Министерство сельского хозяйства

Российской Федерации
ФГБОУ ВО «Кубанский государственный
аграрный университет имени И. Т. Трубилина»

Н. В. Погребняк

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
English for IT students: Internet

Учебное пособие

Краснодар
КубГАУ
2021
УДК 811.111:004 (075.8)
ББК 81.432.1
П43

Рецензенты:
А. В. Зиньковская – профессор кафедры английской филологии
Кубанского государственного университета,
доктор филол. наук, доцент;
Т. А. Хитарова – доцент кафедры иностранных языков
Кубанского государственного аграрного университета,
канд. филол. наук

Погребняк Н. В.
П43 Английский язык English for IT students: Internet: учеб.
пособие / Н. В. Погребняк. – Краснодар : КубГАУ, 2021. –
111 с.
ISBN 978-5-907430-76-1
Учебное пособие содержит грамматический материал,
систематизированный, представленный в виде правил, таблиц,
упражнений. Включены аутентичные тексты по специальности,
научно–популярные статьи из зарубежных периодических изданий, а
также упражнения, направленные на развитие навыков говорения,
чтения и перевода оригинальной литературы в профессиональной
сфере.
Предназначено для обучающихся по программам бакалавриата
направления подготовки: «Информационные системы и технологии»,
«Прикладная информатика».

УДК 811.111:004 (075.8)

 ББК 81.432.1

© Погребняк Н. В., 2021

© ФГБОУ ВО «Кубанский
государственный аграрный
ISBN 978-5-907430-76-1
университет имени
И. Т. Трубилина», 2021
 ВВЕДЕНИЕ
Учебное пособие разработано в соответствии с
программой по иностранным языкам для неязыковых вузов.
Предназначено для работы обучающихся по программам
бакалавриата факультета прикладной информатики по
направлениям подготовки: «Информационные системы и
технологии», «Прикладная информатика». Рассчитано на лиц,
овладевших лексическим и грамматическим минимумом для
осуществления речевой деятельности на иностранном языке в
различных областях профессиональной, научной, культурной и
бытовой сфер деятельности .
Цель учебного пособия – продолжить развитие навыков
профессионально ориентированной коммуникации на
английском языке. Реализация этой цели осуществляется
благодаря специально подобранным современным
аутентичным текстам и упражнениям, организованным в
пособии таким образом, чтобы способствовать формированию
коммуникативных компетенций, необходимых для
профессионального общения на английском языке.
Материалы структурированы по тематическому принципу,
основными критериями отбора являлись аутентичность
текстов, их информативная ценность, актуальность, а также
соответствие учебно-методическим задачам данного этапа
обучения, что позволяет осуществлять поэтапное
целенаправленное формирование у обучающихся речевых
навыков и умений.
Состоит из пяти разделов. Каждый раздел содержит
грамматический материал, упражнения к нему, задания на
закрепление специальной лексики и несколько текстов,
объединенных общей тематикой. Теоретический материал взят
из аутентичных источников на английском языке. Упражнения
рассчитаны на комплексное развитие и закрепление навыков
чтения, перевода, а также устной и письменной речи.
4
 UNIT 1
HISTORY OF THE INTERNET
Grammar: Question Forms
Text A: History of the Internet
Text B: What is the Difference
Between the Internet and the
World Wide Web?
Text C: Internet FAQs: Part 1
Internet FAQs: Part 2

Grammar
Question Forms

Yes / no questions 6. If who, what or which are

1. To make a yes / no ques-
tion, put the auxiliary verb
(e.g. am, were, have, should)
before the subject.
Is it an English word?
Have you studied French?
Can you pronounce it?
2. If there is no auxiliary
verb, use do, does or did.
Do you speak English?
Did she understand?
3. Make a yes / no answer which + noun when there is a
with just the subject pronoun small or limited number of
and the auxiliary verb.
A: Is it true? B: Yes, it is. /
No, it isn’t.
A: Was she speaking? B: Yes,
5
the subject, we don’t use do.
Who knows French?
Which language has the most
words?
7. If who, what or which are
the object, we use do.
Who did you see?
What has she done?
8. Use what + noun for general
questions when there are
many possibilities, and
possibilities.
What time is it?
Which language is more diffi-
cult – Chinese or Japanese?
 she was. / No, she wasn’t. 9. Ask questions about size,
age, time, etc. using How + an
Wh-questions adjective or an adverb.
4. With where, when, why, How big is the Cambridge Ad-
how and whose, the word or- vanced Dictionary?
der is question word + auxil- How long did you learn Ital-
iary + subject + main verb. ian?
Where are you going? How old is the English lan-
Why do we have language, guage?
then? How tall is your father?

5. If there is more than one Short questions

auxiliary verb, only the first 10. Make a short question
one comes before the subject. with an auxiliary verb and
The guerrillas have been hid- pronoun.
ing. ~ Where have the guerril- A: Children in Ireland all learn
las been hiding? Irish. B: Do they?
I should have said something. A: Jane hasn’t passed her
~ What should I have said? French test. B: Hasn’t she?

NOTE! If a yes / no question is negative, the answer we want

or expect is yes.
Don’t they speak Spanish in Argentina? (Of course they do!)

In a subject question, the verb after the question word is

in the third person singular, even when the answer is
plural, e.g. A: Who lives at number 42? B: Elena and Chris.

Answering requests, suggestions, offers and invitations

To answer a request, suggestion, etc., we normally use a
phrase like Yes, of course or Yes, please rather than a short
answer. If we answer in the negative, we have to give some
explanation.
Request: Could you help me move these chairs, please? ~ Yes, of

6
course. OR I’m afraid I’m rather busy.
Suggestion: Shall we have a coffee? ~ Yes, OK. OR Sorry, I
can’t. I have to go.
Offer: Can I give you a hand? ~ Yes, please. That’s very kind of
you. OR It’s OK, thanks. I can manage.
Invitation: Would you like to come to the barbecue? ~ Yes,
please. I’d love to. OR I’d love to, but I’ll be away.
Short negative answers would sound strange or impolite here.

Useful question phrases

What time is your friend arriv- What colour is your tooth-
ing? ~ Half past eight. brush? ~ Yellow.
What kind of / What sort of How old is your sister? ~ She’s
club is it? ~ A nightclub. twenty.
How often do you go out? ~ How far is the beach? ~ Only
About once a week, usually. five minutes’ walk.
How long will the meeting How many televisions have you
last? ~ An hour or so, I expect. got? ~ Three.
How much money did you
spend? ~ About a hundred
pounds.

Question tags
1. A sentence with a question 5. We sometimes tell people to
tag has a main clause (You do things using the question
know Simon ...) and a ques- tags will / would / can / could
tion tag (... don’t you?). The you? In these situations, the
question tag has an auxiliary question tag is in the affirma-
(e.g. is, do, have) or a modal tive, not the negative.
(e.g. will, can) + a subject Be quiet, could you?
pronoun. Stop it, will you?
main clause question tag
He’s coming, isn’t he? 6. We use a rising intonation
They won’t go, will they? (our voice goes up) if we
7
 If there is no auxiliary or
modal, use a form of do in
the correct tense.
You know Dr. Jones, don’t
you?
I’m in the main clause ➪
aren’t I in the question tag.
I’m right, aren’t I?
2. Usually, if the main clause
is affirmative, the question
tag is negative.
She’s a dentist, isn’t she?
It could help, couldn’t it?
If the main clause is negative,
the question tag is affirma-
tive.
You don’t feel well, do you?
We won’t need so many teeth,
will we?
However, I’ll in the main
clause ➪ shall I in the ques-
tion tag.
I’ll buy some toothpaste, shall
I?
3. If there is a negative word
like never, no and nobody in
the main clause, the question
tag is affirmative.
There is nothing wrong with
my teeth, is there?
After somebody, nobody and
everybody, the verb in the
8
aren’t sure of the answer. We
use a falling intonation (our
voice goes down) if we are
fairly sure of the answer.
You’re American, aren’t you? ⤵
(You have an American
accent.)
You’re American, aren’t you? ⤴
(Or are you Canadian?)
7. Make a short answer with a
subject pronoun and an auxil-
iary verb.
A: You’re OK, aren’t you?
B: Yes, I am.
A: Did you see the dentist?
B: No, I didn’t.
8. We can agree to affirmative
statements with so + auxiliary
verb + subject, or subject +
auxiliary verb + too.
A: I’m a dentist.
B: So am I. / I am too.
A: Boys like science.
B: So do girls. / Girls do too.
In conversation, we can use
Me too. This is informal.
A: I’m hungry. B: Me too!
9. We can agree to negative
statements with neither + aux-
iliary verb + subject, or subject
+ auxiliary verb + not + either.
 main clause is singular but
the tag is plural.
Nobody knows, do they?
4. Use question tags in speak-
ing to check information or
to check that the listener
agrees with you.
Chocolate isn’t good for your
teeth, is it?
We should clean our teeth eve-
ry day, shouldn’t we?
A: I don’t like Biology.
B: Neither do I. / I don’t ei-
ther.
A: Jack hasn’t finished.
B: Neither have we. /
We haven’t either.
In conversation, we can use
Me neither. This is informal.
A: I’m not happy about it.
B: Me neither.

There are two negative structures.

NEGATIVE + SO POSITIVE + NO
Is it raining? ~ I don’t think Is it raining? ~ I hope not.
so. Have we won a prize? ~ I’m
Are you going to the concert? afraid not.
~ I don’t expect so. With be afraid, guess and
With expect and think, we hope, we use the positive and
normally use the negative not.
and so.
We can use believe and suppose in either structure.
Will there be any seats left? ~ I don’t suppose so. OR
I suppose not.

1. Make the questions by putting the words in the correct

order.

1. born / you / where / were

2. Clare / washing / her / is / hair
3. did /when /you / her/ see
4. of/ was / the / first / America / who / president
5. on / a / ever / horse / been / have / you
6. apples / buy / how / did / many / you

9
 7. the / time / start / what / game / does
8. in / standing / are / rain / why / the / you

2. Read the text and write questions about the missing in-
formation (?).

It was 1? at night in the small village and Simon was at home.

He couldn’t sleep because 2?. Simon went to the kitchen to get
some water. Then he heard 3? . Simon went 4? and looked outside.
He couldn’t see anything but he still felt 5?.
6? was happening that night. Simon was right because 7? was
near the house. The animal was very dangerous and it wanted 8?...
1. What time was it?
2. ……

3. Complete each quiz question using two words, then cir-

cle the correct option.

1 .............. languages are there in the world?

a thousands b hundreds c millions d twenty-six
2 ....................... the word ‘tea’ come from?
a Latin b Greek c Chinese d German
3 .............. you call sounds like the ‘a’ in cat and the ‘e’ in ‘better’.
a letters b vowels c consonants d diphthongs
4 ....................................these words is an adverb?
a she b nice c here d and
5 .................................Americans call ‘taxis’?
a buses b trams c trains d cabs
6 ............................ the most common letter in English words?
ae ba cp du
7 ................................ people speak Dutch?
a the Netherlands b Denmark c the Philippines d Germany
8 ...................... do children usually say their first words?
a At the age of 6 months. b At the age of 1.

10
c At the age of 2. d At the age of 3.

4. Write three questions to match each short answer.

1 Yes, I did.
2 No, she didn’t.
3 Yes, we have.
4 No, they weren’t.
5 Yes, you did.

5. Claude Jennings, the World Quiz Champion, is going to

be on Guy’s chat show. Guy is wondering what to ask Claude.
Read what Guy is thinking and write down his questions.

(I expect Claude has won lots of prizes.) Have you won a lot of
prizes?...............................
1. (I wonder if he’s a rich man.) ...............................................
2. (Perhaps quizzes are his only hobby.) ..................................
3. (I expect he worked hard at school.) ....................................
4. (I wonder if he’s got any other interests.) .............................
5. (I wonder if it’s an interesting life.) ......................................
6. (Perhaps his wife asks him quiz questions.) .........................
7. (And maybe he answers questions in his dreams.) ...............

6. What would you say in these situations?

You want to know if Mark has been to Los Angeles. Ask Sarah.
Has Mark been to Los Angeles?
1 You aren’t sure if Rachel and Vicky are going to America. Ask
them.
2 You want to know if Laura plays tennis. Ask Trevor.
3 You are wondering if Claire enjoyed her holiday. Ask her.
4 You want to suggest to Rachel that you both go for a walk.
5 You need to know if David will be at the club tonight. Ask him.
6 You want to know if the train is on time. Ask Mark.
11
7 You are wondering if Mike and Harriet go camping. Ask David.
8 You want to ask Matthew if you can borrow his squash racket.
9 You want to know if Nick has got a motor bike. Ask him.

7. It’s one o’clock in the morning, and the party is in full

swing. People are still talking. Put in the short answers.

Are you French? ~ No, I’m not. I’m Italian. I’m from Milan.
1 Will you and Laura be here in August? ~ …….. We’re going
to France.
2 Did you remember to bring the photos? ~
......................................I’ll give them to you in a minute.
3 Has Rita broken up with her boyfriend? ~
...................................... It’s all over, she told me.
4 Did you see that documentary about the ozone layer on tele-
vision last night? ~ .................... I was working late, unfortunately.
5 Does Laura like these old songs? ~ ....................................She
loves Elvis Presley.
6 Are you and Mike staying the night here? ~
....................................We have to get home tonight.
7 Can we afford a taxi? ~ .........................It’s quite a long way.
8 Are you OK, Vicky? ~ .............................I feel really awful.

8. Which would normally be the best answer?

1 Are you busy today?

a) Yes, busy. b) Yes, I am.
2 Is it too hot in here for you?
a) No, it isn’t. b) No, I’m fine, thanks.
3 Do you know Emma?
a) Yes. b) Yes, we live in the same building.
4 Tell me, did you steal my money?
a) No. b) No, I didn’t steal your money.
5 Do you live on the campus?
a) Yes, I do. b) Yes, I live on it.
12
 6 Would you like to come out with us for the day?
a) Yes, I would like. b) Yes, please.
7 Is it the eighteenth today?
a) Yes, it is. b) Yes, it is the eighteenth of November today.
8 Did you bring my CD?
a) No. b) No, sorry. I forgot it.
9 Can I carry your bags?
a) No, you can’t. b) It’s all right, thanks.

9. People aren’t giving you enough information. Ask ques-

tions with who or what.

Something has happened. ~ Oh? What has happened?..............

I’ve invited someone to tea. ~ Well? Who have you invited?.....
1. Somebody is having a party. ~ Oh, really?.........................
2. I was reading something. ~ Oh? ...........................................
3. I’ve learnt something. ~ Go on, tell me. ................................
4. We should do something. ~ Yes, I know, but ......................
5. Someone is looking for you. ~ Oh? ......................................
6. I’m looking for someone. ~ Maybe I can help…...................
7. Rachel is planning something. ~ Is she? ..............................
8. Somebody has moved in next door. ~ Oh, really?...............
9. Something is worrying me. ~ Well, tell me………………..
10. I want to meet someone. ~ What do you mean?................

10. Underline the correct option, then complete the an-

swers.

1 A: New York is the capital of America, is it / isn’t it?

B: No, it isn’t. It’s Washington.
2 A: Napoleon wasn’t Italian, was he/wasn’t he?
B: No, he wasn’t. He was ...
3 A: The 2008 Olympics were in Greece, wasn’t they/weren’t
they?
B: No, they weren’t. They were in ...
13
 4 A: Martina Navratilova didn’t play football, did she/didn’t
she?
B: No, she didn’t. She played …
5 A: There are 31 days in June, are there/aren’t there?
B: No, there aren’t. There are . . . days.
6 A: We should sleep four hours a night, should we /shouldn’t
we?
B: No, we shouldn’t. ... hours is better.
7 A: A ‘dozen’ isn’t eleven, is it/isn’t it?
B: No, it isn’t. A dozen is …
8 A: In Germany you must drive on the left, must you/mustn’t
you?
B: No, on the …

11. Complete the sentences.

1 ….It’s a nice day…, isn’t it? I think, I’ll go for a walk.

2 ………..Terminator V, haven’t you? It’s a great film.
3…………true, is it? I just can’t believe it.
4………...chocolate, don’t you? Everyone does!
5 ………..the right place, aren’t we? I hope we’re not lost!
6 .............to the party, can’t they? Their mum and dad said it
was OK.
7 ……….. difficult, was it? I got 100%!
8............... some milk in the fridge, isn’t there? Or do we need
to buy some more?

12. Andrew has just met Jessica at a party. They are find-
ing out that they have a lot in common. Put in the structures
with so and neither.

Andrew: I haven’t been to a party for ages.

Jessica: ….Neither have I... I hate crowded rooms.
Andrew: ….Yes, so do I…. I’m not a party-goer, really.
Jessica: No, ....................................... I can’t make conversation.
14
Andrew: .................................You know, I’m a quiet sort of person.
Jessica: And ........................................... I lead a pretty quiet life.
Andrew: Well, .................................. I haven’t got many friends.
Jessica: ............................ And I would really like a good friend.
Andrew: Oh, ............................................

13. Discuss the following questions:

1. Do you agree with the statement that modern world can’t

live without computers and the Internet? Why?
2. Has the invention of the Internet had a great impact on the
society?
3. Could you give a definition of the Internet? Do you know
how the Internet started?
4. What do you usually use the Internet for?
5. What do you think how the Internet will develop in the fu-
ture?

14. Read the text

Text A
History of the Internet

The Internet started in the 1960s as a way for government re-

searchers to share information. Computers in the ‘60s were large
and immobile and in order to make use of information stored in any
one computer, one had to either travel to the site of the computer or
have magnetic computer tapes sent through the conventional postal
system.
Another catalyst in the formation of the Internet was the heat-
ing up of the Cold War. The Soviet Union’s launch of the Sputnik
satellite spurred the U.S. Defense Department to consider ways in-
formation could still be disseminated even after a nuclear attack.
15
This eventually led to the formation of the ARPANET (Advanced
Research Projects Agency Network), the network that ultimately
evolved into what we now know as the Internet. It transmitted its
first message on Friday, October 29, 1969.ARPANET was a great
success but membership was limited to certain academic and re-
search organizations who had contracts with the Defense Depart-
ment. In response to this, other networks were created to provide
information sharing.
January 1, 1983 is considered the official birthday of the Inter-
net. Prior to this, the various computer networks did not have a
standard way to communicate with each other. A new communica-
tions protocol was established called Transfer Control Proto-
col/Internetwork Protocol (TCP/IP). TCP/IP was designed to allow
networks running on different protocols to have an intermediary
protocol that would allow them to communicate. So as long as your
network supported TCP/IP, you could communicate with all of the
other networks running TCP/IP. TCP/IP quickly became the stand-
ard protocol and allowed networks to communicate with each oth-
er. ARPANET and the Defense Data Network officially changed to
the TCP/IP standard on January 1, 1983, hence the birth of the In-
ternet. All networks could now be connected by a universal lan-
guage. It is from this breakthrough that we first got the
term Internet, which simply means “an interconnected network of
networks.”
In the 1980s computers were added to the Internet at an in-
creasing rate. These computers were primarily from government,
academic, and research organizations. Much to the surprise of the
engineers, the early popularity of the Internet was driven by the use
of electronic mail.
Using the Internet in these early days was not easy. In order to
access information on another server, you had to know how to type
in the commands necessary to access it, as well as know the name
of that device. That all changed in 1990, when Tim Berners-Lee
introduced his World Wide Web project, which provided an easy
way to navigate the Internet through the use of linked text (hyper-
16
text). The World Wide Web gained even more steam with the re-
lease of the Mosaic browser in 1993, which allowed graphics and
text to be combined together as a way to present information and
navigate the Internet. The Mosaic browser took off in popularity
and was soon superseded by Netscape Navigator, the first commer-
cial web browser, in 1994. The Internet and the World Wide Web
were now poised for growth.
In the 1980s and early 1990s, the Internet was being managed
by the National Science Foundation (NSF). The NSF had restricted
commercial ventures on the Internet, which meant that no one could
buy or sell anything online. In 1991, the NSF transferred its role to
three other organizations, thus getting the US government out of
direct control over the Internet and essentially opening up com-
merce online.

15. Read the text again and choose the answer (A, B, or C)
for questions 1–5 which you think fits best according to the text.

1. The Internet
A) stores all the information
B) communicates with different computers
C) allows to get information from different computers
2. The project ARPANET got financial aid from
A) government
B) charity
C) business companies
3. TCP/IP are
A) two networking protocols
B) two models of information distribution
C) two standards for computer industry
4. The NSFNET
A) was introduced earlier than the ARPANET
B) was very popular among military
C) became a substitute for the ARPANET
5. The Internet’s backbone now belongs to
17
 A) ISPs
B) military research agencies
C) university computer networks

16. Read the text:

Text B
What is the Difference Between the Internet and
the World Wide Web?

Although the World Wide Web and the Internet are often used
interchangeably, they are technically two different things. If you
want to get technical, here is the difference:
The first difference between the Internet and the Web is the
chronology of their creation. The Internet grew gradually out of
projects like ARPANET, which established a packet switching
connection in 1969. The World Wide Web only dates back to 1991,
when Tim Berners-Lee led the creation of the first Web page using
HTML as well as HTTP.
The Internet was originally created to help share scarce com-
puter resources by allowing remote time-sharing so more people
could use the existing computers, thus furthering the development
of the new field of computer science. In 1971, Ray Tomlinson cre-
ated a functional email program that added a new aspect to the In-
ternet and quickly became one of the primary ways people used it.
Other innovations, such as newsgroups, Internet role-playing
games, protocols to transfer files, etc., then followed.
The World Wide Web (WWW, or Web) can be viewed as an-
other innovation on the Internet. The Web made it possible for peo-
ple to access information on Web pages and navigate through them.
They didn’t need to request access to a machine’s directory or
email for a file to be sent. They just needed to navigate to a domain
to see what was there.
In the simplest terms, the Web is a part of the Internet.
The Web in World Wide Web is not referring to a web of con-
18
nected computers, but a web of information connected
by hyperlinks. The linked network of computers, the Internet, is the
base upon which the Web has been built and we depend on the In-
ternet to give us access to that Web and allow us to add to it. With-
out the Internet, there is no World Wide Web. That being said, the
Web is the most popular part of the Internet, so it’s easy to see why
the average person considers the terms to be synonymous.

17. Choose the best word from each pair:

The internet (often called simply "the net") is a global network

/ net of interconnected computers. These computers communicate
with each other over / through existing telecommunications net-
works – principally, the telephone system. The Word Wide Web
(usually known as just "the Web") is the billions of web pages that
are stored on large computers called web servers / services.
To see / access the web, you need a computer and a modem.
You then connect over your telephone line to an internet service
port / provider (ISP), which sends your request to view a particular
web page to the correct web server.
Websites are not the only service available on the internet. It is
also used for many other functions, including sending and receiving
email, and connecting to newsgroups and discussion / talking
groups.
You could say that the internet is a system of roads, and web
pages and emails are types of traffic that travel on those roads.

18. Put these operations in the order that you do them

(variations are possible).

 close down your browser

 connect to your ISP
 disconnect from the internet

19
  enter a web address (also known as a URL) into the address
field
 launch your browser (for example, Internet Explorer,
Netscape Navigator or Mozilla Firefox)
 perhaps wait for a few seconds while the web-page down-
loads
 view the page

Web addresses
Web address / URL: http://www.acblack.co.uk
domain name www.acblack.co.uk
host: acblack
protocol: http://
type of site: .co.uk
country code: .uk

19. Answer the questions:

1. Have you ever done these things?

a. sent and received emails
b. chatted in real time
c. booked a flight online
d. used your credit or debit card to pay for something over the
internet
e. had a virus on your computer
f. had a problem with identity theft
g. downloaded a photo from a bulletin board
h. connected to the internet over a wireless connection
i. set up a wireless network in your own home or office
2. Tell about the most important stages in the history of the In-
ternet.
3. Give a definition of the Internet.
4. What is the difference between the Internet and the World
Wide Web?
20
 5. On average, how many hours a week do you spend online?

20. Translate the word combinations and learn them:

1. in order to 12. Breakthrough

2. make use of
3. Defense Department
4. a nuclear attack
5. Advanced Research Projects
Agency Network
6. membership was limited
7. in response to this
8. to provide information sharing
9. Transfer Control Proto-
col/Internetwork Protocol
10. an intermediary protocol
11. Defense Data Network
13. interconnected network
of networks
14. to be driven by
15. linked text
16. take off in popularity
17. the National Science
Foundation
18. packet switching
19. to request access to
20. a machine’s directory
21. primary way
22. gradually

21. Read Part 1 of the Internet FAQs and choose the cor-
rect answers.

1. The Internet was

a Invented in the mid-90s b popular in the 1960s
c probably created in the USA
2. Which term describes any fast, high-bandwidth connection?
a broadband b dial-up connection c Wi-Fi connection
3. The power-line Internet provides broadband access through
a telephone lines b satellites c electrical power lanes
4. Which device converts computer data into a form that can
be transmitted over phone lines?
a ADSL b a mobile phone c a modem
5. The standard protocol that allows computers to communi-
cate over the Internet is called
21
 a an IP address b TCP/IP c HTTP
6. The geographical region covered by one or several access
points is called a
a wireless access point b hotspot c wireless network device

22. Read Internet FAQs: Part 1

How old is the Internet (the Net)? When was it created?

It’s hard to say exactly. The research that led to what we now
know as the Internet was begun in the 1960s.
Who created the Internet?
Again, it’s hard to say exactly who created it. The initial
research was carried out by the Advanced Research Projects
Agency in America, funded by the US government.
Did the Internet become popular quickly?
It took many years for the Internet to become popular around
the world. It’s only really since the mid-90s that the Internet has
been a part of our daily lives.
How do you get online?
To get connected, you need a computer, the right connection
software and a modem connected to the phone line. You also need
an account with an Internet Service Provider (ISP), which acts as a
gateway between your PC and the rest of the Net.
How fast are today‘s internet connections?
Today, ISPs offer a broadband, high-speed connection. The
most common types are cable – offered by local cable TV
companies – and ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line),
which works through phone lines. They are both faster than the
traditional dial-up telephone connection. Broadband access is also
offered by some electricity networks. This competing technology,
known as power-line Internet, provides low-cost access via the
power plug, but is still in development.
How long has broadband existed?
Since the late 1990s.

22
 How much does broadband access cost?
It depends on which company you choose. Nowadays, some
companies even offer free broadband.
Why do you need a modem?
A modem (modulator/demodulator) converts digital signals
into analogue signals so that data can be transmitted across the
phone or cable network.
What does TCP/IP mean?
The language used for data transfer on the Internet is known as
TCP/IP (transmission control protocol/Internet protocol). This is
like the internet operating system. Every computer connected to the
Net is identified by a unique IP address.
Are there other ways of accessing the Internet?
Other methods of internet access include Wi-Fi, satellite,
mobile phones and TV sets equipped with a modem. Wi-Fi-enabled
laptops or PDAs allow you to connect to the Net if you are near a
wireless access point, in locations called hotspots (for example, a
Wi-Fi café, park or campus). Satellite services are used in places
where terrestrial access is not available (for example, on ships at
sea). High-end mobile phones provide access through the phone
network.

23. Which of the internet systems (1–6) you would use to

do the tasks (a-f).Then read Part 2 of the FAQs and check your
answers.

1 Email a transfer files from the Internet to your

hard drive
2 The Web b send a message to another person via
the Internet
3 Newsgroups c have a live conversation (usually
typed) online
4 Chat and IM d connect to a remote computer by en-
tering instructions, and run a program on
23
 it
5 FTP e take part in public discussion areas
devoted to specific topics
6 Telnet f download and view documents pub-
lished on the Internet

24. Read Internet FAQs: Part 2

Email
Email lets you exchange messages with people all over the
world. Optional attached files can include text, pictures and even
audio and animation. A mailing list uses email to communicate
messages to all its subscribers - that is, everyone that belongs to the
list.
Which email program is the best?
Outlook Express is a popular program, but many users use
web-based email accounts such as Hotmail.
The Web
The Web consists of billions of documents living on web serv-
ers that use the HTTP protocol. You navigate through the Web us-
ing a program called a web browser, which lets you search, view
and print web pages.
How often are web pages updated?
It depends entirely on the page. Some are updated thousands of
times a day.
Chat and Instant Messaging (IM)
Chat and Instant Messaging technologies allow you to have re-
al-time conversations online, by typing messages at the keyboard.
FTP
FTP, or file transfer protocol, is used to transfer files over a
TCP/IP network. Nowadays, this feature is built into Web
browsers. You can download programs, games and music files from
a remote computer to your hard drive.
Telnet

24
 Telnet is a protocol and a program used to log onto remote
computer systems. It enables you to enter commands that will be
executed as if you were entering them directly on the remote server.
Newsgroups
Newsgroups are the public discussion areas which make up a
system called Usenet. The contents are contributed by people who
post articles or respond to articles, creating chains of related pos-
tings called message threads. You need a newsreader to subscribe
to newsgroups and to read and post messages. The newsreader may
be a stand-alone program or part of a web browser.
How many newsgroups are there?
There are approximately 30,000 active newsgroups.
Where can you find newsgroups?
Your newsreader may allow you to download the newsgroup
addresses that your ISP has included on its news server. An al-
ternative to using a newsreader is to visit web forums instead,
which perform the same function but without the additional soft-
ware.

25. Find words and phrases in Part 2 with the following

meanings:

1 a system used to distribute email to many different

subscribers at once (in Email paragraph)
2 a program used for displaying web pages (in The Web
paragraph)
3 to connect to a computer by typing your username and
password (in Telnet paragraph)
4 a series of interrelated messages on a given topic (in
Newsgroups paragraph)
5 a program for reading Usenet newsgroups (in Newsgroups
paragraph)

25
 26. Translate the word combinations and learn them:

1. bulletin board 15. FTP (file transfer protocol)

2. broadband access 16. Telnet
3. HTTP 17. a mailing list
4. Hotspot 18. web-based
5. Internet Service Provider 19. a real-time conversation
6. power-line Internet 20. a remote computer
7. low-cost access 21. to enable
8. power plug 22. to post articles
9. a newsreader 23. to respond to articles
10. Wi-Fi-enabled 24. chains of related postings
11. terrestrial access 25. message threads
12. high-end 26. to subscribe to newsgroups
13. public discussion 27. a stand-alone program
14. Chat and IM (Instant Mes- 28. Asymmetric Digital Sub-
saging) scriber Line

27. Answer the questions:

1. Who is your current ISP?

2. Have you had any problems with them? If so, what?
3. What type of internet connection do you have?
4. Is it fast enough for your requirements? If not, how would a
faster connection be useful to you?
5. From where do you usually access the internet?
6. Which of the Internet FAQs contained new information for
you?

26
 UNIT 2
INTERNET PRIVACY
Grammar: Indirect Speech (1)
Reporting statements
Text A: What does Internet Privacy
mean?
Text B: IP Addresses and Anonymizers
Text C: Website Privacy Policy &
Cookies

Grammar
Indirect Speech (1)
Reporting statements

1. We can report what someone said in two ways: direct speech

and indirect speech. When we use direct speech, we use the ex-
act words that someone says. When we use indirect speech we
give the meaning of the words, but not the exact words:
Ruby said ‘I love you, Ben.’ (direct)
Ruby said (that) she loved Ben. (indirect)
Ruby told Ben that she loved him. (indirect)

2. If the main verb is in the present, there is no change of tense

in the indirect statement.
Mr. Green says that he is sorry.
My opinion is that it was a big mistake.

3. When the main verb is in the past, the verb in the indirect
statement usually moves into the past.

direct statement ➪ indirect statement

present simple ➪ past simple

‘It seems strange.’ They thought that it seemed
27
 strange.
present continuous ➪ past continuous
‘I am watching TV.’ She said that she was watching
TV.
past simple ➪ past perfect
‘I made a balloon.’ He told police that he had made
a balloon.
past continuous ➪ past perfect continuous
‘It wasn’t raining.’ The weather report showed that
it hadn’t been raining.
present perfect ➪ past perfect
‘We’ve lied.’ They told everyone that they
had lied.
present perfect continuous ➪ past perfect continuous
‘I’ve been hiding.’ He said that he had been hid-
ing.
can ➪ could
‘I can fly a balloon.’ Mrs. Green said that she could
fly a balloon.
will ➪ would
‘I won’t do this again.’ He repeated that he wouldn’t
do this again.
may ➪ might
‘We may be famous!’ The Greens thought that they
might be famous.

be going to and have to ➪ was /were going to and had to

‘We have to find the boy.’ They knew that they had to find
the boy.
Past modal verbs (would, could, etc.) do not change.
The police said that they would like an apology.

28
 4. The verb in the indirect statement does not need to
change if the information is still true or relevant now.
Mr. Green was sure that balloons are safe.
People did not know that the earth is round.

5. In indirect speech, we often change pronouns and pos-

sessives to keep the same meaning:
Toby said, ‘We are meeting at my flat. (direct)
Toby said (that) they were meeting at his flat. (indirect)

6. We often have to change expressions of time and place:

Sara said, ‘We’re leaving tomorrow.’
Sara told me that they were leaving the next day.

Here are some typical changes of this sort:

direct indirect
here there
now then
this that
today that day
yesterday the previous day/the day before
tomorrow the next/following day/the day after
next month the following month/the month after
last month the previous month/the month before
three days ago three days before/earlier
come go

7. In indirect speech, say does not have an indirect object

but tell must have one:
Ruby said that she loved him.
Ruby told Ben/him that she loved him.
We sometimes use to after say like this:
What did Ruby say to him?
Ruby wanted to say something to Ben.

29
 8. Indirect statements can also come after adjectives and
nouns.
It’s sad that some people will do anything to get on TV.
I love the idea that he was hiding in the garage!

9. That often links the main verb of the sentence to the in-
direct statement. That can be left out, especially in conversation
and informal language.
The police didn’t think (that) it was funny.
It is lucky (that) Kevin didn’t get into the balloon.

10. Many verbs which introduce indirect statements are fol-

lowed by to-infinitives, e.g, advise, agree, ask, promise, tell.
Kevin agreed to hide in the garage and promised not to tell the
police.

1. Underline the correct option.

1 I thought it is /was easy.

2 John shouted that he wanted/has wanted some help.
3 There is a legend that King Arthur lives/lived here.
4 You said you were driving/had driven home when it hap-
pened.
5 Remember that forest fires are/were dangerous.
6 I had a strange feeling that I saw/had seen him before.
7 Mrs. Jones told me she was working /had been working there
for 25 years.
8 It’s a shame that Mozart died/had died so young.
9 Julie said she can’t/couldn’t play in the match last week.
10 Jake hoped he will/would be back the next day.

30
 2. Write a dialogue using the underlined information in the
text.

Martin called Carol and said (1) he had a problem. He told

Carol that his friend (2) Dave wasn’t speaking to him because (3)
they had had a big argument.
Carol thought (4) Martin needed to see Dave again. She knew
that (5) Dave had been feeling terrible since their argument.
Martin replied that (6) he had tried to call Dave the day before;
(7) he had just put the phone down. Martin was sure (8) that Dave
wasn’t his friend any more.
Carol said (9) she couldn’t understand it. She advised Martin
(10) to write Dave an email the next day.
Martin: 1 I have a problem. ..............
2……………………………………..
3 because ............................................
Carol: 4 .................................................
5 ...........................................................
Martin: 6 ...............................................
7 but ......................................................
8 . ...........................................................
Carol: 9..................................................
10 ..........................................................

3. Lizzie has eight voicemail messages. Below are some of

the things her friends left on her voicemail. Complete the
sentences to show what she said to her boyfriend about the
messages, changing the tenses, pronouns, and possessives.

Fred said, ‘I need to borrow your ladder.’

Fred said he needed to borrow our ladder.
1 Rachel said,’I’m going to France.’
Rachel said .............................................................................
2 Tom said,’My mother’s given me £50.’
Tom told me ............................................................................
31
 3 Jane and John said, ‘We’ve moved into our new house.’
Jane ahd Johh said .....................................................................
4 Sara said,’I can’t finish my essay.’
Sara told me ................................................................................
5 Craig said,’I’ll remind John about our meeting.’
Craig told me ..............................................................................
6 Lena said,’The parcels arrived safely.’
Lena said .....................................................................................

4. Complete each sentence b to make a direct or indirect

statement like sentence a, using the word in brackets.

1 a ‘Sam, it’s five o’clock.’(told)

b Mary .. told Sam it was .. five o’clock.
2 a ‘I’m reading a book.’(said)
b She . ..........................a book.
3 a ‘Liz has asked him.’ (thought)
b I……………………………
4 a Andrea told Tim she would go the next day. (leave)
b ‘Tim, …………………………..’
5 a ‘What! Nobody knows!’ (strange)
b It was …………………………...
6 a Richard had the idea that everybody disliked him. (nobody)
b ‘I’m sure ..................................... ‘
7 a ‘You have to!’(said)
b My boss ......................................
8 a Brian told Maya that he had done it four weeks before.
(month)
b ‘Maya, I………………………..’

5. Read the dialogue, then complete the text.

Moving into a new house

SUZY Hi, Jane. What are you doing here?

32
 JANE I’m buying some curtains. We moved into our new
house
last month and there’s lots of work to do.
SUZY Really?
JANE Yes, we finished painting the house last week and John
cleared the garden yesterday.
JANE We’ve got a bit of a problem though. Our new furniture
was delivered a couple of weeks ago but I can’t arrange it until next
week because the carpets haven’t arrived. I hope it will look nice
when it’s finished. My parents are coming to visit us next month.
I saw Jane in the DIY store a few weeks ago. I asked her what
she was doing there and she said she was buying new curtains. She
told me that they’d moved into their new house ….1…. She said
that they’d finished painting it….2… and that John ........3......... the
garden the day before. She explained that their new furniture had
been delivered …4…., but she couldn’t arrange it until the follow-
ing week because the carpets …5…. She said she hoped it would
look nice when it was all finished, and added that her parents…6…
to visit them….7….

6. Complete the sentences with indirect statements.

1. My friend didn’t buy me a birthday card.

I thought that she had forgotten about my birthday/ she was angry
with me.......................................................
2. A stranger stopped me and asked me for ten euros.
I said ...............................................................................................
3. They are planning to open a new shopping centre near where I
live.
I don’t like the idea ………………………………………………
4. No one knows if there is life on other planets.
My opinion was..............................................................................
5. I found an interesting blog about strange pets.
I went on the blog and wrote .........................................................

33
 7. Complete the text using the correct forms of the words in
the box.

be beat bring can get hear hide invent may change

play will make

In 1770, Wolfgang von Kemplen visited the queen of Austria.

He said that he 1.....had brought… her a very unusual present: a
machine which could play chess. The queen didn’t believe that von
Kemplen 2………… serious, but the machine really did play
chess. She thought that someone 3..................... inside the machine,
but she opened it and found nothing.
The chess machine travelled all over the world. Von Kemplen
understood that he 4…………. a lot of money from his machine
and he was proud that it 5....................even very good players. Na-
poleon and Benjamin Franklin both played and lost! People be-
lieved that von Kemplen 6........................ a real chess machine and
they hoped he 7…………………another one. Newspapers wrote
that technology 8 …………… the laws of nature.
But there was someone inside the machine. People didn’t know
that all the time a little man 9................ for the machine. The secret
was discovered but the machine was still popular. Finally, the ma-
chine went to a museum in America. In 1854, there was a fire in the
museum and the machine was destroyed. One man thought that he
10 ………….. the machine shouting for help in the fire. Today the
museum has a working model of the original machine.

8. Turn each direct-speech statement into indirect speech

with tense changes.

JUST WHAT THE DOCTOR ORDERED!

1. ‘I’ve conducted a number of tests,’ Dr Grey said.

….Dr Grey said (that) she had conducted a number of tests…...

34
 2. ‘I must put you on a very strict diet,’ she told me.
...........................................................................................................
3. ‘You’re putting on a lot of weight,’ she said.
...........................................................................................................
4. ‘You have gained 5.5 kilos in six months,’ she added.
....................................................................................................
5. ‘You gained 10 kilos last year,’ she reminded me.
...........................................................................................................
6. ‘You will get very fat if you go on like this,’ she told me.
...........................................................................................................
7. ‘You should eat very little,’ she said.
....................................................................................................
8. ‘So I’ll have to live on nuts and water,’ I said nervously.
...........................................................................................................
9. ‘You can live on nuts and water without the nuts,’ she
said.
...........................................................................................................

9. Write at least four things that you heard, thought, read

or said recently.

I told my sister that I loved her new dress.

1
2
3
4
5

10. Discuss the following questions.

 Do you know the IP address of your computer? How could

you find it?
 What are common ways of connecting to (accessing) the
Internet?

35
  What does Internet Privacy mean?
 What do you know about anonymizers and cookies?

11. Read Text A

Text A
What does Internet Privacy mean?

Internet privacy refers to the vast range of technologies, proto-

cols and concepts related to giving individual users or other parties
more privacy protections in their use of the global Internet.
Internet privacy takes many forms, including mandatory priva-
cy statements on websites, data sharing controls, data transparency
initiatives and more.
Internet privacy and anonymity are paramount to users, espe-
cially as e-commerce continues to gain traction. Privacy violations
and threat risks are standard considerations for any website under
development.
One of the biggest things that people talk about when they dis-
cuss Internet privacy is the regulation of handling user data. A most
commonly cited example is the General Data Protection Rule or
GDPR, which is a European standard recently adopted to protect
the data of European citizens.
Ostensibly, the act governs data belonging to EU citizens, but
it also affects many companies in other parts of the world. A multi-
national company may have any number of European users as
members, subscribers or customers. That requires the company in
question to keep GDPR compliance for the corresponding data set.
Many kinds of Internet privacy technologies and security im-
plementations rely on biometrics as a key method of user authenti-
cation. The general idea is that if data is biometrically protected,
only the individual with the biometric data will have access to it.

36
 Early biometric designs included thumbprint and retina scan
devices, but many of these were not very feasible due to hardware
requirements and integration requirements. Now, the promise of
voice-based authentication adds a key functionality to Internet pri-
vacy technology.
There is an opinion, that it is nearly impossible to maintain pri-
vacy online. Users may be giving out personal information, includ-
ing e-mail addresses and contact information, without knowing it.
There are many ways for users privacy to be violated online. How-
ever, there are some ways to avoid these privacy issues, and to get
around them. Properly configuring the Web browser is one way to
ensure that privacy is not invaded. In the browsers Setup, Options,
or Preferences menus users have the option of using a pseudonym
instead of their real names; users may also withhold their e-mail
address, and other personally identifiable information. It is also ad-
visable to turn on cookie notices in the Web browser, and use cook-
ie management software. There are many cookies that can be used
for data mining purposes to track how much time a user spends on a
specific Web site, what links are clicked on, and other details a
company would record for marketing purposes. If a user is mailing
to an unknown party, posting to a newsgroup, mailing lists, chat
rooms, and other public spaces on the Internet that mentions their
email address, the users should use a pseudonymous or alternate e-
mail address.
Users should only use their main e-mail address on small,
members-only lists, and with individuals they trust. Free e-mail
service providers, such as Yahoo and Hotmail are best for creating
a side e-mail account. Users should never give their personal details
to strangers or other users they just met. It is important for users to
realize that they can’t trust any person that is asking for their per-
sonal information online. There is a lot of personal information us-
ers may prefer to withhold until they meet the other person, which
includes their full name, place of employment, phone number, and
street address.

37
 12. Answer the questions:

a. What do you think, is anonymity on the Internet a good or a

bad thing? Why?
b. Does the cookie technology violate the user’s right to priva-
cy?
c. Does the use of information filters violate the principle of
free speech?
d. Do you have alternate e-mail address? What for?
e. What Internet scandals do you know? How did they affect
people’s lives? What is your opinion to this problem?

13. Find the words and word combinations (1–26) in the

Text A. Can you guess the meaning from context? Give Russian
equivalents.

1. vast range of technologies 13. General Data Protection Rule

2. Internet privacy
3. mandatory privacy state-
ments on websites
4. data sharing controls
5. data transparency initia-
tives
6. paramount to users
7. to gain traction
8. privacy violations
9. threat risks
10. standard considerations
11. website under develop-
ment
12. regulation of handling
user data
(GDPR)
14. standard recently adopted
15. ostensibly
16. the company in question
17. keep GDPR compliance
18. security implementations
19. rely on biometrics
20. thumbprint and retina scan
devices
21. not very feasible
22. to be violated online
23. to get around
24. withhold personally identifi-
able information
25. data mining purposes
26. a side e-mail account

38
 14. Read Text B:

Text B
IP Addresses and Anonymizers

Each computer on the Internet has a unique numerical address,

called an Internet Protocol (IP) address, used to route packets to it
across the Internet.
Just as your postal address enables the postal system to send
mail to your house from anywhere around the world, your comput-
er’s IP address gives the Internet routing protocols the unique in-
formation they need to route packets of information to your desktop
from anywhere across the Internet. If a machine needs to contact
another by a domain name, it first looks up the corresponding IP
address with the domain name service. The IP address is the geo-
graphical descriptor of the virtual world, and the addresses of both
source and destination systems are stored in the header of every
packet that flows across the Internet.
You can find your IP address on a Windows computer by
opening an MSDOS or Command window and typing one of "win-
ipcfg" or "ipconfig". You can find your IP address on a Mac com-
puter by checking your Network control panel.
An IP address is made up of four bytes of information (totaling
32 bits) expressed as four numbers between 0 and 255 shown sepa-
rated by periods. For example, your computer’s IP address might be
238.17.159.4, which is shown below in human-readable decimal
form and in the binary form used on the Internet.
The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) manages
the allocation of IP addresses to different organizations in various
sized blocks. Most of the address blocks have been allocated to re-
search, education, government, corporations, and Internet Service
Providers (ISPs), who in turn assign them to the individual comput-
ers under their control.

39
 If you connect to the Internet over a phone line, then your IP
address is probably assigned dynamically by your Internet service
provider from an available pool of addresses each time you log on.
If your computer is permanently connected to an Internet network,
such as at the office or on a high speed home connection, then your
IP address could be permanently assigned, or could be reassigned
each time you reboot your computer.
As described in the pages on confidentiality and privacy, Inter-
net sites can and do track your IP address and other information. If
you want to block or disguise your IP address, you can use an
anonymizer.
An anonymizer is a proxy server that makes Internet activity
untraceable. An anonymizer protects personally identifying infor-
mation by hiding private information on the user’s behalf.
An anonymizer may also be known as anonymous proxy.
While an electric anonymizer can aid in computer security, it
can also serve malicious purposes by protecting the users’ identities
when they use the Internet to promote slanderous statements or har-
ass others. Such users can avoid legal and/or social repercussions if
they anonymize in an effective manner.
Some social advocacy groups use anonymizer technologies so
that they can report human or animal abuses as well another civil
abuse reporting, including business malpractice or other unethical
behavior. In business it can help to avoid the risk of being fired
from their jobs if they become whistle blowers.

15. Find English equivalents of Russian word combinations

in the Text B:

протоколы маршрутизации; из любой точки мира;

связаться с другой машиной по доменному имени; искать
соответствующий IP-адрес; система с непосредственной
передачей данных; храниться в заголовке каждого пакета;
проходить через Интернет; проверить панель управления
сетью; состоит из четырех байтов информации (всего 32 бита),
40
в двоичной форме; выраженных в виде четырех чисел от 0 до
255, разделенных точками; который показан ниже; в
удобочитаемой десятичной форме; используемый в Интернете,
распределение IP-адресов, Управление по назначению
Интернет-номеров; назначить из доступного пула адресов;
каждый раз, когда вы входите в систему; если ваш компьютер
постоянно подключен к Интернет-сети; через
высокоскоростное домашнее соединение; назначить
постоянный IP-адрес; переназначать каждый раз при
перезагрузке компьютера.

16. Find English equivalents of Russian word combinations

concerning anonymizing in the Text B:

отслеживать ваш IP-адрес; защищать личную

информацию; заблокировать или скрыть свой IP-адрес; для
распространения клеветнических заявлений или преследования
других; не позволяет отслеживать активность в Интернете;
защита истории поиска; скрывать личную информацию;
предотвращение кражи личных данных; служить
злонамеренным целям; защищать личность пользователей; от
имени пользователя; сообщать о жестоком обращении с
людьми или животными; избежание юридических и / или
социальных последствий; случаи гражданского насилия;
включая злоупотребления служебным положением или другое
неэтичное поведение; избежать риска увольнения с работы,
если они станут осведомителями.

17. Decide whether the statements below are True or False

according to the text.

1. The IP address is the same as postal address.

2. Internet sites follow and control IP addresses.
3. An anonymizer is used to hide your IP address.

41
 4. There are a lot of organizations managing the allocation of
IP addresses.
5. All IP addresses are allocated to ISPs.
6. ISPs have got a variety of IP addresses for users connected
to the Internet over a phone line.
7. An IP address may be known as anonymous proxy.
8. An electric anonymizer can also serve malicious purposes.

18. Complete the following sentences with no more than 2

words from the text.

1. The IP address shows the geographical position of the com-

puter in the _______________.
2. In human-readable decimal form the IP address consists of
____________________.
3. ______________ are assigned under ISPs control.
4. When you ___________ the computer your IP address can
be reassigned.

19. Which are the advantages and disadvantages of

anonymizing personal electronic identification information?

 Risk minimization
 Taboo electronic communications
 Identity theft prevention
 Protection of search history
 Avoidance of legal and/or social consequences

20. Choose the most suitable word or phrase underlined in

each sentence.

1. An IP address refers to a unique number appointed/assigned

to each computer on the Internet.

42
 2. If you set your web browser start page to an anonymiz-
er/anonymous site, then every subsequent web access you make
from that page will also be anonymized.
3. A static IP address is a permanent address, while a (an) ac-
tive/dynamic address changes with each new Internet session.
4. Though the Internet might feel anonymous, it is not an
anonymous environment by default/on default.
5. You can set your browser to refuse/reject cookies.
6. Sites that provide anonymous surfing/penetration keep the
user’s IP address hidden from the Internet.
7. The solution of establishing a secure communication is a
(an) encryption/decryption method called Public Key Cryptography
(PKC).

21. Decide which answer A, B, C or D best fits each space.

How Anonymizers Work

Anonymizer sites access the Internet on your behalf, protecting

your personal information from 1) __________________. An
anonymizer 2) ________________all of your computer’s identify-
ing information while it surfs for you, enabling you to remain at
least one step removed from the sites you visit. There are two basic
types of Internet anonymizers – networked and singlepoint.
Network anonymizers 3) _____________your communications
through a network of Internet computers between you and the des-
tination. The main advantage of the networked anonymizer 4)
_________ is that it makes traffic analysis much more difficult.
Single-point anonymizers pass your surfing through a single
web site to protect your identity, and often offers an encrypted 5)
______________channel for passage of results back to the user.
Single-point anonymizers offer less 6) ___________ to sophisticat-
ed traffic analysis than do networked designs.
Both networked and single-point anonymizers share a range of
design 7) __________. Most importantly, once you access a web
43
page through an anonymizer, the page is 8) ______________so that
all of its links are also anonymized. Therefore, you can just contin-
ue to click on links and stay in the anonymizer mode.

a. A) find B) disclosure C) discovery D) identity

b. A) protects B) helps C) holds D) grasps
c. A) put B) accompany C) relate D) transfer
d. A) volume B) design C) size D) capacity
e. A) coordination B) frequency C) communications
D) cooperation
f. A) help B) modification C) resistance D) opposition
g. A) qualities B) kinds C) sorts D) features
h. A) sorted B) reflected C) formulated D) filtered

22. Read Text C

Text C
Website Privacy Policy & Cookies

A privacy policy is a disclaimer placed on a website informing

users about how the website deals with a user’s personal infor-
mation. The privacy policy generally contains information regard-
ing whether or how their information is shared with parent compa-
nies, subsidiaries, or third parties. Often this also explains how or if
the website uses cookies and web bugs.
You can also read such a text on a website: “We are commit-
ted to safeguarding the privacy of our website visitors; this policy
sets out how we will treat your personal information. We may col-
lect information about your computer and your visits to this website
such as your IP address, geographical location, browser type, refer-
ral source, length of visit and number of page views. We may use
this information in the administration of this website, to improve
the website’s usability, and for marketing purposes.
We use cookies on this website. A cookie is a text file sent by a
web server to a web browser, and stored by the browser. The text
44
file is then sent back to the server each time the browser requests a
page from the server. This enables the web server to identify and
track the web browser. We may send a cookie which may be stored
on by your browser on your computer’s hard drive. We may use the
information we obtain from the cookie in the administration of this
website, to improve the website’s usability and for marketing pur-
poses. We may also use that information to recognise your comput-
er when you visit our website, and to personalise our website for
you. Our advertisers may also send you cookies. Most browsers al-
low you to refuse to accept cookies”.
It means cookies are used by websites for authentication, stor-
ing website information/preferences, other browsing information
and anything else that can help the Web browser while accessing
Web servers. HTTP cookies are known by many different names,
including browser cookies, Web cookies or HTTP cookies.
A cookie contains specific information that is encrypted for se-
curity purposes. Normally, a cookie is attached with an HTTP
header from the HTTP server to a Web browser in response to a
user request. This stored cookie is sent to the HTTP server whenev-
er access to a specific website is required. Cookies are managed in
two patterns: with expiry date and without expiry date. Cookies
without expiry dates are automatically stored in users’ machines
and remain inside the system’s memory until the user’s browsing
terminates. Cookies with an expiry date expire when that date is
surpassed. Unfortunately, because of lack of knowledge, most peo-
ple do not understand what a cookie is, and many believe that cook-
ies are tiny files containing viruses, malware or spyware. These are
all misconceptions.
In 1994, Lou Montulli, a founding engineer at Netscape, be-
came the first person to apply the concept of "magic cookies".
These were just simple text files stored on a user’s computer. A
Web server would allow the browser to save this text file and
resend the file with each request from the user. This file helped the
server identify each user.
The following are the types/variations of cookies:
45
 Session Cookies: Created for a specific session, these expire
upon the termination of the user’s browser session.
Persistent Cookies: Normally known as tracking cookies, these
cookies have a specific time period before they expire.
Secure Cookies: When a user is accessing the server through
HTTPS, secure cookies are used to provide maximum security to
user data through encryption.
Zombie Cookies: These cookies are automatically recreated af-
ter a user has deleted them.

23. Decide if the statements below are True or False ac-

cording to the text C:

1) Every website should have its privacy policy.

2) Switching off cookies may influence web pages content.
3) If the visitor switches off cookies the web server will not be
able to identify the visitor’s computer next time when the visitor
views web pages from this web server.
4) It is not possible to send an executable program as a cookie.
5) The main purpose of a website privacy policy is to describe
how a web server receives information about its visitors.
6) The website privacy policy prohibits some types of infor-
mation usage concerning registered website visitors.
7) When the user reboots the computer some cookies are not
deleted.

24. Answer the questions:

a. Describe website privacy policy.

b. What is a cookie?
c. Can the user refuse to accept cookies?
d. Give a definition of "magic cookies".
e. What types of cookies do you know? What are their main
features?

46
 UNIT 3
INTERNET SERVICES
Grammar: Indirect speech (2)
Reporting questions. Reported
requests, orders and advice
Text A: Structure of the Internet
Text B: Internet Services
Text C: 9 Shocking Facts about
Blogging You Need to Know

Grammar
Indirect speech (2)
Reporting questions

1. For indirect questions, the 3. For indirect yes / no

word order is question word + questions without question
subject + verb. There is no aux-word, use if or whether.
iliary do or question mark. Mary wants to know
Maria asks what a glacier is.if/whether icebergs are glac-
iers.
f. 2. As well as ask, we can use Henry asks if/ whether there
wonder and want to know are any glaciers in Africa.
to report questions, e.g.:
‘When will l hear from David?’ 4. Usually, if and whether
Liz asked herself. are both possible.
Liz wondered when she would I don’t know if/ whether it is
hear from David. true.
‘Who has opened my mail?’ But we can use only wheth-
asked Clare. er after prepositions and
Clare wanted to know who had before to-infinitives.
opened her mail. It’s a question of whether we
need it.
47
 1. If the main verb is in the
present, there is no change of
tense in the indirect question.
When the main verb is in the
past, the verb in the indirect
question usually moves into the
past.
A lot of people wonder why I am
interested in glaciers.
I asked my dad why he looked so
sad.
2. Indirect questions can also
come after nouns and adjec-
tives.
Kylie asks the question how
quickly glaciers move.
It is uncertain who did it.
Claire wondered whether to
phone him.
5. We say whether or not
I asked whether or not that
was OK.
6. If the subject of the in-
direct question is the same
as in the main part of the
sentence, we can use a to-
infinitive
Maria doesn’t know where
to see glaciers.
He asked what to write.
We say know how to…
Scientists don’t know how
to stop climate change.

Reported requests, orders and advice

1. In indirect speech, we use ask, tell and advise like this
to report requests, orders and advice:
verb + object + infinitive
The secretary asked us to fill in the form.
Mr Mills told the children to stand up.
The doctor advised Mr Preston to exercise.
When the request, order or piece of advice is negative, we add
not before to:
Mr Mills told the children not to stand up.
We can use these verbs to explain what people say, but we don’t
necessarily use their exact words. Other common verbs in this
structure are:

48
 advise forbid invite order persuade remind warn

‘You really should stop smoking.’➪ He advised him to stop smok-

ing.
‘Please come to my party!’ ~ ‘OK, I will!’ ➪
I invited her to come to my party.
‘Don’t forget to phone your sister!’ ➪ I reminded him to phone his
sister.
‘Don’t go near the water!’ ➪ She warned them not to go near the
water.

2. We use these reporting verbs with an infinitive:

agree offer promise refuse threaten
‘OK, I’ll tell Jamie.’ ➪ She agreed to tell Jamie.
‘I’ll help you.’ ➪ He offered to help her.

3. We use an -ing form after these reporting verbs:

admit deny suggest

‘I got the answer wrong.’ ➪ He admitted getting the answer wrong.

‘No, I didn’t touch the mirror.’ ➪ He denied touching the mirror.
‘Why don’t we go for a walk?’ ➪ He suggested going for a walk.

1. Make sentences by putting the words in the correct or-

der. The first word is underlined.

1 me/ was / date / what / asked / it / she

She asked me what date it was.
2 birthday / wonder / is / when / I / Jack’s
3 care / what / say / Liz / does / I
4 Simon / nobody / his / knows / exam / passed / if
5 happened / where / it / me / told / she
6 asked / I / all / right / the / whether / was / doctor
49
 7 do / is / Charles / what / thinking / to
8 of / money / where / the / get / problem / is / the / we / there
2. Complete the sentences with indirect questions.

1 ‘Six O’clock.’
I wanted to know what time it was.
2 ‘February 15th.’
I asked ........................................................................
3 ‘I’m not feeling very well.’
I wondered ..................................................................
4 ‘Yes, it should be great!’
I asked ..........................................................................
5 ‘My friend Sam.’
I was interested to know................................................
6 ‘No, I don’t have enough money.’
Do you know .................................................................

3. Read the dialogue and then complete how Suki later re-
ported the meeting to a friend.
Use say, tell or ask for the reporting verb and standard
changes in the tenses.

Reporting a meeting

ERIC Hello, Suki. What are you doing in Brighton?

SUKI I came to visit my aunt but I’ve decided to stay for a
couple of days. Do you live here?
ERIC Yes, I’ve lived here since 2004. Where do you live?
SUKI Near Gatwick Airport. I have a small flat there.
ERIC This afternoon I’m going to the aquarium. Do you want
to join me?
SUKI I can’t. Some friends are coming to see us.
ERIC OK. See you next week at work then.

50
 I saw a colleague called Eric when I went shopping. He
…asked… me …what I was doing…in Brighton. I
1................................... him that I 2…………………to visit my
aunt. I also 3………………. that I 4…………………..to stay for a
couple of days. I 5………………….him 6…………....... in Bright-
on and he 7...................... me that he 8 ……………..here since
2004. Then he 9………….. me 10………………and I
11………………. That I 12.............................. a small flat near
Gatwick Airport. He 13......................................me he
14.....................................to the aquarium later and
15...................................... me 16 ...................................... to join
him. I 17…………………. that I 18……………………because
some friends 19 ………………….to see us. We’ll see each other
next week, anyway.

4. Report these question-word questions moving the claus-

es ‘one tense back’.

1 ‘What’s the weather like?’ She asked me ......what the weather

was like..................................
2 ‘What does Frank do for a living?’ I wanted to know…………...
3 ‘Why is Maria crying?’ She wondered.........................................
4 ‘What kind of holiday has Marco had?’ You wanted to know.....
5 ‘How long have you both been living here?’ They inquired.........
6 ‘Where did they go last week?’ She wanted to
know……………
7 ‘Who were you looking for?’ He asked me...................................
8 ‘When will lunch be ready?’ You didn’t tell me .........................
9 ‘Which countries will John be visiting?’ You didn’t say..............

51
 5. Report these subject-questions moving the clauses ‘one
tense back’ only where necessary.

1 ‘Who’s next please?’ She wanted to know ..who was

next.............
2 ‘What makes a noise like that?’ He wondered ..............................
3 ‘Which of you is waiting to see me next?’ The doctor asked .........
4 ‘Whose composition haven’t we heard yet?’ The teacher asked us
to tell her ..........................................................................................
5 ‘Who left this bag here?’ Tell me ...................................................
6 ‘What caused the accident?’ Can you explain ................................
7 ‘Which newspaper carried the article?’ I’d like to know ................
8 ‘Whose painting will win the competition?’ I haven’t any idea .....
9 ‘Which firms have won prizes for exports?’ This article doesn’t
say………………………………………………………………..
10 ‘Which number can be divided by three?’ The teacher asked ......

6. Report the following using the simple past of the verbs in

brackets.

1. ‘Wait for me,’ I said to him. (tell)…. I told him to wait for me...
2. ‘Go on holiday when the weather gets warmer,’ she told him.
(advise) .............................................................................................
3. ‘Keep out of this room at all times,’ she said to them. (warn)
...........................................................................................................
4. ‘Remember to post those letters,’ he said to me. (remind)……..
5. ‘Don’t go into my study,’ he said to them. (ask) ………………
6. ‘Don’t wait for me,’ I said to him. (tell) ………………………
7. ‘Don’t go on holiday yet,’ she told him. (advise) …………….
52
8. ‘Don’t ever enter this room,’ she said to them. (warn) ……….

7. Report each question in two ways.

1. ‘Shall I fax the information to them?’ She asked ...if/whether

she should fax the information to them.
She asked whether to fax the information to them...
2. ‘Should I leave a message for her?’ He asked
...............................................................................................
3. ‘Shall I heat the food for you?’ She asked
him.........................................................................................
4. ‘Should I phone him now?’ He wanted to know……………
5. ‘Shall I invite them to dinner?’ She wanted to know
...............................................................................................

8. After leaving school, Zara has an interview for an ad-

ministrative job. Read the interview and then complete what
she said to her parents.

HELEN Let me start by asking you some questions about

school. Did you like school?
ZARA I enjoyed some subjects more than others. I’ve always
preferred science subjects.
HELEN Yes, that’s clear from your report. But do you have
any language qualifications?
ZARA No, I don’t, but I speak French fairly well. You see, my
father’s French and I often visit my cousins in France.
HELEN I see. What about hobbies? What do you do in your
spare time?
ZARA I’m a voluntary paramedic.
HELEN Really? What does a paramedic do?
ZARA Well, I work at the weekends helping ambulance staff.
HELEN Did you do a course to become a paramedic?
ZARA Yes, everybody has to do a course before they can start.

53
 HELEN I’m not sure that you’d like administrative work.
There isn’t much opportunity for you to use all of your skills.
ZARA Are there any other vacancies?
HELEN The company doctor is looking for a new assistant, I’ll
speak to him and I’ll let you know what he says.

The interviewer asked me ..if I had liked school…. and I told

1………………….. some subjects more than others. I also said
2....................................science subjects. She asked
3............................................. any language qualifications and I said
4..................................French fairly well because of you, dad, and
because I often 5…………………….my cousins in France. Then
she asked me 6..................................in my spare time and I told
7......................................... a voluntary paramedic. I said
8………………………. at the weekend with the ambulance staff.
She asked me 9………………………. a course and I told her
10....................................a course before they
11...................................... At the end of the interview she said she
12..................................... sure that 13.................................like ad-
ministrative work and she said that there
14........................................much opportunity for me to use all of
my skills. I asked 15.................................... any other vacancies.
She said the company doctor 16...........................an assistant and
she said that 17.......................... and let me know what he 18......

9. Report each request in two ways, where possible

1. ‘When should I be at the station?’ She asked…when she

should be at the station. She asked when to be at the sta-
tion.......................
2. ‘Where shall we have our meeting?’ They asked ..................
3. ‘Which should I choose?’ He asked .......................................
4. ‘Who(m) shall I ask?’ She wanted to know ...........................

54
 5. ‘What should I do?’ He asked me ..........................................
6. ‘Why should I pay this bill?’ She wanted to know ................
7. ‘Whose car should I borrow?’ He wanted to know ................
8. ‘Why should I be punished?’ She asked ................................

10. Read the text:

Text A
Structure of the Internet

The Internet is a loose amalgamation of computer networks run

by many different organizations in over seventy countries. Most of
the technological decisions are made by small committees of volun-
teers who set standards for interoperability. The US portion of the
Internet is best thought of as having three levels. At the bottom are
local area networks (LANs); for example, campus networks. Usual-
ly the local networks are connected to a regional, or mid-level net-
work. The mid-levels connect to one or more backbones. A back-
bone is an overarching network to which multiple regional net-
works connect, and which generally does not serve directly any lo-
cal networks or end-users. The U.S. backbones connect to other
backbone networks around the world. There are, however, numer-
ous exceptions to this structure.
Most backbone and regional network traffic moves over leased
phone lines. However, there is a fundamental distinction in how the
lines are used by the Internet and the phone companies. The Inter-
net provides connectionless packet-switched service whereas tele-
phone service is circuit-switched. The difference may sound arcane,
but it has vastly important implications for pricing and the efficient
use of network resources.
Phone networks use circuit switching: an end-to-end circuit
must be set up before the call can begin. A fixed share of network
resources is reserved for the call, and no other call can use those
55
resources until the original connection is closed. This means that a
long silence between two teenagers uses the same resources as an
active negotiation between two fast-talking lawyers. One advantage
of circuit-switching is that it enables performance guarantees such
as guaranteed maximum delay, which is essential for real-time ap-
plications like voice conversations.
The Internet uses “packet-switching” technology. The term
“packets” refers to the fact that the data stream from your computer
is broken up into packets of about 200 bytes (on average), which
are then sent out onto the network. Each packet contains a “header”
with information necessary for routing the packet from origination
to destination. Thus each packet in a data stream is independent.
The main advantage of packet-switching is that it permits “statisti-
cal multiplexing” on the communication lines. That is, the packets
from many different sources can share a line, allowing for very ef-
ficient use of the fixed capacity.

11. Read the text again and answer the following questions.

1. Who runs the Internet?

2. What are the levels of the Internet?
3. What are main differences between circuit-switching and
packet-switching technologies?
4. What type of switching technology should be used for nu-
clear power station control? Why?
5. What type of switching will be more reliable if part of net-
work infrastructure is destroyed?

12. Use the following words: SWITCH EFFICIENCY

SOPHISTICATE RELY ABLE DYNAMIC ROUTE
to form one word that fits in the same space in the text.

How Switching Works?

Switching systems 1) ____________ packet networks to

56
2) _________ optimize their operation and recover from localized
damage. The switching in Internet networks is performed by com-
puters called 3) ____________. They use a number of standard
routing protocols to switch the incoming packets from one network
to another as required.
One of the biggest advantages of packet 4) ________ networks
is that they use the available bandwidth very 5) ____________ by
sharing it at all times. Today’s Internet routing protocols use 6)
____________ algorithms that have been optimized for efficiency
over many years. In practice, most network connections today are
very 7) __________ and so all packets for a given computer are
usually sent over the same path as long as it remains operational.

13. Find English equivalents of Russian word combinations

in the Text A:

1) Большинство технологических решений;

2) устанавливать стандарты взаимодействия;
3) подключаться к одной или нескольким магистралям;
4) общая сеть;
5) обслуживать напрямую конечных пользователей;
6) по выделенным телефонным линиям;
7) принципиальное отличие;
8) предоставлять услуги с коммутацией пакетов без
установления соединения;
9) с коммутацией (переключателем) каналов;
10) иметь чрезвычайно важное значение для
ценообразования и эффективного использования сетевых
ресурсов;
11) настроить сквозное соединение каналов;
12) необходимый для маршрутизации пакета от источника
к месту назначения;
13) совместно использовать одну линию;
14) эффективно использовать ограниченную пропускную
способность;
57
 15) «статистическое мультиплексирование» (уплотнение
каналов)

14. Read the text:

Text B
Internet Services

Internet Services allows us to access huge amount of infor-

mation such as text, graphics, sound and software over the internet.
Following diagram shows the four different categories of Internet
Services.

Communication Services
There are various Communication Services available that of-
fer exchange of information with individuals or groups:
 Electronic Mail
Used to send electronic message over the internet.
 Telnet
Used to log on to a remote computer that is attached to internet.

58
  Newsgroup
Offers a forum for people to discuss topics of common interests.
 Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
Allows the people from all over the world to communicate in real
time.
 Mailing Lists
Used to organize group of internet users to share common infor-
mation through e-mail.
 Internet Telephony (VoIP) – voice over internet protocol
Allows the user to make voice calls over the internet. E.g. Google
Hangouts, Discord, TeamSpeak, Skype.
 Instant Messaging
Offers real time chat between individuals and group of people. E.g.
Yahoo messenger, MSN messenger, WhatsApp.
DISADVANTAGES OF INSTANT MESSAGING
1. Because it is immediate, you have no time to reflect on the
message you are sending, unlike an email where you can review the
draft before sending it
2. Messages are not always saved
3. Instant messaging takes away the face to face, personal
experience that people have when they are speaking to someone in
person.

Information Retrieval Services

There exist several Information retrieval services offering easy
access to information present on the internet:
 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
Enable the users to transfer files between a computer and the net-
work server (usually over the internet). It does this by setting the
rules for the way in which files can be uploaded and downloaded.
For example, it can require you to use a username and password to
access files on the server.

59
  Archie
It’s updated database of public FTP sites and their content. It helps
to search a file by its name.
 Cloud computing
is the delivery of different services through the Internet, including
data storage, servers, databases, networking, and software.
Cloud-based storage makes it possible to save files to a remote da-
tabase and retrieve them on demand.
Services can be both public and private – public services are pro-
vided online.
 Gopher
Used to search, retrieve, and display documents on remote sites.
 Streaming
is a service that allows the user to view live events, series,
movies and sporting events over the internet. This includes stream-
ing to your smartphone, smart television or computer. E.g. Twitch,
Netflix, Showmax.
ADVANTAGES OF STREAMING
1. You are in control of what you watch and when you want to
watch it
2. Streams can be paused, rewound and resumed as you please
3. It does not require you to have the shows on your computer
and, therefore, saves storage space
 Very Easy Rodent Oriented Netwide Index to Computer
Achieved (VERONICA)
VERONICA is gopher based resource. It allows access to the in-
formation resource stored on gopher’s servers.
Web Services
Web services allow exchange of information between applications
on the web. Using web services, applications can easily interact
with each other.
The web services are offered using concept of Utility Computing.

World Wide Web (WWW)

60
 WWW is also known as W3. It offers a way to access docu-
ments spread over the several servers over the internet. These doc-
uments may contain texts, graphics, audio, video, hyperlinks. The
hyperlinks allow the users to navigate between the documents.

Video Conferencing
Video conferencing or Video teleconferencing is a method of
communicating by two-way video and audio transmission with help
of telecommunication technologies.
Modes of Video Conferencing:
Point-to-Point
This mode of conferencing connects two locations only.

Multi-point

61
This mode of conferencing connects more than two locations
through Multi-point Control Unit (MCU).

15. Write down the correct answer for each of the follow-
ing questions.

1. Which one of the following is NOT an example of FTP ser-

vices?
A. Pure FTPd
B. FileZilla Server
C. ProFTPd
D. FT protocol
2. Which one of the following is an example of instant messag-
ing?
A. Wikipedia
B. Facebook
62
 C. Telegram
D. YouTube
3. When you are in control of what you watch and when you
want to watch it.
A. Cable
B. Broadcast
C. Streaming
D. Satellite television

16. Say if the following statements are TRUE or FALSE.

Correct the underlined word(s) if they are false.

a. Netflix is more popular than M-Net.

b. Showmax is an example of a streaming service.
c. Electronic payments give users a free, simple and secure way
to do their tax returns from home.
d. Instant messaging allows the user to make voice calls over
the internet.

17. Give two examples of apps on a smartphone that use

the following internet services:

 VoIP
 FTP
 Cloud computing and grid computing
 Cloud-based file sharing

63
  Streaming

18. Translate words, word combinations and learn them:

1. Communication Services 15. Enable the users to transfer

2. Telnet
3. to log on to a remote
computer
4. to discuss topics of com-
mon interests
5. Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
6. Mailing Lists
7. to communicate in real
time
8. to share common infor-
mation through e-mail
9. to make voice calls over
the internet
10. Instant Messaging
11. have no time to reflect on
the message you are sending
12. review the draft before
sending it
13. Information Retrieval
Services
14. File Transfer Protocol
(FTP)
files
16. by setting the rules
17. files can be uploaded and
downloaded
18. Archie
19. to search a file by its name
20. Cloud computing
21. Cloud-based storage
22. to save files to a remote da-
tabase and retrieve them on de-
mand
23. public and private services
24. Gopher
25. Streaming
26. To be in control of
27. Streams can be paused, re-
wound and resumed
28. Very Easy Rodent Oriented
Netwide Index to Computer
Achieved (VERONICA)
29. easily interact with each
other
30. Utility Computing

19. Discuss the following questions about blogging:

BLOGGING

64
  Jung von Matt, a German advertising firm, called blogs ‘the
toilet of the Internet’. What do you think they meant by saying this?
 What, in your opinion, are the main reasons why people run
blogs?
 Some people think that blogging is a manifestation of exhi-
bitionism. Do you agree with this opinion?
 According to Technorati, a search engine for blogs, 41 % of
blogs are in Japanese, 28 % in English, 14 % in Chinese and only 1
% in German. How can you explain these statistics?
 Mr Bhatia, who started Hotmail, thinks that in five years
everybody will have a blog. Do you believe in this prediction?
 Some critics worry that bloggers do not present credible
news and if their influence is bigger we can be easily manipulated.
Do you share these fears?
 Some companies employ bloggers to promote their products
or services. Do you think such activities are fair?
 What common features do you notice among the blogs?
 Are there some features common to some, but not all, of the
blogs?
 More than 60% of blogs are in English. What are the other
prominent languages?
 What primary differences you notice between the blog sites
and the nonblog sites? Now give a definition of a blog. As you cre-
ate your definition, consider:
 What are the key characteristics of a blog?
 What makes a blog a blog?
 Are there "essential elements" of a blog?

While planning a blog is it important to answer the following

questions:
 Who is your audience?
 What is the focus of your blog?
 What will you call your blog?

65
 20. Put the words in the spaces:
attach browse field inboxes open send size

You can send almost any file as an attachment.

1_______________ through the folders on your computer until you
find the file you want to attach. Click on "2_______________".
The file will appear in the attachments 3_______________. Then
click "4_______________", and wait while the file uploads. Add
more files if you wish. When you have finished adding files, click
"5_______________".
Some email 6_______________ will only receive attachments
up to a certain 7_______________ with one email, for example
10MB. If you need to send a lot of very big attachments, it’s some-
times necessary to spread them over a number of separate emails.

21. Read text C and decide which of the facts about blogs
are the most interesting and the most surprising for you?

66
67
 22. Make 10 questions to “9 Shocking Facts…” you have
read.

23. Email comprehension 1

Read the e-mail:

Hi Tony
Thanks for sending through that a/w so quickly. Just one
problem – I couldn’t open the attachment. I’m not sure why. My
inbox is virtually empty, so there’s plenty of room, and the at-
tachment limit is 20MB, so there’s no problem there. Perhaps
there was a glitch somewhere. Anyway, rather than trying to
figure out what went wrong, could you just send it again?
Did we discuss file format? I don’t know much about TIFFs,
JPEGs etc, but I meant to tell you that if you have any queries
on this, you could get in touch with Steve, our designer. His
email address is steve@stevegreendesign.co.uk.
One other thing. When you resend me the a/w, could you cc
it to Angela? I’ve asked her to have a quick look at it before we
put it in the brochure.
I’m looking forward very much to seeing those pics – fin-
gers crossed that they’ll come through OK this time. However, if
I still can’t download them, I’ll ask you to put them on a disk
and mail them.
All the best
Jenny

A. Are these statements true or false?

1. Jenny didn’t receive the a/w because her inbox is too small.
2. The attached files came to less than 20MB in total.
3. Jenny has resolved a technical problem, and the attachment
will come through without any problems next time.
4. Tony will have to resend the a/w.

68
 5. Jenny is a graphic design expert
6. Tony is also going to put the files onto a disk and mail them.
7. Angela has already seen the a/w.
8. The style is too informal – business emails should always be
more formal than this.

B. Find words or expressions in the email which mean the

same as the phrases below.

1. artwork _________________________________________
2. a small technical problem __________________________
3. type of file ______________________________________
4. questions about this _______________________________
5. send again ______________________________________
6. email a copy to __________________________________
7. communicate with ________________________________
8. with luck________________________________________

24. Make eight your own sentences using the words and
expressions from exercise 23 B.

69
 UNIT 4
ONLINE PAYMENT SYSTEMS
Grammar: Zero Conditional
First Conditional
Text A: Electronic Commerce
(E-Commerce)
Text B: Three Ways to Make Sure Your
Online Credit Card Transaction
is Safe
Text C: Public Key Cryptography

Grammar
Zero Conditional and First Conditional

When if comes at the beginning of the sentence, we need a

comma in the middle.
If you think you can, you can. If you think you can’t, you’re right.

Zero Conditional

If + PRESENT SIMPLE + PRESENT SIMPLE

1. Use the zero conditional to talk about things that are

generally true.
I go to bed early if I don’t feel well. If it rains, you get wet.

2. We use zero conditionals to talk about things that always

happen, or things that happen in the same way every time:
If I eat too much, l get stomach ache.
Felix’s always in a good mood if his team wins.

3. We can say the same thing by reversing the two parts of

the sentence:

70
PRESENT SIMPLE + if + PRESENT SIMPLE
I feel bad if I eat too much.

First Conditional

If + PRESENT SIMPLE + will / won’t

If I’m late, she’ll be angry.

1. Use the first conditional to talk about something that we

think is possible in the future, and its result.
If I see the book, I’ll buy it.
Will you tell me if Anna phones?

FUTURE POSSIBILITY + RESULT

If we don’t hurry, we won’t finish.

2. We can reverse the order:

She’ll be angry if I’m late.
We won’t finish if we don’t hurry.

NOTE! We do not use will/won’t after if.

If you read this book, you will learn many new things.

3. The result clause can have going to, must, should or an

imperative instead of will:
There’s going to be trouble if the neighbours have another all-
night party.
If you have a headache, you should take an aspirin.

4. We can use unless to mean if not in the zero and first

conditional. You can’t use unless before a past tense.
A clause with unless usually comes second.
They’ll miss the train unless they leave right now. (= if they don’t
leave ...)
71
I run every morning if it isn’t cold. OR I run every morning unless
it’s cold.
I will be disappointed if he doesn’t come.

NOTE! We can use as / so long as and provided / providing

(that) with a similar meaning to if
I don’t care as long as it’s free.
It’s easy providing you read the instructions.

1. Put these facts about various types of people into sen-

tences with if + Present Simple + Present Simple. Make you the
subject of both parts of the sentence.

Doctors treat people who are ill.

……..If you’re a doctor, you treat people who are ill…………
1 Vegetarians don’t eat meat.
If you’re a vegetarian. .............................. ..
2 People who live in a hot country don’t like cold weather.
If you live................................................................................
3 Teachers have to work very hard.
If you’re a teacher. ..................................................................
4 People who do a lot of exercise stay fit and healthy.
If you .......................................................................................
5 Mechanics understand engines.
If you’re a ................................................................................
6 People who read newspapers know what’s happening in the
world.
If you .........................................................................................

2. Complete these sentences with if + Present Simple +

will/won’t, using the words in brackets ( ). Sometimes you do
not need to change the words in brackets.

If it rains ............ (it/rain), we won’t go....... (we/not/go) out.

72
 1 If......................(the weather/be) nice tomorrow,…..……...
(we/drive) to the coast.
2 If ...................... (she/post) the letter now,……….
(they/receive) it tomorrow.
3 ....................(Fiona/be) angry if…….(John/arrive) late again.
4 .................... (I/go) to the party if……. (I/have) enough time.
5 If..................... (she/not/pass) this exam, ……... (she/not/get)
the job that she wants.
6 ………… (you/learn)a lot if………... (you/take) this course.
7 If........................ (I/get) a ticket, ………(I/go) to the concert.
8 .................... (I/buy) that camera if…..(it/not/cost) too much.
9 If...................... (you/run) very fast, …... (you/catch) the bus.
10……. (I/go) to the doctor’s if…(I/not/feel) better tomorrow.
11 If..............(they/win) this game,….(they/be) the champions.

3. Complete the dialogues with the Present Simple or

will/won’t forms of the words in brackets ( ). Sometimes you do
not need to change the words in brackets.

A We must be at the airport at two o’clock.

B Well. if …we take ............(we/take) a taxi at one o’clock,
…..we won’t be….(we/not/be) late.

1 A I’d like a newspaper.

B Well .....................(I/buy) one for you if ........................
(I/go) to the shop later.
2 A Has John phoned yet?
B No, and if ....................... (he/not/phone) this afternoon,
....................... (I/phone) him this evening.
3 A Is Fiona there, please?
No, but if ……….(you/want) to leave a message,.....................
(I/give) it to her.
4 A Is Tim going to pass his exam?
B Well, ...................(he/fail) if ................(he/not/work) harder.

73
 5 A Could I have some information about this year’s concerts,
please?
B Yes, if ....................... (you/fill in) this form, ........................
(I/send) it to you in the post.

4. Use the words given to make first conditional sentences

including if and will and any necessary changes.

Father and son

0 you / not/ brush/your teeth /they/go/bad

If you don’t brush your teeth, they’ll go bad.

1 you /eat/all your vegetables/I/give/you some dessert

2 you / have/stomach ache/you/eat/too many plums
3 I/help/you with your homework/you/do/the washing-up?
4 you/not/go to bed now/you/be/tired in the morning
5 your mother/ be/cross/you /come home late

5. Re-write these sentences about changes of behaviour

using unless and making any necessary changes.

Change your behaviour

0 If I don’t lose weight, I’ll have to buy new clothes.

I’ll have to buy new clothes unless I lose weight.
1 If you stop buying CDs, you’ll be able to afford a holiday.
You ............................................................................................
2 If her cold isn’t better, she won’t go to school tomorrow.
She ............................................................................................
3 If she studies hard, she’ll pass the exam.
Unless .......................................................................................
4 If you don’t listen, you won’t know what to do.
Unless .......................................................................................

74
 6. Supply the correct forms of the missing verbs.

1 If it ....... is ....... (be) fine tomorrow, we … will go… (go)

for a picnic.
2 If I ................. (have) time tonight, I ................. (finish) the
novel I’m reading.
3 If it ................. (rain) next weekend, we ................. (not
able to) plant the vegetables.
4 If he ................. (be leaving) at 6 o’clock, I ................. (ask)
him to give me a lift.
5 If she ................. (have drive) all that way since this morn-
ing, ................. (be) tired and hungry.
6 If they ................. (have / be working) all afternoon, they
................. (probably need) a cup of tea.
7 If I ................. (can’t / finish) the job this weekend, I
................. (try) to get it done during the week.
8 If John ................. (be picked) for the team, he .................
(be boasting) about it for weeks!
9 If you ................. (have / forget) to phone, they .................
(will have / go) without you.
10 If we ................. (stay) in this flat till May, we .................
(will have / be living) here for twenty years.

7. Discuss the following questions.

 What do you know about e-shopping?

 What do you buy online?
 How many ecommerce sites are there in the world?
 What are the biggest ecommerce companies?
 What days do people shop the most?
 What time do people shop online the most?
 What online payment systems do you know?
 What do you know about online fraud?

75
 8. Read Text A:

Text A
Electronic Commerce (E-Commerce)

Electronic commerce (e-commerce) is the marketing, buying

and selling of merchandise or services over the Internet. It encom-
passes the entire scope of online product and service sales from
start to finish. E-commerce tools include computer platforms, ap-
plications, solutions, servers and various software formats manufac-
tured by e-commerce service providers and purchased by merchants
to increase online sales.
The e-commerce concept relates to business or financial trans-
actions that facilitate electronic payments of items purchased from
online stores and service vendors. E-commerce covers a broad
range of business activities, from digital content used for online
consumption to conventional orders of online merchandise. Online
banking is another form of e-commerce. E-commerce transactions
are conducted between businesses (B2B), businesses and consum-
ers (B2C), businesses and government (B2G, G2B), consumers and
government (C2G) and consumers and businesses (C2B).
E-Commerce or Electronics Commerce is a methodology of
modern business, which addresses the need of business organiza-
tions, vendors and customers to reduce cost and improve the quality
of goods and services while increasing the speed of delivery.
Ecommerce refers to the paperless exchange of business infor-
mation using the following ways

 Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)

 Electronic Mail (e-mail)
 Electronic Bulletin Boards
 Electronic Fund Transfer (EFT)
 Other Network-based technologies
76
 E-Commerce provides the following features −
 Non-Cash Payment − E-Commerce enables the use of credit
cards, debit cards, smart cards, electronic fund transfer via bank’s
website, and other modes of electronics payment.
 24x7 Service availability − E-commerce automates the busi-
ness of enterprises and the way they provide services to their cus-
tomers. It is available anytime, anywhere.
 Advertising / Marketing − E-commerce increases the reach of
advertising of products and services of businesses. It helps in better
marketing management of products/services.
 Improved Sales − Using e-commerce, orders for the products
can be generated anytime, anywhere without any human interven-
tion. It gives a big boost to existing sales volumes.
 Support − E-commerce provides various ways to provide pre-
sales and post-sales assistance to provide better services to custom-
ers.
 Inventory Management − E-commerce automates inventory
management. Reports get generated instantly when required. Prod-
uct inventory management becomes very efficient and easy to
maintain.

 Communication improvement − E-commerce provides ways

for faster, efficient, reliable communication with customers and
partners.

9. Find English equivalents of Russian word combinations

in the Text A:

1) Электронный обмен данными

2) электронные доски объявлений
3) электронный перевод средств
4) сетевые технологии
77
 5) безбумажный обмен деловой информацией
6) охватывать весь объем онлайн-продаж продуктов и
услуг от начала до конца
7) безналичная оплата
8) круглосуточная доступность услуг
9) способы предоставления услуг клиентам
10) доступен всегда и везде
11) увеличивать охват рекламы продуктов и услуг
предприятий
12) создавать заказы на товары в любое время и в любом
месте
13) без вмешательства человека.
14) дать большой толчок\способствовать\активизировать
15) предоставлять различные способы оказания
предпродажной и послепродажной помощи
16) для повышения качества обслуживания клиентов
17) автоматизировать управление запасами
18) При необходимости отчеты создаются мгновенно
19) простой в обслуживании
20) предоставлять способы более быстрой, эффективной и
надежной связи с клиентами

10. Look at the table and decide which are the features of
Traditional Commerce and which are of E-Commerce?

1 Heavy dependency on in- Information sharing is made

formation exchange from easy via electronic communica-
person to person. tion channels making little de-
pendency on person to person
information exchange.

2 Communication/ transac- Communication or transaction

tion are done in synchro- can be done in asynchronous
nous way. Manual inter- way. Electronics system auto-
78
 vention is required for matically handles when to pass
each communication or communication to required per-
transaction. son or do the transactions.

3 It is difficult to establish A uniform strategy can be easily

and maintain standard established and maintain.
practices.

4 Communications of busi- There is no human intervention.

ness depends upon indi-
vidual skills.

5 Unavailability of a uni- Website provides user a plat-

form platform as it de- form where all information is
pends heavily on personal available at one place.
communication.

6 No uniform platform for It provides a universal platform

information sharing as it to support commercial / busi-
depends heavily on per- ness activities across the globe.
sonal communication.

11. Look at these three groups and decide which of them

are advantages of E-commerce to organizations, consumers and
society.

 It provides 24x7 support. Customers can enquire about a

product or service and place orders anytime, anywhere from any
location.
 E-commerce application provides users with more options
and quicker delivery of products.
 E-commerce application provides users with more options

79
to compare and select the cheaper and better options.
 A customer can put review comments about a product and
can see what others are buying, or see the review comments of oth-
er customers before making a final purchase.
 E-commerce provides options of virtual auctions.

 It provides readily available information. A customer can

see the relevant detailed information within seconds, rather than
waiting for days or weeks.
 E-Commerce increases the competition among organiza-
tions and as a result, organizations provide substantial discounts to
customers.

 Using e-commerce, organizations can expand their market

to national and international markets with minimum capital in-
vestment. An organization can easily locate more customers, best
suppliers, and suitable business partners across the globe.
 E-commerce helps organizations to reduce the cost to create
process, distribute, retrieve and manage the paper based infor-
mation by digitizing the information.
 E-commerce improves the brand image of the company.

 E-commerce helps organization to provide better customer

services.
 E-commerce helps to simplify the business processes and
makes them faster and efficient.
 E-commerce reduces the paper work.

 E-commerce increases the productivity of organizations. It

supports "pull" type supply management. In "pull" type supply
management, a business process starts when a request comes from
a customer and it uses just-in-time manufacturing way.
80
  Customers need not travel to shop a product, thus less traf-
fic on road and low air pollution.
 E-commerce helps in reducing the cost of products, so less
affluent people can also afford the products.
 E-commerce has enabled rural areas to access services and
products, which are otherwise not available to them.
 E-commerce helps the government to deliver public ser-
vices such as healthcare, education, social services at a reduced
cost and in an improved manner

12. Read Text B

Text B
Three Ways to Make Sure Your Online Credit Card
Transaction is Safe

In the age of the Internet and busy schedules, more people are
finding it more convenient to do their shopping and banking online.
Nowadays, people are working longer hours and are too busy with
other activities to be able to fit in time to travel to the local shop-
ping center. Instead they can go straight home from work and with
a few clicks of the mouse, have a package ready to ship to their
front door. The Internet now comes first before the importance of
the television and telephone. Playing an important part in people’s
lives, the computer is the fastest way to communicate, bank and
shop. Many online consumers are using debit and credit cards to
pay for their purchases, while other methods such as e-wallets,
Paypal, mobile and other wireless transactions are following close
behind.
The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) wants all online con-
sumers to be well informed about the new payment technologies
and how the consumers can make their online transactions as secure
81
and as safe as possible. Although it’s impossible to control the
fraud and deception on the Internet, the FTC encourages all online
consumers to take the necessary steps to ensure the security of your
personal information and all other online transactions.
As an online consumer, it’s up to you, and only you, to protect
yourself from theft. Here are three ways to make sure that your
online credit card transactions are safe:
1. Use a secure web browser. Using software that encrypts
online purchase information will help to secure your transactions.
Make sure that your web browser is updated on its encryption ca-
pabilities. You can ensure this update by using the latest version of
encryption software from the manufacturers. Some web browsers
offer free downloads over the Internet. While submitting your in-
formation, be sure to look for the icon "lock" in the web browsers
status bar. This will ensure your information is secure during the
transmission.
2. Read before you write. Never provide any personal infor-
mation to any website before first checking with the website’s pri-
vacy policy. This way you can be aware if your information will be
shared or used in any way with other online merchants. You will
also want to know exactly what security features are established so
your personal information can not be acquired fraudulently. You
should be able to understand the privacy, shipping and refund poli-
cies before you provide any information or make a purchase. If af-
ter reading the privacy policy, you are not comfortable, then you
may want to consider taking your business elsewhere.
3. Review all financial statements. Always review your bank
and credit card statements and look for any unauthorized purchases
or errors. Statements can be fairly confusing to look over, but take
your time and be thorough, if you notice anything questionable,
contact your bank or credit card company immediately. You should
also contact these financial institutions if your purse or wallet is lost
or stolen, or even if you think there are unauthorized uses of your
accounts. Always keep records of your online transactions and read
all your e-mails from those merchants from which you have made
82
purchases from. Those merchants may be sending you important
information about your purchase or account with them.

13. After reading Text B, make seven questions.

14. Fill in the correct word.

track withdrew conduct digital transaction

e-money real interact

E-MONEY

In general, there are two distinct types of e-money: identified

e-money and anonymous e-money (also known as 1)
____________cash). Identified e-money contains information re-
vealing the identity of the person who originally 2) __________the
money from the bank. Also, in much the same manner as credit
cards, identified e-money enables the bank to 3) ____________the
money as it moves through the economy. Anonymous e-money
works just like 4) ___________ paper cash. Once anonymous e-
money is withdrawn from an account, it can be spent or given away
without leaving a 5) ____________trail.
There are two varieties of each type of e-money: online e-
money and offline e-money. Online means you need to 6)
__________ with a bank (via modem or network) to conduct a
transaction with a third party. Offline means you can 7)
___________a transaction without having to directly involve a
bank. Offline anonymous 8) ____________ (true digital cash) is the
most complex form of e-money because of the double-spending
problem.

83
 15. Read Text C:

Text C
Public Key Cryptography

The role of cryptography is very important in the design of

electronic payment systems. The cryptographic mechanisms in-
clude public-key cryptography, one-way hash functions, challenge-
response cryptographic protocols, digital signatures and key man-
agement protocols. Public key cryptography, also known as asym-
metric cryptography, is a form of cryptography in which a user has
a pair of cryptographic keys – a public key and a private key. The
private key is kept secret, while the public key may be widely dis-
tributed. The keys are related mathematically, but the private key
cannot be practically derived from the public key. A message en-
crypted with the public key can be decrypted only with the corre-
sponding private key, and a message encrypted with the private key
can only be decrypted using the public key. An analogy for public-
key encryption is that of a locked mailbox with a mail slot. The
mail slot is exposed and accessible to the public; its location is in
essence the public key. Anyone knowing the street address can go
to the door and drop a written message through the slot; however,
only the person who possesses the key can open the mailbox and
read the message.

16. Decide whether the statements below are true or false.

1) One should keep his public key in a secret place.

2) Several private keys can be associated with public key.
3) Several public keys can be associated with private key.
4) It is easy to create a private key with the corresponding pub-
lic key.
5) It is easy to create a public key with the corresponding pri-
vate key.

84
 6) It is possible to decrypt a message with public key, that was
used for encrypting this message.

17. Write the sequence of actions from the list below for
the following task: send message that can be read only by the
receiver (some actions are not used).

A) The message is transferred from the sender to the receiver.

B) The sender encrypts the message with the receiver’s public key.
C) The receiver gets the sender’s public key.
D) The receiver decrypts the message with his/her private key.
E) The receiver decrypts the message with sender’s public key.
F) The sender gets the receiver’s public key.

18. Write the sequence of actions from the list below for
the following task: the receiver should be sure that the message
was written by the sender and no one changed or faked it (some
actions are not used).

A) The message is transferred from the sender to the receiver.

B) The sender gets the receiver’s public key.
C) The receiver decrypts the message with the sender’s public key.
D) The sender encrypts the message with his/her private key.
E) The receiver gets the sender’s public key.
F) The sender encrypts the message with the receiver’s public key.

19. Make eight questions to Text C.

20. Find the words and word combinations in the texts you
have read before. Can you guess the meaning from context?
Give Russian equivalents.

1. work longer hours 17. if you notice anything

2. the fastest way to com- questionable, contact your bank

85
 municate, bank and shop
3. use e-wallets
4. Federal Trade Commis-
sion (FTC)
5. as safe as possible
6. to control the fraud and
deception on the Internet
7. it’s up to you
8. encrypt online purchase
information
9. while submitting your in-
formation
10. the icon "lock"
11. web browsers status bar
12. can not be acquired fraud-
ulently
13. to understand the privacy,
shipping and refund policies
14. Review all financial
statements
15. take your time and be
thorough
16. affluent people
immediately
18. unauthorized uses of ac-
counts
19. public-key cryptography
20. one-way hash functions
21. challenge-response proto-
cols
22. public key & a private key
23. A message encrypted with
the public key can be decrypted
only with the corresponding
private key
24. exposed and accessible to
the public
25. just-in-time
26. to simplify the business
processes
27. relevant detailed infor-
mation
28. heavy dependency on
29. a uniform strategy
30. all information is available
at one place

21. Read the text and decide which word best fits each
space.

DIGITAL SIGNATURE

A digital signature is different from a handwritten one. It is

unique and different every time it is (1)___________, and is related
to the thing or things it is signing (an electronic document, picture,
program and so on). It is created by doing a mathematical calcula-
tion on the thing that is being signed that produces a unique numer-

86
ical (2)__________. That value is (3)___________ using a private
cryptographic key and the result linked to the things that were
signed. So to make a digital signature you have to generate or buy a
private cryptographic key and a (4)_________ public key and cer-
tificate.
There are basically two kinds of cryptography in use. Secret
key (symmetric), and public/private key (asymmetric). With secret
key, the same key is used to encrypt information and decrypt in-
formation. (5)__________ the operation is symmetric. With pub-
lic/private key, the two keys are of different values. Encryption is
done using one of them, and (6)___________ can then only be done
using the other. Hence the operation is asymmetric. You can give
your (7)____________ key to everyone. Then, if they want to send
something to you they encrypt it with your public key and they
know that only you can (8)___________ it. By the same terms, if
you encrypt something using your private key, then anyone who
has your public key can check to see if they can (9)___________ it,
and if they can, they know it must have come from you.

1) A proposed B requested C generated D uploaded

2) A value B answer C key D message
3) A increased B checked C encrypted D decrypted
4) A signed B verified C separate D corresponding
5) A But B Hence C Then D Nevertheless
6) A decryption B checking C transferring D signing
7) A symmetric B signing C private D public
8) A see B read C receive D encrypt
9) A encrypt B decrypt C generate D read

87
 UNIT 5
E-MAIL SERVICE
Grammar: Second Conditional
Third Conditional
Text A: Deciphering Internet E-Mail
Text B: E-Mail Working
Text C: E-Mail Protocols

Grammar
Second Conditional

This structure is called the Second Conditional:

If + PAST SIMPLE + would (or ‘d)
If he worked harder, he would do better.
The verb after if is Past Simple, but it refers to the present
or future.
Use the second conditional for events and situations which
are unlikely, imaginary or impossible in the present and future.

1. We can use the second conditional to talk about the

present when we imagine something different from the real
situation now:
If the sun was cold, life on earth would be impossible.
I’m not rich, but if I was rich, would I be happier?

2. We can also use the second conditional to talk about

situations that are unlikely in the future:
The world would be a better place if there were no more wars.
Tom says that ifhe won the lottery, he would give all the money
to poor people.

NOTICE that we can use both first and second conditionals

to talk about the future:

88
 If Sara passes her exam tomorrow, I’ll be very pleased. (first
conditional; likely)
If Sara passed her exam tomorrow, I’d be very pleased.
(second conditional; unlikely)

3. We often use the second conditional to describe what is

totally impossible:
If you had longer legs, you would be able to run faster.
If you could run fast, you’d be an Olympic champion.

4. We often use if + were instead of was after the pronouns

I, she, he, it and singular nouns. This is more common in formal
language and American English.
I wouldn’t be surprised if it were true.
If your father were here, he would be shocked.

NOTE! We often use If I were you/ If I were in your position

/ I would (not) for advice and suggestions.
If I were you, I’d wear the blue skirt.

5. When we use would in the main clause, we are express-

ing as much certainty as possible:
If he knew the facts, he would tell us what to do. (certain or
nearly certain)
If we don’t feel ‘certain’ enough to use would, we can use
another modal to say what would be possible or necessary:
If he knew the facts, he might tell us what to do. (it’s possible)
If he knew the facts, he should tell us what to do. (it’s neces-
sary)

6. We can use wish to say that we want something to be dif-

ferent from how it is now. Note that the verb after wish is past
(e.g. could, was, had):
I wish (that) Chaplin was still alive.
89
 Mary wishes she had enough money for a new dress.

Third Conditional

This structure is called the Third Conditional:

If + PAST PERFECT + would have Participle II

1. We use the third conditional for events in the past which

did not in fact happen.
If I had lived in the 1920s, I would have worn a flapper dress.
(She didn’t live in the 1920s and didn’t wear this dress.)

2. We use the third conditional for criticizing people or

pointing out their mistakes.
If you’d been a bit more careful, you wouldn’t have cut
yourself.
If Matthew had set his alarm clock, he wouldn’t have overslept.
We can also use this structure to express regret about the
past.
If I hadn’t fallen ill and missed the interview, I might have got
the job.

3. The clause that begins with if can come first or second in

the sentence. When it comes first, we use a comma after it.
If I had lived then, I’d have said everything was just ‘swell’.
I would have danced all the time if I’d been young then.

NOTE! In third conditional sentences, we can shorten both had

and would to ‘d
If I’d lived in the 1920s, I’d have worn a flapper dress.

4. We use I wish or if only with the past perfect to talk

about regrets.

90
 I wish / If only I had heard those songs when they were new.
(= It’s a pity that I didn’t hear those songs then.)

1. Complete these sentences.

If Sally lived in Brighton, she … would be (she/be) near her

parents.
1 If Elizabeth didn’t have to work in the evenings, ……….
(she/go) to concerts.
2 Susan wouldn’t go to work by car if ………. (she/live) near a
train station.
3 Alan wouldn’t be overweight if ……... (he/not/eat) so much.
4 If Peter didn’t live in a flat, ...................... .. (he/have) a dog.
5 Pam would definitely learn French if………. (she/get) a job
in France.
6 If Mark wanted to be healthy, ………….(he/not/smoke).
7 Fred would read more if ………(he/not/work) so hard.

2. Imagine how life nowadays could be better. Complete

the sentences using the words in brackets ( ), and any other
words you need.

People don’t do enough exercise, so there is a lot of heart

disease.
(more, less) If people did more exercise,.....there would be
less............heart disease.
1 There are too many cars. The city is very polluted.
(fewer) I wish there .............................., then the city wouldn’t
be very polluted.
2 People drive too fast, so there are a lot of accidents.
(more slowly) I wish people .............................then there would
be fewer accidents.
3 People watch too much TV, so they don’t have much time for
reading.
(more) If people watched less TV, they ....................................
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 4 Children have bad teeth because they eat too many sweets.
(fewer) Children would have better teeth if they ……………..
5 Not enough people travel by bus, so the roads are crowded.
(more) I wish ………. , then the roads would be less crowded.
6 People haven’t got enough time to cook, so they eat a lot of
‘fast food’.
(more, less) If people ........................., they .............................

3. Choose the correct option

1 It will/would be great if we could travel in time.

2 My dad gets angry if I am/will be late.
3 Will/Would you be at home if he comes?
4 If I know/knew, I’d tell you.
5 If it doesn’t/wouldn’t work, bring it back to the shop.
6 It would be/is great if you had the time.
7 What if it breaks/will break?
8 It will be finished soon unless/if there are more problems.
9 I wouldn’t do that unless /if I were you.
10 I’ll/would buy it if I have enough money.

4. Complete the sentences so that they are true for you.

1 If I saw a mouse, ……………..

2 If the weather is nice tomorrow, . . . . . . . ..
3 If it was my friend’s birthday, ……………..
4 If today was Saturday, …………………….
5 I can stay out late on Saturdays as long as ………
6 ……………….., I always feel happy.
7 …………………I’ll tell all my friends.
8 ………………….unless you study hard

92
 5. Rewrite sentences to match these situations.

1 She is not in your position. She isn’t, able to advise you.

If she were in your position…..................................................
2 I am in a hurry. I won’t stay to dinner.
....................................................................................................
3 He’s not a millionaire. He won’t buy you a palace.
...................................................................................................
4 The weather isn’t sunny. We won’t stay indoors.
....................................................................................................
5 I am fit. I will go climbing.
…………………………………………………………………

6. Supply the correct forms of the missing verbs. Use could,

ought to, or might in the main clause.

1 If she ...were/was (be) here now, she ... could give (give) us
some advice.
2 If he ............................. (fail) in his present job, he
.............................. (think) about another career.
3 If you .................. (can play) a musical instrument, you
................. (help) with the school orchestra.
4 If they .................. (have) the right qualifications, they
.................. (be able to) apply for better jobs.
5 If she .......................... (can have) some lessons, she
........................... (improve) her performance.
6 If we ................................ (run) our own business, we
................................. (be) more independent.
7 If John ..................................... (go) to his home town, he
..................................... (visit) his mother.
8 If Susan ........................................... (borrow) your book, she
........................................... (return) it.
9 If Frank ...................................... (want) advice, he
..................................... (ask) his bank manager.

93
 7. Look at these first conditional sentences. Do they refer to
a probable future event, or an unlikely situation? If they refer
to an unlikely situation, change them to second conditional
sentences.

If I win the lottery, I’ll stop working and buy a yacht.

If I won the lottery, I would stop working and buy a yacht.

1 Suzie will live in Beverly Hills if she can live anywhere in

the world.
2 If I get home from work early, I’’ll take the dog for a walk.
3 If James rings, I’ll tell him you’re not here.
4 If the Queen rings, I’ll be too shocked to speak.
5 lf I have a million pounds, I’ll buy a sports car.
6 If it rains tomorrow, I’ll take an umbrella.
7 I’ll put some petrol in the car if I go out this afternoon.

8. Complete the conversation by crossing out the wrong

alternative in each case.

Time for a change of job?

GWEN I hate my work. If I I have/had_0_ a better job, I would

be/was_1_ so much happier.
GARY You need more qualifications: if you had/have_2_ another
qualification, you can/could_3_ get something better. If you
have/had_4_ a perfectly free choice, what would you choose?
GWEN Hmm, if I could/can_5_ choose anything, I think I’ll/I’d_6_
want to be an actress.
GARY And if that is/was_7_ impossible, what would/will_8_ your
next choice be?
GWEN Oh, I don’t know. What do/would_9_ you do if you
were/was_10_ me?
GARY If I was/were_11_ you, I’ll/I’d_12_ stop thinking about
acting for a start. I’d choose something more realistic, like
94
managing a shop. I’d/I’ll_13_ be confident to manage a sales team
if I can/could_14_ deal with people the way you do.
GWEN But I don’t know much about business.
GARY Exactly, but if you go/went_15_ to night school and
take/took_16_ a business course, in a year’s time you’ll have a
diploma. I know a couple of people who’ve done that. If you like,
I’ll introduce you to them.
GWEN I suppose I’ll have a better idea if I talk/talked_17_ to them.
GARY Of course, if you do a course like that, you’ll/you’d_18_
have to work as well and you won’t/wouldn’t_19_ have much spare
time.
GWEN True, but if it’s/it will be_20_ only for a year, I can manage
that. What’s certain is that if I don’t/won’t_21_ make a move soon,
it’ll be too late because I’ll lose my nerve.
GARY Exactly! If you think/thought_22_ about it too long, you
won’t do it.

9. Comment on the following situations with if (expressing

regret, etc.).

1 John ate too much birthday cake, so he was sick.

If John hadn’t eaten too/so much birthday cake, he wouldn’t
have been sick.
2 We came home from our holiday early because we ran out
of money. …………………………………………………………..
3 The house didn’t burn down because the fire brigade came
immediately. ……………………………………………………….
4 The men were wearing protective clothing, so they were all
quite safe. …………………………………………………………..
5 I had an accident because I wasn’t watching the road. …….
6 I was sweating because it was so hot. ……………………...
7 My father didn’t earn much money, so life wasn’t easy for
us. …………………………………………………………………..
8 I didn’t enjoy school, so I didn’t do very well. ……………

95
 10. Comment on each situation using a Third Conditional
with if. Use would have, could have or might have.

In a bookshop yesterday Daniel saw a book he really wanted.

The only problem was that he didn’t have any money.
Daniel would have buy a book if he had had any money...........
1 On Sunday the guests had to have their lunch inside.
Unfortunately it wasn’t warm enough to have it outside.
.....................................................................................................
2 There was a bomb scare last Tuesday. Sarah wanted to fly to
Rome, but she wasn’t able to. The airport was closed.
.....................................................................................................
3 Laura has only met Nick once, and it’s possible she wouIdn’t
recognize him. He passed her yesterday, but he had a crash-helmet
on. ..............................................................................................
4 Sarah has been quite busy, and she hasn’t watered her plants
for some time. As a result, they’ve died. ………………………
5 Nick likes ice hockey, but he didn’t have a ticket to the game
last week, so unfortunately he wasn’t able to get in.
.....................................................................................................
6 Rita often goes to concerts at the town hall, although not to
every one. There was one on Saturday, but she didn’t know about
it. ………………………………………………………………

11. Complete the conversations. Put in the correct form of

the verb. Use the Past Simple, the Past Perfect, would, or would
have.

1 Mike: You look tired.

Harriet: Well, if ...... (you / not / wake) me up in the middle of
the night,..... (I / not be) so tired.
2 Rita: Is Trevor a practical person?
Laura: Trevor? No, he isn’t. If...........(he / be) practical,............,
(he / put) those shelves up a bit quicker. It took him ages.
3 Tom: Why are you sitting in the dark?
96
 David: Let’s just say that if .................... (I / pay) my electricity
bill last month, .................... (I / not be) in the dark now.
4 Matthew: Why are you so angry with me? All I did yesterday
was play basketball.
Emma: If..........................(you / love) me, ..........................(you
/ not / leave) me here all alone on my birthday.

12. Adam is a music student. He rents a room from Mr

Day. Put the verbs in the correct forms (1st/2nd/3rd Conditional).

Mr Day: Can’t you stop playing that trumpet? You’re making

an awful noise.
Adam: Well, if (0)……(I / not practise), I won’t pass my exam.
Mr Day: But why at night? It’s half past twelve. If (1)
.......................(you / play) it in the daytime, (2) ...................... (I /
not / hear) you because I’d be at work. If (3) ........................ (you /
tell) me about this trumpet when you first came here, (4)
....................... (I / not / let) you have the room. I’m afraid it’s
becoming a nuisance. If (5) ..................... (you / not / play) so loud,
(6) ............................. (it / not / be) so bad.
Adam: I’m sorry, but you can’t play a trumpet quietly.
Mr Day: If (7) ........................ (I / realize) a year ago what you
were going to do, then (8) .......................... (I / throw) you out long
ago. If (9) ............................. (you / go) on making this noise at
night, (10) ............................ (I / have) to complain to your college.

13. Discuss the following questions.

 How do you choose your e-mail client?

 Which of the following features do you consider while
choosing your e-mail client: security, privacy, functionality,
reliability, availability, usability or visual appeal?
 Can you have more than one e-mail client? Can there be any
problem with compatibility?

97
  Which browser-based e-mail clients do you know?

14. Read Text A:

Text A
Deciphering Internet E-Mail

Internet E-mail
According to the research about 31 billion e-mails are sent
worldwide every day − and that number is only expected to rise.
With the capability to send pictures, documents or even video mes-
sages to anyone in the world who has an email address, it has be-
come a massively popular form of communication.
How Does Sending & Receiving E-mail Work?
Using an e-mail client (software such as Microsoft Outlook or
Eudora) you can compose an e-mail message and send it to another
person anywhere, so long as you know their e-mail address. All
online services and Internet Service Providers (ISPs) offer e-mail,
and support gateways so that you can exchange e-mail with users of
other systems. Usually, it takes only a few seconds for an e-mail to
arrive at its destination.
When you initially set-up your e-mail client you will need spe-
cific information from your ISP, such as your network user ID,
SMTP and POP server address. The network ID will provide you
with your e-mail address, the SMTP server handles the communica-
tions as you send an e-mail message, and the POP server provides
the transmission for receiving e-mail.
SMTP – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
When you send an e-mail message, your e-mail client connects
to your ISP’s mail server, which is an SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol) server. It is common for your e-mail message to be bro-
ken down into small packets of data (for a speedier transmission),
which is reassembled when it reaches its destination. The SMTP
server will generally hand-off the message to another server that is
98
able to translate the domain name of the recipient’s address and
find the correct IP address to deliver the message to. This process
may be repeated multiple times until the e-mail is routed to the cor-
rect destination server.
POP – Post Office Protocol
While SMTP provides the protocol for sending an e-mail, it is a
different server that receives your e-mail at your ISP. POP, short
for Post Office Protocol, is a protocol used to retrieve e-mail from a
mail server. Your ISP will have set up a mailbox on the POP server
for all its customers. When incoming e-mails are received by the
POP server, it is then filtered down to the correct user mailbox.
When you use your e-mail client and connect to the POP server,
you log in with your ID (network username), which allows the
server to locate your mailbox. Access to the contents of the mailbox
is granted by entering in your password. The POP server will deliv-
er your e-mail to your local system and will delete the messages
from the server as well.
Most e-mail applications use the POP protocol. There are two
versions of POP. The first, called POP2, became a standard in the
mid-80’s and requires SMTP to send messages. The newer version,
POP3, can be used with or without SMTP. While most people will
refer to POP with a version number (e. g. POP3), when using the
term POP without a number, like any other protocol, it is generally
assumed you would be referring to the most recent version any-
ways.
IMAP: Internet Message Access Protocol
The Post Office Protocol is designed to be a simple protocol
offering only a basic set of commands, and it is still the most wide-
ly used protocol. Similar to POP is IMAP (Internet Message Access
Protocol), which is also a protocol for retrieving e-mail messages,
but supports some features not found in POP. For example IMAP
allows you to search e-mail messages for keywords while the mes-
sages still reside on the server. You can also store messages on the
e-mail server, and better manage multiple accounts and set message
flags. IMAP was developed at Stanford University in 1986.
99
 15. For questions 1–6, choose the answer (A, B, C or D)
which you think fits best according to the text.

1. An e-mail client is …
A) any online e-mail service. B) a software.
C) an e-mail provided by ISPs. D) a person who uses e-mail.
2. With an e-mail client you can send a message to another per-
son …
A) only if you know the address.
B) only if you know their ISP.
C) only if you know your ISP.
D) only if you know their address and ISP.
3. Which protocol doesn’t filter down the messages to the us-
er’s boxes?
A) SMTP. B) POP. C) IMAP. D) none of the above.
4. IMAP has …
A) less options than POP. B) more options than POP.
C) another name – POP2. D) another name – POP3.

16. Answer the questions:

1. How does sending & receiving e-mail work?

2. Explain what is an SMTP used for?
3. What are the functions of the POP?
4. Define IMAP.
5. How can you describe POP3?

17. Read Text B:

Text B
E-Mail Working

E-mail System
E-mail system comprises of the following three components:

100
  Mailer
 Mail Server
 Mailbox
Mailer
It is also called mail program, mail application or mail client. It
allows us to manage, read and compose e-mail.
Mail Server
An email server, or simply mail server, is an application or
computer in a network whose sole purpose is to act as a virtual post
office. The server stores incoming mail for distribution to local us-
ers and sends out outgoing messages. This uses a client-server ap-
plication model to send and receive messages using Simple Mail
Transfer Protocol (SMTP).
An email server is a computer with mail transfer agent (MTA)
functions. Mail is exchanged between email servers running special
software, which is built around standardized protocols for handling
messages and their varied (multimedia) content.
An email server receives mail from another MTA, a mail user
agent (MUA) or a mail submission agent (MSA) with the details of
the transmission being defined by SMTP. When an MTA receives a
mail and the recipient of the mail is not hosted locally, the mail is
forwarded to another MTA. Every time this happens the MTA adds
a "received" trace header on the top header of the message. This
shows all the MTAs that have handled the message before it arrived
in the recipient’s inbox. This useful feature allows administrators to
see whether an optimal path was taken.
Mailboxes
Mailbox is generally a folder that contains emails and infor-
mation about them.
Working of E-mail
Email working follows the client server approach. In this client
is the mailer i.e. the mail application or mail program and server is
a device that manages emails.

101
 Following example will take you through the basic steps in-
volved in sending and receiving emails and will give you a better
understanding of working of email system:
Suppose person A wants to send an email message to person B.
Person A composes the messages using a mailer program i.e.
mail client and then select Send option.
The message is routed to Simple Mail Transfer Protocol to per-
son B’s mail server.
The mail server stores the email message on disk in an area
designated for person B.
The disk space area on mail server is called mail spool.
Now, suppose person B is running a POP client and knows
how to communicate with B’s mail server.
It will periodically poll the POP server to check if any new
email has arrived for B. As in this case, person B has sent an email
for person B, so email is forwarded over the network to B’s PC.
This is message is now stored on person B’s PC.
The following diagram gives pictorial representation of the
steps discussed above:

102
 18. Translate word combinations and learn them:

1. comprise of the following 11. add a "received" trace header

three components
2. sole purpose
3. for handling messages
4. Simple Mail Transfer Pro-
tocol (SMTP)
5. 5. mail transfer agent (MTA)
6. 6. mail user agent (MUA)
7. mail submission agent
(MSA)
8. receive trace header
9. recipient of the mail
10. hosted locally
on the top header of the mes-
sage
12. a folder that contains emails
13. mailer
14. an area designated for
15. mail spool
16. poll the POP server
17. pictorial representation
18. reside on the server
19. it is generally assumed
20. Access is granted by entering
in password

19. Read Text C

Text C
E-Mail Protocols

E-mail Protocols are set of rules that help the client to properly
transmit the information to or from the mail server. We will discuss
various protocols such as SMTP, POP, and IMAP.
SMPTP
SMTP stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. It was first
proposed in 1982. It is a standard protocol used for sending e-mail
efficiently and reliably over the internet.
Key Points:
 SMTP is application level protocol.
 SMTP is connection oriented protocol.
 SMTP is text based protocol.
 It handles exchange of messages between e-mail servers over
TCP/IP network.
103
  Apart from transferring e-mail, SMPT also provides notifica-
tion regarding incoming mail.
 When you send e-mail, your e-mail client sends it to your e-
mail server which further contacts the recipient mail server using
SMTP client.
 These SMTP commands specify the sender’s and receiver’s
e-mail address, along with the message to be send.
 The exchange of commands between servers is carried out
without intervention of any user.
 In case, message cannot be delivered, an error report is sent to
the sender which makes SMTP a reliable protocol.
IMAP
IMAP stands for Internet Message Access Protocol. It was first
proposed in 1986.
Key Points:
 IMAP allows the client program to manipulate the e-mail
message on the server without downloading them on the local com-
puter.
 The e-mail is hold and maintained by the remote server.
 It enables us to take any action such as downloading, delete
the mail without reading the mail. It enables us to create, manipu-
late and delete remote message folders called mail boxes.
 IMAP enables the users to search the e-mails.
 It allows concurrent access to multiple mailboxes on multiple
mail servers.
POP
 POP stands for Post Office Protocol. It is generally used to
support a single client. There are several versions of POP but the
POP 3 is the current standard.
 Key Points
 POP is an application layer internet standard protocol.

104
  Since POP supports offline access to the messages, thus re-
quires less internet usage time.
 POP does not allow search facility.
 In order to access the messages, it is necessary to download
them.
 It allows only one mailbox to be created on server.
 It is not suitable for accessing non mail data.
 POP commands are generally abbreviated into codes of three
or four letters. Eg. STAT.

20. Email comprehension 2

Read the e-mail:

Dear Jenny
As requested, I’m attaching the a/w files again.
The technical problems you’ve been experiencing may be
due to your email provider. I have to say, I’ve never heard of
Whoopydudu.com. You might be better off switching to one of
the big names, such as Gmail or Yahoo.
Regarding file formats, TIFFs should be OK. If necessary,
your designer will be able to reformat them very easily, but in my
experience most designers have no problem working with TIFFs.
As the file sizes are quite large, and I understand that Angela
only has a dial-up connection, I’ve sent her low-res versions to
look at. I hope that will be OK. They should be clear enough.
I’m just about to go on holiday, so if you need me to send
these files on disk, please let me know by Friday afternoon. I
probably won’t get the opportunity to check my email while I’m
away, but if anything arises that won’t keep, my assistant Trevor
may be able to deal with it.
Best regards
Tony

105
 A. Are these statements true or false?

1. Tony thinks Jenny should change her email provider.

2. The designer will need to reformat the files.
3. Angela doesn’t have broadband.
4. Tony is sending resized versions of the a/w files to Angela.
5. These versions will look the same as the original versions.
6. Tony is going on holiday on Friday morning.
7. Trevor may be able to help with any problems that come up
while Tony is away.
8. The style is neutral – neither formal nor informal.

B. Find words or expressions in the email which mean the

same as the phrases below.

1. as you asked _____________________________________

2. famous companies ________________________________
3. change the type of file _____________________________
4. I think, but I may be wrong… _______________________
5. Low image resolution ______________________________
6. on Friday afternoon or before ________________________
7. comes up ________________________________________
8. that’s urgent ______________________________________

21. Make eight your own sentences using the words and
expressions from exercise 19 B.

22. Find the words and word combinations in the texts

above. Can you guess the meaning from context? Give Russian
equivalents.

1) connection oriented
2) application level
3) text based
4) Apart from
106
5) provide notification regarding incoming mail
6) specify the sender’s and receiver’s e-mail address
7) an error report
8) Key Points
9) first proposed in
10) concurrent access
11) offline access
12) search facility
13) efficiently and reliably
14) without intervention of any user
15) current standard

107
 ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ

Владение английским языком является необходимой

компетенцией для обучающихся в сфере IT технологий.
Учебное пособие представляет собой взаимосвязанный
комплекс материалов, в процессе работы с которым
обучающиеся овладели профессиональной англоязычной
терминологией, активизировали грамматические структуры,
усовершенствовали их реализацию во всех видах речевой
деятельности. Таким образом, логическая структура учебного
пособия позволяет осуществлять формирование
коммуникативной компетенции, под которой понимается
умение соотносить языковые средства с конкретными сферами,
ситуациями, условиями и задачами профессионального
общения.
Учебные материалы позволяют варьировать объем заданий
и способствуют решению сложных задач, связанных с
дифференцированным подходом к обучению, с учетом
индивидуальных особенностей и степени подготовки
обучающихся.

108
 СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ

1. A Brief History of the Internet [Электронный ресурс]. –

Режим доступа: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/santaana-
informationsystems/chapter/a-brief-history-of-the-internet/
2. A Brief History of the Internet [Электронный ресурс]. –
Режим доступа:
https://www.usg.edu/galileo/skills/unit07/internet07_02.phtml
3. Alexander L. G. Longman English Grammar Practice for In-
termediate Students. – 1998. – 302 p.
4. Anonymizer [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа:
https://www.techopedia.com/definition/23133/anonymizer
5. Cloud Computing [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим
доступа: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/cloud-
computing.asp
6. Coe N. Oxford Living Grammar: Intermediate / Learn and
Practise Grammar in Everyday Contexts. – Oxford University
Press, 2009. – 157 p.
7. Coe N., Harrison M., Paterson K. Oxford Practice Gram-
mar: Basic with answers. – Oxford University Press, 2020. – 350 p.
8. Cookie [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа:
https://www.techopedia.com/definition/7624/cookie
9. Davis F., Rimmer W. Active Grammar Level 2 with An-
swers and CD-ROM. – Cambridge University Press, 2011. – 215 p.
10. Deciphering Internet E-Mail [Электронный ресурс]. –
Режим доступа: https://www.webopedia.com/reference/e-mail/
11. Eastwood J. Oxford Practice Grammar Intermediate. – Ox-
ford, UK : Oxford University Press, 2011. – 445 p.
12. E-Commerce – Overview [Электронный ресурс]. –
Режим доступа:
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/e_commerce/e_commerce_overvie
w.htm
13. Electronic Commerce (E-Commerce) [Электронный
ресурс]. – Режим доступа:

109
https://www.techopedia.com/definition/351/electronic-commerce-e-
commerce
14. Email Server [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа:
https://www.techopedia.com/definition/1660/email-server-email
15. E-mail Working [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим
доступа:
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/internet_technologies/e_mail_worki
ng.htm
16. E-MONEY [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа:
http://projects.exeter.ac.uk
17. History of the Internet [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим
доступа: https://www.techopedia.com/6/27861/internet/history-of-
the-internet
18. How Anonymizers Work [Электронный ресурс]. –
Режим доступа:
https://www.livinginternet.com/internet/i/is_anon_work.htm
19. Internet [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа:
https://searchwindevelopment.techtarget.com/definition/Internet
20. Internet Privacy [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим
доступа: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/24954/internet-
privacy (date of access: 08.01.21)
21. Internet Services [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим
доступа:
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/internet_technologies/internet_servi
ces.htm
22. Internet Services [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим
доступа: https://intl.siyavula.com/read/cat/grade-12-
cat/networks/04-networks?id=sec4-2
23. IP Addresses [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа:
https://www.livinginternet.com/internet/i/iw_ip.htm
24. Shocking Facts About Blogging You Need To Know
[Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа:
https://robpowellbizblog.com/9-shocking-facts-about-blogging/

110
 25. THREE WAYS TO MAKE SURE YOUR ONLINE
CREDIT CARD TRANSACTION IS SAFE [Электронный
ресурс]. – Режим доступа: www.internet-security-abc.com
26. What is Ecommerce? [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим
доступа: https://ecommerceguide.com/guides/what-is-ecommerce/
27. What is the Difference between the Internet and the World
Wide Web [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа:
https://www.techopedia.com/2/27886/internet/what-is-the-
difference-between-the-internet-and-the-world-wide-web
28. Вичугов В. Н., Краснова Т. И. Английский язык для
специалистов в области интернет-технологий: учеб. пособие. –
Томск: Изд-во Томского политехнического университета, 2012.
– 116 с.

111
 ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ

ВВЕДЕНИЕ……………………………………….………… 3
UNIT 1. HISTORY OF THE INTERNET …………… 4
Grammar: Question Forms ………...……………………….. 4
Text A. History of the Internet ………………...…………… 14
Text B. What is the Difference Between the Internet and the
World Wide Web? …………………………………………… 17
Text C. Internet FAQs: Part 1 ……………………………….. 21
Internet FAQs: Part 2………………………………... 23
UNIT 2. INTERNET PRIVACY……………………............. 26
Grammar: Indirect Speech (1) Reporting statements.………... 26
Text A. What does Internet Privacy mean?………………...… 35
Text B. IP Addresses and Anonymizers …….…...................... 38
Text C. Website Privacy Policy & Cookies ………..………... 43
UNIT 3. INTERNET SERVICES…………..………………... 46
Grammar: Indirect speech (2) Reporting questions. Reported
requests, orders and advice …………………………………... 46
Text A. Structure of the Internet ……………………………... 54
Text B. Internet Services….………..………………………… 57
Text C. 9 Shocking Facts about Blogging You Need to Know. 65
UNIT 4. ONLINE PAYMENT SYSTEMS……………......... 68
Grammar: Zero Conditional. First Conditional…………......... 68
Text A. Electronic Commerce (E-Commerce) ………………. 74
Text B. Three Ways to Make Sure Your Online Credit Card
Transaction is Safe.................................................................... 79
Text C. Public Key Cryptography ……………........................ 82
UNIT 5. E-MAIL SERVICE………………............................. 86
Grammar: Second Conditional. Third Conditional………….. 86
Text A. Deciphering Internet E-Mail ………………………... 96
Text B. E-Mail Working …..….….…………………………... 98
101
112
Text C. E-Mail Protocols……………………………………... 106
ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ…...………………..…….…………………. 107
СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ…………………………………...

113
 Учебное издание

Погребняк Наталья Владимировна

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Учебное пособие

В авторской редакции
Макет обложки – Н. П. Лиханская

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