Условные предложения.

Conditionals or
Conditional Sentences

Условные предложения или придаточные предложения условия

(Conditionals) – это сложноподчиненные предложения, состоящие из
главного предложения (Main clause) и придаточного условия (if-clause),
которое часто вводится союзом if. Условные предложения в английском
языке используются для описания осуществимых или неосуществимых
ситуаций и бывают четырех типов.
Типы условных предложений

Zero Conditionals

Zero Conditionals (general truth) – условные предложения данного типа

всегда являются 100% истиной, они часто описывают законы природы,
общеизвестные истины/факты.

If –clause Main clause Вероятность совершения действия

Present Indefinite Present Indefinite 100%

Примеры:If temperature is zero, water freezes. – Если температура равна нулю,

вода замерзает. (100% истина)
If you heat water, it boils. – Если вы нагреете воду, она закипит. (100%
истина)

First Conditionals

First Conditionals (real possibility) – условные предложения I типа

выражают реальные, возможные ситуации в настоящем или будущем.
Вероятность, что действие произойдет, очень велика.

Вероятность совершения
If -clause Main clause
действия
Present Future Simple + infinitive
50-75%
Simple without to

Примеры:If it rains, I will not go to the park. – Если пойдет дождь, я не пойду
в парк. (я не знаю, пойдет дождь или не пойдет)
If I see Mary, I will tell her. – Если я увижу Мери, я скажу ей. (я могу ее
увидеть, а могу и не увидеть)

Second Conditionals

Second Conditionals (imagine situations) – условные предложения II типа

выражают действия, совершение которых в определенных ситуациях в
настоящем и будущем оказывается нереальным. Вероятность, что действие
произойдет, равна нулю.

If -clause Main clause Вероятность совершения действия

Past Simple would + infinitive without to 0%
Примеры:If I had a lot of money, I would travel round the world. – Если бы у
меня было много денег, я бы путешествовал по всему свету. (но у меня нет
таких денег)
If I were you, I would drive more carefully in the rain. – Если бы я был на твоем
месте, я бы вел машину аккуратнее во время дождя. (но я не на твоем месте)

Third Conditionals

Third Conditionals (lost chances) – условные предложения III типа

выражают воображаемые ситуации, относящиеся к прошлому. Вероятность,
что действие произойдет, равна нулю.

Вероятность совершения
If -clause Main clause
действия
Past would (could, should, might) have +
0%
Perfect past participle

Примеры:If I wouldn’t drink so much, I wouldn’t have got a fine – Если бы я

не пил так много, меня бы не оштрафовали. (утраченные возможности, я
много пил в прошлом, и поэтому меня оштрафовали);
If the weather had been nice 2 days ago, I would have gone to the beach. – Если
бы погода была хорошей 2 дня назад, я бы пошел на пляж. (но погода была
плохая, и я не пошел на пляж);
If I had gone to Egypt, I could have learned Arabic. – Если бы я поехал в
Египет, я бы мог выучить арабский язык.

Смешанные условные предложения

Смешанные условные предложения в английском языке – бывают двух

типов, чаще всего для образования смешанных условных предложений
используются условные предложения II и III типа.

1. Смешение II и III типа условных предложений.

В этом случае придаточное предложение относится к настоящему времени, а
главное предложение относится к прошлому и описывает ситуацию, которая
уже произошла.

Примеры:If I were smarter, I would have graduated from Stanford. – Если бы я

был сообразительнее, я бы закончил Стэнфорд.

2. Смешение III и II типа условных предложений.

В этом случае придаточное предложение относится к прошлому времени, а
главное предложение к настоящему.
Примеры:If my father hadn’t lost his keys, we wouldn’t have to wait until he
finds them. – Если бы мой отец не потерял ключи, нам не пришлось бы ждать,
пока он найдет их.

Ex. 1. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct forms.

1. If you pass your examination we (have) a celebration. 2. What (happen) if I

press this button? 3. You would play better bridge if you (not talk) so much. 4. If I
had known that you couldn't eat meat I (not buy) it. 5. If you go to Paris where you
(stay)? 6. If someone offered to buy you one of those rings, which you (choose)? 7.
The flight may be cancelled if the fog (get) thick. 8. If you (read) the instructions
carefully you wouldn't have answered the wrong question. 9. If the milkman
(come), tell him to leave two pints. 10. If you were made redundant what you (do)?
11. Someone (sit) on your glasses if you leave them there. 12. You (not have) so
many accidents if you drove more slowly. 13. If you (wear) a false beard nobody
would have recognized you. 14. I could repair the roof myself if I (have) a long
ladder. 15. I'll probably get lost unless he (come) with me. 16. If she (leave) the
fish there the car will get it. 17. You'll get pneumonia if you (not change) your wet
clothes. 18. She (be able) to walk faster if her shoes hadn't such high heels. 19. I
(bring) you some beer if I had known that you were thirsty. 20. If the story hadn't
been true the newspaper (not print) it. 21. I (not buy) things on the installment
system if I were you. 22. Dial 999 if you (want) Police, Ambulance, or Fire
Brigade. 23. If anyone attacked me, my dog (jump) at his throat. 24. If he were in
he (answer) the phone. 25. The ship would have run aground if the pilot (make)
one mistake. 26. I shouldn't have taken your umbrella if I (know) that it was the
only one you had. 27. If I have enough apples, I (bake) an apple pie this afternoon.
28. If I had enough apples, I (bake) an apple pie this afternoon. 29. If I had had
enough apples yesterday I (bake) an apple pie. 30. If the weather is nice tomorrow,
we (go) to the zoo. 31. If the weather were nice today, we (go) to the zoo. 32. If the
weather had been nice yesterday, we (go) to the zoo. 33. It's too bad Helen isn't
here. If she (be) here, she (know) what to do. 34. Fred failed the test because he
didn't study. However, if he (study) for the test, he (pass) it. 35. You should tell
your father exactly what happened. If I (be) you, I (tell) him the truth as soon as
possible. 36. If I (have) my camera with me yesterday, I (take) a picture of Alex
standing on his head. 37. I'm almost ready to plant my garden. I have a lot of seeds.
Maybe I have more than I need. If I (have) more seeds than I need, I (give) some to
Nellie. 38. I got wet because I didn't take my umbrella. However, I (get, not) wet if
I (remember) to take my umbrella yesterday.

Ex. 2. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct forms (mixed conditionals).

1. It was the drug, not the disease, that killed him. He still (be) alive today if he
(not take) that drag. 2. This room's freezing because the fire has only just been lit.
– If it (be lit) this morning, as I suggested, the room (be) warm enough to sit in
now. 3. I overslept; that's why I'm half an hour late; and if my phone (not ring) at
nine o'clock I might still be in bed. 4. Why are you in such a bad temper? –
Because I've been waiting for 40 minutes in an icy wind. If you (wait) 40 minutes
in an icy wind you (be) bad-tempered, too. 5. When the weather got bad the
climbing party turned back, all except Tom and his brothers, who decided to go on.
If only they (turn) back with the others they (be) alive today. 6. You are not
practical. If you (be) practical you (not buy) such a useless thing. 7. She is not
careful. If she (be) careful she (not get) into trouble. 8. She looks tired. If she (not
work) all the time she (not look) so tired now.

Ex. 3. Translate into English.

1. Если завтра будет сильный мороз, мы не пойдем кататься на лыжах. 2.
Интересно, придет ли он. Если он придет, он будет очень удивлен. 3. Она
будет волноваться, если ты не позвонишь ей. 4. Если бы вы знали грамматику
лучше, вы бы не делали столько ошибок в ваших упражнениях. 5. Если бы он
сейчас был здесь, он, конечно, помог бы нам. 6. Если бы не было так поздно,
я бы позвонил ей сейчас. 7. Если бы ты мне оставил записку, я бы зашел к
тебе вчера. 8. Мы бы не опоздали на поезд, если бы взяли такси. 9. Если бы я
не был так занят на прошлой неделе, я бы тоже присоединился к вашей
экскурсии. 10. Если бы он занимался регулярно весь семестр, он бы сейчас не
боялся экзаменов. 11. Если бы мы знали его адрес, мы бы сообщили ему о
результатах экзаменов вчера. 12. Он бы не делал столько ошибок сейчас,
если бы не пропустил столько занятий. 13. Если у тебя есть время, позвони
Ане. 14. Если бы вы знали его лучше, вы бы не думали о нем так плохо. 15.
Если бы ты пришел вчера на собрание, ты бы услышал интересный доклад.
16. Если бы я не пошел к ним вчера, мы бы ничего не знали об этом даже
теперь. 17. Ты бы себя хорошо сегодня чувствовал, если бы принял вчера
лекарство. 18. Вы бы лучше знали язык, если бы прочитали летом несколько
английских книг. 19. Если бы вы выполнили все предписания врача, вы давно
бы выздоровели и работали сейчас вместе с нами. 20. Если бы они любили
друг друга, они бы давно поженились.

WISH

I wish I knew what to do about the problem.

I wish you didn’t have to go.

I wish I hadn’t said it.

I wish I had studied harder at school.

Supply the necessary forms of the verbs in brackets after wish.

1. Bill, you're up to something. I wish I (to know) what it is. 2. Mel wished he (to
know) earlier what Tom had just told him. 3. He wished that it all never (to
happen) at all and that things (to be) as they once had been. 4. I wish I (can) settle
down to something. 5. I wish I (to have) a jeep, that's all. 6. I wish I (to be) quite
sure that she is altogether honest. 7. "I wish I (to have) a cigarette. That's more
important to me just now," said Jack. 8. We wish to goodness the thing (can) be
patched up. 9. I wish you (to go) up and (to see) Willy. 10. I now began to wish
that I (not to take) Monty into my confidence. 11. I wished he (not to ask) that
question. 12. "Have you got my letter?" "Yes. I wish you (not to write) it." 13. She
almost wished it (to be) an ordinary day and that there (to be) no such things as
holidays. 14. I wish I (can) go round the world. 15. I wish you (to ask) her a
question or two about her parents. 16. At the first sight of his host Andrew almost
wished he (not to come).

AS IF/AS THOUGH

She looked as though she had been at the hairdresser's all afternoon.
Mary is always saying she believes her friend, and at the same time she always
behaves as if he were her enemy.
Our life goes on as if nothing had happened.

Using the information in parentheses, complete the sentences with as if/as though.

1. (I wasn't run over by a ten-ton truck.)

1. I feel terrible. I feel as if (as though) I had been run over by a ten-ton truck.
2. (English is not her native tongue.) She speaks English ____.
3. (His animals aren't people.) I know a farmer who talks to his animals ____.
4. (You didn't see a ghost.) What's the matter? You look ____.
5. (His father is not a general in the army.) Sometimes his father gives orders
____.
6. (I didn't climb Mt. Everest.) When I reached the fourth floor, I was winded. I
felt ____ instead of just three flights of stairs.
7. (He does have a brain in his head.) Sometime he acts ____.
8. (We haven't known each other all of our lives.) We became good friends
immediately. After talking to each other for only a short lime, we felt ____.
9. (A giant bulldozer didn't drive down Main Street.) After the tornado, the town
looked ____.
10.(I don't have wings and I can't fly.) I was so happy that I felt ____.
11.(Tim isn't the boss.) Tim acts ____.
12.(The dog isn't a child.) They treat their dog ____.
13.(You have many friends.) You look so depressed. You look ____ a friend in the
world.
14.(The earth didn't stop.) It was so quiet that it seemed ____.
(Something happened.) Craig bumped the other car and then continued ____.

IT’S TIME

Don't you think it's time you got a job? It’s high time

Come , it's time we had lunch.

They were saying in the office that it was about time Walker retired.

Complete the sentences using it's time and a past tense.

E.g. Andrew's hair looks awful. He hasn't washed it for a long time. He says: It's
time I washed my hair.

1. Simon received a bill two weeks ago, but he still hasn't paid it. His friend asks
him: Don't you think... ?
2. You're taking an important exam next month, but you haven't started studying
for it yet. You say: ...
3. Sally promised to phone a friend, Mike, two weeks ago, but she hasn't phoned
him yet. Her mother says: Don't you think...?
4. There is something wrong with your car. You've been thinking of taking it to
the garage for weeks now! You say: ...
5. You think the children should be in bed. It's already 11 o'clock. You say:...
6. You haven't been to the dentist for nearly a year. You should go every six
months. You say: ...
7. You're sitting in a train waiting for it to leave. It's already five minutes late. You
say:...
8. You think Tom should write to his parents. He hasn't written to them for ages.
You say:...
9. You are waiting for Ann. She is late. She should be here by now. You say: ...
10.This room should be redecorated. It looks awful. You say: ...