YILK 523.164
Kpaye Jk JL. Pagnoactponomua Iep. ¢ anranit-
exoro, nox poem Keaeruskosa B. B.. M. Haano
«Cop pagnor, 1973, 456
Kuura cay2kat poexeiem 9 sxcnepameHtambiyio n Teope-
THuecky!o paqoacrpouomui, Tlocne Kparkoro ucTopaticexoro
OuepKa NoxpOSHO WsMaraioTcA OCHOBUBIe MOAOKEHHA AcTpoHO-
Milt, BKAUOWaH CBELCHAA 0 CHCTeMax HCINCTEHHA BpeMeH HO
KOOpAHHaTax HeGecHEIx OOseKTOB. Jlanee B Tpex raaBax paccka-
auBAeTCH 0 3aKoHaX HSTYYeHHA, NorAOMeHHs, nonapHaanaR
MH pacnpoctpatenun smextpomarsiriiix aomt. OcoGeHio co-
AepKaTeAbHLIMH ABAMOTCA Tocmenyioue raaBEL OG alTeHHax
W paddoacrporoMMueckHx mpHeanKax. Coppemenime 2aHHHe
© palvousnyyeHwH HeGecHHIX OOBEKTOB coOpanbl B 3aKM0UH-
Teapot raape, Karasor paivoncTounMkos mpupenens 8 mpH-
aoxennu.
_Tpoctota 4 scHOcTh aaqoxeHua MatepHata nosBoasioT
HenonbsoBatb KHUrY Kax yueOHoe Nocobue, a MHOrowNCMeHHBIE
cBeMeHHA B TeXCTe (B BuZe TAGMNU, PHCYHKOB, cxeM, rpaduKos,
opmya, a Taxxe o6umpHol Ou6anorpabun) —B KavecTBe
HactonbHoro chpasowinKa.
Kunra npemasiavena Za iupoxoro Kpyra cnenuanHcroB,
padoraiomux B OOnactH palHoacTpoHoMuH H cMexHBX HanpaB-
JeHMAX HAYKH H TCXHHKH, a Take NAA Npenogapatenei 4 ery-
mento.
Puc. 248, tan. 30, 6x61 582 nas. NPEQHCNOBME K PYCCKOMY H3AHHIO ’
Tipeqiaraemaa BHuMaHMtO YuTaTeIA KHHTa Tbk. Kpayca «Paquoactpo-
HoMHs», H3faHHas B CILIA B 1967 r., Momer cayxKHTE XOpOMIHM BBE,eHHEM
B SKCIepHMeHTaIbHYy!O HM TeopeTHyecKylo paHoacrponommio. [locate BEI
Xoja B CBeT OMHOHMeHHOrO Tpyza Tos u Bpelicysaaa (Usa-80 unocrpan-
Hoi aHTepatypst, MockBa, 1958 r.) sto neppaa MepeBoqHaA KHHTa M10 pa- |
AHOACTPOHOMHH, HamlvcaHHaA Ha ypoBHe yyeOHoro MOCO6UA H Rare cnpa-
BOUHHKA. (PazHoacTpoHOMMs», HECOMHeHHO, OKaKeTCA NOMeSHOM 1A BCEX,
HHTepecyloulHXCA TaHHOH TeMaTHKOM WIM CMeXKHBIMH C Helo 061aCTAMH
H 2KeaIOUX OSHAKOMHTECH C MpaKTHKOH paquoacTPpOHOMHYeCKHX HaGMO-
Tennis.
Haywnaa spy2Huva aptopa B O62aCTH aHTeHHBIX CHCTeEM H MeTOLOB
PaqHoacTpOHOMHYeCKBX HaGMOZeHHH O6yCMOBHWa BbICOKHH YpOBeHb H3-
JOKEHHA COOTBETCTBYIOUX Pasze0B KHHTH. MeHee yaauHol, a TaKWKe
B 3HauHTembHOH Mepe H ycTapeslielt oKasaqacb riaBa 8, NOcBAMLeHHAR
PaqMOCTOUNNKaM H MeXaHH3MaM MX Ha/yYeHHA. STO He YRMBUTEMbHO,
ecaH yuecTb GicTpalii Mporpecc paqwOacTPOHOMHH MH acTpOpHusHKH 3a Mo-*
cnequne rogpt. Caeratb ra. 8 coppeMeHHol MpakTHYeCKH ObI0 HeEBOSMOK-
HO, ee CHeQoBaso Obi HaNHCaTb 3aHOBO HM CyUecTBeHHO pacumMpuTh. ITo-
STOMY IPH peaKTHPOBAHHH KAHIM OTPaHHYH/HCb JIMLb NOACTPOUHLIMH
3aMeyaHHAMH, OfHaKO § 5.6 ra. 8 o MarHHTOrHApOLMHAMHYeCKHX BOHAX,
B H370%K€HHH KOTOPOTO UMe/IHCb HETOYHOCTH, MPHUNIOC CYMeCTBeHHO Te-
pepaGoratp. Tipuuioch Take NPHBECTH B COOTEETCTBHE C MIpHHATOH y Hac
MpakTHKOH YacTb TeKcTa ra. 2, Kacaloulelica pacueTa TOPH3OHTA/bHBIX
Koopaunat He6ecHbIxX O6neKToB. B stom pa3jese, 3aHOBO HailHCaHHbIM
B. C, JlasapesckuM, uuTaTenb, Kak MpaBHJo, OTCbIaeTcA He K yueOHHKaM
M exeroquukam CIA («Amepnxanckne atbemepHybl H MOpCKOM autbMa-
Hax», «AMepuKaHcKHe semepyaby), a K AcTpoHOMMuecKomy exkerog-
nuxy CCCP.
Tipu penakTupopanHn nepeBoya OKasa0Cb TakxKe HEOOXOJHMBIM YTOY-
HUTb H OOHOBHTb HeKOTOpbIe u3 NpHBO_UMEIX JK. Kpaycom cnpaBOuHBIx
NawHBIX, a MMeHHO: aHHBe 0 THNaX COHEYHOTO pasHonsTyGeHHA
(va6.1. 8.2) npuiinoc Nepepa6otaTb B COOTBETCTBHH C COBPeMeHHLIMH Tipel-
CTaBIeHHAMH © MeXaHHSMaX TeHepallHH STOTO UaNyYeHHA; CBEAeHHA O pa-
Auo- 4 HHpakpacnoH Temnepatype Jlynei 4 nuanet (Tab. 8.3) HW TaHHEIe
ATOMHEIX H MO/IEKYAAPHBIX HHHH (rab, 8.6) JonomHeHBI pesyabTatamH
HSMepeHHH, BEINOAHEHHEIX 70 1970 r. Kpome Toro, BKMOGeH PAX HOBHX
Matepnasos, BHeceHHBIX JDK. Kpaycom Bo BTopoe HaqaHHe stoi KHUFH.
Tax, B Texcr ra. 4 qo6aBuien a63ay o KosdebunMeHTe cBA3H C aHTeHHOH,
Bra. 8 — a6saiyo HaGmogeHnax anAnit OH n KBasH3Be3qHEIX HCTOUHHKOB
H HX MATepnperTannn. 3 B kone kako rmaset OxGnvorpabuA JononHeHa MepewHem mHTepa-
‘typi, cocrasnennbim B. T. Dexoponnim. B Hero BOUH, KAK NpaBHo,
HH KHHTH O630pHOrO xXapakTepa, KOTOpHle AAOT NpelcLapaciie
a OCTMKCHHAX PalMoacTPOHOMHH 3a MOCAeAHHE rol H MosBONsO! 10-
SHaKOMHTECA ¢ HaHOouce 3HaqWHTebHIMH TPYAAMH COBETCKHX CHeinHaniic-
‘os, Kotoppie Jk Kpayc nourH coBceM He ynomuuaer,
B nponecce pa6orit nay KHrOA NepesOAMHK H PedAKrop cromKiLy MH b
& OTACTbHBIMH TePMHHOAOrHYECKHMH TPYAHOCHAIMH, BBEBANHOIMIE Lox,
‘dO B OTeveCTBeHHOH AMTepatype orcytersyeT PAA TePMHHOD, HcHOAL ye
MBIX AaBTOPOM. Cyenaupt MOMBITKH BBECTH HEMOCTAIOILHE TEPMIIhI, XOrst
@CTECTBCHHO, STO HE BCera MOET OKAZaTECA YAa4uHbiM, Yro Kae wie
,CCBMIOK Ha JIHTepaTypHble MCTOUHHKH, TO HHOCTpaHHble amu BieKcie
nepeBolla JaHbl B pyccKo# PouerH4ecKol TpancKpuMHH, B 645M rpalp 1H
Te «Ke cbaMiiuH mpHBeyenbt no auranticku. Jaa yyo6crBa monBa-
MHA KHHTa JOMOTHeHAa HMCHHEIM yKasaTeviem, rye HHOCTpaHHbie ami 1HH
B PYCCKOM HaMHCaHHH OTCbIMaloT UHTaTeMA K TeKCTY, a Ha anrwulicKom
« Gu6anorpabun.
Tlepesoguvk pezaKtop mpy3Hatenbunr B. A. Aprempesy,
B. A. Pasuny, H. M. Ueiirauuy u1O. B. Xanuuy 3a nonesupie sameuanua,
CeiaHHble HMH MIpH MpocMoTpe OTJeMbHBIX riaB nepesoga. Mot 6naro-
Japuet Tawxe B,C. Jlasapesckomy, Hanucapiemy pager o pacuete Koop-
“MHaT BOT. 2.
22 mapma 1971 2, B. B. )Keaesuakos
TIPEAHCJIOBHE
PagoacTpoHOMHA gaHMMaeTCA HCCHeqOBaHMeM WMpoKoro Kpyra
Mpo6seM, HayHHaA Cc acTpopusHyecKHX ABTeHHI uM KoHYaK paspa6oTKOMt.
H KOHCTPyHpoBaHHeM MpHeMHHKOB H aHTeHH.” Paccmorpennio HaHOomee
B@KHEIX H3 9THX NpOOseM H MocBaLleHa HacTosilad KHura. Oxa HanHcana
HECKOJIKO 3JEMEHTAPHO, YTOObI CYXAKUT BBEHHEM B palHoacTpoHOMHO
MB TO 2Ke BPeMA JOCTATOUHO OGcTOATebHO, YTOODI ObITb NONesHO! B Ka-
wecTBe yueOHHKa HIM CpaBowHHKa. .
CBegeHua 0 TaKHX OCHOBHEIX pa3elax PalHOaCTPOHOMHH Kak SaKOHBI
USAYYCHHA, NOMAPH3AMA H PacMpocTpaHeHue BOTH ConepmKaTcs BTA. 3,
4u5. Bra. 6H 7 peub Her 06 anTeHHax H npHemuHkax. [locueguas (H HaH-
Gonee AnMHHag) ra. 8 MpexcraBasder co6oi 0630p coBpeMeHHBIX mpezcTaB-
wieHnii 0 paqHOHCTOUHHKaX Ha OCHOBe JaHHEIX payHo- H ONTHYeCKHX Ha~
Gmonenuit. . .
Bsarimocasb paquoactpoHomMHH ¢ APYTHMH CpesCTBaMH HCC/eTOBa-
HH KOCMHYECKOLO NpocTpaHcTBa O6cy2kfaeTcs B rai. 1, B KOTOPOH AaHO TaK-
2Ke KpaTKoe ONMCaHHe MCTOPHH MepBEIX JleT pasBHTAA paxHOacTpOHOMHR.
B ra. 2 co6pansi pasmuuHble CBeMeHHA H3 ACTPOHOMHH, KOTOpble MOryT
6bITh MONeSHBIMH JIA TeX, KTO He UMeeT COOTBeTCTBYIOM\eH MOATOTOBKH.
TyOauxyempii Matepwan conposomaeTca MHOTOUMCeHHBIMH Ta6sMIaMH,
BaokHefiuUx NapaMeTpos, dopmy # OGbextoB. B npuioxKkeHHH npHBeAeHHL
HECKOABKO KaTaOTOB PalHOUCTOUHBKOB.
3a HcKmo4ueHHeM rl. 7 KHHra HallHcaHa Ha OCHOBe JeKWHit Mo paqHo-
ACTPOHOMHH VM CM@XKHBIM JHCUMIMIHH@M, MPOWHTaHHEIX aBTOpOM B Teve-
uve pala Jet B yHuBepcuTere wraTa Oraiio. Bonbiias ¥acTb comep2kallero-
ca B KHHTe MaTepHasla NpemHasHaveHa ZA CTyZeHTOB cTapumxX KypPCoB
H acnupaxTos nepgoro roga o6yyenna. JA NOHMMaHHA ConepmaHta 2eNa-
TEIbHO, YTOObI CTYACHT MMe MpeACTaBeHHe O BEKTOPHOM aHasHse, S1eKT-
POMarHHTHON TeopHH H TeOpHH ene. MHoroyvcaeHHble CChLIKH Ha J1MTe-
patypy H oOuMpHaa Ou6nHorpapus MpuBerzeHEI c Lembo O6MeTHKTh Latb-
eliuiee Hay4eHve paxvoacrpoHomau. B KHHTe HMeeTCA MHOTO NpaKkTHec-
KUX IIPHMEPOB H GOubIoe KOMHYECTBO saad pasM4HOH cTeneHH TPyLHO-
(TH, K MHOFHM H3 KOTOpbIxX ZaHbI oTBeTEI. Hexoropsie v3 3ayay CAyKaT
HJIMOCTpaltnelt MpoGreM, He OCBeMLeHHEIX B TEKCTe.
B GonbuiMHctTBe Cly4aeB B KHHFe HCHOJb3OBaHa PalHOHabHAA CHCTe-
Ma enuHuy MKC, Ho B pse Mect, re 3TO HaHGoree yAOOHO, npHBOAATCA
WM Apyrve cucTempl eqHHHU. OSosHayeHHA HM HX paSMepHOCT iloApOSHO
OObACHAIOTCA MOce OCHOBHEIX COOTHOMIeHH Ha INpOTAKeHHH Bcelt KHMTH.
Knura cozepxuT yecaTKH Tabu, Gonee 100 sanay, 300 pacyHKos
w 500 cciimoK Ha HTepatypy. B npusoxenuu npHBog_atca KaTanoru Gonee
1000 paguouctounHKos. A Xouy BbIPAsHTh GvlarogapHOcTh MOWM KO/WIOPAM MM elyieiiTamM 3a
Nomesuple 3aMeranuAa H mpentomenua. OcoGentlo # XATAM Obl Wosnaroja-
pub mpoeccopa Oraiickoro yHusepcureta Poepra 1, Koflomunia, wo-
‘Topsiii oKa3am cymectBeHHy!o Nomoutb npn Hamicannit rat. 6. Mose mie
TPeqMOKEHUA NO OTACABITDIM raRaM 1 PAgeaM KIEL GLI eesti oF
Tpoeccopamn (aky.IbTe row ACTpoHOMIT H panuore xin Orafiekore yu ie
vepcurera B. K. Boneskom, |’. B. Kosinniom, XC. Ko, Jk CG. Marnioc o-
Hom HT. K. Menonom 11 corpyjumikamit PasnooScepuaropint Orageworo
yansepentera I. H. Meitepcom nC. P. O'Jlonmesstom Tadeo Ko
vi Menon mpegoctaBuau TaKxe maTepnad ju pa sau, Dororparpini
HKOTOPbIX @CTPOHOMUYECKHX OObEKTOB, MOYYCHUbIC Ha Haylyropamerpo-
BOM acTpoMerpHeckom pedrextope MopcxKoli uccaegoBatenbcKali oGecp-
saropun CIUA (Masrcrapp, wtar ApH30Ha) GbLIH MpesocraBviciinl OK-
topom K. A. Crpsuqom. Pororpapun JIe6ega A u Wentaspa A Gein upe-
MocTaBsrexti yoKTopom Tomacom A. Merpio30m 43 Kaaudopxiiickoro un-
CTHTYTa TeXHOJOrHH.
TIpodeccop ®unaausckoro uncTutyta TexHosoruu Mapta E. Tuypu,
HanucaBuiait Ti. 7 0 paqMoacrpoHOMHuecKHX IIpHeMHHKaXx, pa6oTa B Te-
yenue 1961—1962 rr. B Paguoo6cepparopuu OralicKoro yuuBepcHteta.
A orpexaxTupoBan paGory qoxropa TuypH, NpHBexA CHMBOVILI H TepMHHO-
SOTMIO B COOTBETCTBHE C OCTAIbHEIM TeKCTOM KHHTH, UW JOOIe OLIHOKH
B STO TvaBe J1eKaT Ha Moeli OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH.
Hekoropnie oumm6«u B TeKcTe, Ta6MHUAX, KaTalorax WAH pucyHKax
ABIMOTCH HEHS6@KHbIMH, XOTA IIpHarasocb MHOTO yeu K HX ycTpa-
HeHHtO. ToT, KTO HaiifeT OWIMOKH H COOOILUT O HUX JIA HCTpaBJeHHA B M0-
cule YIOUHX W3AaHMAX, OKAKET MHe GosbIlyio yeuyry.
Txou J. Kpayce
TAABA TIEPBAS
BBEJEHHE
11. PAQHOACTPOHOMHA H HCCIEQOBAHHE BCEJIEHHOR
Tlannpie Ha6mogeHHii ontuueckoit acTpoHOMHH OBI e2MHCTBeHHEIM
MCTOWHHKOM sHanHii o Bcenenxoit 3a npegenamu 3emMaM BIIOTS 20 Hallux
axel, HcKO¥aH NocreqHHe HecKOAKO gecaTureTuh.(Bonbuioh nporpecc
B paSBHTHH TeXHHYeCKAX CpeCTB ACTPOHOMHH, HCTOpHA KoTOpOit HaYHHa-
Jacb C MpOCTEIX BUSYaAbHBIX HaOmOLeHUH MHOFO TEICAYeTeTHH Nasal, Obit
ciefaH B Havase CeMHagMaTOro CTONETHA Mocse Hs06peTeHHA ONTHYECKOTO
TenecKona H MpHMeHeHHA (ororpauyeckHx MeTOXOB B MIponIOM BeKe.
Bee Ha6moxeHHA MpOBOAMHCh B BHAHMOM 4acTH 9/leKTPOMarHUTHOTO
cmleKTpa WWApHHOH OKOM0 OKTABLI. 3a NOcMe_HHe TPH AeCATHETHA aCTPOHO-
MHUCCKHe HaGMOReHHA B palHomNanasone cosqayH HOBOe HanpaBjlenne
B Hayke, Ha3biBaenoe paguoacTponomHelt (B orMaue OT BHOBB CO31aHHOrO
HanpaBseHusA acTPOHOMMA B BHXMMOM CreKTpe TeMepb YacTO Ha3BIBAeTCA
ontuyeckoii acrpoHomueli?
Yuacrku szeKTpOMarHuTHOrO chekrpa, AOCTyMHBIe Jaa HaGmo,eHHit
ONTHYecKHMH HM pasHOcpencTBaMH, COBNamaloT C ABYMA TaBHBIMH [os0-
CaMH MpospayHOcTH semHOl aTMocepbI_H_HoHOchepbl. STH osocl mpo-
3paunocTH O6briHO HasbIBaiOT ONTHYeCKHMH H paqHooKHamn., paux or-
HOCHTeIbHOH MpospayHOcTH 3¢MHOH ATMOCepbi B SABHCHMOCTH OT s1ora-
PHGMa [THEI BOAHBI HpekéraBaen Ha puc. 1.1.
Onruyeckoe OKHO 3aHHMaeT yyacToK mpH6nH3uTeMbHO or 0,4 20
0,8 xm (1 oxTaBa), B TO BpeMs# Kak Govlee LIMpOKOe pajsMOOKHO OXBaTEI-
BaeT o6nacTb or lca no 10m (10 oxtas). 3Hayenua 1om u 10m 3yecb B3ATEI-
HECKOMbKO YCIOBHO, MOCKOABKY H3-38 HaMYMA HECKOMBKHX OTHOCHTENb-
HO npospawHbix o6slacteit B MHJJIMMeTpOBOM Mama30He HW SMH3OqM4eCKH
NOABAAIOULAXCA HOHOCEPHEIX KOKOH® B eKaMeTPOBOM HaNasoHe rpaH¥UEt
PaHOOKHAa MOTYT ObITh YCTAHOB/eHEI B OoNee WHPOKHX Mpefedax oT | aH
no 150 m. Koporkosoavopan rpanuia aBaaetca cbyHKiel coctaBa aT-
Mochepbi, O6ayHOrO NOKpoBa HT. ., B TO BPCMA Kak JAMHHOBONHOBAA
TpaHylla 3aBUCHT OT S1eKTPOHHOM IIOTHOCTH B HOHOCHepe, KOTOPAaA, B CBOIO
ouepeyb, ABMeTCH yHKIHell BpeMeHH CyTOK, COMHedHOM aKTHBHOCTH
WT. 0.
Jlenenve actponommu Ha onTHYeCKyIo H paqwoacTpoHOMMO obbACHA-
eTCs TEM, YTO 10 HaCTOAMerO BPeMeHH NOUTH BCe HaOMOJEHUA MPOBOLMAHCE
¢ TloBepxHocTH 3emiH, Yepes Tomy SeMHOH aTMocepEI. C TOABeHHeM
HCKYCCTBEHHBIX CIYTHHKOB 3emJH, OCHAIeHHEIX cHavana mpocroit, a 3a-
TeM Bce Govlee cOxKHON annapaTypoH, a Takxxe KOCMHYeCKHX Kopa6ulelt © YeNOBeKOM Ha GOpTy CTasI0 BOSMOKHLIM MPOBOZUTb acTPoHOMH4eckHe
MaGmoyeHHa 3a mpelleiama armocpepst [1, 2].
B wactosmiee Bpemsat BenyTCA paspaoorKH OOUIMpHEX HporpaMM Co3z1a-
HMA OpOHTAMbHBIX COHEYHLIX OOcepBatopHit M4 OPOHTaAbILIX ACTPOUOMH-
weckHXx o6ceppaTopuit. B HegameKom Gy/lyitem acTponomMHucckHe aG.10-
JHUA CMOTYT ObIT OCYIICCTBICHLE BO BEM CHEK TPE SICK TPOMATIHTHBIX
+ Kone6annii — oT HaWGoviee KOpOTKHX raMMa-syyel jo HANGorEe VIMITIEIX
panuoson. Jas ocBocnHt 9TOrO INMpoKOrO cHEKTPA HoMAOGNTEH cHe~
TIMabHEIe OPOHTANbHBIC TeTeCKONL, TipesHAaSHANCHHDIC JU HeCseOBAN AA
TaMMa-, PeHTTeHOBCKOTO, yaIbTpaduoseroBoro, uHpakpacnoro 1 pajto-
vamyieHHii (B OCOGeHHOCTH AIA AWIHHHOBOAHOBOTO Ppaduouuanasona, 06-
Omupcumenonae = «yD
aaa Buduman odracme
pee Paduobonwer
2 OND na
npospay- | Onmuvecny Ompamenue om
MonexynADHoe
‘worms
ZONOCDEDS!
Paduooxno”
noure-n |»
Ces petiten ia eX
nenpospaw- i }
ae 70 ¢ 10 100 %000
00018, 70,1 4 1 100 000 1
aM tan ow ”
Anunes bonn
anwocheps! » saeKtpomarnHTHOM
Puc. 1.1. OrocuTeabuaa mpospaqocts semuoit
cnextpe.
pesaemoro Honocdepoil). Cospemenubie Ha6mioqeHuA pH NOMOUTH pakeT
H padHOo3s0HJoB — BarkHOe saree B Mmpoliecce OcBOeHHA «GeNbIX NATH
‘uuTHOrO cnexTpa [2, 3].
ore ockoabicy Bet puexrpawarautian aeprusd HepemaeTca 3a cdeT (PoTO-
HOB, HOBAA ACTPOHOMHA, OXBATHIBAIOUad BECb CHeKTP S/CKTPOMArHUTHIX
xoeGanuit, Moker OnITh B 1e/1OM HasBaHa «poToHHol» acrponomuel. Ecau
yuecTb, ¥TO HanGovlee *KeCTKHe TAMMa-TYaH. TF SHEPrHio *OTOHOB No-
PAAKa MUJIMApsa SueKTPONBOABT, @ PAalHOBONHBI WacTOTst 1_key wMewr ~
SHeprHio HOpsAKa HECKOABKUX MHKOSTEKTPOHBONbT, TO CHeKTP Sueprul
(wu YacTOT Mexkay 9THMH KpaiiHHMH 3HaYeHHsAMH) COCTaBAAeT ee F
Dror cieKTp HACTONbKO UMPOK, YTO B pasvHUHBIX ero yuacTKaX tTpe6yioTca
pasuMuABIe TEXHWMeCKHe CpemCTBA H, TO KaCaeTcH PanHOAMANasona, TO
on 6yyer o-npexHeMy XapakTepHsoBaTbCa TPUMeHEHHEM ae oe,
HBIX YCTPOMCTB, KaK AHTCHHBI, BOMHOBOLB, MPHeMHHKH C BO! om neat ‘
pasopanlem sacrors. Hecmorpa Ha HcHoub30BalIe CTOMb pastooopasio
TeXHHKH, MaHHbie, MOAyYeHHbIe TPH eet pagTH4HBIX
ii, MOryT GbiTb MpescTab.1eHbI B OAMHAKOBOH opMe.
2 ae Ha TeX Pageant suit KOTOPLIX aTMocibepa H HoHOchepa
cymlecrBeHHO Mpo3paunel, O6cepBaTopHA B KOcMOCe o6s1aqaeT tee
MYLICCTB, TOCKOMBKY MOrOMeHHe, PeppakunA H BIMAHHE WYMOB. > yner
meubute. [Ipyroe ocrouHeTBO SaKmowacreH B TO, ro HOMEXH OT 3eMi
pagHonepesaTuHKoBMoryT ObITh YMeHDICHDI. B wactosinee Bpems BCC HOBbIX H HOBBIX JIMHHIi CBASM BOSPaCTAIOULHM YHCJIOM MOLL
HBIX MepealURKOB CepbcsHo yrpoxkaer OyMyWleMy 3eMHOM pamuoacTpoHO-
Muu. XOTH HeKOTOpas YaCTb paqMoHa6mogeHHH c Sem MOXeT ycnelmHO
OCYMECTBIATECA B YCOBHAX TAKHX TOMEX, JIA LOCTKEHHA NpeeIbHOA
UYBCTBHTEMbHOCTH Bce %Ke HECOXOLHMO pacniodarath pawWOTeeCKONEl Ha
KOCMHYCCKHX CTAHUMAX, OOpatlaronyyxcA BOKpyT Sem, HIM HCKaTs Gove
CHOKOMHbIe MccTOnOAOKeHHA, Take, Kak OOpaTHaa cTopoHa JlyHel.
Tipx BpiGope cBoGogHoro OT MOMeX MeCTOTOOKeHHA HEOOXOUMO yUH-
THIBaTb MoLHoe pagquoustyyeHve CosHia. ia paldoacrpoHoMoB, He 3a-
HHTepecoBaHHBIX B HcCTeMOBaHHH paHousyucnua Connya, nocaegHee
MOXET CT@Tb OLHHM H3 HeMPHATHBIX HCTOYHHKOB MOMeX, YTO MPHBO AUT
K HeOGXOZHMOCTH HIH derarembuocty noun waGuodeli Uro6bl yMeHb-
WHT TAKOTO posla NOMERH, palHoretecKony B KOCMHYeCKOM NPOCTpaHcTBe
HEOOXORWMAa CrelHaIbHad 9KpaHHpoBKa M ApyrHe NpesoxpanuTenbuble
Mepbl; 1a2Ke IPH STOM MpesesbHasl YYBCTBHTEIBHOCTh MOXKET ObITb NOCTHT-
HYTa TOIDKO B Culyyae, [Kora TeECKON HaXOAHTCA B TeH SemaM HAH JIyHbt.
HanGomburee ocna61eHve Kak 3@MHbIX, TAK H COMHEYHDIX NOMEX MOXKET
ObITb AOCTHTHYTO, ecH{ paquoTenecKON pacnosoxKeH Ha OOpaTHo!t cropoHe
Jlynst Hw paGoraeT B TeveHve wyHHof HOU. Ha KHJOMeTpOBLIX 2HHaX
BOH axe TaKOe PAaCNoMOxReHHe PaMoTeeCKOTa MOXKET OKASATbCA He-
HOAXOAMMLHM, H BMecTo JIyHBI MOxKeT ObITh NpeWioxwKeH OHH H3 acTe-
po jo
To cux nop peub Wia 0 HaccHBHO!t acTpOHOMHH, B KOTOpolt HeGecHBIe
OG6beKTHI H3y4alOTCA MO HX CCOCTBEHHOMY HavlyyeHHio. B nocaegnHe roget
MoyaHa PasBATHe aKTHBHAA ACTPOHOMMS, HCTOMBSyIOWlaA DOCTHKeHHA
PagHOoOKauHOHHOM TeEXHUKH, CHTHavibl MOIHBIX HaSeMHBIX MepenaTuHKOB
orpaxatorcs JIyHoH, Comntem # MviaeTaMy H TIpHHHMalOTCA B Bue palHo-
9x0, JlasepHoe HHppaKkpacuoe Ts HaIYTeHHe, OTPasMBLIHCb OT San
Takme Bosspamactcn K SeMie. [lpaxTuyeckoe npHMeHeHHe pasHou0Ka-
UHOHHOTO MeTOZa OFpaHHueHO BPeMeHeM pacmpocTpakeHHA palMOBOH
B 62, KOUG. Ten ETON, 370 SHCPIEN CIPEREHHOTO EHTHaa YORBIEY
kak WeTBepTaA CTemeHb paccTosHua. Tem He MeHee, STOT MeTON ABAR
ceH¥ae MOILHBIM CPEICTBOM, HCCEOBAHHA COMHEYHOM CHOTeMBI H eTo BO3-
NO*KHOCTH H 3HaveHHe OysyT, HecomHeHHo, pactH [5,6], ae
Tlomumo uciyckans coToHoB, Ha1y¥eHHe HeGecHEIX O6bEKTOB MOKeT
uMETb Apyryio nprpoxy. Hanpumep, MaccuBHas ABOkHaa sBesqa HSyyaet
TpaBHT@UHOHHble BOMHEI. IpegnonaraeTcn, yTo MO,OOHO S1eKTpOMarHHT-
HOH SHEPIHH TpaBHTalMOHHaA SHepruA KBaHTOBala H €€ HOCHTe/H, HaSbl-
Baeble [paBHTOHAMH, Pacnpoctpanslorcs Co cKopocrbw cBeTa. YerpolicrBa
0 Ota YORI -TpepHTOnOE celiac _paspa6aTpipaiotca [7, 8], H ecaH
TPaBHTalHOHHBle BOTHI GyLyT OOHAapy2KeHbI, TO BOSHHKHET HOBas BETBb
acrponomun') TlockoabKy rpaBHTOHbI H qoTOHEI ABAMOTCA 6o30HaMH,
TpaBnTal Had H 9JEhTPOMarHuTHad (POTOHHAA) ACTPOHOMHH MOryT GbITb
COBEMHHEHBI Kak BETBH ¢GO30HHOM» aCTPOHOMHH, Kak MOKa3aHO B Klac-
cuukauun cpegcrs uccneqoBpanna Bcenennoli (puc. 1.2).
1 BeGep (Weber J., Phys. Rev. Letters, 1969, vol. 22, Ne 24, p, 1320—1324)
CooSuiws 06 OCHapYXKEHHN HM TPABHTALMOHALIX BOM, NPHXONAMX K HaM U3 KOC
uuseckoro npocrpaxicrsa. Ognako Bonpoc o gocTonepuocrH uccnexoBannl BeGepa
noxa octaeres orKpEITEN. (ITpusm. ped.)
MW B stoi KaccupukallHl CXeMaTHYNO UpeACTabeno Take Macromuee
M OyayUlee APYFHX HanpaBreHHi HeeneAOBANII KOCMUMeEKOrO Hpoctpalt+
crea. Tak, Ha6sogenHe KoredalHii 1 BOSON AGIDKeHITT aKyeritecKol,
MATHHTOPHAPOLMHAMHYeCKO! HTH APYPO! HPAPOA, BOIIKAOUNS BOINSH
sloBepxHocTH Costa HW pacupoerpaisnonuixes: Hepes ero BUCHIMIOIO pas-
PEKCHHYIO Tas0ByIo OGOsOUKY BOF jo WeMUOTL OPGUrEL H sa Ce Upesestbt,
OTHOCAT K TAK HasbiBaemoii «HueHMaTHUEEKoliy acrponoMMH (pie. 1.2).
Upyrue cpeyersa acrponomuncckux necacobaltiit WW AyNeHttst Koc
MHYeCKOTO MPOCTPaHCTBa OCHOBaHbI Ha HaGMONCHNM KOPHYCK ysTIPILIX Hac
‘TAM, KOTOPEIC B OPOMHEIX KOMMYECTBAX MoMaAatoT Ha GEMMO ¢ Pa'SLMHBIX
Hanpasneanii. CpenH Hux TakHe S/leMeHTapHBle YACTHUbI, Kak 9ICK POLL
Paduoboons!
am usryione
somata tempouanun | Tnaecnoe ussyvenie
esomer connvenas| rac ana cce| Ser Paorertee anyone
Tanwa~ nyse
Iprasumayuonsan | TpaBemiiaonvore Const
ccmponaman
wMlucdwamuvecsan" acrponpnan | Anyomuvecnite bonus!
PONMS Y vivememcendpoduvanuieeriie Be7H8}
Aeidmpeno,
Aromas lnuggo-| @xpmuons) AnenrPore | noomurgonie
| cwamavecsce rparoner ni
woprycryanpnan”™| “edomaue! | Tamensie te
‘combonowitn saomaaer
Maxpocxomuvee-
nae tacrmtiage! —~ Hemenve!, nomenperinsly
ae Momeopna® 7017
obsenrres
Doane { Paxem - soni
subsinpenun | Koomavecnue omanyun € venodexow me Fopmy
Puc. 1.2. Kaaccupukauaa coppemenunix 4 OmHMaeMIX B GymyieM cpesera Hecste-
ROBaHUs KOCMHYeCKOTO MRocTpaHcrBa,
H MpoToust Hw Govlee TMKeTEIe, CHOKHBIE aTOMHBIe YacTuuEt. HanGoree
QHEPrHYHble> H3 9TAX YACTHI, YACTO HaSbIBAIOT KOCMHYeCKHMH JTyuaMHt.
ByayaH sapsKeHHbIMH, TaKHe YaCTHIBI OTKMOHAIOTCA KaK 3@MHBIM Mar-
HUTHBIM MoueM, TAK H M@K3Be3{HBIMH NOIAMH, NOSTOMy HampaBaenHe HX
HCTOUHHKA TpyAHO oMpeyeuTb. To-BHAMMOMY, MeCTOM BOSHMKHOBCHHs He-
KOTOPLIX 13 HHX ABAKeTCA ComHile K ApyTHe OObEKTHI, HOLOGHBIE Kpa6o-
BHAHOH TYMAaHHOCTH, KoTOpad MpecTaBlaeT coGoi CHtbHBI HcTOUHHK
paquons.1yyenHa. Spek OTKMOHeHHA MarHUTHBIM TIOJIeM MOHKHO CBeCTH
K MHWUMYMY, HCC/eyA KOCMHYeCKHE JIYYH TOAbKO OYCHb BBICOKHX SHeP-
ruli (opsaKka 10'* a¢ [9]).
Ilupoxne BosMoxkHocrn uccaeqoBanHa BeeteHHoi oTkppiBaloTca TPH
na6mojennm HelitpHyo.[10]. Byays nesapsxenuoi, 9Ta sacTHlla ABH
XKeTCH MPAMONHHeHHO OT MecTa_cBOero BOSHUKHOBCHIAL..HC OTKIOHRRES
mara RR ae Ognako OOnapyxeHne HelrpaibHol, baxTwdece
WMMIeHHOH MaccbI YaCTHbI MpexcraBiaer coGol saqaty orpoMHOl Tpys-
HoctH. Tem He MeHee, B HacTOsifee BpeMA IIpeANPHHHMAIOTCA MepBbIe T10-
TBITKH 3aperucTpApoBaTb HelitpHHAy!O pasHauHio H3 KOCMIT¥eCKOrO MpO-
crpaucrsa [11].
2
Heiitpnno, atextporiit 1 porous! (pepMHOHb!) H Gostee TAYKETBIC ATOM-
HBIe YACTHULI MOryT paceMatpuBates KaK HCTOUNKH OUHOTO Ha HanpaB-
ASHHE HecAeOBAtiis KOCMHYeCKOTO TMpocrpancrBa — «KopnycKynapHoiD
actponommu. MakpockondeCKWe 4YacTHile! (MeTeopbl H mp.) MoryT 6sITb
TaKKEe BKMOYeNbI Kak NOApasqed sToro HanpaBseHus (puc. 1.2). Hecmorpa
Ha TO, TO pasvii4Hble HOCHTeTH YAO6HO CrpymmupoBanl Ha cxeme puc. 1.2,
TeXHHYeCKHe CpeACTBA HX OOHaPy2KeHHA CHbHO OTAMYAIOTCA Apyr oT
apyra.
Mereop, aaa Ha MOBepXHocTb Sema, CTaHOBHTCA MeTeopuToM, Ko-
Topbili MOxKeT ObITb NOAOGpak YeVIOBeKOM H TMOABeprHyT aGopaTopHLIM ava-
7W3aM H HCCeXOBaHHAM Tak xe, KaK H MeTCOpHAA MbLTb, NPHHOCHMaA Ha
Bemmio ¢ JOx¥JeM H cHeroM. OcoGeHHocTh HecrexoBaHHit Takoro poya Co-
CTOHT B TOM, YTO H3YYaTb MaKPOCKONMYECKHE YACTHLUbI HJM OOSEKTHI M CHOBA
BOSBpalllaTbCA K aHaJIH34M MO2KHO B CHOKOMHOH O6cTaHOBKe, AOcTaTOUHO
MeIJICHHO, COBCEM He TaK, Kak 9TO IIPOHCXOAUT MpH H3YGeHHH OTACAbHBIX
orouos Hau cepMHoHOB.
C nospnewmem uckyccTBeHHbIX cnyTHHKoB 3emau (HC3) u paxet-
BOHJOB Obi OTKPbIT MYTH NPAMBIM BHESeMHLIM usMepeHHAM. Ha pakerax
MOFYT ObITb YCTAHOB/EHbI UYBCTBUTEMbHBIC NPHOOPhI AWA HenMocpeCTBEHHEIX
H3MepeHHii B yAaIeHHBIX TOUKAX C MOCERYIOUHM TeleMeTPHPOBaHHeM JaH-
HBIX Ha 3eMs0, OJHaKO KOHEYHBIM STANIOM HCcefOBaHH ABHTCA HenO-
cpeacTBeHHoe yuacrue yeoBeKa Giarogzapa ero cnoco6HocTAM B Ha6.l0-
Hen W OGbACHeHHH HeOGObIMHLIX H HempeABHACHHEIX ABIeHHA. ZoHnqUpO-
BaHHe H HeMocpescTBeHHOe HcCAeqOBaHHe KOCMHYecKorO mpocTpaHcTBa
yedOBeKOM OGbeuHHeHBI Ha pHe. 1,2 B HallpaBseHHe NPAMLIX MeTOJOB B OT-
AMUME OT KOCBEHHBIX MeTOZOB Go30HHOM HM KOpmycKyApHOH acTpoHOMHi,
JA KOTOPEIX XapakTepHbI HaGMOLeHUA Ha paccTOARMH,
Kaaccupukaitna cpegcts uccezopanua Bcenennoi, npeqctapnennaa
na puc, 1,2, He ABUaeTCA BO BCeX OTHOWeHHAX MomHO. Tak, yNOMAHYTBI
AMM HECKOBKO 9eMeHTAPHLIX YACTHIL H COBEPUICHHO He BKJIOYEHEI aHTH-
uactuust. Takaa KaaccuuKaltua, moxo6Ho moGol apyroit cxeme, aBIAeTCA
COBepLICHHO MPOKSBONbHOM M OHA MOKCT ObITh BEINOHeHa B paMKaX Apy-
THX «acTpoHomuii», OcHoBHaa Web cxembl Ha puc. 1.2 — yka3aTb MecTO
PalMoacTpoHoMHH cpeqH APyrHX COBpeMeHHEIX H OyLyuWHX HanpaBzeHHi
HccleqoBaHHA KOCMHYeCKOTO MpocTpaHcTBa.
TpyaAHocTH 1 BbICOKaM CTOMMOCTS pakeTHBIX UCCTe_OBAaHHi OrpaHHun-
Baer Mpeqenbt pasBHTHA STAX MeTOM0B. B KOHeyHOM HToOre TaKAMH MCC
QOBaHHAMH MOXET ObITb OXBAYeHA BCA COAHEYHAA CHCTeMa, OLHAKO Mpbl-
2KOK B HECKOJIbKO CBETOBLIX eT K OAMKAHIMHM SBe3aM OTOABUTaeT HC-
TOMb3OBAHHE TIPAMBIX CpeCTB ANA HCcMeJOBaHHA KocMOca 3a MIpeqetaMA
MWaHeT B OTJaeHHoe GyAyUNee, ECM BOOHUTe TaKHe MyTeWeCTBHA K 3Be3-
4am Korga-su60 cranyT BosMoxHBIMH [12].
Kax u B mipolliom, HenpaMple cpercTBa, JelicrByrouyie Ha paccTosHHH,
GyyT ocTaBaTBCA eMHCTBCHHO NOCTYNHBIMH IIpH HSYYeHHH OTTaTeHHBIX
yuacTkos Haleli Bcenenuoli. OrpaHwveHuble Mpesebl Mo1eTOB aBTOMaTH-
GeCKMX H C YeNOBeKOM Ha GOPTY KOCMHYeCKHX CTaHIMH MO CpaBHeHHIO
C a/IbHOCTHIO JelCTBHAY palHO- HU ONTHYeCKO! acTpOHOMHH MIpoHO-
CTPHpoBansi Ha WecTH cxemax (puc. 2.8). B To Bpema Kak jelicrBHe paquo-
H ONTHYeCKHX TeNeCKONOB Npocrupaerca BIOTh AO paccTomHult BS
18 MHJIJIHaPAOB CBETOBEIX JeT (puc. 2.8, e), YelOBeK elie He MOKPbWel paccTosHHit
B mpegenax puc. 2 8, a (1 cBeropas cekyHja), a aBTOMaTMYeCKHe cTaHyMA
ReficrBylor NoKa Jub B npeqesax BHYTpeHHel YacTH puc 2.8, 6 (1 cBe-
ToBOH 4ac).
Han6onee ynanenunre o6nextsi (5-10° _cBetospix ter) Gonee JOCTYHHbE
HccseOBAHHAM C MOMOMbIO palHOCpeACTS, HCIKesIH MeTOLaMA “ONTHYECKOH
acTpoHomun. Broane BepontHo, 4To MHOrHc Cabbie HCTOUHHKH paqHonsay-
YeHHA pacnoMOAKeHBl elle JaJIbIe, BOSMOXHO, BOAHSH rpanH Beenennoh
H 3a Ipegenamu Jelicraus onTHyeckux TetecKonos. Paauodoroust no cpaB-
HEHHIO C ONTHYCCKHMH HMEIOT ropasyo MeHDIIYIO SHEprHio H, Cue OBaTeTb-
HO, WX YHCIO COMbUIE MPH OLWHAKOBLIX YPOBHAX H3.1yyaemon sHeprAH STO
OHO H3 OCHOBHEIX MpeHMyulecTB palWoacTpoHOMHH B OGHApyKeHHH y.1a~
JIOHHEIX HCTOUHHKOB Mepel ONTHYeCKOH HH sOGOl Apyro doroHHoli ac-
TPOHOMHell, MOCKO/IbKY OHa B HavMeHbilleli crenenu OrpaHHuena MpHcyTcT-
BHeM (OTOHOB jWIA NpoBexeHHA HeoOxosMMEIX usMepeHuit [13]. ra, Ha
CerOHA PaqMOacTPOHOMHA ABAETCA HE TOKO MepcieKTHBHLIM CpeqCTBOM
HicculeqOBaHHA HawOonee yaseHubix uacteit Bceneunoli, wmeiouemca
B HallleM PacnOpsxeHHH, HO, BOSMOXKHO, H eAHHCTBeHHLIM. ITpeqnonarae~
Maa cepa Hcnol»30BaHHA HeliTpHHO H rpaBHTauHH — oka enje Bompoc
6yayuyero.
Ha6moyeHua Ha MaKCHMabHO JateKHXx paccToAHMsx cylecTBeHHbI
AA NOHHMaHHA BOSHHKHOBeHMA M XapakTepa Tol Bcemenxoii, B KoTOpoit
MbI 2KHBEM, a 3HAHHE 9TOTO, B CBOIO OFepeslb, LaeT HAM Ks04 K NOHHMAHHIO
ee KOHeYHOK cyAbOnI.
1.2. KPATKAA MCTOPHA NEPBbIX JIET PAJXHOACTPOHOMHH !
PayuoacrpoHomHA Kak Hayka GepeT cBoe Ha¥ayo C SKCTepHMeHTOB
Kapaa Suckoro, nposeyenunix B 1931 r. B to Bpema AucKuii padoras pa-
AMOHWKeHepoM Ha TosHroHe dupmer Bell Telephone Labs. Emy 6xino no-
py4eno HccseqoBaHHe HalpaBseHHA MpHXoma Tposowbix nomex Ecau Opt
ylaulocb HaiiTH npeoOsanaioliee HanpaBMeHHe, TO anTeHHM AAA Tpanc-
aTAAHTHYECKO! PaqHOTeNeOHHOM AHHH MOXHO GEII0 Obl KOHCTPYHPOBaTb
TaK, ¥TOObI MOAYYaTb MHHHMAJIbHBII OTKHK B YKa3aHHOM HampaBJleHHH,
@ 9TO MOSBONHIO Obi YYWWHTb OTHOMEHHE CHTHAA/WYM 1A AHHH CBSSH.
C sroit nemo AHCKHM G6blJla TOCTpoeHa BepTHKa/bHO No/JApHsOBaHHaR
OHOHaNpaBseHHad aHTeHHa Tuna nonoTna Bpiwca, n306paxkennan
Ha puc. 1.3, Pasmeppt KoncrpyKuun cocrapaswtn 30,5 B AHy H 3,7 +
B BBICOTY. OcHOBaHHe aHTCHHBI ObWIO ycTaHOBsJeHO Ha YeTHIpex Koslecax,
KOTOpBIe NepeMemaiHch No Kpyry, oGecneuHBan BpaieHHe To asHMYTY.
Cuuxponnbili aneKTponpHBog 3a 20 MHHYT NOBOpayHBa BCIO KOHCTPyYKLHIO
Ha OquH OGopor Pa6ora BesaCh Ha bomue 14,6 m (20,5 Mey), antenna 6pi1a
coequHeHa C SYBCTBHTEMbHBIM MPpHEMHHKOM, Ha BbIXOJe KOTOPOTO CTOs
caMONHcell c 6O1bUOH NOcTOAHHOM BpeMenH.
1 Boaee osuyio HeropHio paguoacrporoMun, wacwimenHy:o xMYHBIMH BoC-
NOMMHaHUAMH, MoxHO Halita y Thalidepa [14], a raxaxKe y Cayrsopra [15]
4
B xexa6pe 1932 r. Auckuli yxxe coo6ulal o HepBLIX pesybTaTaX, Mo-
“yWeHHIX Ha cBoei ycranosKe [16]. Ox BiisBHa TpH BHAA Nomex: 1) Mect-
HbIe rposopple pa3spsaybl, (2) NOMeXH OT yaseHHbIX FpOSOBLIX pa3spsyoB,
MPHXOAALIHe, B OCIOBHOM, C fO*KHEIX HanpaBsennit, 3) «... HOCTOMHHOe LH-
TeHve HeHsBeCrHOro MpOHCXOAKAeHHAY. OSpasell BalHCH WMMAIHX MoMex *
‘Tperbeli rpynmpl, HaGmMozaBUNxca AucKuM 24 espana 1932 r., noKasan
Ha puc. 14 OrnocwTenbHo nomex nocneyHero Bula Aucka yrBepxlat,
‘STO OHH BHISLIBAOT “UMNeHHe B HaYLUHHKAX, KOTOPOe TpyAHO OTAHYHTS OT
UIMMeCHHA, BbIsbIBAaeMOTO IyMaMu caMoi annapatypst HanpaBsenne mpi>
XOa WIMNAULHX MOMEX MeHAeTCA MOCTeIeHHO B TeveHHe AHA, Jeraq NOTHE
Puc, 1,3, Bpamatomasca axtennan pelerka, na neperiem miane ee coagatenb AucKiit.
Tlomsyacy stom pemerKoA SluckwA Boeppiie nponen HaGslOXeHHA BHeSeMHOTO panMoHsayueHHa
oGopor sa 24 4aca». Tanee on micas: KeHHA
B pasuociiekTpe MOHOXpomaTHyeckoro H3syyeHuA. Mccreyosanne Boupoca
0 BO3MOXKHOCTH Takoro H31y4eHHA OopT Mopy4sHt Ban ne Xiorcty, Mono-
Romy acTpokomy B JleiigeHe, KoTOppIit paccMoTpedl pa3sJIMYHble BO3MOXxXHbIE
MeXaHH3MbI, OODACHAIONIMe HaWuHe HHH H3yYeHHA B paqHocneKTpe.
B 1944 r. Baw ze Xtoact coo6uyH1, YTO BePOATHLIM HCTOUHHKOM Takoro
WBAYYEHUA MOKET OuITh MEKIBeI{UbI HeliTpalbHLI BOLOpoA: ON HMeeT
co6crBenHyto Yactory 21,1 cs (1420 Mey), coorBercTByioilylo mepexony
M@KLY ABYMA OIM3KHMH SHEpreTHYeCKUMH YPOBHAMH OCHOBHOrO CocTOs-
HHA C pa3HYHOM OpHeHTauuei couHa (MarHWTHoOro AMMOAbHOTO MoMeHTa)
snekTpona. Masta BeposTHOocTs nepexoga (cM. pasg. 8.9) H oTcyTerBHe
aHHBIX © NMOTHOCT HefirpabHoro BoOpoka B KOCMHYeCKOM MpoctpaH-
18
cTBe CTaBHJM MO/| COMHeCHHe BONpoc O BOSMOXKHOCTH OGHapyxKeHHA ero
cnekTpaibHol sumin. Oxnako Ban ge Xroncr [24] mpessowKna cyenaTe
Takyl0 NonbITKy.
25 mapra 1951 r. Osx a Mepcesa [25] p Tappapazckom yansepcntere
O6HapyKWIM B Paniors1yYeHHH JHHMIO BoXOpora. B reyenve HeCKOTbKHX
MOCAETYIONIHX HC) C1b OHA Oba TaKKe OOHapyaxKeHa Mioasepom H Ooptom
[26] B Jlefixcne 1 Kpuctuancenom 8 Cuguee (Ascrpasma). Brocaeqctaun
(B 1954 r.) Xareu u Mak Kaelin [27] B Mopckoli nccaegoBarenbeKoli 1a6o-
paropun CHUA o6napyxuau 9TY AMHMIO B CHeKTpe MorsouleHHa.
HaG6snojeHHs! AHHH BOXOpoma MMeMH OFpoMHoe sHayenHe — uccvte-
AOBAHA Ha STOM BOMHE CTaAH OAHUMH H3 HanGosee BarKHbIX H O3HAMeHO-
Bal aKTHBHY! cba3y B paqnoacrponoMHA. Oa~nnm 13 HanGozee BbI,aIO-
UAXCH PeSYuIbTATOB ABHJOCh COCTaBJeHUe CTPYKTypHOH KapTsl Hawielt
Tanaxtuxu (cm. pas. 8.9, 4). Toamangckan rpynna yyeunix B Jleiqene
BosrlaBssa 9Ty padory.
OrasiqpiBasich Hasafl, HHTepeCHO OTMeTHTb, ¥TO cTaTbA PeGepa’, Ko-
Topas Morvia 6bITb BOONE He ONYOMMKOBAHHON, OKAa3asaCb OHO! H3 Kac-
cHueckHXx pa6or 110 paxvoacTpoHOMHH, a Tak2Ke BO MHOTOM clocoGcTBOBaa
qopmupoBanmo HOBO ObslacTH HCCMefOBaHHii, CBASaHHOH Cc HHHeli Bo-
nopona.
A nosHaKomusica ¢ PeGepom B 1941 r. B Jla6oparopuu Mopckoii ap-
Tasaepun CUA 8 Batinurtone (oxpyr Koaym6us). Mir pa6oraam tam naj,
COBepLICHHO CeKPeTHBIM NpPOeKTOM, He HMeIOWIHM HuYero Obulero Cc pagHo.
Bue crea aaGoparopuu pasropop KOCHYJICA COBepuleHHO HeHsBeqaHHOl
TeMbI — paHoacTpoHomuH. PeGep paccka3an o cBoei annapatype ¥ Ha-
OmoyeHHAX cTpykTypbl Mneunoro [lytH ¢ TakHM 3apa3HTeIbHbIM BLOXHO-
BeHHEM, YTO BbI3BaT y Mensa uHTepec. Ho AHMUIb CycTa JecATb wieT A 110-
‘YW BOSMOXKHOCTh B YHHBepcuTere wrata Oralio Hayat nporpammy
PagqHoacTponomuueckux HeceqoBaHKh. Kak ormeyaetca B pasa. 8.7, Mok
Nepsbili pakvoacrpoHOMHyecKHii SKCHepHMeHT, MpoBeeHHbiit BMecTe c Ap-
typom Anenem B 1934 r. 0 O6Hapy2eHMO CONHeYHOTO palHousaAyyeHHaA,
okasaica GesycneliHEM.
Tlosxe Pe6ep nponomxus o630p He6a Ha CBOeM JOMallIHeM paqHoTe-
aeckone B o6.1acTH Gosee KOpOTKUX BOIH HB 1948 r, onyOmHKOBan KapTbI
paquonsayyenusa He6a Ha BosHe 62,5 cm (480 Mey) [28]. On nonsa, ato
PasBHTHe PaxHoacTpOHOMMH NoTpeOyer HaHYHA pasMoTenecKoTOB Ha-
MHOTO 6oMbUIHX pasMepos HB 1948 r. npeATO*KH MpeBocxoAH yO KOHCTpyK-
uHiO ypaB.lsemoro 67-m panuoreeckona. OqHakO B HeOOXOHMOCTH CTPOH-
TeAbCTBA STOTO COOpy2KCHHA OH HUKOTO He CMOr 3aHuTepecoBaTD.
Tlocae sropoii maponoit BoHHBI sHeprHaHbie MeponpHATHs To Nporpam-
MaM B OG6/aCTH palHOacTpOHOMHA OpLIH HavaTbt B Anraun u Ascrpaunn.
B 1946 r. Hayanocb crpouteabergo HenosBMKHoro 66,5-m mapa6osM4yecKoro
paguoresieckona B ManuectepcKoM yHusepcutete B Anraun. Oxo 6bii0 3a-
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paduoucrounMK, KoTopptit Gbi1 OTOAECTBHeH C BHAUMbIM OObEKTOM.
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KO OTMYAlOTCH UpyT oT Lpyra, YTO OYeHb TPYAHO MoKasaTb HX HanOo.tee
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orosbiii camommucert ( ¢ 3aNHcbio Mepom No ABMKYuelica GyMaxKHOl JeHTe).
T [ipm usnoxenun uctopun pagwoactpoxomHu apTop He YnoMMHaeT o poaH
conercxux pauuoacrpovomos; ona oTpaxeHa, Hanpumep, B Kure C. A. Kanaana
«Qnenenttapnan pauoacrponiomus» (cM. XOnomuuTeXDHK cHHCOK suTepatypH).
(puss. ped.) :
2 BrixoqHol curnax TawKe MoxeT ObITb sacpuKCUpOBaH B 1upposoit opme
Ha Oymare nau eppomarnurHolt Mente Wt Nocactyiouiwit OGpaG6ornn na
BBICOKOCKOpoctHoll OBM, B Apyrom cayyac, Kak nsoBpaaKeno tia pic 1G
BEIXOQHOH CHTHAT OGpaSaTwIBaeTeN NpesApH ICT! AANA JUNI HALIM
Maenumnoe none .
ROM Urexmpone: borconux mepoud
-—Nonspusobanvoe paduousnyyenie
YWanennend
paduoucmouner
Auaepanna vanpabrenvocme anmenner
7 Alunun nepedave
XK Obryvamens anmenner
Bercoxouacmomnan Aumenna
4a’ MPUCMHUKA Tapatbonuvecnud
Auwepanne Pewnexmop
wanpabnexnocme
a
inywaimenn Onopa cucmens: obnyvenus
Kabenu a
Anenozo Beri. COND -
Canoniceg, § MORELMNEA
Npedbapu-
Cucmema [memenoe Bor-
Bepmunaneyo-asunya neni ag (MERIC on
inenenburenn dmb eawonacerg
Onopa
ead 7 Vo hadenc’
Nomeuenue — Nonewsenue
Gn npuennuna — baw BH
Puc. 1.6. Cospenentuit paxnoreneckon,
ycrpolicrBom, a 3aTeM NoctymaeT Ha BXOj BHICOKOCKOpocTHoli SBM, Koro-
past npeycraBneT KoHeUHBI pesybTaT B rpatpHyYecKOM BHJe C TOMOLLbIO
KOOPAHHaTHOTO CaMomcta.
CMMCOK IMTEPATYPBI
ee ee physics», McGraw-Hill Book Company,
Pee iedman H. Rocket Astronomy, Sci. Am., vol. 200, pp. 52-59,
ee
Myc Cla ahbal ee EEE in ay Be
Cee earner mn
Rev., vol. 117, pp. 306—313, Jan. 1, 1960. ee
22
8. BeGep Jb. OGmas Teopus orHocHTenbNocTH H rpapHTamHONMTe BosHE.
Tlep. canna. H, Munxenuua nog pea. Jl. Mpanenxo. Hoy-n0 nuocrpannofi autepa-
type, 1962.
9. Rossi B. Iligh Energy Cosmic Rays, Sci. Am., vol. 201, pp. 134146,
November, 1959.
10. Ghiw H. Y. andStabler R.C, Emission of Photoneutrinos and
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15, 1961.
Il. Morrison P. Neutrino Astronomy, Sci. Am., vol. 207, pp. 90—98,
August, 1962.
13. Purcell E.,In A. G. W, Cameron (ed.), «Interstellar Communica-
tiom, W. A. Benjamin, Inc., New York, 1963.
13. von Hoer ner 8, Requirements for Cosmological Studies in Radio
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‘October, 1964.
14, Pfeiffer J. eThe Changing Universes, Random House, Inc., New
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15, Southworth G. C. Early History of Radio Astronomy, Sei. Mont-
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16. Jansky K. G. Directional Studies of Atmospherics at High Frequen-
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. Jansky K. G. A Note on the Source of Interstellar Interference,
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oo Reber G, Cosmic Static, Proc. IRE,-v6l. 30, pp. 367—378, August,
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vember, 1944.
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‘
ey Lal Sener
36 Pangsee ae oy 6% .
31 Paneseat c §
4t
Ro icwaye of
Pose Spee t MONOTHHTEADHH A CNUCOK ANTEPATYP IT
«Actpouomua Hepuaumoroy. Hep. ¢ aura. P,P. Basypmna nog pea. 1. Cae
posarcxoro. Vi3n-no , Tapwxckni cuamosuym 1958 r, Tlep. ¢ ara. nox pes.
B. B. Burkesnta. Hag-Bo unocrpannoii smtepatypu, 1961
Cur I’. Pagnoactpouomns. Tep. canta. M. B. Kowtoxosa nox pen.
B. B. Burkesnua. Han-20 nnocrpannoit autepatypu, 1962.
CrefiuGepr K. nw Jlexy K. Pagnoacrpoxowna. Pagnorexuuyeckue
Meron Ha cayxxGe acrpopunu. ep. ¢ pan. n npeanen. M, B. Uleraona. Hap-20
unoenpanof autepatyppt, 1963.
efitaux H. M, [Mpunenenue merozon pagnoactponomun B autenuoit Tex-
nue. Han-so «Coserckoe paguor, 1966.
Ixaosexn# H. C. Cepxuonuie anesnn. Han-n0 Hayxay, 1966.
Brown R. H. andLoveli A. C. B. Exploration of Space by
Radio. John Willey and Sons, Inc., New York, 1958.
Christiansen W. N. HégbomJ. A. Radiotelescopes. Cambrid-
ge University Press, Cambridge, 1969.
«Infrared astronomy». Ed. by P. J. Brancacazio, A. G. W. Cameron. Gordon
and Breack, New York, 1968.
toga, SPECT As Richter G. Radiostrabtung aus dem All. Urania Verlag,
Pacholczyk A. G. Radio astrophysics. Nonthermal processes in ga-
lactic and extragalactic sources, Freeman, San Franvisco, 1970.
7 ae Astronomy». Ed. by J. V. Evans and T. Hagfors, McGraw-Hill Book
0., i
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Kpowe Counna, iianer 1 acTepougos, comHeaHan cHcTeMa cogepaKuT
SoMUIOe KOANYECTBO 1a3a, NBII H HEOONbUINX Tex (B TOM YHC.Te MeTeopEl
H KOMeTEI); BCe 3TO BMeCTe B3ATOe HaSbIBaeTCA MexKIaHeTHOH cpenoh.
2.3, HALA rAJIAKTHKA
Coane Bcero Hn OHO H3 MHOPHX MHAAHOHOB cBeTH, KOTOpHIe
o6pasyioT orpomHy!o cIMoUleHHy!o ckcTemy, BpalllaioulyiocA MoJO6HO
TpoMaqHOMy AHCKy HAH Koslecy B KOCMHYeCKOM MpocrpaHcTse. Mjeasu-
SHpOBaHHBI Ha6pocok sto cHcTeMLI, Ha3biBaemolt Haue TanaKTuKolt
mala cuctemolt Maeunoro Tyra, npegcrapnex ua puc. 2.2, a. ¥Y Tanaxraka
HMeeTCA NAOTHAA LeHTpatbHaM OOmacTh, HasbIBaeMaA ApoM. Bue apa Ha
OrpOMHoe paccTomHHe MpocTHpawTca cnuparbHbe pyKaBa. Cnupaqbune
PykaBa H npocTpaHcTBo MexKAy HUMH T10 opMe HanNOMHHAIOT MlocKH AMCK.
Pykapa cranoBatea TOHbIIe BOTH3H Kpas AHcKa. H3-3a storo obcTOsTeTb-
CTBa TPYAHO YCTaHOBUTb OMpeseNeHHblit THAMeTP AMCKa, HO OH TO MeHb-
wei Mepe coctaBaser 10° cpeToBEIX 1eT.
Tlockoubky 3eman pacnosoxkena BHYTPH Hawlei TanaKkTHKH, bl He
MOKEM HaO/MONaTb ee H3BHe, KaK 9TO Mpesiosaraetca Ha pc. 2, 2, a. On-
HaKO C MOMOMLbIO ONTHYECKHX TeNeCKONOB MOXKHO HaGuOAaTbh Apyrue ra-
AKTHYCCKHE CHCTeMbI, YAaJleHHble OT Hallleli CoOcTBeHHOM Ha GovIbUIHe
pacctonuua. Hekoroptie 13 HAX, 1O-BHAHMOMY, OWeHb HanOMBHaIOT Hally
Panaxtuxy. TIpumepom takoli raiaktuKH sBanetca TymManHocth M 81
B cosesiuu Bospuioit Measequupr, cororpadua xKotopo jana na
1 O6oaxavenue M 81 onpegenser oOsexr 81 B Karamore Meccee, conepiKaluem
103 o6sexra. Stor Katasor Guim cocrapteH dpaHuyscKum actpouoMom Meccbe
(17301817 rr.), Kotopsift usyuaa KoMerst. BueulNne rataKTHKH H Apyrie OOBERTHI,
HMCIOMME BHA TYMaHHOCTeh NpH BaGMOEHAH B TeecKoN co cnaGuiM PaspemteHHeN,
Guiak sanecenst Meccue B cHHCOK, YTOOH MPeOTAPaTHTL HOTepH BDEMEH MPH NOHC:
kax Koner. StH oOeKTH MoraH GLITh OWLHOOUKO NPHUATH 3a KOMeTHI; TpeGoBaTOce
MHOTO BPeMeHH, WTOGM B OTAUNHE OT KOMCT YCTAHOBHTb HENONBHAHOCTH STAX OOBEK-
To Ha HeGecHol chepe. CnucoK oGsexton Meccse Ray B npHaoKennE 4.
27 puc. 2.2, 6. Xors nama PanakTuKxa Mover OTAMATECA OT M 81 oe
JeTasax, sta hoTorpadusa jaet npelcTap.1eHue O TOM, Kak Sia tenes
TaaktHka, ect cMOTpeTh Ha Hee C GoviLIlOro paccTOAHHs. 7 a eth ame
How uactn TanaKtukn Ha @ororpadin puc. 2.2, 6 Oriaa oa eee
SKCHOSHL; HosToMy H306paxKcnHe wpa TarakTHKH uMect 604
Pa3MepLi, YeM Ha CaMOM jlevIc.
Hanpabrenun.
WE TOME g Heber
wa
anmuuenma
a i n (a), pororpapust coceaneit
. 2.2. Haeaauaupopanuaa cxema named TasaxtaK (
bes rataxrnin M 81 cospesaum Bonbuio# Meswenunss (6).
ComHeynaa cucTeMa pacriosoxeHa B OLHOM H3 CNHPa/IbHbIx eae
amet TanaktuKn Ha paccTosuHH oKoso 3-10* cBeToBbIX aer oT oi pis
pa. Comule H coceqiHe 3Be3fbI BpalllaioTCA MesWIEHHO BOKPY cel
Bepllad OAUH OGOPOT MpH6ANsHTeIbHO 3a 300 MusanoHos ser. J eee
pecevenHa WenTpatbHOl MocKocTH AHCKa C HeGecHolt cthepoit ee
TamakTuyeckHii skBatop. O6iaa Macca Hamelt TanaKTuKu oueu!
3 _ 10! comHeyHbIxX Macc.
: pacaausupenennioe nonepeunoe cevenHe Hamel TanakrHKu ee
eno va pue, 2.3, a. Ha Hem us06paxena Takxe chepnueckat
28
(uam aso), oKpyruomast qucK. [orkocTs rao MeHbule, YeM y qucka
HAM spa, HO Cro CocTaB, POpMa Hi TIPOTAXeHHOCTh TOUHO He H3BCTeHBI.
B kavecre upumepa ia pac. 2.3, 6 ana cororpabus yzaenHolt ranaxru-
kx (NGC 4565)', Buuimoit c pe6pa. Taocknit quck 4 APKOC ALPO ABAMIOTCR
OMMINTEMDHBIMI OCOGeHHOCTAMH STOrO OGbeKTa. Buyua Takxe vepHan
Mo10ca TEMHOTO BeulecTBa, PaCHOJOKeHHAA BAO WeHTPaAbHOH mO0cKOC-
TH. Hukakux Caegos rao Ha potorpaun He gamerHo, XoTa OHO, BO3MOxK-
Conewnar
Puce. 2.3. Hxeanuanpo- [| cuarmena
Banwoe nonepeyiioe ceue-
nue nameit Panaxtaxe
(@) w hororpadus ranax-
taxa NGC 4565, augu-
Moi c¢ pespa (6).
V7
Coupe nore pyraba Axce
(nenepewoe cevenue)
HO, H CyulectByet. O6.1acTb paspexenHoro BeulectBa XOpOlUO MpocmaTpH-
BaeTCA C MOMOLLbIO paguocpeacTs. CrpyKtypa Hamel TamaktuKxu o6cy2K-
Aaetca Gostee JeTaabHO Brat. 8.
Tipexxe vem Opa nonaTa npupona BHEMAHX TadlakTHK, OHH K1accH-
(puitHpoBascb Kak TyMaHHOCTH B CHay HX AnysHoro, TyMaHHoro Bua.
TlosxKe, Korya Obi10 OGHapyxeHO, 4TO OHH PacnovlowkeHbt Bre Hamel Ta-
“WaKTHKH, HX CTA HasbIBaTb BHerasakTHYeCKHMH TYMAHHOCTAMH, B OT-
amaHe oT HpysHLIX OGbeKTOB Hallelt coGcraenHot TaaaxtuKu. B na-
* OSosuavenue NGC 4565 onpereanet o6vexr 4565 5 Karanore, ony 6anxo-
BazHom JIpefiepow 8 1888 r, nox xaspannem New General Catalog (Hosstit o6uutit
Katanor). Stor Karaor tyManHocrell H sbesKHbIX cKOreHI amernn OOuMH KaTa-
Hor, onyOanxopanussti Pepurerem 1864 r. Tymannocts Angpomens, spaniomancn
oGbextom 31 B Kataaore Meccse, nMeeT Honep 224 3 HoBom oOutem Karasiore. Takin
6pasom, ona OGosnauaercn Kax M 31 nan NGC 224. Hoss oOumit Katanor nMeet
aba Coste NOsqMUX NpHAOKeHNA, NaBeCTHRX Kax Index Catalogs (Katanorn-y kage
Tenn). Bee 97H Karaaory comeprxar naibe Gonee 13000 odsexton.
29 : CTOAMJeC BPeMA CYLLECTBYeT TEHACHMA HasbIBaTb BHErasak iMCCKHe TY-
MAHHOCTH BHEUIHKMM TaslaKTHKaMH.
Bawxatiuue Kk ComHiy 3Be3gbI oTcToAT oT Hero Ha pacctosiun 4 ene-
TOBBIX eT, 2B paguyce 10 cBeTOBLIX JeT OT ComHUa PAacHOsOAeH JUTE O-
CATOK SBCSIHbIX OOBEKTOB. Takat ape3ilad MAOTHOCIL COOTBeIC TBS eT
TpHOasuTebHO 1 sBe3e Ha 350 KYGUUCCKIX CBETOBEIX steT, 10 si 1CTCA,
BepOsTHO, THANE JI palionow cuMpastuamuAxX pykabon wamneit PasaKTH-
KH Ha TAKHX PaCCTOsHAAX OF sUlpa. OJUIAKO MERAY PY KABAMH IW BIC HX
MAOTHOCTS B TanaKTuke AOWLKMa ObILb MCUBMIC, B TO BPEMs Milk &b pyKaBaX
BOIHSH ALpa WM B CaMOM Aspe IMOTHOCT) HAM TeIbHO BEATE
B paguyce 16 cperosbix aer or Connma o6iapyaciio 55 spexyuubix
o6textos. M3 nax 31 — soaupopannbie spesapt (nogobnbie Comniy), 18 —
o6pasyioT 9 ABOfHEIX 3Be3,HBIX cucTeM (no_ObHBIX Cupuycy) 4 6 BXOAAT
B COCTaB ,{BYX TPOfHbIX 3Be3{HbIX CHCTeM. B TaGa. 2.2 npHBerxeHb! 10 6an-
okaituiux K CoaHUy M3BeCTHEIX 3Be32HBIX OOLEKTOB C UX BHHMbIMH 3Be3,1-
HbIMH BeJIMYHHAMH H CBeTHMOCTDIO. TOmbKO ABa H3 HHX — Auta Llentas-
pau Cupayc — Buqubr HeBoopy2Kennbim ria30m. CBeTHMOCTb 3Be3AbI MOKET
ObITh BEIUHC/ICHa HCXOAA U3 ee BULUMO! 3Be3AOl BEHURHLI H paccToAHAA
(cm. pasa. 2.15). Caerumocrs Counua 8 ra6u, 2.2 npunsta 3a elmAHty.
Bee stu o6bekTb HMeIOT ropa3o MeHbIUyIo cBeTHMOCTD, YemM Cone, 3a
ucKsMoueHHeM O6beKTos Arba Llextappa A u B, cBeTuMoctb KoTopsIx Toro
2ke TopsKa, ¥To w Conuua u Cupuyca A co cBerumocrbio, B 23 pasa 6oub-
welt.
TaGauua 2.2
Hecarb Gawmaiuux K Comnuy snesanbx o6vexton, ukaiouan Coamue [1]
: Brawn
Hassaune cbovanek rox] 3seattan | Ceeranoers
Coane | 2.0 oe)
Anvba Leuraspa A : : ;
Anbpa ewraopa B \ apaliee “413 u7 | 0,98
Aavba Ienraspa C 43 ul 0,00008
Saeana Bapwapaa 6,0 9,5 | 0,004
Boawh 395 27 13,5 | 0,000
Jleittey 726-8 A ABolinat 7,9 12,5 0,00004
Heiren 7258.5} Gacrewa 79 13,0 | 0,003
Taaana 21185 8.2 7.8 | ,0,005
Cupnye A apoitnas 8,7 he | e3
‘Cupuye B } cuerema 8.7 71 0,008
2.4, BHEPAJIAKTHYECKHE CHCTEMbI H BCEJIEHHAA
Hawa Panakruka, wu cucrema Maeuxoro Ilytu, apasetca ogHoli cpe-
3M MHJWIMapJOB MOAOGHEIX CHCTeM, 3aNOAHAIOWHX KOCMHYeCKoe NpocrpaH-
(TBO BO BCEX HANPaBIEHHAX Oo FPaHHLL, HPOHMKHOBEHHA CAMBIX GomBHNAX
‘teneckonos. XoTA BHeWHHe raaKTHKM H pasmMuaIOTcA No THI, MHOrHe
H3 HUX UpescTaBAsoT CoOoH cruOMeHHEIe cHcTeMbI, NOLOSHBIe Hautelt Ta-
30
WaKTAKE, YTO MOSBOAACT MPEMIOAOKUTh, YTO OHH ABSIOTCH TAKKE Bpa-
WaloulHMHCs! OGLeKTaMH. PaccrosHHe MexAY TaakTHKaMH B CpeqHeM co-
cTaBadeT 3 MHJIIHOLA CBETOBEIX eT (TOUTH B 30 pas GombUIe AHaMeTpa Ha-
mei Tanaxrukn).
Bawxaiiuielt ranaxtuxoit, noqo6uoii Hauel, aBaserci TYMaHHOCTS
Anapomexni (M 31), bororpahusa KoTopoli 7aHa Ha puc. 2.4: Ona Haxogutca
Ha PAacCTOAHHH OKOMO ABYX MHJJHOHOB CBETOBLIX JIeT H HMeeT AHaMeTp
1,5-10° cserospix ser. M3 storo cnegyet, uTo TyMaHHOcTh Angpomenst
MIpHG6NusHTeIbHO Toro xe PasMepa, YTO H Hala TamaKtuKa. TocKkoabKy ee
Puc, 2.4. Cocenwas rasaiika M 31 2 cosnesan Angpowest, mbamomascn enu-
pambuok raaaxtuxoh tuna Sb.
MPOTAKEHHOCTS MO YPAY COCTABJAET HECKOMKO TpasycoB, HMeeTCA BO3-
MoxHOCTD Gouiee JeTabHOro usy4eHHa M 31 no cpaBHeHHiO C ApyruMu yaa-
SI@HHBIMM TalakTHKaMH [2, 3, 4].
C tymMannoctb¥o AxgpoMesbl CBASAHBI eule [Be MOACHCTeMLI (ee «cmyT-
uuku») — M 32 w NGC 205. Ha dororpadux puc. 2.4 onH BEITAQAT He-
ConbWHMH APKHMH MATHAMH BOAH3H WeATpa cHcTeMiI. M 32 pacnonoxKena
HwxKe sapa, a NGC 205 phuue H BnpaBo or Hero. Ms06paxenue o6bexta
C YeTbIPDMA BbIGpocaMH H Tato MpexcTaBaeT cool pesyibTaT mepesKcro-
SHIMMH pH *ororpapupoBanun sBesabI Hamel TanaKTHKH, KoTopad pac-
noroKeHa B HanpaBAenHH M 31, BuiGpoce! o6yciosazeHst Aucpakuvelt Ha
BHYTPeHHHX Onlopax TpyObl Teseckora Bh a rajlo — He 4¥TO HHOe, KaK cBe-
ToROH Kpyr, OOpasoBaBlluiica 3a cueT BHYTPeHHUX OTpaxeHHl B Tome
@otorpapuseckoit ntactuaKkn. Togo6uaa a6eppauua B onrHyecKoM Tee-
ckone MpHCyTCTByeT BO BCeX (pOTOHSOOpaxKeHHAX 3Be3Z, HO ORasblBaeTCA
SaMeTHOH TOAbKO pH ororpaupoBaHu APKHX OGpeKToB. Ona anato-
PHGHa, HO He O6A3aTeIbHO cxo_Ha C GOKOBEIMH JenecTKaMH AHarpaMMEt
NaMpaBJl CHHOCTH aHTeHHbI paqHoTereckona (cM. ra. 6.).
3 Bawxaiimielt suemuelt ratakTHKon aBamorca Mareananoppt O6aaKa,
TpexcTaBsOUyHe CoGO! OY W3 3AMCIMBIX OCOGeHHOCTe! W>KHOTO HeOa.
Visnectupie Kak Boabutoe Mareastaiiono O6iaKo (BMO) 1 Manoe Marest-
maHoBo O6.1ako (MMO), OHH HMCIOI jAMETPbl COOTBETCTBEHHO OKOMO
4 1041 1,5 10! cnetosnix acr i oliont of HeHTpa Hawlelt TaraKTHKH
mourn na 2 10 %cperopny ner Xoist y boupimoro Maretaanopa O6aaKka
H HaGMOAaclcs CTAGaN ICH CIMUDE bh CiuIpamDuol erpyktype, 06a 067aKa
OMMCCCILE bk TaJAKTHKaM HerpaBasbHoit
qopam Ia pic 25 nana @ororpapua
Boapiutoro Mat¢.tiantopa ObsaKa
Hawa Taaaninna 06a Mareaaa-
HoBEIX O6jaka o6pasyior HeGostbuloe
CKOMNJCHHE HA OTHOCHTeABHO KOMMAKT-
uyio rpynmy ramaKtmK, paccrosHne
MeK/y KOTOPIMH MeHbille paccToaHHit
HO Apyrux OsmKaliwIHxX TalakTHK, Ta-
KHX, Kak TyMaHHoctTb Axapomeaui. [lo-
ckoabky Hauta PanakTaKa 3Ha4HTebHO
Gonpme Mareaaanospix O6s1aKoB, m0c-
JI@MHH@ MOAHO paccMaTpHBaTb Kak
cHYTHHKH Hauren TanaKTuki aHavlo-
THYHO Noszcucremam M 32 u NGC 205
TyManHocTH Anzpomextt (M31).
Tlo ote KaaccnuKalu, OCHO-
BaHHOl Ha Mopcosoruyeckux TpH3-
HakaXx, TasaKTHKH jeqATcA Ha TPH
OCHOBHBIX THNa: HenpaBHibuEe (I),
cnupaspubie (S) 4 aastmnTuyeckue (E).
Xa66n [2] nantee pasgenua cnupasp-
HbIe raslakTUKH Ha TpH rpymmt Sa, Sb u Sc. Takoe qetenue orparkaer xa-
pakTep cnupadbHoil crpykTypEt: Sa — cuyibHO saKpyveHHaA cnupaib,Sc —
orkpbitas cnupastb H Sb — mpomexyTounas dopma. CnupasibHple raaKTH-
xu M 81 (puc. 2 2, 6) uM 31 (puc. 2 4) ornocates K Tany Sb. Mpeanoma-
raerca, 470 Halla TasaxTuKa Tak»Ke oTHOCHTCA K THY Sb. B HeKoTopblx
cnupastbHbIx TamakTHKaXx, Kak Bnepsble 3amerHa Kyptuc [6], sapo He aB-
AM€TCH KPYFOBBIM WI ciepHYeCKHM: OHO BEITAHYTO HW HMeeT BHA APKOl
Nosocs. Takue raiakTuKH no KaaccuuKauuu Xa6Gaa HasEiBaloTcA ne-
(peceueHHeLMu CnUpPAAbHoiMU TaakTHKaMH (THM SB), pasje1MIOLUMHCA B 3a-,
BHCHMOCTH OT XapakTepa CHpadIbHOM CTpyKTYpbl Ha TPH MOArpynnbt (SBa,
SBb u SBe). fanaxtuxa NGC 1300, nokasarnan na pic. 2.6, mpexcraBiier
coGoii mpuMep nepeceyenuoii compas tuna SBb. ¥ mepecetenHolt cnu-
Pad pyKaBa MpHCoeMHMOTCA K KOHIaM MepeMBIYKH WH MOMOCL, B TO
BpeMA Kak y OOBINHOM cnHpalH pyKaBa HavHHaloTcA H3 MWeHTpasbHoro
apa.
OQuUIMIITHYeCKHe TatakTHKH HMeIOT CHMMeTPHYHEIe opMbl 6e3 BAAH-
Moii BHYTpeHHeii CTpyKTypbI. OHM mompasqermotes Xa66.10M B cooTBeTcT-
BHH c HX autunTHIHOCTbIO oT E 0 (KpyroBas dopa) Jo E 7 (custbuo criao-
ujennas @opma) Kaactuuxanaa ocHopava Ha BHAKMO! dpopMe raiaKTHK,
a He Ha HX JelicrsutenbHom dope. Tak, raakTuKa, O6osHayeHHad Kak
32
Puc. 2.5. Boamoe Maresnanoso
O6iaxo, nenpapuasnan ranax-
TAKA
1.0, 8 tcnersnienpnoc in Moxer oKazatbea E 7, BuquMoii ¢ UIMpoKoit cTo-
pou Leriuitat ac Cpepaeckast rataKTHka JoupKHa 6uITh O6o3HateHa
hak LO tue sanicumocra oT ee OpHeHTalHH M0 OTHOLIeEHMIO K HabuOLa-
least
|. neitpanit ibubim ralakTHKaM, O6o3HayeHHBIM uepes I, npunaqnexaT
Hint OGCh IL, hOTOPbIe HeyIb3m OTHECTH HH K CIHPAIbHBIM, HH K 9/JIHT-
IhucC iia, (\ J 10 Ha3BaHHIO, AX (POpMa aCHMMeTPHHA, WIM HeMpaBHaE-
MA OU Latah THKA MOPYT HMeTb, a MOTYT H He HMeT ONpesesteHHyto, pas-
‘iuuimyio Cipyktypy. Marenaanope! O6aka oTHocaT K HenpaBiutbHEIM
Hada stukaMm, Bombitoe OG1aKo (puc. 2.5) umeer cTpykTypy, HanomMuHaio-
Puc, 2,6, Tanaxtuxa NGC 1300— nepecevennaa coupaab.
ee cnupanb (SB), ogHako cnmpaabuaa crpyxtypa empa
: TOMY 3JCb HET JOCTATOUHEIX OCHOBaHHI JT: *
Tee WIA TaKOH K1ac:
Xa660 o6pequnn KJaCCbI CIMPAbHbIX H S/MNTHYCCKHX TalakTHK
on nea omer hopmy KaMeptoua, Kak noKa3aHo Ha puc. 2.7
BBe THI B KauecTBe mepexogHol opMb Mex, Wom
eae op: Ay CIMpaJAMH Hi 9J1-
7 Ha ocnose qanbueitmux uccneyopanui Xa66n, a noaynee Consumx
PasBAIH NepBoHayaIbHy KaccuHKalHto Gosee jetabHo. Ha ocHo-
ze STHX H APYrHx uccnezoBanul Boxynép [8] mposer zanbueiiuy10
’ ean oo. BBUICNUB YeTBIPe OCHOBHLIX KJIac-
5 g HYeCKHE » Yevepueobpasupie (SO), cnn
(S) 4 Henpasuabupee (I). H oS
Muorue rasaxtuku Berpeyatotca B Bye ABOlHLIX cHcTem. B HeKOTO-
ne TadaKTHKaX 3aMeTHBI HapyWeHHA B CHUPaNbHLIX pyKaBax, MOCTBI
Wilt Me@peMBIYKH MexKy HHMH. Takoro poga cn "
. crt y
tae ion pon MBI ObWIH H3YYeHBI
LL 33 TanakruKu pacnipeseeHet B KOCMHYeCKOM MpocrpalicrBe Heo HOpOn-
HO M, 110-BHJMMOMY, HMel0T TeHAeHIMIO K rpynmuposKe. [pynist pastayHEt
lO YHCCHHOCTH OT ABOMHEIX CHCTEM H HeOOMbUINX Ppyiil, CoeprAalNX He-
CKOJbKO FalakTHK, QO OFPOMHBIX CKOMACHHi, HaCHNTHBUIONLNX ‘ThICHUH
TamaktuK. Hama co6crsenuaa Tanaxruxa ¢ Marevranopiimn O6saKamn
oOpasyer cucTemy u3 Tpex rasaKTHkK. Tymatnocrh Anpomeaut M 31 co.
cnyrauxamn M 32 1 NGC 205 rake o6pasyior rpoiinyio cuciesty. StH
ABE TPOMHBIC CHCTEMLE H NCCKOSIDKO APYLUX OMDKATIIX MaAKTHK COCTaB-
ASOT MECTHYIO FpyMNy raslakTHK € HONEpCMNtKOM Gostlee 2° MHJIHOHOB
CBETOBEIX J1eT.
Caupanenoie
Sa Sb Se
N.
Ore
SBa S8b
s8c
Nepecevernoie cnupanu
Sanurinudeckue
o--@ --ap
fa ES EZ So.
Puc, 2.7. Jnarpamma XaOGna ya pasmHunHx THNOB raaaKTHK,
Bawxaiimee Gombuioe cKonsenve ratakTHK HaXoqHTCA B Co3Be3qHH
Jess. To sce BeposTHocTH, OHO pacnomoxKeHO OT Hac MeHee 4eM B 20
MHJWIMOHAX CBETOBBIX JleT H CogepxKKT OKO 500 ranaxtuK. Hmewtcs oc-
HoBanusa monaratb [10], yro Hala MecTHaa rpynma u cosBesque Jesu 06-
PpasyloT yacTb MecTHOH CBepxXraaKTHKU Cc WeHTpoM B cosBesqun J[eBEr
(cm. pas. 2.12). .
Onno 13 HaMdombUHX CKONJeHHH raaKTHK HaXOAHTCA B CO3Be3qHH
Bonocbt Beponuku. Oxo yAasieno MOUTH Ha CTO MHJIIHOHOB CBETOBBIX eT
H COsepxKAT OKONO THICAYH TataKTHK. KocmH¥eckoe rpocrpaHcTsBo B Mpeze-
NaX, HCCeLOBaHHLIX C MOMOL{bIO GOTbUHX TeIeCKONOB, 3anOHeHO Ta-
WaKTHKAaMH, GOMbIHHCTBO H3 KOTOPHIX HaXoguTca B cKorMeRuAX. J\ua-
MeTP STHX CKOMVJIeHHH, 10-BAMMOMY, Mops#yKa 130 MHaAHOHOB CBeTOBBIX
ver [11]. :
O6bem KOCMHYeCKOrO MpocTpaHcTBa, AOCTyNALIA ATA HCcCTeqOBaHHHt
¢ MOMOULbIO TemecKOTIOB, cocTaBseT HaGMOgacmyto0 yacTb Bcesennoit. Ka-
kopa Halla BcesenHan 3a mpezenamu storo oGbeMa, ee MpoTs2KeHHOCTb
H SBOMOLHA — BCe STO OTHOCHTCA K MpO6seMaM KOCMOAOTHH, 3alaqH KOTO-
pol o6cyxaaoTes B pasg. 8.11.
2.5. COOTHOWEHHE PASMEPOB
Takne e1MHMIBI paccTOAHHA, KaK ACTPOHOMHYCCKaH eAHHHMa H CBeTO-
Boil TOA, HACTOJIbKO BEMKH B CpaBHeHHH c paccToAHHAMH Ha Semte, YTO
OCH TPyHO BOCIPHHHMaTb HX BeNHUHHY. [lo sToli npwyHHe HHOrAa No-
34
YANTOMLNO COKPATIUL (\MCHDIUAT) ACTPOHOMHYeCKHe MacuITaGLt 40 Gore
MPHBLIMAN. ‘Takin yicM Mbr MoxwKeM JOOHTbCA AyuWero MOHMMaHHA
COOTHOUICHIM Piucen.iPubaeMbIx pasMepos. Ilycrb, HanpuMep, pH pac-
CMOTPCHNT COsMeHON CHCTEMBI MBI COKpaTHIH pasMep .Hamerpa Comaya
¢1,1- 10" at wo 50 cst, EcuH Mbl COOTBETCTBEHHO YMCHBIIHM BCe OCTAJIbHbIC
Paimepi w cosmcunol cacreme!, TO Quamerp Seman cocTaBHT 4 mm, a ee
paceioaune or Comana — oxoso 54 #. Inamerp Mapca 6yger papen mpH-
GaN siie.ibO MOAOBAHE SeMHOrO M ero paccTomHHe Jo Connta cocraBuT
82 a1. VnrantcKas naaneta IOnatep yMeuburmtca 10 sto uKame yo 5 cm
B AWaMerpe H 6ydeT UyTb Goble MA4a AAA UPpEI B rob; pamuyc ee op-
6urbt Boxpyr Comma cocraBuT oKono 280 m. HanOovee yasenHad aHe-
Ta comHeyHOH cuctembl, TnyTou, MpH6AH3HTeAbHO Toro 2%Ke pa3Mepa, YTO
u 3emas, OyteT HaXOLMTbCA Ha paccToAHUH OKOTO 2100 m. Takum o6pa-
30M, YveHblenHad comeyHan cHctema c Comuuem gHamerpom 50 cm
B WeHTpe 6yAeT UMeTb O6uLHi pasmep oKo70 4 Km. Boabive pacctosHHn
Mexy O6bEKTAMH H OTHOCHTe/bHaA MyCTOTa COMHeYHOH CHCTeMbI HarsiAay-
HO BHHEI H3 STOro NpuMepa.
Ec.H Mbl pacnpoctpaHuM Ty xe IKaJIy YMeHbIeHHA 3a MperedbI Com-
HeYHOlt CHCTeMBI, TO paccToAHHe 20 Gryxaliei 3Be3sbI (OKO 4 cBeTO-
BbIX let) cocraBuT oKoN0 14500 xm. TIpumMenas sty >ke uIKamy, MBI nony-
4HM JIs| PACCTOAHHA OT CONHEYHOH CHCTeMb! AO UeHTpa HaweH TanaKTHKH
(3-108 caeronsix ser) 100 nyittMouos KuuoMerpoB. 3to paccrosnue yrxe
TPYAHO MpeACTaBHT, XOTA OHO jaHO yA YMeHbUeHHO! B 3-10° pas Ta-
wakTiKH
Apyroi nonesupiit nyT cpaBHeHuaA pagMepos Hallelt comHedHOl CH:
crembi c pasMepamu TaqaxTuky saksowaeTcA B MepeBose Bcex paccronHnit
BO BpeMA, HEOGXOLHMOE JIA MpOXOAKTCHHA STHX PaccTOAHHli cBeTOBLIMH,
paiHO- HIM APYTHMH 31eKTPOMarHHTHBIMH BOHAaMH. Bce 3TH BOsHEI HMeiOT
ONWHAKOBYIO CKOpOCTb pacnpocrpaHenua B BaKkyyme — 3-105 Km cex—,
Zamna semHoit oKpy2KHOcTH, BbIpaxkeHHad Yepes BpeMaA pacnpocrpaHenua
9THX BOTH, cocTaBaseT 0,13 cBeTOBOH CeKYHbI, paccToAHHe oT 3emiM JO
Coanua — oxo 500 cBeTosnix cekyHA, AHaMeTp ComHeYHOl CHcTeMEt —
okouo 11 cBetosbix yacos. PacctoaHve or Comnita 70 GrvKaliueit 3ne3yet
6yyer papno 4 cBeToBbIM rogam, a paccToaHue ot Comnua Jo wextpa T'a-
aakTakn — oxo 3-10* cBerosuix ser. [uamerp nawelt TanaKTHku 6onb-
ule Toro paccTosHuA BTpoe u paBeH 10° cBeTOBBIX eT. Bee atu, a TAaKKE
HW Apyrve pacctTosinusa, npexcTaBasmouHe HHTepec, NpHBEACHEI B Taba. 2.3.
Tlpegcrasaenue o Bcenenxoii na prc. 2.8 qaHo B BHJe pagza Mocaego-
BaTevIbHBIX CXeM C GOONbIWOM cTeneHbiO yMeHbuweHHA [12]. Ha nepBoli
cxeme (puc. 2.8, a) npegcrapyena cucrema 3emin—JIyna c¢ Semueii
B wentpe, Ha caenyrulel cxeme u30SpaxkeHa co/HeyHad cHCTeMa.
Ha nei paccrosuva YMeHbUICHEI To cpaBHeHMio c mpesbizyulel cxemolt
B 10* pas. Tperba cxema (puc. 2.8, e) mokasppaer B HyeaTH3MpoBaHHoli
«popMe oKpectHocTb comHeuHof cuctempl. Tpeqnonaraetes, 470 3Be3gHI
HaXOMATCA B y3lax KYOuYeCKOH pellleTKH Ha paccroaHHH B 5 CBeTOBBIX JIeT
o4Ha OT Apyroli. EcrecTBeHHo, 4TO sBe3fbI pacnodarajoTcA He B TaKOM T0+
1 Crenenb ymenimenus cocrasaser 3.10%.
2 35 Tabanna 2.3
Paccrosuus, mupamenuise yepes mpems Pacupocrpanenus cneta Hn HapceKax
Pace vosius: 3 anaerpot Ceca ape an Hapa
Hoto-Flopx —JTon ton 0,02 cn
Oxpysxnocrs Semin OLS aw
Bema —Jlyna 13 cen
Bena —Comune (1 a. e.) 500 cen
Beman—Benepa (umit.) 2,3 sur
3emaa—Benepa (MaKe) 14 mui
Bewaa—Mape (wit.) 2,8 mun
Seman —Mape (maxc.) 21 nua
Comine—Mayrout 5,5 wae
Tuamerp coaeroii cncremet 1i vac
Coanue—Gnurxaiiuiat spesga 4 rora 1
Connue—neurp Tanaxrincit 30.000 ater 9000
Auaerp Fanaxraxn : 100 000 aer 30.000
Pacctosnme xo coceguell sHeuielt
rasaxtuxu (M31) 2-108 ner 600 000
Paccrosune xo JleGeas A 600-10" jer 200-108
Pacctoaune 10 HeGecHoro ropison-
Tat 10 000-108 ner 3000-108
+ 1 napeex=3,26 cneronoro rosa
** Jan onnoposiio pacumpaouelien Beexcnwofl mp mocrosmuo © Xa66aa, pasxol
100 xa-cex~1-Mne~}. (em, pasa. 8,11).
anke, a jelicrsuTerbHble pacctoanua or ConHia 20 3Be3q mpHBeseHbt
Ta6a. 2.2.
Macuira6 puc. 2.8, 6 yMeHbuieH no uIKaJle To CpaBHeHHto CO CxeMolt
comHeunol cucremmt B 10* pas. Puc. 2.8, 2 maeT ynpouennoe npesctasie-
nve Hamel Tanaxruku; Comnue pacnosloaxeHo Ha paccTOAHHH oKosO
3-10! caerosnix ser or denTpa amakruku: YMeubitiene mo wiKkate TakxKe
papxo 10‘ no cpasHenHio co cxemoii oxpectHocteit Comnua. Ha puc. 2.8, 0
ava uleausupoBaniaa KapTaua oxpecruocteit Taaaxtukn u Merarasax-
tuKu. [peqnonaraetca, 4To ralakTHKH pacnoroxeHEI OHOPOAHO B Ky6u-
yeckoli pellleTKe C pacCTOAHHeM MexKAY HUMH B 2 MH.WIHOHA CBETOBBIX J1eT,
PeabHoe paciojoxwKeHHe TrasakTHK, KOHeYHO, He mpexcTaBaxeT coGoit
cTOAb OLHOpomHyIo Kaptuny. Hama Tanakruka HaxoguTca B UeHTpe
puc. 2.8, 0. YMenbuleHve no llkane Ha 3TOM PHCyHKe MO cpaBHeHHIO C
puc. 2.8, 2 pasno 40. Mocaequas cxema (puc. 2.8, e) npeqctapaseT Ha6m10-
daemyio Beenennylo, orpanwuenny!o «HeGecHbIM TOpH3OHTOM> C paHycoM
B 10" cperonnix tet H MeraraaKTHKOa B ueHTpe. 3yecb mpegnomaraetca
MOJeIb OLNOpOLHO pacuimpmomeiicn Bcenennof co ckopocTbw paciln-
peHua, paBHolt cKopocTH cBeTa, H GeCKOHe4HBIM KPaCHbIM CMeLeHHeM OKO-
410 ropusouta. [Tpocrpanctso BuyTpH HeGecHoro TOpHsOHTa CosepAHT, TO
Beeii BepoatHocru, 100 muaanapjos (10") ratakTHK * co cpeqHHM MexK-
2 Tlockomsky tunwwHan raaaktuka conep%KuT 10" sBeax, HaOmogaeman sacTs
Beenenuoli, wasepwoe, uacuuruinaer came 10% aaeag. -
36
TasakTHMCCKHM PaccrosHEM TOPAAKA HECKOMKHX MMAJHOHOB CBETOBLIX
ger, Dia cama yMeubilleHa 10 cpaBHenmo ¢ puc. 2.8, B 5-10* pas. O5-
nee YMCHLINCIE pa sMepoB Ha pH. 2.8, e MO OTHOMeHMIO K pasMepaM Ha
puc. 2.8, a cocian pier 2.1027,
Sgumaitueuy
"3603061 ‘t ~~
Opduma, ~S_ 5 cbemaboe nem~~
ayes [380000 «m ane ae
es oat
jenna —~"Connewnan
euomema
. ce
Auamemp 100000
‘cdemasyx nem
70000 man
cbemobeix 2em
5000 {sea Jphee 4
7.
Mecmnord
yea8
10000 xt nT
oxaggmers Grumsite
ee Tanoxmun Hebectuid i
50000 cbermdbex oT yenensie lag a © zepusonm 8 CosempancmBo
aem pgnba yanoniend mennuapoamit
a aneximite
y me
Puc, 2.8, [ects cxem oxpyxaiomero Hac _mupa, Hainan or cucrewst Senaa—
Ilya w Kowvan ace Bcesensoi.
Kaxeaan cxena yaewpuiena no cpasseniio © mpentayweR s Ykazannoe weno pas. O6mee
yetbulemme maciuraca coctauaser 2-10", Ha nactenien exeme foxasaita, nonoateuin Hexotopux
wenGonee yaaacHuisx mu NOUtbix. PaAHONeTOMIIKoD.
2.6. JMATPAMMA «MACCA— PA3MEP OBDbEKTA»
Ecau Hapajy ¢ pasMepaMu O6beKTOB paccMoTpeTb HX MaCCEI, TO MOx-
HO COCTaBMTb AHarpaMMy «Macca—pasmep OObeKTa», KoTOpad H306paxKeHa
na puc. 2.9. na Kaxgoli TouKH Ha AMarpamMe a6cunccoit cayKUT aM-
nefinetit pasmep (quaMeTp), a opgHHaToli — Macca omperereHHoro o6bek-
ta. Ha XMarpamMe mpegxcTaBaenbl OObeKTEI OT ATOMHDIX YacTHIL 10 Ha6.tI0-
Aaemoi Beesenuol. )KupHaa mpamaa JMHHA mpopesena jn OObeKTOR
€ OTHOMUIeHHeM «Macca—pa3Mep o6peKTa», PaBHbIM cpedHeli morHoc-
TH Bowl, Bore cBeTable Naparienbabe JIMHHH COoTBeTeTBYIOT M10THOC-
TAM OONbUIe HIM MeHbIe, YeM y BOLbI, NpHYeM War cocraBssKer 10 MHsTHap-
gos (10"). B uentpambiof oGaacrh yuarpawMel Bce OGveKTHL GN3Kit
1 Xora annus B crporom cwsicne coorpercrayer siMmb o6teKTaM KY6nIECKOM
opmul, ova AaeT nopagox BeAHUNUM Ana GoaDUUNCTBA OGREKTOB Apyroll hopML.
Hanpunep, chepuuecknit o6bext c TaKolt xe maoTHOCTBIO, Kak Y BoM, UNeeT OTHO-
ulenue Macca/pasMep O6veKa, paBlioe mooBuHe TOTO, TO MBI NoayuNM WS Puc. 2.9.
Hax aorapudsuseckoh aan puc. 2.9 Koxpdpunnenr 2 naer ene pasmuunyio
pasumuy.
37 K JIMHHH TOCTOAHHOM MOTHOCTH Bomb. OAHaKO CyulecTByeT onpesenenHan
TeHJeHUMA K MeHbuleli IOTHOCTH 1A OUCH GoAbUIHX OObeKTOB H K Gomb-
Uleit TMIOTHOCTH {UIs OVCHb MaMIBIX.
Kak oueHb Maable, Tak 1 O4eHb GosbiHe pasMepbl OGbeKTOB cosep-
XKaT BHaYHTeAbHYIO Heompexetennoctb. JIA H3MepeHHA OYeHb MaVIbIX
Taomuacms Boies
Bone nnomnee | Menee naomnoe
- | pe leege ey
Cryprnux bupayon (3bexda ragea | Paburmauuon-
ik Cth
@ Borconod nnomnocrisio}
é Mnomuocins
8 88 8 BG
10%. Hebmobaeuaa
e Beenewian
: esse
= cimbuR
= or 9. cna dare
Mauda
Graeme
HOpManoHEIX
epabumayuonHon
oun
a? 79
Pasuep obvexma, M
Mubore obbex/n67
Obnacme Api
edembun Suu nocmosnwod nnomuocme dra
CUnbHbIX ~~} 008 M=105L5, ede M-macca, xe,
amounon Sf, L-Onuna, ae
ABepnenx v1 Lo
D 7 pe 10
/
Puc, 2.9, JIvarpawma «tacca—pasmep oOsekrar Ana pagaHunex o6BeKToR.
PaccTosHHit HeoOxoAuMa CpaBHHMas C STHMH paCCTOAHUAMH JWIMHa BOJHEL,
KpaxT sHepra MOKHO MpeqCTaBHTb Kak
iv=h—-, (2.1)
rye h = 6,63-10~-** dow .cex —noctosunaa TaanKa; c = 3-108 #-cex~1—
cKopoctb cBeta; v — 4actora (ey); A — AuIMHa BOAHBI (m1).
38
Zina ponust 10-4? st aneprua KBaHTa 6yzeT MopsgKa 10% doe, uro no-
TlaqaeT B SHEPrerHucckne MpezesbI ATOMHOM GomGsI. Orciona scHa Henpak-
THYUHOCTh H3MCPCHHi TAKHX MaJIbIX PaccTOMHHH H, CleLOBaTeIbHO, Helle-
aecoo6pasuocth oGcyxsqenHA sTAxX Bompocos. Bonna nopagka 10” #
S@KUT Ha rpauiic MpakTHyecKHxX BosMorxKHOcTelt [13]. HMerorca Take
HeONpenesciocrH MpH H3MepeHHH OveH GombWHX paccTroanHh. Tak,
PACCTOSHNS, NPEBBILAIOMHE HECKOMDKO MHJAHApOB CBETOBBIX JleT, yxKe
CBAZAHbI ¢ ONpeseneHHO MoyeAbiIo BcewenHod H syecb cyulecTBeHeH BEI-
6op noctomnHol Xa66na (cm. pasg. 8.11).
2.7, CHCTEMbI KOOPMHAT
Tlaa na6mogatens, pacnosorkenHoro Ha Semue, HMeeTCA HECKOAbKO
KOOPAMHATHBIX CHCTEM, KOTOPBIe MO/le3HO 3HaTb PH paccMOTpeHHH Mos0-
OKeHHA HeOecHbix oObekToB. OTH KOOpAHHAaTHbIe CHCTeMbI H OCHOBHBIC
TJOCKOCTH, OTHOCHTEIbHO KOTOPBIX OHH MOCTPOeHb!, TaKOBBI:
1) 2opusonmaasnan cucmema KOOpAWHaT, OCHOBaHHaA Ha MIOCKOC-
TH, MapagenbHol ropusonty;
2) akeamopuaabxele KOOpOUNaMbL, OCHOBAHHBIe Ha MIOCKOCTH, Mpo-
Xogamel yepes semHol skBaTop;
3) skaunmudeckue KoopOuHnamol, OCHOBAHHBIe Ha MWIOCKOCTH, Mpoxo-
qsaujeli yepes op6uty Seman;
4) eaaakmuueckue KoopOunamel, OCHOBAaHHbIe Ha MlocKocTH, napan-
fejbHO mnockocTu TaaakTuku,
5) ceepxeanaxmuueckue (uau memazanaKmudeckue) KoopOuxamet, Oc-
HOBAHHbIe Ha MOCKOCTH, NapadeAbHOH Tok, B KOTOpO! HaGmMogaeTCA 3a-
Me€THaA M€CTHAA KOHUCHTPallHA BHELUHHX lalakTHK, Hmxe KpaTKo OnH-
CbIBaeTCA Kak ad H3 ykKaSaHHbIX CHCTeEM.
2.8, TOPH3OHTAJIBHAA CHCTEMA KOOPJLHHAT
B stoi cucTeMe maockocTh, MpoxogAllad Yepes TOUKy HaGO_eHHA
TlapasebHO TOPH3OKTY, ABNAeTCA MOcKOcTHIO oTcueTa. Ha puc. 2.10
NOKASaHbl MoOCa: SeHHT (TOUKa Hal TonoBo HaGmoZaTena) H Hakup
(aquaMetpabHO NporHBonosOKHaA TOUKa). Beprukaibunlit Kpyr, mpoxo-
AsllHA yepes HeGecHBIli OObeKT, mpoekTHpytoutuiica Ha HeOecHyio cpzpy
W SCHHT, HaSLIBAeTCA BePTHKAIbHBIM KpyTOM OObeKTa WIM BepTHKasOM.
Koopjunatel oObekta onpelermotcsd a3HMYTOM, T. €. YrvioM B MMocKocTH
TOPH3OHTa, OTCHHTEIBACMBIM OT MIPOH3BONbHO 3apHKCMpoBanHoro Hanpas-
nexus (o6b4HO HalpaBsenus ua or’) no YacoBoi crpenKe Jo BeprHkana
oObeKTa H BbICOTOM HIM YrOM BOSBLINeHHA, OTCUMTHIBAMbIM OT IIIOCKOC-
TH TOpHsoHtTa Ao O6bekta. Borpuloi Kpyr, mpoxogamui yepes TOUKH ce-
Bepa H 10Fa HM 3eHHT, HasbIBaeTca HeGecHEIM MepHAuanoM. Boaputoit Kpyr,
MpOoXogsuuit Yepes TOUKH BOCTOKa H Sarlalla H 3eHHT, Ha3bIBaeTCA epBSIM
BepTHKasiom.
1B reoxesuu — wanpasaenus Ha cesep. (Ipus. ped.)
39 Koopaunatit HeGecHoro o6beKTa B TOpH30HTaMBHOl CHcTeMe KoopjH-
HaT HenpepBIBHO MeHAIOTCA H3-3a BpawienuA Seman. [lostomy, Xora u yqo6-
HO HCHOAb3OBATb BHICOTY H a3HMYT Np ycTaHoBKe Teseckona, KoTOpEIit
TOXBWKCH OTHOCHTEABHO BePpTHKANbUOl WH TOpH3OHTAabHOH ocei (a3zn-
MYTa/IbHO-BEPTHKaIbHad MOHTHPOBKa), BCe Xe TOPH3OHTaIbHad cucTeMa
kaye
mepudiana
Leben
Pue, 2.10. Fopisoaraapian cuicrema koopauuar
MeHee yOOHa NpH oOMpeseneHHH MomOxKeHUA HeGecHOro OGbeKTa To cpaB-
HeHHIO C CHCTeMOMi, B KOTOPOH 9TO MOTOAKeHHe OTHOCHTEbHO UKCHPOBaHO,
Kak, HallpHMep, B SKBaTOPHaJbHOlt cHCTeMe KOOPAKHAT, OMHCEIBaeMoiL
B caegyroujem pasyene.
2.9. SKBATOPHAJIDHBIE KOOPHHATbI
B stoi cucteme semuoit skBatop aBameTcA maocKocTbIO oTcyera. To-
MOCaMH ABJIAIOTCA TOUKH MepeceveHA 3eMHO OcH c HeGecHoli chepolt —
Boobpaxkaemoli NOBepxHOCTHIO, yia/leHHOli Ha Gosbiice paccToaHue c 3em-
lei B uentpe. Tomoca Ha3biBaloTca: ceBepHEI momoc Maya (\) H toxKHBIii
momoc Mupa (S).
OxpyxHocTb, oGpazopanHan Mepecedenvem HeGecHoit cipepst mu10-
CKOCTbIO 3EMHOTO SKBAaTOpA, .HasbIBaeTCA HeGeCHEIM SKBaTOpoM. Bospuioii
KPYT, MpoxomAuHit yepes Momoca MHpa H OGbEKT, Ha3MBaeTCA YacoBbIM
KpyroM o6bekTa, a Goublof Kpyr, MpoxogAuMit yepes Momoca mupa
H 3e€HHT, — KpyroM HeGecHoro MepuHaka. Koopaunatsl He6ecHoro O6BeK-
Ta OMPeeAAIOTCA CKOHCHHeM HII YTOM MexKy He6ecHbIM 9KBaTOPOM
H OObEKTOM H MIpsIMbIM BOCXOXKCHHEM HH YIVIOM, OTCHTEIBACMBIM OT TIpo-
H3BONbHO BbIGPaHHOH TOuKH (TOUKa BeCeHHero PaBHOCHCTBHA) Ha 3KBa-
Tope Jo YacoBoro Kpyra o6bextTa. CxtoHenne (5) 3anucbiBaeTca B rpanycax;
OHO MOJOKHTEMDHO, CCIM OObEKT HAXOHTCA CeBepHee 9KBaTOpa, UH OTPH-
WarebHO, ecru woxKHee (—90° <6 < +90°). Ha puc. 2.11 o6vexr pac-
nosioxKen Ha 30° cepepHee HeGecnoro skBatopa (6 = +30°), 1a Habmo-
AaTen#, HaXogsuleroca B TONKe 30° cepepHOil IMHpOTEI, STOT OGbeKT Gy ZeT
MPOXOgNTb Yepes SCHHT MPH NepeceyeHHH HM MepHaMaHa.
TIpsamce socxoxyenne (x) OTCuHTbIBaeTcH K BOCTOKY OT TOUKH BeceH-
HefO paBHOJeHCTBHA M BbIpaxkaeTcA H6O B rpagycax (0° < a < 360°)
40
HAH, YTO Gouice ynorpeGuTeNbHO, B Yacax, MHHYTAaX H CeKyHax BpeMeHH
(08
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