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The great Russian poet Pushkin loved Великий русский поэт Пушкин
Moscow and spent there nearly a любил Москву и провел там почти
third of his short life. треть своей короткой жизни.
ВАРИАНТ 1
MOSCOW
1. Moscow became the capital of the first socialist state in 1918. In those
difficult post-Revolution days the work started on the first plan for the construction
and reconstruction of Moscow.
2. Now Moscow's boundaries expanded considerably. Moscow today is
an advanced socialist industrial city. Moscow is a main production and technical
base of the country's socialist industry. There are many new industries in Moscow
now, such as: machine-tool building, instrument-making, radio-engineering,
electronics, chemical industry, etc. Moscow plants produce such goods as lorries
and passenger vehicles, sea-going and river vessels, diesel locomotives, precision
instruments and other types of industrial equipment.
3. All these achievements are the result of Muscovites' generous labour,
of their greatest desire to make their city even better and more beautiful.
4. Moscow is the capital of a multinational state. The Russians and
Uzbeks, Ukrainians and Tajiks study side by side in its institute halls and library
reading rooms. They work together at numerous factories and plants of the great
capital. Today students who study at higher schools represent all the nationalities
of the Soviet Union.
5. Moscow is the heart of the cultural life of the country. The city has
some fifty theatres, many concert halls, numerous cinemas, about one hundred and
fifty museums, many stadiums and sport halls. It is Moscow that peoples of the
whole world look with hope to in their fight for peace and independence.
ВАРИАНТ 2
KIEV
1. The land of the Ukraine is vast and beautiful, its fields are fertile the
energy of the mighty Dnieper River is enormous. The Ukraine represents a large
economic region in the USSR. In Soviet times many giant industrial enterprises,
dams and hydro-electric stations, thousands of factories, collective and state farms'
new cities and towns came into being in the Ukraine.
2. Kiev is the capital of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. It is one
of the most beautiful cities in the Soviet Union. Its population is some two million
people.
3. Kiev is the largest centre of national Ukrainian culture. There are
many research institutes, the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, many
higher and hundreds of secondary schools in Kiev. The University which bears the
name of Shevchenko stands in the centre of the city. Kiev has a history that goes
back for more than ten centuries.
4. Kiev is a highly developed industrial city. There are many
engineering, instrument-building, food processing and light industry
establishments in Kiev. The Kiev plants and factories produce complex automatic
lathes, excavators, sea and river ships, motor-cycles, electrical measuring
instruments, planes, machine-tools, artificial fibres and diamonds. The Ukrainian
scientists discovered the way of manufacturing artificial diamonds and developed
the methods of electric welding. They made outstanding progress in nuclear
physics, chemistry and other branches of science.
5. The Ukrainian Republic exports manufactured goods to more than 70
foreign countries. The achievements are so great thanks to the efforts of the
Ukrainian people and the fraternal assistance of the other Soviet people.
ВАРИАНТ 3
1.This student took an active part in the public life of his Institute.
2.Soviet machine-builders use the latest technical achievements in their work.
3.The extra-mural students received paid leaves for their exams.
MINSK
1. Minsk is the capital of the Byelorussian Republic, its political,
economic and industrial centre. Before the Great October Socialist Revolution it
was a provincial town with some 100,000 inhabitants. Years of socialist
development transformed Minsk entirely. Today it is a large modern city with a
population of some 800,000 people.
2. Minsk is a cultural and scientific centre of Byelorussia. It has many
museums, but perhaps the most famous are the Museum of the 1st Congress of the
RSDLP and the Museum of the History of the Great Patriotic War.
3. Before the October Revolution there was not a single higher
educational establishment in Minsk. There are now thirteen education
establishments including the University and many scientific research institutes.
4. Nowadays Minsk is a city of highly developed industry. The powerful
MAZ lorries of the Minsk Automobile Works are famous not only in the Soviet
Union but far beyond its borders. The designers of the Minsk universal electronic
computers, the most popular in the country, were awarded the State Prize. Farmers
highly appreciate the new Minsk tractors, which are highly reliable and easy to
handle. The Minsk Tractor Works is one of the biggest industrial enterprises.
Every day hundreds of bright newly painted machines leave the factory gates. With
each passing year the tractor builders perfect their skills and improve the
technology of production.
5. Minsk workers are on friendly terms with their colleagues from other
countries. Many specialists come here from other countries to perfect their skills.
ВАРИАНТ 4
1. There are some 6,500 research workers at the Tajik Academy of Sciences.
2. Our country is very large, no other country is equal to it in size.
3. Any student translated this text without a dictionary.
1. The Tajik State University trains specialists for different branches of national
economy.
2. Dushanbe train will arrive at 5 o'clock.
3. The delegation of this republic took an active part in the conference.
DUSHANBE
1. On October 16, 1929 Tajikistan became a Soviet Socialist Republic.
Dushanbe is the capital of Tajikistan. Dushanbe's area is 12,500 hectares and the
population is some half a million people. During the last few years Tajikistan
developed heavy industries - electric power, engineering, mining, non-ferrous
metallurgy, machine-building and metal-working, and the manufacture of building
materials. Tajikistan grows a tenth of the Soviet Union's cotton.
2. Nowadays Dushanbe changes greatly. It is one of the largest industrial
cities of the Republic. There are more than a hundred of power and mechanical
engineering, metal working, light and food industry enterprises in Dushanbe.
Dushanbe's numerous plants and factories produce different goods for the
population and various machines for all branches of national economy. More than
200,000 people work at local factories and plants. The city plants and factories
send their products not only to all parts of the Soviet Union but also to many
countries abroad.
3. Dushanbe is a cultural and scientific centre of the Republic. The city
has 33 scientific establishments. The Academy of Sciences, which has 18 research
institutes, the State University, Medical and Polytechnical institutes are in the
capital.
4. There are also four theatres, 61 clubs, several museums, the Tajik SSR
Exhibition of Economic Achievements and a Zoo in Dushanbe. Some 100,000
children attend more than 100 schools; there are 86 hospitals and other medical
centres, five stadiums and seven swimming-pools.
5. Most Dushanbe inhabitants live in modern houses. Everywhere we see
tall modern buildings, green parks and squares. Every year the inhabitants of the
city plant thousands of trees and shrubs. The city changes from day to day and
becomes more and more beautiful. The Tajik people love their capital and are
proud of it.
ВАРИАНТ 5
1. The legendary cruiser "Aurora" gave the signal for the assault (штурм) on the
Winter Palace.
2. Every monument and every building in Leningrad has a history of its own.
3. Leningrad will maintain close contacts with other countries.
LENINGRAD
1. The magnificent city on the Neva always played a prominent role in
Russian and world history. Sixty-five years ago the working people of Russian
accomplished the Great October Socialist Revolution here, in Petrograd. This
Revolution confirmed in practice the correctness of the revolutionary theory of
Lenin, the leader of the world proletariat.
2. A quarter century after the Revolution, in the hard years of the Second
World War, Leningrad became a symbol of courage, in the bitter fighting against
the nazi invaders.
Almost hundred days and nights of the siege of Leningrad multiplied the combat
glory of the city.
3. Hundreds of thousands of students from many countries study in more
than 40 higher schools of Leningrad. Leningrad maintains close contacts with
many countries.
4. Leningrad plants and factories produce powerful ships and tractors,
giant electric turbines for the largest power-stations in the USSR, television sets
and refrigerators, rolling mills and precision instruments for various branches of
industry and science.
5. Leningrad is a large industrial, cultural and scientific centre. We can
see products of Leningrad enterprises in many foreign countries. Leningrad always
plays a great role in the development of many important branches of the socialist
economy.
VII. Прочтите 5-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных
вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный
ответ на поставленный вопрос.
КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 2
ВАРИАНТ 1
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в
каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму
и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите
внимание на особенности - перевода пассивных конструкций.
а) 1. The importance of scientific research is growing with every day.
2. A group of seven engineers had worked out the technology for
producing a new alloy.
3. By that time Niels Bohr had already accepted Rutherford's
model of the atom.
б) 1. The data of the latest research in this field of science were discussed
at our conference.
2. Gold is not affected by moisture.
3. The laboratory of our Institute was given a new task.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните Participle I и
Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т. е. укажите, является ли
оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого;
предложения переведите на русский язык.
1. The only force acting on a freely falling body in vacuum is gravity.
2. When placed over a fire, a substance becomes hot.
3. While studying the properties of electrons atomic physicists solved many
other problems.
Пояснения к тексту
ВАРИАНТ 2
а) 1. The special application of light has led to the development of lasers and
masers.
2. The scientists are working on an interesting
problem for obtaining power
from atom.
3. We solved this problem with the help of computers.
б) 1. The delegation of foreign specialists was shown the new electronics
equipment.
2. They will be given new interesting data by the end of the month.
3. The parts of this device are acted upon by more than two forces.
Пояснения к тексту
ВАРИАНТ 3
1. The forces acting between atoms within a molecule are very great.
2. When placed in a strong magnetic field iron becomes magnetized.
3. Heat produced from electrical energy heats our homes.
Пояснения к тексту
ВАРИАНТ 4
Пояснения к тексту
NEIL ARMSTRONG
1. Neil Armstrong, an American astronaut, is the first man in history to
set foot upon the surface of the Moon. He was born in the town of Wapakoneta,
Ohio, on the 5th of August, 1930. The Armstrong branch of the family was Scots-
Irish and its origins can be traced back seven generations to the early 1800's when
a Captain John Armstrong2 settled on land in Ohio.
2. It was Neil's father who took him for his first airplane ride, when he
was six years old. By the time Neil was nine, he was building model airplanes.
He obtained pilot's licence at the age of 16. At the age of twenty he was
assigned to a West Coast jet squadron.
3. After he had graduated from the University in 1955, he joined NASA
and was one of the test pilots of the X-15 rocket plane, flying that aircraft to over
200,000 feet and approximately 4,000 miles per hour.
4. In 1962 he became an astronaut and in 1966 he was command pilot of
"Gemini 8" when he performed the first successful docking of two vehicles in
space.
5. The climax of his life, however, came in 1969, when as commander of
the "Apollo 11" spacecraft, he and Edwin Aldrin took the lunar module down to
the very surface of the Moon. Armstrong was then the first human being in history
to set foot upon the very surface of the Moon.
6. He said, "That is one small step for a man, one giant leap for
mankind." After the successful fulfilment of the program the "Apollo 11"
spacecraft returned to the Earth.
Since 1972 Neil Armstrong has been University Professor of Cincinnati.
ВАРИАНТ 5
а) 1. There are many properties that man has found useful in his application of
electromagnetic waves.
2. The flow of electrons in one direction results in an electric current.
3. The energy sources of the world are decreasing while the energy needs
of
the world are increasing.
б) 1. The isotopes of the element hydrogen were given individual names.
2. Electronics is usually thought of as that part of electricity which deals
with vacuum tubes and transistors.
3. The behaviour of metals is greatly affected by the changes in
temperature.
1. The Celsius scale (шкала Цельсия) is the scale used in most scientific
experiments.
2. When heated to a certain temperature, water increases in volume.
3. Testing the operation of the system, engineers used different kinds of
equipment.
Пояснения к тексту
КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ №3
ВАРИАНТ 1
1. When the work had been completed the results were published in the
magazine.
2. When the experiment was being made everybody was watching it with great
interest
3. A great deal of research work was done at this institute.
1. It was noisy in the hall as the students were talking about their summer holidays.
2.Last year the number of tourists to the Caucasus exceeded that of the previous
one.
2.One must know traffic rules if one wants to drive a car safely.
1.I think his work will be completed by the end of the next month.
2.The desks we sit at are made of wood.
Пояснения к тексту
1.Atomic energy will be used instead of petrol in the car of the future.
2.Hydrogen will be used instead of petrol in the car of the future.
3.Internal combustion engines will be used in the car of the future.
ВАРИАНТ 2
1.After the lecture had been delivered we asked many questions, and the lecturer
answered them.
2.Many specialists are trained for the national economy.
3.These students will be sent to Moscow to take part in the conference.
1.The crowd came close to the speaker, as it was interested in the theme of his
speech.
2.One must choose a profession which one likes.
3.My room is very light, that of my brother is not so light, but it is large.
1.The examination paper had, to contain not less than ten grammar exercises.
2.This book does not give any information on the history of chemistry.
3.I have been to Kiev this summer.
4.A new pumping-station is to be set up in this cotton-growing area.
1.The X-rays passed through all the objects Roentgen placed in their way.
2.The young engineer knows the professor will give him some valuable advice.
Пояснения к тексту
ВАРИАНТ 3
1.The construction of the oil centre began after the plan had been adopted.
2.These text-books on chemistry were printed in our printshop.
3.A chain of thermal and atomic plants is built in the USSR.
1.The invention I want to speak about is of great importance for our plant.
2.The ancient people believed the Sun was moving round the Earth.
Пояснения к тексту
What' is not enough to make all big cities in the country a good place to live?
1. City transport system is not enough to make all big cities in the country a good
place to live
2.Motor transport system is not enough to make all big cities in the country a good
place to live.
3.Keeping the air and water clean is not enough to make all big cities in the
country a good place to live. ,
ВАРИАНТ 4
Пояснения к тексту
ВАРИАНТ 5
1. This new machine will be more effective than that of an old design.
2. It is not easy to solve this problem.
3. One must know English.
Пояснения к тексту
КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 4
per cent.
ВАРИАНТ 1
1.If a free electron were in a vacuum within the electric field set up between
positive and negative electrodes, the negatively charged electron would be
attracted to the positive electrode.
2.If we had tested this material, we should have used it in our construction.
Пояснения к тексту
URENGOI
1. Urengoi is a gas deposit discovered 15 years ago in the northern part
of Western Siberia. It has almost triple the reserves of all known gas deposits in the
United States. Urengoi has no equal in the world. The future of the Soviet energy
industry as well as our capacity to export natural gas to the CMEA countries and
Western Europe are closely linked to this deposit.
2. Every single drill hole here yields as much gas as seven to nine drill
holes in the north of the European part of the USSR, or approximately 20 in the
Ukraine.
3. Today Urengoi produces a sixth of the country's natural gas, and will
provide almost half by the end of the current five-year period. The annual increase
in gas output will be 40 - 45,000 million cubic metres - approximately the total
production of the USSR in 1960.
4. Let us now make an estimate. Gas pipelines with a pipe diameter of
1.420 mm at a pressure of 75 atm, pump 32,000 million cubic metres annually.
Every kilometer of gas pipeline means a thousand tons of metal and an investment
of a million roubles. The Urengoi-Moscow pipeline is 2,800 km long.
5. Today, there are five trunk pipelines linking Urengoi with industrial
areas of the country. In future more will be needed. And each one conveys more
energy than is yielded by all the biggest electric stations built on Siberia's great
Yenisei River and the Angara.
6. In the language of Nentsi, the natives of that land, the name "Urengoi"
means a dead site. Natural conditions seem to justify the sad name. Until just a
short time ago, it was only the rare herd of reindeer that visited the area. Indeed,
who would be attracted by a deserted patch of the tundra where it gets colder than
minus 50°C. The riches concealed in the depths of Urengoi forced people to regard
the site quite differently.
ВАРИАНТ 2
1. We know the Soviet Union to increase the output of power by erecting huge
hydro-electric power-stations.
2. The plant is expected to manufacture new trucks next year.
3. The engineer is known to have made the experiment with these substances.
Пояснения к тексту
switchover — переключатель
via —через
conventional — общепринятый, общего типа, серийный
redundant — чрезмерный, избыточный, статически неопределимый
COMMUNICATIONS THROUGH LIGHT CONDUCTORS
ВАРИАНТ 3
1.The first laser having been built scientists found many ways to use it
1.Having developed quantum generators called lasers, scientists are looking for
practical use for a new kind of ray which is millions of times brighter than the Sun.
2.Semiconductor lasers are able to transform electric energy directly into light
wave energy, this property of semiconductor lasers opening up new possibilities of
producing extremely economical sources of light.
1.If the scientists applied the new method they would get a different result
2.Had the checking up of the experimental data not taken so much time, we should
have completed our work long ago.
IV. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык 1—5 абзацы текста.
Перепишите и письменно переведите 1—5 абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту
What have the "Arktika" and "Sibir" icebreakers made possible in Soviet Polar
region?
1. The application of plastics enables the railway to receive light and strong
cars with good resistance to mechanical damage.
2. We heard the operation experts demand the reduction of the overall weight
of vehicles (транспортные средства).
3. This type of engine is said to have some advantages.
4. Plastics used in transport are supposed to have no special reinforcement
(арматура).
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
предложения, учитывая различия в переводе зависимого и независимого
причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения 2).
1. Zinc being the cheapest metal with a strong tendency to lose electrons, we
commonly use it for the production of electric current.
2. Electrical machines perform a giant's share of the work done today, this share
steadily increasing.
3. Having obtained new devices, the researchers could make complex experiments.
1.If somebody wants to design a car of the advanced type, he must take into
account the properties of some of the new materials.
2.If the electric car were used instead of the conventional car, we should have
simple and reliable design, minimal maintenance and repair costs, good
manoeuvrability in traffic, no exhaust fumes and less noise.
3. Had there been better conditions, the construction of the new car body would
have been finished much earlier.
Пояснения к тексту
milestone— веха
roll off - сходить (с конвейера)
on the eve — накануне
sun-scorched — опаленная солнцем
carrying capacity — грузоподъемность
Why is the opening of the second part of KAMAZ an important event for the
entire country?
ВАРИАНТ 5
Пояснения к тексту
girdle — опоясывать
UN (United Nations) — Объединенные Нации
alone —только
ВАРИАНТ 6
1. We know the Soviet Union to lead an active struggle for peace and security
in the world.
2. Economic plans proved to be the financial plans ensuring the fulfilment of
the tasks in all branches of the national economy.
3. Science is known to have become the main source of the world's progress.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
предложения, учитывая различия в переводе зависимого и независимого
причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения 2).
1. Having reduced retail prices for some types of goods, the Soviet State
improved the living standards of the people.
2. Productive forces growing steadily, impressive progress has been made in the
improvement of the Soviet people's well-being.
3. The Soviet Union expands cultural contacts with all countries, this being one
of the traditional principles of Soviet policy.
1.If friction were eliminated, no force at all would be necessary to keep the body in
motion.
2.Unless the state had increased investments into the light industry, consumer
goods output would not have gone up.
Пояснения к тексту
ВАРИАНТ 7
1. The aim of the new Five-Year Plan is to achieve a new and higher level in our
economic development, quality indicators acquiring a determining significance.
2. Raising the quality of products is a serious problem facing agriculture.
3. The living standards of the Soviet people rising, our light industry is to produce
more and better-quality goods.
1.If the agreement had been concluded, our factory would have got necessary raw
materials and equipment.
2.Provided we used machines, equipment, labour and natural resources better, we
should achieve greater production volume.
Пояснения к тексту
ВАРИАНТ 8
1. The current Five-Year Plan period is sure to reflect the Soviet Union's
outstanding successes in economic development and in improving the living
standards of the Soviet people.
2. At present the social consumption funds are supposed to add approximately
25-30 per cent to the real incomes of the population.
3. We expect the national economy to receive during the Five-Year Plan period
9.6 million specialists with higher and specialized secondary education.
1.The Great October Socialist Revolution opened a new epoch in the world history,
its main characteristic being the transition from capitalism to socialism.
2.People having a lower income or large families receive more payments and
benefits from the social consumption funds.
3.Soviet agriculture successfully developing on the basis of mechanization and
chemicalization, the proportion of meat, fruit and vegetables in the diet is rapidly
increasing.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
сложные предложения, содержащие придаточные предложения условия.
1. If the light industry had not concentrated on the quality and variety of goods,
it wouldn't have been able to satisfy the people's demand for some kinds of
consumer goods.
2. Provided the range (assortment) of products were extended, the store could
apply new methods of servicing.
Пояснения к тексту
1. Engineers use computers widely, the latter assisting to solve many problems of
our national economy.
2. Having solved many scientific and technical problems, our engineers and
workers could increase the output of consumer goods.
3. Mechanization and automation having been introduced in the economy, the
well-being of the population started growing steadily.
1. If new equipment had been installed at the plant, labour productivity would have
increased considerably.
2. Provided the young researchers applied the new progressive methods of work
they would obtain better results.
Пояснения к тексту
ВАРИАНТ 10
1.We believe the consumption of high-quality food products - meat, milk, eggs,
vegetables, fruit, berries, etc. - to go up considerably.
2.The retail price of basic foods and non-food. products is sure to remain stable.
3.Soviet specialists are known to have developed methods of obtaining new kinds
of synthetic fibre.
1.Unless the cultural level of the Soviet people had grown, rapid progress of
science and technology would have been impossible.
2.If we reduced material expenditures in production by just one per cent, we
should get extra five thousand million roubles in national income.
Пояснения к тексту
КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 5
Since
Because
As
4. The workers will take part in the Рабочие тоже примут участие в
conference as well. конференции.
Provided
Only
ВАРИАНТ 1
I. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should, would.
1. Every scientist, every researcher should have some idea of what an electronic
computer is.
2. Many of the modern achievements in various fields of science would be quite
impossible without computers.
Пояснения к тексту
COMPUTERS
1. A computer is known to be a device that has the ability to accept, store
and process enormous quantities of data in an extremely short time. A computer
allows to get information almost immediately, the data being punched into cards or
being recorded on the magnetic tape.
2. Much has been written about the early history of computing. Mention
should be made that Charles Babbage, now widely recognized as the father of
computing, was working out the first of his mechanical calculating machines in the
early 1820s long before the first electrical telegraph message was transmitted.
3. The modern history of digital computers began in 1939 with the work
done by Howard Aiken. A number or automatic machines were constructed in the
early days of computing, the machines of this type being designed to solve
differential equations. Although they performed many useful functions their speed
of calculations was limited by the relays and other electromechanical equipment
they used.
4. The second development was the construction of the machine in 1946
which was the forerunner of the first generation of electronic digital computers.
5. Until the discovery of the germanium transistors in 1947 electronic
computers were like very large furnaces, consuming enormous quantities of
electrical power. They produced more heat than processed information. The first
computer, for example, weighed 30 tons and occupied 1,500 square feet of floor
space. Its short lived 18,000 vacuum tubes produced 150 kilowatts of heat. The
early machines using valves were employed mainly for scientific and experimental
work.
6. The next generation of electronic computers emerged in the middle of
1950s. These were "stored-programme" machines holding programming
instructions in the main memory6 of the computer. They could store and process
more information and faster.
7. Today it is possible to obtain a computer with great processing capability.
We know a computer to solve a complicated problem many millions of times faster
than a skilled mathematician. It processes thousands of calculations per second.
There are two main classes of computing equipment: analogue and digital. They
work on different principles and yield different results. The digital computers can
perform a much broader range of functions than the analogue computers. The
application includes all forms or automatic control in science and industry. The
computer has become an integral part of the organization of business of all types.
There exist various types of computers ranging from the pocket calculator through
the desk-sized computer8 to machines which still need vast halls to house them.
ВАРИАНТ 2
1.We would not solve the problem of protecting spaceships against solar radiation,
if we had no plastics with some unique properties.
2.The old equipment should be replaced by a new one.
1.We know matter to exist in four states: solids, liquids, gases and plasma.
2.The plastics to be produced in our laboratory will replace iron and its alloys.
3.Being very light, strong and non-corrosive, aluminium is an ideal construction
metal.
4.To get to other planets man must have powerful sources of energy.
Пояснения к тексту
ВАРИАНТ 3
1.То separate a compound into its elements, chemical means must be used.
2.Radioisotopes are composed of atoms of different mass, all carrying1 the same
charge and hence chemically identical.
3.The problem to be solved is of great importance for our industry.
4.Haying released the energy in the form of radiation, man learned to use it for
detecting various defects in metals.
Пояснения к тексту
ISOTOPE PRODUCTION
1. About 1907 scientists discovered that two samples of an element
which behaved exactly alike chemically, differed in their physical structures.
Scientists called such chemically alike - but physically unlike - substances
"isotopes". Thus, isotope is the name given to a substance which - although it
differs physically from another substance - takes the same place along with the
other substances in the chemical table of elements.
2. The great majority of isotopes found in nature do not emit radiation
and are called stable isotopes. Stable isotopes occur in nature mixed with other
isotopes of the same element. The separation of isotopes from one another when
they are mixed is a necessary part of the production of both stable isotopes and
radio isotopes. The machine which does this is electromagnetic separator but the
machine is large, expensive and consumes a lot of electricity.
3. Since 1931 scientists have been designing more and more powerful
apparatus for speeding up electrically charged particles. These machines are known
to give the possibility for producing isotopes as well. Perhaps the best known of
these machines is the cyclotron. In the cyclotron the element is placed as a target in
the path of the protons leaving the cyclotron at high speed. However the cyclotron
is a very expensive machine since it consumes a lot of electricity, and requires a lot
of time to produce required quantities of the new isotopes.
4. We know most radioisotopes to be made today in nuclear reactors by
bombarding stable, nonradioactive isotopes with neutrons. After bombardment the
nuclei of stable atoms acquire additional particles and become unstable. These
unstable nuclei try to become stable again by throwing off their additional energy
in the form of radiation, thus forming the desired isotope.
5. Mention should be made3 that the production and separation of
isotopes is a very complicated and expensive process but it is carried out because
of the increasing uses of radioisotopes in industry and medicine. This increasing
use of radioisotopes is due to the development of the nuclear reactor which has
provided a relatively cheap and easy way of producing isotopes. The radiation
emitted by radioisotopes is being utilized in a variety of ways. Sometimes isotopes
do jobs conventional devices cannot do at all. Radioisotopes are widely used for
tracing complicated chemical reactions, for generating electric power for
spaceships.
How did the Soviet scientists manage to obtain a great number of isotopes?
ВАРИАНТ 4
Пояснения к тексту
NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY
1. The cathode ray tubes' that were developed about 1880 resulted in the
discovery of the electron. Tubes of various design were constructed and the
behaviour of cathode rays was studied. In spite of extensive experimental work it,
was not until 1895 that Rontgen discovered that the cathode ray tube also emitted
invisible rays. These rays were capable of penetrating opaque substances and were
called X-rays because of their unknown nature.
2. In the following year Becquerel investigated several fluorescent
substances as possible sources of similar penetrating rays. Of the substances tested,
only a uranium compound affected a photographic plate which had been protected
by a wrapping of black paper. Becquerel found that all uranium compounds gave
off penetrating rays, the intensity of the rays being proportional to the amount of
"radioactivity".
3. Marie Sklodowska-Curie and her husband, Pierre Curie, investigated this
new property of radioactivity and tested all other known elements for radioactive
properties. The only other radioactive element they found was thorium. Thorium
like uranium possessed a very high atomic weight.
4. While working with a uranium-containing ore they separated the various
elements in the ore and tested each for radioactivity. From the fraction containing
the element bismuth, they isolated a new radioactive element that was named
"polonium'' in honour of Poland. The barium fraction was also radioactive, thus
suggesting the presence of another new element. This new element (discovered in
1893) possessed radioactivy two to three million times that of uranium and was
named "radium".
5. After the death of her husband in 1906 Marie Curie continued her
studies of the chemical properties of radium. In 1910 she finally succeeded in
isolating the pure element from its compounds.
6. Chemically speaking, radium acts like other elements of similar
atomic weight. The other properties of radium associated with the radioactivity,
however, are very striking. Rutherford had studied the radiations given off by
radium. Under the influence of a magnetic field the rays were deflected in such a
way that three types of radiations could be observed. Rutherford named the rays
"alpha", "beta" and "gamma" and found that they were given off from all.
radioactive elements.
ВАРИАНТ 5
1.The strength of the light metals is less than that of the heavy metals.
2.It is the only metal which can be used in this design.
3.Either copper or aluminium is used for cables.
4.The appearance of new materials is due to the achievements of chemistry.
Пояснения к тексту
SOLAR ENERGY
1. Most of the energy that we use on the Earth even in some converted
form such as coal and oil, stems from1 the Sun. Indeed, oil, coal, natural gas are
fuels that release energy received from the Sun millions of years ago. When we use
wood in a fire it is necessary to remember that the Sun supplied the energy for the
growth of trees.
2. Hydroelectric energy is known to be electricity produced from the
energy of falling water. This is actually stored solar energy, the water being lifted
from the sea in the course of the hydrological cycle which is driven by the Sun.
Hydroelectric energy has several advantages over other ways of producing
electricity. No fuel is required, since the energy comes from the Sun.
3. The Sun is also important to us as a laboratory in which we can study hot
gases in a magnetic field. The knowledge we are gathering from the studies of the
solar gas enables us to control fusion processes here on the Earth. If we could build
magnetic "bottles" to contain hydrogen undergoing fusion at temperatures of
millions of degrees and would use the hydrogen in the ocean we should obtain
unexhausted sources of energy for millions of years.
4. It is clear today that the supply of coal, oil and natural gas will soon
become inadequate for our needs. It is natural that scientists began their search for
new sources of energy. There is an increasing interest in obtaining energy from the
Sun.
5. There are devices that give off an electrical signal when struck by
sunlight. The device employed for converting solar energy into useful power is the
solar cell. In the solar cell the junction consists of two different kinds of
semiconductors. The cell is energized not by heat but by light. But solar cells are
still expensive to use for general commercial purposes. They proved to be an ideal
source of power for artifical satellites.
6. There is now considerable research centering on finding ways of
converting solar radiation into heat and electricity. Man has learned to obtain
electric power directly from the Sun at present. Architects have built houses to be
heated by solar radiation due to applying suitably designed roofs and using suitable
construction materials, the latter tend to retain heat obtained from the Sun. Under
suitable conditions solar radiation can raise the temperature of the air to 300°F.
КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 6
ВАРИАНТ 1
(для студентов вузов текстильной и легкой промышленности)
Пояснения к тексту
a textile — ткань
A.D. — нашей эры
chrysolite — хризолит
yarn —пряжа
flame-proof clothing — огнезащитная одежда
strength — прочность
ASBESTOS
1. Asbestos has been known and used as a textile since the earliest times.
The first written evidence of asbestos was recorded by Pliny in the first century
A.D.
2. It is told that one of the Emperors of Rome delighted guests by
throwing a tablecloth made of asbestos into fire and then removing it unchanged
from the flame. A few centuries later Marco Polo told his friends in Italy about a
substance he observed in Siberia. He told that it could be woven into attractive
textiles which did not burn even in direct flame.
3. Asbestos is one of the strangest of all the naturally occurring fibres. It
is a rock which has been subjected to unusual treatment during its formation.
Asbestos is the only mineral substance used as a textile fibre in the form it is
obtained from natural sources. There are many varieties of asbestos rocks but only
chrysolite is widely used for textile products. Chrysolite is mined in many
countries of the world. The soft, long, white fibres of this mineral can be spun into
yarn by the usual processes. Pure asbestos being very difficult to spin, a proportion
of cotton fibre is usually added to help to bind the asbestos fibres together. The
strangest characteristic of asbestos fibres is their resistance to heat and burning.
This property determined the ways in which they are used.
4. Early uses for asbestos included such articles as handkerchiefs and
table coverings. We know commercial development of the fibre to have started in
the 19th century. Asbestos was used in flame-proof clothing of many kinds, for
laboratory, industrial and military purposes.
5. Fabrics made of asbestos have good strength. Today the main
applications are those in which non-inflammability is essential such as conveyor
belting for hot materials, industrial packings, fireproof clothing, etc. Asbestos is
sometimes used with glass fibre in making decorative fabrics for curtains for
hospitals, theatres and other buildings where the public assembles. Some grades of
asbestos are used for electrical windings and insulation.
ВАРИАНТ 2
(для студентов торгово-экономических вузов)
Пояснения к тексту
ВАРИАНТ 3
(для студентов политехнических вузов по специальности — химия)
technology — техника
sulfuric acid — серная кислота
ВАРИАНТ 4
(для студентов машиностроительных вузов)
part —деталь
work — изделие
WHAT IS A MACHINE-TOOL?
1. A machine-tool is a power-driven machine used to shape metal by
cutting, drilling, pressure, electrical techniques, or a combination of these
processes.
Thus, it is clear that machine-tools can be built in a wide variety of types.
Basically, however, there are two main categories, the first being the cutting-type
machine-tool, which shapes metal to certain size and contour.
2. For the various operations that are to be performed in the
metalworking shop, there are many different kinds of machines. Each machine-tool
is being designed to do work of a specific nature.
There are special machine-tools that are built to perform successive
operations. The operator only watches the succession of machining steps from the
beginning to the end of the operation. Such equipment is considered to be
automatic machinery.
3. Precision of operation is the most important characteristic of today's
machine- tools. The precision makes it possible to produce hundreds of identical
parts, all so much alike that they may be freely interchanged or substituted in
assembly or repair, without hand-fitting.
The function of a machine-tool is to hold both the work and a cutting-tool
and move them relative to each other to obtain the proper cutting action.
4. Machine-tools are known to serve four main purposes: 1) they hold
the work or part to be cut; 2) they hold the cutting tool (or tools); 3) they impart to
the cutting tool or work the motion required for cutting or forming the part; 4) they
regulate the cutting speed and the movement between the tool and work.
5. The most common machine-tools are lathes, which perform cutting
operations mostly, milling machines, drilling machines and grinders.
ВАРИАНТ 5
(для студентов энергетических специальностей)
ВАРИАНТ 6
(для студентов радиотехнических вузов)
I. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4-й абзацы
текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2 и 3-й абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту
ВАРИАНТ 7
(для студентов сельскохозяйственных вузов)