2097586 /home/dennis/2_1
094d1000094f2000 rwp 00000000 00:00 0 [heap]
b7560000b757b000 rxp 00000000 08:01 1048602 /lib/i386linuxgnu/libgcc_s.so.1
b757b000b757c000 rp 0001a000 08:01 1048602 /lib/i386linuxgnu/libgcc_s.so.1
b757c000b757d000 rwp 0001b000 08:01 1048602 /lib/i386linuxgnu/libgcc_s.so.1
b7592000b7593000 rwp 00000000 00:00 0
b7593000b7740000 rxp 00000000 08:01 1050781 /lib/i386linuxgnu/libc2.17.so
b7740000b7742000 rp 001ad000 08:01 1050781 /lib/i386linuxgnu/libc2.17.so
b7742000b7743000 rwp 001af000 08:01 1050781 /lib/i386linuxgnu/libc2.17.so
b7743000b7746000 rwp 00000000 00:00 0
b775a000b775d000 rwp 00000000 00:00 0
b775d000b775e000 rxp 00000000 00:00 0 [vdso]
b775e000b777e000 rxp 00000000 08:01 1050794 /lib/i386linuxgnu/ld2.17.so
b777e000b777f000 rp 0001f000 08:01 1050794 /lib/i386linuxgnu/ld2.17.so
b777f000b7780000 rwp 00020000 08:01 1050794 /lib/i386linuxgnu/ld2.17.so
bff35000bff56000 rwp 00000000 00:00 0 [stack]
Aborted (core dumped)

gs . MS-DOS DOS-.
. , Linux gs TLS (65 (. 697))
, . , win32 -
fs, TIB9 10 .
Linux ( , 3.11): arch/x86/include/asm/st
.

18.3.1. Xcode 4.6.3 (LLVM) ( Thumb-2)

(18.1 (. 267)), , LLVM :

_main

var_64 = 0x64
var_60 = 0x60
var_5C = 0x5C
var_58 = 0x58
var_54 = 0x54
var_50 = 0x50
var_4C = 0x4C
var_48 = 0x48
var_44 = 0x44
9 Thread Information Block
10 wikipedia.org/wiki/Win32_Thread_Information_Block

283
 18. 18.
var_40 = 0x40
var_3C = 0x3C
var_38 = 0x38
var_34 = 0x34
var_30 = 0x30
var_2C = 0x2C
var_28 = 0x28
var_24 = 0x24
var_20 = 0x20
var_1C = 0x1C
var_18 = 0x18
canary = 0x14
var_10 = 0x10

PUSH {R4R7,LR}
ADD R7, SP, #0xC
STR.W R8, [SP,#0xC+var_10]!
SUB SP, SP, #0x54
MOVW R0, #aObjc_methtype ; "objc_methtype"
MOVS R2, #0
MOVT.W R0, #0
MOVS R5, #0
ADD R0, PC
LDR.W R8, [R0]
LDR.W R0, [R8]
STR R0, [SP,#0x64+canary]
MOVS R0, #2
STR R2, [SP,#0x64+var_64]
STR R0, [SP,#0x64+var_60]
MOVS R0, #4
STR R0, [SP,#0x64+var_5C]
MOVS R0, #6
STR R0, [SP,#0x64+var_58]
MOVS R0, #8
STR R0, [SP,#0x64+var_54]
MOVS R0, #0xA
STR R0, [SP,#0x64+var_50]
MOVS R0, #0xC
STR R0, [SP,#0x64+var_4C]
MOVS R0, #0xE
STR R0, [SP,#0x64+var_48]
MOVS R0, #0x10
STR R0, [SP,#0x64+var_44]
MOVS R0, #0x12
STR R0, [SP,#0x64+var_40]
MOVS R0, #0x14
STR R0, [SP,#0x64+var_3C]
MOVS R0, #0x16
STR R0, [SP,#0x64+var_38]
MOVS R0, #0x18
STR R0, [SP,#0x64+var_34]
MOVS R0, #0x1A
STR R0, [SP,#0x64+var_30]
MOVS R0, #0x1C
STR R0, [SP,#0x64+var_2C]
MOVS R0, #0x1E
STR R0, [SP,#0x64+var_28]
MOVS R0, #0x20
STR R0, [SP,#0x64+var_24]
MOVS R0, #0x22
STR R0, [SP,#0x64+var_20]
MOVS R0, #0x24
STR R0, [SP,#0x64+var_1C]
MOVS R0, #0x26
STR R0, [SP,#0x64+var_18]
MOV R4, 0xFDA ; "a[%d]=%d\n"
MOV R0, SP
ADDS R6, R0, #4
ADD R4, PC
B loc_2F1C

284
 18. 18.

loc_2F14
ADDS R0, R5, #1
LDR.W R2, [R6,R5,LSL#2]
MOV R5, R0

loc_2F1C
MOV R0, R4
MOV R1, R5
BLX _printf
CMP R5, #0x13
BNE loc_2F14
LDR.W R0, [R8]
LDR R1, [SP,#0x64+canary]
CMP R0, R1
ITTTT EQ ; ?
MOVEQ R0, #0
ADDEQ SP, SP, #0x54
LDREQ.W R8, [SP+0x64+var_64],#4
POPEQ {R4R7,PC}
BLX ___stack_chk_fail

-, LLVM , ,
LLVM . , ARM
.
, -
R8. , ITTTT EQ. 0 R0,
. ,
___stack_chk_fail, , , .

18.4.
, /++ - :
void f(int size)
{
int a[size];
...
};

, ,
, , .
, , , malloc(),
, .
C99 [ISO07, . 6.7.5/2], alloca() (5.2.4 (. 28)).
, . ++
.

18.5.
.

18.8:
#include <stdio.h>

const char* month1[]=

{
"January",
"February",
"March",

285
 18. 18.
"April",
"May",
"June",
"July",
"August",
"September",
"October",
"November",
"December"
};

// 0..11
const char* get_month1 (int month)
{
return month1[month];
};

18.5.1. x64

18.9: MSVC 2013 x64

_DATA SEGMENT
month1 DQ FLAT:$SG3122
DQ FLAT:$SG3123
DQ FLAT:$SG3124
DQ FLAT:$SG3125
DQ FLAT:$SG3126
DQ FLAT:$SG3127
DQ FLAT:$SG3128
DQ FLAT:$SG3129
DQ FLAT:$SG3130
DQ FLAT:$SG3131
DQ FLAT:$SG3132
DQ FLAT:$SG3133
$SG3122 DB 'January', 00H
$SG3123 DB 'February', 00H
$SG3124 DB 'March', 00H
$SG3125 DB 'April', 00H
$SG3126 DB 'May', 00H
$SG3127 DB 'June', 00H
$SG3128 DB 'July', 00H
$SG3129 DB 'August', 00H
$SG3130 DB 'September', 00H
$SG3156 DB '%s', 0aH, 00H
$SG3131 DB 'October', 00H
$SG3132 DB 'November', 00H
$SG3133 DB 'December', 00H
_DATA ENDS

month$ = 8
get_month1 PROC
movsxd rax, ecx
lea rcx, OFFSET FLAT:month1
mov rax, QWORD PTR [rcx+rax*8]
ret 0
get_month1 ENDP

:
MOVSXD 32- ECX ( :month) RAX -
( month int). ,
64- . ,
64-11 .
RCX.
11 , month ( -

: 52 (. 614)) . , int
. .

286
 18. 18.
, (month) 8 . : 64-
( ) 64 ( 8 ). ,
8 .
month 8 . , MOV.
. 1, , February, ..
GCC 4.9 12 :

18.10: GCC 4.9 x64

movsx rdi, edi
mov rax, QWORD PTR month1[0+rdi*8]
ret

32-bit MSVC

32- MSVC:

18.11: MSVC 2013 x86

_month$ = 8
_get_month1 PROC
mov eax, DWORD PTR _month$[esp4]
mov eax, DWORD PTR _month1[eax*4]
ret 0
_get_month1 ENDP

64- , .
4, 32 4 .

18.5.2. 32- ARM

ARM ARM

18.12: Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)

get_month1 PROC
LDR r1,|L0.100|
LDR r0,[r1,r0,LSL #2]
BX lr
ENDP

|L0.100|
DCD ||.data||

DCB "January",0
DCB "February",0
DCB "March",0
DCB "April",0
DCB "May",0
DCB "June",0
DCB "July",0
DCB "August",0
DCB "September",0
DCB "October",0
DCB "November",0
DCB "December",0

AREA ||.data||, DATA, ALIGN=2

month1
DCD ||.conststring||
DCD ||.conststring||+0x8
DCD ||.conststring||+0x11
DCD ||.conststring||+0x17
DCD ||.conststring||+0x1d
DCD ||.conststring||+0x21
12 0+, GCC , . displacement .

287
 18. 18.
DCD ||.conststring||+0x26
DCD ||.conststring||+0x2b
DCD ||.conststring||+0x32
DCD ||.conststring||+0x3c
DCD ||.conststring||+0x44
DCD ||.conststring||+0x4d

R1. , LDR.
month 2 ( 4), R1 (
) . 32- R0
.

ARM Thumb

, , , LDR, LSL:
get_month1 PROC
LSLS r0,r0,#2
LDR r1,|L0.64|
LDR r0,[r1,r0]
BX lr
ENDP

18.5.3. ARM64

18.13: GCC 4.9 ARM64

get_month1:
adrp x1, .LANCHOR0
add x1, x1, :lo12:.LANCHOR0
ldr x0, [x1,w0,sxtw 3]
ret

.LANCHOR0 = . + 0
.type month1, %object
.size month1, 96
month1:
.xword .LC2
.xword .LC3
.xword .LC4
.xword .LC5
.xword .LC6
.xword .LC7
.xword .LC8
.xword .LC9
.xword .LC10
.xword .LC11
.xword .LC12
.xword .LC13
.LC2:
.string "January"
.LC3:
.string "February"
.LC4:
.string "March"
.LC5:
.string "April"
.LC6:
.string "May"
.LC7:
.string "June"
.LC8:
.string "July"
.LC9:
.string "August"
.LC10:
.string "September"

288
 18. 18.
.LC11:
.string "October"
.LC12:
.string "November"
.LC13:
.string "December"

X1 ADRP/ ADD. -
LDR, W0 (, month), 3
( 8), , ( , sxtw)
X0. 64- X0.

18.5.4. MIPS

18.14: GCC 4.4.5 (IDA)

get_month1:
; $v0:
la $v0, month1
; 4:
sll $a0, 2
; :
addu $a0, $v0
; $v0:
lw $v0, 0($a0)
;
jr $ra
or $at, $zero ; branch delay slot, NOP

.data # .data.rel.local
.globl month1
month1: .word aJanuary # "January"
.word aFebruary # "February"
.word aMarch # "March"
.word aApril # "April"
.word aMay # "May"
.word aJune # "June"
.word aJuly # "July"
.word aAugust # "August"
.word aSeptember # "September"
.word aOctober # "October"
.word aNovember # "November"
.word aDecember # "December"

.data # .rodata.str1.4
aJanuary: .ascii "January"<0>
aFebruary: .ascii "February"<0>
aMarch: .ascii "March"<0>
aApril: .ascii "April"<0>
aMay: .ascii "May"<0>
aJune: .ascii "June"<0>
aJuly: .ascii "July"<0>
aAugust: .ascii "August"<0>
aSeptember: .ascii "September"<0>
aOctober: .ascii "October"<0>
aNovember: .ascii "November"<0>
aDecember: .ascii "December"<0>

18.5.5.

0..11, , 12?
. - , , . ,
- , , .
MSVC win64 IDA ,
:

289
 18. 18.
18.15: IDA
off_140011000 dq offset aJanuary_1 ; DATA XREF: .text:0000000140001003
; "January"
dq offset aFebruary_1 ; "February"
dq offset aMarch_1 ; "March"
dq offset aApril_1 ; "April"
dq offset aMay_1 ; "May"
dq offset aJune_1 ; "June"
dq offset aJuly_1 ; "July"
dq offset aAugust_1 ; "August"
dq offset aSeptember_1 ; "September"
dq offset aOctober_1 ; "October"
dq offset aNovember_1 ; "November"
dq offset aDecember_1 ; "December"
aJanuary_1 db 'January',0 ; DATA XREF: sub_140001020+4
; .data:off_140011000
aFebruary_1 db 'February',0 ; DATA XREF: .data:0000000140011008
align 4
aMarch_1 db 'March',0 ; DATA XREF: .data:0000000140011010
align 4
aApril_1 db 'April',0 ; DATA XREF: .data:0000000140011018

. - , (
) . ,
, , .
12 ? 13- . , CPU
64- :

18.16: IDA
off_140011000 dq offset qword_140011060
; DATA XREF: .text:0000000140001003
dq offset aFebruary_1 ; "February"
dq offset aMarch_1 ; "March"
dq offset aApril_1 ; "April"
dq offset aMay_1 ; "May"
dq offset aJune_1 ; "June"
dq offset aJuly_1 ; "July"
dq offset aAugust_1 ; "August"
dq offset aSeptember_1 ; "September"
dq offset aOctober_1 ; "October"
dq offset aNovember_1 ; "November"
dq offset aDecember_1 ; "December"
qword_140011060 dq 797261756E614Ah ; DATA XREF: sub_140001020+4
; .data:off_140011000
aFebruary_1 db 'February',0 ; DATA XREF: .data:0000000140011008
align 4
aMarch_1 db 'March',0 ; DATA XREF: .data:0000000140011010

0x797261756E614A. , - (, ) -
, -. ,
.

- ,

, ,
11. fail early and fail loudly fail-fast,
. /++ assert().
, :

18.17: assert()
const char* get_month1_checked (int month)

290
 18. 18.
{
assert (month<12);
return month1[month];
};

false.

18.18: MSVC 2013 x64

$SG3143 DB 'm', 00H, 'o', 00H, 'n', 00H, 't', 00H, 'h', 00H, '.', 00H
DB 'c', 00H, 00H, 00H
$SG3144 DB 'm', 00H, 'o', 00H, 'n', 00H, 't', 00H, 'h', 00H, '<', 00H
DB '1', 00H, '2', 00H, 00H, 00H

month$ = 48
get_month1_checked PROC
$LN5:
push rbx
sub rsp, 32
movsxd rbx, ecx
cmp ebx, 12
jl SHORT $LN3@get_month1
lea rdx, OFFSET FLAT:$SG3143
lea rcx, OFFSET FLAT:$SG3144
mov r8d, 29
call _wassert
$LN3@get_month1:
lea rcx, OFFSET FLAT:month1
mov rax, QWORD PTR [rcx+rbx*8]
add rsp, 32
pop rbx
ret 0
get_month1_checked ENDP

, assert() , .
, . ,
UTF-16. ( 29).
, , . GCC:

18.19: GCC 4.9 x64

.LC1:
.string "month.c"
.LC2:
.string "month<12"

get_month1_checked:
cmp edi, 11
jg .L6
movsx rdi, edi
mov rax, QWORD PTR month1[0+rdi*8]
ret
.L6:
push rax
mov ecx, OFFSET FLAT:__PRETTY_FUNCTION__.2423
mov edx, 29
mov esi, OFFSET FLAT:.LC1
mov edi, OFFSET FLAT:.LC2
call __assert_fail

__PRETTY_FUNCTION__.2423:
.string "get_month1_checked"

GCC , .
. , -
assert() . , , MSVC
, .

291
 18. 18.
Microsoft Windows NT checked free13 .
( checked), ( free, .. ).

18.6.
. ,
. .
, 3x4 12 :

0 [0][0]
1 [0][1]
2 [0][2]
3 [0][3]
4 [1][0]
5 [1][1]
6 [1][2]
7 [1][3]
8 [2][0]
9 [2][1]
10 [2][2]
11 [2][3]

18.1:

3*4:

0 1 2 3
4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11

18.2:

, () 4 ( ),
(). row-major order,
/++ Python. row-major order - :
, , .
column-major order ( )
FORTRAN, MATLAB R. column-major order - :
, , .
? -, ,
. ,
row-major order , .

18.6.1.

char. , .

0..3:

18.20:
#include <stdio.h>

char a[3][4];

13 msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/hardware/ff543450(v=vs.85).aspx

292
 18. 18.
int main()
{
int x, y;

//
for (x=0; x<3; x++)
for (y=0; y<4; y++)
a[x][y]=0;

// 0..3:
for (y=0; y<4; y++)
a[1][y]=y;
};

. , 0, 1, 2 3:

. 18.7: OllyDbg:

0..2:

18.21:
#include <stdio.h>

char a[3][4];

int main()
{
int x, y;

//
for (x=0; x<3; x++)
for (y=0; y<4; y++)
a[x][y]=0;

// 0..2:
for (x=0; x<3; x++)
a[x][2]=x;
};

. , , , 0, 1 2.

. 18.8: OllyDbg:

18.6.2.

, ,
:

293
 18. 18.

#include <stdio.h>

char a[3][4];

char get_by_coordinates1 (char array[3][4], int a, int b)

{
return array[a][b];
};

char get_by_coordinates2 (char *array, int a, int b)

{
//
// 4
return array[a*4+b];
};

char get_by_coordinates3 (char *array, int a, int b)

{
// ,
// ,
// 4
return *(array+a*4+b);
};

int main()
{
a[2][3]=123;
printf ("%d\n", get_by_coordinates1(a, 2, 3));
printf ("%d\n", get_by_coordinates2(a, 2, 3));
printf ("%d\n", get_by_coordinates3(a, 2, 3));
};

: .
MSVC 2013 !

18.22: MSVC 2013 x64

array$ = 8
a$ = 16
b$ = 24
get_by_coordinates3 PROC
; RCX=
; RDX=a
; R8=b
movsxd rax, r8d
; EAX=b
movsxd r9, edx
; R9=a
add rax, rcx
; RAX=b+
movzx eax, BYTE PTR [rax+r9*4]
; AL= RAX+R9*4=b+ +a*4= +a*4+b
ret 0
get_by_coordinates3 ENDP

array$ = 8
a$ = 16
b$ = 24
get_by_coordinates2 PROC
movsxd rax, r8d
movsxd r9, edx
add rax, rcx
movzx eax, BYTE PTR [rax+r9*4]
ret 0
get_by_coordinates2 ENDP

array$ = 8
a$ = 16
b$ = 24

294
 18. 18.
get_by_coordinates1 PROC
movsxd rax, r8d
movsxd r9, edx
add rax, rcx
movzx eax, BYTE PTR [rax+r9*4]
ret 0
get_by_coordinates1 ENDP

GCC :

18.23: GCC 4.9 x64

; RDI=
; RSI=a
; RDX=b

get_by_coordinates1:
; 32- "a" "b" 64-
movsx rsi, esi
movsx rdx, edx
lea rax, [rdi+rsi*4]
; RAX=RDI+RSI*4= +a*4
movzx eax, BYTE PTR [rax+rdx]
; AL= RAX+RDX= +a*4+b
ret

get_by_coordinates2:
lea eax, [rdx+rsi*4]
; RAX=RDX+RSI*4=b+a*4
cdqe
movzx eax, BYTE PTR [rdi+rax]
; AL= RDI+RAX= +b+a*4
ret

get_by_coordinates3:
sal esi, 2
; ESI=a<<2=a*4
; 32- "a*4" "b" 64-
movsx rdx, edx
movsx rsi, esi
add rdi, rsi
; RDI=RDI+RSI= +a*4
movzx eax, BYTE PTR [rdi+rdx]
; AL= RDI+RDX= +a*4+b
ret

18.6.3.

. int: 4
.
:

18.24:
#include <stdio.h>

int a[10][20][30];

void insert(int x, int y, int z, int value)

{
a[x][y][z]=value;
};

x86

(MSVC 2010):

295
 18. 18.
18.25: MSVC 2010
_DATA SEGMENT
COMM _a:DWORD:01770H
_DATA ENDS
PUBLIC _insert
_TEXT SEGMENT
_x$ = 8 ; size = 4
_y$ = 12 ; size = 4
_z$ = 16 ; size = 4
_value$ = 20 ; size = 4
_insert PROC
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
mov eax, DWORD PTR _x$[ebp]
imul eax, 2400 ; eax=600*4*x
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _y$[ebp]
imul ecx, 120 ; ecx=30*4*y
lea edx, DWORD PTR _a[eax+ecx] ; edx=a + 600*4*x + 30*4*y
mov eax, DWORD PTR _z$[ebp]
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _value$[ebp]
mov DWORD PTR [edx+eax*4], ecx ; *(edx+z*4)=
pop ebp
ret 0
_insert ENDP
_TEXT ENDS

, . insert() -
address = 6004x+304y+4z, .
, int 32- (4 ), 4.

18.26: GCC 4.4.1

public insert
insert proc near

x = dword ptr 8
y = dword ptr 0Ch
z = dword ptr 10h
value = dword ptr 14h

push ebp
mov ebp, esp
push ebx
mov ebx, [ebp+x]
mov eax, [ebp+y]
mov ecx, [ebp+z]
lea edx, [eax+eax] ; edx=y*2
mov eax, edx ; eax=y*2
shl eax, 4 ; eax=(y*2)<<4 = y*2*16 = y*32
sub eax, edx ; eax=y*32 y*2=y*30
imul edx, ebx, 600 ; edx=x*600
add eax, edx ; eax=eax+edx=y*30 + x*600
lea edx, [eax+ecx] ; edx=y*30 + x*600 + z
mov eax, [ebp+value]
mov dword ptr ds:a[edx*4], eax ; *(a+edx*4)=
pop ebx
pop ebp
retn
insert endp

GCC . (30y), GCC ,

. : (y+y) 4(y+y) = (2y) 42y = 216y2y = 32y2y = 30y.
, 30y , .
.

ARM + Xcode 4.6.3 (LLVM) ( Thumb)

296
 18. 18.
18.27: Xcode 4.6.3 (LLVM) ( Thumb)
_insert

value = 0x10
z = 0xC
y = 8
x = 4

; 4 int
SUB SP, SP, #0x10
MOV R9, 0xFC2 ; a
ADD R9, PC
LDR.W R9, [R9]
STR R0, [SP,#0x10+x]
STR R1, [SP,#0x10+y]
STR R2, [SP,#0x10+z]
STR R3, [SP,#0x10+value]
LDR R0, [SP,#0x10+value]
LDR R1, [SP,#0x10+z]
LDR R2, [SP,#0x10+y]
LDR R3, [SP,#0x10+x]
MOV R12, 2400
MUL.W R3, R3, R12
ADD R3, R9
MOV R9, 120
MUL.W R2, R2, R9
ADD R2, R3
LSLS R1, R1, #2 ; R1=R1<<2
ADD R1, R2
STR R0, [R1] ; R1
; , 4
ADD SP, SP, #0x10
BX LR

LLVM , .
.

ARM + Xcode 4.6.3 (LLVM) ( Thumb)

18.28: Xcode 4.6.3 (LLVM) ( Thumb)

_insert
MOVW R9, #0x10FC
MOV.W R12, #2400
MOVT.W R9, #0
RSB.W R1, R1, R1,LSL#4 ; R1 y. R1=y<<4 y = y*16 y = y*15
ADD R9, PC ; R9 =
LDR.W R9, [R9]
MLA.W R0, R0, R12, R9 ; R0 x, R12 2400, R9 a. R0=x*2400 + a
ADD.W R0, R0, R1,LSL#3 ; R0 = R0+R1<<3 = R0+R1*8 = x*2400 + a + y*15*8 =
; a + y*30*4 + x*600*4
STR.W R3, [R0,R2,LSL#2] ; R2 z, R3 . =R0+z*4 =
; a + y*30*4 + x*600*4 + z*4
BX LR

, .
RSB (Reverse Subtract). , SUB, -
. ? SUB RSB ,
, : (LSL#4). . -
, , .
, RSB.
LDR.W R9, [R9] LEA (A.6.2 (. 965)) x86, , .
, .

297
 18. 18.
MIPS

, GCC a 64KiB-, -
Global Pointer.

18.29: GCC 4.4.5 (IDA)

insert:
; $a0=x
; $a1=y
; $a2=z
; $a3=
sll $v0, $a0, 5
; $v0 = $a0<<5 = x*32
sll $a0, 3
; $a0 = $a0<<3 = x*8
addu $a0, $v0
; $a0 = $a0+$v0 = x*8+x*32 = x*40
sll $v1, $a1, 5
; $v1 = $a1<<5 = y*32
sll $v0, $a0, 4
; $v0 = $a0<<4 = x*40*16 = x*640
sll $a1, 1
; $a1 = $a1<<1 = y*2
subu $a1, $v1, $a1
; $a1 = $v1$a1 = y*32y*2 = y*30
subu $a0, $v0, $a0
; $a0 = $v0$a0 = x*640x*40 = x*600
la $gp, __gnu_local_gp
addu $a0, $a1, $a0
; $a0 = $a1+$a0 = y*30+x*600
addu $a0, $a2
; $a0 = $a0+$a2 = y*30+x*600+z
; :
lw $v0, (a & 0xFFFF)($gp)
; 4 :
sll $a0, 2
; :
addu $a0, $v0, $a0
; :
jr $ra
sw $a3, 0($a0)

.comm a:0x1770

18.6.4.

, .
: 83.2 (. 852).

18.7.
, : .18.8. ,
, .
? , :
#include <stdio.h>
#include <assert.h>

const char month2[12][10]=

{
{ 'J','a','n','u','a','r','y', 0, 0, 0 },
{ 'F','e','b','r','u','a','r','y', 0, 0 },
{ 'M','a','r','c','h', 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 },
{ 'A','p','r','i','l', 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 },
{ 'M','a','y', 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 },

298
 18. 18.
{ 'J','u','n','e', 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 },
{ 'J','u','l','y', 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 },
{ 'A','u','g','u','s','t', 0, 0, 0, 0 },
{ 'S','e','p','t','e','m','b','e','r', 0 },
{ 'O','c','t','o','b','e','r', 0, 0, 0 },
{ 'N','o','v','e','m','b','e','r', 0, 0 },
{ 'D','e','c','e','m','b','e','r', 0, 0 }
};

// 0..11
const char* get_month2 (int month)
{
return &month2[month][0];
};

18.30: MSVC 2013 x64

month2 DB 04aH
DB 061H
DB 06eH
DB 075H
DB 061H
DB 072H
DB 079H
DB 00H
DB 00H
DB 00H
...

get_month2 PROC
; 64-,
movsxd rax, ecx
lea rcx, QWORD PTR [rax+rax*4]
; RCX=+*4=*5
lea rax, OFFSET FLAT:month2
; RAX=
lea rax, QWORD PTR [rax+rcx*2]
; RAX= + RCX*2= + *5*2= + *10
ret 0
get_month2 ENDP

. ,
: pointer_to_the_table + month 10. LEA,
MUL MOV.
10 . , September (9 ) ,
10 . ,
(10 ). , , ,
.
GCC 4.9 :

18.31: GCC 4.9 x64

movsx rdi, edi
lea rax, [rdi+rdi*4]
lea rax, month2[rax+rax]
ret

LEA 10.
-.

18.32: GCC 4.9 x64

get_month2:
push rbp
mov rbp, rsp
mov DWORD PTR [rbp4], edi
mov eax, DWORD PTR [rbp4]

299
 18. 18.
movsx rdx, eax
; RDX = ,
mov rax, rdx
; RAX =
sal rax, 2
; RAX = <<2 = *4
add rax, rdx
; RAX = RAX+RDX = *4+ = *5
add rax, rax
; RAX = RAX*2 = *5*2 = *10
add rax, OFFSET FLAT:month2
; RAX = *10 +
pop rbp
ret

MSVC IMUL:

18.33: MSVC 2013 x64

month$ = 8
get_month2 PROC
mov DWORD PTR [rsp+8], ecx
movsxd rax, DWORD PTR month$[rsp]
; RAX = 64- ,
imul rax, rax, 10
; RAX = RAX*10
lea rcx, OFFSET FLAT:month2
; RCX =
add rcx, rax
; RCX = RCX+RAX = +month*10
mov rax, rcx
; RAX = +*10
mov ecx, 1
; RCX = 1
imul rcx, rcx, 0
; RCX = 1*0 = 0
add rax, rcx
; RAX = +*10 + 0 = +*10
ret 0
get_month2 ENDP

: ?
, . ,
. , ,
.

18.7.1. 32-bit ARM

Keil Thumb MULS:

18.34: Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb)

; R0 =
MOVS r1,#0xa
; R1 = 10
MULS r0,r1,r0
; R0 = R1*R0 = 10*
LDR r1,|L0.68|
; R1 =
ADDS r0,r0,r1
; R0 = R0+R1 = 10* +
BX lr

Keil ARM :

18.35: Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)

; R0 =
LDR r1,|L0.104|
; R1 =

300
 18. 18.
ADD r0,r0,r0,LSL #2
; R0 = R0+R0<<2 = R0+R0*4 = *5
ADD r0,r1,r0,LSL #1
; R0 = R1+R0<<2 = + *5*2 = + *10
BX lr

18.7.2. ARM64

18.36: GCC 4.9 ARM64

; W0 =
sxtw x0, w0
; X0 =
adrp x1, .LANCHOR1
add x1, x1, :lo12:.LANCHOR1
; X1 =
add x0, x0, x0, lsl 2
; X0 = X0+X0<<2 = X0+X0*4 = X0*5
add x0, x1, x0, lsl 1
; X0 = X1+X0<<1 = X1+X0*2 = + X0*10
ret

SXTW 32- 64-

X0. ADRP/ ADD . ADD LSL,
.

18.7.3. MIPS

18.37: GCC 4.4.5 (IDA)

.globl get_month2
get_month2:
; $a0=
sll $v0, $a0, 3
; $v0 = $a0<<3 = *8
sll $a0, 1
; $a0 = $a0<<1 = *2
addu $a0, $v0
; $a0 = *2+*8 = *10
; :
la $v0, month2
; :
jr $ra
addu $v0, $a0

month2: .ascii "January"<0>

.byte 0, 0
aFebruary: .ascii "February"<0>
.byte 0
aMarch: .ascii "March"<0>
.byte 0, 0, 0, 0
aApril: .ascii "April"<0>
.byte 0, 0, 0, 0
aMay: .ascii "May"<0>
.byte 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
aJune: .ascii "June"<0>
.byte 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
aJuly: .ascii "July"<0>
.byte 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
aAugust: .ascii "August"<0>
.byte 0, 0, 0
aSeptember: .ascii "September"<0>
aOctober: .ascii "October"<0>
.byte 0, 0
aNovember: .ascii "November"<0>
.byte 0

301
 18. 18.
aDecember: .ascii "December"<0>
.byte 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0

18.7.4.

. Oracle RDBMS, .
, . , ,
.

18.8.
, .
, . .

18.9.

18.9.1. #1

18.38: MSVC 2010 + /O1

_a$ = 8 ; size = 4
_b$ = 12 ; size = 4
_c$ = 16 ; size = 4
?s@@YAXPAN00@Z PROC ; s, COMDAT
mov eax, DWORD PTR _b$[esp4]
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _a$[esp4]
mov edx, DWORD PTR _c$[esp4]
push esi
push edi
sub ecx, eax
sub edx, eax
mov edi, 200 ; 000000c8H
$LL6@s:
push 100 ; 00000064H
pop esi
$LL3@s:
fld QWORD PTR [ecx+eax]
fadd QWORD PTR [eax]
fstp QWORD PTR [edx+eax]
add eax, 8
dec esi
jne SHORT $LL3@s
dec edi
jne SHORT $LL6@s
pop edi
pop esi
ret 0
?s@@YAXPAN00@Z ENDP ; s

(/O1: ).

18.39: Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)

PUSH {r4r12,lr}
MOV r9,r2
MOV r10,r1
MOV r11,r0
MOV r5,#0
|L0.20|
ADD r0,r5,r5,LSL #3
ADD r0,r0,r5,LSL #4
MOV r4,#0

302
 18. 18.
ADD r8,r10,r0,LSL #5
ADD r7,r11,r0,LSL #5
ADD r6,r9,r0,LSL #5
|L0.44|
ADD r0,r8,r4,LSL #3
LDM r0,{r2,r3}
ADD r1,r7,r4,LSL #3
LDM r1,{r0,r1}
BL __aeabi_dadd
ADD r2,r6,r4,LSL #3
ADD r4,r4,#1
STM r2,{r0,r1}
CMP r4,#0x64
BLT |L0.44|
ADD r5,r5,#1
CMP r5,#0xc8
BLT |L0.20|
POP {r4r12,pc}

18.40: Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb)

PUSH {r0r2,r4r7,lr}
MOVS r4,#0
SUB sp,sp,#8
|L0.6|
MOVS r1,#0x19
MOVS r0,r4
LSLS r1,r1,#5
MULS r0,r1,r0
LDR r2,[sp,#8]
LDR r1,[sp,#0xc]
ADDS r2,r0,r2
STR r2,[sp,#0]
LDR r2,[sp,#0x10]
MOVS r5,#0
ADDS r7,r0,r2
ADDS r0,r0,r1
STR r0,[sp,#4]
|L0.32|
LSLS r6,r5,#3
ADDS r0,r0,r6
LDM r0!,{r2,r3}
LDR r0,[sp,#0]
ADDS r1,r0,r6
LDM r1,{r0,r1}
BL __aeabi_dadd
ADDS r2,r7,r6
ADDS r5,r5,#1
STM r2!,{r0,r1}
CMP r5,#0x64
BGE |L0.62|
LDR r0,[sp,#4]
B |L0.32|
|L0.62|
ADDS r4,r4,#1
CMP r4,#0xc8
BLT |L0.6|
ADD sp,sp,#0x14
POP {r4r7,pc}

18.41: GCC 4.9 (ARM64)

s:
sub sp, sp, #48
str x0, [sp,24]
str x1, [sp,16]
str x2, [sp,8]
str wzr, [sp,44]
b .L2
.L5:

303
 18. 18.
str wzr, [sp,40]
b .L3
.L4:
ldr w1, [sp,44]
mov w0, 100
mul w0, w1, w0
sxtw x1, w0
ldrsw x0, [sp,40]
add x0, x1, x0
lsl x0, x0, 3
ldr x1, [sp,8]
add x0, x1, x0
ldr w2, [sp,44]
mov w1, 100
mul w1, w2, w1
sxtw x2, w1
ldrsw x1, [sp,40]
add x1, x2, x1
lsl x1, x1, 3
ldr x2, [sp,24]
add x1, x2, x1
ldr x2, [x1]
ldr w3, [sp,44]
mov w1, 100
mul w1, w3, w1
sxtw x3, w1
ldrsw x1, [sp,40]
add x1, x3, x1
lsl x1, x1, 3
ldr x3, [sp,16]
add x1, x3, x1
ldr x1, [x1]
fmov d0, x2
fmov d1, x1
fadd d0, d0, d1
fmov x1, d0
str x1, [x0]
ldr w0, [sp,40]
add w0, w0, 1
str w0, [sp,40]
.L3:
ldr w0, [sp,40]
cmp w0, 99
ble .L4
ldr w0, [sp,44]
add w0, w0, 1
str w0, [sp,44]
.L2:
ldr w0, [sp,44]
cmp w0, 199
ble .L5
add sp, sp, 48
ret

18.42: GCC 4.4.5 (MIPS) (IDA)

sub_0:
li $t3, 0x27100
move $t2, $zero
li $t1, 0x64 # 'd'

loc_10: # CODE XREF: sub_0+54

addu $t0, $a1, $t2
addu $a3, $a2, $t2
move $v1, $a0
move $v0, $zero

loc_20: # CODE XREF: sub_0+48

lwc1 $f2, 4($v1)
lwc1 $f0, 4($t0)

304
 18. 18.
lwc1 $f3, 0($v1)
lwc1 $f1, 0($t0)
addiu $v0, 1
add.d $f0, $f2, $f0
addiu $v1, 8
swc1 $f0, 4($a3)
swc1 $f1, 0($a3)
addiu $t0, 8
bne $v0, $t1, loc_20
addiu $a3, 8
addiu $t2, 0x320
bne $t2, $t3, loc_10
addiu $a0, 0x320
jr $ra
or $at, $zero

G.1.12 (. 988).

18.9.2. #2

18.43: MSVC 2010 + /O1

tv315 = 8 ; size = 4
tv291 = 4 ; size = 4
_a$ = 8 ; size = 4
_b$ = 12 ; size = 4
_c$ = 16 ; size = 4
?m@@YAXPAN00@Z PROC ; m, COMDAT
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
push ecx
push ecx
mov edx, DWORD PTR _a$[ebp]
push ebx
mov ebx, DWORD PTR _c$[ebp]
push esi
mov esi, DWORD PTR _b$[ebp]
sub edx, esi
push edi
sub esi, ebx
mov DWORD PTR tv315[ebp], 100 ; 00000064H
$LL9@m:
mov eax, ebx
mov DWORD PTR tv291[ebp], 300 ; 0000012cH
$LL6@m:
fldz
lea ecx, DWORD PTR [esi+eax]
fstp QWORD PTR [eax]
mov edi, 200 ; 000000c8H
$LL3@m:
dec edi
fld QWORD PTR [ecx+edx]
fmul QWORD PTR [ecx]
fadd QWORD PTR [eax]
fstp QWORD PTR [eax]
jne HORT $LL3@m
add eax, 8
dec DWORD PTR tv291[ebp]
jne SHORT $LL6@m
add ebx, 800 ; 00000320H
dec DWORD PTR tv315[ebp]
jne SHORT $LL9@m
pop edi
pop esi
pop ebx
leave
ret 0

305
 18. 18.
?m@@YAXPAN00@Z ENDP ; m

(/O1: ).
18.44: Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)
PUSH {r0r2,r4r11,lr}
SUB sp,sp,#8
MOV r5,#0
|L0.12|
LDR r1,[sp,#0xc]
ADD r0,r5,r5,LSL #3
ADD r0,r0,r5,LSL #4
ADD r1,r1,r0,LSL #5
STR r1,[sp,#0]
LDR r1,[sp,#8]
MOV r4,#0
ADD r11,r1,r0,LSL #5
LDR r1,[sp,#0x10]
ADD r10,r1,r0,LSL #5
|L0.52|
MOV r0,#0
MOV r1,r0
ADD r7,r10,r4,LSL #3
STM r7,{r0,r1}
MOV r6,r0
LDR r0,[sp,#0]
ADD r8,r11,r4,LSL #3
ADD r9,r0,r4,LSL #3
|L0.84|
LDM r9,{r2,r3}
LDM r8,{r0,r1}
BL __aeabi_dmul
LDM r7,{r2,r3}
BL __aeabi_dadd
ADD r6,r6,#1
STM r7,{r0,r1}
CMP r6,#0xc8
BLT |L0.84|
ADD r4,r4,#1
CMP r4,#0x12c
BLT |L0.52|
ADD r5,r5,#1
CMP r5,#0x64
BLT |L0.12|
ADD sp,sp,#0x14
POP {r4r11,pc}

18.45: Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb)

PUSH {r0r2,r4r7,lr}
MOVS r0,#0
SUB sp,sp,#0x10
STR r0,[sp,#0]
|L0.8|
MOVS r1,#0x19
LSLS r1,r1,#5
MULS r0,r1,r0
LDR r2,[sp,#0x10]
LDR r1,[sp,#0x14]
ADDS r2,r0,r2
STR r2,[sp,#4]
LDR r2,[sp,#0x18]
MOVS r5,#0
ADDS r7,r0,r2
ADDS r0,r0,r1
STR r0,[sp,#8]
|L0.32|
LSLS r4,r5,#3
MOVS r0,#0
ADDS r2,r7,r4

306
 18. 18.
STR r0,[r2,#0]
MOVS r6,r0
STR r0,[r2,#4]
|L0.44|
LDR r0,[sp,#8]
ADDS r0,r0,r4
LDM r0!,{r2,r3}
LDR r0,[sp,#4]
ADDS r1,r0,r4
LDM r1,{r0,r1}
BL __aeabi_dmul
ADDS r3,r7,r4
LDM r3,{r2,r3}
BL __aeabi_dadd
ADDS r2,r7,r4
ADDS r6,r6,#1
STM r2!,{r0,r1}
CMP r6,#0xc8
BLT |L0.44|
MOVS r0,#0xff
ADDS r5,r5,#1
ADDS r0,r0,#0x2d
CMP r5,r0
BLT |L0.32|
LDR r0,[sp,#0]
ADDS r0,r0,#1
CMP r0,#0x64
STR r0,[sp,#0]
BLT |L0.8|
ADD sp,sp,#0x1c
POP {r4r7,pc}

18.46: GCC 4.9 (ARM64)

m:
sub sp, sp, #48
str x0, [sp,24]
str x1, [sp,16]
str x2, [sp,8]
str wzr, [sp,44]
b .L2
.L7:
str wzr, [sp,40]
b .L3
.L6:
ldr w1, [sp,44]
mov w0, 100
mul w0, w1, w0
sxtw x1, w0
ldrsw x0, [sp,40]
add x0, x1, x0
lsl x0, x0, 3
ldr x1, [sp,8]
add x0, x1, x0
ldr x1, .LC0
str x1, [x0]
str wzr, [sp,36]
b .L4
.L5:
ldr w1, [sp,44]
mov w0, 100
mul w0, w1, w0
sxtw x1, w0
ldrsw x0, [sp,40]
add x0, x1, x0
lsl x0, x0, 3
ldr x1, [sp,8]
add x0, x1, x0
ldr w2, [sp,44]
mov w1, 100

307
 18. 18.
mul w1, w2, w1
sxtw x2, w1
ldrsw x1, [sp,40]
add x1, x2, x1
lsl x1, x1, 3
ldr x2, [sp,8]
add x1, x2, x1
ldr x2, [x1]
ldr w3, [sp,44]
mov w1, 100
mul w1, w3, w1
sxtw x3, w1
ldrsw x1, [sp,40]
add x1, x3, x1
lsl x1, x1, 3
ldr x3, [sp,24]
add x1, x3, x1
ldr x3, [x1]
ldr w4, [sp,44]
mov w1, 100
mul w1, w4, w1
sxtw x4, w1
ldrsw x1, [sp,40]
add x1, x4, x1
lsl x1, x1, 3
ldr x4, [sp,16]
add x1, x4, x1
ldr x1, [x1]
fmov d0, x3
fmov d1, x1
fmul d0, d0, d1
fmov x1, d0
fmov d0, x2
fmov d1, x1
fadd d0, d0, d1
fmov x1, d0
str x1, [x0]
ldr w0, [sp,36]
add w0, w0, 1
str w0, [sp,36]
.L4:
ldr w0, [sp,36]
cmp w0, 199
ble .L5
ldr w0, [sp,40]
add w0, w0, 1
str w0, [sp,40]
.L3:
ldr w0, [sp,40]
cmp w0, 299
ble .L6
ldr w0, [sp,44]
add w0, w0, 1
str w0, [sp,44]
.L2:
ldr w0, [sp,44]
cmp w0, 99
ble .L7
add sp, sp, 48
ret

18.47: GCC 4.4.5 (MIPS) (IDA)

m:
li $t5, 0x13880
move $t4, $zero
li $t1, 0xC8
li $t3, 0x12C

loc_14: # CODE XREF: m+7C

308
 18. 18.
addu $t0, $a0, $t4
addu $a3, $a1, $t4
move $v1, $a2
move $t2, $zero

loc_24: # CODE XREF: m+70

mtc1 $zero, $f0
move $v0, $zero
mtc1 $zero, $f1
or $at, $zero
swc1 $f0, 4($v1)
swc1 $f1, 0($v1)

loc_3C: # CODE XREF: m+5C

lwc1 $f4, 4($t0)
lwc1 $f2, 4($a3)
lwc1 $f5, 0($t0)
lwc1 $f3, 0($a3)
addiu $v0, 1
mul.d $f2, $f4, $f2
add.d $f0, $f2
swc1 $f0, 4($v1)
bne $v0, $t1, loc_3C
swc1 $f1, 0($v1)
addiu $t2, 1
addiu $v1, 8
addiu $t0, 8
bne $t2, $t3, loc_24
addiu $a3, 8
addiu $t4, 0x320
bne $t4, $t5, loc_14
addiu $a2, 0x320
jr $ra
or $at, $zero

G.1.12 (. 988).

18.9.3. #3

?
, .

18.48: MSVC 2010

_array$ = 8
_x$ = 12
_y$ = 16
_f PROC
mov eax, DWORD PTR _x$[esp4]
mov edx, DWORD PTR _y$[esp4]
mov ecx, eax
shl ecx, 4
sub ecx, eax
lea eax, DWORD PTR [edx+ecx*8]
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _array$[esp4]
fld QWORD PTR [ecx+eax*8]
ret 0
_f ENDP

18.49: Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)

f PROC
RSB r1,r1,r1,LSL #4
ADD r0,r0,r1,LSL #6
ADD r1,r0,r2,LSL #3
LDM r1,{r0,r1}
BX lr
ENDP

309
 18. 18.
18.50: Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb)
f PROC
MOVS r3,#0xf
LSLS r3,r3,#6
MULS r1,r3,r1
ADDS r0,r1,r0
LSLS r1,r2,#3
ADDS r1,r0,r1
LDM r1,{r0,r1}
BX lr
ENDP

18.51: GCC 4.9 (ARM64)

f:
sxtw x1, w1
add x0, x0, x2, sxtw 3
lsl x2, x1, 10
sub x1, x2, x1, lsl 6
ldr d0, [x0,x1]
ret

18.52: GCC 4.4.5 (MIPS) (IDA)

f:
sll $v0, $a1, 10
sll $a1, 6
subu $a1, $v0, $a1
addu $a1, $a0, $a1
sll $a2, 3
addu $a1, $a2
lwc1 $f0, 4($a1)
or $at, $zero
lwc1 $f1, 0($a1)
jr $ra
or $at, $zero

G.1.12 (. 988)

18.9.4. #4

?
, .

18.53: MSVC 2010

_array$ = 8
_x$ = 12
_y$ = 16
_z$ = 20
_f PROC
mov eax, DWORD PTR _x$[esp4]
mov edx, DWORD PTR _y$[esp4]
mov ecx, eax
shl ecx, 4
sub ecx, eax
lea eax, DWORD PTR [edx+ecx*4]
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _array$[esp4]
lea eax, DWORD PTR [eax+eax*4]
shl eax, 4
add eax, DWORD PTR _z$[esp4]
mov eax, DWORD PTR [ecx+eax*4]
ret 0
_f ENDP

18.54: Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)

f PROC

310
 18. 18.
RSB r1,r1,r1,LSL #4
ADD r1,r1,r1,LSL #2
ADD r0,r0,r1,LSL #8
ADD r1,r2,r2,LSL #2
ADD r0,r0,r1,LSL #6
LDR r0,[r0,r3,LSL #2]
BX lr
ENDP

18.55: Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb)

f PROC
PUSH {r4,lr}
MOVS r4,#0x4b
LSLS r4,r4,#8
MULS r1,r4,r1
ADDS r0,r1,r0
MOVS r1,#0xff
ADDS r1,r1,#0x41
MULS r2,r1,r2
ADDS r0,r0,r2
LSLS r1,r3,#2
LDR r0,[r0,r1]
POP {r4,pc}
ENDP

18.56: GCC 4.9 (ARM64)

f:
sxtw x2, w2
mov w4, 19200
add x2, x2, x2, lsl 2
smull x1, w1, w4
lsl x2, x2, 4
add x3, x2, x3, sxtw
add x0, x0, x3, lsl 2
ldr w0, [x0,x1]
ret

18.57: GCC 4.4.5 (MIPS) (IDA)

f:
sll $v0, $a1, 10
sll $a1, 8
addu $a1, $v0
sll $v0, $a2, 6
sll $a2, 4
addu $a2, $v0
sll $v0, $a1, 4
subu $a1, $v0, $a1
addu $a2, $a3
addu $a1, $a0, $a1
sll $a2, 2
addu $a1, $a2
lw $v0, 0($a1)
jr $ra
or $at, $zero

G.1.12 (. 988)

18.9.5. #5

18.58: MSVC 2012 /GS-

COMM _tbl:DWORD:064H

tv759 = 4 ; size = 4

311
 18. 18.
_main PROC
push ecx
push ebx
push ebp
push esi
xor edx, edx
push edi
xor esi, esi
xor edi, edi
xor ebx, ebx
xor ebp, ebp
mov DWORD PTR tv759[esp+20], edx
mov eax, OFFSET _tbl+4
npad 8 ; align next label
$LL6@main:
lea ecx, DWORD PTR [edx+edx]
mov DWORD PTR [eax+4], ecx
mov ecx, DWORD PTR tv759[esp+20]
add DWORD PTR tv759[esp+20], 3
mov DWORD PTR [eax+8], ecx
lea ecx, DWORD PTR [edx*4]
mov DWORD PTR [eax+12], ecx
lea ecx, DWORD PTR [edx*8]
mov DWORD PTR [eax], edx
mov DWORD PTR [eax+16], ebp
mov DWORD PTR [eax+20], ebx
mov DWORD PTR [eax+24], edi
mov DWORD PTR [eax+32], esi
mov DWORD PTR [eax4], 0
mov DWORD PTR [eax+28], ecx
add eax, 40
inc edx
add ebp, 5
add ebx, 6
add edi, 7
add esi, 9
cmp eax, OFFSET _tbl+404
jl SHORT $LL6@main
pop edi
pop esi
pop ebp
xor eax, eax
pop ebx
pop ecx
ret 0
_main ENDP

18.59: Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)

main PROC
LDR r12,|L0.60|
MOV r1,#0
|L0.8|
ADD r2,r1,r1,LSL #2
MOV r0,#0
ADD r2,r12,r2,LSL #3
|L0.20|
MUL r3,r1,r0
STR r3,[r2,r0,LSL #2]
ADD r0,r0,#1
CMP r0,#0xa
BLT |L0.20|
ADD r1,r1,#1
CMP r1,#0xa
MOVGE r0,#0
BLT |L0.8|
BX lr
ENDP

|L0.60|

312
 18. 18.
DCD ||.bss||

AREA ||.bss||, DATA, NOINIT, ALIGN=2

tbl
% 400

18.60: Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb)

main PROC
PUSH {r4,r5,lr}
LDR r4,|L0.40|
MOVS r1,#0
|L0.6|
MOVS r2,#0x28
MULS r2,r1,r2
MOVS r0,#0
ADDS r3,r2,r4
|L0.14|
MOVS r2,r1
MULS r2,r0,r2
LSLS r5,r0,#2
ADDS r0,r0,#1
CMP r0,#0xa
STR r2,[r3,r5]
BLT |L0.14|
ADDS r1,r1,#1
CMP r1,#0xa
BLT |L0.6|
MOVS r0,#0
POP {r4,r5,pc}
ENDP

DCW 0x0000
|L0.40|
DCD ||.bss||

AREA ||.bss||, DATA, NOINIT, ALIGN=2

tbl
% 400

18.61: GCC 4.9 (ARM64)

.comm tbl,400,8
main:
sub sp, sp, #16
str wzr, [sp,12]
b .L2
.L5:
str wzr, [sp,8]
b .L3
.L4:
ldr w1, [sp,12]
ldr w0, [sp,8]
mul w3, w1, w0
adrp x0, tbl
add x2, x0, :lo12:tbl
ldrsw x4, [sp,8]
ldrsw x1, [sp,12]
mov x0, x1
lsl x0, x0, 2
add x0, x0, x1
lsl x0, x0, 1
add x0, x0, x4
str w3, [x2,x0,lsl 2]
ldr w0, [sp,8]
add w0, w0, 1
str w0, [sp,8]
.L3:

313
 18. 18.
ldr w0, [sp,8]
cmp w0, 9
ble .L4
ldr w0, [sp,12]
add w0, w0, 1
str w0, [sp,12]
.L2:
ldr w0, [sp,12]
cmp w0, 9
ble .L5
mov w0, 0
add sp, sp, 16
ret

18.62: GCC 4.4.5 (MIPS) (IDA)

main:

var_18 = 0x18
var_10 = 0x10
var_C = 0xC
var_4 = 4

addiu $sp, 0x18

sw $fp, 0x18+var_4($sp)
move $fp, $sp
la $gp, __gnu_local_gp
sw $gp, 0x18+var_18($sp)
sw $zero, 0x18+var_C($fp)
b loc_A0
or $at, $zero

loc_24: # CODE XREF: main+AC

sw $zero, 0x18+var_10($fp)
b loc_7C
or $at, $zero

loc_30: # CODE XREF: main+88

lw $v0, 0x18+var_C($fp)
lw $a0, 0x18+var_10($fp)
lw $a1, 0x18+var_C($fp)
lw $v1, 0x18+var_10($fp)
or $at, $zero
mult $a1, $v1
mflo $a2
lw $v1, (tbl & 0xFFFF)($gp)
sll $v0, 1
sll $a1, $v0, 2
addu $v0, $a1
addu $v0, $a0
sll $v0, 2
addu $v0, $v1, $v0
sw $a2, 0($v0)
lw $v0, 0x18+var_10($fp)
or $at, $zero
addiu $v0, 1
sw $v0, 0x18+var_10($fp)

loc_7C: # CODE XREF: main+28

lw $v0, 0x18+var_10($fp)
or $at, $zero
slti $v0, 0xA
bnez $v0, loc_30
or $at, $zero
lw $v0, 0x18+var_C($fp)
or $at, $zero
addiu $v0, 1
sw $v0, 0x18+var_C($fp)

loc_A0: # CODE XREF: main+1C

314
 18. 18.
lw $v0, 0x18+var_C($fp)
or $at, $zero
slti $v0, 0xA
bnez $v0, loc_24
or $at, $zero
move $v0, $zero
move $sp, $fp
lw $fp, 0x18+var_4($sp)
addiu $sp, 0x18
jr $ra
or $at, $zero

.comm tbl:0x64 # DATA XREF: main+4C

G.1.12 (. 989)

315
 19. 19.

19

1 . ,
bool, .

19.1. -

19.1.1. x86

Win32 API:
HANDLE fh;

fh=CreateFile ("file", GENERIC_WRITE | GENERIC_READ, FILE_SHARE_READ, NULL, OPEN_ALWAYS,

FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, NULL);

(MSVC 2010):

19.1: MSVC 2010

push 0
push 128 ; 00000080H
push 4
push 0
push 1
push 1073741824 ; c0000000H
push OFFSET $SG78813
call DWORD PTR __imp__CreateFileA@28
mov DWORD PTR _fh$[ebp], eax

WinNT.h:

19.2: WinNT.h
#define GENERIC_READ (0x80000000L)
#define GENERIC_WRITE (0x40000000L)
#define GENERIC_EXECUTE (0x20000000L)
#define GENERIC_ALL (0x10000000L)

, GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE = 0x80000000 | 0x40000000 = 0xC0000000, -

CreateFile()2 .
CreateFile() ? KERNEL32.DLL Windows XP SP3 x86
CreateFileW() :

19.3: KERNEL32.DLL (Windows XP SP3 x86)

.text:7C83D429 test byte ptr [ebp+dwDesiredAccess+3], 40h
.text:7C83D42D mov [ebp+var_8], 1
.text:7C83D434 jz short loc_7C83D417
.text:7C83D436 jmp loc_7C810817

1 bit elds
2 msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa363858(VS.85).aspx

316
 19. 19.
TEST. , ,
(ebp+dwDesiredAccess+3) 0x40 ( GENERIC_WRITE). TEST
AND, ( CMP SUB,
(7.3.1 (. 80))).
:
if ((dwDesiredAccess&0x40000000) == 0) goto loc_7C83D417

AND , ZF JZ .
, dwDesiredAccess 0x40000000 AND 0,
ZF .
GCC 4.4.1 Linux:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <fcntl.h>

void main()
{
int handle;

handle=open ("file", O_RDWR | O_CREAT);

};

19.4: GCC 4.4.1

public main
main proc near

var_20 = dword ptr 20h

var_1C = dword ptr 1Ch
var_4 = dword ptr 4

push ebp
mov ebp, esp
and esp, 0FFFFFFF0h
sub esp, 20h
mov [esp+20h+var_1C], 42h
mov [esp+20h+var_20], offset aFile ; "file"
call _open
mov [esp+20h+var_4], eax
leave
retn
main endp

open() libc.so.6, :

19.5: open() (libc.so.6)

.text:000BE69B mov edx, [esp+4+mode] ; mode
.text:000BE69F mov ecx, [esp+4+flags] ; flags
.text:000BE6A3 mov ebx, [esp+4+filename] ; filename
.text:000BE6A7 mov eax, 5
.text:000BE6AC int 80h ; LINUX sys_open

, open() - Linux.
, Linux Linux , -
.
sys_open do_sys_open Linux 2.6.
do_filp_open() ( fs/namei.c).
N.B. ,
. fastcall (64.3 (. 690)). ,
, . GCC regparm3 ,
, .
3 ohse.de/uwe/articles/gcc-attributes.html#func-regparm

317
 19. 19.
Linux 2.6 -mregparm=34 5 .
, EAX, EDX ECX,
. , , .
, 2.6.31, Ubuntu, IDA, do_filp_open().
- ( ):

19.6: do_lp_open() (linux kernel 2.6.31)

do_filp_open proc near
...
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
push edi
push esi
push ebx
mov ebx, ecx
add ebx, 1
sub esp, 98h
mov esi, [ebp+arg_4] ; acc_mode ( )
test bl, 3
mov [ebp+var_80], eax ; dfd ( )
mov [ebp+var_7C], edx ; pathname ( )
mov [ebp+var_78], ecx ; open_flag ( )
jnz short loc_C01EF684
mov ebx, ecx ; ebx < open_flag

GCC . , ,
, ( register allocator),
.
:

19.7: do_lp_open() (linux kernel 2.6.31)

loc_C01EF6B4: ; CODE XREF: do_filp_open+4F
test bl, 40h ; O_CREAT
jnz loc_C01EF810
mov edi, ebx
shr edi, 11h
xor edi, 1
and edi, 1
test ebx, 10000h
jz short loc_C01EF6D3
or edi, 2

0x40 O_CREAT. open_flag 0x40 1, -

JNZ .

19.1.2. ARM

Linux 3.8.0 O_CREAT .

19.8: linux kernel 3.8.0

struct file *do_filp_open(int dfd, struct filename *pathname,
const struct open_flags *op)
{
...
filp = path_openat(dfd, pathname, &nd, op, flags | LOOKUP_RCU);
...
}

static struct file *path_openat(int dfd, struct filename *pathname,

struct nameidata *nd, const struct open_flags *op, int flags)
{
...
4 kernelnewbies.org/Linux_2_6_20#head-042c62f290834eb1fe0a1942bbf5bb9a4accbc8f
5 . arch/x86/include/asm/calling.h

318
 19. 19.
error = do_last(nd, &path, file, op, &opened, pathname);
...
}

static int do_last(struct nameidata *nd, struct path *path,

struct file *file, const struct open_flags *op,
int *opened, struct filename *name)
{
...
if (!(open_flag & O_CREAT)) {
...
error = lookup_fast(nd, path, &inode);
...
} else {
...
error = complete_walk(nd);
}
...
}

IDA, ARM:

19.9: do_last() (vmlinux)

...
.text:C0169EA8 MOV R9, R3 ; R3 (4th argument) open_flag
...
.text:C0169ED4 LDR R6, [R9] ; R6 open_flag
...
.text:C0169F68 TST R6, #0x40 ; jumptable C0169F00 default case
.text:C0169F6C BNE loc_C016A128
.text:C0169F70 LDR R2, [R4,#0x10]
.text:C0169F74 ADD R12, R4, #8
.text:C0169F78 LDR R3, [R4,#0xC]
.text:C0169F7C MOV R0, R4
.text:C0169F80 STR R12, [R11,#var_50]
.text:C0169F84 LDRB R3, [R2,R3]
.text:C0169F88 MOV R2, R8
.text:C0169F8C CMP R3, #0
.text:C0169F90 ORRNE R1, R1, #3
.text:C0169F94 STRNE R1, [R4,#0x24]
.text:C0169F98 ANDS R3, R6, #0x200000
.text:C0169F9C MOV R1, R12
.text:C0169FA0 LDRNE R3, [R4,#0x24]
.text:C0169FA4 ANDNE R3, R3, #1
.text:C0169FA8 EORNE R3, R3, #1
.text:C0169FAC STR R3, [R11,#var_54]
.text:C0169FB0 SUB R3, R11, #var_38
.text:C0169FB4 BL lookup_fast
...
.text:C016A128 loc_C016A128 ; CODE XREF: do_last.isra.14+DC
.text:C016A128 MOV R0, R4
.text:C016A12C BL complete_walk
...

TST TEST x86.

lookup_fast(),
complete_walk(). do_last().
O_CREAT 0x40.

19.2.
:
#include <stdio.h>

319
 19. 19.
#define IS_SET(flag, bit) ((flag) & (bit))
#define SET_BIT(var, bit) ((var) |= (bit))
#define REMOVE_BIT(var, bit) ((var) &= ~(bit))

int f(int a)
{
int rt=a;

SET_BIT (rt, 0x4000);

REMOVE_BIT (rt, 0x200);

return rt;
};

int main()
{
f(0x12340678);
};

19.2.1. x86

MSVC

(MSVC 2010):

19.10: MSVC 2010

_rt$ = 4 ; size = 4
_a$ = 8 ; size = 4
_f PROC
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
push ecx
mov eax, DWORD PTR _a$[ebp]
mov DWORD PTR _rt$[ebp], eax
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _rt$[ebp]
or ecx, 16384 ; 00004000H
mov DWORD PTR _rt$[ebp], ecx
mov edx, DWORD PTR _rt$[ebp]
and edx, 513 ; fffffdffH
mov DWORD PTR _rt$[ebp], edx
mov eax, DWORD PTR _rt$[ebp]
mov esp, ebp
pop ebp
ret 0
_f ENDP

OR , .
AND . , AND , . ,
AND , , ,
( 0 ). .

320
 19. 19.
OllyDbg

OllyDbg. , :
0x200 (00000000000000000001000000000) (.. 10- ( )).
0x200 0xFFFFFDFF (11111111111111111110111111111).
0x4000 (00000000000000100000000000000) (.. 15- ).
: 0x12340678 (10010001101000000011001111000). , :

. 19.1: OllyDbg: ECX

321
 19. 19.
OR :

. 19.2: OllyDbg: OR

15- : 0x12344678 (10010001101000100011001111000).

322
 19. 19.
( ):

. 19.3: OllyDbg: EDX

323
 19. 19.
AND :

. 19.4: OllyDbg: AND

10- (, , 10-)
0x12344478 (10010001101000100010001111000).

MSVC

MSVC (/Ox), :
19.11: MSVC
_a$ = 8 ; size = 4
_f PROC
mov eax, DWORD PTR _a$[esp4]
and eax, 513 ; fffffdffH
or eax, 16384 ; 00004000H
ret 0
_f ENDP

GCC

GCC 4.4.1 :
19.12: GCC
public f
f proc near

var_4 = dword ptr 4

arg_0 = dword ptr 8

push ebp
mov ebp, esp
sub esp, 10h
mov eax, [ebp+arg_0]
mov [ebp+var_4], eax
or [ebp+var_4], 4000h
and [ebp+var_4], 0FFFFFDFFh
mov eax, [ebp+var_4]
leave
retn
f endp

, , MSVC .
GCC -O3:

324
 19. 19.
GCC

19.13: GCC
public f
f proc near

arg_0 = dword ptr 8

push ebp
mov ebp, esp
mov eax, [ebp+arg_0]
pop ebp
or ah, 40h
and ah, 0FDh
retn
f endp

. , AH EAX. 8-
15- .
7 ( ) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
RAXx64
EAX
AX
AH AL
N.B. 16- 8086 AX 8- AL (-
) AH (). 80386 32-, EAX,
, AX/ AH/ AL.
- , x86 16- 8086, 16-
32-. or ah, 40h 3 . or
eax, 04000h, 5 , 6 ( EAX).

GCC regparm

-O3, regparm=3,
, :

19.14: GCC
public f
f proc near
push ebp
or ah, 40h
mov ebp, esp
and ah, 0FDh
pop ebp
retn
f endp

EAX, . ,
(push ebp / mov ebp,esp) (pop ebp) ,
GCC . ,
inline- (43 (. 522)).

19.2.2. ARM + Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)

19.15: Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)

02 0C C0 E3 BIC R0, R0, #0x200
01 09 80 E3 ORR R0, R0, #0x4000
1E FF 2F E1 BX LR

BIC (BItwise bit Clear) . AND,

. .. NOT +AND.

325
 19. 19.
ORR , OR x86.
.

19.2.3. ARM + Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb)

19.16: Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb)

01 21 89 03 MOVS R1, 0x4000
08 43 ORRS R0, R1
49 11 ASRS R1, R1, #5 ; generate 0x200 and place to R1
88 43 BICS R0, R1
70 47 BX LR

, Keil , Thumb, 0x200 0x4000, , , -

0x200 - .
ASRS ( ), 0x4000 5.

19.2.4. ARM + Xcode 4.6.3 (LLVM) ( ARM)

19.17: Xcode 4.6.3 (LLVM) ( ARM)

42 0C C0 E3 BIC R0, R0, #0x4200
01 09 80 E3 ORR R0, R0, #0x4000
1E FF 2F E1 BX LR

, LLVM, , , :
REMOVE_BIT (rt, 0x4200);
SET_BIT (rt, 0x4000);

. 0x4200? , LLVM6 . ,
, .
, (91 (. 899)).
Xcode 4.6.3 (LLVM) Thumb .

19.2.5. ARM: BIC

:
int f(int a)
{
int rt=a;

REMOVE_BIT (rt, 0x1234);

return rt;
};

Keil 5.03 ARM :

f PROC
BIC r0,r0,#0x1000
BIC r0,r0,#0x234
BX lr
ENDP

BIC, .. 0x1234 . BIC

0x1234, 0x1000 0x234.
6 LLVM build 2410.2.00 Apple Xcode 4.6.3

326
 19. 19.
19.2.6. ARM64: GCC (Linaro) 4.9

GCC, ARM64, AND BIC:

19.18: GCC (Linaro) 4.9

f:
and w0, w0, 513 ; 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFDFF
orr w0, w0, 16384 ; 0x4000
ret

19.2.7. ARM64: GCC (Linaro) 4.9

GCC , :

19.19: GCC (Linaro) 4.9

f:
sub sp, sp, #32
str w0, [sp,12]
ldr w0, [sp,12]
str w0, [sp,28]
ldr w0, [sp,28]
orr w0, w0, 16384 ; 0x4000
str w0, [sp,28]
ldr w0, [sp,28]
and w0, w0, 513 ; 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFDFF
str w0, [sp,28]
ldr w0, [sp,28]
add sp, sp, 32
ret

19.2.8. MIPS

19.20: GCC 4.4.5 (IDA)

f:
; $a0=a
ori $a0, 0x4000
; $a0=a|0x4000
li $v0, 0xFFFFFDFF
jr $ra
and $v0, $a0, $v0
; : $v0 = $a0&$v0 = a|0x4000 & 0xFFFFFDFF

ORI , , , I .
, AND. ANDI, 0xFFFFFDFF
, 0xFFFFFDFF $V0,
AND, .

19.3.
/++ .
x86 SHL (SHift Left) SHR (SHift Right) .
- : 2n (.. 1, 2, 4, 8,
..): 16.1.2 (. 210), 16.2.1 (. 215).
,
.

327
 19. 19.
19.4. : FPU
, oat IEEE 754:

31 30 23 22 0

( S )
MSB7 . , FPU-?
#include <stdio.h>

float my_abs (float i)

{
unsigned int tmp=(*(unsigned int*)&i) & 0x7FFFFFFF;
return *(float*)&tmp;
};

float set_sign (float i)

{
unsigned int tmp=(*(unsigned int*)&i) | 0x80000000;
return *(float*)&tmp;
};

float negate (float i)

{
unsigned int tmp=(*(unsigned int*)&i) ^ 0x80000000;
return *(float*)&tmp;
};

int main()
{
printf ("my_abs():\n");
printf ("%f\n", my_abs (123.456));
printf ("%f\n", my_abs (456.123));
printf ("set_sign():\n");
printf ("%f\n", set_sign (123.456));
printf ("%f\n", set_sign (456.123));
printf ("negate():\n");
printf ("%f\n", negate (123.456));
printf ("%f\n", negate (456.123));
};

/++ oat
. : my_abs() MSB; set_sign() MSB negate()
.

19.4.1. - XOR

XOR ( ) - () . -
, XOR 1 :

0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
, XOR 0 , .. . XOR
.

19.4.2. x86

:
7 Most signicant bit/byte ( /)

328
 19. 19.
19.21: MSVC 2012
_tmp$ = 8
_i$ = 8
_my_abs PROC
and DWORD PTR _i$[esp4], 2147483647 ; 7fffffffH
fld DWORD PTR _tmp$[esp4]
ret 0
_my_abs ENDP

_tmp$ = 8
_i$ = 8
_set_sign PROC
or DWORD PTR _i$[esp4], 2147483648 ; 80000000H
fld DWORD PTR _tmp$[esp4]
ret 0
_set_sign ENDP

_tmp$ = 8
_i$ = 8
_negate PROC
xor DWORD PTR _i$[esp4], 2147483648 ; 80000000H
fld DWORD PTR _tmp$[esp4]
ret 0
_negate ENDP

oat , .
AND OR . XOR .
ST0, .
MSVC 2012 x64:

19.22: MSVC 2012 x64

tmp$ = 8
i$ = 8
my_abs PROC
movss DWORD PTR [rsp+8], xmm0
mov eax, DWORD PTR i$[rsp]
btr eax, 31
mov DWORD PTR tmp$[rsp], eax
movss xmm0, DWORD PTR tmp$[rsp]
ret 0
my_abs ENDP
_TEXT ENDS

tmp$ = 8
i$ = 8
set_sign PROC
movss DWORD PTR [rsp+8], xmm0
mov eax, DWORD PTR i$[rsp]
bts eax, 31
mov DWORD PTR tmp$[rsp], eax
movss xmm0, DWORD PTR tmp$[rsp]
ret 0
set_sign ENDP

tmp$ = 8
i$ = 8
negate PROC
movss DWORD PTR [rsp+8], xmm0
mov eax, DWORD PTR i$[rsp]
btc eax, 31
mov DWORD PTR tmp$[rsp], eax
movss xmm0, DWORD PTR tmp$[rsp]
ret 0
negate ENDP

-, XMM0,
: BTR, BTS, BTC.

329
 19. 19.
(BTR: reset), (BTS: set)
(BTC: complement). 31- MSB, .
, XMM0,
XMM0 Win64.

19.4.3. MIPS

GCC 4.4.5 MIPS :

19.23: GCC 4.4.5 (IDA)

my_abs:
; 1:
mfc1 $v1, $f12
li $v0, 0x7FFFFFFF
; $v0=0x7FFFFFFF
; :
and $v0, $v1
; 1:
mtc1 $v0, $f0
;
jr $ra
or $at, $zero ; branch delay slot

set_sign:
; 1:
mfc1 $v0, $f12
lui $v1, 0x8000
; $v1=0x80000000
; :
or $v0, $v1, $v0
; 1:
mtc1 $v0, $f0
;
jr $ra
or $at, $zero ; branch delay slot

negate:
; 1:
mfc1 $v0, $f12
lui $v1, 0x8000
; $v1=0x80000000
; :
xor $v0, $v1, $v0
; 1:
mtc1 $v0, $f0
;
jr $ra
or $at, $zero ; branch delay slot

0x80000000 LUI, LUI

16 , LUI ORI .

19.4.4. ARM

Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)

19.24: Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)

my_abs PROC
; :
BIC r0,r0,#0x80000000
BX lr
ENDP

set_sign PROC
; :

330
 19. 19.
ORR r0,r0,#0x80000000
BX lr
ENDP

negate PROC
; :
EOR r0,r0,#0x80000000
BX lr
ENDP

. ARM BIC . EOR ARM

XOR (Exclusive OR).

Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb)

19.25: Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb)

my_abs PROC
LSLS r0,r0,#1
; r0=i<<1
LSRS r0,r0,#1
; r0=(i<<1)>>1
BX lr
ENDP

set_sign PROC
MOVS r1,#1
; r1=1
LSLS r1,r1,#31
; r1=1<<31=0x80000000
ORRS r0,r0,r1
; r0=r0 | 0x80000000
BX lr
ENDP

negate PROC
MOVS r1,#1
; r1=1
LSLS r1,r1,#31
; r1=1<<31=0x80000000
EORS r0,r0,r1
; r0=r0 ^ 0x80000000
BX lr
ENDP

Thumb 16- , , -
MOVS/ LSLS 0x80000000. : 1 << 31 = 0x80000000.
my_abs : (i << 1) >> 1. .
, input << 1, MSB ( ) .
result >> 1, , MSB ,
. , LSLS/ LSRS MSB.

GCC 4.6.3 (Raspberry Pi, ARM)

19.26: GCC 4.6.3 Raspberry Pi ( ARM)

my_abs
; S0 R2:
FMRS R2, S0
; :
BIC R3, R2, #0x80000000
; R3 S0:
FMSR S0, R3
BX LR

set_sign

331
 19. 19.
; S0 R2:
FMRS R2, S0
; :
ORR R3, R2, #0x80000000
; R3 S0:
FMSR S0, R3
BX LR

negate
; S0 R2:
FMRS R2, S0
; :
ADD R3, R2, #0x80000000
; R3 S0:
FMSR S0, R3
BX LR

Raspberry Pi Linux QEMU FPU ARM, S-

R-.
FMRS GPR FPU .
my_abs() set_sign() , negate()? ADD XOR?
, ADD register, 0x80000000 XOR register, 0x80000000.
, ? , MSB ,
XOR. , 1000
3 . : 1234567 + 10000 = 1244567 ( 4 ).
, 0x80000000 100000000000000000000000000000000
, .. . 0x80000000 -
31 , MSB. 1 0 1. 1 1 10 , 32-
( ) , 32 . 0. XOR
ADD. , GCC , .

19.5.
, - .
population count8 .
#include <stdio.h>

#define IS_SET(flag, bit) ((flag) & (bit))

int f(unsigned int a)

{
int i;
int rt=0;

for (i=0; i<32; i++)

if (IS_SET (a, 1<<i))
rt++;

return rt;
};

int main()
{
f(0x12345678); // test
};

i 0 31, 1 i 1 0x80000000. , -
n . .. , 1 i
32- . .
1 i i = 0 . . . 31:
8 x86- ( SSE4) POPCNT

332
 19. 19.
/++
10 1 1 1
11 21 2 2
12 22 4 4
13 23 8 8
14 24 16 0x10
15 25 32 0x20
16 26 64 0x40
17 27 128 0x80
18 28 256 0x100
19 29 512 0x200
1 10 210 1024 0x400
1 11 211 2048 0x800
1 12 212 4096 0x1000
1 13 213 8192 0x2000
1 14 214 16384 0x4000
1 15 215 32768 0x8000
1 16 216 65536 0x10000
1 17 217 131072 0x20000
1 18 218 262144 0x40000
1 19 219 524288 0x80000
1 20 220 1048576 0x100000
1 21 221 2097152 0x200000
1 22 222 4194304 0x400000
1 23 223 8388608 0x800000
1 24 224 16777216 0x1000000
1 25 225 33554432 0x2000000
1 26 226 67108864 0x4000000
1 27 227 134217728 0x8000000
1 28 228 268435456 0x10000000
1 29 229 536870912 0x20000000
1 30 230 1073741824 0x40000000
1 31 231 2147483648 0x80000000
- ( ), reverse engineer-,
. , , , -
.
. , ssl_private.h
Apache 2.4.6:
/**
* Define the SSL options
*/
#define SSL_OPT_NONE (0)
#define SSL_OPT_RELSET (1<<0)
#define SSL_OPT_STDENVVARS (1<<1)
#define SSL_OPT_EXPORTCERTDATA (1<<3)
#define SSL_OPT_FAKEBASICAUTH (1<<4)
#define SSL_OPT_STRICTREQUIRE (1<<5)
#define SSL_OPT_OPTRENEGOTIATE (1<<6)
#define SSL_OPT_LEGACYDNFORMAT (1<<7)

.
IS_SET a. IS_SET (AND)
0 , , . /++, if() ,
, 123456, .

19.5.1. x86

MSVC

(MSVC 2010):

333
 19. 19.
19.27: MSVC 2010
_rt$ = 8 ; size = 4
_i$ = 4 ; size = 4
_a$ = 8 ; size = 4
_f PROC
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
sub esp, 8
mov DWORD PTR _rt$[ebp], 0
mov DWORD PTR _i$[ebp], 0
jmp SHORT $LN4@f
$LN3@f:
mov eax, DWORD PTR _i$[ebp] ; i
add eax, 1
mov DWORD PTR _i$[ebp], eax
$LN4@f:
cmp DWORD PTR _i$[ebp], 32 ; 00000020H
jge SHORT $LN2@f ; ?
mov edx, 1
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _i$[ebp]
shl edx, cl ; EDX=EDX<<CL
and edx, DWORD PTR _a$[ebp]
je SHORT $LN1@f ; AND 0?
;
mov eax, DWORD PTR _rt$[ebp] ; ,
add eax, 1 ; rt
mov DWORD PTR _rt$[ebp], eax
$LN1@f:
jmp SHORT $LN3@f
$LN2@f:
mov eax, DWORD PTR _rt$[ebp]
mov esp, ebp
pop ebp
ret 0
_f ENDP

334
 19. 19.
OllyDbg

OllyDbg. 0x12345678.

i = 1, , i ECX:

. 19.5: OllyDbg: i = 1, i ECX

EDX 1. SHL.

335
 19. 19.
SHL :

. 19.6: OllyDbg: i = 1, EDX =1 1 = 2

EDX 1 1 ( 2). .

336
 19. 19.
AND ZF 1, , (0x12345678) 9 2 0:

. 19.7: OllyDbg: i = 1, ? . (ZF =1)

. , ,
: JZ .

337
 19. 19.
i 4. SHL :

. 19.8: OllyDbg: i = 4, i ECX

338
 19. 19.
EDX =1 4 ( 0x10 16):

. 19.9: OllyDbg: i = 4, EDX =1 4 = 0x10

339
 19. 19.
AND :

. 19.10: OllyDbg: i = 4, ? . (ZF =0)

ZF 0 . , 0x12345678 & 0x10 = 0x10.

: .

13. 0x12345678.

GCC

GCC 4.4.1:

19.28: GCC 4.4.1

public f
f proc near

rt = dword ptr 0Ch

i = dword ptr 8
arg_0 = dword ptr 8

push ebp
mov ebp, esp
push ebx
sub esp, 10h
mov [ebp+rt], 0
mov [ebp+i], 0
jmp short loc_80483EF
loc_80483D0:
mov eax, [ebp+i]
mov edx, 1
mov ebx, edx
mov ecx, eax
shl ebx, cl
mov eax, ebx
and eax, [ebp+arg_0]
test eax, eax
jz short loc_80483EB
add [ebp+rt], 1
loc_80483EB:
add [ebp+i], 1
loc_80483EF:
cmp [ebp+i], 1Fh
jle short loc_80483D0
mov eax, [ebp+rt]
add esp, 10h
pop ebx

340
 19. 19.
pop ebp
retn
f endp

19.5.2. x64

, 64- :
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdint.h>

#define IS_SET(flag, bit) ((flag) & (bit))

int f(uint64_t a)
{
uint64_t i;
int rt=0;

for (i=0; i<64; i++)

if (IS_SET (a, 1ULL<<i))
rt++;

return rt;
};

GCC 4.8.2

19.29: GCC 4.8.2

f:
push rbp
mov rbp, rsp
mov QWORD PTR [rbp24], rdi ; a
mov DWORD PTR [rbp12], 0 ; rt=0
mov QWORD PTR [rbp8], 0 ; i=0
jmp .L2
.L4:
mov rax, QWORD PTR [rbp8]
mov rdx, QWORD PTR [rbp24]
; RAX = i, RDX = a
mov ecx, eax
; ECX = i
shr rdx, cl
; RDX = RDX>>CL = a>>i
mov rax, rdx
; RAX = RDX = a>>i
and eax, 1
; EAX = EAX&1 = (a>>i)&1
test rax, rax
; ?
; ADD, .
je .L3
add DWORD PTR [rbp12], 1 ; rt++
.L3:
add QWORD PTR [rbp8], 1 ; i++
.L2:
cmp QWORD PTR [rbp8], 63 ; i<63?
jbe .L4 ; ,
mov eax, DWORD PTR [rbp12] ; rt
pop rbp
ret

341
 19. 19.
GCC 4.8.2

19.30: GCC 4.8.2

1 f:
2 xor eax, eax ; rt EAX
3 xor ecx, ecx ; i ECX
4 .L3:
5 mov rsi, rdi ;
6 lea edx, [rax+1] ; EDX=EAX+1
7 ; EDX " rt", rt, 1
8 shr rsi, cl ; RSI=RSI>>CL
9 and esi, 1 ; ESI=ESI&1
10 ; 1? " rt" EAX
11 cmovne eax, edx
12 add rcx, 1 ; RCX++
13 cmp rcx, 64
14 jne .L3
15 rep ret ; AKA fatret

, . , ,
rt , rt 1
( 6), EDX. , 1, CMOVNE10 (
CMOVNZ11 ) rt EDX ( rt)
EAX ( rt ). ,
, .. 64 , .
, ( ) (-
rt ). CPU
: 33.1 (. 476).
REP RET ( F3 C3) FATRET MSVC.
RET, AMD , RET : [AMD13b,
p.15] 12 .

MSVC 2010

19.31: MSVC 2010

a$ = 8
f PROC
; RCX =
xor eax, eax
mov edx, 1
lea r8d, QWORD PTR [rax+64]
; R8D=64
npad 5
$LL4@f:
test rdx, rcx
; ?
; INC.
je SHORT $LN3@f
inc eax ; rt++
$LN3@f:
rol rdx, 1 ; RDX=RDX<<1
dec r8 ; R8
jne SHORT $LL4@f
fatret 0
f ENDP

ROL SHL, rotate left ( ) shift

left ( ), , , SHL.
: A.6.3 (. 971).
R8 64 0. i.
10 ConditionalMOVe if Not Equal (MOV )
11 ConditionalMOVe if Not Zero (MOV )
12 : http://go.yurichev.com/17328

342
 19. 19.
:
RDX R8
0x0000000000000001 64
0x0000000000000002 63
0x0000000000000004 62
0x0000000000000008 61
... ...
0x4000000000000000 2
0x8000000000000000 1
FATRET, : 19.5.2 (. 342).

MSVC 2012

19.32: MSVC 2012

a$ = 8
f PROC
; RCX =
xor eax, eax
mov edx, 1
lea r8d, QWORD PTR [rax+32]
; EDX = 1, R8D = 32
npad 5
$LL4@f:
; 1 ----------------------------------
test rdx, rcx
je SHORT $LN3@f
inc eax ; rt++
$LN3@f:
rol rdx, 1 ; RDX=RDX<<1
;
; 2 ----------------------------------
test rdx, rcx
je SHORT $LN11@f
inc eax ; rt++
$LN11@f:
rol rdx, 1 ; RDX=RDX<<1
;
dec r8 ; R8
jne SHORT $LL4@f
fatret 0
f ENDP

MSVC 2012 MSVC 2010, -

2 32 64. , , . -
? , ? , , -
, , ,
.

19.5.3. ARM + Xcode 4.6.3 (LLVM) ( ARM)

19.33: Xcode 4.6.3 (LLVM) ( ARM)

MOV R1, R0
MOV R0, #0
MOV R2, #1
MOV R3, R0
loc_2E54
TST R1, R2,LSL R3 ; R1 & (R2<<R3)
ADD R3, R3, #1 ; R3++
ADDNE R0, R0, #1 ; ZF TST, R0++
CMP R3, #32
BNE loc_2E54
BX LR

343
 19. 19.
TST TEST x86.
(41.2.1 (. 510)), ARM . ,
LSL (Logical Shift Left), LSR (Logical Shift Right), ASR (Arithmetic Shift Right), ROR (Rotate Right) RRX (Rotate Right with Extend)
, MOV, TST, CMP, ADD, SUB, RSB13 .
, , .
, TST R1, R2,LSL R3 R1 (R2 R3).

19.5.4. ARM + Xcode 4.6.3 (LLVM) ( Thumb-2)

, LSL.W/ TST TST, Thumb

LSL TST.
MOV R1, R0
MOVS R0, #0
MOV.W R9, #1
MOVS R3, #0
loc_2F7A
LSL.W R2, R9, R3
TST R2, R1
ADD.W R3, R3, #1
IT NE
ADDNE R0, #1
CMP R3, #32
BNE loc_2F7A
BX LR

19.5.5. ARM64 + GCC 4.9

64- , : 19.5.2 (. 341).

19.34: GCC (Linaro) 4.8

f:
mov w2, 0 ; rt=0
mov x5, 1
mov w1, w2
.L2:
lsl x4, x5, x1 ; w4 = w5<<w1 = 1<<i
add w3, w2, 1 ; new_rt=rt+1
tst x4, x0 ; (1<<i) & a
add w1, w1, 1 ; i++
; TST ?
; w2=w3 rt=new_rt.
; : w2=w2 rt=rt ( )
csel w2, w3, w2, ne
cmp w1, 64 ; i<64?
bne .L2 ;
mov w0, w2 ; rt
ret

, GCC x64: 19.30 (. 342).

CSEL Conditional SELect ( ). ,
TST W2, rt.

19.5.6. ARM64 + GCC 4.9

64- , : 19.5.2 (. 341).

, .
13 data processing instructions

344
 19. 19.
19.35: GCC (Linaro) 4.8
f:
sub sp, sp, #32
str x0, [sp,8] ; "a" Register Save Area
str wzr, [sp,24] ; rt=0
str wzr, [sp,28] ; i=0
b .L2
.L4:
ldr w0, [sp,28]
mov x1, 1
lsl x0, x1, x0 ; X0 = X1<<X0 = 1<<i
mov x1, x0
; X1 = 1<<1
ldr x0, [sp,8]
; X0 = a
and x0, x1, x0
; X0 = X1&X0 = (1<<i) & a
; X0 ? .L3, "rt"
cmp x0, xzr
beq .L3
; rt++
ldr w0, [sp,24]
add w0, w0, 1
str w0, [sp,24]
.L3:
; i++
ldr w0, [sp,28]
add w0, w0, 1
str w0, [sp,28]
.L2:
; i<=63? .L4
ldr w0, [sp,28]
cmp w0, 63
ble .L4
; rt
ldr w0, [sp,24]
add sp, sp, 32
ret

19.5.7. MIPS

GCC

19.36: GCC 4.4.5 (IDA)

f:
; IDA , :
rt = 0x10
i = 0xC
var_4 = 4
a = 0

addiu $sp, 0x18

sw $fp, 0x18+var_4($sp)
move $fp, $sp
sw $a0, 0x18+a($fp)
; rt i :
sw $zero, 0x18+rt($fp)
sw $zero, 0x18+i($fp)
; :
b loc_68
or $at, $zero ; branch delay slot, NOP

loc_20:
li $v1, 1
lw $v0, 0x18+i($fp)
or $at, $zero ; load delay slot, NOP
sllv $v0, $v1, $v0

345
 19. 19.
; $v0 = 1<<i
move $v1, $v0
lw $v0, 0x18+a($fp)
or $at, $zero ; load delay slot, NOP
and $v0, $v1, $v0
; $v0 = a&(1<<i)
; a&(1<<i) ? loc_58:
beqz $v0, loc_58
or $at, $zero
; , a&(1<<i)!=0, "rt":
lw $v0, 0x18+rt($fp)
or $at, $zero ; load delay slot, NOP
addiu $v0, 1
sw $v0, 0x18+rt($fp)

loc_58:
; i:
lw $v0, 0x18+i($fp)
or $at, $zero ; load delay slot, NOP
addiu $v0, 1
sw $v0, 0x18+i($fp)

loc_68:
; i 0x20 (32).
; loc_20, 0x20 (32):
lw $v0, 0x18+i($fp)
or $at, $zero ; load delay slot, NOP
slti $v0, 0x20 # ' '
bnez $v0, loc_20
or $at, $zero ; branch delay slot, NOP
; . rt:
lw $v0, 0x18+rt($fp)
move $sp, $fp ; load delay slot
lw $fp, 0x18+var_4($sp)
addiu $sp, 0x18 ; load delay slot
jr $ra
or $at, $zero ; branch delay slot, NOP

: ,
. SLLV Shift Word Left Logical Variable, SLL
SLL (, , ), SLL .

GCC

. . ? SLLV
, SLLV.
, : 33.1 (. 476).

19.37: GCC 4.4.5 (IDA)

f:
; $a0=a
; rt $v0:
move $v0, $zero
; i $v1:
move $v1, $zero
li $t0, 1
li $a3, 32
sllv $a1, $t0, $v1
; $a1 = $t0<<$v1 = 1<<i

loc_14:
and $a1, $a0
; $a1 = a&(1<<i)
; i:
addiu $v1, 1
; loc\_28 a&(1<<i)==0 rt:
beqz $a1, loc_28
addiu $a2, $v0, 1

346
 19. 19.
; BEQZ , rt $v0:
move $v0, $a2

loc_28:
; i!=32, loc_14 :
bne $v1, $a3, loc_14
sllv $a1, $t0, $v1
;
jr $ra
or $at, $zero ; branch delay slot, NOP

19.6.
, /++ , x86 SHR/ SHL ( ), SAR/ SHL
( ).
ARM LSR/ LSL ( ), ASR/ LSL ( ).
( data processing instructions).

19.6.1. ( )

, 1000000 (0x40) :

19.38: /++
if (input&0x40)
...

19.39: x86
TEST REG, 40h
JNZ is_set
;

19.40: x86
TEST REG, 40h
JZ is_cleared
;

19.41: ARM ( ARM)

TST REG, #0x40
BNE is_set
;

AND TEST, .

19.6.2. ( )

/++ ( n ,
):

19.42: /++
if ((value>>n)&1)
....

x86- :

19.43: x86
; REG=input_value
; CL=n
SHR REG, CL
AND REG, 1

347
 19. 19.
( 1 n , , ):
19.44: /++
if (value & (1<<n))
....

x86-:
19.45: x86
; CL=n
MOV REG, 1
SHL REG, CL
AND input_value, REG

19.6.3. ( )

19.46: /++
value=value|0x40;

19.47: x86
OR REG, 40h

19.48: ARM ( ARM) ARM64

ORR R0, R0, #0x40

19.6.4. ( )

19.49: /++
value=value|(1<<n);

x86-:
19.50: x86
; CL=n
MOV REG, 1
SHL REG, CL
OR input_value, REG

19.6.5. ( )

(AND) :
19.51: /++
value=value&(~0x40);

19.52: x86
AND REG, 0FFFFFFBFh

19.53: x64
AND REG, 0FFFFFFFFFFFFFFBFh

.
ARM ARM BIC, NOT +AND:
19.54: ARM ( ARM)
BIC R0, R0, #0x40

348
 19. 19.
19.6.6. ( )

19.55: /++
value=value&(~(1<<n));

19.56: x86
; CL=n
MOV REG, 1
SHL REG, CL
NOT REG
AND input_value, REG

19.7.

19.7.1. #1

19.57: MSVC 2010

_a$ = 8
_f PROC
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _a$[esp4]
mov eax, ecx
mov edx, ecx
shl edx, 16 ; 00000010H
and eax, 65280 ; 0000ff00H
or eax, edx
mov edx, ecx
and edx, 16711680 ; 00ff0000H
shr ecx, 16 ; 00000010H
or edx, ecx
shl eax, 8
shr edx, 8
or eax, edx
ret 0
_f ENDP

19.58: Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)

f PROC
MOV r1,#0xff0000
AND r1,r1,r0,LSL #8
MOV r2,#0xff00
ORR r1,r1,r0,LSR #24
AND r2,r2,r0,LSR #8
ORR r1,r1,r2
ORR r0,r1,r0,LSL #24
BX lr
ENDP

19.59: Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb)

f PROC
MOVS r3,#0xff
LSLS r2,r0,#8
LSLS r3,r3,#16
ANDS r2,r2,r3
LSRS r1,r0,#24
ORRS r1,r1,r2
LSRS r2,r0,#8
ASRS r3,r3,#8
ANDS r2,r2,r3
ORRS r1,r1,r2
LSLS r0,r0,#24

349
 19. 19.
ORRS r0,r0,r1
BX lr
ENDP

19.60: GCC 4.9 (ARM64)

f:
rev w0, w0
ret

19.61: GCC 4.4.5 (MIPS) (IDA)

f:
srl $v0, $a0, 24
sll $v1, $a0, 24
sll $a1, $a0, 8
or $v1, $v0
lui $v0, 0xFF
and $v0, $a1, $v0
srl $a0, 8
or $v0, $v1, $v0
andi $a0, 0xFF00
jr $ra
or $v0, $a0

: G.1.13 (. 989).

19.7.2. #2

19.62: MSVC 2010

_a$ = 8 ; size = 4
_f PROC
push esi
mov esi, DWORD PTR _a$[esp]
xor ecx, ecx
push edi
lea edx, DWORD PTR [ecx+1]
xor eax, eax
npad 3 ; align next label
$LL3@f:
mov edi, esi
shr edi, cl
add ecx, 4
and edi, 15
imul edi, edx
lea edx, DWORD PTR [edx+edx*4]
add eax, edi
add edx, edx
cmp ecx, 28
jle SHORT $LL3@f
pop edi
pop esi
ret 0
_f ENDP

19.63: Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)

f PROC
MOV r3,r0
MOV r1,#0
MOV r2,#1
MOV r0,r1
|L0.16|
LSR r12,r3,r1
AND r12,r12,#0xf
MLA r0,r12,r2,r0

350
 19. 19.
ADD r1,r1,#4
ADD r2,r2,r2,LSL #2
CMP r1,#0x1c
LSL r2,r2,#1
BLE |L0.16|
BX lr
ENDP

19.64: Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb)

f PROC
PUSH {r4,lr}
MOVS r3,r0
MOVS r1,#0
MOVS r2,#1
MOVS r0,r1
|L0.10|
MOVS r4,r3
LSRS r4,r4,r1
LSLS r4,r4,#28
LSRS r4,r4,#28
MULS r4,r2,r4
ADDS r0,r4,r0
MOVS r4,#0xa
MULS r2,r4,r2
ADDS r1,r1,#4
CMP r1,#0x1c
BLE |L0.10|
POP {r4,pc}
ENDP

19.65: GCC 4.9 (ARM64)

f:
sub sp, sp, #32
str w0, [sp,12]
str wzr, [sp,28]
mov w0, 1
str w0, [sp,24]
str wzr, [sp,20]
b .L2
.L3:
ldr w0, [sp,28]
ldr w1, [sp,12]
lsr w0, w1, w0
and w1, w0, 15
ldr w0, [sp,24]
mul w0, w1, w0
ldr w1, [sp,20]
add w0, w1, w0
str w0, [sp,20]
ldr w0, [sp,28]
add w0, w0, 4
str w0, [sp,28]
ldr w1, [sp,24]
mov w0, w1
lsl w0, w0, 2
add w0, w0, w1
lsl w0, w0, 1
str w0, [sp,24]
.L2:
ldr w0, [sp,28]
cmp w0, 28
ble .L3
ldr w0, [sp,20]
add sp, sp, 32
ret

19.66: GCC 4.4.5 (MIPS) (IDA)

351
 19. 19.
f:
srl $v0, $a0, 8
srl $a3, $a0, 20
andi $a3, 0xF
andi $v0, 0xF
srl $a1, $a0, 12
srl $a2, $a0, 16
andi $a1, 0xF
andi $a2, 0xF
sll $t2, $v0, 4
sll $v1, $a3, 2
sll $t0, $v0, 2
srl $t1, $a0, 4
sll $t5, $a3, 7
addu $t0, $t2
subu $t5, $v1
andi $t1, 0xF
srl $v1, $a0, 28
sll $t4, $a1, 7
sll $t2, $a2, 2
sll $t3, $a1, 2
sll $t7, $a2, 7
srl $v0, $a0, 24
addu $a3, $t5, $a3
subu $t3, $t4, $t3
subu $t7, $t2
andi $v0, 0xF
sll $t5, $t1, 3
sll $t6, $v1, 8
sll $t2, $t0, 2
sll $t4, $t1, 1
sll $t1, $v1, 3
addu $a2, $t7, $a2
subu $t1, $t6, $t1
addu $t2, $t0, $t2
addu $t4, $t5
addu $a1, $t3, $a1
sll $t5, $a3, 2
sll $t3, $v0, 8
sll $t0, $v0, 3
addu $a3, $t5
subu $t0, $t3, $t0
addu $t4, $t2, $t4
sll $t3, $a2, 2
sll $t2, $t1, 6
sll $a1, 3
addu $a1, $t4, $a1
subu $t1, $t2, $t1
addu $a2, $t3
sll $t2, $t0, 6
sll $t3, $a3, 2
andi $a0, 0xF
addu $v1, $t1, $v1
addu $a0, $a1
addu $a3, $t3
subu $t0, $t2, $t0
sll $a2, 4
addu $a2, $a0, $a2
addu $v0, $t0, $v0
sll $a1, $v1, 2
sll $a3, 5
addu $a3, $a2, $a3
addu $v1, $a1
sll $v0, 6
addu $v0, $a3, $v0
sll $v1, 7
jr $ra
addu $v0, $v1, $v0

: G.1.13 (. 989).

352
 19. 19.
19.7.3. #3

MSDN14 , , win32- MessageBox().

19.67: MSVC 2010

_main PROC
push 278595 ; 00044043H
push OFFSET $SG79792 ; 'caption'
push OFFSET $SG79793 ; 'hello, world!'
push 0
call DWORD PTR __imp__MessageBoxA@16
xor eax, eax
ret 0
_main ENDP

: G.1.13 (. 989).

19.7.4. #4

19.68: MSVC 2010

_m$ = 8 ; size = 4
_n$ = 12 ; size = 4
_f PROC
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _n$[esp4]
xor eax, eax
xor edx, edx
test ecx, ecx
je SHORT $LN2@f
push esi
mov esi, DWORD PTR _m$[esp]
$LL3@f:
test cl, 1
je SHORT $LN1@f
add eax, esi
adc edx, 0
$LN1@f:
add esi, esi
shr ecx, 1
jne SHORT $LL3@f
pop esi
$LN2@f:
ret 0
_f ENDP

19.69: Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)

f PROC
PUSH {r4,lr}
MOV r3,r0
MOV r0,#0
MOV r2,r0
MOV r12,r0
B |L0.48|
|L0.24|
TST r1,#1
BEQ |L0.40|
ADDS r0,r0,r3
ADC r2,r2,r12
|L0.40|
LSL r3,r3,#1
LSR r1,r1,#1
|L0.48|
CMP r1,#0
MOVEQ r1,r2
14 Microsoft Developer Network

353
 19. 19.
BNE |L0.24|
POP {r4,pc}
ENDP

19.70: Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb)

f PROC
PUSH {r4,r5,lr}
MOVS r3,r0
MOVS r0,#0
MOVS r2,r0
MOVS r4,r0
B |L0.24|
|L0.12|
LSLS r5,r1,#31
BEQ |L0.20|
ADDS r0,r0,r3
ADCS r2,r2,r4
|L0.20|
LSLS r3,r3,#1
LSRS r1,r1,#1
|L0.24|
CMP r1,#0
BNE |L0.12|
MOVS r1,r2
POP {r4,r5,pc}
ENDP

19.71: GCC 4.9 (ARM64)

f:
mov w2, w0
mov x0, 0
cbz w1, .L2
.L3:
and w3, w1, 1
lsr w1, w1, 1
cmp w3, wzr
add x3, x0, x2, uxtw
lsl w2, w2, 1
csel x0, x3, x0, ne
cbnz w1, .L3
.L2:
ret

19.72: GCC 4.4.5 (MIPS) (IDA)

mult:
beqz $a1, loc_40
move $a3, $zero
move $a2, $zero
addu $t0, $a3, $a0

loc_10: # CODE XREF: mult+38

sltu $t1, $t0, $a3
move $v1, $t0
andi $t0, $a1, 1
addu $t1, $a2
beqz $t0, loc_30
srl $a1, 1
move $a3, $v1
move $a2, $t1

loc_30: # CODE XREF: mult+20

beqz $a1, loc_44
sll $a0, 1
b loc_10
addu $t0, $a3, $a0
loc_40: # CODE XREF: mult
move $a2, $zero

354
 19. 19.

loc_44: # CODE XREF: mult:loc_30

move $v0, $a2
jr $ra
move $v1, $a3

: G.1.13 (. 990).

355
 20. 20.

20

, , .
1 , ( , ),
.
#include <stdint.h>

// Numerical Recipes
#define RNG_a 1664525
#define RNG_c 1013904223

static uint32_t rand_state;

void my_srand (uint32_t init)

{
rand_state=init;
}

int my_rand ()
{
rand_state=rand_state*RNG_a;
rand_state=rand_state+RNG_c;
return rand_state & 0x7fff;
}

: ,
.
. [Pre+07].
/++ #define. . /++ ,
/++ . , ,
. ( ) -,
.
, my_rand()
0..32767. 32- , .

20.1. x86

20.1: MSVC 2013

_BSS SEGMENT
_rand_state DD 01H DUP (?)
_BSS ENDS

_init$ = 8
_srand PROC
1

356
 20. 20.
mov eax, DWORD PTR _init$[esp4]
mov DWORD PTR _rand_state, eax
ret 0
_srand ENDP

_TEXT SEGMENT
_rand PROC
imul eax, DWORD PTR _rand_state, 1664525
add eax, 1013904223 ; 3c6ef35fH
mov DWORD PTR _rand_state, eax
and eax, 32767 ; 00007fffH
ret 0
_rand ENDP

_TEXT ENDS

: . . my_srand()
rand_state.
my_rand() , rand_state, EAX.
:

20.2: MSVC 2013

_BSS SEGMENT
_rand_state DD 01H DUP (?)
_BSS ENDS

_init$ = 8
_srand PROC
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
mov eax, DWORD PTR _init$[ebp]
mov DWORD PTR _rand_state, eax
pop ebp
ret 0
_srand ENDP

_TEXT SEGMENT
_rand PROC
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
imul eax, DWORD PTR _rand_state, 1664525
mov DWORD PTR _rand_state, eax
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _rand_state
add ecx, 1013904223 ; 3c6ef35fH
mov DWORD PTR _rand_state, ecx
mov eax, DWORD PTR _rand_state
and eax, 32767 ; 00007fffH
pop ebp
ret 0
_rand ENDP

_TEXT ENDS

20.2. x64
x64 , 32- 64- (
int). my_srand() ECX, :

20.3: MSVC 2013 x64

_BSS SEGMENT
rand_state DD 01H DUP (?)
_BSS ENDS

init$ = 8
my_srand PROC

357
 20. 20.
; ECX =
mov DWORD PTR rand_state, ecx
ret 0
my_srand ENDP

_TEXT SEGMENT
my_rand PROC
imul eax, DWORD PTR rand_state, 1664525 ; 0019660dH
add eax, 1013904223 ; 3c6ef35fH
mov DWORD PTR rand_state, eax
and eax, 32767 ; 00007fffH
ret 0
my_rand ENDP

_TEXT ENDS

GCC .

20.3. 32-bit ARM

20.4: Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)

my_srand PROC
LDR r1,|L0.52| ; rand_state
STR r0,[r1,#0] ; rand_state
BX lr
ENDP

my_rand PROC
LDR r0,|L0.52| ; rand_state
LDR r2,|L0.56| ; RNG_a
LDR r1,[r0,#0] ; rand_state
MUL r1,r2,r1
LDR r2,|L0.60| ; RNG_c
ADD r1,r1,r2
STR r1,[r0,#0] ; rand_state
; AND 0x7FFF:
LSL r0,r1,#17
LSR r0,r0,#17
BX lr
ENDP

|L0.52|
DCD ||.data||
|L0.56|
DCD 0x0019660d
|L0.60|
DCD 0x3c6ef35f

AREA ||.data||, DATA, ALIGN=2

rand_state
DCD 0x00000000

ARM 32- , Keil- -

.
: 0x7FFF . Keil rand_state 17
17 . /++- (rand_state 17) 17. -
, , 17 , 15 ,
, .

Keil Thumb .

20.4. MIPS

358
 20. 20.
20.5: GCC 4.4.5 (IDA)
my_srand:
; $a0 rand_state:
lui $v0, (rand_state >> 16)
jr $ra
sw $a0, rand_state
my_rand:
; rand_state $v0:
lui $v1, (rand_state >> 16)
lw $v0, rand_state
or $at, $zero ; load delay slot
; rand_state $v0 1664525 (RNG_a):
sll $a1, $v0, 2
sll $a0, $v0, 4
addu $a0, $a1, $a0
sll $a1, $a0, 6
subu $a0, $a1, $a0
addu $a0, $v0
sll $a1, $a0, 5
addu $a0, $a1
sll $a0, 3
addu $v0, $a0, $v0
sll $a0, $v0, 2
addu $v0, $a0
; 1013904223 (RNG_c)
; LI IDA LUI ORI
li $a0, 0x3C6EF35F
addu $v0, $a0
; rand_state:
sw $v0, (rand_state & 0xFFFF)($v1)
jr $ra
andi $v0, 0x7FFF ; branch delay slot

, (0x3C6EF35F 1013904223). (1664525)?

, 1664525 ! :
#define RNG_a 1664525

int f (int a)
{
return a*RNG_a;
}

20.6: GCC 4.4.5 (IDA)

f:
sll $v1, $a0, 2
sll $v0, $a0, 4
addu $v0, $v1, $v0
sll $v1, $v0, 6
subu $v0, $v1, $v0
addu $v0, $a0
sll $v1, $v0, 5
addu $v0, $v1
sll $v0, 3
addu $a0, $v0, $a0
sll $v0, $a0, 2
jr $ra
addu $v0, $a0, $v0 ; branch delay slot

20.4.1. MIPS (relocs)

, .
IDA, .
objdump : :

359
 20. 20.
20.7: GCC 4.4.5 (objdump)
# objdump D rand_O3.o

...

00000000 <my_srand>:
0: 3c020000 lui v0,0x0
4: 03e00008 jr ra
8: ac440000 sw a0,0(v0)

0000000c <my_rand>:
c: 3c030000 lui v1,0x0
10: 8c620000 lw v0,0(v1)
14: 00200825 move at,at
18: 00022880 sll a1,v0,0x2
1c: 00022100 sll a0,v0,0x4
20: 00a42021 addu a0,a1,a0
24: 00042980 sll a1,a0,0x6
28: 00a42023 subu a0,a1,a0
2c: 00822021 addu a0,a0,v0
30: 00042940 sll a1,a0,0x5
34: 00852021 addu a0,a0,a1
38: 000420c0 sll a0,a0,0x3
3c: 00821021 addu v0,a0,v0
40: 00022080 sll a0,v0,0x2
44: 00441021 addu v0,v0,a0
48: 3c043c6e lui a0,0x3c6e
4c: 3484f35f ori a0,a0,0xf35f
50: 00441021 addu v0,v0,a0
54: ac620000 sw v0,0(v1)
58: 03e00008 jr ra
5c: 30427fff andi v0,v0,0x7fff

...

# objdump r rand_O3.o

...

RELOCATION RECORDS FOR [.text]:

OFFSET TYPE VALUE
00000000 R_MIPS_HI16 .bss
00000008 R_MIPS_LO16 .bss
0000000c R_MIPS_HI16 .bss
00000010 R_MIPS_LO16 .bss
00000054 R_MIPS_LO16 .bss

...

my_srand(). , 0, R_MIPS_HI16, ,
8, R_MIPS_LO16. , .bss 0
( ) 8 ( ). rand_state
.bss. LUI SW
, . LUI
SW. SW
$V0 ( ).
my_rand(): R_MIPS_HI16
.bss LUI. rand_state $V1. -
LW 0x10 rand_state
$V1. SW 0x54
rand_state.
IDA , . .

360
 20. 20.
20.5.
: 65.1 (. 697).

361
 21. 21.

21

, /++ , , , -
, , 1 .

21.1. MSVC: SYSTEMTIME

, , SYSTEMTIME2 win32 .
:

21.1: WinBase.h
typedef struct _SYSTEMTIME {
WORD wYear;
WORD wMonth;
WORD wDayOfWeek;
WORD wDay;
WORD wHour;
WORD wMinute;
WORD wSecond;
WORD wMilliseconds;
} SYSTEMTIME, *PSYSTEMTIME;

:
#include <windows.h>
#include <stdio.h>

void main()
{
SYSTEMTIME t;
GetSystemTime (&t);

printf ("%04d%02d%02d %02d:%02d:%02d\n",

t.wYear, t.wMonth, t.wDay,
t.wHour, t.wMinute, t.wSecond);

return;
};

(MSVC 2010):

21.2: MSVC 2010 /GS-

_t$ = 16 ; size = 16
_main PROC
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
sub esp, 16
lea eax, DWORD PTR _t$[ebp]
1 AKA
2 MSDN: SYSTEMTIME structure

362
 21. 21.
push eax
call DWORD PTR __imp__GetSystemTime@4
movzx ecx, WORD PTR _t$[ebp+12] ; wSecond
push ecx
movzx edx, WORD PTR _t$[ebp+10] ; wMinute
push edx
movzx eax, WORD PTR _t$[ebp+8] ; wHour
push eax
movzx ecx, WORD PTR _t$[ebp+6] ; wDay
push ecx
movzx edx, WORD PTR _t$[ebp+2] ; wMonth
push edx
movzx eax, WORD PTR _t$[ebp] ; wYear
push eax
push OFFSET $SG78811 ; '%04d%02d%02d %02d:%02d:%02d', 0aH, 00H
call _printf
add esp, 28
xor eax, eax
mov esp, ebp
pop ebp
ret 0
_main ENDP

16 sizeof(WORD)*8 ( 8
WORD).
, wYear. ,
GetSystemTime()3 SYSTEMTIME, ,
wYear, ! GetSystemTime() WORD
, 2 , , .., ..

3 MSDN: GetSystemTime function

363
 21. 21.
21.1.1. OllyDbg

MSVC 2010 /GS- /MD OllyDbg.

, GetSystemTime(),
, :

. 21.1: OllyDbg: GetSystemTime()

, , 9 2014, 22:29:52:

. 21.2: OllyDbg: printf()

, 16 :
DE 07 0C 00 02 00 09 00 16 00 1D 00 34 00 D4 03

. (endianness) little endian,

, . , 16- :

0x07DE 2014 wYear
0x000C 12 wMonth
0x0002 2 wDayOfWeek
0x0009 9 wDay
0x0016 22 wHour
0x001D 29 wMinute
0x0034 52 wSecond
0x03D4 980 wMilliseconds
, , 32- .
printf() .
printf() (wDayOfWeek wMilliseconds),
.

21.1.2.

, ,
. SYSTEMTIME, :

364
 21. 21.

#include <windows.h>
#include <stdio.h>

void main()
{
WORD array[8];
GetSystemTime (array);

printf ("%04d%02d%02d %02d:%02d:%02d\n",

array[0] /* wYear */, array[1] /* wMonth */, array[3] /* wDay */,
array[4] /* wHour */, array[5] /* wMinute */, array[6] /* wSecond */);

return;
};

:
systemtime2.c(7) : warning C4133: 'function' : incompatible types from 'WORD [8]' to 'LPSYSTEMTIME'

, :

21.3: MSVC 2010

$SG78573 DB '%04d%02d%02d %02d:%02d:%02d', 0aH, 00H

_array$ = 16 ; size = 16
_main PROC
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
sub esp, 16
lea eax, DWORD PTR _array$[ebp]
push eax
call DWORD PTR __imp__GetSystemTime@4
movzx ecx, WORD PTR _array$[ebp+12] ; wSecond
push ecx
movzx edx, WORD PTR _array$[ebp+10] ; wMinute
push edx
movzx eax, WORD PTR _array$[ebp+8] ; wHoure
push eax
movzx ecx, WORD PTR _array$[ebp+6] ; wDay
push ecx
movzx edx, WORD PTR _array$[ebp+2] ; wMonth
push edx
movzx eax, WORD PTR _array$[ebp] ; wYear
push eax
push OFFSET $SG78573
call _printf
add esp, 28
xor eax, eax
mov esp, ebp
pop ebp
ret 0
_main ENDP

!
. , ,
, , .
, . . , ,
, , ..
OllyDbg , , .

21.2. malloc()
, , , :

365
 21. 21.

#include <windows.h>
#include <stdio.h>

void main()
{
SYSTEMTIME *t;

t=(SYSTEMTIME *)malloc (sizeof (SYSTEMTIME));

GetSystemTime (t);

printf ("%04d%02d%02d %02d:%02d:%02d\n",

t>wYear, t>wMonth, t>wDay,
t>wHour, t>wMinute, t>wSecond);

free (t);

return;
};

(/Ox) , .

21.4: MSVC
_main PROC
push esi
push 16
call _malloc
add esp, 4
mov esi, eax
push esi
call DWORD PTR __imp__GetSystemTime@4
movzx eax, WORD PTR [esi+12] ; wSecond
movzx ecx, WORD PTR [esi+10] ; wMinute
movzx edx, WORD PTR [esi+8] ; wHour
push eax
movzx eax, WORD PTR [esi+6] ; wDay
push ecx
movzx ecx, WORD PTR [esi+2] ; wMonth
push edx
movzx edx, WORD PTR [esi] ; wYear
push eax
push ecx
push edx
push OFFSET $SG78833
call _printf
push esi
call _free
add esp, 32
xor eax, eax
pop esi
ret 0
_main ENDP

, sizeof(SYSTEMTIME) = 16, malloc().

EAX, ESI. Win32 GetSystemTime() -
ESI,
GetSystemTime().
MOVZX (Move with Zero eXtend). MOVSX, -
0. , printf() 32- int, WORD 16- -
. WORD int, 16 31,
, .
8- WORD-:
#include <windows.h>
#include <stdio.h>

void main()

366
 21. 21.
{
WORD *t;

t=(WORD *)malloc (16);

GetSystemTime (t);

printf ("%04d%02d%02d %02d:%02d:%02d\n",

t[0] /* wYear */, t[1] /* wMonth */, t[3] /* wDay */,
t[4] /* wHour */, t[5] /* wMinute */, t[6] /* wSecond */);

free (t);

return;
};

21.5: MSVC
$SG78594 DB '%04d%02d%02d %02d:%02d:%02d', 0aH, 00H

_main PROC
push esi
push 16
call _malloc
add esp, 4
mov esi, eax
push esi
call DWORD PTR __imp__GetSystemTime@4
movzx eax, WORD PTR [esi+12]
movzx ecx, WORD PTR [esi+10]
movzx edx, WORD PTR [esi+8]
push eax
movzx eax, WORD PTR [esi+6]
push ecx
movzx ecx, WORD PTR [esi+2]
push edx
movzx edx, WORD PTR [esi]
push eax
push ecx
push edx
push OFFSET $SG78594
call _printf
push esi
call _free
add esp, 32
xor eax, eax
pop esi
ret 0
_main ENDP

, . ,
, , .

21.3. UNIX: struct tm

21.3.1. Linux

, , tm time.h:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <time.h>

void main()
{
struct tm t;
time_t unix_time;

367
 21. 21.

unix_time=time(NULL);

localtime_r (&unix_time, &t);

printf ("Year: %d\n", t.tm_year+1900);

printf ("Month: %d\n", t.tm_mon);
printf ("Day: %d\n", t.tm_mday);
printf ("Hour: %d\n", t.tm_hour);
printf ("Minutes: %d\n", t.tm_min);
printf ("Seconds: %d\n", t.tm_sec);
};

GCC 4.4.1:

21.6: GCC 4.4.1

main proc near
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
and esp, 0FFFFFFF0h
sub esp, 40h
mov dword ptr [esp], 0 ; time()
call time
mov [esp+3Ch], eax
lea eax, [esp+3Ch] ; time()
lea edx, [esp+10h] ; ESP+10h struct tm
mov [esp+4], edx ;
mov [esp], eax ; time()
call localtime_r
mov eax, [esp+24h] ; tm_year
lea edx, [eax+76Ch] ; edx=eax+1900
mov eax, offset format ; "Year: %d\n"
mov [esp+4], edx
mov [esp], eax
call printf
mov edx, [esp+20h] ; tm_mon
mov eax, offset aMonthD ; "Month: %d\n"
mov [esp+4], edx
mov [esp], eax
call printf
mov edx, [esp+1Ch] ; tm_mday
mov eax, offset aDayD ; "Day: %d\n"
mov [esp+4], edx
mov [esp], eax
call printf
mov edx, [esp+18h] ; tm_hour
mov eax, offset aHourD ; "Hour: %d\n"
mov [esp+4], edx
mov [esp], eax
call printf
mov edx, [esp+14h] ; tm_min
mov eax, offset aMinutesD ; "Minutes: %d\n"
mov [esp+4], edx
mov [esp], eax
call printf
mov edx, [esp+10h]
mov eax, offset aSecondsD ; "Seconds: %d\n"
mov [esp+4], edx ; tm_sec
mov [esp], eax
call printf
leave
retn
main endp

, - , IDA .
:-) .
lea edx, [eax+76Ch] 0x76C (1900) EAX,
. . LEA (A.6.2 (. 965)).

368
 21. 21.
GDB

GDB 4 :

21.7: GDB
dennis@ubuntuvm:~/polygon$ date
Mon Jun 2 18:10:37 EEST 2014
dennis@ubuntuvm:~/polygon$ gcc GCC_tm.c o GCC_tm
dennis@ubuntuvm:~/polygon$ gdb GCC_tm
GNU gdb (GDB) 7.6.1ubuntu
Copyright (C) 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Type "show copying"
and "show warranty" for details.
This GDB was configured as "i686linuxgnu".
For bug reporting instructions, please see:
<http://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/bugs/>...
Reading symbols from /home/dennis/polygon/GCC_tm...(no debugging symbols found)...done.
(gdb) b printf
Breakpoint 1 at 0x8048330
(gdb) run
Starting program: /home/dennis/polygon/GCC_tm

Breakpoint 1, __printf (format=0x80485c0 "Year: %d\n") at printf.c:29

29 printf.c: No such file or directory.
(gdb) x/20x $esp
0xbffff0dc: 0x080484c3 0x080485c0 0x000007de 0x00000000
0xbffff0ec: 0x08048301 0x538c93ed 0x00000025 0x0000000a
0xbffff0fc: 0x00000012 0x00000002 0x00000005 0x00000072
0xbffff10c: 0x00000001 0x00000098 0x00000001 0x00002a30
0xbffff11c: 0x0804b090 0x08048530 0x00000000 0x00000000
(gdb)

. , , time.h:

21.8: time.h
struct tm
{
int tm_sec;
int tm_min;
int tm_hour;
int tm_mday;
int tm_mon;
int tm_year;
int tm_wday;
int tm_yday;
int tm_isdst;
};

32- int WORD SYSTEMTIME. , 32-

.
:
0xbffff0dc: 0x080484c3 0x080485c0 0x000007de 0x00000000
0xbffff0ec: 0x08048301 0x538c93ed 0x00000025 sec 0x0000000a min
0xbffff0fc: 0x00000012 hour 0x00000002 mday 0x00000005 mon 0x00000072 year
0xbffff10c: 0x00000001 wday 0x00000098 yday 0x00000001 isdst0x00002a30
0xbffff11c: 0x0804b090 0x08048530 0x00000000 0x00000000

, :
4 date . , , GDB,

369
 21. 21.

0x00000025 37 tm_sec
0x0000000a 10 tm_min
0x00000012 18 tm_hour
0x00000002 2 tm_mday
0x00000005 5 tm_mon
0x00000072 114 tm_year
0x00000001 1 tm_wday
0x00000098 152 tm_yday
0x00000001 1 tm_isdst
SYSTEMTIME (21.1 (. 362)), , ,
, , tm_wday, tm_yday, tm_isdst.

21.3.2. ARM

Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb)

21.9: Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb)

var_38 = 0x38
var_34 = 0x34
var_30 = 0x30
var_2C = 0x2C
var_28 = 0x28
var_24 = 0x24
timer = 0xC

PUSH {LR}
MOVS R0, #0 ; timer
SUB SP, SP, #0x34
BL time
STR R0, [SP,#0x38+timer]
MOV R1, SP ; tp
ADD R0, SP, #0x38+timer ; timer
BL localtime_r
LDR R1, =0x76C
LDR R0, [SP,#0x38+var_24]
ADDS R1, R0, R1
ADR R0, aYearD ; "Year: %d\n"
BL __2printf
LDR R1, [SP,#0x38+var_28]
ADR R0, aMonthD ; "Month: %d\n"
BL __2printf
LDR R1, [SP,#0x38+var_2C]
ADR R0, aDayD ; "Day: %d\n"
BL __2printf
LDR R1, [SP,#0x38+var_30]
ADR R0, aHourD ; "Hour: %d\n"
BL __2printf
LDR R1, [SP,#0x38+var_34]
ADR R0, aMinutesD ; "Minutes: %d\n"
BL __2printf
LDR R1, [SP,#0x38+var_38]
ADR R0, aSecondsD ; "Seconds: %d\n"
BL __2printf
ADD SP, SP, #0x34
POP {PC}

Xcode 4.6.3 (LLVM) ( Thumb-2)

IDA tm ( IDA , localtime_r()),

.

370
 21. 21.
21.10: Xcode 4.6.3 (LLVM) ( Thumb-2)
var_38 = 0x38
var_34 = 0x34

PUSH {R7,LR}
MOV R7, SP
SUB SP, SP, #0x30
MOVS R0, #0 ; time_t *
BLX _time
ADD R1, SP, #0x38+var_34 ; struct tm *
STR R0, [SP,#0x38+var_38]
MOV R0, SP ; time_t *
BLX _localtime_r
LDR R1, [SP,#0x38+var_34.tm_year]
MOV R0, 0xF44 ; "Year: %d\n"
ADD R0, PC ; char *
ADDW R1, R1, #0x76C
BLX _printf
LDR R1, [SP,#0x38+var_34.tm_mon]
MOV R0, 0xF3A ; "Month: %d\n"
ADD R0, PC ; char *
BLX _printf
LDR R1, [SP,#0x38+var_34.tm_mday]
MOV R0, 0xF35 ; "Day: %d\n"
ADD R0, PC ; char *
BLX _printf
LDR R1, [SP,#0x38+var_34.tm_hour]
MOV R0, 0xF2E ; "Hour: %d\n"
ADD R0, PC ; char *
BLX _printf
LDR R1, [SP,#0x38+var_34.tm_min]
MOV R0, 0xF28 ; "Minutes: %d\n"
ADD R0, PC ; char *
BLX _printf
LDR R1, [SP,#0x38+var_34]
MOV R0, 0xF25 ; "Seconds: %d\n"
ADD R0, PC ; char *
BLX _printf
ADD SP, SP, #0x30
POP {R7,PC}

...

00000000 tm struc ; (sizeof=0x2C, standard type)

00000000 tm_sec DCD ?
00000004 tm_min DCD ?
00000008 tm_hour DCD ?
0000000C tm_mday DCD ?
00000010 tm_mon DCD ?
00000014 tm_year DCD ?
00000018 tm_wday DCD ?
0000001C tm_yday DCD ?
00000020 tm_isdst DCD ?
00000024 tm_gmtoff DCD ?
00000028 tm_zone DCD ? ; offset
0000002C tm ends

21.3.3. MIPS

21.11: GCC 4.4.5 (IDA)

1 main:
2
3 ; IDA , :
4
5 var_40 = 0x40
6 var_38 = 0x38
7 seconds = 0x34

371
 21. 21.
8 minutes = 0x30
9 hour = 0x2C
10 day = 0x28
11 month = 0x24
12 year = 0x20
13 var_4 = 4
14
15 lui $gp, (__gnu_local_gp >> 16)
16 addiu $sp, 0x50
17 la $gp, (__gnu_local_gp & 0xFFFF)
18 sw $ra, 0x50+var_4($sp)
19 sw $gp, 0x50+var_40($sp)
20 lw $t9, (time & 0xFFFF)($gp)
21 or $at, $zero ; load delay slot, NOP
22 jalr $t9
23 move $a0, $zero ; branch delay slot, NOP
24 lw $gp, 0x50+var_40($sp)
25 addiu $a0, $sp, 0x50+var_38
26 lw $t9, (localtime_r & 0xFFFF)($gp)
27 addiu $a1, $sp, 0x50+seconds
28 jalr $t9
29 sw $v0, 0x50+var_38($sp) ; branch delay slot
30 lw $gp, 0x50+var_40($sp)
31 lw $a1, 0x50+year($sp)
32 lw $t9, (printf & 0xFFFF)($gp)
33 la $a0, $LC0 # "Year: %d\n"
34 jalr $t9
35 addiu $a1, 1900 ; branch delay slot
36 lw $gp, 0x50+var_40($sp)
37 lw $a1, 0x50+month($sp)
38 lw $t9, (printf & 0xFFFF)($gp)
39 lui $a0, ($LC1 >> 16) # "Month: %d\n"
40 jalr $t9
41 la $a0, ($LC1 & 0xFFFF) # "Month: %d\n" ; branch delay slot
42 lw $gp, 0x50+var_40($sp)
43 lw $a1, 0x50+day($sp)
44 lw $t9, (printf & 0xFFFF)($gp)
45 lui $a0, ($LC2 >> 16) # "Day: %d\n"
46 jalr $t9
47 la $a0, ($LC2 & 0xFFFF) # "Day: %d\n" ; branch delay slot
48 lw $gp, 0x50+var_40($sp)
49 lw $a1, 0x50+hour($sp)
50 lw $t9, (printf & 0xFFFF)($gp)
51 lui $a0, ($LC3 >> 16) # "Hour: %d\n"
52 jalr $t9
53 la $a0, ($LC3 & 0xFFFF) # "Hour: %d\n" ; branch delay slot
54 lw $gp, 0x50+var_40($sp)
55 lw $a1, 0x50+minutes($sp)
56 lw $t9, (printf & 0xFFFF)($gp)
57 lui $a0, ($LC4 >> 16) # "Minutes: %d\n"
58 jalr $t9
59 la $a0, ($LC4 & 0xFFFF) # "Minutes: %d\n" ; branch delay slot
60 lw $gp, 0x50+var_40($sp)
61 lw $a1, 0x50+seconds($sp)
62 lw $t9, (printf & 0xFFFF)($gp)
63 lui $a0, ($LC5 >> 16) # "Seconds: %d\n"
64 jalr $t9
65 la $a0, ($LC5 & 0xFFFF) # "Seconds: %d\n" ; branch delay slot
66 lw $ra, 0x50+var_4($sp)
67 or $at, $zero ; load delay slot, NOP
68 jr $ra
69 addiu $sp, 0x50
70
71 $LC0: .ascii "Year: %d\n"<0>
72 $LC1: .ascii "Month: %d\n"<0>
73 $LC2: .ascii "Day: %d\n"<0>
74 $LC3: .ascii "Hour: %d\n"<0>
75 $LC4: .ascii "Minutes: %d\n"<0>
76 $LC5: .ascii "Seconds: %d\n"<0>

372
 21. 21.
, branch delay slot- . , 35 addiu $a1, 1900,
1900 . JALR 34, -
.

21.3.4.

, ,
, tm : .21.8.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <time.h>

void main()
{
int tm_sec, tm_min, tm_hour, tm_mday, tm_mon, tm_year, tm_wday, tm_yday, tm_isdst;
time_t unix_time;

unix_time=time(NULL);

localtime_r (&unix_time, &tm_sec);

printf ("Year: %d\n", tm_year+1900);

printf ("Month: %d\n", tm_mon);
printf ("Day: %d\n", tm_mday);
printf ("Hour: %d\n", tm_hour);
printf ("Minutes: %d\n", tm_min);
printf ("Seconds: %d\n", tm_sec);
};

N.B. localtime_r tm_sec, .. .

, :

21.12: GCC 4.7.3

GCC_tm2.c: In function 'main':
GCC_tm2.c:11:5: warning: passing argument 2 of 'localtime_r' from incompatible pointer type [enabled
by default]
In file included from GCC_tm2.c:2:0:
/usr/include/time.h:59:12: note: expected 'struct tm *' but argument is of type 'int *'

, :

21.13: GCC 4.7.3

main proc near

var_30 = dword ptr 30h

var_2C = dword ptr 2Ch
unix_time = dword ptr 1Ch
tm_sec = dword ptr 18h
tm_min = dword ptr 14h
tm_hour = dword ptr 10h
tm_mday = dword ptr 0Ch
tm_mon = dword ptr 8
tm_year = dword ptr 4

push ebp
mov ebp, esp
and esp, 0FFFFFFF0h
sub esp, 30h
call __main
mov [esp+30h+var_30], 0 ; arg 0
call time
mov [esp+30h+unix_time], eax
lea eax, [esp+30h+tm_sec]
mov [esp+30h+var_2C], eax
lea eax, [esp+30h+unix_time]
mov [esp+30h+var_30], eax
call localtime_r

373
 21. 21.
mov eax, [esp+30h+tm_year]
add eax, 1900
mov [esp+30h+var_2C], eax
mov [esp+30h+var_30], offset aYearD ; "Year: %d\n"
call printf
mov eax, [esp+30h+tm_mon]
mov [esp+30h+var_2C], eax
mov [esp+30h+var_30], offset aMonthD ; "Month: %d\n"
call printf
mov eax, [esp+30h+tm_mday]
mov [esp+30h+var_2C], eax
mov [esp+30h+var_30], offset aDayD ; "Day: %d\n"
call printf
mov eax, [esp+30h+tm_hour]
mov [esp+30h+var_2C], eax
mov [esp+30h+var_30], offset aHourD ; "Hour: %d\n"
call printf
mov eax, [esp+30h+tm_min]
mov [esp+30h+var_2C], eax
mov [esp+30h+var_30], offset aMinutesD ; "Minutes: %d\n"
call printf
mov eax, [esp+30h+tm_sec]
mov [esp+30h+var_2C], eax
mov [esp+30h+var_30], offset aSecondsD ; "Seconds: %d\n"
call printf
leave
retn
main endp

, ,
.
. , . , -
, . ,
.
, - , tm_year, tm_mon, tm_mday, tm_hour,
tm_min, tm_sec, . , -
localtime_r().
, int. ,
16 (WORD), SYSTEMTIME GetSystemTime()
( 32- ). :
(21.4 (. 377)).
, , . , -
, . , -,
( 1972) [Rit93].
: , .

21.3.5. 32-

#include <stdio.h>
#include <time.h>

void main()
{
struct tm t;
time_t unix_time;
int i;

unix_time=time(NULL);

localtime_r (&unix_time, &t);

for (i=0; i<9; i++)

{
int tmp=((int*)&t)[i];

374
 21. 21.
printf ("0x%08X (%d)\n", tmp, tmp);
};
};

(cast) int-. ! 23:51:45 26-July-

2014.
0x0000002D (45)
0x00000033 (51)
0x00000017 (23)
0x0000001A (26)
0x00000006 (6)
0x00000072 (114)
0x00000006 (6)
0x000000CE (206)
0x00000001 (1)

, : 21.8 (. 369).
:

21.14: GCC 4.8.1

main proc near
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
push esi
push ebx
and esp, 0FFFFFFF0h
sub esp, 40h
mov dword ptr [esp], 0 ; timer
lea ebx, [esp+14h]
call _time
lea esi, [esp+38h]
mov [esp+4], ebx ; tp
mov [esp+10h], eax
lea eax, [esp+10h]
mov [esp], eax ; timer
call _localtime_r
nop
lea esi, [esi+0] ; NOP
loc_80483D8:
; EBX , ESI - .
mov eax, [ebx] ; 32-
add ebx, 4 ;
mov dword ptr [esp+4], offset a0x08xD ; "0x%08X (%d)\n"
mov dword ptr [esp], 1
mov [esp+0Ch], eax ; printf()
mov [esp+8], eax ; printf()
call ___printf_chk
cmp ebx, esi ; ?
jnz short loc_80483D8 ; -
lea esp, [ebp8]
pop ebx
pop esi
pop ebp
retn
main endp

: , .
.
, , .

, ( 1)
.

375
 21. 21.
21.3.6.

. (cast) :
#include <stdio.h>
#include <time.h>

void main()
{
struct tm t;
time_t unix_time;
int i, j;

unix_time=time(NULL);

localtime_r (&unix_time, &t);

for (i=0; i<9; i++)

{
for (j=0; j<4; j++)
printf ("0x%02X ", ((unsigned char*)&t)[i*4+j]);
printf ("\n");
};
};

0x2D 0x00 0x00 0x00

0x33 0x00 0x00 0x00
0x17 0x00 0x00 0x00
0x1A 0x00 0x00 0x00
0x06 0x00 0x00 0x00
0x72 0x00 0x00 0x00
0x06 0x00 0x00 0x00
0xCE 0x00 0x00 0x00
0x01 0x00 0x00 0x00

23:51:45 26-July-2014 5 . ,
(21.3.5 (. 375)), , , little-endian (31 (. 473)).

21.15: GCC 4.8.1

main proc near
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
push edi
push esi
push ebx
and esp, 0FFFFFFF0h
sub esp, 40h
mov dword ptr [esp], 0 ; timer
lea esi, [esp+14h]
call _time
lea edi, [esp+38h] ; struct end
mov [esp+4], esi ; tp
mov [esp+10h], eax
lea eax, [esp+10h]
mov [esp], eax ; timer
call _localtime_r
lea esi, [esi+0] ; NOP
; ESI . EDI .
loc_8048408:
xor ebx, ebx ; j=0

loc_804840A:
movzx eax, byte ptr [esi+ebx] ;
add ebx, 1 ; j=j+1
mov dword ptr [esp+4], offset a0x02x ; "0x%02X "
mov dword ptr [esp], 1
mov [esp+8], eax ; printf()
5 . .

376
 21. 21.
call ___printf_chk
cmp ebx, 4
jnz short loc_804840A
; (CR)
mov dword ptr [esp], 0Ah ; c
add esi, 4
call _putchar
cmp esi, edi ; ?
jnz short loc_8048408 ; j=0
lea esp, [ebp0Ch]
pop ebx
pop esi
pop edi
pop ebp
retn
main endp

21.4.
, 6 .
:
#include <stdio.h>

struct s
{
char a;
int b;
char c;
int d;
};

void f(struct s s)
{
printf ("a=%d; b=%d; c=%d; d=%d\n", s.a, s.b, s.c, s.d);
};

int main()
{
struct s tmp;
tmp.a=1;
tmp.b=2;
tmp.c=3;
tmp.d=4;
f(tmp);
};

, char ( ) int ( 4 ).

21.4.1. x86

21.16: MSVC 2012 /GS- /Ob0

1 _tmp$ = 16
2 _main PROC
3 push ebp
4 mov ebp, esp
5 sub esp, 16
6 mov BYTE PTR _tmp$[ebp], 1 ; a
7 mov DWORD PTR _tmp$[ebp+4], 2 ; b
8 mov BYTE PTR _tmp$[ebp+8], 3 ; c
9 mov DWORD PTR _tmp$[ebp+12], 4 ; d
6 . : Wikipedia:

377
 21. 21.
10 sub esp, 16 ;
11 mov eax, esp
12 mov ecx, DWORD PTR _tmp$[ebp] ;
13 mov DWORD PTR [eax], ecx
14 mov edx, DWORD PTR _tmp$[ebp+4]
15 mov DWORD PTR [eax+4], edx
16 mov ecx, DWORD PTR _tmp$[ebp+8]
17 mov DWORD PTR [eax+8], ecx
18 mov edx, DWORD PTR _tmp$[ebp+12]
19 mov DWORD PTR [eax+12], edx
20 call _f
21 add esp, 16
22 xor eax, eax
23 mov esp, ebp
24 pop ebp
25 ret 0
26 _main ENDP
27
28 _s$ = 8 ; size = 16
29 ?f@@YAXUs@@@Z PROC ; f
30 push ebp
31 mov ebp, esp
32 mov eax, DWORD PTR _s$[ebp+12]
33 push eax
34 movsx ecx, BYTE PTR _s$[ebp+8]
35 push ecx
36 mov edx, DWORD PTR _s$[ebp+4]
37 push edx
38 movsx eax, BYTE PTR _s$[ebp]
39 push eax
40 push OFFSET $SG3842
41 call _printf
42 add esp, 20
43 pop ebp
44 ret 0
45 ?f@@YAXUs@@@Z ENDP ; f
46 _TEXT ENDS

, , , ,
( 10, 4 , , 12 19),
( ). , ,
f() . , main() .
/++, , .
4- . char
4 int. ?
.
.
(/Zp1) (/Zp[n] pack structures on n-byte boundary).

21.17: MSVC 2012 /GS- /Zp1

1 _main PROC
2 push ebp
3 mov ebp, esp
4 sub esp, 12
5 mov BYTE PTR _tmp$[ebp], 1 ; a
6 mov DWORD PTR _tmp$[ebp+1], 2 ; b
7 mov BYTE PTR _tmp$[ebp+5], 3 ; c
8 mov DWORD PTR _tmp$[ebp+6], 4 ; d
9 sub esp, 12 ;
10 mov eax, esp
11 mov ecx, DWORD PTR _tmp$[ebp] ; 10
12 mov DWORD PTR [eax], ecx
13 mov edx, DWORD PTR _tmp$[ebp+4]
14 mov DWORD PTR [eax+4], edx
15 mov cx, WORD PTR _tmp$[ebp+8]
16 mov WORD PTR [eax+8], cx
17 call _f

378
 21. 21.
18 add esp, 12
19 xor eax, eax
20 mov esp, ebp
21 pop ebp
22 ret 0
23 _main ENDP
24
25 _TEXT SEGMENT
26 _s$ = 8 ; size = 10
27 ?f@@YAXUs@@@Z PROC ; f
28 push ebp
29 mov ebp, esp
30 mov eax, DWORD PTR _s$[ebp+6]
31 push eax
32 movsx ecx, BYTE PTR _s$[ebp+5]
33 push ecx
34 mov edx, DWORD PTR _s$[ebp+1]
35 push edx
36 movsx eax, BYTE PTR _s$[ebp]
37 push eax
38 push OFFSET $SG3842
39 call _printf
40 add esp, 20
41 pop ebp
42 ret 0
43 ?f@@YAXUs@@@Z ENDP ; f

10 char . ? .
, .
main(). , 10 , MOV. 4?
, 10 3 MOV, 32-
4 MOV. , MOV
memcpy(), , ,
memcpy() , : 43.1.5 (. 527).
, ,
.
MSVC /Zp, , ,
#pragma pack, . MSVC7 GCC8 .
SYSTEMTIME, 16- .
?
WinNT.h :

21.18: WinNT.h
#include "pshpack1.h"

21.19: WinNT.h
#include "pshpack4.h" // 4 byte packing is the default

PshPack1.h :

21.20: PshPack1.h
#if ! (defined(lint) || defined(RC_INVOKED))
#if ( _MSC_VER >= 800 && !defined(_M_I86)) || defined(_PUSHPOP_SUPPORTED)
#pragma warning(disable:4103)
#if !(defined( MIDL_PASS )) || defined( __midl )
#pragma pack(push,1)
#else
#pragma pack(1)
#endif
#else
7 MSDN: Working with Packing Structures
8 Structure-Packing Pragmas

379
 21. 21.
#pragma pack(1)
#endif
#endif /* ! (defined(lint) || defined(RC_INVOKED)) */

, , #pragma pack .

380
 21. 21.
OllyDbg +

OllyDbg , (4 ) :

. 21.3: OllyDbg: printf()

. , (0x30, 0x37, 0x01)

(a) (c) ? 21.16 (. 377), , char,
, , 1 3 ( 6 8). 32-
! , , .
printf(), MOVSX,
: .21.16 ( 34 38).
, MOVSX ( ), char MSVC
GCC. unsigned char uint8_t, MOVZX.

381
 21. 21.
OllyDbg + 1

: 4 10

. 21.4: OllyDbg: printf()

21.4.2. ARM

Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb)

21.21: Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb)

.text:0000003E exit ; CODE XREF: f+16
.text:0000003E 05 B0 ADD SP, SP, #0x14
.text:00000040 00 BD POP {PC}

.text:00000280 f
.text:00000280
.text:00000280 var_18 = 0x18
.text:00000280 a = 0x14
.text:00000280 b = 0x10
.text:00000280 c = 0xC
.text:00000280 d = 8
.text:00000280
.text:00000280 0F B5 PUSH {R0R3,LR}
.text:00000282 81 B0 SUB SP, SP, #4
.text:00000284 04 98 LDR R0, [SP,#16] ; d
.text:00000286 02 9A LDR R2, [SP,#8] ; b
.text:00000288 00 90 STR R0, [SP]
.text:0000028A 68 46 MOV R0, SP
.text:0000028C 03 7B LDRB R3, [R0,#12] ; c
.text:0000028E 01 79 LDRB R1, [R0,#4] ; a
.text:00000290 59 A0 ADR R0, aADBDCDDD ; "a=%d; b=%d; c=%d; d=%d\n"
.text:00000292 05 F0 AD FF BL __2printf
.text:00000296 D2 E6 B exit

, , , ARM 4
, R0-R3.
LDRB 32- .
MOVSX x86. a c .
, , ! ,
, , , , (,
5 (5 4 = 0x14)). , ( ). -
, , , , . Keil
, , - . 4 , 2.

382
 21. 21.
ARM + Xcode 4.6.3 (LLVM) ( Thumb-2)

21.22: Xcode 4.6.3 (LLVM) ( Thumb-2)

var_C = 0xC

PUSH {R7,LR}
MOV R7, SP
SUB SP, SP, #4
MOV R9, R1 ; b
MOV R1, R0 ; a
MOVW R0, #0xF10 ; "a=%d; b=%d; c=%d; d=%d\n"
SXTB R1, R1 ; prepare a
MOVT.W R0, #0
STR R3, [SP,#0xC+var_C] ; place d to stack for printf()
ADD R0, PC ; formatstring
SXTB R3, R2 ; prepare c
MOV R2, R9 ; b
BLX _printf
ADD SP, SP, #4
POP {R7,PC}

SXTB (Signed Extend Byte) MOVSX x86. .

21.4.3. MIPS

21.23: GCC 4.4.5 (IDA)

1 f:
2
3 var_18 = 0x18
4 var_10 = 0x10
5 var_4 = 4
6 arg_0 = 0
7 arg_4 = 4
8 arg_8 = 8
9 arg_C = 0xC
10
11 ; $a0=s.a
12 ; $a1=s.b
13 ; $a2=s.c
14 ; $a3=s.d
15 lui $gp, (__gnu_local_gp >> 16)
16 addiu $sp, 0x28
17 la $gp, (__gnu_local_gp & 0xFFFF)
18 sw $ra, 0x28+var_4($sp)
19 sw $gp, 0x28+var_10($sp)
20 ; prepare byte from 32bit bigendian integer:
21 sra $t0, $a0, 24
22 move $v1, $a1
23 ; prepare byte from 32bit bigendian integer:
24 sra $v0, $a2, 24
25 lw $t9, (printf & 0xFFFF)($gp)
26 sw $a0, 0x28+arg_0($sp)
27 lui $a0, ($LC0 >> 16) # "a=%d; b=%d; c=%d; d=%d\n"
28 sw $a3, 0x28+var_18($sp)
29 sw $a1, 0x28+arg_4($sp)
30 sw $a2, 0x28+arg_8($sp)
31 sw $a3, 0x28+arg_C($sp)
32 la $a0, ($LC0 & 0xFFFF) # "a=%d; b=%d; c=%d; d=%d\n"
33 move $a1, $t0
34 move $a2, $v1
35 jalr $t9
36 move $a3, $v0 ; branch delay slot
37 lw $ra, 0x28+var_4($sp)
38 or $at, $zero ; load delay slot, NOP
39 jr $ra
40 addiu $sp, 0x28 ; branch delay slot
41

383
 21. 21.
42 $LC0: .ascii "a=%d; b=%d; c=%d; d=%d\n"<0>

$A0..$A3 $A1..$A4 printf().

SRA (Shift Word Right Arithmetic), char. ? , MIPS
big-endian 31 (. 473), Debian Linux , big-endian.
32- , 31..24. char
32- , 24 . char ,
.

21.4.4. -

( )
. , f() :
void f(char a, int b, char c, int d)
{
printf ("a=%d; b=%d; c=%d; d=%d\n", a, b, c, d);
};

21.5.
, , ?
#include <stdio.h>

struct inner_struct
{
int a;
int b;
};

struct outer_struct
{
char a;
int b;
struct inner_struct c;
char d;
int e;
};

void f(struct outer_struct s)

{
printf ("a=%d; b=%d; c.a=%d; c.b=%d; d=%d; e=%d\n",
s.a, s.b, s.c.a, s.c.b, s.d, s.e);
};

int main()
{
struct outer_struct s;
s.a=1;
s.b=2;
s.c.a=100;
s.c.b=101;
s.d=3;
s.e=4;
f(s);
};

, inner_struct a,b d,e outer_struct.

(MSVC 2010):

21.24: MSVC 2010 /Ob0

$SG2802 DB 'a=%d; b=%d; c.a=%d; c.b=%d; d=%d; e=%d', 0aH, 00H

384
 21. 21.

_TEXT SEGMENT
_s$ = 8
_f PROC
mov eax, DWORD PTR _s$[esp+16]
movsx ecx, BYTE PTR _s$[esp+12]
mov edx, DWORD PTR _s$[esp+8]
push eax
mov eax, DWORD PTR _s$[esp+8]
push ecx
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _s$[esp+8]
push edx
movsx edx, BYTE PTR _s$[esp+8]
push eax
push ecx
push edx
push OFFSET $SG2802 ; 'a=%d; b=%d; c.a=%d; c.b=%d; d=%d; e=%d'
call _printf
add esp, 28
ret 0
_f ENDP

_s$ = 24
_main PROC
sub esp, 24
push ebx
push esi
push edi
mov ecx, 2
sub esp, 24
mov eax, esp
mov BYTE PTR _s$[esp+60], 1
mov ebx, DWORD PTR _s$[esp+60]
mov DWORD PTR [eax], ebx
mov DWORD PTR [eax+4], ecx
lea edx, DWORD PTR [ecx+98]
lea esi, DWORD PTR [ecx+99]
lea edi, DWORD PTR [ecx+2]
mov DWORD PTR [eax+8], edx
mov BYTE PTR _s$[esp+76], 3
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _s$[esp+76]
mov DWORD PTR [eax+12], esi
mov DWORD PTR [eax+16], ecx
mov DWORD PTR [eax+20], edi
call _f
add esp, 24
pop edi
pop esi
xor eax, eax
pop ebx
add esp, 24
ret 0
_main ENDP

, , ,
- ! , , , -
, .
, struct inner_struct c; struct inner_struct *c; ( -
), .

385
 21. 21.
21.5.1. OllyDbg

OllyDbg outer_struct :

. 21.5: OllyDbg: printf()

:
(outer_struct.a) () 1 + 3 ;
(outer_struct.b) (32- ) 2;
(inner_struct.a) (32- ) 0x64 (100);
(inner_struct.b) (32- ) 0x65 (101);
(outer_struct.d) () 3 + 3 ;
(outer_struct.e) (32- ) 4.

21.6.

21.6.1. CPUID

/++ , .
. , bool . , ,
.
CPUID9 . ,
.
EAX 1, CPUID EAX -
:
3:0 (4 ) Stepping
7:4 (4 ) Model
11:8 (4 ) Family
13:12 (2 ) Processor Type
19:16 (4 ) Extended Model
27:20 (8 ) Extended Family
MSVC 2010 CPUID, GCC 4.4.1 . GCC ,
10 .
#include <stdio.h>

#ifdef __GNUC__
9 wikipedia
10 GCC

386
 21. 21.
static inline void cpuid(int code, int *a, int *b, int *c, int *d) {
asm volatile("cpuid":"=a"(*a),"=b"(*b),"=c"(*c),"=d"(*d):"a"(code));
}
#endif

#ifdef _MSC_VER
#include <intrin.h>
#endif

struct CPUID_1_EAX
{
unsigned int stepping:4;
unsigned int model:4;
unsigned int family_id:4;
unsigned int processor_type:2;
unsigned int reserved1:2;
unsigned int extended_model_id:4;
unsigned int extended_family_id:8;
unsigned int reserved2:4;
};

int main()
{
struct CPUID_1_EAX *tmp;
int b[4];

#ifdef _MSC_VER
__cpuid(b,1);
#endif

#ifdef __GNUC__
cpuid (1, &b[0], &b[1], &b[2], &b[3]);
#endif

tmp=(struct CPUID_1_EAX *)&b[0];

printf ("stepping=%d\n", tmp>stepping);

printf ("model=%d\n", tmp>model);
printf ("family_id=%d\n", tmp>family_id);
printf ("processor_type=%d\n", tmp>processor_type);
printf ("extended_model_id=%d\n", tmp>extended_model_id);
printf ("extended_family_id=%d\n", tmp>extended_family_id);

return 0;
};

CPUID EAX/ EBX/ ECX/ EDX, b[]. ,

CPUID_1_EAX, EAX b[].
, 32- int . .

MSVC

MSVC 2008 /Ox:

21.25: MSVC 2008
_b$ = 16 ; size = 16
_main PROC
sub esp, 16
push ebx

xor ecx, ecx

mov eax, 1
cpuid
push esi
lea esi, DWORD PTR _b$[esp+24]
mov DWORD PTR [esi], eax
mov DWORD PTR [esi+4], ebx
mov DWORD PTR [esi+8], ecx

387
 21. 21.
mov DWORD PTR [esi+12], edx

mov esi, DWORD PTR _b$[esp+24]

mov eax, esi
and eax, 15
push eax
push OFFSET $SG15435 ; 'stepping=%d', 0aH, 00H
call _printf

mov ecx, esi

shr ecx, 4
and ecx, 15
push ecx
push OFFSET $SG15436 ; 'model=%d', 0aH, 00H
call _printf

mov edx, esi

shr edx, 8
and edx, 15
push edx
push OFFSET $SG15437 ; 'family_id=%d', 0aH, 00H
call _printf

mov eax, esi

shr eax, 12
and eax, 3
push eax
push OFFSET $SG15438 ; 'processor_type=%d', 0aH, 00H
call _printf

mov ecx, esi

shr ecx, 16
and ecx, 15
push ecx
push OFFSET $SG15439 ; 'extended_model_id=%d', 0aH, 00H
call _printf

shr esi, 20
and esi, 255
push esi
push OFFSET $SG15440 ; 'extended_family_id=%d', 0aH, 00H
call _printf
add esp, 48
pop esi

xor eax, eax

pop ebx

add esp, 16
ret 0
_main ENDP

SHR EAX , , ,
.
AND , , ,
EAX, .

388
 21. 21.
MSVC + OllyDbg

OllyDbg , EAX/EBX/ECX/EDX CPUID:

. 21.6: OllyDbg: CPUID

EAX 0x000206A7 ( CPU Intel Xeon E3-1220).

00000000000000100000011010100111.
:

reserved2 0000 0
extended_family_id 00000000 0
extended_model_id 0010 2
reserved1 00 0
processor_id 00 0
family_id 0110 6
model 1010 10
stepping 0111 7

. 21.7: OllyDbg:

GCC

GCC 4.4.1 -O3.

21.26: GCC 4.4.1

main proc near ; DATA XREF: _start+17
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
and esp, 0FFFFFFF0h
push esi

389
 21. 21.
mov esi, 1
push ebx
mov eax, esi
sub esp, 18h
cpuid
mov esi, eax
and eax, 0Fh
mov [esp+8], eax
mov dword ptr [esp+4], offset aSteppingD ; "stepping=%d\n"
mov dword ptr [esp], 1
call ___printf_chk
mov eax, esi
shr eax, 4
and eax, 0Fh
mov [esp+8], eax
mov dword ptr [esp+4], offset aModelD ; "model=%d\n"
mov dword ptr [esp], 1
call ___printf_chk
mov eax, esi
shr eax, 8
and eax, 0Fh
mov [esp+8], eax
mov dword ptr [esp+4], offset aFamily_idD ; "family_id=%d\n"
mov dword ptr [esp], 1
call ___printf_chk
mov eax, esi
shr eax, 0Ch
and eax, 3
mov [esp+8], eax
mov dword ptr [esp+4], offset aProcessor_type ; "processor_type=%d\n"
mov dword ptr [esp], 1
call ___printf_chk
mov eax, esi
shr eax, 10h
shr esi, 14h
and eax, 0Fh
and esi, 0FFh
mov [esp+8], eax
mov dword ptr [esp+4], offset aExtended_model ; "extended_model_id=%d\n"
mov dword ptr [esp], 1
call ___printf_chk
mov [esp+8], esi
mov dword ptr [esp+4], offset unk_80486D0
mov dword ptr [esp], 1
call ___printf_chk
add esp, 18h
xor eax, eax
pop ebx
pop esi
mov esp, ebp
pop ebp
retn
main endp

, . , GCC -
extended_model_id extended_family_id ,
printf().

21.6.2. oat

FPU (17 (. 217)), oat double , .

, ? oat.

31 30 23 22 0

( S )

390
 21. 21.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <memory.h>

struct float_as_struct
{
unsigned int fraction : 23; //
unsigned int exponent : 8; // + 0x3FF
unsigned int sign : 1; //
};

float f(float )
{
float f=;
struct float_as_struct t;

assert (sizeof (struct float_as_struct) == sizeof (float));

memcpy (&t, &f, sizeof (float));

t.sign=1; //
t.exponent=t.exponent+2; // d 2n (n 2)

memcpy (&f, &t, sizeof (float));

return f;
};

int main()
{
printf ("%f\n", f(1.234));
};

float_as_struct oat, 4 32 .
, ,
22 , 4.
MSVC 2008 :
21.27: MSVC 2008
_t$ = 8 ; size = 4
_f$ = 4 ; size = 4
__in$ = 8 ; size = 4
?f@@YAMM@Z PROC ; f
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
sub esp, 8

fld DWORD PTR __in$[ebp]

fstp DWORD PTR _f$[ebp]

push 4
lea eax, DWORD PTR _f$[ebp]
push eax
lea ecx, DWORD PTR _t$[ebp]
push ecx
call _memcpy
add esp, 12

mov edx, DWORD PTR _t$[ebp]

or edx, 2147483648 ; 80000000H
mov DWORD PTR _t$[ebp], edx

mov eax, DWORD PTR _t$[ebp]

shr eax, 23 ; 00000017H
and eax, 255 ; 000000ffH
add eax, 2 ; 2
and eax, 255 ; 000000ffH

391
 21. 21.
shl eax, 23 ; 00000017H 30:23
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _t$[ebp]
and ecx, 2139095041 ; 807fffffH

;
or ecx, eax
mov DWORD PTR _t$[ebp], ecx

push 4
lea edx, DWORD PTR _t$[ebp]
push edx
lea eax, DWORD PTR _f$[ebp]
push eax
call _memcpy
add esp, 12

fld DWORD PTR _f$[ebp]

mov esp, ebp

pop ebp
ret 0
?f@@YAMM@Z ENDP ; f

. /Ox memcpy(),
f. .
GCC 4.4.1 -O3?

21.28: GCC 4.4.1

; f(float)
public _Z1ff
_Z1ff proc near

var_4 = dword ptr 4

arg_0 = dword ptr 8

push ebp
mov ebp, esp
sub esp, 4
mov eax, [ebp+arg_0]
or eax, 80000000h ;
mov edx, eax
and eax, 807FFFFFh ; EAX
shr edx, 23 ;
add edx, 2 ; 2
movzx edx, dl ; 7:0 EAX 0
shl edx, 23 ;
or eax, edx ;
mov [ebp+var_4], eax
fld [ebp+var_4]
leave
retn
_Z1ff endp

public main
main proc near
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
and esp, 0FFFFFFF0h
sub esp, 10h
fld ds:dword_8048614 ; 4.936
fstp qword ptr [esp+8]
mov dword ptr [esp+4], offset asc_8048610 ; "%f\n"
mov dword ptr [esp], 1
call ___printf_chk
xor eax, eax
leave
retn
main endp

392
 21. 21.
, f() . , , , -
, GCC f(1.234)
printf()!

21.7.

21.7.1. #1

Linux x86 (beginners.re)11

Linux MIPS (beginners.re)12
Linux x86 Linux MIPS - . ?
: G.1.14 (. 990).

21.7.2. #2

- -. ,
. .

21.29: MSVC 2010

$SG2802 DB '%f', 0aH, 00H
$SG2803 DB '%c, %d', 0aH, 00H
$SG2805 DB 'error #2', 0aH, 00H
$SG2807 DB 'error #1', 0aH, 00H

__real@405ec00000000000 DQ 0405ec00000000000r ; 123

__real@407bc00000000000 DQ 0407bc00000000000r ; 444

_s$ = 8
_f PROC
push esi
mov esi, DWORD PTR _s$[esp]
cmp DWORD PTR [esi], 1000
jle SHORT $LN4@f
cmp DWORD PTR [esi+4], 10
jbe SHORT $LN3@f
fld DWORD PTR [esi+8]
sub esp, 8
fmul QWORD PTR __real@407bc00000000000
fld QWORD PTR [esi+16]
fmul QWORD PTR __real@405ec00000000000
faddp ST(1), ST(0)
fstp QWORD PTR [esp]
push OFFSET $SG2802 ; '%f'
call _printf
movzx eax, BYTE PTR [esi+25]
movsx ecx, BYTE PTR [esi+24]
push eax
push ecx
push OFFSET $SG2803 ; '%c, %d'
call _printf
add esp, 24
pop esi
ret 0
$LN3@f:
pop esi
mov DWORD PTR _s$[esp4], OFFSET $SG2805 ; 'error #2'
jmp _printf
$LN4@f:
pop esi
mov DWORD PTR _s$[esp4], OFFSET $SG2807 ; 'error #1'
jmp _printf
_f ENDP

11 GCC 4.8.1 -O3

12 GCC 4.4.5 -O3

393
 21. 21.
21.30: Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)
f PROC
PUSH {r4r6,lr}
MOV r4,r0
LDR r0,[r0,#0]
CMP r0,#0x3e8
ADRLE r0,|L0.140|
BLE |L0.132|
LDR r0,[r4,#4]
CMP r0,#0xa
ADRLS r0,|L0.152|
BLS |L0.132|
ADD r0,r4,#0x10
LDM r0,{r0,r1}
LDR r3,|L0.164|
MOV r2,#0
BL __aeabi_dmul
MOV r5,r0
MOV r6,r1
LDR r0,[r4,#8]
LDR r1,|L0.168|
BL __aeabi_fmul
BL __aeabi_f2d
MOV r2,r5
MOV r3,r6
BL __aeabi_dadd
MOV r2,r0
MOV r3,r1
ADR r0,|L0.172|
BL __2printf
LDRB r2,[r4,#0x19]
LDRB r1,[r4,#0x18]
POP {r4r6,lr}
ADR r0,|L0.176|
B __2printf
|L0.132|
POP {r4r6,lr}
B __2printf
ENDP

|L0.140|
DCB "error #1\n",0
DCB 0
DCB 0
|L0.152|
DCB "error #2\n",0
DCB 0
DCB 0
|L0.164|
DCD 0x405ec000
|L0.168|
DCD 0x43de0000
|L0.172|
DCB "%f\n",0
|L0.176|
DCB "%c, %d\n",0

21.31: Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb)

f PROC
PUSH {r4r6,lr}
MOV r4,r0
LDR r0,[r0,#0]
CMP r0,#0x3e8
ADRLE r0,|L0.140|
BLE |L0.132|
LDR r0,[r4,#4]
CMP r0,#0xa
ADRLS r0,|L0.152|
BLS |L0.132|

394
 21. 21.
ADD r0,r4,#0x10
LDM r0,{r0,r1}
LDR r3,|L0.164|
MOV r2,#0
BL __aeabi_dmul
MOV r5,r0
MOV r6,r1
LDR r0,[r4,#8]
LDR r1,|L0.168|
BL __aeabi_fmul
BL __aeabi_f2d
MOV r2,r5
MOV r3,r6
BL __aeabi_dadd
MOV r2,r0
MOV r3,r1
ADR r0,|L0.172|
BL __2printf
LDRB r2,[r4,#0x19]
LDRB r1,[r4,#0x18]
POP {r4r6,lr}
ADR r0,|L0.176|
B __2printf
|L0.132|
POP {r4r6,lr}
B __2printf
ENDP

|L0.140|
DCB "error #1\n",0
DCB 0
DCB 0
|L0.152|
DCB "error #2\n",0
DCB 0
DCB 0
|L0.164|
DCD 0x405ec000
|L0.168|
DCD 0x43de0000
|L0.172|
DCB "%f\n",0
|L0.176|
DCB "%c, %d\n",0

21.32: GCC 4.9 (ARM64)

f:
stp x29, x30, [sp, 32]!
add x29, sp, 0
ldr w1, [x0]
str x19, [sp,16]
cmp w1, 1000
ble .L2
ldr w1, [x0,4]
cmp w1, 10
bls .L3
ldr s1, [x0,8]
mov x19, x0
ldr s0, .LC1
adrp x0, .LC0
ldr d2, [x19,16]
add x0, x0, :lo12:.LC0
fmul s1, s1, s0
ldr d0, .LC2
fmul d0, d2, d0
fcvt d1, s1
fadd d0, d1, d0
bl printf
ldrb w1, [x19,24]

395
 21. 21.
adrp x0, .LC3
ldrb w2, [x19,25]
add x0, x0, :lo12:.LC3
ldr x19, [sp,16]
ldp x29, x30, [sp], 32
b printf
.L3:
ldr x19, [sp,16]
adrp x0, .LC4
ldp x29, x30, [sp], 32
add x0, x0, :lo12:.LC4
b puts
.L2:
ldr x19, [sp,16]
adrp x0, .LC5
ldp x29, x30, [sp], 32
add x0, x0, :lo12:.LC5
b puts
.size f, .f
.LC1:
.word 1138622464
.LC2:
.word 0
.word 1079951360
.LC0:
.string "%f\n"
.LC3:
.string "%c, %d\n"
.LC4:
.string "error #2"
.LC5:
.string "error #1"

21.33: GCC 4.4.5 (MIPS) (IDA)

f:

var_10 = 0x10
var_8 = 8
var_4 = 4

lui $gp, (__gnu_local_gp >> 16)

addiu $sp, 0x20
la $gp, (__gnu_local_gp & 0xFFFF)
sw $ra, 0x20+var_4($sp)
sw $s0, 0x20+var_8($sp)
sw $gp, 0x20+var_10($sp)
lw $v0, 0($a0)
or $at, $zero
slti $v0, 0x3E9
bnez $v0, loc_C8
move $s0, $a0
lw $v0, 4($a0)
or $at, $zero
sltiu $v0, 0xB
bnez $v0, loc_AC
lui $v0, (dword_134 >> 16)
lwc1 $f4, $LC1
lwc1 $f2, 8($a0)
lui $v0, ($LC2 >> 16)
lwc1 $f0, 0x14($a0)
mul.s $f2, $f4, $f2
lwc1 $f4, dword_134
lwc1 $f1, 0x10($a0)
lwc1 $f5, $LC2
cvt.d.s $f2, $f2
mul.d $f0, $f4, $f0
lw $t9, (printf & 0xFFFF)($gp)
lui $a0, ($LC0 >> 16) # "%f\n"
add.d $f4, $f2, $f0

396
 21. 21.
mfc1 $a2, $f5
mfc1 $a3, $f4
jalr $t9
la $a0, ($LC0 & 0xFFFF) # "%f\n"
lw $gp, 0x20+var_10($sp)
lbu $a2, 0x19($s0)
lb $a1, 0x18($s0)
lui $a0, ($LC3 >> 16) # "%c, %d\n"
lw $t9, (printf & 0xFFFF)($gp)
lw $ra, 0x20+var_4($sp)
lw $s0, 0x20+var_8($sp)
la $a0, ($LC3 & 0xFFFF) # "%c, %d\n"
jr $t9
addiu $sp, 0x20
loc_AC: # CODE XREF: f+38
lui $a0, ($LC4 >> 16) # "error #2"
lw $t9, (puts & 0xFFFF)($gp)
lw $ra, 0x20+var_4($sp)
lw $s0, 0x20+var_8($sp)
la $a0, ($LC4 & 0xFFFF) # "error #2"
jr $t9
addiu $sp, 0x20
loc_C8: # CODE XREF: f+24
lui $a0, ($LC5 >> 16) # "error #1"
lw $t9, (puts & 0xFFFF)($gp)
lw $ra, 0x20+var_4($sp)
lw $s0, 0x20+var_8($sp)
la $a0, ($LC5 & 0xFFFF) # "error #1"
jr $t9
addiu $sp, 0x20

$LC0: .ascii "%f\n"<0>

$LC3: .ascii "%c, %d\n"<0>
$LC4: .ascii "error #2"<0>
$LC5: .ascii "error #1"<0>

.data # .rodata.cst4
$LC1: .word 0x43DE0000

.data # .rodata.cst8
$LC2: .word 0x405EC000
dword_134: .word 0

: G.1.14 (. 991).

397
 22. (UNION) 22. (UNION)

22

(union)

union /++ ( ) -
.

22.1.
0 1,
Mersenne twister. 32- DWORD.
oat RAND_MAX (0xFFFFFFFF ) 0 1.
, . FPU.
?
: , . -
, !
( ),
01111111 .
, 0 ( ), .
1 2, .
1 , 32-
. UNIX.
, oat union /++
-. , union oat
uint32_t. , , .
, : 20 (. 356).
.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <time.h>

// , - PRNG

// Numerical Recipes
const uint32_t RNG_a=1664525;
const uint32_t RNG_c=1013904223;
uint32_t RNG_state; //

void my_srand(uint32_t i)
{
RNG_state=i;
};

uint32_t my_rand()
{
RNG_state=RNG_state*RNG_a+RNG_c;
return RNG_state;
1 : http://go.yurichev.com/17308

398
 22. (UNION) 22. (UNION)
};

// - FPU PRNG:

union uint32_t_float
{
uint32_t i;
float f;
};

float float_rand()
{
union uint32_t_float tmp;
tmp.i=my_rand() & 0x007fffff | 0x3F800000;
return tmp.f1;
};

//

int main()
{
my_srand(time(NULL)); // PRNG

for (int i=0; i<100; i++)

printf ("%f\n", float_rand());

return 0;
};

22.1.1. x86

22.1: MSVC 2010

$SG4238 DB '%f', 0aH, 00H

__real@3ff0000000000000 DQ 03ff0000000000000r ; 1

tv130 = 4
_tmp$ = 4
?float_rand@@YAMXZ PROC
push ecx
call ?my_rand@@YAIXZ
; EAX=
and eax, 8388607 ; 007fffffH
or eax, 1065353216 ; 3f800000H
; EAX= & 0x007fffff | 0x3f800000
;
mov DWORD PTR _tmp$[esp+4], eax
; :
fld DWORD PTR _tmp$[esp+4]
; 1.0:
fsub QWORD PTR __real@3ff0000000000000
;
fstp DWORD PTR tv130[esp+4] ; \
fld DWORD PTR tv130[esp+4] ; /
pop ecx
ret 0
?float_rand@@YAMXZ ENDP

_main PROC
push esi
xor eax, eax
call _time
push eax
call ?my_srand@@YAXI@Z
add esp, 4
mov esi, 100
$LL3@main:

399
 22. (UNION) 22. (UNION)
call ?float_rand@@YAMXZ
sub esp, 8
fstp QWORD PTR [esp]
push OFFSET $SG4238
call _printf
add esp, 12
dec esi
jne SHORT $LL3@main
xor eax, eax
pop esi
ret 0
_main ENDP

, ++, ++,
: 51.1.1 (. 564).
MSVC 2012, SIMD- FPU, :
27.5 (. 462).

22.1.2. MIPS

22.2: GCC 4.4.5

float_rand:

var_10 = 0x10
var_4 = 4

lui $gp, (__gnu_local_gp >> 16)

addiu $sp, 0x20
la $gp, (__gnu_local_gp & 0xFFFF)
sw $ra, 0x20+var_4($sp)
sw $gp, 0x20+var_10($sp)
; my_rand():
jal my_rand
or $at, $zero ; branch delay slot, NOP
; $v0=32-
li $v1, 0x7FFFFF
; $v1=0x7FFFFF
and $v1, $v0, $v1
; $v1= & 0x7FFFFF
lui $a0, 0x3F80
; $a0=0x3F800000
or $v1, $a0
; $v1= & 0x7FFFFF | 0x3F800000
; :
lui $v0, ($LC0 >> 16)
; 1.0 $f0:
lwc1 $f0, $LC0
; $v1 ( $f2)
; ,
mtc1 $v1, $f2
lw $ra, 0x20+var_4($sp)
; 1.0. $f0:
sub.s $f0, $f2, $f0
jr $ra
addiu $sp, 0x20 ; branch delay slot

main:

var_18 = 0x18
var_10 = 0x10
var_C = 0xC
var_8 = 8
var_4 = 4

lui $gp, (__gnu_local_gp >> 16)

addiu $sp, 0x28
la $gp, (__gnu_local_gp & 0xFFFF)

400
 22. (UNION) 22. (UNION)
sw $ra, 0x28+var_4($sp)
sw $s2, 0x28+var_8($sp)
sw $s1, 0x28+var_C($sp)
sw $s0, 0x28+var_10($sp)
sw $gp, 0x28+var_18($sp)
lw $t9, (time & 0xFFFF)($gp)
or $at, $zero ; load delay slot, NOP
jalr $t9
move $a0, $zero ; branch delay slot
lui $s2, ($LC1 >> 16) # "%f\n"
move $a0, $v0
la $s2, ($LC1 & 0xFFFF) # "%f\n"
move $s0, $zero
jal my_srand
li $s1, 0x64 # 'd' ; branch delay slot

loc_104:
jal float_rand
addiu $s0, 1
lw $gp, 0x28+var_18($sp)
; float_rand() double ( printf()):
cvt.d.s $f2, $f0
lw $t9, (printf & 0xFFFF)($gp)
mfc1 $a3, $f2
mfc1 $a2, $f3
jalr $t9
move $a0, $s2
bne $s0, $s1, loc_104
move $v0, $zero
lw $ra, 0x28+var_4($sp)
lw $s2, 0x28+var_8($sp)
lw $s1, 0x28+var_C($sp)
lw $s0, 0x28+var_10($sp)
jr $ra
addiu $sp, 0x28 ; branch delay slot

$LC1: .ascii "%f\n"<0>

$LC0: .float 1.0

- LUI, . :
17.5.6 (. 228).

22.1.3. ARM ( ARM)

22.3: GCC 4.6.3 (IDA)

float_rand
STMFD SP!, {R3,LR}
BL my_rand
; R0=
FLDS S0, =1.0
; S0=1.0
BIC R3, R0, #0xFF000000
BIC R3, R3, #0x800000
ORR R3, R3, #0x3F800000
; R3= & 0x007fffff | 0x3f800000
; R3 FPU ( S15).
; ,
FMSR S15, R3
; 1.0 S0:
FSUBS S0, S15, S0
LDMFD SP!, {R3,PC}

flt_5C DCFS 1.0

main
STMFD SP!, {R4,LR}
MOV R0, #0
BL time

401
 22. (UNION) 22. (UNION)
BL my_srand
MOV R4, #0x64 ; 'd'

loc_78
BL float_rand
; S0=
LDR R0, =aF ; "%f"
; float double ( printf()):
FCVTDS D7, S0
; D7 R2/R3 ( printf()):
FMRRD R2, R3, D7
BL printf
SUBS R4, R4, #1
BNE loc_78
MOV R0, R4
LDMFD SP!, {R4,PC}

aF DCB "%f",0xA,0

objdump FPU- IDA. ,

IDA binutils ? ,
.

22.4: GCC 4.6.3 (objdump)

00000038 <float_rand>:
38: e92d4008 push {r3, lr}
3c: ebfffffe bl 10 <my_rand>
40: ed9f0a05 vldr s0, [pc, #20] ; 5c <float_rand+0x24>
44: e3c034ff bic r3, r0, #16777216 ; 0xff000000
48: e3c33502 bic r3, r3, #8388608 ; 0x800000
4c: e38335fe orr r3, r3, #1065353216 ; 0x3f800000
50: ee073a90 vmov s15, r3
54: ee370ac0 vsub.f32 s0, s15, s0
58: e8bd8008 pop {r3, pc}
5c: 3f800000 svccc 0x00800000

00000000 <main>:
0: e92d4010 push {r4, lr}
4: e3a00000 mov r0, #0
8: ebfffffe bl 0 <time>
c: ebfffffe bl 0 <main>
10: e3a04064 mov r4, #100 ; 0x64
14: ebfffffe bl 38 <main+0x38>
18: e59f0018 ldr r0, [pc, #24] ; 38 <main+0x38>
1c: eeb77ac0 vcvt.f64.f32 d7, s0
20: ec532b17 vmov r2, r3, d7
24: ebfffffe bl 0 <printf>
28: e2544001 subs r4, r4, #1
2c: 1afffff8 bne 14 <main+0x14>
30: e1a00004 mov r0, r4
34: e8bd8010 pop {r4, pc}
38: 00000000 andeq r0, r0, r0

0x5c oat_rand() 0x38 main() .

22.2.
, FPU 2 .
, . 223 = 1.19e 07 oat 252 = 2.22e 16 double.
, :
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdint.h>

union uint_float
2 .

402
 22. (UNION) 22. (UNION)
{
uint32_t i;
float f;
};

float calculate_machine_epsilon(float start)

{
union uint_float v;
v.f=start;
v.i++;
return v.fstart;
}

void main()
{
printf ("%g\n", calculate_machine_epsilon(1.234567));
};

IEEE 754 -
. starting_value + machine_epsilon,
( ) ,
(oat).
union IEEE 754 . -
1 1 , , , ,
.

22.2.1. x86

22.5: MSVC 2010

tv130 = 8
_v$ = 8
_start$ = 8
_calculate_machine_epsilon PROC
fld DWORD PTR _start$[esp4]
fst DWORD PTR _v$[esp4] ;
inc DWORD PTR _v$[esp4]
fsubr DWORD PTR _v$[esp4]
fstp DWORD PTR tv130[esp4] ; \
fld DWORD PTR tv130[esp4] ; /
ret 0
_calculate_machine_epsilon ENDP

FST : (
v , ).
INC, .
FPU 32- IEEE 754, FSUBR ST0.
FSTP/FLD , .

22.2.2. ARM64

64-:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdint.h>

typedef union
{
uint64_t i;
double d;
} uint_double;

double calculate_machine_epsilon(double start)

{
uint_double v;

403
 22. (UNION) 22. (UNION)
v.d=start;
v.i++;
return v.dstart;
}

void main()
{
printf ("%g\n", calculate_machine_epsilon(1.234567));
};

ARM64 D- FPU, ( D0)

GPR, , FPU D1, .

22.6: GCC 4.9 ARM64

calculate_machine_epsilon:
fmov x0, d0 ; double X0
add x0, x0, 1 ; X0++
fmov d1, x0 ; FPU
fsub d0, d1, d0 ;
ret

x64 SIMD- : 27.4 (. 461).

22.2.3. MIPS

MTC1 (Move To Coprocessor 1), GPR

FPU.

22.7: GCC 4.4.5 (IDA)

calculate_machine_epsilon:
mfc1 $v0, $f12
or $at, $zero ; NOP
addiu $v1, $v0, 1
mtc1 $v1, $f2
jr $ra
sub.s $f0, $f2, $f12 ; branch delay slot

22.2.4.

, - ,
, IEEE 754 union /++.

22.3.
oat ,
.

22.8: Wikipedia: http://go.yurichev.com/17364

/* Assumes that float is in the IEEE 754 single precision floating point format
* and that int is 32 bits. */
float sqrt_approx(float z)
{
int val_int = *(int*)&z; /* Same bits, but as an int */
/*
* To justify the following code, prove that
*
* ((((val_int / 2^m) b) / 2) + b) * 2^m = ((val_int 2^m) / 2) + ((b + 1) / 2) * 2^m)
*
* where
*
* b = exponent bias
* m = number of mantissa bits

404
 22. (UNION) 22. (UNION)
*
* .
*/

val_int = 1 << 23; /* Subtract 2^m. */

val_int >>= 1; /* Divide by 2. */
val_int += 1 << 29; /* Add ((b + 1) / 2) * 2^m. */

return *(float*)&val_int; /* Interpret again as float */

}

, , .

1 . , , -
x
Quake III Arena.
Wikipedia: http://go.yurichev.com/17361.

405
 23. 23.

23

, , , ,
.
.. callback- 1 .
:
qsort()2 , atexit()3 ;
*NIX 4 ;
: CreateThread() (win32), pthread_create() (POSIX);
win32, EnumChildWindows()5 .
Linux, , callback-: http:
//go.yurichev.com/17076
GCC callback-: http://go.yurichev.com/17077
dwm Linux,
-. - , , :
GitHub. , switch().
, qsort() . ,
, , qsort()
.
:
int (*compare)(const void *, const void *)

, :
1 /* ex3 Sorting ints with qsort */
2
3 #include <stdio.h>
4 #include <stdlib.h>
5
6 int comp(const void * _a, const void * _b)
7 {
8 const int *a=(const int *)_a;
9 const int *b=(const int *)_b;
10
11 if (*a==*b)
12 return 0;
13 else
14 if (*a < *b)
15 return 1;
16 else
17 return 1;
18 }
1 wikipedia
2 wikipedia
3 http://go.yurichev.com/17073
4 wikipedia
5 MSDN

406
 23. 23.
19
20 int main(int argc, char* argv[])
21 {
22 int numbers[10]={1892,45,200,98,4087,5,12345,1087,88,100000};
23 int i;
24
25 /* Sort the array */
26 qsort(numbers,10,sizeof(int),comp) ;
27 for (i=0;i<9;i++)
28 printf("Number = %d\n",numbers[ i ]) ;
29 return 0;
30 }

23.1. MSVC
MSVC 2010 ( ) /Ox :
23.1: MSVC 2010: /GS- /MD
__a$ = 8 ; size = 4
__b$ = 12 ; size = 4
_comp PROC
mov eax, DWORD PTR __a$[esp4]
mov ecx, DWORD PTR __b$[esp4]
mov eax, DWORD PTR [eax]
mov ecx, DWORD PTR [ecx]
cmp eax, ecx
jne SHORT $LN4@comp
xor eax, eax
ret 0
$LN4@comp:
xor edx, edx
cmp eax, ecx
setge dl
lea eax, DWORD PTR [edx+edx1]
ret 0
_comp ENDP

_numbers$ = 40 ; size = 40
_argc$ = 8 ; size = 4
_argv$ = 12 ; size = 4
_main PROC
sub esp, 40 ; 00000028H
push esi
push OFFSET _comp
push 4
lea eax, DWORD PTR _numbers$[esp+52]
push 10 ; 0000000aH
push eax
mov DWORD PTR _numbers$[esp+60], 1892 ; 00000764H
mov DWORD PTR _numbers$[esp+64], 45 ; 0000002dH
mov DWORD PTR _numbers$[esp+68], 200 ; 000000c8H
mov DWORD PTR _numbers$[esp+72], 98 ; ffffff9eH
mov DWORD PTR _numbers$[esp+76], 4087 ; 00000ff7H
mov DWORD PTR _numbers$[esp+80], 5
mov DWORD PTR _numbers$[esp+84], 12345 ; ffffcfc7H
mov DWORD PTR _numbers$[esp+88], 1087 ; 0000043fH
mov DWORD PTR _numbers$[esp+92], 88 ; 00000058H
mov DWORD PTR _numbers$[esp+96], 100000 ; fffe7960H
call _qsort
add esp, 16 ; 00000010H

...

. , qsort() -
_comp, comp(), , ,
.

407
 23. 23.
qsort() ?
MSVCR80.DLL ( DLL MSVC ):

23.2: MSVCR80.DLL
.text:7816CBF0 ; void __cdecl qsort(void *, unsigned int, unsigned int, int (__cdecl *)(const void *,
const void *))
.text:7816CBF0 public _qsort
.text:7816CBF0 _qsort proc near
.text:7816CBF0
.text:7816CBF0 lo = dword ptr 104h
.text:7816CBF0 hi = dword ptr 100h
.text:7816CBF0 var_FC = dword ptr 0FCh
.text:7816CBF0 stkptr = dword ptr 0F8h
.text:7816CBF0 lostk = dword ptr 0F4h
.text:7816CBF0 histk = dword ptr 7Ch
.text:7816CBF0 base = dword ptr 4
.text:7816CBF0 num = dword ptr 8
.text:7816CBF0 width = dword ptr 0Ch
.text:7816CBF0 comp = dword ptr 10h
.text:7816CBF0
.text:7816CBF0 sub esp, 100h

....

.text:7816CCE0 loc_7816CCE0: ; CODE XREF: _qsort+B1

.text:7816CCE0 shr eax, 1
.text:7816CCE2 imul eax, ebp
.text:7816CCE5 add eax, ebx
.text:7816CCE7 mov edi, eax
.text:7816CCE9 push edi
.text:7816CCEA push ebx
.text:7816CCEB call [esp+118h+comp]
.text:7816CCF2 add esp, 8
.text:7816CCF5 test eax, eax
.text:7816CCF7 jle short loc_7816CD04

comp . , comp.
comp(). , .
. -, qsort()
, qsort(), , , ,
.
-, callback- ,
, , ,
, .

408
 23. 23.
23.1.1. MSVC + OllyDbg

OllyDbg comp() .
, comp() :

. 23.1: OllyDbg: comp()

, OllyDbg . , SP
RA qsort() ( , MSVCR100.DLL).

409
 23. 23.
(F8) RETN F8 , qsort():

. 23.2: OllyDbg: qsort() comp()

410
 23. 23.
comp() :

. 23.3: OllyDbg: comp()

23.1.2. MSVC + tracer

, . 10 : 1892, 45, 200, -98, 4087, 5, -12345, 1087, 88,

-100000.
CMP comp() 0x0040100C :
tracer.exe l:17_1.exe bpx=17_1.exe!0x0040100C

:
PID=4336|New process 17_1.exe
(0) 17_1.exe!0x40100c
EAX=0x00000764 EBX=0x0051f7c8 ECX=0x00000005 EDX=0x00000000
ESI=0x0051f7d8 EDI=0x0051f7b4 EBP=0x0051f794 ESP=0x0051f67c
EIP=0x0028100c
FLAGS=IF
(0) 17_1.exe!0x40100c
EAX=0x00000005 EBX=0x0051f7c8 ECX=0xfffe7960 EDX=0x00000000
ESI=0x0051f7d8 EDI=0x0051f7b4 EBP=0x0051f794 ESP=0x0051f67c
EIP=0x0028100c
FLAGS=PF ZF IF
(0) 17_1.exe!0x40100c
EAX=0x00000764 EBX=0x0051f7c8 ECX=0x00000005 EDX=0x00000000
ESI=0x0051f7d8 EDI=0x0051f7b4 EBP=0x0051f794 ESP=0x0051f67c
EIP=0x0028100c
FLAGS=CF PF ZF IF
...

EAX ECX :
EAX=0x00000764 ECX=0x00000005
EAX=0x00000005 ECX=0xfffe7960
EAX=0x00000764 ECX=0x00000005
EAX=0x0000002d ECX=0x00000005
EAX=0x00000058 ECX=0x00000005
EAX=0x0000043f ECX=0x00000005
EAX=0xffffcfc7 ECX=0x00000005
EAX=0x000000c8 ECX=0x00000005
EAX=0xffffff9e ECX=0x00000005
EAX=0x00000ff7 ECX=0x00000005
EAX=0x00000ff7 ECX=0x00000005
EAX=0xffffff9e ECX=0x00000005
EAX=0xffffff9e ECX=0x00000005
EAX=0xffffcfc7 ECX=0xfffe7960

411
 23. 23.
EAX=0x00000005 ECX=0xffffcfc7
EAX=0xffffff9e ECX=0x00000005
EAX=0xffffcfc7 ECX=0xfffe7960
EAX=0xffffff9e ECX=0xffffcfc7
EAX=0xffffcfc7 ECX=0xfffe7960
EAX=0x000000c8 ECX=0x00000ff7
EAX=0x0000002d ECX=0x00000ff7
EAX=0x0000043f ECX=0x00000ff7
EAX=0x00000058 ECX=0x00000ff7
EAX=0x00000764 ECX=0x00000ff7
EAX=0x000000c8 ECX=0x00000764
EAX=0x0000002d ECX=0x00000764
EAX=0x0000043f ECX=0x00000764
EAX=0x00000058 ECX=0x00000764
EAX=0x000000c8 ECX=0x00000058
EAX=0x0000002d ECX=0x000000c8
EAX=0x0000043f ECX=0x000000c8
EAX=0x000000c8 ECX=0x00000058
EAX=0x0000002d ECX=0x000000c8
EAX=0x0000002d ECX=0x00000058

34 . , 34 10-
.

412
 23. 23.
23.1.3. MSVC + tracer (code coverage)

tracer
IDA.
comp():
tracer.exe l:17_1.exe bpf=17_1.exe!0x00401000,trace:cc

.idc- IDA :

. 23.4: tracer IDA. N.B.:

(PtFuncCompare) IDA ,
qsort() .
, a b , 4, ,
32- .
, 0x401010 0x401012 ( ): -
, comp() 0, .

23.2. GCC
:

23.3: GCC
lea eax, [esp+40h+var_28]
mov [esp+40h+var_40], eax
mov [esp+40h+var_28], 764h
mov [esp+40h+var_24], 2Dh
mov [esp+40h+var_20], 0C8h
mov [esp+40h+var_1C], 0FFFFFF9Eh
mov [esp+40h+var_18], 0FF7h
mov [esp+40h+var_14], 5
mov [esp+40h+var_10], 0FFFFCFC7h
mov [esp+40h+var_C], 43Fh
mov [esp+40h+var_8], 58h
mov [esp+40h+var_4], 0FFFE7960h
mov [esp+40h+var_34], offset comp
mov [esp+40h+var_38], 4

413
 23. 23.
mov [esp+40h+var_3C], 0Ah
call _qsort

comp():
public comp
comp proc near

arg_0 = dword ptr 8

arg_4 = dword ptr 0Ch

push ebp
mov ebp, esp
mov eax, [ebp+arg_4]
mov ecx, [ebp+arg_0]
mov edx, [eax]
xor eax, eax
cmp [ecx], edx
jnz short loc_8048458
pop ebp
retn
loc_8048458:
setnl al
movzx eax, al
lea eax, [eax+eax1]
pop ebp
retn
comp endp

qsort() libc.so.6, wrapper 6 qsort_r().

, , quicksort(), -
:

23.4: ( libc.so.6, glibc 2.10.1)

.text:0002DDF6 mov edx, [ebp+arg_10]

.text:0002DDF9 mov [esp+4], esi
.text:0002DDFD mov [esp], edi
.text:0002DE00 mov [esp+8], edx
.text:0002DE04 call [ebp+arg_C]
...

23.2.1. GCC + GDB ( )

, (23 (. 406)),
(b) (11- ).
-g, . -
(p): ,
/ .
(bt) Glibc -
msort_with_tmp().

23.5: GDB-
dennis@ubuntuvm:~/polygon$ gcc 17_1.c g
dennis@ubuntuvm:~/polygon$ gdb ./a.out
GNU gdb (GDB) 7.6.1ubuntu
Copyright (C) 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Type "show copying"
and "show warranty" for details.
This GDB was configured as "i686linuxgnu".
For bug reporting instructions, please see:
6 thunk function

414
 23. 23.
<http://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/bugs/>...
Reading symbols from /home/dennis/polygon/a.out...done.
(gdb) b 17_1.c:11
Breakpoint 1 at 0x804845f: file 17_1.c, line 11.
(gdb) run
Starting program: /home/dennis/polygon/./a.out

Breakpoint 1, comp (_a=0xbffff0f8, _b=_b@entry=0xbffff0fc) at 17_1.c:11

11 if (*a==*b)
(gdb) p *a
$1 = 1892
(gdb) p *b
$2 = 45
(gdb) c
Continuing.

Breakpoint 1, comp (_a=0xbffff104, _b=_b@entry=0xbffff108) at 17_1.c:11

11 if (*a==*b)
(gdb) p *a
$3 = 98
(gdb) p *b
$4 = 4087
(gdb) bt
#0 comp (_a=0xbffff0f8, _b=_b@entry=0xbffff0fc) at 17_1.c:11
#1 0xb7e42872 in msort_with_tmp (p=p@entry=0xbffff07c, b=b@entry=0xbffff0f8, n=n@entry=2)
at msort.c:65
#2 0xb7e4273e in msort_with_tmp (n=2, b=0xbffff0f8, p=0xbffff07c) at msort.c:45
#3 msort_with_tmp (p=p@entry=0xbffff07c, b=b@entry=0xbffff0f8, n=n@entry=5) at msort.c:53
#4 0xb7e4273e in msort_with_tmp (n=5, b=0xbffff0f8, p=0xbffff07c) at msort.c:45
#5 msort_with_tmp (p=p@entry=0xbffff07c, b=b@entry=0xbffff0f8, n=n@entry=10) at msort.c:53
#6 0xb7e42cef in msort_with_tmp (n=10, b=0xbffff0f8, p=0xbffff07c) at msort.c:45
#7 __GI_qsort_r (b=b@entry=0xbffff0f8, n=n@entry=10, s=s@entry=4, cmp=cmp@entry=0x804844d <comp>,
arg=arg@entry=0x0) at msort.c:297
#8 0xb7e42dcf in __GI_qsort (b=0xbffff0f8, n=10, s=4, cmp=0x804844d <comp>) at msort.c:307
#9 0x0804850d in main (argc=1, argv=0xbffff1c4) at 17_1.c:26
(gdb)

23.2.2. GCC + GDB ( )

, comp() (disas),
CMP (b) .
(info registers). (bt), :
comp() .

23.6: GDB-
dennis@ubuntuvm:~/polygon$ gcc 17_1.c
dennis@ubuntuvm:~/polygon$ gdb ./a.out
GNU gdb (GDB) 7.6.1ubuntu
Copyright (C) 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Type "show copying"
and "show warranty" for details.
This GDB was configured as "i686linuxgnu".
For bug reporting instructions, please see:
<http://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/bugs/>...
Reading symbols from /home/dennis/polygon/a.out...(no debugging symbols found)...done.
(gdb) set disassemblyflavor intel
(gdb) disas comp
Dump of assembler code for function comp:
0x0804844d <+0>: push ebp
0x0804844e <+1>: mov ebp,esp
0x08048450 <+3>: sub esp,0x10
0x08048453 <+6>: mov eax,DWORD PTR [ebp+0x8]
0x08048456 <+9>: mov DWORD PTR [ebp0x8],eax
0x08048459 <+12>: mov eax,DWORD PTR [ebp+0xc]
0x0804845c <+15>: mov DWORD PTR [ebp0x4],eax

415
 23. 23.
0x0804845f <+18>: mov eax,DWORD PTR [ebp0x8]
0x08048462 <+21>: mov edx,DWORD PTR [eax]
0x08048464 <+23>: mov eax,DWORD PTR [ebp0x4]
0x08048467 <+26>: mov eax,DWORD PTR [eax]
0x08048469 <+28>: cmp edx,eax
0x0804846b <+30>: jne 0x8048474 <comp+39>
0x0804846d <+32>: mov eax,0x0
0x08048472 <+37>: jmp 0x804848e <comp+65>
0x08048474 <+39>: mov eax,DWORD PTR [ebp0x8]
0x08048477 <+42>: mov edx,DWORD PTR [eax]
0x08048479 <+44>: mov eax,DWORD PTR [ebp0x4]
0x0804847c <+47>: mov eax,DWORD PTR [eax]
0x0804847e <+49>: cmp edx,eax
0x08048480 <+51>: jge 0x8048489 <comp+60>
0x08048482 <+53>: mov eax,0xffffffff
0x08048487 <+58>: jmp 0x804848e <comp+65>
0x08048489 <+60>: mov eax,0x1
0x0804848e <+65>: leave
0x0804848f <+66>: ret
End of assembler dump.
(gdb) b *0x08048469
Breakpoint 1 at 0x8048469
(gdb) run
Starting program: /home/dennis/polygon/./a.out

Breakpoint 1, 0x08048469 in comp ()

(gdb) info registers
eax 0x2d 45
ecx 0xbffff0f8 1073745672
edx 0x764 1892
ebx 0xb7fc0000 1208221696
esp 0xbfffeeb8 0xbfffeeb8
ebp 0xbfffeec8 0xbfffeec8
esi 0xbffff0fc 1073745668
edi 0xbffff010 1073745904
eip 0x8048469 0x8048469 <comp+28>
eflags 0x286 [ PF SF IF ]
cs 0x73 115
ss 0x7b 123
ds 0x7b 123
es 0x7b 123
fs 0x0 0
gs 0x33 51
(gdb) c
Continuing.

Breakpoint 1, 0x08048469 in comp ()

(gdb) info registers
eax 0xff7 4087
ecx 0xbffff104 1073745660
edx 0xffffff9e 98
ebx 0xb7fc0000 1208221696
esp 0xbfffee58 0xbfffee58
ebp 0xbfffee68 0xbfffee68
esi 0xbffff108 1073745656
edi 0xbffff010 1073745904
eip 0x8048469 0x8048469 <comp+28>
eflags 0x282 [ SF IF ]
cs 0x73 115
ss 0x7b 123
ds 0x7b 123
es 0x7b 123
fs 0x0 0
gs 0x33 51
(gdb) c
Continuing.

Breakpoint 1, 0x08048469 in comp ()

(gdb) info registers
eax 0xffffff9e 98

416
 23. 23.
ecx 0xbffff100 1073745664
edx 0xc8 200
ebx 0xb7fc0000 1208221696
esp 0xbfffeeb8 0xbfffeeb8
ebp 0xbfffeec8 0xbfffeec8
esi 0xbffff104 1073745660
edi 0xbffff010 1073745904
eip 0x8048469 0x8048469 <comp+28>
eflags 0x286 [ PF SF IF ]
cs 0x73 115
ss 0x7b 123
ds 0x7b 123
es 0x7b 123
fs 0x0 0
gs 0x33 51
(gdb) bt
#0 0x08048469 in comp ()
#1 0xb7e42872 in msort_with_tmp (p=p@entry=0xbffff07c, b=b@entry=0xbffff0f8, n=n@entry=2)
at msort.c:65
#2 0xb7e4273e in msort_with_tmp (n=2, b=0xbffff0f8, p=0xbffff07c) at msort.c:45
#3 msort_with_tmp (p=p@entry=0xbffff07c, b=b@entry=0xbffff0f8, n=n@entry=5) at msort.c:53
#4 0xb7e4273e in msort_with_tmp (n=5, b=0xbffff0f8, p=0xbffff07c) at msort.c:45
#5 msort_with_tmp (p=p@entry=0xbffff07c, b=b@entry=0xbffff0f8, n=n@entry=10) at msort.c:53
#6 0xb7e42cef in msort_with_tmp (n=10, b=0xbffff0f8, p=0xbffff07c) at msort.c:45
#7 __GI_qsort_r (b=b@entry=0xbffff0f8, n=n@entry=10, s=s@entry=4, cmp=cmp@entry=0x804844d <comp>,
arg=arg@entry=0x0) at msort.c:297
#8 0xb7e42dcf in __GI_qsort (b=0xbffff0f8, n=10, s=4, cmp=0x804844d <comp>) at msort.c:307
#9 0x0804850d in main ()

417
 24. 64- 32- 24. 64- 32-

24

64- 32-

, GPR- 32-, 64- 32- 1 .

24.1. 64-

#include <stdint.h>

uint64_t f ()
{
return 0x1234567890ABCDEF;
};

24.1.1. x86

64- 32- EDX:EAX.

24.1: MSVC 2010

_f PROC
mov eax, 1867788817 ; 90abcdefH
mov edx, 305419896 ; 12345678H
ret 0
_f ENDP

24.1.2. ARM

64- R0-R1 (R1 R0 ):

24.2: Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)

||f|| PROC
LDR r0,|L0.12|
LDR r1,|L0.16|
BX lr
ENDP

|L0.12|
DCD 0x90abcdef
|L0.16|
DCD 0x12345678

1 , 16- , 32- 16- : 53.4 (. 619)

418
 24. 64- 32- 24. 64- 32-
24.1.3. MIPS

64- V0-V1 ($2-$3) (V0 ($2) V1 ($3)

):

24.3: GCC 4.4.5 (assembly listing)

li $3,1867841536 # 0xffffffff90ab0000
li $2,305397760 # 0x12340000
ori $3,$3,0xcdef
j $31
ori $2,$2,0x5678

24.4: GCC 4.4.5 (IDA)

lui $v1, 0x90AB
lui $v0, 0x1234
li $v1, 0x90ABCDEF
jr $ra
li $v0, 0x12345678

24.2. , ,

#include <stdint.h>

uint64_t f_add (uint64_t a, uint64_t b)

{
return a+b;
};

void f_add_test ()
{
#ifdef __GNUC__
printf ("%lld\n", f_add(12345678901234, 23456789012345));
#else
printf ("%I64d\n", f_add(12345678901234, 23456789012345));
#endif
};

uint64_t f_sub (uint64_t a, uint64_t b)

{
return ab;
};

24.2.1. x86

24.5: MSVC 2012 /Ob1

_a$ = 8 ; size = 8
_b$ = 16 ; size = 8
_f_add PROC
mov eax, DWORD PTR _a$[esp4]
add eax, DWORD PTR _b$[esp4]
mov edx, DWORD PTR _a$[esp]
adc edx, DWORD PTR _b$[esp]
ret 0
_f_add ENDP

_f_add_test PROC
push 5461 ; 00001555H
push 1972608889 ; 75939f79H
push 2874 ; 00000b3aH
push 1942892530 ; 73ce2ff_subH
call _f_add
push edx

419
 24. 64- 32- 24. 64- 32-
push eax
push OFFSET $SG1436 ; '%I64d', 0aH, 00H
call _printf
add esp, 28
ret 0
_f_add_test ENDP

_f_sub PROC
mov eax, DWORD PTR _a$[esp4]
sub eax, DWORD PTR _b$[esp4]
mov edx, DWORD PTR _a$[esp]
sbb edx, DWORD PTR _b$[esp]
ret 0
_f_sub ENDP

f_add_test() , 64- 32- , ,

.

, 32 . , CF. -
ADC , CF = 1 .

. SUB CF, -
SBB : , .

, f_add() printf().

24.6: GCC 4.8.1 -O1 -fno-inline

_f_add:
mov eax, DWORD PTR [esp+12]
mov edx, DWORD PTR [esp+16]
add eax, DWORD PTR [esp+4]
adc edx, DWORD PTR [esp+8]
ret

_f_add_test:
sub esp, 28
mov DWORD PTR [esp+8], 1972608889 ; 75939f79H
mov DWORD PTR [esp+12], 5461 ; 00001555H
mov DWORD PTR [esp], 1942892530 ; 73ce2ff_subH
mov DWORD PTR [esp+4], 2874 ; 00000b3aH
call _f_add
mov DWORD PTR [esp+4], eax
mov DWORD PTR [esp+8], edx
mov DWORD PTR [esp], OFFSET FLAT:LC0 ; "%lld\12\0"
call _printf
add esp, 28
ret

_f_sub:
mov eax, DWORD PTR [esp+4]
mov edx, DWORD PTR [esp+8]
sub eax, DWORD PTR [esp+12]
sbb edx, DWORD PTR [esp+16]
ret

GCC .

24.2.2. ARM

24.7: Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)

f_add PROC
ADDS r0,r0,r2
ADC r1,r1,r3
BX lr

420
 24. 64- 32- 24. 64- 32-
ENDP

f_sub PROC
SUBS r0,r0,r2
SBC r1,r1,r3
BX lr
ENDP

f_add_test PROC
PUSH {r4,lr}
LDR r2,|L0.68| ; 0x75939f79
LDR r3,|L0.72| ; 0x00001555
LDR r0,|L0.76| ; 0x73ce2ff2
LDR r1,|L0.80| ; 0x00000b3a
BL f_add
POP {r4,lr}
MOV r2,r0
MOV r3,r1
ADR r0,|L0.84| ; "%I64d\n"
B __2printf
ENDP

|L0.68|
DCD 0x75939f79
|L0.72|
DCD 0x00001555
|L0.76|
DCD 0x73ce2ff2
|L0.80|
DCD 0x00000b3a
|L0.84|
DCB "%I64d\n",0

64- R0 R1, R2 R3. ARM

ADC ( ) SBC (subtract with carry ).
: /, ADDS SUBS -S. -
-S set ags ( ), ( ) -
ADC/SBC.
-S (ADD SUB).

24.2.3. MIPS

24.8: GCC 4.4.5 (IDA)

f_add:
; $a0 a
; $a1 a
; $a2 b
; $a3 b
addu $v1, $a3, $a1 ;
addu $a0, $a2, $a0 ;
; ?
; $v0 1,
sltu $v0, $v1, $a3
jr $ra
; 1 ,
addu $v0, $a0 ; branch delay slot
; $v0
; $v1

f_sub:
; $a0 a
; $a1 a
; $a2 b
; $a3 b
subu $v1, $a1, $a3 ;
subu $v0, $a0, $a2 ;

421
 24. 64- 32- 24. 64- 32-
; ?
; $a0 1,
sltu $a1, $v1
jr $ra
; 1 ,
subu $v0, $a1 ; branch delay slot
; $v0
; $v1

f_add_test:

var_10 = 0x10
var_4 = 4

lui $gp, (__gnu_local_gp >> 16)

addiu $sp, 0x20
la $gp, (__gnu_local_gp & 0xFFFF)
sw $ra, 0x20+var_4($sp)
sw $gp, 0x20+var_10($sp)
lui $a1, 0x73CE
lui $a3, 0x7593
li $a0, 0xB3A
li $a3, 0x75939F79
li $a2, 0x1555
jal f_add
li $a1, 0x73CE2FF2
lw $gp, 0x20+var_10($sp)
lui $a0, ($LC0 >> 16) # "%lld\n"
lw $t9, (printf & 0xFFFF)($gp)
lw $ra, 0x20+var_4($sp)
la $a0, ($LC0 & 0xFFFF) # "%lld\n"
move $a3, $v1
move $a2, $v0
jr $t9
addiu $sp, 0x20

$LC0: .ascii "%lld\n"<0>

MIPS , .
ADC SBB x86. , ,
( SLTU), 1 0. 1 0
, .

24.3. ,

#include <stdint.h>

uint64_t f_mul (uint64_t a, uint64_t b)

{
return a*b;
};

uint64_t f_div (uint64_t a, uint64_t b)

{
return a/b;
};

uint64_t f_rem (uint64_t a, uint64_t b)

{
return a % b;
};

24.3.1. x86

422
 24. 64- 32- 24. 64- 32-
24.9: MSVC 2013 /Ob1
_a$ = 8 ; size = 8
_b$ = 16 ; size = 8
_f_mul PROC
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
mov eax, DWORD PTR _b$[ebp+4]
push eax
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _b$[ebp]
push ecx
mov edx, DWORD PTR _a$[ebp+4]
push edx
mov eax, DWORD PTR _a$[ebp]
push eax
call __allmul ; long long multiplication ( long long)
pop ebp
ret 0
_f_mul ENDP

_a$ = 8 ; size = 8
_b$ = 16 ; size = 8
_f_div PROC
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
mov eax, DWORD PTR _b$[ebp+4]
push eax
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _b$[ebp]
push ecx
mov edx, DWORD PTR _a$[ebp+4]
push edx
mov eax, DWORD PTR _a$[ebp]
push eax
call __aulldiv ; unsigned long long division ( long long)
pop ebp
ret 0
_f_div ENDP

_a$ = 8 ; size = 8
_b$ = 16 ; size = 8
_f_rem PROC
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
mov eax, DWORD PTR _b$[ebp+4]
push eax
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _b$[ebp]
push ecx
mov edx, DWORD PTR _a$[ebp+4]
push edx
mov eax, DWORD PTR _a$[ebp]
push eax
call __aullrem ; unsigned long long remainder ( )
pop ebp
ret 0
_f_rem ENDP

, ,
, .
, : E (. 981).
24.10: GCC 4.8.1 -fno-inline
_f_mul:
push ebx
mov edx, DWORD PTR [esp+8]
mov eax, DWORD PTR [esp+16]
mov ebx, DWORD PTR [esp+12]
mov ecx, DWORD PTR [esp+20]
imul ebx, eax
imul ecx, edx
mul edx

423
 24. 64- 32- 24. 64- 32-
add ecx, ebx
add edx, ecx
pop ebx
ret

_f_div:
sub esp, 28
mov eax, DWORD PTR [esp+40]
mov edx, DWORD PTR [esp+44]
mov DWORD PTR [esp+8], eax
mov eax, DWORD PTR [esp+32]
mov DWORD PTR [esp+12], edx
mov edx, DWORD PTR [esp+36]
mov DWORD PTR [esp], eax
mov DWORD PTR [esp+4], edx
call ___udivdi3 ; unsigned division ( )
add esp, 28
ret

_f_rem:
sub esp, 28
mov eax, DWORD PTR [esp+40]
mov edx, DWORD PTR [esp+44]
mov DWORD PTR [esp+8], eax
mov eax, DWORD PTR [esp+32]
mov DWORD PTR [esp+12], edx
mov edx, DWORD PTR [esp+36]
mov DWORD PTR [esp], eax
mov DWORD PTR [esp+4], edx
call ___umoddi3 ; unsigned modulo ( )
add esp, 28
ret

GCC , , ,
. GCC : D (. 980).

24.3.2. ARM

Keil Thumb :

24.11: Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb)

||f_mul|| PROC
PUSH {r4,lr}
BL __aeabi_lmul
POP {r4,pc}
ENDP

||f_div|| PROC
PUSH {r4,lr}
BL __aeabi_uldivmod
POP {r4,pc}
ENDP

||f_rem|| PROC
PUSH {r4,lr}
BL __aeabi_uldivmod
MOVS r0,r2
MOVS r1,r3
POP {r4,pc}
ENDP

Keil ARM, , 64- :

24.12: Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)

||f_mul|| PROC
PUSH {r4,lr}
UMULL r12,r4,r0,r2

424
 24. 64- 32- 24. 64- 32-
MLA r1,r2,r1,r4
MLA r1,r0,r3,r1
MOV r0,r12
POP {r4,pc}
ENDP

||f_div|| PROC
PUSH {r4,lr}
BL __aeabi_uldivmod
POP {r4,pc}
ENDP

||f_rem|| PROC
PUSH {r4,lr}
BL __aeabi_uldivmod
MOV r0,r2
MOV r1,r3
POP {r4,pc}
ENDP

24.3.3. MIPS

GCC MIPS 64- , 64- -

:
24.13: GCC 4.4.5 (IDA)
f_mul:
mult $a2, $a1
mflo $v0
or $at, $zero ; NOP
or $at, $zero ; NOP
mult $a0, $a3
mflo $a0
addu $v0, $a0
or $at, $zero ; NOP
multu $a3, $a1
mfhi $a2
mflo $v1
jr $ra
addu $v0, $a2

f_div:

var_10 = 0x10
var_4 = 4

lui $gp, (__gnu_local_gp >> 16)

addiu $sp, 0x20
la $gp, (__gnu_local_gp & 0xFFFF)
sw $ra, 0x20+var_4($sp)
sw $gp, 0x20+var_10($sp)
lw $t9, (__udivdi3 & 0xFFFF)($gp)
or $at, $zero
jalr $t9
or $at, $zero
lw $ra, 0x20+var_4($sp)
or $at, $zero
jr $ra
addiu $sp, 0x20

f_rem:

var_10 = 0x10
var_4 = 4

lui $gp, (__gnu_local_gp >> 16)

addiu $sp, 0x20
la $gp, (__gnu_local_gp & 0xFFFF)

425
 24. 64- 32- 24. 64- 32-
sw $ra, 0x20+var_4($sp)
sw $gp, 0x20+var_10($sp)
lw $t9, (__umoddi3 & 0xFFFF)($gp)
or $at, $zero
jalr $t9
or $at, $zero
lw $ra, 0x20+var_4($sp)
or $at, $zero
jr $ra
addiu $sp, 0x20

NOP-, delay slot- ( -

).

24.4.

#include <stdint.h>

uint64_t f (uint64_t a)
{
return a>>7;
};

24.4.1. x86

24.14: MSVC 2012 /Ob1

_a$ = 8 ; size = 8
_f PROC
mov eax, DWORD PTR _a$[esp4]
mov edx, DWORD PTR _a$[esp]
shrd eax, edx, 7
shr edx, 7
ret 0
_f ENDP

24.15: GCC 4.8.1 -fno-inline

_f:
mov edx, DWORD PTR [esp+8]
mov eax, DWORD PTR [esp+4]
shrd eax, edx, 7
shr edx, 7
ret

: , . -
SHRD, EDX 7 , EAX, ..
. SHR: ,
.

24.4.2. ARM

ARM SHRD x86, Keil ,

:

24.16: Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)

||f|| PROC
LSR r0,r0,#7
ORR r0,r0,r1,LSL #25
LSR r1,r1,#7
BX lr
ENDP

426
 24. 64- 32- 24. 64- 32-
24.17: Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb)
||f|| PROC
LSLS r2,r1,#25
LSRS r0,r0,#7
ORRS r0,r0,r2
LSRS r1,r1,#7
BX lr
ENDP

24.4.3. MIPS

GCC MIPS , Keil Thumb:

24.18: GCC 4.4.5 (IDA)

f:
sll $v0, $a0, 25
srl $v1, $a1, 7
or $v1, $v0, $v1
jr $ra
srl $v0, $a0, 7

24.5. 32- 64-

#include <stdint.h>

int64_t f (int32_t a)
{
return a;
};

24.5.1. x86

24.19: MSVC 2012

_a$ = 8
_f PROC
mov eax, DWORD PTR _a$[esp4]
cdq
ret 0
_f ENDP

32- 64- . -
: 0 .
: - . CDQ,
EAX, 64-, EDX:EAX . ,
CDQ EAX ( EAX) ,
32 EDX 0 1. - MOVSX.

24.5.2. ARM

24.20: Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)

||f|| PROC
ASR r1,r0,#31
BX lr
ENDP

427
 24. 64- 32- 24. 64- 32-
Keil ARM : () 31 . ,
MSB, .
ASR r1,r0,#31, R1 0xFFFFFFFF , 0 .
R1 64- .
, MSB ( ) R0 32-
64- .

24.5.3. MIPS

GCC MIPS , Keil ARM:

24.21: GCC 4.4.5 (IDA)

f:
sra $v0, $a0, 31
jr $ra
move $v1, $a0

428
 25. SIMD 25. SIMD

25

SIMD

SIMD : Single Instruction, Multiple Data.

, .
FPU, x86.
SIMD x86 MMX. 8 64- MM0-MM7.
MMX- 2 32- , 4 16- 8 . , -
MMX-, 8 8- .
, , .
, , , -
, . , --
, MMX . , SIMD
(saturation). , -
(underow) , SIMD , , ,
, ..
MMX , FPU-.
FPU MMX . , Intel ,

, FPU . ,
MMX + + , MMX = .
SSE 128 , FPU.
AVX 256 .
.
, (memcpy), (memcmp), .
: DES, 64- , 56- , -
64- . DES
, , , , .
bitslice DES1 . , x86
unsigned int 32 , 32- -
, 64+56 unsigned int.
/ Oracle RDBMS ( DES),
bitslice DES SSE2 AVX 128 256 -:
http://go.yurichev.com/17313

25.1.
2 , , ,
. , - .
.
1 http://go.yurichev.com/17329
2 Wikipedia: vectorization

429
 25. SIMD 25. SIMD
: -
Cray Y-MP 1988, - Cray Y-MP EL 3 .
:
for (i = 0; i < 1024; i++)
{
C[i] = A[i]*B[i];
}

A B, C.
, 32- int, 4 128-
XMM-, B XMM- PMULLD ( DWORD
) PMULHW ( DWORD
), 4 64- .
, 1024/4 1024, 4 , , , .

25.1.1.

, , Intel C++4 .
:
int f (int sz, int *ar1, int *ar2, int *ar3)
{
for (int i=0; i<sz; i++)
ar3[i]=ar1[i]+ar2[i];

return 0;
};

Intel C++

Intel C++ 11.1.051 win32:

icl intel.cpp /QaxSSE2 /Faintel.asm /Ox
( IDA):
; int __cdecl f(int, int *, int *, int *)
public ?f@@YAHHPAH00@Z
?f@@YAHHPAH00@Z proc near

var_10 = dword ptr 10h

sz = dword ptr 4
ar1 = dword ptr 8
ar2 = dword ptr 0Ch
ar3 = dword ptr 10h

push edi
push esi
push ebx
push esi
mov edx, [esp+10h+sz]
test edx, edx
jle loc_15B
mov eax, [esp+10h+ar3]
cmp edx, 6
jle loc_143
cmp eax, [esp+10h+ar2]
jbe short loc_36
mov esi, [esp+10h+ar2]
sub esi, eax
lea ecx, ds:0[edx*4]
neg esi
3 . : http://go.yurichev.com/17081
4 , Intel C++ : Excerpt: Effective Automatic Vectorization

430
 25. SIMD 25. SIMD
cmp ecx, esi
jbe short loc_55

loc_36: ; CODE XREF: f(int,int *,int *,int *)+21

cmp eax, [esp+10h+ar2]
jnb loc_143
mov esi, [esp+10h+ar2]
sub esi, eax
lea ecx, ds:0[edx*4]
cmp esi, ecx
jb loc_143

loc_55: ; CODE XREF: f(int,int *,int *,int *)+34

cmp eax, [esp+10h+ar1]
jbe short loc_67
mov esi, [esp+10h+ar1]
sub esi, eax
neg esi
cmp ecx, esi
jbe short loc_7F

loc_67: ; CODE XREF: f(int,int *,int *,int *)+59

cmp eax, [esp+10h+ar1]
jnb loc_143
mov esi, [esp+10h+ar1]
sub esi, eax
cmp esi, ecx
jb loc_143

loc_7F: ; CODE XREF: f(int,int *,int *,int *)+65

mov edi, eax ; edi = ar1
and edi, 0Fh ; ar 16- ?
jz short loc_9A ;
test edi, 3
jnz loc_162
neg edi
add edi, 10h
shr edi, 2

loc_9A: ; CODE XREF: f(int,int *,int *,int *)+84

lea ecx, [edi+4]
cmp edx, ecx
jl loc_162
mov ecx, edx
sub ecx, edi
and ecx, 3
neg ecx
add ecx, edx
test edi, edi
jbe short loc_D6
mov ebx, [esp+10h+ar2]
mov [esp+10h+var_10], ecx
mov ecx, [esp+10h+ar1]
xor esi, esi

loc_C1: ; CODE XREF: f(int,int *,int *,int *)+CD

mov edx, [ecx+esi*4]
add edx, [ebx+esi*4]
mov [eax+esi*4], edx
inc esi
cmp esi, edi
jb short loc_C1
mov ecx, [esp+10h+var_10]
mov edx, [esp+10h+sz]

loc_D6: ; CODE XREF: f(int,int *,int *,int *)+B2

mov esi, [esp+10h+ar2]
lea esi, [esi+edi*4] ; ar2+i*4 16- ?
test esi, 0Fh
jz short loc_109 ; !

431
 25. SIMD 25. SIMD
mov ebx, [esp+10h+ar1]
mov esi, [esp+10h+ar2]

loc_ED: ; CODE XREF: f(int,int *,int *,int *)+105

movdqu xmm1, xmmword ptr [ebx+edi*4] ; ar1+i*4
movdqu xmm0, xmmword ptr [esi+edi*4] ; ar2+i*4 16- ,
XMM0
paddd xmm1, xmm0
movdqa xmmword ptr [eax+edi*4], xmm1 ; ar3+i*4
add edi, 4
cmp edi, ecx
jb short loc_ED
jmp short loc_127

loc_109: ; CODE XREF: f(int,int *,int *,int *)+E3

mov ebx, [esp+10h+ar1]
mov esi, [esp+10h+ar2]

loc_111: ; CODE XREF: f(int,int *,int *,int *)+125

movdqu xmm0, xmmword ptr [ebx+edi*4]
paddd xmm0, xmmword ptr [esi+edi*4]
movdqa xmmword ptr [eax+edi*4], xmm0
add edi, 4
cmp edi, ecx
jb short loc_111

loc_127: ; CODE XREF: f(int,int *,int *,int *)+107

; f(int,int *,int *,int *)+164
cmp ecx, edx
jnb short loc_15B
mov esi, [esp+10h+ar1]
mov edi, [esp+10h+ar2]

loc_133: ; CODE XREF: f(int,int *,int *,int *)+13F

mov ebx, [esi+ecx*4]
add ebx, [edi+ecx*4]
mov [eax+ecx*4], ebx
inc ecx
cmp ecx, edx
jb short loc_133
jmp short loc_15B

loc_143: ; CODE XREF: f(int,int *,int *,int *)+17

; f(int,int *,int *,int *)+3A ...
mov esi, [esp+10h+ar1]
mov edi, [esp+10h+ar2]
xor ecx, ecx

loc_14D: ; CODE XREF: f(int,int *,int *,int *)+159

mov ebx, [esi+ecx*4]
add ebx, [edi+ecx*4]
mov [eax+ecx*4], ebx
inc ecx
cmp ecx, edx
jb short loc_14D

loc_15B: ; CODE XREF: f(int,int *,int *,int *)+A

; f(int,int *,int *,int *)+129 ...
xor eax, eax
pop ecx
pop ebx
pop esi
pop edi
retn

loc_162: ; CODE XREF: f(int,int *,int *,int *)+8C

; f(int,int *,int *,int *)+9F
xor ecx, ecx
jmp short loc_127
?f@@YAHHPAH00@Z endp

432
 25. SIMD 25. SIMD
, SSE2 :
MOVDQU (Move Unaligned Double Quadword) 16 XMM- .
PADDD (Add Packed Integers) 4 32- .
, , ,
32 . PADDD ,
16- . , 5 .
MOVDQA (Move Aligned Double Quadword) MOVDQU,
16- . , . MOVDQA MOVDQU,
.
, SSE2- 4
int ar3 16- .
, ar2 16- , :
movdqu xmm0, xmmword ptr [ebx+edi*4] ; ar1+i*4
paddd xmm0, xmmword ptr [esi+edi*4] ; ar2+i*4
movdqa xmmword ptr [eax+edi*4], xmm0 ; ar3+i*4

, ar2 XMM0 MOVDQU, ,

:
movdqu xmm1, xmmword ptr [ebx+edi*4] ; ar1+i*4
movdqu xmm0, xmmword ptr [esi+edi*4] ; ar2+i*4 16- ,
XMM0
paddd xmm1, xmm0
movdqa xmmword ptr [eax+edi*4], xmm1 ; ar3+i*4

, , , SSE2.

GCC

GCC - 6 , -O3 SSE2: -msse2.

(GCC 4.4.1):
; f(int, int *, int *, int *)
public _Z1fiPiS_S_
_Z1fiPiS_S_ proc near

var_18 = dword ptr 18h

var_14 = dword ptr 14h
var_10 = dword ptr 10h
arg_0 = dword ptr 8
arg_4 = dword ptr 0Ch
arg_8 = dword ptr 10h
arg_C = dword ptr 14h

push ebp
mov ebp, esp
push edi
push esi
push ebx
sub esp, 0Ch
mov ecx, [ebp+arg_0]
mov esi, [ebp+arg_4]
mov edi, [ebp+arg_8]
mov ebx, [ebp+arg_C]
test ecx, ecx
jle short loc_80484D8
cmp ecx, 6
lea eax, [ebx+10h]
ja short loc_80484E8

loc_80484C1: ; CODE XREF: f(int,int *,int *,int *)+4B

; f(int,int *,int *,int *)+61 ...
5 . : Wikipedia:
6 GCC: http://go.yurichev.com/17083

433
 25. SIMD 25. SIMD
xor eax, eax
nop
lea esi, [esi+0]

loc_80484C8: ; CODE XREF: f(int,int *,int *,int *)+36

mov edx, [edi+eax*4]
add edx, [esi+eax*4]
mov [ebx+eax*4], edx
add eax, 1
cmp eax, ecx
jnz short loc_80484C8

loc_80484D8: ; CODE XREF: f(int,int *,int *,int *)+17

; f(int,int *,int *,int *)+A5
add esp, 0Ch
xor eax, eax
pop ebx
pop esi
pop edi
pop ebp
retn

align 8

loc_80484E8: ; CODE XREF: f(int,int *,int *,int *)+1F

test bl, 0Fh
jnz short loc_80484C1
lea edx, [esi+10h]
cmp ebx, edx
jbe loc_8048578

loc_80484F8: ; CODE XREF: f(int,int *,int *,int *)+E0

lea edx, [edi+10h]
cmp ebx, edx
ja short loc_8048503
cmp edi, eax
jbe short loc_80484C1

loc_8048503: ; CODE XREF: f(int,int *,int *,int *)+5D

mov eax, ecx
shr eax, 2
mov [ebp+var_14], eax
shl eax, 2
test eax, eax
mov [ebp+var_10], eax
jz short loc_8048547
mov [ebp+var_18], ecx
mov ecx, [ebp+var_14]
xor eax, eax
xor edx, edx
nop

loc_8048520: ; CODE XREF: f(int,int *,int *,int *)+9B

movdqu xmm1, xmmword ptr [edi+eax]
movdqu xmm0, xmmword ptr [esi+eax]
add edx, 1
paddd xmm0, xmm1
movdqa xmmword ptr [ebx+eax], xmm0
add eax, 10h
cmp edx, ecx
jb short loc_8048520
mov ecx, [ebp+var_18]
mov eax, [ebp+var_10]
cmp ecx, eax
jz short loc_80484D8

loc_8048547: ; CODE XREF: f(int,int *,int *,int *)+73

lea edx, ds:0[eax*4]
add esi, edx
add edi, edx

434
 25. SIMD 25. SIMD
add ebx, edx
lea esi, [esi+0]

loc_8048558: ; CODE XREF: f(int,int *,int *,int *)+CC

mov edx, [edi]
add eax, 1
add edi, 4
add edx, [esi]
add esi, 4
mov [ebx], edx
add ebx, 4
cmp ecx, eax
jg short loc_8048558
add esp, 0Ch
xor eax, eax
pop ebx
pop esi
pop edi
pop ebp
retn

loc_8048578: ; CODE XREF: f(int,int *,int *,int *)+52

cmp eax, esi
jnb loc_80484C1
jmp loc_80484F8
_Z1fiPiS_S_ endp

, , Intel C++.

25.1.2.

memcpy() (14.2 (. 188)):

#include <stdio.h>

void my_memcpy (unsigned char* dst, unsigned char* src, size_t cnt)
{
size_t i;
for (i=0; i<cnt; i++)
dst[i]=src[i];
};

GCC 4.9.1:

25.1: GCC 4.9.1 x64

my_memcpy:
; RDI =
; RSI =
; RDX =
test rdx, rdx
je .L41
lea rax, [rdi+16]
cmp rsi, rax
lea rax, [rsi+16]
setae cl
cmp rdi, rax
setae al
or cl, al
je .L13
cmp rdx, 22
jbe .L13
mov rcx, rsi
push rbp
push rbx
neg rcx
and ecx, 15
cmp rcx, rdx
cmova rcx, rdx

435
 25. SIMD 25. SIMD
xor eax, eax
test rcx, rcx
je .L4
movzx eax, BYTE PTR [rsi]
cmp rcx, 1
mov BYTE PTR [rdi], al
je .L15
movzx eax, BYTE PTR [rsi+1]
cmp rcx, 2
mov BYTE PTR [rdi+1], al
je .L16
movzx eax, BYTE PTR [rsi+2]
cmp rcx, 3
mov BYTE PTR [rdi+2], al
je .L17
movzx eax, BYTE PTR [rsi+3]
cmp rcx, 4
mov BYTE PTR [rdi+3], al
je .L18
movzx eax, BYTE PTR [rsi+4]
cmp rcx, 5
mov BYTE PTR [rdi+4], al
je .L19
movzx eax, BYTE PTR [rsi+5]
cmp rcx, 6
mov BYTE PTR [rdi+5], al
je .L20
movzx eax, BYTE PTR [rsi+6]
cmp rcx, 7
mov BYTE PTR [rdi+6], al
je .L21
movzx eax, BYTE PTR [rsi+7]
cmp rcx, 8
mov BYTE PTR [rdi+7], al
je .L22
movzx eax, BYTE PTR [rsi+8]
cmp rcx, 9
mov BYTE PTR [rdi+8], al
je .L23
movzx eax, BYTE PTR [rsi+9]
cmp rcx, 10
mov BYTE PTR [rdi+9], al
je .L24
movzx eax, BYTE PTR [rsi+10]
cmp rcx, 11
mov BYTE PTR [rdi+10], al
je .L25
movzx eax, BYTE PTR [rsi+11]
cmp rcx, 12
mov BYTE PTR [rdi+11], al
je .L26
movzx eax, BYTE PTR [rsi+12]
cmp rcx, 13
mov BYTE PTR [rdi+12], al
je .L27
movzx eax, BYTE PTR [rsi+13]
cmp rcx, 15
mov BYTE PTR [rdi+13], al
jne .L28
movzx eax, BYTE PTR [rsi+14]
mov BYTE PTR [rdi+14], al
mov eax, 15
.L4:
mov r10, rdx
lea r9, [rdx1]
sub r10, rcx
lea r8, [r1016]
sub r9, rcx
shr r8, 4
add r8, 1

436
 25. SIMD 25. SIMD
mov r11, r8
sal r11, 4
cmp r9, 14
jbe .L6
lea rbp, [rsi+rcx]
xor r9d, r9d
add rcx, rdi
xor ebx, ebx
.L7:
movdqa xmm0, XMMWORD PTR [rbp+0+r9]
add rbx, 1
movups XMMWORD PTR [rcx+r9], xmm0
add r9, 16
cmp rbx, r8
jb .L7
add rax, r11
cmp r10, r11
je .L1
.L6:
movzx ecx, BYTE PTR [rsi+rax]
mov BYTE PTR [rdi+rax], cl
lea rcx, [rax+1]
cmp rdx, rcx
jbe .L1
movzx ecx, BYTE PTR [rsi+1+rax]
mov BYTE PTR [rdi+1+rax], cl
lea rcx, [rax+2]
cmp rdx, rcx
jbe .L1
movzx ecx, BYTE PTR [rsi+2+rax]
mov BYTE PTR [rdi+2+rax], cl
lea rcx, [rax+3]
cmp rdx, rcx
jbe .L1
movzx ecx, BYTE PTR [rsi+3+rax]
mov BYTE PTR [rdi+3+rax], cl
lea rcx, [rax+4]
cmp rdx, rcx
jbe .L1
movzx ecx, BYTE PTR [rsi+4+rax]
mov BYTE PTR [rdi+4+rax], cl
lea rcx, [rax+5]
cmp rdx, rcx
jbe .L1
movzx ecx, BYTE PTR [rsi+5+rax]
mov BYTE PTR [rdi+5+rax], cl
lea rcx, [rax+6]
cmp rdx, rcx
jbe .L1
movzx ecx, BYTE PTR [rsi+6+rax]
mov BYTE PTR [rdi+6+rax], cl
lea rcx, [rax+7]
cmp rdx, rcx
jbe .L1
movzx ecx, BYTE PTR [rsi+7+rax]
mov BYTE PTR [rdi+7+rax], cl
lea rcx, [rax+8]
cmp rdx, rcx
jbe .L1
movzx ecx, BYTE PTR [rsi+8+rax]
mov BYTE PTR [rdi+8+rax], cl
lea rcx, [rax+9]
cmp rdx, rcx
jbe .L1
movzx ecx, BYTE PTR [rsi+9+rax]
mov BYTE PTR [rdi+9+rax], cl
lea rcx, [rax+10]
cmp rdx, rcx
jbe .L1
movzx ecx, BYTE PTR [rsi+10+rax]

437
 25. SIMD 25. SIMD
mov BYTE PTR [rdi+10+rax], cl
lea rcx, [rax+11]
cmp rdx, rcx
jbe .L1
movzx ecx, BYTE PTR [rsi+11+rax]
mov BYTE PTR [rdi+11+rax], cl
lea rcx, [rax+12]
cmp rdx, rcx
jbe .L1
movzx ecx, BYTE PTR [rsi+12+rax]
mov BYTE PTR [rdi+12+rax], cl
lea rcx, [rax+13]
cmp rdx, rcx
jbe .L1
movzx ecx, BYTE PTR [rsi+13+rax]
mov BYTE PTR [rdi+13+rax], cl
lea rcx, [rax+14]
cmp rdx, rcx
jbe .L1
movzx edx, BYTE PTR [rsi+14+rax]
mov BYTE PTR [rdi+14+rax], dl
.L1:
pop rbx
pop rbp
.L41:
rep ret
.L13:
xor eax, eax
.L3:
movzx ecx, BYTE PTR [rsi+rax]
mov BYTE PTR [rdi+rax], cl
add rax, 1
cmp rax, rdx
jne .L3
rep ret
.L28:
mov eax, 14
jmp .L4
.L15:
mov eax, 1
jmp .L4
.L16:
mov eax, 2
jmp .L4
.L17:
mov eax, 3
jmp .L4
.L18:
mov eax, 4
jmp .L4
.L19:
mov eax, 5
jmp .L4
.L20:
mov eax, 6
jmp .L4
.L21:
mov eax, 7
jmp .L4
.L22:
mov eax, 8
jmp .L4
.L23:
mov eax, 9
jmp .L4
.L24:
mov eax, 10
jmp .L4
.L25:
mov eax, 11

438
 25. SIMD 25. SIMD
jmp .L4
.L26:
mov eax, 12
jmp .L4
.L27:
mov eax, 13
jmp .L4

25.2. strlen() SIMD

, , SIMD- /++ -
7 . MSVC, intrin.h.
strlen()8 SIMD-, 2-2.5 -
. XMM- 16 9 .
size_t strlen_sse2(const char *str)
{
register size_t len = 0;
const char *s=str;
bool str_is_aligned=(((unsigned int)str)&0xFFFFFFF0) == (unsigned int)str;

if (str_is_aligned==false)
return strlen (str);

__m128i xmm0 = _mm_setzero_si128();

__m128i xmm1;
int mask = 0;

for (;;)
{
xmm1 = _mm_load_si128((__m128i *)s);
xmm1 = _mm_cmpeq_epi8(xmm1, xmm0);
if ((mask = _mm_movemask_epi8(xmm1)) != 0)
{
unsigned long pos;
_BitScanForward(&pos, mask);
len += (size_t)pos;

break;
}
s += sizeof(__m128i);
len += sizeof(__m128i);
};

return len;
}

MSVC 2010 /Ox:

25.2: MSVC 2010

_pos$75552 = 4 ; size = 4
_str$ = 8 ; size = 4
?strlen_sse2@@YAIPBD@Z PROC ; strlen_sse2

push ebp
mov ebp, esp
and esp, 16 ; fffffff0H
mov eax, DWORD PTR _str$[ebp]
sub esp, 12 ; 0000000cH
push esi
mov esi, eax
and esi, 16 ; fffffff0H
7 MSDN:MMX, SSE, and SSE2 Intrinsics
8 strlen()

9 : http://go.yurichev.com/17330.

439
 25. SIMD 25. SIMD
xor edx, edx
mov ecx, eax
cmp esi, eax
je SHORT $LN4@strlen_sse
lea edx, DWORD PTR [eax+1]
npad 3 ;
$LL11@strlen_sse:
mov cl, BYTE PTR [eax]
inc eax
test cl, cl
jne SHORT $LL11@strlen_sse
sub eax, edx
pop esi
mov esp, ebp
pop ebp
ret 0
$LN4@strlen_sse:
movdqa xmm1, XMMWORD PTR [eax]
pxor xmm0, xmm0
pcmpeqb xmm1, xmm0
pmovmskb eax, xmm1
test eax, eax
jne SHORT $LN9@strlen_sse
$LL3@strlen_sse:
movdqa xmm1, XMMWORD PTR [ecx+16]
add ecx, 16 ; 00000010H
pcmpeqb xmm1, xmm0
add edx, 16 ; 00000010H
pmovmskb eax, xmm1
test eax, eax
je SHORT $LL3@strlen_sse
$LN9@strlen_sse:
bsf eax, eax
mov ecx, eax
mov DWORD PTR _pos$75552[esp+16], eax
lea eax, DWORD PTR [ecx+edx]
pop esi
mov esp, ebp
pop ebp
ret 0
?strlen_sse2@@YAIPBD@Z ENDP ; strlen_sse2

, , str, 16- . ,
strlen().
16 XMM1 MOVDQA.
, MOVDQU,
, ?
, : , MOVDQA, -
MOVDQU.
, :
Windows NT ( ), 4 KiB (4096 ). win32-
4 GiB, ,
. , , .
VM10 .
, , 16 , -
. , 8192 (0x2000) 0x008c0000. ,
0x008c0000 0x008c1fff .
, 0x008c2000 , .. .
.
, , , ,
:
10 wikipedia

440
 25. SIMD 25. SIMD
0x008c1ff8 h
0x008c1ff9 e
0x008c1ffa l
0x008c1ffb l
0x008c1ffc o
0x008c1ffd \x00
0x008c1ffe
0x008c1fff
, strlen() 'hello'
0x008c1ff8. strlen() 0x008c1ffd, , .
, strlen() 16 , ,
16- , MOVDQU 16 0x008c1ff8 0x008c2008,
. , , .
, 16 ,
, , 16 ,
.
.
_mm_setzero_si128() , pxor xmm0, xmm0 XMM0.
.
_mm_load_si128() MOVDQA, 16 XMM1.
_mm_cmpeq_epi8() PCMPEQB, , XMM
.
- , 0xff,
0, .
.
XMM1: 11223344556677880000000000000000
XMM0: 11ab3444007877881111111111111111
pcmpeqb xmm1, xmm0, XMM1 :
XMM1: ff0000ff0000ffff0000000000000000
, 16- 16- , -
XMM0 pxor xmm0, xmm0.
_mm_movemask_epi8() PMOVMSKB.
PCMPEQB.
pmovmskb eax, xmm1
EAX , XMM1
. , XMM1 0xff, EAX ,
.
XMM1 0xff, EAX . ,
, XMM1 0xff? 16 EAX.
EAX .
, . 16 :
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 3 2 1 0

h e l l o 0 0

'hello', , . 16
XMM1 XMM0, 11 :
XMM1: 0000ff00000000000000ff0000000000
, .
PMOVMSKB EAX ( ): 0010000000100000b.
, -
.
BSF (Bit Scan Forward).
.
11 MSB LSB12 .

441
 25. SIMD 25. SIMD
EAX=0010000000100000b
bsf eax, eax, EAX 5, ,
( ).
, MSVC _BitScanForward.
. ,
.
.
, , MSVC , .
, SSE 4.2 ( Intel Core i7) : http:
//go.yurichev.com/17331

442
 26. 64 26. 64

26

64

26.1. x86-64
x86- 64 .
reverse engineer-, 32- x86 :
( FPU SIMD) 64- R-. 8 .
GPR-: RAX, RBX, RCX, RDX, RBP, RSP, RSI, RDI, R8, R9, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, R15.
, . , 32 RAX
EAX:
7 ( ) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
RAXx64
EAX
AX
AH AL
R8-R15 : R8D-R15D ( 32- ), R8W-R15W
( 16- ), R8L-R15L ( 8- ).
7 ( ) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
R8
R8D
R8W
R8L
SIMD-: 8 16: XMM0-XMM15.
win64 , fastcall (64.3 (. 690)) . 4 -
RCX, RDX, R8, R9, .
32 4 -
. ,
.
System V AMD64 ABI (Linux, *BSD, Mac OS X)[Mit13] fastcall, 6
RDI, RSI, RDX, RCX, R8, R9 . .
. (64 (. 689)).
int /++ 32- .
64-.
: 2 , ..
-, x64- 48 RAM1 .
- , , -
, register allocation. ,
.
, S- DES, 32/64/128/256
, DES_type (uint32, uint64, SSE2 AVX), bitslice DES (
(25 (. 429))):
1 Random-access memory

443
 26. 64 26. 64

/*
* Generated Sbox files.
*
* This software may be modified, redistributed, and used for any purpose,
* so long as its origin is acknowledged.
*
* Produced by Matthew Kwan March 1998
*/

#ifdef _WIN64
#define DES_type unsigned __int64
#else
#define DES_type unsigned int
#endif

void
s1 (
DES_type a1,
DES_type a2,
DES_type a3,
DES_type a4,
DES_type a5,
DES_type a6,
DES_type *out1,
DES_type *out2,
DES_type *out3,
DES_type *out4
) {
DES_type x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6, x7, x8;
DES_type x9, x10, x11, x12, x13, x14, x15, x16;
DES_type x17, x18, x19, x20, x21, x22, x23, x24;
DES_type x25, x26, x27, x28, x29, x30, x31, x32;
DES_type x33, x34, x35, x36, x37, x38, x39, x40;
DES_type x41, x42, x43, x44, x45, x46, x47, x48;
DES_type x49, x50, x51, x52, x53, x54, x55, x56;

x1 = a3 & ~a5;
x2 = x1 ^ a4;
x3 = a3 & ~a4;
x4 = x3 | a5;
x5 = a6 & x4;
x6 = x2 ^ x5;
x7 = a4 & ~a5;
x8 = a3 ^ a4;
x9 = a6 & ~x8;
x10 = x7 ^ x9;
x11 = a2 | x10;
x12 = x6 ^ x11;
x13 = a5 ^ x5;
x14 = x13 & x8;
x15 = a5 & ~a4;
x16 = x3 ^ x14;
x17 = a6 | x16;
x18 = x15 ^ x17;
x19 = a2 | x18;
x20 = x14 ^ x19;
x21 = a1 & x20;
x22 = x12 ^ ~x21;
*out2 ^= x22;
x23 = x1 | x5;
x24 = x23 ^ x8;
x25 = x18 & ~x2;
x26 = a2 & ~x25;
x27 = x24 ^ x26;
x28 = x6 | x7;
x29 = x28 ^ x25;
x30 = x9 ^ x24;
x31 = x18 & ~x30;
x32 = a2 & x31;

444
 26. 64 26. 64
x33 = x29 ^ x32;
x34 = a1 & x33;
x35 = x27 ^ x34;
*out4 ^= x35;
x36 = a3 & x28;
x37 = x18 & ~x36;
x38 = a2 | x3;
x39 = x37 ^ x38;
x40 = a3 | x31;
x41 = x24 & ~x37;
x42 = x41 | x3;
x43 = x42 & ~a2;
x44 = x40 ^ x43;
x45 = a1 & ~x44;
x46 = x39 ^ ~x45;
*out1 ^= x46;
x47 = x33 & ~x9;
x48 = x47 ^ x39;
x49 = x4 ^ x36;
x50 = x49 & ~x5;
x51 = x42 | x18;
x52 = x51 ^ a5;
x53 = a2 & ~x52;
x54 = x50 ^ x53;
x55 = a1 | x54;
x56 = x48 ^ ~x55;
*out3 ^= x56;
}

. , . MSVC
2008 /Ox:
26.1: MSVC 2008
PUBLIC _s1
; Function compile flags: /Ogtpy
_TEXT SEGMENT
_x6$ = 20 ; size = 4
_x3$ = 16 ; size = 4
_x1$ = 12 ; size = 4
_x8$ = 8 ; size = 4
_x4$ = 4 ; size = 4
_a1$ = 8 ; size = 4
_a2$ = 12 ; size = 4
_a3$ = 16 ; size = 4
_x33$ = 20 ; size = 4
_x7$ = 20 ; size = 4
_a4$ = 20 ; size = 4
_a5$ = 24 ; size = 4
tv326 = 28 ; size = 4
_x36$ = 28 ; size = 4
_x28$ = 28 ; size = 4
_a6$ = 28 ; size = 4
_out1$ = 32 ; size = 4
_x24$ = 36 ; size = 4
_out2$ = 36 ; size = 4
_out3$ = 40 ; size = 4
_out4$ = 44 ; size = 4
_s1 PROC
sub esp, 20 ; 00000014H
mov edx, DWORD PTR _a5$[esp+16]
push ebx
mov ebx, DWORD PTR _a4$[esp+20]
push ebp
push esi
mov esi, DWORD PTR _a3$[esp+28]
push edi
mov edi, ebx
not edi
mov ebp, edi
and edi, DWORD PTR _a5$[esp+32]

445
 26. 64 26. 64
mov ecx, edx
not ecx
and ebp, esi
mov eax, ecx
and eax, esi
and ecx, ebx
mov DWORD PTR _x1$[esp+36], eax
xor eax, ebx
mov esi, ebp
or esi, edx
mov DWORD PTR _x4$[esp+36], esi
and esi, DWORD PTR _a6$[esp+32]
mov DWORD PTR _x7$[esp+32], ecx
mov edx, esi
xor edx, eax
mov DWORD PTR _x6$[esp+36], edx
mov edx, DWORD PTR _a3$[esp+32]
xor edx, ebx
mov ebx, esi
xor ebx, DWORD PTR _a5$[esp+32]
mov DWORD PTR _x8$[esp+36], edx
and ebx, edx
mov ecx, edx
mov edx, ebx
xor edx, ebp
or edx, DWORD PTR _a6$[esp+32]
not ecx
and ecx, DWORD PTR _a6$[esp+32]
xor edx, edi
mov edi, edx
or edi, DWORD PTR _a2$[esp+32]
mov DWORD PTR _x3$[esp+36], ebp
mov ebp, DWORD PTR _a2$[esp+32]
xor edi, ebx
and edi, DWORD PTR _a1$[esp+32]
mov ebx, ecx
xor ebx, DWORD PTR _x7$[esp+32]
not edi
or ebx, ebp
xor edi, ebx
mov ebx, edi
mov edi, DWORD PTR _out2$[esp+32]
xor ebx, DWORD PTR [edi]
not eax
xor ebx, DWORD PTR _x6$[esp+36]
and eax, edx
mov DWORD PTR [edi], ebx
mov ebx, DWORD PTR _x7$[esp+32]
or ebx, DWORD PTR _x6$[esp+36]
mov edi, esi
or edi, DWORD PTR _x1$[esp+36]
mov DWORD PTR _x28$[esp+32], ebx
xor edi, DWORD PTR _x8$[esp+36]
mov DWORD PTR _x24$[esp+32], edi
xor edi, ecx
not edi
and edi, edx
mov ebx, edi
and ebx, ebp
xor ebx, DWORD PTR _x28$[esp+32]
xor ebx, eax
not eax
mov DWORD PTR _x33$[esp+32], ebx
and ebx, DWORD PTR _a1$[esp+32]
and eax, ebp
xor eax, ebx
mov ebx, DWORD PTR _out4$[esp+32]
xor eax, DWORD PTR [ebx]
xor eax, DWORD PTR _x24$[esp+32]
mov DWORD PTR [ebx], eax

446
 26. 64 26. 64
mov eax, DWORD PTR _x28$[esp+32]
and eax, DWORD PTR _a3$[esp+32]
mov ebx, DWORD PTR _x3$[esp+36]
or edi, DWORD PTR _a3$[esp+32]
mov DWORD PTR _x36$[esp+32], eax
not eax
and eax, edx
or ebx, ebp
xor ebx, eax
not eax
and eax, DWORD PTR _x24$[esp+32]
not ebp
or eax, DWORD PTR _x3$[esp+36]
not esi
and ebp, eax
or eax, edx
xor eax, DWORD PTR _a5$[esp+32]
mov edx, DWORD PTR _x36$[esp+32]
xor edx, DWORD PTR _x4$[esp+36]
xor ebp, edi
mov edi, DWORD PTR _out1$[esp+32]
not eax
and eax, DWORD PTR _a2$[esp+32]
not ebp
and ebp, DWORD PTR _a1$[esp+32]
and edx, esi
xor eax, edx
or eax, DWORD PTR _a1$[esp+32]
not ebp
xor ebp, DWORD PTR [edi]
not ecx
and ecx, DWORD PTR _x33$[esp+32]
xor ebp, ebx
not eax
mov DWORD PTR [edi], ebp
xor eax, ecx
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _out3$[esp+32]
xor eax, DWORD PTR [ecx]
pop edi
pop esi
xor eax, ebx
pop ebp
mov DWORD PTR [ecx], eax
pop ebx
add esp, 20 ; 00000014H
ret 0
_s1 ENDP

5 .
64- MSVC 2008:

26.2: MSVC 2008

a1$ = 56
a2$ = 64
a3$ = 72
a4$ = 80
x36$1$ = 88
a5$ = 88
a6$ = 96
out1$ = 104
out2$ = 112
out3$ = 120
out4$ = 128
s1 PROC
$LN3:
mov QWORD PTR [rsp+24], rbx
mov QWORD PTR [rsp+32], rbp
mov QWORD PTR [rsp+16], rdx
mov QWORD PTR [rsp+8], rcx

447
 26. 64 26. 64
push rsi
push rdi
push r12
push r13
push r14
push r15
mov r15, QWORD PTR a5$[rsp]
mov rcx, QWORD PTR a6$[rsp]
mov rbp, r8
mov r10, r9
mov rax, r15
mov rdx, rbp
not rax
xor rdx, r9
not r10
mov r11, rax
and rax, r9
mov rsi, r10
mov QWORD PTR x36$1$[rsp], rax
and r11, r8
and rsi, r8
and r10, r15
mov r13, rdx
mov rbx, r11
xor rbx, r9
mov r9, QWORD PTR a2$[rsp]
mov r12, rsi
or r12, r15
not r13
and r13, rcx
mov r14, r12
and r14, rcx
mov rax, r14
mov r8, r14
xor r8, rbx
xor rax, r15
not rbx
and rax, rdx
mov rdi, rax
xor rdi, rsi
or rdi, rcx
xor rdi, r10
and rbx, rdi
mov rcx, rdi
or rcx, r9
xor rcx, rax
mov rax, r13
xor rax, QWORD PTR x36$1$[rsp]
and rcx, QWORD PTR a1$[rsp]
or rax, r9
not rcx
xor rcx, rax
mov rax, QWORD PTR out2$[rsp]
xor rcx, QWORD PTR [rax]
xor rcx, r8
mov QWORD PTR [rax], rcx
mov rax, QWORD PTR x36$1$[rsp]
mov rcx, r14
or rax, r8
or rcx, r11
mov r11, r9
xor rcx, rdx
mov QWORD PTR x36$1$[rsp], rax
mov r8, rsi
mov rdx, rcx
xor rdx, r13
not rdx
and rdx, rdi
mov r10, rdx
and r10, r9

448
 26. 64 26. 64
xor r10, rax
xor r10, rbx
not rbx
and rbx, r9
mov rax, r10
and rax, QWORD PTR a1$[rsp]
xor rbx, rax
mov rax, QWORD PTR out4$[rsp]
xor rbx, QWORD PTR [rax]
xor rbx, rcx
mov QWORD PTR [rax], rbx
mov rbx, QWORD PTR x36$1$[rsp]
and rbx, rbp
mov r9, rbx
not r9
and r9, rdi
or r8, r11
mov rax, QWORD PTR out1$[rsp]
xor r8, r9
not r9
and r9, rcx
or rdx, rbp
mov rbp, QWORD PTR [rsp+80]
or r9, rsi
xor rbx, r12
mov rcx, r11
not rcx
not r14
not r13
and rcx, r9
or r9, rdi
and rbx, r14
xor r9, r15
xor rcx, rdx
mov rdx, QWORD PTR a1$[rsp]
not r9
not rcx
and r13, r10
and r9, r11
and rcx, rdx
xor r9, rbx
mov rbx, QWORD PTR [rsp+72]
not rcx
xor rcx, QWORD PTR [rax]
or r9, rdx
not r9
xor rcx, r8
mov QWORD PTR [rax], rcx
mov rax, QWORD PTR out3$[rsp]
xor r9, r13
xor r9, QWORD PTR [rax]
xor r9, r8
mov QWORD PTR [rax], r9
pop r15
pop r14
pop r13
pop r12
pop rdi
pop rsi
ret 0
s1 ENDP

, x36 a5.
, GPR, , Itanium 128 .

449
 26. 64 26. 64
26.2. ARM
64- ARMv8.

26.3.
x86-64, : 27 (. 451).

450
 27. SIMD 27. SIMD

27

SIMD

, FPU x86- , SIMD .

SIMD- (SSE2) .
(IEEE 754).
( , x86-64) SIMD-
FPU-.
, , , .
FPU : 17 (. 217).

27.1.

#include <stdio.h>

double f (double a, double b)

{
return a/3.14 + b*4.1;
};

int main()
{
printf ("%f\n", f(1.2, 3.4));
};

27.1.1. x64

27.1: MSVC 2012 x64

__real@4010666666666666 DQ 04010666666666666r ; 4.1
__real@40091eb851eb851f DQ 040091eb851eb851fr ; 3.14

a$ = 8
b$ = 16
f PROC
divsd xmm0, QWORD PTR __real@40091eb851eb851f
mulsd xmm1, QWORD PTR __real@4010666666666666
addsd xmm0, xmm1
ret 0
f ENDP

, XMM0-XMM3,
1
.
1 MSDN: Parameter Passing

451
 27. SIMD 27. SIMD
a XMM0, b XMM1. XMM- ( SIMD: 25 (. 429)) 128-
, double 64-, .
DIVSD SSE-, Divide Scalar Double-Precision Floating-Point Values,
double , .
IEEE 754.
MULSD ADDSD , .
double XMM0 .

MSVC:

27.2: MSVC 2012 x64

__real@4010666666666666 DQ 04010666666666666r ; 4.1
__real@40091eb851eb851f DQ 040091eb851eb851fr ; 3.14

a$ = 8
b$ = 16
f PROC
movsdx QWORD PTR [rsp+16], xmm1
movsdx QWORD PTR [rsp+8], xmm0
movsdx xmm0, QWORD PTR a$[rsp]
divsd xmm0, QWORD PTR __real@40091eb851eb851f
movsdx xmm1, QWORD PTR b$[rsp]
mulsd xmm1, QWORD PTR __real@4010666666666666
addsd xmm0, xmm1
ret 0
f ENDP

. shadow space (8.2.1 (. 94)), , -

, .. 64- double . GCC .

27.1.2. x86

x86. MSVC 2012 x86, SSE2-:

27.3: MSVC 2012 x86

tv70 = 8 ; size = 8
_a$ = 8 ; size = 8
_b$ = 16 ; size = 8
_f PROC
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
sub esp, 8
movsd xmm0, QWORD PTR _a$[ebp]
divsd xmm0, QWORD PTR __real@40091eb851eb851f
movsd xmm1, QWORD PTR _b$[ebp]
mulsd xmm1, QWORD PTR __real@4010666666666666
addsd xmm0, xmm1
movsd QWORD PTR tv70[ebp], xmm0
fld QWORD PTR tv70[ebp]
mov esp, ebp
pop ebp
ret 0
_f ENDP

27.4: MSVC 2012 x86

tv67 = 8 ; size = 8
_a$ = 8 ; size = 8
_b$ = 16 ; size = 8
_f PROC
movsd xmm1, QWORD PTR _a$[esp4]
divsd xmm1, QWORD PTR __real@40091eb851eb851f
movsd xmm0, QWORD PTR _b$[esp4]
mulsd xmm0, QWORD PTR __real@4010666666666666
addsd xmm1, xmm0

452
 27. SIMD 27. SIMD
movsd QWORD PTR tv67[esp4], xmm1
fld QWORD PTR tv67[esp4]
ret 0
_f ENDP

, : 1)
XMM-, , , FPU (17 (. 217)); 2)
ST(0) ( tv) XMM- ST(0).

453
 27. SIMD 27. SIMD
OllyDbg:

. 27.1: OllyDbg: MOVSD a XMM1

454
 27. SIMD 27. SIMD

. 27.2: OllyDbg: DIVSD quotient XMM1

455
 27. SIMD 27. SIMD

. 27.3: OllyDbg: MULSD product XMM0

456
 27. SIMD 27. SIMD

. 27.4: OllyDbg: ADDSD XMM0 XMM1

457
 27. SIMD 27. SIMD

. 27.5: OllyDbg: FLD ST(0)

, OllyDbg XMM- double, .

, OllyDbg , SSE2- -SD.
, 4 oat-
16 .

458
 27. SIMD 27. SIMD
27.2.

#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main ()
{
printf ("32.01 ^ 1.54 = %lf\n", pow (32.01,1.54));

return 0;
}

XMM0-XMM3.

27.5: MSVC 2012 x64

$SG1354 DB '32.01 ^ 1.54 = %lf', 0aH, 00H

__real@40400147ae147ae1 DQ 040400147ae147ae1r ; 32.01

__real@3ff8a3d70a3d70a4 DQ 03ff8a3d70a3d70a4r ; 1.54

main PROC
sub rsp, 40 ; 00000028H
movsdx xmm1, QWORD PTR __real@3ff8a3d70a3d70a4
movsdx xmm0, QWORD PTR __real@40400147ae147ae1
call pow
lea rcx, OFFSET FLAT:$SG1354
movaps xmm1, xmm0
movd rdx, xmm1
call printf
xor eax, eax
add rsp, 40 ; 00000028H
ret 0
main ENDP

MOVSDX Intel [Int13] AMD [AMD13a], MOVSD. -

, x86 ( : A.6.2 (. 966)). , Microsoft
MOVSDX. XMM-
.
pow() XMM0 XMM1, XMM0. RDX
printf(). ? , printf() ?

27.6: GCC 4.4.6 x64

.LC2:
.string "32.01 ^ 1.54 = %lf\n"
main:
sub rsp, 8
movsd xmm1, QWORD PTR .LC0[rip]
movsd xmm0, QWORD PTR .LC1[rip]
call pow
; XMM0
mov edi, OFFSET FLAT:.LC2
mov eax, 1 ;
call printf
xor eax, eax
add rsp, 8
ret
.LC0:
.long 171798692
.long 1073259479
.LC1:
.long 2920577761
.long 1077936455

GCC . printf() XMM0. , , EAX printf()

1 , , [Mit13].

459
 27. SIMD 27. SIMD
27.3.

#include <stdio.h>

double d_max (double a, double b)

{
if (a>b)
return a;

return b;
};

int main()
{
printf ("%f\n", d_max (1.2, 3.4));
printf ("%f\n", d_max (5.6, 4));
};

27.3.1. x64

27.7: MSVC 2012 x64

a$ = 8
b$ = 16
d_max PROC
comisd xmm0, xmm1
ja SHORT $LN2@d_max
movaps xmm0, xmm1
$LN2@d_max:
fatret 0
d_max ENDP

MSVC .
COMISD Compare Scalar Ordered Double-Precision Floating-Point Values and Set EFLAGS. ,
.

MSVC , :

27.8: MSVC 2012 x64

a$ = 8
b$ = 16
d_max PROC
movsdx QWORD PTR [rsp+16], xmm1
movsdx QWORD PTR [rsp+8], xmm0
movsdx xmm0, QWORD PTR a$[rsp]
comisd xmm0, QWORD PTR b$[rsp]
jbe SHORT $LN1@d_max
movsdx xmm0, QWORD PTR a$[rsp]
jmp SHORT $LN2@d_max
$LN1@d_max:
movsdx xmm0, QWORD PTR b$[rsp]
$LN2@d_max:
fatret 0
d_max ENDP

GCC 4.4.6 MAXSD (Return Maximum Scalar Double-Precision

Floating-Point Value), !

27.9: GCC 4.4.6 x64

d_max:
maxsd xmm0, xmm1
ret

460
 27. SIMD 27. SIMD
27.3.2. x86

MSVC 2012 :

27.10: MSVC 2012 x86

_a$ = 8 ; size = 8
_b$ = 16 ; size = 8
_d_max PROC
movsd xmm0, QWORD PTR _a$[esp4]
comisd xmm0, QWORD PTR _b$[esp4]
jbe SHORT $LN1@d_max
fld QWORD PTR _a$[esp4]
ret 0
$LN1@d_max:
fld QWORD PTR _b$[esp4]
ret 0
_d_max ENDP

, a b , ST(0).
OllyDbg, , COMISD /
CF PF:

. 27.6: OllyDbg: COMISD CF PF

27.4. : x64 SIMD

double .22.2.2.
x64:

27.11: MSVC 2012 x64

461
 27. SIMD 27. SIMD
v$ = 8
calculate_machine_epsilon PROC
movsdx QWORD PTR v$[rsp], xmm0
movaps xmm1, xmm0
inc QWORD PTR v$[rsp]
movsdx xmm0, QWORD PTR v$[rsp]
subsd xmm0, xmm1
ret 0
calculate_machine_epsilon ENDP

1 128- XMM-, .
, ADDSD (Add Scalar Double-Precision Floating-Point Values),
64- XMM- , MSVC 2012
2 .
, XMM- . SUBSD Subtract Scalar
Double-Precision Floating-Point Values, .. 64- 128- XMM-
. XMM0.

27.5.
.22.1.
MSVC 2012, SIMD- FPU.
27.12: MSVC 2012
__real@3f800000 DD 03f800000r ; 1

tv128 = 4
_tmp$ = 4
?float_rand@@YAMXZ PROC
push ecx
call ?my_rand@@YAIXZ
; EAX=
and eax, 8388607 ; 007fffffH
or eax, 1065353216 ; 3f800000H
; EAX= & 0x007fffff | 0x3f800000
; :
mov DWORD PTR _tmp$[esp+4], eax
; :
movss xmm0, DWORD PTR _tmp$[esp+4]
; 1.0:
subss xmm0, DWORD PTR __real@3f800000
; ST0 ...
movss DWORD PTR tv128[esp+4], xmm0
; ... ST0:
fld DWORD PTR tv128[esp+4]
pop ecx
ret 0
?float_rand@@YAMXZ ENDP

-SS, Scalar Single. Scalar

. Single oat.

27.6.
, XMM- , -
IEEE 754.
, -SD (Scalar Double-Precision)
IEEE 754, 64- XMM-.
FPU, , , SIMD
FPU . .
2 , , .

462
 27. SIMD 27. SIMD
double oat, , -
-SS (Scalar Single-Precision), , MOVSS, COMISS, ADDSS, ..
Scalar SIMD- , . ,
, Packed .
, SSE2- 64- (double) IEEE 754,
FPU 80- . (round-off error) FPU
SSE2, , , FPU
.

463
 28. - ARM 28. - ARM

28

- ARM

28.1. (#)
Keil, IDA objdump (#), : .14.1.4. GCC 4.9
, , : .39.3.
ARM - .
, . , , ,
.

28.2.
ARM64 :
ldr x0, [x29,24]

24 X29 . 24
. , :
ldr w4, [x1],28

, X1, 28 X1.
ARM , , . ,
.
x86 , , PDP-11. ,
-, -, - - PDP-11 ,
( PDP-11) *ptr++, *++ptr, *ptr--, *--ptr. ,
. :
ARM
- post-indexed addressing *ptr++ *ptr,
ptr
- post-indexed addressing *ptr-- *ptr,
ptr
- pre-indexed addressing *++ptr ptr,
*ptr
- pre-indexed addressing *--ptr ptr,
*ptr
Pre-indexing ARM. , 2 .3.15.
( ) , , , , ( ),
PDP-7 [Rit86][Rit93]. ,
, , .
.

464
 28. - ARM 28. - ARM
28.3.

28.3.1. 32- ARM

, 4 ARM 2 Thumb.
32- , ?
:
unsigned int f()
{
return 0x12345678;
};

28.1: GCC 4.6.3 -O3 ARM

f:
ldr r0, .L2
bx lr
.L2:
.word 305419896 ; 0x12345678

.., 0x12345678 , .
.

28.2: GCC 4.6.3 -O3 -march=armv7-a ( ARM)

movw r0, #22136 ; 0x5678
movt r0, #4660 ; 0x1234
bx lr

, , ( MOVW),
( MOVT).
, 2 ARM, 32- . ,
( 0 1). ,
, ? , ARM
.
IDA :
MOV R0, 0x12345678
BX LR

28.3.2. ARM64

uint64_t f()
{
return 0x12345678ABCDEF01;
};

28.3: GCC 4.9.1 -O3

mov x0, 61185 ; 0xef01
movk x0, 0xabcd, lsl 16
movk x0, 0x5678, lsl 32
movk x0, 0x1234, lsl 48
ret

MOVK MOV Keep, .. 16- , .

LSL 16, 32 48 . .
, 4 , 64- .

465
 28. - ARM 28. - ARM

D- .
:
double a()
{
return 1.5;
};

28.4: GCC 4.9.1 -O3 + objdump

0000000000000000 <a>:
0: 1e6f1000 fmov d0, #1.500000000000000000e+000
4: d65f03c0 ret

1.5 32- . ? ARM64, FMOV 8

. [ARM13a] VFPExpandImm().
minioat 1 . : 30.0 31.0 , 32.0 ,
8 IEEE 754:
double a()
{
return 32;
};

28.5: GCC 4.9.1 -O3

a:
ldr d0, .LC0
ret
.LC0:
.word 0
.word 1077936128

28.4. ARM64
, ARM64 4-, .
, , . (
Win32 PE): 68.2.6 (. 714).
ARM64 : : ADRP ADD.
4Kb-, . Hello, world! (.6) GCC
(Linaro) 4.9 win32:

28.6: GCC (Linaro) 4.9 objdump

...>aarch64linuxgnugcc.exe hw.c c

...>aarch64linuxgnuobjdump.exe d hw.o

...

0000000000000000 <main>:
0: a9bf7bfd stp x29, x30, [sp,#16]!
4: 910003fd mov x29, sp
8: 90000000 adrp x0, 0 <main>
c: 91000000 add x0, x0, #0x0
10: 94000000 bl 0 <printf>
14: 52800000 mov w0, #0x0 // #0
18: a8c17bfd ldp x29, x30, [sp],#16
1c: d65f03c0 ret

...>aarch64linuxgnuobjdump.exe r hw.o

1 wikipedia

466
 28. - ARM 28. - ARM
...

RELOCATION RECORDS FOR [.text]:

OFFSET TYPE VALUE
0000000000000008 R_AARCH64_ADR_PREL_PG_HI21 .rodata
000000000000000c R_AARCH64_ADD_ABS_LO12_NC .rodata
0000000000000010 R_AARCH64_CALL26 printf

, .
, 12 21
ADRP. 12 , ADRP
21 .
- 12 , , ADD.
, 26-, 0x10, printf(). -
ARM64 ( ARM ARM) (
4 ), 26 28-
(128MB).
: ,
Hello!, , puts(). , ADRP, ADD
BL, ( ):

28.7: objdump
0000000000400590 <main>:
400590: a9bf7bfd stp x29, x30, [sp,#16]!
400594: 910003fd mov x29, sp
400598: 90000000 adrp x0, 400000 <_init0x3b8>
40059c: 91192000 add x0, x0, #0x648
4005a0: 97ffffa0 bl 400420 <puts@plt>
4005a4: 52800000 mov w0, #0x0 // #0
4005a8: a8c17bfd ldp x29, x30, [sp],#16
4005ac: d65f03c0 ret

...

Contents of section .rodata:

400640 01000200 00000000 48656c6c 6f210000 ........Hello!..

, BL .
0x97ffffa0 10010111111111111111111110100000b. [ARM13a, . C5.6.26], imm26 26
: imm26 = 11111111111111111110100000. 0x3FFFFA0, MSB 1, ,
, 232 , 0xFFFFFFA0. , 232 , 0xFFFFFFA0 * 4 = 0xFFFFFE80,
0x4005a0 + FFFFFE80 = 0x400420 ( : BL, PC,
!). 0x400420.

ARM64: [ARM13b].

467
 29. - MIPS 29. - MIPS

29

- MIPS

29.1.

unsigned int f()

{
return 0x12345678;
};

MIPS, ARM, 32 , 32-

. : 32-
, , 16 :

29.1: GCC 4.4.5 -O3 ( )

li $2,305397760 # 0x12340000
j $31
ori $2,$2,0x5678 ; branch delay slot

IDA , , -
ORI LI, 32- $V0.

29.2: GCC 4.4.5 -O3 (IDA)

lui $v0, 0x1234
jr $ra
li $v0, 0x12345678 ; branch delay slot

GCC LUI, , LUI (Load Upper Immediate), -

16- .

29.2. MIPS
[Swe10].

468
 II

469
470
 30. 30.

30

1 ,
twos complement.
:
( )
01111111 0x7f 127 127
01111110 0x7e 126 126
...
00000110 0x6 6 6
00000101 0x5 5 5
00000100 0x4 4 4
00000011 0x3 3 3
00000010 0x2 2 2
00000001 0x1 1 1
00000000 0x0 0 0
11111111 0xff 255 -1
11111110 0xfe 254 -2
11111101 0xfd 253 -3
11111100 0xfc 252 -4
11111011 0xfb 251 -5
11111010 0xfa 250 -6
...
10000010 0x82 130 -126
10000001 0x81 129 -127
10000000 0x80 128 -128
/ , , , , 0xFFFFFFFE
0x0000002 , (4294967294) (2). ,
2, , , (2). (12
(. 118)) (, JG, JL) (JA, JBE).

, :
.
/++:
int64_t (-9,223,372,036,854,775,808..9,223,372,036,854,775,807) (- 9.2.. 9.2 )
0x8000000000000000..0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF),
int (-2,147,483,648..2,147,483,647 (- 2.15.. 2.15Gb) 0x80000000..0x7FFFFFFF),
char (-128..127 0x80..0x7F),
ssize_t.
:
uint64_t (0..18,446,744,073,709,551,615 ( 18 ) 0..0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF),
unsigned int (0..4,294,967,295 ( 4.3Gb) 0..0xFFFFFFFF),
1 wikipedia

471
 30. 30.
unsigned char (0..255 0..0xFF),
size_t.
: 1 , 0 .
: 24.5 (. 427).
: 1. ,
. -
.
.
, x86 : IDIV/ IMUL DIV/ MUL
.
: CBW/CWD/CWDE/CDQ/CDQE (A.6.3 (. 968)), MOVSX (15.1.1
(. 198)), SAR (A.6.3 (. 971)).

472
 31. ENDIANNESS ( ) 31. ENDIANNESS ( )

31

Endianness ( )

Endianness ( ) .

31.1. Big-endian ( )
0x12345678 :

+0 0x12
+1 0x34
+2 0x56
+3 0x78
CPU Motorola 68k, IBM POWER.

31.2. Little-endian ( )
0x12345678 :

+0 0x78
+1 0x56
+2 0x34
+3 0x12
CPU Intel x86.

31.3.
big-endian Linux MIPS QEMU 1 .
:
#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
int v, i;

v=123;

printf ("%02X %02X %02X %02X\n",

*(char*)&v,
*(((char*)&v)+1),
*(((char*)&v)+2),
*(((char*)&v)+3));
1 : http://go.yurichev.com/17008

473
 31. ENDIANNESS ( ) 31. ENDIANNESS ( )
};

:
root@debianmips:~# ./a.out
00 00 00 7B

. 0x7B 123 . little-endian-, 7B (

x86 x86-64), , .
Linux MIPS (mips (big-endian) mipsel (little-endian)).
endiannes, OS .

big-endian MIPS : 21.4.3 (. 383).

31.4. Bi-endian ( )
CPU , , ARM, PowerPC, SPARC, MIPS, IA642 , ..

31.5.
The BSWAP .
TCP/IP big-endian, , little-endian -
.
, htonl() htons().
big-endian TCP/IP network byte order, host
byte order. Intel x86, little-endian , host byte order little-endian, IBM
POWER big-endian, , htonl() htons() .

2 Intel Architecture 64 (Itanium): 93 (. 906)

474
 32. 32.

32

:
. AKA static memory allocation. ,
/ .
. ( -). /,
. , ,
. : 7.2 (. 70).
. AKA allocate on stack, / . -
/ . .
( -
). , SP.
/, , alloca() (5.2.4 (. 28))
( ). : 18.2
(. 274).
(heap). AKA dynamic memory allocation, .
malloc()/free() new/delete ++. :
. ( realloc()), . -
:
. .
: -
, - , .
free() , .
: 21.2 (. 365).

475
 33. CPU 33. CPU

33

CPU

33.1.
. :
12.1.2 (. 129), 12.3 (. 137), 19.5.2 (. 341).
, ,
, .
ARM ( ADRcc), CMOVcc x86.

33.2.
(OOE1 ), , ,
. ,
.
LEA x86 ,
.

1 Out-of-order execution

476
 34. - 34. -

34

CRC32, ,
. , :
, CRC32 32 . CRC32
: , .
- .

MD5, SHA1, .., . -

: (
), . , - ,
, c .
.
.

34.1. ?
, , , -
( ) . , .
.
10- 0..9, , :
4 6 0 1 3 5 7 8 9 2

:
( 4);
( 6);
4 6.
4 6:
4 6 0 1 3 5 7 8 9 2
^ ^

:
4 6 0 1 7 5 3 8 9 2

, , .
0 / 1, .
, -
.

477
 III

478
 35. 35.

35

,
.

5 (F 32)
C=
9
: 1) ; 2)
, 273 (, ,
).
exit() , .

35.1.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main()
{
int celsius, fahr;
printf ("Enter temperature in Fahrenheit:\n");
if (scanf ("%d", &fahr)!=1)
{
printf ("Error while parsing your input\n");
exit(0);
};

celsius = 5 * (fahr32) / 9;

if (celsius<273)
{
printf ("Error: incorrect temperature!\n");
exit(0);
};
printf ("Celsius: %d\n", celsius);
};

35.1.1. MSVC 2012 x86

35.1: MSVC 2012 x86

$SG4228 DB 'Enter temperature in Fahrenheit:', 0aH, 00H
$SG4230 DB '%d', 00H
$SG4231 DB 'Error while parsing your input', 0aH, 00H
$SG4233 DB 'Error: incorrect temperature!', 0aH, 00H
$SG4234 DB 'Celsius: %d', 0aH, 00H

_fahr$ = 4 ; size = 4

479
 35. 35.
_main PROC
push ecx
push esi
mov esi, DWORD PTR __imp__printf
push OFFSET $SG4228 ; 'Enter temperature in Fahrenheit:'
call esi ; printf()
lea eax, DWORD PTR _fahr$[esp+12]
push eax
push OFFSET $SG4230 ; '%d'
call DWORD PTR __imp__scanf
add esp, 12 ; 0000000cH
cmp eax, 1
je SHORT $LN2@main
push OFFSET $SG4231 ; 'Error while parsing your input'
call esi ; printf()
add esp, 4
push 0
call DWORD PTR __imp__exit
$LN9@main:
$LN2@main:
mov eax, DWORD PTR _fahr$[esp+8]
add eax, 32 ; ffffffe0H
lea ecx, DWORD PTR [eax+eax*4]
mov eax, 954437177 ; 38e38e39H
imul ecx
sar edx, 1
mov eax, edx
shr eax, 31 ; 0000001fH
add eax, edx
cmp eax, 273 ; fffffeefH
jge SHORT $LN1@main
push OFFSET $SG4233 ; 'Error: incorrect temperature!'
call esi ; printf()
add esp, 4
push 0
call DWORD PTR __imp__exit
$LN10@main:
$LN1@main:
push eax
push OFFSET $SG4234 ; 'Celsius: %d'
call esi ; printf()
add esp, 8
; 0 - C99
xor eax, eax
pop esi
pop ecx
ret 0
$LN8@main:
_main ENDP

:
printf() ESI printf()
CALL ESI. , ,
, /
.
ADD EAX, -32 32 . EAX = EAX + (32)
EAX = EAX 32 - ADD SUB.
, .
LEA , 5: lea ecx, DWORD PTR [eax+eax*4]. ,
i + i 4 i 5 LEA IMUL. , SHL EAX, 2 / ADD EAX,
EAX LEA .
(41 (. 508)) .
main() 0 return 0 . C99 [ISO07, . 5.1.2.2.3]
main() 0 return.
main(). , MSVC C99, ?

480
 35. 35.
35.1.2. MSVC 2012 x64

, INT 3 exit().
xor ecx, ecx
call QWORD PTR __imp_exit
int 3

INT 3 .
exit() , 1 , -
, - , .

35.2.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main()
{
double celsius, fahr;
printf ("Enter temperature in Fahrenheit:\n");
if (scanf ("%lf", &fahr)!=1)
{
printf ("Error while parsing your input\n");
exit(0);
};

celsius = 5 * (fahr32) / 9;

if (celsius<273)
{
printf ("Error: incorrect temperature!\n");
exit(0);
};
printf ("Celsius: %lf\n", celsius);
};

MSVC 2010 x86 FPU

35.2: MSVC 2010 x86

$SG4038 DB 'Enter temperature in Fahrenheit:', 0aH, 00H
$SG4040 DB '%lf', 00H
$SG4041 DB 'Error while parsing your input', 0aH, 00H
$SG4043 DB 'Error: incorrect temperature!', 0aH, 00H
$SG4044 DB 'Celsius: %lf', 0aH, 00H

__real@c071100000000000 DQ 0c071100000000000r ; 273

__real@4022000000000000 DQ 04022000000000000r ; 9
__real@4014000000000000 DQ 04014000000000000r ; 5
__real@4040000000000000 DQ 04040000000000000r ; 32

_fahr$ = 8 ; size = 8
_main PROC
sub esp, 8
push esi
mov esi, DWORD PTR __imp__printf
push OFFSET $SG4038 ; 'Enter temperature in Fahrenheit:'
call esi ; printf()
lea eax, DWORD PTR _fahr$[esp+16]
push eax
push OFFSET $SG4040 ; '%lf'
call DWORD PTR __imp__scanf
add esp, 12 ; 0000000cH
cmp eax, 1
je SHORT $LN2@main
1 longjmp()

481
 35. 35.
push OFFSET $SG4041 ; 'Error while parsing your input'
call esi ; printf()
add esp, 4
push 0
call DWORD PTR __imp__exit
$LN2@main:
fld QWORD PTR _fahr$[esp+12]
fsub QWORD PTR __real@4040000000000000 ; 32
fmul QWORD PTR __real@4014000000000000 ; 5
fdiv QWORD PTR __real@4022000000000000 ; 9
fld QWORD PTR __real@c071100000000000 ; 273
fcomp ST(1)
fnstsw ax
test ah, 65 ; 00000041H
jne SHORT $LN1@main
push OFFSET $SG4043 ; 'Error: incorrect temperature!'
fstp ST(0)
call esi ; printf()
add esp, 4
push 0
call DWORD PTR __imp__exit
$LN1@main:
sub esp, 8
fstp QWORD PTR [esp]
push OFFSET $SG4044 ; 'Celsius: %lf'
call esi
add esp, 12 ; 0000000cH
; 0 - C99
xor eax, eax
pop esi
add esp, 8
ret 0
$LN10@main:
_main ENDP

MSVC 2012 SIMD :

35.3: MSVC 2010 x86
$SG4228 DB 'Enter temperature in Fahrenheit:', 0aH, 00H
$SG4230 DB '%lf', 00H
$SG4231 DB 'Error while parsing your input', 0aH, 00H
$SG4233 DB 'Error: incorrect temperature!', 0aH, 00H
$SG4234 DB 'Celsius: %lf', 0aH, 00H
__real@c071100000000000 DQ 0c071100000000000r ; 273
__real@4040000000000000 DQ 04040000000000000r ; 32
__real@4022000000000000 DQ 04022000000000000r ; 9
__real@4014000000000000 DQ 04014000000000000r ; 5

_fahr$ = 8 ; size = 8
_main PROC
sub esp, 8
push esi
mov esi, DWORD PTR __imp__printf
push OFFSET $SG4228 ; 'Enter temperature in Fahrenheit:'
call esi ; printf()
lea eax, DWORD PTR _fahr$[esp+16]
push eax
push OFFSET $SG4230 ; '%lf'
call DWORD PTR __imp__scanf
add esp, 12 ; 0000000cH
cmp eax, 1
je SHORT $LN2@main
push OFFSET $SG4231 ; 'Error while parsing your input'
call esi ; printf()
add esp, 4
push 0
call DWORD PTR __imp__exit
$LN9@main:
$LN2@main:
movsd xmm1, QWORD PTR _fahr$[esp+12]

482
 35. 35.
subsd xmm1, QWORD PTR __real@4040000000000000 ; 32
movsd xmm0, QWORD PTR __real@c071100000000000 ; 273
mulsd xmm1, QWORD PTR __real@4014000000000000 ; 5
divsd xmm1, QWORD PTR __real@4022000000000000 ; 9
comisd xmm0, xmm1
jbe SHORT $LN1@main
push OFFSET $SG4233 ; 'Error: incorrect temperature!'
call esi ; printf()
add esp, 4
push 0
call DWORD PTR __imp__exit
$LN10@main:
$LN1@main:
sub esp, 8
movsd QWORD PTR [esp], xmm1
push OFFSET $SG4234 ; 'Celsius: %lf'
call esi ; printf()
add esp, 12 ; 0000000cH
; 0 - C99
xor eax, eax
pop esi
add esp, 8
ret 0
$LN8@main:
_main ENDP

, SIMD- x86-, .
- , Microsoft .
, 273 XMM0 . ,
, .

483
 36. 36.

36

,
1 . : .
0, 1 1.
:
0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987, 1597, 2584, 4181...

36.1. #1
. 21.
#include <stdio.h>

void fib (int a, int b, int limit)

{
printf ("%d\n", a+b);
if (a+b > limit)
return;
fib (b, a+b, limit);
};

int main()
{
printf ("0\n1\n1\n");
fib (1, 1, 20);
};

36.1: MSVC 2010 x86

_TEXT SEGMENT
_a$ = 8 ; size = 4
_b$ = 12 ; size = 4
_limit$ = 16 ; size = 4
_fib PROC
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
mov eax, DWORD PTR _a$[ebp]
add eax, DWORD PTR _b$[ebp]
push eax
push OFFSET $SG2750 ; "%d"
call DWORD PTR __imp__printf
add esp, 8
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _limit$[ebp]
push ecx
mov edx, DWORD PTR _a$[ebp]
add edx, DWORD PTR _b$[ebp]
push edx
mov eax, DWORD PTR _b$[ebp]
push eax
1 http://go.yurichev.com/17332

484
 36. 36.
call _fib
add esp, 12
pop ebp
ret 0
_fib ENDP

_main PROC
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
push OFFSET $SG2753 ; "0\n1\n1\n"
call DWORD PTR __imp__printf
add esp, 4
push 20
push 1
push 1
call _fib
add esp, 12
xor eax, eax
pop ebp
ret 0
_main ENDP

485
 36. 36.
OllyDbg f() :

. 36.1: OllyDbg: f()

486
 36. 36.
. 2 :
0035F940 00FD1039 RETURN to fib.00FD1039 from fib.00FD1000
0035F944 00000008 : a
0035F948 0000000D : b
0035F94C 00000014 : limit
0035F950 /0035F964 EBP
0035F954 |00FD1039 RETURN to fib.00FD1039 from fib.00FD1000
0035F958 |00000005 : a
0035F95C |00000008 : b
0035F960 |00000014 : limit
0035F964 ]0035F978 EBP
0035F968 |00FD1039 RETURN to fib.00FD1039 from fib.00FD1000
0035F96C |00000003 : a
0035F970 |00000005 : b
0035F974 |00000014 : limit
0035F978 ]0035F98C EBP
0035F97C |00FD1039 RETURN to fib.00FD1039 from fib.00FD1000
0035F980 |00000002 : a
0035F984 |00000003 : b
0035F988 |00000014 : limit
0035F98C ]0035F9A0 EBP
0035F990 |00FD1039 RETURN to fib.00FD1039 from fib.00FD1000
0035F994 |00000001 : a
0035F998 |00000002 : b
0035F99C |00000014 : limit
0035F9A0 ]0035F9B4 EBP
0035F9A4 |00FD105C RETURN to fib.00FD105C from fib.00FD1000
0035F9A8 |00000001 : a \
0035F9AC |00000001 : b | main() f1()
0035F9B0 |00000014 : limit /
0035F9B4 ]0035F9F8 EBP
0035F9B8 |00FD11D0 RETURN to fib.00FD11D0 from fib.00FD1040
0035F9BC |00000001 main() : argc \
0035F9C0 |006812C8 main() : argv | CRT main()
0035F9C4 |00682940 main() : envp /

3 , . , limit (0x14
20), a b . RA EBP . OllyDbg
EBP-, . stack frame,
, , . ,
(
), . , - .
EBP stack frame: ,
.
, .
3 main(). argc 1 (, , -
).
: ( )
. 0xC00000FD ( .)

36.2. #2
, next a+b :
#include <stdio.h>

void fib (int a, int b, int limit)

{
int next=a+b;
printf ("%d\n", next);
if (next > limit)
return;
2 , OllyDbg (Ctrl-C).
3 ..

487
 36. 36.
fib (b, next, limit);
};

int main()
{
printf ("0\n1\n1\n");
fib (1, 1, 20);
};

MSVC, next
:

36.2: MSVC 2010 x86

_next$ = 4 ; size = 4
_a$ = 8 ; size = 4
_b$ = 12 ; size = 4
_limit$ = 16 ; size = 4
_fib PROC
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
push ecx
mov eax, DWORD PTR _a$[ebp]
add eax, DWORD PTR _b$[ebp]
mov DWORD PTR _next$[ebp], eax
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _next$[ebp]
push ecx
push OFFSET $SG2751 ; '%d'
call DWORD PTR __imp__printf
add esp, 8
mov edx, DWORD PTR _next$[ebp]
cmp edx, DWORD PTR _limit$[ebp]
jle SHORT $LN1@fib
jmp SHORT $LN2@fib
$LN1@fib:
mov eax, DWORD PTR _limit$[ebp]
push eax
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _next$[ebp]
push ecx
mov edx, DWORD PTR _b$[ebp]
push edx
call _fib
add esp, 12
$LN2@fib:
mov esp, ebp
pop ebp
ret 0
_fib ENDP

_main PROC
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
push OFFSET $SG2753 ; "0\n1\n1\n"
call DWORD PTR __imp__printf
add esp, 4
push 20
push 1
push 1
call _fib
add esp, 12
xor eax, eax
pop ebp
ret 0
_main ENDP

488
 36. 36.
OllyDbg :

. 36.2: OllyDbg: f()

next .

489
 36. 36.
. :
0029FC14 00E0103A RETURN to fib2.00E0103A from fib2.00E01000
0029FC18 00000008 : a
0029FC1C 0000000D : b
0029FC20 00000014 : limit
0029FC24 0000000D "next"
0029FC28 /0029FC40 EBP
0029FC2C |00E0103A RETURN to fib2.00E0103A from fib2.00E01000
0029FC30 |00000005 : a
0029FC34 |00000008 : b
0029FC38 |00000014 : limit
0029FC3C |00000008 "next"
0029FC40 ]0029FC58 EBP
0029FC44 |00E0103A RETURN to fib2.00E0103A from fib2.00E01000
0029FC48 |00000003 : a
0029FC4C |00000005 : b
0029FC50 |00000014 : limit
0029FC54 |00000005 "next"
0029FC58 ]0029FC70 EBP
0029FC5C |00E0103A RETURN to fib2.00E0103A from fib2.00E01000
0029FC60 |00000002 : a
0029FC64 |00000003 : b
0029FC68 |00000014 : limit
0029FC6C |00000003 "next"
0029FC70 ]0029FC88 EBP
0029FC74 |00E0103A RETURN to fib2.00E0103A from fib2.00E01000
0029FC78 |00000001 : a \
0029FC7C |00000002 : b | prepared in f1() for next f1()
0029FC80 |00000014 : limit /
0029FC84 |00000002 "next"
0029FC88 ]0029FC9C EBP
0029FC8C |00E0106C RETURN to fib2.00E0106C from fib2.00E01000
0029FC90 |00000001 : a \
0029FC94 |00000001 : b | prepared in main() for f1()
0029FC98 |00000014 : limit /
0029FC9C ]0029FCE0 EBP
0029FCA0 |00E011E0 RETURN to fib2.00E011E0 from fib2.00E01050
0029FCA4 |00000001 main() : argc \
0029FCA8 |000812C8 main() : argv | CRT main()
0029FCAC |00082940 main() : envp /

next , b -
.

36.3.
, - -
. , , ,
.
, .
, - , ,
, .
, 4 ( ) -
.

4 LISP, Python, Lua, ..

490
 37. CRC32 37. CRC32

37

CRC32

CRC321 .
/* By Bob Jenkins, (c) 2006, Public Domain */

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <string.h>

typedef unsigned long ub4;

typedef unsigned char ub1;

static const ub4 crctab[256] = {

0x00000000, 0x77073096, 0xee0e612c, 0x990951ba, 0x076dc419, 0x706af48f,
0xe963a535, 0x9e6495a3, 0x0edb8832, 0x79dcb8a4, 0xe0d5e91e, 0x97d2d988,
0x09b64c2b, 0x7eb17cbd, 0xe7b82d07, 0x90bf1d91, 0x1db71064, 0x6ab020f2,
0xf3b97148, 0x84be41de, 0x1adad47d, 0x6ddde4eb, 0xf4d4b551, 0x83d385c7,
0x136c9856, 0x646ba8c0, 0xfd62f97a, 0x8a65c9ec, 0x14015c4f, 0x63066cd9,
0xfa0f3d63, 0x8d080df5, 0x3b6e20c8, 0x4c69105e, 0xd56041e4, 0xa2677172,
0x3c03e4d1, 0x4b04d447, 0xd20d85fd, 0xa50ab56b, 0x35b5a8fa, 0x42b2986c,
0xdbbbc9d6, 0xacbcf940, 0x32d86ce3, 0x45df5c75, 0xdcd60dcf, 0xabd13d59,
0x26d930ac, 0x51de003a, 0xc8d75180, 0xbfd06116, 0x21b4f4b5, 0x56b3c423,
0xcfba9599, 0xb8bda50f, 0x2802b89e, 0x5f058808, 0xc60cd9b2, 0xb10be924,
0x2f6f7c87, 0x58684c11, 0xc1611dab, 0xb6662d3d, 0x76dc4190, 0x01db7106,
0x98d220bc, 0xefd5102a, 0x71b18589, 0x06b6b51f, 0x9fbfe4a5, 0xe8b8d433,
0x7807c9a2, 0x0f00f934, 0x9609a88e, 0xe10e9818, 0x7f6a0dbb, 0x086d3d2d,
0x91646c97, 0xe6635c01, 0x6b6b51f4, 0x1c6c6162, 0x856530d8, 0xf262004e,
0x6c0695ed, 0x1b01a57b, 0x8208f4c1, 0xf50fc457, 0x65b0d9c6, 0x12b7e950,
0x8bbeb8ea, 0xfcb9887c, 0x62dd1ddf, 0x15da2d49, 0x8cd37cf3, 0xfbd44c65,
0x4db26158, 0x3ab551ce, 0xa3bc0074, 0xd4bb30e2, 0x4adfa541, 0x3dd895d7,
0xa4d1c46d, 0xd3d6f4fb, 0x4369e96a, 0x346ed9fc, 0xad678846, 0xda60b8d0,
0x44042d73, 0x33031de5, 0xaa0a4c5f, 0xdd0d7cc9, 0x5005713c, 0x270241aa,
0xbe0b1010, 0xc90c2086, 0x5768b525, 0x206f85b3, 0xb966d409, 0xce61e49f,
0x5edef90e, 0x29d9c998, 0xb0d09822, 0xc7d7a8b4, 0x59b33d17, 0x2eb40d81,
0xb7bd5c3b, 0xc0ba6cad, 0xedb88320, 0x9abfb3b6, 0x03b6e20c, 0x74b1d29a,
0xead54739, 0x9dd277af, 0x04db2615, 0x73dc1683, 0xe3630b12, 0x94643b84,
0x0d6d6a3e, 0x7a6a5aa8, 0xe40ecf0b, 0x9309ff9d, 0x0a00ae27, 0x7d079eb1,
0xf00f9344, 0x8708a3d2, 0x1e01f268, 0x6906c2fe, 0xf762575d, 0x806567cb,
0x196c3671, 0x6e6b06e7, 0xfed41b76, 0x89d32be0, 0x10da7a5a, 0x67dd4acc,
0xf9b9df6f, 0x8ebeeff9, 0x17b7be43, 0x60b08ed5, 0xd6d6a3e8, 0xa1d1937e,
0x38d8c2c4, 0x4fdff252, 0xd1bb67f1, 0xa6bc5767, 0x3fb506dd, 0x48b2364b,
0xd80d2bda, 0xaf0a1b4c, 0x36034af6, 0x41047a60, 0xdf60efc3, 0xa867df55,
0x316e8eef, 0x4669be79, 0xcb61b38c, 0xbc66831a, 0x256fd2a0, 0x5268e236,
0xcc0c7795, 0xbb0b4703, 0x220216b9, 0x5505262f, 0xc5ba3bbe, 0xb2bd0b28,
0x2bb45a92, 0x5cb36a04, 0xc2d7ffa7, 0xb5d0cf31, 0x2cd99e8b, 0x5bdeae1d,
0x9b64c2b0, 0xec63f226, 0x756aa39c, 0x026d930a, 0x9c0906a9, 0xeb0e363f,
0x72076785, 0x05005713, 0x95bf4a82, 0xe2b87a14, 0x7bb12bae, 0x0cb61b38,
0x92d28e9b, 0xe5d5be0d, 0x7cdcefb7, 0x0bdbdf21, 0x86d3d2d4, 0xf1d4e242,
0x68ddb3f8, 0x1fda836e, 0x81be16cd, 0xf6b9265b, 0x6fb077e1, 0x18b74777,
0x88085ae6, 0xff0f6a70, 0x66063bca, 0x11010b5c, 0x8f659eff, 0xf862ae69,
0x616bffd3, 0x166ccf45, 0xa00ae278, 0xd70dd2ee, 0x4e048354, 0x3903b3c2,
0xa7672661, 0xd06016f7, 0x4969474d, 0x3e6e77db, 0xaed16a4a, 0xd9d65adc,
1 : http://go.yurichev.com/17327

491
 37. CRC32 37. CRC32
0x40df0b66, 0x37d83bf0, 0xa9bcae53, 0xdebb9ec5, 0x47b2cf7f, 0x30b5ffe9,
0xbdbdf21c, 0xcabac28a, 0x53b39330, 0x24b4a3a6, 0xbad03605, 0xcdd70693,
0x54de5729, 0x23d967bf, 0xb3667a2e, 0xc4614ab8, 0x5d681b02, 0x2a6f2b94,
0xb40bbe37, 0xc30c8ea1, 0x5a05df1b, 0x2d02ef8d,
};

/* how to derive the values in crctab[] from polynomial 0xedb88320 */

void build_table()
{
ub4 i, j;
for (i=0; i<256; ++i) {
j = i;
j = (j>>1) ^ ((j&1) ? 0xedb88320 : 0);
j = (j>>1) ^ ((j&1) ? 0xedb88320 : 0);
j = (j>>1) ^ ((j&1) ? 0xedb88320 : 0);
j = (j>>1) ^ ((j&1) ? 0xedb88320 : 0);
j = (j>>1) ^ ((j&1) ? 0xedb88320 : 0);
j = (j>>1) ^ ((j&1) ? 0xedb88320 : 0);
j = (j>>1) ^ ((j&1) ? 0xedb88320 : 0);
j = (j>>1) ^ ((j&1) ? 0xedb88320 : 0);
printf("0x%.8lx, ", j);
if (i%6 == 5) printf("\n");
}
}

/* the hash function */

ub4 crc(const void *key, ub4 len, ub4 hash)
{
ub4 i;
const ub1 *k = key;
for (hash=len, i=0; i<len; ++i)
hash = (hash >> 8) ^ crctab[(hash & 0xff) ^ k[i]];
return hash;
}

/* To use, try "gcc O crc.c o crc; crc < crc.c" */

int main()
{
char s[1000];
while (gets(s)) printf("%.8lx\n", crc(s, strlen(s), 0));
return 0;
}

crc(). , for(): hash=len, i=0.

/++, , . , , .
MSVC (/Ox). , crc(), -
.
_key$ = 8 ; size = 4
_len$ = 12 ; size = 4
_hash$ = 16 ; size = 4
_crc PROC
mov edx, DWORD PTR _len$[esp4]
xor ecx, ecx ; i ECX
mov eax, edx
test edx, edx
jbe SHORT $LN1@crc
push ebx
push esi
mov esi, DWORD PTR _key$[esp+4] ; ESI = key
push edi
$LL3@crc:

; 32- . EDI key+i

movzx edi, BYTE PTR [ecx+esi]

mov ebx, eax ; EBX = (hash = len)
and ebx, 255 ; EBX = hash & 0xff

492
 37. CRC32 37. CRC32

; XOR EDI, EBX (EDI=EDI^EBX) 32

; (8-31) ,
; EDI MOVZX
; EBX AND EBX, 255 (255 = 0xff)

xor edi, ebx

; EAX=EAX>>8; " " ( 24-31)

shr eax, 8

; EAX=EAX^crctab[EDI*4] crctab[] EDI

xor eax, DWORD PTR _crctab[edi*4]
inc ecx ; i++
cmp ecx, edx ; i<len ?
jb SHORT $LL3@crc ;
pop edi
pop esi
pop ebx
$LN1@crc:
ret 0
_crc ENDP

GCC 4.4.1 -O3:

public crc
crc proc near

key = dword ptr 8

hash = dword ptr 0Ch

push ebp
xor edx, edx
mov ebp, esp
push esi
mov esi, [ebp+key]
push ebx
mov ebx, [ebp+hash]
test ebx, ebx
mov eax, ebx
jz short loc_80484D3
nop ;
lea esi, [esi+0] ; ; NOP (ESI )

loc_80484B8:
mov ecx, eax ; ECX
xor al, [esi+edx] ; AL=*(key+i)
add edx, 1 ; i++
shr ecx, 8 ; ECX=hash>>8
movzx eax, al ; EAX=*(key+i)
mov eax, dword ptr ds:crctab[eax*4] ; EAX=crctab[EAX]
xor eax, ecx ; hash=EAX^ECX
cmp ebx, edx
ja short loc_80484B8

loc_80484D3:
pop ebx
pop esi
pop ebp
retn
crc endp
\

GCC 8- , NOP lea esi, [esi+0] (

). npad (88 (. 895)).

493
 38. 38.

38

, TCP/IP- (IPv4) 0 . . . 255, .. 4 . 4

32- , IPv4, 32- .
, 255.255.255.0, -
() (CIDR1 ), /8, /16, ..
, MSB.

/30 4 2 255.255.255.252 fffffffc
/29 8 6 255.255.255.248 fffffff8
/28 16 14 255.255.255.240 fffffff0
/27 32 30 255.255.255.224 ffffffe0
/26 64 62 255.255.255.192 ffffffc0
/24 256 254 255.255.255.0 ffffff00 C
/23 512 510 255.255.254.0 fffffe00
/22 1024 1022 255.255.252.0 fffffc00
/21 2048 2046 255.255.248.0 fffff800
/20 4096 4094 255.255.240.0 fffff000
/19 8192 8190 255.255.224.0 ffffe000
/18 16384 16382 255.255.192.0 ffffc000
/17 32768 32766 255.255.128.0 ffff8000
/16 65536 65534 255.255.0.0 ffff0000 B
/8 16777216 16777214 255.0.0.0 ff000000 A
, .
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdint.h>

uint32_t form_IP (uint8_t ip1, uint8_t ip2, uint8_t ip3, uint8_t ip4)
{
return (ip1<<24) | (ip2<<16) | (ip3<<8) | ip4;
};

void print_as_IP (uint32_t a)

{
printf ("%d.%d.%d.%d\n",
(a>>24)&0xFF,
(a>>16)&0xFF,
(a>>8)&0xFF,
(a)&0xFF);
};

// bit=31..0
uint32_t set_bit (uint32_t input, int bit)
{
return input=input|(1<<bit);
};

uint32_t form_netmask (uint8_t netmask_bits)

1 Classless Inter-Domain Routing

494
 38. 38.
{
uint32_t netmask=0;
uint8_t i;

for (i=0; i<netmask_bits; i++)

netmask=set_bit(netmask, 31i);

return netmask;
};

void calc_network_address (uint8_t ip1, uint8_t ip2, uint8_t ip3, uint8_t ip4, uint8_t netmask_bits)
{
uint32_t netmask=form_netmask(netmask_bits);
uint32_t ip=form_IP(ip1, ip2, ip3, ip4);
uint32_t netw_adr;

printf ("netmask=");
print_as_IP (netmask);

netw_adr=ip&netmask;

printf ("network address=");

print_as_IP (netw_adr);
};

int main()
{
calc_network_address (10, 1, 2, 4, 24); // 10.1.2.4, /24
calc_network_address (10, 1, 2, 4, 8); // 10.1.2.4, /8
calc_network_address (10, 1, 2, 4, 25); // 10.1.2.4, /25
calc_network_address (10, 1, 2, 64, 26); // 10.1.2.4, /26
};

38.1. calc_network_address()
calc_network_address() : (, AND)
, .
38.1: MSVC 2012 /Ob0
1 _ip1$ = 8 ; size = 1
2 _ip2$ = 12 ; size = 1
3 _ip3$ = 16 ; size = 1
4 _ip4$ = 20 ; size = 1
5 _netmask_bits$ = 24 ; size = 1
6 _calc_network_address PROC
7 push edi
8 push DWORD PTR _netmask_bits$[esp]
9 call _form_netmask
10 push OFFSET $SG3045 ; 'netmask='
11 mov edi, eax
12 call DWORD PTR __imp__printf
13 push edi
14 call _print_as_IP
15 push OFFSET $SG3046 ; 'network address='
16 call DWORD PTR __imp__printf
17 push DWORD PTR _ip4$[esp+16]
18 push DWORD PTR _ip3$[esp+20]
19 push DWORD PTR _ip2$[esp+24]
20 push DWORD PTR _ip1$[esp+28]
21 call _form_IP
22 and eax, edi ; network address = host address & netmask
23 push eax
24 call _print_as_IP
25 add esp, 36
26 pop edi
27 ret 0
28 _calc_network_address ENDP

495
 38. 38.
22 AND .

38.2. form_IP()
form_IP() 4 32- .
:
. .
( ) , (, OR) .
4- .
, 8 . 0x0000bb00, bb .
(, OR) .
0x000000aa, 0x0000bbaa.
, 16 . 0x00cc0000, cc -
. () .
0x0000bbaa, 0x00ccbbaa.
, 24 . 0xdd000000, dd
. () . 0x00ccbbaa,
0xddccbbaa.
MSVC 2012:

38.2: MSVC 2012

; ip1 "dd", ip2 "cc", ip3 "bb", ip4 "aa".
_ip1$ = 8 ; size = 1
_ip2$ = 12 ; size = 1
_ip3$ = 16 ; size = 1
_ip4$ = 20 ; size = 1
_form_IP PROC
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
movzx eax, BYTE PTR _ip1$[ebp]
; EAX=000000dd
shl eax, 24
; EAX=dd000000
movzx ecx, BYTE PTR _ip2$[ebp]
; ECX=000000cc
shl ecx, 16
; ECX=00cc0000
or eax, ecx
; EAX=ddcc0000
movzx edx, BYTE PTR _ip3$[ebp]
; EDX=000000bb
shl edx, 8
; EDX=0000bb00
or eax, edx
; EAX=ddccbb00
movzx ecx, BYTE PTR _ip4$[ebp]
; ECX=000000aa
or eax, ecx
; EAX=ddccbbaa
pop ebp
ret 0
_form_IP ENDP

, , , , .
MSVC 2012 , :

38.3: MSVC 2012 /Ob0

; ip1 "dd", ip2 "cc", ip3 "bb", ip4 "aa".
_ip1$ = 8 ; size = 1
_ip2$ = 12 ; size = 1
_ip3$ = 16 ; size = 1
_ip4$ = 20 ; size = 1

496
 38. 38.
_form_IP PROC
movzx eax, BYTE PTR _ip1$[esp4]
; EAX=000000dd
movzx ecx, BYTE PTR _ip2$[esp4]
; ECX=000000cc
shl eax, 8
; EAX=0000dd00
or eax, ecx
; EAX=0000ddcc
movzx ecx, BYTE PTR _ip3$[esp4]
; ECX=000000bb
shl eax, 8
; EAX=00ddcc00
or eax, ecx
; EAX=00ddccbb
movzx ecx, BYTE PTR _ip4$[esp4]
; ECX=000000aa
shl eax, 8
; EAX=ddccbb00
or eax, ecx
; EAX=ddccbbaa
ret 0
_form_IP ENDP

, 8 , -
. 4 , .

! , , . - CPU
ISA, .
(OR).

38.3. print_as_IP()
print_as_IP() : 32- 4 .
: 24, 16, 8 0 ,
( ), :

38.4: MSVC 2012

_a$ = 8 ; size = 4
_print_as_IP PROC
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
mov eax, DWORD PTR _a$[ebp]
; EAX=ddccbbaa
and eax, 255
; EAX=000000aa
push eax
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _a$[ebp]
; ECX=ddccbbaa
shr ecx, 8
; ECX=00ddccbb
and ecx, 255
; ECX=000000bb
push ecx
mov edx, DWORD PTR _a$[ebp]
; EDX=ddccbbaa
shr edx, 16
; EDX=0000ddcc
and edx, 255
; EDX=000000cc
push edx
mov eax, DWORD PTR _a$[ebp]
; EAX=ddccbbaa
shr eax, 24
; EAX=000000dd
and eax, 255 ; ,

497
 38. 38.
; EAX=000000dd
push eax
push OFFSET $SG2973 ; '%d.%d.%d.%d'
call DWORD PTR __imp__printf
add esp, 20
pop ebp
ret 0
_print_as_IP ENDP

MSVC 2012 , :

38.5: MSVC 2012 /Ob0

_a$ = 8 ; size = 4
_print_as_IP PROC
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _a$[esp4]
; ECX=ddccbbaa
movzx eax, cl
; EAX=000000aa
push eax
mov eax, ecx
; EAX=ddccbbaa
shr eax, 8
; EAX=00ddccbb
and eax, 255
; EAX=000000bb
push eax
mov eax, ecx
; EAX=ddccbbaa
shr eax, 16
; EAX=0000ddcc
and eax, 255
; EAX=000000cc
push eax
; ECX=ddccbbaa
shr ecx, 24
; ECX=000000dd
push ecx
push OFFSET $SG3020 ; '%d.%d.%d.%d'
call DWORD PTR __imp__printf
add esp, 20
ret 0
_print_as_IP ENDP

38.4. form_netmask() set_bit()

form_netmask() CIDR-. ,
- , , , .
set_bit().
, , .

38.6: MSVC 2012 /Ob0

_input$ = 8 ; size = 4
_bit$ = 12 ; size = 4
_set_bit PROC
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _bit$[esp4]
mov eax, 1
shl eax, cl
or eax, DWORD PTR _input$[esp4]
ret 0
_set_bit ENDP

_netmask_bits$ = 8 ; size = 1
_form_netmask PROC
push ebx
push esi
movzx esi, BYTE PTR _netmask_bits$[esp+4]

498
 38. 38.
xor ecx, ecx
xor bl, bl
test esi, esi
jle SHORT $LN9@form_netma
xor edx, edx
$LL3@form_netma:
mov eax, 31
sub eax, edx
push eax
push ecx
call _set_bit
inc bl
movzx edx, bl
add esp, 8
mov ecx, eax
cmp edx, esi
jl SHORT $LL3@form_netma
$LN9@form_netma:
pop esi
mov eax, ecx
pop ebx
ret 0
_form_netmask ENDP

set_bit() : , ()
input. form_netmask() : ( MSB), -
netmask_bits.

38.5.
! :
netmask=255.255.255.0
network address=10.1.2.0
netmask=255.0.0.0
network address=10.0.0.0
netmask=255.255.255.128
network address=10.1.2.0
netmask=255.255.255.192
network address=10.1.2.64

499
 39. : 39. :

39

, , .
:
#include <stdio.h>

void f(int *a1, int *a2, size_t cnt)

{
size_t i;

// -
for (i=0; i<cnt; i++)
a1[i*3]=a2[i*7];
};

, . -? ,
, ,
.

39.1.

39.1: MSVC 2013 x64

f PROC
; RDX=a1
; RCX=a2
; R8=cnt
test r8, r8 ; cnt==0?
je SHORT $LN1@f
npad 11
$LL3@f:
mov eax, DWORD PTR [rdx]
lea rcx, QWORD PTR [rcx+12]
lea rdx, QWORD PTR [rdx+28]
mov DWORD PTR [rcx12], eax
dec r8
jne SHORT $LL3@f
$LN1@f:
ret 0
f ENDP

: cnt , 12 28 ,
. /++:
#include <stdio.h>

void f(int *a1, int *a2, size_t cnt)

{
size_t i;
size_t idx1=0; idx2=0;

500
 39. : 39. :
// -
for (i=0; i<cnt; i++)
{
a1[idx1]=a2[idx2];
idx1+=3;
idx2+=7;
};
};

, ,
.

39.2.
GCC 4.9 , 2 :

39.2: GCC 4.9 x64

; RDI=a1
; RSI=a2
; RDX=cnt
f:
test rdx, rdx ; cnt==0?
je .L1
; "a2" RDX
lea rax, [0+rdx*4]
; RAX=RDX*4=cnt*4
sal rdx, 5
; RDX=RDX<<5=cnt*32
sub rdx, rax
; RDX=RDXRAX=cnt*32cnt*4=cnt*28
add rdx, rsi
; RDX=RDX+RSI=a2+cnt*28
.L3:
mov eax, DWORD PTR [rsi]
add rsi, 28
add rdi, 12
mov DWORD PTR [rdi12], eax
cmp rsi, rdx
jne .L3
.L1:
rep ret

-: GCC , . a2
( : cnt 7), :
.
//, : 16.1.3 (. 211).
/++ :
#include <stdio.h>

void f(int *a1, int *a2, size_t cnt)

{
size_t i;
size_t idx1=0; idx2=0;
size_t last_idx2=cnt*7;

// -
for (;;)
{
a1[idx1]=a2[idx2];
idx1+=3;
idx2+=7;
if (idx2==last_idx2)
break;
};
};

501
 39. : 39. :
GCC (Linaro) 4.9 ARM64 , a1 a2, ,
, :

39.3: GCC (Linaro) 4.9 ARM64

; X0=a1
; X1=a2
; X2=cnt
f:
cbz x2, .L1 ; cnt==0?
; "a1"
add x2, x2, x2, lsl 1
; X2=X2+X2<<1=X2+X2*2=X2*3
mov x3, 0
lsl x2, x2, 2
; X2=X2<<2=X2*4=X2*3*4=X2*12
.L3:
ldr w4, [x1],28 ; X1, 28 X1 (-)
str w4, [x0,x3] ; X0+X3=a1+X3
add x3, x3, 12 ; X3
cmp x3, x2 ; ?
bne .L3
.L1:
ret

GCC 4.4.5 MIPS :

39.4: GCC 4.4.5 MIPS (IDA)

; $a0=a1
; $a1=a2
; $a2=cnt
f:
; :
beqz $a2, locret_24
; (i) 0:
move $v0, $zero ; branch delay slot, NOP

loc_8:
; 32- $a1
lw $a3, 0($a1)
; (i):
addiu $v0, 1
; ( "i" $v0 "cnt" $a2):
sltu $v1, $v0, $a2
; 32- $a0:
sw $a3, 0($a0)
; 0x1C (28) \$a1 :
addiu $a1, 0x1C
; , i<cnt:
bnez $v1, loc_8
; 0xC (12) \$a0 :
addiu $a0, 0xC ; branch delay slot

locret_24:
jr $ra
or $at, $zero ; branch delay slot, NOP

39.3. Intel C++ 2011

, , , . Intel C++ 2011:

39.5: Intel C++ 2011 x64

f PROC
; parameter 1: rcx = a1
; parameter 2: rdx = a2
; parameter 3: r8 = cnt
.B1.1:: ; Preds .B1.0

502
 39. : 39. :
test r8, r8 ;8.14
jbe exit ; Prob 50% ;8.14
; LOE rdx rcx rbx rbp rsi rdi r8 r12 r13 r14 r15 xmm6 xmm7 xmm8 xmm9
xmm10 xmm11 xmm12 xmm13 xmm14 xmm15
.B1.2:: ; Preds .B1.1
cmp r8, 6 ;8.2
jbe just_copy ; Prob 50% ;8.2
; LOE rdx rcx rbx rbp rsi rdi r8 r12 r13 r14 r15 xmm6 xmm7 xmm8 xmm9
xmm10 xmm11 xmm12 xmm13 xmm14 xmm15
.B1.3:: ; Preds .B1.2
cmp rcx, rdx ;9.11
jbe .B1.5 ; Prob 50% ;9.11
; LOE rdx rcx rbx rbp rsi rdi r8 r12 r13 r14 r15 xmm6 xmm7 xmm8 xmm9
xmm10 xmm11 xmm12 xmm13 xmm14 xmm15
.B1.4:: ; Preds .B1.3
mov r10, r8 ;9.11
mov r9, rcx ;9.11
shl r10, 5 ;9.11
lea rax, QWORD PTR [r8*4] ;9.11
sub r9, rdx ;9.11
sub r10, rax ;9.11
cmp r9, r10 ;9.11
jge just_copy2 ; Prob 50% ;9.11
; LOE rdx rcx rbx rbp rsi rdi r8 r12 r13 r14 r15 xmm6 xmm7 xmm8 xmm9
xmm10 xmm11 xmm12 xmm13 xmm14 xmm15
.B1.5:: ; Preds .B1.3 .B1.4
cmp rdx, rcx ;9.11
jbe just_copy ; Prob 50% ;9.11
; LOE rdx rcx rbx rbp rsi rdi r8 r12 r13 r14 r15 xmm6 xmm7 xmm8 xmm9
xmm10 xmm11 xmm12 xmm13 xmm14 xmm15
.B1.6:: ; Preds .B1.5
mov r9, rdx ;9.11
lea rax, QWORD PTR [r8*8] ;9.11
sub r9, rcx ;9.11
lea r10, QWORD PTR [rax+r8*4] ;9.11
cmp r9, r10 ;9.11
jl just_copy ; Prob 50% ;9.11
; LOE rdx rcx rbx rbp rsi rdi r8 r12 r13 r14 r15 xmm6 xmm7 xmm8 xmm9
xmm10 xmm11 xmm12 xmm13 xmm14 xmm15
just_copy2:: ; Preds .B1.4 .B1.6
; R8 = cnt
; RDX = a2
; RCX = a1
xor r10d, r10d ;8.2
xor r9d, r9d ;
xor eax, eax ;
; LOE rax rdx rcx rbx rbp rsi rdi r8 r9 r10 r12 r13 r14 r15 xmm6 xmm7
xmm8 xmm9 xmm10 xmm11 xmm12 xmm13 xmm14 xmm15
.B1.8:: ; Preds .B1.8 just_copy2
mov r11d, DWORD PTR [rax+rdx] ;3.6
inc r10 ;8.2
mov DWORD PTR [r9+rcx], r11d ;3.6
add r9, 12 ;8.2
add rax, 28 ;8.2
cmp r10, r8 ;8.2
jb .B1.8 ; Prob 82% ;8.2
jmp exit ; Prob 100% ;8.2
; LOE rax rdx rcx rbx rbp rsi rdi r8 r9 r10 r12 r13 r14 r15 xmm6 xmm7
xmm8 xmm9 xmm10 xmm11 xmm12 xmm13 xmm14 xmm15
just_copy:: ; Preds .B1.2 .B1.5 .B1.6
; R8 = cnt
; RDX = a2
; RCX = a1
xor r10d, r10d ;8.2
xor r9d, r9d ;
xor eax, eax ;
; LOE rax rdx rcx rbx rbp rsi rdi r8 r9 r10 r12 r13 r14 r15 xmm6 xmm7
xmm8 xmm9 xmm10 xmm11 xmm12 xmm13 xmm14 xmm15
.B1.11:: ; Preds .B1.11 just_copy
mov r11d, DWORD PTR [rax+rdx] ;3.6

503
 39. : 39. :
inc r10 ;8.2
mov DWORD PTR [r9+rcx], r11d ;3.6
add r9, 12 ;8.2
add rax, 28 ;8.2
cmp r10, r8 ;8.2
jb .B1.11 ; Prob 82% ;8.2
; LOE rax rdx rcx rbx rbp rsi rdi r8 r9 r10 r12 r13 r14 r15 xmm6 xmm7
xmm8 xmm9 xmm10 xmm11 xmm12 xmm13 xmm14 xmm15
exit:: ; Preds .B1.11 .B1.8 .B1.1
ret ;10.1

, - , . , , -
. .
! , Intel C++, , , -
.
, -
, , ,
.

504
 40. DUFFS DEVICE 40. DUFFS DEVICE

40

Duffs device

Duffs device 1 .
fallthrough- switch().
.
, , . - , -
. , , ,
. 4 8 .
64- , 8 . .
? 8.
:
8- , 8- (64-) ;
, 1- .
, . :
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdio.h>

void bzero(uint8_t* dst, size_t count)

{
int i;

if (count&(~7))
// 8-
for (i=0; i<count>>3; i++)
{
*(uint64_t*)dst=0;
dst=dst+8;
};

//
switch(count & 7)
{
case 7: *dst++ = 0;
case 6: *dst++ = 0;
case 5: *dst++ = 0;
case 4: *dst++ = 0;
case 3: *dst++ = 0;
case 2: *dst++ = 0;
case 1: *dst++ = 0;
case 0: //
break;
}
}

, . 64- .
:
1 wikipedia

505
 40. DUFFS DEVICE 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
40. DUFFS DEVICE
B B B B B S S S

( B 8- S ).
8, 3 . -
, 3 ! 8-
count >> 3, count&7.
, , 8- , ,
count 7. 3 , ,
, , count .
, 8 23 , 2n .
.
, , , ,
. , ,
, .
: 8- 64- .
fallthrough- switch(). ,
, . , count&7
. 0, , . 1,
switch(), . 2, ,
, .. 7 7 . 8 ,
8 .
. (
, ). ,
MCU2 .
, MSVC 2012:
dst$ = 8
count$ = 16
bzero PROC
test rdx, 8
je SHORT $LN11@bzero
; 8-
xor r10d, r10d
mov r9, rdx
shr r9, 3
mov r8d, r10d
test r9, r9
je SHORT $LN11@bzero
npad 5
$LL19@bzero:
inc r8d
mov QWORD PTR [rcx], r10
add rcx, 8
movsxd rax, r8d
cmp rax, r9
jb SHORT $LL19@bzero
$LN11@bzero:
;
and edx, 7
dec rdx
cmp rdx, 6
ja SHORT $LN9@bzero
lea r8, OFFSET FLAT:__ImageBase
mov eax, DWORD PTR $LN22@bzero[r8+rdx*4]
add rax, r8
jmp rax
$LN8@bzero:
mov BYTE PTR [rcx], 0
inc rcx
$LN7@bzero:
mov BYTE PTR [rcx], 0
inc rcx
2 Microcontroller unit

506
 40. DUFFS DEVICE 40. DUFFS DEVICE
$LN6@bzero:
mov BYTE PTR [rcx], 0
inc rcx
$LN5@bzero:
mov BYTE PTR [rcx], 0
inc rcx
$LN4@bzero:
mov BYTE PTR [rcx], 0
inc rcx
$LN3@bzero:
mov BYTE PTR [rcx], 0
inc rcx
$LN2@bzero:
mov BYTE PTR [rcx], 0
$LN9@bzero:
fatret 0
npad 1
$LN22@bzero:
DD $LN2@bzero
DD $LN3@bzero
DD $LN4@bzero
DD $LN5@bzero
DD $LN6@bzero
DD $LN7@bzero
DD $LN8@bzero
bzero ENDP

.
. MOV/ INC ,
, , .
, , MOV/ INC - (3+3).
6 . , switch(),
6 _RIP + _ * 6. ,
(jumptable). , 6
, , 3 . -
.

3 , . -

4 8. 1 ( STOSB).

507
 41. 9 41. 9

41

:
int f(int a)
{
return a/9;
};

41.1. x86
:

41.1: MSVC
_a$ = 8 ; size = 4
_f PROC
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
mov eax, DWORD PTR _a$[ebp]
cdq ; EAX EDX:EAX
mov ecx, 9
idiv ecx
pop ebp
ret 0
_f ENDP

IDIV 64- EDX:EAX ECX. , EAX

, EDX . EAX, ,
, , . - , IDIV
EDX:EAX, CDQ EAX 64- , ,
MOVSX. (/Ox) :

41.2: MSVC
_a$ = 8 ; size = 4
_f PROC

mov ecx, DWORD PTR _a$[esp4]

mov eax, 954437177 ; 38e38e39H
imul ecx
sar edx, 1
mov eax, edx
shr eax, 31 ; 0000001fH
add eax, edx
ret 0
_f ENDP

. . 1
.
1 [War02, . 10-3]

508
 41. 9 41. 9
, strength reduction.
GCC 4.4.1 , MSVC :

41.3: GCC 4.4.1

public f
f proc near

arg_0 = dword ptr 8

push ebp
mov ebp, esp
mov ecx, [ebp+arg_0]
mov edx, 954437177 ; 38E38E39h
mov eax, ecx
imul edx
sar edx, 1
mov eax, ecx
sar eax, 1Fh
mov ecx, edx
sub ecx, eax
mov eax, ecx
pop ebp
retn
f endp

41.2. ARM
ARM, (pure) RISC- . -
32- ( 32-
32- ). ( )2 , : -
, (19 (. 316)).
32- 10 [Ltd94, 3.3 Division by a Constant]. .
; takes argument in a1
; returns quotient in a1, remainder in a2
; cycles could be saved if only divide or remainder is required
SUB a2, a1, #10 ; keep (x10) for later
SUB a1, a1, a1, lsr #2
ADD a1, a1, a1, lsr #4
ADD a1, a1, a1, lsr #8
ADD a1, a1, a1, lsr #16
MOV a1, a1, lsr #3
ADD a3, a1, a1, asl #2
SUBS a2, a2, a3, asl #1 ; calc (x10) (x/10)*10
ADDPL a1, a1, #1 ; fixup quotient
ADDMI a2, a2, #10 ; fixup remainder
MOV pc, lr

41.2.1. Xcode 4.6.3 (LLVM) ( ARM)

__text:00002C58 39 1E 08 E3 E3 18 43 E3 MOV R1, 0x38E38E39

__text:00002C60 10 F1 50 E7 SMMUL R0, R0, R1
__text:00002C64 C0 10 A0 E1 MOV R1, R0,ASR#1
__text:00002C68 A0 0F 81 E0 ADD R0, R1, R0,LSR#31
__text:00002C6C 1E FF 2F E1 BX LR

, MSVC GCC . , LLVM

.
, MOV 32- ,
ARM. , , 8 4-,
, 2 . 16 0x8E39,
2 hack

509
 41. 9 41. 9
, MOVT, 16 0x383E. IDA
, -.
SMMUL (Signed Most Signicant Word Multiply) (signed) R0
32 , 32 .
MOV R1, R0,ASR#1 .
ADD R0, R1, R0,LSR#31 R0 = R1 + R0 >> 31
, ARM . ,
(MOV, ADD, SUB, RSB)3 , , . ASR
Arithmetic Shift Right, LSR Logical Shift Right.

41.2.2. Xcode 4.6.3 (LLVM) ( Thumb-2)

MOV R1, 0x38E38E39

SMMUL.W R0, R0, R1
ASRS R1, R0, #1
ADD.W R0, R1, R0,LSR#31
BX LR

Thumb , ASRS (-
).

41.2.3. Xcode 4.6.3 (LLVM) Keil 6/2013

LLVM , -
___divsi3 .
Keil __aeabi_idivmod.

41.3. MIPS
- , GCC 4.4.5 :

41.4: GCC 4.4.5 (IDA)

f:
li $v0, 9
bnez $v0, loc_10
div $a0, $v0 ; branch delay slot
break 0x1C00 ; "break 7" objdump

loc_10:
mflo $v0
jr $ra
or $at, $zero ; branch delay slot, NOP

, : BREAK. . , -
0 ( ). GCC
, , $V0 . .
$V0 - 0, BREAK, . ,
MFLO, LO $V0.
, , MUL 32- HI
32- LO. DIV LO HI.
a % 9, MFLO MFHI.
3 data processing instructions

510
 41. 9 41. 9
41.4.
2n :

n
input input divisor
2
input M
result = = n
=
divisor 2 2n
M magic-.
M :

2n
M=
divisor
:

input M
result =
2n
2n . n < 32, -
( EAX RAX). n 32, ( EDX RDX).
n , .
, .
:
int f3_32_signed(int a)
{
return a/3;
};

unsigned int f3_32_unsigned(unsigned int a)

{
return a/3;
};

, magic- 0xAAAAAAAB 233 .

, magic- 0x55555556 232 .
: EDX.
: 32 31 ( ,
EAX). 1 , ,
.

41.5: MSVC 2012

_f3_32_unsigned PROC
mov eax, 1431655765 ; aaaaaaabH
mul DWORD PTR _a$[esp4] ;
; EDX=(input*0xaaaaaaab)/2^32
shr edx, 1
; EDX=(input*0xaaaaaaab)/2^33
mov eax, edx
ret 0
_f3_32_unsigned ENDP

_f3_32_signed PROC
mov eax, 1431655766 ; 55555556H
imul DWORD PTR _a$[esp4] ;
;
; 32 , 2^32
mov eax, edx ; EAX=EDX=(input*0x55555556)/2^32
shr eax, 31 ; 0000001fH
add eax, edx ; 1
ret 0
_f3_32_signed ENDP

511
 41. 9 41. 9
41.4.1.

, :

x 1
=x
c c
1
c
.
. ?
4 . CPU : 32 64- ,
232 264 .
[War02, . 10-3].

41.5.

41.5.1. #1

, :
mov eax, MAGICAL CONSTANT
imul
sar edx, SHIFTING COEFFICIENT ; 2x

mov eax, edx
shr eax, 31
add eax, edx

32- magic- M , C D.
, :

232+C
D=
M
:

41.6: MSVC 2012

mov eax, 2021161081 ; 78787879H
imul DWORD PTR _a$[esp4]
sar edx, 3
mov eax, edx
shr eax, 31 ; 0000001fH
add eax, edx

232+3
D=
2021161081
32-, Wolfram Mathematica :

41.7: Wolfram Mathematica

In[1]:=N[2^(32+3)/2021161081]
Out[1]:=17.

17.
x64, , 264 232 :
uint64_t f1234(uint64_t a)
{
return a/1234;
};

4 Wikipedia

512
 41. 9 41. 9
41.8: MSVC 2012 x64
f1234 PROC
mov rax, 7653754429286296943 ; 6a37991a23aead6fH
mul rcx
shr rdx, 9
mov rax, rdx
ret 0
f1234 ENDP

41.9: Wolfram Mathematica

In[1]:=N[2^(64+9)/16^^6a37991a23aead6f]
Out[1]:=1234.

41.5.2. #2

, :
mov eax, 55555556h ; 1431655766
imul ecx
mov eax, edx
shr eax, 1Fh

232
D=
M
, :

232
D=
1431655766
Wolfram Mathematica:

41.10: Wolfram Mathematica

In[1]:=N[2^32/16^^55555556]
Out[1]:=3.

3.

41.6. #1
?

41.11: MSVC 2010

_a$ = 8
_f PROC
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _a$[esp4]
mov eax, 968154503 ; c64b2279H
imul ecx
add edx, ecx
sar edx, 9
mov eax, edx
shr eax, 31 ; 0000001fH
add eax, edx
ret 0
_f ENDP

513
 41. 9 41. 9
41.12: GCC 4.9 (ARM64)
f:
mov w1, 8825
movk w1, 0xc64b, lsl 16
smull x1, w0, w1
lsr x1, x1, 32
add w1, w0, w1
asr w1, w1, 9
sub w0, w1, w0, asr 31
ret

G.1.16 (. 991).

514
 42. (ATOI()) 42. (ATOI())

42

(atoi())

atoi().

42.1.
, ASCII1 . :
.
#include <stdio.h>

int my_atoi (char *s)

{
int rt=0;

while (*s)
{
rt=rt*10 + (*s'0');
s++;
};

return rt;
};

int main()
{
printf ("%d\n", my_atoi ("1234"));
printf ("%d\n", my_atoi ("1234567890"));
};

, . ASCII .
0 9 ASCII,
0. 0 0 0, 9 0 9, .. 0
0 9 . , ,
! ( rt), -
10 . , ,
. , .

42.1.1. MSVC 2013 x64

42.1: MSVC 2013 x64

s$ = 8
my_atoi PROC
;
movzx r8d, BYTE PTR [rcx]
; EAX "rt"
; 0
xor eax, eax
1 American Standard Code for Information Interchange

515
 42. (ATOI()) 42. (ATOI())
; - , .. ?
; .
test r8b, r8b
je SHORT $LN9@my_atoi
$LL2@my_atoi:
lea edx, DWORD PTR [rax+rax*4]
; EDX=RAX+RAX*4=rt+rt*4=rt*5
movsx eax, r8b
; EAX=
; R8D
movzx r8d, BYTE PTR [rcx+1]
; RCX :
lea rcx, QWORD PTR [rcx+1]
lea eax, DWORD PTR [rax+rdx*2]
; EAX=RAX+RDX*2= + rt*5*2= + rt*10
; 48 (0x30 '0')
add eax, 48 ; ffffffffffffffd0H
; ?
test r8b, r8b
; ,
jne SHORT $LL2@my_atoi
$LN9@my_atoi:
ret 0
my_atoi ENDP

: .
. 10, LEA . MSVC
ADD SUB. . , , ,
SUB. MSVC .

42.1.2. GCC 4.9.1 x64

GCC 4.9.1 , RET . .

42.2: GCC 4.9.1 x64

my_atoi:
; EDX
movsx edx, BYTE PTR [rdi]
; EAX "rt"
xor eax, eax
; , -
test dl, dl
je .L4
.L3:
lea eax, [rax+rax*4]
; EAX=RAX*5=rt*5
; :
add rdi, 1
lea eax, [rdx48+rax*2]
; EAX= 48 + RAX*2 = '0' + rt*10
; :
movsx edx, BYTE PTR [rdi]
; , -
test dl, dl
jne .L3
rep ret
.L4:
rep ret

42.1.3. Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)

42.3: Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)

my_atoi PROC
; R1
MOV r1,r0

516
 42. (ATOI()) 42. (ATOI())
; R0 "rt"
MOV r0,#0
B |L0.28|
|L0.12|
ADD r0,r0,r0,LSL #2
; R0=R0+R0<<2=rt*5
ADD r0,r2,r0,LSL #1
; R0= + rt*5<<1 = + rt*10
; , '0' rt:
SUB r0,r0,#0x30
; :
ADD r1,r1,#1
|L0.28|
; R2
LDRB r2,[r1,#0]
; ? , .
CMP r2,#0
BNE |L0.12|
; , .
; "rt" R0, -
BX lr
ENDP

42.1.4. Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb)

42.4: Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb)

my_atoi PROC
; R1
MOVS r1,r0
; R0 "rt"
MOVS r0,#0
B |L0.16|
|L0.6|
MOVS r3,#0xa
; R3=10
MULS r0,r3,r0
; R0=R3*R0=rt*10
; :
ADDS r1,r1,#1
; , :
SUBS r0,r0,#0x30
ADDS r0,r2,r0
; rt=R2+R0= + (rt*10 '0')
|L0.16|
; R2
LDRB r2,[r1,#0]
; ?
CMP r2,#0
; ,
BNE |L0.6|
; rt R0, -
BX lr
ENDP

,
. : rt 10 0 ,
. , , .

42.1.5. GCC 4.9.1 ARM64

ARM64 , -:

42.5: GCC 4.9.1 ARM64

my_atoi:
; W1

517
 42. (ATOI()) 42. (ATOI())
ldrb w1, [x0]
mov x2, x0
; X2=
; - 0?
; ,
; W1 0 .
; W0 L4.
cbz w1, .L4
; W0 "rt"
; :
mov w0, 0
.L3:
; 48 '0' W3:
sub w3, w1, #48
; X2+1 W1 -:
ldrb w1, [x2,1]!
add w0, w0, w0, lsl 2
; W0=W0+W0<<2=W0+W0*4=rt*5
add w0, w3, w0, lsl 1
; W0= + W0<<1 = + rt*5*2 = + rt*10
; - ,
cbnz w1, .L3
; (rt) W0, -
ret
.L4:
mov w0, w1
ret

42.2.
, ,
- :
#include <stdio.h>

int my_atoi (char *s)

{
int negative=0;
int rt=0;

if (*s=='')
{
negative=1;
s++;
};

while (*s)
{
if (*s<'0' || *s>'9')
{
printf ("Error! Unexpected char: '%c'\n", *s);
exit(0);
};
rt=rt*10 + (*s'0');
s++;
};

if (negative)
return rt;
return rt;
};

int main()
{
printf ("%d\n", my_atoi ("1234"));
printf ("%d\n", my_atoi ("1234567890"));
printf ("%d\n", my_atoi ("1234"));

518
 42. (ATOI()) 42. (ATOI())
printf ("%d\n", my_atoi ("1234567890"));
printf ("%d\n", my_atoi ("a1234567890")); // error
};

42.2.1. GCC 4.9.1 x64

42.6: GCC 4.9.1 x64

.LC0:
.string "Error! Unexpected char: '%c'\n"

my_atoi:
sub rsp, 8
movsx edx, BYTE PTR [rdi]
;
cmp dl, 45 ; ''
je .L22
xor esi, esi
test dl, dl
je .L20
.L10:
; ESI=0 , , 1
lea eax, [rdx48]
; , 9
; , L4, :
cmp al, 9
ja .L4
xor eax, eax
jmp .L6
.L7:
lea ecx, [rdx48]
cmp cl, 9
ja .L4
.L6:
lea eax, [rax+rax*4]
add rdi, 1
lea eax, [rdx48+rax*2]
movsx edx, BYTE PTR [rdi]
test dl, dl
jne .L7
; , NEG
; , .
test esi, esi
je .L18
neg eax
.L18:
add rsp, 8
ret
.L22:
movsx edx, BYTE PTR [rdi+1]
lea rax, [rdi+1]
test dl, dl
je .L20
mov rdi, rax
mov esi, 1
jmp .L10
.L20:
xor eax, eax
jmp .L18
.L4:
; . EDX
mov edi, 1
mov esi, OFFSET FLAT:.LC0 ; "Error! Unexpected char: '%c'\n"
xor eax, eax
call __printf_chk
xor edi, edi
call exit

519
 42. (ATOI()) 42. (ATOI())
, NEG . .
- . , ?
, :
if (*s<'0' || *s>'9')
...

. , :
0 , ( ) ,
9.
, , (.), 46 ASCII. 46 48 = 2
. , , 0
ASCII. 0xFFFFFFFE (4294967294) ,
9!
, .
: 48.1.2 (. 551).
MSVC 2013 x64 .

42.2.2. Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)

42.7: Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)

1 my_atoi PROC
2 PUSH {r4r6,lr}
3 MOV r4,r0
4 LDRB r0,[r0,#0]
5 MOV r6,#0
6 MOV r5,r6
7 CMP r0,#0x2d ''
8 ; R6 1 , 0
9 MOVEQ r6,#1
10 ADDEQ r4,r4,#1
11 B |L0.80|
12 |L0.36|
13 SUB r0,r1,#0x30
14 CMP r0,#0xa
15 BCC |L0.64|
16 ADR r0,|L0.220|
17 BL __2printf
18 MOV r0,#0
19 BL exit
20 |L0.64|
21 LDRB r0,[r4],#1
22 ADD r1,r5,r5,LSL #2
23 ADD r0,r0,r1,LSL #1
24 SUB r5,r0,#0x30
25 |L0.80|
26 LDRB r1,[r4,#0]
27 CMP r1,#0
28 BNE |L0.36|
29 CMP r6,#0
30 ;
31 RSBNE r0,r5,#0
32 MOVEQ r0,r5
33 POP {r4r6,pc}
34 ENDP
35
36 |L0.220|
37 DCB "Error! Unexpected char: '%c'\n",0

32- ARM NEG, Reverse Subtraction ( 31).

CMP ( 29) Not Equal ( , -NE sufx).
RSBNE . , ,
. : 0 x = x.
Thumb .

520
 42. (ATOI()) 42. (ATOI())
GCC 4.9 ARM64 NEG, ARM64.

42.3.
, security research- -
. , fuzzing-. ,
, . , , .

521
 43. INLINE- 43. INLINE-

43

Inline-

Inline- , , -
.

43.1:
#include <stdio.h>

int celsius_to_fahrenheit (int celsius)

{
return celsius * 9 / 5 + 32;
};

int main(int argc, char *argv[])

{
int celsius=atol(argv[1]);
printf ("%d\n", celsius_to_fahrenheit (celsius));
};

, , GCC (-O3), :

43.2: GCC 4.8.1

_main:
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
and esp, 16
sub esp, 16
call ___main
mov eax, DWORD PTR [ebp+12]
mov eax, DWORD PTR [eax+4]
mov DWORD PTR [esp], eax
call _atol
mov edx, 1717986919
mov DWORD PTR [esp], OFFSET FLAT:LC2 ; "%d\12\0"
lea ecx, [eax+eax*8]
mov eax, ecx
imul edx
sar ecx, 31
sar edx
sub edx, ecx
add edx, 32
mov DWORD PTR [esp+4], edx
call _printf
leave
ret

( (41 (. 508)).)
, celsius_to_fahrenheit() printf(). ?
.
.
, inline -
.

522
 43. INLINE- 43. INLINE-
43.1.
strcpy(), strcmp(), strlen(), memset(),
memcmp(), memcpy(), ..
, .
, reverse engineer- .

43.1.1. strcmp()

43.3: strcmp()
bool is_bool (char *s)
{
if (strcmp (s, "true")==0)
return true;
if (strcmp (s, "false")==0)
return false;

assert(0);
};

43.4: GCC 4.8.1

.LC0:
.string "true"
.LC1:
.string "false"
is_bool:
.LFB0:
push edi
mov ecx, 5
push esi
mov edi, OFFSET FLAT:.LC0
sub esp, 20
mov esi, DWORD PTR [esp+32]
repz cmpsb
je .L3
mov esi, DWORD PTR [esp+32]
mov ecx, 6
mov edi, OFFSET FLAT:.LC1
repz cmpsb
seta cl
setb dl
xor eax, eax
cmp cl, dl
jne .L8
add esp, 20
pop esi
pop edi
ret
.L8:
mov DWORD PTR [esp], 0
call assert
add esp, 20
pop esi
pop edi
ret
.L3:
add esp, 20
mov eax, 1
pop esi
pop edi
ret

43.5: MSVC 2010

$SG3454 DB 'true', 00H

523
 43. INLINE- 43. INLINE-
$SG3456 DB 'false', 00H

_s$ = 8 ; size = 4
?is_bool@@YA_NPAD@Z PROC ; is_bool
push esi
mov esi, DWORD PTR _s$[esp]
mov ecx, OFFSET $SG3454 ; 'true'
mov eax, esi
npad 4 ;
$LL6@is_bool:
mov dl, BYTE PTR [eax]
cmp dl, BYTE PTR [ecx]
jne SHORT $LN7@is_bool
test dl, dl
je SHORT $LN8@is_bool
mov dl, BYTE PTR [eax+1]
cmp dl, BYTE PTR [ecx+1]
jne SHORT $LN7@is_bool
add eax, 2
add ecx, 2
test dl, dl
jne SHORT $LL6@is_bool
$LN8@is_bool:
xor eax, eax
jmp SHORT $LN9@is_bool
$LN7@is_bool:
sbb eax, eax
sbb eax, 1
$LN9@is_bool:
test eax, eax
jne SHORT $LN2@is_bool

mov al, 1
pop esi

ret 0
$LN2@is_bool:

mov ecx, OFFSET $SG3456 ; 'false'

mov eax, esi
$LL10@is_bool:
mov dl, BYTE PTR [eax]
cmp dl, BYTE PTR [ecx]
jne SHORT $LN11@is_bool
test dl, dl
je SHORT $LN12@is_bool
mov dl, BYTE PTR [eax+1]
cmp dl, BYTE PTR [ecx+1]
jne SHORT $LN11@is_bool
add eax, 2
add ecx, 2
test dl, dl
jne SHORT $LL10@is_bool
$LN12@is_bool:
xor eax, eax
jmp SHORT $LN13@is_bool
$LN11@is_bool:
sbb eax, eax
sbb eax, 1
$LN13@is_bool:
test eax, eax
jne SHORT $LN1@is_bool

xor al, al
pop esi

ret 0
$LN1@is_bool:

push 11

524
 43. INLINE- 43. INLINE-
push OFFSET $SG3458
push OFFSET $SG3459
call DWORD PTR __imp___wassert
add esp, 12
pop esi

ret 0
?is_bool@@YA_NPAD@Z ENDP ; is_bool

43.1.2. strlen()

43.6: strlen()
int strlen_test(char *s1)
{
return strlen(s1);
};

43.7: MSVC 2010

_s1$ = 8 ; size = 4
_strlen_test PROC
mov eax, DWORD PTR _s1$[esp4]
lea edx, DWORD PTR [eax+1]
$LL3@strlen_tes:
mov cl, BYTE PTR [eax]
inc eax
test cl, cl
jne SHORT $LL3@strlen_tes
sub eax, edx
ret 0
_strlen_test ENDP

43.1.3. strcpy()

43.8: strcpy()
void strcpy_test(char *s1, char *outbuf)
{
strcpy(outbuf, s1);
};

43.9: MSVC 2010

_s1$ = 8 ; size = 4
_outbuf$ = 12 ; size = 4
_strcpy_test PROC
mov eax, DWORD PTR _s1$[esp4]
mov edx, DWORD PTR _outbuf$[esp4]
sub edx, eax
npad 6 ;
$LL3@strcpy_tes:
mov cl, BYTE PTR [eax]
mov BYTE PTR [edx+eax], cl
inc eax
test cl, cl
jne SHORT $LL3@strcpy_tes
ret 0
_strcpy_test ENDP

43.1.4. memset()

#1

525
 43. INLINE- 43. INLINE-
43.10: 32
#include <stdio.h>

void f(char *out)

{
memset(out, 0, 32);
};

memset() , MOV-:
43.11: GCC 4.9.1 x64
f:
mov QWORD PTR [rdi], 0
mov QWORD PTR [rdi+8], 0
mov QWORD PTR [rdi+16], 0
mov QWORD PTR [rdi+24], 0
ret

, : 14.1.4 (. 185).

#2

43.12: 67
#include <stdio.h>

void f(char *out)

{
memset(out, 0, 67);
};

4 8, -.
, MSVC 2012 MOV:
43.13: MSVC 2012 x64
out$ = 8
f PROC
xor eax, eax
mov QWORD PTR [rcx], rax
mov QWORD PTR [rcx+8], rax
mov QWORD PTR [rcx+16], rax
mov QWORD PTR [rcx+24], rax
mov QWORD PTR [rcx+32], rax
mov QWORD PTR [rcx+40], rax
mov QWORD PTR [rcx+48], rax
mov QWORD PTR [rcx+56], rax
mov WORD PTR [rcx+64], ax
mov BYTE PTR [rcx+66], al
ret 0
f ENDP

GCC REP STOSQ, , , MOVs:

43.14: GCC 4.9.1 x64
f:
mov QWORD PTR [rdi], 0
mov QWORD PTR [rdi+59], 0
mov rcx, rdi
lea rdi, [rdi+8]
xor eax, eax
and rdi, 8
sub rcx, rdi
add ecx, 67
shr ecx, 3
rep stosq
ret

526
 43. INLINE- 43. INLINE-
43.1.5. memcpy()

, , , memcpy() MOV.

43.15: memcpy()
void memcpy_7(char *inbuf, char *outbuf)
{
memcpy(outbuf+10, inbuf, 7);
};

43.16: MSVC 2010

_inbuf$ = 8 ; size = 4
_outbuf$ = 12 ; size = 4
_memcpy_7 PROC
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _inbuf$[esp4]
mov edx, DWORD PTR [ecx]
mov eax, DWORD PTR _outbuf$[esp4]
mov DWORD PTR [eax+10], edx
mov dx, WORD PTR [ecx+4]
mov WORD PTR [eax+14], dx
mov cl, BYTE PTR [ecx+6]
mov BYTE PTR [eax+16], cl
ret 0
_memcpy_7 ENDP

43.17: GCC 4.8.1

memcpy_7:
push ebx
mov eax, DWORD PTR [esp+8]
mov ecx, DWORD PTR [esp+12]
mov ebx, DWORD PTR [eax]
lea edx, [ecx+10]
mov DWORD PTR [ecx+10], ebx
movzx ecx, WORD PTR [eax+4]
mov WORD PTR [edx+4], cx
movzx eax, BYTE PTR [eax+6]
mov BYTE PTR [edx+6], al
pop ebx
ret

: 4- , 16- ( ),
( ).
MOV : 21.4.1 (. 379).

-.

43.18: memcpy()
void memcpy_128(char *inbuf, char *outbuf)
{
memcpy(outbuf+10, inbuf, 128);
};

void memcpy_123(char *inbuf, char *outbuf)

{
memcpy(outbuf+10, inbuf, 123);
};

128 , MSVC MOVSD ( 128 4):

527
 43. INLINE- 43. INLINE-
43.19: MSVC 2010
_inbuf$ = 8 ; size = 4
_outbuf$ = 12 ; size = 4
_memcpy_128 PROC
push esi
mov esi, DWORD PTR _inbuf$[esp]
push edi
mov edi, DWORD PTR _outbuf$[esp+4]
add edi, 10
mov ecx, 32
rep movsd
pop edi
pop esi
ret 0
_memcpy_128 ENDP

123- , 30 32- MOVSD ( 120 ),

2 MOVSW, MOVSB.

43.20: MSVC 2010

_inbuf$ = 8 ; size = 4
_outbuf$ = 12 ; size = 4
_memcpy_123 PROC
push esi
mov esi, DWORD PTR _inbuf$[esp]
push edi
mov edi, DWORD PTR _outbuf$[esp+4]
add edi, 10
mov ecx, 30
rep movsd
movsw
movsb
pop edi
pop esi
ret 0
_memcpy_123 ENDP

GCC , :

43.21: GCC 4.8.1

memcpy_123:
.LFB3:
push edi
mov eax, 123
push esi
mov edx, DWORD PTR [esp+16]
mov esi, DWORD PTR [esp+12]
lea edi, [edx+10]
test edi, 1
jne .L24
test edi, 2
jne .L25
.L7:
mov ecx, eax
xor edx, edx
shr ecx, 2
test al, 2
rep movsd
je .L8
movzx edx, WORD PTR [esi]
mov WORD PTR [edi], dx
mov edx, 2
.L8:
test al, 1
je .L5
movzx eax, BYTE PTR [esi+edx]
mov BYTE PTR [edi+edx], al
.L5:

528
 43. INLINE- 43. INLINE-
pop esi
pop edi
ret
.L24:
movzx eax, BYTE PTR [esi]
lea edi, [edx+11]
add esi, 1
test edi, 2
mov BYTE PTR [edx+10], al
mov eax, 122
je .L7
.L25:
movzx edx, WORD PTR [esi]
add edi, 2
add esi, 2
sub eax, 2
mov WORD PTR [edi2], dx
jmp .L7
.LFE3:

: , 32-
, MOVSD, .
SIMD .
strlen() SIMD : 25.2 (. 439).

43.1.6. memcmp()

43.22: memcmp()
void memcpy_1235(char *inbuf, char *outbuf)
{
memcpy(outbuf+10, inbuf, 1235);
};

, MSVC 2010 :

43.23: MSVC 2010

_buf1$ = 8 ; size = 4
_buf2$ = 12 ; size = 4
_memcmp_1235 PROC
mov edx, DWORD PTR _buf2$[esp4]
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _buf1$[esp4]
push esi
push edi
mov esi, 1235
add edx, 10
$LL4@memcmp_123:
mov eax, DWORD PTR [edx]
cmp eax, DWORD PTR [ecx]
jne SHORT $LN10@memcmp_123
sub esi, 4
add ecx, 4
add edx, 4
cmp esi, 4
jae SHORT $LL4@memcmp_123
$LN10@memcmp_123:
movzx edi, BYTE PTR [ecx]
movzx eax, BYTE PTR [edx]
sub eax, edi
jne SHORT $LN7@memcmp_123
movzx eax, BYTE PTR [edx+1]
movzx edi, BYTE PTR [ecx+1]
sub eax, edi
jne SHORT $LN7@memcmp_123
movzx eax, BYTE PTR [edx+2]
movzx edi, BYTE PTR [ecx+2]
sub eax, edi

529
 43. INLINE- 43. INLINE-
jne SHORT $LN7@memcmp_123
cmp esi, 3
jbe SHORT $LN6@memcmp_123
movzx eax, BYTE PTR [edx+3]
movzx ecx, BYTE PTR [ecx+3]
sub eax, ecx
$LN7@memcmp_123:
sar eax, 31
pop edi
or eax, 1
pop esi
ret 0
$LN6@memcmp_123:
pop edi
xor eax, eax
pop esi
ret 0
_memcmp_1235 ENDP

43.1.7. IDA

IDA inline-:
GitHub.

530
 44. C99 RESTRICT 44. C99 RESTRICT

44

C99 restrict

, - FORTRAN, , .
void f1 (int* x, int* y, int* sum, int* product, int* sum_product, int* update_me, size_t s)
{
for (int i=0; i<s; i++)
{
sum[i]=x[i]+y[i];
product[i]=x[i]*y[i];
update_me[i]=i*123; // some dummy value
sum_product[i]=sum[i]+product[i];
};
};

, : update_me
sum, product, sum_product
, ?
, , 4 :
sum[i]
product[i]
update_me[i]
sum_product[i]
sum[i] product[i]
? sum[i] product[i]
, . , ,
! pointer aliasing, , ,
- , .
restrict C99[ISO07, . 6.7.3/1] , , ,
, .
, , restrict , -
, . ,
, ,
restrict.
-:
void f2 (int* restrict x, int* restrict y, int* restrict sum, int* restrict product, int* restrict
sum_product,
int* restrict update_me, size_t s)
{
for (int i=0; i<s; i++)
{
sum[i]=x[i]+y[i];
product[i]=x[i]*y[i];
update_me[i]=i*123; // some dummy value
sum_product[i]=sum[i]+product[i];
};
};

531
 44. C99 RESTRICT 44. C99 RESTRICT
:

44.1: GCC x64: f1()

f1:
push r15 r14 r13 r12 rbp rdi rsi rbx
mov r13, QWORD PTR 120[rsp]
mov rbp, QWORD PTR 104[rsp]
mov r12, QWORD PTR 112[rsp]
test r13, r13
je .L1
add r13, 1
xor ebx, ebx
mov edi, 1
xor r11d, r11d
jmp .L4
.L6:
mov r11, rdi
mov rdi, rax
.L4:
lea rax, 0[0+r11*4]
lea r10, [rcx+rax]
lea r14, [rdx+rax]
lea rsi, [r8+rax]
add rax, r9
mov r15d, DWORD PTR [r10]
add r15d, DWORD PTR [r14]
mov DWORD PTR [rsi], r15d ; sum[]
mov r10d, DWORD PTR [r10]
imul r10d, DWORD PTR [r14]
mov DWORD PTR [rax], r10d ; product[]
mov DWORD PTR [r12+r11*4], ebx ; update_me[]
add ebx, 123
mov r10d, DWORD PTR [rsi] ; sum[i]
add r10d, DWORD PTR [rax] ; product[i]
lea rax, 1[rdi]
cmp rax, r13
mov DWORD PTR 0[rbp+r11*4], r10d ; sum_product[]
jne .L6
.L1:
pop rbx rsi rdi rbp r12 r13 r14 r15
ret

44.2: GCC x64: f2()

f2:
push r13 r12 rbp rdi rsi rbx
mov r13, QWORD PTR 104[rsp]
mov rbp, QWORD PTR 88[rsp]
mov r12, QWORD PTR 96[rsp]
test r13, r13
je .L7
add r13, 1
xor r10d, r10d
mov edi, 1
xor eax, eax
jmp .L10
.L11:
mov rax, rdi
mov rdi, r11
.L10:
mov esi, DWORD PTR [rcx+rax*4]
mov r11d, DWORD PTR [rdx+rax*4]
mov DWORD PTR [r12+rax*4], r10d ; update_me[]
add r10d, 123
lea ebx, [rsi+r11]
imul r11d, esi
mov DWORD PTR [r8+rax*4], ebx ; sum[]
mov DWORD PTR [r9+rax*4], r11d ; product[]
add r11d, ebx
mov DWORD PTR 0[rbp+rax*4], r11d ; sum_product[]

532
 44. C99 RESTRICT 44. C99 RESTRICT
lea r11, 1[rdi]
cmp r11, r13
jne .L11
.L7:
pop rbx rsi rdi rbp r12 r13
ret

f1() f2() : f1(), sum[i] product[i]

, f2() , , ,
sum[i] product[i] , ,
. , .
? ,
.
FORTRAN. , , , ,
restrict , FORTRAN .
? , .
, . /HPC1 , ,
, , FORTRAN, [Loh10].
, , .

1 High-Performance Computing

533
 45. ABS() 45. ABS()

45

abs()

12.2 (. 135) ,
x86 ?
int my_abs (int i)
{
if (i<0)
return i;
else
return i;
};

45.1. GCC 4.9.1 x64

GCC 4.9:

45.1: GCC 4.9 x64

my_abs:
mov edx, edi
mov eax, edi
sar edx, 31
; EDX 0xFFFFFFFF --
; EDX -- ( )
; EDX 0xFFFFFFFF
; , EDX --
xor eax, edx
sub eax, edx
ret

:
31. ,
MSB 1, 32 , . ,
SAR REG, 31 0xFFFFFFFF 0 . -
SAR, EDX. , 0xFFFFFFFF (.. )
( XOR REG, 0xFFFFFFFF ). , ,
0xFFFFFFFF (.. ), 1 ( 1
). , ,
twos complement: 30 (. 471).
, - . -
( ) , .
[War02, . 2-4]. , GCC ,
?

534
 45. ABS() 45. ABS()
45.2. GCC 4.9 ARM64
GCC 4.9 ARM64 , 64- . ,
(asr) .

45.2: GCC 4.9 ARM64

my_abs:
; 32- 64- X0, :
sxtw x0, w0
eor x1, x0, x0, asr 63
; X1=X0^(X0>>63) ( )
sub x0, x1, x0, asr 63
; X0=X1(X0>>63)=X0^(X0>>63)(X0>>63) ( -- )
ret

535
 46. (VARIADIC)
46. (VARIADIC)

46

(variadic)

printf() scanf() . ?

46.1.
, , - ,
.
/++ - - ,
1 .
stdarg.h, .
printf() scanf().
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdarg.h>

int arith_mean(int v, ...)

{
va_list args;
int sum=v, count=1, i;
va_start(args, v);

while(1)
{
i=va_arg(args, int);
if (i==1) //
break;
sum=sum+i;
count++;
}

va_end(args);
return sum/count;
};

int main()
{
printf ("%d\n", arith_mean (1, 2, 7, 10, 15, 1 /* */));
};

.
va_arg, .
?

46.1.1. cdecl

536
 46. (VARIADIC)
46. (VARIADIC)
46.1: MSVC 6.0
_v$ = 8
_arith_mean PROC NEAR
mov eax, DWORD PTR _v$[esp4] ; sum
push esi
mov esi, 1 ; count=1
lea edx, DWORD PTR _v$[esp] ;
$L838:
mov ecx, DWORD PTR [edx+4] ;
add edx, 4 ;
cmp ecx, 1 ; 1?
je SHORT $L856 ; ,
add eax, ecx ; sum = sum +
inc esi ; count++
jmp SHORT $L838
$L856:
;

cdq
idiv esi
pop esi
ret 0
_arith_mean ENDP

$SG851 DB '%d', 0aH, 00H

_main PROC NEAR

push 1
push 15
push 10
push 7
push 2
push 1
call _arith_mean
push eax
push OFFSET FLAT:$SG851 ; '%d'
call _printf
add esp, 32
ret 0
_main ENDP

, , main() .
. ( 1) .
arith_mean() sum. ,
EDX, , sum, ,
, 1.
, ( 1) .
, , , ,
. cdecl
. , , printf(),
.

46.1.2.

, ,
? :

46.2: MSVC 2012 x64

$SG3013 DB '%d', 0aH, 00H

v$ = 8
arith_mean PROC
mov DWORD PTR [rsp+8], ecx ;
mov QWORD PTR [rsp+16], rdx ;
mov QWORD PTR [rsp+24], r8 ;

537
 46. (VARIADIC)
46. (VARIADIC)
mov eax, ecx ; sum =
lea rcx, QWORD PTR v$[rsp+8] ;
mov QWORD PTR [rsp+32], r9 ; 4-
mov edx, DWORD PTR [rcx] ;
mov r8d, 1 ; count=1
cmp edx, 1 ; 1?
je SHORT $LN8@arith_mean ; ,
$LL3@arith_mean:
add eax, edx ; sum = sum +
mov edx, DWORD PTR [rcx+8] ;
lea rcx, QWORD PTR [rcx+8] ; ,
inc r8d ; count++
cmp edx, 1 ; 1?
jne SHORT $LL3@arith_mean ; ,
$LN8@arith_mean:
;
cdq
idiv r8d
ret 0
arith_mean ENDP

main PROC
sub rsp, 56
mov edx, 2
mov DWORD PTR [rsp+40], 1
mov DWORD PTR [rsp+32], 15
lea r9d, QWORD PTR [rdx+8]
lea r8d, QWORD PTR [rdx+5]
lea ecx, QWORD PTR [rdx1]
call arith_mean
lea rcx, OFFSET FLAT:$SG3013
mov edx, eax
call printf
xor eax, eax
add rsp, 56
ret 0
main ENDP

, 4 . arith_mean()
4 Shadow Space Shadow Space
!
GCC? , :
red zone, , :

46.3: GCC 4.9.1 x64

arith_mean:
lea rax, [rsp+8]
; 6 "red zone"
mov QWORD PTR [rsp40], rsi
mov QWORD PTR [rsp32], rdx
mov QWORD PTR [rsp16], r8
mov QWORD PTR [rsp24], rcx
mov esi, 8
mov QWORD PTR [rsp64], rax
lea rax, [rsp48]
mov QWORD PTR [rsp8], r9
mov DWORD PTR [rsp72], 8
lea rdx, [rsp+8]
mov r8d, 1
mov QWORD PTR [rsp56], rax
jmp .L5
.L7:
;
lea rax, [rsp48]
mov ecx, esi
add esi, 8
add rcx, rax
mov ecx, DWORD PTR [rcx]
cmp ecx, 1

538
 46. (VARIADIC)
46. (VARIADIC)
je .L4
.L8:
add edi, ecx
add r8d, 1
.L5:
; ,
; 6?
cmp esi, 47
jbe .L7 ; ,
;
mov rcx, rdx
add rdx, 8
mov ecx, DWORD PTR [rcx]
cmp ecx, 1
jne .L8
.L4:
mov eax, edi
cdq
idiv r8d
ret

.LC1:
.string "%d\n"
main:
sub rsp, 8
mov edx, 7
mov esi, 2
mov edi, 1
mov r9d, 1
mov r8d, 15
mov ecx, 10
xor eax, eax
call arith_mean
mov esi, OFFSET FLAT:.LC1
mov edx, eax
mov edi, 1
xor eax, eax
add rsp, 8
jmp __printf_chk

, Shadow Space : 64.8 (. 695).

46.2. vprintf()
,
printf() + .
die(), .
- printf().
? v . vprintf():
va_list:
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdarg.h>

void die (const char * fmt, ...)

{
va_list va;
va_start (va, fmt);

vprintf (fmt, va);

exit(0);
};

, , va_list . :

46.4: MSVC 2010

539
 46. (VARIADIC)
46. (VARIADIC)
_fmt$ = 8
_die PROC
; ( )
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _fmt$[esp4]
;
lea eax, DWORD PTR _fmt$[esp]
push eax ;
push ecx
call _vprintf
add esp, 8
push 0
call _exit
$LN3@die:
int 3
_die ENDP

, , vprintf(),
, !

46.5: MSVC 2012 x64

fmt$ = 48
die PROC
; 4 Shadow Space
mov QWORD PTR [rsp+8], rcx
mov QWORD PTR [rsp+16], rdx
mov QWORD PTR [rsp+24], r8
mov QWORD PTR [rsp+32], r9
sub rsp, 40
lea rdx, QWORD PTR fmt$[rsp+8] ;
; RCX ( ) - die()
; vprintf() RCX
call vprintf
xor ecx, ecx
call exit
int 3
die ENDP

540
 47. 47.

47

/ .
, , (CR1 /LF2 )
:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

char* str_trim (char *s)

{
char c;
size_t str_len;

// , \r \n
// , - ,
// ( , )
for (str_len=strlen(s); str_len>0 && (c=s[str_len1]); str_len)
{
if (c=='\r' || c=='\n')
s[str_len1]=0;
else
break;
};
return s;
};

int main()
{
//

// strdup() ,
// Linux,
// ,
// .

printf ("[%s]\n", str_trim (strdup("")));

printf ("[%s]\n", str_trim (strdup("\n")));
printf ("[%s]\n", str_trim (strdup("\r")));
printf ("[%s]\n", str_trim (strdup("\n\r")));
printf ("[%s]\n", str_trim (strdup("\r\n")));
printf ("[%s]\n", str_trim (strdup("test1\r\n")));
printf ("[%s]\n", str_trim (strdup("test2\n\r")));
printf ("[%s]\n", str_trim (strdup("test3\n\r\n\r")));
printf ("[%s]\n", str_trim (strdup("test4\n")));
printf ("[%s]\n", str_trim (strdup("test5\r")));
printf ("[%s]\n", str_trim (strdup("test6\r\r\r")));
};

, ,
, main().
1 Carriage return ( ) (13 \r /++)
2 Line feed ( ) (10 \n /++)

541
 47. 47.
for() (str_len>0 && (c=s[str_len-1])) /++ short-circuit ( )
: [Yur13, . 1.3.8]. /++ .
, .

47.1. x64: MSVC 2013

47.1: MSVC 2013 x64

s$ = 8
str_trim PROC

; RCX ,

; strlen() :
; RAX 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF (1)
or rax, 1
$LL14@str_trim:
inc rax
cmp BYTE PTR [rcx+rax], 0
jne SHORT $LL14@str_trim
; 0?
test eax, eax
$LN18@str_trim:
je SHORT $LN15@str_trim
; RAX
; ( - ),
; LEA RDX... LEA EDX...
lea edx, DWORD PTR [rax1]
; : EAX
mov eax, edx
; s[str_len1]
movzx eax, BYTE PTR [rdx+rcx]
; R8
lea r8, QWORD PTR [rdx+rcx]
cmp al, 13 ; is it '\r'?
je SHORT $LN2@str_trim
cmp al, 10 ; is it '\n'?
jne SHORT $LN15@str_trim
$LN2@str_trim:
; 0
mov BYTE PTR [r8], 0
mov eax, edx
; 0, ...
test edx, edx
jmp SHORT $LN18@str_trim
$LN15@str_trim:
; "s"
mov rax, rcx
ret 0
str_trim ENDP

, MSVC strlen() , ,
strlen() + . inlining: 43 (. 522).
strlen() , OR RAX, 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. ,
MSVC OR MOV RAX, 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF, . ,
: , -1 (twos complement):
30 (. 471).
- , -1 strlen()? ,
. MSVC:

47.2: strlen() MSVC 2013 x64

; RCX =
; RAX =
or rax, 1
label:
inc rax

542
 47. 47.
cmp BYTE PTR [rcx+rax], 0
jne SHORT label
; RAX =

, ! , :

47.3: strlen()
; RCX =
; RAX =
xor rax, rax
label:
cmp byte ptr [rcx+rax], 0
jz exit
inc rax
jmp label
exit:
; RAX =

. JMP!
MSVC 2013, INC .
, , RAX 0 , 0.
. . strlen(),
3 . 4: , -
, . $LN18@str_trim, JE,
, strlen().
JE ! , , MSVC .
, , , : 33.1 (. 476).

47.2. x64: GCC 4.9.1

str_trim:
push rbp
mov rbp, rsp
sub rsp, 32
mov QWORD PTR [rbp24], rdi
; for()
mov rax, QWORD PTR [rbp24]
mov rdi, rax
call strlen
mov QWORD PTR [rbp8], rax ; str_len
; for()
jmp .L2
; for()
.L5:
cmp BYTE PTR [rbp9], 13 ; c=='\r'?
je .L3
cmp BYTE PTR [rbp9], 10 ; c=='\n'?
jne .L4
.L3:
mov rax, QWORD PTR [rbp8] ; str_len
lea rdx, [rax1] ; EDX=str_len1
mov rax, QWORD PTR [rbp24] ; s
add rax, rdx ; RAX=s+str_len1
mov BYTE PTR [rax], 0 ; s[str_len1]=0
; for()
; for()
sub QWORD PTR [rbp8], 1 ; str_len
; for()
.L2:
; for()
cmp QWORD PTR [rbp8], 0 ; str_len==0?
je .L4 ;
; , "c"
mov rax, QWORD PTR [rbp8] ; RAX=str_len
lea rdx, [rax1] ; RDX=str_len1

543
 47. 47.
mov rax, QWORD PTR [rbp24] ; RAX=s
add rax, rdx ; RAX=s+str_len1
movzx eax, BYTE PTR [rax] ; AL=s[str_len1]
mov BYTE PTR [rbp9], al ; "c"
cmp BYTE PTR [rbp9], 0 ; ?
jne .L5 ; ?
; for()
.L4:
; "s"
mov rax, QWORD PTR [rbp24]
leave
ret

. strlen(), L2,
, . , (str_len==0)
( short-circuit).
:
for() ( strlen())
goto L2
L5: for(). ,
for() ( str_len)
L2: for(): , . , .
L4: //
return s

47.3. x64: GCC 4.9.1

str_trim:
push rbx
mov rbx, rdi
; RBX "s"
call strlen
; str_len==0 ,
test rax, rax
je .L9
lea rdx, [rax1]
; RDX str_len1 , str_len
; RDX
lea rsi, [rbx+rdx] ; RSI=s+str_len1
movzx ecx, BYTE PTR [rsi] ;
test cl, cl
je .L9 ; ,
cmp cl, 10
je .L4
cmp cl, 13 ; , '\n' '\r'
jne .L9
.L4:
; . RSI=s-1
; , MOV RSI, EBX / DEC RSI
;
sub rsi, rax
; RSI = s+str_len1str_len = s1
;
.L12:
test rdx, rdx
; s1+str_len1+1 = s1+str_len = s+str_len1
mov BYTE PTR [rsi+1+rdx], 0
; str_len1==0. , .
je .L9
sub rdx, 1 ; str_len
; s+str_len1
movzx ecx, BYTE PTR [rbx+rdx]
test cl, cl ; ?

544
 47. 47.
je .L9
cmp cl, 10 ; '\n'?
je .L12
cmp cl, 13 ; '\r'?
je .L12
.L9:
; "s"
mov rax, rbx
pop rbx
ret

. ,
CR/LF! ?
, :
( ) CR/LF,

GCC . , ,
:
. CR/LF, CR/LF
( )
CR/LF,
, .
str_len, str_len-1. . , GCC
, str_len-1 . ,
1, 1 ( ,
str_len).

47.4. ARM64: GCC (Linaro) 4.9

:

47.4: GCC (Linaro) 4.9

str_trim:
stp x29, x30, [sp, 48]!
add x29, sp, 0
str x0, [x29,24] ;
ldr x0, [x29,24] ; s
bl strlen
str x0, [x29,40] ; str_len
b .L2
;
.L5:
ldrb w0, [x29,39]
; W0=c
cmp w0, 13 ; '\r'?
beq .L3
ldrb w0, [x29,39]
; W0=c
cmp w0, 10 ; '\n'?
bne .L4 ; ,
.L3:
ldr x0, [x29,40]
; X0=str_len
sub x0, x0, #1
; X0=str_len1
ldr x1, [x29,24]
; X1=s
add x0, x1, x0
; X0=s+str_len1
strb wzr, [x0] ; s+str_len1
; str_len:
ldr x0, [x29,40]

545
 47. 47.
; X0=str_len
sub x0, x0, #1
; X0=str_len1
str x0, [x29,40]
; X0 ( str_len-1)
.L2:
ldr x0, [x29,40]
; str_len==0?
cmp x0, xzr
; ,
beq .L4
ldr x0, [x29,40]
; X0=str_len
sub x0, x0, #1
; X0=str_len1
ldr x1, [x29,24]
; X1=s
add x0, x1, x0
; X0=s+str_len1
; s+str_len1 W0
ldrb w0, [x0]
strb w0, [x29,39] ; "c"
ldrb w0, [x29,39] ;
; ?
cmp w0, wzr
; , , L5,
bne .L5
.L4:
; s
ldr x0, [x29,24]
ldp x29, x30, [sp], 48
ret

47.5. ARM64: GCC (Linaro) 4.9

. 10 ( LF).
, . :
47.3 (. 544).
47.5: GCC (Linaro) 4.9
str_trim:
stp x29, x30, [sp, 32]!
add x29, sp, 0
str x19, [sp,16]
mov x19, x0
; X19 "s"
bl strlen
; X0=str_len
cbz x0, .L9 ; L9 (), str_len==0
sub x1, x0, #1
; X1=X01=str_len1
add x3, x19, x1
; X3=X19+X1=s+str_len1
ldrb w2, [x19,x1] ; X19+X1=s+str_len1
; W2=
cbz w2, .L9 ; ?
cmp w2, 10 ; '\n'?
bne .L15
.L12:
; . 10 13!
sub x2, x1, x0
; X2=X1X0=str_len1str_len=1
add x2, x3, x2
; X2=X3+X2=s+str_len1+(1)=s+str_len2
strb wzr, [x2,1] ; s+str_len2+1=s+str_len1
cbz x1, .L9 ; str_len1==0? ,
sub x1, x1, #1 ; str_len

546
 47. 47.
ldrb w2, [x19,x1] ; X19+X1=s+str_len1
cmp w2, 10 ; '\n'?
cbz w2, .L9 ; ,
beq .L12 ; , '\n'
.L15:
cmp w2, 13 ; '\r'?
beq .L12 ; ,
.L9:
; "s"
mov x0, x19
ldr x19, [sp,16]
ldp x29, x30, [sp], 32
ret

47.6. ARM: Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)

, ARM, .

47.6: Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)

str_trim PROC
PUSH {r4,lr}
; R0=s
MOV r4,r0
; R4=s
BL strlen ; strlen() "s" R0
; R0=str_len
MOV r3,#0
; R3 0
|L0.16|
CMP r0,#0 ; str_len==0?
ADDNE r2,r4,r0 ; ( str_len!=0) R2=R4+R0=s+str_len
LDRBNE r1,[r2,#1] ; ( str_len!=0) R1= R21=s+str_len1
CMPNE r1,#0 ; ( str_len!=0) 0
BEQ |L0.56| ; , str_len==0 - 0
CMP r1,#0xd ; - '\r'?
CMPNE r1,#0xa ; ( - '\r') - '\r'?
SUBEQ r0,r0,#1 ; ( - '\r' '\n') R0 str_len
STRBEQ r3,[r2,#1] ; ( - '\r' '\n') R3 ()
R21=s+str_len1
BEQ |L0.16| ; , '\r' '\n'
|L0.56|
; "s"
MOV r0,r4
POP {r4,pc}
ENDP

47.7. ARM: Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb)

Thumb , .
0x20 0x19. Keil ? , . ,
. , .

47.7: Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb)

str_trim PROC
PUSH {r4,lr}
MOVS r4,r0
; R4=s
BL strlen ; strlen() "s" R0
; R0=str_len
MOVS r3,#0
; R3 0
B |L0.24|
|L0.12|

547
 47. 47.
CMP r1,#0xd ; - '\r'?
BEQ |L0.20|
CMP r1,#0xa ; - '\n'?
BNE |L0.38| ; ,
|L0.20|
SUBS r0,r0,#1 ; R0 str_len
STRB r3,[r2,#0x1f] ; 0 R2+0x1F=s+str_len0x20+0x1F=s+str_len1
|L0.24|
CMP r0,#0 ; str_len==0?
BEQ |L0.38| ; ?
ADDS r2,r4,r0 ; R2=R4+R0=s+str_len
SUBS r2,r2,#0x20 ; R2=R20x20=s+str_len0x20
LDRB r1,[r2,#0x1f] ; R2+0x1F=s+str_len0x20+0x1F=s+str_len1 R1
CMP r1,#0 ; - 0?
BNE |L0.12| ; , 0
|L0.38|
; "s"
MOVS r0,r4
POP {r4,pc}
ENDP

47.8. MIPS

47.8: GCC 4.4.5 (IDA)

str_trim:
; IDA , :
saved_GP = 0x10
saved_S0 = 8
saved_RA = 4

lui $gp, (__gnu_local_gp >> 16)

addiu $sp, 0x20
la $gp, (__gnu_local_gp & 0xFFFF)
sw $ra, 0x20+saved_RA($sp)
sw $s0, 0x20+saved_S0($sp)
sw $gp, 0x20+saved_GP($sp)
; strlen(). $a0, strlen() :
lw $t9, (strlen & 0xFFFF)($gp)
or $at, $zero ; load delay slot, NOP
jalr $t9
; $a0, $s0:
move $s0, $a0 ; branch delay slot
; strlen() (.. ) $v0
; , $v0==0 (.. 0):
beqz $v0, exit
or $at, $zero ; branch delay slot, NOP
addiu $a1, $v0, 1
; $a1 = $v01 = str_len1
addu $a1, $s0, $a1
; $a1 = + $a1 = s+strlen1
; $a1:
lb $a0, 0($a1)
or $at, $zero ; load delay slot, NOP
; - ? , :
beqz $a0, exit
or $at, $zero ; branch delay slot, NOP
addiu $v1, $v0, 2
; $v1 = str_len2
addu $v1, $s0, $v1
; $v1 = $s0+$v1 = s+str_len2
li $a2, 0xD
; :
b loc_6C
li $a3, 0xA ; branch delay slot
loc_5C:
; $a0:

548
 47. 47.
lb $a0, 0($v1)
move $a1, $v1
; $a1=s+str_len2
; , - :
beqz $a0, exit
; str_len:
addiu $v1, 1 ; branch delay slot
loc_6C:
; , $a0= , $a2=0xD ( CR) $a3=0xA ( LF)
; - CR? loc_7C:
beq $a0, $a2, loc_7C
addiu $v0, 1 ; branch delay slot
; - LF? , LF:
bne $a0, $a3, exit
or $at, $zero ; branch delay slot, NOP
loc_7C:
; CR
; loc_5c ( ) str_len ( $v0) :
bnez $v0, loc_5C
; , :
sb $zero, 0($a1) ; branch delay slot
; "exit" :
exit:
lw $ra, 0x20+saved_RA($sp)
move $v0, $s0
lw $s0, 0x20+saved_S0($sp)
jr $ra
addiu $sp, 0x20 ; branch delay slot

S- saved temporaries, , $S0 -

.

549
 48. TOUPPER() 48. TOUPPER()

48

toupper()

, :
char toupper (char c)
{
if(c>='a' && c<='z')
return c'a'+'A';
else
return c;
}

'a'+'A' , , 1 .
ASCII- a 97 ( 0x61), 65 ( 0x41) A. ( )
ASCII- 32 ( 0x20).
, 7- ASCII:

. 48.1: 7- ASCII Emacs

48.1. x64

48.1.1.

MSVC : , [97..122] ( -
[a. .z] ) 32 . :

48.1: MSVC 2013 (x64)

1 c$ = 8
2 toupper PROC
3 mov BYTE PTR [rsp+8], cl
4 movsx eax, BYTE PTR c$[rsp]
5 cmp eax, 97
6 jl SHORT $LN2@toupper
7 movsx eax, BYTE PTR c$[rsp]
8 cmp eax, 122
1 , , , .

550
 48. TOUPPER() 48. TOUPPER()
9 jg SHORT $LN2@toupper
10 movsx eax, BYTE PTR c$[rsp]
11 sub eax, 32
12 jmp SHORT $LN3@toupper
13 jmp SHORT $LN1@toupper ; compiler artefact
14 $LN2@toupper:
15 movzx eax, BYTE PTR c$[rsp] ; unnecessary casting
16 $LN1@toupper:
17 $LN3@toupper: ; compiler artefact
18 ret 0
19 toupper ENDP

( 3) 64- .
([8..63]) , .. ( ).
, . MOVZX 15
32- int, .
GCC :

48.2: GCC 4.9 (x64)

toupper:
push rbp
mov rbp, rsp
mov eax, edi
mov BYTE PTR [rbp4], al
cmp BYTE PTR [rbp4], 96
jle .L2
cmp BYTE PTR [rbp4], 122
jg .L2
movzx eax, BYTE PTR [rbp4]
sub eax, 32
jmp .L3
.L2:
movzx eax, BYTE PTR [rbp4]
.L3:
pop rbp
ret

48.1.2.

MSVC , :

48.3: MSVC 2013 (x64)

toupper PROC
lea eax, DWORD PTR [rcx97]
cmp al, 25
ja SHORT $LN2@toupper
movsx eax, cl
sub eax, 32
ret 0
$LN2@toupper:
movzx eax, cl
ret 0
toupper ENDP

, : 42.2.1 (. 520).
/++ :
int tmp=c97;

if (tmp>25)
return c;
else
return c32;

551
 48. TOUPPER() 48. TOUPPER()
tmp . ,
.
.
GCC , ( : 33.1 (. 476))
CMOVcc:

48.4: GCC 4.9 (x64)

1 toupper:
2 lea edx, [rdi97] ; 0x61
3 lea eax, [rdi32] ; 0x20
4 cmp dl, 25
5 cmova eax, edi
6 ret

3 , .
5 EAX , . (-
, ), . ,
.

48.2. ARM
Keil ARM :

48.5: Keil 6/2013 ( ARM)

toupper PROC
SUB r1,r0,#0x61
CMP r1,#0x19
SUBLS r0,r0,#0x20
ANDLS r0,r0,#0xff
BX lr
ENDP

SUBLS ANDLS R1 0x19 ( ). .

Keil Thumb :

48.6: Keil 6/2013 ( Thumb)

toupper PROC
MOVS r1,r0
SUBS r1,r1,#0x61
CMP r1,#0x19
BHI |L0.14|
SUBS r0,r0,#0x20
LSLS r0,r0,#24
LSRS r0,r0,#24
|L0.14|
BX lr
ENDP

LSLS LSRS AND reg, 0xFF: /++- (i << 24) >> 24.
, Keil Thumb 2- ,
0xFF AND.

48.2.1. GCC ARM64

48.7: GCC 4.9 (ARM64)

toupper:
sub sp, sp, #16
strb w0, [sp,15]
ldrb w0, [sp,15]
cmp w0, 96
bls .L2
ldrb w0, [sp,15]

552
 48. TOUPPER() 48. TOUPPER()
cmp w0, 122
bhi .L2
ldrb w0, [sp,15]
sub w0, w0, #32
uxtb w0, w0
b .L3
.L2:
ldrb w0, [sp,15]
.L3:
add sp, sp, 16
ret

48.8: GCC 4.9 (ARM64)

toupper:
uxtb w0, w0
sub w1, w0, #97
uxtb w1, w1
cmp w1, 25
bhi .L2
sub w0, w0, #32
uxtb w0, w0
.L2:
ret

48.3.
reverse engineer
.

553
 49. 49.

49

reverse engineer- .

49.1. (x86)
ARM MIPS ( 2 4 ), x86- ,
, , x86-, .
:
add [ebp31F7Bh], cl
dec dword ptr [ecx3277Bh]
dec dword ptr [ebp2CF7Bh]
inc dword ptr [ebx7A76F33Ch]
fdiv st(4), st
db 0FFh
dec dword ptr [ecx21F7Bh]
dec dword ptr [ecx22373h]
dec dword ptr [ecx2276Bh]
dec dword ptr [ecx22B63h]
dec dword ptr [ecx22F4Bh]
dec dword ptr [ecx23343h]
jmp dword ptr [esi74h]
xchg eax, ebp
clc
std
db 0FFh
db 0FFh
mov word ptr [ebp214h], cs ; <
mov word ptr [ebp238h], ds
mov word ptr [ebp23Ch], es
mov word ptr [ebp240h], fs
mov word ptr [ebp244h], gs
pushf
pop dword ptr [ebp210h]
mov eax, [ebp+4]
mov [ebp218h], eax
lea eax, [ebp+4]
mov [ebp20Ch], eax
mov dword ptr [ebp2D0h], 10001h
mov eax, [eax4]
mov [ebp21Ch], eax
mov eax, [ebp+0Ch]
mov [ebp320h], eax
mov eax, [ebp+10h]
mov [ebp31Ch], eax
mov eax, [ebp+4]
mov [ebp314h], eax
call ds:IsDebuggerPresent
mov edi, eax
lea eax, [ebp328h]
push eax

554
 49. 49.
call sub_407663
pop ecx
test eax, eax
jnz short loc_402D7B

, , ,
.

49.2. ?
, , :
. x86- PUSH, MOV, CALL, -
: FPU-, IN/ OUT, ,
. .
, , immediates.
.

49.1: (x86)
mov bl, 0Ch
mov ecx, 0D38558Dh
mov eax, ds:2C869A86h
db 67h
mov dl, 0CCh
insb
movsb
push eax
xor [edx53h], ah
fcom qword ptr [edi45A0EF72h]
pop esp
pop ss
in eax, dx
dec ebx
push esp
lds esp, [esi41h]
retf
rcl dword ptr [eax], cl
mov cl, 9Ch
mov ch, 0DFh
push cs
insb
mov esi, 0D9C65E4Dh
imul ebp, [ecx], 66h
pushf
sal dword ptr [ebp64h], cl
sub eax, 0AC433D64h
out 8Ch, eax
pop ss
sbb [eax], ebx
aas
xchg cl, [ebx+ebx*4+14B31Eh]
jecxz short near ptr loc_58+1
xor al, 0C6h
inc edx
db 36h
pusha
stosb
test [ebx], ebx
sub al, 0D3h ; 'L'
pop eax
stosb

loc_58: ; CODE XREF: seg000:0000004A

test [esi], eax
inc ebp
das

555
 49. 49.
db 64h
pop ecx
das
hlt

pop edx
out 0B0h, al
lodsb
push ebx
cdq
out dx, al
sub al, 0Ah
sti
outsd
add dword ptr [edx], 96FCBE4Bh
and eax, 0E537EE4Fh
inc esp
stosd
cdq
push ecx
in al, 0CBh
mov ds:0D114C45Ch, al
mov esi, 659D1985h

49.2: (x86-64)
lea esi, [rax+rdx*4+43558D29h]

loc_AF3: ; CODE XREF: seg000:0000000000000B46

rcl byte ptr [rsi+rax*8+29BB423Ah], 1
lea ecx, cs:0FFFFFFFFB2A6780Fh
mov al, 96h
mov ah, 0CEh
push rsp
lods byte ptr [esi]

db 2Fh ; /

pop rsp
db 64h
retf 0E993h

cmp ah, [rax+4Ah]

movzx rsi, dword ptr [rbp25h]
push 4Ah
movzx rdi, dword ptr [rdi+rdx*8]

db 9Ah

rcr byte ptr [rax+1Dh], cl

lodsd
xor [rbp+6CF20173h], edx
xor [rbp+66F8B593h], edx
push rbx
sbb ch, [rbx0Fh]
stosd
int 87h
db 46h, 4Ch
out 33h, rax
xchg eax, ebp
test ecx, ebp
movsd
leave
push rsp

db 16h

xchg eax, esi

pop rdi

556
 49. 49.
loc_B3D: ; CODE XREF: seg000:0000000000000B5F
mov ds:93CA685DF98A90F9h, eax
jnz short near ptr loc_AF3+6
out dx, eax
cwde
mov bh, 5Dh ; ']'
movsb
pop rbp

49.3: (ARM ( ARM))

BLNE 0xFE16A9D8
BGE 0x1634D0C
SVCCS 0x450685
STRNVT R5, [PC],#0x964
LDCGE p6, c14, [R0],#0x168
STCCSL p9, c9, [LR],#0x14C
CMNHIP PC, R10,LSL#22
FLDMIADNV LR!, {D4}
MCR p5, 2, R2,c15,c6, 4
BLGE 0x1139558
BLGT 0xFF9146E4
STRNEB R5, [R4],#0xCA2
STMNEIB R5, {R0,R4,R6,R7,R9SP,PC}
STMIA R8, {R0,R2R4,R7,R8,R10,SP,LR}^
STRB SP, [R8],PC,ROR#18
LDCCS p9, c13, [R6,#0x1BC]
LDRGE R8, [R9,#0x66E]
STRNEB R5, [R8],#0x8C3
STCCSL p15, c9, [R7,#0x84]
RSBLS LR, R2, R11,ASR LR
SVCGT 0x9B0362
SVCGT 0xA73173
STMNEDB R11!, {R0,R1,R4R6,R8,R10,R11,SP}
STR R0, [R3],#0xCE4
LDCGT p15, c8, [R1,#0x2CC]
LDRCCB R1, [R11],R7,ROR#30
BLLT 0xFED9D58C
BL 0x13E60F4
LDMVSIB R3!, {R1,R4R7}^
USATNE R10, #7, SP,LSL#11
LDRGEB LR, [R1],#0xE56
STRPLT R9, [LR],#0x567
LDRLT R11, [R1],#0x29B
SVCNV 0x12DB29
MVNNVS R5, SP,LSL#25
LDCL p8, c14, [R12,#0x288]
STCNEL p2, c6, [R6,#0xBC]!
SVCNV 0x2E5A2F
BLX 0x1A8C97E
TEQGE R3, #0x1100000
STMLSIA R6, {R3,R6,R10,R11,SP}
BICPLS R12, R2, #0x5800
BNE 0x7CC408
TEQGE R2, R4,LSL#20
SUBS R1, R11, #0x28C
BICVS R3, R12, R7,ASR R0
LDRMI R7, [LR],R3,LSL#21
BLMI 0x1A79234
STMVCDB R6, {R0R3,R6,R7,R10,R11}
EORMI R12, R6, #0xC5
MCRRCS p1, 0xF, R1,R3,c2

49.4: (ARM ( Thumb))

LSRS R3, R6, #0x12
LDRH R1, [R7,#0x2C]
SUBS R0, #0x55 ; 'U'
ADR R1, loc_3C
LDR R2, [SP,#0x218]

557
 49. 49.
CMP R4, #0x86
SXTB R7, R4
LDR R4, [R1,#0x4C]
STR R4, [R4,R2]
STR R0, [R6,#0x20]
BGT 0xFFFFFF72
LDRH R7, [R2,#0x34]
LDRSH R0, [R2,R4]
LDRB R2, [R7,R2]

DCB 0x17
DCB 0xED

STRB R3, [R1,R1]

STR R5, [R0,#0x6C]
LDMIA R3, {R0R5,R7}
ASRS R3, R2, #3
LDR R4, [SP,#0x2C4]
SVC 0xB5
LDR R6, [R1,#0x40]
LDR R5, =0xB2C5CA32
STMIA R6, {R1R4,R6}
LDR R1, [R3,#0x3C]
STR R1, [R5,#0x60]
BCC 0xFFFFFF70
LDR R4, [SP,#0x1D4]
STR R5, [R5,#0x40]
ORRS R5, R7

loc_3C ; DATA XREF: ROM:00000006

B 0xFFFFFF98

49.5: (MIPS little endian)

lw $t9, 0xCB3($t5)
sb $t5, 0x3855($t0)
sltiu $a2, $a0, 0x657A
ldr $t4, 0x4D99($a2)
daddi $s0, $s1, 0x50A4
lw $s7, 0x2353($s4)
bgtzl $a1, 0x17C5C

.byte 0x17
.byte 0xED
.byte 0x4B # K
.byte 0x54 # T

lwc2 $31, 0x66C5($sp)

lwu $s1, 0x10D3($a1)
ldr $t6, 0x204B($zero)
lwc1 $f30, 0x4DBE($s2)
daddiu $t1, $s1, 0x6BD9
lwu $s5, 0x2C64($v1)
cop0 0x13D642D
bne $gp, $t4, 0xFFFF9EF0
lh $ra, 0x1819($s1)
sdl $fp, 0x6474($t8)
jal 0x78C0050
ori $v0, $s2, 0xC634
blez $gp, 0xFFFEA9D4
swl $t8, 0x2CD4($s2)
sltiu $a1, $k0, 0x685
sdc1 $f15, 0x5964($at)
sw $s0, 0x19A6($a1)
sltiu $t6, $a3, 0x66AD
lb $t7, 0x4F6($t3)
sd $fp, 0x4B02($a1)

, ( -
), , , .

558
 50. 50.

50

( ) reverse engineer- .

50.1.
(57 (. 672)) .
, IDA .
.
:
mov byte ptr [ebx], 'h'
mov byte ptr [ebx+1], 'e'
mov byte ptr [ebx+2], 'l'
mov byte ptr [ebx+3], 'l'
mov byte ptr [ebx+4], 'o'
mov byte ptr [ebx+5], ' '
mov byte ptr [ebx+6], 'w'
mov byte ptr [ebx+7], 'o'
mov byte ptr [ebx+8], 'r'
mov byte ptr [ebx+9], 'l'
mov byte ptr [ebx+10], 'd'

:
mov ebx, offset username
cmp byte ptr [ebx], 'j'
jnz fail
cmp byte ptr [ebx+1], 'o'
jnz fail
cmp byte ptr [ebx+2], 'h'
jnz fail
cmp byte ptr [ebx+3], 'n'
jnz fail
jz it_is_john

, .
, , , -
, PIC, -.
sprintf() :
sprintf(buf, "%s%c%s%c%s", "hel",'l',"o w",'o',"rld");

, -, .
, , -
. : 78.2 (. 778).

559
 50. 50.
50.2.

50.2.1.

( ), ,
.
:

50.1:
add eax, ebx
mul ecx

50.2: obfuscated code

xor esi, 011223344h ;
add esi, eax ;
add eax, ebx
mov edx, eax ;
shl edx, 4 ;
mul ecx
xor esi, ecx ;

- , (ESI EDX). ,
-
?

50.2.2.

MOV op1, op2 PUSH op2 / POP op1.

JMP label PUSH label / RET. IDA .
CALL label : PUSH label_after_CALL_instruction
/ PUSH label / RET.
PUSH op : SUB ESP, 4 ( 8) / MOV [ESP], op.

50.2.3. /

, ESI 0 :
mov esi, 1
... ; - ESI
dec esi
... ; - ESI
cmp esi, 0
jz real_code
;
real_code:

Reverse engineer- - .
opaque predicate.
( , ESI ):
add eax, ebx ;
mul ecx ;
add eax, esi ; opaque predicate. ADD XOR, AND SHL, ..

560
 50. 50.
50.2.4.

instruction 1
instruction 2
instruction 3

:
begin: jmp ins1_label

ins2_label: instruction 2
jmp ins3_label

ins3_label: instruction 3
jmp exit:

ins1_label: instruction 1
jmp ins2_label
exit:

50.2.5.

dummy_data1 db 100h dup (0)

message1 db 'hello world',0

dummy_data2 db 200h dup (0)

message2 db 'another message',0

func proc
...
mov eax, offset dummy_data1 ; PE or ELF reloc here
add eax, 100h
push eax
call dump_string
...
mov eax, offset dummy_data2 ; PE or ELF reloc here
add eax, 200h
push eax
call dump_string
...
func endp

IDA dummy_data1 dummy_data2, .

.

50.3. / -
ISA . ( Visual Basic
5.0, .NET or Java machines). Reverse engineer- -
ISA. - / .

50.4. -
( ) Tiny C : http://go.
yurichev.com/17220.
MOV : [Dol13].

561
 50. 50.
50.5.

50.5.1. #1

, Tiny C 1 . ,
.
beginners.re.
: G.1.15 (. 991).

1 blog.yurichev.com

562
 51. ++ 51. ++

51

++

51.1.

51.1.1.

++ , .
, :
#include <stdio.h>

class c
{
private:
int v1;
int v2;
public:
c() //
{
v1=667;
v2=999;
};

c(int a, int b) //
{
v1=a;
v2=b;
};

void dump()
{
printf ("%d; %d\n", v1, v2);
};
};

int main()
{
class c c1;
class c c2(5,6);

c1.dump();
c2.dump();

return 0;
};

MSVC x86

main() :

563
 51. ++ 51. ++
51.1: MSVC
_c2$ = 16 ; size = 8
_c1$ = 8 ; size = 8
_main PROC
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
sub esp, 16
lea ecx, DWORD PTR _c1$[ebp]
call ??0c@@QAE@XZ ; c::c
push 6
push 5
lea ecx, DWORD PTR _c2$[ebp]
call ??0c@@QAE@HH@Z ; c::c
lea ecx, DWORD PTR _c1$[ebp]
call ?dump@c@@QAEXXZ ; c::dump
lea ecx, DWORD PTR _c2$[ebp]
call ?dump@c@@QAEXXZ ; c::dump
xor eax, eax
mov esp, ebp
pop ebp
ret 0
_main ENDP

. c 8 , ,
.
c1 ??0c@@QAE@XZ. c2
??0c@@QAE@HH@Z .
(this ++) ECX. thiscall (51.1.1 (. 564))
.
, MSVC ECX. , ,
, , ( GCC).
? name mangling.
++, , , -
. , .
Name mangling + + ASCII-,
. 1 , DLL
( / DLL), ++ 2 .
dump().
:

51.2: MSVC
_this$ = 4 ; size = 4
??0c@@QAE@XZ PROC ; c::c, COMDAT
; _this$ = ecx
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
push ecx
mov DWORD PTR _this$[ebp], ecx
mov eax, DWORD PTR _this$[ebp]
mov DWORD PTR [eax], 667
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _this$[ebp]
mov DWORD PTR [ecx+4], 999
mov eax, DWORD PTR _this$[ebp]
mov esp, ebp
pop ebp
ret 0
??0c@@QAE@XZ ENDP ; c::c

_this$ = 4 ; size = 4
_a$ = 8 ; size = 4
_b$ = 12 ; size = 4
1 linker
2 -

564
 51. ++ 51. ++
??0c@@QAE@HH@Z PROC ; c::c, COMDAT
; _this$ = ecx
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
push ecx
mov DWORD PTR _this$[ebp], ecx
mov eax, DWORD PTR _this$[ebp]
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _a$[ebp]
mov DWORD PTR [eax], ecx
mov edx, DWORD PTR _this$[ebp]
mov eax, DWORD PTR _b$[ebp]
mov DWORD PTR [edx+4], eax
mov eax, DWORD PTR _this$[ebp]
mov esp, ebp
pop ebp
ret 8
??0c@@QAE@HH@Z ENDP ; c::c

, ECX,
, .
++ [ISO13, . 12.1] . , ,
, .. , this.
dump():

51.3: MSVC
_this$ = 4 ; size = 4
?dump@c@@QAEXXZ PROC ; c::dump, COMDAT
; _this$ = ecx
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
push ecx
mov DWORD PTR _this$[ebp], ecx
mov eax, DWORD PTR _this$[ebp]
mov ecx, DWORD PTR [eax+4]
push ecx
mov edx, DWORD PTR _this$[ebp]
mov eax, DWORD PTR [edx]
push eax
push OFFSET ??_C@_07NJBDCIEC@?$CFd?$DL?5?$CFd?6?$AA@
call _printf
add esp, 12
mov esp, ebp
pop ebp
ret 0
?dump@c@@QAEXXZ ENDP ; c::dump

, dump() int ECX, -

printf().
(/Ox), :

51.4: MSVC
??0c@@QAE@XZ PROC ; c::c, COMDAT
; _this$ = ecx
mov eax, ecx
mov DWORD PTR [eax], 667
mov DWORD PTR [eax+4], 999
ret 0
??0c@@QAE@XZ ENDP ; c::c

_a$ = 8 ; size = 4
_b$ = 12 ; size = 4
??0c@@QAE@HH@Z PROC ; c::c, COMDAT
; _this$ = ecx
mov edx, DWORD PTR _b$[esp4]
mov eax, ecx
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _a$[esp4]
mov DWORD PTR [eax], ecx

565
 51. ++ 51. ++
mov DWORD PTR [eax+4], edx
ret 8
??0c@@QAE@HH@Z ENDP ; c::c

?dump@c@@QAEXXZ PROC ; c::dump, COMDAT

; _this$ = ecx
mov eax, DWORD PTR [ecx+4]
mov ecx, DWORD PTR [ecx]
push eax
push ecx
push OFFSET ??_C@_07NJBDCIEC@?$CFd?$DL?5?$CFd?6?$AA@
call _printf
add esp, 12
ret 0
?dump@c@@QAEXXZ ENDP ; c::dump

. , , main(),
, add esp, X. ,
RET RET 8.
thiscall (51.1.1 (. 564)), , stdcall (64.2 (. 689)) (
), . ret X
X ESP, .
. (64 (. 689)).
, , , ,
++.

MSVC x86-64

, x86-64 4 RCX, RDX, R8, R9,

. , this RCX, RDX, ..
c(int a, int b):

51.5: MSVC 2012 x64

; void dump()

?dump@c@@QEAAXXZ PROC ; c::dump

mov r8d, DWORD PTR [rcx+4]
mov edx, DWORD PTR [rcx]
lea rcx, OFFSET FLAT:??_C@_07NJBDCIEC@?$CFd?$DL?5?$CFd?6?$AA@ ; '%d; %d'
jmp printf
?dump@c@@QEAAXXZ ENDP ; c::dump

; c(int a, int b)

??0c@@QEAA@HH@Z PROC ; c::c

mov DWORD PTR [rcx], edx ; : a
mov DWORD PTR [rcx+4], r8d ; : b
mov rax, rcx
ret 0
??0c@@QEAA@HH@Z ENDP ; c::c

??0c@@QEAA@XZ PROC ; c::c

mov DWORD PTR [rcx], 667
mov DWORD PTR [rcx+4], 999
mov rax, rcx
ret 0
??0c@@QEAA@XZ ENDP ; c::c

int x64 32- 3 , 32- .

dump() RET JMP printf, : 13.1.1 (. 148).
3 , /++- x64

566
 51. ++ 51. ++
GCC x86

GCC 4.4.1 , .

51.6: GCC 4.4.1

public main
main proc near

var_20 = dword ptr 20h

var_1C = dword ptr 1Ch
var_18 = dword ptr 18h
var_10 = dword ptr 10h
var_8 = dword ptr 8

push ebp
mov ebp, esp
and esp, 0FFFFFFF0h
sub esp, 20h
lea eax, [esp+20h+var_8]
mov [esp+20h+var_20], eax
call _ZN1cC1Ev
mov [esp+20h+var_18], 6
mov [esp+20h+var_1C], 5
lea eax, [esp+20h+var_10]
mov [esp+20h+var_20], eax
call _ZN1cC1Eii
lea eax, [esp+20h+var_8]
mov [esp+20h+var_20], eax
call _ZN1c4dumpEv
lea eax, [esp+20h+var_10]
mov [esp+20h+var_20], eax
call _ZN1c4dumpEv
mov eax, 0
leave
retn
main endp

, name mangling GNU 4 -, -

, .
:
public _ZN1cC1Ev ; weak
_ZN1cC1Ev proc near ; CODE XREF: main+10

arg_0 = dword ptr 8

push ebp
mov ebp, esp
mov eax, [ebp+arg_0]
mov dword ptr [eax], 667
mov eax, [ebp+arg_0]
mov dword ptr [eax+4], 999
pop ebp
retn
_ZN1cC1Ev endp

, ( ) .
:
public _ZN1cC1Eii
_ZN1cC1Eii proc near

arg_0 = dword ptr 8

arg_4 = dword ptr 0Ch
arg_8 = dword ptr 10h

push ebp
4 name mangling : [Fog14].

567
 51. ++ 51. ++
mov ebp, esp
mov eax, [ebp+arg_0]
mov edx, [ebp+arg_4]
mov [eax], edx
mov eax, [ebp+arg_0]
mov edx, [ebp+arg_8]
mov [eax+4], edx
pop ebp
retn
_ZN1cC1Eii endp

, :
void ZN1cC1Eii (int *obj, int a, int b)
{
*obj=a;
*(obj+1)=b;
};

, , .
dump():
public _ZN1c4dumpEv
_ZN1c4dumpEv proc near

var_18 = dword ptr 18h

var_14 = dword ptr 14h
var_10 = dword ptr 10h
arg_0 = dword ptr 8

push ebp
mov ebp, esp
sub esp, 18h
mov eax, [ebp+arg_0]
mov edx, [eax+4]
mov eax, [ebp+arg_0]
mov eax, [eax]
mov [esp+18h+var_10], edx
mov [esp+18h+var_14], eax
mov [esp+18h+var_18], offset aDD ; "%d; %d\n"
call _printf
leave
retn
_ZN1c4dumpEv endp

, 5 (this).
:
void ZN1c4dumpEv (int *obj)
{
printf ("%d; %d\n", *obj, *(obj+1));
};

, , MSVC GCC
(name mangling) ( ECX ).

GCC x86-64

6 , , 6 RDI, RSI, RDX, RCX, R8 and R9 [Mit13],

this (RDI) . int 32- . JMP RET .

51.7: GCC 4.4.6 x64

;

_ZN1cC2Ev:
5

568
 51. ++ 51. ++
mov DWORD PTR [rdi], 667
mov DWORD PTR [rdi+4], 999
ret

; c(int a, int b)

_ZN1cC2Eii:
mov DWORD PTR [rdi], esi
mov DWORD PTR [rdi+4], edx
ret

; dump()

_ZN1c4dumpEv:
mov edx, DWORD PTR [rdi+4]
mov esi, DWORD PTR [rdi]
xor eax, eax
mov edi, OFFSET FLAT:.LC0 ; "%d; %d\n"
jmp printf

51.1.2.

, , , -
.
:
#include <stdio.h>

class object
{
public:
int color;
object() { };
object (int color) { this>color=color; };
void print_color() { printf ("color=%d\n", color); };
};

class box : public object

{
private:
int width, height, depth;
public:
box(int color, int width, int height, int depth)
{
this>color=color;
this>width=width;
this>height=height;
this>depth=depth;
};
void dump()
{
printf ("this is box. color=%d, width=%d, height=%d, depth=%d\n", color, width, height,
depth);
};
};

class sphere : public object

{
private:
int radius;
public:
sphere(int color, int radius)
{
this>color=color;
this>radius=radius;
};
void dump()
{

569
 51. ++ 51. ++
printf ("this is sphere. color=%d, radius=%d\n", color, radius);
};
};

int main()
{
box b(1, 10, 20, 30);
sphere s(2, 40);

b.print_color();
s.print_color();

b.dump();
s.dump();

return 0;
};

/ dump(), object::print_color(), ,
- ( 32- ).
6
, dump() MSVC 2008 /Ox /Ob0

51.8: MSVC 2008 /Ob0

??_C@_09GCEDOLPA@color?$DN?$CFd?6?$AA@ DB 'color=%d', 0aH, 00H ; `string'
?print_color@object@@QAEXXZ PROC ; object::print_color, COMDAT
; _this$ = ecx
mov eax, DWORD PTR [ecx]
push eax

; 'color=%d', 0aH, 00H

push OFFSET ??_C@_09GCEDOLPA@color?$DN?$CFd?6?$AA@
call _printf
add esp, 8
ret 0
?print_color@object@@QAEXXZ ENDP ; object::print_color

51.9: MSVC 2008 /Ob0

?dump@box@@QAEXXZ PROC ; box::dump, COMDAT
; _this$ = ecx
mov eax, DWORD PTR [ecx+12]
mov edx, DWORD PTR [ecx+8]
push eax
mov eax, DWORD PTR [ecx+4]
mov ecx, DWORD PTR [ecx]
push edx
push eax
push ecx

; 'this is box. color=%d, width=%d, height=%d, depth=%d', 0aH, 00H ; `string'

push OFFSET ??_C@_0DG@NCNGAADL@this?5is?5box?4?5color?$DN?$CFd?0?5width?$DN?$CFd?0@
call _printf
add esp, 20
ret 0
?dump@box@@QAEXXZ ENDP ; box::dump

51.10: MSVC 2008 /Ob0

?dump@sphere@@QAEXXZ PROC ; sphere::dump, COMDAT
; _this$ = ecx
mov eax, DWORD PTR [ecx+4]
mov ecx, DWORD PTR [ecx]
push eax
push ecx

; 'this is sphere. color=%d, radius=%d', 0aH, 00H

6
/Ob0 inline expansion, / ,

570
 51. ++ 51. ++
push OFFSET ??_C@_0CF@EFEDJLDC@this?5is?5sphere?4?5color?$DN?$CFd?0?5radius@
call _printf
add esp, 12
ret 0
?dump@sphere@@QAEXXZ ENDP ; sphere::dump

, :
( object)

+0x0 int color
( )
box:

+0x0 int color
+0x4 int width
+0x8 int height
+0xC int depth
sphere:

+0x0 int color
+0x4 int radius
main():

51.11: MSVC 2008 /Ob0

PUBLIC _main
_TEXT SEGMENT
_s$ = 24 ; size = 8
_b$ = 16 ; size = 16
_main PROC
sub esp, 24
push 30
push 20
push 10
push 1
lea ecx, DWORD PTR _b$[esp+40]
call ??0box@@QAE@HHHH@Z ; box::box
push 40
push 2
lea ecx, DWORD PTR _s$[esp+32]
call ??0sphere@@QAE@HH@Z ; sphere::sphere
lea ecx, DWORD PTR _b$[esp+24]
call ?print_color@object@@QAEXXZ ; object::print_color
lea ecx, DWORD PTR _s$[esp+24]
call ?print_color@object@@QAEXXZ ; object::print_color
lea ecx, DWORD PTR _b$[esp+24]
call ?dump@box@@QAEXXZ ; box::dump
lea ecx, DWORD PTR _s$[esp+24]
call ?dump@sphere@@QAEXXZ ; sphere::dump
xor eax, eax
add esp, 24
ret 0
_main ENDP

, -
.
object::print_color() , this box
sphere, box sphere, color
( 0x0).
, object::print_color() , ,
, , .
- box, ,
depth, box .

571
 51. ++ 51. ++
, box::dump() color/width/height/depth
.
GCC , this (, ,
, ECX).

51.1.3.

private , ,
, .
, - , , ?
, .
:
#include <stdio.h>

class box
{
private:
int color, width, height, depth;
public:
box(int color, int width, int height, int depth)
{
this>color=color;
this>width=width;
this>height=height;
this>depth=depth;
};
void dump()
{
printf ("this is box. color=%d, width=%d, height=%d, depth=%d\n", color, width, height,
depth);
};
};

MSVC 2008 /Ox /Ob0 box::dump():

?dump@box@@QAEXXZ PROC ; box::dump, COMDAT
; _this$ = ecx
mov eax, DWORD PTR [ecx+12]
mov edx, DWORD PTR [ecx+8]
push eax
mov eax, DWORD PTR [ecx+4]
mov ecx, DWORD PTR [ecx]
push edx
push eax
push ecx
; 'this is box. color=%d, width=%d, height=%d, depth=%d', 0aH, 00H
push OFFSET ??_C@_0DG@NCNGAADL@this?5is?5box?4?5color?$DN?$CFd?0?5width?$DN?$CFd?0@
call _printf
add esp, 20
ret 0
?dump@box@@QAEXXZ ENDP ; box::dump

:

+0x0 int color
+0x4 int width
+0x8 int height
+0xC int depth
, , ,
?
hack_oop_encapsulation(), ,
:

572
 51. ++ 51. ++

void hack_oop_encapsulation(class box * o)

{
o>width=1; // :
// "error C2248: 'box::width' : cannot access private member declared in class 'box'"
};

, box int,
int-, .
void hack_oop_encapsulation(class box * o)
{
unsigned int *ptr_to_object=reinterpret_cast<unsigned int*>(o);
ptr_to_object[1]=123;
};

, int- 123
int:
?hack_oop_encapsulation@@YAXPAVbox@@@Z PROC ; hack_oop_encapsulation
mov eax, DWORD PTR _o$[esp4]
mov DWORD PTR [eax+4], 123
ret 0
?hack_oop_encapsulation@@YAXPAVbox@@@Z ENDP ; hack_oop_encapsulation

, :
int main()
{
box b(1, 10, 20, 30);

b.dump();

hack_oop_encapsulation(&b);

b.dump();

return 0;
};

:
this is box. color=1, width=10, height=20, depth=30
this is box. color=1, width=123, height=20, depth=30

, . ++
, ,
.

51.1.4.

.
:
#include <stdio.h>

class box
{
public:
int width, height, depth;
box() { };
box(int width, int height, int depth)
{
this>width=width;
this>height=height;
this>depth=depth;
};
void dump()

573
 51. ++ 51. ++
{
printf ("this is box. width=%d, height=%d, depth=%d\n", width, height, depth);
};
int get_volume()
{
return width * height * depth;
};
};

class solid_object
{
public:
int density;
solid_object() { };
solid_object(int density)
{
this>density=density;
};
int get_density()
{
return density;
};
void dump()
{
printf ("this is solid_object. density=%d\n", density);
};
};

class solid_box: box, solid_object

{
public:
solid_box (int width, int height, int depth, int density)
{
this>width=width;
this>height=height;
this>depth=depth;
this>density=density;
};
void dump()
{
printf ("this is solid_box. width=%d, height=%d, depth=%d, density=%d\n", width, height,
depth, density);
};
int get_weight() { return get_volume() * get_density(); };
};

int main()
{
box b(10, 20, 30);
solid_object so(100);
solid_box sb(10, 20, 30, 3);

b.dump();
so.dump();
sb.dump();
printf ("%d\n", sb.get_weight());

return 0;
};

MSVC 2008 /Ox /Ob0 box::dump(), solid_object::dump(),

solid_box::dump():

51.12: MSVC 2008 /Ob0

?dump@box@@QAEXXZ PROC ; box::dump, COMDAT
; _this$ = ecx
mov eax, DWORD PTR [ecx+8]
mov edx, DWORD PTR [ecx+4]
push eax
mov eax, DWORD PTR [ecx]

574
 51. ++ 51. ++
push edx
push eax
; 'this is box. width=%d, height=%d, depth=%d', 0aH, 00H
push OFFSET ??_C@_0CM@DIKPHDFI@this?5is?5box?4?5width?$DN?$CFd?0?5height?$DN?$CFd@
call _printf
add esp, 16
ret 0
?dump@box@@QAEXXZ ENDP ; box::dump

51.13: MSVC 2008 /Ob0

?dump@solid_object@@QAEXXZ PROC ; solid_object::dump, COMDAT
; _this$ = ecx
mov eax, DWORD PTR [ecx]
push eax
; 'this is solid_object. density=%d', 0aH
push OFFSET ??_C@_0CC@KICFJINL@this?5is?5solid_object?4?5density?$DN?$CFd@
call _printf
add esp, 8
ret 0
?dump@solid_object@@QAEXXZ ENDP ; solid_object::dump

51.14: MSVC 2008 /Ob0

?dump@solid_box@@QAEXXZ PROC ; solid_box::dump, COMDAT
; _this$ = ecx
mov eax, DWORD PTR [ecx+12]
mov edx, DWORD PTR [ecx+8]
push eax
mov eax, DWORD PTR [ecx+4]
mov ecx, DWORD PTR [ecx]
push edx
push eax
push ecx
; 'this is solid_box. width=%d, height=%d, depth=%d, density=%d', 0aH
push OFFSET ??_C@_0DO@HNCNIHNN@this?5is?5solid_box?4?5width?$DN?$CFd?0?5hei@
call _printf
add esp, 20
ret 0
?dump@solid_box@@QAEXXZ ENDP ; solid_box::dump

, :
box:

+0x0 width
+0x4 height
+0x8 depth
solid_object:

+0x0 density
, solid_box :
solid_box:

+0x0 width
+0x4 height
+0x8 depth
+0xC density
box::get_volume() solid_object::get_density() :

51.15: MSVC 2008 /Ob0

?get_volume@box@@QAEHXZ PROC ; box::get_volume, COMDAT
; _this$ = ecx
mov eax, DWORD PTR [ecx+8]
imul eax, DWORD PTR [ecx+4]

575
 51. ++ 51. ++
imul eax, DWORD PTR [ecx]
ret 0
?get_volume@box@@QAEHXZ ENDP ; box::get_volume

51.16: MSVC 2008 /Ob0

?get_density@solid_object@@QAEHXZ PROC ; solid_object::get_density, COMDAT
; _this$ = ecx
mov eax, DWORD PTR [ecx]
ret 0
?get_density@solid_object@@QAEHXZ ENDP ; solid_object::get_density

solid_box::get_weight() :

51.17: MSVC 2008 /Ob0

?get_weight@solid_box@@QAEHXZ PROC ; solid_box::get_weight, COMDAT
; _this$ = ecx
push esi
mov esi, ecx
push edi
lea ecx, DWORD PTR [esi+12]
call ?get_density@solid_object@@QAEHXZ ; solid_object::get_density
mov ecx, esi
mov edi, eax
call ?get_volume@box@@QAEHXZ ; box::get_volume
imul eax, edi
pop edi
pop esi
ret 0
?get_weight@solid_box@@QAEHXZ ENDP ; solid_box::get_weight

get_weight() , get_volume() this, get_density(),

this 12 ( 0xC ), , solid_box, -
solid_object.
, solid_object::get_density() solid_object,
box::get_volume() , ,
box.
, , -
, .
.

51.1.5.

:
#include <stdio.h>

class object
{
public:
int color;
object() { };
object (int color) { this>color=color; };
virtual void dump()
{
printf ("color=%d\n", color);
};
};

class box : public object

{
private:
int width, height, depth;
public:
box(int color, int width, int height, int depth)
{

576
 51. ++ 51. ++
this>color=color;
this>width=width;
this>height=height;
this>depth=depth;
};
void dump()
{
printf ("this is box. color=%d, width=%d, height=%d, depth=%d\n", color, width, height,
depth);
};
};

class sphere : public object

{
private:
int radius;
public:
sphere(int color, int radius)
{
this>color=color;
this>radius=radius;
};
void dump()
{
printf ("this is sphere. color=%d, radius=%d\n", color, radius);
};
};

int main()
{
box b(1, 10, 20, 30);
sphere s(2, 40);

object *o1=&b;
object *o2=&s;

o1>dump();
o2>dump();
return 0;
};

object dump(), - box sphere.

- , , , main() , -
dump(), - , .
MSVC 2008 /Ox /Ob0 main():
_s$ = 32 ; size = 12
_b$ = 20 ; size = 20
_main PROC
sub esp, 32
push 30
push 20
push 10
push 1
lea ecx, DWORD PTR _b$[esp+48]
call ??0box@@QAE@HHHH@Z ; box::box
push 40
push 2
lea ecx, DWORD PTR _s$[esp+40]
call ??0sphere@@QAE@HH@Z ; sphere::sphere
mov eax, DWORD PTR _b$[esp+32]
mov edx, DWORD PTR [eax]
lea ecx, DWORD PTR _b$[esp+32]
call edx
mov eax, DWORD PTR _s$[esp+32]
mov edx, DWORD PTR [eax]
lea ecx, DWORD PTR _s$[esp+32]
call edx
xor eax, eax

577
 51. ++ 51. ++
add esp, 32
ret 0
_main ENDP

dump() - ().
-? , : main() . 7
box:
??_R0?AVbox@@@8 DD FLAT:??_7type_info@@6B@ ; box `RTTI Type Descriptor'
DD 00H
DB '.?AVbox@@', 00H

??_R1A@?0A@EA@box@@8 DD FLAT:??_R0?AVbox@@@8 ; box::`RTTI Base Class Descriptor at (0,1,0,64)'

DD 01H
DD 00H
DD 0ffffffffH
DD 00H
DD 040H
DD FLAT:??_R3box@@8

??_R2box@@8 DD FLAT:??_R1A@?0A@EA@box@@8 ; box::`RTTI Base Class Array'

DD FLAT:??_R1A@?0A@EA@object@@8

??_R3box@@8 DD 00H ; box::`RTTI Class Hierarchy Descriptor'

DD 00H
DD 02H
DD FLAT:??_R2box@@8

??_R4box@@6B@ DD 00H ; box::`RTTI Complete Object Locator'

DD 00H
DD 00H
DD FLAT:??_R0?AVbox@@@8
DD FLAT:??_R3box@@8

??_7box@@6B@ DD FLAT:??_R4box@@6B@ ; box::`vftable'

DD FLAT:?dump@box@@UAEXXZ

_color$ = 8 ; size = 4
_width$ = 12 ; size = 4
_height$ = 16 ; size = 4
_depth$ = 20 ; size = 4
??0box@@QAE@HHHH@Z PROC ; box::box, COMDAT
; _this$ = ecx
push esi
mov esi, ecx
call ??0object@@QAE@XZ ; object::object
mov eax, DWORD PTR _color$[esp]
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _width$[esp]
mov edx, DWORD PTR _height$[esp]
mov DWORD PTR [esi+4], eax
mov eax, DWORD PTR _depth$[esp]
mov DWORD PTR [esi+16], eax
mov DWORD PTR [esi], OFFSET ??_7box@@6B@
mov DWORD PTR [esi+8], ecx
mov DWORD PTR [esi+12], edx
mov eax, esi
pop esi
ret 16
??0box@@QAE@HHHH@Z ENDP ; box::box

, :
box::`vftable' ( MSVC).
box::`RTTI Complete Object Locator'
box::dump(). , RTTI8 .
, RTTI . , RTTI- ,
dynamic_cast typeid ++. ,
7 :(23 (. 406))
8 Run-time type information

578
 51. ++ 51. ++
. , - object
object::dump() ,
.
, - , ,
.
GCC RTTI- - .

51.2. ostream
hello world, ostream:
#include <iostream>

int main()
{
std::cout << "Hello, world!\n";
}

++, , .
ostream. , operator<< ostream:
51.18: MSVC 2012 (reduced listing)
$SG37112 DB 'Hello, world!', 0aH, 00H

_main PROC
push OFFSET $SG37112
push OFFSET ?cout@std@@3V?$basic_ostream@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@1@A ; std::cout
call ??$?6U?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@YAAAV?$basic_ostream@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@0@AAV10@PBD@Z ;
std::operator<<<std::char_traits<char> >
add esp, 8
xor eax, eax
ret 0
_main ENDP

:
#include <iostream>

int main()
{
std::cout << "Hello, " << "world!\n";
}

, ++, , operator<< ostream .

:
51.19: MSVC 2012
$SG37112 DB 'world!', 0aH, 00H
$SG37113 DB 'Hello, ', 00H

_main PROC
push OFFSET $SG37113 ; 'Hello, '
push OFFSET ?cout@std@@3V?$basic_ostream@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@1@A ; std::cout
call ??$?6U?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@YAAAV?$basic_ostream@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@0@AAV10@PBD@Z ;
std::operator<<<std::char_traits<char> >
add esp, 8

push OFFSET $SG37112 ; 'world!'

push eax ; -
call ??$?6U?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@YAAAV?$basic_ostream@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@0@AAV10@PBD@Z ;
std::operator<<<std::char_traits<char> >
add esp, 8

xor eax, eax

ret 0
_main ENDP

579
 51. ++ 51. ++
operator<< f(), :
f(f(std::cout, "Hello, "), "world!");

GCC MSVC.

51.3. References
References ++ (10 (. 104)), (safe), ,
[ISO13, . 8.3.2]. , reference
NULL [Cli, . 8.6]. , reference , (reseat) [Cli,
. 8.5].
(10 (. 104)) reference
void f2 (int x, int y, int & sum, int & product)
{
sum=x+y;
product=x*y;
};

, (10 (. 104)):

51.20: MSVC 2010

_x$ = 8 ; size = 4
_y$ = 12 ; size = 4
_sum$ = 16 ; size = 4
_product$ = 20 ; size = 4
?f2@@YAXHHAAH0@Z PROC ; f2
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _y$[esp4]
mov eax, DWORD PTR _x$[esp4]
lea edx, DWORD PTR [eax+ecx]
imul eax, ecx
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _product$[esp4]
push esi
mov esi, DWORD PTR _sum$[esp]
mov DWORD PTR [esi], edx
mov DWORD PTR [ecx], eax
pop esi
ret 0
?f2@@YAXHHAAH0@Z ENDP ; f2

( ++ , : 51.1.1 (. 564).)

51.4. STL
N.B.: 32- . x64- .

51.4.1. std::string

[Yur13, . 2.2] -
, ( [Yur13, . 2.2.1])
. :
ASCIIZ-.
++ [ISO13] , std::string,
, .
++ (, , QString Qt), (basic_string), -
: char wchar_t.
, std::string char. std::wstring wchar_t.

580
 51. ++ 51. ++
MSVC

MSVC, ( 16- ).
16 + 4 + 4 = 24 32-
16 + 8 + 8 = 32 64-, 16- ,
.

51.21: MSVC
#include <string>
#include <stdio.h>

struct std_string
{
union
{
char buf[16];
char* ptr;
} u;
size_t size; // AKA 'Mysize' MSVC
size_t capacity; // AKA 'Myres' MSVC
};

void dump_std_string(std::string s)
{
struct std_string *p=(struct std_string*)&s;
printf ("[%s] size:%d capacity:%d\n", p>size>16 ? p>u.ptr : p>u.buf, p>size, p>capacity);
};

int main()
{
std::string s1="short string";
std::string s2="string longer that 16 bytes";

dump_std_string(s1);
dump_std_string(s2);

// c_str()
printf ("%s\n", &s1);
printf ("%s\n", s2);
};

, .
:
16- , .
, . , Microsoft 16
.
main(): c_str(), , -
, !
.
16- std::string ( -
) . printf()
.
( 16- ) : (
), c_str() .
. : 16- ,
.

GCC

GCC reference count .

, std::string GCC ,
. libstdc++-v3\include\bits\basic_string.h :

581
 51. ++ 51. ++

* The reason you want _M_data pointing to the character %array and
* not the _Rep is so that the debugger can see the string
* contents. (Probably we should add a noninline member to get
* the _Rep for the debugger to use, so users can check the actual
* string length.)

basic_string.h
:

51.22: GCC
#include <string>
#include <stdio.h>

struct std_string
{
size_t length;
size_t capacity;
size_t refcount;
};

void dump_std_string(std::string s)
{
char *p1=*(char**)&s; // GCC
struct std_string *p2=(struct std_string*)(p1sizeof(struct std_string));
printf ("[%s] size:%d capacity:%d\n", p1, p2>length, p2>capacity);
};

int main()
{
std::string s1="short string";
std::string s2="string longer that 16 bytes";

dump_std_string(s1);
dump_std_string(s2);

// GCC:
printf ("%s\n", *(char**)&s1);
printf ("%s\n", *(char**)&s2);
};

, , - -
GCC, , printf() c_str() .

#include <string>
#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
std::string s1="Hello, ";
std::string s2="world!\n";
std::string s3=s1+s2;

printf ("%s\n", s3.c_str());

}

51.23: MSVC 2012

$SG39512 DB 'Hello, ', 00H
$SG39514 DB 'world!', 0aH, 00H
$SG39581 DB '%s', 0aH, 00H

_s2$ = 72 ; size = 24
_s3$ = 48 ; size = 24
_s1$ = 24 ; size = 24

582
 51. ++ 51. ++
_main PROC
sub esp, 72

push 7
push OFFSET $SG39512
lea ecx, DWORD PTR _s1$[esp+80]
mov DWORD PTR _s1$[esp+100], 15
mov DWORD PTR _s1$[esp+96], 0
mov BYTE PTR _s1$[esp+80], 0
call ?assign@?$basic_string@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@V?$allocator@D@2@@std@@QAEAAV12@PBDI@Z ; std::
basic_string<char,std::char_traits<char>,std::allocator<char> >::assign

push 7
push OFFSET $SG39514
lea ecx, DWORD PTR _s2$[esp+80]
mov DWORD PTR _s2$[esp+100], 15
mov DWORD PTR _s2$[esp+96], 0
mov BYTE PTR _s2$[esp+80], 0
call ?assign@?$basic_string@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@V?$allocator@D@2@@std@@QAEAAV12@PBDI@Z ; std::
basic_string<char,std::char_traits<char>,std::allocator<char> >::assign

lea eax, DWORD PTR _s2$[esp+72]

push eax
lea eax, DWORD PTR _s1$[esp+76]
push eax
lea eax, DWORD PTR _s3$[esp+80]
push eax
call ??$?HDU?$char_traits@D@std@@V?$allocator@D@1@@std@@YA?AV?$basic_string@DU?
$char_traits@D@std@@V?$allocator@D@2@@0@ABV10@0@Z ; std::operator+<char,std::char_traits<char>,
std::allocator<char> >

; (inlined) c_str():
cmp DWORD PTR _s3$[esp+104], 16
lea eax, DWORD PTR _s3$[esp+84]
cmovae eax, DWORD PTR _s3$[esp+84]

push eax
push OFFSET $SG39581
call _printf
add esp, 20

cmp DWORD PTR _s3$[esp+92], 16

jb SHORT $LN119@main
push DWORD PTR _s3$[esp+72]
call ??3@YAXPAX@Z ; operator delete
add esp, 4
$LN119@main:
cmp DWORD PTR _s2$[esp+92], 16
mov DWORD PTR _s3$[esp+92], 15
mov DWORD PTR _s3$[esp+88], 0
mov BYTE PTR _s3$[esp+72], 0
jb SHORT $LN151@main
push DWORD PTR _s2$[esp+72]
call ??3@YAXPAX@Z ; operator delete
add esp, 4
$LN151@main:
cmp DWORD PTR _s1$[esp+92], 16
mov DWORD PTR _s2$[esp+92], 15
mov DWORD PTR _s2$[esp+88], 0
mov BYTE PTR _s2$[esp+72], 0
jb SHORT $LN195@main
push DWORD PTR _s1$[esp+72]
call ??3@YAXPAX@Z ; operator delete
add esp, 4
$LN195@main:
xor eax, eax
add esp, 72
ret 0
_main ENDP

583
 51. ++ 51. ++
, : - ,
? ASCIIZ-, , ,
assign, s1 s2 . operator+, s3.
c_str() ,
: 16- , EAX , ,
.
, , 16- :
. , std::string ,
.
, - .
GCC (- , GCC, ,
):

51.24: GCC 4.8.1

.LC0:
.string "Hello, "
.LC1:
.string "world!\n"
main:
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
push edi
push esi
push ebx
and esp, 16
sub esp, 32
lea ebx, [esp+28]
lea edi, [esp+20]
mov DWORD PTR [esp+8], ebx
lea esi, [esp+24]
mov DWORD PTR [esp+4], OFFSET FLAT:.LC0
mov DWORD PTR [esp], edi

call _ZNSsC1EPKcRKSaIcE

mov DWORD PTR [esp+8], ebx

mov DWORD PTR [esp+4], OFFSET FLAT:.LC1
mov DWORD PTR [esp], esi

call _ZNSsC1EPKcRKSaIcE

mov DWORD PTR [esp+4], edi

mov DWORD PTR [esp], ebx

call _ZNSsC1ERKSs

mov DWORD PTR [esp+4], esi

mov DWORD PTR [esp], ebx

call _ZNSs6appendERKSs

; (inlined) c_str():
mov eax, DWORD PTR [esp+28]
mov DWORD PTR [esp], eax

call puts

mov eax, DWORD PTR [esp+28]

lea ebx, [esp+19]
mov DWORD PTR [esp+4], ebx
sub eax, 12
mov DWORD PTR [esp], eax
call _ZNSs4_Rep10_M_disposeERKSaIcE
mov eax, DWORD PTR [esp+24]
mov DWORD PTR [esp+4], ebx
sub eax, 12
mov DWORD PTR [esp], eax

584
 51. ++ 51. ++
call _ZNSs4_Rep10_M_disposeERKSaIcE
mov eax, DWORD PTR [esp+20]
mov DWORD PTR [esp+4], ebx
sub eax, 12
mov DWORD PTR [esp], eax
call _ZNSs4_Rep10_M_disposeERKSaIcE
lea esp, [ebp12]
xor eax, eax
pop ebx
pop esi
pop edi
pop ebp
ret

, , 12 ( 3 )
, , .

std::string

++ STL9 - .
, :
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string>

std::string s="a string";

int main()
{
printf ("%s\n", s.c_str());
};

std::string?
, main().

51.25: MSVC 2012: ,

??__Es@@YAXXZ PROC
push 8
push OFFSET $SG39512 ; 'a string'
mov ecx, OFFSET ?s@@3V?$basic_string@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@V?$allocator@D@2@@std@@A ; s
call ?assign@?$basic_string@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@V?$allocator@D@2@@std@@QAEAAV12@PBDI@Z ; std::
basic_string<char,std::char_traits<char>,std::allocator<char> >::assign
push OFFSET ??__Fs@@YAXXZ ; `dynamic atexit destructor for 's''
call _atexit
pop ecx
ret 0
??__Es@@YAXXZ ENDP

51.26: MSVC 2012: main()

$SG39512 DB 'a string', 00H
$SG39519 DB '%s', 0aH, 00H

_main PROC
cmp DWORD PTR ?s@@3V?$basic_string@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@V?$allocator@D@2@@std@@A+20, 16
mov eax, OFFSET ?s@@3V?$basic_string@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@V?$allocator@D@2@@std@@A ; s
cmovae eax, DWORD PTR ?s@@3V?$basic_string@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@V?$allocator@D@2@@std@@A
push eax
push OFFSET $SG39519 ; '%s'
call _printf
add esp, 8
xor eax, eax
ret 0
_main ENDP

9 (++) Standard Template Library: 51.4 (. 580)

585
 51. ++ 51. ++
51.27: MSVC 2012: -
??__Fs@@YAXXZ PROC
push ecx
cmp DWORD PTR ?s@@3V?$basic_string@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@V?$allocator@D@2@@std@@A+20, 16
jb SHORT $LN23@dynamic
push esi
mov esi, DWORD PTR ?s@@3V?$basic_string@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@V?$allocator@D@2@@std@@A
lea ecx, DWORD PTR $T2[esp+8]
call ??0?$_Wrap_alloc@V?$allocator@D@std@@@std@@QAE@XZ
push OFFSET ?s@@3V?$basic_string@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@V?$allocator@D@2@@std@@A ; s
lea ecx, DWORD PTR $T2[esp+12]
call ??$destroy@PAD@?$_Wrap_alloc@V?$allocator@D@std@@@std@@QAEXPAPAD@Z
lea ecx, DWORD PTR $T1[esp+8]
call ??0?$_Wrap_alloc@V?$allocator@D@std@@@std@@QAE@XZ
push esi
call ??3@YAXPAX@Z ; operator delete
add esp, 4
pop esi
$LN23@dynamic:
mov DWORD PTR ?s@@3V?$basic_string@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@V?$allocator@D@2@@std@@A+20, 15
mov DWORD PTR ?s@@3V?$basic_string@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@V?$allocator@D@2@@std@@A+16, 0
mov BYTE PTR ?s@@3V?$basic_string@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@V?$allocator@D@2@@std@@A, 0
pop ecx
ret 0
??__Fs@@YAXXZ ENDP

, CRT, main(), ,
. : atexit() ,
: .
GCC :

51.28: GCC 4.8.1

main:
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
and esp, 16
sub esp, 16
mov eax, DWORD PTR s
mov DWORD PTR [esp], eax
call puts
xor eax, eax
leave
ret
.LC0:
.string "a string"
_GLOBAL__sub_I_s:
sub esp, 44
lea eax, [esp+31]
mov DWORD PTR [esp+8], eax
mov DWORD PTR [esp+4], OFFSET FLAT:.LC0
mov DWORD PTR [esp], OFFSET FLAT:s
call _ZNSsC1EPKcRKSaIcE
mov DWORD PTR [esp+8], OFFSET FLAT:__dso_handle
mov DWORD PTR [esp+4], OFFSET FLAT:s
mov DWORD PTR [esp], OFFSET FLAT:_ZNSsD1Ev
call __cxa_atexit
add esp, 44
ret
.LFE645:
.size _GLOBAL__sub_I_s, ._GLOBAL__sub_I_s
.section .init_array,"aw"
.align 4
.long _GLOBAL__sub_I_s
.globl s
.bss
.align 4
.type s, @object
.size s, 4

586
 51. ++ 51. ++
s:
.zero 4
.hidden __dso_handle

: atexit()
.

51.4.2. std::list

: ,
.
2 (8 32- 16
64-) .
STL ++ next previous ,
.
, .
++ [ISO13] , , MSVC GCC
, :
#include <stdio.h>
#include <list>
#include <iostream>

struct a
{
int x;
int y;
};

struct List_node
{
struct List_node* _Next;
struct List_node* _Prev;
int x;
int y;
};

void dump_List_node (struct List_node *n)

{
printf ("ptr=0x%p _Next=0x%p _Prev=0x%p x=%d y=%d\n",
n, n>_Next, n>_Prev, n>x, n>y);
};

void dump_List_vals (struct List_node* n)

{
struct List_node* current=n;

for (;;)
{
dump_List_node (current);
current=current>_Next;
if (current==n) // end
break;
};
};

void dump_List_val (unsigned int *a)

{
#ifdef _MSC_VER
// GCC "size"
printf ("_Myhead=0x%p, _Mysize=%d\n", a[0], a[1]);
#endif
dump_List_vals ((struct List_node*)a[0]);
};

int main()

587
 51. ++ 51. ++
{
std::list<struct a> l;

printf ("* empty list:\n");

dump_List_val((unsigned int*)(void*)&l);

struct a t1;
t1.x=1;
t1.y=2;
l.push_front (t1);
t1.x=3;
t1.y=4;
l.push_front (t1);
t1.x=5;
t1.y=6;
l.push_back (t1);

printf ("* 3elements list:\n");

dump_List_val((unsigned int*)(void*)&l);

std::list<struct a>::iterator tmp;

printf ("node at .begin:\n");
tmp=l.begin();
dump_List_node ((struct List_node *)*(void**)&tmp);
printf ("node at .end:\n");
tmp=l.end();
dump_List_node ((struct List_node *)*(void**)&tmp);

printf ("* let's count from the begin:\n");

std::list<struct a>::iterator it=l.begin();
printf ("1st element: %d %d\n", (*it).x, (*it).y);
it++;
printf ("2nd element: %d %d\n", (*it).x, (*it).y);
it++;
printf ("3rd element: %d %d\n", (*it).x, (*it).y);
it++;
printf ("element at .end(): %d %d\n", (*it).x, (*it).y);

printf ("* let's count from the end:\n");

std::list<struct a>::iterator it2=l.end();
printf ("element at .end(): %d %d\n", (*it2).x, (*it2).y);
it2;
printf ("3rd element: %d %d\n", (*it2).x, (*it2).y);
it2;
printf ("2nd element: %d %d\n", (*it2).x, (*it2).y);
it2;
printf ("1st element: %d %d\n", (*it2).x, (*it2).y);

printf ("removing last element...\n");

l.pop_back();
dump_List_val((unsigned int*)(void*)&l);
};

GCC

GCC.
, .
* empty list:
ptr=0x0028fe90 _Next=0x0028fe90 _Prev=0x0028fe90 x=3 y=0

. , (AKA - (dummy node))

x y. next prev :

588
 51. ++ 51. ++

list.begin() list.end()
std::list

Next .

Prev

X=

Y=

, .begin .end .
3 :
* 3elements list:
ptr=0x000349a0 _Next=0x00034988 _Prev=0x0028fe90 x=3 y=4
ptr=0x00034988 _Next=0x00034b40 _Prev=0x000349a0 x=1 y=2
ptr=0x00034b40 _Next=0x0028fe90 _Prev=0x00034988 x=5 y=6
ptr=0x0028fe90 _Next=0x000349a0 _Prev=0x00034b40 x=5 y=6

0x0028fe90, - .
x y (5 6) . , ,
, , - .
3 :

std::list

list.begin() list.end()

Next . Next Next Next

Prev Prev Prev Prev

X=1- X=2- X=3- X=

Y=1- Y=2- Y=3- Y=

l .
.begin() .end() , , .
- (dummy node sentinel node) -
. , , , , .
. list.begin() list.end() .
node at .begin:
ptr=0x000349a0 _Next=0x00034988 _Prev=0x0028fe90 x=3 y=4
node at .end:
ptr=0x0028fe90 _Next=0x000349a0 _Prev=0x00034b40 x=5 y=6

, ,
.
: , .. l,
, .
.

589
 51. ++ 51. ++
operator-- operator++ current_node->prev
current_node->next. (.rbegin, .rend) , .
operator* , ,
.. (x).
: ( )
, .
: -
. dangling pointer. , ,
, .
GCC ( 4.8.1) :
.size(): , -
. O(n), .. , .

51.29: GCC 4.8.1 -fno-inline-small-functions

main proc near
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
push esi
push ebx
and esp, 0FFFFFFF0h
sub esp, 20h
lea ebx, [esp+10h]
mov dword ptr [esp], offset s ; "* empty list:"
mov [esp+10h], ebx
mov [esp+14h], ebx
call puts
mov [esp], ebx
call _Z13dump_List_valPj ; dump_List_val(uint *)
lea esi, [esp+18h]
mov [esp+4], esi
mov [esp], ebx
mov dword ptr [esp+18h], 1 ; X
mov dword ptr [esp+1Ch], 2 ; Y
call _ZNSt4listI1aSaIS0_EE10push_frontERKS0_ ; std::list<a,std::allocator<a>>::push_front(a const
&)
mov [esp+4], esi
mov [esp], ebx
mov dword ptr [esp+18h], 3 ; X
mov dword ptr [esp+1Ch], 4 ; Y
call _ZNSt4listI1aSaIS0_EE10push_frontERKS0_ ; std::list<a,std::allocator<a>>::push_front(a const
&)
mov dword ptr [esp], 10h
mov dword ptr [esp+18h], 5 ; X
mov dword ptr [esp+1Ch], 6 ; Y
call _Znwj ; operator new(uint)
cmp eax, 0FFFFFFF8h
jz short loc_80002A6
mov ecx, [esp+1Ch]
mov edx, [esp+18h]
mov [eax+0Ch], ecx
mov [eax+8], edx

loc_80002A6: ; CODE XREF: main+86

mov [esp+4], ebx
mov [esp], eax
call _ZNSt8__detail15_List_node_base7_M_hookEPS0_ ; std::__detail::_List_node_base::_M_hook(std::
__detail::_List_node_base*)
mov dword ptr [esp], offset a3ElementsList ; "* 3elements list:"
call puts
mov [esp], ebx
call _Z13dump_List_valPj ; dump_List_val(uint *)
mov dword ptr [esp], offset aNodeAt_begin ; "node at .begin:"
call puts
mov eax, [esp+10h]
mov [esp], eax
call _Z14dump_List_nodeP9List_node ; dump_List_node(List_node *)
mov dword ptr [esp], offset aNodeAt_end ; "node at .end:"

590
 51. ++ 51. ++
call puts
mov [esp], ebx
call _Z14dump_List_nodeP9List_node ; dump_List_node(List_node *)
mov dword ptr [esp], offset aLetSCountFromT ; "* let's count from the begin:"
call puts
mov esi, [esp+10h]
mov eax, [esi+0Ch]
mov [esp+0Ch], eax
mov eax, [esi+8]
mov dword ptr [esp+4], offset a1stElementDD ; "1st element: %d %d\n"
mov dword ptr [esp], 1
mov [esp+8], eax
call __printf_chk
mov esi, [esi] ; operator++: get >next pointer
mov eax, [esi+0Ch]
mov [esp+0Ch], eax
mov eax, [esi+8]
mov dword ptr [esp+4], offset a2ndElementDD ; "2nd element: %d %d\n"
mov dword ptr [esp], 1
mov [esp+8], eax
call __printf_chk
mov esi, [esi] ; operator++: get >next pointer
mov eax, [esi+0Ch]
mov [esp+0Ch], eax
mov eax, [esi+8]
mov dword ptr [esp+4], offset a3rdElementDD ; "3rd element: %d %d\n"
mov dword ptr [esp], 1
mov [esp+8], eax
call __printf_chk
mov eax, [esi] ; operator++: get >next pointer
mov edx, [eax+0Ch]
mov [esp+0Ch], edx
mov eax, [eax+8]
mov dword ptr [esp+4], offset aElementAt_endD ; "element at .end(): %d %d\n"
mov dword ptr [esp], 1
mov [esp+8], eax
call __printf_chk
mov dword ptr [esp], offset aLetSCountFro_0 ; "* let's count from the end:"
call puts
mov eax, [esp+1Ch]
mov dword ptr [esp+4], offset aElementAt_endD ; "element at .end(): %d %d\n"
mov dword ptr [esp], 1
mov [esp+0Ch], eax
mov eax, [esp+18h]
mov [esp+8], eax
call __printf_chk
mov esi, [esp+14h]
mov eax, [esi+0Ch]
mov [esp+0Ch], eax
mov eax, [esi+8]
mov dword ptr [esp+4], offset a3rdElementDD ; "3rd element: %d %d\n"
mov dword ptr [esp], 1
mov [esp+8], eax
call __printf_chk
mov esi, [esi+4] ; operator: get >prev pointer
mov eax, [esi+0Ch]
mov [esp+0Ch], eax
mov eax, [esi+8]
mov dword ptr [esp+4], offset a2ndElementDD ; "2nd element: %d %d\n"
mov dword ptr [esp], 1
mov [esp+8], eax
call __printf_chk
mov eax, [esi+4] ; operator: get >prev pointer
mov edx, [eax+0Ch]
mov [esp+0Ch], edx
mov eax, [eax+8]
mov dword ptr [esp+4], offset a1stElementDD ; "1st element: %d %d\n"
mov dword ptr [esp], 1
mov [esp+8], eax
call __printf_chk

591
 51. ++ 51. ++
mov dword ptr [esp], offset aRemovingLastEl ; "removing last element..."
call puts
mov esi, [esp+14h]
mov [esp], esi
call _ZNSt8__detail15_List_node_base9_M_unhookEv ; std::__detail::_List_node_base::_M_unhook(void)
mov [esp], esi ; void *
call _ZdlPv ; operator delete(void *)
mov [esp], ebx
call _Z13dump_List_valPj ; dump_List_val(uint *)
mov [esp], ebx
call _ZNSt10_List_baseI1aSaIS0_EE8_M_clearEv ; std::_List_base<a,std::allocator<a>>::_M_clear(void
)
lea esp, [ebp8]
xor eax, eax
pop ebx
pop esi
pop ebp
retn
main endp

51.30:
* empty list:
ptr=0x0028fe90 _Next=0x0028fe90 _Prev=0x0028fe90 x=3 y=0
* 3elements list:
ptr=0x000349a0 _Next=0x00034988 _Prev=0x0028fe90 x=3 y=4
ptr=0x00034988 _Next=0x00034b40 _Prev=0x000349a0 x=1 y=2
ptr=0x00034b40 _Next=0x0028fe90 _Prev=0x00034988 x=5 y=6
ptr=0x0028fe90 _Next=0x000349a0 _Prev=0x00034b40 x=5 y=6
node at .begin:
ptr=0x000349a0 _Next=0x00034988 _Prev=0x0028fe90 x=3 y=4
node at .end:
ptr=0x0028fe90 _Next=0x000349a0 _Prev=0x00034b40 x=5 y=6
* let's count from the begin:
1st element: 3 4
2nd element: 1 2
3rd element: 5 6
element at .end(): 5 6
* let's count from the end:
element at .end(): 5 6
3rd element: 5 6
2nd element: 1 2
1st element: 3 4
removing last element...
ptr=0x000349a0 _Next=0x00034988 _Prev=0x0028fe90 x=3 y=4
ptr=0x00034988 _Next=0x0028fe90 _Prev=0x000349a0 x=1 y=2
ptr=0x0028fe90 _Next=0x000349a0 _Prev=0x00034988 x=5 y=6

MSVC

MSVC (2012) , . .size()

(O(1)): . ,
/ .
MSVC :

592
 51. ++ 51. ++

std::list

list.end() list.begin()

Next . Next Next Next

Prev Prev Prev Prev

X= X=1- X=2- X=3-

Y= Y=1- Y=2- Y=3-

GCC - , MSVC .

51.31: MSVC 2012 /Fa2.asm /GS- /Ob1

_l$ = 16 ; size = 8
_t1$ = 8 ; size = 8
_main PROC
sub esp, 16
push ebx
push esi
push edi
push 0
push 0
lea ecx, DWORD PTR _l$[esp+36]
mov DWORD PTR _l$[esp+40], 0
; ""
call ?_Buynode0@?$_List_alloc@$0A@U?$_List_base_types@Ua@@V?
$allocator@Ua@@@std@@@std@@@std@@QAEPAU?$_List_node@Ua@@PAX@2@PAU32@0@Z ; std::_List_alloc<0,std
::_List_base_types<a,std::allocator<a> > >::_Buynode0
mov edi, DWORD PTR __imp__printf
mov ebx, eax
push OFFSET $SG40685 ; '* empty list:'
mov DWORD PTR _l$[esp+32], ebx
call edi ; printf
lea eax, DWORD PTR _l$[esp+32]
push eax
call ?dump_List_val@@YAXPAI@Z ; dump_List_val
mov esi, DWORD PTR [ebx]
add esp, 8
lea eax, DWORD PTR _t1$[esp+28]
push eax
push DWORD PTR [esi+4]
lea ecx, DWORD PTR _l$[esp+36]
push esi
mov DWORD PTR _t1$[esp+40], 1 ;
mov DWORD PTR _t1$[esp+44], 2 ;
; allocate new node
call ??$_Buynode@ABUa@@@?$_List_buy@Ua@@V?$allocator@Ua@@@std@@@std@@QAEPAU?
$_List_node@Ua@@PAX@1@PAU21@0ABUa@@@Z ; std::_List_buy<a,std::allocator<a> >::_Buynode<a const
&>
mov DWORD PTR [esi+4], eax
mov ecx, DWORD PTR [eax+4]
mov DWORD PTR _t1$[esp+28], 3 ;
mov DWORD PTR [ecx], eax
mov esi, DWORD PTR [ebx]
lea eax, DWORD PTR _t1$[esp+28]
push eax
push DWORD PTR [esi+4]
lea ecx, DWORD PTR _l$[esp+36]
push esi
mov DWORD PTR _t1$[esp+44], 4 ;

593
 51. ++ 51. ++
; allocate new node
call ??$_Buynode@ABUa@@@?$_List_buy@Ua@@V?$allocator@Ua@@@std@@@std@@QAEPAU?
$_List_node@Ua@@PAX@1@PAU21@0ABUa@@@Z ; std::_List_buy<a,std::allocator<a> >::_Buynode<a const
&>
mov DWORD PTR [esi+4], eax
mov ecx, DWORD PTR [eax+4]
mov DWORD PTR _t1$[esp+28], 5 ;
mov DWORD PTR [ecx], eax
lea eax, DWORD PTR _t1$[esp+28]
push eax
push DWORD PTR [ebx+4]
lea ecx, DWORD PTR _l$[esp+36]
push ebx
mov DWORD PTR _t1$[esp+44], 6 ;
; allocate new node
call ??$_Buynode@ABUa@@@?$_List_buy@Ua@@V?$allocator@Ua@@@std@@@std@@QAEPAU?
$_List_node@Ua@@PAX@1@PAU21@0ABUa@@@Z ; std::_List_buy<a,std::allocator<a> >::_Buynode<a const
&>
mov DWORD PTR [ebx+4], eax
mov ecx, DWORD PTR [eax+4]
push OFFSET $SG40689 ; '* 3elements list:'
mov DWORD PTR _l$[esp+36], 3
mov DWORD PTR [ecx], eax
call edi ; printf
lea eax, DWORD PTR _l$[esp+32]
push eax
call ?dump_List_val@@YAXPAI@Z ; dump_List_val
push OFFSET $SG40831 ; 'node at .begin:'
call edi ; printf
push DWORD PTR [ebx] ; , l
call ?dump_List_node@@YAXPAUList_node@@@Z ; dump_List_node
push OFFSET $SG40835 ; 'node at .end:'
call edi ; printf
push ebx ; pointer to the node $l$ variable points to!
call ?dump_List_node@@YAXPAUList_node@@@Z ; dump_List_node
push OFFSET $SG40839 ; '* let''s count from the begin:'
call edi ; printf
mov esi, DWORD PTR [ebx] ; operator++: get >next pointer
push DWORD PTR [esi+12]
push DWORD PTR [esi+8]
push OFFSET $SG40846 ; '1st element: %d %d'
call edi ; printf
mov esi, DWORD PTR [esi] ; operator++: get >next pointer
push DWORD PTR [esi+12]
push DWORD PTR [esi+8]
push OFFSET $SG40848 ; '2nd element: %d %d'
call edi ; printf
mov esi, DWORD PTR [esi] ; operator++: get >next pointer
push DWORD PTR [esi+12]
push DWORD PTR [esi+8]
push OFFSET $SG40850 ; '3rd element: %d %d'
call edi ; printf
mov eax, DWORD PTR [esi] ; operator++: get >next pointer
add esp, 64
push DWORD PTR [eax+12]
push DWORD PTR [eax+8]
push OFFSET $SG40852 ; 'element at .end(): %d %d'
call edi ; printf
push OFFSET $SG40853 ; '* let''s count from the end:'
call edi ; printf
push DWORD PTR [ebx+12] ; x y , l
push DWORD PTR [ebx+8]
push OFFSET $SG40860 ; 'element at .end(): %d %d'
call edi ; printf
mov esi, DWORD PTR [ebx+4] ; operator: get >prev pointer
push DWORD PTR [esi+12]
push DWORD PTR [esi+8]
push OFFSET $SG40862 ; '3rd element: %d %d'
call edi ; printf
mov esi, DWORD PTR [esi+4] ; operator: get >prev pointer

594
 51. ++ 51. ++
push DWORD PTR [esi+12]
push DWORD PTR [esi+8]
push OFFSET $SG40864 ; '2nd element: %d %d'
call edi ; printf
mov eax, DWORD PTR [esi+4] ; operator: get >prev pointer
push DWORD PTR [eax+12]
push DWORD PTR [eax+8]
push OFFSET $SG40866 ; '1st element: %d %d'
call edi ; printf
add esp, 64
push OFFSET $SG40867 ; 'removing last element...'
call edi ; printf
mov edx, DWORD PTR [ebx+4]
add esp, 4

; prev=next?
; , ""?
; , !
cmp edx, ebx
je SHORT $LN349@main
mov ecx, DWORD PTR [edx+4]
mov eax, DWORD PTR [edx]
mov DWORD PTR [ecx], eax
mov ecx, DWORD PTR [edx]
mov eax, DWORD PTR [edx+4]
push edx
mov DWORD PTR [ecx+4], eax
call ??3@YAXPAX@Z ; operator delete
add esp, 4
mov DWORD PTR _l$[esp+32], 2
$LN349@main:
lea eax, DWORD PTR _l$[esp+28]
push eax
call ?dump_List_val@@YAXPAI@Z ; dump_List_val
mov eax, DWORD PTR [ebx]
add esp, 4
mov DWORD PTR [ebx], ebx
mov DWORD PTR [ebx+4], ebx
cmp eax, ebx
je SHORT $LN412@main
$LL414@main:
mov esi, DWORD PTR [eax]
push eax
call ??3@YAXPAX@Z ; operator delete
add esp, 4
mov eax, esi
cmp esi, ebx
jne SHORT $LL414@main
$LN412@main:
push ebx
call ??3@YAXPAX@Z ; operator delete
add esp, 4
xor eax, eax
pop edi
pop esi
pop ebx
add esp, 16
ret 0
_main ENDP

GCC, MSVC - Buynode,

( GCC
).

51.32:
* empty list:
_Myhead=0x003CC258, _Mysize=0
ptr=0x003CC258 _Next=0x003CC258 _Prev=0x003CC258 x=6226002 y=4522072
* 3elements list:

595
 51. ++ 51. ++
_Myhead=0x003CC258, _Mysize=3
ptr=0x003CC258 _Next=0x003CC288 _Prev=0x003CC2A0 x=6226002 y=4522072
ptr=0x003CC288 _Next=0x003CC270 _Prev=0x003CC258 x=3 y=4
ptr=0x003CC270 _Next=0x003CC2A0 _Prev=0x003CC288 x=1 y=2
ptr=0x003CC2A0 _Next=0x003CC258 _Prev=0x003CC270 x=5 y=6
node at .begin:
ptr=0x003CC288 _Next=0x003CC270 _Prev=0x003CC258 x=3 y=4
node at .end:
ptr=0x003CC258 _Next=0x003CC288 _Prev=0x003CC2A0 x=6226002 y=4522072
* let's count from the begin:
1st element: 3 4
2nd element: 1 2
3rd element: 5 6
element at .end(): 6226002 4522072
* let's count from the end:
element at .end(): 6226002 4522072
3rd element: 5 6
2nd element: 1 2
1st element: 3 4
removing last element...
_Myhead=0x003CC258, _Mysize=2
ptr=0x003CC258 _Next=0x003CC288 _Prev=0x003CC270 x=6226002 y=4522072
ptr=0x003CC288 _Next=0x003CC270 _Prev=0x003CC258 x=3 y=4
ptr=0x003CC270 _Next=0x003CC258 _Prev=0x003CC288 x=1 y=2

C++11 std::forward_list

std::list, , .. next .
, .

51.4.3. std::vector

std::vector (wrapper) PODT10 .

std::string (51.4.1 (. 580)): ,
.
, , (18 (. 267)). C++11
.data() , .c_str() std::string.
.
MSVC GCC , 11 ,
. - std::vector:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
#include <functional>

struct vector_of_ints
{
// MSVC names:
int *Myfirst;
int *Mylast;
int *Myend;

// GCC , : _M_start, _M_finish, _M_end_of_storage

};

void dump(struct vector_of_ints *in)

{
printf ("_Myfirst=%p, _Mylast=%p, _Myend=%p\n", in>Myfirst, in>Mylast, in>Myend);
size_t size=(in>Mylastin>Myfirst);
size_t capacity=(in>Myendin>Myfirst);
printf ("size=%d, capacity=%d\n", size, capacity);
10 (++) Plain Old Data Type
11 GCC: http://go.yurichev.com/17086

596
 51. ++ 51. ++
for (size_t i=0; i<size; i++)
printf ("element %d: %d\n", i, in>Myfirst[i]);
};

int main()
{
std::vector<int> c;
dump ((struct vector_of_ints*)(void*)&c);
c.push_back(1);
dump ((struct vector_of_ints*)(void*)&c);
c.push_back(2);
dump ((struct vector_of_ints*)(void*)&c);
c.push_back(3);
dump ((struct vector_of_ints*)(void*)&c);
c.push_back(4);
dump ((struct vector_of_ints*)(void*)&c);
c.reserve (6);
dump ((struct vector_of_ints*)(void*)&c);
c.push_back(5);
dump ((struct vector_of_ints*)(void*)&c);
c.push_back(6);
dump ((struct vector_of_ints*)(void*)&c);
printf ("%d\n", c.at(5)); //
printf ("%d\n", c[8]); // operator[],
};

MSVC:
_Myfirst=00000000, _Mylast=00000000, _Myend=00000000
size=0, capacity=0
_Myfirst=0051CF48, _Mylast=0051CF4C, _Myend=0051CF4C
size=1, capacity=1
element 0: 1
_Myfirst=0051CF58, _Mylast=0051CF60, _Myend=0051CF60
size=2, capacity=2
element 0: 1
element 1: 2
_Myfirst=0051C278, _Mylast=0051C284, _Myend=0051C284
size=3, capacity=3
element 0: 1
element 1: 2
element 2: 3
_Myfirst=0051C290, _Mylast=0051C2A0, _Myend=0051C2A0
size=4, capacity=4
element 0: 1
element 1: 2
element 2: 3
element 3: 4
_Myfirst=0051B180, _Mylast=0051B190, _Myend=0051B198
size=4, capacity=6
element 0: 1
element 1: 2
element 2: 3
element 3: 4
_Myfirst=0051B180, _Mylast=0051B194, _Myend=0051B198
size=5, capacity=6
element 0: 1
element 1: 2
element 2: 3
element 3: 4
element 4: 5
_Myfirst=0051B180, _Mylast=0051B198, _Myend=0051B198
size=6, capacity=6
element 0: 1
element 1: 2
element 2: 3
element 3: 4
element 4: 5
element 5: 6
6

597
 51. ++ 51. ++
6619158

, main() . push_back()
. , push_back() (capacity) -
. , push_back()
. ,
.reserve(). :
, . operator[] std::vector -
. .at() , ,
std::out_of_range .
:
51.33: MSVC 2012 /GS- /Ob1
$SG52650 DB '%d', 0aH, 00H
$SG52651 DB '%d', 0aH, 00H

_this$ = 4 ; size = 4
__Pos$ = 8 ; size = 4
?at@?$vector@HV?$allocator@H@std@@@std@@QAEAAHI@Z PROC ; std::vector<int,std::allocator<int> >::at,
COMDAT
; _this$ = ecx
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
push ecx
mov DWORD PTR _this$[ebp], ecx
mov eax, DWORD PTR _this$[ebp]
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _this$[ebp]
mov edx, DWORD PTR [eax+4]
sub edx, DWORD PTR [ecx]
sar edx, 2
cmp edx, DWORD PTR __Pos$[ebp]
ja SHORT $LN1@at
push OFFSET ??_C@_0BM@NMJKDPPO@invalid?5vector?$DMT?$DO?5subscript?$AA@
call DWORD PTR __imp_?_Xout_of_range@std@@YAXPBD@Z
$LN1@at:
mov eax, DWORD PTR _this$[ebp]
mov ecx, DWORD PTR [eax]
mov edx, DWORD PTR __Pos$[ebp]
lea eax, DWORD PTR [ecx+edx*4]
$LN3@at:
mov esp, ebp
pop ebp
ret 4
?at@?$vector@HV?$allocator@H@std@@@std@@QAEAAHI@Z ENDP ; std::vector<int,std::allocator<int> >::at

_c$ = 36 ; size = 12
$T1 = 24 ; size = 4
$T2 = 20 ; size = 4
$T3 = 16 ; size = 4
$T4 = 12 ; size = 4
$T5 = 8 ; size = 4
$T6 = 4 ; size = 4
_main PROC
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
sub esp, 36
mov DWORD PTR _c$[ebp], 0 ; Myfirst
mov DWORD PTR _c$[ebp+4], 0 ; Mylast
mov DWORD PTR _c$[ebp+8], 0 ; Myend
lea eax, DWORD PTR _c$[ebp]
push eax
call ?dump@@YAXPAUvector_of_ints@@@Z ; dump
add esp, 4
mov DWORD PTR $T6[ebp], 1
lea ecx, DWORD PTR $T6[ebp]
push ecx
lea ecx, DWORD PTR _c$[ebp]
call ?push_back@?$vector@HV?$allocator@H@std@@@std@@QAEX$$QAH@Z ; std::vector<int,std::allocator<
int> >::push_back

598
 51. ++ 51. ++
lea edx, DWORD PTR _c$[ebp]
push edx
call ?dump@@YAXPAUvector_of_ints@@@Z ; dump
add esp, 4
mov DWORD PTR $T5[ebp], 2
lea eax, DWORD PTR $T5[ebp]
push eax
lea ecx, DWORD PTR _c$[ebp]
call ?push_back@?$vector@HV?$allocator@H@std@@@std@@QAEX$$QAH@Z ; std::vector<int,std::allocator<
int> >::push_back
lea ecx, DWORD PTR _c$[ebp]
push ecx
call ?dump@@YAXPAUvector_of_ints@@@Z ; dump
add esp, 4
mov DWORD PTR $T4[ebp], 3
lea edx, DWORD PTR $T4[ebp]
push edx
lea ecx, DWORD PTR _c$[ebp]
call ?push_back@?$vector@HV?$allocator@H@std@@@std@@QAEX$$QAH@Z ; std::vector<int,std::allocator<
int> >::push_back
lea eax, DWORD PTR _c$[ebp]
push eax
call ?dump@@YAXPAUvector_of_ints@@@Z ; dump
add esp, 4
mov DWORD PTR $T3[ebp], 4
lea ecx, DWORD PTR $T3[ebp]
push ecx
lea ecx, DWORD PTR _c$[ebp]
call ?push_back@?$vector@HV?$allocator@H@std@@@std@@QAEX$$QAH@Z ; std::vector<int,std::allocator<
int> >::push_back
lea edx, DWORD PTR _c$[ebp]
push edx
call ?dump@@YAXPAUvector_of_ints@@@Z ; dump
add esp, 4
push 6
lea ecx, DWORD PTR _c$[ebp]
call ?reserve@?$vector@HV?$allocator@H@std@@@std@@QAEXI@Z ; std::vector<int,std::allocator<int>
>::reserve
lea eax, DWORD PTR _c$[ebp]
push eax
call ?dump@@YAXPAUvector_of_ints@@@Z ; dump
add esp, 4
mov DWORD PTR $T2[ebp], 5
lea ecx, DWORD PTR $T2[ebp]
push ecx
lea ecx, DWORD PTR _c$[ebp]
call ?push_back@?$vector@HV?$allocator@H@std@@@std@@QAEX$$QAH@Z ; std::vector<int,std::allocator<
int> >::push_back
lea edx, DWORD PTR _c$[ebp]
push edx
call ?dump@@YAXPAUvector_of_ints@@@Z ; dump
add esp, 4
mov DWORD PTR $T1[ebp], 6
lea eax, DWORD PTR $T1[ebp]
push eax
lea ecx, DWORD PTR _c$[ebp]
call ?push_back@?$vector@HV?$allocator@H@std@@@std@@QAEX$$QAH@Z ; std::vector<int,std::allocator<
int> >::push_back
lea ecx, DWORD PTR _c$[ebp]
push ecx
call ?dump@@YAXPAUvector_of_ints@@@Z ; dump
add esp, 4
push 5
lea ecx, DWORD PTR _c$[ebp]
call ?at@?$vector@HV?$allocator@H@std@@@std@@QAEAAHI@Z ; std::vector<int,std::allocator<int> >::at
mov edx, DWORD PTR [eax]
push edx
push OFFSET $SG52650 ; '%d'
call DWORD PTR __imp__printf
add esp, 8

599
 51. ++ 51. ++
mov eax, 8
shl eax, 2
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _c$[ebp]
mov edx, DWORD PTR [ecx+eax]
push edx
push OFFSET $SG52651 ; '%d'
call DWORD PTR __imp__printf
add esp, 8
lea ecx, DWORD PTR _c$[ebp]
call ?_Tidy@?$vector@HV?$allocator@H@std@@@std@@IAEXXZ ; std::vector<int,std::allocator<int> >::
_Tidy
xor eax, eax
mov esp, ebp
pop ebp
ret 0
_main ENDP

, .at() . ,
printf() , .
, size capacity, std::string.
, .
GCC , , .at() :

51.34: GCC 4.8.1 -fno-inline-small-functions -O1

main proc near
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
push edi
push esi
push ebx
and esp, 0FFFFFFF0h
sub esp, 20h
mov dword ptr [esp+14h], 0
mov dword ptr [esp+18h], 0
mov dword ptr [esp+1Ch], 0
lea eax, [esp+14h]
mov [esp], eax
call _Z4dumpP14vector_of_ints ; dump(vector_of_ints *)
mov dword ptr [esp+10h], 1
lea eax, [esp+10h]
mov [esp+4], eax
lea eax, [esp+14h]
mov [esp], eax
call _ZNSt6vectorIiSaIiEE9push_backERKi ; std::vector<int,std::allocator<int>>::push_back(int
const&)
lea eax, [esp+14h]
mov [esp], eax
call _Z4dumpP14vector_of_ints ; dump(vector_of_ints *)
mov dword ptr [esp+10h], 2
lea eax, [esp+10h]
mov [esp+4], eax
lea eax, [esp+14h]
mov [esp], eax
call _ZNSt6vectorIiSaIiEE9push_backERKi ; std::vector<int,std::allocator<int>>::push_back(int
const&)
lea eax, [esp+14h]
mov [esp], eax
call _Z4dumpP14vector_of_ints ; dump(vector_of_ints *)
mov dword ptr [esp+10h], 3
lea eax, [esp+10h]
mov [esp+4], eax
lea eax, [esp+14h]
mov [esp], eax
call _ZNSt6vectorIiSaIiEE9push_backERKi ; std::vector<int,std::allocator<int>>::push_back(int
const&)
lea eax, [esp+14h]
mov [esp], eax
call _Z4dumpP14vector_of_ints ; dump(vector_of_ints *)

600
 51. ++ 51. ++
mov dword ptr [esp+10h], 4
lea eax, [esp+10h]
mov [esp+4], eax
lea eax, [esp+14h]
mov [esp], eax
call _ZNSt6vectorIiSaIiEE9push_backERKi ; std::vector<int,std::allocator<int>>::push_back(int
const&)
lea eax, [esp+14h]
mov [esp], eax
call _Z4dumpP14vector_of_ints ; dump(vector_of_ints *)
mov ebx, [esp+14h]
mov eax, [esp+1Ch]
sub eax, ebx
cmp eax, 17h
ja short loc_80001CF
mov edi, [esp+18h]
sub edi, ebx
sar edi, 2
mov dword ptr [esp], 18h
call _Znwj ; operator new(uint)
mov esi, eax
test edi, edi
jz short loc_80001AD
lea eax, ds:0[edi*4]
mov [esp+8], eax ; n
mov [esp+4], ebx ; src
mov [esp], esi ; dest
call memmove

loc_80001AD: ; CODE XREF: main+F8

mov eax, [esp+14h]
test eax, eax
jz short loc_80001BD
mov [esp], eax ; void *
call _ZdlPv ; operator delete(void *)

loc_80001BD: ; CODE XREF: main+117

mov [esp+14h], esi
lea eax, [esi+edi*4]
mov [esp+18h], eax
add esi, 18h
mov [esp+1Ch], esi

loc_80001CF: ; CODE XREF: main+DD

lea eax, [esp+14h]
mov [esp], eax
call _Z4dumpP14vector_of_ints ; dump(vector_of_ints *)
mov dword ptr [esp+10h], 5
lea eax, [esp+10h]
mov [esp+4], eax
lea eax, [esp+14h]
mov [esp], eax
call _ZNSt6vectorIiSaIiEE9push_backERKi ; std::vector<int,std::allocator<int>>::push_back(int
const&)
lea eax, [esp+14h]
mov [esp], eax
call _Z4dumpP14vector_of_ints ; dump(vector_of_ints *)
mov dword ptr [esp+10h], 6
lea eax, [esp+10h]
mov [esp+4], eax
lea eax, [esp+14h]
mov [esp], eax
call _ZNSt6vectorIiSaIiEE9push_backERKi ; std::vector<int,std::allocator<int>>::push_back(int
const&)
lea eax, [esp+14h]
mov [esp], eax
call _Z4dumpP14vector_of_ints ; dump(vector_of_ints *)
mov eax, [esp+14h]
mov edx, [esp+18h]
sub edx, eax

601
 51. ++ 51. ++
cmp edx, 17h
ja short loc_8000246
mov dword ptr [esp], offset aVector_m_range ; "vector::_M_range_check"
call _ZSt20__throw_out_of_rangePKc ; std::__throw_out_of_range(char const*)

loc_8000246: ; CODE XREF: main+19C

mov eax, [eax+14h]
mov [esp+8], eax
mov dword ptr [esp+4], offset aD ; "%d\n"
mov dword ptr [esp], 1
call __printf_chk
mov eax, [esp+14h]
mov eax, [eax+20h]
mov [esp+8], eax
mov dword ptr [esp+4], offset aD ; "%d\n"
mov dword ptr [esp], 1
call __printf_chk
mov eax, [esp+14h]
test eax, eax
jz short loc_80002AC
mov [esp], eax ; void *
call _ZdlPv ; operator delete(void *)
jmp short loc_80002AC

mov ebx, eax

mov edx, [esp+14h]
test edx, edx
jz short loc_80002A4
mov [esp], edx ; void *
call _ZdlPv ; operator delete(void *)

loc_80002A4: ; CODE XREF: main+1FE

mov [esp], ebx
call _Unwind_Resume

loc_80002AC: ; CODE XREF: main+1EA

; main+1F4
mov eax, 0
lea esp, [ebp0Ch]
pop ebx
pop esi
pop edi
pop ebp

locret_80002B8: ; DATA XREF: .eh_frame:08000510

; .eh_frame:080005BC
retn
main endp

.reserve() main(). new()

, memmove() , delete()
.
, GCC :
_Myfirst=0x(nil), _Mylast=0x(nil), _Myend=0x(nil)
size=0, capacity=0
_Myfirst=0x8257008, _Mylast=0x825700c, _Myend=0x825700c
size=1, capacity=1
element 0: 1
_Myfirst=0x8257018, _Mylast=0x8257020, _Myend=0x8257020
size=2, capacity=2
element 0: 1
element 1: 2
_Myfirst=0x8257028, _Mylast=0x8257034, _Myend=0x8257038
size=3, capacity=4
element 0: 1
element 1: 2
element 2: 3

602
 51. ++ 51. ++
_Myfirst=0x8257028, _Mylast=0x8257038, _Myend=0x8257038
size=4, capacity=4
element 0: 1
element 1: 2
element 2: 3
element 3: 4
_Myfirst=0x8257040, _Mylast=0x8257050, _Myend=0x8257058
size=4, capacity=6
element 0: 1
element 1: 2
element 2: 3
element 3: 4
_Myfirst=0x8257040, _Mylast=0x8257054, _Myend=0x8257058
size=5, capacity=6
element 0: 1
element 1: 2
element 2: 3
element 3: 4
element 4: 5
_Myfirst=0x8257040, _Mylast=0x8257058, _Myend=0x8257058
size=6, capacity=6
element 0: 1
element 1: 2
element 2: 3
element 3: 4
element 4: 5
element 5: 6
6
0

, MSVC.
, MSVC ~50%
, , GCC 100% , .. .

51.4.4. std::map std::set

. , ,
2 . / .
, - (AKA -
) .
:
.
. ,
.
.
: : 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 20, 99, 100, 101,
107, 1001, 1010.

603
 51. ++ 51. ++
.
10

1 100

0 5 20 107

3 6 12 99 101 1001

2 9 11 1010

, .
, .
, : :
, : , . ,
, , .., .
.
, log2 n , n . 10
1000 , 13 10000 . , -
: .. .
.
, AVL- - .
,
.
std::map std::set GCC MSVC - .
std::set . std::map set: (value)
.

MSVC

#include <map>
#include <set>
#include <string>
#include <iostream>

// !
struct tree_node
{
struct tree_node *Left;
struct tree_node *Parent;
struct tree_node *Right;
char Color; // 0 Red, 1 Black
char Isnil;
//std::pair Myval;
unsigned int first; // Myval std::set
const char *second; // std::set
};

struct tree_struct
{
struct tree_node *Myhead;
size_t Mysize;
};

void dump_tree_node (struct tree_node *n, bool is_set, bool traverse)

{
printf ("ptr=0x%p Left=0x%p Parent=0x%p Right=0x%p Color=%d Isnil=%d\n",

604
 51. ++ 51. ++
n, n>Left, n>Parent, n>Right, n>Color, n>Isnil);
if (n>Isnil==0)
{
if (is_set)
printf ("first=%d\n", n>first);
else
printf ("first=%d second=[%s]\n", n>first, n>second);
}

if (traverse)
{
if (n>Isnil==1)
dump_tree_node (n>Parent, is_set, true);
else
{
if (n>Left>Isnil==0)
dump_tree_node (n>Left, is_set, true);
if (n>Right>Isnil==0)
dump_tree_node (n>Right, is_set, true);
};
};
};

const char* ALOT_OF_TABS="\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t";

void dump_as_tree (int tabs, struct tree_node *n, bool is_set)

{
if (is_set)
printf ("%d\n", n>first);
else
printf ("%d [%s]\n", n>first, n>second);
if (n>Left>Isnil==0)
{
printf ("%.*sL", tabs, ALOT_OF_TABS);
dump_as_tree (tabs+1, n>Left, is_set);
};
if (n>Right>Isnil==0)
{
printf ("%.*sR", tabs, ALOT_OF_TABS);
dump_as_tree (tabs+1, n>Right, is_set);
};
};

void dump_map_and_set(struct tree_struct *m, bool is_set)

{
printf ("ptr=0x%p, Myhead=0x%p, Mysize=%d\n", m, m>Myhead, m>Mysize);
dump_tree_node (m>Myhead, is_set, true);
printf ("As a tree:\n");
printf ("root");
dump_as_tree (1, m>Myhead>Parent, is_set);
};

int main()
{
// map

std::map<int, const char*> m;

m[10]="ten";
m[20]="twenty";
m[3]="three";
m[101]="one hundred one";
m[100]="one hundred";
m[12]="twelve";
m[107]="one hundred seven";
m[0]="zero";
m[1]="one";
m[6]="six";
m[99]="ninetynine";
m[5]="five";

605
 51. ++ 51. ++
m[11]="eleven";
m[1001]="one thousand one";
m[1010]="one thousand ten";
m[2]="two";
m[9]="nine";
printf ("dumping m as map:\n");
dump_map_and_set ((struct tree_struct *)(void*)&m, false);

std::map<int, const char*>::iterator it1=m.begin();

printf ("m.begin():\n");
dump_tree_node ((struct tree_node *)*(void**)&it1, false, false);
it1=m.end();
printf ("m.end():\n");
dump_tree_node ((struct tree_node *)*(void**)&it1, false, false);

// set

std::set<int> s;
s.insert(123);
s.insert(456);
s.insert(11);
s.insert(12);
s.insert(100);
s.insert(1001);
printf ("dumping s as set:\n");
dump_map_and_set ((struct tree_struct *)(void*)&s, true);
std::set<int>::iterator it2=s.begin();
printf ("s.begin():\n");
dump_tree_node ((struct tree_node *)*(void**)&it2, true, false);
it2=s.end();
printf ("s.end():\n");
dump_tree_node ((struct tree_node *)*(void**)&it2, true, false);
};

51.35: MSVC 2012

dumping m as map:
ptr=0x0020FE04, Myhead=0x005BB3A0, Mysize=17
ptr=0x005BB3A0 Left=0x005BB4A0 Parent=0x005BB3C0 Right=0x005BB580 Color=1 Isnil=1
ptr=0x005BB3C0 Left=0x005BB4C0 Parent=0x005BB3A0 Right=0x005BB440 Color=1 Isnil=0
first=10 second=[ten]
ptr=0x005BB4C0 Left=0x005BB4A0 Parent=0x005BB3C0 Right=0x005BB520 Color=1 Isnil=0
first=1 second=[one]
ptr=0x005BB4A0 Left=0x005BB3A0 Parent=0x005BB4C0 Right=0x005BB3A0 Color=1 Isnil=0
first=0 second=[zero]
ptr=0x005BB520 Left=0x005BB400 Parent=0x005BB4C0 Right=0x005BB4E0 Color=0 Isnil=0
first=5 second=[five]
ptr=0x005BB400 Left=0x005BB5A0 Parent=0x005BB520 Right=0x005BB3A0 Color=1 Isnil=0
first=3 second=[three]
ptr=0x005BB5A0 Left=0x005BB3A0 Parent=0x005BB400 Right=0x005BB3A0 Color=0 Isnil=0
first=2 second=[two]
ptr=0x005BB4E0 Left=0x005BB3A0 Parent=0x005BB520 Right=0x005BB5C0 Color=1 Isnil=0
first=6 second=[six]
ptr=0x005BB5C0 Left=0x005BB3A0 Parent=0x005BB4E0 Right=0x005BB3A0 Color=0 Isnil=0
first=9 second=[nine]
ptr=0x005BB440 Left=0x005BB3E0 Parent=0x005BB3C0 Right=0x005BB480 Color=1 Isnil=0
first=100 second=[one hundred]
ptr=0x005BB3E0 Left=0x005BB460 Parent=0x005BB440 Right=0x005BB500 Color=0 Isnil=0
first=20 second=[twenty]
ptr=0x005BB460 Left=0x005BB540 Parent=0x005BB3E0 Right=0x005BB3A0 Color=1 Isnil=0
first=12 second=[twelve]
ptr=0x005BB540 Left=0x005BB3A0 Parent=0x005BB460 Right=0x005BB3A0 Color=0 Isnil=0
first=11 second=[eleven]
ptr=0x005BB500 Left=0x005BB3A0 Parent=0x005BB3E0 Right=0x005BB3A0 Color=1 Isnil=0
first=99 second=[ninetynine]
ptr=0x005BB480 Left=0x005BB420 Parent=0x005BB440 Right=0x005BB560 Color=0 Isnil=0
first=107 second=[one hundred seven]
ptr=0x005BB420 Left=0x005BB3A0 Parent=0x005BB480 Right=0x005BB3A0 Color=1 Isnil=0
first=101 second=[one hundred one]
ptr=0x005BB560 Left=0x005BB3A0 Parent=0x005BB480 Right=0x005BB580 Color=1 Isnil=0

606
 51. ++ 51. ++
first=1001 second=[one thousand one]
ptr=0x005BB580 Left=0x005BB3A0 Parent=0x005BB560 Right=0x005BB3A0 Color=0 Isnil=0
first=1010 second=[one thousand ten]
As a tree:
root10 [ten]
L1 [one]
L0 [zero]
R5 [five]
L3 [three]
L2 [two]
R6 [six]
R9 [nine]
R100 [one hundred]
L20 [twenty]
L12 [twelve]
L11 [eleven]
R99 [ninetynine]
R107 [one hundred seven]
L101 [one hundred one]
R1001 [one thousand one]
R1010 [one thousand ten]
m.begin():
ptr=0x005BB4A0 Left=0x005BB3A0 Parent=0x005BB4C0 Right=0x005BB3A0 Color=1 Isnil=0
first=0 second=[zero]
m.end():
ptr=0x005BB3A0 Left=0x005BB4A0 Parent=0x005BB3C0 Right=0x005BB580 Color=1 Isnil=1

dumping s as set:
ptr=0x0020FDFC, Myhead=0x005BB5E0, Mysize=6
ptr=0x005BB5E0 Left=0x005BB640 Parent=0x005BB600 Right=0x005BB6A0 Color=1 Isnil=1
ptr=0x005BB600 Left=0x005BB660 Parent=0x005BB5E0 Right=0x005BB620 Color=1 Isnil=0
first=123
ptr=0x005BB660 Left=0x005BB640 Parent=0x005BB600 Right=0x005BB680 Color=1 Isnil=0
first=12
ptr=0x005BB640 Left=0x005BB5E0 Parent=0x005BB660 Right=0x005BB5E0 Color=0 Isnil=0
first=11
ptr=0x005BB680 Left=0x005BB5E0 Parent=0x005BB660 Right=0x005BB5E0 Color=0 Isnil=0
first=100
ptr=0x005BB620 Left=0x005BB5E0 Parent=0x005BB600 Right=0x005BB6A0 Color=1 Isnil=0
first=456
ptr=0x005BB6A0 Left=0x005BB5E0 Parent=0x005BB620 Right=0x005BB5E0 Color=0 Isnil=0
first=1001
As a tree:
root123
L12
L11
R100
R456
R1001
s.begin():
ptr=0x005BB640 Left=0x005BB5E0 Parent=0x005BB660 Right=0x005BB5E0 Color=0 Isnil=0
first=11
s.end():
ptr=0x005BB5E0 Left=0x005BB640 Parent=0x005BB600 Right=0x005BB6A0 Color=1 Isnil=1

, char 4 .
std::map, first second std::pair. std::set
.
, std::list MSVC (51.4.2 (. 592)).
std::list, . .begin() -
. ( ),
. operator-- operator++ - -, ..
. [Cor+09].
.end() -, 1 Isnil, , / .
landing zone HDD12 . parent - ,
12 Hard disk drive

607
 51. ++ 51. ++
, .

GCC

#include <stdio.h>
#include <map>
#include <set>
#include <string>
#include <iostream>

struct map_pair
{
int key;
const char *value;
};

struct tree_node
{
int M_color; // 0 Red, 1 Black
struct tree_node *M_parent;
struct tree_node *M_left;
struct tree_node *M_right;
};

struct tree_struct
{
int M_key_compare;
struct tree_node M_header;
size_t M_node_count;
};

void dump_tree_node (struct tree_node *n, bool is_set, bool traverse, bool dump_keys_and_values)
{
printf ("ptr=0x%p M_left=0x%p M_parent=0x%p M_right=0x%p M_color=%d\n",
n, n>M_left, n>M_parent, n>M_right, n>M_color);

void *point_after_struct=((char*)n)+sizeof(struct tree_node);

if (dump_keys_and_values)
{
if (is_set)
printf ("key=%d\n", *(int*)point_after_struct);
else
{
struct map_pair *p=(struct map_pair *)point_after_struct;
printf ("key=%d value=[%s]\n", p>key, p>value);
};
};

if (traverse==false)
return;

if (n>M_left)
dump_tree_node (n>M_left, is_set, traverse, dump_keys_and_values);
if (n>M_right)
dump_tree_node (n>M_right, is_set, traverse, dump_keys_and_values);
};

const char* ALOT_OF_TABS="\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t";

void dump_as_tree (int tabs, struct tree_node *n, bool is_set)

{
void *point_after_struct=((char*)n)+sizeof(struct tree_node);

if (is_set)
printf ("%d\n", *(int*)point_after_struct);
else
{
struct map_pair *p=(struct map_pair *)point_after_struct;

608
 51. ++ 51. ++
printf ("%d [%s]\n", p>key, p>value);
}

if (n>M_left)
{
printf ("%.*sL", tabs, ALOT_OF_TABS);
dump_as_tree (tabs+1, n>M_left, is_set);
};
if (n>M_right)
{
printf ("%.*sR", tabs, ALOT_OF_TABS);
dump_as_tree (tabs+1, n>M_right, is_set);
};
};

void dump_map_and_set(struct tree_struct *m, bool is_set)

{
printf ("ptr=0x%p, M_key_compare=0x%x, M_header=0x%p, M_node_count=%d\n",
m, m>M_key_compare, &m>M_header, m>M_node_count);
dump_tree_node (m>M_header.M_parent, is_set, true, true);
printf ("As a tree:\n");
printf ("root");
dump_as_tree (1, m>M_header.M_parent, is_set);
};

int main()
{
// map

std::map<int, const char*> m;

m[10]="ten";
m[20]="twenty";
m[3]="three";
m[101]="one hundred one";
m[100]="one hundred";
m[12]="twelve";
m[107]="one hundred seven";
m[0]="zero";
m[1]="one";
m[6]="six";
m[99]="ninetynine";
m[5]="five";
m[11]="eleven";
m[1001]="one thousand one";
m[1010]="one thousand ten";
m[2]="two";
m[9]="nine";

printf ("dumping m as map:\n");

dump_map_and_set ((struct tree_struct *)(void*)&m, false);

std::map<int, const char*>::iterator it1=m.begin();

printf ("m.begin():\n");
dump_tree_node ((struct tree_node *)*(void**)&it1, false, false, true);
it1=m.end();
printf ("m.end():\n");
dump_tree_node ((struct tree_node *)*(void**)&it1, false, false, false);

// set

std::set<int> s;
s.insert(123);
s.insert(456);
s.insert(11);
s.insert(12);
s.insert(100);
s.insert(1001);
printf ("dumping s as set:\n");
dump_map_and_set ((struct tree_struct *)(void*)&s, true);

609
 51. ++ 51. ++
std::set<int>::iterator it2=s.begin();
printf ("s.begin():\n");
dump_tree_node ((struct tree_node *)*(void**)&it2, true, false, true);
it2=s.end();
printf ("s.end():\n");
dump_tree_node ((struct tree_node *)*(void**)&it2, true, false, false);
};

51.36: GCC 4.8.1

dumping m as map:
ptr=0x0028FE3C, M_key_compare=0x402b70, M_header=0x0028FE40, M_node_count=17
ptr=0x007A4988 M_left=0x007A4C00 M_parent=0x0028FE40 M_right=0x007A4B80 M_color=1
key=10 value=[ten]
ptr=0x007A4C00 M_left=0x007A4BE0 M_parent=0x007A4988 M_right=0x007A4C60 M_color=1
key=1 value=[one]
ptr=0x007A4BE0 M_left=0x00000000 M_parent=0x007A4C00 M_right=0x00000000 M_color=1
key=0 value=[zero]
ptr=0x007A4C60 M_left=0x007A4B40 M_parent=0x007A4C00 M_right=0x007A4C20 M_color=0
key=5 value=[five]
ptr=0x007A4B40 M_left=0x007A4CE0 M_parent=0x007A4C60 M_right=0x00000000 M_color=1
key=3 value=[three]
ptr=0x007A4CE0 M_left=0x00000000 M_parent=0x007A4B40 M_right=0x00000000 M_color=0
key=2 value=[two]
ptr=0x007A4C20 M_left=0x00000000 M_parent=0x007A4C60 M_right=0x007A4D00 M_color=1
key=6 value=[six]
ptr=0x007A4D00 M_left=0x00000000 M_parent=0x007A4C20 M_right=0x00000000 M_color=0
key=9 value=[nine]
ptr=0x007A4B80 M_left=0x007A49A8 M_parent=0x007A4988 M_right=0x007A4BC0 M_color=1
key=100 value=[one hundred]
ptr=0x007A49A8 M_left=0x007A4BA0 M_parent=0x007A4B80 M_right=0x007A4C40 M_color=0
key=20 value=[twenty]
ptr=0x007A4BA0 M_left=0x007A4C80 M_parent=0x007A49A8 M_right=0x00000000 M_color=1
key=12 value=[twelve]
ptr=0x007A4C80 M_left=0x00000000 M_parent=0x007A4BA0 M_right=0x00000000 M_color=0
key=11 value=[eleven]
ptr=0x007A4C40 M_left=0x00000000 M_parent=0x007A49A8 M_right=0x00000000 M_color=1
key=99 value=[ninetynine]
ptr=0x007A4BC0 M_left=0x007A4B60 M_parent=0x007A4B80 M_right=0x007A4CA0 M_color=0
key=107 value=[one hundred seven]
ptr=0x007A4B60 M_left=0x00000000 M_parent=0x007A4BC0 M_right=0x00000000 M_color=1
key=101 value=[one hundred one]
ptr=0x007A4CA0 M_left=0x00000000 M_parent=0x007A4BC0 M_right=0x007A4CC0 M_color=1
key=1001 value=[one thousand one]
ptr=0x007A4CC0 M_left=0x00000000 M_parent=0x007A4CA0 M_right=0x00000000 M_color=0
key=1010 value=[one thousand ten]
As a tree:
root10 [ten]
L1 [one]
L0 [zero]
R5 [five]
L3 [three]
L2 [two]
R6 [six]
R9 [nine]
R100 [one hundred]
L20 [twenty]
L12 [twelve]
L11 [eleven]
R99 [ninetynine]
R107 [one hundred seven]
L101 [one hundred one]
R1001 [one thousand one]
R1010 [one thousand ten]
m.begin():
ptr=0x007A4BE0 M_left=0x00000000 M_parent=0x007A4C00 M_right=0x00000000 M_color=1
key=0 value=[zero]
m.end():
ptr=0x0028FE40 M_left=0x007A4BE0 M_parent=0x007A4988 M_right=0x007A4CC0 M_color=0

610
 51. ++ 51. ++
dumping s as set:
ptr=0x0028FE20, M_key_compare=0x8, M_header=0x0028FE24, M_node_count=6
ptr=0x007A1E80 M_left=0x01D5D890 M_parent=0x0028FE24 M_right=0x01D5D850 M_color=1
key=123
ptr=0x01D5D890 M_left=0x01D5D870 M_parent=0x007A1E80 M_right=0x01D5D8B0 M_color=1
key=12
ptr=0x01D5D870 M_left=0x00000000 M_parent=0x01D5D890 M_right=0x00000000 M_color=0
key=11
ptr=0x01D5D8B0 M_left=0x00000000 M_parent=0x01D5D890 M_right=0x00000000 M_color=0
key=100
ptr=0x01D5D850 M_left=0x00000000 M_parent=0x007A1E80 M_right=0x01D5D8D0 M_color=1
key=456
ptr=0x01D5D8D0 M_left=0x00000000 M_parent=0x01D5D850 M_right=0x00000000 M_color=0
key=1001
As a tree:
root123
L12
L11
R100
R456
R1001
s.begin():
ptr=0x01D5D870 M_left=0x00000000 M_parent=0x01D5D890 M_right=0x00000000 M_color=0
key=11
s.end():
ptr=0x0028FE24 M_left=0x01D5D870 M_parent=0x007A1E80 M_right=0x01D5D8D0 M_color=0

GCC 13 . , Isnil,
MSVC. - ,
.end(), / .

(GCC)

, .

51.37: GCC
#include <stdio.h>
#include <map>
#include <set>
#include <string>
#include <iostream>

struct map_pair
{
int key;
const char *value;
};

struct tree_node
{
int M_color; // 0 Red, 1 Black
struct tree_node *M_parent;
struct tree_node *M_left;
struct tree_node *M_right;
};

struct tree_struct
{
int M_key_compare;
struct tree_node M_header;
size_t M_node_count;
};

const char* ALOT_OF_TABS="\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t";

void dump_as_tree (int tabs, struct tree_node *n)

13 http://go.yurichev.com/17084

611
 51. ++ 51. ++
{
void *point_after_struct=((char*)n)+sizeof(struct tree_node);

printf ("%d\n", *(int*)point_after_struct);

if (n>M_left)
{
printf ("%.*sL", tabs, ALOT_OF_TABS);
dump_as_tree (tabs+1, n>M_left);
};
if (n>M_right)
{
printf ("%.*sR", tabs, ALOT_OF_TABS);
dump_as_tree (tabs+1, n>M_right);
};
};

void dump_map_and_set(struct tree_struct *m)

{
printf ("root");
dump_as_tree (1, m>M_header.M_parent);
};

int main()
{
std::set<int> s;
s.insert(123);
s.insert(456);
printf ("123, 456 are inserted\n");
dump_map_and_set ((struct tree_struct *)(void*)&s);
s.insert(11);
s.insert(12);
printf ("\n");
printf ("11, 12 are inserted\n");
dump_map_and_set ((struct tree_struct *)(void*)&s);
s.insert(100);
s.insert(1001);
printf ("\n");
printf ("100, 1001 are inserted\n");
dump_map_and_set ((struct tree_struct *)(void*)&s);
s.insert(667);
s.insert(1);
s.insert(4);
s.insert(7);
printf ("\n");
printf ("667, 1, 4, 7 are inserted\n");
dump_map_and_set ((struct tree_struct *)(void*)&s);
printf ("\n");
};

51.38: GCC 4.8.1

123, 456 are inserted
root123
R456

11, 12 are inserted

root123
L11
R12
R456

100, 1001 are inserted

root123
L12
L11
R100
R456
R1001

612
 51. ++ 51. ++
667, 1, 4, 7 are inserted
root12
L4
L1
R11
L7
R123
L100
R667
L456
R1001

613
 52. 52.

52

, , array[1].
, , .
/++ , 0, , 1 (
FORTRAN). , 1
/++ :
#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
int random_value=0x11223344;
unsigned char array[10];
int i;
unsigned char *fakearray=&array[1];

for (i=0; i<10; i++)

array[i]=i;

printf ("first element %d\n", fakearray[1]);

printf ("second element %d\n", fakearray[2]);
printf ("last element %d\n", fakearray[10]);

printf ("array[1]=%02X, array[2]=%02X, array[3]=%02X, array[4]=%02X\n",

array[1],
array[2],
array[3],
array[4]);
};

52.1: MSVC 2010

1 $SG2751 DB 'first element %d', 0aH, 00H
2 $SG2752 DB 'second element %d', 0aH, 00H
3 $SG2753 DB 'last element %d', 0aH, 00H
4 $SG2754 DB 'array[1]=%02X, array[2]=%02X, array[3]=%02X, array[4'
5 DB ']=%02X', 0aH, 00H
6
7 _fakearray$ = 24 ; size = 4
8 _random_value$ = 20 ; size = 4
9 _array$ = 16 ; size = 10
10 _i$ = 4 ; size = 4
11 _main PROC
12 push ebp
13 mov ebp, esp
14 sub esp, 24
15 mov DWORD PTR _random_value$[ebp], 287454020 ; 11223344H
16 ; fakearray[] array[]
17 lea eax, DWORD PTR _array$[ebp]
18 add eax, 1 ; eax=eax1
19 mov DWORD PTR _fakearray$[ebp], eax
20 mov DWORD PTR _i$[ebp], 0
21 jmp SHORT $LN3@main

614
 52. 52.
22 ; array[] 0..9
23 $LN2@main:
24 mov ecx, DWORD PTR _i$[ebp]
25 add ecx, 1
26 mov DWORD PTR _i$[ebp], ecx
27 $LN3@main:
28 cmp DWORD PTR _i$[ebp], 10
29 jge SHORT $LN1@main
30 mov edx, DWORD PTR _i$[ebp]
31 mov al, BYTE PTR _i$[ebp]
32 mov BYTE PTR _array$[ebp+edx], al
33 jmp SHORT $LN2@main
34 $LN1@main:
35 mov ecx, DWORD PTR _fakearray$[ebp]
36 ; ecx= fakearray[0], ecx+1 fakearray[1] array[0]
37 movzx edx, BYTE PTR [ecx+1]
38 push edx
39 push OFFSET $SG2751 ; 'first element %d'
40 call _printf
41 add esp, 8
42 mov eax, DWORD PTR _fakearray$[ebp]
43 ; eax= fakearray[0], eax+2 fakearray[2] array[1]
44 movzx ecx, BYTE PTR [eax+2]
45 push ecx
46 push OFFSET $SG2752 ; 'second element %d'
47 call _printf
48 add esp, 8
49 mov edx, DWORD PTR _fakearray$[ebp]
50 ; edx= fakearray[0], edx+10 fakearray[10] array[9]
51 movzx eax, BYTE PTR [edx+10]
52 push eax
53 push OFFSET $SG2753 ; 'last element %d'
54 call _printf
55 add esp, 8
56 ; 4, 3, 2 1 array[0] , array[]
57 lea ecx, DWORD PTR _array$[ebp]
58 movzx edx, BYTE PTR [ecx4]
59 push edx
60 lea eax, DWORD PTR _array$[ebp]
61 movzx ecx, BYTE PTR [eax3]
62 push ecx
63 lea edx, DWORD PTR _array$[ebp]
64 movzx eax, BYTE PTR [edx2]
65 push eax
66 lea ecx, DWORD PTR _array$[ebp]
67 movzx edx, BYTE PTR [ecx1]
68 push edx
69 push OFFSET $SG2754 ; 'array[1]=%02X, array[2]=%02X, array[3]=%02X, array[4]=%02X'
70 call _printf
71 add esp, 20
72 xor eax, eax
73 mov esp, ebp
74 pop ebp
75 ret 0
76 _main ENDP

array[] , 0 . . . 9. fakearray[]
array[]. fakearray[1] array[0]. ,
array[]? random_value array[] 0x11223344. -
, , , 32-
random_value .
, :
first element 0
second element 1
last element 9
array[1]=11, array[2]=22, array[3]=33, array[4]=44

, OllyDbg ( ):

615
 52. 52.
52.2: MSVC 2010
CPU Stack
Address Value
001DFBCC /001DFBD3 ; fakearray
001DFBD0 |11223344 ; random_value
001DFBD4 |03020100 ; 4 array[]
001DFBD8 |07060504 ; 4 array[]
001DFBDC |00CB0908 ; + 2 array[]
001DFBE0 |0000000A ; i
001DFBE4 |001DFC2C ; EBP
001DFBE8 \00CB129D ; (RA)

fakearray[] (0x001DFBD3) array[] (0x001DFBD4), 1 .

- . - ,
, .

616
 53. WINDOWS 16-BIT 53. WINDOWS 16-BIT

53

Windows 16-bit

16- Windows , , -
, (78 (. 771)).
16- Windows 3.11. 96/98/ME 16- , 32- OS
Windows NT. 64- Windows NT 16- .
MS-DOS.
NE- ( new executable).
OpenWatcom 1.9 :
wcl.exe -i=C:/WATCOM/h/win/ -s -os -bt=windows -bcl=windows example.c

53.1. #1

#include <windows.h>

int PASCAL WinMain( HINSTANCE hInstance,

HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
LPSTR lpCmdLine,
int nCmdShow )
{
MessageBeep(MB_ICONEXCLAMATION);
return 0;
};

WinMain proc near

push bp
mov bp, sp
mov ax, 30h ; '0' ; MB_ICONEXCLAMATION constant
push ax
call MESSAGEBEEP
xor ax, ax ; return 0
pop bp
retn 0Ah
WinMain endp

53.2. #2

#include <windows.h>

int PASCAL WinMain( HINSTANCE hInstance,

HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
LPSTR lpCmdLine,
int nCmdShow )
{
MessageBox (NULL, "hello, world", "caption", MB_YESNOCANCEL);

617
 53. WINDOWS 16-BIT 53. WINDOWS 16-BIT
return 0;
};

WinMain proc near

push bp
mov bp, sp
xor ax, ax ; NULL
push ax
push ds
mov ax, offset aHelloWorld ; 0x18. "hello, world"
push ax
push ds
mov ax, offset aCaption ; 0x10. "caption"
push ax
mov ax, 3 ; MB_YESNOCANCEL
push ax
call MESSAGEBOX
xor ax, ax ; return 0
pop bp
retn 0Ah
WinMain endp

dseg02:0010 aCaption db 'caption',0

dseg02:0018 aHelloWorld db 'hello, world',0

: PASCAL:
(MB_YESNOCANCEL), (NULL).
stack pointer: RETN 0Ah
10 . stdcall (64.2 (. 689)),
.
: , .
, DS .

53.3. #3

#include <windows.h>

int PASCAL WinMain( HINSTANCE hInstance,

HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
LPSTR lpCmdLine,
int nCmdShow )
{
int result=MessageBox (NULL, "hello, world", "caption", MB_YESNOCANCEL);

if (result==IDCANCEL)
MessageBox (NULL, "you pressed cancel", "caption", MB_OK);
else if (result==IDYES)
MessageBox (NULL, "you pressed yes", "caption", MB_OK);
else if (result==IDNO)
MessageBox (NULL, "you pressed no", "caption", MB_OK);

return 0;
};

WinMain proc near

push bp
mov bp, sp
xor ax, ax ; NULL
push ax
push ds
mov ax, offset aHelloWorld ; "hello, world"
push ax
push ds
mov ax, offset aCaption ; "caption"
push ax

618
 53. WINDOWS 16-BIT 53. WINDOWS 16-BIT
mov ax, 3 ; MB_YESNOCANCEL
push ax
call MESSAGEBOX
cmp ax, 2 ; IDCANCEL
jnz short loc_2F
xor ax, ax
push ax
push ds
mov ax, offset aYouPressedCanc ; "you pressed cancel"
jmp short loc_49
loc_2F:
cmp ax, 6 ; IDYES
jnz short loc_3D
xor ax, ax
push ax
push ds
mov ax, offset aYouPressedYes ; "you pressed yes"
jmp short loc_49
loc_3D:
cmp ax, 7 ; IDNO
jnz short loc_57
xor ax, ax
push ax
push ds
mov ax, offset aYouPressedNo ; "you pressed no"
loc_49:
push ax
push ds
mov ax, offset aCaption ; "caption"
push ax
xor ax, ax
push ax
call MESSAGEBOX
loc_57:
xor ax, ax
pop bp
retn 0Ah
WinMain endp

53.4. #4

#include <windows.h>

int PASCAL func1 (int a, int b, int c)

{
return a*b+c;
};

long PASCAL func2 (long a, long b, long c)

{
return a*b+c;
};

long PASCAL func3 (long a, long b, long c, int d)

{
return a*b+cd;
};

int PASCAL WinMain( HINSTANCE hInstance,

HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
LPSTR lpCmdLine,
int nCmdShow )
{
func1 (123, 456, 789);
func2 (600000, 700000, 800000);

619
 53. WINDOWS 16-BIT 53. WINDOWS 16-BIT
func3 (600000, 700000, 800000, 123);
return 0;
};

func1 proc near

c = word ptr 4
b = word ptr 6
a = word ptr 8

push bp
mov bp, sp
mov ax, [bp+a]
imul [bp+b]
add ax, [bp+c]
pop bp
retn 6
func1 endp

func2 proc near

arg_0 = word ptr 4

arg_2 = word ptr 6
arg_4 = word ptr 8
arg_6 = word ptr 0Ah
arg_8 = word ptr 0Ch
arg_A = word ptr 0Eh

push bp
mov bp, sp
mov ax, [bp+arg_8]
mov dx, [bp+arg_A]
mov bx, [bp+arg_4]
mov cx, [bp+arg_6]
call sub_B2 ; long 32bit multiplication
add ax, [bp+arg_0]
adc dx, [bp+arg_2]
pop bp
retn 12
func2 endp

func3 proc near

arg_0 = word ptr 4

arg_2 = word ptr 6
arg_4 = word ptr 8
arg_6 = word ptr 0Ah
arg_8 = word ptr 0Ch
arg_A = word ptr 0Eh
arg_C = word ptr 10h

push bp
mov bp, sp
mov ax, [bp+arg_A]
mov dx, [bp+arg_C]
mov bx, [bp+arg_6]
mov cx, [bp+arg_8]
call sub_B2 ; long 32bit multiplication
mov cx, [bp+arg_2]
add cx, ax
mov bx, [bp+arg_4]
adc bx, dx ; BX=high part, CX=low part
mov ax, [bp+arg_0]
cwd ; AX=low part d, DX=high part d
sub cx, ax
mov ax, cx
sbb bx, dx
mov dx, bx
pop bp
retn 14

620
 53. WINDOWS 16-BIT 53. WINDOWS 16-BIT
func3 endp

WinMain proc near

push bp
mov bp, sp
mov ax, 123
push ax
mov ax, 456
push ax
mov ax, 789
push ax
call func1
mov ax, 9 ; high part of 600000
push ax
mov ax, 27C0h ; low part of 600000
push ax
mov ax, 0Ah ; high part of 700000
push ax
mov ax, 0AE60h ; low part of 700000
push ax
mov ax, 0Ch ; high part of 800000
push ax
mov ax, 3500h ; low part of 800000
push ax
call func2
mov ax, 9 ; high part of 600000
push ax
mov ax, 27C0h ; low part of 600000
push ax
mov ax, 0Ah ; high part of 700000
push ax
mov ax, 0AE60h ; low part of 700000
push ax
mov ax, 0Ch ; high part of 800000
push ax
mov ax, 3500h ; low part of 800000
push ax
mov ax, 7Bh ; 123
push ax
call func3
xor ax, ax ; return 0
pop bp
retn 0Ah
WinMain endp

32- ( long 32-, int 16-) 16- ( MS-DOS Win16)

) . 64- 32- (24 (. 418)).
sub_B2 here , long multiplication,
.. 32- . :
E (. 981), D (. 980).
ADD/ ADC : ADD
CF, ADC .
SUB/ SBB : SUB CF, SBB -
.
32- DX:AX .
WinMain().
123 int ( ) 32- CWD .

53.5. #5

#include <windows.h>

int PASCAL string_compare (char *s1, char *s2)

{

621
 53. WINDOWS 16-BIT 53. WINDOWS 16-BIT
while (1)
{
if (*s1!=*s2)
return 0;
if (*s1==0 || *s2==0)
return 1; // end of string
s1++;
s2++;
};

};

int PASCAL string_compare_far (char far *s1, char far *s2)

{
while (1)
{
if (*s1!=*s2)
return 0;
if (*s1==0 || *s2==0)
return 1; // end of string
s1++;
s2++;
};

};

void PASCAL remove_digits (char *s)

{
while (*s)
{
if (*s>='0' && *s<='9')
*s='';
s++;
};
};

char str[]="hello 1234 world";

int PASCAL WinMain( HINSTANCE hInstance,

HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
LPSTR lpCmdLine,
int nCmdShow )
{
string_compare ("asd", "def");
string_compare_far ("asd", "def");
remove_digits (str);
MessageBox (NULL, str, "caption", MB_YESNOCANCEL);
return 0;
};

string_compare proc near

arg_0 = word ptr 4

arg_2 = word ptr 6

push bp
mov bp, sp
push si
mov si, [bp+arg_0]
mov bx, [bp+arg_2]

loc_12: ; CODE XREF: string_compare+21j

mov al, [bx]
cmp al, [si]
jz short loc_1C
xor ax, ax
jmp short loc_2B

loc_1C: ; CODE XREF: string_compare+Ej

622
 53. WINDOWS 16-BIT 53. WINDOWS 16-BIT
test al, al
jz short loc_22
jnz short loc_27

loc_22: ; CODE XREF: string_compare+16j

mov ax, 1
jmp short loc_2B

loc_27: ; CODE XREF: string_compare+18j

inc bx
inc si
jmp short loc_12

loc_2B: ; CODE XREF: string_compare+12j

; string_compare+1Dj
pop si
pop bp
retn 4
string_compare endp

string_compare_far proc near ; CODE XREF: WinMain+18p

arg_0 = word ptr 4

arg_2 = word ptr 6
arg_4 = word ptr 8
arg_6 = word ptr 0Ah

push bp
mov bp, sp
push si
mov si, [bp+arg_0]
mov bx, [bp+arg_4]

loc_3A: ; CODE XREF: string_compare_far+35j

mov es, [bp+arg_6]
mov al, es:[bx]
mov es, [bp+arg_2]
cmp al, es:[si]
jz short loc_4C
xor ax, ax
jmp short loc_67

loc_4C: ; CODE XREF: string_compare_far+16j

mov es, [bp+arg_6]
cmp byte ptr es:[bx], 0
jz short loc_5E
mov es, [bp+arg_2]
cmp byte ptr es:[si], 0
jnz short loc_63

loc_5E: ; CODE XREF: string_compare_far+23j

mov ax, 1
jmp short loc_67

loc_63: ; CODE XREF: string_compare_far+2Cj

inc bx
inc si
jmp short loc_3A

loc_67: ; CODE XREF: string_compare_far+1Aj

; string_compare_far+31j
pop si
pop bp
retn 8
string_compare_far endp

623
 53. WINDOWS 16-BIT 53. WINDOWS 16-BIT

remove_digits proc near ; CODE XREF: WinMain+1Fp

arg_0 = word ptr 4

push bp
mov bp, sp
mov bx, [bp+arg_0]

loc_72: ; CODE XREF: remove_digits+18j

mov al, [bx]
test al, al
jz short loc_86
cmp al, 30h ; '0'
jb short loc_83
cmp al, 39h ; '9'
ja short loc_83
mov byte ptr [bx], 2Dh ; ''

loc_83: ; CODE XREF: remove_digits+Ej

; remove_digits+12j
inc bx
jmp short loc_72

loc_86: ; CODE XREF: remove_digits+Aj

pop bp
retn 2
remove_digits endp

WinMain proc near ; CODE XREF: start+EDp

push bp
mov bp, sp
mov ax, offset aAsd ; "asd"
push ax
mov ax, offset aDef ; "def"
push ax
call string_compare
push ds
mov ax, offset aAsd ; "asd"
push ax
push ds
mov ax, offset aDef ; "def"
push ax
call string_compare_far
mov ax, offset aHello1234World ; "hello 1234 world"
push ax
call remove_digits
xor ax, ax
push ax
push ds
mov ax, offset aHello1234World ; "hello 1234 world"
push ax
push ds
mov ax, offset aCaption ; "caption"
push ax
mov ax, 3 ; MB_YESNOCANCEL
push ax
call MESSAGEBOX
xor ax, ax
pop bp
retn 0Ah
WinMain endp

near far -
16- 8086 .
: 94 (. 909).
near () . , string_compare()

624
 53. WINDOWS 16-BIT 53. WINDOWS 16-BIT
2 16- ,
DS (mov al, [bx] mov al, ds:[bx] DS ).
far () . string_compare_far()
16- , ES
(mov al, es:[bx]). far win16- MessageBox(): 53.2
(. 617). , Windows , ,
.
,
64 , ( ) .

64 , ,
.
. 64kb-,
CALL NEAR, RETN. -
, , CALL
FAR, RETF.
memory model.
MS-DOS Win16 : -
.

53.6. #6

#include <windows.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <stdio.h>

char strbuf[256];

int PASCAL WinMain( HINSTANCE hInstance,

HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
LPSTR lpCmdLine,
int nCmdShow )
{

struct tm *t;
time_t unix_time;

unix_time=time(NULL);

t=localtime (&unix_time);

sprintf (strbuf, "%04d%02d%02d %02d:%02d:%02d", t>tm_year+1900, t>tm_mon, t>tm_mday,

t>tm_hour, t>tm_min, t>tm_sec);

MessageBox (NULL, strbuf, "caption", MB_OK);

return 0;
};

WinMain proc near

var_4 = word ptr 4

var_2 = word ptr 2

push bp
mov bp, sp
push ax
push ax
xor ax, ax
call time_
mov [bp+var_4], ax ; low part of UNIX time
mov [bp+var_2], dx ; high part of UNIX time
lea ax, [bp+var_4] ; take a pointer of high part
call localtime_
mov bx, ax ; t

625
 53. WINDOWS 16-BIT 53. WINDOWS 16-BIT
push word ptr [bx] ; second
push word ptr [bx+2] ; minute
push word ptr [bx+4] ; hour
push word ptr [bx+6] ; day
push word ptr [bx+8] ; month
mov ax, [bx+0Ah] ; year
add ax, 1900
push ax
mov ax, offset a04d02d02d02d02 ; "%04d%02d%02d %02d:%02d:%02d"
push ax
mov ax, offset strbuf
push ax
call sprintf_
add sp, 10h
xor ax, ax ; NULL
push ax
push ds
mov ax, offset strbuf
push ax
push ds
mov ax, offset aCaption ; "caption"
push ax
xor ax, ax ; MB_OK
push ax
call MESSAGEBOX
xor ax, ax
mov sp, bp
pop bp
retn 0Ah
WinMain endp

UNIX 32- , DX:AX

16- . localtime().
localtime() struct tm - , -
. , ,
.
time() localtime() Watcom- : -
AX, DX, BX CX, . , ,
.
sprintf() cdecl (64.1 (. 689)) PASCAL Watcom,
.

53.6.1.

, :
#include <windows.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <stdio.h>

char strbuf[256];
struct tm *t;
time_t unix_time;

int PASCAL WinMain( HINSTANCE hInstance,

HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
LPSTR lpCmdLine,
int nCmdShow )
{

unix_time=time(NULL);

t=localtime (&unix_time);

sprintf (strbuf, "%04d%02d%02d %02d:%02d:%02d", t>tm_year+1900, t>tm_mon, t>tm_mday,

t>tm_hour, t>tm_min, t>tm_sec);

626
 53. WINDOWS 16-BIT 53. WINDOWS 16-BIT
MessageBox (NULL, strbuf, "caption", MB_OK);
return 0;
};

unix_time_low dw 0
unix_time_high dw 0
t dw 0

WinMain proc near

push bp
mov bp, sp
xor ax, ax
call time_
mov unix_time_low, ax
mov unix_time_high, dx
mov ax, offset unix_time_low
call localtime_
mov bx, ax
mov t, ax ; will not be used in future...
push word ptr [bx] ; seconds
push word ptr [bx+2] ; minutes
push word ptr [bx+4] ; hour
push word ptr [bx+6] ; day
push word ptr [bx+8] ; month
mov ax, [bx+0Ah] ; year
add ax, 1900
push ax
mov ax, offset a04d02d02d02d02 ; "%04d%02d%02d %02d:%02d:%02d"
push ax
mov ax, offset strbuf
push ax
call sprintf_
add sp, 10h
xor ax, ax ; NULL
push ax
push ds
mov ax, offset strbuf
push ax
push ds
mov ax, offset aCaption ; "caption"
push ax
xor ax, ax ; MB_OK
push ax
call MESSAGEBOX
xor ax, ax ; return 0
pop bp
retn 0Ah
WinMain endp

t , , . ,
- .

627
 IV

Java

628
 54. JAVA 54. JAVA

54

Java

54.1.
Java ( JVM- ) 1 .
JVM- x86-:
.
JVM .
Java- ( JVM JIT2 ),
class- .
JVM- ?
/ class- -
.
.
.
(back-end), JVM ( Scala, Clojure, 3 ).
. , JDK 1.7.
class-: javap -c -verbose
: [Jav13].

54.2.
, Java , . ,
Java , .
- , - .
, .
public class ret
{
public static int main(String[] args)
{
return 0;
}
}

:
javac ret.java

Java:
1 ,JAD: http://varaneckas.com/jad/
2 Just-in-time
compilation
3 : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_JVM_languages

629
 54. JAVA 54. JAVA

javap c verbose ret.class

54.1: JDK 1.7 (excerpt)

public static int main(java.lang.String[]);
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=1, locals=1, args_size=1
0: iconst_0
1: ireturn

Java 0 ,
iconst_0, 0 4 . iconst_1 ( 1), iconst_2,
, iconst_5. iconst_m1 -1.
Stack is used in JVM for data passing into functions to be called and also returning values. So iconst_0 pushed 0 into stack.
ireturn returns integer value (i in name mean integer) from the TOS5 .
, 1234:
public class ret
{
public static int main(String[] args)
{
return 1234;
}
}

54.2: JDK 1.7 (excerpt)

public static int main(java.lang.String[]);
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=1, locals=1, args_size=1
0: sipush 1234
3: ireturn

sipush (short integer) 1234 . short , 16- -

. 1234 16- .
?
public class ret
{
public static int main(String[] args)
{
return 12345678;
}
}

54.3: Constant pool

...
#2 = Integer 12345678
...

public static int main(java.lang.String[]);

flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=1, locals=1, args_size=1
0: ldc #2 // int 12345678
2: ireturn

4 MIPS, : 3.5.2 (. 19).

5 Top Of Stack ( )

630
 54. JAVA 54. JAVA
32- - JVM-, -
. 32- 12345678 constant pool ( ), ,
, ( , , ).
JVM. MIPS, ARM RISC- 32-
32- , RISC- ( MIPS ARM)
, : 28.3 (. 465), 29.1 (. 468).
MIPS , literal pool, .lit4 (
32- ) .lit8( 64- -
).
!
Boolean:
public class ret
{
public static boolean main(String[] args)
{
return true;
}
}

public static boolean main(java.lang.String[]);

flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=1, locals=1, args_size=1
0: iconst_1
1: ireturn

JVM- , 1. 32- -
, /++.
class- .
16- short:
public class ret
{
public static short main(String[] args)
{
return 1234;
}
}

public static short main(java.lang.String[]);

flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=1, locals=1, args_size=1
0: sipush 1234
3: ireturn

char!
public class ret
{
public static char main(String[] args)
{
return 'A';
}
}

public static char main(java.lang.String[]);

flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=1, locals=1, args_size=1
0: bipush 65
2: ireturn

631
 54. JAVA 54. JAVA
bipush push byte. char Java, 16- UTF-16, -
short, ASCII- A 65, .
byte:
public class retc
{
public static byte main(String[] args)
{
return 123;
}
}

public static byte main(java.lang.String[]);

flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=1, locals=1, args_size=1
0: bipush 123
2: ireturn

- , 16- short, 32-

integer? char, short?
: . char short,
UTF-16, - .
short, , 16- .
boolean , int , .
Java 64- :
public class ret3
{
public static long main(String[] args)
{
return 1234567890123456789L;
}
}

54.4: Constant pool

...
#2 = Long 1234567890123456789l
...

public static long main(java.lang.String[]);

flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=2, locals=1, args_size=1
0: ldc2_w #2 // long 1234567890123456789l
3: lreturn

64- , ldc2_w lreturn (long return) .

ldc2_w ( -
64 ) :
public class ret
{
public static double main(String[] args)
{
return 123.456d;
}
}

54.5: Constant pool

...
#2 = Double 123.456d
...

632
 54. JAVA 54. JAVA

public static double main(java.lang.String[]);

flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=2, locals=1, args_size=1
0: ldc2_w #2 // double 123.456d
3: dreturn

dreturn return double.

, :
public class ret
{
public static float main(String[] args)
{
return 123.456f;
}
}

54.6: Constant pool

...
#2 = Float 123.456f
...

public static float main(java.lang.String[]);

flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=1, locals=1, args_size=1
0: ldc #2 // float 123.456f
2: freturn

ldc , 32- . freturn

return oat.
, ?
public class ret
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
return;
}
}

public static void main(java.lang.String[]);

flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=0, locals=1, args_size=1
0: return

, return - .
, ( ).

54.3.
.
public class calc
{
public static int half(int a)
{
return a/2;
}
}

, iconst_2:

633
 54. JAVA 54. JAVA

public static int half(int);

flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=2, locals=1, args_size=1
0: iload_0
1: iconst_2
2: idiv
3: ireturn

iload_0 . iconst_2 2.
:
++
TOS >| 2 |
++
| a |
++

idiv (TOS), (TOS):

++
TOS >| result |
++

ireturn .
, :
public class calc
{
public static double half_double(double a)
{
return a/2.0;
}
}

54.7: Constant pool

...
#2 = Double 2.0d
...

public static double half_double(double);

flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=4, locals=2, args_size=1
0: dload_0
1: ldc2_w #2 // double 2.0d
4: ddiv
5: dreturn

, ldc2_w 2.0 . ,
d, , double.
:
public class calc
{
public static int sum(int a, int b)
{
return a+b;
}
}

public static int sum(int, int);

flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=2, locals=2, args_size=2
0: iload_0

634
 54. JAVA 54. JAVA
1: iload_1
2: iadd
3: ireturn

iload_0 (a), iload_2 (b).

:
++
TOS >| b |
++
| a |
++

iadd TOS:
++
TOS >| result |
++

long:
public static long lsum(long a, long b)
{
return a+b;
}

:
public static long lsum(long, long);
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=4, locals=4, args_size=2
0: lload_0
1: lload_2
2: ladd
3: lreturn

lload . 64- long

32- .
:
public class calc
{
public static int mult_add(int a, int b, int c)
{
return a*b+c;
}
}

public static int mult_add(int, int, int);

flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=2, locals=3, args_size=3
0: iload_0
1: iload_1
2: imul
3: iload_2
4: iadd
5: ireturn

. TOS:
++
TOS >| product |
++

iload_2 (c) :

635
 54. JAVA 54. JAVA

++
TOS >| c |
++
| product |
++

iadd .

54.4. JVM
x86 .
JVM .
:
(LVA6 ). -
. iload_0 . istore .
: 0, 1 ( this.
.
32 . , long double .
( ).
. x86, -
, /.
(heap). .
3 .

54.5.
Math.random() [0.0 1.0), , - ,
, [0.0 0.5):
public class HalfRandom
{
public static double f()
{
return Math.random()/2;
}
}

54.8: Constant pool

...
#2 = Methodref #18.#19 // java/lang/Math.random:()D
#3 = Double 2.0d
...
#12 = Utf8 ()D
...
#18 = Class #22 // java/lang/Math
#19 = NameAndType #23:#12 // random:()D
#22 = Utf8 java/lang/Math
#23 = Utf8 random

public static double f();

flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=4, locals=0, args_size=0
0: invokestatic #2 // Method java/lang/Math.random:()D
3: ldc2_w #3 // double 2.0d
6: ddiv
7: dreturn

6 (Java) Local Variable Array ( )

636
 54. JAVA 54. JAVA
invokestatic Math.random() TOS. 2.0 -
. ? Methodref.
. Methodref Class, ,
, (java/lang/Math). Methodref -
NameAndType, . random, .
()D, . double ( D ). -
1) JVM ; 2) Java-
class-.
Hello, world!:
public class HelloWorld
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("Hello, World");
}
}

54.9: Constant pool

...
#2 = Fieldref #16.#17 // java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
#3 = String #18 // Hello, World
#4 = Methodref #19.#20 // java/io/PrintStream.println:(Ljava/lang/String;)V
...
#16 = Class #23 // java/lang/System
#17 = NameAndType #24:#25 // out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
#18 = Utf8 Hello, World
#19 = Class #26 // java/io/PrintStream
#20 = NameAndType #27:#28 // println:(Ljava/lang/String;)V
...
#23 = Utf8 java/lang/System
#24 = Utf8 out
#25 = Utf8 Ljava/io/PrintStream;
#26 = Utf8 java/io/PrintStream
#27 = Utf8 println
#28 = Utf8 (Ljava/lang/String;)V
...

public static void main(java.lang.String[]);

flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=2, locals=1, args_size=1
0: getstatic #2 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
3: ldc #3 // String Hello, World
5: invokevirtual #4 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Ljava/lang/String
;)V
8: return

ldc 3 ( ) Hello, World .

Java reference, 7 .
invokevirtual ( ) println
. , println, .
, println, String.
getstatic? reference ( ) System.out
. this println. , ,
println : 1) this, .. 8 ; 2) Hello, World.
, println() System.out.
, javap .
7 reference ++: 51.3 (. 580).
8 .

637
 54. JAVA 54. JAVA
54.6. beep()
:
public static void main(String[] args)
{
java.awt.Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().beep();
};

public static void main(java.lang.String[]);

flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=1, locals=1, args_size=1
0: invokestatic #2 // Method java/awt/Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit:()Ljava/awt
/Toolkit;
3: invokevirtual #3 // Method java/awt/Toolkit.beep:()V
6: return

invokestatic 0 java.awt.Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit(),
reference () Toolkit. invokevirtual 3 beep()
.

54.7.
, (20 (. 356)):
public class LCG
{
public static int rand_state;

public void my_srand (int init)

{
rand_state=init;
}

public static int RNG_a=1664525;

public static int RNG_c=1013904223;

public int my_rand ()

{
rand_state=rand_state*RNG_a;
rand_state=rand_state+RNG_c;
return rand_state & 0x7fff;
}
}

, . ? javap
:
static {};
flags: ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=1, locals=0, args_size=0
0: ldc #5 // int 1664525
2: putstatic #3 // Field RNG_a:I
5: ldc #6 // int 1013904223
7: putstatic #4 // Field RNG_c:I
10: return

. RNG_a RNG_c , putstatic -

.
my_srand() rand_state:
public void my_srand(int);
flags: ACC_PUBLIC
Code:

638
 54. JAVA 54. JAVA
stack=1, locals=2, args_size=2
0: iload_1
1: putstatic #2 // Field rand_state:I
4: return

iload_1 . iload_0?
, this . rand_state
, putstatic TOS .
my_rand():
public int my_rand();
flags: ACC_PUBLIC
Code:
stack=2, locals=1, args_size=1
0: getstatic #2 // Field rand_state:I
3: getstatic #3 // Field RNG_a:I
6: imul
7: putstatic #2 // Field rand_state:I
10: getstatic #2 // Field rand_state:I
13: getstatic #4 // Field RNG_c:I
16: iadd
17: putstatic #2 // Field rand_state:I
20: getstatic #2 // Field rand_state:I
23: sipush 32767
26: iand
27: ireturn

, rand_state,
putstatic. 20, rand_state (
, putstatic). ,
, JVM , .

54.8.
.
public class abs
{
public static int abs(int a)
{
if (a<0)
return a;
return a;
}
}

public static int abs(int);

flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=1, locals=1, args_size=1
0: iload_0
1: ifge 7
4: iload_0
5: ineg
6: ireturn
7: iload_0
8: ireturn

ifge 7 TOS 0. , ifXX

( ) .
ineg TOS.
:
public static int min (int a, int b)
{

639
 54. JAVA 54. JAVA
if (a>b)
return b;
return a;
}

:
public static int min(int, int);
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=2, locals=2, args_size=2
0: iload_0
1: iload_1
2: if_icmple 7
5: iload_1
6: ireturn
7: iload_0
8: ireturn

if_icmple . ( ),
7.
max()
public static int max (int a, int b)
{
if (a>b)
return a;
return b;
}

, iload ( 5 7) :
public static int max(int, int);
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=2, locals=2, args_size=2
0: iload_0
1: iload_1
2: if_icmple 7
5: iload_0
6: ireturn
7: iload_1
8: ireturn

:
public class cond
{
public static void f(int i)
{
if (i<100)
System.out.print("<100");
if (i==100)
System.out.print("==100");
if (i>100)
System.out.print(">100");
if (i==0)
System.out.print("==0");
}
}

public static void f(int);

flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=2, locals=1, args_size=1
0: iload_0
1: bipush 100
3: if_icmpge 14
6: getstatic #2 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;

640
 54. JAVA 54. JAVA
9: ldc #3 // String <100
11: invokevirtual #4 // Method java/io/PrintStream.print:(Ljava/lang/String;)
V
14: iload_0
15: bipush 100
17: if_icmpne 28
20: getstatic #2 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
23: ldc #5 // String ==100
25: invokevirtual #4 // Method java/io/PrintStream.print:(Ljava/lang/String;)
V
28: iload_0
29: bipush 100
31: if_icmple 42
34: getstatic #2 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
37: ldc #6 // String >100
39: invokevirtual #4 // Method java/io/PrintStream.print:(Ljava/lang/String;)
V
42: iload_0
43: ifne 54
46: getstatic #2 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
49: ldc #7 // String ==0
51: invokevirtual #4 // Method java/io/PrintStream.print:(Ljava/lang/String;)
V
54: return

if_icmpge . ,
14. if_icmpne if_icmple , .
43 ifne. , ifnz (
TOS ). : 54,
. , 46, ==0.
N.B.: JVM ,
.

54.9.
min()/ max():
public class minmax
{
public static int min (int a, int b)
{
if (a>b)
return b;
return a;
}

public static int max (int a, int b)

{
if (a>b)
return a;
return b;
}

public static void main(String[] args)

{
int a=123, b=456;
int max_value=max(a, b);
int min_value=min(a, b);
System.out.println(min_value);
System.out.println(max_value);
}
}

main():
public static void main(java.lang.String[]);

641
 54. JAVA 54. JAVA
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=2, locals=5, args_size=1
0: bipush 123
2: istore_1
3: sipush 456
6: istore_2
7: iload_1
8: iload_2
9: invokestatic #2 // Method max:(II)I
12: istore_3
13: iload_1
14: iload_2
15: invokestatic #3 // Method min:(II)I
18: istore 4
20: getstatic #4 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
23: iload 4
25: invokevirtual #5 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(I)V
28: getstatic #4 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
31: iload_3
32: invokevirtual #5 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(I)V
35: return

, TOS.

54.10.
, ISA:
public static int set (int a, int b)
{
return a | 1<<b;
}

public static int clear (int a, int b)

{
return a & (~(1<<b));
}

public static int set(int, int);

flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=3, locals=2, args_size=2
0: iload_0
1: iconst_1
2: iload_1
3: ishl
4: ior
5: ireturn

public static int clear(int, int);

flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=3, locals=2, args_size=2
0: iload_0
1: iconst_1
2: iload_1
3: ishl
4: iconst_m1
5: ixor
6: iand
7: ireturn

iconst_m1 1 , 0xFFFFFFFF. XOR 0xFFFFFFFF -

, (A.6.2 (. 968)).
64- long:

642
 54. JAVA 54. JAVA

public static long lset (long a, int b)

{
return a | 1<<b;
}

public static long lclear (long a, int b)

{
return a & (~(1<<b));
}

public static long lset(long, int);

flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=4, locals=3, args_size=2
0: lload_0
1: iconst_1
2: iload_2
3: ishl
4: i2l
5: lor
6: lreturn

public static long lclear(long, int);

flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=4, locals=3, args_size=2
0: lload_0
1: iconst_1
2: iload_2
3: ishl
4: iconst_m1
5: ixor
6: i2l
7: land
8: lreturn

, l, 64- . ,
int, 32- 64- ,
i2l, integer long.

54.11.

public class Loop

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
{
System.out.println(i);
}
}
}

public static void main(java.lang.String[]);

flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=2, locals=2, args_size=1
0: iconst_1
1: istore_1
2: iload_1
3: bipush 10
5: if_icmpgt 21
8: getstatic #2 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
11: iload_1
12: invokevirtual #3 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(I)V
15: iinc 1, 1

643
 54. JAVA 54. JAVA
18: goto 2
21: return

iconst_1 1 TOS, istore_1 LVA. ?

main() ( String), ( reference) .
i .
3 5 i 10. i , 21,
. , println. i 11, println. ,
println integer, : (I)V (I integer V
void).
println , i 1 15. (1),
(1) .
goto GOTO, 2.
:
public class Fibonacci
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int limit = 20, f = 0, g = 1;

for (int i = 1; i <= limit; i++)

{
f = f + g;
g = f g;
System.out.println(f);
}
}
}

public static void main(java.lang.String[]);

flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=2, locals=5, args_size=1
0: bipush 20
2: istore_1
3: iconst_0
4: istore_2
5: iconst_1
6: istore_3
7: iconst_1
8: istore 4
10: iload 4
12: iload_1
13: if_icmpgt 37
16: iload_2
17: iload_3
18: iadd
19: istore_2
20: iload_2
21: iload_3
22: isub
23: istore_3
24: getstatic #2 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
27: iload_2
28: invokevirtual #3 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(I)V
31: iinc 4, 1
34: goto 10
37: return

LVA:
0 main()
1 limit, 20
2f

644
 54. JAVA 54. JAVA
3g
4i
Java LVA ,
.
istore 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 , istore -
8, . iload
10.
, limit, 20 (
), ? JIT- JVM ,
. , , .

54.12. switch()
switch() tableswitch:
public static void f(int a)
{
switch (a)
{
case 0: System.out.println("zero"); break;
case 1: System.out.println("one\n"); break;
case 2: System.out.println("two\n"); break;
case 3: System.out.println("three\n"); break;
case 4: System.out.println("four\n"); break;
default: System.out.println("something unknown\n"); break;
};
}

:
public static void f(int);
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=2, locals=1, args_size=1
0: iload_0
1: tableswitch { // 0 to 4
0: 36
1: 47
2: 58
3: 69
4: 80
default: 91
}
36: getstatic #2 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
39: ldc #3 // String zero
41: invokevirtual #4 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Ljava/lang/String
;)V
44: goto 99
47: getstatic #2 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
50: ldc #5 // String one\n
52: invokevirtual #4 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Ljava/lang/String
;)V
55: goto 99
58: getstatic #2 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
61: ldc #6 // String two\n
63: invokevirtual #4 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Ljava/lang/String
;)V
66: goto 99
69: getstatic #2 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
72: ldc #7 // String three\n
74: invokevirtual #4 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Ljava/lang/String
;)V
77: goto 99
80: getstatic #2 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
83: ldc #8 // String four\n

645
 54. JAVA 54. JAVA
85: invokevirtual #4 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Ljava/lang/String
;)V
88: goto 99
91: getstatic #2 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
94: ldc #9 // String something unknown\n
96: invokevirtual #4 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Ljava/lang/String
;)V
99: return

54.13.

54.13.1.

10- :
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int a[]=new int[10];
for (int i=0; i<10; i++)
a[i]=i;
dump (a);
}

public static void main(java.lang.String[]);

flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=3, locals=3, args_size=1
0: bipush 10
2: newarray int
4: astore_1
5: iconst_0
6: istore_2
7: iload_2
8: bipush 10
10: if_icmpge 23
13: aload_1
14: iload_2
15: iload_2
16: iastore
17: iinc 2, 1
20: goto 7
23: aload_1
24: invokestatic #4 // Method dump:([I)V
27: return

newarray 10 int.
bipush TOS. newarray. newarray,
reference ( ) (heap) TOS. astore_1 reference
LVA. main() , i
. aload_1 reference . iastore ,
reference TOS. main() dump().
aload_1 ( 23).
dump():
public static void dump(int a[])
{
for (int i=0; i<a.length; i++)
System.out.println(a[i]);
}

public static void dump(int[]);

flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=3, locals=2, args_size=1
0: iconst_0

646
 54. JAVA 54. JAVA
1: istore_1
2: iload_1
3: aload_0
4: arraylength
5: if_icmpge 23
8: getstatic #2 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
11: aload_0
12: iload_1
13: iaload
14: invokevirtual #3 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(I)V
17: iinc 1, 1
20: goto 2
23: return

reference . a.length
arraylength, reference TOS. iaload 13
, reference (-
aload_0 11), ( iload_1 12).
a ,
(array). . reference- . .

54.13.2.

:
public class ArraySum
{
public static int f (int[] a)
{
int sum=0;
for (int i=0; i<a.length; i++)
sum=sum+a[i];
return sum;
}
}

public static int f(int[]);

flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=3, locals=3, args_size=1
0: iconst_0
1: istore_1
2: iconst_0
3: istore_2
4: iload_2
5: aload_0
6: arraylength
7: if_icmpge 22
10: iload_1
11: aload_0
12: iload_2
13: iaload
14: iadd
15: istore_1
16: iinc 2, 1
19: goto 4
22: iload_1
23: ireturn

LVA (reference) . LVA

sum.

54.13.3. main()

main(), :

647
 54. JAVA 54. JAVA

public class UseArgument

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.print("Hi, ");
System.out.print(args[1]);
System.out.println(". How are you?");
}
}

( /++, ), ,
.
public static void main(java.lang.String[]);
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=3, locals=1, args_size=1
0: getstatic #2 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
3: ldc #3 // String Hi,
5: invokevirtual #4 // Method java/io/PrintStream.print:(Ljava/lang/String;)
V
8: getstatic #2 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
11: aload_0
12: iconst_1
13: aaload
14: invokevirtual #4 // Method java/io/PrintStream.print:(Ljava/lang/String;)
V
17: getstatic #2 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
20: ldc #5 // String . How are you?
22: invokevirtual #6 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Ljava/lang/String
;)V
25: return

aload_0 11 reference LVA ( main()). iconst_1 aaload

12 13 reference ( 0) . Reference TOS
14, println.

54.13.4.

class Month
{
public static String[] months =
{
"January",
"February",
"March",
"April",
"May",
"June",
"July",
"August",
"September",
"October",
"November",
"December"
};

public String get_month (int i)

{
return months[i];
};
}

public java.lang.String get_month(int);

flags: ACC_PUBLIC
Code:
stack=2, locals=2, args_size=2

648
 54. JAVA 54. JAVA
0: getstatic #2 // Field months:[Ljava/lang/String;
3: iload_1
4: aaload
5: areturn

aaload reference-. Java , a-

. areturn reference String.
months[]?
static {};
flags: ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=4, locals=0, args_size=0
0: bipush 12
2: anewarray #3 // class java/lang/String
5: dup
6: iconst_0
7: ldc #4 // String January
9: aastore
10: dup
11: iconst_1
12: ldc #5 // String February
14: aastore
15: dup
16: iconst_2
17: ldc #6 // String March
19: aastore
20: dup
21: iconst_3
22: ldc #7 // String April
24: aastore
25: dup
26: iconst_4
27: ldc #8 // String May
29: aastore
30: dup
31: iconst_5
32: ldc #9 // String June
34: aastore
35: dup
36: bipush 6
38: ldc #10 // String July
40: aastore
41: dup
42: bipush 7
44: ldc #11 // String August
46: aastore
47: dup
48: bipush 8
50: ldc #12 // String September
52: aastore
53: dup
54: bipush 9
56: ldc #13 // String October
58: aastore
59: dup
60: bipush 10
62: ldc #14 // String November
64: aastore
65: dup
66: bipush 11
68: ldc #15 // String December
70: aastore
71: putstatic #2 // Field months:[Ljava/lang/String;
74: return

anewarray reference- ( a). anewarray,

java/lang/String. bipush 12 anewarray .
: dup. ( Forth),

649
 54. JAVA 54. JAVA
TOS. reference- , aastore
reference , aastore .
Java dup getstatic
(.. 11 ).
aastore reference ( ) TOS.
, putstatic reference , ..
months.

54.13.5. - (variadic)

- (variadic) :
public static void f(int... values)
{
for (int i=0; i<values.length; i++)
System.out.println(values[i]);
}

public static void main(String[] args)

{
f (1,2,3,4,5);
}

public static void f(int...);

flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC, ACC_VARARGS
Code:
stack=3, locals=2, args_size=1
0: iconst_0
1: istore_1
2: iload_1
3: aload_0
4: arraylength
5: if_icmpge 23
8: getstatic #2 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
11: aload_0
12: iload_1
13: iaload
14: invokevirtual #3 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(I)V
17: iinc 1, 1
20: goto 2
23: return

3, f() aload_0. , .
public static void main(java.lang.String[]);
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=4, locals=1, args_size=1
0: iconst_5
1: newarray int
3: dup
4: iconst_0
5: iconst_1
6: iastore
7: dup
8: iconst_1
9: iconst_2
10: iastore
11: dup
12: iconst_2
13: iconst_3
14: iastore
15: dup
16: iconst_3
17: iconst_4
18: iastore
19: dup

650
 54. JAVA 54. JAVA
20: iconst_4
21: iconst_5
22: iastore
23: invokestatic #4 // Method f:([I)V
26: return

main() newarray, , f().

, main(). Java , JVM
(garbage collector), , .
format()? : :
public PrintStream format(String format, Object... args)

( http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/data/numberformat.html )
:
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i=123;
double d=123.456;
System.out.format("int: %d double: %f.%n", i, d);
}

public static void main(java.lang.String[]);

flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=7, locals=4, args_size=1
0: bipush 123
2: istore_1
3: ldc2_w #2 // double 123.456d
6: dstore_2
7: getstatic #4 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
10: ldc #5 // String int: %d double: %f.%n
12: iconst_2
13: anewarray #6 // class java/lang/Object
16: dup
17: iconst_0
18: iload_1
19: invokestatic #7 // Method java/lang/Integer.valueOf:(I)Ljava/lang/
Integer;
22: aastore
23: dup
24: iconst_1
25: dload_2
26: invokestatic #8 // Method java/lang/Double.valueOf:(D)Ljava/lang/Double;
29: aastore
30: invokevirtual #9 // Method java/io/PrintStream.format:(Ljava/lang/String
;[Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/io/PrintStream;
33: pop
34: return

int double Integer Double

valueOf. format() Object, Integer Double
Object, . , ,
.. , int double.
Object 13, Integer 22,
Double 29.
pop TOS, return, ( -
).

54.13.6.

Java reference- .
:

651
 54. JAVA 54. JAVA

public static void main(String[] args)

{
int[][] a = new int[5][10];
a[1][2]=3;
}

public static void main(java.lang.String[]);

flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=3, locals=2, args_size=1
0: iconst_5
1: bipush 10
3: multianewarray #2, 2 // class "[[I"
7: astore_1
8: aload_1
9: iconst_1
10: aaload
11: iconst_2
12: iconst_3
13: iastore
14: return

multianewarray: .
(10*5) ( iconst_5 bipush).
Reference #1 10 (iconst_1 aaload).
iconst_2 11. 12. iastore 13 -
.
?
public static int get12 (int[][] in)
{
return in[1][2];
}

public static int get12(int[][]);

flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=2, locals=1, args_size=1
0: aload_0
1: iconst_1
2: aaload
3: iconst_2
4: iaload
5: ireturn

Reference 2, 3, iaload
.

54.13.7.

reference- reference-.
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int[][][] a = new int[5][10][15];

a[1][2][3]=4;

get_elem(a);
}

public static void main(java.lang.String[]);

flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=3, locals=2, args_size=1

652
 54. JAVA 54. JAVA
0: iconst_5
1: bipush 10
3: bipush 15
5: multianewarray #2, 3 // class "[[[I"
9: astore_1
10: aload_1
11: iconst_1
12: aaload
13: iconst_2
14: aaload
15: iconst_3
16: iconst_4
17: iastore
18: aload_1
19: invokestatic #3 // Method get_elem:([[[I)I
22: pop
23: return

reference, aaload:
public static int get_elem (int[][][] a)
{
return a[1][2][3];
}

public static int get_elem(int[][][]);

flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=2, locals=1, args_size=1
0: aload_0
1: iconst_1
2: aaload
3: iconst_2
4: aaload
5: iconst_3
6: iaload
7: ireturn

54.13.8.

Java? , ,
, .
Java , /++, Java
.

54.14.

54.14.1.

, ( ).
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("What is your name?");
String input = System.console().readLine();
System.out.println("Hello, "+input);
}

public static void main(java.lang.String[]);

flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=3, locals=2, args_size=1
0: getstatic #2 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
3: ldc #3 // String What is your name?

653
 54. JAVA 54. JAVA
5: invokevirtual #4 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Ljava/lang/String
;)V
8: invokestatic #5 // Method java/lang/System.console:()Ljava/io/Console;
11: invokevirtual #6 // Method java/io/Console.readLine:()Ljava/lang/String;
14: astore_1
15: getstatic #2 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
18: new #7 // class java/lang/StringBuilder
21: dup
22: invokespecial #8 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder."<init>":()V
25: ldc #9 // String Hello,
27: invokevirtual #10 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/
String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
30: aload_1
31: invokevirtual #10 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/
String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
34: invokevirtual #11 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.toString:()Ljava/lang/
String;
37: invokevirtual #4 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Ljava/lang/String
;)V
40: return

readLine() 11, reference ( ) TOS.

14, reference LVA.
30 Hello, StringBuilder.
println 37.

54.14.2.

:
public class strings
{
public static char test (String a)
{
return a.charAt(3);
};

public static String concat (String a, String b)

{
return a+b;
}
}

public static char test(java.lang.String);

flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=2, locals=1, args_size=1
0: aload_0
1: iconst_3
2: invokevirtual #2 // Method java/lang/String.charAt:(I)C
5: ireturn

StringBuilder:
public static java.lang.String concat(java.lang.String, java.lang.String);
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=2, locals=2, args_size=2
0: new #3 // class java/lang/StringBuilder
3: dup
4: invokespecial #4 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder."<init>":()V
7: aload_0
8: invokevirtual #5 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/
String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
11: aload_1
12: invokevirtual #5 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/
String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;

654
 54. JAVA 54. JAVA
15: invokevirtual #6 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.toString:()Ljava/lang/
String;
18: areturn

:
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String s="Hello!";
int n=123;
System.out.println("s=" + s + " n=" + n);
}

, StringBuilder append, -
println:
public static void main(java.lang.String[]);
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=3, locals=3, args_size=1
0: ldc #2 // String Hello!
2: astore_1
3: bipush 123
5: istore_2
6: getstatic #3 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
9: new #4 // class java/lang/StringBuilder
12: dup
13: invokespecial #5 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder."<init>":()V
16: ldc #6 // String s=
18: invokevirtual #7 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/
String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
21: aload_1
22: invokevirtual #7 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/
String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
25: ldc #8 // String n=
27: invokevirtual #7 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/
String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
30: iload_2
31: invokevirtual #9 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(I)Ljava/lang/
StringBuilder;
34: invokevirtual #10 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.toString:()Ljava/lang/
String;
37: invokevirtual #11 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Ljava/lang/String
;)V
40: return

54.15.
Month (54.13.4 (. 648)):

54.10: IncorrectMonthException.java
public class IncorrectMonthException extends Exception
{
private int index;

public IncorrectMonthException(int index)

{
this.index = index;
}
public int getIndex()
{
return index;
}
}

655
 54. JAVA 54. JAVA
54.11: Month2.java
class Month2
{
public static String[] months =
{
"January",
"February",
"March",
"April",
"May",
"June",
"July",
"August",
"September",
"October",
"November",
"December"
};

public static String get_month (int i) throws IncorrectMonthException

{
if (i<0 || i>11)
throw new IncorrectMonthException(i);
return months[i];
};

public static void main (String[] args)

{
try
{
System.out.println(get_month(100));
}
catch(IncorrectMonthException e)
{
System.out.println("incorrect month index: "+ e.getIndex());
e.printStackTrace();
}
};
}

, IncorrectMonthException.class -.
IncorrectMonthException Exception, IncorrectMonthException -
Exception,
IncorrectMonthException:
public IncorrectMonthException(int);
flags: ACC_PUBLIC
Code:
stack=2, locals=2, args_size=2
0: aload_0
1: invokespecial #1 // Method java/lang/Exception."<init>":()V
4: aload_0
5: iload_1
6: putfield #2 // Field index:I
9: return

getIndex() . Reference () IncorrectMonthException LVA

(this), aload_0 , getfield , ireturn .
public int getIndex();
flags: ACC_PUBLIC
Code:
stack=1, locals=1, args_size=1
0: aload_0
1: getfield #2 // Field index:I
4: ireturn

get_month() Month2.class:

656
 54. JAVA 54. JAVA
54.12: Month2.class
public static java.lang.String get_month(int) throws IncorrectMonthException;
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=3, locals=1, args_size=1
0: iload_0
1: iflt 10
4: iload_0
5: bipush 11
7: if_icmple 19
10: new #2 // class IncorrectMonthException
13: dup
14: iload_0
15: invokespecial #3 // Method IncorrectMonthException."<init>":(I)V
18: athrow
19: getstatic #4 // Field months:[Ljava/lang/String;
22: iload_0
23: aaload
24: areturn

iflt 1 if less than ( , ).

, new 10.
( IncorrectMonthException). ,
( TOS) ( 15). 18,
, athrow (reference) JVM,
.
athrow , 19 basic block, -
, 7.
? Now take a look at main() Month2.class:
54.13: Month2.class
public static void main(java.lang.String[]);
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=3, locals=2, args_size=1
0: getstatic #5 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
3: bipush 100
5: invokestatic #6 // Method get_month:(I)Ljava/lang/String;
8: invokevirtual #7 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Ljava/lang/String
;)V
11: goto 47
14: astore_1
15: getstatic #5 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
18: new #8 // class java/lang/StringBuilder
21: dup
22: invokespecial #9 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder."<init>":()V
25: ldc #10 // String incorrect month index:
27: invokevirtual #11 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/
String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
30: aload_1
31: invokevirtual #12 // Method IncorrectMonthException.getIndex:()I
34: invokevirtual #13 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(I)Ljava/lang/
StringBuilder;
37: invokevirtual #14 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.toString:()Ljava/lang/
String;
40: invokevirtual #7 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Ljava/lang/String
;)V
43: aload_1
44: invokevirtual #15 // Method IncorrectMonthException.printStackTrace:()V
47: return
Exception table:
from to target type
0 11 14 Class IncorrectMonthException

Exception table, , 0 11 () -
IncorrectMonthException, , 14. -
, 11. 14 ,

657
 54. JAVA 54. JAVA
, / . JVM
. astore_1 ( 14) (reference)
1 LVA. , 31 (getIndex()). reference
( 30). -
: getIndex() toString(),
incorrect month index: ( ),
println() printStackTrace(). printStackTrace() ,
, . 47 return,
main(), , , .
, IDA :

54.14: - .class-
.catch java/io/FileNotFoundException from met001_335 to met001_360\
using met001_360
.catch java/io/FileNotFoundException from met001_185 to met001_214\
using met001_214
.catch java/io/FileNotFoundException from met001_181 to met001_192\
using met001_195
.catch java/io/FileNotFoundException from met001_155 to met001_176\
using met001_176
.catch java/io/FileNotFoundException from met001_83 to met001_129 using \
met001_129
.catch java/io/FileNotFoundException from met001_42 to met001_66 using \
met001_69
.catch java/io/FileNotFoundException from met001_begin to met001_37\
using met001_37

54.16.
:

54.15: test.java
public class test
{
public static int a;
private static int b;

public test()
{
a=0;
b=0;
}
public static void set_a (int input)
{
a=input;
}
public static int get_a ()
{
return a;
}
public static void set_b (int input)
{
b=input;
}
public static int get_b ()
{
return b;
}
}

:
public test();
flags: ACC_PUBLIC
Code:

658
 54. JAVA 54. JAVA
stack=1, locals=1, args_size=1
0: aload_0
1: invokespecial #1 // Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
4: iconst_0
5: putstatic #2 // Field a:I
8: iconst_0
9: putstatic #3 // Field b:I
12: return

a:
public static void set_a(int);
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=1, locals=1, args_size=1
0: iload_0
1: putstatic #2 // Field a:I
4: return

a:
public static int get_a();
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=1, locals=0, args_size=0
0: getstatic #2 // Field a:I
3: ireturn

b:
public static void set_b(int);
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=1, locals=1, args_size=1
0: iload_0
1: putstatic #3 // Field b:I
4: return

b:
public static int get_b();
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=1, locals=0, args_size=0
0: getstatic #3 // Field b:I
3: ireturn

, public- private-.
.class-, private-.
:

54.16: ex1.java
public class ex1
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
test obj=new test();
obj.set_a (1234);
System.out.println(obj.a);
}
}

public static void main(java.lang.String[]);

flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=2, locals=2, args_size=1
0: new #2 // class test
3: dup

659
 54. JAVA 54. JAVA
4: invokespecial #3 // Method test."<init>":()V
7: astore_1
8: aload_1
9: pop
10: sipush 1234
13: invokestatic #4 // Method test.set_a:(I)V
16: getstatic #5 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
19: aload_1
20: pop
21: getstatic #6 // Field test.a:I
24: invokevirtual #7 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(I)V
27: return

new , ( 4). set_a() -

16. a getstatic 21.

54.17.

54.17.1.

.
public class nag
{
public static void nag_screen()
{
System.out.println("This program is not registered");
};
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("Greetings from the megasoftware");
nag_screen();
}
}

This program is not registered?

.class- IDA:

. 54.1: IDA

660
 54. JAVA 54. JAVA
177 ( return):

. 54.2: IDA

(JRE 1.7):
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.VerifyError: Expecting a stack map frame
Exception Details:
Location:
nag.nag_screen()V @1: nop
Reason:
Error exists in the bytecode
Bytecode:
0000000: b100 0212 03b6 0004 b1

at java.lang.Class.getDeclaredMethods0(Native Method)
at java.lang.Class.privateGetDeclaredMethods(Class.java:2615)
at java.lang.Class.getMethod0(Class.java:2856)
at java.lang.Class.getMethod(Class.java:1668)
at sun.launcher.LauncherHelper.getMainMethod(LauncherHelper.java:494)
at sun.launcher.LauncherHelper.checkAndLoadMain(LauncherHelper.java:486)

, JVM .
, , nag():

. 54.3: IDA

0 NOP.
!

661
 54. JAVA 54. JAVA
54.17.2.

crackme:
public class password
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("Please enter the password");
String input = System.console().readLine();
if (input.equals("secret"))
System.out.println("password is correct");
else
System.out.println("password is not correct");
}
}

IDA:

. 54.4: IDA

ifeq, , , . if equal,
, ifz (if zero), .. TOS , .
, ( equals False, 0).
. ifeq , .
, 3 ( 3
, , ifeq 3 ):

662
 54. JAVA 54. JAVA

. 54.5: IDA

(JRE 1.7):
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.VerifyError: Expecting a stackmap frame at branch target 24
Exception Details:
Location:
password.main([Ljava/lang/String;)V @21: ifeq
Reason:
Expected stackmap frame at this location.
Bytecode:
0000000: b200 0212 03b6 0004 b800 05b6 0006 4c2b
0000010: 1207 b600 0899 0003 b200 0212 09b6 0004
0000020: a700 0bb2 0002 120a b600 04b1
Stackmap Table:
append_frame(@35,Object[#20])
same_frame(@43)

at java.lang.Class.getDeclaredMethods0(Native Method)
at java.lang.Class.privateGetDeclaredMethods(Class.java:2615)
at java.lang.Class.getMethod0(Class.java:2856)
at java.lang.Class.getMethod(Class.java:1668)
at sun.launcher.LauncherHelper.getMainMethod(LauncherHelper.java:494)
at sun.launcher.LauncherHelper.checkAndLoadMain(LauncherHelper.java:486)

, , JRE 1.6.
ifeq (NOP), .
, JRE 1.7, .
, equals iconst_1 NOP-:

663
 54. JAVA 54. JAVA

. 54.6: IDA

1 TOS ifeq, ifeq .

.

54.18.
Java /++?
: .
(union): .
. , - Java -
.
.

664
 V

665
 , -, .
, , -
. DLL,
. ( ++ STL .)
, , -
( Boost9 , libpng10 ), .
/++, , , .
reverse engineer- .
IDA , , .
.lst .asm grep, awk, ..
, , -
libpng. , , , ,
. ,
. .
, - XML-, ,
XML- , - ( )
.
, /
SAP 6.0. , .PDB- ,
. CsDecomprLZC().
, , MaxDB ( -
SAP) 11 .
http://www.google.com/search?q=CsDecomprLZC
, , MaxDB , ,
.

9 http://go.yurichev.com/17036
10 http://go.yurichev.com/17037
11 (80.1 (. 820))

666
 55. 55.

55

55.1. Microsoft Visual C++

MSVC DLL :
CL.EXE DLL
6 6.0 12.00 msvcrt.dll, msvcp60.dll June 1998
.NET (2002) 7.0 13.00 msvcr70.dll, msvcp70.dll February 13, 2002
.NET 2003 7.1 13.10 msvcr71.dll, msvcp71.dll April 24, 2003
2005 8.0 14.00 msvcr80.dll, msvcp80.dll November 7, 2005
2008 9.0 15.00 msvcr90.dll, msvcp90.dll November 19, 2007
2010 10.0 16.00 msvcr100.dll, msvcp100.dll April 12, 2010
2012 11.0 17.00 msvcr110.dll, msvcp110.dll September 12, 2012
2013 12.0 18.00 msvcr120.dll, msvcp120.dll October 17, 2013
msvcp*.dll ++, , , -
++.

55.1.1. Name mangling

?.
name mangling MSVC : 51.1.1 (. 564).

55.2. GCC
*NIX, GCC win32-: Cygwin MinGW.

55.2.1. Name mangling

_Z.
name mangling GCC : 51.1.1 (. 564).

55.2.2. Cygwin

cygwin1.dll .

55.2.3. MinGW

msvcrt.dll .

667
 55. 55.
55.3. Intel FORTRAN
libifcoremd.dll, libifportmd.dll libiomp5md.dll ( OpenMP) .
libifcoremd.dll for_, FORTRAN.

55.4. Watcom, OpenWatcom

55.4.1. Name mangling

W.
, method class void :
W?method$_class$n__v

55.5. Borland
name mangling Borland Delphi C++Builder :
@TApplication@IdleAction$qv
@TApplication@ProcessMDIAccels$qp6tagMSG
@TModule@$bctr$qpcpvt1
@TModule@$bdtr$qv
@TModule@ValidWindow$qp14TWindowsObject
@TrueColorTo8BitN$qpviiiiiit1iiiiii
@TrueColorTo16BitN$qpviiiiiit1iiiiii
@DIB24BitTo8BitBitmap$qpviiiiiit1iiiii
@TrueBitmap@$bctr$qpcl
@TrueBitmap@$bctr$qpvl
@TrueBitmap@$bctr$qiilll

@ , .
.exe, .dll, , ..
Borland Visual Component Libraries (VCL) .bpl .dll, , vcl50.dll, rtl60.dll.
DLL : BORLNDMM.DLL.

55.5.1. Delphi

Boolean ,
.
Delphi CODE, win32 PE- :
00000400 04 10 40 00 03 07 42 6f 6f 6c 65 61 6e 01 00 00 |..@...Boolean...|
00000410 00 00 01 00 00 00 00 10 40 00 05 46 61 6c 73 65 |........@..False|
00000420 04 54 72 75 65 8d 40 00 2c 10 40 00 09 08 57 69 |.True.@.,.@...Wi|
00000430 64 65 43 68 61 72 03 00 00 00 00 ff ff 00 00 90 |deChar..........|
00000440 44 10 40 00 02 04 43 68 61 72 01 00 00 00 00 ff |D.@...Char......|
00000450 00 00 00 90 58 10 40 00 01 08 53 6d 61 6c 6c 69 |....X.@...Smalli|
00000460 6e 74 02 00 80 ff ff ff 7f 00 00 90 70 10 40 00 |nt..........p.@.|
00000470 01 07 49 6e 74 65 67 65 72 04 00 00 00 80 ff ff |..Integer.......|
00000480 ff 7f 8b c0 88 10 40 00 01 04 42 79 74 65 01 00 |......@...Byte..|
00000490 00 00 00 ff 00 00 00 90 9c 10 40 00 01 04 57 6f |..........@...Wo|
000004a0 72 64 03 00 00 00 00 ff ff 00 00 90 b0 10 40 00 |rd............@.|
000004b0 01 08 43 61 72 64 69 6e 61 6c 05 00 00 00 00 ff |..Cardinal......|
000004c0 ff ff ff 90 c8 10 40 00 10 05 49 6e 74 36 34 00 |......@...Int64.|
000004d0 00 00 00 00 00 00 80 ff ff ff ff ff ff ff 7f 90 |................|
000004e0 e4 10 40 00 04 08 45 78 74 65 6e 64 65 64 02 90 |..@...Extended..|
000004f0 f4 10 40 00 04 06 44 6f 75 62 6c 65 01 8d 40 00 |..@...Double..@.|
00000500 04 11 40 00 04 08 43 75 72 72 65 6e 63 79 04 90 |..@...Currency..|
00000510 14 11 40 00 0a 06 73 74 72 69 6e 67 20 11 40 00 |..@...string .@.|
00000520 0b 0a 57 69 64 65 53 74 72 69 6e 67 30 11 40 00 |..WideString0.@.|

668
 55. 55.
00000530 0c 07 56 61 72 69 61 6e 74 8d 40 00 40 11 40 00 |..Variant.@.@.@.|
00000540 0c 0a 4f 6c 65 56 61 72 69 61 6e 74 98 11 40 00 |..OleVariant..@.|
00000550 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000560 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 98 11 40 00 |..............@.|
00000570 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 18 4d 40 00 24 4d 40 00 |.........M@.$M@.|
00000580 28 4d 40 00 2c 4d 40 00 20 4d 40 00 68 4a 40 00 |(M@.,M@. M@.hJ@.|
00000590 84 4a 40 00 c0 4a 40 00 07 54 4f 62 6a 65 63 74 |.J@..J@..TObject|
000005a0 a4 11 40 00 07 07 54 4f 62 6a 65 63 74 98 11 40 |..@...TObject..@|
000005b0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 06 53 79 73 74 65 6d 00 00 |........System..|
000005c0 c4 11 40 00 0f 0a 49 49 6e 74 65 72 66 61 63 65 |..@...IInterface|
000005d0 00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 c0 00 00 |................|
000005e0 00 00 00 00 46 06 53 79 73 74 65 6d 03 00 ff ff |....F.System....|
000005f0 f4 11 40 00 0f 09 49 44 69 73 70 61 74 63 68 c0 |..@...IDispatch.|
00000600 11 40 00 01 00 04 02 00 00 00 00 00 c0 00 00 00 |.@..............|
00000610 00 00 00 46 06 53 79 73 74 65 6d 04 00 ff ff 90 |...F.System.....|
00000620 cc 83 44 24 04 f8 e9 51 6c 00 00 83 44 24 04 f8 |..D$...Ql...D$..|
00000630 e9 6f 6c 00 00 83 44 24 04 f8 e9 79 6c 00 00 cc |.ol...D$...yl...|
00000640 cc 21 12 40 00 2b 12 40 00 35 12 40 00 01 00 00 |.!.@.+.@.5.@....|
00000650 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 c0 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000660 46 41 12 40 00 08 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 8d 40 00 |FA.@..........@.|
00000670 bc 12 40 00 4d 12 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |..@.M.@.........|
00000680 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000690 bc 12 40 00 0c 00 00 00 4c 11 40 00 18 4d 40 00 |..@.....L.@..M@.|
000006a0 50 7e 40 00 5c 7e 40 00 2c 4d 40 00 20 4d 40 00 |P~@.\~@.,M@. M@.|
000006b0 6c 7e 40 00 84 4a 40 00 c0 4a 40 00 11 54 49 6e |l~@..J@..J@..TIn|
000006c0 74 65 72 66 61 63 65 64 4f 62 6a 65 63 74 8b c0 |terfacedObject..|
000006d0 d4 12 40 00 07 11 54 49 6e 74 65 72 66 61 63 65 |..@...TInterface|
000006e0 64 4f 62 6a 65 63 74 bc 12 40 00 a0 11 40 00 00 |dObject..@...@..|
000006f0 00 06 53 79 73 74 65 6d 00 00 8b c0 00 13 40 00 |..System......@.|
00000700 11 0b 54 42 6f 75 6e 64 41 72 72 61 79 04 00 00 |..TBoundArray...|
00000710 00 00 00 00 00 03 00 00 00 6c 10 40 00 06 53 79 |.........l.@..Sy|
00000720 73 74 65 6d 28 13 40 00 04 09 54 44 61 74 65 54 |stem(.@...TDateT|
00000730 69 6d 65 01 ff 25 48 e0 c4 00 8b c0 ff 25 44 e0 |ime..%H......%D.|

4 (DATA) 00 00 00 00, 32 13 8B C0 FF FF FF
FF. / Delphi.

55.6. DLL
vcomp*.dll OpenMP Microsoft.

669
 56. (WIN32) 56. (WIN32)

56

(win32)

, , , .
.
: Process Monitor1 SysInternals.
, Wireshark2 .
- .

, API3 -
.
DLL-, DLL,
, .
, MessageBox() , -
: , , ,
MessageBox().
, - ,
rand() ( Mersenne twister), ,
: . : 75 (. 754).
, rand() , , .
rand() ( ): blog.yurichev.com.

56.1. Windows API

. ,
. CRT-.
(advapi32.dll): RegEnumKeyEx4 5 , RegEnumValue6 5 , RegGetValue7 5 , RegOpenKeyEx8 5 , RegQueryValueEx9
5
.
.ini- (kernel32.dll): GetPrivateProleString 10 5 .
(user32.dll): MessageBox 11 5 , MessageBoxEx 12 5 , SetDlgItemText 13 5 , GetDlgItemText 14 5 .
(68.2.8 (. 717)) : (user32.dll): LoadMenu 15 5 .
1 http://go.yurichev.com/17301
2 http://go.yurichev.com/17303
3 Application programming interface
4 MSDN
5 -A ASCII- -W Unicode-
6 MSDN
7 MSDN
8 MSDN
9 MSDN
10 MSDN
11 MSDN
12 MSDN
13 MSDN
14 MSDN
15 MSDN

670
 56. (WIN32) 56. (WIN32)
TCP/IP- (ws2_32.dll): WSARecv 16 , WSASend 17 .
(kernel32.dll): CreateFile 18 5 , ReadFile 19 , ReadFileEx 20 , WriteFile 21 , WriteFileEx 22 .
Internet (wininet.dll): WinHttpOpen 23 .
(wintrust.dll): WinVerifyTrust 24 .
MSVC ( ) (msvcr*.dll): assert, itoa, ltoa, open, printf,
read, strcmp, atol, atoi, fopen, fread, fwrite, memcmp, rand, strlen, strstr, strchr.

56.2. tracer:
tracer INT3, ,
DLL.
onetimeINT3bp:somedll.dll!.*

, INT3- , xml:
onetimeINT3bp:somedll.dll!xml.*

, .
Tracer - , , . -
.
, ,
DLL, DLL. .

, , cygwin- uptime:
tracer l:uptime.exe onetimeINT3bp:cygwin1.dll!.*

cygwin1.dll, , :
Onetime INT3 breakpoint: cygwin1.dll!__main (called from uptime.exe!OEP+0x6d (0x40106d))
Onetime INT3 breakpoint: cygwin1.dll!_geteuid32 (called from uptime.exe!OEP+0xba3 (0x401ba3))
Onetime INT3 breakpoint: cygwin1.dll!_getuid32 (called from uptime.exe!OEP+0xbaa (0x401baa))
Onetime INT3 breakpoint: cygwin1.dll!_getegid32 (called from uptime.exe!OEP+0xcb7 (0x401cb7))
Onetime INT3 breakpoint: cygwin1.dll!_getgid32 (called from uptime.exe!OEP+0xcbe (0x401cbe))
Onetime INT3 breakpoint: cygwin1.dll!sysconf (called from uptime.exe!OEP+0x735 (0x401735))
Onetime INT3 breakpoint: cygwin1.dll!setlocale (called from uptime.exe!OEP+0x7b2 (0x4017b2))
Onetime INT3 breakpoint: cygwin1.dll!_open64 (called from uptime.exe!OEP+0x994 (0x401994))
Onetime INT3 breakpoint: cygwin1.dll!_lseek64 (called from uptime.exe!OEP+0x7ea (0x4017ea))
Onetime INT3 breakpoint: cygwin1.dll!read (called from uptime.exe!OEP+0x809 (0x401809))
Onetime INT3 breakpoint: cygwin1.dll!sscanf (called from uptime.exe!OEP+0x839 (0x401839))
Onetime INT3 breakpoint: cygwin1.dll!uname (called from uptime.exe!OEP+0x139 (0x401139))
Onetime INT3 breakpoint: cygwin1.dll!time (called from uptime.exe!OEP+0x22e (0x40122e))
Onetime INT3 breakpoint: cygwin1.dll!localtime (called from uptime.exe!OEP+0x236 (0x401236))
Onetime INT3 breakpoint: cygwin1.dll!sprintf (called from uptime.exe!OEP+0x25a (0x40125a))
Onetime INT3 breakpoint: cygwin1.dll!setutent (called from uptime.exe!OEP+0x3b1 (0x4013b1))
Onetime INT3 breakpoint: cygwin1.dll!getutent (called from uptime.exe!OEP+0x3c5 (0x4013c5))
Onetime INT3 breakpoint: cygwin1.dll!endutent (called from uptime.exe!OEP+0x3e6 (0x4013e6))
Onetime INT3 breakpoint: cygwin1.dll!puts (called from uptime.exe!OEP+0x4c3 (0x4014c3))

16 MSDN
17 MSDN
18 MSDN
19 MSDN
20 MSDN
21 MSDN
22 MSDN
23 MSDN
24 MSDN

671
 57. 57.

57

57.1.

57.1.1. /++

(ASCIIZ-).
, ( ) . [Rit79]
:

A minor difference was that the unit of I/O was the word, not the byte, because the PDP-7 was a word-
addressed machine. In practice this meant merely that all programs dealing with character streams ignored
null characters, because null was used to pad a le to an even number of characters.

Hiew FAR Manager :

int main()
{
printf ("Hello, world!\n");
};

. 57.1: Hiew

57.1.2. Borland Delphi

Pascal Delphi, 8- 32- ,

.
:

57.1: Delphi
CODE:00518AC8 dd 19h
CODE:00518ACC aLoading___Plea db 'Loading... , please wait.',0

...

672
 57. 57.
CODE:00518AFC dd 10h
CODE:00518B00 aPreparingRun__ db 'Preparing run...',0

57.1.3. Unicode

, 2 16 . -
. ,
, .
: UTF-8 ( *NIX-) UTF-
16LE ( Windows).

UTF-8

UTF-8 . ,
ASCII-, , ASCII-7-, . 0 ,
, , UTF-8-
.
, UTF-8 FAR, 437 1 :

. 57.2: FAR: UTF-8

, , ASCII- . -
. ,
, . . -
, .
. , , , ,
1 : http://go.yurichev.com/17304

673
 57. 57.
, ,
, .
, How much?, , BOM2 . BOM ,
.

UTF-16LE

win32 Windows -A -W. ,

UTF-16LE- (wide). , 16- short .
C Hiew FAR :
int wmain()
{
wprintf (L"Hello, world!\n");
};

. 57.3: Hiew

Windows NT:

. 57.4: Hiew

IDA, , 2 :
.data:0040E000 aHelloWorld:
.data:0040E000 unicode 0, <Hello, world!>
.data:0040E000 dw 0Ah, 0

( !) UTF-16LE:
2 Byte order mark

674
 57. 57.

. 57.5: Hiew: UTF-16LE

( 4) . ,
3 . , UTF-16LE
0x400-0x4FF.
, . UTF-16LE.

. 57.6: FAR: UTF-16LE

BOM . .
( ) .
3 wikipedia

675
 57. 57.
57.1.4. Base64

base64 , .
, 3 4 : 26 (
), , (+) (/), 64 .
base64, ( )
(=) , :
AVjbbVSVfcUMu1xvjaMgjNtueRwBbxnyJw8dpGnLW8ZW8aKG3v4Y0icuQT+qEJAp9lAOuWs=

WVjbbVSVfcUMu1xvjaMgjNtueRwBbxnyJw8dpGnLW8ZW8aKG3v4Y0icuQT+qEJAp9lAOuQ==

(=) base64.

57.2.
, . , , -
, . , printf()- , -
, , , , release.
, ,
, . , Oracle RDBMS : ksdwrt().
. IDA ,
. 4 .
. Oracle RDBMS
.
: blog.yurichev.com.
, , . , ,
, , ,
. , , -
, .
, : 78.2 (. 778).

57.3.
, . , -
TP-Link WR740 5 . URL:
http://192.168.0.1/userRpmNatDebugRpm26525557/start_art.html.
, userRpmNatDebugRpm26525557 .
. RFC6 .
, .
, .
.

base647 . -
, .

, security through obscurity ( -

).

4 blog.yurichev.com
5 http://sekurak.pl/tp-link-httptftp-backdoor/, : http://m.habrahabr.ru/post/172799/
6 Request
for Comments
7 , Arris: http://www.securitylab.ru/analytics/461497.php

676
 58. ASSERT() 58. ASSERT()

58

assert()

assert() : -, ,
.
assert-,
. , ,
. , - - .

58.1: assert()
.text:107D4B29 mov dx, [ecx+42h]
.text:107D4B2D cmp edx, 1
.text:107D4B30 jz short loc_107D4B4A
.text:107D4B32 push 1ECh
.text:107D4B37 push offset aWrite_c ; "write.c"
.text:107D4B3C push offset aTdTd_planarcon ; "td>td_planarconfig == PLANARCONFIG_CON"...
.text:107D4B41 call ds:_assert

...

.text:107D52CA mov edx, [ebp4]

.text:107D52CD and edx, 3
.text:107D52D0 test edx, edx
.text:107D52D2 jz short loc_107D52E9
.text:107D52D4 push 58h
.text:107D52D6 push offset aDumpmode_c ; "dumpmode.c"
.text:107D52DB push offset aN30 ; "(n & 3) == 0"
.text:107D52E0 call ds:_assert

...

.text:107D6759 mov cx, [eax+6]

.text:107D675D cmp ecx, 0Ch
.text:107D6760 jle short loc_107D677A
.text:107D6762 push 2D8h
.text:107D6767 push offset aLzw_c ; "lzw.c"
.text:107D676C push offset aSpLzw_nbitsBit ; "sp>lzw_nbits <= BITS_MAX"
.text:107D6771 call ds:_assert

, - . , -
sp->lzw_nbits <= BITS_MAX, , - LZW-
.

677
 59. 59.

59

, , 10, 100, 1000, .. .

, , : 10=0xA, 100=0x64, 1000=0x3E8,
10000=0x2710.
0xAAAAAAAA (10101010101010101010101010101010)
0x55555555 (01010101010101010101010101010101) .
(1111 ) (0000 ). , 0x55AA
-, MBR1 , 2 - IBM-.
, , ,
IDA .
, MD53 :
var int h0 := 0x67452301
var int h1 := 0xEFCDAB89
var int h2 := 0x98BADCFE
var int h3 := 0x10325476

MD5.

CRC16/CRC32, , CRC
, :

59.1: linux/lib/crc16.c
/** CRC table for the CRC16. The poly is 0x8005 (x^16 + x^15 + x^2 + 1) */
u16 const crc16_table[256] = {
0x0000, 0xC0C1, 0xC181, 0x0140, 0xC301, 0x03C0, 0x0280, 0xC241,
0xC601, 0x06C0, 0x0780, 0xC741, 0x0500, 0xC5C1, 0xC481, 0x0440,
0xCC01, 0x0CC0, 0x0D80, 0xCD41, 0x0F00, 0xCFC1, 0xCE81, 0x0E40,
...

. CRC32: 37 (. 491).

59.1. Magic numbers

magic number 4 ,
.
, Win32 MS-DOS MZ5 .
MIDI- MThd. - MIDI-
, MIDI- 4 .
:
1 Master Boot Record
2
3 wikipedia
4 wikipedia
5 wikipedia

678
 59. 59.
(buf )
cmp [buf], 0x6468544D ; "MThd"
jnz _error_not_a_MIDI_file

memcmp() , CMPSB
(A.6.3 (. 968)) .
, MIDI-, -,
, , .

59.1.1. DHCP

. , DHCP magic
cookie: 0x63538263. - , DHCP - -
. . ,
DHCP-, - - magic cookie, .
, dhcpcore.dll Windows 7 x64 . , : , -
DhcpExtractOptionsForValidation() DhcpExtractFullO

59.2: dhcpcore.dll (Windows 7 x64)

.rdata:000007FF6483CBE8 dword_7FF6483CBE8 dd 63538263h ; DATA XREF:
DhcpExtractOptionsForValidation+79
.rdata:000007FF6483CBEC dword_7FF6483CBEC dd 63538263h ; DATA XREF: DhcpExtractFullOptions+97

59.3: dhcpcore.dll (Windows 7 x64)

.text:000007FF6480875F mov eax, [rsi]
.text:000007FF64808761 cmp eax, cs:dword_7FF6483CBE8
.text:000007FF64808767 jnz loc_7FF64817179

59.4: dhcpcore.dll (Windows 7 x64)

.text:000007FF648082C7 mov eax, [r12]
.text:000007FF648082CB cmp eax, cs:dword_7FF6483CBEC
.text:000007FF648082D1 jnz loc_7FF648173AF

59.2.
IDA , Alt-B Alt-I. ,
, binary grep6 .

6 GitHub

679
 60. 60.

60

, ,
- .

, , Microsoft Excel , -
. , .
excel.exe ( Ofce 2010) 14.0.4756.1000 IDA, -
FDIV ( , , , ):

cat EXCEL.lst | grep fdiv | grep v dbl_ > EXCEL.fdiv

, 144.

Excel =(1/3) .

tracer ( 4 ), ,
14- :
.text:3011E919 DC 33 fdiv qword ptr [ebx]

PID=13944|TID=28744|(0) 0x2f64e919 (Excel.exe!BASE+0x11e919)

EAX=0x02088006 EBX=0x02088018 ECX=0x00000001 EDX=0x00000001
ESI=0x02088000 EDI=0x00544804 EBP=0x0274FA3C ESP=0x0274F9F8
EIP=0x2F64E919
FLAGS=PF IF
FPU ControlWord=IC RC=NEAR PC=64bits PM UM OM ZM DM IM
FPU StatusWord=
FPU ST(0): 1.000000

ST(0) (1), [EBX].

FDIV (FSTP) :

.text:3011E91B DD 1E fstp qword ptr [esi]

breakpoint , :
PID=32852|TID=36488|(0) 0x2f40e91b (Excel.exe!BASE+0x11e91b)
EAX=0x00598006 EBX=0x00598018 ECX=0x00000001 EDX=0x00000001
ESI=0x00598000 EDI=0x00294804 EBP=0x026CF93C ESP=0x026CF8F8
EIP=0x2F40E91B
FLAGS=PF IF
FPU ControlWord=IC RC=NEAR PC=64bits PM UM OM ZM DM IM
FPU StatusWord=C1 P
FPU ST(0): 0.333333

, 1 , :

1 practical joke

680
 60. 60.

tracer l:excel.exe bpx=excel.exe!BASE+0x11E91B,set(st0,666)

PID=36540|TID=24056|(0) 0x2f40e91b (Excel.exe!BASE+0x11e91b)

EAX=0x00680006 EBX=0x00680018 ECX=0x00000001 EDX=0x00000001
ESI=0x00680000 EDI=0x00395404 EBP=0x0290FD9C ESP=0x0290FD58
EIP=0x2F40E91B
FLAGS=PF IF
FPU ControlWord=IC RC=NEAR PC=64bits PM UM OM ZM DM IM
FPU StatusWord=C1 P
FPU ST(0): 0.333333
Set ST0 register to 666.000000

Excel 666, , .

. 60.1:

Excel, x64, FDIV 12,

.
tracer.exe l:excel.exe bpx=excel.exe!BASE+0x1B7FCC,set(st0,666)

, , oat double SSE-

DIVSD, (DIVSD 268 ).

681
 61. 61.

61

61.1. XOR
XOR op, op (, XOR EAX, EAX) , , -
, .
, , . -
, . ,
, ..

, , -
(18.3 (. 282)) , XOR.

AWK- (.lst) IDA :

gawk e '$2=="xor" { tmp=substr($3, 0, length($3)1); if (tmp!=$4) if($4!="esp") if ($4!="ebp") {
print $1, $2, tmp, ",", $4 } }' filename.lst

, , , , -
(49 (. 554)).

61.2.
LOOP RCL. ,
, . (M)
: A.6 (. 963). , - , -
.

, / , .

, , .

Windows 2003 ( ntoskrnl.exe):

MultiplyTest proc near ; CODE XREF: Get386Stepping
xor cx, cx
loc_620555: ; CODE XREF: MultiplyTest+E
push cx
call Multiply
pop cx
jb short locret_620563
loop loc_620555
clc
locret_620563: ; CODE XREF: MultiplyTest+C
retn
MultiplyTest endp

Multiply proc near ; CODE XREF: MultiplyTest+5

mov ecx, 81h
mov eax, 417A000h

682
 61. 61.
mul ecx
cmp edx, 2
stc
jnz short locret_62057F
cmp eax, 0FE7A000h
stc
jnz short locret_62057F
clc
locret_62057F: ; CODE XREF: Multiply+10
; Multiply+18
retn
Multiply endp

, WRK1 v1.2, WRK-v1.2\base\ntos\ke\i386\cpu.asm.

1 Windows Research Kernel

683
 62. MAGIC NUMBERS 62. MAGIC NUMBERS

62

magic numbers

, , ,
. , . (
100%) magic number.
- : -
, . , ,
, , , ,
, , .
32- 0x0badf00d, - 0x11101979 ,
4 , - .
, , , tracer code coverage,
grep , ,
, .
tracer cc, grep:
0x150bf66 (_kziaia+0x14), e= 1 [MOV EBX, [EBP+8]] [EBP+8]=0xf59c934
0x150bf69 (_kziaia+0x17), e= 1 [MOV EDX, [69AEB08h]] [69AEB08h]=0
0x150bf6f (_kziaia+0x1d), e= 1 [FS: MOV EAX, [2Ch]]
0x150bf75 (_kziaia+0x23), e= 1 [MOV ECX, [EAX+EDX*4]] [EAX+EDX*4]=0xf1ac360
0x150bf78 (_kziaia+0x26), e= 1 [MOV [EBP4], ECX] ECX=0xf1ac360

. , magic number
.
tracer, MS-DOS DosBox, heavydebug,
1 ,
DOS.

1 . DosBox: blog.yurichev.com

684
 63. 63.

63

63.1.
,
.

63.2. ++
RTTI (51.1.5 (. 578))- ++.

63.3.
16/32/64- , .
MIPS-. , MIPS ( ARM
ARM, ARM64) 32 ( 4 ), 32- .
, . :

685
 63. 63.

. 63.1: Hiew: MIPS

: 86 (. 878).

63.4.
8-
.
, 8- ( ,
), , , 100 ,
-. , 99 , ,
: - , 100, 99. ,

, , .
, ,
NOP NOP-, 100
, . 8- ,
, - ,
( BASIC POKE) , .
POKE, 8- .
. : wikipedia.
( ), ,
8- . , - -
. , , , DOS- FC1 (
, , ). - , ,
. , .
1 MS-DOS

686
 63. 63.
- : 85 (. 871).

63.4.1. Windows

Windows . -
, . , shareware-
Windows.

63.4.2. -

, - 2 : ,
. - -
, . ,
-, 1930 .

2 http://go.yurichev.com/17349

687
 VI

688
 64. 64.

64

64.1. cdecl
/++.
: ,
, .
, .

64.1: cdecl
push arg3
push arg2
push arg1
call function
add esp, 12 ; returns ESP

64.2. stdcall
cdecl, , ESP ,
RET x RET, x = _ * sizeof(int)1 .
, add esp, x.

64.2: stdcall
push arg3
push arg2
push arg1
call function

function:
... do something ...
ret 12

win32, win64 ( win64 ).

, 8.1 (. 91) __stdcall:

int __stdcall f2 (int a, int b, int c)
{
return a*b+c;
};

8.2 (. 91), RET 12 RET. SP

.
, RETN n n 4.
1 int 4 x86- 8 x64-

689
 64. 64.
64.3: MSVC 2010
_a$ = 8 ; size = 4
_b$ = 12 ; size = 4
_c$ = 16 ; size = 4
_f2@12 PROC
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
mov eax, DWORD PTR _a$[ebp]
imul eax, DWORD PTR _b$[ebp]
add eax, DWORD PTR _c$[ebp]
pop ebp
ret 12 ; 0000000cH
_f2@12 ENDP

; ...
push 3
push 2
push 1
call _f2@12
push eax
push OFFSET $SG81369
call _printf
add esp, 8

64.2.1.

printf(), , /++ -
, cdecl stdcall. ,
printf(). , printf(), -
MSVCRT.DLL ( Windows), -
, . , printf() stdcall-
, -
,
. , stdcall , cdecl.

64.3. fastcall
, .
, cdecl/stdcall ( ).
, ( ) CPU, .
, -. , ,
, DLL, , fastcall , ,
.
MSVC GCC ECX EDX .
, stdcall.

64.4: fastcall
push arg3
mov edx, arg2
mov ecx, arg1
call function

function:
.. do something ..
ret 4

, 8.1 (. 91) __fastcall:

int __fastcall f3 (int a, int b, int c)
{
return a*b+c;
};

690
 64. 64.
:

64.5: MSVC 2010 /Ob0

_c$ = 8 ; size = 4
@f3@12 PROC
; _a$ = ecx
; _b$ = edx
mov eax, ecx
imul eax, edx
add eax, DWORD PTR _c$[esp4]
ret 4
@f3@12 ENDP

; ...

mov edx, 2
push 3
lea ecx, DWORD PTR [edx1]
call @f3@12
push eax
push OFFSET $SG81390
call _printf
add esp, 8

, SP RETN .
.

64.3.1. GCC regparm

, fastcall2 . -mregparm=x ,
. 3. EAX, EDX ECX.
, , .
.
, . (19.1.1 (. 317)).

64.3.2. Watcom/OpenWatcom

register calling convention. 4 EAX, EDX, EBX ECX.

. , ,
, .

64.4. thiscall
++, - this .
MSVC this ECX.
GCC this . , : -
.
, . (51.1.1 (. 564)).

64.5. x86-64

64.5.1. Windows x64

win64 fastcall. 4
RCX, RDX, R8, R9, . 32
2 http://go.yurichev.com/17040

691
 64. 64.
64- , 4 .
, .
.
Windows x86-64 ( stdcall win32).
:
#include <stdio.h>

void f1(int a, int b, int c, int d, int e, int f, int g)

{
printf ("%d %d %d %d %d %d %d\n", a, b, c, d, e, f, g);
};

int main()
{
f1(1,2,3,4,5,6,7);
};

64.6: MSVC 2012 /0b

$SG2937 DB '%d %d %d %d %d %d %d', 0aH, 00H

main PROC
sub rsp, 72 ; 00000048H

mov DWORD PTR [rsp+48], 7

mov DWORD PTR [rsp+40], 6
mov DWORD PTR [rsp+32], 5
mov r9d, 4
mov r8d, 3
mov edx, 2
mov ecx, 1
call f1

xor eax, eax

add rsp, 72 ; 00000048H
ret 0
main ENDP

a$ = 80
b$ = 88
c$ = 96
d$ = 104
e$ = 112
f$ = 120
g$ = 128
f1 PROC
$LN3:
mov DWORD PTR [rsp+32], r9d
mov DWORD PTR [rsp+24], r8d
mov DWORD PTR [rsp+16], edx
mov DWORD PTR [rsp+8], ecx
sub rsp, 72 ; 00000048H

mov eax, DWORD PTR g$[rsp]

mov DWORD PTR [rsp+56], eax
mov eax, DWORD PTR f$[rsp]
mov DWORD PTR [rsp+48], eax
mov eax, DWORD PTR e$[rsp]
mov DWORD PTR [rsp+40], eax
mov eax, DWORD PTR d$[rsp]
mov DWORD PTR [rsp+32], eax
mov r9d, DWORD PTR c$[rsp]
mov r8d, DWORD PTR b$[rsp]
mov edx, DWORD PTR a$[rsp]
lea rcx, OFFSET FLAT:$SG2937
call printf

add rsp, 72 ; 00000048H

692
 64. 64.
ret 0
f1 ENDP

, 7 : 4 3 .
f1() scratch space .
, 4, -
. scratch space
.

64.7: MSVC 2012 /0b

$SG2777 DB '%d %d %d %d %d %d %d', 0aH, 00H

a$ = 80
b$ = 88
c$ = 96
d$ = 104
e$ = 112
f$ = 120
g$ = 128
f1 PROC
$LN3:
sub rsp, 72 ; 00000048H

mov eax, DWORD PTR g$[rsp]

mov DWORD PTR [rsp+56], eax
mov eax, DWORD PTR f$[rsp]
mov DWORD PTR [rsp+48], eax
mov eax, DWORD PTR e$[rsp]
mov DWORD PTR [rsp+40], eax
mov DWORD PTR [rsp+32], r9d
mov r9d, r8d
mov r8d, edx
mov edx, ecx
lea rcx, OFFSET FLAT:$SG2777
call printf

add rsp, 72 ; 00000048H

ret 0
f1 ENDP

main PROC
sub rsp, 72 ; 00000048H

mov edx, 2
mov DWORD PTR [rsp+48], 7
mov DWORD PTR [rsp+40], 6
lea r9d, QWORD PTR [rdx+2]
lea r8d, QWORD PTR [rdx+1]
lea ecx, QWORD PTR [rdx1]
mov DWORD PTR [rsp+32], 5
call f1

xor eax, eax

add rsp, 72 ; 00000048H
ret 0
main ENDP

, , scratch space ,
.
MSVC 2012
LEA (A.6.2 (. 965)) . , , .
: 74.1 (. 752).

Windows x64: this (/++)

this RCX, RDX, .. , . : 51.1.1 (. 566).

693
 64. 64.
64.5.2. Linux x64

Linux x86-64 , Windows, 6 4

(RDI, RSI, RDX, RCX, R8, R9), scratch space, callee ,
.

64.8: GCC 4.7.3

.LC0:
.string "%d %d %d %d %d %d %d\n"
f1:
sub rsp, 40
mov eax, DWORD PTR [rsp+48]
mov DWORD PTR [rsp+8], r9d
mov r9d, ecx
mov DWORD PTR [rsp], r8d
mov ecx, esi
mov r8d, edx
mov esi, OFFSET FLAT:.LC0
mov edx, edi
mov edi, 1
mov DWORD PTR [rsp+16], eax
xor eax, eax
call __printf_chk
add rsp, 40
ret
main:
sub rsp, 24
mov r9d, 6
mov r8d, 5
mov DWORD PTR [rsp], 7
mov ecx, 4
mov edx, 3
mov esi, 2
mov edi, 1
call f1
add rsp, 24
ret

N.B.: 32- ( EAX) 64- (RAX).

x86-64, 32- 64-
32 . , AMD x86-64.

64.6. oat, double

Win64, oat double FPU ST(0).
Win64 oat double 16- 32- XMM0.

64.7.
/++ ( ) , ,
? : , .
( ).
#include <stdio.h>

void f(int a, int b)

{
a=a+b;
printf ("%d\n", a);
};

64.9: MSVC 2012

_a$ = 8 ; size = 4

694
 64. 64.
_b$ = 12 ; size = 4
_f PROC
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
mov eax, DWORD PTR _a$[ebp]
add eax, DWORD PTR _b$[ebp]
mov DWORD PTR _a$[ebp], eax
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _a$[ebp]
push ecx
push OFFSET $SG2938 ; '%d', 0aH
call _printf
add esp, 8
pop ebp
ret 0
_f ENDP

, . , references ++ (51.3
(. 580)), , -
.
, callee, -caller
-. , . /++
.

64.8.
, :
#include <stdio.h>

// located in some other file

void modify_a (int *a);

void f (int a)
{
modify_a (&a);
printf ("%d\n", a);
};

, , :

64.10: MSVC 2010

$SG2796 DB '%d', 0aH, 00H

_a$ = 8
_f PROC
lea eax, DWORD PTR _a$[esp4] ; just get the address of value in local stack
push eax ; and pass it to modify_a()
call _modify_a
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _a$[esp] ; reload it from the local stack
push ecx ; and pass it to printf()
push OFFSET $SG2796 ; '%d'
call _printf
add esp, 12
ret 0
_f ENDP

a . -
, printf() .

, ,
?
Shadow Space. Shadow Space
:

695
 64. 64.
64.11: MSVC 2012 x64
$SG2994 DB '%d', 0aH, 00H

a$ = 48
f PROC
mov DWORD PTR [rsp+8], ecx ; save input value in Shadow Space
sub rsp, 40
lea rcx, QWORD PTR a$[rsp] ; get address of value and pass it to modify_a()
call modify_a
mov edx, DWORD PTR a$[rsp] ; reload value from Shadow Space and pass it to printf()
lea rcx, OFFSET FLAT:$SG2994 ; '%d'
call printf
add rsp, 40
ret 0
f ENDP

GCC :

64.12: GCC 4.9.1 x64

.LC0:
.string "%d\n"
f:
sub rsp, 24
mov DWORD PTR [rsp+12], edi ; store input value to the local stack
lea rdi, [rsp+12] ; take an address of the value and pass it to modify_a()
call modify_a
mov edx, DWORD PTR [rsp+12] ; reload value from the local stack and pass it to printf()
mov esi, OFFSET FLAT:.LC0 ; '%d'
mov edi, 1
xor eax, eax
call __printf_chk
add rsp, 24
ret

GCC ARM64 , Register Save Area:

64.13: GCC 4.9.1 ARM64

f:
stp x29, x30, [sp, 32]!
add x29, sp, 0 ; setup FP
add x1, x29, 32 ; calculate address of variable in Register Save Area
str w0, [x1,4]! ; store input value there
mov x0, x1 ; pass address of variable to the modify_a()
bl modify_a
ldr w1, [x29,28] ; load value from the variable and pass it to printf()
adrp x0, .LC0 ; '%d'
add x0, x0, :lo12:.LC0
bl printf ; call printf()
ldp x29, x30, [sp], 32
ret
.LC0:
.string "%d\n"

, Shadow Space : 46.1.2 (. 537).

696
 65. THREAD LOCAL STORAGE 65. THREAD LOCAL STORAGE

65

Thread Local Storage

, . , . -
, errno.
errno, ,
errno TLS.

C++11 thread_local , -
, , TLS 1 :

65.1: C++11
#include <iostream>
#include <thread>

thread_local int tmp=3;

int main()
{
std::cout << tmp << std::endl;
};

MinGW GCC 4.8.1, MSVC 2012.

PE-, tmp TLS.

65.1.
20 (. 356) : -
, /
.

65.1.1. Win32

TLS

__declspec( thread ) ,
TLS ( 9):
1 #include <stdint.h>
2 #include <windows.h>
3 #include <winnt.h>
4
5 // from the Numerical Recipes book:
6 #define RNG_a 1664525
7 #define RNG_c 1013904223
8
9 __declspec( thread ) uint32_t rand_state;
10
1 C11 ,

697
 65. THREAD LOCAL STORAGE 65. THREAD LOCAL STORAGE
11 void my_srand (uint32_t init)
12 {
13 rand_state=init;
14 }
15
16 int my_rand ()
17 {
18 rand_state=rand_state*RNG_a;
19 rand_state=rand_state+RNG_c;
20 return rand_state & 0x7fff;
21 }
22
23 int main()
24 {
25 my_srand(0x12345678);
26 printf ("%d\n", my_rand());
27 };

Hiew PE-: .tls.

65.2: MSVC 2013 x86

_TLS SEGMENT
_rand_state DD 01H DUP (?)
_TLS ENDS

_DATA SEGMENT
$SG84851 DB '%d', 0aH, 00H
_DATA ENDS
_TEXT SEGMENT

_init$ = 8 ; size = 4
_my_srand PROC
; FS:0=address of TIB
mov eax, DWORD PTR fs:__tls_array ; displayed in IDA as FS:2Ch
; EAX=address of TLS of process
mov ecx, DWORD PTR __tls_index
mov ecx, DWORD PTR [eax+ecx*4]
; ECX=current TLS segment
mov eax, DWORD PTR _init$[esp4]
mov DWORD PTR _rand_state[ecx], eax
ret 0
_my_srand ENDP

_my_rand PROC
; FS:0=address of TIB
mov eax, DWORD PTR fs:__tls_array ; displayed in IDA as FS:2Ch
; EAX=address of TLS of process
mov ecx, DWORD PTR __tls_index
mov ecx, DWORD PTR [eax+ecx*4]
; ECX=current TLS segment
imul eax, DWORD PTR _rand_state[ecx], 1664525
add eax, 1013904223 ; 3c6ef35fH
mov DWORD PTR _rand_state[ecx], eax
and eax, 32767 ; 00007fffH
ret 0
_my_rand ENDP

_TEXT ENDS

rand_state TLS- . : -
TIB FS:2Ch, ( ), TLS-.
rand_state ECX,
.
FS: reverse engineer-, TIB,
.
Win64 GS: TLS 0x58:

698
 65. THREAD LOCAL STORAGE 65. THREAD LOCAL STORAGE
65.3: MSVC 2013 x64
_TLS SEGMENT
rand_state DD 01H DUP (?)
_TLS ENDS

_DATA SEGMENT
$SG85451 DB '%d', 0aH, 00H
_DATA ENDS

_TEXT SEGMENT

init$ = 8
my_srand PROC
mov edx, DWORD PTR _tls_index
mov rax, QWORD PTR gs:88 ; 58h
mov r8d, OFFSET FLAT:rand_state
mov rax, QWORD PTR [rax+rdx*8]
mov DWORD PTR [r8+rax], ecx
ret 0
my_srand ENDP

my_rand PROC
mov rax, QWORD PTR gs:88 ; 58h
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _tls_index
mov edx, OFFSET FLAT:rand_state
mov rcx, QWORD PTR [rax+rcx*8]
imul eax, DWORD PTR [rcx+rdx], 1664525 ; 0019660dH
add eax, 1013904223 ; 3c6ef35fH
mov DWORD PTR [rcx+rdx], eax
and eax, 32767 ; 00007fffH
ret 0
my_rand ENDP

_TEXT ENDS

TLS

, , rand_state - ,
, rand_state - ( 9):
1 #include <stdint.h>
2 #include <windows.h>
3 #include <winnt.h>
4
5 // from the Numerical Recipes book:
6 #define RNG_a 1664525
7 #define RNG_c 1013904223
8
9 __declspec( thread ) uint32_t rand_state=1234;
10
11 void my_srand (uint32_t init)
12 {
13 rand_state=init;
14 }
15
16 int my_rand ()
17 {
18 rand_state=rand_state*RNG_a;
19 rand_state=rand_state+RNG_c;
20 return rand_state & 0x7fff;
21 }
22
23 int main()
24 {
25 printf ("%d\n", my_rand());
26 };

, , IDA:

699
 65. THREAD LOCAL STORAGE 65. THREAD LOCAL STORAGE

.tls:00404000 ; Segment type: Pure data

.tls:00404000 ; Segment permissions: Read/Write
.tls:00404000 _tls segment para public 'DATA' use32
.tls:00404000 assume cs:_tls
.tls:00404000 ;org 404000h
.tls:00404000 TlsStart db 0 ; DATA XREF: .rdata:TlsDirectory
.tls:00404001 db 0
.tls:00404002 db 0
.tls:00404003 db 0
.tls:00404004 dd 1234
.tls:00404008 TlsEnd db 0 ; DATA XREF: .rdata:TlsEnd_ptr
...

1234 , , TLS ,
, 1234, .
:
. TLS , 1234 rand_state.
my_rand() . rand_state - 1234.
. TLS , 1234 rand_state, ,
- .

TLS-

TLS , -
? , : my_srand()
, - -
1234. TLS-.
- , , . -
(tls_callback()), / .
GetTickCount().
#include <stdint.h>
#include <windows.h>
#include <winnt.h>

// from the Numerical Recipes book:

#define RNG_a 1664525
#define RNG_c 1013904223

__declspec( thread ) uint32_t rand_state;

void my_srand (uint32_t init)

{
rand_state=init;
}

void NTAPI tls_callback(PVOID a, DWORD dwReason, PVOID b)

{
my_srand (GetTickCount());
}

#pragma data_seg(".CRT$XLB")
PIMAGE_TLS_CALLBACK p_thread_callback = tls_callback;
#pragma data_seg()

int my_rand ()
{
rand_state=rand_state*RNG_a;
rand_state=rand_state+RNG_c;
return rand_state & 0x7fff;
}

int main()
{
// rand_state is already initialized at the moment (using GetTickCount())

700
 65. THREAD LOCAL STORAGE 65. THREAD LOCAL STORAGE
printf ("%d\n", my_rand());
};

IDA:

65.4: MSVC 2013

.text:00401020 TlsCallback_0 proc near ; DATA XREF: .rdata:TlsCallbacks
.text:00401020 call ds:GetTickCount
.text:00401026 push eax
.text:00401027 call my_srand
.text:0040102C pop ecx
.text:0040102D retn 0Ch
.text:0040102D TlsCallback_0 endp

...

.rdata:004020C0 TlsCallbacks dd offset TlsCallback_0 ; DATA XREF: .rdata:TlsCallbacks_ptr

...

.rdata:00402118 TlsDirectory dd offset TlsStart

.rdata:0040211C TlsEnd_ptr dd offset TlsEnd
.rdata:00402120 TlsIndex_ptr dd offset TlsIndex
.rdata:00402124 TlsCallbacks_ptr dd offset TlsCallbacks
.rdata:00402128 TlsSizeOfZeroFill dd 0
.rdata:0040212C TlsCharacteristics dd 300000h

TLS- .
- OEP2 .

65.1.2. Linux

GCC:
__thread uint32_t rand_state=1234;

/++, GCC 3 .
GS: TLS, :

65.5: GCC 4.8.1 x86

.text:08048460 my_srand proc near
.text:08048460
.text:08048460 arg_0 = dword ptr 4
.text:08048460
.text:08048460 mov eax, [esp+arg_0]
.text:08048464 mov gs:0FFFFFFFCh, eax
.text:0804846A retn
.text:0804846A my_srand endp

.text:08048470 my_rand proc near

.text:08048470 imul eax, gs:0FFFFFFFCh, 19660Dh
.text:0804847B add eax, 3C6EF35Fh
.text:08048480 mov gs:0FFFFFFFCh, eax
.text:08048486 and eax, 7FFFh
.text:0804848B retn
.text:0804848B my_rand endp

: [Dre13].

2 Original Entry Point

3 http://go.yurichev.com/17062

701
 66. (SYSCALL-) 66. (SYSCALL-)

66

(syscall-)

, :
(kernel space) (user space).
, , .
.
, Linux kernel space, Glibc user space.
: -
. ,
kernel panic BSOD1 .
x86- 4 (rings), Linux, Windows,
2 : ring0 (kernel space) ring3 (user space).
(syscall-) . , ,
API .
Windows NT SSDT2 .
syscall- , -
, syscall- ,
- API . , syscall-
OS.

66.1. Linux
Linux syscall- int 0x80. EAX ,
.

66.1: syscall-
section .text
global _start

_start:
mov edx,len ; buffer len
mov ecx,msg ; buffer
mov ebx,1 ; file descriptor. 1 is for stdout
mov eax,4 ; syscall number. 4 is for sys_write
int 0x80

mov eax,1 ; syscall number. 4 is for sys_exit

int 0x80

section .data

msg db 'Hello, world!',0xa

len equ $ msg

1 Black Screen of Death

2 System Service Dispatch Table

702
 66. (SYSCALL-) 66. (SYSCALL-)
:
nasm f elf32 1.s
ld 1.o

syscall- Linux: http://go.yurichev.com/17319.

Linux, strace(71 (. 745)).

66.2. Windows
int 0x2e x86- SYSENTER.
syscall- Windows: http://go.yurichev.com/17320.
:
Windows Syscall Shellcode by Piotr Bania:
http://go.yurichev.com/17321.

703
 67. LINUX 67. LINUX

67

Linux

67.1. -
(.so) Linux, :

67.1: libc-2.17.so x86

.text:0012D5E3 __x86_get_pc_thunk_bx proc near ; CODE XREF: sub_17350+3
.text:0012D5E3 ; sub_173CC+4 ...
.text:0012D5E3 mov ebx, [esp+0]
.text:0012D5E6 retn
.text:0012D5E6 __x86_get_pc_thunk_bx endp

...

.text:000576C0 sub_576C0 proc near ; CODE XREF: tmpfile+73

...

.text:000576C0 push ebp

.text:000576C1 mov ecx, large gs:0
.text:000576C8 push edi
.text:000576C9 push esi
.text:000576CA push ebx
.text:000576CB call __x86_get_pc_thunk_bx
.text:000576D0 add ebx, 157930h
.text:000576D6 sub esp, 9Ch

...

.text:000579F0 lea eax, (a__gen_tempname 1AF000h)[ebx] ; "__gen_tempname"

.text:000579F6 mov [esp+0ACh+var_A0], eax
.text:000579FA lea eax, (a__SysdepsPosix 1AF000h)[ebx] ; "../sysdeps/posix/
tempname.c"
.text:00057A00 mov [esp+0ACh+var_A8], eax
.text:00057A04 lea eax, (aInvalidKindIn_ 1AF000h)[ebx] ; "! \"invalid KIND in
__gen_tempname\""
.text:00057A0A mov [esp+0ACh+var_A4], 14Ah
.text:00057A12 mov [esp+0ACh+var_AC], eax
.text:00057A15 call __assert_fail

EBX,
. - (PIC),
, .
PIC 1 ,
( ) .
*NIX ,
, .
, ,
.
1 embedded

704
 67. LINUX 67. LINUX
:
#include <stdio.h>

int global_variable=123;

int f1(int var)

{
int rt=global_variable+var;
printf ("returning %d\n", rt);
return rt;
};

GCC 4.7.3 .so IDA:

gcc fPIC shared O3 o 1.so 1.c

67.2: GCC 4.7.3

.text:00000440 public __x86_get_pc_thunk_bx
.text:00000440 __x86_get_pc_thunk_bx proc near ; CODE XREF: _init_proc+4
.text:00000440 ; deregister_tm_clones+4 ...
.text:00000440 mov ebx, [esp+0]
.text:00000443 retn
.text:00000443 __x86_get_pc_thunk_bx endp

.text:00000570 public f1
.text:00000570 f1 proc near
.text:00000570
.text:00000570 var_1C = dword ptr 1Ch
.text:00000570 var_18 = dword ptr 18h
.text:00000570 var_14 = dword ptr 14h
.text:00000570 var_8 = dword ptr 8
.text:00000570 var_4 = dword ptr 4
.text:00000570 arg_0 = dword ptr 4
.text:00000570
.text:00000570 sub esp, 1Ch
.text:00000573 mov [esp+1Ch+var_8], ebx
.text:00000577 call __x86_get_pc_thunk_bx
.text:0000057C add ebx, 1A84h
.text:00000582 mov [esp+1Ch+var_4], esi
.text:00000586 mov eax, ds:(global_variable_ptr 2000h)[ebx]
.text:0000058C mov esi, [eax]
.text:0000058E lea eax, (aReturningD 2000h)[ebx] ; "returning %d\n"
.text:00000594 add esi, [esp+1Ch+arg_0]
.text:00000598 mov [esp+1Ch+var_18], eax
.text:0000059C mov [esp+1Ch+var_1C], 1
.text:000005A3 mov [esp+1Ch+var_14], esi
.text:000005A7 call ___printf_chk
.text:000005AC mov eax, esi
.text:000005AE mov ebx, [esp+1Ch+var_8]
.text:000005B2 mov esi, [esp+1Ch+var_4]
.text:000005B6 add esp, 1Ch
.text:000005B9 retn
.text:000005B9 f1 endp

: returning %d\n global_variable

__x86_get_pc_thunk_bx() (: 0x57C) EBX.

(EIP) . 0x1A84
Global Offset Table Procedure Linkage Table (GOT PLT),
, Global Offset Table (GOT), global_variable. IDA
, , :
.text:00000577 call __x86_get_pc_thunk_bx
.text:0000057C add ebx, 1A84h
.text:00000582 mov [esp+1Ch+var_4], esi
.text:00000586 mov eax, [ebx0Ch]
.text:0000058C mov esi, [eax]
.text:0000058E lea eax, [ebx1A30h]

705
 67. LINUX 67. LINUX
, EBX GOT PLT global_variable, GOT,
0xC. returning %d\n, 0x1A30 .
, AMD64 RIP2 , PIC- .
GCC, x64.
IDA RIP, objdump :
0000000000000720 <f1>:
720: 48 8b 05 b9 08 20 00 mov rax,QWORD PTR [rip+0x2008b9] # 200fe0 <_DYNAMIC+0x1d0>
727: 53 push rbx
728: 89 fb mov ebx,edi
72a: 48 8d 35 20 00 00 00 lea rsi,[rip+0x20] # 751 <_fini+0x9>
731: bf 01 00 00 00 mov edi,0x1
736: 03 18 add ebx,DWORD PTR [rax]
738: 31 c0 xor eax,eax
73a: 89 da mov edx,ebx
73c: e8 df fe ff ff call 620 <__printf_chk@plt>
741: 89 d8 mov eax,ebx
743: 5b pop rbx
744: c3 ret

0x2008b9 0x720 global_variable, 0x20

0x72A returning %d\n .
, ( -
x64) . , , ,
(static linking) [Fog13a].

67.1.1. Windows

Windows DLL. Windows DLL ,

DLL ( FIXUP-) . -
DLL ,
DLL
.

67.2. LD_PRELOAD Linux

, , libc.so.6.
, .
, time(), read(), write(), ..

, uptime. , , -
. strace(71 (. 745)), , /proc/uptime
:
$ strace uptime
...
open("/proc/uptime", O_RDONLY) = 3
lseek(3, 0, SEEK_SET) = 0
read(3, "416166.86 414629.38\n", 2047) = 20
...

, , Linux.
:
$ cat /proc/uptime
416690.91 415152.03

Wikipedia, 3 :
2 AMD64
3 wikipedia

706
 67. LINUX 67. LINUX

The rst number is the total number of seconds the system has been up. The second number is how much
of that time the machine has spent idle, in seconds.

, open(), read(), close() -

.
-, open() , ,
. -, read(), , ,
, read() libc.so.6. close(), ,
.
libc.so.6, dlopen() dlsym().
, .
, , , strcmp(), ,
, , strcmp() , 4 .
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <dlfcn.h>
#include <string.h>

void *libc_handle = NULL;

int (*open_ptr)(const char *, int) = NULL;
int (*close_ptr)(int) = NULL;
ssize_t (*read_ptr)(int, void*, size_t) = NULL;

bool inited = false;

_Noreturn void die (const char * fmt, ...)

{
va_list va;
va_start (va, fmt);

vprintf (fmt, va);

exit(0);
};

static void find_original_functions ()

{
if (inited)
return;

libc_handle = dlopen ("libc.so.6", RTLD_LAZY);

if (libc_handle==NULL)
die ("can't open libc.so.6\n");

open_ptr = dlsym (libc_handle, "open");

if (open_ptr==NULL)
die ("can't find open()\n");

close_ptr = dlsym (libc_handle, "close");

if (close_ptr==NULL)
die ("can't find close()\n");

read_ptr = dlsym (libc_handle, "read");

if (read_ptr==NULL)
die ("can't find read()\n");

inited = true;
}

static int opened_fd=0;

4 , strcmp() 5 Yong Huang

707
 67. LINUX 67. LINUX
int open(const char *pathname, int flags)
{
find_original_functions();

int fd=(*open_ptr)(pathname, flags);

if (strcmp(pathname, "/proc/uptime")==0)
opened_fd=fd; // that's our file! record its file descriptor
else
opened_fd=0;
return fd;
};

int close(int fd)

{
find_original_functions();

if (fd==opened_fd)
opened_fd=0; // the file is not opened anymore
return (*close_ptr)(fd);
};

ssize_t read(int fd, void *buf, size_t count)

{
find_original_functions();

if (opened_fd!=0 && fd==opened_fd)

{
// that's our file!
return snprintf (buf, count, "%d %d", 0x7fffffff, 0x7fffffff)+1;
};
// not our file, go to real read() function
return (*read_ptr)(fd, buf, count);
};

( GitHub )
:
gcc fpic shared Wall o fool_uptime.so fool_uptime.c ldl

uptime, :
LD_PRELOAD=`pwd`/fool_uptime.so uptime

:
01:23:02 up 24855 days, 3:14, 3 users, load average: 0.00, 0.01, 0.05

LD_PRELOAD ,
.

:
time() Sun Solaris yurichev.com
strcmp() (Yong Huang) http://go.yurichev.com/17043
Kevin Pulo Fun with LD_PRELOAD. . yurichev.com
(zlibc). http://go.yurichev.
com/17146

708
 68. WINDOWS NT 68. WINDOWS NT

68

Windows NT

68.1. CRT (win32)

main() ? , .
IDA Hiew, OEP - . , -
. - CRT- (C RunTime).

main() , ,
. , CRT-
. CRT- envp. GUI1 -
win32, main() WinMain :
int CALLBACK WinMain(
_In_ HINSTANCE hInstance,
_In_ HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
_In_ LPSTR lpCmdLine,
_In_ int nCmdShow
);

CRT- .
, , main(), . CRT -
ExitProcess(), .

, CRT-.

MSVC 2008 CRT-.

1 ___tmainCRTStartup proc near
2
3 var_24 = dword ptr 24h
4 var_20 = dword ptr 20h
5 var_1C = dword ptr 1Ch
6 ms_exc = CPPEH_RECORD ptr 18h
7
8 push 14h
9 push offset stru_4092D0
10 call __SEH_prolog4
11 mov eax, 5A4Dh
12 cmp ds:400000h, ax
13 jnz short loc_401096
14 mov eax, ds:40003Ch
15 cmp dword ptr [eax+400000h], 4550h
16 jnz short loc_401096
17 mov ecx, 10Bh
18 cmp [eax+400018h], cx
19 jnz short loc_401096
20 cmp dword ptr [eax+400074h], 0Eh
21 jbe short loc_401096
22 xor ecx, ecx
1 Graphical user interface

709
 68. WINDOWS NT 68. WINDOWS NT
23 cmp [eax+4000E8h], ecx
24 setnz cl
25 mov [ebp+var_1C], ecx
26 jmp short loc_40109A
27
28
29 loc_401096: ; CODE XREF: ___tmainCRTStartup+18
30 ; ___tmainCRTStartup+29 ...
31 and [ebp+var_1C], 0
32
33 loc_40109A: ; CODE XREF: ___tmainCRTStartup+50
34 push 1
35 call __heap_init
36 pop ecx
37 test eax, eax
38 jnz short loc_4010AE
39 push 1Ch
40 call _fast_error_exit
41 pop ecx
42
43 loc_4010AE: ; CODE XREF: ___tmainCRTStartup+60
44 call __mtinit
45 test eax, eax
46 jnz short loc_4010BF
47 push 10h
48 call _fast_error_exit
49 pop ecx
50
51 loc_4010BF: ; CODE XREF: ___tmainCRTStartup+71
52 call sub_401F2B
53 and [ebp+ms_exc.disabled], 0
54 call __ioinit
55 test eax, eax
56 jge short loc_4010D9
57 push 1Bh
58 call __amsg_exit
59 pop ecx
60
61 loc_4010D9: ; CODE XREF: ___tmainCRTStartup+8B
62 call ds:GetCommandLineA
63 mov dword_40B7F8, eax
64 call ___crtGetEnvironmentStringsA
65 mov dword_40AC60, eax
66 call __setargv
67 test eax, eax
68 jge short loc_4010FF
69 push 8
70 call __amsg_exit
71 pop ecx
72
73 loc_4010FF: ; CODE XREF: ___tmainCRTStartup+B1
74 call __setenvp
75 test eax, eax
76 jge short loc_401110
77 push 9
78 call __amsg_exit
79 pop ecx
80
81 loc_401110: ; CODE XREF: ___tmainCRTStartup+C2
82 push 1
83 call __cinit
84 pop ecx
85 test eax, eax
86 jz short loc_401123
87 push eax
88 call __amsg_exit
89 pop ecx
90
91 loc_401123: ; CODE XREF: ___tmainCRTStartup+D6
92 mov eax, envp

710
 68. WINDOWS NT 68. WINDOWS NT
93 mov dword_40AC80, eax
94 push eax ; envp
95 push argv ; argv
96 push argc ; argc
97 call _main
98 add esp, 0Ch
99 mov [ebp+var_20], eax
100 cmp [ebp+var_1C], 0
101 jnz short $LN28
102 push eax ; uExitCode
103 call $LN32
104
105 $LN28: ; CODE XREF: ___tmainCRTStartup+105
106 call __cexit
107 jmp short loc_401186
108
109
110 $LN27: ; DATA XREF: .rdata:stru_4092D0
111 mov eax, [ebp+ms_exc.exc_ptr] ; Exception filter 0 for function 401044
112 mov ecx, [eax]
113 mov ecx, [ecx]
114 mov [ebp+var_24], ecx
115 push eax
116 push ecx
117 call __XcptFilter
118 pop ecx
119 pop ecx
120
121 $LN24:
122 retn
123
124
125 $LN14: ; DATA XREF: .rdata:stru_4092D0
126 mov esp, [ebp+ms_exc.old_esp] ; Exception handler 0 for function 401044
127 mov eax, [ebp+var_24]
128 mov [ebp+var_20], eax
129 cmp [ebp+var_1C], 0
130 jnz short $LN29
131 push eax ; int
132 call __exit
133
134
135 $LN29: ; CODE XREF: ___tmainCRTStartup+135
136 call __c_exit
137
138 loc_401186: ; CODE XREF: ___tmainCRTStartup+112
139 mov [ebp+ms_exc.disabled], 0FFFFFFFEh
140 mov eax, [ebp+var_20]
141 call __SEH_epilog4
142 retn

GetCommandLineA() ( 62), setargv() ( 66)

setenvp() ( 74), , , - argc, argv, envp.
, main() ( 97).
heap_init() ( 35), ioinit() ( 54).
CRT . malloc() CRT, -
:
runtime error R6030
CRT not initialized

++ main(), CRT : 51.4.1 (. 585).

, main() cexit(), $LN32, doexit().
CRT? , .
MSVC /ENTRY .

711
 68. WINDOWS NT 68. WINDOWS NT

#include <windows.h>

int main()
{
MessageBox (NULL, "hello, world", "caption", MB_OK);
};

MSVC 2008.
cl no_crt.c user32.lib /link /entry:main

.exe 2560 , PE-, , -

MessageBox, , user32.dll MessageBox,
.
, main() WinMain . ,
, - , , -
.
, .exe PE2 - (, , 4096 ).
cl no_crt.c user32.lib /link /entry:main /align:16

:
LINK : warning LNK4108: /ALIGN specified without /DRIVER; image may not run

.exe 720 . Windows 7 x86, x64 ( ).

, , , ,
Windows.

68.2. Win32 PE
PE , Windows.
.exe, .dll, .sys , .exe .sys , .
DLL3 , PE-, (OEP) ( DllMain()),
.
.sys .
, Windows , PE- 4 .
Windows Vista, ,
.
PE- DOS-, This program
cannot be run in DOS mode. DOS Windows 3.1 ( PE-),
.

68.2.1.

, .exe .dll.
. .exe-
.dll-.
. . -
, , , ..
VA5 , .
() , . -
, , .
2 Portable Executable: 68.2 (. 712)
3 Dynamic-link library
4 , Hiew(73 (. 747))
5 Virtual Address

712
 68. WINDOWS NT 68. WINDOWS NT
RVA6 VA- . PE- RVA-.
IAT7 8 . , IMAGE_DIRECTORY_ENTRY_IAT -
IAT. , IDA ( 6.1) - .idata
IAT, IAT !
INT9 10 .

68.2.2.

, DLL- ,
, .
, DLL ,
, ,
DLL .

MSVC .exe- 0x400000 11 , -

0x401000. , RVA 0x1000. DLL MSVC-
0x10000000 12 .
, , ,
.
ASLR1314 .
, , , -
, , .
( Windows NT: Windows Vista), DLL ( kernel32.dll, user32.dll)
, , DLL ,
, , .
, ASLR , , ,
.
PE-, ASLR
IMAGE_DLL_CHARACTERISTICS_DYNAMIC_BASE [RA09].

68.2.3. Subsystem

subsystem, :
native15 (.sys-),
console ( )
GUI ( ).

68.2.4.

PE- Windows, .
Windows, 16 .
, MSVC 2005 .exe- Windows NT4 ( 4.00), MSVC 2008
( 5.00, Windows 2000).
MSVC 2012 .exe- 6.00, Windows Vista. ,
17 , Windows XP.
6 Relative Virtual Address
7 Import Address Table
8 [Pie02]
9 Import Name Table
10 [Pie02]
11 : MSDN
12 /BASE
13 Address Space Layout Randomization
14 wikipedia
15 , Native API Win32
16 wikipedia
17 MSDN

713
 68. WINDOWS NT 68. WINDOWS NT
68.2.5.

, -, .
, , .
IMAGE_SCN_CNT_CODE IMAGE_SCN_MEM_EXECUTE .
IMAGE_SCN_CNT_INITIALIZED_DATA, IMAGE_SCN_MEM_READ IMAGE_SCN_MEM_WRITE.
IMAGE_SCN_CNT_UNINITIALIZED_DATA, IMAGE_SCN_MEM_READ
IMAGE_SCN_MEM_WRITE.
, , ,
IMAGE_SCN_CNT_INITIALIZED_DATA IMAGE_SCN_MEM_READ IMAGE_SCN_MEM_WRITE.
- , .
PE- , . ( ) .text,
.data, .rdata (readable data). :
.idata . IDA - : 68.2.1 (. 713).
.edata ( )
.pdata Windows NT MIPS, IA64 x64 : 68.3.3 (. 736)
.reloc
.bss
.tls thread local storage (TLS)
.rsrc
.CRT , MSVC
/ PE- , .
18
MSVC .
-
(, MinGW). MSVC (
PDB- ).

PE- :
typedef struct _IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER {
BYTE Name[IMAGE_SIZEOF_SHORT_NAME];
union {
DWORD PhysicalAddress;
DWORD VirtualSize;
} Misc;
DWORD VirtualAddress;
DWORD SizeOfRawData;
DWORD PointerToRawData;
DWORD PointerToRelocations;
DWORD PointerToLinenumbers;
WORD NumberOfRelocations;
WORD NumberOfLinenumbers;
DWORD Characteristics;
} IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER, *PIMAGE_SECTION_HEADER;

19

: PointerToRawData Offset Hiew VirtualAddress RVA .

68.2.6.

FIXUP- ( Hiew).
20
.
PIC PIC-.
18 MSDN
19 MSDN
20 .exe- MS-DOS

714
 68. WINDOWS NT 68. WINDOWS NT
? , , -
, ? . -
(67.1 (. 704)). .
.
.
, 0x410000 , :
A1 00 00 41 00 mov eax,[000410000]

0x400000, RVA 0x10000.

0x500000,
0x510000.
, MOV, 0xA1.
, 0xA1, .
, , 32-
, , ( RVA),
.
, .
.
, Windows x86-,
IMAGE_REL_BASED_HIGHLOW.
, Hiew, : .7.12.
OllyDbg , , : .13.11.

68.2.7.

, - DLL- .
, ( DLL)
(.exe- DLL) .
, DLL , .
.exe-, DLL, ,
DLL- .
, .exe-, : DLL-
, DLL IAT .exe- .
, , ,
, , hint-,
.
DLL . .
, MFC21 , mfc*.dll , ,
INT, MFC .
IDA, mfc*.dll, .
IDA DLL, - mfc80_123.

( .idata),
.
- . .
21 Microsoft Foundation Classes

715
 68. WINDOWS NT 68. WINDOWS NT

. 68.1: , PE-,

IMAGE_IMPORT_DESCRIPTOR. DLL.
RVA- ( DLL) (Name).
OriginalFirstThink RVA - INT. RVA-,
. 16- (hint) .
, .
. IAT FirstThunk, RVA- ,
.
, IDA : __imp_CreateFileA, ..
, .
call __imp_CreateFileA, ,
, ( 1 2) call ,
.
, .
. , , .

716
 68. WINDOWS NT 68. WINDOWS NT

JMP . - thunk-.
CALL thunk . ,
, CALL- ,
.
. , thunk, -
, .

, , FirstThunk, IAT. ,
PE_add_import22 .exe-. ,
, , DLL,
:
MOV EAX, [yourdll.dll!function]
JMP EAX

, FirstThunk . , , yourdll.dll, -
function .
, ,
IMAGE_SCN_MEM_WRITE . , 5 (access denied).

: DLL, (
.., DLL), - ?
, FirstThunk .
IMAGE_IMPORT_DESCRIPTOR Timestamp. - ,
- DLL- . , ,
. old-style binding 23 . Windows SDK BIND.EXE .
, Matt Pietrek [Pie02], binding
.

/ PE- / . ,
Windows, , DLL . / ,
LoadLibrary() GetProcAddress(). IAT.

DLL Windows, , IAT PE-.

. .exe- ( -
), (map),
. Microsoft .

68.2.8.

PE- , , , . , -
, ,
, .

, ,
, , ResHack (68.2.11 (. 718)).

68.2.9. .NET

.NET , . , .exe-
, , (OEP) x86-:
jmp mscoree.dll!_CorExeMain

mscoree.dll .NET-, PE-. Windows XP.

XP, , .NET- JMP 24 .
22 yurichev.com
23 MSDN. new-style binding.
24 MSDN

717
 68. WINDOWS NT 68. WINDOWS NT
68.2.10. TLS

TLS(65 (. 697)) ( ). ,
TLS- .

, PE- TLS-, .., TLS callbacks.

, (OEP).
/ PE-.

68.2.11.

objdump ( cygwin) PE-.

Hiew(73 (. 747)) .
pele Python- PE- 25 .
ResHack AKA Resource Hacker 26 .
PE_add_import27 /- PE- .
PE_patcher28 PE-.
PE_search_str_refs29 PE-, .

68.2.12. Further reading

Daniel Pistelli The .NET File Format 30

68.3. Windows SEH

68.3.1. MSVC

SEH Windows , , ++ .
SEH ++ MSVC .
SEH-, TIB .
( , , ,
RaiseException()), TIB ,
CPU ( , ..) . , ,
? , . ,
, ,
.
, ,
, CPU
Microsoft .
25 http://go.yurichev.com/17052
26 http://go.yurichev.com/17052
27 http://go.yurichev.com/17049
28 yurichev.com
29 yurichev.com
30 http://go.yurichev.com/17056

718
 68. WINDOWS NT 68. WINDOWS NT

. 68.2: Windows XP

. 68.3: Windows XP

719
 68. WINDOWS NT 68. WINDOWS NT

. 68.4: Windows 7

. 68.5: Windows 8.1

Dr. Watson 31 .
, , -
. SetUnhandledExceptionFilter()
. , , Oracle RDBMS ,
CPU .
32
:
#include <windows.h>
#include <stdio.h>

DWORD new_value=1234;

EXCEPTION_DISPOSITION __cdecl except_handler(

struct _EXCEPTION_RECORD *ExceptionRecord,
void * EstablisherFrame,
struct _CONTEXT *ContextRecord,
void * DispatcherContext )
{
unsigned i;

31 wikipedia
32 [Pie]
SAFESEH: cl seh1.cpp /link /safeseh:no
SAFESEH :
MSDN

720
 68. WINDOWS NT 68. WINDOWS NT
printf ("%s\n", __FUNCTION__);
printf ("ExceptionRecord>ExceptionCode=0x%p\n", ExceptionRecord>ExceptionCode);
printf ("ExceptionRecord>ExceptionFlags=0x%p\n", ExceptionRecord>ExceptionFlags);
printf ("ExceptionRecord>ExceptionAddress=0x%p\n", ExceptionRecord>ExceptionAddress);

if (ExceptionRecord>ExceptionCode==0xE1223344)
{
printf ("That's for us\n");
// yes, we "handled" the exception
return ExceptionContinueExecution;
}
else if (ExceptionRecord>ExceptionCode==EXCEPTION_ACCESS_VIOLATION)
{
printf ("ContextRecord>Eax=0x%08X\n", ContextRecord>Eax);
// will it be possible to 'fix' it?
printf ("Trying to fix wrong pointer address\n");
ContextRecord>Eax=(DWORD)&new_value;
// yes, we "handled" the exception
return ExceptionContinueExecution;
}
else
{
printf ("We do not handle this\n");
// someone else's problem
return ExceptionContinueSearch;
};
}

int main()
{
DWORD handler = (DWORD)except_handler; // take a pointer to our handler

// install exception handler

__asm
{ // make EXCEPTION_REGISTRATION record:
push handler // address of handler function
push FS:[0] // address of previous handler
mov FS:[0],ESP // add new EXECEPTION_REGISTRATION
}

RaiseException (0xE1223344, 0, 0, NULL);

// now do something very bad

int* ptr=NULL;
int val=0;
val=*ptr;
printf ("val=%d\n", val);

// deinstall exception handler

__asm
{ // remove our EXECEPTION_REGISTRATION record
mov eax,[ESP] // get pointer to previous record
mov FS:[0], EAX // install previous record
add esp, 8 // clean our EXECEPTION_REGISTRATION off stack
}

return 0;
}

FS: win32 TIB . TIB -

. .
_EXCEPTION_REGISTRATION, , .

68.1: MSVC/VC/crt/src/exsup.inc
\_EXCEPTION\_REGISTRATION struc
prev dd ?
handler dd ?
\_EXCEPTION\_REGISTRATION ends

721
 68. WINDOWS NT 68. WINDOWS NT
handler , prev
. 0xFFFFFFFF (-1) prev.
TIB

FS:0 . +0: __except_list

+4: Prev=0xFFFFFFFF

+8: Handle -

Prev

Handle -

Prev

Handle -

, RaiseException() 33 . . -
. 0xE1223344, ExceptionContinueExecution,
CPU ( EIP/ESP)
. ExceptionContinueSearch,
, , ,
(, ) . Windows .
? :
WinBase.h ntstatus.h
EXCEPTION_ACCESS_VIOLATION STATUS_ACCESS_VIOLATION 0xC0000005
EXCEPTION_DATATYPE_MISALIGNMENT STATUS_DATATYPE_MISALIGNMENT 0x80000002
EXCEPTION_BREAKPOINT STATUS_BREAKPOINT 0x80000003
EXCEPTION_SINGLE_STEP STATUS_SINGLE_STEP 0x80000004
EXCEPTION_ARRAY_BOUNDS_EXCEEDED STATUS_ARRAY_BOUNDS_EXCEEDED 0xC000008C
EXCEPTION_FLT_DENORMAL_OPERAND STATUS_FLOAT_DENORMAL_OPERAND 0xC000008D
EXCEPTION_FLT_DIVIDE_BY_ZERO STATUS_FLOAT_DIVIDE_BY_ZERO 0xC000008E
EXCEPTION_FLT_INEXACT_RESULT STATUS_FLOAT_INEXACT_RESULT 0xC000008F
EXCEPTION_FLT_INVALID_OPERATION STATUS_FLOAT_INVALID_OPERATION 0xC0000090
EXCEPTION_FLT_OVERFLOW STATUS_FLOAT_OVERFLOW 0xC0000091
EXCEPTION_FLT_STACK_CHECK STATUS_FLOAT_STACK_CHECK 0xC0000092
EXCEPTION_FLT_UNDERFLOW STATUS_FLOAT_UNDERFLOW 0xC0000093
EXCEPTION_INT_DIVIDE_BY_ZERO STATUS_INTEGER_DIVIDE_BY_ZERO 0xC0000094
EXCEPTION_INT_OVERFLOW STATUS_INTEGER_OVERFLOW 0xC0000095
EXCEPTION_PRIV_INSTRUCTION STATUS_PRIVILEGED_INSTRUCTION 0xC0000096
EXCEPTION_IN_PAGE_ERROR STATUS_IN_PAGE_ERROR 0xC0000006
EXCEPTION_ILLEGAL_INSTRUCTION STATUS_ILLEGAL_INSTRUCTION 0xC000001D
EXCEPTION_NONCONTINUABLE_EXCEPTION STATUS_NONCONTINUABLE_EXCEPTION 0xC0000025
EXCEPTION_STACK_OVERFLOW STATUS_STACK_OVERFLOW 0xC00000FD
EXCEPTION_INVALID_DISPOSITION STATUS_INVALID_DISPOSITION 0xC0000026
EXCEPTION_GUARD_PAGE STATUS_GUARD_PAGE_VIOLATION 0x80000001
EXCEPTION_INVALID_HANDLE STATUS_INVALID_HANDLE 0xC0000008
EXCEPTION_POSSIBLE_DEADLOCK STATUS_POSSIBLE_DEADLOCK 0xC0000194
CONTROL_C_EXIT STATUS_CONTROL_C_EXIT 0xC000013A
:
31 29 28 27 16 15 0

S U 0 Facility code Error code

33 MSDN

722
 68. WINDOWS NT 68. WINDOWS NT
S : 11 ; 10 ; 01 ; 00 . U -
, .
0xE1223344 0xE (1110b) 1) ; 2) . ,
, .
0. , win32 ,
. , , ,
, EXCEPTION_ACCESS_VIOLATION .
, , 0,
:

68.2: MSVC 2010

...
xor eax, eax
mov eax, DWORD PTR [eax] ; exception will occur here
push eax
push OFFSET msg
call _printf
add esp, 8
...

? ,
EAX . . printf()
1234, , EAX 0,
new_value. .
, : CPU, , -
Windows , , , SEH,
.
MSVC 2010, ,
EAX.
,
SEH. , , - .
SEH- - ? ,
, .
- alloca(): (5.2.4 (. 28)).

68.3.2. MSVC

, Microsoft , ++,
MSVC 34 . ++.
__try
{
...
}
__except(filter code)
{
handler code
}

nally :
__try
{
...
}
__finally
{
...
}

34 MSDN

723
 68. WINDOWS NT 68. WINDOWS NT
- , , .
, - .

Windows. (WRK):

68.3: WRK-v1.2/base/ntos/ob/obwait.c
try {

KeReleaseMutant( (PKMUTANT)SignalObject,
MUTANT_INCREMENT,
FALSE,
TRUE );

} except((GetExceptionCode () == STATUS_ABANDONED ||
GetExceptionCode () == STATUS_MUTANT_NOT_OWNED)?
EXCEPTION_EXECUTE_HANDLER :
EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_SEARCH) {
Status = GetExceptionCode();

goto WaitExit;
}

68.4: WRK-v1.2/base/ntos/cache/cachesub.c
try {

RtlCopyBytes( (PVOID)((PCHAR)CacheBuffer + PageOffset),

UserBuffer,
MorePages ?
(PAGE_SIZE PageOffset) :
(ReceivedLength PageOffset) );

} except( CcCopyReadExceptionFilter( GetExceptionInformation(),

&Status ) ) {

-:

68.5: WRK-v1.2/base/ntos/cache/copysup.c
LONG
CcCopyReadExceptionFilter(
IN PEXCEPTION_POINTERS ExceptionPointer,
IN PNTSTATUS ExceptionCode
)

/*++

Routine Description:

This routine serves as a exception filter and has the special job of
extracting the "real" I/O error when Mm raises STATUS_IN_PAGE_ERROR
beneath us.

Arguments:

ExceptionPointer A pointer to the exception record that contains

the real Io Status.

ExceptionCode A pointer to an NTSTATUS that is to receive the real

status.

Return Value:

EXCEPTION_EXECUTE_HANDLER

*/

{
*ExceptionCode = ExceptionPointer>ExceptionRecord>ExceptionCode;

724
 68. WINDOWS NT 68. WINDOWS NT
if ( (*ExceptionCode == STATUS_IN_PAGE_ERROR) &&
(ExceptionPointer>ExceptionRecord>NumberParameters >= 3) ) {

*ExceptionCode = (NTSTATUS) ExceptionPointer>ExceptionRecord>ExceptionInformation[2];

}

ASSERT( !NT_SUCCESS(*ExceptionCode) );

return EXCEPTION_EXECUTE_HANDLER;
}

, SEH OS. _except_handler3

( SEH3) _except_handler4 ( SEH4). MSVC, ,
msvcr*.dll. , SEH MSVC. win32-
- .

SEH3

SEH3 _except_handler3 -, _EXCEPTION_REGISTRATION -

scope table previous try level. SEH4 scope table 4 -
.

scope table , ,
try/except.

TIB Stack

FS:0 . +0: __except_list

+4: Prev=0xFFFFFFFF

+8: Handle -

scope Prev

0xFFFFFFFF (-1) Handle -

-
-
try/except
-/nally-
Prev

Handle _except_handler3
0

- scope
-
try/except

-/nally- try

EBP
1

-
-
try/except
-/nally-

, , OS prev/handle , .
_except_handler3 , scope table , .

725
 68. WINDOWS NT 68. WINDOWS NT
_except_handler3 . , Sanos OS, win32, -
, - Windows 35 .
Wine36 ReactOS37 .

lter , handler nally .

, previous try level , _except_handler3

, , scope table .

SEH3: try/except

#include <stdio.h>
#include <windows.h>
#include <excpt.h>

int main()
{
int* p = NULL;
__try
{
printf("hello #1!\n");
*p = 13; // causes an access violation exception;
printf("hello #2!\n");
}
__except(GetExceptionCode()==EXCEPTION_ACCESS_VIOLATION ?
EXCEPTION_EXECUTE_HANDLER : EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_SEARCH)
{
printf("access violation, can't recover\n");
}
}

68.6: MSVC 2003

$SG74605 DB 'hello #1!', 0aH, 00H
$SG74606 DB 'hello #2!', 0aH, 00H
$SG74608 DB 'access violation, can''t recover', 0aH, 00H
_DATA ENDS

; scope table:
CONST SEGMENT
$T74622 DD 0ffffffffH ; previous try level
DD FLAT:$L74617 ; filter
DD FLAT:$L74618 ; handler

CONST ENDS
_TEXT SEGMENT
$T74621 = 32 ; size = 4
_p$ = 28 ; size = 4
__$SEHRec$ = 24 ; size = 24
_main PROC NEAR
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
push 1 ; previous try level
push OFFSET FLAT:$T74622 ; scope table
push OFFSET FLAT:__except_handler3 ; handler
mov eax, DWORD PTR fs:__except_list
push eax ; prev
mov DWORD PTR fs:__except_list, esp
add esp, 16
; 3 registers to be saved:
push ebx
push esi
push edi
mov DWORD PTR __$SEHRec$[ebp], esp
mov DWORD PTR _p$[ebp], 0
35 http://go.yurichev.com/17058
36 GitHub
37 http://go.yurichev.com/17060

726
 68. WINDOWS NT 68. WINDOWS NT
mov DWORD PTR __$SEHRec$[ebp+20], 0 ; previous try level
push OFFSET FLAT:$SG74605 ; 'hello #1!'
call _printf
add esp, 4
mov eax, DWORD PTR _p$[ebp]
mov DWORD PTR [eax], 13
push OFFSET FLAT:$SG74606 ; 'hello #2!'
call _printf
add esp, 4
mov DWORD PTR __$SEHRec$[ebp+20], 1 ; previous try level
jmp SHORT $L74616

; filter code:
$L74617:
$L74627:
mov ecx, DWORD PTR __$SEHRec$[ebp+4]
mov edx, DWORD PTR [ecx]
mov eax, DWORD PTR [edx]
mov DWORD PTR $T74621[ebp], eax
mov eax, DWORD PTR $T74621[ebp]
sub eax, 1073741819; c0000005H
neg eax
sbb eax, eax
inc eax
$L74619:
$L74626:
ret 0

; handler code:
$L74618:
mov esp, DWORD PTR __$SEHRec$[ebp]
push OFFSET FLAT:$SG74608 ; 'access violation, can''t recover'
call _printf
add esp, 4
mov DWORD PTR __$SEHRec$[ebp+20], 1 ; setting previous try level back to 1
$L74616:
xor eax, eax
mov ecx, DWORD PTR __$SEHRec$[ebp+8]
mov DWORD PTR fs:__except_list, ecx
pop edi
pop esi
pop ebx
mov esp, ebp
pop ebp
ret 0
_main ENDP
_TEXT ENDS
END

, SEH . Scope table CONST ,

. , previous try level. 0xFFFFFFFF (1).
, try , , 0 . ,
try , 1 . .
try/except .

SEH- , -
SEH_prolog(), . SEH
SEH_epilog() .

tracer:
tracer.exe l:2.exe dumpseh

68.7: tracer.exe output

EXCEPTION_ACCESS_VIOLATION at 2.exe!main+0x44 (0x401054) ExceptionInformation[0]=1
EAX=0x00000000 EBX=0x7efde000 ECX=0x0040cbc8 EDX=0x0008e3c8
ESI=0x00001db1 EDI=0x00000000 EBP=0x0018feac ESP=0x0018fe80
EIP=0x00401054

727
 68. WINDOWS NT 68. WINDOWS NT
FLAGS=AF IF RF
* SEH frame at 0x18fe9c prev=0x18ff78 handler=0x401204 (2.exe!_except_handler3)
SEH3 frame. previous trylevel=0
scopetable entry[0]. previous try level=1, filter=0x401070 (2.exe!main+0x60) handler=0x401088 (2.exe!
main+0x78)
* SEH frame at 0x18ff78 prev=0x18ffc4 handler=0x401204 (2.exe!_except_handler3)
SEH3 frame. previous trylevel=0
scopetable entry[0]. previous try level=1, filter=0x401531 (2.exe!mainCRTStartup+0x18d) handler=0
x401545 (2.exe!mainCRTStartup+0x1a1)
* SEH frame at 0x18ffc4 prev=0x18ffe4 handler=0x771f71f5 (ntdll.dll!__except_handler4)
SEH4 frame. previous trylevel=0
SEH4 header: GSCookieOffset=0xfffffffe GSCookieXOROffset=0x0
EHCookieOffset=0xffffffcc EHCookieXOROffset=0x0
scopetable entry[0]. previous try level=2, filter=0x771f74d0 (ntdll.dll!___safe_se_handler_table+0x20
) handler=0x771f90eb (ntdll.dll!_TppTerminateProcess@4+0x43)
* SEH frame at 0x18ffe4 prev=0xffffffff handler=0x77247428 (ntdll.dll!_FinalExceptionHandler@16)

, SEH 4- .

. ? ? ,
CRT- _mainCRTStartup(), , FPU .
MSVC: crt/src/winxfltr.c.

SEH4 ntdll.dll, , MSVC, ntdll.dll,

.

, : MSVC ()
MSVC : SEH3 SEH4.

SEH3: try/except

#include <stdio.h>
#include <windows.h>
#include <excpt.h>

int filter_user_exceptions (unsigned int code, struct _EXCEPTION_POINTERS *ep)

{
printf("in filter. code=0x%08X\n", code);
if (code == 0x112233)
{
printf("yes, that is our exception\n");
return EXCEPTION_EXECUTE_HANDLER;
}
else
{
printf("not our exception\n");
return EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_SEARCH;
};
}
int main()
{
int* p = NULL;
__try
{
__try
{
printf ("hello!\n");
RaiseException (0x112233, 0, 0, NULL);
printf ("0x112233 raised. now let's crash\n");
*p = 13; // causes an access violation exception;
}
__except(GetExceptionCode()==EXCEPTION_ACCESS_VIOLATION ?
EXCEPTION_EXECUTE_HANDLER : EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_SEARCH)
{
printf("access violation, can't recover\n");
}
}

728
 68. WINDOWS NT 68. WINDOWS NT
__except(filter_user_exceptions(GetExceptionCode(), GetExceptionInformation()))
{
// the filter_user_exceptions() function answering to the question
// "is this exception belongs to this block?"
// if yes, do the follow:
printf("user exception caught\n");
}
}

try. scope table , . Previous

try level , try-, .
68.8: MSVC 2003
$SG74606 DB 'in filter. code=0x%08X', 0aH, 00H
$SG74608 DB 'yes, that is our exception', 0aH, 00H
$SG74610 DB 'not our exception', 0aH, 00H
$SG74617 DB 'hello!', 0aH, 00H
$SG74619 DB '0x112233 raised. now let''s crash', 0aH, 00H
$SG74621 DB 'access violation, can''t recover', 0aH, 00H
$SG74623 DB 'user exception caught', 0aH, 00H

_code$ = 8 ; size = 4
_ep$ = 12 ; size = 4
_filter_user_exceptions PROC NEAR
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
mov eax, DWORD PTR _code$[ebp]
push eax
push OFFSET FLAT:$SG74606 ; 'in filter. code=0x%08X'
call _printf
add esp, 8
cmp DWORD PTR _code$[ebp], 1122867; 00112233H
jne SHORT $L74607
push OFFSET FLAT:$SG74608 ; 'yes, that is our exception'
call _printf
add esp, 4
mov eax, 1
jmp SHORT $L74605
$L74607:
push OFFSET FLAT:$SG74610 ; 'not our exception'
call _printf
add esp, 4
xor eax, eax
$L74605:
pop ebp
ret 0
_filter_user_exceptions ENDP

; scope table:
CONST SEGMENT
$T74644 DD 0ffffffffH ; previous try level for outer block
DD FLAT:$L74634 ; outer block filter
DD FLAT:$L74635 ; outer block handler
DD 00H ; previous try level for inner block
DD FLAT:$L74638 ; inner block filter
DD FLAT:$L74639 ; inner block handler
CONST ENDS

$T74643 = 36 ; size = 4
$T74642 = 32 ; size = 4
_p$ = 28 ; size = 4
__$SEHRec$ = 24 ; size = 24
_main PROC NEAR
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
push 1 ; previous try level
push OFFSET FLAT:$T74644
push OFFSET FLAT:__except_handler3
mov eax, DWORD PTR fs:__except_list
push eax

729
 68. WINDOWS NT 68. WINDOWS NT
mov DWORD PTR fs:__except_list, esp
add esp, 20
push ebx
push esi
push edi
mov DWORD PTR __$SEHRec$[ebp], esp
mov DWORD PTR _p$[ebp], 0
mov DWORD PTR __$SEHRec$[ebp+20], 0 ; outer try block entered. set previous try level to 0
mov DWORD PTR __$SEHRec$[ebp+20], 1 ; inner try block entered. set previous try level to 1
push OFFSET FLAT:$SG74617 ; 'hello!'
call _printf
add esp, 4
push 0
push 0
push 0
push 1122867 ; 00112233H
call DWORD PTR __imp__RaiseException@16
push OFFSET FLAT:$SG74619 ; '0x112233 raised. now let''s crash'
call _printf
add esp, 4
mov eax, DWORD PTR _p$[ebp]
mov DWORD PTR [eax], 13
mov DWORD PTR __$SEHRec$[ebp+20], 0 ; inner try block exited. set previous try level back to 0
jmp SHORT $L74615

; inner block filter:

$L74638:
$L74650:
mov ecx, DWORD PTR __$SEHRec$[ebp+4]
mov edx, DWORD PTR [ecx]
mov eax, DWORD PTR [edx]
mov DWORD PTR $T74643[ebp], eax
mov eax, DWORD PTR $T74643[ebp]
sub eax, 1073741819; c0000005H
neg eax
sbb eax, eax
inc eax
$L74640:
$L74648:
ret 0

; inner block handler:

$L74639:
mov esp, DWORD PTR __$SEHRec$[ebp]
push OFFSET FLAT:$SG74621 ; 'access violation, can''t recover'
call _printf
add esp, 4
mov DWORD PTR __$SEHRec$[ebp+20], 0 ; inner try block exited. set previous try level back to 0

$L74615:
mov DWORD PTR __$SEHRec$[ebp+20], 1 ; outer try block exited, set previous try level back to
1
jmp SHORT $L74633

; outer block filter:

$L74634:
$L74651:
mov ecx, DWORD PTR __$SEHRec$[ebp+4]
mov edx, DWORD PTR [ecx]
mov eax, DWORD PTR [edx]
mov DWORD PTR $T74642[ebp], eax
mov ecx, DWORD PTR __$SEHRec$[ebp+4]
push ecx
mov edx, DWORD PTR $T74642[ebp]
push edx
call _filter_user_exceptions
add esp, 8
$L74636:
$L74649:
ret 0

730
 68. WINDOWS NT 68. WINDOWS NT

; outer block handler:

$L74635:
mov esp, DWORD PTR __$SEHRec$[ebp]
push OFFSET FLAT:$SG74623 ; 'user exception caught'
call _printf
add esp, 4
mov DWORD PTR __$SEHRec$[ebp+20], 1 ; both try blocks exited. set previous try level back to
1
$L74633:
xor eax, eax
mov ecx, DWORD PTR __$SEHRec$[ebp+8]
mov DWORD PTR fs:__except_list, ecx
pop edi
pop esi
pop ebx
mov esp, ebp
pop ebp
ret 0
_main ENDP

printf() , ,
SEH-. , - ,
. scope table .
tracer.exe l:3.exe bpx=3.exe!printf dumpseh

68.9: tracer.exe output

(0) 3.exe!printf
EAX=0x0000001b EBX=0x00000000 ECX=0x0040cc58 EDX=0x0008e3c8
ESI=0x00000000 EDI=0x00000000 EBP=0x0018f840 ESP=0x0018f838
EIP=0x004011b6
FLAGS=PF ZF IF
* SEH frame at 0x18f88c prev=0x18fe9c handler=0x771db4ad (ntdll.dll!ExecuteHandler2@20+0x3a)
* SEH frame at 0x18fe9c prev=0x18ff78 handler=0x4012e0 (3.exe!_except_handler3)
SEH3 frame. previous trylevel=1
scopetable entry[0]. previous try level=1, filter=0x401120 (3.exe!main+0xb0) handler=0x40113b (3.exe!
main+0xcb)
scopetable entry[1]. previous try level=0, filter=0x4010e8 (3.exe!main+0x78) handler=0x401100 (3.exe!
main+0x90)
* SEH frame at 0x18ff78 prev=0x18ffc4 handler=0x4012e0 (3.exe!_except_handler3)
SEH3 frame. previous trylevel=0
scopetable entry[0]. previous try level=1, filter=0x40160d (3.exe!mainCRTStartup+0x18d) handler=0
x401621 (3.exe!mainCRTStartup+0x1a1)
* SEH frame at 0x18ffc4 prev=0x18ffe4 handler=0x771f71f5 (ntdll.dll!__except_handler4)
SEH4 frame. previous trylevel=0
SEH4 header: GSCookieOffset=0xfffffffe GSCookieXOROffset=0x0
EHCookieOffset=0xffffffcc EHCookieXOROffset=0x0
scopetable entry[0]. previous try level=2, filter=0x771f74d0 (ntdll.dll!___safe_se_handler_table+0x20
) handler=0x771f90eb (ntdll.dll!_TppTerminateProcess@4+0x43)
* SEH frame at 0x18ffe4 prev=0xffffffff handler=0x77247428 (ntdll.dll!_FinalExceptionHandler@16)

SEH4

(18.2 (. 274)) scope table ,

MSVC 2005, SEH3 , SEH4 . scope table -
XOR- security cookie. Scope table , , 2 security cookies.
: (EBP) -XOR-
security_cookie . -
. Security cookie , , ,
.

previous try level 2 SEH4 1.

731
 68. WINDOWS NT 68. WINDOWS NT

TIB Stack

FS:0 . +0: __except_list

+4: Prev=0xFFFFFFFF

+8: Handle -

scope Prev

GS Cookie Handle -

GS Cookie XOR

EH Cookie Prev

EH Cookie XOR Handle _except_handler4

0xFFFFFFFF (-1) scopesecurity_cookie

- try
-
try/except
-/nally- EBP

0
EBPsecurity_cookie
-
-
try/except
-/nally-

-
-
try/except
-/nally-

MSVC 2012 SEH4:

68.10: MSVC 2012: one try block example

$SG85485 DB 'hello #1!', 0aH, 00H
$SG85486 DB 'hello #2!', 0aH, 00H
$SG85488 DB 'access violation, can''t recover', 0aH, 00H

; scope table:
xdata$x SEGMENT
__sehtable$_main DD 0fffffffeH ; GS Cookie Offset
DD 00H ; GS Cookie XOR Offset
DD 0ffffffccH ; EH Cookie Offset
DD 00H ; EH Cookie XOR Offset
DD 0fffffffeH ; previous try level
DD FLAT:$LN12@main ; filter
DD FLAT:$LN8@main ; handler
xdata$x ENDS

$T2 = 36 ; size = 4
_p$ = 32 ; size = 4
tv68 = 28 ; size = 4

732
 68. WINDOWS NT 68. WINDOWS NT
__$SEHRec$ = 24 ; size = 24
_main PROC
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
push 2
push OFFSET __sehtable$_main
push OFFSET __except_handler4
mov eax, DWORD PTR fs:0
push eax
add esp, 20
push ebx
push esi
push edi
mov eax, DWORD PTR ___security_cookie
xor DWORD PTR __$SEHRec$[ebp+16], eax ; xored pointer to scope table
xor eax, ebp
push eax ; ebp ^ security_cookie
lea eax, DWORD PTR __$SEHRec$[ebp+8] ; pointer to VC_EXCEPTION_REGISTRATION_RECORD
mov DWORD PTR fs:0, eax
mov DWORD PTR __$SEHRec$[ebp], esp
mov DWORD PTR _p$[ebp], 0
mov DWORD PTR __$SEHRec$[ebp+20], 0 ; previous try level
push OFFSET $SG85485 ; 'hello #1!'
call _printf
add esp, 4
mov eax, DWORD PTR _p$[ebp]
mov DWORD PTR [eax], 13
push OFFSET $SG85486 ; 'hello #2!'
call _printf
add esp, 4
mov DWORD PTR __$SEHRec$[ebp+20], 2 ; previous try level
jmp SHORT $LN6@main

; filter:
$LN7@main:
$LN12@main:
mov ecx, DWORD PTR __$SEHRec$[ebp+4]
mov edx, DWORD PTR [ecx]
mov eax, DWORD PTR [edx]
mov DWORD PTR $T2[ebp], eax
cmp DWORD PTR $T2[ebp], 1073741819 ; c0000005H
jne SHORT $LN4@main
mov DWORD PTR tv68[ebp], 1
jmp SHORT $LN5@main
$LN4@main:
mov DWORD PTR tv68[ebp], 0
$LN5@main:
mov eax, DWORD PTR tv68[ebp]
$LN9@main:
$LN11@main:
ret 0

; handler:
$LN8@main:
mov esp, DWORD PTR __$SEHRec$[ebp]
push OFFSET $SG85488 ; 'access violation, can''t recover'
call _printf
add esp, 4
mov DWORD PTR __$SEHRec$[ebp+20], 2 ; previous try level
$LN6@main:
xor eax, eax
mov ecx, DWORD PTR __$SEHRec$[ebp+8]
mov DWORD PTR fs:0, ecx
pop ecx
pop edi
pop esi
pop ebx
mov esp, ebp
pop ebp
ret 0

733
 68. WINDOWS NT 68. WINDOWS NT
_main ENDP

68.11: MSVC 2012: two try blocks example

$SG85486 DB 'in filter. code=0x%08X', 0aH, 00H
$SG85488 DB 'yes, that is our exception', 0aH, 00H
$SG85490 DB 'not our exception', 0aH, 00H
$SG85497 DB 'hello!', 0aH, 00H
$SG85499 DB '0x112233 raised. now let''s crash', 0aH, 00H
$SG85501 DB 'access violation, can''t recover', 0aH, 00H
$SG85503 DB 'user exception caught', 0aH, 00H

xdata$x SEGMENT
__sehtable$_main DD 0fffffffeH ; GS Cookie Offset
DD 00H ; GS Cookie XOR Offset
DD 0ffffffc8H ; EH Cookie Offset
DD 00H ; EH Cookie Offset
DD 0fffffffeH ; previous try level for outer block
DD FLAT:$LN19@main ; outer block filter
DD FLAT:$LN9@main ; outer block handler
DD 00H ; previous try level for inner block
DD FLAT:$LN18@main ; inner block filter
DD FLAT:$LN13@main ; inner block handler
xdata$x ENDS

$T2 = 40 ; size = 4
$T3 = 36 ; size = 4
_p$ = 32 ; size = 4
tv72 = 28 ; size = 4
__$SEHRec$ = 24 ; size = 24
_main PROC
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
push 2 ; initial previous try level
push OFFSET __sehtable$_main
push OFFSET __except_handler4
mov eax, DWORD PTR fs:0
push eax ; prev
add esp, 24
push ebx
push esi
push edi
mov eax, DWORD PTR ___security_cookie
xor DWORD PTR __$SEHRec$[ebp+16], eax ; xored pointer to scope table
xor eax, ebp ; ebp ^ security_cookie
push eax
lea eax, DWORD PTR __$SEHRec$[ebp+8] ; pointer to VC_EXCEPTION_REGISTRATION_RECORD
mov DWORD PTR fs:0, eax
mov DWORD PTR __$SEHRec$[ebp], esp
mov DWORD PTR _p$[ebp], 0
mov DWORD PTR __$SEHRec$[ebp+20], 0 ; entering outer try block, setting previous try level=0
mov DWORD PTR __$SEHRec$[ebp+20], 1 ; entering inner try block, setting previous try level=1
push OFFSET $SG85497 ; 'hello!'
call _printf
add esp, 4
push 0
push 0
push 0
push 1122867 ; 00112233H
call DWORD PTR __imp__RaiseException@16
push OFFSET $SG85499 ; '0x112233 raised. now let''s crash'
call _printf
add esp, 4
mov eax, DWORD PTR _p$[ebp]
mov DWORD PTR [eax], 13
mov DWORD PTR __$SEHRec$[ebp+20], 0 ; exiting inner try block, set previous try level back to 0
jmp SHORT $LN2@main

; inner block filter:

$LN12@main:

734
 68. WINDOWS NT 68. WINDOWS NT
$LN18@main:
mov ecx, DWORD PTR __$SEHRec$[ebp+4]
mov edx, DWORD PTR [ecx]
mov eax, DWORD PTR [edx]
mov DWORD PTR $T3[ebp], eax
cmp DWORD PTR $T3[ebp], 1073741819 ; c0000005H
jne SHORT $LN5@main
mov DWORD PTR tv72[ebp], 1
jmp SHORT $LN6@main
$LN5@main:
mov DWORD PTR tv72[ebp], 0
$LN6@main:
mov eax, DWORD PTR tv72[ebp]
$LN14@main:
$LN16@main:
ret 0

; inner block handler:

$LN13@main:
mov esp, DWORD PTR __$SEHRec$[ebp]
push OFFSET $SG85501 ; 'access violation, can''t recover'
call _printf
add esp, 4
mov DWORD PTR __$SEHRec$[ebp+20], 0 ; exiting inner try block, setting previous try level back
to 0
$LN2@main:
mov DWORD PTR __$SEHRec$[ebp+20], 2 ; exiting both blocks, setting previous try level back to
2
jmp SHORT $LN7@main

; outer block filter:

$LN8@main:
$LN19@main:
mov ecx, DWORD PTR __$SEHRec$[ebp+4]
mov edx, DWORD PTR [ecx]
mov eax, DWORD PTR [edx]
mov DWORD PTR $T2[ebp], eax
mov ecx, DWORD PTR __$SEHRec$[ebp+4]
push ecx
mov edx, DWORD PTR $T2[ebp]
push edx
call _filter_user_exceptions
add esp, 8
$LN10@main:
$LN17@main:
ret 0

; outer block handler:

$LN9@main:
mov esp, DWORD PTR __$SEHRec$[ebp]
push OFFSET $SG85503 ; 'user exception caught'
call _printf
add esp, 4
mov DWORD PTR __$SEHRec$[ebp+20], 2 ; exiting both blocks, setting previous try level back to
2
$LN7@main:
xor eax, eax
mov ecx, DWORD PTR __$SEHRec$[ebp+8]
mov DWORD PTR fs:0, ecx
pop ecx
pop edi
pop esi
pop ebx
mov esp, ebp
pop ebp
ret 0
_main ENDP

_code$ = 8 ; size = 4
_ep$ = 12 ; size = 4

735
 68. WINDOWS NT 68. WINDOWS NT
_filter_user_exceptions PROC
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
mov eax, DWORD PTR _code$[ebp]
push eax
push OFFSET $SG85486 ; 'in filter. code=0x%08X'
call _printf
add esp, 8
cmp DWORD PTR _code$[ebp], 1122867 ; 00112233H
jne SHORT $LN2@filter_use
push OFFSET $SG85488 ; 'yes, that is our exception'
call _printf
add esp, 4
mov eax, 1
jmp SHORT $LN3@filter_use
jmp SHORT $LN3@filter_use
$LN2@filter_use:
push OFFSET $SG85490 ; 'not our exception'
call _printf
add esp, 4
xor eax, eax
$LN3@filter_use:
pop ebp
ret 0
_filter_user_exceptions ENDP

cookies: Cookie Offset EBP EBP

security_cookie . Cookie XOR Offset EBP security_cookie
. , - :
security_cookie (CookieXOROf f set + address_of _saved_EBP ) == stack[address_of _saved_EBP + CookieOf f set]
Cookie Offset 2, , .
cookies tracer, GitHub .

SEH3 ( ) MSVC 2005,

/GS-, , CRT- SEH4.

68.3.3. Windows x64

, , SEH- .
previous try level .
x64 , try-, ,
PE- .pdata, .
, x64:

68.12: MSVC 2012

$SG86276 DB 'hello #1!', 0aH, 00H
$SG86277 DB 'hello #2!', 0aH, 00H
$SG86279 DB 'access violation, can''t recover', 0aH, 00H

pdata SEGMENT
$pdata$main DD imagerel $LN9
DD imagerel $LN9+61
DD imagerel $unwind$main
pdata ENDS
pdata SEGMENT
$pdata$main$filt$0 DD imagerel main$filt$0
DD imagerel main$filt$0+32
DD imagerel $unwind$main$filt$0
pdata ENDS
xdata SEGMENT
$unwind$main DD 020609H
DD 030023206H
DD imagerel __C_specific_handler
DD 01H
DD imagerel $LN9+8

736
 68. WINDOWS NT 68. WINDOWS NT
DD imagerel $LN9+40
DD imagerel main$filt$0
DD imagerel $LN9+40
$unwind$main$filt$0 DD 020601H
DD 050023206H
xdata ENDS

_TEXT SEGMENT
main PROC
$LN9:
push rbx
sub rsp, 32
xor ebx, ebx
lea rcx, OFFSET FLAT:$SG86276 ; 'hello #1!'
call printf
mov DWORD PTR [rbx], 13
lea rcx, OFFSET FLAT:$SG86277 ; 'hello #2!'
call printf
jmp SHORT $LN8@main
$LN6@main:
lea rcx, OFFSET FLAT:$SG86279 ; 'access violation, can''t recover'
call printf
npad 1 ; align next label
$LN8@main:
xor eax, eax
add rsp, 32
pop rbx
ret 0
main ENDP
_TEXT ENDS

text$x SEGMENT
main$filt$0 PROC
push rbp
sub rsp, 32
mov rbp, rdx
$LN5@main$filt$:
mov rax, QWORD PTR [rcx]
xor ecx, ecx
cmp DWORD PTR [rax], 1073741819; c0000005H
sete cl
mov eax, ecx
$LN7@main$filt$:
add rsp, 32
pop rbp
ret 0
int 3
main$filt$0 ENDP
text$x ENDS

68.13: MSVC 2012

$SG86277 DB 'in filter. code=0x%08X', 0aH, 00H
$SG86279 DB 'yes, that is our exception', 0aH, 00H
$SG86281 DB 'not our exception', 0aH, 00H
$SG86288 DB 'hello!', 0aH, 00H
$SG86290 DB '0x112233 raised. now let''s crash', 0aH, 00H
$SG86292 DB 'access violation, can''t recover', 0aH, 00H
$SG86294 DB 'user exception caught', 0aH, 00H

pdata SEGMENT
$pdata$filter_user_exceptions DD imagerel $LN6
DD imagerel $LN6+73
DD imagerel $unwind$filter_user_exceptions
$pdata$main DD imagerel $LN14
DD imagerel $LN14+95
DD imagerel $unwind$main
pdata ENDS
pdata SEGMENT
$pdata$main$filt$0 DD imagerel main$filt$0

737
 68. WINDOWS NT 68. WINDOWS NT
DD imagerel main$filt$0+32
DD imagerel $unwind$main$filt$0
$pdata$main$filt$1 DD imagerel main$filt$1
DD imagerel main$filt$1+30
DD imagerel $unwind$main$filt$1
pdata ENDS

xdata SEGMENT
$unwind$filter_user_exceptions DD 020601H
DD 030023206H
$unwind$main DD 020609H
DD 030023206H
DD imagerel __C_specific_handler
DD 02H
DD imagerel $LN14+8
DD imagerel $LN14+59
DD imagerel main$filt$0
DD imagerel $LN14+59
DD imagerel $LN14+8
DD imagerel $LN14+74
DD imagerel main$filt$1
DD imagerel $LN14+74
$unwind$main$filt$0 DD 020601H
DD 050023206H
$unwind$main$filt$1 DD 020601H
DD 050023206H
xdata ENDS

_TEXT SEGMENT
main PROC
$LN14:
push rbx
sub rsp, 32
xor ebx, ebx
lea rcx, OFFSET FLAT:$SG86288 ; 'hello!'
call printf
xor r9d, r9d
xor r8d, r8d
xor edx, edx
mov ecx, 1122867 ; 00112233H
call QWORD PTR __imp_RaiseException
lea rcx, OFFSET FLAT:$SG86290 ; '0x112233 raised. now let''s crash'
call printf
mov DWORD PTR [rbx], 13
jmp SHORT $LN13@main
$LN11@main:
lea rcx, OFFSET FLAT:$SG86292 ; 'access violation, can''t recover'
call printf
npad 1 ; align next label
$LN13@main:
jmp SHORT $LN9@main
$LN7@main:
lea rcx, OFFSET FLAT:$SG86294 ; 'user exception caught'
call printf
npad 1 ; align next label
$LN9@main:
xor eax, eax
add rsp, 32
pop rbx
ret 0
main ENDP

text$x SEGMENT
main$filt$0 PROC
push rbp
sub rsp, 32
mov rbp, rdx
$LN10@main$filt$:
mov rax, QWORD PTR [rcx]
xor ecx, ecx

738
 68. WINDOWS NT 68. WINDOWS NT
cmp DWORD PTR [rax], 1073741819; c0000005H
sete cl
mov eax, ecx
$LN12@main$filt$:
add rsp, 32
pop rbp
ret 0
int 3
main$filt$0 ENDP

main$filt$1 PROC
push rbp
sub rsp, 32
mov rbp, rdx
$LN6@main$filt$:
mov rax, QWORD PTR [rcx]
mov rdx, rcx
mov ecx, DWORD PTR [rax]
call filter_user_exceptions
npad 1 ; align next label
$LN8@main$filt$:
add rsp, 32
pop rbp
ret 0
int 3
main$filt$1 ENDP
text$x ENDS

_TEXT SEGMENT
code$ = 48
ep$ = 56
filter_user_exceptions PROC
$LN6:
push rbx
sub rsp, 32
mov ebx, ecx
mov edx, ecx
lea rcx, OFFSET FLAT:$SG86277 ; 'in filter. code=0x%08X'
call printf
cmp ebx, 1122867; 00112233H
jne SHORT $LN2@filter_use
lea rcx, OFFSET FLAT:$SG86279 ; 'yes, that is our exception'
call printf
mov eax, 1
add rsp, 32
pop rbx
ret 0
$LN2@filter_use:
lea rcx, OFFSET FLAT:$SG86281 ; 'not our exception'
call printf
xor eax, eax
add rsp, 32
pop rbx
ret 0
filter_user_exceptions ENDP
_TEXT ENDS

[Sko12] .
, .pdata ,
- , .

68.3.4. SEH

[Pie], [Sko12].

739
 68. WINDOWS NT 68. WINDOWS NT
68.4. Windows NT:
, -
, .

CRITICAL_SECTION OS Windows NT:

68.14: (Windows Research Kernel v1.2) public/sdk/inc/nturtl.h

typedef struct _RTL_CRITICAL_SECTION {
PRTL_CRITICAL_SECTION_DEBUG DebugInfo;

//
// The following three fields control entering and exiting the critical
// section for the resource
//

LONG LockCount;
LONG RecursionCount;
HANDLE OwningThread; // from the thread's ClientId>UniqueThread
HANDLE LockSemaphore;
ULONG_PTR SpinCount; // force size on 64bit systems when packed
} RTL_CRITICAL_SECTION, *PRTL_CRITICAL_SECTION;

EnterCriticalSection():

68.15: Windows 2008/ntdll.dll/x86 (begin)

_RtlEnterCriticalSection@4

var_C = dword ptr 0Ch

var_8 = dword ptr 8
var_4 = dword ptr 4
arg_0 = dword ptr 8

mov edi, edi

push ebp
mov ebp, esp
sub esp, 0Ch
push esi
push edi
mov edi, [ebp+arg_0]
lea esi, [edi+4] ; LockCount
mov eax, esi
lock btr dword ptr [eax], 0
jnb wait ; jump if CF=0

loc_7DE922DD:
mov eax, large fs:18h
mov ecx, [eax+24h]
mov [edi+0Ch], ecx
mov dword ptr [edi+8], 1
pop edi
xor eax, eax
pop esi
mov esp, ebp
pop ebp
retn 4

... skipped

BTR ( LOCK): CF
. ,
( LOCK BTR. LockCount 1, , -
: . ,
.
WaitForSingleObject().

LeaveCriticalSection():

740
 68. WINDOWS NT 68. WINDOWS NT
68.16: Windows 2008/ntdll.dll/x86 (begin)
_RtlLeaveCriticalSection@4 proc near

arg_0 = dword ptr 8

mov edi, edi

push ebp
mov ebp, esp
push esi
mov esi, [ebp+arg_0]
add dword ptr [esi+8], 0FFFFFFFFh ; RecursionCount
jnz short loc_7DE922B2
push ebx
push edi
lea edi, [esi+4] ; LockCount
mov dword ptr [esi+0Ch], 0
mov ebx, 1
mov eax, edi
lock xadd [eax], ebx
inc ebx
cmp ebx, 0FFFFFFFFh
jnz loc_7DEA8EB7

loc_7DE922B0:
pop edi
pop ebx

loc_7DE922B2:
xor eax, eax
pop esi
pop ebp
retn 4

... skipped

XADD . , 1 LockCount,
EBX, 1 LockCount . ,
LOCK, , CPU CPU .
LOCK : , CPU CPU,
, ,
.

741
 VII

742
 69. 69.

69

69.1. IDA
1 .
: F.1 (. 982)

1 hex-rays.com/products/ida/support/download_freeware.shtml

743
 70. 70.

70

70.1. OllyDbg
win32:
ollydbg.de.
: F.2 (. 982)

70.2. GDB
, , . : F.5 (. 983).

70.3. tracer
tracer 1 .
, , -
- -
. , tracer. -
, , ,
, , , ..
, (-
, SoftICE, OllyDbg, WinDbg ), , ,
, , ..

1 yurichev.com

744
 71. 71.

71

71.0.1. strace / dtruss

, (syscalls(66 (. 702))) . :
# strace df h

...

access("/etc/ld.so.nohwcap", F_OK) = 1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)

open("/lib/i386linuxgnu/libc.so.6", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3
read(3, "\177ELF\1\1\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\3\0\3\0\1\0\0\0\220\232\1\0004\0\0\0"..., 512) = 512
fstat64(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=1770984, ...}) = 0
mmap2(NULL, 1780508, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0xb75b3000

Mac OS X dtruss.
Cygwin strace, , , .exe- -
cygwin.

745
 72. 72.

72

: Hex-Rays:
hex-rays.com/products/decompiler/

746
 73. 73.

73

Microsoft Visual Studio Express1 : Visual Studio, .

: F.3 (. 983).
Hiew2 .
binary grep: ( )
, : GitHub.

1 visualstudio.com/en-US/products/visual-studio-express-vs
2 hiew.ru

747
 VIII

RE-

748
749
 74. TASK MANAGER (WINDOWS VISTA) 74. TASK MANAGER (WINDOWS VISTA)

74

task manager (Windows Vista)

, Task Manager, CPU, .

, Task Manager ? win32 GetSystemInfo(), -
. taskmgr.exe. NTAPI, NtQuerySystemInformation(),
taskmgr.exe . , -
SystemBasicInformation ( 1 ).
, .
NtQuerySystemInformation(0, ?, ?, ?). taskmgr.exe
IDA. Microsoft, IDA PDB-
. , Task Manager ++
. CAdapter, CNetPage, CPerfPage, CProcInfo, CProcPage, CSvcPage,
CTaskPage, CUserPage. , Task Manager.
, .
not zero, , - (
). - .

. 74.1: IDA: NtQuerySystemInformation()

, .
, NtQuerySystemInformation(0, ?, ?, ?),
InitPerfInfo():

74.1: taskmgr.exe (Windows Vista)

.text:10000B4B3 xor r9d, r9d
.text:10000B4B6 lea rdx, [rsp+0C78h+var_C58] ; buffer
.text:10000B4BB xor ecx, ecx
.text:10000B4BD lea ebp, [r9+40h]
.text:10000B4C1 mov r8d, ebp
.text:10000B4C4 call cs:__imp_NtQuerySystemInformation ; 0
1 MSDN

750
 74. TASK MANAGER (WINDOWS VISTA) 74. TASK MANAGER (WINDOWS VISTA)
.text:10000B4CA xor ebx, ebx
.text:10000B4CC cmp eax, ebx
.text:10000B4CE jge short loc_10000B4D7
.text:10000B4D0
.text:10000B4D0 loc_10000B4D0: ; CODE XREF: InitPerfInfo(void)+97
.text:10000B4D0 ; InitPerfInfo(void)+AF
.text:10000B4D0 xor al, al
.text:10000B4D2 jmp loc_10000B5EA
.text:10000B4D7 ;
.text:10000B4D7
.text:10000B4D7 loc_10000B4D7: ; CODE XREF: InitPerfInfo(void)+36
.text:10000B4D7 mov eax, [rsp+0C78h+var_C50]
.text:10000B4DB mov esi, ebx
.text:10000B4DD mov r12d, 3E80h
.text:10000B4E3 mov cs:?g_PageSize@@3KA, eax ; ulong g_PageSize
.text:10000B4E9 shr eax, 0Ah
.text:10000B4EC lea r13, __ImageBase
.text:10000B4F3 imul eax, [rsp+0C78h+var_C4C]
.text:10000B4F8 cmp [rsp+0C78h+var_C20], bpl
.text:10000B4FD mov cs:?g_MEMMax@@3_JA, rax ; __int64 g_MEMMax
.text:10000B504 movzx eax, [rsp+0C78h+var_C20] ; number of CPUs
.text:10000B509 cmova eax, ebp
.text:10000B50C cmp al, bl
.text:10000B50E mov cs:?g_cProcessors@@3EA, al ; uchar g_cProcessors

g_cProcessors IDA PDB-,

Microsoft.
var_C20. var_C58 NtQuerySystemInformation()
. 0xC20 0xC58 0x38 (56). , MSDN:
typedef struct _SYSTEM_BASIC_INFORMATION {
BYTE Reserved1[24];
PVOID Reserved2[4];
CCHAR NumberOfProcessors;
} SYSTEM_BASIC_INFORMATION;

x64, PVOID 8 . reserved- 24+48 = 56. ,

, var_C20 NumberOfProcessors SYSTEM_BASIC_INFORMATION.

. taskmgr.exe C:\Windows\System32 - (
Windows Resource Protection taskmgr.exe).
Hiew :

. 74.2: Hiew:

MOVZX . 64 .
NOP ( ):

751
 74. TASK MANAGER (WINDOWS VISTA) 74. TASK MANAGER (WINDOWS VISTA)

. 74.3: Hiew:

! , . , Task Manager
CPU 100%.

. 74.4: Windows Task Manager

, Task Manager , 64. , Task Manager Windows Vista

. , , -
, 64- .

74.1. LEA
, LEA taskmgr.exe MOV NtQuerySystemInformation():

74.2: taskmgr.exe (Windows Vista)

xor r9d, r9d
div dword ptr [rsp+4C8h+WndClass.lpfnWndProc]
lea rdx, [rsp+4C8h+VersionInformation]
lea ecx, [r9+2] ; put 2 to ECX
mov r8d, 138h
mov ebx, eax

752
 74. TASK MANAGER (WINDOWS VISTA) 74. TASK MANAGER (WINDOWS VISTA)
; ECX=SystemPerformanceInformation
call cs:__imp_NtQuerySystemInformation ; 2

...

mov r8d, 30h

lea r9, [rsp+298h+var_268]
lea rdx, [rsp+298h+var_258]
lea ecx, [r82Dh] ; put 3 to ECX
; ECX=SystemTimeOfDayInformation
call cs:__imp_NtQuerySystemInformation ; not zero

...

mov rbp, [rsi+8]

mov r8d, 20h
lea r9, [rsp+98h+arg_0]
lea rdx, [rsp+98h+var_78]
lea ecx, [r8+2Fh] ; put 0x4F to ECX
mov [rsp+98h+var_60], ebx
mov [rsp+98h+var_68], rbp
; ECX=SystemSuperfetchInformation
call cs:__imp_NtQuerySystemInformation ; not zero

, , MSVC . , - LEA
, MOV?
: 64.5.1 (. 693).

753
 75. COLOR LINES 75. COLOR LINES

75

Color Lines

. , BallTriX, 1997,
http://go.yurichev.com/17311. :

. 75.1:

754
 75. COLOR LINES 75. COLOR LINES
, . IDA
_rand balltrix.exe 0x00403DA0. IDA ,
:
.text:00402C9C sub_402C9C proc near ; CODE XREF: sub_402ACA+52
.text:00402C9C ; sub_402ACA+64 ...
.text:00402C9C
.text:00402C9C arg_0 = dword ptr 8
.text:00402C9C
.text:00402C9C push ebp
.text:00402C9D mov ebp, esp
.text:00402C9F push ebx
.text:00402CA0 push esi
.text:00402CA1 push edi
.text:00402CA2 mov eax, dword_40D430
.text:00402CA7 imul eax, dword_40D440
.text:00402CAE add eax, dword_40D5C8
.text:00402CB4 mov ecx, 32000
.text:00402CB9 cdq
.text:00402CBA idiv ecx
.text:00402CBC mov dword_40D440, edx
.text:00402CC2 call _rand
.text:00402CC7 cdq
.text:00402CC8 idiv [ebp+arg_0]
.text:00402CCB mov dword_40D430, edx
.text:00402CD1 mov eax, dword_40D430
.text:00402CD6 jmp $+5
.text:00402CDB pop edi
.text:00402CDC pop esi
.text:00402CDD pop ebx
.text:00402CDE leave
.text:00402CDF retn
.text:00402CDF sub_402C9C endp

random. .
.
:
.text:00402B16 mov eax, dword_40C03C ; 10 here
.text:00402B1B push eax
.text:00402B1C call random
.text:00402B21 add esp, 4
.text:00402B24 inc eax
.text:00402B25 mov [ebp+var_C], eax
.text:00402B28 mov eax, dword_40C040 ; 10 here
.text:00402B2D push eax
.text:00402B2E call random
.text:00402B33 add esp, 4

:
.text:00402BBB mov eax, dword_40C058 ; 5 here
.text:00402BC0 push eax
.text:00402BC1 call random
.text:00402BC6 add esp, 4
.text:00402BC9 inc eax

. 10 5 . -
, 10*10 5 . ! rand()
0..0x7FFF , ,
. , 0..n 1 n
. .
, . (PUSH/CALL/ADD)
NOPs. XOR EAX, EAX, EAX.
.00402BB8: 83C410 add esp,010
.00402BBB: A158C04000 mov eax,[00040C058]
.00402BC0: 31C0 xor eax,eax

755
 75. COLOR LINES 75. COLOR LINES
.00402BC2: 90 nop
.00402BC3: 90 nop
.00402BC4: 90 nop
.00402BC5: 90 nop
.00402BC6: 90 nop
.00402BC7: 90 nop
.00402BC8: 90 nop
.00402BC9: 40 inc eax
.00402BCA: 8B4DF8 mov ecx,[ebp][8]
.00402BCD: 8D0C49 lea ecx,[ecx][ecx]*2
.00402BD0: 8B15F4D54000 mov edx,[00040D5F4]

, random() , .

756
 75. COLOR LINES 75. COLOR LINES
:

. 75.2:

, 1 .
random() ?
, . 10 5 .

1 , . .

757
 76. (WINDOWS XP) 76. (WINDOWS XP)

76

(Windows XP)

, (Minesweeper), .
, ,
rand(). Microsoft,
PDB- ( , ..). winmine.exe IDA, PDB
.
, rand() :
.text:01003940 ; __stdcall Rnd(x)
.text:01003940 _Rnd@4 proc near ; CODE XREF: StartGame()+53
.text:01003940 ; StartGame()+61
.text:01003940
.text:01003940 arg_0 = dword ptr 4
.text:01003940
.text:01003940 call ds:__imp__rand
.text:01003946 cdq
.text:01003947 idiv [esp+arg_0]
.text:0100394B mov eax, edx
.text:0100394D retn 4
.text:0100394D _Rnd@4 endp

IDA .
:
int Rnd(int limit)
{
return rand() % limit;
};

( PDB- limit; , .)
.
Rnd() , StartGame(), , ,
:
.text:010036C7 push _xBoxMac
.text:010036CD call _Rnd@4 ; Rnd(x)
.text:010036D2 push _yBoxMac
.text:010036D8 mov esi, eax
.text:010036DA inc esi
.text:010036DB call _Rnd@4 ; Rnd(x)
.text:010036E0 inc eax
.text:010036E1 mov ecx, eax
.text:010036E3 shl ecx, 5 ; ECX=ECX*32
.text:010036E6 test _rgBlk[ecx+esi], 80h
.text:010036EE jnz short loc_10036C7
.text:010036F0 shl eax, 5 ; ECX=ECX*32
.text:010036F3 lea eax, _rgBlk[eax+esi]
.text:010036FA or byte ptr [eax], 80h
.text:010036FD dec _cBombStart
.text:01003703 jnz short loc_10036C7

758
 76. (WINDOWS XP) 76. (WINDOWS XP)
, X (xBoxMac) Y (yBoxMac) .
Rnd() . OR 0x010036FA.
( , Rnd() , ),
TEST JNZ 0x010036E6 .
cBombStart , . .
32 ( , SHL, -
32).
rgBlk rgBlk
. 0x360 (864):
.data:01005340 _rgBlk db 360h dup(?) ; DATA XREF: MainWndProc(x,x,x,x)+574
.data:01005340 ; DisplayBlk(x,x)+23
.data:010056A0 _Preferences dd ? ; DATA XREF: FixMenus()+2
...

864/32 = 27.
27 32? :
100 100, 24 30. .
.
OllyDbg. , (attach) OllyDbg
rgBlk (0x01005340) 1 .
:
Address Hex dump
01005340 10 10 10 10|10 10 10 10|10 10 10 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|
01005350 0F 0F 0F 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|
01005360 10 0F 0F 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|0F 0F 10 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|
01005370 0F 0F 0F 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|
01005380 10 0F 0F 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|0F 0F 10 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|
01005390 0F 0F 0F 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|
010053A0 10 0F 0F 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|8F 0F 10 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|
010053B0 0F 0F 0F 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|
010053C0 10 0F 0F 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|0F 0F 10 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|
010053D0 0F 0F 0F 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|
010053E0 10 0F 0F 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|0F 0F 10 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|
010053F0 0F 0F 0F 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|
01005400 10 0F 0F 8F|0F 0F 8F 0F|0F 0F 10 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|
01005410 0F 0F 0F 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|
01005420 10 8F 0F 0F|8F 0F 0F 0F|0F 0F 10 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|
01005430 0F 0F 0F 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|
01005440 10 8F 0F 0F|0F 0F 8F 0F|0F 8F 10 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|
01005450 0F 0F 0F 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|
01005460 10 0F 0F 0F|0F 8F 0F 0F|0F 8F 10 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|
01005470 0F 0F 0F 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|
01005480 10 10 10 10|10 10 10 10|10 10 10 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|
01005490 0F 0F 0F 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|
010054A0 0F 0F 0F 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|
010054B0 0F 0F 0F 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|
010054C0 0F 0F 0F 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|0F 0F 0F 0F|

OllyDbg, , 16 . 32-
2 .
( 9*9).
- , ( 0x10).
Run OllyDbg , ,
, :
1 Windows XP SP3 English. -.

759
 76. (WINDOWS XP) 76. (WINDOWS XP)

. 76.1:

, 0x10 , 0x0F , 0x8F .

0x8F :
border:
01005340 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F
01005350 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F
line #1:
01005360 10 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 10 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F
01005370 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F
line #2:
01005380 10 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 10 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F
01005390 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F
line #3:
010053A0 10 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F[8F]0F 10 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F
010053B0 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F
line #4:
010053C0 10 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 10 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F
010053D0 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F
line #5:
010053E0 10 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 10 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F
010053F0 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F
line #6:
01005400 10 0F 0F[8F]0F 0F[8F]0F 0F 0F 10 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F
01005410 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F
line #7:
01005420 10[8F]0F 0F[8F]0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 10 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F
01005430 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F
line #8:
01005440 10[8F]0F 0F 0F 0F[8F]0F 0F[8F]10 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F
01005450 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F
line #9:
01005460 10 0F 0F 0F 0F[8F]0F 0F 0F[8F]10 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F
01005470 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F
border:
01005480 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F
01005490 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F

(0x10) :
0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F
0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F
0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F[8F]0F
0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F
0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F
0F 0F[8F]0F 0F[8F]0F 0F 0F
[8F]0F 0F[8F]0F 0F 0F 0F 0F
[8F]0F 0F 0F 0F[8F]0F 0F[8F]
0F 0F 0F 0F[8F]0F 0F 0F[8F]

, , , .

760
 76. (WINDOWS XP) 76. (WINDOWS XP)
, OllyDbg.
0x8F 0x0F, :

. 76.2:

. 76.3: ,

( ),
:
// Windows XP MineSweeper cheater
// written by dennis(a)yurichev.com for http://beginners.re/ book
#include <windows.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main (int argc, char * argv[])

{
int i, j;
HANDLE h;
DWORD PID, address, rd;
BYTE board[27][32];

if (argc!=3)
{
printf ("Usage: %s <PID> <address>\n", argv[0]);
return 0;
};

assert (argv[1]!=NULL);
assert (argv[2]!=NULL);

assert (sscanf (argv[1], "%d", &PID)==1);

assert (sscanf (argv[2], "%x", &address)==1);

761
 76. (WINDOWS XP) 76. (WINDOWS XP)

h=OpenProcess (PROCESS_VM_OPERATION | PROCESS_VM_READ | PROCESS_VM_WRITE, FALSE, PID);

if (h==NULL)
{
DWORD e=GetLastError();
printf ("OpenProcess error: %08X\n", e);
return 0;
};

if (ReadProcessMemory (h, (LPVOID)address, board, sizeof(board), &rd)!=TRUE)

{
printf ("ReadProcessMemory() failed\n");
return 0;
};

for (i=1; i<26; i++)

{
if (board[i][0]==0x10 && board[i][1]==0x10)
break; // end of board
for (j=1; j<31; j++)
{
if (board[i][j]==0x10)
break; // board border
if (board[i][j]==0x8F)
printf ("*");
else
printf (" ");

};
printf ("\n");
};

CloseHandle (h);
};

PID2 3
(0x01005340 Windows XP SP3 English) 4 .
win32- PID- .

76.1.
(0x10) ? ,
? ?
, ( ,
, ..). .
, ,
- .
, PDB-. , -
. :
G.5.1 (. 994).

2 ID/
3 PID Task Manager ( View Select Columns)
4 : beginners.re

762
 77. + SMT- Z3 77. + SMT- Z3

77

+
SMT- Z3

() ,
.
.
- ( : 34 (. 477)), 64-
, .

77.1.
IDA:
sub_401510 proc near
; ECX = input
mov rdx, 5D7E0D1F2E0F1F84h
mov rax, rcx ; input
imul rax, rdx
mov rdx, 388D76AEE8CB1500h
mov ecx, eax
and ecx, 0Fh
ror rax, cl
xor rax, rdx
mov rdx, 0D2E9EE7E83C4285Bh
mov ecx, eax
and ecx, 0Fh
rol rax, cl
lea r8, [rax+rdx]
mov rdx, 8888888888888889h
mov rax, r8
mul rdx
shr rdx, 5
mov rax, rdx
lea rcx, [r8+rdx*4]
shl rax, 6
sub rcx, rax
mov rax, r8
rol rax, cl
; EAX = output
retn
sub_401510 endp

GCC, ECX.
Hex-Rays, ,
. , CPU
, :
uint64_t f(uint64_t input)
{

763
 77. + SMT- Z3 77. + SMT- Z3
uint64_t rax, rbx, rcx, rdx, r8;

ecx=input;

rdx=0x5D7E0D1F2E0F1F84;
rax=rcx;
rax*=rdx;
rdx=0x388D76AEE8CB1500;
rax=_lrotr(rax, rax&0xF); // rotate right
rax^=rdx;
rdx=0xD2E9EE7E83C4285B;
rax=_lrotl(rax, rax&0xF); // rotate left
r8=rax+rdx;
rdx=0x8888888888888889;
rax=r8;
rax*=rdx;
rdx=rdx>>5;
rax=rdx;
rcx=r8+rdx*4;
rax=rax<<6;
rcx=rcxrax;
rax=r8
rax=_lrotl (rax, rcx&0xFF); // rotate left
return rax;
};

, , , , .
, , .
!
:
uint64_t f(uint64_t input)
{
uint64_t rax, rbx, rcx, rdx, r8;

ecx=input;

rdx=0x5D7E0D1F2E0F1F84;
rax=rcx;
rax*=rdx;
rdx=0x388D76AEE8CB1500;
rax=_lrotr(rax, rax&0xF); // rotate right
rax^=rdx;
rdx=0xD2E9EE7E83C4285B;
rax=_lrotl(rax, rax&0xF); // rotate left
r8=rax+rdx;

rdx=0x8888888888888889;
rax=r8;
rax*=rdx;
// RDX here is a high part of multiplication result
rdx=rdx>>5;
// RDX here is division result!
rax=rdx;

rcx=r8+rdx*4;
rax=rax<<6;
rcx=rcxrax;
rax=r8
rax=_lrotl (rax, rcx&0xFF); // rotate left
return rax;
};

:
uint64_t f(uint64_t input)
{
uint64_t rax, rbx, rcx, rdx, r8;

764
 77. + SMT- Z3 77. + SMT- Z3
ecx=input;

rdx=0x5D7E0D1F2E0F1F84;
rax=rcx;
rax*=rdx;
rdx=0x388D76AEE8CB1500;
rax=_lrotr(rax, rax&0xF); // rotate right
rax^=rdx;
rdx=0xD2E9EE7E83C4285B;
rax=_lrotl(rax, rax&0xF); // rotate left
r8=rax+rdx;

rdx=0x8888888888888889;
rax=r8;
rax*=rdx;
// RDX here is a high part of multiplication result
rdx=rdx>>5;
// RDX here is division result!
rax=rdx;

rcx=(r8+rdx*4)(rax<<6);
rax=r8
rax=_lrotl (rax, rcx&0xFF); // rotate left
return rax;
};

(41 (. 508)). , Wolfram Mathematica:

77.1: Wolfram Mathematica

In[1]:=N[2^(64 + 5)/16^^8888888888888889]
Out[1]:=60.

:
uint64_t f(uint64_t input)
{
uint64_t rax, rbx, rcx, rdx, r8;

ecx=input;

rdx=0x5D7E0D1F2E0F1F84;
rax=rcx;
rax*=rdx;
rdx=0x388D76AEE8CB1500;
rax=_lrotr(rax, rax&0xF); // rotate right
rax^=rdx;
rdx=0xD2E9EE7E83C4285B;
rax=_lrotl(rax, rax&0xF); // rotate left
r8=rax+rdx;

rax=rdx=r8/60;

rcx=(r8+rax*4)(rax*64);
rax=r8
rax=_lrotl (rax, rcx&0xFF); // rotate left
return rax;
};

:
uint64_t f(uint64_t input)
{
uint64_t rax, rbx, rcx, rdx, r8;

rax=input;
rax*=0x5D7E0D1F2E0F1F84;
rax=_lrotr(rax, rax&0xF); // rotate right
rax^=0x388D76AEE8CB1500;
rax=_lrotl(rax, rax&0xF); // rotate left
r8=rax+0xD2E9EE7E83C4285B;

765
 77. + SMT- Z3 77. + SMT- Z3

rcx=r8(r8/60)*60;
rax=r8
rax=_lrotl (rax, rcx&0xFF); // rotate left
return rax;
};

, , , :
uint64_t f(uint64_t input)
{
uint64_t rax, rbx, rcx, rdx, r8;

rax=input;
rax*=0x5D7E0D1F2E0F1F84;
rax=_lrotr(rax, rax&0xF); // rotate right
rax^=0x388D76AEE8CB1500;
rax=_lrotl(rax, rax&0xF); // rotate left
r8=rax+0xD2E9EE7E83C4285B;

return _lrotl (r8, r8 % 60); // rotate left

};

:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <intrin.h>

#define C1 0x5D7E0D1F2E0F1F84
#define C2 0x388D76AEE8CB1500
#define C3 0xD2E9EE7E83C4285B

uint64_t hash(uint64_t v)
{
v*=C1;
v=_lrotr(v, v&0xF); // rotate right
v^=C2;
v=_lrotl(v, v&0xF); // rotate left
v+=C3;
v=_lrotl(v, v % 60); // rotate left
return v;
};

int main()
{
printf ("%llu\n", hash(...));
};

, -
. ,
, , , .
- , .., 64-, .

77.2. Z3 SMT-
, ,
SMT- Microsoft Research Z31 . ,
, SMT-. , ,
.
:
1 http://go.yurichev.com/17314

766
 77. + SMT- Z3 77. + SMT- Z3

1 from z3 import *
2
3 C1=0x5D7E0D1F2E0F1F84
4 C2=0x388D76AEE8CB1500
5 C3=0xD2E9EE7E83C4285B
6
7 inp, i1, i2, i3, i4, i5, i6, outp = BitVecs('inp i1 i2 i3 i4 i5 i6 outp', 64)
8
9 s = Solver()
10 s.add(i1==inp*C1)
11 s.add(i2==RotateRight (i1, i1 & 0xF))
12 s.add(i3==i2 ^ C2)
13 s.add(i4==RotateLeft(i3, i3 & 0xF))
14 s.add(i5==i4 + C3)
15 s.add(outp==RotateLeft (i5, URem(i5, 60)))
16
17 s.add(outp==10816636949158156260)
18
19 print s.check()
20 m=s.model()
21 print m
22 print (" inp=0x%X" % m[inp].as_long())
23 print ("outp=0x%X" % m[outp].as_long())

.
7 . 64- . i1..i6 -
, .
.. , 10..15. 17 :
, 10816636949158156260.
, SMT- () , .
RotateRight, RotateLeft, URem Z3 API ,
Python .
:
...>python.exe 1.py
sat
[i1 = 3959740824832824396,
i3 = 8957124831728646493,
i5 = 10816636949158156260,
inp = 1364123924608584563,
outp = 10816636949158156260,
i4 = 14065440378185297801,
i2 = 4954926323707358301]
inp=0x12EE577B63E80B73
outp=0x961C69FF0AEFD7E4

sat satisable, .. .
. / . , ,
0x12EE577B63E80B73 , .
, , , . Z3
SMT- , ,
19, , :
1 from z3 import *
2
3 C1=0x5D7E0D1F2E0F1F84
4 C2=0x388D76AEE8CB1500
5 C3=0xD2E9EE7E83C4285B
6
7 inp, i1, i2, i3, i4, i5, i6, outp = BitVecs('inp i1 i2 i3 i4 i5 i6 outp', 64)
8
9 s = Solver()
10 s.add(i1==inp*C1)
11 s.add(i2==RotateRight (i1, i1 & 0xF))
12 s.add(i3==i2 ^ C2)

767
 77. + SMT- Z3 77. + SMT- Z3
13 s.add(i4==RotateLeft(i3, i3 & 0xF))
14 s.add(i5==i4 + C3)
15 s.add(outp==RotateLeft (i5, URem(i5, 60)))
16
17 s.add(outp==10816636949158156260)
18
19 s.add(inp!=0x12EE577B63E80B73)
20
21 print s.check()
22 m=s.model()
23 print m
24 print (" inp=0x%X" % m[inp].as_long())
25 print ("outp=0x%X" % m[outp].as_long())

, :
...>python.exe 2.py
sat
[i1 = 3959740824832824396,
i3 = 8957124831728646493,
i5 = 10816636949158156260,
inp = 10587495961463360371,
outp = 10816636949158156260,
i4 = 14065440378185297801,
i2 = 4954926323707358301]
inp=0x92EE577B63E80B73
outp=0x961C69FF0AEFD7E4

. -
. :
1 from z3 import *
2
3 C1=0x5D7E0D1F2E0F1F84
4 C2=0x388D76AEE8CB1500
5 C3=0xD2E9EE7E83C4285B
6
7 inp, i1, i2, i3, i4, i5, i6, outp = BitVecs('inp i1 i2 i3 i4 i5 i6 outp', 64)
8
9 s = Solver()
10 s.add(i1==inp*C1)
11 s.add(i2==RotateRight (i1, i1 & 0xF))
12 s.add(i3==i2 ^ C2)
13 s.add(i4==RotateLeft(i3, i3 & 0xF))
14 s.add(i5==i4 + C3)
15 s.add(outp==RotateLeft (i5, URem(i5, 60)))
16
17 s.add(outp==10816636949158156260)
18
19 # copypasted from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/11867611/z3pycheckingallsolutionsforequation
20 result=[]
21 while True:
22 if s.check() == sat:
23 m = s.model()
24 print m[inp]
25 result.append(m)
26 # Create a new constraint the blocks the current model
27 block = []
28 for d in m:
29 # d is a declaration
30 if d.arity() > 0:
31 raise Z3Exception("uninterpreted functions are not supported")
32 # create a constant from declaration
33 c=d()
34 if is_array(c) or c.sort().kind() == Z3_UNINTERPRETED_SORT:
35 raise Z3Exception("arrays and uninterpreted sorts are not supported")
36 block.append(c != m[d])
37 s.add(Or(block))
38 else:
39 print "results total=",len(result)

768
 77. + SMT- Z3 77. + SMT- Z3
40 break

:
1364123924608584563
1234567890
9223372038089343698
4611686019661955794
13835058056516731602
3096040143925676201
12319412180780452009
7707726162353064105
16931098199207839913
1906652839273745429
11130024876128521237
15741710894555909141
6518338857701133333
5975809943035972467
15199181979890748275
10587495961463360371
results total= 16

16 0x92EE577B63E80B73 .
1234567890 , , .
. , , -
/, 32- ?
outp , 17 :
1 from z3 import *
2
3 C1=0x5D7E0D1F2E0F1F84
4 C2=0x388D76AEE8CB1500
5 C3=0xD2E9EE7E83C4285B
6
7 inp, i1, i2, i3, i4, i5, i6, outp = BitVecs('inp i1 i2 i3 i4 i5 i6 outp', 64)
8
9 s = Solver()
10 s.add(i1==inp*C1)
11 s.add(i2==RotateRight (i1, i1 & 0xF))
12 s.add(i3==i2 ^ C2)
13 s.add(i4==RotateLeft(i3, i3 & 0xF))
14 s.add(i5==i4 + C3)
15 s.add(outp==RotateLeft (i5, URem(i5, 60)))
16
17 s.add(outp & 0xFFFFFFFF == inp & 0xFFFFFFFF)
18
19 print s.check()
20 m=s.model()
21 print m
22 print (" inp=0x%X" % m[inp].as_long())
23 print ("outp=0x%X" % m[outp].as_long())

:
sat
[i1 = 14869545517796235860,
i3 = 8388171335828825253,
i5 = 6918262285561543945,
inp = 1370377541658871093,
outp = 14543180351754208565,
i4 = 10167065714588685486,
i2 = 5541032613289652645]
inp=0x13048F1D12C00535
outp=0xC9D3C17A12C00535

: 16- 0x1234:
1 from z3 import *

769
 77. + SMT- Z3 77. + SMT- Z3
2
3 C1=0x5D7E0D1F2E0F1F84
4 C2=0x388D76AEE8CB1500
5 C3=0xD2E9EE7E83C4285B
6
7 inp, i1, i2, i3, i4, i5, i6, outp = BitVecs('inp i1 i2 i3 i4 i5 i6 outp', 64)
8
9 s = Solver()
10 s.add(i1==inp*C1)
11 s.add(i2==RotateRight (i1, i1 & 0xF))
12 s.add(i3==i2 ^ C2)
13 s.add(i4==RotateLeft(i3, i3 & 0xF))
14 s.add(i5==i4 + C3)
15 s.add(outp==RotateLeft (i5, URem(i5, 60)))
16
17 s.add(outp & 0xFFFFFFFF == inp & 0xFFFFFFFF)
18 s.add(outp & 0xFFFF == 0x1234)
19
20 print s.check()
21 m=s.model()
22 print m
23 print (" inp=0x%X" % m[inp].as_long())
24 print ("outp=0x%X" % m[outp].as_long())

:
sat
[i1 = 2834222860503985872,
i3 = 2294680776671411152,
i5 = 17492621421353821227,
inp = 461881484695179828,
outp = 419247225543463476,
i4 = 2294680776671411152,
i2 = 2834222860503985872]
inp=0x668EEC35F961234
outp=0x5D177215F961234

Z3 , (
) .
- ? -
, AES, RSA, ., ,
, , , . ,
.
, , , SMT/SAT- ( Z3)
.
Z3: [Yur12].

770
 78. 78.

78

, .
: [Yur12].

78.1. #1: MacOS Classic PowerPC

MacOS Classic 1 , PowerPC. , , ,
() .
, Invalid Security Device.
.
, Mac OS Classic, PowerPC, - .
IDA , PEF (Mac OS or Be OS executable) (,
Mac OS Classic ).
, :
...

seg000:000C87FC 38 60 00 01 li %r3, 1
seg000:000C8800 48 03 93 41 bl check1
seg000:000C8804 60 00 00 00 nop
seg000:000C8808 54 60 06 3F clrlwi. %r0, %r3, 24
seg000:000C880C 40 82 00 40 bne OK
seg000:000C8810 80 62 9F D8 lwz %r3, TC_aInvalidSecurityDevice

...

, PowerPC. RISC 1990- . 4 ( MIPS

ARM) MIPS .
check1() . BL Branch Link ..
. BNE, ,
, :
r3 .
[SK95] , r3 ( r4 64-).
, CLRLWI. [IBM00] ,
. , 24 r3 r0,
MOVZX x86 (15.1.1 (. 198)), , BNE .
check1():
seg000:00101B40 check1: # CODE XREF: seg000:00063E7Cp
seg000:00101B40 # sub_64070+160p ...
seg000:00101B40
seg000:00101B40 .set arg_8, 8
seg000:00101B40
seg000:00101B40 7C 08 02 A6 mflr %r0
1 MacOS UNIX

771
 78. 78.
seg000:00101B44 90 01 00 08 stw %r0, arg_8(%sp)
seg000:00101B48 94 21 FF C0 stwu %sp, 0x40(%sp)
seg000:00101B4C 48 01 6B 39 bl check2
seg000:00101B50 60 00 00 00 nop
seg000:00101B54 80 01 00 48 lwz %r0, 0x40+arg_8(%sp)
seg000:00101B58 38 21 00 40 addi %sp, %sp, 0x40
seg000:00101B5C 7C 08 03 A6 mtlr %r0
seg000:00101B60 4E 80 00 20 blr
seg000:00101B60 # End of function check1

IDA, , r3 -
. , thunk
function: , r3 , checkl() ,
check2().
BLR2 , IDA , ,
. RISC, , , link register,
ARM.
check2() :
seg000:00118684 check2: # CODE XREF: check1+Cp
seg000:00118684
seg000:00118684 .set var_18, 0x18
seg000:00118684 .set var_C, 0xC
seg000:00118684 .set var_8, 8
seg000:00118684 .set var_4, 4
seg000:00118684 .set arg_8, 8
seg000:00118684
seg000:00118684 93 E1 FF FC stw %r31, var_4(%sp)
seg000:00118688 7C 08 02 A6 mflr %r0
seg000:0011868C 83 E2 95 A8 lwz %r31, off_1485E8 # dword_24B704
seg000:00118690 .using dword_24B704, %r31
seg000:00118690 93 C1 FF F8 stw %r30, var_8(%sp)
seg000:00118694 93 A1 FF F4 stw %r29, var_C(%sp)
seg000:00118698 7C 7D 1B 78 mr %r29, %r3
seg000:0011869C 90 01 00 08 stw %r0, arg_8(%sp)
seg000:001186A0 54 60 06 3E clrlwi %r0, %r3, 24
seg000:001186A4 28 00 00 01 cmplwi %r0, 1
seg000:001186A8 94 21 FF B0 stwu %sp, 0x50(%sp)
seg000:001186AC 40 82 00 0C bne loc_1186B8
seg000:001186B0 38 60 00 01 li %r3, 1
seg000:001186B4 48 00 00 6C b exit
seg000:001186B8
seg000:001186B8 loc_1186B8: # CODE XREF: check2+28j
seg000:001186B8 48 00 03 D5 bl sub_118A8C
seg000:001186BC 60 00 00 00 nop
seg000:001186C0 3B C0 00 00 li %r30, 0
seg000:001186C4
seg000:001186C4 skip: # CODE XREF: check2+94j
seg000:001186C4 57 C0 06 3F clrlwi. %r0, %r30, 24
seg000:001186C8 41 82 00 18 beq loc_1186E0
seg000:001186CC 38 61 00 38 addi %r3, %sp, 0x50+var_18
seg000:001186D0 80 9F 00 00 lwz %r4, dword_24B704
seg000:001186D4 48 00 C0 55 bl .RBEFINDNEXT
seg000:001186D8 60 00 00 00 nop
seg000:001186DC 48 00 00 1C b loc_1186F8
seg000:001186E0
seg000:001186E0 loc_1186E0: # CODE XREF: check2+44j
seg000:001186E0 80 BF 00 00 lwz %r5, dword_24B704
seg000:001186E4 38 81 00 38 addi %r4, %sp, 0x50+var_18
seg000:001186E8 38 60 08 C2 li %r3, 0x1234
seg000:001186EC 48 00 BF 99 bl .RBEFINDFIRST
seg000:001186F0 60 00 00 00 nop
seg000:001186F4 3B C0 00 01 li %r30, 1
seg000:001186F8
seg000:001186F8 loc_1186F8: # CODE XREF: check2+58j
seg000:001186F8 54 60 04 3F clrlwi. %r0, %r3, 16
seg000:001186FC 41 82 00 0C beq must_jump
2 (PowerPC) Branch to Link Register

772
 78. 78.
seg000:00118700 38 60 00 00 li %r3, 0 # error
seg000:00118704 48 00 00 1C b exit
seg000:00118708
seg000:00118708 must_jump: # CODE XREF: check2+78j
seg000:00118708 7F A3 EB 78 mr %r3, %r29
seg000:0011870C 48 00 00 31 bl check3
seg000:00118710 60 00 00 00 nop
seg000:00118714 54 60 06 3F clrlwi. %r0, %r3, 24
seg000:00118718 41 82 FF AC beq skip
seg000:0011871C 38 60 00 01 li %r3, 1
seg000:00118720
seg000:00118720 exit: # CODE XREF: check2+30j
seg000:00118720 # check2+80j
seg000:00118720 80 01 00 58 lwz %r0, 0x50+arg_8(%sp)
seg000:00118724 38 21 00 50 addi %sp, %sp, 0x50
seg000:00118728 83 E1 FF FC lwz %r31, var_4(%sp)
seg000:0011872C 7C 08 03 A6 mtlr %r0
seg000:00118730 83 C1 FF F8 lwz %r30, var_8(%sp)
seg000:00118734 83 A1 FF F4 lwz %r29, var_C(%sp)
seg000:00118738 4E 80 00 20 blr
seg000:00118738 # End of function check2

: ( ?
, , - PE- (68.2.7
(. 715)))? .RBEFINDNEXT() and .RBEFINDFIRST(). ,
.GetNextDeviceViaUSB(), .USBSendPKT(), - USB-.
.GetNextEve3Device() , 1990- Sentinel
Eve3 ADB- ( ).
r3 . , -
r3 , r3
.
li %r3, 1 li %r3, 0 (Load Immediate, .. ).
0x001186B0 , , .
: .RBEFINDFIRST() , 0 r3
exit, check3() ,
.RBEFINDNEXT() , USB- .
N.B.: clrlwi. %r0, %r3, 16 , 16 , .., .RBEFINDFIRST()
16- .
B ( branch) .
BEQ BNE.
check3():
seg000:0011873C check3: # CODE XREF: check2+88p
seg000:0011873C
seg000:0011873C .set var_18, 0x18
seg000:0011873C .set var_C, 0xC
seg000:0011873C .set var_8, 8
seg000:0011873C .set var_4, 4
seg000:0011873C .set arg_8, 8
seg000:0011873C
seg000:0011873C 93 E1 FF FC stw %r31, var_4(%sp)
seg000:00118740 7C 08 02 A6 mflr %r0
seg000:00118744 38 A0 00 00 li %r5, 0
seg000:00118748 93 C1 FF F8 stw %r30, var_8(%sp)
seg000:0011874C 83 C2 95 A8 lwz %r30, off_1485E8 # dword_24B704
seg000:00118750 .using dword_24B704, %r30
seg000:00118750 93 A1 FF F4 stw %r29, var_C(%sp)
seg000:00118754 3B A3 00 00 addi %r29, %r3, 0
seg000:00118758 38 60 00 00 li %r3, 0
seg000:0011875C 90 01 00 08 stw %r0, arg_8(%sp)
seg000:00118760 94 21 FF B0 stwu %sp, 0x50(%sp)
seg000:00118764 80 DE 00 00 lwz %r6, dword_24B704
seg000:00118768 38 81 00 38 addi %r4, %sp, 0x50+var_18
seg000:0011876C 48 00 C0 5D bl .RBEREAD
seg000:00118770 60 00 00 00 nop

773
 78. 78.
seg000:00118774 54 60 04 3F clrlwi. %r0, %r3, 16
seg000:00118778 41 82 00 0C beq loc_118784
seg000:0011877C 38 60 00 00 li %r3, 0
seg000:00118780 48 00 02 F0 b exit
seg000:00118784
seg000:00118784 loc_118784: # CODE XREF: check3+3Cj
seg000:00118784 A0 01 00 38 lhz %r0, 0x50+var_18(%sp)
seg000:00118788 28 00 04 B2 cmplwi %r0, 0x1100
seg000:0011878C 41 82 00 0C beq loc_118798
seg000:00118790 38 60 00 00 li %r3, 0
seg000:00118794 48 00 02 DC b exit
seg000:00118798
seg000:00118798 loc_118798: # CODE XREF: check3+50j
seg000:00118798 80 DE 00 00 lwz %r6, dword_24B704
seg000:0011879C 38 81 00 38 addi %r4, %sp, 0x50+var_18
seg000:001187A0 38 60 00 01 li %r3, 1
seg000:001187A4 38 A0 00 00 li %r5, 0
seg000:001187A8 48 00 C0 21 bl .RBEREAD
seg000:001187AC 60 00 00 00 nop
seg000:001187B0 54 60 04 3F clrlwi. %r0, %r3, 16
seg000:001187B4 41 82 00 0C beq loc_1187C0
seg000:001187B8 38 60 00 00 li %r3, 0
seg000:001187BC 48 00 02 B4 b exit
seg000:001187C0
seg000:001187C0 loc_1187C0: # CODE XREF: check3+78j
seg000:001187C0 A0 01 00 38 lhz %r0, 0x50+var_18(%sp)
seg000:001187C4 28 00 06 4B cmplwi %r0, 0x09AB
seg000:001187C8 41 82 00 0C beq loc_1187D4
seg000:001187CC 38 60 00 00 li %r3, 0
seg000:001187D0 48 00 02 A0 b exit
seg000:001187D4
seg000:001187D4 loc_1187D4: # CODE XREF: check3+8Cj
seg000:001187D4 4B F9 F3 D9 bl sub_B7BAC
seg000:001187D8 60 00 00 00 nop
seg000:001187DC 54 60 06 3E clrlwi %r0, %r3, 24
seg000:001187E0 2C 00 00 05 cmpwi %r0, 5
seg000:001187E4 41 82 01 00 beq loc_1188E4
seg000:001187E8 40 80 00 10 bge loc_1187F8
seg000:001187EC 2C 00 00 04 cmpwi %r0, 4
seg000:001187F0 40 80 00 58 bge loc_118848
seg000:001187F4 48 00 01 8C b loc_118980
seg000:001187F8
seg000:001187F8 loc_1187F8: # CODE XREF: check3+ACj
seg000:001187F8 2C 00 00 0B cmpwi %r0, 0xB
seg000:001187FC 41 82 00 08 beq loc_118804
seg000:00118800 48 00 01 80 b loc_118980
seg000:00118804
seg000:00118804 loc_118804: # CODE XREF: check3+C0j
seg000:00118804 80 DE 00 00 lwz %r6, dword_24B704
seg000:00118808 38 81 00 38 addi %r4, %sp, 0x50+var_18
seg000:0011880C 38 60 00 08 li %r3, 8
seg000:00118810 38 A0 00 00 li %r5, 0
seg000:00118814 48 00 BF B5 bl .RBEREAD
seg000:00118818 60 00 00 00 nop
seg000:0011881C 54 60 04 3F clrlwi. %r0, %r3, 16
seg000:00118820 41 82 00 0C beq loc_11882C
seg000:00118824 38 60 00 00 li %r3, 0
seg000:00118828 48 00 02 48 b exit
seg000:0011882C
seg000:0011882C loc_11882C: # CODE XREF: check3+E4j
seg000:0011882C A0 01 00 38 lhz %r0, 0x50+var_18(%sp)
seg000:00118830 28 00 11 30 cmplwi %r0, 0xFEA0
seg000:00118834 41 82 00 0C beq loc_118840
seg000:00118838 38 60 00 00 li %r3, 0
seg000:0011883C 48 00 02 34 b exit
seg000:00118840
seg000:00118840 loc_118840: # CODE XREF: check3+F8j
seg000:00118840 38 60 00 01 li %r3, 1
seg000:00118844 48 00 02 2C b exit
seg000:00118848

774
 78. 78.
seg000:00118848 loc_118848: # CODE XREF: check3+B4j
seg000:00118848 80 DE 00 00 lwz %r6, dword_24B704
seg000:0011884C 38 81 00 38 addi %r4, %sp, 0x50+var_18
seg000:00118850 38 60 00 0A li %r3, 0xA
seg000:00118854 38 A0 00 00 li %r5, 0
seg000:00118858 48 00 BF 71 bl .RBEREAD
seg000:0011885C 60 00 00 00 nop
seg000:00118860 54 60 04 3F clrlwi. %r0, %r3, 16
seg000:00118864 41 82 00 0C beq loc_118870
seg000:00118868 38 60 00 00 li %r3, 0
seg000:0011886C 48 00 02 04 b exit
seg000:00118870
seg000:00118870 loc_118870: # CODE XREF: check3+128j
seg000:00118870 A0 01 00 38 lhz %r0, 0x50+var_18(%sp)
seg000:00118874 28 00 03 F3 cmplwi %r0, 0xA6E1
seg000:00118878 41 82 00 0C beq loc_118884
seg000:0011887C 38 60 00 00 li %r3, 0
seg000:00118880 48 00 01 F0 b exit
seg000:00118884
seg000:00118884 loc_118884: # CODE XREF: check3+13Cj
seg000:00118884 57 BF 06 3E clrlwi %r31, %r29, 24
seg000:00118888 28 1F 00 02 cmplwi %r31, 2
seg000:0011888C 40 82 00 0C bne loc_118898
seg000:00118890 38 60 00 01 li %r3, 1
seg000:00118894 48 00 01 DC b exit
seg000:00118898
seg000:00118898 loc_118898: # CODE XREF: check3+150j
seg000:00118898 80 DE 00 00 lwz %r6, dword_24B704
seg000:0011889C 38 81 00 38 addi %r4, %sp, 0x50+var_18
seg000:001188A0 38 60 00 0B li %r3, 0xB
seg000:001188A4 38 A0 00 00 li %r5, 0
seg000:001188A8 48 00 BF 21 bl .RBEREAD
seg000:001188AC 60 00 00 00 nop
seg000:001188B0 54 60 04 3F clrlwi. %r0, %r3, 16
seg000:001188B4 41 82 00 0C beq loc_1188C0
seg000:001188B8 38 60 00 00 li %r3, 0
seg000:001188BC 48 00 01 B4 b exit
seg000:001188C0
seg000:001188C0 loc_1188C0: # CODE XREF: check3+178j
seg000:001188C0 A0 01 00 38 lhz %r0, 0x50+var_18(%sp)
seg000:001188C4 28 00 23 1C cmplwi %r0, 0x1C20
seg000:001188C8 41 82 00 0C beq loc_1188D4
seg000:001188CC 38 60 00 00 li %r3, 0
seg000:001188D0 48 00 01 A0 b exit
seg000:001188D4
seg000:001188D4 loc_1188D4: # CODE XREF: check3+18Cj
seg000:001188D4 28 1F 00 03 cmplwi %r31, 3
seg000:001188D8 40 82 01 94 bne error
seg000:001188DC 38 60 00 01 li %r3, 1
seg000:001188E0 48 00 01 90 b exit
seg000:001188E4
seg000:001188E4 loc_1188E4: # CODE XREF: check3+A8j
seg000:001188E4 80 DE 00 00 lwz %r6, dword_24B704
seg000:001188E8 38 81 00 38 addi %r4, %sp, 0x50+var_18
seg000:001188EC 38 60 00 0C li %r3, 0xC
seg000:001188F0 38 A0 00 00 li %r5, 0
seg000:001188F4 48 00 BE D5 bl .RBEREAD
seg000:001188F8 60 00 00 00 nop
seg000:001188FC 54 60 04 3F clrlwi. %r0, %r3, 16
seg000:00118900 41 82 00 0C beq loc_11890C
seg000:00118904 38 60 00 00 li %r3, 0
seg000:00118908 48 00 01 68 b exit
seg000:0011890C
seg000:0011890C loc_11890C: # CODE XREF: check3+1C4j
seg000:0011890C A0 01 00 38 lhz %r0, 0x50+var_18(%sp)
seg000:00118910 28 00 1F 40 cmplwi %r0, 0x40FF
seg000:00118914 41 82 00 0C beq loc_118920
seg000:00118918 38 60 00 00 li %r3, 0
seg000:0011891C 48 00 01 54 b exit
seg000:00118920

775
 78. 78.
seg000:00118920 loc_118920: # CODE XREF: check3+1D8j
seg000:00118920 57 BF 06 3E clrlwi %r31, %r29, 24
seg000:00118924 28 1F 00 02 cmplwi %r31, 2
seg000:00118928 40 82 00 0C bne loc_118934
seg000:0011892C 38 60 00 01 li %r3, 1
seg000:00118930 48 00 01 40 b exit
seg000:00118934
seg000:00118934 loc_118934: # CODE XREF: check3+1ECj
seg000:00118934 80 DE 00 00 lwz %r6, dword_24B704
seg000:00118938 38 81 00 38 addi %r4, %sp, 0x50+var_18
seg000:0011893C 38 60 00 0D li %r3, 0xD
seg000:00118940 38 A0 00 00 li %r5, 0
seg000:00118944 48 00 BE 85 bl .RBEREAD
seg000:00118948 60 00 00 00 nop
seg000:0011894C 54 60 04 3F clrlwi. %r0, %r3, 16
seg000:00118950 41 82 00 0C beq loc_11895C
seg000:00118954 38 60 00 00 li %r3, 0
seg000:00118958 48 00 01 18 b exit
seg000:0011895C
seg000:0011895C loc_11895C: # CODE XREF: check3+214j
seg000:0011895C A0 01 00 38 lhz %r0, 0x50+var_18(%sp)
seg000:00118960 28 00 07 CF cmplwi %r0, 0xFC7
seg000:00118964 41 82 00 0C beq loc_118970
seg000:00118968 38 60 00 00 li %r3, 0
seg000:0011896C 48 00 01 04 b exit
seg000:00118970
seg000:00118970 loc_118970: # CODE XREF: check3+228j
seg000:00118970 28 1F 00 03 cmplwi %r31, 3
seg000:00118974 40 82 00 F8 bne error
seg000:00118978 38 60 00 01 li %r3, 1
seg000:0011897C 48 00 00 F4 b exit
seg000:00118980
seg000:00118980 loc_118980: # CODE XREF: check3+B8j
seg000:00118980 # check3+C4j
seg000:00118980 80 DE 00 00 lwz %r6, dword_24B704
seg000:00118984 38 81 00 38 addi %r4, %sp, 0x50+var_18
seg000:00118988 3B E0 00 00 li %r31, 0
seg000:0011898C 38 60 00 04 li %r3, 4
seg000:00118990 38 A0 00 00 li %r5, 0
seg000:00118994 48 00 BE 35 bl .RBEREAD
seg000:00118998 60 00 00 00 nop
seg000:0011899C 54 60 04 3F clrlwi. %r0, %r3, 16
seg000:001189A0 41 82 00 0C beq loc_1189AC
seg000:001189A4 38 60 00 00 li %r3, 0
seg000:001189A8 48 00 00 C8 b exit
seg000:001189AC
seg000:001189AC loc_1189AC: # CODE XREF: check3+264j
seg000:001189AC A0 01 00 38 lhz %r0, 0x50+var_18(%sp)
seg000:001189B0 28 00 1D 6A cmplwi %r0, 0xAED0
seg000:001189B4 40 82 00 0C bne loc_1189C0
seg000:001189B8 3B E0 00 01 li %r31, 1
seg000:001189BC 48 00 00 14 b loc_1189D0
seg000:001189C0
seg000:001189C0 loc_1189C0: # CODE XREF: check3+278j
seg000:001189C0 28 00 18 28 cmplwi %r0, 0x2818
seg000:001189C4 41 82 00 0C beq loc_1189D0
seg000:001189C8 38 60 00 00 li %r3, 0
seg000:001189CC 48 00 00 A4 b exit
seg000:001189D0
seg000:001189D0 loc_1189D0: # CODE XREF: check3+280j
seg000:001189D0 # check3+288j
seg000:001189D0 57 A0 06 3E clrlwi %r0, %r29, 24
seg000:001189D4 28 00 00 02 cmplwi %r0, 2
seg000:001189D8 40 82 00 20 bne loc_1189F8
seg000:001189DC 57 E0 06 3F clrlwi. %r0, %r31, 24
seg000:001189E0 41 82 00 10 beq good2
seg000:001189E4 48 00 4C 69 bl sub_11D64C
seg000:001189E8 60 00 00 00 nop
seg000:001189EC 48 00 00 84 b exit
seg000:001189F0

776
 78. 78.
seg000:001189F0 good2: # CODE XREF: check3+2A4j
seg000:001189F0 38 60 00 01 li %r3, 1
seg000:001189F4 48 00 00 7C b exit
seg000:001189F8
seg000:001189F8 loc_1189F8: # CODE XREF: check3+29Cj
seg000:001189F8 80 DE 00 00 lwz %r6, dword_24B704
seg000:001189FC 38 81 00 38 addi %r4, %sp, 0x50+var_18
seg000:00118A00 38 60 00 05 li %r3, 5
seg000:00118A04 38 A0 00 00 li %r5, 0
seg000:00118A08 48 00 BD C1 bl .RBEREAD
seg000:00118A0C 60 00 00 00 nop
seg000:00118A10 54 60 04 3F clrlwi. %r0, %r3, 16
seg000:00118A14 41 82 00 0C beq loc_118A20
seg000:00118A18 38 60 00 00 li %r3, 0
seg000:00118A1C 48 00 00 54 b exit
seg000:00118A20
seg000:00118A20 loc_118A20: # CODE XREF: check3+2D8j
seg000:00118A20 A0 01 00 38 lhz %r0, 0x50+var_18(%sp)
seg000:00118A24 28 00 11 D3 cmplwi %r0, 0xD300
seg000:00118A28 40 82 00 0C bne loc_118A34
seg000:00118A2C 3B E0 00 01 li %r31, 1
seg000:00118A30 48 00 00 14 b good1
seg000:00118A34
seg000:00118A34 loc_118A34: # CODE XREF: check3+2ECj
seg000:00118A34 28 00 1A EB cmplwi %r0, 0xEBA1
seg000:00118A38 41 82 00 0C beq good1
seg000:00118A3C 38 60 00 00 li %r3, 0
seg000:00118A40 48 00 00 30 b exit
seg000:00118A44
seg000:00118A44 good1: # CODE XREF: check3+2F4j
seg000:00118A44 # check3+2FCj
seg000:00118A44 57 A0 06 3E clrlwi %r0, %r29, 24
seg000:00118A48 28 00 00 03 cmplwi %r0, 3
seg000:00118A4C 40 82 00 20 bne error
seg000:00118A50 57 E0 06 3F clrlwi. %r0, %r31, 24
seg000:00118A54 41 82 00 10 beq good
seg000:00118A58 48 00 4B F5 bl sub_11D64C
seg000:00118A5C 60 00 00 00 nop
seg000:00118A60 48 00 00 10 b exit
seg000:00118A64
seg000:00118A64 good: # CODE XREF: check3+318j
seg000:00118A64 38 60 00 01 li %r3, 1
seg000:00118A68 48 00 00 08 b exit
seg000:00118A6C
seg000:00118A6C error: # CODE XREF: check3+19Cj
seg000:00118A6C # check3+238j ...
seg000:00118A6C 38 60 00 00 li %r3, 0
seg000:00118A70
seg000:00118A70 exit: # CODE XREF: check3+44j
seg000:00118A70 # check3+58j ...
seg000:00118A70 80 01 00 58 lwz %r0, 0x50+arg_8(%sp)
seg000:00118A74 38 21 00 50 addi %sp, %sp, 0x50
seg000:00118A78 83 E1 FF FC lwz %r31, var_4(%sp)
seg000:00118A7C 7C 08 03 A6 mtlr %r0
seg000:00118A80 83 C1 FF F8 lwz %r30, var_8(%sp)
seg000:00118A84 83 A1 FF F4 lwz %r29, var_C(%sp)
seg000:00118A88 4E 80 00 20 blr
seg000:00118A88 # End of function check3

.RBEREAD(). - , -
CMPLWI.
r3 .RBEREAD() : 0, 1, 8, 0xA,
0xB, 0xC, 0xD, 4, 5. - ?
, , , Sentinel Eve3!
H, PowerPC:
.RBEREAD(), 1 0
.

777
 78. 78.
: check1() 1 .
PowerPC, check2 0x001186FC
0x00118718.
0x001186FC 0x48 0 BEQ B (
): [IBM00].
0x00118718 0x60 3 , NOP:
.
.
, IDA .

78.2. #2: SCO OpenServer

SCO OpenServer 1997 .
, : Copyright 1989, Rainbow
Technologies, Inc., Irvine, CA Sentinel Integrated Driver Ver. 3.0 .
, /dev :
/dev/rbsl8
/dev/rbsl9
/dev/rbsl10

, ,
.
IDA, COFF SCO OpenServer.
rbsl, , :
.text:00022AB8 public SSQC
.text:00022AB8 SSQC proc near ; CODE XREF: SSQ+7p
.text:00022AB8
.text:00022AB8 var_44 = byte ptr 44h
.text:00022AB8 var_29 = byte ptr 29h
.text:00022AB8 arg_0 = dword ptr 8
.text:00022AB8
.text:00022AB8 push ebp
.text:00022AB9 mov ebp, esp
.text:00022ABB sub esp, 44h
.text:00022ABE push edi
.text:00022ABF mov edi, offset unk_4035D0
.text:00022AC4 push esi
.text:00022AC5 mov esi, [ebp+arg_0]
.text:00022AC8 push ebx
.text:00022AC9 push esi
.text:00022ACA call strlen
.text:00022ACF add esp, 4
.text:00022AD2 cmp eax, 2
.text:00022AD7 jnz loc_22BA4
.text:00022ADD inc esi
.text:00022ADE mov al, [esi1]
.text:00022AE1 movsx eax, al
.text:00022AE4 cmp eax, '3'
.text:00022AE9 jz loc_22B84
.text:00022AEF cmp eax, '4'
.text:00022AF4 jz loc_22B94
.text:00022AFA cmp eax, '5'
.text:00022AFF jnz short loc_22B6B
.text:00022B01 movsx ebx, byte ptr [esi]
.text:00022B04 sub ebx, '0'
.text:00022B07 mov eax, 7
.text:00022B0C add eax, ebx
.text:00022B0E push eax
.text:00022B0F lea eax, [ebp+var_44]
.text:00022B12 push offset aDevSlD ; "/dev/sl%d"
.text:00022B17 push eax

778
 78. 78.
.text:00022B18 call nl_sprintf
.text:00022B1D push 0 ; int
.text:00022B1F push offset aDevRbsl8 ; char *
.text:00022B24 call _access
.text:00022B29 add esp, 14h
.text:00022B2C cmp eax, 0FFFFFFFFh
.text:00022B31 jz short loc_22B48
.text:00022B33 lea eax, [ebx+7]
.text:00022B36 push eax
.text:00022B37 lea eax, [ebp+var_44]
.text:00022B3A push offset aDevRbslD ; "/dev/rbsl%d"
.text:00022B3F push eax
.text:00022B40 call nl_sprintf
.text:00022B45 add esp, 0Ch
.text:00022B48
.text:00022B48 loc_22B48: ; CODE XREF: SSQC+79j
.text:00022B48 mov edx, [edi]
.text:00022B4A test edx, edx
.text:00022B4C jle short loc_22B57
.text:00022B4E push edx ; int
.text:00022B4F call _close
.text:00022B54 add esp, 4
.text:00022B57
.text:00022B57 loc_22B57: ; CODE XREF: SSQC+94j
.text:00022B57 push 2 ; int
.text:00022B59 lea eax, [ebp+var_44]
.text:00022B5C push eax ; char *
.text:00022B5D call _open
.text:00022B62 add esp, 8
.text:00022B65 test eax, eax
.text:00022B67 mov [edi], eax
.text:00022B69 jge short loc_22B78
.text:00022B6B
.text:00022B6B loc_22B6B: ; CODE XREF: SSQC+47j
.text:00022B6B mov eax, 0FFFFFFFFh
.text:00022B70 pop ebx
.text:00022B71 pop esi
.text:00022B72 pop edi
.text:00022B73 mov esp, ebp
.text:00022B75 pop ebp
.text:00022B76 retn
.text:00022B78
.text:00022B78 loc_22B78: ; CODE XREF: SSQC+B1j
.text:00022B78 pop ebx
.text:00022B79 pop esi
.text:00022B7A pop edi
.text:00022B7B xor eax, eax
.text:00022B7D mov esp, ebp
.text:00022B7F pop ebp
.text:00022B80 retn
.text:00022B84
.text:00022B84 loc_22B84: ; CODE XREF: SSQC+31j
.text:00022B84 mov al, [esi]
.text:00022B86 pop ebx
.text:00022B87 pop esi
.text:00022B88 pop edi
.text:00022B89 mov ds:byte_407224, al
.text:00022B8E mov esp, ebp
.text:00022B90 xor eax, eax
.text:00022B92 pop ebp
.text:00022B93 retn
.text:00022B94
.text:00022B94 loc_22B94: ; CODE XREF: SSQC+3Cj
.text:00022B94 mov al, [esi]
.text:00022B96 pop ebx
.text:00022B97 pop esi
.text:00022B98 pop edi
.text:00022B99 mov ds:byte_407225, al
.text:00022B9E mov esp, ebp
.text:00022BA0 xor eax, eax

779
 78. 78.
.text:00022BA2 pop ebp
.text:00022BA3 retn
.text:00022BA4
.text:00022BA4 loc_22BA4: ; CODE XREF: SSQC+1Fj
.text:00022BA4 movsx eax, ds:byte_407225
.text:00022BAB push esi
.text:00022BAC push eax
.text:00022BAD movsx eax, ds:byte_407224
.text:00022BB4 push eax
.text:00022BB5 lea eax, [ebp+var_44]
.text:00022BB8 push offset a46CCS ; "46%c%c%s"
.text:00022BBD push eax
.text:00022BBE call nl_sprintf
.text:00022BC3 lea eax, [ebp+var_44]
.text:00022BC6 push eax
.text:00022BC7 call strlen
.text:00022BCC add esp, 18h
.text:00022BCF cmp eax, 1Bh
.text:00022BD4 jle short loc_22BDA
.text:00022BD6 mov [ebp+var_29], 0
.text:00022BDA
.text:00022BDA loc_22BDA: ; CODE XREF: SSQC+11Cj
.text:00022BDA lea eax, [ebp+var_44]
.text:00022BDD push eax
.text:00022BDE call strlen
.text:00022BE3 push eax ; unsigned int
.text:00022BE4 lea eax, [ebp+var_44]
.text:00022BE7 push eax ; void *
.text:00022BE8 mov eax, [edi]
.text:00022BEA push eax ; int
.text:00022BEB call _write
.text:00022BF0 add esp, 10h
.text:00022BF3 pop ebx
.text:00022BF4 pop esi
.text:00022BF5 pop edi
.text:00022BF6 mov esp, ebp
.text:00022BF8 pop ebp
.text:00022BF9 retn
.text:00022BFA db 0Eh dup(90h)
.text:00022BFA SSQC endp

, - .
SSQC() thunk function:
.text:0000DBE8 public SSQ
.text:0000DBE8 SSQ proc near ; CODE XREF: sys_info+A9p
.text:0000DBE8 ; sys_info+CBp ...
.text:0000DBE8
.text:0000DBE8 arg_0 = dword ptr 8
.text:0000DBE8
.text:0000DBE8 push ebp
.text:0000DBE9 mov ebp, esp
.text:0000DBEB mov edx, [ebp+arg_0]
.text:0000DBEE push edx
.text:0000DBEF call SSQC
.text:0000DBF4 add esp, 4
.text:0000DBF7 mov esp, ebp
.text:0000DBF9 pop ebp
.text:0000DBFA retn
.text:0000DBFB SSQ endp

SSQ() .
:
.data:0040169C _51_52_53 dd offset aPressAnyKeyT_0 ; DATA XREF: init_sys+392r
.data:0040169C ; sys_info+A1r
.data:0040169C ; "PRESS ANY KEY TO CONTINUE: "
.data:004016A0 dd offset a51 ; "51"
.data:004016A4 dd offset a52 ; "52"

780
 78. 78.
.data:004016A8 dd offset a53 ; "53"

...

.data:004016B8 _3C_or_3E dd offset a3c ; DATA XREF: sys_info:loc_D67Br

.data:004016B8 ; "3C"
.data:004016BC dd offset a3e ; "3E"

; these names we gave to the labels:

.data:004016C0 answers1 dd 6B05h ; DATA XREF: sys_info+E7r
.data:004016C4 dd 3D87h
.data:004016C8 answers2 dd 3Ch ; DATA XREF: sys_info+F2r
.data:004016CC dd 832h
.data:004016D0 _C_and_B db 0Ch ; DATA XREF: sys_info+BAr
.data:004016D0 ; sys_info:OKr
.data:004016D1 byte_4016D1 db 0Bh ; DATA XREF: sys_info+FDr
.data:004016D2 db 0

...

.text:0000D652 xor eax, eax

.text:0000D654 mov al, ds:ctl_port
.text:0000D659 mov ecx, _51_52_53[eax*4]
.text:0000D660 push ecx
.text:0000D661 call SSQ
.text:0000D666 add esp, 4
.text:0000D669 cmp eax, 0FFFFFFFFh
.text:0000D66E jz short loc_D6D1
.text:0000D670 xor ebx, ebx
.text:0000D672 mov al, _C_and_B
.text:0000D677 test al, al
.text:0000D679 jz short loc_D6C0
.text:0000D67B
.text:0000D67B loc_D67B: ; CODE XREF: sys_info+106j
.text:0000D67B mov eax, _3C_or_3E[ebx*4]
.text:0000D682 push eax
.text:0000D683 call SSQ
.text:0000D688 push offset a4g ; "4G"
.text:0000D68D call SSQ
.text:0000D692 push offset a0123456789 ; "0123456789"
.text:0000D697 call SSQ
.text:0000D69C add esp, 0Ch
.text:0000D69F mov edx, answers1[ebx*4]
.text:0000D6A6 cmp eax, edx
.text:0000D6A8 jz short OK
.text:0000D6AA mov ecx, answers2[ebx*4]
.text:0000D6B1 cmp eax, ecx
.text:0000D6B3 jz short OK
.text:0000D6B5 mov al, byte_4016D1[ebx]
.text:0000D6BB inc ebx
.text:0000D6BC test al, al
.text:0000D6BE jnz short loc_D67B
.text:0000D6C0
.text:0000D6C0 loc_D6C0: ; CODE XREF: sys_info+C1j
.text:0000D6C0 inc ds:ctl_port
.text:0000D6C6 xor eax, eax
.text:0000D6C8 mov al, ds:ctl_port
.text:0000D6CD cmp eax, edi
.text:0000D6CF jle short loc_D652
.text:0000D6D1
.text:0000D6D1 loc_D6D1: ; CODE XREF: sys_info+98j
.text:0000D6D1 ; sys_info+B6j
.text:0000D6D1 mov edx, [ebp+var_8]
.text:0000D6D4 inc edx
.text:0000D6D5 mov [ebp+var_8], edx
.text:0000D6D8 cmp edx, 3
.text:0000D6DB jle loc_D641
.text:0000D6E1
.text:0000D6E1 loc_D6E1: ; CODE XREF: sys_info+16j
.text:0000D6E1 ; sys_info+51j ...

781
 78. 78.
.text:0000D6E1 pop ebx
.text:0000D6E2 pop edi
.text:0000D6E3 mov esp, ebp
.text:0000D6E5 pop ebp
.text:0000D6E6 retn
.text:0000D6E8 OK: ; CODE XREF: sys_info+F0j
.text:0000D6E8 ; sys_info+FBj
.text:0000D6E8 mov al, _C_and_B[ebx]
.text:0000D6EE pop ebx
.text:0000D6EF pop edi
.text:0000D6F0 mov ds:ctl_model, al
.text:0000D6F5 mov esp, ebp
.text:0000D6F7 pop ebp
.text:0000D6F8 retn
.text:0000D6F8 sys_info endp

3C 3E : - Sentinel Pro Rainbow ,

- .
, -, : 34 (. 477).
. .
. ( ,
SSQC()) 16-
. ,
. ,
, . ,
-:
.
.
51/52/53 LPT- . 3x/4x family
Sentinel Pro : LPT- .
, - 0123456789.
. , 0xC 0xB ctl_model.
: PRESS ANY KEY TO CONTINUE: , . ,
, 3 .
, ctl_mode.
:
.text:0000D708 prep_sys proc near ; CODE XREF: init_sys+46Ap
.text:0000D708
.text:0000D708 var_14 = dword ptr 14h
.text:0000D708 var_10 = byte ptr 10h
.text:0000D708 var_8 = dword ptr 8
.text:0000D708 var_2 = word ptr 2
.text:0000D708
.text:0000D708 push ebp
.text:0000D709 mov eax, ds:net_env
.text:0000D70E mov ebp, esp
.text:0000D710 sub esp, 1Ch
.text:0000D713 test eax, eax
.text:0000D715 jnz short loc_D734
.text:0000D717 mov al, ds:ctl_model
.text:0000D71C test al, al
.text:0000D71E jnz short loc_D77E
.text:0000D720 mov [ebp+var_8], offset aIeCvulnvvOkgT_ ; "IecvulnvV\\\bOKG]T_"
.text:0000D727 mov edx, 7
.text:0000D72C jmp loc_D7E7

...

.text:0000D7E7 loc_D7E7: ; CODE XREF: prep_sys+24j

.text:0000D7E7 ; prep_sys+33j
.text:0000D7E7 push edx
.text:0000D7E8 mov edx, [ebp+var_8]
3 : .

782
 78. 78.
.text:0000D7EB push 20h
.text:0000D7ED push edx
.text:0000D7EE push 16h
.text:0000D7F0 call err_warn
.text:0000D7F5 push offset station_sem
.text:0000D7FA call ClosSem
.text:0000D7FF call startup_err

0, , .
xoring :
.text:0000A43C err_warn proc near ; CODE XREF: prep_sys+E8p
.text:0000A43C ; prep_sys2+2Fp ...
.text:0000A43C
.text:0000A43C var_55 = byte ptr 55h
.text:0000A43C var_54 = byte ptr 54h
.text:0000A43C arg_0 = dword ptr 8
.text:0000A43C arg_4 = dword ptr 0Ch
.text:0000A43C arg_8 = dword ptr 10h
.text:0000A43C arg_C = dword ptr 14h
.text:0000A43C
.text:0000A43C push ebp
.text:0000A43D mov ebp, esp
.text:0000A43F sub esp, 54h
.text:0000A442 push edi
.text:0000A443 mov ecx, [ebp+arg_8]
.text:0000A446 xor edi, edi
.text:0000A448 test ecx, ecx
.text:0000A44A push esi
.text:0000A44B jle short loc_A466
.text:0000A44D mov esi, [ebp+arg_C] ; key
.text:0000A450 mov edx, [ebp+arg_4] ; string
.text:0000A453
.text:0000A453 loc_A453: ; CODE XREF: err_warn+28j
.text:0000A453 xor eax, eax
.text:0000A455 mov al, [edx+edi]
.text:0000A458 xor eax, esi
.text:0000A45A add esi, 3
.text:0000A45D inc edi
.text:0000A45E cmp edi, ecx
.text:0000A460 mov [ebp+edi+var_55], al
.text:0000A464 jl short loc_A453
.text:0000A466
.text:0000A466 loc_A466: ; CODE XREF: err_warn+Fj
.text:0000A466 mov [ebp+edi+var_54], 0
.text:0000A46B mov eax, [ebp+arg_0]
.text:0000A46E cmp eax, 18h
.text:0000A473 jnz short loc_A49C
.text:0000A475 lea eax, [ebp+var_54]
.text:0000A478 push eax
.text:0000A479 call status_line
.text:0000A47E add esp, 4
.text:0000A481
.text:0000A481 loc_A481: ; CODE XREF: err_warn+72j
.text:0000A481 push 50h
.text:0000A483 push 0
.text:0000A485 lea eax, [ebp+var_54]
.text:0000A488 push eax
.text:0000A489 call memset
.text:0000A48E call pcv_refresh
.text:0000A493 add esp, 0Ch
.text:0000A496 pop esi
.text:0000A497 pop edi
.text:0000A498 mov esp, ebp
.text:0000A49A pop ebp
.text:0000A49B retn
.text:0000A49C
.text:0000A49C loc_A49C: ; CODE XREF: err_warn+37j
.text:0000A49C push 0
.text:0000A49E lea eax, [ebp+var_54]

783
 78. 78.
.text:0000A4A1 mov edx, [ebp+arg_0]
.text:0000A4A4 push edx
.text:0000A4A5 push eax
.text:0000A4A6 call pcv_lputs
.text:0000A4AB add esp, 0Ch
.text:0000A4AE jmp short loc_A481
.text:0000A4AE err_warn endp

, ,
.
ofn 0xFE81 0x12A9.
, - timer() ( -
?), .
.text:0000DA55 loc_DA55: ; CODE XREF: sync_sys+24Cj
.text:0000DA55 push offset aOffln ; "offln"
.text:0000DA5A call SSQ
.text:0000DA5F add esp, 4
.text:0000DA62 mov dl, [ebx]
.text:0000DA64 mov esi, eax
.text:0000DA66 cmp dl, 0Bh
.text:0000DA69 jnz short loc_DA83
.text:0000DA6B cmp esi, 0FE81h
.text:0000DA71 jz OK
.text:0000DA77 cmp esi, 0FFFFF8EFh
.text:0000DA7D jz OK
.text:0000DA83
.text:0000DA83 loc_DA83: ; CODE XREF: sync_sys+201j
.text:0000DA83 mov cl, [ebx]
.text:0000DA85 cmp cl, 0Ch
.text:0000DA88 jnz short loc_DA9F
.text:0000DA8A cmp esi, 12A9h
.text:0000DA90 jz OK
.text:0000DA96 cmp esi, 0FFFFFFF5h
.text:0000DA99 jz OK
.text:0000DA9F
.text:0000DA9F loc_DA9F: ; CODE XREF: sync_sys+220j
.text:0000DA9F mov eax, [ebp+var_18]
.text:0000DAA2 test eax, eax
.text:0000DAA4 jz short loc_DAB0
.text:0000DAA6 push 24h
.text:0000DAA8 call timer
.text:0000DAAD add esp, 4
.text:0000DAB0
.text:0000DAB0 loc_DAB0: ; CODE XREF: sync_sys+23Cj
.text:0000DAB0 inc edi
.text:0000DAB1 cmp edi, 3
.text:0000DAB4 jle short loc_DA55
.text:0000DAB6 mov eax, ds:net_env
.text:0000DABB test eax, eax
.text:0000DABD jz short error

...

.text:0000DAF7 error: ; CODE XREF: sync_sys+255j

.text:0000DAF7 ; sync_sys+274j ...
.text:0000DAF7 mov [ebp+var_8], offset encrypted_error_message2
.text:0000DAFE mov [ebp+var_C], 17h ; decrypting key
.text:0000DB05 jmp decrypt_end_print_message

...

; this name we gave to label:

.text:0000D9B6 decrypt_end_print_message: ; CODE XREF: sync_sys+29Dj
.text:0000D9B6 ; sync_sys+2ABj
.text:0000D9B6 mov eax, [ebp+var_18]
.text:0000D9B9 test eax, eax
.text:0000D9BB jnz short loc_D9FB
.text:0000D9BD mov edx, [ebp+var_C] ; key

784
 78. 78.
.text:0000D9C0 mov ecx, [ebp+var_8] ; string
.text:0000D9C3 push edx
.text:0000D9C4 push 20h
.text:0000D9C6 push ecx
.text:0000D9C7 push 18h
.text:0000D9C9 call err_warn
.text:0000D9CE push 0Fh
.text:0000D9D0 push 190h
.text:0000D9D5 call sound
.text:0000D9DA mov [ebp+var_18], 1
.text:0000D9E1 add esp, 18h
.text:0000D9E4 call pcv_kbhit
.text:0000D9E9 test eax, eax
.text:0000D9EB jz short loc_D9FB

...

; this name we gave to label:

.data:00401736 encrypted_error_message2 db 74h, 72h, 78h, 43h, 48h, 6, 5Ah, 49h, 4Ch, 2 dup(47h)
.data:00401736 db 51h, 4Fh, 47h, 61h, 20h, 22h, 3Ch, 24h, 33h, 36h, 76h
.data:00401736 db 3Ah, 33h, 31h, 0Ch, 0, 0Bh, 1Fh, 7, 1Eh, 1Ah

: CMP
.
SCO OpenServer .

78.2.1.

, . , err_warn() -
, :

78.1:
.text:0000A44D mov esi, [ebp+arg_C] ; key
.text:0000A450 mov edx, [ebp+arg_4] ; string
.text:0000A453 loc_A453:
.text:0000A453 xor eax, eax
.text:0000A455 mov al, [edx+edi] ;
.text:0000A458 xor eax, esi ;
.text:0000A45A add esi, 3 ;
.text:0000A45D inc edi
.text:0000A45E cmp edi, ecx
.text:0000A460 mov [ebp+edi+var_55], al
.text:0000A464 jl short loc_A453

, , :
.text:0000DAF7 error: ; CODE XREF: sync_sys+255j
.text:0000DAF7 ; sync_sys+274j ...
.text:0000DAF7 mov [ebp+var_8], offset encrypted_error_message2
.text:0000DAFE mov [ebp+var_C], 17h ; decrypting key
.text:0000DB05 jmp decrypt_end_print_message

...

; this name we gave to label manually:

.text:0000D9B6 decrypt_end_print_message: ; CODE XREF: sync_sys+29Dj
.text:0000D9B6 ; sync_sys+2ABj
.text:0000D9B6 mov eax, [ebp+var_18]
.text:0000D9B9 test eax, eax
.text:0000D9BB jnz short loc_D9FB
.text:0000D9BD mov edx, [ebp+var_C] ; key
.text:0000D9C0 mov ecx, [ebp+var_8] ; string
.text:0000D9C3 push edx
.text:0000D9C4 push 20h
.text:0000D9C6 push ecx
.text:0000D9C7 push 18h
.text:0000D9C9 call err_warn

785
 78. 78.
xoring: XOR- , 3
.
Python :

78.2: Python 3.x

#!/usr/bin/python
import sys

msg=[0x74, 0x72, 0x78, 0x43, 0x48, 0x6, 0x5A, 0x49, 0x4C, 0x47, 0x47,
0x51, 0x4F, 0x47, 0x61, 0x20, 0x22, 0x3C, 0x24, 0x33, 0x36, 0x76,
0x3A, 0x33, 0x31, 0x0C, 0x0, 0x0B, 0x1F, 0x7, 0x1E, 0x1A]

key=0x17
tmp=key
for i in msg:
sys.stdout.write ("%c" % (i^tmp))
tmp=tmp+3
sys.stdout.flush()

: check security device connection. , .

, . , -
. , , .
(XOR) . ESI, 8 (.. ) .
, 255, .
, 0..255.
.

78.3: Python 3.x

#!/usr/bin/python
import sys, curses.ascii

msgs=[
[0x74, 0x72, 0x78, 0x43, 0x48, 0x6, 0x5A, 0x49, 0x4C, 0x47, 0x47,
0x51, 0x4F, 0x47, 0x61, 0x20, 0x22, 0x3C, 0x24, 0x33, 0x36, 0x76,
0x3A, 0x33, 0x31, 0x0C, 0x0, 0x0B, 0x1F, 0x7, 0x1E, 0x1A],

[0x49, 0x65, 0x2D, 0x63, 0x76, 0x75, 0x6C, 0x6E, 0x76, 0x56, 0x5C,
8, 0x4F, 0x4B, 0x47, 0x5D, 0x54, 0x5F, 0x1D, 0x26, 0x2C, 0x33,
0x27, 0x28, 0x6F, 0x72, 0x75, 0x78, 0x7B, 0x7E, 0x41, 0x44],

[0x45, 0x61, 0x31, 0x67, 0x72, 0x79, 0x68, 0x52, 0x4A, 0x52, 0x50,
0x0C, 0x4B, 0x57, 0x43, 0x51, 0x58, 0x5B, 0x61, 0x37, 0x33, 0x2B,
0x39, 0x39, 0x3C, 0x38, 0x79, 0x3A, 0x30, 0x17, 0x0B, 0x0C],

[0x40, 0x64, 0x79, 0x75, 0x7F, 0x6F, 0x0, 0x4C, 0x40, 0x9, 0x4D, 0x5A,
0x46, 0x5D, 0x57, 0x49, 0x57, 0x3B, 0x21, 0x23, 0x6A, 0x38, 0x23,
0x36, 0x24, 0x2A, 0x7C, 0x3A, 0x1A, 0x6, 0x0D, 0x0E, 0x0A, 0x14,
0x10],

[0x72, 0x7C, 0x72, 0x79, 0x76, 0x0,

0x50, 0x43, 0x4A, 0x59, 0x5D, 0x5B, 0x41, 0x41, 0x1B, 0x5A,
0x24, 0x32, 0x2E, 0x29, 0x28, 0x70, 0x20, 0x22, 0x38, 0x28, 0x36,
0x0D, 0x0B, 0x48, 0x4B, 0x4E]]

def is_string_printable(s):
return all(list(map(lambda x: curses.ascii.isprint(x), s)))

cnt=1
for msg in msgs:
print ("message #%d" % cnt)
for key in range(0,256):
result=[]
tmp=key
for i in msg:
result.append (i^tmp)
tmp=tmp+3

786
 78. 78.
if is_string_printable (result):
print ("key=", key, "value=", "".join(list(map(chr, result))))
cnt=cnt+1

78.4: Results
message #1
key= 20 value= `eb^h%|``hudw|_af{n~f%ljmSbnwlpk
key= 21 value= ajc]i"}cawtgv{^bgto}g"millcmvkqh
key= 22 value= bkd\j#rbbvsfuz!cduh|d#bhomdlujni
key= 23 value= check security device connection
key= 24 value= lifbl!pd|tqhsx#ejwjbb!`nQofbshlo
message #2
key= 7 value= No security device found
key= 8 value= An#rbbvsVuz!cduhld#ghtme?!#!'!#!
message #3
key= 7 value= Bk<waoqNUpu$`yreoa\wpmpusj,bkIjh
key= 8 value= Mj?vfnrOjqv%gxqd``_vwlstlk/clHii
key= 9 value= Lm>ugasLkvw&fgpgag^uvcrwml.`mwhj
key= 10 value= Ol!td`tMhwx'efwfbf!tubuvnm!anvok
key= 11 value= No security device station found
key= 12 value= In#rjbvsnuz!{duhdd#r{`whho#gPtme
message #4
key= 14 value= Number of authorized users exceeded
key= 15 value= Ovlmdq!hg#`juknuhydk!vrbsp!Zy`dbefe
message #5
key= 17 value= check security device station
key= 18 value= `ijbh!td`tmhwx'efwfbf!tubuVnm!'!

- , !
, XOR, .
, , .

78.3. #3: MS-DOS

MS-DOS 1995 .
DOS-, MS-DOS 8086 80286,
16- . 16- , ,
16-, .
MS-DOS , ,
OUT/ IN, (
OS user mode) .
, MS-DOS LPT- .
. , :
seg030:0034 out_port proc far ; CODE XREF: sent_pro+22p
seg030:0034 ; sent_pro+2Ap ...
seg030:0034
seg030:0034 arg_0 = byte ptr 6
seg030:0034
seg030:0034 55 push bp
seg030:0035 8B EC mov bp, sp
seg030:0037 8B 16 7E E7 mov dx, _out_port ; 0x378
seg030:003B 8A 46 06 mov al, [bp+arg_0]
seg030:003E EE out dx, al
seg030:003F 5D pop bp
seg030:0040 CB retf
seg030:0040 out_port endp

( ).
out_port() :

787
 78. 78.

seg030:0041 sent_pro proc far ; CODE XREF: check_dongle+34p

seg030:0041
seg030:0041 var_3 = byte ptr 3
seg030:0041 var_2 = word ptr 2
seg030:0041 arg_0 = dword ptr 6
seg030:0041
seg030:0041 C8 04 00 00 enter 4, 0
seg030:0045 56 push si
seg030:0046 57 push di
seg030:0047 8B 16 82 E7 mov dx, _in_port_1 ; 0x37A
seg030:004B EC in al, dx
seg030:004C 8A D8 mov bl, al
seg030:004E 80 E3 FE and bl, 0FEh
seg030:0051 80 CB 04 or bl, 4
seg030:0054 8A C3 mov al, bl
seg030:0056 88 46 FD mov [bp+var_3], al
seg030:0059 80 E3 1F and bl, 1Fh
seg030:005C 8A C3 mov al, bl
seg030:005E EE out dx, al
seg030:005F 68 FF 00 push 0FFh
seg030:0062 0E push cs
seg030:0063 E8 CE FF call near ptr out_port
seg030:0066 59 pop cx
seg030:0067 68 D3 00 push 0D3h
seg030:006A 0E push cs
seg030:006B E8 C6 FF call near ptr out_port
seg030:006E 59 pop cx
seg030:006F 33 F6 xor si, si
seg030:0071 EB 01 jmp short loc_359D4
seg030:0073
seg030:0073 loc_359D3: ; CODE XREF: sent_pro+37j
seg030:0073 46 inc si
seg030:0074
seg030:0074 loc_359D4: ; CODE XREF: sent_pro+30j
seg030:0074 81 FE 96 00 cmp si, 96h
seg030:0078 7C F9 jl short loc_359D3
seg030:007A 68 C3 00 push 0C3h
seg030:007D 0E push cs
seg030:007E E8 B3 FF call near ptr out_port
seg030:0081 59 pop cx
seg030:0082 68 C7 00 push 0C7h
seg030:0085 0E push cs
seg030:0086 E8 AB FF call near ptr out_port
seg030:0089 59 pop cx
seg030:008A 68 D3 00 push 0D3h
seg030:008D 0E push cs
seg030:008E E8 A3 FF call near ptr out_port
seg030:0091 59 pop cx
seg030:0092 68 C3 00 push 0C3h
seg030:0095 0E push cs
seg030:0096 E8 9B FF call near ptr out_port
seg030:0099 59 pop cx
seg030:009A 68 C7 00 push 0C7h
seg030:009D 0E push cs
seg030:009E E8 93 FF call near ptr out_port
seg030:00A1 59 pop cx
seg030:00A2 68 D3 00 push 0D3h
seg030:00A5 0E push cs
seg030:00A6 E8 8B FF call near ptr out_port
seg030:00A9 59 pop cx
seg030:00AA BF FF FF mov di, 0FFFFh
seg030:00AD EB 40 jmp short loc_35A4F
seg030:00AF
seg030:00AF loc_35A0F: ; CODE XREF: sent_pro+BDj
seg030:00AF BE 04 00 mov si, 4
seg030:00B2
seg030:00B2 loc_35A12: ; CODE XREF: sent_pro+ACj
seg030:00B2 D1 E7 shl di, 1
seg030:00B4 8B 16 80 E7 mov dx, _in_port_2 ; 0x379

788
 78. 78.
seg030:00B8 EC in al, dx
seg030:00B9 A8 80 test al, 80h
seg030:00BB 75 03 jnz short loc_35A20
seg030:00BD 83 CF 01 or di, 1
seg030:00C0
seg030:00C0 loc_35A20: ; CODE XREF: sent_pro+7Aj
seg030:00C0 F7 46 FE 08+ test [bp+var_2], 8
seg030:00C5 74 05 jz short loc_35A2C
seg030:00C7 68 D7 00 push 0D7h ; '+'
seg030:00CA EB 0B jmp short loc_35A37
seg030:00CC
seg030:00CC loc_35A2C: ; CODE XREF: sent_pro+84j
seg030:00CC 68 C3 00 push 0C3h
seg030:00CF 0E push cs
seg030:00D0 E8 61 FF call near ptr out_port
seg030:00D3 59 pop cx
seg030:00D4 68 C7 00 push 0C7h
seg030:00D7
seg030:00D7 loc_35A37: ; CODE XREF: sent_pro+89j
seg030:00D7 0E push cs
seg030:00D8 E8 59 FF call near ptr out_port
seg030:00DB 59 pop cx
seg030:00DC 68 D3 00 push 0D3h
seg030:00DF 0E push cs
seg030:00E0 E8 51 FF call near ptr out_port
seg030:00E3 59 pop cx
seg030:00E4 8B 46 FE mov ax, [bp+var_2]
seg030:00E7 D1 E0 shl ax, 1
seg030:00E9 89 46 FE mov [bp+var_2], ax
seg030:00EC 4E dec si
seg030:00ED 75 C3 jnz short loc_35A12
seg030:00EF
seg030:00EF loc_35A4F: ; CODE XREF: sent_pro+6Cj
seg030:00EF C4 5E 06 les bx, [bp+arg_0]
seg030:00F2 FF 46 06 inc word ptr [bp+arg_0]
seg030:00F5 26 8A 07 mov al, es:[bx]
seg030:00F8 98 cbw
seg030:00F9 89 46 FE mov [bp+var_2], ax
seg030:00FC 0B C0 or ax, ax
seg030:00FE 75 AF jnz short loc_35A0F
seg030:0100 68 FF 00 push 0FFh
seg030:0103 0E push cs
seg030:0104 E8 2D FF call near ptr out_port
seg030:0107 59 pop cx
seg030:0108 8B 16 82 E7 mov dx, _in_port_1 ; 0x37A
seg030:010C EC in al, dx
seg030:010D 8A C8 mov cl, al
seg030:010F 80 E1 5F and cl, 5Fh
seg030:0112 8A C1 mov al, cl
seg030:0114 EE out dx, al
seg030:0115 EC in al, dx
seg030:0116 8A C8 mov cl, al
seg030:0118 F6 C1 20 test cl, 20h
seg030:011B 74 08 jz short loc_35A85
seg030:011D 8A 5E FD mov bl, [bp+var_3]
seg030:0120 80 E3 DF and bl, 0DFh
seg030:0123 EB 03 jmp short loc_35A88
seg030:0125
seg030:0125 loc_35A85: ; CODE XREF: sent_pro+DAj
seg030:0125 8A 5E FD mov bl, [bp+var_3]
seg030:0128
seg030:0128 loc_35A88: ; CODE XREF: sent_pro+E2j
seg030:0128 F6 C1 80 test cl, 80h
seg030:012B 74 03 jz short loc_35A90
seg030:012D 80 E3 7F and bl, 7Fh
seg030:0130
seg030:0130 loc_35A90: ; CODE XREF: sent_pro+EAj
seg030:0130 8B 16 82 E7 mov dx, _in_port_1 ; 0x37A
seg030:0134 8A C3 mov al, bl
seg030:0136 EE out dx, al

789
 78. 78.
seg030:0137 8B C7 mov ax, di
seg030:0139 5F pop di
seg030:013A 5E pop si
seg030:013B C9 leave
seg030:013C CB retf
seg030:013C sent_pro endp

Sentinel Pro .
, 16- .
Sentinel Pro . 0x378, .. ,
USB . , -
, , - 4 .
0x379, paper out,
ack, busy , , , .
- , .
_in_port_2 (0x379) _in_port_1 (0x37A).
, busy seg030:00B9:
DI .
? . , . ,
: .
:
00000000 struct_0 struc ; (sizeof=0x1B)
00000000 field_0 db 25 dup(?) ; string(C)
00000019 _A dw ?
0000001B struct_0 ends

dseg:3CBC 61 63 72 75+_Q struct_0 <'hello', 01122h>

dseg:3CBC 6E 00 00 00+ ; DATA XREF: check_dongle+2Eo

... skipped ...

dseg:3E00 63 6F 66 66+ struct_0 <'coffee', 7EB7h>

dseg:3E1B 64 6F 67 00+ struct_0 <'dog', 0FFADh>
dseg:3E36 63 61 74 00+ struct_0 <'cat', 0FF5Fh>
dseg:3E51 70 61 70 65+ struct_0 <'paper', 0FFDFh>
dseg:3E6C 63 6F 6B 65+ struct_0 <'coke', 0F568h>
dseg:3E87 63 6C 6F 63+ struct_0 <'clock', 55EAh>
dseg:3EA2 64 69 72 00+ struct_0 <'dir', 0FFAEh>
dseg:3EBD 63 6F 70 79+ struct_0 <'copy', 0F557h>

seg030:0145 check_dongle proc far ; CODE XREF: sub_3771D+3EP

seg030:0145
seg030:0145 var_6 = dword ptr 6
seg030:0145 var_2 = word ptr 2
seg030:0145
seg030:0145 C8 06 00 00 enter 6, 0
seg030:0149 56 push si
seg030:014A 66 6A 00 push large 0 ; newtime
seg030:014D 6A 00 push 0 ; cmd
seg030:014F 9A C1 18 00+ call _biostime
seg030:0154 52 push dx
seg030:0155 50 push ax
seg030:0156 66 58 pop eax
seg030:0158 83 C4 06 add sp, 6
seg030:015B 66 89 46 FA mov [bp+var_6], eax
seg030:015F 66 3B 06 D8+ cmp eax, _expiration
seg030:0164 7E 44 jle short loc_35B0A
seg030:0166 6A 14 push 14h
seg030:0168 90 nop
seg030:0169 0E push cs
seg030:016A E8 52 00 call near ptr get_rand
seg030:016D 59 pop cx
seg030:016E 8B F0 mov si, ax
4 Centronics IEEE 1284 .

790
 78. 78.
seg030:0170 6B C0 1B imul ax, 1Bh
seg030:0173 05 BC 3C add ax, offset _Q
seg030:0176 1E push ds
seg030:0177 50 push ax
seg030:0178 0E push cs
seg030:0179 E8 C5 FE call near ptr sent_pro
seg030:017C 83 C4 04 add sp, 4
seg030:017F 89 46 FE mov [bp+var_2], ax
seg030:0182 8B C6 mov ax, si
seg030:0184 6B C0 12 imul ax, 18
seg030:0187 66 0F BF C0 movsx eax, ax
seg030:018B 66 8B 56 FA mov edx, [bp+var_6]
seg030:018F 66 03 D0 add edx, eax
seg030:0192 66 89 16 D8+ mov _expiration, edx
seg030:0197 8B DE mov bx, si
seg030:0199 6B DB 1B imul bx, 27
seg030:019C 8B 87 D5 3C mov ax, _Q._A[bx]
seg030:01A0 3B 46 FE cmp ax, [bp+var_2]
seg030:01A3 74 05 jz short loc_35B0A
seg030:01A5 B8 01 00 mov ax, 1
seg030:01A8 EB 02 jmp short loc_35B0C
seg030:01AA
seg030:01AA loc_35B0A: ; CODE XREF: check_dongle+1Fj
seg030:01AA ; check_dongle+5Ej
seg030:01AA 33 C0 xor ax, ax
seg030:01AC
seg030:01AC loc_35B0C: ; CODE XREF: check_dongle+63j
seg030:01AC 5E pop si
seg030:01AD C9 leave
seg030:01AE CB retf
seg030:01AE check_dongle endp

, ,
, - ( - , - MCU
), , , ,
biostime() .
get_rand() :
seg030:01BF get_rand proc far ; CODE XREF: check_dongle+25p
seg030:01BF
seg030:01BF arg_0 = word ptr 6
seg030:01BF
seg030:01BF 55 push bp
seg030:01C0 8B EC mov bp, sp
seg030:01C2 9A 3D 21 00+ call _rand
seg030:01C7 66 0F BF C0 movsx eax, ax
seg030:01CB 66 0F BF 56+ movsx edx, [bp+arg_0]
seg030:01D0 66 0F AF C2 imul eax, edx
seg030:01D4 66 BB 00 80+ mov ebx, 8000h
seg030:01DA 66 99 cdq
seg030:01DC 66 F7 FB idiv ebx
seg030:01DF 5D pop bp
seg030:01E0 CB retf
seg030:01E0 get_rand endp

,
.
, , .
:
seg033:087B 9A 45 01 96+ call check_dongle
seg033:0880 0B C0 or ax, ax
seg033:0882 74 62 jz short OK
seg033:0884 83 3E 60 42+ cmp word_620E0, 0
seg033:0889 75 5B jnz short OK
seg033:088B FF 06 60 42 inc word_620E0
seg033:088F 1E push ds
seg033:0890 68 22 44 push offset aTrupcRequiresA ; "This Software Requires a Software Lock\n"

791
 78. 78.
seg033:0893 1E push ds
seg033:0894 68 60 E9 push offset byte_6C7E0 ; dest
seg033:0897 9A 79 65 00+ call _strcpy
seg033:089C 83 C4 08 add sp, 8
seg033:089F 1E push ds
seg033:08A0 68 42 44 push offset aPleaseContactA ; "Please Contact ..."
seg033:08A3 1E push ds
seg033:08A4 68 60 E9 push offset byte_6C7E0 ; dest
seg033:08A7 9A CD 64 00+ call _strcat

: check_dongle()
0.
, :
mov ax,0
retf

, strcpy() 2 , , -
4 :
seg033:088F 1E push ds
seg033:0890 68 22 44 push offset aTrupcRequiresA ; "This Software Requires a
Software Lock\n"
seg033:0893 1E push ds
seg033:0894 68 60 E9 push offset byte_6C7E0 ; dest
seg033:0897 9A 79 65 00+ call _strcpy
seg033:089C 83 C4 08 add sp, 8

MS-DOS. : 94 (. 909).
, strcpy(), (-) , 16-
.
. DS , ,
.
sent_pro() seg030:00EF: LES
ES:BX . MOV seg030:00F5 , ES:BX.
seg030:00F2 16- , . ,
.

792
 79. QR9: ,
79. QR9:


,

79

QR9: ,

.
-
, 1 .
, IDA:
.text:00541000 set_bit proc near ; CODE XREF: rotate1+42
.text:00541000 ; rotate2+42 ...
.text:00541000
.text:00541000 arg_0 = dword ptr 4
.text:00541000 arg_4 = dword ptr 8
.text:00541000 arg_8 = dword ptr 0Ch
.text:00541000 arg_C = byte ptr 10h
.text:00541000
.text:00541000 mov al, [esp+arg_C]
.text:00541004 mov ecx, [esp+arg_8]
.text:00541008 push esi
.text:00541009 mov esi, [esp+4+arg_0]
.text:0054100D test al, al
.text:0054100F mov eax, [esp+4+arg_4]
.text:00541013 mov dl, 1
.text:00541015 jz short loc_54102B
.text:00541017 shl dl, cl
.text:00541019 mov cl, cube64[eax+esi*8]
.text:00541020 or cl, dl
.text:00541022 mov cube64[eax+esi*8], cl
.text:00541029 pop esi
.text:0054102A retn
.text:0054102B
.text:0054102B loc_54102B: ; CODE XREF: set_bit+15
.text:0054102B shl dl, cl
.text:0054102D mov cl, cube64[eax+esi*8]
.text:00541034 not dl
.text:00541036 and cl, dl
.text:00541038 mov cube64[eax+esi*8], cl
.text:0054103F pop esi
.text:00541040 retn
.text:00541040 set_bit endp
.text:00541040
.text:00541041 align 10h
.text:00541050
.text:00541050 ; =============== S U B R O U T I N E =======================================
.text:00541050
.text:00541050
.text:00541050 get_bit proc near ; CODE XREF: rotate1+16
.text:00541050 ; rotate2+16 ...
.text:00541050
.text:00541050 arg_0 = dword ptr 4
1

793
 79. QR9: ,
79. QR9:


,
.text:00541050 arg_4 = dword ptr 8
.text:00541050 arg_8 = byte ptr 0Ch
.text:00541050
.text:00541050 mov eax, [esp+arg_4]
.text:00541054 mov ecx, [esp+arg_0]
.text:00541058 mov al, cube64[eax+ecx*8]
.text:0054105F mov cl, [esp+arg_8]
.text:00541063 shr al, cl
.text:00541065 and al, 1
.text:00541067 retn
.text:00541067 get_bit endp
.text:00541067
.text:00541068 align 10h
.text:00541070
.text:00541070 ; =============== S U B R O U T I N E =======================================
.text:00541070
.text:00541070
.text:00541070 rotate1 proc near ; CODE XREF: rotate_all_with_password+8E
.text:00541070
.text:00541070 internal_array_64= byte ptr 40h
.text:00541070 arg_0 = dword ptr 4
.text:00541070
.text:00541070 sub esp, 40h
.text:00541073 push ebx
.text:00541074 push ebp
.text:00541075 mov ebp, [esp+48h+arg_0]
.text:00541079 push esi
.text:0054107A push edi
.text:0054107B xor edi, edi ; EDI is loop1 counter
.text:0054107D lea ebx, [esp+50h+internal_array_64]
.text:00541081
.text:00541081 first_loop1_begin: ; CODE XREF: rotate1+2E
.text:00541081 xor esi, esi ; ESI is loop2 counter
.text:00541083
.text:00541083 first_loop2_begin: ; CODE XREF: rotate1+25
.text:00541083 push ebp ; arg_0
.text:00541084 push esi
.text:00541085 push edi
.text:00541086 call get_bit
.text:0054108B add esp, 0Ch
.text:0054108E mov [ebx+esi], al ; store to internal array
.text:00541091 inc esi
.text:00541092 cmp esi, 8
.text:00541095 jl short first_loop2_begin
.text:00541097 inc edi
.text:00541098 add ebx, 8
.text:0054109B cmp edi, 8
.text:0054109E jl short first_loop1_begin
.text:005410A0 lea ebx, [esp+50h+internal_array_64]
.text:005410A4 mov edi, 7 ; EDI is loop1 counter, initial state is 7
.text:005410A9
.text:005410A9 second_loop1_begin: ; CODE XREF: rotate1+57
.text:005410A9 xor esi, esi ; ESI is loop2 counter
.text:005410AB
.text:005410AB second_loop2_begin: ; CODE XREF: rotate1+4E
.text:005410AB mov al, [ebx+esi] ; value from internal array
.text:005410AE push eax
.text:005410AF push ebp ; arg_0
.text:005410B0 push edi
.text:005410B1 push esi
.text:005410B2 call set_bit
.text:005410B7 add esp, 10h
.text:005410BA inc esi ; increment loop2 counter
.text:005410BB cmp esi, 8
.text:005410BE jl short second_loop2_begin
.text:005410C0 dec edi ; decrement loop2 counter
.text:005410C1 add ebx, 8
.text:005410C4 cmp edi, 0FFFFFFFFh
.text:005410C7 jg short second_loop1_begin
.text:005410C9 pop edi

794
 79. QR9: ,
79. QR9:


,
.text:005410CA pop esi
.text:005410CB pop ebp
.text:005410CC pop ebx
.text:005410CD add esp, 40h
.text:005410D0 retn
.text:005410D0 rotate1 endp
.text:005410D0
.text:005410D1 align 10h
.text:005410E0
.text:005410E0 ; =============== S U B R O U T I N E =======================================
.text:005410E0
.text:005410E0
.text:005410E0 rotate2 proc near ; CODE XREF: rotate_all_with_password+7A
.text:005410E0
.text:005410E0 internal_array_64= byte ptr 40h
.text:005410E0 arg_0 = dword ptr 4
.text:005410E0
.text:005410E0 sub esp, 40h
.text:005410E3 push ebx
.text:005410E4 push ebp
.text:005410E5 mov ebp, [esp+48h+arg_0]
.text:005410E9 push esi
.text:005410EA push edi
.text:005410EB xor edi, edi ; loop1 counter
.text:005410ED lea ebx, [esp+50h+internal_array_64]
.text:005410F1
.text:005410F1 loc_5410F1: ; CODE XREF: rotate2+2E
.text:005410F1 xor esi, esi ; loop2 counter
.text:005410F3
.text:005410F3 loc_5410F3: ; CODE XREF: rotate2+25
.text:005410F3 push esi ; loop2
.text:005410F4 push edi ; loop1
.text:005410F5 push ebp ; arg_0
.text:005410F6 call get_bit
.text:005410FB add esp, 0Ch
.text:005410FE mov [ebx+esi], al ; store to internal array
.text:00541101 inc esi ; increment loop1 counter
.text:00541102 cmp esi, 8
.text:00541105 jl short loc_5410F3
.text:00541107 inc edi ; increment loop2 counter
.text:00541108 add ebx, 8
.text:0054110B cmp edi, 8
.text:0054110E jl short loc_5410F1
.text:00541110 lea ebx, [esp+50h+internal_array_64]
.text:00541114 mov edi, 7 ; loop1 counter is initial state 7
.text:00541119
.text:00541119 loc_541119: ; CODE XREF: rotate2+57
.text:00541119 xor esi, esi ; loop2 counter
.text:0054111B
.text:0054111B loc_54111B: ; CODE XREF: rotate2+4E
.text:0054111B mov al, [ebx+esi] ; get byte from internal array
.text:0054111E push eax
.text:0054111F push edi ; loop1 counter
.text:00541120 push esi ; loop2 counter
.text:00541121 push ebp ; arg_0
.text:00541122 call set_bit
.text:00541127 add esp, 10h
.text:0054112A inc esi ; increment loop2 counter
.text:0054112B cmp esi, 8
.text:0054112E jl short loc_54111B
.text:00541130 dec edi ; decrement loop2 counter
.text:00541131 add ebx, 8
.text:00541134 cmp edi, 0FFFFFFFFh
.text:00541137 jg short loc_541119
.text:00541139 pop edi
.text:0054113A pop esi
.text:0054113B pop ebp
.text:0054113C pop ebx
.text:0054113D add esp, 40h
.text:00541140 retn

795
 79. QR9: ,
79. QR9:


,
.text:00541140 rotate2 endp
.text:00541140
.text:00541141 align 10h
.text:00541150
.text:00541150 ; =============== S U B R O U T I N E =======================================
.text:00541150
.text:00541150
.text:00541150 rotate3 proc near ; CODE XREF: rotate_all_with_password+66
.text:00541150
.text:00541150 var_40 = byte ptr 40h
.text:00541150 arg_0 = dword ptr 4
.text:00541150
.text:00541150 sub esp, 40h
.text:00541153 push ebx
.text:00541154 push ebp
.text:00541155 mov ebp, [esp+48h+arg_0]
.text:00541159 push esi
.text:0054115A push edi
.text:0054115B xor edi, edi
.text:0054115D lea ebx, [esp+50h+var_40]
.text:00541161
.text:00541161 loc_541161: ; CODE XREF: rotate3+2E
.text:00541161 xor esi, esi
.text:00541163
.text:00541163 loc_541163: ; CODE XREF: rotate3+25
.text:00541163 push esi
.text:00541164 push ebp
.text:00541165 push edi
.text:00541166 call get_bit
.text:0054116B add esp, 0Ch
.text:0054116E mov [ebx+esi], al
.text:00541171 inc esi
.text:00541172 cmp esi, 8
.text:00541175 jl short loc_541163
.text:00541177 inc edi
.text:00541178 add ebx, 8
.text:0054117B cmp edi, 8
.text:0054117E jl short loc_541161
.text:00541180 xor ebx, ebx
.text:00541182 lea edi, [esp+50h+var_40]
.text:00541186
.text:00541186 loc_541186: ; CODE XREF: rotate3+54
.text:00541186 mov esi, 7
.text:0054118B
.text:0054118B loc_54118B: ; CODE XREF: rotate3+4E
.text:0054118B mov al, [edi]
.text:0054118D push eax
.text:0054118E push ebx
.text:0054118F push ebp
.text:00541190 push esi
.text:00541191 call set_bit
.text:00541196 add esp, 10h
.text:00541199 inc edi
.text:0054119A dec esi
.text:0054119B cmp esi, 0FFFFFFFFh
.text:0054119E jg short loc_54118B
.text:005411A0 inc ebx
.text:005411A1 cmp ebx, 8
.text:005411A4 jl short loc_541186
.text:005411A6 pop edi
.text:005411A7 pop esi
.text:005411A8 pop ebp
.text:005411A9 pop ebx
.text:005411AA add esp, 40h
.text:005411AD retn
.text:005411AD rotate3 endp
.text:005411AD
.text:005411AE align 10h
.text:005411B0
.text:005411B0 ; =============== S U B R O U T I N E =======================================

796
 79. QR9: ,
79. QR9:


,
.text:005411B0
.text:005411B0
.text:005411B0 rotate_all_with_password proc near ; CODE XREF: crypt+1F
.text:005411B0 ; decrypt+36
.text:005411B0
.text:005411B0 arg_0 = dword ptr 4
.text:005411B0 arg_4 = dword ptr 8
.text:005411B0
.text:005411B0 mov eax, [esp+arg_0]
.text:005411B4 push ebp
.text:005411B5 mov ebp, eax
.text:005411B7 cmp byte ptr [eax], 0
.text:005411BA jz exit
.text:005411C0 push ebx
.text:005411C1 mov ebx, [esp+8+arg_4]
.text:005411C5 push esi
.text:005411C6 push edi
.text:005411C7
.text:005411C7 loop_begin: ; CODE XREF: rotate_all_with_password+9F
.text:005411C7 movsx eax, byte ptr [ebp+0]
.text:005411CB push eax ; C
.text:005411CC call _tolower
.text:005411D1 add esp, 4
.text:005411D4 cmp al, 'a'
.text:005411D6 jl short next_character_in_password
.text:005411D8 cmp al, 'z'
.text:005411DA jg short next_character_in_password
.text:005411DC movsx ecx, al
.text:005411DF sub ecx, 'a'
.text:005411E2 cmp ecx, 24
.text:005411E5 jle short skip_subtracting
.text:005411E7 sub ecx, 24
.text:005411EA
.text:005411EA skip_subtracting: ; CODE XREF: rotate_all_with_password+35
.text:005411EA mov eax, 55555556h
.text:005411EF imul ecx
.text:005411F1 mov eax, edx
.text:005411F3 shr eax, 1Fh
.text:005411F6 add edx, eax
.text:005411F8 mov eax, ecx
.text:005411FA mov esi, edx
.text:005411FC mov ecx, 3
.text:00541201 cdq
.text:00541202 idiv ecx
.text:00541204 sub edx, 0
.text:00541207 jz short call_rotate1
.text:00541209 dec edx
.text:0054120A jz short call_rotate2
.text:0054120C dec edx
.text:0054120D jnz short next_character_in_password
.text:0054120F test ebx, ebx
.text:00541211 jle short next_character_in_password
.text:00541213 mov edi, ebx
.text:00541215
.text:00541215 call_rotate3: ; CODE XREF: rotate_all_with_password+6F
.text:00541215 push esi
.text:00541216 call rotate3
.text:0054121B add esp, 4
.text:0054121E dec edi
.text:0054121F jnz short call_rotate3
.text:00541221 jmp short next_character_in_password
.text:00541223
.text:00541223 call_rotate2: ; CODE XREF: rotate_all_with_password+5A
.text:00541223 test ebx, ebx
.text:00541225 jle short next_character_in_password
.text:00541227 mov edi, ebx
.text:00541229
.text:00541229 loc_541229: ; CODE XREF: rotate_all_with_password+83
.text:00541229 push esi
.text:0054122A call rotate2

797
 79. QR9: ,
79. QR9:


,
.text:0054122F add esp, 4
.text:00541232 dec edi
.text:00541233 jnz short loc_541229
.text:00541235 jmp short next_character_in_password
.text:00541237
.text:00541237 call_rotate1: ; CODE XREF: rotate_all_with_password+57
.text:00541237 test ebx, ebx
.text:00541239 jle short next_character_in_password
.text:0054123B mov edi, ebx
.text:0054123D
.text:0054123D loc_54123D: ; CODE XREF: rotate_all_with_password+97
.text:0054123D push esi
.text:0054123E call rotate1
.text:00541243 add esp, 4
.text:00541246 dec edi
.text:00541247 jnz short loc_54123D
.text:00541249
.text:00541249 next_character_in_password: ; CODE XREF: rotate_all_with_password+26
.text:00541249 ; rotate_all_with_password+2A ...
.text:00541249 mov al, [ebp+1]
.text:0054124C inc ebp
.text:0054124D test al, al
.text:0054124F jnz loop_begin
.text:00541255 pop edi
.text:00541256 pop esi
.text:00541257 pop ebx
.text:00541258
.text:00541258 exit: ; CODE XREF: rotate_all_with_password+A
.text:00541258 pop ebp
.text:00541259 retn
.text:00541259 rotate_all_with_password endp
.text:00541259
.text:0054125A align 10h
.text:00541260
.text:00541260 ; =============== S U B R O U T I N E =======================================
.text:00541260
.text:00541260
.text:00541260 crypt proc near ; CODE XREF: crypt_file+8A
.text:00541260
.text:00541260 arg_0 = dword ptr 4
.text:00541260 arg_4 = dword ptr 8
.text:00541260 arg_8 = dword ptr 0Ch
.text:00541260
.text:00541260 push ebx
.text:00541261 mov ebx, [esp+4+arg_0]
.text:00541265 push ebp
.text:00541266 push esi
.text:00541267 push edi
.text:00541268 xor ebp, ebp
.text:0054126A
.text:0054126A loc_54126A: ; CODE XREF: crypt+41
.text:0054126A mov eax, [esp+10h+arg_8]
.text:0054126E mov ecx, 10h
.text:00541273 mov esi, ebx
.text:00541275 mov edi, offset cube64
.text:0054127A push 1
.text:0054127C push eax
.text:0054127D rep movsd
.text:0054127F call rotate_all_with_password
.text:00541284 mov eax, [esp+18h+arg_4]
.text:00541288 mov edi, ebx
.text:0054128A add ebp, 40h
.text:0054128D add esp, 8
.text:00541290 mov ecx, 10h
.text:00541295 mov esi, offset cube64
.text:0054129A add ebx, 40h
.text:0054129D cmp ebp, eax
.text:0054129F rep movsd
.text:005412A1 jl short loc_54126A
.text:005412A3 pop edi

798
 79. QR9: ,
79. QR9:


,
.text:005412A4 pop esi
.text:005412A5 pop ebp
.text:005412A6 pop ebx
.text:005412A7 retn
.text:005412A7 crypt endp
.text:005412A7
.text:005412A8 align 10h
.text:005412B0
.text:005412B0 ; =============== S U B R O U T I N E =======================================
.text:005412B0
.text:005412B0
.text:005412B0 ; int __cdecl decrypt(int, int, void *Src)
.text:005412B0 decrypt proc near ; CODE XREF: decrypt_file+99
.text:005412B0
.text:005412B0 arg_0 = dword ptr 4
.text:005412B0 arg_4 = dword ptr 8
.text:005412B0 Src = dword ptr 0Ch
.text:005412B0
.text:005412B0 mov eax, [esp+Src]
.text:005412B4 push ebx
.text:005412B5 push ebp
.text:005412B6 push esi
.text:005412B7 push edi
.text:005412B8 push eax ; Src
.text:005412B9 call __strdup
.text:005412BE push eax ; Str
.text:005412BF mov [esp+18h+Src], eax
.text:005412C3 call __strrev
.text:005412C8 mov ebx, [esp+18h+arg_0]
.text:005412CC add esp, 8
.text:005412CF xor ebp, ebp
.text:005412D1
.text:005412D1 loc_5412D1: ; CODE XREF: decrypt+58
.text:005412D1 mov ecx, 10h
.text:005412D6 mov esi, ebx
.text:005412D8 mov edi, offset cube64
.text:005412DD push 3
.text:005412DF rep movsd
.text:005412E1 mov ecx, [esp+14h+Src]
.text:005412E5 push ecx
.text:005412E6 call rotate_all_with_password
.text:005412EB mov eax, [esp+18h+arg_4]
.text:005412EF mov edi, ebx
.text:005412F1 add ebp, 40h
.text:005412F4 add esp, 8
.text:005412F7 mov ecx, 10h
.text:005412FC mov esi, offset cube64
.text:00541301 add ebx, 40h
.text:00541304 cmp ebp, eax
.text:00541306 rep movsd
.text:00541308 jl short loc_5412D1
.text:0054130A mov edx, [esp+10h+Src]
.text:0054130E push edx ; Memory
.text:0054130F call _free
.text:00541314 add esp, 4
.text:00541317 pop edi
.text:00541318 pop esi
.text:00541319 pop ebp
.text:0054131A pop ebx
.text:0054131B retn
.text:0054131B decrypt endp
.text:0054131B
.text:0054131C align 10h
.text:00541320
.text:00541320 ; =============== S U B R O U T I N E =======================================
.text:00541320
.text:00541320
.text:00541320 ; int __cdecl crypt_file(int Str, char *Filename, int password)
.text:00541320 crypt_file proc near ; CODE XREF: _main+42
.text:00541320

799
 79. QR9: ,
79. QR9:


,
.text:00541320 Str = dword ptr 4
.text:00541320 Filename = dword ptr 8
.text:00541320 password = dword ptr 0Ch
.text:00541320
.text:00541320 mov eax, [esp+Str]
.text:00541324 push ebp
.text:00541325 push offset Mode ; "rb"
.text:0054132A push eax ; Filename
.text:0054132B call _fopen ; open file
.text:00541330 mov ebp, eax
.text:00541332 add esp, 8
.text:00541335 test ebp, ebp
.text:00541337 jnz short loc_541348
.text:00541339 push offset Format ; "Cannot open input file!\n"
.text:0054133E call _printf
.text:00541343 add esp, 4
.text:00541346 pop ebp
.text:00541347 retn
.text:00541348
.text:00541348 loc_541348: ; CODE XREF: crypt_file+17
.text:00541348 push ebx
.text:00541349 push esi
.text:0054134A push edi
.text:0054134B push 2 ; Origin
.text:0054134D push 0 ; Offset
.text:0054134F push ebp ; File
.text:00541350 call _fseek
.text:00541355 push ebp ; File
.text:00541356 call _ftell ; get file size
.text:0054135B push 0 ; Origin
.text:0054135D push 0 ; Offset
.text:0054135F push ebp ; File
.text:00541360 mov [esp+2Ch+Str], eax
.text:00541364 call _fseek ; rewind to start
.text:00541369 mov esi, [esp+2Ch+Str]
.text:0054136D and esi, 0FFFFFFC0h ; reset all lowest 6 bits
.text:00541370 add esi, 40h ; align size to 64byte border
.text:00541373 push esi ; Size
.text:00541374 call _malloc
.text:00541379 mov ecx, esi
.text:0054137B mov ebx, eax ; allocated buffer pointer > to EBX
.text:0054137D mov edx, ecx
.text:0054137F xor eax, eax
.text:00541381 mov edi, ebx
.text:00541383 push ebp ; File
.text:00541384 shr ecx, 2
.text:00541387 rep stosd
.text:00541389 mov ecx, edx
.text:0054138B push 1 ; Count
.text:0054138D and ecx, 3
.text:00541390 rep stosb ; memset (buffer, 0, aligned_size)
.text:00541392 mov eax, [esp+38h+Str]
.text:00541396 push eax ; ElementSize
.text:00541397 push ebx ; DstBuf
.text:00541398 call _fread ; read file
.text:0054139D push ebp ; File
.text:0054139E call _fclose
.text:005413A3 mov ecx, [esp+44h+password]
.text:005413A7 push ecx ; password
.text:005413A8 push esi ; aligned size
.text:005413A9 push ebx ; buffer
.text:005413AA call crypt ; do crypt
.text:005413AF mov edx, [esp+50h+Filename]
.text:005413B3 add esp, 40h
.text:005413B6 push offset aWb ; "wb"
.text:005413BB push edx ; Filename
.text:005413BC call _fopen
.text:005413C1 mov edi, eax
.text:005413C3 push edi ; File
.text:005413C4 push 1 ; Count

800
 79. QR9: ,
79. QR9:


,
.text:005413C6 push 3 ; Size
.text:005413C8 push offset aQr9 ; "QR9"
.text:005413CD call _fwrite ; write file signature
.text:005413D2 push edi ; File
.text:005413D3 push 1 ; Count
.text:005413D5 lea eax, [esp+30h+Str]
.text:005413D9 push 4 ; Size
.text:005413DB push eax ; Str
.text:005413DC call _fwrite ; write original file size
.text:005413E1 push edi ; File
.text:005413E2 push 1 ; Count
.text:005413E4 push esi ; Size
.text:005413E5 push ebx ; Str
.text:005413E6 call _fwrite ; write encrypted file
.text:005413EB push edi ; File
.text:005413EC call _fclose
.text:005413F1 push ebx ; Memory
.text:005413F2 call _free
.text:005413F7 add esp, 40h
.text:005413FA pop edi
.text:005413FB pop esi
.text:005413FC pop ebx
.text:005413FD pop ebp
.text:005413FE retn
.text:005413FE crypt_file endp
.text:005413FE
.text:005413FF align 10h
.text:00541400
.text:00541400 ; =============== S U B R O U T I N E =======================================
.text:00541400
.text:00541400
.text:00541400 ; int __cdecl decrypt_file(char *Filename, int, void *Src)
.text:00541400 decrypt_file proc near ; CODE XREF: _main+6E
.text:00541400
.text:00541400 Filename = dword ptr 4
.text:00541400 arg_4 = dword ptr 8
.text:00541400 Src = dword ptr 0Ch
.text:00541400
.text:00541400 mov eax, [esp+Filename]
.text:00541404 push ebx
.text:00541405 push ebp
.text:00541406 push esi
.text:00541407 push edi
.text:00541408 push offset aRb ; "rb"
.text:0054140D push eax ; Filename
.text:0054140E call _fopen
.text:00541413 mov esi, eax
.text:00541415 add esp, 8
.text:00541418 test esi, esi
.text:0054141A jnz short loc_54142E
.text:0054141C push offset aCannotOpenIn_0 ; "Cannot open input file!\n"
.text:00541421 call _printf
.text:00541426 add esp, 4
.text:00541429 pop edi
.text:0054142A pop esi
.text:0054142B pop ebp
.text:0054142C pop ebx
.text:0054142D retn
.text:0054142E
.text:0054142E loc_54142E: ; CODE XREF: decrypt_file+1A
.text:0054142E push 2 ; Origin
.text:00541430 push 0 ; Offset
.text:00541432 push esi ; File
.text:00541433 call _fseek
.text:00541438 push esi ; File
.text:00541439 call _ftell
.text:0054143E push 0 ; Origin
.text:00541440 push 0 ; Offset
.text:00541442 push esi ; File
.text:00541443 mov ebp, eax

801
 79. QR9: ,
79. QR9:


,
.text:00541445 call _fseek
.text:0054144A push ebp ; Size
.text:0054144B call _malloc
.text:00541450 push esi ; File
.text:00541451 mov ebx, eax
.text:00541453 push 1 ; Count
.text:00541455 push ebp ; ElementSize
.text:00541456 push ebx ; DstBuf
.text:00541457 call _fread
.text:0054145C push esi ; File
.text:0054145D call _fclose
.text:00541462 add esp, 34h
.text:00541465 mov ecx, 3
.text:0054146A mov edi, offset aQr9_0 ; "QR9"
.text:0054146F mov esi, ebx
.text:00541471 xor edx, edx
.text:00541473 repe cmpsb
.text:00541475 jz short loc_541489
.text:00541477 push offset aFileIsNotCrypt ; "File is not encrypted!\n"
.text:0054147C call _printf
.text:00541481 add esp, 4
.text:00541484 pop edi
.text:00541485 pop esi
.text:00541486 pop ebp
.text:00541487 pop ebx
.text:00541488 retn
.text:00541489
.text:00541489 loc_541489: ; CODE XREF: decrypt_file+75
.text:00541489 mov eax, [esp+10h+Src]
.text:0054148D mov edi, [ebx+3]
.text:00541490 add ebp, 0FFFFFFF9h
.text:00541493 lea esi, [ebx+7]
.text:00541496 push eax ; Src
.text:00541497 push ebp ; int
.text:00541498 push esi ; int
.text:00541499 call decrypt
.text:0054149E mov ecx, [esp+1Ch+arg_4]
.text:005414A2 push offset aWb_0 ; "wb"
.text:005414A7 push ecx ; Filename
.text:005414A8 call _fopen
.text:005414AD mov ebp, eax
.text:005414AF push ebp ; File
.text:005414B0 push 1 ; Count
.text:005414B2 push edi ; Size
.text:005414B3 push esi ; Str
.text:005414B4 call _fwrite
.text:005414B9 push ebp ; File
.text:005414BA call _fclose
.text:005414BF push ebx ; Memory
.text:005414C0 call _free
.text:005414C5 add esp, 2Ch
.text:005414C8 pop edi
.text:005414C9 pop esi
.text:005414CA pop ebp
.text:005414CB pop ebx
.text:005414CC retn
.text:005414CC decrypt_file endp

.
. , .
.text:00541320 ; int __cdecl crypt_file(int Str, char *Filename, int password)
.text:00541320 crypt_file proc near
.text:00541320
.text:00541320 Str = dword ptr 4
.text:00541320 Filename = dword ptr 8
.text:00541320 password = dword ptr 0Ch
.text:00541320

802
 79. QR9: ,
79. QR9:


,
:
.text:00541320 mov eax, [esp+Str]
.text:00541324 push ebp
.text:00541325 push offset Mode ; "rb"
.text:0054132A push eax ; Filename
.text:0054132B call _fopen ; open file
.text:00541330 mov ebp, eax
.text:00541332 add esp, 8
.text:00541335 test ebp, ebp
.text:00541337 jnz short loc_541348
.text:00541339 push offset Format ; "Cannot open input file!\n"
.text:0054133E call _printf
.text:00541343 add esp, 4
.text:00541346 pop ebp
.text:00541347 retn
.text:00541348
.text:00541348 loc_541348:

fseek()/ ftell():
.text:00541348 push ebx
.text:00541349 push esi
.text:0054134A push edi
.text:0054134B push 2 ; Origin
.text:0054134D push 0 ; Offset
.text:0054134F push ebp ; File

;
.text:00541350 call _fseek
.text:00541355 push ebp ; File
.text:00541356 call _ftell ;
.text:0054135B push 0 ; Origin
.text:0054135D push 0 ; Offset
.text:0054135F push ebp ; File
.text:00541360 mov [esp+2Ch+Str], eax

;
.text:00541364 call _fseek

, 64- . -
64 . : 64,
, 1, 64. ,
64 64. .
.text:00541369 mov esi, [esp+2Ch+Str]

; 6
.text:0054136D and esi, 0FFFFFFC0h

; 64
.text:00541370 add esi, 40h

:
.text:00541373 push esi ; Size
.text:00541374 call _malloc

memset(), .. 2 .
.text:00541379 mov ecx, esi
.text:0054137B mov ebx, eax ; > to EBX
.text:0054137D mov edx, ecx
.text:0054137F xor eax, eax
.text:00541381 mov edi, ebx
.text:00541383 push ebp ; File
.text:00541384 shr ecx, 2
.text:00541387 rep stosd
2 malloc() + memset() calloc()

803
 79. QR9: ,
79. QR9:


,
.text:00541389 mov ecx, edx
.text:0054138B push 1 ; Count
.text:0054138D and ecx, 3
.text:00541390 rep stosb ; memset (buffer, 0, _)

fread().
.text:00541392 mov eax, [esp+38h+Str]
.text:00541396 push eax ; ElementSize
.text:00541397 push ebx ; DstBuf
.text:00541398 call _fread ; read file
.text:0054139D push ebp ; File
.text:0054139E call _fclose

crypt(). , () .
.text:005413A3 mov ecx, [esp+44h+password]
.text:005413A7 push ecx ; password
.text:005413A8 push esi ; aligned size
.text:005413A9 push ebx ; buffer
.text:005413AA call crypt ; do crypt

. , , !
, , .
.text:005413AF mov edx, [esp+50h+Filename]
.text:005413B3 add esp, 40h
.text:005413B6 push offset aWb ; "wb"
.text:005413BB push edx ; Filename
.text:005413BC call _fopen
.text:005413C1 mov edi, eax

EDI. QR9.
.text:005413C3 push edi ; File
.text:005413C4 push 1 ; Count
.text:005413C6 push 3 ; Size
.text:005413C8 push offset aQr9 ; "QR9"
.text:005413CD call _fwrite ; write file signature

( ):
.text:005413D2 push edi ; File
.text:005413D3 push 1 ; Count
.text:005413D5 lea eax, [esp+30h+Str]
.text:005413D9 push 4 ; Size
.text:005413DB push eax ; Str
.text:005413DC call _fwrite ; write original file size

:
.text:005413E1 push edi ; File
.text:005413E2 push 1 ; Count
.text:005413E4 push esi ; Size
.text:005413E5 push ebx ; Str
.text:005413E6 call _fwrite ; write encrypted file

:
.text:005413EB push edi ; File
.text:005413EC call _fclose
.text:005413F1 push ebx ; Memory
.text:005413F2 call _free
.text:005413F7 add esp, 40h
.text:005413FA pop edi
.text:005413FB pop esi
.text:005413FC pop ebx
.text:005413FD pop ebp
.text:005413FE retn
.text:005413FE crypt_file endp

804
 79. QR9: ,
79. QR9:


,
:
void crypt_file(char *fin, char* fout, char *pw)
{
FILE *f;
int flen, flen_aligned;
BYTE *buf;

f=fopen(fin, "rb");

if (f==NULL)
{
printf ("Cannot open input file!\n");
return;
};

fseek (f, 0, SEEK_END);

flen=ftell (f);
fseek (f, 0, SEEK_SET);

flen_aligned=(flen&0xFFFFFFC0)+0x40;

buf=(BYTE*)malloc (flen_aligned);
memset (buf, 0, flen_aligned);

fread (buf, flen, 1, f);

fclose (f);

crypt (buf, flen_aligned, pw);

f=fopen(fout, "wb");

fwrite ("QR9", 3, 1, f);

fwrite (&flen, 4, 1, f);
fwrite (buf, flen_aligned, 1, f);

fclose (f);

free (buf);
};

:
.text:00541400 ; int __cdecl decrypt_file(char *Filename, int, void *Src)
.text:00541400 decrypt_file proc near
.text:00541400
.text:00541400 Filename = dword ptr 4
.text:00541400 arg_4 = dword ptr 8
.text:00541400 Src = dword ptr 0Ch
.text:00541400
.text:00541400 mov eax, [esp+Filename]
.text:00541404 push ebx
.text:00541405 push ebp
.text:00541406 push esi
.text:00541407 push edi
.text:00541408 push offset aRb ; "rb"
.text:0054140D push eax ; Filename
.text:0054140E call _fopen
.text:00541413 mov esi, eax
.text:00541415 add esp, 8
.text:00541418 test esi, esi
.text:0054141A jnz short loc_54142E
.text:0054141C push offset aCannotOpenIn_0 ; "Cannot open input file!\n"
.text:00541421 call _printf
.text:00541426 add esp, 4
.text:00541429 pop edi
.text:0054142A pop esi
.text:0054142B pop ebp
.text:0054142C pop ebx
.text:0054142D retn

805
 79. QR9: ,
79. QR9:


,
.text:0054142E
.text:0054142E loc_54142E:
.text:0054142E push 2 ; Origin
.text:00541430 push 0 ; Offset
.text:00541432 push esi ; File
.text:00541433 call _fseek
.text:00541438 push esi ; File
.text:00541439 call _ftell
.text:0054143E push 0 ; Origin
.text:00541440 push 0 ; Offset
.text:00541442 push esi ; File
.text:00541443 mov ebp, eax
.text:00541445 call _fseek
.text:0054144A push ebp ; Size
.text:0054144B call _malloc
.text:00541450 push esi ; File
.text:00541451 mov ebx, eax
.text:00541453 push 1 ; Count
.text:00541455 push ebp ; ElementSize
.text:00541456 push ebx ; DstBuf
.text:00541457 call _fread
.text:0054145C push esi ; File
.text:0054145D call _fclose

( 3 ):
.text:00541462 add esp, 34h
.text:00541465 mov ecx, 3
.text:0054146A mov edi, offset aQr9_0 ; "QR9"
.text:0054146F mov esi, ebx
.text:00541471 xor edx, edx
.text:00541473 repe cmpsb
.text:00541475 jz short loc_541489

:
.text:00541477 push offset aFileIsNotCrypt ; "File is not encrypted!\n"
.text:0054147C call _printf
.text:00541481 add esp, 4
.text:00541484 pop edi
.text:00541485 pop esi
.text:00541486 pop ebp
.text:00541487 pop ebx
.text:00541488 retn
.text:00541489
.text:00541489 loc_541489:

decrypt().
.text:00541489 mov eax, [esp+10h+Src]
.text:0054148D mov edi, [ebx+3]
.text:00541490 add ebp, 0FFFFFFF9h
.text:00541493 lea esi, [ebx+7]
.text:00541496 push eax ; Src
.text:00541497 push ebp ; int
.text:00541498 push esi ; int
.text:00541499 call decrypt
.text:0054149E mov ecx, [esp+1Ch+arg_4]
.text:005414A2 push offset aWb_0 ; "wb"
.text:005414A7 push ecx ; Filename
.text:005414A8 call _fopen
.text:005414AD mov ebp, eax
.text:005414AF push ebp ; File
.text:005414B0 push 1 ; Count
.text:005414B2 push edi ; Size
.text:005414B3 push esi ; Str
.text:005414B4 call _fwrite
.text:005414B9 push ebp ; File
.text:005414BA call _fclose
.text:005414BF push ebx ; Memory

806
 79. QR9: ,
79. QR9:


,
.text:005414C0 call _free
.text:005414C5 add esp, 2Ch
.text:005414C8 pop edi
.text:005414C9 pop esi
.text:005414CA pop ebp
.text:005414CB pop ebx
.text:005414CC retn
.text:005414CC decrypt_file endp

:
void decrypt_file(char *fin, char* fout, char *pw)
{
FILE *f;
int real_flen, flen;
BYTE *buf;

f=fopen(fin, "rb");

if (f==NULL)
{
printf ("Cannot open input file!\n");
return;
};

fseek (f, 0, SEEK_END);

flen=ftell (f);
fseek (f, 0, SEEK_SET);

buf=(BYTE*)malloc (flen);

fread (buf, flen, 1, f);

fclose (f);

if (memcmp (buf, "QR9", 3)!=0)

{
printf ("File is not encrypted!\n");
return;
};

memcpy (&real_flen, buf+3, 4);

decrypt (buf+(3+4), flen(3+4), pw);

f=fopen(fout, "wb");

fwrite (buf+(3+4), real_flen, 1, f);

fclose (f);

free (buf);
};

OK, .
crypt():
.text:00541260 crypt proc near
.text:00541260
.text:00541260 arg_0 = dword ptr 4
.text:00541260 arg_4 = dword ptr 8
.text:00541260 arg_8 = dword ptr 0Ch
.text:00541260
.text:00541260 push ebx
.text:00541261 mov ebx, [esp+4+arg_0]
.text:00541265 push ebp
.text:00541266 push esi
.text:00541267 push edi
.text:00541268 xor ebp, ebp
.text:0054126A

807
 79. QR9: ,
79. QR9:


,
.text:0054126A loc_54126A:

, cube64.
ECX. MOVSD 32- , , 16 32- 64 .
.text:0054126A mov eax, [esp+10h+arg_8]
.text:0054126E mov ecx, 10h
.text:00541273 mov esi, ebx ; EBX is pointer within input buffer
.text:00541275 mov edi, offset cube64
.text:0054127A push 1
.text:0054127C push eax
.text:0054127D rep movsd

rotate_all_with_password():
.text:0054127F call rotate_all_with_password

cube64 :
.text:00541284 mov eax, [esp+18h+arg_4]
.text:00541288 mov edi, ebx
.text:0054128A add ebp, 40h
.text:0054128D add esp, 8
.text:00541290 mov ecx, 10h
.text:00541295 mov esi, offset cube64
.text:0054129A add ebx, 40h ; add 64 to input buffer pointer
.text:0054129D cmp ebp, eax ; EBP contain amount of encrypted data.
.text:0054129F rep movsd

EBP , .
.text:005412A1 jl short loc_54126A
.text:005412A3 pop edi
.text:005412A4 pop esi
.text:005412A5 pop ebp
.text:005412A6 pop ebx
.text:005412A7 retn
.text:005412A7 crypt endp

crypt():
void crypt (BYTE *buf, int sz, char *pw)
{
int i=0;

do
{
memcpy (cube, buf+i, 8*8);
rotate_all (pw, 1);
memcpy (buf+i, cube, 8*8);
i+=64;
}
while (i<sz);
};

OK, rotate_all_with_password(). : .
crypt(), 1 decrypt() ( rotate_all_with_password()
), 3.
.text:005411B0 rotate_all_with_password proc near
.text:005411B0
.text:005411B0 arg_0 = dword ptr 4
.text:005411B0 arg_4 = dword ptr 8
.text:005411B0
.text:005411B0 mov eax, [esp+arg_0]
.text:005411B4 push ebp
.text:005411B5 mov ebp, eax

. , :

808
 79. QR9: ,
79. QR9:


,

.text:005411B7 cmp byte ptr [eax], 0

.text:005411BA jz exit
.text:005411C0 push ebx
.text:005411C1 mov ebx, [esp+8+arg_4]
.text:005411C5 push esi
.text:005411C6 push edi
.text:005411C7
.text:005411C7 loop_begin:

tolower(), .
.text:005411C7 movsx eax, byte ptr [ebp+0]
.text:005411CB push eax ; C
.text:005411CC call _tolower
.text:005411D1 add esp, 4

, , ! ,
, , .
.text:005411D4 cmp al, 'a'
.text:005411D6 jl short next_character_in_password
.text:005411D8 cmp al, 'z'
.text:005411DA jg short next_character_in_password
.text:005411DC movsx ecx, al

a (97) .
.text:005411DF sub ecx, 'a' ; 97

, 0 a, 1 b, . 25 z.
.text:005411E2 cmp ecx, 24
.text:005411E5 jle short skip_subtracting
.text:005411E7 sub ecx, 24

, y z . , y 0, z 1. ,
26 0..23, ( 24).
.text:005411EA
.text:005411EA skip_subtracting: ; CODE XREF: rotate_all_with_password+35

, , . 9 (41 (. 508)).
, , 3.
.text:005411EA mov eax, 55555556h
.text:005411EF imul ecx
.text:005411F1 mov eax, edx
.text:005411F3 shr eax, 1Fh
.text:005411F6 add edx, eax
.text:005411F8 mov eax, ecx
.text:005411FA mov esi, edx
.text:005411FC mov ecx, 3
.text:00541201 cdq
.text:00541202 idiv ecx

EDX .
.text:00541204 sub edx, 0
.text:00541207 jz short call_rotate1 ; 0, rotate1
.text:00541209 dec edx
.text:0054120A jz short call_rotate2 ; .. 1, rotate2
.text:0054120C dec edx
.text:0054120D jnz short next_character_in_password
.text:0054120F test ebx, ebx
.text:00541211 jle short next_character_in_password
.text:00541213 mov edi, ebx

809
 79. QR9: ,
79. QR9:


,
2, rotate3(). EDX rotate_all_with_password().
, 1 , 3 . , rotate1/2/3
, .
.text:00541215 call_rotate3:
.text:00541215 push esi
.text:00541216 call rotate3
.text:0054121B add esp, 4
.text:0054121E dec edi
.text:0054121F jnz short call_rotate3
.text:00541221 jmp short next_character_in_password
.text:00541223
.text:00541223 call_rotate2:
.text:00541223 test ebx, ebx
.text:00541225 jle short next_character_in_password
.text:00541227 mov edi, ebx
.text:00541229
.text:00541229 loc_541229:
.text:00541229 push esi
.text:0054122A call rotate2
.text:0054122F add esp, 4
.text:00541232 dec edi
.text:00541233 jnz short loc_541229
.text:00541235 jmp short next_character_in_password
.text:00541237
.text:00541237 call_rotate1:
.text:00541237 test ebx, ebx
.text:00541239 jle short next_character_in_password
.text:0054123B mov edi, ebx
.text:0054123D
.text:0054123D loc_54123D:
.text:0054123D push esi
.text:0054123E call rotate1
.text:00541243 add esp, 4
.text:00541246 dec edi
.text:00541247 jnz short loc_54123D
.text:00541249

.
.text:00541249 next_character_in_password:
.text:00541249 mov al, [ebp+1]

:
.text:0054124C inc ebp
.text:0054124D test al, al
.text:0054124F jnz loop_begin
.text:00541255 pop edi
.text:00541256 pop esi
.text:00541257 pop ebx
.text:00541258
.text:00541258 exit:
.text:00541258 pop ebp
.text:00541259 retn
.text:00541259 rotate_all_with_password endp

:
void rotate_all (char *pwd, int v)
{
char *p=pwd;

while (*p)
{
char c=*p;
int q;

c=tolower (c);

810
 79. QR9: ,
79. QR9:


,
if (c>='a' && c<='z')
{
q=c'a';
if (q>24)
q=24;

int quotient=q/3;
int remainder=q % 3;

switch (remainder)
{
case 0: for (int i=0; i<v; i++) rotate1 (quotient); break;
case 1: for (int i=0; i<v; i++) rotate2 (quotient); break;
case 2: for (int i=0; i<v; i++) rotate3 (quotient); break;
};
};

p++;
};
};

rotate1/2/3. .
set_bit() get_bit().
get_bit():
.text:00541050 get_bit proc near
.text:00541050
.text:00541050 arg_0 = dword ptr 4
.text:00541050 arg_4 = dword ptr 8
.text:00541050 arg_8 = byte ptr 0Ch
.text:00541050
.text:00541050 mov eax, [esp+arg_4]
.text:00541054 mov ecx, [esp+arg_0]
.text:00541058 mov al, cube64[eax+ecx*8]
.text:0054105F mov cl, [esp+arg_8]
.text:00541063 shr al, cl
.text:00541065 and al, 1
.text:00541067 retn
.text:00541067 get_bit endp

: cube64: arg_4 + arg_0 * 8.

arg_8.
, set_bit():
.text:00541000 set_bit proc near
.text:00541000
.text:00541000 arg_0 = dword ptr 4
.text:00541000 arg_4 = dword ptr 8
.text:00541000 arg_8 = dword ptr 0Ch
.text:00541000 arg_C = byte ptr 10h
.text:00541000
.text:00541000 mov al, [esp+arg_C]
.text:00541004 mov ecx, [esp+arg_8]
.text:00541008 push esi
.text:00541009 mov esi, [esp+4+arg_0]
.text:0054100D test al, al
.text:0054100F mov eax, [esp+4+arg_4]
.text:00541013 mov dl, 1
.text:00541015 jz short loc_54102B

DL 1. , arg_8. , arg_8 4,
DL 0x10 1000b .
.text:00541017 shl dl, cl
.text:00541019 mov cl, cube64[eax+esi*8]

.
.text:00541020 or cl, dl

811
 79. QR9: ,
79. QR9:


,
:
.text:00541022 mov cube64[eax+esi*8], cl
.text:00541029 pop esi
.text:0054102A retn
.text:0054102B
.text:0054102B loc_54102B:
.text:0054102B shl dl, cl

arg_C
.text:0054102D mov cl, cube64[eax+esi*8]

DL. , DL 0x10 1000b , 0xEF

NOT 11101111b .
.text:00541034 not dl

, , CL DL
DL, . , DL, , 11101111b ,
( ).
.text:00541036 and cl, dl

.text:00541038 mov cube64[eax+esi*8], cl
.text:0054103F pop esi
.text:00541040 retn
.text:00541040 set_bit endp

get_bit(), , arg_C ,
, , , 1.
64. set_bit() get_bit()
. , 8*8.
, :
#define IS_SET(flag, bit) ((flag) & (bit))
#define SET_BIT(var, bit) ((var) |= (bit))
#define REMOVE_BIT(var, bit) ((var) &= ~(bit))

static BYTE cube[8][8];

void set_bit (int x, int y, int shift, int bit)

{
if (bit)
SET_BIT (cube[x][y], 1<<shift);
else
REMOVE_BIT (cube[x][y], 1<<shift);
};

bool get_bit (int x, int y, int shift)

{
if ((cube[x][y]>>shift)&1==1)
return 1;
return 0;
};

rotate1/2/3.
.text:00541070 rotate1 proc near
.text:00541070

64 :
.text:00541070 internal_array_64= byte ptr 40h
.text:00541070 arg_0 = dword ptr 4
.text:00541070
.text:00541070 sub esp, 40h

812
 79. QR9: ,
79. QR9:


,
.text:00541073 push ebx
.text:00541074 push ebp
.text:00541075 mov ebp, [esp+48h+arg_0]
.text:00541079 push esi
.text:0054107A push edi
.text:0054107B xor edi, edi ; EDI is loop1 counter

EBX
.text:0054107D lea ebx, [esp+50h+internal_array_64]
.text:00541081

:
.text:00541081 first_loop1_begin:
.text:00541081 xor esi, esi ; ESI
.text:00541083
.text:00541083 first_loop2_begin:
.text:00541083 push ebp ; arg_0
.text:00541084 push esi ;
.text:00541085 push edi ;
.text:00541086 call get_bit
.text:0054108B add esp, 0Ch
.text:0054108E mov [ebx+esi], al ;
.text:00541091 inc esi ;
.text:00541092 cmp esi, 8
.text:00541095 jl short first_loop2_begin
.text:00541097 inc edi ;

; 8
.text:00541098 add ebx, 8
.text:0054109B cmp edi, 8
.text:0054109E jl short first_loop1_begin

, 0..7. , get_bit().
get_bit() rotate1(). get_bit()
.
:
.text:005410A0 lea ebx, [esp+50h+internal_array_64]
.text:005410A4 mov edi, 7 ; EDI , 7
.text:005410A9
.text:005410A9 second_loop1_begin:
.text:005410A9 xor esi, esi ; ESI
.text:005410AB
.text:005410AB second_loop2_begin:
.text:005410AB mov al, [ebx+esi] ;
.text:005410AE push eax
.text:005410AF push ebp ; arg_0
.text:005410B0 push edi ;
.text:005410B1 push esi ;
.text:005410B2 call set_bit
.text:005410B7 add esp, 10h
.text:005410BA inc esi ;
.text:005410BB cmp esi, 8
.text:005410BE jl short second_loop2_begin
.text:005410C0 dec edi ;
.text:005410C1 add ebx, 8 ;
.text:005410C4 cmp edi, 0FFFFFFFFh
.text:005410C7 jg short second_loop1_begin
.text:005410C9 pop edi
.text:005410CA pop esi
.text:005410CB pop ebp
.text:005410CC pop ebx
.text:005410CD add esp, 40h
.text:005410D0 retn
.text:005410D0 rotate1 endp

813
 79. QR9: ,
79. QR9:


,
cube set_bit(), ,
! 7 0, 1 !
:
void rotate1 (int v)
{
bool tmp[8][8]; // internal array
int i, j;

for (i=0; i<8; i++)

for (j=0; j<8; j++)
tmp[i][j]=get_bit (i, j, v);

for (i=0; i<8; i++)

for (j=0; j<8; j++)
set_bit (j, 7i, v, tmp[x][y]);
};

, rotate2():
.text:005410E0 rotate2 proc near
.text:005410E0
.text:005410E0 internal_array_64 = byte ptr 40h
.text:005410E0 arg_0 = dword ptr 4
.text:005410E0
.text:005410E0 sub esp, 40h
.text:005410E3 push ebx
.text:005410E4 push ebp
.text:005410E5 mov ebp, [esp+48h+arg_0]
.text:005410E9 push esi
.text:005410EA push edi
.text:005410EB xor edi, edi ;
.text:005410ED lea ebx, [esp+50h+internal_array_64]
.text:005410F1
.text:005410F1 loc_5410F1:
.text:005410F1 xor esi, esi ;
.text:005410F3
.text:005410F3 loc_5410F3:
.text:005410F3 push esi ;
.text:005410F4 push edi ;
.text:005410F5 push ebp ; arg_0
.text:005410F6 call get_bit
.text:005410FB add esp, 0Ch
.text:005410FE mov [ebx+esi], al ;
.text:00541101 inc esi ;
.text:00541102 cmp esi, 8
.text:00541105 jl short loc_5410F3
.text:00541107 inc edi ;
.text:00541108 add ebx, 8
.text:0054110B cmp edi, 8
.text:0054110E jl short loc_5410F1
.text:00541110 lea ebx, [esp+50h+internal_array_64]
.text:00541114 mov edi, 7 ; 7
.text:00541119
.text:00541119 loc_541119:
.text:00541119 xor esi, esi ;
.text:0054111B
.text:0054111B loc_54111B:
.text:0054111B mov al, [ebx+esi] ;
.text:0054111E push eax
.text:0054111F push edi ;
.text:00541120 push esi ;
.text:00541121 push ebp ; arg_0
.text:00541122 call set_bit
.text:00541127 add esp, 10h
.text:0054112A inc esi ;
.text:0054112B cmp esi, 8
.text:0054112E jl short loc_54111B
.text:00541130 dec edi ;
.text:00541131 add ebx, 8

814
 79. QR9: ,
79. QR9:


,
.text:00541134 cmp edi, 0FFFFFFFFh
.text:00541137 jg short loc_541119
.text:00541139 pop edi
.text:0054113A pop esi
.text:0054113B pop ebp
.text:0054113C pop ebx
.text:0054113D add esp, 40h
.text:00541140 retn
.text:00541140 rotate2 endp

, get_bit() set_bit(). -
:
void rotate2 (int v)
{
bool tmp[8][8]; // internal array
int i, j;

for (i=0; i<8; i++)

for (j=0; j<8; j++)
tmp[i][j]=get_bit (v, i, j);

for (i=0; i<8; i++)

for (j=0; j<8; j++)
set_bit (v, j, 7i, tmp[i][j]);
};

rotate3():
void rotate3 (int v)
{
bool tmp[8][8];
int i, j;

for (i=0; i<8; i++)

for (j=0; j<8; j++)
tmp[i][j]=get_bit (i, v, j);

for (i=0; i<8; i++)

for (j=0; j<8; j++)
set_bit (7j, v, i, tmp[i][j]);
};

. cube64 8*8*8, , get_bit()

set_bit() .
rotate1/2/3 . , -
v 0..7
, 8*8*8 3 ?!
, .
decrypt(), :
void decrypt (BYTE *buf, int sz, char *pw)
{
char *p=strdup (pw);
strrev (p);
int i=0;

do
{
memcpy (cube, buf+i, 8*8);
rotate_all (p, 3);
memcpy (buf+i, cube, 8*8);
i+=64;
}
while (i<sz);

3 wikipedia

815
 79. QR9: ,
79. QR9:


,
free (p);
};

crypt(), strrev() 4 rotate_all()

3.
, , , rotate1/2/3 .
! , -
! ,
, .
rotate1(), , . rotate2(), , . rotate3(),
, .
rotate_all()
q=c'a';
if (q>24)
q=24;

int quotient=q/3; // in range 0..7

int remainder=q % 3;

switch (remainder)
{
case 0: for (int i=0; i<v; i++) rotate1 (quotient); break; // front
case 1: for (int i=0; i<v; i++) rotate2 (quotient); break; // top
case 2: for (int i=0; i<v; i++) rotate3 (quotient); break; // left
};

: ( ) ( ). 3*8 = 24,
24- .
: , , -
.
:
#include <windows.h>

#include <stdio.h>
#include <assert.h>

#define IS_SET(flag, bit) ((flag) & (bit))

#define SET_BIT(var, bit) ((var) |= (bit))
#define REMOVE_BIT(var, bit) ((var) &= ~(bit))

static BYTE cube[8][8];

void set_bit (int x, int y, int z, bool bit)

{
if (bit)
SET_BIT (cube[x][y], 1<<z);
else
REMOVE_BIT (cube[x][y], 1<<z);
};

bool get_bit (int x, int y, int z)

{
if ((cube[x][y]>>z)&1==1)
return true;
return false;
};

void rotate_f (int row)

{
bool tmp[8][8];
int x, y;

4 MSDN

816
 79. QR9: ,
79. QR9:


,
for (x=0; x<8; x++)
for (y=0; y<8; y++)
tmp[x][y]=get_bit (x, y, row);

for (x=0; x<8; x++)

for (y=0; y<8; y++)
set_bit (y, 7x, row, tmp[x][y]);
};

void rotate_t (int row)

{
bool tmp[8][8];
int y, z;

for (y=0; y<8; y++)

for (z=0; z<8; z++)
tmp[y][z]=get_bit (row, y, z);

for (y=0; y<8; y++)

for (z=0; z<8; z++)
set_bit (row, z, 7y, tmp[y][z]);
};

void rotate_l (int row)

{
bool tmp[8][8];
int x, z;

for (x=0; x<8; x++)

for (z=0; z<8; z++)
tmp[x][z]=get_bit (x, row, z);

for (x=0; x<8; x++)

for (z=0; z<8; z++)
set_bit (7z, row, x, tmp[x][z]);
};

void rotate_all (char *pwd, int v)

{
char *p=pwd;

while (*p)
{
char c=*p;
int q;

c=tolower (c);

if (c>='a' && c<='z')

{
q=c'a';
if (q>24)
q=24;

int quotient=q/3;
int remainder=q % 3;

switch (remainder)
{
case 0: for (int i=0; i<v; i++) rotate_f (quotient); break;
case 1: for (int i=0; i<v; i++) rotate_t (quotient); break;
case 2: for (int i=0; i<v; i++) rotate_l (quotient); break;
};
};

p++;
};
};

void crypt (BYTE *buf, int sz, char *pw)

817
 79. QR9: ,
79. QR9:


,
{
int i=0;

do
{
memcpy (cube, buf+i, 8*8);
rotate_all (pw, 1);
memcpy (buf+i, cube, 8*8);
i+=64;
}
while (i<sz);
};

void decrypt (BYTE *buf, int sz, char *pw)

{
char *p=strdup (pw);
strrev (p);
int i=0;

do
{
memcpy (cube, buf+i, 8*8);
rotate_all (p, 3);
memcpy (buf+i, cube, 8*8);
i+=64;
}
while (i<sz);

free (p);
};

void crypt_file(char *fin, char* fout, char *pw)

{
FILE *f;
int flen, flen_aligned;
BYTE *buf;

f=fopen(fin, "rb");

if (f==NULL)
{
printf ("Cannot open input file!\n");
return;
};

fseek (f, 0, SEEK_END);

flen=ftell (f);
fseek (f, 0, SEEK_SET);

flen_aligned=(flen&0xFFFFFFC0)+0x40;

buf=(BYTE*)malloc (flen_aligned);
memset (buf, 0, flen_aligned);

fread (buf, flen, 1, f);

fclose (f);

crypt (buf, flen_aligned, pw);

f=fopen(fout, "wb");

fwrite ("QR9", 3, 1, f);

fwrite (&flen, 4, 1, f);
fwrite (buf, flen_aligned, 1, f);

fclose (f);

free (buf);

818
 79. QR9: ,
79. QR9:


,
};

void decrypt_file(char *fin, char* fout, char *pw)

{
FILE *f;
int real_flen, flen;
BYTE *buf;

f=fopen(fin, "rb");

if (f==NULL)
{
printf ("Cannot open input file!\n");
return;
};

fseek (f, 0, SEEK_END);

flen=ftell (f);
fseek (f, 0, SEEK_SET);

buf=(BYTE*)malloc (flen);

fread (buf, flen, 1, f);

fclose (f);

if (memcmp (buf, "QR9", 3)!=0)

{
printf ("File is not encrypted!\n");
return;
};

memcpy (&real_flen, buf+3, 4);

decrypt (buf+(3+4), flen(3+4), pw);

f=fopen(fout, "wb");

fwrite (buf+(3+4), real_flen, 1, f);

fclose (f);

free (buf);
};

// run: input output 0/1 password

// 0 for encrypt, 1 for decrypt

int main(int argc, char *argv[])

{
if (argc!=5)
{
printf ("Incorrect parameters!\n");
return 1;
};

if (strcmp (argv[3], "0")==0)

crypt_file (argv[1], argv[2], argv[4]);
else
if (strcmp (argv[3], "1")==0)
decrypt_file (argv[1], argv[2], argv[4]);
else
printf ("Wrong param %s\n", argv[3]);

return 0;
};

819
 80. SAP 80. SAP

80

SAP

80.1. SAP
( TDW_NOCOMPRESS SAPGUI1
.)
, SAPGUI SAP , ( 2 3 ).
TDW_NOCOMPRESS 1,
.
, :

. 80.1:

, - .
, . : , TDW_NOCOMPRESS
- SAPGUI. : data compression switched off -
. FAR4 SAPguilib.dll.
SAPguilib.dll IDA TDW_NOCOMPRESS . ,
.
( SAPGUI 720 win32, SAPguilib.dll 7200,1,0,9009)
:
1 GUI- SAP
2 http://go.yurichev.com/17221
3 blog.yurichev.com
4 http://go.yurichev.com/17347

820
 80. SAP 80. SAP

.text:6440D51B lea eax, [ebp+2108h+var_211C]

.text:6440D51E push eax ; int
.text:6440D51F push offset aTdw_nocompress ; "TDW_NOCOMPRESS"
.text:6440D524 mov byte ptr [edi+15h], 0
.text:6440D528 call chk_env
.text:6440D52D pop ecx
.text:6440D52E pop ecx
.text:6440D52F push offset byte_64443AF8
.text:6440D534 lea ecx, [ebp+2108h+var_211C]

; demangled name: int ATL::CStringT::Compare(char const *)const

.text:6440D537 call ds:mfc90_1603
.text:6440D53D test eax, eax
.text:6440D53F jz short loc_6440D55A
.text:6440D541 lea ecx, [ebp+2108h+var_211C]

; demangled name: const char* ATL::CSimpleStringT::operator PCXSTR

.text:6440D544 call ds:mfc90_910
.text:6440D54A push eax ; Str
.text:6440D54B call ds:atoi
.text:6440D551 test eax, eax
.text:6440D553 setnz al
.text:6440D556 pop ecx
.text:6440D557 mov [edi+15h], al

chk_env() , MFC,
atoi()5 . , edi+15h .
chk_env ( ):
.text:64413F20 ; int __cdecl chk_env(char *VarName, int)
.text:64413F20 chk_env proc near
.text:64413F20
.text:64413F20 DstSize = dword ptr 0Ch
.text:64413F20 var_8 = dword ptr 8
.text:64413F20 DstBuf = dword ptr 4
.text:64413F20 VarName = dword ptr 8
.text:64413F20 arg_4 = dword ptr 0Ch
.text:64413F20
.text:64413F20 push ebp
.text:64413F21 mov ebp, esp
.text:64413F23 sub esp, 0Ch
.text:64413F26 mov [ebp+DstSize], 0
.text:64413F2D mov [ebp+DstBuf], 0
.text:64413F34 push offset unk_6444C88C
.text:64413F39 mov ecx, [ebp+arg_4]

; (demangled name) ATL::CStringT::operator=(char const *)

.text:64413F3C call ds:mfc90_820
.text:64413F42 mov eax, [ebp+VarName]
.text:64413F45 push eax ; VarName
.text:64413F46 mov ecx, [ebp+DstSize]
.text:64413F49 push ecx ; DstSize
.text:64413F4A mov edx, [ebp+DstBuf]
.text:64413F4D push edx ; DstBuf
.text:64413F4E lea eax, [ebp+DstSize]
.text:64413F51 push eax ; ReturnSize
.text:64413F52 call ds:getenv_s
.text:64413F58 add esp, 10h
.text:64413F5B mov [ebp+var_8], eax
.text:64413F5E cmp [ebp+var_8], 0
.text:64413F62 jz short loc_64413F68
.text:64413F64 xor eax, eax
.text:64413F66 jmp short loc_64413FBC
.text:64413F68
.text:64413F68 loc_64413F68:
.text:64413F68 cmp [ebp+DstSize], 0
.text:64413F6C jnz short loc_64413F72
5 ,

821
 80. SAP 80. SAP
.text:64413F6E xor eax, eax
.text:64413F70 jmp short loc_64413FBC
.text:64413F72
.text:64413F72 loc_64413F72:
.text:64413F72 mov ecx, [ebp+DstSize]
.text:64413F75 push ecx
.text:64413F76 mov ecx, [ebp+arg_4]

; demangled name: ATL::CSimpleStringT<char, 1>::Preallocate(int)

.text:64413F79 call ds:mfc90_2691
.text:64413F7F mov [ebp+DstBuf], eax
.text:64413F82 mov edx, [ebp+VarName]
.text:64413F85 push edx ; VarName
.text:64413F86 mov eax, [ebp+DstSize]
.text:64413F89 push eax ; DstSize
.text:64413F8A mov ecx, [ebp+DstBuf]
.text:64413F8D push ecx ; DstBuf
.text:64413F8E lea edx, [ebp+DstSize]
.text:64413F91 push edx ; ReturnSize
.text:64413F92 call ds:getenv_s
.text:64413F98 add esp, 10h
.text:64413F9B mov [ebp+var_8], eax
.text:64413F9E push 0FFFFFFFFh
.text:64413FA0 mov ecx, [ebp+arg_4]

; demangled name: ATL::CSimpleStringT::ReleaseBuffer(int)

.text:64413FA3 call ds:mfc90_5835
.text:64413FA9 cmp [ebp+var_8], 0
.text:64413FAD jz short loc_64413FB3
.text:64413FAF xor eax, eax
.text:64413FB1 jmp short loc_64413FBC
.text:64413FB3
.text:64413FB3 loc_64413FB3:
.text:64413FB3 mov ecx, [ebp+arg_4]

; demangled name: const char* ATL::CSimpleStringT::operator PCXSTR

.text:64413FB6 call ds:mfc90_910
.text:64413FBC
.text:64413FBC loc_64413FBC:
.text:64413FBC
.text:64413FBC mov esp, ebp
.text:64413FBE pop ebp
.text:64413FBF retn
.text:64413FBF chk_env endp

. getenv_s()6 getenv()7 MSVC .

MFC .
. SAPGUI
-, :
6 MSDN
7 ,

822
 80. SAP 80. SAP
DPTRACE GUI-OPTION: Trace set to %d
TDW_HEXDUMP GUI-OPTION: Hexdump enabled
TDW_WORKDIR GUI-OPTION: working directory %s
TDW_SPLASHSRCEENOFF GUI-OPTION: Splash Screen Off / GUI-OPTION: Splash Screen On
TDW_REPLYTIMEOUT GUI-OPTION: reply timeout %d milliseconds
TDW_PLAYBACKTIMEOUT GUI-OPTION: PlaybackTimeout set to %d milliseconds
TDW_NOCOMPRESS GUI-OPTION: no compression read
TDW_EXPERT GUI-OPTION: expert mode
TDW_PLAYBACKPROGRESS GUI-OPTION: PlaybackProgress
TDW_PLAYBACKNETTRAFFIC GUI-OPTION: PlaybackNetTrafc
TDW_PLAYLOG GUI-OPTION: /PlayLog is YES, le %s
TDW_PLAYTIME GUI-OPTION: /PlayTime set to %d milliseconds
TDW_LOGFILE GUI-OPTION: TDW_LOGFILE %s
TDW_WAN GUI-OPTION: WAN - low speed connection enabled
TDW_FULLMENU GUI-OPTION: FullMenu enabled
SAP_CP / SAP_CODEPAGE GUI-OPTION: SAP_CODEPAGE %d
UPDOWNLOAD_CP GUI-OPTION: UPDOWNLOAD_CP %d
SNC_PARTNERNAME GUI-OPTION: SNC name %s
SNC_QOP GUI-OPTION: SNC_QOP %s
SNC_LIB GUI-OPTION: SNC is set to: %s
SAPGUI_INPLACE GUI-OPTION: environment variable SAPGUI_INPLACE is on
EDI. EDI
:
.text:6440EE00 lea edi, [ebp+2884h+var_2884] ; options here like +0x15...
.text:6440EE03 lea ecx, [esi+24h]
.text:6440EE06 call load_command_line
.text:6440EE0B mov edi, eax
.text:6440EE0D xor ebx, ebx
.text:6440EE0F cmp edi, ebx
.text:6440EE11 jz short loc_6440EE42
.text:6440EE13 push edi
.text:6440EE14 push offset aSapguiStoppedA ; "Sapgui stopped after commandline
interp"...
.text:6440EE19 push dword_644F93E8
.text:6440EE1F call FEWTraceError

, data record mode switched on? ,

CDwsGui::PrepareInfoWindow(). /?
, - :
.text:64405160 push dword ptr [esi+2854h]
.text:64405166 push offset aCdwsguiPrepare ; "\nCDwsGui::PrepareInfoWindow: sapgui
env"...
.text:6440516B push dword ptr [esi+2848h]
.text:64405171 call dbg
.text:64405176 add esp, 0Ch

:
.text:6440237A push eax
.text:6440237B push offset aCclientStart_6 ; "CClient::Start: set shortcut user to
'\%"...
.text:64402380 push dword ptr [edi+4]
.text:64402383 call dbg
.text:64402388 add esp, 0Ch

.
:
.text:64404F4F CDwsGui__PrepareInfoWindow proc near
.text:64404F4F
.text:64404F4F pvParam = byte ptr 3Ch
.text:64404F4F var_38 = dword ptr 38h
.text:64404F4F var_34 = dword ptr 34h
.text:64404F4F rc = tagRECT ptr 2Ch
.text:64404F4F cy = dword ptr 1Ch

823
 80. SAP 80. SAP
.text:64404F4F h = dword ptr 18h
.text:64404F4F var_14 = dword ptr 14h
.text:64404F4F var_10 = dword ptr 10h
.text:64404F4F var_4 = dword ptr 4
.text:64404F4F
.text:64404F4F push 30h
.text:64404F51 mov eax, offset loc_64438E00
.text:64404F56 call __EH_prolog3
.text:64404F5B mov esi, ecx ; ECX is pointer to object
.text:64404F5D xor ebx, ebx
.text:64404F5F lea ecx, [ebp+var_14]
.text:64404F62 mov [ebp+var_10], ebx

; demangled name: ATL::CStringT(void)

.text:64404F65 call ds:mfc90_316
.text:64404F6B mov [ebp+var_4], ebx
.text:64404F6E lea edi, [esi+2854h]
.text:64404F74 push offset aEnvironmentInf ; "Environment information:\n"
.text:64404F79 mov ecx, edi

; demangled name: ATL::CStringT::operator=(char const *)

.text:64404F7B call ds:mfc90_820
.text:64404F81 cmp [esi+38h], ebx
.text:64404F84 mov ebx, ds:mfc90_2539
.text:64404F8A jbe short loc_64404FA9
.text:64404F8C push dword ptr [esi+34h]
.text:64404F8F lea eax, [ebp+var_14]
.text:64404F92 push offset aWorkingDirecto ; "working directory: '\%s'\n"
.text:64404F97 push eax

; demangled name: ATL::CStringT::Format(char const *,...)

.text:64404F98 call ebx ; mfc90_2539
.text:64404F9A add esp, 0Ch
.text:64404F9D lea eax, [ebp+var_14]
.text:64404FA0 push eax
.text:64404FA1 mov ecx, edi

; demangled name: ATL::CStringT::operator+=(class ATL::CSimpleStringT<char, 1> const &)

.text:64404FA3 call ds:mfc90_941
.text:64404FA9
.text:64404FA9 loc_64404FA9:
.text:64404FA9 mov eax, [esi+38h]
.text:64404FAC test eax, eax
.text:64404FAE jbe short loc_64404FD3
.text:64404FB0 push eax
.text:64404FB1 lea eax, [ebp+var_14]
.text:64404FB4 push offset aTraceLevelDAct ; "trace level \%d activated\n"
.text:64404FB9 push eax

; demangled name: ATL::CStringT::Format(char const *,...)

.text:64404FBA call ebx ; mfc90_2539
.text:64404FBC add esp, 0Ch
.text:64404FBF lea eax, [ebp+var_14]
.text:64404FC2 push eax
.text:64404FC3 mov ecx, edi

; demangled name: ATL::CStringT::operator+=(class ATL::CSimpleStringT<char, 1> const &)

.text:64404FC5 call ds:mfc90_941
.text:64404FCB xor ebx, ebx
.text:64404FCD inc ebx
.text:64404FCE mov [ebp+var_10], ebx
.text:64404FD1 jmp short loc_64404FD6
.text:64404FD3
.text:64404FD3 loc_64404FD3:
.text:64404FD3 xor ebx, ebx
.text:64404FD5 inc ebx
.text:64404FD6
.text:64404FD6 loc_64404FD6:
.text:64404FD6 cmp [esi+38h], ebx
.text:64404FD9 jbe short loc_64404FF1

824
 80. SAP 80. SAP
.text:64404FDB cmp dword ptr [esi+2978h], 0
.text:64404FE2 jz short loc_64404FF1
.text:64404FE4 push offset aHexdumpInTrace ; "hexdump in trace activated\n"
.text:64404FE9 mov ecx, edi

; demangled name: ATL::CStringT::operator+=(char const *)

.text:64404FEB call ds:mfc90_945
.text:64404FF1
.text:64404FF1 loc_64404FF1:
.text:64404FF1
.text:64404FF1 cmp byte ptr [esi+78h], 0
.text:64404FF5 jz short loc_64405007
.text:64404FF7 push offset aLoggingActivat ; "logging activated\n"
.text:64404FFC mov ecx, edi

; demangled name: ATL::CStringT::operator+=(char const *)

.text:64404FFE call ds:mfc90_945
.text:64405004 mov [ebp+var_10], ebx
.text:64405007
.text:64405007 loc_64405007:
.text:64405007 cmp byte ptr [esi+3Dh], 0
.text:6440500B jz short bypass
.text:6440500D push offset aDataCompressio ; "data compression switched off\n"
.text:64405012 mov ecx, edi

; demangled name: ATL::CStringT::operator+=(char const *)

.text:64405014 call ds:mfc90_945
.text:6440501A mov [ebp+var_10], ebx
.text:6440501D
.text:6440501D bypass:
.text:6440501D mov eax, [esi+20h]
.text:64405020 test eax, eax
.text:64405022 jz short loc_6440503A
.text:64405024 cmp dword ptr [eax+28h], 0
.text:64405028 jz short loc_6440503A
.text:6440502A push offset aDataRecordMode ; "data record mode switched on\n"
.text:6440502F mov ecx, edi

; demangled name: ATL::CStringT::operator+=(char const *)

.text:64405031 call ds:mfc90_945
.text:64405037 mov [ebp+var_10], ebx
.text:6440503A
.text:6440503A loc_6440503A:
.text:6440503A
.text:6440503A mov ecx, edi
.text:6440503C cmp [ebp+var_10], ebx
.text:6440503F jnz loc_64405142
.text:64405045 push offset aForMaximumData ; "\nFor maximum data security delete\
nthe s"...

; demangled name: ATL::CStringT::operator+=(char const *)

.text:6440504A call ds:mfc90_945
.text:64405050 xor edi, edi
.text:64405052 push edi ; fWinIni
.text:64405053 lea eax, [ebp+pvParam]
.text:64405056 push eax ; pvParam
.text:64405057 push edi ; uiParam
.text:64405058 push 30h ; uiAction
.text:6440505A call ds:SystemParametersInfoA
.text:64405060 mov eax, [ebp+var_34]
.text:64405063 cmp eax, 1600
.text:64405068 jle short loc_64405072
.text:6440506A cdq
.text:6440506B sub eax, edx
.text:6440506D sar eax, 1
.text:6440506F mov [ebp+var_34], eax
.text:64405072
.text:64405072 loc_64405072:
.text:64405072 push edi ; hWnd
.text:64405073 mov [ebp+cy], 0A0h

825
 80. SAP 80. SAP
.text:6440507A call ds:GetDC
.text:64405080 mov [ebp+var_10], eax
.text:64405083 mov ebx, 12Ch
.text:64405088 cmp eax, edi
.text:6440508A jz loc_64405113
.text:64405090 push 11h ; i
.text:64405092 call ds:GetStockObject
.text:64405098 mov edi, ds:SelectObject
.text:6440509E push eax ; h
.text:6440509F push [ebp+var_10] ; hdc
.text:644050A2 call edi ; SelectObject
.text:644050A4 and [ebp+rc.left], 0
.text:644050A8 and [ebp+rc.top], 0
.text:644050AC mov [ebp+h], eax
.text:644050AF push 401h ; format
.text:644050B4 lea eax, [ebp+rc]
.text:644050B7 push eax ; lprc
.text:644050B8 lea ecx, [esi+2854h]
.text:644050BE mov [ebp+rc.right], ebx
.text:644050C1 mov [ebp+rc.bottom], 0B4h

; demangled name: ATL::CSimpleStringT::GetLength(void)

.text:644050C8 call ds:mfc90_3178
.text:644050CE push eax ; cchText
.text:644050CF lea ecx, [esi+2854h]

; demangled name: const char* ATL::CSimpleStringT::operator PCXSTR

.text:644050D5 call ds:mfc90_910
.text:644050DB push eax ; lpchText
.text:644050DC push [ebp+var_10] ; hdc
.text:644050DF call ds:DrawTextA
.text:644050E5 push 4 ; nIndex
.text:644050E7 call ds:GetSystemMetrics
.text:644050ED mov ecx, [ebp+rc.bottom]
.text:644050F0 sub ecx, [ebp+rc.top]
.text:644050F3 cmp [ebp+h], 0
.text:644050F7 lea eax, [eax+ecx+28h]
.text:644050FB mov [ebp+cy], eax
.text:644050FE jz short loc_64405108
.text:64405100 push [ebp+h] ; h
.text:64405103 push [ebp+var_10] ; hdc
.text:64405106 call edi ; SelectObject
.text:64405108
.text:64405108 loc_64405108:
.text:64405108 push [ebp+var_10] ; hDC
.text:6440510B push 0 ; hWnd
.text:6440510D call ds:ReleaseDC
.text:64405113
.text:64405113 loc_64405113:
.text:64405113 mov eax, [ebp+var_38]
.text:64405116 push 80h ; uFlags
.text:6440511B push [ebp+cy] ; cy
.text:6440511E inc eax
.text:6440511F push ebx ; cx
.text:64405120 push eax ; Y
.text:64405121 mov eax, [ebp+var_34]
.text:64405124 add eax, 0FFFFFED4h
.text:64405129 cdq
.text:6440512A sub eax, edx
.text:6440512C sar eax, 1
.text:6440512E push eax ; X
.text:6440512F push 0 ; hWndInsertAfter
.text:64405131 push dword ptr [esi+285Ch] ; hWnd
.text:64405137 call ds:SetWindowPos
.text:6440513D xor ebx, ebx
.text:6440513F inc ebx
.text:64405140 jmp short loc_6440514D
.text:64405142
.text:64405142 loc_64405142:
.text:64405142 push offset byte_64443AF8

826
 80. SAP 80. SAP

; demangled name: ATL::CStringT::operator=(char const *)

.text:64405147 call ds:mfc90_820
.text:6440514D
.text:6440514D loc_6440514D:
.text:6440514D cmp dword_6450B970, ebx
.text:64405153 jl short loc_64405188
.text:64405155 call sub_6441C910
.text:6440515A mov dword_644F858C, ebx
.text:64405160 push dword ptr [esi+2854h]
.text:64405166 push offset aCdwsguiPrepare ; "\nCDwsGui::PrepareInfoWindow: sapgui
env"...
.text:6440516B push dword ptr [esi+2848h]
.text:64405171 call dbg
.text:64405176 add esp, 0Ch
.text:64405179 mov dword_644F858C, 2
.text:64405183 call sub_6441C920
.text:64405188
.text:64405188 loc_64405188:
.text:64405188 or [ebp+var_4], 0FFFFFFFFh
.text:6440518C lea ecx, [ebp+var_14]

; demangled name: ATL::CStringT::~CStringT()

.text:6440518F call ds:mfc90_601
.text:64405195 call __EH_epilog3
.text:6440519A retn
.text:6440519A CDwsGui__PrepareInfoWindow endp

ECX ( thiscall (51.1.1 (. 564))).

, , , CDwsGui. ,
.
this+0x3D , :
.text:64405007 loc_64405007:
.text:64405007 cmp byte ptr [esi+3Dh], 0
.text:6440500B jz short bypass
.text:6440500D push offset aDataCompressio ; "data compression switched off\n"
.text:64405012 mov ecx, edi

; demangled name: ATL::CStringT::operator+=(char const *)

.text:64405014 call ds:mfc90_945
.text:6440501A mov [ebp+var_10], ebx
.text:6440501D
.text:6440501D bypass:

, , var_10 , :
.text:6440503C cmp [ebp+var_10], ebx
.text:6440503F jnz exit ; bypass drawing

; "For maximum data security delete" / "the setting(s) as soon as possible !":

.text:64405045 push offset aForMaximumData ; "\nFor maximum data security delete\

nthe s"...
.text:6440504A call ds:mfc90_945 ; ATL::CStringT::operator+=(char const *)
.text:64405050 xor edi, edi
.text:64405052 push edi ; fWinIni
.text:64405053 lea eax, [ebp+pvParam]
.text:64405056 push eax ; pvParam
.text:64405057 push edi ; uiParam
.text:64405058 push 30h ; uiAction
.text:6440505A call ds:SystemParametersInfoA
.text:64405060 mov eax, [ebp+var_34]
.text:64405063 cmp eax, 1600
.text:64405068 jle short loc_64405072
.text:6440506A cdq
.text:6440506B sub eax, edx
.text:6440506D sar eax, 1
.text:6440506F mov [ebp+var_34], eax

827
 80. SAP 80. SAP
.text:64405072
.text:64405072 loc_64405072:

.text:64405072 push edi ; hWnd

.text:64405073 mov [ebp+cy], 0A0h
.text:6440507A call ds:GetDC

.
JNZ
.text:6440503F jnz exit ;

JMP SAPGUI !
0x15 load_command_line() (
) this+0x3D CDwsGui::PrepareInfoWindow. ?
0x15. SAPGUI,
. :
.text:64404C19 sub_64404C19 proc near
.text:64404C19
.text:64404C19 arg_0 = dword ptr 4
.text:64404C19
.text:64404C19 push ebx
.text:64404C1A push ebp
.text:64404C1B push esi
.text:64404C1C push edi
.text:64404C1D mov edi, [esp+10h+arg_0]
.text:64404C21 mov eax, [edi]
.text:64404C23 mov esi, ecx ; ESI/ECX are pointers to some unknown object.
.text:64404C25 mov [esi], eax
.text:64404C27 mov eax, [edi+4]
.text:64404C2A mov [esi+4], eax
.text:64404C2D mov eax, [edi+8]
.text:64404C30 mov [esi+8], eax
.text:64404C33 lea eax, [edi+0Ch]
.text:64404C36 push eax
.text:64404C37 lea ecx, [esi+0Ch]

; demangled name: ATL::CStringT::operator=(class ATL::CStringT ... &)

.text:64404C3A call ds:mfc90_817
.text:64404C40 mov eax, [edi+10h]
.text:64404C43 mov [esi+10h], eax
.text:64404C46 mov al, [edi+14h]
.text:64404C49 mov [esi+14h], al
.text:64404C4C mov al, [edi+15h] ; copy byte from 0x15 offset
.text:64404C4F mov [esi+15h], al ; to 0x15 offset in CDwsGui object

CDwsGui::CopyOptions! .
CDwsGui::Init():
.text:6440B0BF loc_6440B0BF:
.text:6440B0BF mov eax, [ebp+arg_0]
.text:6440B0C2 push [ebp+arg_4]
.text:6440B0C5 mov [esi+2844h], eax
.text:6440B0CB lea eax, [esi+28h] ; ESI is pointer to CDwsGui object
.text:6440B0CE push eax
.text:6440B0CF call CDwsGui__CopyOptions

: load_command_line() CDwsGui
this+0x28. 0x15 + 0x28 0x3D. , , .
, 0x3D. CDwsGui::SapguiRun
( ):
.text:64409D58 cmp [esi+3Dh], bl ; ESI is pointer to CDwsGui object
.text:64409D5B lea ecx, [esi+2B8h]

828
 80. SAP 80. SAP
.text:64409D61 setz al
.text:64409D64 push eax ; arg_10 of CConnectionContext::CreateNetwork
.text:64409D65 push dword ptr [esi+64h]

; demangled name: const char* ATL::CSimpleStringT::operator PCXSTR

.text:64409D68 call ds:mfc90_910
.text:64409D68 ; no arguments
.text:64409D6E push eax
.text:64409D6F lea ecx, [esi+2BCh]

; demangled name: const char* ATL::CSimpleStringT::operator PCXSTR

.text:64409D75 call ds:mfc90_910
.text:64409D75 ; no arguments
.text:64409D7B push eax
.text:64409D7C push esi
.text:64409D7D lea ecx, [esi+8]
.text:64409D80 call CConnectionContext__CreateNetwork

. setz al xor eax, eax / nop, TDW_NOCOMPRESS

SAPGUI. ! ( : ),
Wireshark , ! ,
CConnectionContext.
, CConnectionContext::CreateNetwork. ,
:
...
.text:64403476 push [ebp+compression]
.text:64403479 push [ebp+arg_C]
.text:6440347C push [ebp+arg_8]
.text:6440347F push [ebp+arg_4]
.text:64403482 push [ebp+arg_0]
.text:64403485 call CNetwork__CNetwork

CNetwork::CNetwork.
CNetwork CNetwork
- , , .
.text:64411DF1 cmp [ebp+compression], esi
.text:64411DF7 jz short set_EAX_to_0
.text:64411DF9 mov al, [ebx+78h] ; another value may affect compression?
.text:64411DFC cmp al, '3'
.text:64411DFE jz short set_EAX_to_1
.text:64411E00 cmp al, '4'
.text:64411E02 jnz short set_EAX_to_0
.text:64411E04
.text:64411E04 set_EAX_to_1:
.text:64411E04 xor eax, eax
.text:64411E06 inc eax ; EAX > 1
.text:64411E07 jmp short loc_64411E0B
.text:64411E09
.text:64411E09 set_EAX_to_0:
.text:64411E09
.text:64411E09 xor eax, eax ; EAX > 0
.text:64411E0B
.text:64411E0B loc_64411E0B:
.text:64411E0B mov [ebx+3A4h], eax ; EBX is pointer to CNetwork object

, CNetwork this+0x3A4.
0x3A4 SAPguilib.dll. CDwsGui::OnClientMessageW
( ):
.text:64406F76 loc_64406F76:
.text:64406F76 mov ecx, [ebp+7728h+var_7794]
.text:64406F79 cmp dword ptr [ecx+3A4h], 1
.text:64406F80 jnz compression_flag_is_zero
.text:64406F86 mov byte ptr [ebx+7], 1
.text:64406F8A mov eax, [esi+18h]
.text:64406F8D mov ecx, eax

829
 80. SAP 80. SAP
.text:64406F8F test eax, eax
.text:64406F91 ja short loc_64406FFF
.text:64406F93 mov ecx, [esi+14h]
.text:64406F96 mov eax, [esi+20h]
.text:64406F99
.text:64406F99 loc_64406F99:
.text:64406F99 push dword ptr [edi+2868h] ; int
.text:64406F9F lea edx, [ebp+7728h+var_77A4]
.text:64406FA2 push edx ; int
.text:64406FA3 push 30000 ; int
.text:64406FA8 lea edx, [ebp+7728h+Dst]
.text:64406FAB push edx ; Dst
.text:64406FAC push ecx ; int
.text:64406FAD push eax ; Src
.text:64406FAE push dword ptr [edi+28C0h] ; int
.text:64406FB4 call sub_644055C5 ; actual compression routine
.text:64406FB9 add esp, 1Ch
.text:64406FBC cmp eax, 0FFFFFFF6h
.text:64406FBF jz short loc_64407004
.text:64406FC1 cmp eax, 1
.text:64406FC4 jz loc_6440708C
.text:64406FCA cmp eax, 2
.text:64406FCD jz short loc_64407004
.text:64406FCF push eax
.text:64406FD0 push offset aCompressionErr ; "compression error [rc = \%d] program
wi"...
.text:64406FD5 push offset aGui_err_compre ; "GUI_ERR_COMPRESS"
.text:64406FDA push dword ptr [edi+28D0h]
.text:64406FE0 call SapPcTxtRead

sub_644055C5. memcpy() - ,
IDA sub_64417440.
sub_64417440. :
.text:6441747C push offset aErrorCsrcompre ; "\nERROR: CsRCompress: invalid handle"
.text:64417481 call eax ; dword_644F94C8
.text:64417483 add esp, 4

Voil! . 8 ,
SAP - MaxDB. .
:
.text:64406F79 cmp dword ptr [ecx+3A4h], 1
.text:64406F80 jnz compression_flag_is_zero

JNZ JMP. TDW_NOCOMPRESS. ! Wireshark

, , , . , , .
,
.

80.2. SAP 6.0

SAP 6.0 IDES
VMware, , , , : Password
logon no longer possible - too many failed attempts, , .
, SAP PDB- disp+work.pdb, :
, , , , , .. !
TYPEINFODUMP9 PDB- - grep-.
: + + :
8 http://go.yurichev.com/17312
9 http://go.yurichev.com/17038

830
 80. SAP 80. SAP

FUNCTION ThVmcSysEvent
Address: 10143190 Size: 675 bytes Index: 60483 TypeIndex: 60484
Type: int NEAR_C ThVmcSysEvent (unsigned int, unsigned char, unsigned short*)
Flags: 0
PARAMETER events
Address: Reg335+288 Size: 4 bytes Index: 60488 TypeIndex: 60489
Type: unsigned int
Flags: d0
PARAMETER opcode
Address: Reg335+296 Size: 1 bytes Index: 60490 TypeIndex: 60491
Type: unsigned char
Flags: d0
PARAMETER serverName
Address: Reg335+304 Size: 8 bytes Index: 60492 TypeIndex: 60493
Type: unsigned short*
Flags: d0
STATIC_LOCAL_VAR func
Address: 12274af0 Size: 8 bytes Index: 60495 TypeIndex: 60496
Type: wchar_t*
Flags: 80
LOCAL_VAR admhead
Address: Reg335+304 Size: 8 bytes Index: 60498 TypeIndex: 60499
Type: unsigned char*
Flags: 90
LOCAL_VAR record
Address: Reg335+64 Size: 204 bytes Index: 60501 TypeIndex: 60502
Type: AD_RECORD
Flags: 90
LOCAL_VAR adlen
Address: Reg335+296 Size: 4 bytes Index: 60508 TypeIndex: 60509
Type: int
Flags: 90

:
STRUCT DBSL_STMTID
Size: 120 Variables: 4 Functions: 0 Base classes: 0
MEMBER moduletype
Type: DBSL_MODULETYPE
Offset: 0 Index: 3 TypeIndex: 38653
MEMBER module
Type: wchar_t module[40]
Offset: 4 Index: 3 TypeIndex: 831
MEMBER stmtnum
Type: long
Offset: 84 Index: 3 TypeIndex: 440
MEMBER timestamp
Type: wchar_t timestamp[15]
Offset: 88 Index: 3 TypeIndex: 6612

!
: , , .
ct_level10 , .
disp+work.exe :
cmp cs:ct_level, 1
jl short loc_1400375DA
call DpLock
lea rcx, aDpxxtool4_c ; "dpxxtool4.c"
mov edx, 4Eh ; line
call CTrcSaveLocation
mov r8, cs:func_48
mov rcx, cs:hdl ; hdl
lea rdx, aSDpreadmemvalu ; "%s: DpReadMemValue (%d)"
mov r9d, ebx
call DpTrcErr
10 : http://go.yurichev.com/17039

831
 80. SAP 80. SAP
call DpUnlock

, -
- dev_w0, dev_disp dev*.
grep- TYPEINFODUMP:
cat "disp+work.pdb.d" | grep FUNCTION | grep i password

:
FUNCTION rcui::AgiPassword::DiagISelection
FUNCTION ssf_password_encrypt
FUNCTION ssf_password_decrypt
FUNCTION password_logon_disabled
FUNCTION dySignSkipUserPassword
FUNCTION migrate_password_history
FUNCTION password_is_initial
FUNCTION rcui::AgiPassword::IsVisible
FUNCTION password_distance_ok
FUNCTION get_password_downwards_compatibility
FUNCTION dySignUnSkipUserPassword
FUNCTION rcui::AgiPassword::GetTypeName
FUNCTION `rcui::AgiPassword::AgiPassword'::`1'::dtor$2
FUNCTION `rcui::AgiPassword::AgiPassword'::`1'::dtor$0
FUNCTION `rcui::AgiPassword::AgiPassword'::`1'::dtor$1
FUNCTION usm_set_password
FUNCTION rcui::AgiPassword::TraceTo
FUNCTION days_since_last_password_change
FUNCTION rsecgrp_generate_random_password
FUNCTION rcui::AgiPassword::`scalar deleting destructor'
FUNCTION password_attempt_limit_exceeded
FUNCTION handle_incorrect_password
FUNCTION `rcui::AgiPassword::`scalar deleting destructor''::`1'::dtor$1
FUNCTION calculate_new_password_hash
FUNCTION shift_password_to_history
FUNCTION rcui::AgiPassword::GetType
FUNCTION found_password_in_history
FUNCTION `rcui::AgiPassword::`scalar deleting destructor''::`1'::dtor$0
FUNCTION rcui::AgiObj::IsaPassword
FUNCTION password_idle_check
FUNCTION SlicHwPasswordForDay
FUNCTION rcui::AgiPassword::IsaPassword
FUNCTION rcui::AgiPassword::AgiPassword
FUNCTION delete_user_password
FUNCTION usm_set_user_password
FUNCTION Password_API
FUNCTION get_password_change_for_SSO
FUNCTION password_in_USR40
FUNCTION rsec_agrp_abap_generate_random_password

password locked.
user was locked by subsequently failed password logon attempts
password_attempt_limit_exceeded().
, - : password logon attempt will be rejected
immediately (preventing dictionary attacks), failed-logon lock: expired (but not removed due to read-only operation), failed-
logon lock: expired => removed.
, .
chckpass() .
, , :
tracer:
tracer64.exe a:disp+work.exe bpf=disp+work.exe!chckpass,args:3,unicode

PID=2236|TID=2248|(0) disp+work.exe!chckpass (0x202c770, L"Brewered1 ",

0x41) (called from 0x1402f1060 (disp+work.exe!usrexist+0x3c0))
PID=2236|TID=2248|(0) disp+work.exe!chckpass > 0x35

832
 80. SAP 80. SAP
: syssigni() -> DyISigni() -> dychkusr() -> usrexist() -> chckpass().
0x35 chckpass() :
.text:00000001402ED567 loc_1402ED567: ; CODE XREF: chckpass+B4
.text:00000001402ED567 mov rcx, rbx ; usr02
.text:00000001402ED56A call password_idle_check
.text:00000001402ED56F cmp eax, 33h
.text:00000001402ED572 jz loc_1402EDB4E
.text:00000001402ED578 cmp eax, 36h
.text:00000001402ED57B jz loc_1402EDB3D
.text:00000001402ED581 xor edx, edx ; usr02_readonly
.text:00000001402ED583 mov rcx, rbx ; usr02
.text:00000001402ED586 call password_attempt_limit_exceeded
.text:00000001402ED58B test al, al
.text:00000001402ED58D jz short loc_1402ED5A0
.text:00000001402ED58F mov eax, 35h
.text:00000001402ED594 add rsp, 60h
.text:00000001402ED598 pop r14
.text:00000001402ED59A pop r12
.text:00000001402ED59C pop rdi
.text:00000001402ED59D pop rsi
.text:00000001402ED59E pop rbx
.text:00000001402ED59F retn

, :
tracer64.exe a:disp+work.exe bpf=disp+work.exe!password_attempt_limit_exceeded,args:4,unicode,rt:0

PID=2744|TID=360|(0) disp+work.exe!password_attempt_limit_exceeded (0x202c770, 0, 0x257758, 0) (called

from 0x1402ed58b (disp+work.exe!chckpass+0xeb))
PID=2744|TID=360|(0) disp+work.exe!password_attempt_limit_exceeded > 1
PID=2744|TID=360|We modify return value (EAX/RAX) of this function to 0
PID=2744|TID=360|(0) disp+work.exe!password_attempt_limit_exceeded (0x202c770, 0, 0, 0) (called from 0
x1402e9794 (disp+work.exe!chngpass+0xe4))
PID=2744|TID=360|(0) disp+work.exe!password_attempt_limit_exceeded > 1
PID=2744|TID=360|We modify return value (EAX/RAX) of this function to 0

! .
, , chckpass() ,
:
tracer64.exe a:disp+work.exe bpf=disp+work.exe!chckpass,args:3,unicode,rt:0

PID=2744|TID=360|(0) disp+work.exe!chckpass (0x202c770, L"bogus ", 0

x41) (called from 0x1402f1060 (disp+work.exe!usrexist+0x3c0))
PID=2744|TID=360|(0) disp+work.exe!chckpass > 0x35
PID=2744|TID=360|We modify return value (EAX/RAX) of this function to 0

, password_attempt_limit_exceeded(), ,
:
lea rcx, aLoginFailed_us ; "login/failed_user_auto_unlock"
call sapgparam
test rax, rax
jz short loc_1402E19DE
movzx eax, word ptr [rax]
cmp ax, 'N'
jz short loc_1402E19D4
cmp ax, 'n'
jz short loc_1402E19D4
cmp ax, '0'
jnz short loc_1402E19DE

, sapgparam() - . -
1768 . , ,
, .
! , Oracle RDBMS. , disp+work
++. , ?

833
 81. ORACLE RDBMS 81. ORACLE RDBMS

81

Oracle RDBMS

81.1. V$VERSION Oracle RDBMS

Oracle RDBMS 11.2 , oracle.exe 124 .
, Windows 7 x64 (ntoskrnl.exe) 11 , Linux 3.9.8 (
) 31 .
. Oracle RDBMS , SQL*Plus
:
SQL> select * from V$VERSION;

:
BANNER

Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 Production

PL/SQL Release 11.2.0.1.0 Production
CORE 11.2.0.1.0 Production
TNS for 32bit Windows: Version 11.2.0.1.0 Production
NLSRTL Version 11.2.0.1.0 Production

. Oracle RDBMS V$VERSION?

win32-, oracle.exe, . -
(.o) Oracle RDBMS Linux, -
, oracle.exe win32 .
, V$VERSION kqf.o, Oracle- libserver11.a.
kqfviw, kqf.o:

81.1: kqf.o
.rodata:0800C4A0 kqfviw dd 0Bh ; DATA XREF: kqfchk:loc_8003A6D
.rodata:0800C4A0 ; kqfgbn+34
.rodata:0800C4A4 dd offset _2__STRING_10102_0 ; "GV$WAITSTAT"
.rodata:0800C4A8 dd 4
.rodata:0800C4AC dd offset _2__STRING_10103_0 ; "NULL"
.rodata:0800C4B0 dd 3
.rodata:0800C4B4 dd 0
.rodata:0800C4B8 dd 195h
.rodata:0800C4BC dd 4
.rodata:0800C4C0 dd 0
.rodata:0800C4C4 dd 0FFFFC1CBh
.rodata:0800C4C8 dd 3
.rodata:0800C4CC dd 0
.rodata:0800C4D0 dd 0Ah
.rodata:0800C4D4 dd offset _2__STRING_10104_0 ; "V$WAITSTAT"
.rodata:0800C4D8 dd 4
.rodata:0800C4DC dd offset _2__STRING_10103_0 ; "NULL"
.rodata:0800C4E0 dd 3
.rodata:0800C4E4 dd 0
.rodata:0800C4E8 dd 4Eh

834
 81. ORACLE RDBMS 81. ORACLE RDBMS
.rodata:0800C4EC dd 3
.rodata:0800C4F0 dd 0
.rodata:0800C4F4 dd 0FFFFC003h
.rodata:0800C4F8 dd 4
.rodata:0800C4FC dd 0
.rodata:0800C500 dd 5
.rodata:0800C504 dd offset _2__STRING_10105_0 ; "GV$BH"
.rodata:0800C508 dd 4
.rodata:0800C50C dd offset _2__STRING_10103_0 ; "NULL"
.rodata:0800C510 dd 3
.rodata:0800C514 dd 0
.rodata:0800C518 dd 269h
.rodata:0800C51C dd 15h
.rodata:0800C520 dd 0
.rodata:0800C524 dd 0FFFFC1EDh
.rodata:0800C528 dd 8
.rodata:0800C52C dd 0
.rodata:0800C530 dd 4
.rodata:0800C534 dd offset _2__STRING_10106_0 ; "V$BH"
.rodata:0800C538 dd 4
.rodata:0800C53C dd offset _2__STRING_10103_0 ; "NULL"
.rodata:0800C540 dd 3
.rodata:0800C544 dd 0
.rodata:0800C548 dd 0F5h
.rodata:0800C54C dd 14h
.rodata:0800C550 dd 0
.rodata:0800C554 dd 0FFFFC1EEh
.rodata:0800C558 dd 5
.rodata:0800C55C dd 0

, , Oracle RDBMS, ,
. , , Oracle RDBMS
1980- .
: 6 signicant initial characters in an external identier1
, kqfviw ( ) view V$, view
(xed views), . , , -
kqfviw 12 32- . IDA 12-
. Oracle RDBMS 11.2, 1023 , , 1023
xed view. , .
, . -
view ( ). . .
, xed views xed view V$FIXED_VIEW_DEFINITION
(, view kqfviw kqfvip). , 1023 .
SQL> select * from V$FIXED_VIEW_DEFINITION where view_name='V$VERSION';

VIEW_NAME

VIEW_DEFINITION

V$VERSION
select BANNER from GV$VERSION where inst_id = USERENV('Instance')

, V$VERSION thunk view , GV$VERSION, , :

SQL> select * from V$FIXED_VIEW_DEFINITION where view_name='GV$VERSION';

VIEW_NAME

VIEW_DEFINITION

GV$VERSION
select inst_id, banner from x$version

1 Draft ANSI C Standard (ANSI X3J11/88-090) (May 13, 1988) (yurichev.com)

835
 81. ORACLE RDBMS 81. ORACLE RDBMS
X$ Oracle RDBMS , ,
, .
select BANNER from GV$VERSION where inst_id = USERENV('Instance')
kqf.o kqfvip :

81.2: kqf.o
rodata:080185A0 kqfvip dd offset _2__STRING_11126_0 ; DATA XREF: kqfgvcn+18
.rodata:080185A0 ; kqfgvt+F
.rodata:080185A0 ; "select inst_id,decode(indx,1,'data bloc
"...
.rodata:080185A4 dd offset kqfv459_c_0
.rodata:080185A8 dd 0
.rodata:080185AC dd 0

...

.rodata:08019570 dd offset _2__STRING_11378_0 ; "select BANNER from GV$VERSION where

in"...
.rodata:08019574 dd offset kqfv133_c_0
.rodata:08019578 dd 0
.rodata:0801957C dd 0
.rodata:08019580 dd offset _2__STRING_11379_0 ; "select inst_id,decode(bitand(cfflg,1)
,0"...
.rodata:08019584 dd offset kqfv403_c_0
.rodata:08019588 dd 0
.rodata:0801958C dd 0
.rodata:08019590 dd offset _2__STRING_11380_0 ; "select STATUS , NAME,
IS_RECOVERY_DEST"...
.rodata:08019594 dd offset kqfv199_c_0

, , 4 . , 1023 .
, xed view. V$VERSION, ,
6 BANNER ( 6 ) 0
-:

81.3: kqf.o
.rodata:080BBAC4 kqfv133_c_0 dd 6 ; DATA XREF: .rodata:08019574
.rodata:080BBAC8 dd offset _2__STRING_5017_0 ; "BANNER"
.rodata:080BBACC dd 0
.rodata:080BBAD0 dd offset _2__STRING_0_0

kqfviw kqfvip, SQL-, ,

- xed view.
oracle tables2 , Oracle RDBMS
Linux. V$VERSION, :

81.4: oracle tables

kqfviw_element.viewname: [V$VERSION] ?: 0x3 0x43 0x1 0xffffc085 0x4
kqfvip_element.statement: [select BANNER from GV$VERSION where inst_id = USERENV('Instance')]
kqfvip_element.params:
[BANNER]

81.5: oracle tables

kqfviw_element.viewname: [GV$VERSION] ?: 0x3 0x26 0x2 0xffffc192 0x1
kqfvip_element.statement: [select inst_id, banner from x$version]
kqfvip_element.params:
[INST_ID] [BANNER]

Fixed view GV$VERSION V$VERSION , instance.

, X$VERSION. X$-, , ,
- :
2 yurichev.com

836
 81. ORACLE RDBMS 81. ORACLE RDBMS

SQL> select * from x$version;

ADDR INDX INST_ID

BANNER

0DBAF574 0 1
Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 Production

...

ADDR INDX.
kqf.o IDA X$VERSION,
kqftab:

81.6: kqf.o
.rodata:0803CAC0 dd 9 ; element number 0x1f6
.rodata:0803CAC4 dd offset _2__STRING_13113_0 ; "X$VERSION"
.rodata:0803CAC8 dd 4
.rodata:0803CACC dd offset _2__STRING_13114_0 ; "kqvt"
.rodata:0803CAD0 dd 4
.rodata:0803CAD4 dd 4
.rodata:0803CAD8 dd 0
.rodata:0803CADC dd 4
.rodata:0803CAE0 dd 0Ch
.rodata:0803CAE4 dd 0FFFFC075h
.rodata:0803CAE8 dd 3
.rodata:0803CAEC dd 0
.rodata:0803CAF0 dd 7
.rodata:0803CAF4 dd offset _2__STRING_13115_0 ; "X$KQFSZ"
.rodata:0803CAF8 dd 5
.rodata:0803CAFC dd offset _2__STRING_13116_0 ; "kqfsz"
.rodata:0803CB00 dd 1
.rodata:0803CB04 dd 38h
.rodata:0803CB08 dd 0
.rodata:0803CB0C dd 7
.rodata:0803CB10 dd 0
.rodata:0803CB14 dd 0FFFFC09Dh
.rodata:0803CB18 dd 2
.rodata:0803CB1C dd 0

X$-, , Oracle RDBMS .

. , kqvt. , kq
kernel query. v, , version, t type? .
kqf.o:

81.7: kqf.o
.rodata:0808C360 kqvt_c_0 kqftap_param <4, offset _2__STRING_19_0, 917h, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0>
.rodata:0808C360 ; DATA XREF: .rodata:08042680
.rodata:0808C360 ; "ADDR"
.rodata:0808C384 kqftap_param <4, offset _2__STRING_20_0, 0B02h, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0> ; "
INDX"
.rodata:0808C3A8 kqftap_param <7, offset _2__STRING_21_0, 0B02h, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0> ; "
INST_ID"
.rodata:0808C3CC kqftap_param <6, offset _2__STRING_5017_0, 601h, 0, 0, 0, 50h, 0, 0>
; "BANNER"
.rodata:0808C3F0 kqftap_param <0, offset _2__STRING_0_0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0>

X$VERSION.
kqftap:

81.8: kqf.o
.rodata:08042680 kqftap_element <0, offset kqvt_c_0, offset kqvrow, 0> ; element 0x1f6

837
 81. ORACLE RDBMS 81. ORACLE RDBMS
0x1f6 (502-), X$VERSION
kqftab. , kqftap kqftab , kqfvip kqfviw.
kqvrow(). -!
oracle tables3 . X$VERSION :

81.9: oracle tables

kqftab_element.name: [X$VERSION] ?: [kqvt] 0x4 0x4 0x4 0xc 0xffffc075 0x3
kqftap_param.name=[ADDR] ?: 0x917 0x0 0x0 0x0 0x4 0x0 0x0
kqftap_param.name=[INDX] ?: 0xb02 0x0 0x0 0x0 0x4 0x0 0x0
kqftap_param.name=[INST_ID] ?: 0xb02 0x0 0x0 0x0 0x4 0x0 0x0
kqftap_param.name=[BANNER] ?: 0x601 0x0 0x0 0x0 0x50 0x0 0x0
kqftap_element.fn1=kqvrow
kqftap_element.fn2=NULL

tracer, , 6 ( qerfxFetch())
X$VERSION.
tracer cc ( ):
tracer a:oracle.exe bpf=oracle.exe!_kqvrow,trace:cc

_kqvrow_ proc near

var_7C = byte ptr 7Ch

var_18 = dword ptr 18h
var_14 = dword ptr 14h
Dest = dword ptr 10h
var_C = dword ptr 0Ch
var_8 = dword ptr 8
var_4 = dword ptr 4
arg_8 = dword ptr 10h
arg_C = dword ptr 14h
arg_14 = dword ptr 1Ch
arg_18 = dword ptr 20h

; FUNCTION CHUNK AT .text1:056C11A0 SIZE 00000049 BYTES

push ebp
mov ebp, esp
sub esp, 7Ch
mov eax, [ebp+arg_14] ; [EBP+1Ch]=1
mov ecx, TlsIndex ; [69AEB08h]=0
mov edx, large fs:2Ch
mov edx, [edx+ecx*4] ; [EDX+ECX*4]=0xc98c938
cmp eax, 2 ; EAX=1
mov eax, [ebp+arg_8] ; [EBP+10h]=0xcdfe554
jz loc_2CE1288
mov ecx, [eax] ; [EAX]=0..5
mov [ebp+var_4], edi ; EDI=0xc98c938

loc_2CE10F6: ; CODE XREF: _kqvrow_+10A

; _kqvrow_+1A9
cmp ecx, 5 ; ECX=0..5
ja loc_56C11C7
mov edi, [ebp+arg_18] ; [EBP+20h]=0
mov [ebp+var_14], edx ; EDX=0xc98c938
mov [ebp+var_8], ebx ; EBX=0
mov ebx, eax ; EAX=0xcdfe554
mov [ebp+var_C], esi ; ESI=0xcdfe248

loc_2CE110D: ; CODE XREF: _kqvrow_+29E00E6

mov edx, ds:off_628B09C[ecx*4] ; [ECX*4+628B09Ch]=0x2ce1116, 0x2ce11ac, 0x2ce11db, 0
x2ce11f6, 0x2ce1236, 0x2ce127a
jmp edx ; EDX=0x2ce1116, 0x2ce11ac, 0x2ce11db, 0x2ce11f6, 0x2ce1236, 0
x2ce127a

loc_2CE1116: ; DATA XREF: .rdata:off_628B09C

3 yurichev.com

838
 81. ORACLE RDBMS 81. ORACLE RDBMS
push offset aXKqvvsnBuffer ; "x$kqvvsn buffer"
mov ecx, [ebp+arg_C] ; [EBP+14h]=0x8a172b4
xor edx, edx
mov esi, [ebp+var_14] ; [EBP14h]=0xc98c938
push edx ; EDX=0
push edx ; EDX=0
push 50h
push ecx ; ECX=0x8a172b4
push dword ptr [esi+10494h] ; [ESI+10494h]=0xc98cd58
call _kghalf ; tracing nested maximum level (1) reached, skipping this CALL
mov esi, ds:__imp__vsnnum ; [59771A8h]=0x61bc49e0
mov [ebp+Dest], eax ; EAX=0xce2ffb0
mov [ebx+8], eax ; EAX=0xce2ffb0
mov [ebx+4], eax ; EAX=0xce2ffb0
mov edi, [esi] ; [ESI]=0xb200100
mov esi, ds:__imp__vsnstr ; [597D6D4h]=0x65852148, " Production"
push esi ; ESI=0x65852148, " Production"
mov ebx, edi ; EDI=0xb200100
shr ebx, 18h ; EBX=0xb200100
mov ecx, edi ; EDI=0xb200100
shr ecx, 14h ; ECX=0xb200100
and ecx, 0Fh ; ECX=0xb2
mov edx, edi ; EDI=0xb200100
shr edx, 0Ch ; EDX=0xb200100
movzx edx, dl ; DL=0
mov eax, edi ; EDI=0xb200100
shr eax, 8 ; EAX=0xb200100
and eax, 0Fh ; EAX=0xb2001
and edi, 0FFh ; EDI=0xb200100
push edi ; EDI=0
mov edi, [ebp+arg_18] ; [EBP+20h]=0
push eax ; EAX=1
mov eax, ds:__imp__vsnban ; [597D6D8h]=0x65852100, "Oracle Database 11g Enterprise
Edition Release %d.%d.%d.%d.%d %s"
push edx ; EDX=0
push ecx ; ECX=2
push ebx ; EBX=0xb
mov ebx, [ebp+arg_8] ; [EBP+10h]=0xcdfe554
push eax ; EAX=0x65852100, "Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release %d
.%d.%d.%d.%d %s"
mov eax, [ebp+Dest] ; [EBP10h]=0xce2ffb0
push eax ; EAX=0xce2ffb0
call ds:__imp__sprintf ; op1=MSVCR80.dll!sprintf tracing nested maximum level (1) reached
, skipping this CALL
add esp, 38h
mov dword ptr [ebx], 1

loc_2CE1192: ; CODE XREF: _kqvrow_+FB

; _kqvrow_+128 ...
test edi, edi ; EDI=0
jnz __VInfreq__kqvrow
mov esi, [ebp+var_C] ; [EBP0Ch]=0xcdfe248
mov edi, [ebp+var_4] ; [EBP4]=0xc98c938
mov eax, ebx ; EBX=0xcdfe554
mov ebx, [ebp+var_8] ; [EBP8]=0
lea eax, [eax+4] ; [EAX+4]=0xce2ffb0, "NLSRTL Version 11.2.0.1.0 Production", "
Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 Production", "PL/SQL Release
11.2.0.1.0 Production", "TNS for 32bit Windows: Version 11.2.0.1.0 Production"

loc_2CE11A8: ; CODE XREF: _kqvrow_+29E00F6

mov esp, ebp
pop ebp
retn ; EAX=0xcdfe558

loc_2CE11AC: ; DATA XREF: .rdata:0628B0A0

mov edx, [ebx+8] ; [EBX+8]=0xce2ffb0, "Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release
11.2.0.1.0 Production"
mov dword ptr [ebx], 2
mov [ebx+4], edx ; EDX=0xce2ffb0, "Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release
11.2.0.1.0 Production"

839
 81. ORACLE RDBMS 81. ORACLE RDBMS
push edx ; EDX=0xce2ffb0, "Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release
11.2.0.1.0 Production"
call _kkxvsn ; tracing nested maximum level (1) reached, skipping this CALL
pop ecx
mov edx, [ebx+4] ; [EBX+4]=0xce2ffb0, "PL/SQL Release 11.2.0.1.0 Production"
movzx ecx, byte ptr [edx] ; [EDX]=0x50
test ecx, ecx ; ECX=0x50
jnz short loc_2CE1192
mov edx, [ebp+var_14]
mov esi, [ebp+var_C]
mov eax, ebx
mov ebx, [ebp+var_8]
mov ecx, [eax]
jmp loc_2CE10F6

loc_2CE11DB: ; DATA XREF: .rdata:0628B0A4

push 0
push 50h
mov edx, [ebx+8] ; [EBX+8]=0xce2ffb0, "PL/SQL Release 11.2.0.1.0 Production"
mov [ebx+4], edx ; EDX=0xce2ffb0, "PL/SQL Release 11.2.0.1.0 Production"
push edx ; EDX=0xce2ffb0, "PL/SQL Release 11.2.0.1.0 Production"
call _lmxver ; tracing nested maximum level (1) reached, skipping this CALL
add esp, 0Ch
mov dword ptr [ebx], 3
jmp short loc_2CE1192

loc_2CE11F6: ; DATA XREF: .rdata:0628B0A8

mov edx, [ebx+8] ; [EBX+8]=0xce2ffb0
mov [ebp+var_18], 50h
mov [ebx+4], edx ; EDX=0xce2ffb0
push 0
call _npinli ; tracing nested maximum level (1) reached, skipping this CALL
pop ecx
test eax, eax ; EAX=0
jnz loc_56C11DA
mov ecx, [ebp+var_14] ; [EBP14h]=0xc98c938
lea edx, [ebp+var_18] ; [EBP18h]=0x50
push edx ; EDX=0xd76c93c
push dword ptr [ebx+8] ; [EBX+8]=0xce2ffb0
push dword ptr [ecx+13278h] ; [ECX+13278h]=0xacce190
call _nrtnsvrs ; tracing nested maximum level (1) reached, skipping this CALL
add esp, 0Ch

loc_2CE122B: ; CODE XREF: _kqvrow_+29E0118

mov dword ptr [ebx], 4
jmp loc_2CE1192

loc_2CE1236: ; DATA XREF: .rdata:0628B0AC

lea edx, [ebp+var_7C] ; [EBP7Ch]=1
push edx ; EDX=0xd76c8d8
push 0
mov esi, [ebx+8] ; [EBX+8]=0xce2ffb0, "TNS for 32bit Windows: Version 11.2.0.1.0
Production"
mov [ebx+4], esi ; ESI=0xce2ffb0, "TNS for 32bit Windows: Version 11.2.0.1.0
Production"
mov ecx, 50h
mov [ebp+var_18], ecx ; ECX=0x50
push ecx ; ECX=0x50
push esi ; ESI=0xce2ffb0, "TNS for 32bit Windows: Version 11.2.0.1.0
Production"
call _lxvers ; tracing nested maximum level (1) reached, skipping this CALL
add esp, 10h
mov edx, [ebp+var_18] ; [EBP18h]=0x50
mov dword ptr [ebx], 5
test edx, edx ; EDX=0x50
jnz loc_2CE1192
mov edx, [ebp+var_14]
mov esi, [ebp+var_C]
mov eax, ebx
mov ebx, [ebp+var_8]

840
 81. ORACLE RDBMS 81. ORACLE RDBMS
mov ecx, 5
jmp loc_2CE10F6

loc_2CE127A: ; DATA XREF: .rdata:0628B0B0

mov edx, [ebp+var_14] ; [EBP14h]=0xc98c938
mov esi, [ebp+var_C] ; [EBP0Ch]=0xcdfe248
mov edi, [ebp+var_4] ; [EBP4]=0xc98c938
mov eax, ebx ; EBX=0xcdfe554
mov ebx, [ebp+var_8] ; [EBP8]=0

loc_2CE1288: ; CODE XREF: _kqvrow_+1F

mov eax, [eax+8] ; [EAX+8]=0xce2ffb0, "NLSRTL Version 11.2.0.1.0 Production"
test eax, eax ; EAX=0xce2ffb0, "NLSRTL Version 11.2.0.1.0 Production"
jz short loc_2CE12A7
push offset aXKqvvsnBuffer ; "x$kqvvsn buffer"
push eax ; EAX=0xce2ffb0, "NLSRTL Version 11.2.0.1.0 Production"
mov eax, [ebp+arg_C] ; [EBP+14h]=0x8a172b4
push eax ; EAX=0x8a172b4
push dword ptr [edx+10494h] ; [EDX+10494h]=0xc98cd58
call _kghfrf ; tracing nested maximum level (1) reached, skipping this CALL
add esp, 10h

loc_2CE12A7: ; CODE XREF: _kqvrow_+1C1

xor eax, eax
mov esp, ebp
pop ebp
retn ; EAX=0
_kqvrow_ endp

, . , :
1 vsnstr, vsnnum, vsnban. sprintf().
2 kkxvsn().
3 lmxver().
4 npinli(), nrtnsvrs().
5 lxvers().
.

81.2. X$KSMLRU Oracle RDBMS

Diagnosing and Resolving Error ORA-04031 on the Shared Pool or Other Memory Pools [Video] [ID 146599.1] -
:

There is a xed table called X$KSMLRU that tracks allocations in the shared pool that cause other objects
in the shared pool to be aged out. This xed table can be used to identify what is causing the large allocation.
If many objects are being periodically ushed from the shared pool then this will cause response time
problems and will likely cause library cache latch contention problems when the objects are reloaded into
the shared pool.
One unusual thing about the X$KSMLRU xed table is that the contents of the xed table are erased
whenever someone selects from the xed table. This is done since the xed table stores only the largest
allocations that have occurred. The values are reset after being selected so that subsequent large allocations
can be noted even if they were not quite as large as others that occurred previously. Because of this resetting,
the output of selecting from this table should be carefully kept since it cannot be retrieved back after the
query is issued.

, , , - . -
, ? kqftab kqftap
oracle tables4 , X$-, -
, ksmlrs():

81.10: oracle tables

kqftab_element.name: [X$KSMLRU] ?: [ksmlr] 0x4 0x64 0x11 0xc 0xffffc0bb 0x5
kqftap_param.name=[ADDR] ?: 0x917 0x0 0x0 0x0 0x4 0x0 0x0
4 yurichev.com

841
 81. ORACLE RDBMS 81. ORACLE RDBMS
kqftap_param.name=[INDX] ?: 0xb02 0x0 0x0 0x0 0x4 0x0 0x0
kqftap_param.name=[INST_ID] ?: 0xb02 0x0 0x0 0x0 0x4 0x0 0x0
kqftap_param.name=[KSMLRIDX] ?: 0xb02 0x0 0x0 0x0 0x4 0x0 0x0
kqftap_param.name=[KSMLRDUR] ?: 0xb02 0x0 0x0 0x0 0x4 0x4 0x0
kqftap_param.name=[KSMLRSHRPOOL] ?: 0xb02 0x0 0x0 0x0 0x4 0x8 0x0
kqftap_param.name=[KSMLRCOM] ?: 0x501 0x0 0x0 0x0 0x14 0xc 0x0
kqftap_param.name=[KSMLRSIZ] ?: 0x2 0x0 0x0 0x0 0x4 0x20 0x0
kqftap_param.name=[KSMLRNUM] ?: 0x2 0x0 0x0 0x0 0x4 0x24 0x0
kqftap_param.name=[KSMLRHON] ?: 0x501 0x0 0x0 0x0 0x20 0x28 0x0
kqftap_param.name=[KSMLROHV] ?: 0xb02 0x0 0x0 0x0 0x4 0x48 0x0
kqftap_param.name=[KSMLRSES] ?: 0x17 0x0 0x0 0x0 0x4 0x4c 0x0
kqftap_param.name=[KSMLRADU] ?: 0x2 0x0 0x0 0x0 0x4 0x50 0x0
kqftap_param.name=[KSMLRNID] ?: 0x2 0x0 0x0 0x0 0x4 0x54 0x0
kqftap_param.name=[KSMLRNSD] ?: 0x2 0x0 0x0 0x0 0x4 0x58 0x0
kqftap_param.name=[KSMLRNCD] ?: 0x2 0x0 0x0 0x0 0x4 0x5c 0x0
kqftap_param.name=[KSMLRNED] ?: 0x2 0x0 0x0 0x0 0x4 0x60 0x0
kqftap_element.fn1=ksmlrs
kqftap_element.fn2=NULL

, tracer , ,
X$KSMLRU.
ksmsplu_sp() ksmsplu_jp(), ksmsplu().
ksmsplu() memset():

81.11: ksm.o
...

.text:00434C50 loc_434C50: ; DATA XREF: .rdata:off_5E50EA8

.text:00434C50 mov edx, [ebp4]
.text:00434C53 mov [eax], esi
.text:00434C55 mov esi, [edi]
.text:00434C57 mov [eax+4], esi
.text:00434C5A mov [edi], eax
.text:00434C5C add edx, 1
.text:00434C5F mov [ebp4], edx
.text:00434C62 jnz loc_434B7D
.text:00434C68 mov ecx, [ebp+14h]
.text:00434C6B mov ebx, [ebp10h]
.text:00434C6E mov esi, [ebp0Ch]
.text:00434C71 mov edi, [ebp8]
.text:00434C74 lea eax, [ecx+8Ch]
.text:00434C7A push 370h ; Size
.text:00434C7F push 0 ; Val
.text:00434C81 push eax ; Dst
.text:00434C82 call __intel_fast_memset
.text:00434C87 add esp, 0Ch
.text:00434C8A mov esp, ebp
.text:00434C8C pop ebp
.text:00434C8D retn
.text:00434C8D _ksmsplu endp

(memset (block, 0, size)) .

, memset() , ?
tracer : 0x434C7A (, -
memset()) , tracer (EIP) ,
memset() ( 0x434C8A): ,
, 0x434C7A 0x434C8A.
tracer a:oracle.exe bpx=oracle.exe!0x00434C7A,set(eip,0x00434C8A)

(: win32- Oracle RDBMS 11.2)

, X$KSMLRU , !
( ) production-.
, , ,
!

842
 81. ORACLE RDBMS 81. ORACLE RDBMS
81.3. V$TIMER Oracle RDBMS
V$TIMER xed view, - :

V$TIMER displays the elapsed time in hundredths of a second. Time is measured since the beginning of
the epoch, which is operating system specic, and wraps around to 0 again whenever the value overows
four bytes (roughly 497 days).

( Oracle RDBMS 5 )
Oracle Win32 Linux. , -
?
, , , X$KSUTM.
SQL> select * from V$FIXED_VIEW_DEFINITION where view_name='V$TIMER';

VIEW_NAME

VIEW_DEFINITION

V$TIMER
select HSECS from GV$TIMER where inst_id = USERENV('Instance')

SQL> select * from V$FIXED_VIEW_DEFINITION where view_name='GV$TIMER';

VIEW_NAME

VIEW_DEFINITION

GV$TIMER
select inst_id,ksutmtim from x$ksutm

, kqftab/ kqftap , -
:

81.12: oracle tables

kqftab_element.name: [X$KSUTM] ?: [ksutm] 0x1 0x4 0x4 0x0 0xffffc09b 0x3
kqftap_param.name=[ADDR] ?: 0x10917 0x0 0x0 0x0 0x4 0x0 0x0
kqftap_param.name=[INDX] ?: 0x20b02 0x0 0x0 0x0 0x4 0x0 0x0
kqftap_param.name=[INST_ID] ?: 0xb02 0x0 0x0 0x0 0x4 0x0 0x0
kqftap_param.name=[KSUTMTIM] ?: 0x1302 0x0 0x0 0x0 0x4 0x0 0x1e
kqftap_element.fn1=NULL
kqftap_element.fn2=NULL

KSUTMTIM, :
kqfd_DRN_ksutm_c proc near ; DATA XREF: .rodata:0805B4E8

arg_0 = dword ptr 8

arg_8 = dword ptr 10h
arg_C = dword ptr 14h

push ebp
mov ebp, esp
push [ebp+arg_C]
push offset ksugtm
push offset _2__STRING_1263_0 ; "KSUTMTIM"
push [ebp+arg_8]
push [ebp+arg_0]
call kqfd_cfui_drain
add esp, 14h
mov esp, ebp
pop ebp
retn
5 http://go.yurichev.com/17088

843
 81. ORACLE RDBMS 81. ORACLE RDBMS
kqfd_DRN_ksutm_c endp

kqfd_DRN_ksutm_c() kqfd_tab_registry_0 :
dd offset _2__STRING_62_0 ; "X$KSUTM"
dd offset kqfd_OPN_ksutm_c
dd offset kqfd_tabl_fetch
dd 0
dd 0
dd offset kqfd_DRN_ksutm_c

ksugtm(). , ( Linux x86):

81.13: ksu.o
ksugtm proc near

var_1C = byte ptr 1Ch

arg_4 = dword ptr 0Ch

push ebp
mov ebp, esp
sub esp, 1Ch
lea eax, [ebp+var_1C]
push eax
call slgcs
pop ecx
mov edx, [ebp+arg_4]
mov [edx], eax
mov eax, 4
mov esp, ebp
pop ebp
retn
ksugtm endp

win32- .
? :
tracer a:oracle.exe bpf=oracle.exe!_ksugtm,args:2,dump_args:0x4

:
SQL> select * from V$TIMER;

HSECS

27294929

SQL> select * from V$TIMER;

HSECS

27295006

SQL> select * from V$TIMER;

HSECS

27295167

81.14: tracer
TID=2428|(0) oracle.exe!_ksugtm (0x0, 0xd76c5f0) (called from oracle.exe!__VInfreq__qerfxFetch+0xfad
(0x56bb6d5))
Argument 2/2
0D76C5F0: 38 C9 "8. "
TID=2428|(0) oracle.exe!_ksugtm () > 0x4 (0x4)
Argument 2/2 difference
00000000: D1 7C A0 01 ".|.. "

844
 81. ORACLE RDBMS 81. ORACLE RDBMS
TID=2428|(0) oracle.exe!_ksugtm (0x0, 0xd76c5f0) (called from oracle.exe!__VInfreq__qerfxFetch+0xfad
(0x56bb6d5))
Argument 2/2
0D76C5F0: 38 C9 "8. "
TID=2428|(0) oracle.exe!_ksugtm () > 0x4 (0x4)
Argument 2/2 difference
00000000: 1E 7D A0 01 ".}.. "
TID=2428|(0) oracle.exe!_ksugtm (0x0, 0xd76c5f0) (called from oracle.exe!__VInfreq__qerfxFetch+0xfad
(0x56bb6d5))
Argument 2/2
0D76C5F0: 38 C9 "8. "
TID=2428|(0) oracle.exe!_ksugtm () > 0x4 (0x4)
Argument 2/2 difference
00000000: BF 7D A0 01 ".}.. "

, SQL*Plus, .
, slgcs() (Linux x86):
slgcs proc near

var_4 = dword ptr 4

arg_0 = dword ptr 8

push ebp
mov ebp, esp
push esi
mov [ebp+var_4], ebx
mov eax, [ebp+arg_0]
call $+5
pop ebx
nop ; PIC mode
mov ebx, offset _GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_
mov dword ptr [eax], 0
call sltrgatime64 ; PIC mode
push 0
push 0Ah
push edx
push eax
call __udivdi3 ; PIC mode
mov ebx, [ebp+var_4]
add esp, 10h
mov esp, ebp
pop ebp
retn
slgcs endp

( sltrgatime64() 10 (41 (. 508)))

win32-:
_slgcs proc near ; CODE XREF: _dbgefgHtElResetCount+15
; _dbgerRunActions+1528
db 66h
nop
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
mov eax, [ebp+8]
mov dword ptr [eax], 0
call ds:__imp__GetTickCount@0 ; GetTickCount()
mov edx, eax
mov eax, 0CCCCCCCDh
mul edx
shr edx, 3
mov eax, edx
mov esp, ebp
pop ebp
retn
_slgcs endp

845
 81. ORACLE RDBMS 81. ORACLE RDBMS
6
GetTickCount() 10 (41 (. 508)).
! win32- Linux x86 , -
.
Drain - , , . ,
.
kqfd_tab_registry_0 oracle tables7 , ,
, , :
[X$KSUTM] [kqfd_OPN_ksutm_c] [kqfd_tabl_fetch] [NULL] [NULL] [kqfd_DRN_ksutm_c]
[X$KSUSGIF] [kqfd_OPN_ksusg_c] [kqfd_tabl_fetch] [NULL] [NULL] [kqfd_DRN_ksusg_c]

OPN, , open, DRN, , drain.

6 MSDN
7 yurichev.com

846
 82. 82.

82

82.1. EICAR
.COM- , MS-DOS :
EICAR-STANDARD-ANTIVIRUS-TEST-FILE! 1 .
, ASCII-, ,
:
X5O!P%@AP[4\PZX54(P^)7CC)7}$EICARSTANDARDANTIVIRUSTESTFILE!$H+H*

:
; : SP=0FFFEh, SS:[SP]=0
0100 58 pop ax
; AX=0, SP=0
0101 35 4F 21 xor ax, 214Fh
; AX = 214Fh and SP = 0
0104 50 push ax
; AX = 214Fh, SP = FFFEh and SS:[FFFE] = 214Fh
0105 25 40 41 and ax, 4140h
; AX = 140h, SP = FFFEh and SS:[FFFE] = 214Fh
0108 50 push ax
; AX = 140h, SP = FFFCh, SS:[FFFC] = 140h and SS:[FFFE] = 214Fh
0109 5B pop bx
; AX = 140h, BX = 140h, SP = FFFEh and SS:[FFFE] = 214Fh
010A 34 5C xor al, 5Ch
; AX = 11Ch, BX = 140h, SP = FFFEh and SS:[FFFE] = 214Fh
010C 50 push ax
010D 5A pop dx
; AX = 11Ch, BX = 140h, DX = 11Ch, SP = FFFEh and SS:[FFFE] = 214Fh
010E 58 pop ax
; AX = 214Fh, BX = 140h, DX = 11Ch and SP = 0
010F 35 34 28 xor ax, 2834h
; AX = 97Bh, BX = 140h, DX = 11Ch and SP = 0
0112 50 push ax
0113 5E pop si
; AX = 97Bh, BX = 140h, DX = 11Ch, SI = 97Bh and SP = 0
0114 29 37 sub [bx], si
0116 43 inc bx
0117 43 inc bx
0118 29 37 sub [bx], si
011A 7D 24 jge short near ptr word_10140
011C 45 49 43 ... db 'EICARSTANDARDANTIVIRUSTESTFILE!$'
0140 48 2B word_10140 dw 2B48h ; CD 21 (INT 21)
0142 48 2A dw 2A48h ; CD 20 (INT 20)
0144 0D db 0Dh
0145 0A db 0Ah

, .
, :
1 wikipedia

847
 82. 82.

B4 09 MOV AH, 9
BA 1C 01 MOV DX, 11Ch
CD 21 INT 21h
CD 20 INT 20h

INT 21h 9 ( AH) , DS:DX. ,

$. , CP/M DOS . INT 20h
DOS.
, , . EICAR- :
(AH DX);
INT 21 INT 20;
INT 21 INT 20.
, , x86-,
.
x86- : A.6.5 (. 973).

848
 83. 83.

83

( ) ,
.

83.1. 10 PRINT CHR$(205.5+RND(1)); : GOTO 10

.COM- MS-DOS.
[al12] . -
, - :

16- x86 .

83.1.1. 42- Trixter

1 , .
00000000: B001 mov al,1 ; 40x25
00000002: CD10 int 010
00000004: 30FF xor bh,bh ; int 10h
00000006: B9D007 mov cx,007D0 ; 2000
00000009: 31C0 xor ax,ax
0000000B: 9C pushf ;
;
0000000C: FA cli ;
0000000D: E643 out 043,al ; 0 43h
1 http://go.yurichev.com/17305

849
 83. 83.
; 16- 40h
0000000F: E440 in al,040
00000011: 88C4 mov ah,al
00000013: E440 in al,040
00000015: 9D popf ; IF
00000016: 86C4 xchg ah,al
; 16-
00000018: D1E8 shr ax,1
0000001A: D1E8 shr ax,1
; CF
0000001C: B05C mov al,05C ;'\'
; CF=1,
0000001E: 7202 jc 000000022
; CF=0, AL
00000020: B02F mov al,02F ;'/'
;
00000022: B40E mov ah,00E
00000024: CD10 int 010
00000026: E2E1 loop 000000009 ; 2000
00000028: CD20 int 020 ; DOS

, , 8253,
18.2 .
43h, 0, counter latch, (
BCD2 ).
POPF, IF.
IN AL, .

83.1.2. Trixter: 27

, , ,
( ) . ,
8- , .
27 :
00000000: B9D007 mov cx,007D0 ; 2000
00000003: 31C0 xor ax,ax ;
00000005: E643 out 043,al
00000007: E440 in al,040 ; 8
00000009: D1E8 shr ax,1 ; CF
0000000B: D1E8 shr ax,1
0000000D: B05C mov al,05C ; '\'
0000000F: 7202 jc 000000013
00000011: B02F mov al,02F ; '/'
;
00000013: B40E mov ah,00E
00000015: CD10 int 010
00000017: E2EA loop 000000003
; DOS
00000019: CD20 int 020

83.1.3.

MS-DOS, , .
: LODSB DS:SI,
, 1) ; 2) !
Trixter-3 LODSB .
SCASB ,
.
2 Binary-coded decimal
3 http://go.yurichev.com/17305

850
 83. 83.
DOS INT 29h
AL.
Peter Ferrie herm1t (11 10 ) 4 :

83.1: herm1t : 11
00000000: B05C mov al,05C ;'\'
; AL
00000002: AE scasb
; PF = (AL - _) = (5Ch - _)
00000003: 7A02 jp 000000007
00000005: B02F mov al,02F ;'/'
00000007: CD29 int 029 ; AL
00000009: EBF5 jmp 000000000 ;

SCASB AL, 5Ch AL. JP

, (PF),
. , - ,
, () .
, x86- SALC (AKA SETALC) (Set AL CF).
CPU AL 0xFF CF 1 0 .
8086/8088.

83.2: Peter Ferrie: 10

; AL
00000000: AE scasb
; CF AL.
; , -
00000001: D6 setalc
; AL 0xFF CF=1 0
00000002: 242D and al,02D ;''
; AL 0x2D 0
00000004: 042F add al,02F ;'/'
; AL 0x5C 0x2F
00000006: CD29 int 029 ; AL
00000008: EBF6 jmps 000000000 ;

. ASCII- (\) 0x5C 0x2F (/).

() CF 0x5C 0x2F.
: AL ( 8 , )
0x2D 0 0x2D. 0x2F , 0x5C 0x2F.
.

83.1.4.

, DOSBox, Windows NT MS-DOS, -

: -, .

4 http://go.yurichev.com/17087

851
 83. 83.
83.2.
, . ,
, .
5 Sir_Lagsalot 2009, ,
x86 64 . 30 16- x86-.
:

, .

5 ,

852
 83. 83.
83.2.1.

( (Re) (Im).
, : -
.
, :
: (a + bi) + (c + di) = (a + c) + (b + d)i
:
Re(sum) = Re(a) + Re(b)
Im(sum) = Im(a) + Im(b)
: (a + bi)(c + di) = (ac bd) + (bc + ad)i
:
Re(product) = Re(a) Re(c) Re(b) Re(d)
Im(product) = Im(b) Im(c) + Im(a) Im(d)
: (a + bi)2 = (a + bi)(a + bi) = (a2 b2 ) + (2ab)i
:
Re(square) = Re(a)2 Im(a)2
Im(square) = 2 Re(a) Im(a)

, zn+1 = zn 2 + c ( z c
c ) .

:
.
, .
:
.
.
.
? , .
, .
.
? .
?
( - ) .
( ) - . -
, .
( , Python):

83.3:
def check_if_is_in_set(P):
P_start=P
iterations=0

while True:
if (P>bounds):
break
P=P^2+P_start

853
 83. 83.
if iterations > max_iterations:
break
iterations++

return iterations

# -
for each point on screen P:
if check_if_is_in_set (P) < max_iterations:

#
for each point on screen P:
iterations = if check_if_is_in_set (P)

, -
, .

83.4:
def check_if_is_in_set(X, Y):
X_start=X
Y_start=Y
iterations=0

while True:
if (X^2 + Y^2 > bounds):
break
new_X=X^2 Y^2 + X_start
new_Y=2*X*Y + Y_start
if iterations > max_iterations:
break
iterations++

return iterations

# -
for X = min_X to max_X:
for Y = min_Y to max_Y:
if check_if_is_in_set (X,Y) < max_iterations:
X, Y

#
for X = min_X to max_X:
for Y = min_Y to max_Y:
iterations = if check_if_is_in_set (X,Y)

X,Y

C#, Wikipedia6 , ,
, 7 :
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;

namespace Mnoj
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
double realCoord, imagCoord;
double realTemp, imagTemp, realTemp2, arg;
int iterations;
6 wikipedia
7 : beginners.re

854
 83. 83.
for (imagCoord = 1.2; imagCoord >= 1.2; imagCoord = 0.05)
{
for (realCoord = 0.6; realCoord <= 1.77; realCoord += 0.03)
{
iterations = 0;
realTemp = realCoord;
imagTemp = imagCoord;
arg = (realCoord * realCoord) + (imagCoord * imagCoord);
while ((arg < 2*2) && (iterations < 40))
{
realTemp2 = (realTemp * realTemp) (imagTemp * imagTemp) realCoord;
imagTemp = (2 * realTemp * imagTemp) imagCoord;
realTemp = realTemp2;
arg = (realTemp * realTemp) + (imagTemp * imagTemp);
iterations += 1;
}
Console.Write("{0,2:D} ", iterations);
}
Console.Write("\n");
}
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

, , :
beginners.re.
40, 40 , 40 ,
. n 40 n ,
.

855
 83. 83.
: http://go.yurichev.com/17309, , -
. .
, ( ), -
:

. 83.1:

, , .

856
 83. 83.
, ,
:

. 83.2:

, .
: http://go.yurichev.com/17310.

857
 83. 83.
83.2.2.

, ( 64 30 ), , , -
.
, , :

83.5:
1 ; X
2 ; Y
3
4
5 ; X=0, Y=0 X=319, Y=0
6 ; +>
7 ; |
8 ; |
9 ; |
10 ; |
11 ; |
12 ; |
13 ; v
14 ; X=0, Y=199 X=319, Y=199
15
16
17 ; VGA 320*200*256
18 mov al,13h
19 int 10h
20 ; BX 0
21 ; DI 0xFFFE
22 ; DS:BX ( DS:0) Program Segment Prefix
23 ; ... 4 CD 20 FF 9F
24 les ax,[bx]
25 ; ES:AX=9FFF:20CD
26
27 FillLoop:
28 ; DX 0. CWD : DX:AX = sign_extend(AX).
29 ; AX 0x20CD ( ) 320 ( ),
30 ; DX 0.
31 cwd
32 mov ax,di
33 ; AX VGA-
34 ; 320
35 mov cx,320
36 div cx
37 ; DX (start_X) (: 0..319); AX (: 0..199)
38 sub ax,100
39 ; AX=AX100, AX (start_Y) 100..99
40 ; DX 0..319 0x0000..0x013F
41 dec dh
42 ; DX 0xFF00..0x003F (256..63)
43
44 xor bx,bx
45 xor si,si
46 ; BX (temp_X)=0; SI (temp_Y)=0
47
48 ;
49 ; CX 320 ,
50 MandelLoop:
51 mov bp,si ; BP = temp_Y
52 imul si,bx ; SI = temp_X*temp_Y
53 add si,si ; SI = SI*2 = (temp_X*temp_Y)*2
54 imul bx,bx ; BX = BX^2 = temp_X^2
55 jo MandelBreak ; ?
56 imul bp,bp ; BP = BP^2 = temp_Y^2
57 jo MandelBreak ; ?
58 add bx,bp ; BX = BX+BP = temp_X^2 + temp_Y^2
59 jo MandelBreak ; ?
60 sub bx,bp ; BX = BXBP = temp_X^2 + temp_Y^2 temp_Y^2 = temp_X^2
61 sub bx,bp ; BX = BXBP = temp_X^2 temp_Y^2
62

858
 83. 83.
63 ; :
64 sar bx,6 ; BX=BX/64
65 add bx,dx ; BX=BX+start_X
66 ; temp_X = temp_X^2 temp_Y^2 + start_X
67 sar si,6 ; SI=SI/64
68 add si,ax ; SI=SI+start_Y
69 ; temp_Y = (temp_X*temp_Y)*2 + start_Y
70
71 loop MandelLoop
72
73 MandelBreak:
74 ; CX=
75 xchg ax,cx
76 ; AX=. AL VGA- ES:[DI]
77 stosb
78 ; stosb DI, DI VGA-
79 ; ,
80 jmp FillLoop

:
VGA 320*200 256 . 320 200 = 64000 (0xFA00).
, 0xFA00 . ES:DI.
ES 0xA000, , 0xA000 ES -
4 (PUSH 0A000h / POP ES). 16- MS-DOS,
: 94 (. 909).
, BX 0, Program Segment Prex , 2- LES
AX,[BX] 0x20CD AX 0x9FFF ES. 16 ( )
. MS-DOS, , .
16 . 16 .
2- .
, . ,
: X-, Y-.
VGA. :
.
: X 100..99 Y 256..63.
.
0,0 . 160 X,
160..159? , SUB DX, 160 4 , DEC DH 2 (
0x100 (256) DX). 2- .
, . ,
.
LOOP, CX .
- , : 320 CX (
35), .
, CX.
IMUL MUL, : , -
0,0 - . SAR (
): SHR.
. , ..
. :
. , 16- ,
-32768..32767, 32767 ,
, MandelBreak.
64 ( SAR). 64 .
, .
MandelBreak, : CX=0 (-
); (CX -
). 8- CX (CL) . , , 0
: . -
, , 64 !

859
 83. 83.
, , ,
, .
:
1- CWD DX XOR DX, DX MOV
DX, 0.
1- XCHG AX, CX MOV AX,CX. AX
.
DI ( ) , 0xFFFE 8 . ,
DI 0..0xFFFF, ,
( 320*200 0xF9FF).
. DI 0;
.

83.2.3.

83.6:
1 org 100h
2 mov al,13h
3 int 10h
4
5 ;
6 mov dx, 3c8h
7 mov al, 0
8 out dx, al
9 mov cx, 100h
10 inc dx
11 l00:
12 mov al, cl
13 shl ax, 2
14 out dx, al ;
15 out dx, al ;
16 out dx, al ;
17 loop l00
18
19 push 0a000h
20 pop es
21
22 xor di, di
23
24 FillLoop:
25 cwd
26 mov ax,di
27 mov cx,320
28 div cx
29 sub ax,100
30 sub dx,160
31
32 xor bx,bx
33 xor si,si
34
35 MandelLoop:
36 mov bp,si
37 imul si,bx
38 add si,si
39 imul bx,bx
40 jo MandelBreak
41 imul bp,bp
42 jo MandelBreak
43 add bx,bp
44 jo MandelBreak
45 sub bx,bp
46 sub bx,bp
47
8 : http://go.yurichev.com/17004

860
 83. 83.
48 sar bx,6
49 add bx,dx
50 sar si,6
51 add si,ax
52
53 loop MandelLoop
54
55 MandelBreak:
56 xchg ax,cx
57 stosb
58 cmp di, 0FA00h
59 jb FillLoop
60
61 ;
62 xor ax,ax
63 int 16h
64 ;
65 mov ax, 3
66 int 10h
67 ;
68 int 20h

: -, -
( 19..20), ( 30), ,
- ( 58..68). : 105 ( 54
) 9 .

. 83.3:

9 : DosBox NASM : nasm fiole.asm -fbin -o file.com

861
 IX

(proprietary)

862
 84. XOR- 84. XOR-

84

XOR-

863
 84. XOR- 84. XOR-
84.1. Norton Guide: XOR-
Norton Guide1 MS-DOS, ,
.
Norton Guide .ng, :

. 84.1:

, ? , 0x1A (
), . -,
, .

1 wikipedia

864
 84. XOR- 84. XOR-
- , 0x1A , , -
XOR-. XOR 0x1A Hiew
:

. 84.2: Hiew XOR 0x1A

XOR- , , ,
.
0x1A : -
0x1A.
. , 256 ,
, 256 .
Norton Guide: http://go.yurichev.com/17317.

84.1.1.

, /-
. Wolfram Mathematica 10.

84.1: Wolfram Mathematica 10

In[1]:= input = BinaryReadList["X86.NG"];

In[2]:= Entropy[2, input] // N

Out[2]= 5.62724

In[3]:= decrypted = Map[BitXor[#, 16^^1A] &, input];

In[4]:= Export["X86_decrypted.NG", decrypted, "Binary"];

865
 84. XOR- 84. XOR-
In[5]:= Entropy[2, decrypted] // N
Out[5]= 5.62724

In[6]:= Entropy[2, ExampleData[{"Text", "ShakespearesSonnets"}]] // N

Out[6]= 4.42366

, , , , -
( !). Mathematica
. , .
, . -
XOR .
, XOR .
, , : http://go.yurichev.com/17350.

Wolfram Mathematica e ( ), UNIX ent 2

2. 2 Entropy, Mathematica ,
ent.

2 http://www.fourmilab.ch/random/

866
 84. XOR- 84. XOR-
84.2. XOR-
XOR- , , 4-, . -
, kernel32.dll (32- Windows Server 2008):

. 84.3:

867
 84. XOR- 84. XOR-
, 4- :

. 84.4:

4 . PE- , -
.

868
 84. XOR- 84. XOR-
PE- 16- :

. 84.5: PE-

869
 84. XOR- 84. XOR-
, :

. 84.6: PE-

, 4 : 8C 61 D2 63. ,
.
, PE-: 1) PE- ; 2) PE-
(4096 ),
.
. , -
.
, , : http://go.yurichev.com/17352.

84.2.1.

, . , . http://go.yurichev.com/17353.

870
 85. MILLENIUM 85. MILLENIUM

85

Millenium

Millenium Return to Earth DOS (1991), , ,

, .. 1 .
, .
, - .

871
 85. MILLENIUM 85. MILLENIUM
. , .
.
, :

. 85.1: :

. 9538 .
:

. 85.2: :

.
FC DOS/Windows:

872
 85. MILLENIUM 85. MILLENIUM

...> FC /b 2200save.i.v1 2200SAVE.I.V2

Comparing files 2200save.i.v1 and 2200SAVE.I.V2

00000016: 0D 04
00000017: 03 04
0000001C: 1F 1E
00000146: 27 3B
00000BDA: 0E 16
00000BDC: 66 9B
00000BDE: 0E 16
00000BE0: 0E 16
00000BE6: DB 4C
00000BE7: 00 01
00000BE8: 99 E8
00000BEC: A1 F3
00000BEE: 83 C7
00000BFB: A8 28
00000BFD: 98 18
00000BFF: A8 28
00000C01: A8 28
00000C07: D8 58
00000C09: E4 A4
00000C0D: 38 B8
00000C0F: E8 68
...

, , .
14 (hydrogen) 102 (oxygen). 22
155 . , .
. 0x0E (14) 0xBDA 0x16 (22) . , , .
0x66 (102) 0xBDC 0x9B (155) . , , .
, ( ): beginners.re.

873
 85. MILLENIUM 85. MILLENIUM
Hiew , , :

. 85.3: Hiew:

, . 16- : 16- DOS, int

16 .

874
 85. MILLENIUM 85. MILLENIUM
. 1234 (0x4D2) ( ):

. 85.4: Hiew: (0x4D2)

. 85.5:

, .

875
 85. MILLENIUM 85. MILLENIUM
, :

. 85.6: Hiew:

0xFFFF 65535, , :

. 85.7: 65535 (0xFFFF)

876
 85. MILLENIUM 85. MILLENIUM
- ! :

. 85.8:

. , ,
, , , , , ,
. , .
- .
. .
: 63.4 (. 686).

877
 86. ORACLE RDBMS: .SYM- 86. ORACLE RDBMS: .SYM-

86

Oracle RDBMS: .SYM-

Oracle RDBMS (crash), -,

, :
Call Stack Trace
calling call entry argument values in hex
location type point (? means dubious value)

_kqvrow() 00000000
_opifch2()+2729 CALLptr 00000000 23D4B914 E47F264 1F19AE2
EB1C8A8 1
_kpoal8()+2832 CALLrel _opifch2() 89 5 EB1CC74
_opiodr()+1248 CALLreg 00000000 5E 1C EB1F0A0
_ttcpip()+1051 CALLreg 00000000 5E 1C EB1F0A0 0
_opitsk()+1404 CALL??? 00000000 C96C040 5E EB1F0A0 0 EB1ED30
EB1F1CC 53E52E 0 EB1F1F8
_opiino()+980 CALLrel _opitsk() 0 0
_opiodr()+1248 CALLreg 00000000 3C 4 EB1FBF4
_opidrv()+1201 CALLrel _opiodr() 3C 4 EB1FBF4 0
_sou2o()+55 CALLrel _opidrv() 3C 4 EB1FBF4
_opimai_real()+124 CALLrel _sou2o() EB1FC04 3C 4 EB1FBF4
_opimai()+125 CALLrel _opimai_real() 2 EB1FC2C
_OracleThreadStart@ CALLrel _opimai() 2 EB1FF6C 7C88A7F4 EB1FC34 0
4()+830 EB1FD04
77E6481C CALLreg 00000000 E41FF9C 0 0 E41FF9C 0 EB1FFC4
00000000 CALL??? 00000000

, Oracle RDBMS ,
map- - .
Oracle RDBMS Windows NT .SYM, .
( , (), -
.)
, . orawtc8.sym,
orawtc8.dll Oracle 8.1.7 1 .

1 Oracle RDBMS , -

878
 86. ORACLE RDBMS: .SYM- 86. ORACLE RDBMS: .SYM-
Hiew:

. 86.1: Hiew

.SYM-, , OSYM (
), , , .
, -, : OSYM + - +
+ OSYM. , , .

879
 86. ORACLE RDBMS: .SYM- 86. ORACLE RDBMS: .SYM-
OSYM :

. 86.2: OSYM

. Hiew ( OSYM) -
. UNIX- strings wc :
strings strings_block | wc l
66

66 . .
, , , - .
, 66 (0x42) , OSYM:
$ hexdump C orawtc8.sym
00000000 4f 53 59 4d 42 00 00 00 00 10 00 10 80 10 00 10 |OSYMB...........|
00000010 f0 10 00 10 50 11 00 10 60 11 00 10 c0 11 00 10 |....P...`.......|
00000020 d0 11 00 10 70 13 00 10 40 15 00 10 50 15 00 10 |....p...@...P...|
00000030 60 15 00 10 80 15 00 10 a0 15 00 10 a6 15 00 10 |`...............|
....

, 0x42 , , 32- , little-endian,

0x42 3 .
, 32-? Oracle RDBMS .
oracle.sym oracle.exe ( 10.2.0.4) 0x3A38E (238478) . 16-
.
.SYM- : 32- OSYM
.
: -
.

880
 86. ORACLE RDBMS: .SYM- 86. ORACLE RDBMS: .SYM-
. Hiew, 8 (.. 32-
, ) , .

881
 86. ORACLE RDBMS: .SYM- 86. ORACLE RDBMS: .SYM-
Hiew:

. 86.3:

- .

882
 86. ORACLE RDBMS: .SYM- 86. ORACLE RDBMS: .SYM-
, :

. 86.4:

Hiew, , 16 . :
4 32- .
( 0x104) 0x1000xxxx,
0x10 0. ( 0x108) 0x0000xxxx, -
.
32- :

86.1:
$ od v t x4 binary_block
0000000 10001000 10001080 100010f0 10001150
0000020 10001160 100011c0 100011d0 10001370
0000040 10001540 10001550 10001560 10001580
0000060 100015a0 100015a6 100015ac 100015b2
0000100 100015b8 100015be 100015c4 100015ca
0000120 100015d0 100015e0 100016b0 10001760
0000140 10001766 1000176c 10001780 100017b0
0000160 100017d0 100017e0 10001810 10001816
0000200 10002000 10002004 10002008 1000200c
0000220 10002010 10002014 10002018 1000201c
0000240 10002020 10002024 10002028 1000202c
0000260 10002030 10002034 10002038 1000203c
0000300 10002040 10002044 10002048 1000204c
0000320 10002050 100020d0 100020e4 100020f8
0000340 1000210c 10002120 10003000 10003004
0000360 10003008 1000300c 10003098 1000309c
0000400 100030a0 100030a4 00000000 00000008
0000420 00000012 0000001b 00000025 0000002e

883
 86. ORACLE RDBMS: .SYM- 86. ORACLE RDBMS: .SYM-
0000440 00000038 00000040 00000048 00000051
0000460 0000005a 00000064 0000006e 0000007a
0000500 00000088 00000096 000000a4 000000ae
0000520 000000b6 000000c0 000000d2 000000e2
0000540 000000f0 00000107 00000110 00000116
0000560 00000121 0000012a 00000132 0000013a
0000600 00000146 00000153 00000170 00000186
0000620 000001a9 000001c1 000001de 000001ed
0000640 000001fb 00000207 0000021b 0000022a
0000660 0000023d 0000024e 00000269 00000277
0000700 00000287 00000297 000002b6 000002ca
0000720 000002dc 000002f0 00000304 00000321
0000740 0000033e 0000035d 0000037a 00000395
0000760 000003ae 000003b6 000003be 000003c6
0001000 000003ce 000003dc 000003e9 000003f8
0001020

132 , 66*2. 2 32- ,

? .
, 0x1000 . , .SYM- DLL,
DLL win32 0x10000000, 0x10001000.
orawtc8.dll IDA, , , :
.text:60351000 sub_60351000 proc near
.text:60351000
.text:60351000 arg_0 = dword ptr 8
.text:60351000 arg_4 = dword ptr 0Ch
.text:60351000 arg_8 = dword ptr 10h
.text:60351000
.text:60351000 push ebp
.text:60351001 mov ebp, esp
.text:60351003 mov eax, dword_60353014
.text:60351008 cmp eax, 0FFFFFFFFh
.text:6035100B jnz short loc_6035104F
.text:6035100D mov ecx, hModule
.text:60351013 xor eax, eax
.text:60351015 cmp ecx, 0FFFFFFFFh
.text:60351018 mov dword_60353014, eax
.text:6035101D jnz short loc_60351031
.text:6035101F call sub_603510F0
.text:60351024 mov ecx, eax
.text:60351026 mov eax, dword_60353014
.text:6035102B mov hModule, ecx
.text:60351031
.text:60351031 loc_60351031: ; CODE XREF: sub_60351000+1D
.text:60351031 test ecx, ecx
.text:60351033 jbe short loc_6035104F
.text:60351035 push offset ProcName ; "ax_reg"
.text:6035103A push ecx ; hModule
.text:6035103B call ds:GetProcAddress
...

, ax_reg . , ! ,
ax_reg.
:
.text:60351080 sub_60351080 proc near
.text:60351080
.text:60351080 arg_0 = dword ptr 8
.text:60351080 arg_4 = dword ptr 0Ch
.text:60351080
.text:60351080 push ebp
.text:60351081 mov ebp, esp
.text:60351083 mov eax, dword_60353018
.text:60351088 cmp eax, 0FFFFFFFFh
.text:6035108B jnz short loc_603510CF
.text:6035108D mov ecx, hModule
.text:60351093 xor eax, eax

884
 86. ORACLE RDBMS: .SYM- 86. ORACLE RDBMS: .SYM-
.text:60351095 cmp ecx, 0FFFFFFFFh
.text:60351098 mov dword_60353018, eax
.text:6035109D jnz short loc_603510B1
.text:6035109F call sub_603510F0
.text:603510A4 mov ecx, eax
.text:603510A6 mov eax, dword_60353018
.text:603510AB mov hModule, ecx
.text:603510B1
.text:603510B1 loc_603510B1: ; CODE XREF: sub_60351080+1D
.text:603510B1 test ecx, ecx
.text:603510B3 jbe short loc_603510CF
.text:603510B5 push offset aAx_unreg ; "ax_unreg"
.text:603510BA push ecx ; hModule
.text:603510BB call ds:GetProcAddress
...

ax_unreg ! 0x60351080,
10001080. , DLL .
, 66 (.. )
DLL, , .. , ? 66 ,
0x0000? [0...0x3F8]. , : .
, , , - (
, , , 4 8 0x10).
: Oracle RDBMS , ? :
( ). , ,
.
! .
.SYM- IDA-, .idc-
:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <io.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <malloc.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <string.h>

int main (int argc, char *argv[])

{
uint32_t sig, cnt, offset;
uint32_t *d1, *d2;
int h, i, remain, file_len;
char *d3;
uint32_t array_size_in_bytes;

assert (argv[1]); // file name

assert (argv[2]); // additional offset (if needed)

// additional offset
assert (sscanf (argv[2], "%X", &offset)==1);

// get file length

assert ((h=open (argv[1], _O_RDONLY | _O_BINARY, 0))!=1);
assert ((file_len=lseek (h, 0, SEEK_END))!=1);
assert (lseek (h, 0, SEEK_SET)!=1);

// read signature
assert (read (h, &sig, 4)==4);
// read count
assert (read (h, &cnt, 4)==4);

assert (sig==0x4D59534F); // OSYM

// skip timedatestamp (for 11g)

//_lseek (h, 4, 1);

885
 86. ORACLE RDBMS: .SYM- 86. ORACLE RDBMS: .SYM-
array_size_in_bytes=cnt*sizeof(uint32_t);

// load symbol addresses array

d1=(uint32_t*)malloc (array_size_in_bytes);
assert (d1);
assert (read (h, d1, array_size_in_bytes)==array_size_in_bytes);

// load string offsets array

d2=(uint32_t*)malloc (array_size_in_bytes);
assert (d2);
assert (read (h, d2, array_size_in_bytes)==array_size_in_bytes);

// calculate strings block size

remain=file_len(8+4)(cnt*8);

// load strings block

assert (d3=(char*)malloc (remain));
assert (read (h, d3, remain)==remain);

printf ("#include <idc.idc>\n\n");

printf ("static main() {\n");

for (i=0; i<cnt; i++)

printf ("\tMakeName(0x%08X, \"%s\");\n", offset + d1[i], &d3[d2[i]]);

printf ("}\n");

close (h);
free (d1); free (d2); free (d3);
};

:
#include <idc.idc>

static main() {
MakeName(0x60351000, "_ax_reg");
MakeName(0x60351080, "_ax_unreg");
MakeName(0x603510F0, "_loaddll");
MakeName(0x60351150, "_wtcsrin0");
MakeName(0x60351160, "_wtcsrin");
MakeName(0x603511C0, "_wtcsrfre");
MakeName(0x603511D0, "_wtclkm");
MakeName(0x60351370, "_wtcstu");
...
}

, , : beginners.re.

886
 86. ORACLE RDBMS: .SYM- 86. ORACLE RDBMS: .SYM-
, Oracle RDBMS win64. 64- , ?
8- :

. 86.5: .SYM- Oracle RDBMS win64

, 64- , ! OSYMAM64,
, .
! .SYM- Oracle RDBMS : GitHub.

887
 87. ORACLE RDBMS: .MSB- 87. ORACLE RDBMS: .MSB-

87

Oracle RDBMS: .MSB-

,
.

, .
.
Oracle RDBMS , :
1 .
ORAUS.MSG :

87.1: ORAUS.MSG
00000, 00000, "normal, successful completion"
00001, 00000, "unique constraint (%s.%s) violated"
00017, 00000, "session requested to set trace event"
00018, 00000, "maximum number of sessions exceeded"
00019, 00000, "maximum number of session licenses exceeded"
00020, 00000, "maximum number of processes (%s) exceeded"
00021, 00000, "session attached to some other process; cannot switch session"
00022, 00000, "invalid session ID; access denied"
00023, 00000, "session references process private memory; cannot detach session"
00024, 00000, "logins from more than one process not allowed in singleprocess mode"
00025, 00000, "failed to allocate %s"
00026, 00000, "missing or invalid session ID"
00027, 00000, "cannot kill current session"
00028, 00000, "your session has been killed"
00029, 00000, "session is not a user session"
00030, 00000, "User session ID does not exist."
00031, 00000, "session marked for kill"
...

. , , .

1 Oracle RDBMS .MSB-,

888
 87. ORACLE RDBMS: .MSB- 87. ORACLE RDBMS: .MSB-
ORAUS.MSB . :

. 87.1: Hiew:

( , ORAUS.MSG) -
.
0x200 (512) .

889
 87. ORACLE RDBMS: .MSB- 87. ORACLE RDBMS: .MSB-
:

. 87.2: Hiew:

. , ,
. , -. ,
- . . ORAUS.MSG
: 0, 1, 17 (0x11), 18 (0x12), 19 (0x13), 20 (0x14), 21 (0x15), 22 (0x16), 23 (0x17), 24 (0x18)...
. 6 . , , , 6
.
16- ( 0xA 10) :
. : . ,
. , , ,
.
, -, -.
normal, successful completion 29 (0x1D) . unique constraint (%s.%s)
violated 34 (0x22) . (0x1D / 0x22) .
-. Oracle RDBMS - , , ?
normal, successful completion 0x1444 ( )
0x44 ( ). unique constraint (%s.%s) violated 0x1461 (
) 0x61 ( ). (0x44 0x61) !
.
, 6- :
16- ;
16- ( , ;
16- .

890
 87. ORACLE RDBMS: .MSB- 87. ORACLE RDBMS: .MSB-
. -
6- -
. ? 6-
, ,
6- ! ! -
! , ,
..

891
 87. ORACLE RDBMS: .MSB- 87. ORACLE RDBMS: .MSB-
.MSB-:

. 87.3: Hiew:

( ). .MSB-
. , ,
( ) . .MSB-,
, .

892
 87. ORACLE RDBMS: .MSB- 87. ORACLE RDBMS: .MSB-
, , 16- :

. 87.4: Hiew: last_errnos

( ). ,
, 16- .
Oracle RDBMS :
, last_errnos ( );
,
;
;
6- , ;
6- ;
6- ;
.
.MSB- : beginners.re.
(Oracle RDBMS 11.1.0.6): beginners.re, beginners.re.

87.1.
, , - . , -
1980- -, , .
, ( )
Oracle RDBMS.

893
 X

894
 88. NPAD 88. NPAD

88

npad

, .
, , , .
, , , ..
listing.inc (MSVC):
, , NOP-. , -
.
, , NOP-,
CPU.
;; LISTING.INC
;;
;; This file contains assembler macros and is included by the files created
;; with the FA compiler switch to be assembled by MASM (Microsoft Macro
;; Assembler).
;;
;; Copyright (c) 19932003, Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

;; non destructive nops

npad macro size
if size eq 1
nop
else
if size eq 2
mov edi, edi
else
if size eq 3
; lea ecx, [ecx+00]
DB 8DH, 49H, 00H
else
if size eq 4
; lea esp, [esp+00]
DB 8DH, 64H, 24H, 00H
else
if size eq 5
add eax, DWORD PTR 0
else
if size eq 6
; lea ebx, [ebx+00000000]
DB 8DH, 9BH, 00H, 00H, 00H, 00H
else
if size eq 7
; lea esp, [esp+00000000]
DB 8DH, 0A4H, 24H, 00H, 00H, 00H, 00H
else
if size eq 8
; jmp .+8; .npad 6
DB 0EBH, 06H, 8DH, 9BH, 00H, 00H, 00H, 00H
else
if size eq 9
; jmp .+9; .npad 7

895
 88. NPAD 88. NPAD
DB 0EBH, 07H, 8DH, 0A4H, 24H, 00H, 00H, 00H, 00H
else
if size eq 10
; jmp .+A; .npad 7; .npad 1
DB 0EBH, 08H, 8DH, 0A4H, 24H, 00H, 00H, 00H, 00H, 90H
else
if size eq 11
; jmp .+B; .npad 7; .npad 2
DB 0EBH, 09H, 8DH, 0A4H, 24H, 00H, 00H, 00H, 00H, 8BH, 0FFH
else
if size eq 12
; jmp .+C; .npad 7; .npad 3
DB 0EBH, 0AH, 8DH, 0A4H, 24H, 00H, 00H, 00H, 00H, 8DH, 49H, 00H
else
if size eq 13
; jmp .+D; .npad 7; .npad 4
DB 0EBH, 0BH, 8DH, 0A4H, 24H, 00H, 00H, 00H, 00H, 8DH, 64H, 24H, 00H
else
if size eq 14
; jmp .+E; .npad 7; .npad 5
DB 0EBH, 0CH, 8DH, 0A4H, 24H, 00H, 00H, 00H, 00H, 05H, 00H, 00H, 00H, 00H
else
if size eq 15
; jmp .+F; .npad 7; .npad 6
DB 0EBH, 0DH, 8DH, 0A4H, 24H, 00H, 00H, 00H, 00H, 8DH, 9BH, 00H, 00H, 00H, 00H
else
%out error: unsupported npad size
.err
endif
endif
endif
endif
endif
endif
endif
endif
endif
endif
endif
endif
endif
endif
endif
endm

896
 89. 89.

89

89.1.
( ) .
, .
, - . -
, MS-DOS, , ,
80- 90- . :
.
Delphi, , .

89.2. x86-
:
- . , ,
0x90 (NOP).
, 74 xx (JZ), NOP-. -
0 (jump offset).
:
0xEB , JMP.
, RETN (0xC3) .
stdcall (64.2 (. 689)). stdcall, -
(, RETN ), RETN 16-
(0xC2).
, 0 1. MOV EAX, 0 MOV
EAX, 1, . XOR EAX, EAX (2 0x31 0xC0) XOR EAX, EAX
/ INC EAX (3 0x31 0xC0 0x40).
. -
. , .
.
tracer BPM .
PE- (68.2.6 (. 714)) , Windows
. ( Hiew, : .7.12). , JMP
, .

897
 90. COMPILER INTRINSIC 90. COMPILER INTRINSIC

90

Compiler intrinsic

. -
. , CPU.

, /++ , CPU .
, MSVC _rotl() _rotr()1 ,
x86- ROL/ ROR.

SSE- .
intrinsics MSVC: MSDN.

1 MSDN

898
 91. 91.

91

Intel C++ 10.1 Oracle RDBMS 11.2 Linux86, JZ ,

JZ . JZ , .

91.1: kdli.o libserver11.a

.text:08114CF1 loc_8114CF1: ; CODE XREF: __PGOSF539_kdlimemSer+89A
.text:08114CF1 ; __PGOSF539_kdlimemSer+3994
.text:08114CF1 8B 45 08 mov eax, [ebp+arg_0]
.text:08114CF4 0F B6 50 14 movzx edx, byte ptr [eax+14h]
.text:08114CF8 F6 C2 01 test dl, 1
.text:08114CFB 0F 85 17 08 00 00 jnz loc_8115518
.text:08114D01 85 C9 test ecx, ecx
.text:08114D03 0F 84 8A 00 00 00 jz loc_8114D93
.text:08114D09 0F 84 09 08 00 00 jz loc_8115518
.text:08114D0F 8B 53 08 mov edx, [ebx+8]
.text:08114D12 89 55 FC mov [ebp+var_4], edx
.text:08114D15 31 C0 xor eax, eax
.text:08114D17 89 45 F4 mov [ebp+var_C], eax
.text:08114D1A 50 push eax
.text:08114D1B 52 push edx
.text:08114D1C E8 03 54 00 00 call len2nbytes
.text:08114D21 83 C4 08 add esp, 8

91.2:
.text:0811A2A5 loc_811A2A5: ; CODE XREF: kdliSerLengths+11C
.text:0811A2A5 ; kdliSerLengths+1C1
.text:0811A2A5 8B 7D 08 mov edi, [ebp+arg_0]
.text:0811A2A8 8B 7F 10 mov edi, [edi+10h]
.text:0811A2AB 0F B6 57 14 movzx edx, byte ptr [edi+14h]
.text:0811A2AF F6 C2 01 test dl, 1
.text:0811A2B2 75 3E jnz short loc_811A2F2
.text:0811A2B4 83 E0 01 and eax, 1
.text:0811A2B7 74 1F jz short loc_811A2D8
.text:0811A2B9 74 37 jz short loc_811A2F2
.text:0811A2BB 6A 00 push 0
.text:0811A2BD FF 71 08 push dword ptr [ecx+8]
.text:0811A2C0 E8 5F FE FF FF call len2nbytes

, , ( ).
: 19.2.4 (. 326), 39.3 (. 502), 47.7 (. 547), 18.7 (. 300), 12.4.1
(. 141), 19.5.2 (. 343).
, , -
, , .

899
 92. OPENMP 92. OPENMP

92

OpenMP

OpenMP .
, nonce .
, nonce , , - . -
, , Bitcoin nonce,
. proof of work 1 (.. ,
- ).
Bitcoin, hello, world!_ ,
hello, world!_<number> SHA512
3 .
0..INT32_MAX-1 (.., 0x7FFFFFFE 2147483646).
:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <time.h>
#include "sha512.h"

int found=0;
int32_t checked=0;

int32_t* __min;
int32_t* __max;

time_t start;

#ifdef __GNUC__
#define min(X,Y) ((X) < (Y) ? (X) : (Y))
#define max(X,Y) ((X) > (Y) ? (X) : (Y))
#endif

void check_nonce (int32_t nonce)

{
uint8_t buf[32];
struct sha512_ctx ctx;
uint8_t res[64];

// update statistics
int t=omp_get_thread_num();

if (__min[t]==1)
__min[t]=nonce;
if (__max[t]==1)
__max[t]=nonce;

__min[t]=min(__min[t], nonce);
__max[t]=max(__max[t], nonce);

1 wikipedia

900
 92. OPENMP 92. OPENMP
// idle if valid nonce found
if (found)
return;

memset (buf, 0, sizeof(buf));

sprintf (buf, "hello, world!_%d", nonce);

sha512_init_ctx (&ctx);
sha512_process_bytes (buf, strlen(buf), &ctx);
sha512_finish_ctx (&ctx, &res);
if (res[0]==0 && res[1]==0 && res[2]==0)
{
printf ("found (thread %d): [%s]. seconds spent=%d\n", t, buf, time(NULL)start);
found=1;
};
#pragma omp atomic
checked++;

#pragma omp critical

if ((checked % 100000)==0)
printf ("checked=%d\n", checked);
};

int main()
{
int32_t i;
int threads=omp_get_max_threads();
printf ("threads=%d\n", threads);

__min=(int32_t*)malloc(threads*sizeof(int32_t));
__max=(int32_t*)malloc(threads*sizeof(int32_t));
for (i=0; i<threads; i++)
__min[i]=__max[i]=1;

start=time(NULL);

#pragma omp parallel for

for (i=0; i<INT32_MAX; i++)
check_nonce (i);

for (i=0; i<threads; i++)

printf ("__min[%d]=0x%08x __max[%d]=0x%08x\n", i, __min[i], i, __max[i]);

free(__min); free(__max);
};

check_nonce() , SHA512 3 .
:
#pragma omp parallel for
for (i=0; i<INT32_MAX; i++)
check_nonce (i);

, , #pragma check_nonce() 0 INT32_MAX

(0x7fffffff 2147483647). #pragma, ,
, CPU 2 .
3 MSVC 2012:
cl openmp_example.c sha512.obj /openmp /O1 /Zi /Faopenmp_example.asm

GCC:
gcc fopenmp 2.c sha512.c S masm=intel

2 N.B.: , , OpenMP
3 sha512.(c|h) u64.h OpenSSL : http://go.yurichev.com/17324

901
 92. OPENMP 92. OPENMP
92.1. MSVC
MSVC 2012 :

92.1: MSVC 2012

push OFFSET _main$omp$1
push 0
push 1
call __vcomp_fork
add esp, 16 ; 00000010H

vcomp OpenMP vcomp*.dll. .

_main$omp$1:

92.2: MSVC 2012

$T1 = 8 ; size = 4
$T2 = 4 ; size = 4
_main$omp$1 PROC ; COMDAT
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
push ecx
push ecx
push esi
lea eax, DWORD PTR $T2[ebp]
push eax
lea eax, DWORD PTR $T1[ebp]
push eax
push 1
push 1
push 2147483646 ; 7ffffffeH
push 0
call __vcomp_for_static_simple_init
mov esi, DWORD PTR $T1[ebp]
add esp, 24 ; 00000018H
jmp SHORT $LN6@main$omp$1
$LL2@main$omp$1:
push esi
call _check_nonce
pop ecx
inc esi
$LN6@main$omp$1:
cmp esi, DWORD PTR $T2[ebp]
jle SHORT $LL2@main$omp$1
call __vcomp_for_static_end
pop esi
leave
ret 0
_main$omp$1 ENDP

n , n CPU. vcomp_for_static_simple_init() -
for() , .
$T1 $T2. 7ffffffeh ( 2147483646)
vcomp_for_static_simple_init() ,
.
check_nonce() .
check_nonce() , -
.
:
threads=4
...
checked=2800000
checked=3000000
checked=3200000
checked=3300000
found (thread 3): [hello, world!_1611446522]. seconds spent=3

902
 92. OPENMP 92. OPENMP
__min[0]=0x00000000 __max[0]=0x1fffffff
__min[1]=0x20000000 __max[1]=0x3fffffff
__min[2]=0x40000000 __max[2]=0x5fffffff
__min[3]=0x60000000 __max[3]=0x7ffffffe

, , 3 :
C:\...\sha512sum test
000000f4a8fac5a4ed38794da4c1e39f54279ad5d9bb3c5465cdf57adaf60403
df6e3fe6019f5764fc9975e505a7395fed780fee50eb38dd4c0279cb114672e2 *test

2..3 4- Intel Xeon E3-1220 3.10 GHz. task manager 5 :

+ 4 . ,
. , , . CPU 4 , OpenMP 4
.
, , 4 . ,
, .
.
, :
#pragma omp atomic
checked++;

#pragma omp critical

if ((checked % 100000)==0)
printf ("checked=%d\n", checked);

92.3: MSVC 2012

push edi
push OFFSET _checked
call __vcomp_atomic_add_i4
; Line 55
push OFFSET _$vcomp$critsect$
call __vcomp_enter_critsect
add esp, 12 ; 0000000cH
; Line 56
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _checked
mov eax, ecx
cdq
mov esi, 100000 ; 000186a0H
idiv esi
test edx, edx
jne SHORT $LN1@check_nonc
; Line 57
push ecx
push OFFSET ??_C@_0M@NPNHLIOO@checked?$DN?$CFd?6?$AA@
call _printf
pop ecx
pop ecx
$LN1@check_nonc:
push DWORD PTR _$vcomp$critsect$
call __vcomp_leave_critsect
pop ecx

, vcomp_atomic_add_i4() vcomp*.dll
LOCK XADD4 .
vcomp_enter_critsect() win32 API EnterCriticalSection() 5 .

92.2. GCC
GCC 4.8.1 , , GCC
.
4 LOCK : A.6.1 (. 963)
5 : 68.4 (. 740)

903
 92. OPENMP 92. OPENMP
92.4: GCC 4.8.1
mov edi, OFFSET FLAT:main._omp_fn.0
call GOMP_parallel_start
mov edi, 0
call main._omp_fn.0
call GOMP_parallel_end

MSVC, , GCC, 3 ,
. 4 5 MSVC.
main._omp_fn.0:

92.5: GCC 4.8.1

main._omp_fn.0:
push rbp
mov rbp, rsp
push rbx
sub rsp, 40
mov QWORD PTR [rbp40], rdi
call omp_get_num_threads
mov ebx, eax
call omp_get_thread_num
mov esi, eax
mov eax, 2147483647 ; 0x7FFFFFFF
cdq
idiv ebx
mov ecx, eax
mov eax, 2147483647 ; 0x7FFFFFFF
cdq
idiv ebx
mov eax, edx
cmp esi, eax
jl .L15
.L18:
imul esi, ecx
mov edx, esi
add eax, edx
lea ebx, [rax+rcx]
cmp eax, ebx
jge .L14
mov DWORD PTR [rbp20], eax
.L17:
mov eax, DWORD PTR [rbp20]
mov edi, eax
call check_nonce
add DWORD PTR [rbp20], 1
cmp DWORD PTR [rbp20], ebx
jl .L17
jmp .L14
.L15:
mov eax, 0
add ecx, 1
jmp .L18
.L14:
add rsp, 40
pop rbx
pop rbp
ret

: omp_get_num_threads() omp_get_thread_num() -
, , .
check_nonce().
GCC LOCK ADD , MSVC
DLL :

92.6: GCC 4.8.1

lock add DWORD PTR checked[rip], 1
call GOMP_critical_start

904
 92. OPENMP 92. OPENMP
mov ecx, DWORD PTR checked[rip]
mov edx, 351843721
mov eax, ecx
imul edx
sar edx, 13
mov eax, ecx
sar eax, 31
sub edx, eax
mov eax, edx
imul eax, eax, 100000
sub ecx, eax
mov eax, ecx
test eax, eax
jne .L7
mov eax, DWORD PTR checked[rip]
mov esi, eax
mov edi, OFFSET FLAT:.LC2 ; "checked=%d\n"
mov eax, 0
call printf
.L7:
call GOMP_critical_end

GOMP GNU OpenMP. vcomp*.dll,

: GitHub.

905
 93. ITANIUM 93. ITANIUM

93

Itanium

( ) Intel Itanium (IA64) . OOE-

, , EPIC1
: .

IA64-: Linux :

93.1: Linux kernel 3.2.0.4

#define TEA_ROUNDS 32
#define TEA_DELTA 0x9e3779b9

static void tea_encrypt(struct crypto_tfm *tfm, u8 *dst, const u8 *src)

{
u32 y, z, n, sum = 0;
u32 k0, k1, k2, k3;
struct tea_ctx *ctx = crypto_tfm_ctx(tfm);
const __le32 *in = (const __le32 *)src;
__le32 *out = (__le32 *)dst;

y = le32_to_cpu(in[0]);
z = le32_to_cpu(in[1]);

k0 = ctx>KEY[0];
k1 = ctx>KEY[1];
k2 = ctx>KEY[2];
k3 = ctx>KEY[3];

n = TEA_ROUNDS;

while (n > 0) {
sum += TEA_DELTA;
y += ((z << 4) + k0) ^ (z + sum) ^ ((z >> 5) + k1);
z += ((y << 4) + k2) ^ (y + sum) ^ ((y >> 5) + k3);
}

out[0] = cpu_to_le32(y);
out[1] = cpu_to_le32(z);
}

93.2: Linux Kernel 3.2.0.4 Itanium 2 (McKinley)

0090| tea_encrypt:
0090|08 80 80 41 00 21 adds r16 = 96, r32 // ptr to ctx>KEY[2]
0096|80 C0 82 00 42 00 adds r8 = 88, r32 // ptr to ctx>KEY[0]
009C|00 00 04 00 nop.i 0
00A0|09 18 70 41 00 21 adds r3 = 92, r32 // ptr to ctx>KEY[1]
00A6|F0 20 88 20 28 00 ld4 r15 = [r34], 4 // load z
00AC|44 06 01 84 adds r32 = 100, r32;; // ptr to ctx>KEY[3]
00B0|08 98 00 20 10 10 ld4 r19 = [r16] // r19=k2
1 Explicitly parallel instruction computing

906
 93. ITANIUM 93. ITANIUM
00B6|00 01 00 00 42 40 mov r16 = r0 // r0 always contain zero
00BC|00 08 CA 00 mov.i r2 = ar.lc // save lc register
00C0|05 70 00 44 10 10 9E FF FF FF 7F 20 ld4 r14 = [r34] // load y
00CC|92 F3 CE 6B movl r17 = 0xFFFFFFFF9E3779B9;; // TEA_DELTA
00D0|08 00 00 00 01 00 nop.m 0
00D6|50 01 20 20 20 00 ld4 r21 = [r8] // r21=k0
00DC|F0 09 2A 00 mov.i ar.lc = 31 // TEA_ROUNDS is 32
00E0|0A A0 00 06 10 10 ld4 r20 = [r3];; // r20=k1
00E6|20 01 80 20 20 00 ld4 r18 = [r32] // r18=k3
00EC|00 00 04 00 nop.i 0
00F0|
00F0| loc_F0:
00F0|09 80 40 22 00 20 add r16 = r16, r17 // r16=sum, r17=TEA_DELTA
00F6|D0 71 54 26 40 80 shladd r29 = r14, 4, r21 // r14=y, r21=k0
00FC|A3 70 68 52 extr.u r28 = r14, 5, 27;;
0100|03 F0 40 1C 00 20 add r30 = r16, r14
0106|B0 E1 50 00 40 40 add r27 = r28, r20;; // r20=k1
010C|D3 F1 3C 80 xor r26 = r29, r30;;
0110|0B C8 6C 34 0F 20 xor r25 = r27, r26;;
0116|F0 78 64 00 40 00 add r15 = r15, r25 // r15=z
011C|00 00 04 00 nop.i 0;;
0120|00 00 00 00 01 00 nop.m 0
0126|80 51 3C 34 29 60 extr.u r24 = r15, 5, 27
012C|F1 98 4C 80 shladd r11 = r15, 4, r19 // r19=k2
0130|0B B8 3C 20 00 20 add r23 = r15, r16;;
0136|A0 C0 48 00 40 00 add r10 = r24, r18 // r18=k3
013C|00 00 04 00 nop.i 0;;
0140|0B 48 28 16 0F 20 xor r9 = r10, r11;;
0146|60 B9 24 1E 40 00 xor r22 = r23, r9
014C|00 00 04 00 nop.i 0;;
0150|11 00 00 00 01 00 nop.m 0
0156|E0 70 58 00 40 A0 add r14 = r14, r22
015C|A0 FF FF 48 br.cloop.sptk.few loc_F0;;
0160|09 20 3C 42 90 15 st4 [r33] = r15, 4 // store z
0166|00 00 00 02 00 00 nop.m 0
016C|20 08 AA 00 mov.i ar.lc = r2;; // restore lc register
0170|11 00 38 42 90 11 st4 [r33] = r14 // store y
0176|00 00 00 02 00 80 nop.i 0
017C|08 00 84 00 br.ret.sptk.many b0;;

, IA64 (bundle) . 16
(128 ) template- (5 ) (41 ). IDA 6+6+4
.
3 , - -
.
, Intel HP
(AKA templates): . 12. ,
MII, : Memory ( ), I (,
). , 0x1d: MFB: Memory (
), Float (, FPU), Branch ( ).
, NOP:
nop.i (NOP -
) nop.m ( ). ,
NOP- .
. . -,
, -, . ,
Itanium 2 2 , , 6 .
(.. data hazard-) .
, .
, - (;;) . , [90-ac]
: . : [b0-cc].
- 10cWe also see a stop bit at 10c. 110 -.
, ( CISC) . :
110 , ( r26),

907
 93. ITANIUM 93. ITANIUM
. , , ,
, CPU , - NOP- .
: .
- ,
Itanium, .
IA64- Linux :
http://go.yurichev.com/17322.
Itanium : [Bur], [haq].
Itanium speculative execution ( , -
, ) NaT (not a thing), NaN- :
MSDN.

908
 94. 8086 94. 8086

94

8086

16- MS-DOS Win16 (78.3 (. 787) 53.5 (. 621)), ,

16- . ? , MS-DOS 8086 .
8086/8088 16- , 20- ( -
1MB ) . RAM ( 640KB), ,
, EMS-, ..
8086/8088 8- 8080 . 8080
16- , .. 64KB.
1 , 8086 64- , , -
. , - , . 8086 16-,
, , (CS, DS, ES, SS) . 20-
, (
DS:BX)
real_address = (segment_register 4) + address_register
, (EGA2 , VGA3 ) IBM PC- 64KB.
, 0xA000 , , DS.
DS:0 , DS:0xFFFF .
20- , 0xA0000 0xAFFFF.
0x1234,
, ,
, , .
, MS-DOS -
, .. 16- . 20- , ,
:
.
, - , 64KB.
80286 , .
80386 , MS-DOS , -
DOS-: , CPU
API , MS-DOS.
DOS/4GW ( DOOM ), Phar Lap, PMODE

, 16- Windows 3.x, Win32 .

1 100%
2 Enhanced Graphics Adapter
3 Video Graphics Array

909
 95. BASIC BLOCK- 95. BASIC BLOCK-

95

basic block-

95.1. Prole-guided optimization

basic block-
.
, (, ) (,
, ) .
(instrumentation) ,
. , , -
.
, ,
- .
Oracle RDBMS, Intel C++ :

95.1: orageneric11.dll (win32)

public _skgfsync
_skgfsync proc near

; address 0x6030D86A

db 66h
nop
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
mov edx, [ebp+0Ch]
test edx, edx
jz short loc_6030D884
mov eax, [edx+30h]
test eax, 400h
jnz __VInfreq__skgfsync ; write to log
continue:
mov eax, [ebp+8]
mov edx, [ebp+10h]
mov dword ptr [eax], 0
lea eax, [edx+0Fh]
and eax, 0FFFFFFFCh
mov ecx, [eax]
cmp ecx, 45726963h
jnz error ; exit with error
mov esp, ebp
pop ebp
retn
_skgfsync endp

...

; address 0x60B953F0

__VInfreq__skgfsync:

910
 95. BASIC BLOCK- 95. BASIC BLOCK-
mov eax, [edx]
test eax, eax
jz continue
mov ecx, [ebp+10h]
push ecx
mov ecx, [ebp+8]
push edx
push ecx
push offset ... ; "skgfsync(se=0x%x, ctx=0x%x, iov=0x%x)\n"
push dword ptr [edx+4]
call dword ptr [eax] ; write to log
add esp, 14h
jmp continue

error:
mov edx, [ebp+8]
mov dword ptr [edx], 69AAh ; 27050 "function called with invalid FIB/IOV structure
"
mov eax, [eax]
mov [edx+4], eax
mov dword ptr [edx+8], 0FA4h ; 4004
mov esp, ebp
pop ebp
retn
; END OF FUNCTION CHUNK FOR _skgfsync

9 .
DLL-, -
. Intel C++ VInfreg .
- (, , - ) , ,
, Oracle ( ). Basic block
-,
basic block 27050 .
ELF- Linux Intel C++ (text.unlikely)
text.hot .
reverse engineer-, ,
.

911
 XI

912
 96. 96.

96

96.1. Windows
[RA09].

96.2. /++
[ISO13].

96.3. x86 / x86-64

[Int13], [AMD13a]

96.4. ARM
ARM: http://go.yurichev.com/17024

96.5.
[Sch94]

913
 97. 97.

97

97.1. Windows
Microsoft: Raymond Chen
nynaeve.net

914
 98. 98.

98

reddit.com RE : reddit.com/r/ReverseEngineering/ reddit.com/r/remath

( RE ).
Stack Exchange RE:
reverseengineering.stackexchange.com.
IRC ##re FreeNode1 .

1 freenode.net

915
 XII

916
917
 , , :
1) ? .
2) /++.
Google-, - , . , ,
Google .
.

918
 99. 1 99. 1

99

, , .

99.1. 1.4
. .
, , , .., -
. ?
.
win32 (beginners.re)
Linux x86 (beginners.re)
Mac OS X (beginners.re)
MIPS (beginners.re)

919
 100. 2 100. 2

100

, .

100.1. 2.1

100.1.1. MSVC 2010 x86

__real@3fe0000000000000 DQ 03fe0000000000000r
__real@3f50624dd2f1a9fc DQ 03f50624dd2f1a9fcr

_g$ = 8
tv132 = 16
_x$ = 16
f1 PROC
fld QWORD PTR _x$[esp4]
fld QWORD PTR __real@3f50624dd2f1a9fc
fld QWORD PTR __real@3fe0000000000000
fld QWORD PTR _g$[esp4]
$LN2@f1:
fld ST(0)
fmul ST(0), ST(1)
fsub ST(0), ST(4)
call __ftol2_sse
cdq
xor eax, edx
sub eax, edx
mov DWORD PTR tv132[esp4], eax
fild DWORD PTR tv132[esp4]
fcomp ST(3)
fnstsw ax
test ah, 5
jnp SHORT $LN19@f1
fld ST(3)
fdiv ST(0), ST(1)
faddp ST(1), ST(0)
fmul ST(0), ST(1)
jmp SHORT $LN2@f1
$LN19@f1:
fstp ST(3)
fstp ST(1)
fstp ST(0)
ret 0
f1 ENDP

__real@3ff0000000000000 DQ 03ff0000000000000r

_x$ = 8
f2 PROC
fld QWORD PTR _x$[esp4]
sub esp, 16
fstp QWORD PTR [esp+8]

920
 100. 2 100. 2
fld1
fstp QWORD PTR [esp]
call f1
add esp, 16
ret 0
f2 ENDP

100.1.2. MSVC 2012 x64

__real@3fe0000000000000 DQ 03fe0000000000000r
__real@3f50624dd2f1a9fc DQ 03f50624dd2f1a9fcr
__real@3ff0000000000000 DQ 03ff0000000000000r

x$ = 8
f PROC
movsdx xmm2, QWORD PTR __real@3ff0000000000000
movsdx xmm5, QWORD PTR __real@3f50624dd2f1a9fc
movsdx xmm4, QWORD PTR __real@3fe0000000000000
movapd xmm3, xmm0
npad 4
$LL4@f:
movapd xmm1, xmm2
mulsd xmm1, xmm2
subsd xmm1, xmm3
cvttsd2si eax, xmm1
cdq
xor eax, edx
sub eax, edx
movd xmm0, eax
cvtdq2pd xmm0, xmm0
comisd xmm5, xmm0
ja SHORT $LN18@f
movapd xmm0, xmm3
divsd xmm0, xmm2
addsd xmm0, xmm2
movapd xmm2, xmm0
mulsd xmm2, xmm4
jmp SHORT $LL4@f
$LN18@f:
movapd xmm0, xmm2
ret 0
f ENDP

100.2. 2.4
. MSVC 2010.

100.2.1. MSVC 2010

PUBLIC _f
_TEXT SEGMENT
_arg1$ = 8 ; size = 4
_arg2$ = 12 ; size = 4
_f PROC
push esi
mov esi, DWORD PTR _arg1$[esp]
push edi
mov edi, DWORD PTR _arg2$[esp+4]
cmp BYTE PTR [edi], 0
mov eax, esi
je SHORT $LN7@f
mov dl, BYTE PTR [esi]
push ebx

921
 100. 2 100. 2
test dl, dl
je SHORT $LN4@f
sub esi, edi
npad 6 ; align next label
$LL5@f:
mov ecx, edi
test dl, dl
je SHORT $LN2@f
$LL3@f:
mov dl, BYTE PTR [ecx]
test dl, dl
je SHORT $LN14@f
movsx ebx, BYTE PTR [esi+ecx]
movsx edx, dl
sub ebx, edx
jne SHORT $LN2@f
inc ecx
cmp BYTE PTR [esi+ecx], bl
jne SHORT $LL3@f
$LN2@f:
cmp BYTE PTR [ecx], 0
je SHORT $LN14@f
mov dl, BYTE PTR [eax+1]
inc eax
inc esi
test dl, dl
jne SHORT $LL5@f
xor eax, eax
pop ebx
pop edi
pop esi
ret 0
_f ENDP
_TEXT ENDS
END

100.2.2. GCC 4.4.1

public f
f proc near

var_C = dword ptr 0Ch

var_8 = dword ptr 8
var_4 = dword ptr 4
arg_0 = dword ptr 8
arg_4 = dword ptr 0Ch

push ebp
mov ebp, esp
sub esp, 10h
mov eax, [ebp+arg_0]
mov [ebp+var_4], eax
mov eax, [ebp+arg_4]
movzx eax, byte ptr [eax]
test al, al
jnz short loc_8048443
mov eax, [ebp+arg_0]
jmp short locret_8048453

loc_80483F4:
mov eax, [ebp+var_4]
mov [ebp+var_8], eax
mov eax, [ebp+arg_4]
mov [ebp+var_C], eax
jmp short loc_804840A

loc_8048402:
add [ebp+var_8], 1

922
 100. 2 100. 2
add [ebp+var_C], 1

loc_804840A:
mov eax, [ebp+var_8]
movzx eax, byte ptr [eax]
test al, al
jz short loc_804842E
mov eax, [ebp+var_C]
movzx eax, byte ptr [eax]
test al, al
jz short loc_804842E
mov eax, [ebp+var_8]
movzx edx, byte ptr [eax]
mov eax, [ebp+var_C]
movzx eax, byte ptr [eax]
cmp dl, al
jz short loc_8048402

loc_804842E:
mov eax, [ebp+var_C]
movzx eax, byte ptr [eax]
test al, al
jnz short loc_804843D
mov eax, [ebp+var_4]
jmp short locret_8048453

loc_804843D:
add [ebp+var_4], 1
jmp short loc_8048444

loc_8048443:
nop

loc_8048444:
mov eax, [ebp+var_4]
movzx eax, byte ptr [eax]
test al, al
jnz short loc_80483F4
mov eax, 0

locret_8048453:
leave
retn
f endp

100.2.3. Keil ( ARM)

PUSH {r4,lr}
LDRB r2,[r1,#0]
CMP r2,#0
POPEQ {r4,pc}
B |L0.80|
|L0.20|
LDRB r12,[r3,#0]
CMP r12,#0
BEQ |L0.64|
LDRB r4,[r2,#0]
CMP r4,#0
POPEQ {r4,pc}
CMP r12,r4
ADDEQ r3,r3,#1
ADDEQ r2,r2,#1
BEQ |L0.20|
B |L0.76|
|L0.64|
LDRB r2,[r2,#0]
CMP r2,#0

923
 100. 2 100. 2
POPEQ {r4,pc}
|L0.76|
ADD r0,r0,#1
|L0.80|
LDRB r2,[r0,#0]
CMP r2,#0
MOVNE r3,r0
MOVNE r2,r1
MOVEQ r0,#0
BNE |L0.20|
POP {r4,pc}

100.2.4. Keil ( Thumb)

PUSH {r4,r5,lr}
LDRB r2,[r1,#0]
CMP r2,#0
BEQ |L0.54|
B |L0.46|
|L0.10|
MOVS r3,r0
MOVS r2,r1
B |L0.20|
|L0.16|
ADDS r3,r3,#1
ADDS r2,r2,#1
|L0.20|
LDRB r4,[r3,#0]
CMP r4,#0
BEQ |L0.38|
LDRB r5,[r2,#0]
CMP r5,#0
BEQ |L0.54|
CMP r4,r5
BEQ |L0.16|
B |L0.44|
|L0.38|
LDRB r2,[r2,#0]
CMP r2,#0
BEQ |L0.54|
|L0.44|
ADDS r0,r0,#1
|L0.46|
LDRB r2,[r0,#0]
CMP r2,#0
BNE |L0.10|
MOVS r0,#0
|L0.54|
POP {r4,r5,pc}

100.2.5. GCC 4.9.1 (ARM64)

100.1: GCC 4.9.1 (ARM64)

func:
ldrb w6, [x1]
mov x2, x0
cbz w6, .L2
ldrb w2, [x0]
cbz w2, .L24
.L17:
ldrb w2, [x0]
cbz w2, .L5
cmp w6, w2
mov x5, x0
mov x2, x1

924
 100. 2 100. 2
beq .L18
b .L5
.L4:
ldrb w4, [x2]
cmp w3, w4
cbz w4, .L8
bne .L8
.L18:
ldrb w3, [x5,1]!
add x2, x2, 1
cbnz w3, .L4
.L8:
ldrb w2, [x2]
cbz w2, .L27
.L5:
ldrb w2, [x0,1]!
cbnz w2, .L17
.L24:
mov x2, 0
.L2:
mov x0, x2
ret
.L27:
mov x2, x0
mov x0, x2
ret

100.2.6. GCC 4.4.5 (MIPS)

100.2: GCC 4.4.5 (MIPS) (IDA)

f:
lb $v1, 0($a1)
or $at, $zero
bnez $v1, loc_18
move $v0, $a0

locret_10: # CODE XREF: f+50

# f+78
jr $ra
or $at, $zero

loc_18: # CODE XREF: f+8

lb $a0, 0($a0)
or $at, $zero
beqz $a0, locret_94
move $a2, $v0

loc_28: # CODE XREF: f+8C

lb $a0, 0($a2)
or $at, $zero
beqz $a0, loc_80
or $at, $zero
bne $v1, $a0, loc_80
move $a3, $a1
b loc_60
addiu $a2, 1

loc_48: # CODE XREF: f+68

lb $t1, 0($a3)
or $at, $zero
beqz $t1, locret_10
or $at, $zero
bne $t0, $t1, loc_80
addiu $a2, 1

loc_60: # CODE XREF: f+40

lb $t0, 0($a2)

925
 100. 2 100. 2
or $at, $zero
bnez $t0, loc_48
addiu $a3, 1
lb $a0, 0($a3)
or $at, $zero
beqz $a0, locret_10
or $at, $zero

loc_80: # CODE XREF: f+30

# f+38 ...
addiu $v0, 1
lb $a0, 0($v0)
or $at, $zero
bnez $a0, loc_28
move $a2, $v0

locret_94: # CODE XREF: f+20

jr $ra
move $v0, $zero

100.3. 2.6

100.3.1. MSVC 2010

PUBLIC _f
; Function compile flags: /Ogtpy
_TEXT SEGMENT
_k0$ = 12 ; size = 4
_k3$ = 8 ; size = 4
_k2$ = 4 ; size = 4
_v$ = 8 ; size = 4
_k1$ = 12 ; size = 4
_k$ = 12 ; size = 4
_f PROC
sub esp, 12 ; 0000000cH
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _v$[esp+8]
mov eax, DWORD PTR [ecx]
mov ecx, DWORD PTR [ecx+4]
push ebx
push esi
mov esi, DWORD PTR _k$[esp+16]
push edi
mov edi, DWORD PTR [esi]
mov DWORD PTR _k0$[esp+24], edi
mov edi, DWORD PTR [esi+4]
mov DWORD PTR _k1$[esp+20], edi
mov edi, DWORD PTR [esi+8]
mov esi, DWORD PTR [esi+12]
xor edx, edx
mov DWORD PTR _k2$[esp+24], edi
mov DWORD PTR _k3$[esp+24], esi
lea edi, DWORD PTR [edx+32]
$LL8@f:
mov esi, ecx
shr esi, 5
add esi, DWORD PTR _k1$[esp+20]
mov ebx, ecx
shl ebx, 4
add ebx, DWORD PTR _k0$[esp+24]
sub edx, 1640531527 ; 61c88647H
xor esi, ebx
lea ebx, DWORD PTR [edx+ecx]
xor esi, ebx
add eax, esi
mov esi, eax
shr esi, 5

926
 100. 2 100. 2
add esi, DWORD PTR _k3$[esp+24]
mov ebx, eax
shl ebx, 4
add ebx, DWORD PTR _k2$[esp+24]
xor esi, ebx
lea ebx, DWORD PTR [edx+eax]
xor esi, ebx
add ecx, esi
dec edi
jne SHORT $LL8@f
mov edx, DWORD PTR _v$[esp+20]
pop edi
pop esi
mov DWORD PTR [edx], eax
mov DWORD PTR [edx+4], ecx
pop ebx
add esp, 12 ; 0000000cH
ret 0
_f ENDP

100.3.2. Keil ( ARM)

PUSH {r4r10,lr}
ADD r5,r1,#8
LDM r5,{r5,r7}
LDR r2,[r0,#4]
LDR r3,[r0,#0]
LDR r4,|L0.116|
LDR r6,[r1,#4]
LDR r8,[r1,#0]
MOV r12,#0
MOV r1,r12
|L0.40|
ADD r12,r12,r4
ADD r9,r8,r2,LSL #4
ADD r10,r2,r12
EOR r9,r9,r10
ADD r10,r6,r2,LSR #5
EOR r9,r9,r10
ADD r3,r3,r9
ADD r9,r5,r3,LSL #4
ADD r10,r3,r12
EOR r9,r9,r10
ADD r10,r7,r3,LSR #5
EOR r9,r9,r10
ADD r1,r1,#1
CMP r1,#0x20
ADD r2,r2,r9
STRCS r2,[r0,#4]
STRCS r3,[r0,#0]
BCC |L0.40|
POP {r4r10,pc}

|L0.116|
DCD 0x9e3779b9

100.3.3. Keil ( Thumb)

PUSH {r1r7,lr}
LDR r5,|L0.84|
LDR r3,[r0,#0]
LDR r2,[r0,#4]
STR r5,[sp,#8]
MOVS r6,r1
LDM r6,{r6,r7}

927
 100. 2 100. 2
LDR r5,[r1,#8]
STR r6,[sp,#4]
LDR r6,[r1,#0xc]
MOVS r4,#0
MOVS r1,r4
MOV lr,r5
MOV r12,r6
STR r7,[sp,#0]
|L0.30|
LDR r5,[sp,#8]
LSLS r6,r2,#4
ADDS r4,r4,r5
LDR r5,[sp,#4]
LSRS r7,r2,#5
ADDS r5,r6,r5
ADDS r6,r2,r4
EORS r5,r5,r6
LDR r6,[sp,#0]
ADDS r1,r1,#1
ADDS r6,r7,r6
EORS r5,r5,r6
ADDS r3,r5,r3
LSLS r5,r3,#4
ADDS r6,r3,r4
ADD r5,r5,lr
EORS r5,r5,r6
LSRS r6,r3,#5
ADD r6,r6,r12
EORS r5,r5,r6
ADDS r2,r5,r2
CMP r1,#0x20
BCC |L0.30|
STR r3,[r0,#0]
STR r2,[r0,#4]
POP {r1r7,pc}

|L0.84|
DCD 0x9e3779b9

100.3.4. GCC 4.9.1 (ARM64)

100.3: GCC 4.9.1 (ARM64)

f:
ldr w3, [x0]
mov w4, 0
ldr w2, [x0,4]
ldr w10, [x1]
ldr w9, [x1,4]
ldr w8, [x1,8]
ldr w7, [x1,12]
.L2:
mov w5, 31161
add w6, w10, w2, lsl 4
movk w5, 0x9e37, lsl 16
add w1, w9, w2, lsr 5
add w4, w4, w5
eor w1, w6, w1
add w5, w2, w4
mov w6, 14112
eor w1, w1, w5
movk w6, 0xc6ef, lsl 16
add w3, w3, w1
cmp w4, w6
add w5, w3, w4
add w6, w8, w3, lsl 4
add w1, w7, w3, lsr 5
eor w1, w6, w1

928
 100. 2 100. 2
eor w1, w1, w5
add w2, w2, w1
bne .L2
str w3, [x0]
str w2, [x0,4]
ret

100.3.5. GCC 4.4.5 (MIPS)

100.4: GCC 4.4.5 (MIPS) (IDA)

f:
lui $t2, 0x9E37
lui $t1, 0xC6EF
lw $v0, 0($a0)
lw $v1, 4($a0)
lw $t6, 0xC($a1)
lw $t5, 0($a1)
lw $t4, 4($a1)
lw $t3, 8($a1)
li $t2, 0x9E3779B9
li $t1, 0xC6EF3720
move $a1, $zero

loc_2C: # CODE XREF: f+6C

addu $a1, $t2
sll $a2, $v1, 4
addu $t0, $a1, $v1
srl $a3, $v1, 5
addu $a2, $t5
addu $a3, $t4
xor $a2, $t0, $a2
xor $a2, $a3
addu $v0, $a2
sll $a3, $v0, 4
srl $a2, $v0, 5
addu $a3, $t3
addu $a2, $t6
xor $a2, $a3, $a2
addu $a3, $v0, $a1
xor $a2, $a3
bne $a1, $t1, loc_2C
addu $v1, $a2
sw $v1, 4($a0)
jr $ra
sw $v0, 0($a0)

100.4. 2.13
. ?

100.4.1. MSVC 2012

_in$ = 8 ; size = 2
_f PROC
movzx ecx, WORD PTR _in$[esp4]
lea eax, DWORD PTR [ecx*4]
xor eax, ecx
add eax, eax
xor eax, ecx
shl eax, 2
xor eax, ecx
and eax, 32 ; 00000020H

929
 100. 2 100. 2
shl eax, 10 ; 0000000aH
shr ecx, 1
or eax, ecx
ret 0
_f ENDP

100.4.2. Keil ( ARM)

f PROC
EOR r1,r0,r0,LSR #2
EOR r1,r1,r0,LSR #3
EOR r1,r1,r0,LSR #5
AND r1,r1,#1
LSR r0,r0,#1
ORR r0,r0,r1,LSL #15
BX lr
ENDP

100.4.3. Keil ( Thumb)

f PROC
LSRS r1,r0,#2
EORS r1,r1,r0
LSRS r2,r0,#3
EORS r1,r1,r2
LSRS r2,r0,#5
EORS r1,r1,r2
LSLS r1,r1,#31
LSRS r0,r0,#1
LSRS r1,r1,#16
ORRS r0,r0,r1
BX lr
ENDP

100.4.4. GCC 4.9.1 (ARM64)

f:
uxth w1, w0
lsr w2, w1, 3
lsr w0, w1, 1
eor w2, w2, w1, lsr 2
eor w2, w1, w2
eor w1, w2, w1, lsr 5
and w1, w1, 1
orr w0, w0, w1, lsl 15
ret

100.4.5. GCC 4.4.5 (MIPS)

100.5: GCC 4.4.5 (MIPS) (IDA)

f:
andi $a0, 0xFFFF
srl $v1, $a0, 2
srl $v0, $a0, 3
xor $v0, $v1, $v0
xor $v0, $a0, $v0
srl $v1, $a0, 5
xor $v0, $v1
andi $v0, 1
srl $a0, 1

930
 100. 2 100. 2
sll $v0, 15
jr $ra
or $v0, $a0

100.5. 2.14
. 2 .

100.5.1. MSVC 2012

_rt$1 = 4 ; size = 4
_rt$2 = 8 ; size = 4
_x$ = 8 ; size = 4
_y$ = 12 ; size = 4
?f@@YAIII@Z PROC ; f
push ecx
push esi
mov esi, DWORD PTR _x$[esp+4]
test esi, esi
jne SHORT $LN7@f
mov eax, DWORD PTR _y$[esp+4]
pop esi
pop ecx
ret 0
$LN7@f:
mov edx, DWORD PTR _y$[esp+4]
mov eax, esi
test edx, edx
je SHORT $LN8@f
or eax, edx
push edi
bsf edi, eax
bsf eax, esi
mov ecx, eax
mov DWORD PTR _rt$1[esp+12], eax
bsf eax, edx
shr esi, cl
mov ecx, eax
shr edx, cl
mov DWORD PTR _rt$2[esp+8], eax
cmp esi, edx
je SHORT $LN22@f
$LN23@f:
jbe SHORT $LN2@f
xor esi, edx
xor edx, esi
xor esi, edx
$LN2@f:
cmp esi, 1
je SHORT $LN22@f
sub edx, esi
bsf eax, edx
mov ecx, eax
shr edx, cl
mov DWORD PTR _rt$2[esp+8], eax
cmp esi, edx
jne SHORT $LN23@f
$LN22@f:
mov ecx, edi
shl esi, cl
pop edi
mov eax, esi
$LN8@f:
pop esi
pop ecx

931
 100. 2 100. 2
ret 0
?f@@YAIII@Z ENDP

100.5.2. Keil ( ARM)

||f1|| PROC
CMP r0,#0
RSB r1,r0,#0
AND r0,r0,r1
CLZ r0,r0
RSBNE r0,r0,#0x1f
BX lr
ENDP

f PROC
MOVS r2,r0
MOV r3,r1
MOVEQ r0,r1
CMPNE r3,#0
PUSH {lr}
POPEQ {pc}
ORR r0,r2,r3
BL ||f1||
MOV r12,r0
MOV r0,r2
BL ||f1||
LSR r2,r2,r0
|L0.196|
MOV r0,r3
BL ||f1||
LSR r0,r3,r0
CMP r2,r0
EORHI r1,r2,r0
EORHI r0,r0,r1
EORHI r2,r1,r0
BEQ |L0.240|
CMP r2,#1
SUBNE r3,r0,r2
BNE |L0.196|
|L0.240|
LSL r0,r2,r12
POP {pc}
ENDP

100.5.3. GCC 4.6.3 for Raspberry Pi ( ARM)

f:
subs r3, r0, #0
beq .L162
cmp r1, #0
moveq r1, r3
beq .L162
orr r2, r1, r3
rsb ip, r2, #0
and ip, ip, r2
cmp r2, #0
rsb r2, r3, #0
and r2, r2, r3
clz r2, r2
rsb r2, r2, #31
clz ip, ip
rsbne ip, ip, #31
mov r3, r3, lsr r2
b .L169
.L171:

932
 100. 2 100. 2
eorhi r1, r1, r2
eorhi r3, r1, r2
cmp r3, #1
rsb r1, r3, r1
beq .L167
.L169:
rsb r0, r1, #0
and r0, r0, r1
cmp r1, #0
clz r0, r0
mov r2, r0
rsbne r2, r0, #31
mov r1, r1, lsr r2
cmp r3, r1
eor r2, r1, r3
bne .L171
.L167:
mov r1, r3, asl ip
.L162:
mov r0, r1
bx lr

100.5.4. GCC 4.9.1 (ARM64)

100.6: GCC 4.9.1 (ARM64)

f:
mov w3, w0
mov w0, w1
cbz w3, .L8
mov w0, w3
cbz w1, .L8
mov w6, 31
orr w5, w3, w1
neg w2, w3
neg w7, w5
and w2, w2, w3
clz w2, w2
sub w2, w6, w2
and w5, w7, w5
mov w4, w6
clz w5, w5
lsr w0, w3, w2
sub w5, w6, w5
b .L13
.L22:
bls .L12
eor w1, w1, w2
eor w0, w1, w2
.L12:
cmp w0, 1
sub w1, w1, w0
beq .L11
.L13:
neg w2, w1
cmp w1, wzr
and w2, w2, w1
clz w2, w2
sub w3, w4, w2
csel w2, w3, w2, ne
lsr w1, w1, w2
cmp w0, w1
eor w2, w1, w0
bne .L22
.L11:
lsl w0, w0, w5
.L8:
ret

933
 100. 2 100. 2
100.5.5. GCC 4.4.5 (MIPS)

100.7: GCC 4.4.5 (MIPS) (IDA)

f:

var_20 = 0x20
var_18 = 0x18
var_14 = 0x14
var_10 = 0x10
var_C = 0xC
var_8 = 8
var_4 = 4

lui $gp, (__gnu_local_gp >> 16)

addiu $sp, 0x30
la $gp, (__gnu_local_gp & 0xFFFF)
sw $ra, 0x30+var_4($sp)
sw $s4, 0x30+var_8($sp)
sw $s3, 0x30+var_C($sp)
sw $s2, 0x30+var_10($sp)
sw $s1, 0x30+var_14($sp)
sw $s0, 0x30+var_18($sp)
sw $gp, 0x30+var_20($sp)
move $s0, $a0
beqz $a0, loc_154
move $s1, $a1
bnez $a1, loc_178
or $s2, $a1, $a0
move $s1, $a0

loc_154: # CODE XREF: f+2C

lw $ra, 0x30+var_4($sp)
move $v0, $s1
lw $s4, 0x30+var_8($sp)
lw $s3, 0x30+var_C($sp)
lw $s2, 0x30+var_10($sp)
lw $s1, 0x30+var_14($sp)
lw $s0, 0x30+var_18($sp)
jr $ra
addiu $sp, 0x30

loc_178: # CODE XREF: f+34

lw $t9, (__clzsi2 & 0xFFFF)($gp)
negu $a0, $s2
jalr $t9
and $a0, $s2
lw $gp, 0x30+var_20($sp)
bnez $s2, loc_20C
li $s4, 0x1F
move $s4, $v0

loc_198: # CODE XREF: f:loc_20C

lw $t9, (__clzsi2 & 0xFFFF)($gp)
negu $a0, $s0
jalr $t9
and $a0, $s0
nor $v0, $zero, $v0
lw $gp, 0x30+var_20($sp)
srlv $s0, $v0
li $s3, 0x1F
li $s2, 1

loc_1BC: # CODE XREF: f+F0

lw $t9, (__clzsi2 & 0xFFFF)($gp)
negu $a0, $s1
jalr $t9
and $a0, $s1
lw $gp, 0x30+var_20($sp)
beqz $s1, loc_1DC

934
 100. 2 100. 2
or $at, $zero
subu $v0, $s3, $v0

loc_1DC: # CODE XREF: f+BC

srlv $s1, $v0
xor $v1, $s1, $s0
beq $s0, $s1, loc_214
sltu $v0, $s1, $s0
beqz $v0, loc_1FC
or $at, $zero
xor $s1, $v1
xor $s0, $s1, $v1

loc_1FC: # CODE XREF: f+D8

beq $s0, $s2, loc_214
subu $s1, $s0
b loc_1BC
or $at, $zero

loc_20C: # CODE XREF: f+78

b loc_198
subu $s4, $v0

loc_214: # CODE XREF: f+D0

# f:loc_1FC
lw $ra, 0x30+var_4($sp)
sllv $s1, $s0, $s4
move $v0, $s1
lw $s4, 0x30+var_8($sp)
lw $s3, 0x30+var_C($sp)
lw $s2, 0x30+var_10($sp)
lw $s1, 0x30+var_14($sp)
lw $s0, 0x30+var_18($sp)
jr $ra
addiu $sp, 0x30

100.6. 2.15
. ?
, x86 FPU, x64 SIMD-. : 27 (. 451).

100.6.1. MSVC 2012 x64

__real@412e848000000000 DQ 0412e848000000000r ; 1e+006

__real@4010000000000000 DQ 04010000000000000r ; 4
__real@4008000000000000 DQ 04008000000000000r ; 3
__real@3f800000 DD 03f800000r ; 1

tmp$1 = 8
tmp$2 = 8
f PROC
movsdx xmm3, QWORD PTR __real@4008000000000000
movss xmm4, DWORD PTR __real@3f800000
mov edx, DWORD PTR ?RNG_state@?1??get_rand@@9@9
xor ecx, ecx
mov r8d, 200000 ; 00030d40H
npad 2 ; align next label
$LL4@f:
imul edx, 1664525 ; 0019660dH
add edx, 1013904223 ; 3c6ef35fH
mov eax, edx
and eax, 8388607 ; 007fffffH
imul edx, 1664525 ; 0019660dH
bts eax, 30
add edx, 1013904223 ; 3c6ef35fH

935
 100. 2 100. 2
mov DWORD PTR tmp$2[rsp], eax
mov eax, edx
and eax, 8388607 ; 007fffffH
bts eax, 30
movss xmm0, DWORD PTR tmp$2[rsp]
mov DWORD PTR tmp$1[rsp], eax
cvtps2pd xmm0, xmm0
subsd xmm0, xmm3
cvtpd2ps xmm2, xmm0
movss xmm0, DWORD PTR tmp$1[rsp]
cvtps2pd xmm0, xmm0
mulss xmm2, xmm2
subsd xmm0, xmm3
cvtpd2ps xmm1, xmm0
mulss xmm1, xmm1
addss xmm1, xmm2
comiss xmm4, xmm1
jbe SHORT $LN3@f
inc ecx
$LN3@f:
imul edx, 1664525 ; 0019660dH
add edx, 1013904223 ; 3c6ef35fH
mov eax, edx
and eax, 8388607 ; 007fffffH
imul edx, 1664525 ; 0019660dH
bts eax, 30
add edx, 1013904223 ; 3c6ef35fH
mov DWORD PTR tmp$2[rsp], eax
mov eax, edx
and eax, 8388607 ; 007fffffH
bts eax, 30
movss xmm0, DWORD PTR tmp$2[rsp]
mov DWORD PTR tmp$1[rsp], eax
cvtps2pd xmm0, xmm0
subsd xmm0, xmm3
cvtpd2ps xmm2, xmm0
movss xmm0, DWORD PTR tmp$1[rsp]
cvtps2pd xmm0, xmm0
mulss xmm2, xmm2
subsd xmm0, xmm3
cvtpd2ps xmm1, xmm0
mulss xmm1, xmm1
addss xmm1, xmm2
comiss xmm4, xmm1
jbe SHORT $LN15@f
inc ecx
$LN15@f:
imul edx, 1664525 ; 0019660dH
add edx, 1013904223 ; 3c6ef35fH
mov eax, edx
and eax, 8388607 ; 007fffffH
imul edx, 1664525 ; 0019660dH
bts eax, 30
add edx, 1013904223 ; 3c6ef35fH
mov DWORD PTR tmp$2[rsp], eax
mov eax, edx
and eax, 8388607 ; 007fffffH
bts eax, 30
movss xmm0, DWORD PTR tmp$2[rsp]
mov DWORD PTR tmp$1[rsp], eax
cvtps2pd xmm0, xmm0
subsd xmm0, xmm3
cvtpd2ps xmm2, xmm0
movss xmm0, DWORD PTR tmp$1[rsp]
cvtps2pd xmm0, xmm0
mulss xmm2, xmm2
subsd xmm0, xmm3
cvtpd2ps xmm1, xmm0
mulss xmm1, xmm1
addss xmm1, xmm2

936
 100. 2 100. 2
comiss xmm4, xmm1
jbe SHORT $LN16@f
inc ecx
$LN16@f:
imul edx, 1664525 ; 0019660dH
add edx, 1013904223 ; 3c6ef35fH
mov eax, edx
and eax, 8388607 ; 007fffffH
imul edx, 1664525 ; 0019660dH
bts eax, 30
add edx, 1013904223 ; 3c6ef35fH
mov DWORD PTR tmp$2[rsp], eax
mov eax, edx
and eax, 8388607 ; 007fffffH
bts eax, 30
movss xmm0, DWORD PTR tmp$2[rsp]
mov DWORD PTR tmp$1[rsp], eax
cvtps2pd xmm0, xmm0
subsd xmm0, xmm3
cvtpd2ps xmm2, xmm0
movss xmm0, DWORD PTR tmp$1[rsp]
cvtps2pd xmm0, xmm0
mulss xmm2, xmm2
subsd xmm0, xmm3
cvtpd2ps xmm1, xmm0
mulss xmm1, xmm1
addss xmm1, xmm2
comiss xmm4, xmm1
jbe SHORT $LN17@f
inc ecx
$LN17@f:
imul edx, 1664525 ; 0019660dH
add edx, 1013904223 ; 3c6ef35fH
mov eax, edx
and eax, 8388607 ; 007fffffH
imul edx, 1664525 ; 0019660dH
bts eax, 30
add edx, 1013904223 ; 3c6ef35fH
mov DWORD PTR tmp$2[rsp], eax
mov eax, edx
and eax, 8388607 ; 007fffffH
bts eax, 30
movss xmm0, DWORD PTR tmp$2[rsp]
mov DWORD PTR tmp$1[rsp], eax
cvtps2pd xmm0, xmm0
subsd xmm0, xmm3
cvtpd2ps xmm2, xmm0
movss xmm0, DWORD PTR tmp$1[rsp]
cvtps2pd xmm0, xmm0
mulss xmm2, xmm2
subsd xmm0, xmm3
cvtpd2ps xmm1, xmm0
mulss xmm1, xmm1
addss xmm1, xmm2
comiss xmm4, xmm1
jbe SHORT $LN18@f
inc ecx
$LN18@f:
dec r8
jne $LL4@f
movd xmm0, ecx
mov DWORD PTR ?RNG_state@?1??get_rand@@9@9, edx
cvtdq2ps xmm0, xmm0
cvtps2pd xmm1, xmm0
mulsd xmm1, QWORD PTR __real@4010000000000000
divsd xmm1, QWORD PTR __real@412e848000000000
cvtpd2ps xmm0, xmm1
ret 0
f ENDP

937
 100. 2 100. 2
100.6.2. GCC 4.4.6 x64

f1:
mov eax, DWORD PTR v1.2084[rip]
imul eax, eax, 1664525
add eax, 1013904223
mov DWORD PTR v1.2084[rip], eax
and eax, 8388607
or eax, 1073741824
mov DWORD PTR [rsp4], eax
movss xmm0, DWORD PTR [rsp4]
subss xmm0, DWORD PTR .LC0[rip]
ret
f:
push rbp
xor ebp, ebp
push rbx
xor ebx, ebx
sub rsp, 16
.L6:
xor eax, eax
call f1
xor eax, eax
movss DWORD PTR [rsp], xmm0
call f1
movss xmm1, DWORD PTR [rsp]
mulss xmm0, xmm0
mulss xmm1, xmm1
lea eax, [rbx+1]
addss xmm1, xmm0
movss xmm0, DWORD PTR .LC1[rip]
ucomiss xmm0, xmm1
cmova ebx, eax
add ebp, 1
cmp ebp, 1000000
jne .L6
cvtsi2ss xmm0, ebx
unpcklps xmm0, xmm0
cvtps2pd xmm0, xmm0
mulsd xmm0, QWORD PTR .LC2[rip]
divsd xmm0, QWORD PTR .LC3[rip]
add rsp, 16
pop rbx
pop rbp
unpcklpd xmm0, xmm0
cvtpd2ps xmm0, xmm0
ret
v1.2084:
.long 305419896
.LC0:
.long 1077936128
.LC1:
.long 1065353216
.LC2:
.long 0
.long 1074790400
.LC3:
.long 0
.long 1093567616

100.6.3. GCC 4.8.1 x86

f1:
sub esp, 4
imul eax, DWORD PTR v1.2023, 1664525
add eax, 1013904223
mov DWORD PTR v1.2023, eax

938
 100. 2 100. 2
and eax, 8388607
or eax, 1073741824
mov DWORD PTR [esp], eax
fld DWORD PTR [esp]
fsub DWORD PTR .LC0
add esp, 4
ret
f:
push esi
mov esi, 1000000
push ebx
xor ebx, ebx
sub esp, 16
.L7:
call f1
fstp DWORD PTR [esp]
call f1
lea eax, [ebx+1]
fld DWORD PTR [esp]
fmul st, st(0)
fxch st(1)
fmul st, st(0)
faddp st(1), st
fld1
fucomip st, st(1)
fstp st(0)
cmova ebx, eax
sub esi, 1
jne .L7
mov DWORD PTR [esp+4], ebx
fild DWORD PTR [esp+4]
fmul DWORD PTR .LC3
fdiv DWORD PTR .LC4
fstp DWORD PTR [esp+8]
fld DWORD PTR [esp+8]
add esp, 16
pop ebx
pop esi
ret

v1.2023:
.long 305419896
.LC0:
.long 1077936128
.LC3:
.long 1082130432
.LC4:
.long 1232348160

100.6.4. Keil ( ARM): Cortex-R4F

f1 PROC
LDR r1,|L0.184|
LDR r0,[r1,#0] ; v1
LDR r2,|L0.188|
VMOV.F32 s1,#3.00000000
MUL r0,r0,r2
LDR r2,|L0.192|
ADD r0,r0,r2
STR r0,[r1,#0] ; v1
BFC r0,#23,#9
ORR r0,r0,#0x40000000
VMOV s0,r0
VSUB.F32 s0,s0,s1
BX lr
ENDP

f PROC

939
 100. 2 100. 2
PUSH {r4,r5,lr}
MOV r4,#0
LDR r5,|L0.196|
MOV r3,r4
|L0.68|
BL f1
VMOV.F32 s2,s0
BL f1
VMOV.F32 s1,s2
ADD r3,r3,#1
VMUL.F32 s1,s1,s1
VMLA.F32 s1,s0,s0
VMOV r0,s1
CMP r0,#0x3f800000
ADDLT r4,r4,#1
CMP r3,r5
BLT |L0.68|
VMOV s0,r4
VMOV.F64 d1,#4.00000000
VCVT.F32.S32 s0,s0
VCVT.F64.F32 d0,s0
VMUL.F64 d0,d0,d1
VLDR d1,|L0.200|
VDIV.F64 d2,d0,d1
VCVT.F32.F64 s0,d2
POP {r4,r5,pc}
ENDP

|L0.184|
DCD ||.data||
|L0.188|
DCD 0x0019660d
|L0.192|
DCD 0x3c6ef35f
|L0.196|
DCD 0x000f4240
|L0.200|
DCFD 0x412e848000000000 ; 1000000

DCD 0x00000000
AREA ||.data||, DATA, ALIGN=2
v1
DCD 0x12345678

100.6.5. GCC 4.9.1 (ARM64)

100.8: GCC 4.9.1 (ARM64)

f1:
adrp x2, .LANCHOR0
mov w3, 26125
mov w0, 62303
movk w3, 0x19, lsl 16
movk w0, 0x3c6e, lsl 16
ldr w1, [x2,#:lo12:.LANCHOR0]
fmov s0, 3.0e+0
madd w0, w1, w3, w0
str w0, [x2,#:lo12:.LANCHOR0]
and w0, w0, 8388607
orr w0, w0, 1073741824
fmov s1, w0
fsub s0, s1, s0
ret
main_function:
adrp x7, .LANCHOR0
mov w3, 16960
movk w3, 0xf, lsl 16
mov w2, 0

940
 100. 2 100. 2
fmov s2, 3.0e+0
ldr w1, [x7,#:lo12:.LANCHOR0]
fmov s3, 1.0e+0
.L5:
mov w6, 26125
mov w0, 62303
movk w6, 0x19, lsl 16
movk w0, 0x3c6e, lsl 16
mov w5, 26125
mov w4, 62303
madd w1, w1, w6, w0
movk w5, 0x19, lsl 16
movk w4, 0x3c6e, lsl 16
and w0, w1, 8388607
add w6, w2, 1
orr w0, w0, 1073741824
madd w1, w1, w5, w4
fmov s0, w0
and w0, w1, 8388607
orr w0, w0, 1073741824
fmov s1, w0
fsub s0, s0, s2
fsub s1, s1, s2
fmul s1, s1, s1
fmadd s0, s0, s0, s1
fcmp s0, s3
csel w2, w2, w6, pl
subs w3, w3, #1
bne .L5
scvtf s0, w2
str w1, [x7,#:lo12:.LANCHOR0]
fmov d1, 4.0e+0
fcvt d0, s0
fmul d0, d0, d1
ldr d1, .LC0
fdiv d0, d0, d1
fcvt s0, d0
ret
.LC0:
.word 0
.word 1093567616
v1:
.word 1013904223
v2:
.word 1664525
.LANCHOR0 = . + 0
v3.3095:
.word 305419896

100.6.6. GCC 4.4.5 (MIPS)

100.9: GCC 4.4.5 (MIPS) (IDA)

f1:
mov eax, DWORD PTR v1.2084[rip]
imul eax, eax, 1664525
add eax, 1013904223
mov DWORD PTR v1.2084[rip], eax
and eax, 8388607
or eax, 1073741824
mov DWORD PTR [rsp4], eax
movss xmm0, DWORD PTR [rsp4]
subss xmm0, DWORD PTR .LC0[rip]
ret
f:
push rbp
xor ebp, ebp
push rbx

941
 100. 2 100. 2
xor ebx, ebx
sub rsp, 16
.L6:
xor eax, eax
call f1
xor eax, eax
movss DWORD PTR [rsp], xmm0
call f1
movss xmm1, DWORD PTR [rsp]
mulss xmm0, xmm0
mulss xmm1, xmm1
lea eax, [rbx+1]
addss xmm1, xmm0
movss xmm0, DWORD PTR .LC1[rip]
ucomiss xmm0, xmm1
cmova ebx, eax
add ebp, 1
cmp ebp, 1000000
jne .L6
cvtsi2ss xmm0, ebx
unpcklps xmm0, xmm0
cvtps2pd xmm0, xmm0
mulsd xmm0, QWORD PTR .LC2[rip]
divsd xmm0, QWORD PTR .LC3[rip]
add rsp, 16
pop rbx
pop rbp
unpcklpd xmm0, xmm0
cvtpd2ps xmm0, xmm0
ret
v1.2084:
.long 305419896
.LC0:
.long 1077936128
.LC1:
.long 1065353216
.LC2:
.long 0
.long 1074790400
.LC3:
.long 0
.long 1093567616

100.7. 2.16
. ? 4 2?
- ?

100.7.1. MSVC 2012 x64

m$ = 48
n$ = 56
f PROC
$LN14:
push rbx
sub rsp, 32
mov eax, edx
mov ebx, ecx
test ecx, ecx
je SHORT $LN11@f
$LL5@f:
test eax, eax
jne SHORT $LN1@f
mov eax, 1
jmp SHORT $LN12@f

942
 100. 2 100. 2
$LN1@f:
lea edx, DWORD PTR [rax1]
mov ecx, ebx
call f
$LN12@f:
dec ebx
test ebx, ebx
jne SHORT $LL5@f
$LN11@f:
inc eax
add rsp, 32
pop rbx
ret 0
f ENDP

100.7.2. Keil ( ARM)

f PROC
PUSH {r4,lr}
MOVS r4,r0
ADDEQ r0,r1,#1
POPEQ {r4,pc}
CMP r1,#0
MOVEQ r1,#1
SUBEQ r0,r0,#1
BEQ |L0.48|
SUB r1,r1,#1
BL f
MOV r1,r0
SUB r0,r4,#1
|L0.48|
POP {r4,lr}
B f
ENDP

100.7.3. Keil ( Thumb)

f PROC
PUSH {r4,lr}
MOVS r4,r0
BEQ |L0.26|
CMP r1,#0
BEQ |L0.30|
SUBS r1,r1,#1
BL f
MOVS r1,r0
|L0.18|
SUBS r0,r4,#1
BL f
POP {r4,pc}
|L0.26|
ADDS r0,r1,#1
POP {r4,pc}
|L0.30|
MOVS r1,#1
B |L0.18|
ENDP

100.7.4. GCC 4.9.1 (ARM64)

100.10: GCC 4.9.1 (ARM64)

f:

943
 100. 2 100. 2
stp x29, x30, [sp, 48]!
add x29, sp, 0
str x19, [sp,16]
str w0, [x29,44]
str w1, [x29,40]
ldr w0, [x29,44]
cmp w0, wzr
bne .L2
ldr w0, [x29,40]
add w0, w0, 1
b .L3
.L2:
ldr w0, [x29,40]
cmp w0, wzr
bne .L4
ldr w0, [x29,44]
sub w0, w0, #1
mov w1, 1
bl ack
b .L3
.L4:
ldr w0, [x29,44]
sub w19, w0, #1
ldr w0, [x29,40]
sub w1, w0, #1
ldr w0, [x29,44]
bl ack
mov w1, w0
mov w0, w19
bl ack
.L3:
ldr x19, [sp,16]
ldp x29, x30, [sp], 48
ret

100.7.5. GCC 4.9.1 (ARM64)

GCC . ?
100.11: GCC 4.9.1 (ARM64)
ack:
stp x29, x30, [sp, 160]!
add x29, sp, 0
stp d8, d9, [sp,96]
stp x19, x20, [sp,16]
stp d10, d11, [sp,112]
stp x21, x22, [sp,32]
stp d12, d13, [sp,128]
stp x23, x24, [sp,48]
stp d14, d15, [sp,144]
stp x25, x26, [sp,64]
stp x27, x28, [sp,80]
cbz w0, .L2
sub w0, w0, #1
fmov s10, w0
b .L4
.L46:
fmov w0, s10
mov w1, 1
sub w0, w0, #1
fmov s10, w0
fmov w0, s13
cbz w0, .L2
.L4:
fmov s13, s10
cbz w1, .L46
sub w1, w1, #1
fmov s11, s10

944
 100. 2 100. 2
b .L7
.L48:
fmov w0, s11
mov w1, 1
sub w0, w0, #1
fmov s11, w0
fmov w0, s14
cbz w0, .L47
.L7:
fmov s14, s11
cbz w1, .L48
sub w1, w1, #1
fmov s12, s11
b .L10
.L50:
fmov w0, s12
mov w1, 1
sub w0, w0, #1
fmov s12, w0
fmov w0, s15
cbz w0, .L49
.L10:
fmov s15, s12
cbz w1, .L50
sub w1, w1, #1
fmov s8, s12
b .L13
.L52:
fmov w0, s8
mov w1, 1
sub w0, w0, #1
fmov s8, w0
fmov w0, s9
cbz w0, .L51
.L13:
fmov s9, s8
cbz w1, .L52
sub w1, w1, #1
fmov w22, s8
b .L16
.L54:
mov w1, 1
sub w22, w22, #1
cbz w28, .L53
.L16:
mov w28, w22
cbz w1, .L54
sub w1, w1, #1
mov w21, w22
b .L19
.L56:
mov w1, 1
sub w21, w21, #1
cbz w24, .L55
.L19:
mov w24, w21
cbz w1, .L56
sub w1, w1, #1
mov w20, w21
b .L22
.L58:
mov w1, 1
sub w20, w20, #1
cbz w25, .L57
.L22:
mov w25, w20
cbz w1, .L58
sub w1, w1, #1
mov w26, w20
b .L25

945
 100. 2 100. 2
.L60:
mov w1, 1
sub w26, w26, #1
cbz w27, .L59
.L25:
mov w27, w26
cbz w1, .L60
sub w1, w1, #1
mov w19, w26
b .L28
.L62:
mov w23, w19
mov w1, 1
sub w19, w19, #1
cbz w23, .L61
.L28:
add w0, w19, 1
cbz w1, .L62
sub w1, w1, #1
mov w23, w19
sub w19, w19, #1
bl ack
mov w1, w0
cbnz w23, .L28
.L61:
add w1, w1, 1
sub w26, w26, #1
cbnz w27, .L25
.L59:
add w1, w1, 1
sub w20, w20, #1
cbnz w25, .L22
.L57:
add w1, w1, 1
sub w21, w21, #1
cbnz w24, .L19
.L55:
add w1, w1, 1
sub w22, w22, #1
cbnz w28, .L16
.L53:
fmov w0, s8
add w1, w1, 1
sub w0, w0, #1
fmov s8, w0
fmov w0, s9
cbnz w0, .L13
.L51:
fmov w0, s12
add w1, w1, 1
sub w0, w0, #1
fmov s12, w0
fmov w0, s15
cbnz w0, .L10
.L49:
fmov w0, s11
add w1, w1, 1
sub w0, w0, #1
fmov s11, w0
fmov w0, s14
cbnz w0, .L7
.L47:
fmov w0, s10
add w1, w1, 1
sub w0, w0, #1
fmov s10, w0
fmov w0, s13
cbnz w0, .L4
.L2:
add w0, w1, 1

946
 100. 2 100. 2
ldp d8, d9, [sp,96]
ldp x19, x20, [sp,16]
ldp d10, d11, [sp,112]
ldp x21, x22, [sp,32]
ldp d12, d13, [sp,128]
ldp x23, x24, [sp,48]
ldp d14, d15, [sp,144]
ldp x25, x26, [sp,64]
ldp x27, x28, [sp,80]
ldp x29, x30, [sp], 160
ret

100.7.6. GCC 4.4.5 (MIPS)

100.12: GCC 4.4.5 (MIPS) (IDA)

f: # CODE XREF: f+64
# f+94 ...

var_C = 0xC
var_8 = 8
var_4 = 4
arg_0 = 0
arg_4 = 4

addiu $sp, 0x28

sw $ra, 0x28+var_4($sp)
sw $fp, 0x28+var_8($sp)
sw $s0, 0x28+var_C($sp)
move $fp, $sp
sw $a0, 0x28+arg_0($fp)
sw $a1, 0x28+arg_4($fp)
lw $v0, 0x28+arg_0($fp)
or $at, $zero
bnez $v0, loc_40
or $at, $zero
lw $v0, 0x28+arg_4($fp)
or $at, $zero
addiu $v0, 1
b loc_AC
or $at, $zero

loc_40: # CODE XREF: f+24

lw $v0, 0x28+arg_4($fp)
or $at, $zero
bnez $v0, loc_74
or $at, $zero
lw $v0, 0x28+arg_0($fp)
or $at, $zero
addiu $v0, 1
move $a0, $v0
li $a1, 1
jal f
or $at, $zero
b loc_AC
or $at, $zero

loc_74: # CODE XREF: f+48

lw $v0, 0x28+arg_0($fp)
or $at, $zero
addiu $s0, $v0, 1
lw $v0, 0x28+arg_4($fp)
or $at, $zero
addiu $v0, 1
lw $a0, 0x28+arg_0($fp)
move $a1, $v0
jal f
or $at, $zero

947
 100. 2 100. 2
move $a0, $s0
move $a1, $v0
jal f
or $at, $zero

loc_AC: # CODE XREF: f+38

# f+6C
move $sp, $fp
lw $ra, 0x28+var_4($sp)
lw $fp, 0x28+var_8($sp)
lw $s0, 0x28+var_C($sp)
addiu $sp, 0x28
jr $ra
or $at, $zero

100.8. 2.17
stdout - , . ?
:
Linux x64 (beginners.re)
Mac OS X (beginners.re)
Linux MIPS (beginners.re)
Win32 (beginners.re)
Win64 (beginners.re)
Windows, , MSVC 2012 redist.

100.9. 2.18
. .
, . .
, .
Win32 (beginners.re)
Linux x86 (beginners.re)
Mac OS X (beginners.re)
Linux MIPS (beginners.re)

100.10. 2.19
2.18.
Win32 (beginners.re)
Linux x86 (beginners.re)
Mac OS X (beginners.re)
Linux MIPS (beginners.re)

100.11. 2.20
stdout - . ?
:
Linux x64 (beginners.re)

948
 100. 2 100. 2
Mac OS X (beginners.re)
Linux ARM Raspberry Pi (beginners.re)
Linux MIPS (beginners.re)
Win64 (beginners.re)

949
 101. 3 101. 3

101

- , .

101.1. 3.2
, .
.
Windows x86 (beginners.re)
Linux x86 (beginners.re)
Mac OS X (x64) (beginners.re)
Linux MIPS (beginners.re)

101.2. 3.3
, . , , -
. , .
Windows x86 (beginners.re)
Linux x86 (beginners.re)
Mac OS X (x64) (beginners.re)
Linux MIPS (beginners.re)

101.3. 3.4
, , . , .
. -
, , . -
.
.
Windows x86 (beginners.re)
: http://go.yurichev.com/17197

101.4. 3.5
.
.
:

950
 101. 3 101. 3
() tracer ,
.
() , , , -
.
Windows x86 (beginners.re)
Linux x86 (beginners.re)
Mac OS X (x64) (beginners.re)
Linux MIPS (beginners.re)
: beginners.re

101.5. 3.6
-, , CGI1 , ..
4 .
.
Windows x86 (beginners.re)
Linux x86 (beginners.re)
Mac OS X (x64) (beginners.re)

101.6. 3.8
. - ( ) .
.
: beginners.re
: beginners.re
: beginners.re.

. , -
.
Windows x86 (beginners.re)
Linux x86 (beginners.re)
Mac OS X (x64) (beginners.re)

1 Common Gateway Interface

951
 102. CRACKME / KEYGENME 102. CRACKME / KEYGENME

102

crackme / keygenme

keygenme:
http://go.yurichev.com/17315

952


953
 103. ? 103. ?

103

: <dennis(a)yurichev.com>
, ?
, :

http://go.yurichev.com/17010
, ( ), ..

, , , .. . ,
. : , -
, , .
. git LATEX, :
GitHub.

- , . -
, .

954


955
 A. X86 A. X86

x86

A.1.
16-bit (8086/80286), 32-bit (80386, ..), 64-bit.
byte 8-. DB .
8- : AL/BL/CL/DL/AH/BH/CH/DH/SIL/DIL/R*L.
word 16-. DW . 16- : AX/BX/CX/DX/SI/DI/R*W.
double word (dword) 32-. DD . (x86) 32-
(x64). 16- , 16- .
quad word (qword) 64-. DQ . 32- ,
32- .
tbyte (10 ) 80- 10 ( IEEE 754 FPU).
paragraph (16 ) MS-DOS .
(BYTE, WORD, DWORD) Windows API.

A.2.
16- .
Intel ( 8- 8080), .
8- 8080 16- , . , 8080
16- , 16- . ,
8086 . RISC , ,
, .
, R- x86-64, E- 80386. , R- 64-
, E- 32-.
x86-64 8 GPR: R8-R15 .
N.B.: Intel, L:
R8L, IDA B: R8B .

A.2.1. RAX/EAX/AX/AL

7 ( ) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
RAXx64
EAX
AX
AH AL
AKA . .

956
 A. X86 A. X86
A.2.2. RBX/EBX/BX/BL

7 ( ) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
RBXx64
EBX
BX
BH BL

A.2.3. RCX/ECX/CX/CL

7 ( ) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
RCXx64
ECX
CX
CH CL
AKA : REP (SHL/SHR/RxL/RxR).

A.2.4. RDX/EDX/DX/DL

7 ( ) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
RDXx64
EDX
DX
DH DL

A.2.5. RSI/ESI/SI/SIL

7 ( ) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
RSIx64
ESI
SI
SILx64
AKA source index. REP MOVSx, REP CMPSx.

A.2.6. RDI/EDI/DI/DIL

7 ( ) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
RDIx64
EDI
DI
DILx64
AKA destination index. REP MOVSx, REP STOSx.

A.2.7. R8/R8D/R8W/R8L

7 ( ) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
R8
R8D
R8W
R8L

957
 A. X86 A. X86
A.2.8. R9/R9D/R9W/R9L

7 ( ) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
R9
R9D
R9W
R9L

A.2.9. R10/R10D/R10W/R10L

7 ( ) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
R10
R10D
R10W
R10L

A.2.10. R11/R11D/R11W/R11L

7 ( ) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
R11
R11D
R11W
R11L

A.2.11. R12/R12D/R12W/R12L

7 ( ) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
R12
R12D
R12W
R12L

A.2.12. R13/R13D/R13W/R13L

7 ( ) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
R13
R13D
R13W
R13L

A.2.13. R14/R14D/R14W/R14L

7 ( ) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
R14
R14D
R14W
R14L

A.2.14. R15/R15D/R15W/R15L

7 ( ) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
R15
R15D
R15W
R15L

958
 A. X86 A. X86
A.2.15. RSP/ESP/SP/SPL

7 ( ) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
RSP
ESP
SP
SPL
AKA stack pointer. , , .

A.2.16. RBP/EBP/BP/BPL

7 ( ) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
RBP
EBP
BP
BPL
AKA frame pointer. , :
(7.1.2 (. 62)).

A.2.17. RIP/EIP/IP

7 ( ) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
RIPx64
EIP
IP
AKA instruction pointer 1 . . -
, ( ) :
MOV EAX, ...
JMP EAX

:
PUSH value
RET

A.2.18. CS/DS/ES/SS/FS/GS

16- , (CS), (DS), (SS).

FS win32 TLS, Linux GS . TLS

TIB .
(94 (. 909)).

A.2.19.

AKA EFLAGS.
1 program counter

959
 A. X86 A. X86
() ()
0 (1) CF (Carry) .
CLC/STC/CMC
//
2 (4) PF (Parity) (17.7.1 (. 233)).
4 (0x10) AF (Adjust)
6 (0x40) ZF (Zero) 0
0.
7 (0x80) SF (Sign) .
8 (0x100) TF (Trap) .
,
.
9 (0x200) IF (Interrupt enable) .
CLI/STI
/
10 (0x400) DF (Direction)
REP MOVSx, REP CMPSx, REP LODSx, REP SCASx.
CLD/STD
/
11 (0x800) OF (Overow) .
12, 13 (0x3000) IOPL (I/O privilege level)80286
14 (0x4000) NT (Nested task)80286
16 (0x10000) RF (Resume)80386 .
,
CPU DRx.
17 (0x20000) VM (Virtual 8086 mode)80386
18 (0x40000) AC (Alignment check)80486
19 (0x80000) VIF (Virtual interrupt)Pentium
20 (0x100000) VIP (Virtual interrupt pending)Pentium
21 (0x200000) ID (Identication)Pentium
.

A.3. FPU
8 80- : ST(0)-ST(7). N.B.: IDA ST(0) ST.
IEEE 754.
long double:

79 78 64 63 62 0

S I

( S , I )

A.3.1.

, FPU.

960
 A. X86 A. X86
()
0 IM (Invalid operation Mask)
1 DM (Denormalized operand Mask)
2 ZM (Zero divide Mask)
3 OM (Overow Mask)
4 UM (Underow Mask)
5 PM (Precision Mask)
7 IEM (Interrupt Enable Mask) , 1 ()
8, 9 PC (Precision Control)
00 24 (REAL4)
10 53 (REAL8)
11 64 (REAL10)
10, 11 RC (Rounding Control)
00 ( )
01
10 +
11 0
12 IC (Innity Control) 0 ( ) +
1 +
PM, UM, OM, ZM, DM, IM , .

A.3.2.

.
()
15 B (Busy) FPU (1) (0)
14 C3
13, 12, 11 TOP ,
10 C2
9 C1
8 C0
7 IR (Interrupt Request)
6 SF (Stack Fault)
5 P (Precision)
4 U (Underow)
3 O (Overow)
2 Z (Zero)
1 D (Denormalized)
0 I (Invalid operation)
SF, P, U, O, Z, D, I .
C3, C2, C1, C0 : (17.7.1 (. 232)).
N.B.: ST(x), FPU x TOP 8 .

A.3.3. Tag Word

.
()
15, 14 Tag(7)
13, 12 Tag(6)
11, 10 Tag(5)
9, 8 Tag(4)
7, 6 Tag(3)
5, 4 Tag(2)
3, 2 Tag(1)
1, 0 Tag(0)
FPU (R(x)), (ST(x)).
:

961
 A. X86 A. X86
00
01 0
10 (NAN2 , , )
11

A.4. SIMD

A.4.1. MMX

8 64- : MM0..MM7.

A.4.2. SSE AVX

SSE: 8 128- : XMM0..XMM7. x86-64 8 : XMM8..XMM15.

AVX 256 .

A.5.
.. hardware breakpoints.
DR0 #1
DR1 #2
DR2 #3
DR3 #4
DR6
DR7

A.5.1. DR6
()
0 (1) B0 #1
1 (2) B1 #2
2 (4) B2 #3
3 (8) B3 #4
13 (0x2000) BD DRx.
GD .
14 (0x4000) BS single step ( TF EFLAGS) .
. .
15 (0x8000) BT (task switch ag)
N.B. single step .
TF EFLAGS (A.2.19 (. 959)).

A.5.2. DR7

.
2 Not a Number

962
 A. X86 A. X86
()
0 (1) L0 #1
1 (2) G0 #1
2 (4) L1 #2
3 (8) G1 #2
4 (0x10) L2 #3
5 (0x20) G2 #3
6 (0x40) L3 #4
7 (0x80) G3 #4
8 (0x100) LE , P6
9 (0x200) GE , P6
13 (0x2000) GD - MOV
DRx-
16,17 (0x30000) #1: R/W
18,19 (0xC0000) #1: LEN
20,21 (0x300000) #2: R/W
22,23 (0xC00000) #2: LEN
24,25 (0x3000000) #3: R/W
26,27 (0xC000000) #3: LEN
28,29 (0x30000000) #4: R/W
30,31 (0xC0000000) #4: LEN
(R/W):
00
01
10 I/O- ( user-mode)
11 ( )
N.B.: .

(LEN):
00 1
01 2
10 32- , 8 64-
11 4

A.6.
, (M) : , ,
, .. compiler intrinsic (90 (. 898)).
. [Int13] [AMD13a] -
.
? , ,
(89.2 (. 897)). .

A.6.1.

LOCK . ,
, , -
. , , . ADD,
AND, BTR, BTS, CMPXCHG, OR, XADD, XOR. (68.4 (. 740)).
REP MOVSx STOSx: , -
CX/ECX/RCX . , MOVSx (A.6.2 (. 966))
STOSx (A.6.2 (. 967)).
REP DF, .

963
 A. X86 A. X86
REPE/REPNE (AKA REPZ/REPNZ) CMPSx SCASx: ,
CX/ ECX/ RCX . ZF 0 (REPE) ZF
1 (REPNE) .
, CMPSx (A.6.3 (. 968)) SCASx (A.6.2 (. 967)).
REPE/REPNE DF, .

A.6.2.

.
ADC (add with carry) , CF. ADC
, , 64- 32-
ADD ADC, :
; 64- : val1 val2.
; .lo 32 , .hi -
ADD val1.lo, val2.lo
ADC val1.hi, val2.hi ; CF

: 24 (. 418).
ADD
AND
CALL : PUSH address_after_CALL_instruction; JMP label
CMP , SUB,
DEC decrement. CF .
IMUL
INC increment. CF .
JCXZ, JECXZ, JRCXZ (M) CX/ECX/RCX=0
JMP . .. jump offset.
Jcc ( cc condition code)
( AKA), .
. .. jump offset.
JAE AKA JNC: (): CF=0
JA AKA JNBE: (): CF=0 ZF=0
JBE (): CF=1 ZF=1
JB AKA JC: (): CF=1
JC AKA JB: CF=1
JE AKA JZ: : ZF=1
JGE (): SF=OF
JG (): ZF=0 SF=OF
JLE (): ZF=1 SFOF
JL (): SFOF
JNAE AKA JC: () CF=1
JNA () CF=1 ZF=1
JNBE (): CF=0 ZF=0
JNB AKA JNC: (): CF=0
JNC AKA JAE: CF=0, JNB.
JNE AKA JNZ: : ZF=0
JNGE (): SFOF
JNG (): ZF=1 SFOF
JNLE (): ZF=0 SF=OF

964
 A. X86 A. X86
JNL (): SF=OF
JNO : OF=0
JNS SF
JNZ AKA JNE: : ZF=0
JO : OF=1
JPO PF (Jump Parity Odd)
JP AKA JPE: PF
JS SF
JZ AKA JE: : ZF=1
LAHF AH:
7 6 4 2 0

SF ZF AF PF CF

LEAVE MOV ESP, EBP POP EBP EBP

.
LEA (Load Effective Address)
, ,
, 3 .

, MOV LEA , MOV ,

, LEA .

, .

LEA , CPU.
OOE ( ).
int f(int a, int b)
{
return a*8+b;
};

A.1: MSVC 2010

_a$ = 8 ; size = 4
_b$ = 12 ; size = 4
_f PROC
mov eax, DWORD PTR _b$[esp4]
mov ecx, DWORD PTR _a$[esp4]
lea eax, DWORD PTR [eax+ecx*8]
ret 0
_f ENDP

Intel C++ LEA :

int f1(int a)
{
return a*13;
};

A.2: Intel C++ 2011

_f1 PROC NEAR
mov ecx, DWORD PTR [4+esp] ; ecx = a
lea edx, DWORD PTR [ecx+ecx*8] ; edx = a*9
lea eax, DWORD PTR [edx+ecx*4] ; eax = a*9 + a*4 = a*13
ret

IMUL .
3 . : wikipedia

965
 A. X86 A. X86
MOVSB/MOVSW/MOVSD/MOVSQ / 16- / 32- / 64-
SI/ESI/RSI DI/EDI/RDI.
REP, , CX/ECX/RCX:
memcpy() . , memcpy()
REP MOVSx, .
memcpy(EDI, ESI, 15):
; 15 ESI EDI
CLD ; ""
MOV ECX, 3
REP MOVSD ; 12
MOVSW ; 2
MOVSB ;

(, 15 REP MOVSB ).
MOVSX . : (15.1.1 (. 198))
MOVZX . : (15.1.1 (. 198))
MOV . ( , ),
: LOAD / STORE -
.
: 32- MOV 16- ,
16 . 64- 32- ,
32 .
, x86-64.
MUL
NEG : op = op
NOP NOP. 0x90, XCHG EAX,EAX. , x86 (
RISC) NOP- . , GDB
NOP 16- XCHG: 6.1.1 (. 43).
: (88 (. 895)).
NOP 16- .
NOP () -
, .
NOT op1: op1 = op1.
OR
POP : value=SS:[ESP]; ESP=ESP+4 ( 8)
PUSH : ESP=ESP-4 ( 8); SS:[ESP]=value
RET : POP tmp; JMP tmp.
, RET , Windows *NIX RETN (return near) ,
MS-DOS, (94 (. 909)), RETF (return far).
RET . : POP tmp; ADD ESP op1; JMP tmp. RET
stdcall, . : 64.2 (. 689).
SAHF AH CPU:
7 6 4 2 0

SF ZF AF PF CF

SBB (subtraction with borrow) , CF . SBB

, , 64- 32-
SUB SBB, :
; 64- : val2 val1
; .lo 32 , .hi -
SUB val1.lo, val2.lo
SBB val1.hi, val2.hi ; CF

: 24 (. 418).

966
 A. X86 A. X86
SCASB/SCASW/SCASD/SCASQ (M) / 16- / 32- / 64- ,
AX/EAX/RAX , DI/EDI/RDI. , CMP.
REPNE: , -
, AX/EAX/RAX . NE REPNE:
.
strlen(), ASCIIZ- :
:
lea edi, string
mov ecx, 0FFFFFFFFh ; 232 1 , .. ""
xor eax, eax ; 0
repne scasb
add edi, 0FFFFFFFFh ;

; EDI ASCIIZ-.

;
; ECX = 1strlen

not ecx
dec ecx

; ECX

AX/EAX/RAX, memchr(),
.. .
SHL
SHR :

7. 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

CF 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0

7. 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

0 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 CF

2n .
: 19 (. 316).
SHRD op1, op2, op3: op2 op3 , op1 .
: 24 (. 418).
STOSB/STOSW/STOSD/STOSQ / 16- / 32- / 64- AX/EAX/RAX -
, DI/EDI/RDI.
REP, , CX/ECX/RCX :
memset() . , memset()
REP STOSx, .
memset(EDI, 0xAA, 15):
; 15 0xAA EDI
CLD ; ""
MOV EAX, 0AAAAAAAAh
MOV ECX, 3
REP STOSD ; 12
STOSW ; 2
STOSB ;

(, 15 REP STOSB ).
SUB . SUB reg,reg reg.
TEST AND, , . : 19 (. 316)

967
 A. X86 A. X86
XCHG
XOR op1, op2: XOR4 . op1 = op1op2. XOR reg,reg
reg.
XOR ( ) - () . -
, XOR 1 :

0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
, XOR 0 , .. .
XOR .

A.6.3.

BSF bit scan forward, . : 25.2 (. 441)

BSR bit scan reverse
BSWAP (byte swap), .
BTC bit test and complement
BTR bit test and reset
BTS bit test and set
BT bit test
CBW/CWD/CWDE/CDQ/CDQE :
CBW AL AX
CWD AX DX:AX
CWDE AX EAX
CDQ EAX EDX:EAX
CDQE (x64) EAX RAX
, . . : 24.5
(. 427).
, SEX (Sign EXtend), Stephen P. Morse ( Intel
8086 CPU) [Mor80]:

The process of stretching numbers by extending the sign bit is called sign extension. The 8086
provides instructions (Fig. 3.29) to facilitate the task of sign extension. These instructions were initially
named SEX (sign extend) but were later renamed to the more conservative CBW (convert byte to word)
and CWD (convert word to double word).

CLD DF.
CLI (M) IF
CMC (M) CF
CMOVcc MOV: . , Jcc (A.6.2
(. 964)).
CMPSB/CMPSW/CMPSD/CMPSQ (M) / 16- / 32- / 64- ,
SI/ESI/RSI , DI/EDI/RDI. ,
CMP.
REPE, , CX/ECX/RCX,
ZF=0 (.. , , E
REPE) .
memcmp() .
Windows NT (WRK v1.2):
4 eXclusive OR ( )

968
 A. X86 A. X86
A.3: base\ntos\rtl\i386\movemem.asm
; ULONG
; RtlCompareMemory (
; IN PVOID Source1,
; IN PVOID Source2,
; IN ULONG Length
; )
;
; Routine Description:
;
; This function compares two blocks of memory and returns the number
; of bytes that compared equal.
;
; Arguments:
;
; Source1 (esp+4) Supplies a pointer to the first block of memory to
; compare.
;
; Source2 (esp+8) Supplies a pointer to the second block of memory to
; compare.
;
; Length (esp+12) Supplies the Length, in bytes, of the memory to be
; compared.
;
; Return Value:
;
; The number of bytes that compared equal is returned as the function
; value. If all bytes compared equal, then the length of the original
; block of memory is returned.
;
;

RcmSource1 equ [esp+12]

RcmSource2 equ [esp+16]
RcmLength equ [esp+20]

CODE_ALIGNMENT
cPublicProc _RtlCompareMemory,3
cPublicFpo 3,0

push esi ; save registers

push edi ;
cld ; clear direction
mov esi,RcmSource1 ; (esi) > first block to compare
mov edi,RcmSource2 ; (edi) > second block to compare

;
; Compare dwords, if any.
;

rcm10: mov ecx,RcmLength ; (ecx) = length in bytes

shr ecx,2 ; (ecx) = length in dwords
jz rcm20 ; no dwords, try bytes
repe cmpsd ; compare dwords
jnz rcm40 ; mismatch, go find byte

;
; Compare residual bytes, if any.
;

rcm20: mov ecx,RcmLength ; (ecx) = length in bytes

and ecx,3 ; (ecx) = length mod 4
jz rcm30 ; 0 odd bytes, go do dwords
repe cmpsb ; compare odd bytes
jnz rcm50 ; mismatch, go report how far we got

;
; All bytes in the block match.
;

969
 A. X86 A. X86
rcm30: mov eax,RcmLength ; set number of matching bytes
pop edi ; restore registers
pop esi ;
stdRET _RtlCompareMemory

;
; When we come to rcm40, esi (and edi) points to the dword after the
; one which caused the mismatch. Back up 1 dword and find the byte.
; Since we know the dword didn't match, we can assume one byte won't.
;

rcm40: sub esi,4 ; back up

sub edi,4 ; back up
mov ecx,5 ; ensure that ecx doesn't count out
repe cmpsb ; find mismatch byte

;
; When we come to rcm50, esi points to the byte after the one that
; did not match, which is TWO after the last byte that did match.
;

rcm50: dec esi ; back up

sub esi,RcmSource1 ; compute bytes that matched
mov eax,esi ;
pop edi ; restore registers
pop esi ;
stdRET _RtlCompareMemory

stdENDP _RtlCompareMemory

N.B.: 32- (CMPSD) 4- , -

(CMPSB) .
CPUID CPU . . : (21.6.1 (. 386)).
DIV
IDIV
INT (M): INT x PUSHF; CALL dword ptr [x*4] 16- . MS-DOS,
. AX/BX/CX/DX/SI/DI -
( ) .
(2 ) MS-DOS -
.
IRET .
MS-DOS 0x21, API . . : [Bro]
MS-DOS .
MS-DOS, , Linux Windows (66 (. 702)),
SYSENTER SYSCALL .
INT 3 (M): INT, 1- (0xCC), -
. , 0xCC
, ,
.
Windows NT, EXCEPTION_BREAKPOINT , CPU . -
, . ,
Windows . MSVS5 ,
. reverse engineering, -
.
MSVC compiler intrinsic : __debugbreak()6 .
win32 kernel32.dll DebugBreak()7 , INT 3.
IN (M) . OS MS-DOS,
(78.3 (. 787)).
5 Microsoft Visual Studio
6 MSDN
7 MSDN

970
 A. X86 A. X86
IRET : MS-DOS ,
INT . POP tmp; POPF; JMP tmp.
LOOP (M) CX/ECX/RCX, .
OUT (M) . OS MS-DOS,
(78.3 (. 787)).
POPA (M) (R|E)DI, (R|E)SI, (R|E)BP, (R|E)BX, (R|E)DX, (R|E)CX, (R|E)AX .
POPCNT population count. 1 . AKA hamming weight. AKA NSA
instruction - :

This branch of cryptography is fast-paced and very politically charged. Most designs are secret; a
majority of military encryptions systems in use today are based on LFSRs. In fact, most Cray computers
(Cray 1, Cray X-MP, Cray Y-MP) have a rather curious instruction generally known as population count.
It counts the 1 bits in a register and can be used both to efciently calculate the Hamming distance
between two binary words and to implement a vectorized version of a LFSR. Ive heard this called the
canonical NSA instruction, demanded by almost all computer contracts.

[Sch94]
POPF (AKA EFLAGS)
PUSHA (M) (R|E)AX, (R|E)CX, (R|E)DX, (R|E)BX, (R|E)BP, (R|E)SI, (R|E)DI .
PUSHF (AKA EFLAGS)
RCL (M) CF:

7. 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 CF

CF 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

RCR (M) CF:

.
CF 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 CF

ROL/ROR (M)
ROL: :

7. 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

CF 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

ROR: :

7. 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 CF

CPU , /++ , -
.
, MSVC (compiler intrinsics) _rotl()
_rotr()8 , .
SAL , SHL
SAR
8 MSDN

971
 A. X86 A. X86
7. 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 CF

, MSB.
SETcc op: 1 op ( ) 0 . , -
Jcc (A.6.2 (. 964)).
STC (M) CF
STD (M) DF. . ,
ntoskrnl.exe ( Windows) .
STI (M) IF
SYSCALL (AMD) (66 (. 702))
SYSENTER (Intel) (66 (. 702))
UD2 (M) , . .

A.6.4. FPU

-R , -P -
, -PP .
-P , FPU- .
FABS ST(0) ST(0)
FADD op: ST(0)=op+ST(0)
FADD ST(0), ST(i): ST(0)=ST(0)+ST(i)
FADDP ST(1)=ST(0)+ST(1); , ,

FCHS ST(0)=-ST(0)
FCOM ST(0) ST(1)
FCOM op: ST(0) op
FCOMP ST(0) ST(1);
FCOMPP ST(0) ST(1);
FDIVR op: ST(0)=op/ST(0)
FDIVR ST(i), ST(j): ST(i)=ST(j)/ST(i)
FDIVRP op: ST(0)=op/ST(0);
FDIVRP ST(i), ST(j): ST(i)=ST(j)/ST(i);
FDIV op: ST(0)=ST(0)/op
FDIV ST(i), ST(j): ST(i)=ST(i)/ST(j)
FDIVP ST(1)=ST(0)/ST(1); , ,

FILD op: op .
FIST op: ST(0) op
FISTP op: ST(0) op;
FLD1 1
FLDCW op: FPU control word (A.3 (. 960)) 16-bit op.
FLDZ
FLD op: op .
FMUL op: ST(0)=ST(0)*op
FMUL ST(i), ST(j): ST(i)=ST(i)*ST(j)

972
 A. X86 A. X86
FMULP op: ST(0)=ST(0)*op;
FMULP ST(i), ST(j): ST(i)=ST(i)*ST(j);
FSINCOS : tmp=ST(0); ST(1)=sin(tmp); ST(0)=cos(tmp)

FSQRT : ST (0) = ST (0)
FSTCW op: FPU control word (A.3 (. 960)) 16-bit op .
FNSTCW op: FPU control word (A.3 (. 960)) 16-bit op.
FSTSW op: FPU status word (A.3.2 (. 961)) 16-bit op .
FNSTSW op: FPU status word (A.3.2 (. 961)) 16-bit op.
FST op: ST(0) op
FSTP op: ST(0) op;
FSUBR op: ST(0)=op-ST(0)
FSUBR ST(0), ST(i): ST(0)=ST(i)-ST(0)
FSUBRP ST(1)=ST(0)-ST(1); , , -

FSUB op: ST(0)=ST(0)-op
FSUB ST(0), ST(i): ST(0)=ST(0)-ST(i)
FSUBP ST(1)=ST(1)-ST(0); , ,

FUCOM ST(i): ST(0) ST(i)
FUCOM ST(0) ST(1)
FUCOMP ST(0) ST(1); .
FUCOMPP ST(0) ST(1); .
, FCOM,
SNaN, QNaN .
FXCH ST(i) ST(0) ST(i)
FXCH ST(0) ST(1)

A.6.5. ASCII-

( 32- ).
. . : 82.1 (. 847).

ASCII- x86-
0 30 XOR
1 31 XOR
2 32 XOR
3 33 XOR
4 34 XOR
5 35 XOR
7 37 AAA
8 38 CMP
9 39 CMP
: 3a CMP
; 3b CMP
< 3c CMP
= 3d CMP
? 3f AAS
@ 40 INC
A 41 INC
B 42 INC
C 43 INC
D 44 INC
E 45 INC
F 46 INC

973
 A. X86 A. X86
G 47 INC
H 48 DEC
I 49 DEC
J 4a DEC
K 4b DEC
L 4c DEC
M 4d DEC
N 4e DEC
O 4f DEC
P 50 PUSH
Q 51 PUSH
R 52 PUSH
S 53 PUSH
T 54 PUSH
U 55 PUSH
V 56 PUSH
W 57 PUSH
X 58 POP
Y 59 POP
Z 5a POP
[ 5b POP
\ 5c POP
] 5d POP
^ 5e POP
_ 5f POP
` 60 PUSHA
a 61 POPA
f 66 ( 32- )
16-
g 67 ( 32- )
16-
h 68 PUSH
i 69 IMUL
j 6a PUSH
k 6b IMUL
p 70 JO
q 71 JNO
r 72 JB
s 73 JAE
t 74 JE
u 75 JNE
v 76 JBE
w 77 JA
x 78 JS
y 79 JNS
z 7a JP

: AAA, AAS, CMP, DEC, IMUL, INC, JA, JAE, JB, JBE, JE, JNE, JNO, JNS, JO, JP, JS, POP, POPA, PUSH, PUSHA, XOR.

974
 B. ARM B. ARM

ARM

B.1.
ARM 32- CPU, , x86, 32-.
byte 8-. DCB .
halfword 16-. DCW .
word 32-. DCD .
doubleword 64-.
quadword 128-.

B.2.
ARMv4: Thumb.
ARMv6: iPhone 1st gen., iPhone 3G (Samsung 32-bit RISC ARM 1176JZ(F)-S Thumb-
2)
ARMv7: Thumb-2 (2003). iPhone 3GS, iPhone 4, iPad 1st gen. (ARM Cortex-A8), iPad 2
(Cortex-A9), iPad 3rd gen.
ARMv7s: . iPhone 5, iPhone 5c, iPad 4th gen. (Apple A6).
ARMv8: 64- , AKA ARM64 AKA AArch64. iPhone 5S, iPad Air (Apple A7). 64-
, Thumb , ARM (4- ).

B.3. 32- ARM (AArch32)

B.3.1.

R0 R0
R1...R12 GPRs
R13 AKA SP (stack pointer)
R14 AKA LR (link register)
R15 AKA PC (program counter)
R0-R3 scratch registers: , -
.

975
 B. ARM B. ARM
B.3.2. Current Program Status Register (CPSR)

0..4 M processor mode
5 T Thumb state
6 F FIQ disable
7 I IRQ disable
8 A imprecise data abort disable
9 E data endianness
10..15, 25, 26 IT if-then state
16..19 GE greater-than-or-equal-to
20..23 DNM do not modify
24 J Java state
27 Q sticky overow
28 V overow
29 C carry/borrow/extend
30 Z zero bit
31 N negative/less than

B.3.3. VPF ( ) NEON

0..31bits 32..64 65..96 97..127

Q0128 bits
D064 bits D1
32 bits
S0 S1 S2 S3
S- 32-, .
D- 64-, .
D- S- CPU D- S- (
) .
, NEON Q- 128 CPU
, .
VFP 32 S-: S0..S31 .
VPFv2 16 D-, S0..S31 .
VFPv3 (NEON Advanced SIMD) 16 D-, D0..D31, D16..D31
S- .
NEON Advanced SIMD 16 128- Q-, D0..D31
.

B.4. 64- ARM (AArch64)

B.4.1.

AArch32.
X0 X0
X0...X7 .
X8
X9...X15 , .
X16
X17
X18
X19...X29 , .
X29 FP ( GCC)
X30 Procedure Link Register AKA LR (link register).

976
 B. ARM B. ARM
X31 , AKA XZR Zero Register. 32- WZR.
SP, .
.: [ARM13c].
32- X- W- (W0, W1, ..).
32 32
X0
W0

B.5.
ARM -S, ,
. . , ADD ADDS
, . CMP , -
, , . (data
dependency analysis) ( ).

B.5.1.

EQ Z == 1
NE Z == 0
CS AKA HS (Higher or Same) / , C == 1
CC AKA LO (LOwer) / , C == 0
MI , / N == 1
PL , / N == 0
VS V == 1
VC V == 0
HI , / C == 1 and Z == 0
LS , / C == 0 or Z == 1
GE , / N == V
LT , / N != V
GT , / Z == 0 and N == V
LE , / Z == 1 or N != V
None / AL

977
 C. MIPS C. MIPS

MIPS

C.1.
( O32 )

C.1.1. GPR

$0 $ZERO . (NOP).
$1 $AT .
$2 $3 $V0 $V1 .
$4 $7 $A0 $A3 .
$8 $15 $T0 $T7 .
$16 $23 $S0 $S7 .
$24 $25 $T8 $T9 .
$26 $27 $K0 $K1 .
$28 $GP .
$29 $SP SP .
$30 $FP FP .
$31 $RA RA.
n/a PC PC.
n/a HI 32 .
n/a LO 32 .

C.1.2.

$F0..$F1 .
$F2..$F3 .
$F4..$F11 .
$F12..$F15 .
$F16..$F19 .
$F20..$F31 .

Callee .

Callee ( PIC- ).

MFHI MFLO.

C.2.
:
R: 3 . R- :

978
 C. MIPS C. MIPS

instruction destination, source1, source2

, IDA
:
instruction destination/source1, source2

x86.
I: 2 16- immediate-.
J: , 26 .

C.2.1.

B- (BEQ, B, ..) J- (JAL, JALR, ..)?

B- I, , 16- . JR
JALR R, . J JAL J,
26- .
, B- (B BEQ $ZERO,
$ZERO, LABEL), J- .

979
 D. GCC D. GCC

GCC

__divdi3
__moddi3
__udivdi3
__umoddi3

980
 E. MSVC E. MSVC

MSVC

ll long long, .. 64- .

__alldiv
__allmul
__allrem
__allshl
__allshr
__aulldiv
__aullrem
__aullshr
, , ,
.

MSVS, VC/crt/src/intel/*.asm.

981
 F. CHEATSHEETS F. CHEATSHEETS

Cheatsheets

F.1. IDA
:

Space
C
D
A
*
U
O
H
R
B
Q
N
?
G
:
Ctrl-X , , ( .., )
X , , , ..
Alt-I
Ctrl-I
Alt-B
Ctrl-B
Alt-T ( , ..)
Ctrl-T
Alt-P
Enter , , ..
Esc
Num -
Num +
,
. 1 inline- .

F.2. OllyDbg
:
-
F7
F8 ,
F9
Ctrl-F2
1 GitHub

982
 F. CHEATSHEETS F. CHEATSHEETS
F.3. MSVC
, .

/O1
/Ob0 inline-
/Ox
/GS-
/Fa(le)
/Zi
/Zp(n) n
/MD MSVCR*.DLL
- MSVC: 55.1 (. 667).

F.4. GCC
, .

-Os
-O3
-regparm=
-o le
-g
-S
-masm=intel Intel
-fno-inline ,

F.5. GDB
, :

983
 F. CHEATSHEETS F. CHEATSHEETS

break lename.c:number
break function
break *address
b
p variable
run
r
cont
c
bt
set disassembly-avor intel Intel-
disas disassemble current function
disas function
disas function,+50 disassemble portion
disas $eip,+0x10
disas/r
info registers
info oat FPU-
info locals ( )
x/w ... 32-
x/w $rdi 32- , RDI
x/10w ... 10
x/s ...
x/i ...
x/10c ... 10
x/b ...
x/h ... 16-
x/g ... 64-
nish
next ( )
step ( )
set step-mode on step
frame n
info break
del n
set args ...

984
 G. G.

G.1.

G.1.1. Hello, world!

#1

: 3.7.1 (. 22).
MessageBeep (0xFFFFFFFF); // A simple beep. If the sound card is not available, the sound is generated
using the speaker.

#2

: 3.7.2 (. 22).
#include <unistd.h>

int main()
{
sleep(2);
};

G.1.2.

#1

: 5.5.1 (. 34).
MSVC , : EBP, RA argc. ,
.
MSVC , : RA, argc argv[].
GCC 4.8.x main() 16- , .

#2

: 5.5.2 (. 34).
UNIX.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <time.h>

int main()
{
printf ("%d\n", time(NULL));
};

985
 G. G.
G.1.3. scanf()

#1

: 7.4.1 (. 90).
GCC Linux .rodata, (read only data):
$ objdump s 1

...

Contents of section .rodata:

400600 01000200 52657375 6c743a20 25730a00 ....Result: %s..
400610 48656c6c 6f2c2077 6f726c64 210a00 Hello, world!..

alter_string() -, .
MSVC, .data, READONLY:
C:\...>objdump s 1.exe

...

Contents of section .data:

40b000 476f6f64 62796521 00000000 52657375 Goodbye!....Resu
40b010 6c743a20 25730a00 48656c6c 6f2c2077 lt: %s..Hello, w
40b020 6f726c64 210a0000 00000000 00000000 orld!...........
40b030 01000000 00000000 c0cb4000 00000000 ..........@.....

...

C:\...>objdump x 1.exe

...

Sections:
Idx Name Size VMA LMA File off Algn
0 .text 00006d2a 00401000 00401000 00000400 2**2
CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, CODE
1 .rdata 00002262 00408000 00408000 00007200 2**2
CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, DATA
2 .data 00000e00 0040b000 0040b000 00009600 2**2
CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, DATA
3 .reloc 00000b98 0040e000 0040e000 0000a400 2**2
CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, DATA

G.1.4. switch()/case/default

G.1.5. #1

: 13.5.1 (. 177).
: printf() .

G.1.6.

G.1.7. #3

: 14.4.3 (. 192).
#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
int i;
for (i=100; i>0; i)

986
 G. G.
printf ("%d\n", i);
};

G.1.8. #4

: 14.4.4 (. 194).
#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
int i;
for (i=1; i<100; i=i+3)
printf ("%d\n", i);
};

G.1.9. -

#1

: 15.2.1 (. 207).
-.
int f(char *s)
{
int rt=0;
for (;*s;s++)
{
if (*s==' ')
rt++;
};
return rt;
};

G.1.10.

#2

: 16.3.1 (. 216).
int f(int a)
{
return a*7;
};

G.1.11. FPU

#1

: 17.10.2 (. 264).
double.
double f(double a1, double a2, double a3, double a4, double a5)
{
return (a1+a2+a3+a4+a5) / 5;
};

987
 G. G.
G.1.12.

#1

: 18.9.1 (. 302).
: 100 200 double.
/++:
#define M 100
#define N 200

void s(double *a, double *b, double *c)

{
for(int i=0;i<N;i++)
for(int j=0;j<M;j++)
*(c+i*M+j)=*(a+i*M+j) + *(b+i*M+j);
};

#2

: 18.9.2 (. 305).
: 100*200 100*300 double, : 100*300.
/++:
#define M 100
#define N 200
#define P 300

void m(double *a, double *b, double *c)

{
for(int i=0;i<M;i++)
for(int j=0;j<P;j++)
{
*(c+i*M+j)=0;
for (int k=0;k<N;k++) *(c+i*M+j)+=*(a+i*M+j) * *(b+i*M+j);
}
};

#3

: 18.9.3 (. 309).
double f(double array[50][120], int x, int y)
{
return array[x][y];
};

#4

: 18.9.4 (. 310).
int f(int array[50][60][80], int x, int y, int z)
{
return array[x][y][z];
};

988
 G. G.
#5

: 18.9.5 (. 311).
.
int tbl[10][10];

int main()
{
int x, y;
for (x=0; x<10; x++)
for (y=0; y<10; y++)
tbl[x][y]=x*y;
};

G.1.13.

#1

: 19.7.1 (. 349). endianness 32- .

unsigned int f(unsigned int a)
{
return ((a>>24)&0xff) | ((a<<8)&0xff0000) | ((a>>8)&0xff00) | ((a<<24)&0xff000000);
};

: x86 , . ?

#2

: 19.7.2 (. 350).
, BCD .
#include <stdio.h>

unsigned int f(unsigned int a)

{
int i=0;
int j=1;
unsigned int rt=0;
for (;i<=28; i+=4, j*=10)
rt+=((a>>i)&0xF) * j;
return rt;
};

int main()
{
// test
printf ("%d\n", f(0x12345678));
printf ("%d\n", f(0x1234567));
printf ("%d\n", f(0x123456));
printf ("%d\n", f(0x12345));
printf ("%d\n", f(0x1234));
printf ("%d\n", f(0x123));
printf ("%d\n", f(0x12));
printf ("%d\n", f(0x1));
};

#3

: 19.7.3 (. 353).

989
 G. G.

#include <windows.h>

int main()
{
MessageBox(NULL, "hello, world!", "caption",
MB_TOPMOST | MB_ICONINFORMATION | MB_HELP | MB_YESNOCANCEL);
};

#4

: 19.7.4 (. 353).
32- , 64- . , ,
.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdint.h>

// source code taken from

// http://www4.wittenberg.edu/academics/mathcomp/shelburne/comp255/notes/binarymultiplication.pdf

uint64_t mult (uint32_t m, uint32_t n)

{
uint64_t p = 0; // initialize product p to 0
while (n != 0) // while multiplier n is not 0
{
if (n & 1) // test LSB of multiplier
p = p + m; // if 1 then add multiplicand m
m = m << 1; // left shift multiplicand
n = n >> 1; // right shift multiplier
}
return p;
}

int main()
{
printf ("%d\n", mult (2, 7));
printf ("%d\n", mult (3, 11));
printf ("%d\n", mult (4, 111));
};

G.1.14.

#1

: 21.7.1 (. 393).
ID , .
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main(int argc, char *argv[])

{
struct stat sb;

if (argc != 2)
{
fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s <pathname>\n", argv[0]);
return 0;
}

if (stat(argv[1], &sb) == 1)

990
 G. G.
{
// error
return 0;
}

printf("%ld\n",(long) sb.st_uid);
}

#1

: 21.7.2 (. 393).
(x86): -
Jcc, MOVSX MOVZX.
#include <stdio.h>

struct some_struct
{
int a;
unsigned int b;
float f;
double d;
char c;
unsigned char uc;
};

void f(struct some_struct *s)

{
if (s>a > 1000)
{
if (s>b > 10)
{
printf ("%f\n", s>f * 444 + s>d * 123);
printf ("%c, %d\n", s>c, s>uc);
}
else
{
printf ("error #2\n");
};
}
else
{
printf ("error #1\n");
};
};

G.1.15.

#1

: 50.5.1 (. 562).
: beginners.re.

G.1.16. 9

#1

: 41.6 (. 513).
int f(int a)
{
return a/661;
};

991
 G. G.
G.2. 1

G.2.1. 1.1

G.2.2. 1.4

: beginners.re

G.3. 2

G.3.1. 2.1

, [ASS96].
: beginners.re

G.3.2. 2.4

: strstr().
:
char * strstr (
const char * str1,
const char * str2
)
{
char *cp = (char *) str1;
char *s1, *s2;

if ( !*str2 )
return((char *)str1);

while (*cp)
{
s1 = cp;
s2 = (char *) str2;

while ( *s1 && *s2 && !(*s1*s2) )

s1++, s2++;

if (!*s2)
return(cp);

cp++;
}

return(NULL);

G.3.3. 2.6

: , .
: TEA1 .
( wikipedia):
1 Tiny Encryption Algorithm

992
 G. G.

void f (unsigned int* v, unsigned int* k) {

unsigned int v0=v[0], v1=v[1], sum=0, i; /* set up */
unsigned int delta=0x9e3779b9; /* a key schedule constant */
unsigned int k0=k[0], k1=k[1], k2=k[2], k3=k[3]; /* cache key */
for (i=0; i < 32; i++) { /* basic cycle start */
sum += delta;
v0 += ((v1<<4) + k0) ^ (v1 + sum) ^ ((v1>>5) + k1);
v1 += ((v0<<4) + k2) ^ (v0 + sum) ^ ((v0>>5) + k3);
} /* end cycle */
v[0]=v0; v[1]=v1;
}

G.3.4. 2.13

linear feedback shift register ( ) 2 .

: beginners.re

G.3.5. 2.14

.
: beginners.re

G.3.6. 2.15

-.
: beginners.re

G.3.7. 2.16

3 .
int ack (int m, int n)
{
if (m==0)
return n+1;
if (n==0)
return ack (m1, 1);
return ack(m1, ack (m, n1));
};

G.3.8. 2.17

110:
wikipedia.
: beginners.re

G.3.9. 2.18

: beginners.re

G.3.10. 2.19

: beginners.re
2 wikipedia
3 wikipedia

993
 G. G.
G.3.11. 2.20

: the On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences (OEIS) ( )

.
: hailstone numbers, 4 .
: beginners.re

G.4. 3

G.4.1. 3.2

: .
:
beginners.re

G.4.2. 3.3

:
beginners.re

G.4.3. 3.4

, : beginners.re

G.4.4. 3.5

: , .
0x7F .
:
beginners.re

G.4.5. 3.6

:
beginners.re
, -.

G.4.6. 3.8

:
beginners.re

G.5.

G.5.1. (Windows XP)

: 76 (. 758).
: , (0x10).

4 wikipedia

994


995
 G. G.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi

- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678

- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

RA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

PE Portable Executable: 68.2 (. 712) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712

SP stack pointer. SP/ESP/RSP x86/x64. SP ARM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

DLL Dynamic-link library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712

PC Program Counter. IP/EIP/RIP x86/64. PC ARM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

LR Link Register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

IDA , Hex-Rays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

IAT Import Address Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713

INT Import Name Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713

RVA Relative Virtual Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713

VA Virtual Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712

OEP Original Entry Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701

MSVC Microsoft Visual C++

MSVS Microsoft Visual Studio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 970

ASLR Address Space Layout Randomization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713

MFC Microsoft Foundation Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715

TLS Thread Local Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

AKA Also Known As ( )

CRT C runtime library : 68.1 (. 709) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

CPU Central processing unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi

996
 G. G.
FPU Floating-point unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

CISC Complex instruction set computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

RISC Reduced instruction set computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

GUI Graphical user interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709

RTTI Run-time type information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578

BSS Block Started by Symbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

SIMD Single instruction, multiple data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

BSOD Black Screen of Death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702

ISA Instruction Set Architecture ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

CGI Common Gateway Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 951

HPC High-Performance Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533

SEH Structured Exception Handling : 68.3 (. 718) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

ELF , Linux *NIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

TIB Thread Information Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283

TEA Tiny Encryption Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 992

PIC Position Independent Code: 67.1 (. 704) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

NAN Not a Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 962

NOP No OPeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

BEQ (PowerPC, ARM) Branch if Equal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

BNE (PowerPC, ARM) Branch if Not Equal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

BLR (PowerPC) Branch to Link Register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772

XOR eXclusive OR ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 968

MCU Microcontroller unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506

RAM Random-access memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443

EGA Enhanced Graphics Adapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 909

VGA Video Graphics Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 909

997
 G. G.
API Application programming interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670

ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515

ASCIIZ ASCII Zero (ASCII- ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

IA64 Intel Architecture 64 (Itanium): 93 (. 906) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474

EPIC Explicitly parallel instruction computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 906

OOE Out-of-order execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476

MSDN Microsoft Developer Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353

MSB Most signicant bit/byte ( /) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328

LSB Least signicant bit/byte ( /)

STL (++) Standard Template Library: 51.4 (. 580) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585

PODT (++) Plain Old Data Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596

HDD Hard disk drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608

VM Virtual Memory ( )

WRK Windows Research Kernel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683

GPR General Purpose Registers ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

SSDT System Service Dispatch Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702

RE Reverse Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

BCD Binary-coded decimal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 850

BOM Byte order mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674

GDB GNU debugger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

FP Frame Pointer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

MBR Master Boot Record . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678

JPE Jump Parity Even ( x86) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

CIDR Classless Inter-Domain Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494

STMFD Store Multiple Full Descending ( ARM)

LDMFD Load Multiple Full Descending ( ARM)

998
 G. G.
STMED Store Multiple Empty Descending ( ARM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

LDMED Load Multiple Empty Descending ( ARM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

STMFA Store Multiple Full Ascending ( ARM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

LDMFA Load Multiple Full Ascending ( ARM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

STMEA Store Multiple Empty Ascending ( ARM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

LDMEA Load Multiple Empty Ascending ( ARM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

APSR (ARM) Application Program Status Register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

FPSCR (ARM) Floating-Point Status and Control Register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

PID ID / . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762

LF Line feed ( ) (10 \n /++) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541

CR Carriage return ( ) (13 \r /++) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541

RFC Request for Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676

TOS Top Of Stack ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630

LVA (Java) Local Variable Array ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636

JVM Java virtual machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629

JIT Just-in-time compilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629

EOF End of le ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

999
Glossary Glossary

Glossary

, . /++ oat double . 215, 950

1. 178, 199, 464, 964, 966, 971
1. 178, 182, 184, 199, 792, 810, 964
, .
(enumerations) . 231
. 92, 226, 430, 456, 511, 990
, . 536
. 8, 9, 14, 25, 28, 37, 49, 50, 68, 93, 618, 689692, 959, 965, 975,
996
( ,
.. ) : wikipedia. 490
. 215, 219, 221, 222, 226, 455, 508, 537, 766

anti-pattern . 27, 70, 475

atomic operation oo , -
. 740, 903

basic block , ,
. IDA - . 657, 910, 911

callee . 61, 93, 95, 691, 694, 695, 978

caller . 6, 94, 689, 695
compiler intrinsic . -
. ,
CPU. : (90 (. 898)). 970
CP/M Control Program for Microcomputers: MS-DOS. 848

dongle LPT- ( ) USB .

security token-, , , (-) . 771

endianness : 31 (. 473). 15, 72, 364, 968, 989

GiB : 230 1024 1073741824 . 11

heap () , , .
malloc()/free() . 25, 27, 365, 581, 584, 596, 598, 711, 712

jump offset JMP Jcc , , -

PC. . 127, 964

kernel mode CPU OS . . user mode.

1001
keygenme , , -
/. 952

1000
Glossary Glossary
leaf function . 21, 27
link register (RISC) . leaf- -
, .. . 27, 772, 975, 976
loop unwinding n , n ,
, . 180

name mangling ++, , -

, . : 51.1.1 (. 564). 564,
667, 668
NaN : , . 233, 255, 908
NEON AKA Advanced SIMD SIMD ARM. 976
NOP no operation, . 686
NTAPI API Windows NT. Microsoft-. 750

PDB (Win32) , ,
. 666, 714, 750, 751, 758, 762, 830
POKE BASIC . 686

register allocator . 198, 318,

443
reverse engineering , , . v, 970

security cookie , . : 18.3 (. 282). 731

stack frame , , : , -
, RA, ... 62, 92, 487, 731
stdout standard output. 15, 28, 149, 948

thunk function : . 16, 414, 772, 780

tracer . : 70.3 (. 744). 182184, 671, 680, 684, 727,
736, 832, 838, 842, 844, 897, 951

user mode CPU . . kernel mode. 787,

1000

Windows NT Windows NT, 2000, XP, Vista, 7, 8. 292, 440, 617, 674, 702, 713, 740, 851, 970
word () GPR. ,
, . 587

xoring , XOR . 731, 783, 786

1001


.NET, 717 toupper(), 550

AT&T, 10, 30 va_arg, 536
, 274, 731 va_list, 539
vprintf, 539
, 61, 68, 104, 406, 443 , 141, 228, 300, 326, 343, 502, 547,
-, 464 899
-, 464 ++, 833
-, 464 , 723
-, 464 C++11, 596, 697
C99, 103 ostream, 579
bool, 316 References, 580
restrict, 531 RTTI, 578
variable length arrays, 285 STL, 666
const, 7, 75 std::forward_list, 596
for, 178, 492 std::list, 587
if, 118, 148 std::map, 603
return, 8, 80, 102 std::set, 603
switch, 147, 148, 157 std::string, 580
while, 197 std::vector, 596
, 651
alloca(), 28, 285, 475, 723 grep, 184, 261, 666, 680, 684, 832
assert(), 290, 677 -, 477
atexit(), 586 Intel, 10, 13
atoi(), 515, 821 Mac OS X, 745
calloc(), 803 - , 13, 704
close(), 707 , 74
exit(), 479 , 74, 75
free(), 475 , 712
fseek(), 803 , 70
ftell(), 803 , 603
getenv(), 822 , 16
localtime(), 626 , 74, 564
localtime_r(), 373 RISC, 130
longjmp(), 149 - (NaNs), 255
malloc(), 366, 475
memchr(), 966 , 564
memcmp(), 529, 679, 968 , 264
memcpy(), 10, 61, 527, 965 , 280
memset(), 525, 842, 967 , 865
open(), 707 , 24, 26, 490
pow(), 228 Tail recursion, 490
puts(), 15 , 25, 91, 149
qsort(), 406 , 26
rand(), 356, 670, 755, 758, 791 , 62
read(), 707 , 148
realloc(), 475 Thumb-2, 15
scanf(), 61 iPod/iPhone/iPad, 12
strcmp(), 523, 707 OllyDbg, 39, 64, 72, 92, 105, 121, 163, 182, 200, 220, 234,
strcpy(), 10, 525, 792 245, 269, 276, 279, 292, 293, 335, 364, 381, 382,
strlen(), 197, 439, 525, 542, 966 386, 389, 409, 715, 744, 982
strstr(), 992 Oracle RDBMS, 8, 429, 676, 720, 834, 841, 843, 878, 888, 899,
time(), 626 910
tolower(), 809

1002

Ada, 99 MOVT.W, 16
Alpha AXP, 4 MOVW, 16
AMD, 694 MUL, 99
Angry Birds, 260, 261 MULS, 97
ARM, 205, 557, 771, 975 MVNS, 205
ARM, 3 NEG, 520
ORR, 325
ADC, 421 POP, 13, 14, 25, 27
ADD, 15, 99, 130, 185, 332, 344, 510, 977 PUSH, 14, 25, 27
ADDAL, 130 RET, 18
ADDCC, 168 RSB, 136, 297, 344, 520
ADDS, 97, 421, 977 SBC, 421
ADR, 13, 130 SMMUL, 510
ADRcc, 130, 157, 476 STMEA, 25
ADRP/ADD pair, 17, 49, 75, 289, 301, 466 STMED, 25
ANDcc, 552 STMFA, 25, 52
ASR, 347 STMFD, 13, 25
ASRS, 326, 510 STMIA, 50
B, 49, 130, 131 STMIB, 52
Bcc, 89, 90, 141 STP, 17, 49
BCS, 131, 262 STR, 50, 271
BEQ, 88, 157 SUB, 50, 297, 344
BGE, 131 SUBcc, 552
BIC, 325, 326, 331, 348 SUBEQ, 206
BL, 1317, 130, 467 SUBS, 421
BLcc, 130 SXTB, 383
BLE, 131 SXTW, 301
BLS, 131 TEST, 198
BLT, 185 TST, 319, 344
BLX, 15, 16 VADD, 226
BNE, 131 VDIV, 226
BX, 97, 169 VLDR, 225
CLZ, 932 VMOV, 225, 260
CMP, 88, 89, 130, 157, 168, 185, 344, 977 VMOVGT, 260
CSEL, 139, 143, 145, 344 VMRS, 260
EOR, 331 VMUL, 226
FCMPE, 262 XOR, 136, 332
FCSEL, 262 , 168
FMOV, 466 , 97, 169
FMRS, 332 , 464
IT, 146, 260, 285 , 16
LDMccFD, 130
LDMEA, 25 APSR, 260
LDMED, 25 FPSCR, 260
LDMFA, 25 Link Register, 13, 14, 27, 49, 169, 975
LDMFD, 14, 25, 130 R0, 975
LDP, 18 scratch registers, 205, 975
LDR, 50, 68, 75, 271, 288, 464 X0, 976
LDR.W, 297 Z, 88, 976
LDRB, 382 Thumb, 3, 131, 169
LDRB.W, 205 Thumb-2, 3, 169, 260, 261
LDRSB, 204 armel, 226
LSL, 344, 347 armhf, 226
LSL.W, 344 Condition codes, 130
LSLR, 552 D-, 225, 976
LSLS, 271, 331, 552 Data processing instructions, 510
LSR, 347 DCB, 14
LSRS, 331 hard oat, 226
MADD, 97 if-then block, 260
MLA, 96, 97 Leaf function, 27
MOV, 5, 14, 15, 344, 509 Optional operators
MOVcc, 141, 145 ASR, 344, 510
MOVK, 465 LSL, 271, 297, 344, 465
MOVT, 15, 509 LSR, 344, 510

1003

ROR, 344 IDA, 80, 402, 530, 660, 674, 885, 982
RRX, 344 var_?, 50, 68
S-, 225, 976 IEEE 754, 217, 328, 398, 451, 956
soft oat, 226 Inline code, 186, 325, 522, 570, 600
Integer overow, 99
FSTP, 244 Intel
8080, 205
R0, 101 8086, 205, 325, 787
ARM64 , 624, 909
lo12, 49 8253, 850
ASLR, 713 80286, 787, 909
AWK, 682 80386, 325, 909
80486, 217
Base64, 676 FPU, 217
base64, 676 Intel C++, 8, 430, 899, 910, 965
bash, 102 Itanium, 906
BASIC
POKE, 686 Java, 629
binary grep, 679, 747 jumptable, 161, 169
BIND.EXE, 717
binutils, 402 Keil, 12
Bitcoin, 900 kernel panic, 702
Borland C++Builder, 668 kernel space, 702
Borland Delphi, 668, 672, 897
BSoD, 702 LD_PRELOAD, 706
BSS, 714 Linux, 318, 704, 834
libc.so.6, 317, 414
C11, 697 LLVM, 12
Callbacks, 406 long double, 217
Canary, 282 Loop unwinding, 180
cdecl, 37, 689
COFF, 778 Mac OS Classic, 771
column-major order, 292 MD5, 477, 678
Compiler intrinsic, 29, 898 MFC, 715, 822
CRC32, 477, 491 MIDI, 678
CRT, 709, 728 MinGW, 667
Cygwin, 667, 671, 718, 745 minioat, 466
MIPS, 4, 558, 685, 714, 771
DES, 429, 443 , 18
dlopen(), 707
dlsym(), 707 ADD, 99
DOSBox, 851 ADD.D, 228
DosBox, 684 ADDIU, 19, 78
double, 217, 694 ADDU, 99
dtruss, 745 AND, 327
Duffs device, 505 BC1F, 264
BC1T, 264
EICAR, 847 BEQ, 90, 132
ELF, 73 BLTZ, 136
Error messages, 676 BNE, 132
BNEZ, 171
fastcall, 11, 60, 317, 690 BREAK, 510
oat, 217, 694 C.LT.D, 264
Forth, 649 DIV.D, 228
FORTRAN, 292, 531, 614, 668 J, 6, 19
Function epilogue, 24, 49, 50, 130, 382, 682 JAL, 99
Function prologue, 9, 24, 27, 50, 282, 682 JALR, 19, 99
Fused multiplyadd, 96, 97 JR, 160
Fuzzing, 521 LB, 190
LBU, 190
GCC, 667, 980, 983
LI, 468
GDB, 21, 42, 46, 281, 414, 415, 744, 983
LUI, 19, 78, 228, 330, 468
Glibc, 414, 702
LW, 19, 69, 78, 160
Hex-Rays, 763 LWC1, 228
Hiew, 86, 127, 672, 714, 715, 718, 897 MFC1, 231

1004

MFHI, 99, 510, 978 SCO OpenServer, 778
MFLO, 99, 510, 978 Scratch space, 693
MTC1, 404 Security cookie, 282, 731
MUL.D, 228 Security through obscurity, 676
MULT, 99 SHA1, 477
NOR, 207 SHA512, 900
OR, 21 Shadow space, 94, 95, 452
ORI, 327, 468 Shellcode, 559, 702, 713, 848, 973
SB, 190 Signed numbers, 119, 471
SLL, 171, 211, 346 SIMD, 451, 529
SLLV, 346 SSE, 451
SLT, 132 SSE2, 451
SLTIU, 171 stdcall, 689, 897
SLTU, 132, 134, 171 strace, 706, 745
SRL, 215 syscall, 317, 702, 745
SUBU, 136
SW, 56 TCP/IP, 474
thiscall, 564, 566, 691
B, 188 thunk-, 16, 716, 772, 780
BEQZ, 134 TLS, 283, 697, 714, 717, 959
L.D, 228 , 700
LA, 21 Callbacks, 718
LI, 6 tracer, 182, 411, 413, 671, 680, 684, 727, 736, 744, 832, 838,
MOVE, 19, 77 842, 844, 897, 950
NEGU, 136
NOP, 21, 77 Unicode, 673
NOT, 207 Unrolled loop, 186, 285, 526
uptime, 706
FCCR, 264 USB, 773
HI, 510 user space, 702
LO, 510 UTF-16LE, 673, 674
Branch delay slot, 6 UTF-8, 673
Global Pointer, 298
VA, 712
Load delay slot, 160
O32, 56, 60, 978 Watcom, 668
MS-DOS, 283, 621, 678, 684, 686, 712, 787, 847, 849, 871, Windows, 740
897, 909, 956, 966, 970, 971 API, 956
DOS extenders, 909 IAT, 713
MSVC, 981, 983 INT, 713
KERNEL32.DLL, 316
Name mangling, 564
MSVCR80.DLL, 408
Native API, 713
NTAPI, 750
NEC V20, 851
ntoskrnl.exe, 834
objdump, 402, 706, 718 PDB, 666, 714, 750, 758, 830
OEP, 712, 717 Structured Exception Handling, 30, 718
opaque predicate, 560 TIB, 283, 718, 959
OpenMP, 669, 900 Win32, 316, 674, 706, 712, 909
OpenWatcom, 668, 691 GetProcAddress, 717
LoadLibrary, 717
Page (memory), 440 Ordinal, 715
Pascal, 672 RaiseException(), 718
PDP-11, 464 SetUnhandledExceptionFilter(), 720
PowerPC, 4, 18, 771 Windows 2000, 713
puts() printf(), 15, 66, 101, 128 Windows 3.x, 617, 909
Windows NT4, 713
Quake III Arena, 405 Windows Vista, 712, 750
Windows XP, 713, 717, 758
Raspberry Pi, 12
Wine, 726
ReactOS, 726
Wolfram Mathematica, 512, 513, 765, 865
Register allocation, 443
Relocation, 16 x86
row-major order, 292
RVA, 713 CF, 964, 966, 968, 971, 972
SAP, 666, 830 DF, 968, 972

1005

IF, 968, 972 FST, 973
FSTCW, 973
AAA, 974 FSTP, 229, 973
AAS, 974 FSTSW, 973
ADC, 420, 621, 964 FSUB, 973
ADD, 8, 37, 92, 516, 621, 964 FSUBP, 973
ADDSD, 452 FSUBR, 973
ADDSS, 462 FSUBRP, 973
ADRcc, 138 FUCOM, 255, 973
AND, 9, 317, 320, 333, 347, 388, 964, 967 FUCOMI, 256
BSF, 441, 931, 968 FUCOMP, 973
BSR, 968 FUCOMPP, 255, 973
BSWAP, 474, 968 FWAIT, 217
BT, 968 FXCH, 973
BTC, 329, 968 IDIV, 472, 508, 970
BTR, 329, 740, 968 IMUL, 92, 300, 472, 964, 974
BTS, 329, 968 IN, 555, 787, 850, 970
CALL, 8, 26, 555, 716, 964 INC, 199, 897, 964, 974
CBW, 472, 968 INT, 848, 970
CDQ, 427, 472, 968 INT3, 671
CDQE, 472, 968 IRET, 970
CLD, 968 JA, 119, 256, 471, 964, 974
CLI, 968 JAE, 119, 964, 974
CMC, 968 JB, 119, 471, 964, 974
CMOVcc, 130, 138, 139, 142, 145, 476, 968 JBE, 119, 964, 974
CMP, 79, 80, 964, 974 JC, 964
CMPSB, 679, 968 Jcc, 90, 141
CMPSD, 968 JCXZ, 964
CMPSQ, 968 JE, 149, 964, 974
CMPSW, 968 JECXZ, 964
COMISD, 460 JG, 119, 471, 964
COMISS, 462 JGE, 119, 964
CPUID, 386, 970 JL, 119, 471, 964
CWD, 472, 621, 860, 968 JLE, 119, 964
CWDE, 472, 968 JMP, 26, 49, 716, 897, 964
DEC, 199, 964, 974 JNA, 964
DIV, 472, 970 JNAE, 964
DIVSD, 452, 681 JNB, 964
FABS, 972 JNBE, 255, 964
FADD, 972 JNC, 964
FADDP, 219, 225, 972 JNE, 80, 119, 964, 974
FATRET, 342, 343 JNG, 964
FCHS, 972 JNGE, 964
FCMOVcc, 256 JNL, 964
FCOM, 244, 255, 972 JNLE, 964
FCOMP, 232, 972 JNO, 964, 974
FCOMPP, 972 JNS, 964, 974
FDIV, 219, 680, 972 JNZ, 964
FDIVP, 219, 972 JO, 964, 974
FDIVR, 225, 972 JP, 233, 851, 964, 974
FDIVRP, 972 JPO, 964
FILD, 972 JRCXZ, 964
FIST, 972 JS, 964, 974
FISTP, 972 JZ, 88, 149, 899, 964
FLD, 229, 232, 972 LAHF, 965
FLD1, 972 LEA, 63, 94, 368, 480, 493, 516, 693, 753, 965
FLDCW, 972 LEAVE, 9, 965
FLDZ, 972 LES, 792, 859
FMUL, 219, 972 LOCK, 740
FMULP, 972 LODSB, 850
FNSTCW, 973 LOOP, 178, 192, 682, 859, 971
FNSTSW, 233, 255, 973 MAXSD, 460
FSINCOS, 973 MOV, 5, 8, 10, 526, 527, 555, 715, 897, 966
FSQRT, 973 MOVDQA, 433

1006

MOVDQU, 433
MOVSB, 965 LOCK, 740, 963
MOVSD, 459, 527, 808, 965 REP, 963, 966, 967
MOVSDX, 459 REPE/REPNE, 963
MOVSQ, 965 REPNE, 967
MOVSS, 462
MOVSW, 965 , 80, 121, 959
MOVSX, 198, 205, 381383, 472, 966 AH, 965, 966
MOVSXD, 286 CS, 909
MOVZX, 198, 366, 771, 966 DR6, 962
MUL, 472, 966 DR7, 962
MULSD, 452 DS, 909
NEG, 519, 966 EAX, 79, 101
NOP, 493, 895, 897, 966 EBP, 62, 92
NOT, 203, 205, 812, 966 ECX, 564
OR, 320, 542, 966 ES, 859, 909
OUT, 555, 787, 971 ESP, 37, 62
PADDD, 433 FS, 698
PCMPEQB, 441 GS, 283, 698, 701
PLMULHW, 430 JMP, 167
PLMULLD, 430 RIP, 706
PMOVMSKB, 441 SS, 909
POP, 8, 25, 26, 966, 974 ZF, 80, 317
POPA, 971, 974 AVX, 429
POPCNT, 971 FPU, 960
POPF, 850, 971 MMX, 429
PUSH, 8, 9, 25, 26, 62, 555, 966, 974 SSE, 429
PUSHA, 971, 974 SSE2, 429
PUSHF, 971
PXOR, 441 STOSB, 507
RCL, 682, 971 x86-64, 10, 11, 45, 61, 67, 87, 93, 443, 451, 556, 691, 706, 956,
RCR, 971 962
RET, 5, 8, 26, 282, 566, 618, 897, 966 Xcode, 12
ROL, 342, 898, 971
ROR, 898, 971 Z3, 763, 766
SAHF, 255, 966
SAL, 971
SALC, 851
SAR, 347, 472, 534, 859, 971
SBB, 420, 966
SCASB, 850, 851, 966
SCASD, 966
SCASQ, 966
SCASW, 966
SETALC, 851
SETcc, 132, 199, 255, 972
SHL, 211, 268, 347, 967
SHR, 215, 347, 388, 967
SHRD, 426, 967
STC, 972
STD, 972
STI, 972
STOSB, 967
STOSD, 967
STOSQ, 526, 967
STOSW, 967
SUB, 8, 9, 80, 149, 516, 964, 967
SYSCALL, 970, 972
SYSENTER, 703, 970, 972
TEST, 198, 317, 319, 347, 967
UD2, 972
XADD, 741
XCHG, 966, 967
XOR, 8, 80, 203, 534, 682, 783, 897, 968, 974

1007


[al12] Nick Montfort et al. 10 PRINT CHR$(205.5+RND(1)); : GOTO 10. : http://go.yurichev.

com/17286. The MIT Press, 2012.
[AMD13a] AMD. AMD64 Architecture Programmers Manual. : http://go.yurichev.com/17284.
2013.
[AMD13b] AMD. Software Optimization Guide for AMD Family 16h Processors. : http://go.yurichev.
com/17285. 2013.
[App10] Apple. iOS ABI Function Call Guide. : http://go.yurichev.com/17276. 2010.
[ARM12] ARM. ARM Architecture Reference Manual, ARMv7-A and ARMv7-R edition. 2012.
[ARM13a] ARM. ARM Architecture Reference Manual, ARMv8, for ARMv8-A architecture prole. 2013.
[ARM13b] ARM. ELF for the ARM 64-bit Architecture (AArch64). : http : / / go . yurichev . com /
17288. 2013.
[ARM13c] ARM. Procedure Call Standard for the ARM 64-bit Architecture (AArch64). : http://go.
yurichev.com/17287. 2013.
[ASS96] Harold Abelson, Gerald Jay Sussman Julie Sussman. Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs. 1996.
[Bro] Ralf Brown. The x86 Interrupt List. : http://go.yurichev.com/17292.
[Bur] Mike Burrell. Writing Effcient Itanium 2 Assembly Code. : (). : http://go.yurichev.
com/17265.
[Cli] Marshall Cline. C++ FAQ. : http://go.yurichev.com/17291.
[Cor+09] Thomas H. Cormen . Introduction to Algorithms, Third Edition. 3rd. The MIT Press, 2009. ISBN: 0262033844,
9780262033848.
[Dij68] Edsger W. Dijkstra. Letters to the editor: go to statement considered harmful. : Commun. ACM 11.3 ( 1968),
. 147148. ISSN: 0001-0782. DOI: 10.1145/362929.362947. URL: http://go.yurichev.com/17299.
[Dol13] Stephen Dolan. mov is Turing-complete. : (2013). : http : / / go . yurichev . com /
17269.
[Dre07] Ulrich Drepper. What Every Programmer Should Know About Memory. : http://go.yurichev.
com/17341. 2007.
[Dre13] Ulrich Drepper. ELF Handling For Thread-Local Storage. : (2013). : http : / / go .
yurichev.com/17272.
[Eic11] Jens Eickhoff. Onboard Computers, Onboard Software and Satellite Operations: An Introduction. 2011.
[Fog13a] Agner Fog. Optimizing software in C++: An optimization guide for Windows, Linux and Mac platforms. http://
go.yurichev.com/17279. 2013.
[Fog13b] Agner Fog. The microarchitecture of Intel, AMD and VIA CPUs / An optimization guide for assembly programmers and co
http://go.yurichev.com/17278. 2013.
[Fog14] Agner Fog. Calling conventions. http://go.yurichev.com/17280. 2014.
[haq] papasutra of haquebright. WRITING SHELLCODE FOR IA-64. : (). : http://go.yurichev.
com/17340.
[IBM00] IBM. PowerPC(tm) Microprocessor Family: The Programming Environments for 32-Bit Microprocessors. -
: http://go.yurichev.com/17281. 2000.
[Int13] Intel. Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developers Manual Combined Volumes:1, 2A, 2B, 2C, 3A, 3B, and 3C.
: http://go.yurichev.com/17283. 2013.
[Int14] Intel. Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Optimization Reference Manual. : http : / / go .
yurichev.com/17342. September 2014.
[ISO07] ISO. ISO/IEC 9899:TC3 (C C99 standard). : http://go.yurichev.com/17274. 2007.
[ISO13] ISO. ISO/IEC 14882:2011 (C++ 11 standard). : http://go.yurichev.com/17275. 2013.

1008

[Jav13] Java. The Java Virtual Machine Specication Java SE 7 Edition. : http://go.yurichev.
com/17345 http://go.yurichev.com/17346. February 2013.
[Ker88] Brian W. Kernighan. The C Programming Language. . Dennis M. Ritchie. 2nd. Prentice Hall Professional
Technical Reference, 1988. ISBN: 0131103709.
[Knu74] Donald E. Knuth. Structured Programming with go to Statements. : ACM Comput. Surv. 6.4 (. 1974). Also
available as http : / / go . yurichev . com / 17271, . 261301. ISSN: 0360-0300. DOI: 10 . 1145 / 356635 .
356640. URL: http://go.yurichev.com/17300.
[Knu98] Donald E. Knuth. The Art of Computer Programming Volumes 1-3 Boxed Set. 2nd. Boston, MA, USA: Addison-
Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc., 1998. ISBN: 0201485419.
[Loh10] Eugene Loh. The Ideal HPC Programming Language. : Queue 8.6 ( 2010), 30:3030:38. ISSN: 1542-7730.
DOI: 10.1145/1810226.1820518. URL: http://go.yurichev.com/17298.
[Ltd94] Advanced RISC Machines Ltd. The ARM Cookbook. : http://go.yurichev.com/17273.
1994.
[Mit13] Michael Matz / Jan Hubicka / Andreas Jaeger / Mark Mitchell. System V Application Binary Interface. AMD64 Architecture P
: http://go.yurichev.com/17295. 2013.
[Mor80] Stephen P. Morse. The 8086 Primer. : http://go.yurichev.com/17351. 1980.
[One96] Aleph One. Smashing The Stack For Fun And Prot. : Phrack (1996). : http://go.
yurichev.com/17266.
[Pie] Matt Pietrek. A Crash Course on the Depths of Win32 Structured Exception Handling. : MSDN magazine ().
URL: http://go.yurichev.com/17293.
[Pie02] Matt Pietrek. An In-Depth Look into the Win32 Portable Executable File Format. : MSDN magazine (2002).
URL: http://go.yurichev.com/17318.
[Pre+07] William H. Press . Numerical Recipes. 2007.
[RA09] Mark E. Russinovich David A. Solomon with Alex Ionescu. Windows Internals: Including Windows Server 2008 and Win
2009.
[Ray03] Eric S. Raymond. The Art of UNIX Programming. : http://go.yurichev.com/17277.
Pearson Education, 2003. ISBN: 0131429019.
[Rit79] Dennis M. Ritchie. The Evolution of the Unix Time-sharing System. : (1979).
[Rit86] Dennis M. Ritchie. Where did ++ come from? (net.lang.c). http://go.yurichev.com/17296. [Online; accessed
2013]. 1986.
[Rit93] Dennis M. Ritchie. The development of the C language. : SIGPLAN Not. 28.3 ( 1993).
: http://go.yurichev.com/17264, . 201208. ISSN: 0362-1340. DOI: 10.1145/155360.155580.
URL: http://go.yurichev.com/17297.
[RT74] D. M. Ritchie K. Thompson. The UNIX Time Sharing System. : (1974). : http://go.
yurichev.com/17270.
[Sch94] Bruce Schneier. Applied Cryptography: Protocols, Algorithms, and Source Code in C. 1994.
[SK95] SunSoft Steve Zucker IBM Kari Karhi. SYSTEM V APPLICATION BINARY INTERFACE: PowerPC Processor Supplement.
: http://go.yurichev.com/17282. 1995.
[Sko12] Igor Skochinsky. Compiler Internals: Exceptions and RTTI. : http://go.yurichev.com/
17294. 2012.
[Str13] Bjarne Stroustrup. The C++ Programming Language, 4th Edition. 2013.
[Swe10] Dominic Sweetman. See MIPS Run, Second Edition. 2010.
[War02] Henry S. Warren. Hackers Delight. Boston, MA, USA: Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc., 2002. ISBN:
0201914654.
[Yur12] Dennis Yurichev. Finding unknown algorithm using only input/output pairs and Z3 SMT solver. : (2012).
: http://go.yurichev.com/17268.
[Yur13] Dennis Yurichev. C/C++ programming language notes. : http : / / go . yurichev . com /
17289. 2013.

1009