Social New Longman Vistas Grade 8 Ch1-3 With TOC

History
1. Modern Period in Indian History—When, Where and How�� 1

2. Colonial Rule in India�� 7
3. Colonial Administration�� 15
4. Rural Life and Society�� 21
5. Colonialism and Tribal Societies�� 29
6. Weavers, Crafts and Industries�� 36
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7. Revolt of 1857�� 45
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8. Education and British Rule�� 55
9. Socio-religious Reforms�� 63
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10. Challenging the Caste System�� 70
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11. Colonialism and Urban Changes�� 76
12. Changes in Art and Architecture�� 83
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13. Indian National Movement�� 92
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14. National Movement: Gandhian Era�� 101
15. India After Independence�� 111
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Suggestions for Assessment�� 120
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Test Paper �� 128
Geography
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1. Our Resources�� 134
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2. Land and Soil Resources�� 141
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3. Water Resources�� 149

4. Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources�� 156
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5. Mineral and Power Resources�� 165

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6. Types of Agriculture and Major Crops�� 176

7. Major Crops and Agricultural Development�� 183
8. Manufacturing Industries�� 190
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9. Industries : Comparative Studies�� 200

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10. Human Resources�� 209

In

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Civics
1. The Constitution of India�� 230
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2. Secularism and the Indian Constitution�� 240

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3. Parliamentary Government and the Union Executive�� 249

4. The Judiciary��262
5. Understanding Laws��272
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6. Role of Police and Courts��279

7. Understanding Marginalisation��288
8. Social Justice and the Marginalised��296
9. Economic Presence of the Government��304
Gr8_TOC.indd 1 12-12-2019 16:13:25

story
Hi
You Will
1. Modern Period
Learn
in Indian History—
When, Where and
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¾ about the beginning
How
of modern period in
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India
¾ about events like the
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Industrial Revolution
that changed the We have learnt about the ancient and the medieval period
world of the Indian history previously. We also learnt about the
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different sources of studying the history of these two
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¾ about the historical
sources of modern periods. We will now learn about the modern period of the
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period Indian history. How do you think history of modern period
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is constructed? Do you think the sources for studying
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the past of this period is the same as those of ancient and
medieval period? Give reason for your answer.
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In his book, What is history?, the famous challenged this division and divided
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historian E H Carr states that history is an Indian history into ancient, medieval and
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unending dialogue between the past and the modern periods based on the larger socio-
present. For instance, there are 28 states and economic patterns. From description of
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9 union territories in India at present, but to kings and dynasties, history moved ahead
understand how these states were formed to incorporate social, cultural and economic
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and how India became a nation we need changes in the society to incorporate the life
to go back to history. Therefore, studying history and issues of common people.
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history is very important to learn about

different dates and events that have shaped Transition to the Modern Period
n
the present. However, history is also written The disintegration of Mughal Empire in
so
in different ways and the knowledge about the eighteenth century was followed by the
the past is passed on to us in the manner
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emergence of a number of smaller regional

it was written. It is therefore important to kingdoms. The period also witnessed the
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understand how history is written. History advent of European traders from nations
is often written in chronological order. such as Britain, France, Portugal and the
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Chronological writing of history came Netherlands entering and establishing their

into practice in India in early nineteenth trading posts.
century with James Mill’s A History of British Of these, the English and the French
India (1817) in which he divided Indian companies went ahead and secured a few
history into Hindu, Muslim and British territories in India in the eighteenth century.
periods based on the religion of the rulers. This led to the beginning of the Anglo-French
Post-independence, the Indian historians
1
Chapter 01.indd 1 12/12/2019 11:58:55 AM

rivalry. It ended with the establishment of remains, cave paintings, pottery, coinage
the British dominion. The British then began and biographies of the rulers. Many
the gradual expansion of their territory. The literatures and archival documents are
Battle of Plassey in 1757 and the Battle of available for the study of the modern period
Buxar in 1764 gave them complete control and they help us in reconstructing the
of the Bengal province, making it a colony of history of India from the eighteenth to the
the British East India Company. The British early twentieth century.
gradually took over the rule of the entire
subcontinent. The modern period in India Books, newspapers and magazines
is generally considered to begin with the By the eighteenth century, there was
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establishment of the British rule under the mass printing of newspapers and books
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British East India Company. throughout the country. Ideas and thoughts
of the people during that time became
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Developments in the World
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documented. Historians can use these books,
The developments in India did not take newspapers and magazines to reconstruct
place in isolation. There were a whole lot the history of the country during that period
s
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of changes taking place all over the globe of time. The Bengal Gazette was India’s first
simultaneously. newspaper published in 1780 from Kolkata.
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During the eighteenth century, the
Government records
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Industrial Revolution took place in
England. Goods were produced in factories The archival records of the Government of
with the help of machines. As England’s British India are available in the National
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industrial production grew, people started Archives of India at New Delhi. There are
looking for export markets for their finished many archival documents and manuscripts
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products. Such markets could be found in dealing with British India at the India Office
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colonies like India. Records, London.

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The spirit of nationalism rose in the

nineteenth century in Europe. It was Diaries and accounts of travellers
defined by one’s feelings of love and Many travellers, traders, missionaries and
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loyalty towards their own country. While civil servants who came to India in the
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these developments were taking place eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries
In
in other parts of the world, England left accounts of their experiences and
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tried to consolidate its hold over the impressions of the country. However,
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Indian territories through centralised historians read and interpret them with some
administration. The British concept of caution as these accounts may be biased.
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centralised rule brought political unity in

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India and thereby, fostered the spirit of

Key Terms
nationalism in the late nineteenth century.
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Industrial Revolution : the production of goods

Sources for Studying the History of in large numbers with
the Modern Period the help of machines in
factories
Literary and documented sources of the nationalism : the feeling of love and
modern period distinguish it from the loyalty towards one’s
earlier periods which depended on sources own country
such as, archaeological excavations, fossil
2
Chapter 01.indd 2 12/12/2019 11:58:56 AM

Photographs, paintings and artefacts
Photographs are an important source
for studying the history of this period.
European photographers came to India in
the early 1800s and captured the buildings,
people and places of India in their cameras.
There are many photographs of this period
which have been preserved and serve
as sources for reconstructing the history.
Cameras have also captured important
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moments and events in history preserving
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their memory forever. For instance, there
are old photographs of monuments like the
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p Gateway of India, Mumbai
Golden Temple in Amritsar that shows how
much the place has changed since then.
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Along with the photographs, paintings and p l y it
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artefacts also throw light on the history of
the modern period in India. They also tell Ap Use the picture to answer
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us about the life of the people during that the questions.
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period, for example, the social, cultural and
economic condition of the people in the
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society. Some artefacts from those periods
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such as arms and ammunition, furniture,
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vehicles have also been preserved in

museums and by private collectors. They
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tell us about the technology and trends of

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those times.
Historical structures
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The British planned and constructed many

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buildings and cities during their rule in

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India. They also give good insight into the

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art and architecture of the period. Some

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monuments were also constructed to mark

historical events. For example, the Gateway
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of India in Mumbai was erected to mark

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the visit of King George and Queen Mary

to India in 1911. The Chattrapati Shivaji 1. Study the front page of the newspaper
shown here. Which historical event is
©
Terminus is also an example of how British

the newspaper associated with?
architects worked together with Indian
craftsmen to create an architectural marvel. 2. What are the information that you can
gather from this picture?
Other examples of such historical buildings
are the India Gate, Rashtrapati Bhawan and
Parliament House in Delhi.
Chapter 01.indd 3 12-12-2019 14:18:59

Global Connections
Read the passage carefully and answer the questions given below.
The beginning of industrial production marked a radical change from the previous system.
Before the Industrial Revolution, artisans produced goods manually and they owned the
modes of production. The Industrial Revolution changed the domestic mode of production to
factory-based production. Machine-made goods were mass produced in factories. Workers no
longer owned the modes of production. England was the first country to go through the phase
of the Industrial Revolution. It later spread to France, Germany and other European countries.
td
i) How did the Industrial Revolution mark a radical change from the previous system?
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ii) What was the effect of the Industrial Revolution on India’s history?
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s
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Recap
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• After the decline of the Mughal Empire, many smaller regional states emerged in India
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in the eighteenth century.
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• Many European traders established their trading posts in India.
• The British concept of centralised rule brought political unity in India.
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• Many literatures and archival documents are available for the study of the modern
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period which help us in reconstructing the modern period in India.

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• Photographs, artefacts, paintings and monuments also help in reconstructing the

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modern period of Indian history.

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Exercises
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A. Choose the correct answer and fill in the 3. In India, the modern period began with
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blanks. the establishment of ______________ rule

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1. The Industrial Revolution occurred in under the East India Company.

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England in the ______________ century. a) French b) Portuguese

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a) sixteenth b) nineteenth c) British d) Dutch

c) eighteenth d) twentieth 4. The National Archives of India is located
in ______________.
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2. The British concept of centralised rule

brought political unity and the spirit of a) Mumbai b) London
nationalism in the ______________ century c) New Delhi d) Chennai
in India.
5. English and French companies both had
a) seventeeth b) eighteeth interests in ______________.
c) nineteenth d) twentieth a) India b) Burma
c) Indonesia d) Bengal
4
Chapter 01.indd 4 12/12/2019 11:59:00 AM

B. Match the columns. F. Answer the following questions in
50–70 words.
Column A Column B
1. Why did Britain colonise India?
1. Industrial Revolution a. 1817
2. Name the sources of the modern period
2. A History of British India b. 1757 in India.
3. Why is it easier to reconstruct the history
3. Battle of Plassey c. 1764
of the modern period than earlier times?
4. Battle of Buxar d. 18th century
G. Answer the following questions in
80–100 words.
td
C. State whether true or false. If false, correct
the statement. 1. What were the developments that were
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1. The Battle of Plassey and the Battle of taking place in the world during the
eighteenth century?
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Buxar gave the British complete control
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over the Bengal province. 2. Write about the written sources used to
2. The concept of India as one nation began reconstruct the history of modern India.
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to take shape under the French.
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3. The archival records are scarce for the H. Think and answer.
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study of British history in India. 1. How do you think India was affected and
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4. The Industrial Revolution led to influenced by developments in Europe
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introduction of human-made goods. and the world?
5. The Anglo-French rivalry ended with the 2. What, according to you, were the reasons
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establishment of British dominion. that made it possible for the British to
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colonise India?
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D. Fill in the blanks.

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1. The British began their scheme of

territorial expansion in India by
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establishing dominion over the province Self-assessment Tool

of ______________.
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2. After the Industrial Revolution, goods

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were manufactured in ______________. Yes No Partially

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3. Historians should interpret written I have learnt about

sources of history with caution as they the beginning of the
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can be quite ______________. modern period in

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4. India became ______________ of the British India.

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East India Company. I now know that there

are many historical
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5. ______________ was India’s first newspaper

published in 1780 from Kolkata. sources through which
historians are able to
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understand and learn

E. Answer the following questions in about the past.
10–20 words.
1. What led to the Anglo-French rivalry in
India?
2. What is the Industrial Revolution?
3. What is nationalism?
Chapter 01.indd 5 12/12/2019 11:59:01 AM

Project Activity Weblink
Individual Activity Log on to the following websites and search for
the topics given below:
Find out about the first few newspapers and
magazines published in independent India. Industrial Revolution
Present a short report of any two of each. www.history.com
Colonialism Fact and Information
Group Activity
www.nationalgeographic.com
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Divide the class into three groups. Each
group will collect information and make
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a PowerPoint presentation on one of the
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following topics.
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a) Industrial Revolution
b) Renaissance art
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ce
c) The French Revolution
Each group will then show their presentations
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to whole class and talk about it.
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Life Skills
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Problem-solving Skills
Familiarise yourself with the different
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methods of protest that the Indians took up

against British repression and exploitation.
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Forms of protest ranged from peasant

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revolts and violent movements to voicing

In
their demands through various political

organisations like the Indian National
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Congress. Which method of protest do you

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feel can be adopted today to fight against

corruption? Write a paragraph of 80–100
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words expressing your views.

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©
Chapter 01.indd 6 12-12-2019 14:19:00

You Will
2. Colonial Rule in
Learn
India
td
¾ about the arrival of
European trading
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companies in India
¾ about rivalries and
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battles among the
trading companies
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¾ about the rise of
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British dominance in
India
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¾ how the British
conquered Bengal,
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Mysore, Punjab, etc.
¾ about the Subsidiary
The painting given above shows an official of the East
India Company riding in an Indian procession. What are
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Alliance system and
the things that you can interpret from the painting about
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the Doctrine of
Lapse the relationship between the people and the official.
at
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Mercantilism and Coming of the at Goa, Daman, Diu, Salsette, Bassein and
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Europeans Santhome. The Dutch arrived in India

in 1595 and established trading factories
Mercantilism as an economic policy became
in Masulipatnam, Pulicat and Surat. The
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popular in Europe in the sixteenth century.

English East India Company was formed in
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It became the dominant economic thought

1600 and established its trading centres at
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which advocated that the prosperity of a

Bombay (Mumbai), Calcutta (Kolkata) and
country depends on profitable trade. As a
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Madras (Chennai). The French formed the

result, there was flooding in of European
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French East India Company to compete with

traders like the British, French, Dutch and
the British and the Dutch. They established
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Portuguese into India. It soon led to rivalries

factories at Pondicherry (Puducherry),
with the traders constantly fighting against
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Madras and Chandernagore.

each other for supremacy.
The first European traders to discover a sea Anglo-French rivalry
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route to India were the Portuguese. The By the early eighteenth century the
Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama was the Portuguese and the Dutch lost their
first European to reach India by sea route important position in trade between India
in 1498. The Portuguese merchants were and the west to the British and the French
able to establish political power along the East India Companies.
west coast of India with trading settlements
Chapter 02.indd 7 12/12/2019 9:43:33 AM

The companies of England and France came as the Carnatic Wars. These wars lasted for
to dominate Indian trade with Europe. Each almost twenty years (1744–1763). Finally,
tried to control the markets and extend Britain emerged victorious in this conflict.
its political influence in India. This led to It gradually transformed its role from a
Anglo-French rivalry both in India and in trading power to an imperialist power that
Europe that led to a series of wars known ruled India for nearly two centuries.
Imperialism is a system in which a country extends its control or rule over another country
often after defeating it in a war or using military influence.
td
English East India Company Conquest of Bengal
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The English East India Company was At that time, the kingdom of Bengal
formed in 1600 through a charter signed by included the provinces of Bengal, Bihar
t
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Queen Elizabeth I, granting permission to (included present-day Bihar and Jharkhand)
trade with India. Captain Hawkins paid a and Orissa (Odisha).
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visit to the court of Jahangir in 1608, but failed The farmans granted to the English East
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to secure trading rights. However, in 1613, India Company by the Mughals led to
on Sir Thomas Roe’s visit to India, they were
i
resentment among the local Bengal nawabs
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permitted to establish their first factory at Surat. as the province was losing huge amounts
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Gradually, the English East India Company of revenue. The British were also misusing
established its trading centres at Bombay, their right by selling dastak, a free pass, which
n
Calcutta and Madras. English settlements exempted the European traders, especially
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and factories were later established at British traders of the Company, from paying
at
Masulipatnam, Patna, Dhaka, Kasimbazar, customs duties. Therefore, the Nawab of

Fort St George in Madras, Bombay, Sutanuti, Bengal, Siraj-ud-daula attacked the English
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Calcutta and Govindpur. factory at Kasimbazar and captured Fort

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The British received special privileges from William. The British retaliated and captured
the Mughal Emperors in the form of two Calcutta under the leadership of Robert Clive.
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farmans which allowed them to dominate He also accused the Nawab of Bengal of
conspiring with the French against the British.
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European trade further.

In
1. Farman of 1691 granted by Aurangzeb, Battle of Plassey

exempted the British Company from
n
In the year 1757, the armies of the Company

paying customs duties in Bengal
so
and the Nawab of Bengal clashed in the Battle

2. Farman of 1717 granted by emperor
of Plassey. In this battle, Siraj-ud-Daula was
ar
Farukhsiyar exempted the British from

defeated and killed. One of the major causes
paying customs duties in Gujarat and
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of this defeat was the non-participation

Deccan
of the Nawab’s commander-in-chief, Mir
©
Jafar, in the battle. Mir Jafar had entered into

Acquisition of territories in India negotiations with the British. The British had
British domination over trade gradually
gave way to their territorial ambitions. This Key Terms
led them to wage wars against the Indian farmans : authorised privileges
rulers. The first of such conquests began nawabs : local governors under the later Mughals
with Bengal.
Chapter 02.indd 8 12/12/2019 9:43:34 AM

td
t .L
Pv
s
i ce
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Se
n
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at
p A painting portraying the aftermath of Battle of Plassey and Robert Clive with Mir Jafar.
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promised to make him the Nawab of Bengal However, he proved to be a capable

in return for a large amount of money and ruler who attempted to improve the
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trading privileges. administration from the very beginning of

his rule. He did not wish to remain a puppet
Consequences of the Battle of Plassey
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which angered the British.

• The East India Company got free trading
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Mir Qasim was defeated by the British

In
rights in the province of Bengal.

in 1763. He fled to Awadh and formed
• The British got the zamindari of 24 parganas
an alliance with the Nawab of Awadh,
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and became the de facto rulers of Bengal.

Shuja-ud-daulah, and Mughal emperor,
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• The British were able to utilise the resources

Shah Alam II. Their combined army was
of Bengal to maintain a large army.
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defeated by the British forces at Battle of

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Battle of Buxar Buxar in October 1764.

The British victory in the Battle of Plassey, Consequences of the Battle of Buxar
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gave them political control over Bengal. • The Mughal emperor became the
They were able to place their puppet pensioner of the British.
rulers, Mir Jafar, and later Mir Qasim, as • In the settlement with the Nawab of
the Nawabs of Bengal. In the beginning, Bengal, the English got the right of
Mir Qasim assigned the jagir of Burdwan, diwani or the right to collect revenue in
Midnapur and Chittagaon to the Company the province of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.
and gave valuable presents to its officers.
9
Chapter 02.indd 9 12/12/2019 9:43:34 AM

• Both the Nawab of Bengal and the an empire in India and, therefore, were
Mughal emperor became dependent on keen to weaken their power at the earliest
the British. opportunity. They got this opportunity very
soon after the death of Peshwa Madhav Rao
Dual Governance in Bengal in 1772.
The Battle of Buxar established the system of
dual government in Bengal which gave the The Anglo-Maratha Wars (1775–1818)
British the right to collect revenue. The right
The Marathas and the British fought three
of nizamat including maintenance of law Anglo-Maratha wars before the British
gained control over their kingdom. The
and order, dispensation of criminal justice,
td
British supported the claims of Raghunath
and that of defending the frontiers remained
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with the Nawab, who was paid an annual Rao against Peshwa Madhav Rao II, an
amount by the British to meet the expenses.infant son of the deceased Peshwa. This led
t
to the first Anglo-Maratha War where the
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This arrangement of dual government was
British were forced to recognise Madhav
put to an end under Governor-general
Rao II as the Peshwa. However, after the
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Warren Hastings in 1772. Calcutta was made
death of Nana Phadnavis, who led the first
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the capital or the seat of power of the British
battle against the British, the Marathas
in India. It was later in 1911 that Delhi was
i
started fighting amongst each other for
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declared as the capital of India. power. When the British saw this, they took
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advantage of the situation. Two more wars
Conquest of Mysore were fought between the Marathas and
One of the strongest oppositions that the the British, leaving the Marathas defeated
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British had to face in India came from and establishing the British as the supreme
Mysore under the leadership of Haider Ali power. It could now move forward on its
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and his son Tipu Sultan. plans to annex the whole of India.

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Anglo-Mysore Wars (1766–1799) p l y it

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Ap
Haider Ali was the ruler of Mysore between Use the picture to answer
the years 1761–1782. During his reign, he did the questions.
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not encourage trade with the British as he

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had formed an alliance with the French. His

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son, Tipu Sultan, also did not allow trade

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with the British. This enmity caused the four

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Anglo-Mysore Wars between Mysore and

the British between the years 1766–1799. In
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1799, the British captured Srirangapatam.

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Tipu Sultan was martyred in the war. The

defeat of Mysore made way for the British to
©
establish their supremacy over most of India. (Hint: It is a portrait of Siraj-ud-daula)

War Against Marathas 1. In which battle did this person fight the
British? Why and when was this battle
Like Mysore, the Marathas also posed a fought?
challenge to the British. The British regarded
2. What were the consequences of this
the Marathas as the greatest obstruction in battle?
the fulfilment of their ambition of building
10
Chapter 02.indd 10 12/12/2019 9:43:35 AM

Instruments of British Expansion Doctrine of Lapse
The British supremacy was established by Lord Dalhousie, who came to India as
two main methods—direct and indirect Governor-general in 1848 used this policy
annexation. Punjab (1849) and Sindh as a means of extending the British rule.
(1843) were examples of direct annexation In India, every Hindu had a right to adopt
after defeating them at a war or battle. a male child as his heir in the absence of a
Annexation of Indian territories was also natural heir. When Lord Dalhousie came
done indirectly through Subsidiary Alliance to India, he declared that only the British
and the Doctrine of Lapse. had the right to sanction or refuse such an
adoption by a dependent Indian ruler. In case
td
Subsidiary Alliance
of refusal, the territory of the ruler without
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The Subsidiary Alliance started by Lord a male heir was annexed by the British.
Wellesley was the most effective instrument Satara (1848), Jaitpur and Sambhalpur (1849),
t
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for the expansion of British territory in India. Udaipur (1852), Jhansi (1853) and Nagpur
The main provisions of the system included (1854) fell victim to the policy of Doctrine of
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these: Lapse.
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• The British agreed to maintain a
permanent and fixed military troops Annexation of Awadh
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within the territory of their ally to fight In 1856, Lord Dalhousie annexed the
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the rivals of the ally. state of Awadh and deposed its ruler
• In return, they didn’t take money but Wajid Ali Shah. Lord Dalhousie claimed
took over a part of the territory of the ally.
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misgovernment as reason for his annexation.
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• A British official called the Resident was
placed at the ally’s court. Administration Under the British
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• The ally could not maintain any relation In order to control the growing number of
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with any other ruler without the

regions that Britain was assimilating within
approval of the British.
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its folds, the British set up a new system of

The states brought under the British control administration. Their main purpose was to
by this system were—Hyderabad (1798 and
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benefit from trade and increase their profits

1800), Tanjore (1799), Awadh (1801), Gwalior
through trade. Improving the welfare of the
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(1804), Indore (1817), Udaipur, Jaipur and

people was never their intention.
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Jodhpur (1818).
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so
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Global Connections
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The French were the first to use Indian soldiers in their conflicts with the British and the Indian
©
rulers. Britain of course later adapted the same method to build a formidable army which were
employed in different parts of the world to expand her colonial power. Indian soldiers fought in
far flung parts of the world for the glory of Britain.
i) Find out other colonies of Britain other than India.
ii) Research how the French and the British tried to extend their power over India?
11
Chapter 02.indd 11 12/12/2019 9:43:36 AM

Recap
• The European powers like the British, French, Portuguese and Dutch came to India as
traders in the seventeenth century.
• The rivalry to monopolise the trade with India brought these powers into constant
conflict with each other.
• The British defeated the French in the Carnatic wars and established their supremacy
in the Indian subcontinent.
td
• A series of wars with Bengal, Mysore, Marathas and other Indian rulers and the French
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helped the British establish their stronghold in India.
• The methods of expansion followed by the British included direct annexation and
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indirect annexation by Subsidiary Alliance and Doctrine of Lapse.
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Exercises
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A. Choose the correct answer and fill in the
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B. Match the columns.
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blanks.
Column A Column B
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1. India was a country engaged in
1. Tipu Sultan a. Lord Dalhousie
at
____________ since the ancient times.

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a) wars b) colonisation 2. Sir Thomas Roe b. Battle of Buxar

c) trade d) exploration 3. Diwani of Bengal, c. Mysore
Ed
2. ____________ implemented the doctrine of Bihar and Odisha

lapse. 4. Annexation of Awadh d. 1600
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a) Wellesley b) Dalhousie
e. Factory at Surat
d
5. English East India

c) Hastings d) Cornwallis
In
Company
3. The ____________ were the first to visit
n
India for trade.

C. State whether true or false. If false, correct
so
a) British b) Dutch the statement.

ar
c) French d) Portuguese 1. The European trading companies were

4. ____________ gave the British the first established to control Indian spice trade.
Pe
farman. 2. Four Anglo-Maratha Wars were fought

a) Akbar b) Ashoka between the years 1775–1818.
©
c) Aurangzeb d) Haider Ali 3. Lord Dalhousie annexed Awadh because

5. Haider Ali became the ruler of Mysore in of misgovernment.
____________. 4. The Doctrine of Lapse was a useful tool
a) 1761 b) 1775 in completing the creation of the British
Empire in India.
c) 1760 d) 1767
5. The Carnatic Wars were fought between
the British and Haider Ali.
12
Chapter 02.indd 12 12/12/2019 9:43:37 AM

D. Fill in the blanks. 2. What do you understand by dual
1. The Marathas started fighting with government?
each other for power after the death of 3. How did the Indian rulers lose their
____________. independence by signing the Subsidiary
2. The Carnatic Wars destroyed ____________ Alliance with the British?
dreams in India.
3. The British constructed Fort William H. Think and answer.
in Calcutta and Fort St George in ‘The conquest of Bengal was a turning point
____________. in the history of India.’ Do you agree with
4. Mughal Emperor ____________ permitted this statement? Do you think that conquest of
td
the British to carry out trade without Bengal paved the way for British supremacy
.L
paying custom duties. in India?
5. After the Battle of Plassey, the English
t
Pv
received zamindari rights for ____________.
Self-assessment Tool
s
E. Answer the following questions in
ce
10–20 words.
1. Who were the first traders to discover a
i
Yes No Partially
rv
sea route to India?
I have learnt about the
Se
2. Where were English settlements and arrival of European
factories located in India? trading companies in
n
3. Why did the British defeat the Nawab of India.
io
Bengal in the Battle of Plassey? I now know how trade
at
4. How long were the Mysore Wars led to rivalries among

stretched? the European trading
uc
5. Who introduced the Subsidiary Alliance? companies.

Ed
I have learnt about

the policies the British
F. Answer the following questions in
followed to colonise
ia
50–70 words.
India.
d
1. What was the cause behind the Anglo-

In
Mysore Wars?
2. How did the two farmans help British
n
fortune in India?
so
Project Activity
3. What happened during the Anglo-
ar
Maratha Wars that overturned the luck of

Group Activity
the British?
Pe
Divide the class into two groups, one

4. Write what you know about the Carnatic representing the British, who introduced the
Wars.
©
Doctrine of Lapse and the other representing

the supporters of Rani Laxmi Bai. Together,
G. Answer the following questions in do the research and enact a skit based on the
80–100 words. life of Rani Laxmi Bai in the class.
1. What were the main causes of conflict Each group will then share its findings with
between the Nawab of Bengal and the the whole class.
East India Company?
13
Chapter 02.indd 13 12/12/2019 9:43:38 AM

Individual Activity
Goa became independent from the Weblink
Portuguese rule in 1961 and only then it
became a part of India. Collect information Log on to the following websites and search for
on when and how Sikkim became a part of the topics given below:
the Indian Union.
Tipu Sultan
timesofindia.indiatimes.com
Anglo-maratha wars
Life Skills www.mapsofindia.com
td
.L
Self-awareness
Disunity between Indian rulers allowed the
t
Pv
British to establish their rule over India. Write
a paragraph on what according to you is the
best possible way to unify divergent interests
s
of people belonging to different religions,
ce
ethnicities and regional affiliations to build a
i
strong and unified India.
rv
Se
n
io
at
uc
Ed
d ia
In
n
so
ar
Pe
©
14
Chapter 02.indd 14 12/12/2019 9:43:39 AM

You Will
3. Colonial
Learn
Administration
td
¾ about the
administrative
.L
structure of colonial
India
t
The East India Company
Pv
¾ about the various acts
started as traders, but
and charters passed
by the British gradually acquired new
s
territories and established
ce
¾ about the
its firm control over
organisation of the
the administration. In
i
Indian Civil Service,
rv
army, police and this chapter, we will
Se
judiciary learn more about the
¾ how the British administrative machinery
excluded Indians of the colonial state in p Painting of an official of the
n
from higher posts in India. East India Company during the
io
the civil services eighteenth century.
at
uc
Early Administrative Structure to accept the decisions taken by the

Ed
The conquest of India by the British was majority members of the council
complete by 1856. Their main intention • a Supreme Court was set up in Calcutta
for the administration of justice
ia
was only profit-making. People’s welfare

in India was never their concern. The The Regulating Act, however, failed to regulate
d
the activities of the East India Company as

In
British Parliament enacted various acts

from time to time in order to regulate the the powers of the Governor-general and the
n
authority of various officials of the East council were not defined properly.
so
India Company.
The Pitt’s India Act of 1784
ar
The Regulating Act of 1773 To rectify some shortcomings in the

Pe
To regulate and control the affairs of the Regulating Act of 1773, the Pitt’s India Act
East India Company, the British Parliament was passed in the year 1784.
©
enacted the Regulating Act of 1773. The provisions of Pitt’s India Act included
The main provisions of the Act were these: these:
• the governor of Bengal was raised to the • A board of control comprising of six
position of Governor-general cabinet members was formed to enhance
• the Governor-general was to be assisted control over the East India Company’s
by a council of four members and had government in India.
15
Chapter 03.indd 15 12/12/2019 12:03:53 PM

• The board of control comprised of the and instead arranged the payment of
handsome salaries to them.
secretary of finance, secretary of state for
India, and four privy councillors of stateInitially, only people nominated by the
for India. directors of the Company could enter the
• The board had the power to appoint the civil service. Indians were not allowed to
Governor-general. enter the civil service. In fact, in 1793, a rule
• The Governor-general had to take was made that no Indian would be eligible
permission from the board before for posts carrying £500 and above as salary.
entering into any treaty or declaring war The Charter Act of 1853 introduced a
against native kings. system of open competition through
td
Although the new act did not interfere with exams. However, for all practical purposes,
.L
the business aspect of the Company, it did discrimination against Indian employees of
create a system of check and balance in the the Company continued for a very long time.
t
Pv
country, which continued till 1858.
Army
s
The Charter Acts Indian sepoys formed the bulk of the
ce
The 1813 Charter ended the monopoly of Company’s army. The Company’s army
i
the East India Company and threw open which was small in number grew with British
rv
Indian trade to all British merchants. The territorial expansion. By the time the conquest
Se
Act clearly upheld the British Queen’s of India was complete, the number of Indian
sovereignty over the Company’s territories soldier recruits had gone up to 2,00,000.
n
in India.
io
The Charter Act of 1833 ended the

at
Company’s monopoly in tea trade with

uc
India and general trade with China. The

presidencies of Bombay, Madras and
Ed
Calcutta came under the direct control of the

Governor-general.
d ia
Pillars of British Administration

In
The British established four main pillars on

which British administration stood—civil
n
so
services, army, police and the judiciary.

ar
Civil service
Pe
p Indian sepoys employed by the British army

Lord Cornwallis was
the founder of the civil
Key Terms
©
service in India. He
separated the commercial charter : a written grant from the sovereign
and revenue branches power of a country conferring certain
of administration. He rights and privileges on a person or
corporation
banned the acceptance
sepoys : a rank given to an Indian employee as a
of presents by the
soldier in the British army
administrative officials p Lord Cornwallis
16
Chapter 03.indd 16 12/12/2019 12:03:55 PM

The Company sepoys were trained in the Discrimination Against Indians
use of the latest arms. The success of the One noticeable common feature of the
Company in establishing its hold over colonial administrative structure was
Indian rulers encouraged more recruits in the absence of Indians from responsible
the army. However, these soldiers did not offices. The field of their employment was
have too many avenues for promotion. narrowed to subordinate positions such as
daroga, chowkidar and sepoys.
Police
This was mainly because the British were
To maintain law and order, the British felt convinced that an administration based
the need of a regular police force. It was
td
on British ideas, institutions and practices
under Lord Cornwallis that the police force could be firmly established only by
.L
became strong and meticulous. In 1791, a Englishmen.
superintendent of police for Calcutta was
t
Pv
appointed and the cities were placed under
the charge of kotwals. Darogas were in charge p l y it
s
Ap
of thanas or sub-divisions of the districts.
ce
Use the picture to answer
The hereditary village policeman became
the questions.
the chowkidar. Like in the army, here too
i
rv
only the British officials were eligible for
Se
higher posts.
Judiciary
n
io
In India, people used to follow laws based
at
on local customs and traditions before the

British took over the rule of India. With
uc
the coming of British administration, the

Ed
judiciary also came along to ensure that

the laws were being followed. In 1793, the
ia
Bengal Regulation was introduced where

some of the old traditions and customs
d
In
of both Hindus and Muslims alike were

written down in the form of laws. 1. What do you see in the picture?
n
It was during the time of Warren Hastings 2. They played an important role in the
so
and Lord Cornwallis that the judicial system expansion of British rule in India. Do
ar
was given a proper shape. Civil courts you agree? Give reasons.
as well as criminal courts were set up; a 3. What kind of weapons are they
Pe
law commission was appointed and the carrying? How different are they from
principle of the Rule of Law was established the ones used by early humans?
©
ensuring that every citizen of India,

irrespective of caste or creed was treated
with equality.
17
Chapter 03.indd 17 12/12/2019 12:03:55 PM

Global Connections
While India was being colonised, the thirteen colonies of America under the British had
gained independence in 1783. With the independence of America, the foundation of modern
democracy was laid down. There was widespread assertion of liberty, individual rights and
equality in America, which became the basis of Republicanism in America. The example of the
first successful struggle against a European empire proved to be a model for other colonies who
realised that they could also break away from the empire and become self-governing nations.
td
The American Revolution inspired several nations to overthrow their oppressive regimes.
.L
Among the notable ones were the nations of Latin America, Ireland, France, and Netherlands.
The ideals of American Revolution also inspired the Indians during their struggle for freedom.
t
Pv
i) What were the ideals of the American Revolution?
ii) How did the American War of Independence inspire the Indians to struggle against British
s
rule?
i ce
rv
Recap
Se
n
• To govern the large territory of India the British set up an administrative machinery
io
headed by the Governor-general of India.
at
• Finally, in 1858 India came directly under the rule of the British home government or
crown.
uc
• The four pillars of British administration were the civil service, army, police, and
Ed
judiciary.
• Lord Cornwallis organised the civil service and police in India.
ia
• In each of these the Indians occupied subordinate positions while the British held all
d
the important positions.

In
n
so
Exercises
ar
Pe
A. Choose the correct answer and fill in the 2. The _____________ were in charge of the
blanks. cities.
©
1. The British Empire was firmly established a) kotwal b) daroga

by _____________. c) chowkidar d) Superintendent
a) 1853 b) 1856 3. The majority of the British Indian army
c) 1773 d) 1858 comprised of _____________.
a) village guards b) sepoys
c) Englishmen d) civil servants
18
Chapter 03.indd 18 12/12/2019 12:03:57 PM

4. A charter is a grant from the _____________ 4. The colonial police force enjoyed popular
giving rights and privileges to an support of the native population.
individual or corporation.
a) crown b) queen E. Answer the following questions in 10–20
c) government d) sovereign words.
5. Before the Charter Act of 1833 the East 1. What is a charter?
India Company had a monopoly in 2. When was the Pitt’s India Act
_____________ trade in India and China implemented?
a) coffee b) opium 3. Who founded the Indian Civil Service?
td
c) spice d) tea 4. Name the pillars of British administration.
.L
5. When was the Bengal Regulation set up?
B. Match the columns.
t
Pv
F. Answer the following questions in 50–70
Column A Column B
words.
1. Regulating Act a. 1833–1853 1. Why did the British Parliament pass the
s
ce
2. Pitts India Act b. 1773 Regulating Act of 1773?
2. What were the shortcomings of the
i
3. Charter Act c. 1793
rv
Regulating Act of 1773?
4. Bengal Regulation d. 1784
Se
3. What was the position of the Indians in
the British administrative structure?
4. In what ways were the soldiers employed
n
C. Fill in the blanks. by the British different from those
io
1. The _____________ failed to check the employed by the Indian rulers?

at
corruption in the ranks of the East India

uc
Company.
G. Answer the following questions in 80–100
2. The Supreme Court was first set up in words.
Ed
_____________.
1. What were the important aspects of the
3. The _____________ provides for a board of Pitts India Act?
ia
control in Britain.
2. Explain how the colonial administrative
d
4. The East India Company lost its monopoly structure in India depended on the pillars
In
trading privileges in _____________. of civil service, army, police and judiciary.

5. The district sub-divisions were under the
n
so
charge of _____________. H. Think and answer.

1. Why do you think the Indians were
ar
D. State whether true or false. If false, correct not employed by the British for higher
Pe
the statement. positions?

1. The British government interfered in the 2. The judiciary was introduced by the
activities of the East India Company for
©
British when they took over the rule of the

the first time in 1753. country. Did this result in equal treatment
2. The British administrative structure was of Indians? Give reasons for answer.
meant to promote the welfare of the
Indian people.
3. The Indians in the army and civil services
enjoyed equal rights as their British
colleagues.
19
Chapter 03.indd 19 12/12/2019 12:03:57 PM

Self-assessment Tool Life Skills
Critical Thinking Skills
Yes No Partially From 1773 to 1858, the British firmly
I have learnt about established the colonial administrative
the formation of the machinery which was exploitative and
colonial administration discriminatory towards the Indians. Write
system. a paragraph on how the damage caused by
colonial rule continues to affect modern India.
td
I have become aware
.L
of the various acts and
charters passed by the
t
British Parliament.
Pv
I have also learnt about
the birth of the police
Weblink
s
and army and of the
ce
civil service.
Log on to the following websites and search for
i
rv
the topics given below:
Se
Charter Acts
www.historydiscussion.net
Project Activity
n
History of police forces in India
io
Group Activity www.preservearticles.com
at
Divide the class into two groups. Each group

uc
will collect information on these topics and

make small PowerPoint reports with pictures
Ed
with the help of Internet.

a) Revolt of 1857
ia
b) Plassey Plunder
d
Each group will then share its findings with

In
the whole class.

n
Individual Activity
so
Imagine you are a British reporter working

for a British newspaper. Write a newspaper
ar
report praising the ‘Dual government or

Pe
Diarchy in Bengal’.
©
20
Chapter 03.indd 20 12/12/2019 12:03:59 PM

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History

1. Modern Period in Indian History—When, Where and How���������������������������������������������������� 1

6. Types of Agriculture and Major Crops������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 176

2. Secularism and the Indian Constitution����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 240

3. Parliamentary Government and the Union Executive����������������������������������������������������������� 249

Gr8_TOC.indd 1 12-12-2019 16:13:25

history is very important to learn about

emergence of a number of smaller regional

Chronological writing of history came Netherlands entering and establishing their

Chapter 01.indd 1 12/12/2019 11:58:55 AM

colonies like India. Records, London.

The spirit of nationalism rose in the

centralised rule brought political unity in

India and thereby, fostered the spirit of

Industrial Revolution : the production of goods

Chapter 01.indd 2 12/12/2019 11:58:56 AM

vehicles have also been preserved in

tell us about the technology and trends of

The British planned and constructed many

buildings and cities during their rule in

India. They also give good insight into the

art and architecture of the period. Some

monuments were also constructed to mark

of India in Mumbai was erected to mark

the visit of King George and Queen Mary

Terminus is also an example of how British

Chapter 01.indd 3 12-12-2019 14:18:59

period which help us in reconstructing the modern period in India.

• Photographs, artefacts, paintings and monuments also help in reconstructing the

modern period of Indian history.

blanks. the establishment of ______________ rule

1. The Industrial Revolution occurred in under the East India Company.

England in the ______________ century. a) French b) Portuguese

a) sixteenth b) nineteenth c) British d) Dutch

2. The British concept of centralised rule

Chapter 01.indd 4 12/12/2019 11:59:00 AM

D. Fill in the blanks.

1. The British began their scheme of

establishing dominion over the province Self-assessment Tool

2. After the Industrial Revolution, goods

were manufactured in ______________. Yes No Partially

3. Historians should interpret written I have learnt about

can be quite ______________. modern period in

4. India became ______________ of the British India.

East India Company. I now know that there

5. ______________ was India’s first newspaper

understand and learn

Chapter 01.indd 5 12/12/2019 11:59:01 AM

methods of protest that the Indians took up

Forms of protest ranged from peasant

revolts and violent movements to voicing

their demands through various political

Congress. Which method of protest do you

feel can be adopted today to fight against

words expressing your views.

Chapter 01.indd 6 12-12-2019 14:19:00

Europeans Santhome. The Dutch arrived in India

popular in Europe in the sixteenth century.

It became the dominant economic thought

which advocated that the prosperity of a

Madras (Chennai). The French formed the

French East India Company to compete with

Portuguese into India. It soon led to rivalries

Madras and Chandernagore.

1. Modern Period in Indian History—When, Where and How�� 1

6. Types of Agriculture and Major Crops�� 176

2. Secularism and the Indian Constitution�� 240

3. Parliamentary Government and the Union Executive�� 249