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PSYCHOLOGY
UNIT I
Text I
I. Read and translate the text:
Scope of Psychology
Psychology as a science studies mental activity and human
behaviour. Psychologists study basic functions such as
learning, memory, language, thinking, emotions, and motives.
They investigate development throughout the life span from
birth to death. They are involved in mental and physical health
care. They treat people who are emotionally distressed.
Psychology occupies a strategic position between natural and
social sciences on the one hand, and between sciences and
humanities, on the other.
Physics ! Philosophy
Mathematics ! Religion
Psychology
Anthropology Education
Economics Management
Linguistics Psychiatry
5
Each of the subjects listed in the four groups has its own
relationship with psychology. For example, knowledge of physics
and chemistry is necessary to provide a scientific basis for
experimental psychology. Psychology is also closely linked to
sociology. But whereas sociologists direct their attention to
groups, group processes, and social forces, social psychologists
focus on group and social influences on individuals. Psychology
and biology are also closely connected. Physiological
psychologists investigate the role of the brain and the nervous
system in such functions as memory, language, sleep, attention,
movement, perception, hunger, anger and joy. On the other
hand, psychologists took much from the theory of knowledge,
logic and philosophy of science. Besides, psychology separated
from philosophy.
The word «psychology» is derived from the Greek word
meaning «study of the mind or soul». So in the definition of
psychology there are three basic words: «science», «behaviour»,
«mental processes».
«Science» means rational investigation of processes and
phenomena. By «behavior» psychologists mean everything that
people and animals do: actions, emotions, ways of
communication, developmental processes. «Mental processes»
characterize the work of the mind and the nervous system.
IV. Explain:
1. The origin of the word «psychology».
2. The subject-matter of psychology.
3. The place of psychology in the system of sciences.
4. The primary activities of a community psychologist, an
engineering psychologist and a personality psychologist.
Text 2
I. Read the text and give its general idea in
Russian:
Text 3
WORD STUDY
I. Give Russian equivalents for:
mental activity; human behaviour; throughout the life span;
emotionally distressed; to provide a scientific basis; to be closely
linked to; to be derived from; to conduct research; school
setting; training devices.
III. Give English equivalents for:
научение; память; мышление; естественные науки;
гуманитарные науки; с одной стороны; с другой стороны;
внимание; восприятие; определение; общение; лечить;
оценивать; окружающая среда.
UNIT II
Text I
Text 2
Notes:
Anxiety - тревожность
ambition — тщеславие
III. Explain:
a) why the management is not an easy process;
b) what is understood by a good manager;
c) what managers should study
Text 3
Notes:
fatigue – усталость
scenery – пейзаж
to overcome – преодолеть
WORD STUDY
to differ goal
a productive potentials
to set up support
a principal force
to give recommendations
IV. Arrange the following in pairs o f synonyms:
to answer people
basic safety
human beings to appear
adults to involve
importance to reply
unique various
relationship significance
different interplay
security capacity
to arise rare
ability grown-ups
to include main
UNIT III
Text I
I. Read and translate the text:
Memory
VII. Divide the text into logical parts and state the
general idea of each part.
Text 2
I. Read the following text and find the information
about the experiment:
Attention
Learning By Heart
Some people have good memories, and can learn easily long
poems by heart. But they often forget them as quickly as they
learn them. There are other people who can only remember
things when they repeat them many times, and then they don't
forget them.
Charles Dickens, the famous English author, said he could
walk down any long street in London and then tell you the name
of every shop he had passed. Many of the great men of the world
have had wonderful memories.
A good memory is a good help in learning a language.
Everybody learns his own language by remembering what he
hears when he is a small child, and some children — like boys
and girls who live abroad with their parents — seem to learn
29
WORD STUDY
Ask him:
- if your situation is hopeless;
- if your bad memory is associated with mental disorders;
- what it is necessary to do to correct the situation;
- if you must make some special notes lest you should forget
what they mean;
if there are many people with the same syndrome of absent-
mindedness;
- what training exercises he can suggest.
(«NEWSWEEK» 2002)
37
UNIT IV
Notes:
census — перепись
mortality rate (death rate) - уровень смертности
birth rate - уровень рождаемости influx — приток
refugee — беженец
Do Something Now
Did you realize that once you've passed the age of
twenty, you start to die? Of course, it takes fifty years or
so in most cases, but it's not something you want to
hurry, is it? Once past twenty, your body begins to wear
out, very slowly. Or not so slowly, depending on the way
you treat it.
But you can slow the march of time to stay young
longer and enjoy an active and healthy life for as many of
those years as possible. And you cannot begin too soon.
Teenagers find it difficult — if not impossible — to imagine
becoming middle-aged, let alone old. Young people are
naturally fit, but unless you get into the habit of taking
regular exercise and conditioning yourself to do so, you
will find it more and more difficult as you get older.
So what are you going to do about it? First, I must
emphasize that anything I write from now on applies only
to people in normal health and with no medical problems.
45
WORD STUDY
I. Give Russian equivalents for:
to unravel the mystery; social adaptation; close attention;
a distinctive feature; to deserve special attention; in the
first place; secondly; as a whole; in other words; to pin
one's hopes on; to be worth of.
II. Give English equivalents for:
долгожитель; менять привычки; долголетие; среда;
генетик; этнограф; продлить жизнь; несомненно;
человек; человечество; геронтолог; определять.
46
UNIT V
giddy dejected
1. My father was ... when I told him that I had crashed his
car. I don't think I have ever seen him so angry.
2. The boxer hit his opponent so hard that he was knocked …
50
3. Alison was very ... when she heard that her mother had been
taken to hospital.
4- When I first moved to Sweden I felt very ... — I missed
Russia so much.
5. She was really ... when she heard that she had got the
job.
6. I spoke to her, but she was too ... to notice me.
7. My sister was ... when her friend's dog started barking at her.
8. She was very ... when I told her that I had lost my job.
9. I felt really ... when my mother started telling my girlfriend
about the strange habits I used to have when I was a child.
10. My husband was really thrilled when I told him that I was ...
.
11. You look ... , Alan. Cheer up! Things can't be that bad.
12. The sight of blood always makes me feel ... .
13. Listening to «She loves you» by the Beatles made me feel very
... .
14. She felt very ... when the doctor told her that it wasn't a
cancer.
15. Lying in the sun made me feel very ... .
16. Amanda was so ... when she failed her driving-test, she had
really set her heart on passing it first time.
17. The hotel room was so dirty that I felt thoroughly ... and
complained to the manager.
18. My cousin was deeply ... when 1 didn't invite him to my
wedding.
19. When we heard that he had passed the exam we were all ... .
20. I hate the heat — it makes me so ... . I just don't want
to move or do anything.
21. He told me that his wife left him he felt really ... .
Life didn't seem worth living, and he even
contemplated committing suicide.
22. I felt very ... before the interview. But once I actually
started talking I began to relax.
23. Although he was perfectly ... when he arrived at the party,
by 11.30 he was as drunk as everyone else.
24. When Mary refused to go out with him, John felt really ... .
51
1. He was one of the most (good-looking) men she had ever seen.
2. We had a really (pleasant) time in Brighton last week.
3. David is always telling people how good he is at everything.
He is so (conceited).
4. The play last night was (terrible). At least half the audience
walked out in the middle of it.
5. There is something very (peculiar) about Mr. Brown's
behaviour today. Didn't you notice?
53
6. Have you seen James and Sally's new house? It's really
(huge).
7. He won't take my advice. He is so (stubborn).
8. I was always very (shy) as a child and hated going to parties
or meeting new people.
9. My son loves school. In fact, in some ways he is too
(enthusiastic), I mean, it's the only thing he ever talks about.
10. I think Martha is going to have a lot of problems with her
children. They are so (rude) to everyone.
11. You must read this story - it's quite (incredible)!
12. Hard work and ambition are (essential) if you want to get on
life.
chauvinistic versatile
illiterate magnanimous
bilingual indefatigable
erudite scintillating
gullible convivial
vivacious greedy
Text I
Don't Worry!
Cheer Up!
We say all these things to balance our emotions and gain
strength. But it is not as easy as it seems. So, what's the
answer? We cannot go and live on a desert island. There are lots
of things we can do of course. We can take more exercise. We
can eat less, smoke less, we can have a well-organized rest.
But perhaps the most important thing we can do is to learn
to relax. Stress grows very slowly. It is made up of all the little
things that make us tense, day after day, year after year. Every
time we relax, every time we put our feet up, every time we have
60
a cup of tea and a chat with an old friend we take away some of
the tension that causes stress.
Americans worry about relaxing. They take classes to learn
how to relax. They read books that tell them how to «take it
easy». Relaxing is a multidollar industry in the USA. So, why not
master this skill and do it on your own (without paying much
money)?
But before your start, think of what doctors say nowadays, «Too
much relaxation is bad for you too».
Perhaps the British are too good to their pets? But more
interesting is a recent theory amongst psychologists that pets
are very good for us.
Dr. R. writes:
The basic meaning of «pet» is an animal we keep for emotional
rather than economic reasons. A pet animal is kept as a
companion, and we all need companions to keep us feeling
happy. But pets offer us more than mere companionship; they
62
Notes:
a seed catalogue - каталог семян
a tiny patch - крошечный участок
Text 2
I. Read and translate the text:
Text3
I. Read the text and answer the questions that
follow:
The worst thing you can do is to force her to hold the pen in
her right hand, because this repression inflicts deep
psychological suffering.
Text IV
off and made into wigs. They considered this more sanitary than
using hair bought from another person or a corpse.
(from «Cricket»)
Notes:
Hatter — шляпный мастер
Club — дубинка
Wig — парик
Fugitive — беглец
nose or lips, but also of the eyelids, cheeks, ears and breasts. At
the beginning of the century the theory of «floating piece of skin»
appeared, when some pieces of skin were first transplanted from
the breast to the arm and only later to the face. At this time
there were also the first attempts at bone transplantations.
While in ancient times people undergoing plastic surgery
were usually criminals or prisoners of war, from the Middle Ages
till today they come from aristocratic and business circles. After
world wars plastic surgery found uses primarily with head, face
and body wounds.
Today plastic surgery is capable of working wonders — it can
bring back youthful looks and beauty, giving a new mindset and
outlook on life to the patient. In this case the aesthetic and
medical aspects are closely interwined. The Republican
Reproduction Center is one of the leading Russian clinics where
plastic surgery is performed on the face and body. Physicians
working there perform more than a thousand operations a year.
By means of plastic surgery they strive to make their patients
more attractive and therefore prepare them psychologically for
new acquaintances which can in the end result in marriages
and childbirths.
Such clinics accomodate to the changing needs of their
clients. The market laws are already influencing the plastic
surgery business — among the patients, along with young girls
not satisfied with the shape of their snub nose, are transsexuals
who believe that when they change their sex they will be able to
begin a new life. To what extent can the surgeon influence the
patient's decision to change his or her appearance?
In trying to solve the problems of reproduction, plastic
surgery is truly moving in a new direction.
77
UNIT VI
ADDITIONAL READING
Text I
I. Read and translate the article:
(«NEWSWEEK» 2001)
Text 2
I. Read and translate the text;
elders is not whether the kid will grow up to be a little snot but
how they will cope as the sole caretakers for aging parents and
grandparents.
Only children are forced to confront a particular family crisis
all alone. And when a parent dies, only children have no
siblings with whom they can share mutual grief and happy
memories.
The negative myths will persist, no doubt, as long as only
children continue to be outnumbered by people with siblings.
But onlys can take great solace in America's changing
demographics. The number of one-child families had increased
sharply in recent years; only 1 in 5 American mothers who has
completed childbearing now has one child, double the
percentage 10 years ago. In the coming years, only children will
be able to find plenty of company.
FAMILY
Text I
(«NEWSWEEK», 2002)
WORD STUDY
I. Give Russian equivalents for:
The backbone of society; peer groups; mass media; to be
ascribed at birth; long-standing concern; inheritance rights; in
ideal terms; self-confidence; well-being; family violence; child
abuse; to change over time; wedding vows; in terms of; in
return.
Text 2
WORD STUDY
I. Match the verbs in A with the definitions i n
B:
A B
a. to respect and admire
1. to get round someone, to have a very good
someone opinion of someone
b. to escape being punished for
2. to take after something
someone
c. to think about something
3. to tell someone off that happened in the past
d. to reprimand, to speak
4. to look up to someone severely to someone because
they have done something
wrong
5. to bring someone up
e. to persuade someone to let
you do or have something,
usually by flattering them
98
a. The problem is that her parents never stop her doing anything
that she wants to do. She's become a very spoilt child as a
result.
b. My family is very ashamed of my brother and family
members never talk about him. He was expelled from school
and has been in prison twice.
c. Whenever I had an argument with my mother or father,
I could always rely on my grandparents to support me.
99
UNIT II
the former wife threatens: «You will never see your child
again», wishing to cause repentance and fear she may
achieve quite an opposite effect.
A man can be boasting with his wonderful grown-up son
not seeing him for years without any feeling of loss, but
the former wife will call for his paternal feelings in vain
when she needs any form of help. Not every man, even
very strong and kind is capable for the daily-round deed.
Therefore it is not wise to make the man marry just to
legalize relations that caused «incidental» pregnancy. The
sense of duty will scarcely transform into the feeling of
love. And the man will subconsciously feel that he is
deceived. Such marriage can hardly be safe.
A child will add to the family happiness only if he is
loved and expected by both parents and not a burden for
the young family. So a woman should be very prescient
when choosing the husband and account the situation
when she may be left alone. Where shall I live?
Unfortunately many couples for years stay under the same
roof after the divorce. There are strong doubts that a man
will be generous enough to leave everything including his
flat to his wife: he often has no place to go. How to make
living? There are women - and many - who do not think of
their career after marriage supposing it their husband's
duty to support the family. In case of a divorce these
women risk to be left without means of subsistence, and
sometimes it may be too late to get a new profession.
So a woman has no right to be thoughtless about
marriage, because finally in the family she has to fulfil
most part of work over the house, to take care of children,
to earn the same money as men and in case of divorce
even worse troubles fall to her lot. They often say that
there are catastrophically many lonely women. That's
right, there are a lot of lonely women. But is it actually a
catastrophe? Perhaps women who have considered all
variants decided that of two evils to be alone is less than
together with a child without father or with her former
husband in one room?
102
II. A n s w e r t h e f o l l o w i n g q u e s t i o n s ;
1. What are the chief problems facing the families?
2. How does a woman often bring up her children?
3. What is the difference between a man and a woman
concerning the children?
4. Do a sense of duty and a feeling of love mean too much
for a man? What do you think?
5. What expects a woman in case of a divorce?
6. Must a woman work after the marriage or not? Express
your personal opinion.
7. What must a future wife be prepared for?
8. Why do many women remain lonely throughout their
life-span?
9. How has a woman changed nowadays?
10. What is it necessary for a family to be happy? Give your
own ideas.
11. Whom does the author recommend to marry?
103
WORD STUDY
UNIT III
Text I
I. Read and translate the text;
Text 2
I. Read the text and state the main problems raised.
WORD STUDY
I. Give Russian equivalents for:
Stepfamily; household; divorce; unresolved feelings; stepfather;
stepmother; adolescent; married couples; former spouse;
authority; disciplinarian; homeless; unemployed; survival tactic;
to acquire prescribed skills; deprivation of security;
competitiveness; commit suicide; fulfillment; helpfulness;
violence on television.
II. Give English equivalents for: Разочарование;
ценности и привычки; обеспечить поддержку; финансовая
ответственность; двусмысленный; безопасность; чувство
общности; поощрять; родительская забота; удовлетворять
родителей.
III. Substantiate the following statements:
1. Stepfamilies deal with anger and disappointment.
2. It takes years to create a stable and successful household.
3. Stepfamilies must work out all sorts of differences in values
and habits.
4. Sometimes people get a legal divorce on paper.
5. The feeling of common shared humanity is of importance.
6. Parents sometimes harm their children emotionally and
intellectually.
7. Human beings should make some adjustment to stresses.
114
UNIT IV
I. Read and translate the text:
Family Development
Families are complex systems and need to deal with
many different progressions at once. That is, there are
biological, psychological, social, and cultural progressions.
Affectional bonds and subjective states of a strong
emotion tend to go together. Thus many of the most
intensive of all emotions arise during the formation, the
maintenance, the disruption and renewal of affectional
bonds which for that reason are sometimes called
emotional bonds. In terms of subjective experience the
formation of a bond is described as falling in love,
maintaining a bond as loving someone, and losing a
partner as grieving over someone. Similarly the threat of a
loss arouses anxiety and actual loss causes sorrow, while
both situations are likely to arouse anger. Finally the
unchallenged maintenance of a bond is experienced as a
source of security and a renewal of a bond as a source of
joy.
Stage one: marriage. Many couples believe when they
marry that it is just the two individuals who are joining
together. Both spouses, however, have grown up in
families that become interconnected through the marriage.
Both mates, although hopefully differentiated from their
«family ego mass» in an emotional, financial, and
functional way, carry their whole family into the rela-
tionship. Marriage is a two-generational relationship.
The new pair must establish themselves as an
identifiable unit. This requires a negotiation of many
issues, which previously were defined on an individual
level. These issues include such routine matters as eating
116
might not see you making up. So if you have the row, let
them sec you being friends again.
We're often attracted to people who are different from us
because we sense they have something we're missing. But
then we try and change them into what we're already used
to because that's familiar, so it feels comfortable.
Rowing goes beyond humans. Species that bond with one
partner for a mating season, mainly birds but also some
breeds of wild dogs and monkeys, do indeed have family
rows. Disputes between partners have definitely been
witnessed, usually early on in the breeding season as the
male and female get used to one another. Some of the
aggression they show to each other could be their innate
desire to fend off intruders into the nest, so they have to
learn to curb their emotion when their partner turns up
with food for the young. Even in the animal world, the
course of true love rarely runs smoothly.
So if you find yourself in the middle of a family dispute,
bear in mind that rows are a necessary result of inevitable
conflict. Though scientists can't yet agree about this,
effective rather than destructive rows probably do make for
a happier and healthier family life.
Notes:
Rearing - воспитание
Yobbishness - непослушание
A toddler - ребенок до двух лет
A practical checklist for parents on how to bring up their
children to minimise the chance that they will grow up into
violent adults is included in the commission's report.
124
I'm not criticizing television for that. I'm saying that's what
television does; that is the nature of the medium; that's
why the word vision is in the word television. And there
are some wonderful uses of that feature. Television, after
all, does have a valuable capacity to involve people
emotionally in its pictures. Certainly, there are instances
when television presents drama in its fullest and richest
and the most complex expression.
WORD STUDY
I. Give Russian equivalents for:
Affectional bonds; threat of a loss; a source of security;
negotiation; accomodate to; adaptive attachment; close
emotional ties; adjustment period; marital role; to interact
with peers; sibling relationship; to support or hinder;
financial commitment; violent adults; maturity and
development; pro-social values; conflict resolution; macho
behaviour; verbal requests; latchkey children; delinquency.
II. Give English equivalents for:
Агрессивное поведение; согласие; подростки;
дошкольники; социальные установки; подлинные
изображения; отличительная особенность; расслабиться;
успокоительное воздействие; криминогенный возраст;
мужчины; женщины; виновный; поколение; кража в
магазинах; доверять; потомство; совершать преступле-
ние; налагать санкции.
III. Explain the meanings of the following words:
Teenager; delinquency; crimeprone age; offspring;
generation; latchkey children; rearing; maturity;
adolescent; adult.
IV. Translate into Russian:
Crime — criminal — crimeprone — criminal justice
system - to commit a crime
Delinquent - delinquency - juvenile delinquency
Violence - violent - non-violent acts - violent episodes
- violent behaviour - to protect from violence – televised
violence
Abuse - drug abuse — child abuse - alcohol abuse — drug-
abuser
Addiction - drug addiction — drug-addict — addicted to
violence
140
V. Make up sentences:
UNIT V
- It's all over now! - cried out the lady bursting into
tears. She had taken stock of the situation at once, and
whispered almost fainting:
— Poor me! He's split the last tin of tomato juice. What
am I going to make soup with? Believe me, gentlemen, it's
the last time I've ever left the larder open!
Notes:
A flaming row — пылкая ссора
To tip-toe — идти на цыпочках
A tin of tomato juice - банка томатного сока
Almost fainting - почти теряя сознание
A larder — кладовая
WORD STUDY
I. Give Russian equivalents for:.
Sociological survey; sociological results; marriage; to get
married; to marry; overwhelming majority; intellectual
attraction; sociability; a sense of responsibility; moral
demands.
II. Reproduce the sentences from the text with
the following word-combinations:
Social and national considerations
Mixed marriages
The only ideal of marriage
To be attracted by
The prime reason
III. Make up sentences according to the model:
Young people are attracted by kindness.
modesty
sociability
intellect
openness
house-keeping ability
149
The Family
Sociological writing on the family has long been
dominated by two themes: universality and decline. The
theme of universality asserts that the family exists in all
human societies. For a number of compelling reasons,
people cannot live as solitary creatures, nor can human
females raise their young by themselves as mother cats do.
Hence, humans always live in groups containing adults of
both sexes as well as children. Moreover, within any
society, people form small clusters, called families,
containing males and females, adults and children.
Membership in these clusters usually is determined by
common ancestry and sexual unions.
This definition of family is vague because sociologists
and anthropologists have had much difficulty framing a
more specific definition, given the amazing variety of social
forms called families in different societies. Again and
again, more specific definitions of the family have been
found not to apply in one society or another, thus
destroying the claim that the family is universal. Yet all
societies do seem to have families.
150
DREAMS
UNIT VI
were no clocks in the room and the lights were always on.
In other words, the only way he could tell if it was lunch-
time, tea-time or bed-time was from what his body told
him.
The man settled down to a regular rhythm of sleep
and wakefulness. How much did he sleep? The same as
about normal. The fact that he did this shows that his
body must have an inbuilt mechanism, telling him to fall
asleep and wake up.
What then is the purpose of this biological clock?
Originally, it was probably a mechanism for survival. Sleep
was a rhythmic process developed millions of years ago as
a way of coping with life on a planet which had regular
days and nights. Sleep protected people from the predators
of the night and the inefficiencies of darkness.
All creatures sleep, but the amount they sleep varies
greatly. This is because each species has an appropriate
pattern of sleep that is suited to the world it inhabits.
An elephant has to spend most of the day finding food
and eating it, so it sleeps only 2 hours a day. Of all living
creatures only human beings get insomnia, because only
they distort the natural rhythm of sleep with everything
from anxiety to jet travel, from television to working round-
the-clock.
But if we do not get to sleep at night, will it necessarily
matter? Does it matter that night-shift workers do not get
a normal ration of sleep? How safely can we make major
decisions - perhaps life-or-death ones if we are prime
ministers or doctors - when we have missed a lot of sleep?
One exception to all this is Lesley Gamble. He claims
that following an accident 11 years ago, he never sleeps at
all.
Researchers tested him by putting him into a darkened
room with electrodes to see to what extent he was drowsy
or slept. It is almost impossible for a sleepy person to lie
155
down in a darkened room all night and not fall asleep. The
recording showed him relaxed but awake all night.
He says he thinks most of the night, reflecting on happy
events in his life which helps him to relax mentally.
How can a case like Lesley's be explained? It seems
likely that his accident damaged in some way the
operation of his biological clock and his body is no longer
getting the order to sleep.
One way to find out if sleep is necessary is to take it
away for three days and nights and see what happens,
testing all the time which functions are affected most: our
muscle co-ordination, our posture, our physical energy
and strength, and most important, our mental vigilance.
Four students agreed to take part in such an
experiment. After 36 hours without sleep they were still
doing remarkably well at some things.
Interesting games, like chess, presented few problems
for the sleep deprived. The tired brain can overcome
fatigue if it wants to. Motivation, excitement and danger all
keep us awake. The tired brain, however, is not good at
boring, repetitive tasks. When the volunteers had to
recognize short musical notes from a series of long and
short notes, they made more and more mistakes as time
passed.
After 72 hours without sleep everybody looked tired,
their balance and muscle co-ordination had deteriorated
and their mental vigilance had dropped. But basically
there was nothing wrong. Heart, lungs and muscle
strength were all fine.
In fact the body can do very well without sleep. Provided it
is given adequate relaxation and food, there are no adverse
effects on the body and its functioning. So if you miss a lot
of sleep you are still able to operate, although the risk of
making mistakes is increased.
But if the body does not need sleep, why do people feel so
awful when they are deprived of it? What arc insomniacs
actually complaining about?
156
Sweet Dreams
(by Gaynor Device)
WORD STUDY
VI. Describe:
a) your most pleasant dream (use the following: amazing,
fascinating, overwhelmed by emotions, puzzling,
marvellous imagery);
b) the most unpleasant dream (use the following: feel
panic, anxiety, worry, horror, alarm, awful).
-What did you feel while asleep and when awake?
170
COMMUNICATION
UNIT VII
Text I
I. Read and translate the text.
Text 2
I. Read and translate the article:
Inveterate Sufferers
Notes:
Deplorable — прискорбный
To rid - избавиться
Text 3
I. Read the article and answer the following questions:
1. What problems do young people come with?
2. Why do people apply for a psychologist?
3. Why can't American psychotherapists work with the
Russians?
4. Do Carnegie's principles always work?
Text 4
I. Read and translate the text.
Fear of Living
(by Anna Kovalenko)
WORD STUDY
I. Give Russian equivalents for:
To modify psychoanalysis; the unconscious; at a
subconscious level; orphan; personal impressions; human
inequality; addiction; vulnerability; means to survive;
spiritual freedom; lack of restraint; devastation; physical
destruction; revelation; healthy morals.
II. Give English equivalents for:
Страх жить; избегать контактов; одиночество;
застенчивость; состояние; сущность интроверта;
типичное поведение; паниковать; отстаивать свои
права; оценивать свои способности; прибегать к
алкоголю или наркотикам; размышлять о самоубийстве;
проходить лечение; широко распространённое
психологическое расстройство.
III. Use the above word-combinations in describing:
a) psychoanalysis;
b) sociophobic behaviour;
c) consequences of sociophobia.
Texts
I. Read and translate the text:
Text 6
I. Read the text and say what problem it deals
with:
What to Do
If your relationship isn't working, but you love him too
much to live, here is Dr Dan Kiley's guide to change things
for the better.
Although it's often overused, the recommendation, «You
need to improve your communication» is still the most
important one for a troubled relationship.
Most men recognize the need for improved communication
while considering it to be in woman's responsibility. They
believe that if they are good providers, relationships will
take care of themselves. It does little good to lecture these
men about the conjoint nature of improved
communication. They have to be shown.
Basic communication script
I'm not a big fan of giving anyone the exact words to use
during a confrontation. But you might face a situation in
which you need a few words to get you started in the right
direction. Here is the basic script:
«When you say... I think (feel)... I wish you would...».
When responding to your partner's opinion, say: «When
you say that, I think (feel)... I do (don't) agree with you,
because...».
The basic communication script is limited, but when
you are attempting to overcome poor communication
habits, you need an elementary method that ensures both
of you are operating within the same system. Once you
understand the basics, it will feel natural to say: «I feel bad
because we're not talking as we used to. Can't we work on
that?»
190
Text 7
I. Read and translate the text:
Loneliness
We humans are paradoxical creatures. We say we
want life to be a certain way, but aren't willing to do what
we must to make it so. We long for connection and
intimacy but demand degrees of independence and
privacy.
On the one hand, we are communal creatures. We
live in a web of interdependence with one another. Few of
us are truly self-sufficient. We need partners and
housemates. We need family and friends. We live in
communities and share workloads. Most of us even dream
of a soul-mate of some sort to whom we can unburden
ourselves in times of stress, and with whom we can share
ordinariness in times of calm. We are by nature
storytellers who must recount our days and our lives in
order to make sense of them. For this we need listeners,
but listeners who are genuinely interested in us as people.
On the other hand, we are also solitary figures,
physically independent of one another and ultimately and
finally alone with our thoughts. There is so much that goes
on inside each one of us, so much that we could never
communicate to another even if we wanted to do so. We
are not alone in wanting to preserve a little of mystery, to
keep a few secrets to ourselves. We all have parts of
ourselves we would prefer to keep private.
At some level we are unknowable to others, solitary
figures. The sum of our essential selves will never be
shared or communicated, only parts of the whole.
The most intimate dimensions of our beings need
solitude and the safety of privacy. The most social
dimensions of our beings need sharing and contact and
even love. It is a difficult balancing act. Loneliness is the
result of balancing too far into privacy and independence.
Loss of self and identity results from overbalancing into
connection. Both possibilities can be frightening. There are
200
Text 8
I. Read and translate the text:
Confident Conversation
(by Dr Lillian Glass)
A great conversationalist is someone who connects
with people and makes them feel important.
Usually starting a conversation means coming with an
opening line or 'ice-breaker’. The best kind of icebreaker is
one that is positive — after all, the last thing people want
to hear from a stranger is how noisy the party is, how
awful the food is, or how badly the party-goers are
dressed.
A compliment is always a great icebreaker. It will
usually be appreciated if you feel like saying to someone:
«You look great in that dress.» People appreciate it when
their taste is noticed.
Any news event is a good icebreaker. The weather is
another great opener. Many a relationship has begun with:
«Wonderful weather we're having.»
This is an obvious overture to a conversation, and how
the other person picks up on it is a good indication of
whether they are interested in having a conversation with
you or whether it would be in your best interest to find
someone more receptive to talk to. If you think the above
two suggestions are tired old cliches, remember that a
conversation always has to start somewhere.
If you pitch in with something that isn't a nice, general,
easy subject, your partner may feel intimidated.
Other turns-off include being too nosy or too invasive.
Nobody wants to be pressed for the gory details, no matter
how interesting it may seem to the other person.
Talk about something you've just read in a magazine, an
interesting fact you've heard, something about your pet, or
even a joke you've heard.
202
Ending a Conversation
If you've started a conversation with another person
and you're having difficulty in ending it, there are subtle
signals you can send to the other person that will end the
conversation without hurting the other person's feelings.
Breaking eye contact is a good way of signalling to the
other person that you are ready to end the conversation.
Assuming that you have maintained good eye contact
throughout the conversation, looking off in another
direction is a discreet signal that the conversation is about
to end. Another way to signal that a conversation is
coming to an end is to use transition words like «Well» or
«At any rate», or even statements like «It was really nice
talking to you».
You may then want to recap all that was said. To recap,
look at the other person and state key points that have
been made - theirs and yours - and express your
appreciation for their point of view. Then you can add: «I've
already enjoyed talking to you. I hope we'll have another
chat soon.»
Whatever you do, don't lie to the other person. If you
are not interested in talking to them again, don't mention
the possibility of a future meeting just to be polite. That is
hypocritical. Instead, you may finish by saying, «Nice
meeting you», and then leave.
Finally, be sure to give the other person a good, firm
handshake. The final impression you make can be just as
important as the initial impression you made.
VI. What about your personal performance in a
conversation? Does it coincide with the author's
205
WORD STUDY
I. Give Russian equivalents for:
Conversationalist; social gathering; to break the ice; to feel
intimidated; to show genuine interest; to elaborate on the
topic; to be attentive and sensitive; eye contact cues; to
seem preoccupied; to make a good impression on; to
maintain a relationship; communicator; approach-ability;
lack of confidence and self-respect; subtle signals; to
cultivate a range of topics; sense of humour; to be
offended.
206
Text 9
I. Read and translate the text:
Text 10
Text 11
I. Read and translate the text:
Suicide Today
Before when people wanted to commit suicide, they
would throw themselves under a car. Nowadays Russian
businessmen have found a new method - they take out or
damage the brakes of their car, sit behind the wheel, and
take off.
Why are there so many suicides for no apparent
reason? Chemists are searching for answers to this
question. Post mortem examinations reveal that more than
95 percent of those who take their own life have certain
changes in their brain chemistry. It is also known that in
the few weeks before their deaths, more than half of
suicide victims visit their doctor. Usually, the doctor can't
find anything wrong, and so the patient is sent home.
In the opinion of Vladimir Skavysh, a specialist at the
Suicide Center, there is a predisposition to suicide in some
people. However, this does not mean that there is a
‘suicide gene’, because the problem is psychological rather
than biological. There are many cases where suicide
becomes hereditary. However, this is presumably a case of
inheriting the principle of behavior in a critical situation.
In other words, at present science cannot give us an
220
Text 12
I. Read the text and give its general idea:
WORD STUDY
I. Give Russian equivalents for:
To commit suicide; for no apparent reason;
predisposition; hereditary; to inherit the principle of
behavior; to be at a risk of; to deal with emotions;
protracted contemplation; to be on the border-line; to be
inclined to; a charitable association; overwhelming
majority; to cope with delusions.
II. Make up all possible word-combinations with the
word «suicide»:
To commit; a predisposition to; an attempt; a center;
gene; a risk of; a victim; prevention of; a thought of; a
reliable method; a century; n rate; to threaten.
III. Give English equivalents for:
Категория высокого риска; при определённых об-
стоятельствах; трагическое восприятие реальности;
бессонница; расстаться с жизнью; бремя; жестокая
конкуренция; чувствовать вину; обратиться за утеше-
нием; саморазрушение; несуицидное поведение;
226
Text 13
I. Read the text and try to explain why it is called in
this way:
Hypnosis
«Useful In Medicine, Dangerous In Court»
The use of hypnosis is spreading. The technique has
been accepted by the American Medical Association, the
American Psychiatric Association and the American
Psychological Association. In addition to many
encouraging clinical reports, there is now a growing body
of research which helps to clarify the nature of hypnosis
and supports its use in a variety of areas.
227
Notes:
Angina pectoris - грудная жаба
Ulcer - язва
Text 14
I. Read and translate the text:
UNIT VIII
Text I
I. Read and translate the text:
Emotions
An emotion is generally a response of a person to a
situation in which he finds himself. A situation which is
out of the ordinary one for an individual is likely to result
in emotional activity. This emotional activity is generally
random and disorganized. It is accompanied by feelings of
pleasantness or unpleasantness and universally
associated with marked changes in the chemistry of the
body.
We know an emotion is not an independent element
which comes or goes at will. It is initiated by certain
perceptions and accompanies the activities which are
stimulated by the situation. We all know how much easier
it is to work long hours on something we enjoy and how
surprised we are to discover that we are suddenly fatigued
after such activity. On the other hand, it is exceedingly
difficult to work at something we dislike and find ourselves
restless settling down to work at something with conscious
effort and intent.
Most of our emotions are learned. We are born with a
capacity for emotions and physiological structure capable
of handling emotionally charged situations, but emotional
behaviour as a reaction to particular objects or events is
learned. A young child in such a situation as that of
frustration may respond by an emotional storm. As he gets
older he learns to inhibit the purely emotional response
and to exhibit voluntarily controlled behaviour. As he
learns to do this, emotional behaviour becomes less
common and less intense. Uninhibited emotional
238
Fatigue
Several factors cause fatigue, but in general, they come
down to two main causes: lack of fuel or food, and the
excessive accumulation of by-products of activity. Muscle
activity uses up stores of glycogen or sugar. It also must
have oxygen, for a muscle deprived of it will soon cease to
contract. Lactic acid and carborn dioxide are the chief by-
products of muscle activity, but there are also toxins from
240
Notes:
lack - недостаток;
to cease - to stop;
to contract — сокращаться;
lactic acid - молочная кислота;
obscure — неясный;
to bore — наскучить.
Text 2
Classification of Emotions
III. Explain:
•what you understand by positive emotions;
•what you mean by negative emotions;
•the essence of John Watson's theory;
•the importance of Robert Plutchik's theory.
IV Say, if you please:
• what emotions you experience more often: positive or
negative;
•what circumstances give rise to your positive emotions
and negative ones accordingly.
V. Describe to your friend the most pleasant
situation you have ever found yourself in.
VI. Think of the unpleasant situation you have been
a witness of.
VII. Give the general idea of the text «Classification
of Emotions».
VIII. Read the text and give its contents in Russian:
Notes:
upset - расстроенный;
disturbance — нарушение;
marital breakups - разводы.
Text 3
I. Read and translate the text:
Emotional Motives
Emotions are powerful reactions that have motivating
effects on behaviour. Emotions are physiological and
psychological responses that influence perception,
learning, and performance. Unfortunately, there is no
basic definition of emotions. For example, some people
take the position that emotion is an entirely different
process from motivation. Others say that emotions are
simply one class of motives. Some define emotion
subjectively - in terms of feelings experienced by the
individual. Others see emotions as bodily changes. Most of
these people have emphasized the reaction as the main
245
VIII. Read the text and explain why fathers smile less
than mothers:
Text 4
Nonverbal Communication
Nonverbal communication is communication using the
body or cultural symbols other than spoken words.
Nonverbal communication is largely based on the use of
the body to convey information to others, as suggested by
the common phrase body language. Facial expressions are
crucial to nonverbal communication. Smiling, for example,
is a symbol of pleasure, although we distinguish between
the casual, lighthearted smile, a smile of embarrassment,
and the full, unrestrained smile we often associate with
the «cat who ate the canary». Other facial expressions are
used to convey an almost limitless range of human
emotions, including anger, confusion, disgust, pain,
indifference, sadness, and seriousness of purpose.
Eye contact is another widely used means of nonverbal
communication. In general, eye contact is an invitation to
250
Notes:
to tip off - намекать;
a Judge - судья.
TEXT 5
I. Read and translate the text:
Text 6
I. Read and translate the text:
Nonverbal Behavior
People from different cultures attach a wide variety of
meanings to the same specific non-verbal behavior:
looking another person in the eye, laughing in a certain
257
Text 7
I. Read and translate the text:
Notes:
employee — служащий;
overnight - быстро;
to be vulnerable to - быть уязвимым;
poll - опрос общественного мнения.
Stress Control
FOREHEAD.
Frowning stresses face muscles and often causes
wrinkles.
271
MIND
FOREHEA EYES
D
JAM ----------
NECK
+
SHOULDER
S
WRISTS
STOMAC
H
WORD STUDY
restless disapproval
inhibit displease
bore unpleasantness
dejection approach
acceptance misunderstanding
avoidance restful
approval disrespect
reveal exhibit
understanding canceal
respect serenity
please withdrawal
CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR
UNIT IX
Text I
WORD STUDY
I. Give Russian equivalents for:
to show some degree of consistency; to share a
personality characteristic; to conform to social
pressures; to measure a disposition; to be under time
pressure; to be apt to; to assess relationships; to have
an impact on; to curb appetites; to avoid the extremes of
behaviour.
Use the above word-combinations in the sentences of
your own.
II. Give English equivalents for:
Личность; модель поведения; индивидуальная адап-
тация; ответ на стимулы; личностные характеристики;
взаимодействие; ситуационная переменная; социальное
давление; совесть; мораль и ценности; разрешать
конфликты; психоаналитический взгляд.
III. Give as many word-combinations with the word
«personality» as possible.
IV. Find in the texts synonyms for:
To offer; adjustment; to differentiate; to affect; to foretell;
option; setting; self-assurance; to estimate; to be
conscious of; people; to receive.
297
Text 2
I. Read and translate the text:
Psychoanalytic Theory
Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality
has had a major impact on our understanding of our
human makeup. Freud argued that the human personality
results from a dynamic struggle between inner
physiological drives (such as hunger, sex, and aggression)
and social pressures to follow laws, rules, and moral
codes. Furthermore, Freud proposed that individuals are
aware of only a small portion of the forces that drive their
behaviour. From his perspective, humans have a
conscious, preconscious, and unconscious mind. This idea
— that much of what propels humans to action is a part of
the unconscious mind and not available for scrutiny —
revolutionized the perception of the human personality.
Psychoanalytic thought had a major impact on
marketing in the 1950s. Advertising firms hired
psychoanalysts to help develop promotional themes and
packaging to appeal to the unconscious minds of
consumers. Psychoanalytic theory emphasized the use of
dreams, of fantasy, and of symbols to identify the
unconscious motives behind a person's actions. Marketers
hoped that they could turn the tables and use symbols
and flights of fantasy to propel people to buy products.
As noted, Freud's theory stresses the importance of
fantasy to the human psyche. Advertisers frequently
attempt to move consumers to fantasize about using the
product or the consequences of using the product. A
number of symbols exist in psychoanalytic theory that
could be used by marketers.
The psychoanalytic approach to personality has had the
greatest impact on consumer behaviour through the
research methods developed by Sigmund Freud and his
299
WORD STUDY
Text 3
WORD STUDY
I. Give Russian equivalents for:
Trait; predisposition; inventory; coupon proneness;
value consciousness; reliability; to redeem; amount of
concern; need-satisfying properties; in relation to; if used
properly.
II. Give English equivalents for:
Сдержанный; послушный; застенчивый;
доверчивый; подозрительный; самоуверенный;
напряжённый; по отношению к; не иметь ничего
общего; оценивать; напротив; частично.
III. Make up your own sentences with the following
expressions:
To have nothing to do with; to recognize the importance
of; to view as an end; to deal with; to be highly valuable.
Text 4
WORD STUDY
I. Give Russian equivalents for:
Text 5
I. Read and translate the text:
V. Give definitions o f :
a) an attitude toward the ad:
b) transformational ads.
313
PSYCHOTHERAPY
UNIT X
Text I
I. Read the text and render its contents in
Russian:
Text 2
I. Read and translate the text:
IV. Explain:
Text 3
I. Read the text and answer the following questions:
VII. Role-play:
Text 4
The fable about the sun, the sundial, and the darkened
ostentatious palace can very well be applied to the child
rearing situation and psychotherapy. Every person has at
his disposal a large number of capacities with his
environment. In terms of developmental psychology, this
takes shape in the following way. Parents, as initially the
325
Text 5
I. Read the text and find the answers to the following
questions:
1. What are the basic questions concerning the theory
of positive psychotherapy?
2. What is the foundation of human development?
3. Can the environment influence human capacities?
4. What helps us to see inadequate differentiation of
behaviour?
Text 6
I. Read and translate the text:
Actual Capacities
Contents-wise, the psychologically real norms may be
330
Text 7
I. Read the text and render its contents in Russian:
Text 8
I. Look through the item and explain:
III. Answer:
Text 9
I. Read and render the contents in Russian:
Basic Capacities in the Literature
Text 10
I. Read the item and answer the questions:
1. What does every human being seek to discover?
2. What is the capacity to know linked to?
SOCIOLOGY
UNIT I
V. Speak on:
1. The origin of sociology.
2. Its subject matter.
3. Differences and similarities of sociology and other
social sciences.
4. Major fields of sociology.
5. Basic sociological research methods.
UNIT II
I. Read and translate the text:
Social Barometer
A great part of sociological research consists of
quantitative experimenting. The system of techniques used
for that purpose is that of statistical methods. These
methods are necessary to examine the data, analyse them
and draw certain conclusions. The results of the
sociological survey are published then.
Sociological research is usually conducted by a working
group under the supervision of the leading sociologists of
the Аll-Russian Centre for the Study of Public Opinion.
The public opinion poll is a criterion of the current social
life within the society. It is the so-called social barometer
of the country. In fact our fast-moving life makes it
necessary to analyse things. So it is useful to examine the
results of sociological surveys.
The public opinion poll is carried out nationwide or in
some definite regions, cities, establishments. It may be
verbal in the form of an interview. But more often the
opinion poll is conducted by means of tests or
questionnaires. The questionnaires contain some items to
be chosen by the subjects. In other cases the
questionnaires present a set of questions to be answered
by the respondents in their individual way. The polled may
express their own opinions verbally or in writing. The
assessments may be optimistic, pessimistic, dramatic,
positive, negative. They expose and reassess our ideals
and values.
The polls are very popular nowadays throughout the
country. In general, they are directed to assess current
social and political situation, political figures, the most
important events, economic perspectives, our losses and
gains and so on. All data are given in percentages.
WORD STUDY
UNIT III
V. Speak on:
1) Auguste Comte as «the father of sociology».
2) His law of the three stages of development.
3) Further development of sociology.
VII. Read the text once more and find the answers
to the following questions:
WORD STUDY
to be concerned with
to be interested in
to be influenced by
UNIT IV
Sociological Theory
The discipline of sociology involves more than a
distinctive point of view. The sociological perspective
illuminates new facts in countless familiar situations; but
linking specific observations together in a meaningful way
involves another element of the discipline, theory. In the
simplest terms, a theory is an explanation of the
relationship between two or more specific facts. To
illustrate the use of theory in sociology, recall Emile
Durkheim's study of suicide. Durkheim attempted to
explain why some categories of people (males, Protestants,
the wealthy, and the unmarried) have higher suicide rates
that do others (females, Catholics, the poor, and the
married). To do so, he linked one set of facts - suicide rates
— to another set of facts — the level of social integration
characteristic of these various categories of people.
Through systematic comparisons, Durkheim was able to
develop a theory of suicide, namely, that people with low
social integration are more prone to take their own lives.
To provide another illustration, how might we explain
the sociological observation that college science courses in
the United States typically contain more men than
women? One theoretical approach would suggest that the
sciences are more attractive to males than to females;
perhaps males simply have a greater innate interest in
science. Another possibility is that American society
encourages males to develop an interest in science while
simultaneously discouraging this interest in females. A
third theoretical approach might suggest that the
educational system has some formal or informal policy
that limits the enrollment of women in science courses.
368
WORD STUDY
V. Role-play.
UNIT V
I. Read the text and answer the following questions:
1. Who gave the definition of a theoretical paradigm?
2. How do sociologists understand the image of
society?
3. Can we say that sociological theory is utter chaos?
Theoretical Paradigms
In attempting to develop theories about human society,
sociologists face a wide range of choices. What issues
should they choose to study? What facts should they link
together to form theories? Question such as this is not
answered in a haphazard fashion; rather, theory building
is guided by a general framework that sociologists call a
theoretical paradigm. Following the ideas of George Ritzer
(1983) a theoretical paradigm is a fundamental image of
society that suggests what Questions should be asked and
how answers produced by research should be interpreted.
Although all sociologists make use of one general
perspective, they do not all base their work on the same
image of society. Some sociologists emphasize the fact that
societies often remain remarkably stable over time; others
focus on social change. Similarly, while some direct
attention to ways in which people are united through their
common membership in a single society, others emphasize
how society divides people according to sex, race, or social
class. Moreover, while some sociologists define their goal
as explaining the operation of society as it exists, others
attempt to encourage what they consider to be desirable
social change. Finally, while some sociologists attempt to
address the operation of society as a whole, others find the
most interesting questions in the patterns of individual
interaction within specific situations.
In short all sociologists do not agree about what the
most interesting or useful questions are. Even when they
do agree on the questions, they often disagree on the
374
Survey Research
A survey is a method of contacting individuals in order
to obtain responses to a series of items or questions; it is
the most widely used of all research methods in sociology.
Surveys are particularly useful when we are seeking
answers to specific questions, especially when what we
want to know cannot be observed directly, such as the
political preferences and religious beliefs of individuals,
patterns of sexual attraction, or the private lives of married
couples. Because surveys typically involve the number of
different variables, they (like experiments) are appropriate
for conducting explanatory research, in which we attempt
to specify the relationship among several variables,
seeking correlations or even causal links among them.
Surveys are also commonly used in descriptive research,
in which a sociologist attempts to describe some category
of people with regard to one or more variables of interest.
376
WORD STUDY
particularly certain
cause to take place
to occur effect
generally investigation
aim to differ
result reason
to choose goal
important significant
an experiment
a public opinion poll
an investigation
a survey
an inquiry
UNIT VI
I. Read and translate the text:
cultural norms.
4. Behaving in patterned ways does not threaten our
individuality.
5. A great potential of human beings develops through
interaction.
important - inconclusive
essential — trivial
well-presented - muddle
interesting - dull
valid - inaccurate, wrong ( conclusions )
Summary
Word study
I. Find in the text “The structure of social
interaction” English equivalents for:
В конце концов; социальные модели; нормы поведения; в
обществе; во главе; конечно; отчасти; несмотря на; во
многом такие же; другими словами; окружение (среда); с
готовностью; например; напротив; ограничить свободу;
кроме того.
Disorganized Limited
Chaos Familiar
Infinite Quietly
In the presence Difference
Lose Emerge
Unfamiliar Organized
Leave In the absence
Finish Enter
Noisily Arrival
Departure In other words
Ordinary Uncomfortable
Similarity System
In the same way Find
Seldom Begin
Disappear Unique
Comfortable Often
Strong Weak
UNIT VII
Role
A second major component of social interaction is_role.
which refers to patterns of behaviour corresponding to a
particular status. Ralph Linton described a role as the
dynamic expression of a status. A student has a role that
involves patterned interaction with professors and other
students, and responding to academic demands made by
the college. As Linton explained, while individuals occupy
a status, they perform a role. Cultural norms suggest how
a person who holds a particular status ought to act, which
is often called a role expectation. However, real culture
only approximates ideal culture; therefore, actual role
performance usually varies from role expectation.
Like status, a role is relational by directing social
behaviour toward some other person. The role that
corresponds to the status of parent, for example, is ideally
defined in terms of responsibilities toward a child.
Correspondingly, the role of son or daughter is ideally
defined in terms of obligations toward a parent. There are
countless other examples of roles paired in this way: the
behaviour of wives and husbands is performed in;; relation
to each other, as is the behaviour of physicians and
patients, and of professors and students.
Because individuals occupy many statuses at one time -
a status set - they perform multiple roles. Yet a person has
even more roles than statuses because any one status
involves performing several roles in relation to various
other people. Robert Merton (1968) introduced the term
389
V. Explain:
1. the difference between «role» and «status»;
2. the cause of «role strain»;
3. the reason of «role conflict».
Dramaturgical Analysis:
«The Presentation of Self»
Dramaturgical analysis is the analysis of social
interaction as if it were a theatrical performance. This
approach to the study of social interaction is closely
associated with the work of Erving Goffman (1922-1980).
Goffman agreed that people socially construct reality, but
emphasized that in doing so, they make use of various
392
WORD STUDY
VI. Answer:
l. What do you experience when you receive a letter from
your girl - (boy-) friend?
2. « if you are telling a lie?
3. « when you cannot get tickets for a concert?
4. « when your friend deceives you?
5. « if you fail at an examination?
6 « when you meet your favourite actor
(actress )?
395
UNIT VIII
I. Read the text and do exercises that follow it:
Kinds of Groups
We have already found out that sociology, as one of its
main objects, studies social institutions and social
relations, social bodies and social groups. Sociologists
were early concerned with the problem of classifying
groups as well. They have proposed many different
classificatory schemes for the specific groups. They make
up their classifications on the basis of selecting a few
properties and define 'types' of groups on the principle
whether these properties are present or absent.
Among the properties most often employed are size
(number of members), amount of physical interaction
among members, degree of intimacy, level of solidarity,
focus of control of group activities and tendency of
members to react on one another as individual persons.
On the basis of these properties the following kinds of
groups have been identified: formal - informal, primary -
secondary, small - large, autonomous - dependent,
temporary — permanent.
Sometimes sociologists make up their classifications of
the groups according to their objectives or social settings.
These are such groups as work groups, therapy groups,
social groups, committees, clubs, gangs, teams, religious
groups, and the like.
To be concerned with
On the basis of
To employ something
According to
To react on something
And the like
Ask your groupmates to translate them.
I. Primary groups.
II. Secondary groups.
Networks
The term social network designates social ties that link
people without the intensity of social interaction and
common identity of a social group. A social network
resembles a social group in that it joins people in social
relationships; it differs from a social group because it is
not the basis for consistent social interaction and
generates little sense of common identity or belonging.
Social networks also have no clear boundaries, but expand
outward from the individual like a vast web.
Social ties within some networks may be relatively
primary, as among people who attended college together
and have since maintained their friendships by mail and
telephone. More commonly, network ties are extremely
secondary relationships that involve little personal
knowledge. A social network may also contain people we
know of or who know of us - but with whom we interact
infrequently, if at all. As one woman with a reputation as a
community organizer explains, «I get calls at home,
someone says, ‘Are you Roseann Navarro? Somebody told
to call you. I have this problem…” For this reason, Mark
Granovetter has described social networks as clusters of
weak ties.
Even though social ties within networks may not be
strong, these relationships represent a valuable resource
that can be used to personal advantage. Perhaps the most
common example of the power of networks involves finding
a job. Albert Einstein, for example, sought employment for
a year after completing his schooling, and only succeeded
when the father of one of his classmates put him in touch
with the director of an office who was able to provide a job.
405
WORD STUDY
VI. Role-play:
1) You have just come back from the international
conference devoted to some problems of social interaction.
You think this conference was of great importance. You
give your reasons to your friend who is also deeply
concerned with the given problem.
2) You see an advertisement in a newspaper which is of
deep concern for you. Phone up and find out more about
the flat to rent. If the flat sounds suitable, arrange to go
round and see it.
408
UNIT IX
I. Read and translate the text:
Group Dynamics
Sociologists describe the operation of social groups as
group dynamics. As members of social groups, people are
likely to interact according to a number of distinctive
patterns.
Group Leadership
Social groups vary in the extent to which they designate
one or more members as leaders, with responsibility to
direct the activities of all members. Some friendship
groups grant no one the clear status of leader, while others
do. Within families, parents generally share leadership
responsibilities, although husband and wife sometimes
disagree about who is really in charge. In many secondary
groups, such as a business office, leadership is likely to
involve an established status with clearly defined roles.
V. Characterize in brief:
UNIT X
I. Read and translate the text:
Deviance
What is Deviance?
The concept of deviance is defined as violation of
cultural norms of a group or all of society. Since cultural
norms affect such a wide range of human activities, the
concept of deviance is correspondingly broad. The most
obvious and familiar type of deviance is crime — the
violation of cultural norms that have been formally
enacted into criminal law. Criminal deviance is itself quite
variable in content, from minor offenses such as traffic
violations to serious crimes such as homicide and rape.
Closely related to crime is juvenile delinquency - the
violation of legal standards fry children or adolescents.
Deviance is not limited to crime, however. It includes
many other types of nonconformity, from the mild to the
extreme, such as left-handedness, boastfulness, and
Mohawk hairstyles, as well as pacifism, homosexuality,
and mental illness. Industrial societies contain a wide
range of subcultures that display distinctive attitudes,
appearance, and behaviour. Consequently, to those who
conform to society's dominant cultural standards, artists,
homeless people, and members of various ethnic
minorities may seem deviant. In addition, the poor - whose
lack of financial resources makes conforming to many
conventional middleclass patterns of life difficulty — are
also subject to definition as deviant. Physical traits, too,
may be the basis of deviance, as members of racial
minorities in America know well. Men with many highly
visible tatoos on their body may be seen as deviant, as are
women with any tatoo at all. Even being unusually tall or
short, or grossly fat or exceedingly thin, may be the basis
of deviance. Physical disabilities are yet another reason for
being seen by others as deviant.
415
V. Speak on:
1. The concept of deviance.
2. The main causes of deviance.
3. The social control system.
416
VII.Speak on:
UNIT XI
I. Read and translate the text:
UNIT XII
Text I
I. Read the article and say why it is headlined in
this way:
1. Hospices in Britain.
2. Categories of patients admitted to hospices.
3. A house call service.
Text II
Fourth Dimension
The World Health Organization (WHO) has released
some chilling statistics: HIV infection is now the fourth
largest killer in the world. AIDS accounts for more deaths
than cancer, and is catching up fast with such «leaders» as
cardiovascular diseases, injuries, and acute respiratory
conditions among the elderly.
AIDS has been rampant on the planet for more than 20
years now. During this time it has taken a heavier toll of
human lives than all other infections put together: more
than 11 million. The number of HIV carriers in the world
defies tally. Mortality from this plague of the 20th century
has been growing dramatically every year. There is no
antidote against AIDS, nor- terrible though this may sound
- is one forthcoming in the foreseeable future.
Some purported AIDS vaccines have been developed in
the world. These vaccines are, in particular, touted by the
434
Text 3
I. Read and translate the text:
Text 4
I. Read the article and state its main problem:
Drug use
abuse
abuser
addict
addiction
pusher
partiality
Text 5
Text 6
TEXTS
MASS SOCIETY
to us as the ones that have made the most difference. They have
been widely cited; they have stimulated extensive further
research; some have created substantial controversies; but
above all, they have attracted the attention of the community of
communication scholars, and in many cases the general public,
to provide important perspectives on the process and influences
of mass communication.
increased the need for some new intellectual synthesis and non-
philosophical (in the sense of non-speculative) science of man
and society.
looked to the future with confidence. That mood had its effect,
as well, on Spencer's social philosophy.
Spencer worked from 1837 to 1841 as an engineer and
technician on a railway, simultaneously studying mathematics
and natural sciences. Then, for several years, he contributed to
the press. In 1853, having inherited a tidy legacy from an uncle,
he resigned his post and began the modest life of an
independent scientist and publicist. Even after he had attained
fame, he refused all official honours.
In the early 1860s Spencer made a tremendous effort to
create a system of synthetic philosophy that would unite all the
theoretical sciences of the time. This work included ten
volumes, consisting of five separate titles: First Principles (1862),
Principles of Biology (1864,1867), Principles of Psychology (1870-
1872); Principles of Sociology ( 1876, 1882, 1896), which was
anticipated in 1873 in an independent book The Study of
Sociology, and Principles of Ethics (1892, 1893).
What were the sources of his ideas?
In his youth he was not interested in philosophy; later he
did not read philosophical and psychological books, preferring
to derive the necessary information from conversations with
friends and popular editions. According to his secretary, there
was not a single book by Hobbes, Locke, Hume, or Kant in his
library. His knowledge of history, too, was very weak.
Spencer borrowed much more from the natural sciences,
especially from those parts in which the idea of development
was being born or worked out. When Darwin's Origin of Species
appeared in 1858, Spencer warmly welcomed it. Darwin in turn
highly valued Spencer's theory of evolution, acknowledged its
influence, and even placed Spencer intellectually above himself.
Yet, in spite of this respect and influence. Spencer's
evolutionism was more Lamarckian than Darwinian.
463
out the origin of his main ideas and notions. Later, as «the
inductions of sociology», which consisted in a kind of general
theory of society, he analysed the concepts of society, social
growth, social structure, social functions, various systems and
organs of social life. In the second volume of Principles of
Sociology he examined the evolution of domestic relations
(primitive sexual relations, forms of the family, the position of
women and children), ritual institutions (including customs),
political institutions. His sociology was thus an all-embracing
science that included anthropology, ethnography, and a general
theory of historical development.
«churches», i.e., people who looked after the timely and proper
holding of religious rites and ceremonies. His main example of
lay, «vulgar» activity, was labour, the source of grief and sorrow;
an example of sacred activity was collective religious ceremonies
and rituals, the source of joy and a heightened state of the
spirit. He repeatedly declared that his definition was far from
acceptable to everyone. Its main sign was the performance of
rituals directed to sacred objects, from manipulation of which
the solidarity of the group gathered force, and the common,
collective consciousness was reinforced, which kept up the
spirits of the individuals and gave them the confidence
necessary for life.
As the theorist of «sociologism» Durkheim considered that
neither physical nor biological causes could explain religion and
its origin and essence. He therefore rejected animism, which
deduced religion from notions about an immortal soul (Edward
Taylor), and «naturism», which deduced religion from
involuntary adoration of physical natural forces (Max Muller,
and others). These theories were based on an idea that «man
has superimposed on the reality available to observation an
unreal world built almost completely from the fanstastic images
that trouble his spirit in dreams». The researcher's task was to
find the objectively existing reality that was the cause, object,
and goal of religious beliefs and ceremonies. That reality was
society.
474
PRESENT SIMPLE
PAST SIMPLE
PRESENT PERFECT
I. Change the predicates in the sentences from Present
Progressive into Present Perfect:
Pattern: I am not writing a report now.
I have written it already.
1. We are not analyzing the data now.
2. I am not making an experiment now.
3. We are not interviewing the subjects now.
4. I am not comparing the data now.
5. We are not recording the results now.
6. I am not observing his behaviour now.
7. We are not solving a problem now.
8. I am not copying the experimental data now.
9. We are not discussing his approach now.
480
20. She would like to be invited to the party, she relying great
hopes on this invitation.
21. They having consulted a psychologist on their marital
relations, new hopes awaited them.
22. The psychologist listened to them very attentively, they
answering his questions rather frankly.
1. They felt the atmosphere in the room grow tense and left.
2. She felt his words sound insincere as he avoided eye contact.
3. I have heard the professor mention about this
unexplained phenomenon several times.
4. He has never made his subjects participate in the
experimental procedures without their wish.
5. The unexpected circumstances made them refuse from
the business trip and send a message with apologies.
6. They saw her prepare for the experiment under new
conditions.
7. The scholar noticed his coworkers look exhausted and
fatigued after this complicated experiment.
8. The sociologists made the polled respond to the questions
spontaneously.
9. She noticed somebody attentively examine her face and looks.
10. He observed her change the subject of the conversation
from time to time avoiding unpleasant topics.
11. She heard somebody call her name several times, in
surprise she turned back but saw nobody familiar to her.
12. The situation made them change their plans immediately
lest they should fail in the given affair.
13. They saw a shabby person come up to them with a smile
on his face as if he were their old friend.
14. She has heard him occupy a leading position in the
research center.
15. Nobody saw him come back after his hasty decision to
migrate abroad.
16. His managerial position made him change his outlook of
a number of things and values.
17. They noticed him overcome his troubles and restore his
moral forces.
18. He watched at a distance her climb a career ladder and
was proud of her in his heart.
19. The psychotherapist felt his patient get nervous and
tense.
20. He noticed a strange look appear in her half-closed eyes.
XII. Translate the following sentences with COMPLEX
SUBJECT:
494
15. If his story had been told about beforehand some urgent
measures would have been taken.
16. If you came in time I should be much obliged to you.
XV. Translate the following CONDITIONAL SENTENCES:
1. If your ideas did not contradict the facts, the result would
be correct.
2. If these interests were protected the independence of
every individual and every nation would be guaranteed.
3. If the inflation were on the same scale the economic
situation would be a bit stabilized.
4. If the workers won in their fight against employers, the
strike might be supported by other trade-unions.
5. If they succeeded in their joint venture affairs, they would
overcome the crisis situation.
6. If he spoke in favour of market economy, they would get
majority at the elections.
7. If his business were under progress, they would not
become debtors.
8. Provided they received a necessary credit, their matters
would be regulated.
9. If this conference had been successful, the Prime Minister
would have pursued the other policy.
10. If they had applied modern technology in due time, their
industry would have progressed.
11. If the circumstances had been different, the other forms
of policy would have been developed.
12. They would have arrived at the knowledge of the idea,
had they examined all the data about it.
13. Were their theory consistent, nobody would doubt its value.
14. Had the author concentrated upon a single aspect of his
subject, his study would have been proved easier to read.
15. Were I you, I should never accept their proposal.
16. Had it been so urgent, they would have taken all the
opportunities to react accordingly.
17. If he had been to the Stock Exchange on that particular
day, he would not have missed his chance to earn money.
18. If he had bought the enterprise shares at that time, he
would not have been ruined.
498
VOCABULARY
A
ability способность
abnormal аномальный
abnormal personality аномальная личность
absorb поглощать
absorption поглощенность, погруженность в себя
abuse злоупотребление
abuser человек, злоупотребляющий чем-то
acceptance принятие
accomodate приспосабливаться
accompany сопровождать
accumulation накопление, аккумуляция
achieve достигать
achievement достижение
acquire приобретать
acquired приобретенный
acquisition усвоение
activity деятельность, активность
adaptation адаптация
adaptive адаптивный
addicted пристрастившийся
addiction пристрастие
adjustment приспособление
adolescent подросток
adoption усыновление
adult взрослый
adverse effect побочное действие advertisement
реклама
affection привязанность
affiliation принадлежность
afterimage послеобраз
age возраст
aggression агрессия
aging старение
502
agitation возбуждение
agreement согласие
alienation отчуждение
altruistic альтруистический
ambiguity двусмысленность
ambition амбиция
ancestor предок
anthropologist антрополог
anticipate ожидать с нетерпением
anticipation предвидение, антиципация
anxiety тревога, беспокойство
anxiety-proneness склонность к тревоге
anxious обеспокоенный
apathy апатия
appearance внешность
apperception апперцепция
application применение
applied прикладной
appointment назначение
appraisal похвала, оценка
apprehension опасение
approach подход
approachability доброжелательность
approval одобрение
aptitude склонность, способность
argument спор, аргумент
aroused возбужденный
assess оценивать
association ассоциация
attachment привязанность
attempt попытка
attend слушать со вниманием attention внимание
attitude установка, отношение
attract привлекать
attraction атракция
attractive привлекательный
auditory слуховой
authority авторитет, власть
503
average средний
avoid избегать
avoidance избегание
aware осознанный
awareness сознание
В
background фон, образование
behave вести себя
behaviour поведение
behaviourist бихевиорнст
belief вера, убеждение
belonging принадлежность
benefit польза, выгода, преимущество
body language язык тела
bond связь
borderline condition пограничное
условие (состояние)
boredom скука
boundary граница
brain мозг
brain drain утечка мозгов
brainstorming мозговой штурм
breed порода
С
capacity способность
capital punishment смертельная
казнь
care забота, уход
career карьера
career burnout прекращение
горения, стремления делать
карьеру
carry out выполнять
catharsis катарсис, очищение
cause причина c
ause and effect причина и
следствие
504
cell клетка
centenarian долгожитель
character характер
characteristic характеристика
child abuse издевательство над ребенком
childhood детство
circumstance обстоятельство
civil гражданский
civil morality гражданская мораль
closeness близость
cluster группа
cognition познание
cognitive познавательный
cohabitation сожительство
cohabiting family семья, ведущая совместное
хозяйство
comfort утешение, сочувствие
commit совершать
commit a crime совершать преступление
commitment обязательство
commodity товар
common sense здравый смысл
communication общение, связь
community сообщество
compatibility совместимость
competence компетенция
competition конкуренция
comprehend усваивать
concentration концентрация
concept понятие
onclusion вывод, заключение
condition условие, состояние
conduct проводить; поведение
confidence доверие
conflict конфликт
conformity конформизм
confront сталкиваться
connection связь
505
conscious сознательный
consciousness сознание
consensus согласие, консенсус
consequence следствие
consider считать, рассматривать
consumer потребитель, покупатель
contemplation размышление
contract сжиматься
contradict противоречить
contradiction противоречие
contribution вклад, взнос
control population контрольная
популяция
conversation разговор
conversationalist собеседник
convey передавать
cooperation сотрудничество
соре with справиться с
corporal punishment телесное
наказание
correspond соответсвовать
cortex кора головного мозга
counsellor консультант
couple пара, супружеская пара
create создавать
creativity творчество
creature создание crime преступление
criminal преступник
cross-cultural межкультурпый
curb обуздать
cure лечить
curiosity любопытство
custody опека
D
data данные
deal with иметь дело с
death смерть
death rate уровень смертности
506
deceit обман
decline упадок, снижение
decrease уменьшение
deficiency недостаток, дефект
define определять
dejection уныние
delinquency преступность
delinquent малолетний преступник delusion бред
dependent иждивенец, зависимый
depression депрессия
deprivation депривация
deprive лишать
desire желание
destroy разрушать
destructive деструктивный
detention centre центр предварительного заключения
determine определять
development развитие
deviance отклонение, девиантность
deviant девиантный
device средство, метод
diaspora диаспора
digestive process пищеварительный процесс
dignity достоинство
dimension измерение
disagree не соглашаться
disappointment разочарование
disapproval неодобрение
discharge разрядка
discipline дисциплина
discover открывать, обнаруживать
discrepancy разногласие
disease болезнь
disgust отвращение
disinterested бескорыстный
disorder нарушение
display unit монитор
disposition склонность
507
distinguish различать
distortion искажение
distress дистресс
disturbance нарушение
divorce развод
divorce rate уровень развода
dominant доминантный
dream сон
drive побуждение
driving force побуждающая сила
drug наркотик, лекарство
drug use наркомания
drug user наркоман
drug-abuser наркоман
dual personality раздвоение
личности
dynamics динамика
Е
education образование
effort усилие
ego Я, эго
eliminate устранять
embarrassment замешательство
emotion эмоция
emotional quale эмоциональный заряд
emotionally charged situation эмоционально
окрашенная ситуация
empathy эмпатия, сопереживание
emphasis акцент
emphasize подчеркивать
employee служащий
employment наем, занятость
encourage поощрять
encouragement поощрение
environment окружающая среда
ergonomics эргономика
escapism эскапизм
essence сущность
508
establish устанавливать
estimate оценивать
eternal verity вечная истина
evaluate оценивать
event событие, явление
evidence данные, доказательство
evoke вызывать
evolution эволюция
evolve развиваться
examination исследование
exchange обмен
exert pressure оказывать давление
exhaustion истощение, усталость
exhibit проявлять, показывать existence
существование
experience переживать, испытывать; переживание
explain объяснять
explanation объяснение
expose выставлять на показ
exposure показ
express выражать
expression выражение
extinction угасание
extrovert экстроверт
eye contact контакт глазами
F
face сталкиваться
facial лицевой
faculty способность
faith вера
fatigue усталость
fear страх
feeling чувство
female женщина
fight-or-flight response реакция, вызывающая либо
сопротивление, либо бегство
finding открытие, результат
forecast прогноз
509
forensic судебный
forensic psychology судебная психология
forget забывать
forgetting забывание
frame of mind умозрение
friendship дружба
frustration фрустрация
fulfil выполнять
G
gap пробел
generalize обобщать
generation поколение
geneticist генетик
gerontologist геронтолог
gesture жест
goal orientation целевая ориентация
golden mean золотая середина gregariousness
общительность
grief печаль, горе
group группа
group dynamics групповая
динамика
growth рост
Н
habit привычки
habitual привычный
habituation привыкание
handle управлять
handwriting почерк
happiness счастье
harmful вредный
heal исцелять
healer целитель
health service служба здравоохранения
healthy здоровый
heart сердце
heart attack сердечный приступ
hidden скрытый
510
hierarchy иерархия
hospice приют
hostage заложник
household семья
human человеческий
human being человек
human factor человеческий
фактор
humanity человечество
hypnosis гипноз
hypnotic гипнотический
hypothalamus гипоталамус hypothesis гипотеза
id Оно, ид
identity идентичность
illness болезнь
image образ
imagination воображение
immune иммунный
impact воздействие, влияние
impersonal безличный
incompatibility несовместимость incompatible
несовместимый
increase увеличение
indifference безразличие
individual индивидуум
individuality индивидуальность
infancy младенчество
infant младенец
infantile инфантильный
inferiority complex комплекс
неполноценности
influence влияние
influx приток
ingroup внутренняя группа
inherited врожденный
inhibition торможение
injury повреждение
511
innate врожденный
insane безумный
insight озарение, инсайт
insomnia бессонница
inspiration вдохновение
institution институт, учреждение
intellect ум, интеллект
intellectual интеллектуальный
intelligence quotient (IQ) коэффициент умственного
развития
intelligence test тест на интеллект
intensity интенсивность
intent намерение
interact взаимодействовать
interaction взаимодействие
interfere вмешиваться
interpersonal межличностный
interview интервью
introvert интраверт
invasion вторжение
inventory тест
investigate исследовать
investigation исследование
investigator исследователь
involvement вовлеченность
isolation изоляция
issue проблема
J
joint venture совместное
предприятие
judgment суждение
juvenile малолетний
juvenile delinquency малолетняя
преступность
К
kinship родство
knowledge знание
L
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lag задержка
lag of sensation задержка
ощущения
lapse of memory провал в
памяти
leader лидер
leadership лидерство
learned приобретенный
learning научение
left-handed левша
level уровень
life expectancy продолжительность жизни
life span продолжительность жизни
lifestyle стиль жизни
living живой, жизненный
living organism живой организм
loneliness одиночество
lonely одинокий
long-term memory долговременная память
м
majority большинство
maladjusted неприспособленный male мужской,
мужчина management управление,
менеджмент
manifest проявлять
manifestation проявление
mannerism манеры поведения
marital situation супружеская
ситуация
marriage брак
married женатый
marry жениться
mass media средства массовой
информации
maternal материнский
maternal drive материнское
влечение
maturation созревание, зрелость
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muscle мышца
muscular мышечный
mutual взаимный
mutual relations взаимные отношения
N
nature натура, природа
need потребность, нужда
neglect пренебрегать
negotiation переговоры
network сеть
nightmare кошмар
nursery ясли
О
obedience послушание
obligation обязательство
observe наблюдать
obsession навязчивая идея
occupation род занятий
occurrence частотность
odor запах
oedipus complex эдипов комплекс
onlyhood одиночество
onlys одиночки
opinion мнение
option выбор
orientation ориентация
orphan сирота
outbreak взрыв
outgroup внешняя группа
outlook мировоззрение
overcome преодолеть
overlap наложение
overwhelming majority подавляющее большинство
Р
paradigm парадигма
parent родитель
parental родительский
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parenthood родительство
participate участвовать
passion страсть
pathology патология
patient пациент, больной
pattern образец, модель
peer ровесник
penalty наказание
percentage процентное содержание
perception восприятие
perform выполнять
performance действие
persist настаивать
persistence настойчивость
person человек
personal ЛИЧНЫЙ
personal attitudes личностные установки
personal identity самоопределение
personality личность
phenomenon (phenomena)
явление (явления)
pitch высота (звука)
pleasure удовольствие
pleasure centre центр удоволь-
ствия (в мозгу)
poll опрос
population население
posture положение
practitioner практик
predict предсказывать
predisposition предрасположенность
prejudice предрассудок
premonition предчувствие
prerequisite предпосылка
presentation представление
preservation сохранение
pressure давление
prevent предотвращать
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primary первичный
primary group первичная группа
priority приоритет, полномочие
problem solving решение проблемы
procedure процедура
process процесс
processing обработка
promote способствовать
prone склонный
propensity склонность
property свойство
provide обеспечить
psyche психика
psychiatrist психиатр
psychiatry психиатрия
psychic психический
psychodrama психодрама
psychologist психолог
psychology психология
psychopath психопат
psychophysics психофизика
psychosis психоз
psychotherapy психотерапия
psychosomatic психосоматичес¬кий
public opinion общественное
мнение
punish наказывать
punishment наказание
pursue проводить, преследовать
Q
quality качество
questionnaire анкета, опросник
R
raise воспитывать
random беспорядочный, хаотичный
range диапазон
rapport взаимопонимание
rating рейтинг
517
reaction реакция
reaction time время реакции
realize осознавать, понимать
rearing воспитание
reasoning рассуждение
reassurance заверение
recall воспоминание
receptor рецептор
recognition признание
recruitment наем
reduce снижать, уменьшать
refer ссылаться
reference ссылка
reflect отражать, размышлять
reflection отражение
reflex рефлекс
refugee беженец
regression регрессия
rehabilitation реабилитация
reject отвергать, отрицать
rejection отказ
relation отношение
relationship взаимоотношение
relative относительный
relaxation релаксация
release устранение
reliability надежность
relief облегчение
relieve stress снять стресс
remember помнить
reminiscence воспоминание
remove устранить
replace замещать
representation представление
repression вытеснение, подавление
reproduction репродукция
repulsive отталкивающий
require требовать
518
requirement требование
research исследование
researcher исследователь
resemble напоминать
resistance сопротивление,
резистенция
resolve разрешать, решать
respect уважение
respond отвечать, реагировать
respondent респондент
response ответ, реакция
responsibility ответственность
responsible ответственный
restraint сдерживающий
механизм
retain balance сохранять баланс
retardation отставание
reveal раскрывать
reward награда
role роль
rolo expectation ролевое ожидание
role performance ролевое
исполнение
role set набор ролей
row ссора
S
safety безопасность
sample образец
schizophrenia шизофрения
science наука
secondary вторичный
secondary group вторичная
группа
security безопасность
seek искать, пытаться
selection выбор
self сам
self-destruction саморазрушение
519
self-esteem самооценка
self-expression самовыражение
self-regulation саморегуляция
self-suggestion самовнушение
sensation ощущение
sense чувство
sense organs органы чувств
sensibility чувствительность
sensible чувственный, разумный
sensitive чувствительный
sensory memory сенсорная
память
separate отделять
serenity безмятежность
service служба, услуга
session сеанс
set установка
setting среда
sex пол
shame стыд
shaping формирование
share доля
short-term memory кратковременная память
sibling брат или сестра
sight зрение
sign знак
signature подпись
similarity сходство
single одинокий
skill навык
skin кожа
slumber сон
smell запах
smile улыбка
social социальный
social adaptation социальная
адаптация
social being общественное бытие
520
substitution замена
subsystem подсистема
success успех
successful успешный
suffer страдать
suffering страдание
suggestibility внушаемость
suggestion внушение
suicidal суицидный
suicide самоубийство
suicide rate уровень суицида
super-ego супер-эго, сверх-Я
support поддержка
suppression супрессия, подавление
surgeon хирург
surgery хирургическая операция
survey обзор, исследование
survive выжить
survival выживание
sympathetic сочувствующий
Т
taste вкус
team команда, группа
technique метод, методика
teenager подросток
temperament темперамент
temporary временный
tension напряжение
test battery набор тестов
thalamus тaламус
therapist терапевт
therapy терапия
thinking мышление
thought мысль threat угроза
threaten угрожать
tissue ткань
tolerance терпение, толерантность
tolerant толерантный
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train обучать
training тренинг
trait черта
transfer перенос
transitory переходный
transplantation трансплантация
trauma травма
treat лечить, обращаться
treatment лечение
trial-and-error learning научение методом проб и
ошибок
trouble беспокойство
trust доверие
trusted confidant доверенное лицо
u
uncertainly неуверенность unconditional response
безусловный ответ
unconscious бессознательный
unit единица
upbringing воспитание
V
vagrant бродяга
validity валидность, достоверность
value ценность
variable переменная
variety разнообразно
victim жертва
violate нарушать
violation нарушение
violence насилие
violent агрессивный
visceral висцеральный
vision зрение
visual визуальный, зрительный
voice голос
volition воля
vulnerability уязвимость
W
523