@ Mpoucxoxpenne Bcenenuon: «op- 10 myfla» UMKNM4eCKOrO pasorpeBa U oxnaxkgeHua MaTepuu — npoTue Te- opuu Bonbworo B3pbisa @ B Poccun cyuyecTByeT NoronoBHbIit KOppyNuMOHHbI Hanor. PeanbHo nM ero OTMEHMTb? @ Hukysja He AeHeLUIb- Cs: MeceHb - Halla COcepKa VM HaM C Hel0 XUTb @ Besrpanuuna aHeprua OusHecmena! O6pi4Horo yenoBeka OHa MOET CAeNaTb NoBenuTenem OKADA @ Kone4Ho, camonéT MoxeT CTaTb aBToMoGuneM, HO YAaCTCA NM «CyXONyTHbI» BbIXOf, Ha CBEPX3ByK? 2009 ISSN 0028-1263 HAYRA H shHSGHEwHHo CHUM mca pac ‘mob. Odnaxo Hi 10 He moaeKo 6 ImoN: HeKomopole NPod nut unerom xEamouit ybem. Yeat moxxem Bomb noae me sve. coanennvim cbemon, UX HACEKOMDIX Buoaoz ]Opuii PPOAOB. omo Hamaavu Ao. CB Leumeta (7«Hayxa 1 xan» No2, 1934 n: A, TAAAHMH — DACKTPOHHBII MUKPOCKOTE ...s.oeeensennes 2 E. KABAOB, akaa. — Hayka Kak oTpacab 9Ko- HOMEKHE Becta 9 mricraTyroB, AaGoparopuii, 3KcneAMMit O. BPHAEBA, kaHia. Her. Hay — Taitunte 3HaKH 9110xH CpeaHeit Gponssr (12). T. 31- MUHA, kata. xuM. Hayk — Mocxsa u Te- ‘rep6ypr — abimate onracxol (13); AcrportoMet OTKPBIAH HOBBI KAacc 4épHBIX ABIP (14). H. KPYMEHHK — Mpo6ea p ta6anye Men- AeAeeBa CKopo GygeT 3amoaHen (15). ©. MAPOEHMHA, aoxr. 610A, Hay, A. MBAHOBA, kana, GOA. Hayk — MuoroanKas naecens oven 16 Hopsiit DVD c noaHbIM 9AeKTPOHHBIM apXHBOM okypuaaa «Hayka u H3H» (1975—1989 ToABt) . rc O noanucxe Ha 2010 roa ... 5 B, PYAEHKO — Youre apakona, BoxMoxHo An noGeAHTs KOppymnmi0 B Poccum 27 BMHTH (Bwopo naocrpannoit nayano-rexaie- cKoit macopmanun) 2 O. BEAOKOHEBA — Auxera surareast-2008 C. BAHOFPAAOB, Karta. cbiaoc. Hayk — CroaGonast Aopora B o6yuenmt B, YEPHDIM, aor. cbu3.-mar. Hayx — Lmxanyeckast BoeaenHast Eprenna Yerckoro «oroGaoKHot ©. CHTAYEB — Tpuauars merpon — He mpegea! Hayka 1 2kuaHb B Havaae XX pexa B. MELEPAKOR, Kana. Texx. Hayk, O. PACHONOB, aoKr, cb3.-mar. HayK, 9, TOPLUKOB, Kania, (ba3.-Mar. Hayk — Tipuraxenne Cesepa BHTH (Biopo nayano-rexiaveckoil mcpopma- WMH) ees ooees ’ 56 10. DPOAOB — Yeaonex roxas 9, PEKCTHH — Ynero6 ye oo. Tlepenucxa c uurareaamnt A. TIAXOMOB — Kocmuueckast axeapeas (62). 3. KOPOTKOBA — «Couyncrsute» (63). A. BAKYAMHA — Apmaicxitit CroyHxenaxk (64). A. CYTIEPAHCKAS, aoxr. ¢paaoa. Hay — Ma ucropun dbammanit (65) A. 3BIKOB — Bunmanne, nosayx! B asrycre 5 dKyKoBcKom npomér o4epeAHoit MexayHa- POAHBIii aBMANHOHHO-KOCMHYeCKHIL canon . ei O. BEAOKOHEBA — Kak MAKC-2009 craa aBManMoHHO-KOCMHYeCKHM CaAOHOM Gyaymiero . 68 ome pe: O 48M numyr Hay4no-nonyaspante xypHaant Mapa 72 A. KA3ABLUTEMH, aor. reoa.-munepaa. Hayk — Yroab. Caeapr B ATMOCIEPE oo... 75 A. CHCAKSIH, aga, — CTHXH wesesoneneneiee 7D Hanorynnean Mexkay KAeTKaMH 80 «YMA TIAAATA» Tosasareanio-passupatomtnit PASACA AAS LIKOABHHKOB, H. 3AMATHHA — Mup seaénoro ancra (81) 10. CADOHOBA, kana, cpnaoa. wayk — Ma- mer nam Maxaer? (85). A. AYBPOBCKIM — Tails Boctourpix KaMHKoR (86). E. THK, Kal, Texx. Hayk — Bor ato Aal 3acpuKcupo- BaHHbie peKopAst 2009 roaa (90). A. TAMBH- EB, AOKT. Gwoa. Hayx — Myaxr npuOntrns — Capraccoso mope (92). Ticuxoaormeckitit mpaxruxym. Kaprankn-saraaKu (96). E, PK — Kax Bacmanst AkcéHosa «3,0qeem» nyraan 97 Kyncrkamepa 102 A. AAEKCEEB — Pycb neneankast 104 H. KOP3HHOB — HerpeGurean — pexopa- cMeH cpeaH anTomoGmaeit 112 B, AHTOHOB — Aasupptit 360 ...csoneneoe LIB E. TMK, macrep copra to uraxmaram — Kons ATTHABE oss so 119 Maaeusxue xirpocrit 123 Anexcariap BEAAEB — Aerko An 6s1Ts paxom, (Buoaormueckwit paccKas-cbarrrasi) ...... 124 H. KPABKAMC, M. AEBHTHH — Tp kus mucareas (A. P. Beaten) 126 Hi. COKOABCKHI, ai, bapsrauent. Hayk— Yeaaaa rypMavion 1 «crracurean» AOMOXO3sEK .. i 133 Ornersi pemennst 137 Kpoccnopa ¢ parmentamtt ....... 138 A. BEAELKAS — cnogseraterens 2KMBOTHCE 140 HA OBJIOXKKE: 1-3 crp. — Hayka oGnemaer axuaHtb. Koaaark T. Barnnoit Brway: Tax Bairasaena oGAoxKa mepnoro HOMe- pa xkypHana «Hayka 4 KH3Hb», BOI0GHOBHBINETO cpoit BEImycK 75 AeT Ha3aa, 3-a erp. — Kaprunsi Aioamuats Beaeyxoii 13 3a- cytennirx pacrennii. Doro aptopa. (CM. crarsio wa crp. 140.) 4-5 crp. — Mexaynapoanniti annanuonno- KOCMHYeCKHi CaAoH Br. )KyKOBCKOM — aBrycr 2009 roga. Moro A.3mKOBA. (CM. craThio Ha crp. 66.) Bomom xomepe 144 cmpanuup. HAYRA No 10 OKTABPb >KypHan ocHosan 8 1890 ropy. Vsnanne sos0GHosneno s oxrape 1934 roma. EXKEMECAYHbIN HAYYHO-NONYASAPHbIA H KRHUSHb, 2009 WK YPHASibybka, 8 komopoat RONYLAOTNCH aneke INPOWHBIE Dy tlt Mbcobeaie bers Ipucnocotneniue dumca cyumae- Mbit Ob'ekm.~. Kamyuka-oorkrié- BemurUuBQvHat 2 200 pas. Ohoutko An8 Ha- O20deH UH 430- uszobpa menue 90 44.000 pas Ohoutku Ons Habne- Genus nad namjpede- Puc. 4 «Haya n aenamn» No 10,2009.Cospemennas Hayka meer rnyGoKne KopHn. Fopasao Gonee rnyGoKne, 4em MoxeT noKa- gaTbcs Ha nepsbii Barns. KypHan «Hayka 4 KM3Hb», OCHOBAHHBIA B 1890 roay 4 BOsOGHOR- nénnbii nocne nepepbisa & oKTaGpe 1934 roma, nomoraer npocnegMTs McTOpMWO pasBuTHA HayWHO-TexHM4eCKOH MBICAM. JNERTPORREH MHRPOCKON («Hayka 1 >xn3Hb» N22, 1934 r.) BOAHBI H YACTHLBI Kaxoii cmica uMeeT TaKoe coueTanHe CAOB — «oaekrponnbiit MHKpockon»? Heyxean MPH HOMONIH 9AeKTPOHOB MOxKHO paccMo- ‘TpeTb Han cpororpadpHpoBaTb MeaKHe TIpeA- MeTHI B YBeAHYCHHOM BHAe? STa TOMIEITKA 3aM@HHTh CBeTOBLIC BOAHBI 9ACKTPOHAMH BITOAHe eCTeCTBEHHO BBITeKAeT 13 B3rAHAOB cospeMeHHoii (pH3MKH Ha CXOACTBO MeKAY pacnpocrpaHenMem BOAH H 1OTOKOM AeTs- myx wacTHty*, KAK BbIAM OTKPBITbI SAEKTPOHBI Tlpeacrapaenne 06 sxeKrponax KaK oT- ACABHBIX YACTHYKAX, MOryUNAX B TycToTe ABUTAThCA C GOABILIMMM CKOpOCTAMH, ObIAG cosqaio anramiickumn yuénnin B. Kpyxcom 1 Ax. (yx. ToMCOHOM B CBA3M C PAAOM OMEI- ‘TOB 110 MpoxoKAeHHIO 9AeKTPHYECTBa Yepes Kpaitite paspexeHupte rasbi. Kpykc mlomenaa MeTanAH¥eckyt0 IAaCTHHKy BHYTPH CTeKASHHOM TpyOKH, H3 KOTOPOIt BEI- KaMlTBaAcs Ta3, H 9aps>KAA e% AO GOABMTOTO Ha- IIpsPKEHUM OTPUNATEALHBIM IACKTPHIECTBOM. EcaH Hanps>keHMe GbIAO AOCTATONHO BeAHKO, 13 TIAACTHHKH BO BCe Croporst TeprleHAHKy- AsIpHO K e8 TOBepXHOCTH Ha4HHAAH MCXOAMTS KaKHe-TO AY4H, HeBHAMMBIe PAasy, HO 3acTaB- ASIOMHe CTEKAO TPYGKM CBETHTECH 3eAHLIM cperom, OGHapyXHTh 9TH Ay'UH OLIA0 OFeH AeTKO, CTABS MEXAY MAACTHHKOIL H CTeEKAOM KaKoli-HHGyAb MpeAMeT, TAK KaK Ha CTeKAe TOAYYAAACh TeH, Popa KOTOPOIi ACHO yKa- SbIBAAA, STO M3 MAACTHHKH M10 TIPsIMBIM AMHHSIM HICXOASTT KAKMe-TO AYUH, 3ACTABASIOLIME CTEKAO crerurnca (pic. 1) ‘YroGst HCcAeAOBATE IpUpoay ITHX Ayyeit, GnIA MPHAYMAH WeaLtit PAA HeOOBTUAiiHO "Cm. crarpo axa, A.D. Mode 8 Ne 1, 1934 r. (niepe- nrewararta n Ne 10, 2004 r). aman» No 10,2009. Puc. 1 OcrpoyMHEIx OMITOB, H YAaAOCb ¢ TOAHOI HECOMHEHHOCTHIO AOKa3aTb, YTO 9TH AyaE Mpeacrapasior coGOit AeTaLIHe C OrpoMHOit CKOPOCTHIO YACTHIIBI 9ACKTPHYeCTBA, HasBAH- Hple 9AeKTponaMn. KAK MOXKHO YIIPABAATb ABYDKEHHEM 3AEKTPOHOB Ha puc. 2 cxemarmro n30GpaxKena cre- KAsHHast TpyOKa, M3 KOTOPOiI BbIKAyaH BO: AYX, CHAGKEHHAS HECKOADKHMH 9ACKTPOAA- MH, K KOTOPBIM MOXKHO TOABOAMT 9ACKTPH- weckoe Hanps>KeHHe. Saexrpoa K (KaToa) 3aps>KeH OTpHUaTeAL- HO 10 OTHOMIeHMIO K MAactunKe A (aHoa) Ha- CTOABKO CHABHO, TO M3 Hero GyayT BEIACTaTh 9AeKTPOHEI, OGEIMHO KATOA HarpeBatoT AOPuc. 3 BBICOKOHi TeMrlepaTypbI, TOrAa Harlps-KeHHe M@XKAY KaTOAOM H AHOAOM MOXKeT OBIT 3Ha- MHTeAbHO MeHBIIe, SAeKTpOHBI MOAeTAT OF 9ACKTPOAA K TAa- CTHHKe, 1 Hx CKOpOcTs GyaeT BCE BPEMs BOS pacar; cam B aHOAe CAeAaHO oTBepcTHe, TO pa3OrHaBIIHeCst IACKTPOHEI, MpoAetast wepes oTBepcTHe, GyAYT MPOAOAXATh AeTeTb AOCTHTHYTO# CKOPOCTEIO TO HHeprtH Ips MOAMHefHBIM TY4KOM, EcaH BAOAb MY¥Ka pacnoAoxKHTb MAACTHH- Ky, MOKPBITY10 BeIeCTBOM, CBeTAIKHMCA OT YAaPOB 9ACKTPOHOR, TO 9TOT My4OK AenaeTcA BHAHEIM B BHAC Y3KOiL CBETAUIeHICA TOAOCKH, Yka3EiBaioueit yTh IACKTPOHOB. TlocrasuM cBepxy 4 CHH3y oT 9Toro MyKa ACTAIUX IACKTPOHOB ABE MeTAAAMYeCKHe MAACTHHKM M1 3apsAHM BepXHIOIO TAACTHHKY (M) orpuuareabuo, a HvrKHIo10 (N) 1OAO%KU- TeABHO, TOrAa 9ACKTPOHE!, OTTAAKHBAACE OT BepxHeit 1 MpHTATMBAsCe K HIDKHe!i, M9OTHYT cnoit nyTb, Dror H3rHG GyAeT BIIOAHE TOXO-K Ha HSTHG MOA BAHSIETFeM CHABI TDKECTH CrpyH BOABI, BLITeKaIoMelt M3 TOpUsOHTAABHOi Tpy6ul. Beawunna usrGa Gyqer sabHcers oT BEAHYHHE! HanpsKeHMs MeKAY MAGCTHEKAMHL M uN nor ckopoctn aaeKtpoHop, TOHstTHO, eM CKopocT GyAer GoABile, TeM H3rH6 Gyaer MeHibiLIe M'4eM Hanps>KenHte Gyaer Goabiue, TEM Goanime Gyaer H HarHO, TIpnaanas maacrHKam cooTaeTcrByiouty10 bopMy H Mens Hanps>KeHHe H CKOpOCTH 9ACKTPOHOB, MOAYYAIOT BOSMOAHOCTH ynpaB- AST /ABYOKEHMEM 9ACKTPOHOB. Haqo TOABKO TOUHO paccuMTaTh, KAK 9TH MAACTHHKH GyAyT BAHSITb Ha TOAST 9AeKTPOHOB. ITO AOBOABHO ‘TPYAHast 3aAata, HO C Heit AeTKO MOxKeT CMpa- BUTECA XOpOUMMit MaTeMaTHK. To 7K OTKAO- HeHHe My4Ka MOXKHO CAeAAaTh IPH TOMONKHL MarHHTHOrO OAS. 4 QAEKTPOHHAS AMH3A Ha puc. 3 w306paxKéH oni ¢ 9AeKTpOHHOit AMH3OH4, 13 KOTOPOTO BHAHO, KaK XOPOUIO YAa- rea ynpaBAstTb MOTOKOM ACTSILIHX IACKTPOHOB, Vis psiaa orsepcrnit c esoit croportss pHcyAKa, BHIXOAST HECKOALKO PACKOASIIMXCH HYYKOB 9ACKTPOHOB, AAABILIC OHH HIPOXoAsTT 4epes TAK Ha3bIBAeMYI0 DACKTPOHHYIO AMH3Y, COCTOs- Uly!o M3 saps>KenHtIx HAacTHHOK. Kpaitne TAACTHHKH AMH3bI 3apsPKeHbI OTPHIATeABHO, a cpeqnsis nAacrHtika —noaoxkiTeanito. My4KH 9ACKTPOHOB OTKAOHTIOTCH AMOI H Tepece- KalOTCH COREPIEHHO TAK 7Ke, KAK AYYH CBeTa, TIpoxoAHe Yepes CTeKAsHHOe OITTHIeCKOe crekao. Ha cpeaHem puicyHKe Hanpsbxenite cae- AHO MeHDINe, H TY4KH, OTKAOHSLICB, AeAAIOTCSL TapaaAeabtibiMH, a Ha HIDKHeM pricynKe (Ges HanlpsvKeHHs!) OCTAIOTCH PACKOAsLIUMICS Ha mpakrke oKastinaerest ropa3ao yAoG- Hee MOAbIOBATKCA He IapsVKEHHLIMH TAa- CTHHKAMH, a KaTyWIKaMH, Co3AaIouMMH MarHuTHoe ToAe, BAHsIMe MarHHTHBIX CHA Ha TOAST 9ACKTPOHA HECKOABKO CAOKHEE, HO, MO CyL\ecTBY, H44eM He OTAHYaeTCH OT BAHSIIHS1 DACKTPHMECKHX CHA, H MPH TOMOULH MAPHHTHOFO OAK COOTRETCTBEHHO TOAO- GpaxHoit KarymKH, HO KOTOpoIt MpoxoAuT ACKTPHYECKHIt TOK, MOKHO TakKE HOCTPO- HTb 9ACKTPOHHY}0 AMHBY. 9AEKTPOHHBIM MUKPOCKON Tloayai BosMoxHOCTb MOCTpOHTh 9AeK- ‘TpoHHyIo AMHay, HeTpyAHo OcytecTBUTD H CAOKHBIH 9ACKTPOHHDII MHKPOCKOTL C Hemmer croponbt 9\eKTpontsEtit MAKPO- cKon n30GpaaKéxt Ha puc. 4 (cM. c. 2). Hasna- ueHHe OTAeABHBIX YacTelt yKAIaHO Ha CaMOM pHcynKe. PE3YABTATbI MCCAEAOBAHMA TIP. TIOMOLIM 3AEKTPOHHOTO MHKPO- CKOTIA, Ha pic. 5 mpeacranaert CHUMOK, CAeAaHHBII oAeKTPOHHOlt ANHBOIt C HarpeToro, TlOKPEITOTO Puc. 5 «Mayra na 10, 2009.OKHCbIO KaTOAa, HCIYCKAIOMIero 9AeKTPOHEL. Ha cHHMKe BHAHO, "TO TOABKO OTAABHEIe 1aCrH kaToja HCTIYCKaIOT 9AeKTPOHEI, PacrloAOKeHHE OTHX MATeH TOSBOAKeT H3yYarh CrpyKTyPY CAOs OKHCH, 4TO MpeaCTaBasteT O4eH GOABILION uiTrepec, TaK KaK TAKHe OKHCHBIe KATOALI TIPH- MeHSIOTCH AAS KATOAHEIX paAHOAAMn. Ha puc. 6 n30Gpaxén TOHOBOM CHHMOK pemérkH 13 TOHKOM MpoBOAOK:H, TpHyeM pac- aC OOPS PRION 2 SO % oA 5 vee SN o, > x 0 PROS SRO SRR SRR < e PSS262 K> Se * %% > x .°, <> KX XS x o, Puc. 6 crosmime Mexay TpoBoaoaKaMr papHio 0,3 MM. CaeBa — cHMMOK MpH NOMOMIH DAeKTPOHHOTO MHKpockonla, a cripasa — cHMMOK pH 1OMO- IM CeTOROTO MHKpocKonla. IaeKrpornBtii CHUMOK BO BCAKOM cAyuae He xyxKe, TeM caeronoii. OGpraHBiii cReTOBO! MHKPOCKON He MOET PASACAMT ABYX TOK HAH HépTONeK, ECAH paccTosHMe Mexkay HMM MeHbIIe 4eTBepTH AAHHBI CBeTOROIt BOAHBI. CBCTOBBIC BOAHEI MMelOT 3aMeTHBIe pasMepEt, H MOITOMY «paapemaromjas cnocoGHocTs» cReTOROTO MHKpockona AocTuraer He Goaee vem 0,4 (xm, 10-® m. — Pea), wa 4000 A (A — anr- pem = 10-® cm). IIpeaea «paspenraronyet cnlocoGHOcTH» 9AeKTPOHHOTO MHKpockona craBuTcs AAHHOI BOAHEI TOO BOAHOBOTO mpoyecca, KoTOpEtii, CoraacHo BoaapeHHaM CcoppemeHHoit dusuku, OKpyxKaer aeTsuyHit ACKTPOH, — AAMHOii «BOAT MaTepHHD Ae- Bpoitas. ama Boar MarepHn sanncnT or cKopocrHt AeTsIIero 9AeKTpoHa H OyAerTeM MeHBIIIe, Wem Goabue cKopocT 9eKrpona. Tloxtomy, yBenn- MMBAs CKOPOCTh 9ACKTPOHOB, MOXKHO CACAAT «paspenrarouty10 CHOCOGHOCTE» 9AeKTPOEHOTO MMKpockora TouTH GesrpaHH4Hoit. MoxKHo TOACHHTaTS, HO Teopun Ae-Bpoiias, wo pit CKOpocTH aneKrpoHOR 750 BOABT «paspertiaio- Iasi CHOCOGHOCTE» 9AeKTPOHHOTO MHKPocKona yxe Aocturaer 22 aHrcrpeM, a Ip AerKO AO- CTWKUMO!t CKOpOCTH 75 000 BOAT OHA AeAaeTCH OKOAO 2 aHICTpeM, TO ecT MpHGAMKaeTCH K pasMepam aroma. Tlepsnie 2neKrponnsre MHKpocKonEr OBIAH, nocTpoeHsi Bcero 2—3 roaa HasaA (B Havane 1930-x roaos. — Pea,), Ho y>xe ceituac mpu ux HOMOUKM MOXKHO MOAYYATb CHMMKM TOHKHX AHCTO'YKOB MeTaAAa, MPO3payHEIX AAS IACK- ‘TPOHOB, C yBeaMueHHeM B 7—12 000 pas. ‘QNEKTPOHHBII MUKPOCKOTT, BOIMOXHO, CAC~ ‘AaeTCsI CKOpO TaKHM 2Ke OGBIMHBIM TIpHGOpoM, KaK CBCTOBO! MHUKPOCKON, H TpyAHO ceiHac TIpeAcTaBMTb, CKOAB HHTTepecHble pesyABTAaTbI MOTT OBIT HOAYYeHEI pH TOMOUNE 9TOrO iipHGopa. A.A. TAAAHMH. Crates 06 onextpoHHOM MuKpockone, HanncaHHas GnecTauMM nonynspusaropom Hayku, duankom n negarorom JAMuTpuem AmuTpuesniem FanaHuHtim, Gbina onyGnuKo- Bana 8 «Hayke m xM3HM» 75 neT Haag. ABTOp CTaTbM He OWMGcA B CBOMX NpeAcKasaHMaX: Cei4ac oneKTpOHHbii MAKpOCKON — BNOMHE OGEINHBIA Hay4HbI NpUGop & apceHane du- 3UKOB, XMMUKOB, Guonoroe, GnarofapsA KOTOPOMY MOKHO YBUeTb OTAENbHbIe MOFIEKysIbI Wnaxe atomti. Bonee Toro, a/1eKTPOHHBIM MMKPOCKON CTAN BAXKHEMLIMM MHCTPyMeHTOM HaHoTexHonoruit. BcnomMHum HeKoTOpbie BAXKHbIe HAyYHbIe BEXH B PASBMTHM SNeKTPOHHOM MUKPOCKONMM. 1897 ron, Apxosed L>kon Tomcon orxpuisaer anex- ‘pon. HoGenesckas npemua 1906 ropa. 1924 ron, Syn ae Bpolin Beicxasbisaer mneI0, 470 ABWKeHMe 3NleKTPOHA (MAPyrixasieMeHTapHbix4acTML) MOXHO NipesCTaBUT Kak PacnpocTpaHeHve BONHE: HoGeneackas npemus 1929 roma. 1928 ron. ALKopax NamKer TomcoH (obi AK. Dx. Tomcona) o6Hapyxneaer ANdpaKunio aneKTpoHos, ‘akcnepHMeHTanbHo AoKa3aB BONHOBYIO NPUpoAY STHX vacruu. Hoenesckan npemus 1937 rona (cosmecTHo: cK. Algencconom). 1928 ron. Teopruii famos npeanaraer Teopmio TyHHenbHOro nepexona sneMeHTapHOM yacTHUBIHEpes ahepreTaeckii Gapsep. 1931 ron. Hemeuknii mxenep Paiitixonea Py- fexGepr nateHTyeT npocsewnBaoWWMA aneKTpOHHEIA MuKPOCKON © OneKTpocTaTMYecKOH doKycHPOBKOA ‘aneKrponos. 1931 ron, Sprit Pyexa (HoGenesckan npemua 1986 ona) m Maxc KHonn cosqaioT nporotin npocsesnea- 1OUlerO ssIeKTPOHHOFO MAKDOGKONA c oKyoUpOBKOR yka nw aznann» No 10,2009, MarHuTHbimn nnigamn. B 1933 roy cosqaH npuGop c PaspewieHien Bbiuie, YeM y CBeTOBOrO MikpocKona, 1937 -o. Manppen cpor Apnentie nsoGperaer pac- ‘posbiit (CKAHMpyIOUNNA) oneKTPOHHIA MAKPOCKON C Paapewennem sbiwe 100 Hm 1951 roa. Yapnea Otnn coaaaér cKaHHpyoUMA anekrpoHbilt MAukpocKon ¢ perncrpayeit BTOpHYHbIK (nenyckaemunxuccnenyemoii nosepxHocTsio) sneKTpO- HOB C paapewieHiem 50 HM, KOTOPbIMA KTOMy Ke NO3aO- ;nweT yeiizeTb TPexMepHyio CTpykTypy floBepxHocrA 1965 roa. Haynwaerca npombunenHoe npows- BOACTBO S/IeKTPOHHbIX MHUKPOCKONOS C paspeLieHneM oKo110 10 Hm. 1981 roa. Pepa Busnnur u FeHpix Popep cossaior NeKTPOHHBI TYHHENbHbAlt MuKpocKoN (HoGenescKan pemis 1986 rona). B arom npnOope aneKTpoHts MoryT TyHHENMpOBaT MEX~AY HFNOM SOHAA M NOBEpXHOCTEIO oGpasua. Mo sennunHe ToKa TyHHENMpyiouuAx aNeKTpO- HOB OnpenensioT paccronHMe Mexay OOpasuoMm KoHuNKOM rnb. CKanpyn TaKhM o6pasoM Opaseu, Nonywaior penbedHoe ma0GpaxeHHe NoBepxHOCTH,HAYRA RAR OTPACJIbB Axanemuk Esrennit KABJIOB, reHepanbubiit anpextop OFYM «BUAM», npesmaent Accounayuu rocynapcTBeHHbix Hay4HbIx YeHTpOB. Hayxa neo6xoduna napody. Cmpana, xomopas eé ne paxbubaem, neusbexno npebpawsaemca 6 Koaonun. peaepux Koano-Kwops, Piaomatnosatio xpnaticn saxanmmnaror- Ca — 3aKOHUHTCS 1 HBITeMIHHi, M MUP nasnér KUT 10-HOBOMY. BepostTHee BCeTO, nocaeKpusucuBtit mepHoa GyaeT OTMedeH pe3kHM OGocrpeHHeM KOHKypeHitiH H Gops- Gui 3a HOBBIe PHIHKH, a TAKE KPYTBIM BHT- KOM CIMpaAH HHHORaTHOHHOTO pasBurrHst. A AYMaTb 06 3TOM HY2KHO yoke CeroAtis. Beayutue crpantst Takoit MoBopor COObITHIA ne crpammr, Tlovemy? Boabmlmicrso 13 HX pacrionaraet MOMHEIM Hay4H1bIM 3a\eAoM, AKTHBHOH CHCTeMOMi pasBHTHA HayKH Ht HEHO- Baltitii, HosBoAsTIOMIeHt COZAABATE HMOCTOSHHO NOAAeCP>KHBaTb BCA Ha AOAKHOM YpoB- He, ObICTpo Mperpaltfarb ero B pakrHeckHe pesyabrarst. 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Baxneiimasa vepra THU P® — mexne- AOMCTBeHHBIii XapakTep TPpOBOAMMBIX HMH viccaeaonannii H paspa6orox, obecneuHBa- JOMIMX NoTpeOHOCTH cpa3y MHOrHX OTpacrelt 0OOpoHHO-MpOMBILIAeHHOrO KOMMAeKca 1 TpaKAaHCKOTO CeKTOpa IKOHOMHKH. «Hayne nanan Ceroana cucrema THL] P® exarouaer 50 Hay4HEIx opranusannit Poccum, mpeacTaBas- JOUIHX COGOIt KpynHbIe Hay4HO-TeXHOAOTHYC- CKHe KOMMAKCHI, BBITIOARSIOMTHe, KaK TIpaBHi- AO, HOAHBIt AKA paGor — or cpyHjamerraAb- HIX H HOHCKOBBIX HCCACAOBAHHIt AO CO3AAHHA MOCBOeHMA HayKOEMKHX TeXHOAOTHt. Aesreabnocrn [HL] oxparsipaer Baxk- HeiMe Hay4HbIe M HayyHO-TexHMyecKHe HanpaBaenna, OGecneynBaionyne penie- HMe 9KOHOMMYeCKHX M CONMAABHBIX 3a- aay. B ux uacae — Bompocst O6opoHEI u GesonacHocTH crpaHEt, TAepHad usHKa, aTOMHast HayKa M TeXHMKa, HaHOMaTepH- aAbI M HaHOTeXHOAOTHM, XHMMS MH HOBBIC MaTepmaabl, OMTO- 1 (pOTOSAeKTpoHHKa, uncbopMaruKa u TIpHGopocrpoenne, 6u0- ‘TeXHOAOTHM, BHPYCOAOTHS M MeAMKO-GHO- AOPHYeCKHE poGAeMEI, poGoTOTexHHKa W MaMIMHOCTpoeHHe, KOCMOC M aBHanHs, cyAOcTpoeHue, HaBHralaMsat mM aKyCTHKa, BOAOCHAGKEHHe M THAPOreoAorus, 9ACK- TporexHHKa, MeTaAayprus, rHApOMeTeo- POAOTHA, CeaeKIMA PACTeHHi, 9KOAOTHA H Pal{HOHaAbHoe NpHPOAOTOAL3OBAHHe. Baxkneiim marom Ha nyTH mATerpaqun yuauit KpynHbix Hay4yHEIx oprannsanuit craao cosaaHne AcconMariHn rocyAapcrBen- HBIX Hay4HBIX YeHTpoB «HayKa». STo He- KOMMepyeckas opranusaryis, o6pasonannast camumu PHL c neabio KoopAMHaltMn ux Aes TEABHOCTH, 3alMTHI MpaB M MpeACTaBAeHua oGuyux uETepecos. OAHO M3 OCHOBHEIX HampaBaennii AC- areAbHocra AccoumayHn — paGora 10 coBepwleHCTBOBaHMI0 OpraHu3alHoHHO- SKOHOMMYeCKOrO MexaHH3Ma (yHKIMO- Huposanua THI P® u ero npasonoro o6ecneveHnus. Bmecre c Tem coppemenubiii gram pas- BUTHA 9KOHOMMKM Poccum AMKTyeT HeOO- XOAMMOCTS BEIPaSOTKH HOBO HACOACTHU (bopmupoBaHus Bcero rocyaapcrBeHHoro cekropa HaykH H poaw THI 5 Hé Kak Beay- IHX OpraH3atyuit Toro ceKropa. K aucay rocyAapcrBeHHBix HaydHEIXx yeHrpos P® orHocutes BcepoccuiicKnii Hay4HO-HCCAeAOBaTeALCKHIt MACTHTYT aBHa- TMOHHBIX MarepHaaon. Boaee 75 Aer oH pa3- paGaTiBaeT HOBbIe MaTepvaAbI HM TeEXHOAOTHH AAs TICPCHeKTHBHEIX H3AeAHit aBHATMOHHO- KOCMHYeCKOH TEXHUKH, AKTHBHO 3aHMMaeTCH peaanszanHelt HayaHEIx AOCTHDKeHMI 1 TOA; TOTOBKOH KaApoR. FoaaBAsIOUyast Yacrh Ma- ‘TepHaaos, paspaOoranHErx Noa ypesBpryaiiHo BBICOKMe TpeGoBaHMA AeTaTeABHBIX artnapa- ‘TOB, MOxeT OBITE C YCneXoM aaanTupoBana AAa H3AeAMi CYAOCTPOeHHA, aTOMHOIt TIpo- MBILLACHHOCTH, Tpalicnopra, XUMHYeCKOTO MalmMMocrpoenHs, MeautuHnr. (Co. «HayKa i Ku3Hb» No 6, 2007 r.) Mb oTaaém ce6e oTYéT B TOM, YTO CaMoe meapoe bHHancupoRanve H GaaronpusTHEre ycaoBust paGorEi He MpHHecyT KeAAeMBIX pe- 9ayanraron, eca He GyaeT Atopelt, CHOCOGHEIX BLIABHTaTh «GeayMHbie> HAeH, OTCTAHBATE HX BOMIpeKiH BCeM aBTOpHTeTaM, HONAMH Ha- mpoaér npocwxuBaTs B AaGoparopHiax 1 Ha HcHbITareAbHBIX creHAax. MoaTomy Bompoc TOATOTORKH M1 TleperloaroToRKH KaApOR — B aucae BaxkHeMHx, Bes ero pene Gec- CMBICACHHO TOBOPHTS 06 HHHOBALMOHHOM paspuran rocyaapcrsa. Ocranoruncs 4yTb ToapoGHee Ha T10A- roToBKe MHKeHepos. Bnpouem, ceii4ac H3 HallIeTo AKCHKOHA CAOBO «HEDKeHep» T1O4e- MY-TO TlocrerieniHo ponaaer, TexHH4eckHe BYSBI TOTOBAT He HEDKeHepos, a CHenMaAH- cTop, 3ayeM 970 caeAaHO — HerloHsTHO, 3aTO pasHHua or¥éranbo BHAHa, BEIpacruth KBa- AM(DHIMpoRAHHOTO MIDKeHEpa BOSMOXKHO ‘TOABKO Ha OCHORe Xopomed OOMeHAay HOM H oOtlleTexHUYeCKOH! MOATOTOBKH H MpaBHAs- Ho opranMzoRanHoii, coeprKaTeABHOii 1pO- H3BOACTBEHHOH MpakTHKH. K CO*KAAeHHiO, coppemenibie Gakanappnt (a ecart Touee — To Mpocto HeaoyuMBIIMecs CTyAeHTEI) 9roro actekra MOArOTOBKH MpakTH4ecKH HaYHCTO AMIMeHbI, CKAaAbIBABIAACA POAA- MH MeTOAMKa paOoTbI TeXHH4eCKHX By30B crpaHist AoW KHa ObIT BOCCTAHOBAeHA. ABYX- Ypoprienast CHCTeMa, BO3MOXKHO, TOAXOAMT AAs TYMaHMTapHBIX CHenMaabHocreit, He YBepeH, HO, MOXKET OLITE, H MOXKHO BETYSHTb xopomiero 6yxraaTepa, 3KOHOMUCTa, IopHcTa 113 GakaAaBpa, Ho HHDKeHepa, HICCAeAOBaTe- Asi, YHSHOTO H3 He HMCIOMerO TIpakTH4eCKHX HaBbIKOB paOTbI CTyAeHTa He CAcAaTb Takomy MOAOAOMy CrleuHaAncTy mocAe Ipuxoaa Ha npeanpusrHe npuasrca oven AOATO OCBaHBaTh NpakTH4ecKH HOByr0, MAAOH3BeCTHYIO eMy crlenMaAbHocts. MB aTOM KpoeTca GoAbIlIasi OM1aCHOCTE: YeAOBEK MOXKET He TOHsITh, He pasoOparbes, B KOHTE KOHI0B He TOATOOMTE ITY paGory uompocry yitrn. A Beab Ha Hero noTpaveHti cpeactsa Ht @ NOAPOBHOCTH ANA NIOBOSHATENbHbIX BpeMsi H, camoe rAaBHoe, cRépcranbs or1peae- AGHHBIC MAAHBI. B Hamliem HHcTHUTYTe ccbopMupoBana HempepbipHas CxeMa: UIKOAa — By3 — aciiMpantypa — 3amjura KaHanaaTcKon AMCCepranit — samnra aoKTOpcKolt. Aeii- creyer Gasopaa Kacbeapa «ABHalMoHHoe MatepuaaoBeaenue» MATH. Opranm30- gan YueGuo-nay4nbiit WeHTp CopMecTHo C PoccHiicKHM XHMMKO-TexHOAOTH4eCKHM ynupepcnretom. BaxkHoli cocrapHoit wacrsi0 9ToH4 cucreMBL cran cosqanmbiit Ha Gase BHAMa ¢buanaa Mockosckoro rocyaapcrsennoro BeuepHero MeTaaaypriyeckoro yuupepcurera, AKéM eo cTYAeHTEI paSoraror AaGopanTaMu, TeX- Hakan, paGouumn B BMAMe, nioaysast mpi 9TOM TlOAHOBeCHYt0 3apmaary. A BedepoM 3A€Cb 2Ke, B HHCTHTYTe, B CrIeitHaAbHO OG0- PyAOBanninrx ayanTopusx cAyuIaioT ACKIHTHE HaUIMX BeAYINMX YYSHbIX, 3aHHMMAaIOTCA B AaGopaTopHax Ha COBpeMeHHOM MccAeAO- BaTeABCKOM OGopyAOBAHIH. Baaroaaps 9Toit 1 Apyrum Mepam cpeatittit BO3paCT COTPyAHHMKOB HHCTHTy Ta CHH3HACA C62 a0 45 act. Hs 1600 seaonex nowriTpets — 495 — MOAOABIe AIOAM B BOSpacte Ao 33 Aer. PasyMeercs, MHOrne HBItHTeLIHe Kaapo- Bbie MpoGaemsI OTHaAyT caMit COGOii, KOrAa B oOectBe cihopMupyetcsr yBaxKHTeABHOe orHomtenue K Tpyay yuéHOro, HHDKeHepa, cnemmaancra. Ha epsom saceaannu Komuc- cum To MoaepHitzaiiHH H TeXHOAOTH'4eCKOMYy Pa3BHTHIO SKOHOMMKM MpesMAeHT crpartbt Awurpuit Meapenen ckasaa; «Hirenaexr it cnioco6niocrb K HoBaTopcrBy — 9To ceitac Halle TAaBHOe KOHKypeHTHoe mpenmyme- crBo. Ho Mt 06 370M Goabitte roBopHM, 4eM wro-To Aeaaem, Tlooromy nama saqaya 3a- KArowaeTCsB TOM, 4TOGHI paGora B 3TOI cepepe BOMIAa B 4HCAO HaHGoaee MpecTHKHEDO. Wwxenep (oF nar. inge- nium — cnocoGHocr Meic- JUTb, MsOOpeTaTeNbHOCTb) — cneumanucr c Bbicuunm TexHM¥eckum o6pasona- Hem, cosfatenb uxbop- Mauun 06 apxuteKType MatepvanbHoro cpeacTea AocTMxeHMA YenM uM cnocoba usrotosneHna eToro cpenctsa Cneynanucr — pabor- HK, BbInoNHEHHe O6agAH- HocTeit KoToporo npeA- yomatpusaet Hanmane Ha4anbHoro, cpenHero nu Bbicusero nporbeccno- HanbHoro (cneumanbHoro) o6pasosanna. Monsen aeaHne «nHxe- Hep» qaBHO MpHMeHsNch 8 Poccun, uWkeHepHoe o6pa- sopanve Haanoct B Hawel cTpaHe c ocHoBanna 8 1701 roay 8 Mockse wkost! ma- TemaTmuecknx M Hasuraun- OHHbIX HayK, a saTem B 1712 roay nepson uWKeHepHon wikontt. B pycckon apmun XVI Beka WHKeHepbI MMeHO- BasIMCb «PO3sMbICNaMM». NepsoxayanbHo uHxe- Hepamu Hasbieann miogen, koTopbie ynpasnanu BoeH- HeIMA MauinHamn, MoHaTHe «rpaxfaHcKui MKeHEp» noseunoce 8 XVI BeKe B Tonnakauy npumeHutenbHo: k crpowtensm mocTos n Aopor, satem B Anrauu 1 apyrux crpanax. OcHOBHEIMM HKeHEp- IMM Safa4amu CUMTa- foTca paspaGorka HoBbIx n ontTumusauna cyulecTByIo- ux peweHnit, Hanpumep ontmusauna npoeKTHoro pewenna (8 Tom 4ncne BapMaHTHoe npoekTn- posarve), ontumnsauna Texonoruu wT. n. Pas- pa6orka npuHuMnuanbHo HoBbIX peueHuii (YacTO Ha ypoBHe uso6peTeHnid) cocTasnaer Manyio 4acTb uWkeHEpHOrO Tpysa, HO HanOonee sHauumyio. 10 layRa m xmann» No 10,2009,Re Coe ra ecu Cia LL Poccuickan Akagemun Hayk @ Mpasntenecrso Mockept ABAAUATAS EXKETOAHAA BbICTABKA | eae TEXHOJIOFMN a ,' a Soj Tool d BCEPOCCUMCKAA HAYYHO-NPAKTMYECKAA KOHOEPEHLINA «MH®OPMALIVOHHBIE TEXHOJIOFMN B POCCUM» KOHKYPC JIYYLUMAX MPOFPAMMHbIX MPOAYKTOB «MPOAYKT FORA» BbICTABKA BEB-PA3PABOTUMKOB «WEB-CTYAMA’2009» BbICTABKA MOCTABLUMKOB YCiI¥T B CETA MHTEPHET ISP’2009 COOTYNMMCKME MrPbI 27-30:OKTABPA: 2009 FOAA BTOPAA EXKETOAHAA BbICTABKA NEPEAOBbIX POCCUMCKUX PA3SPABOTOK, MPOAYKTOB VM YCNIYT TEYUARAPIL SHEYVTDALL PACVAADCTBA TEXHONOFMM SEKTPOHHOTO FOCYDAPCTBA HAL|MOHAMIbHbIN DOPYM «MH®OPMALIMOHHOE EKTPOHHOE FOCYAIAPCTBO, 3NIEKTPO ATESIbCTBO>> KPYrIbIW CTON C PYKOBOAVTEN AMM MH®OPMATM3AUMM PETMOHOB POCCHY KOH®EPEHLMA NO CTAHAAPTM3ALIMM MT M MHTEPONEPABENbHOCTU «SITOP 2009» MOCKBASBBLIshlABUSIBOH 69 BOCbMAS EXKETOAHAA BbICTABKA CUCTEM ABTOMATU3ALNNU MPOEKTUPOBAHMA KOHKYPC UH>KEHEPHbIX MPOEKTOB «TBOPEU» CANP-LWOY, «BEHAOPbI BE3 FAJICTYKOB» BECNJIATHAA CEPTU®UKALMA CNEWMANUCTOB MACTEP-KJIACCbI, TOK-LUOY, MPESEHTAL|MN ope weroy umpteen tek" NpeanoxKeHusmu mupoworo:pbinka HO eee a Renee cool ae EUR ORC CORP L Oe Me CU Cisco Tcc ceria 0 a (AN WS . 4 bd ctAYRA WAM SHLD BECTH U3 MHCTHTYTOB, NAGOPATOPHI@ Www.nkj.ru © eat a TAWHbBIE 3HAKMU 9NOXU CPEQGHEHW BPOHSHB Grewsniem: Mncturyta ‘apxeonormu PAH npoava- AM3NPOBANM ThICAYM KaTaKOMG. (nopsemHbix rpoGHiu) snoxn cpeaHe Gponats (II Tec. 20 4.9.) Kaskaga, Y4éHble npnuinn x BbIBOAY, YTO NONOKeHKe Norpe- GérHoro BkaTaKomGe ykaabieaeT Ha ero COMManbHbIlt CTaTyC. OG 3TOM ke FOBOPUT M pacnonoxe- uve caMoii KaTaKOMOEI 8 Kypra- He, B4acTHOCTH e HaxoKReHe OTHOCHTeNbHO WeHTpa KypraHan ocrantHtx kaTaKOMO, Yro6b! paso6pareca a ne- papxnu norpeGeHnii KasKaa- CKUX KONEBHMMKOB, XUBLUUX BO I teloaveneTMH 20 H.9., apxe- onorn Knaccuuuuposann kaTaKOMGbI No TPéM OCHOB- HbIM MapameTpam: o6uwas KoHdurypauus, pacnonoxe- Hie Bxona B MorMny 1 OGuInii BUA BepTUKANbHOrO Nouns KaTaKOMOb! (yHHMTbIBANMCh BbI- cota mW Haknow! Bnepsbie ywHbie nogsepr- jw KnaccuduKaunn Kata- koMOHBIe norpeGeHMA anioxn cpeaven 6ponsu Kaakaga 8 1976 rogy. Torna conercknit apxeonor C. H. Bpatuenko (PoctoscKnit o6nacTHolt my- seh Kpaesenenua) abinenun T- uM-o6pasitie kaTaKoMObt, 8 1989 rony M. B. AHapeesa ua UnetuTyta apxeonormn PAH stiqennna KaTaKomOn! co cMewSHHbIMH KaMepaMn, B 2007 rony H. Vi. Wnwana no6asinak Hum [-, M-, LU-06- pashbie KaTaKOMOE! 12 Teneps cotpyaHik MnctuTy- ta apxeonorum PAH A. H. Fett npeanoxnn paccmatpueate He Tombko cbopmy KaTakom- 6u1, HO ue NONOXxeHVe KAK B kypraHe, Tak MW OTHOCUTENbHO: apyruxkatakom6. Kpome Toro, OH OGpatun ocoGoe BHUMa- Hine Ha nonoxeHHe KOCTAKA 8 norpeGeHnu. Yawe ecero UeHTpanbHbIM norpeGeHnem 8 kyprane c KaTakomGamn sensetca norpeGeHne anoxn aHeonuta (VI-V TIC. 40 H.3.). Nonaaxoponenns c KaTaKom- 6amn, pacnonoxeHHeimu no kpyry, Obinv caenaHbI ropasq0. noaxe (II TEC. 0 H.9,). Kata- kKoMOb! O6pasostisann BHy- TpeHHee W BHEWHEe KONbUA saxopoHeHnii (MHTepecHo, 4To TpéxkaTakOMGHbIx Kose HM paay He Obino OGHapyxkeHo) Pacnonoxenme norpeGéH- Hux 8 KaTaKoMGe A. H. Feit Npegnoxun onnceiBate cxe- Moji, cornacko KoTOpOHi ABA 4enoBeka NexatT NapasmnenbHo Apyr apyry 4 oAMH — nionepeK y HMx B Horax. Ckopee Bcero, ava cxema oTpaxaeT MecTo NorpeGéHHbIx B KONeBOH NO- BO3Ke NPM XM3HM MW KOCBEH- HbiM o6pasom 1x couManbHbiii cratyc. B ofHoi KatakomGe XOPOHMUsIM OT OAHOFO AO TPex Yenosek. Cronbko xe 4enosex Moro NOMeCTHTECA B OLY nososky. B 3Tom cnyyae BCeX norpeGéHHbIx MOxKHO pasyze- fb Ha TPM rpynnbl: 4enoBeK npasoro Koneca, 4enoneK Pacnonoxenue noepedéunvx 6 KamaxomGe anoxu cpedne Gponses, 603.M0rNo, yasbreaem Ha ux couuanonerit emamye npu eusnu. Ha pucynke: 00K0 us obuapyacenneix na KaeKase sa xoponenuii — packonxu 2008 200a. Bomo Onveu Bpunesot. neBoro Koneca, nonepesHbiii 4enosex. Yacto scTpexaiorcs Ka- TakOMGbl, 8 KOTOPIX OAH norpeGéHHbIit NexuT C Kpalo, pu 3TOM ocTasneHo Gonbwoe nyctylowee npoctpanctso — om nony4un HasBaHne acummeTpu4nbix. Ckopee ace- Fo, acMMMeTpHuHbIe KaTAKOM- 61 oTpaxaioT cxemy o6panan npencrasnenvit o sarpoGHom mupe. Stn coopyxeHia mornin vicnonbaoBaTsca Kak AIA OTpa- XH COMMANLHOTO MONOxe- Hwa norpeGéHHbix, Tak 4 ANIA pesepsupoBanua mMecTa Ana Apyrux nope unv noBoskn. TioGonbitHo, 4To TaKoe pacnonoxenue ckenetos 8 norpe6eHuax pasHbix opm BCTpevaeTcA BO MHOrMx apxe- onornueckvix KysbTypax Toro BpeMeHu: B KynbType Snora B 3anaqHoi Nonbuie; 8 enaHni- cKO Kynbtype B BOCTONHOM Anrae; B MUKeHCKMx WaxTHbIx TpOGHMYAX; B BPETOHCKMX Ha- cbinsx n apyrx ‘@panuyscknih uccnenoea- Ten Kopx flomesune (Geor- ges Dumézil) a nepsom nono- pune XX sea o6paTin BHUMa- HNe Ha TPOMMHOCT CTPYKTYPEI o6ujectea, KoTopas, cornacHo ero vccneposaHnam, noasn- fac 8 MHann 8 anoxy BapHbi (II teics4enetHe AO H.9.). OH Npeanonoxun, ¥ro npeaKn apves morn nepevectn Tpa- Anu npodeccnonanbHoii CneuManusalMn B TPOUSHOCT OGwecTseHHbIx CTpykTYp 8 pamKax cemerHoii (ponoBoii) cneumannsaunn. Bosmox- Ho, BbigeneHHaa A. H. Tenem cxema — oTpaxeHue aToii TpowuHooTH o6ulecTBA M op- Mupyloulnxos OGuecTBeHHEIX MHCTUTYTOB. Katiauaat ucropmyecknx Hayk Onbra BPMJIEBA. «, BeCbMa CYLeCTBeHHO Tenepb komanga actpo- Homos u3 YHusepcuteta Jlectepa nnanupyer HoBBie HaGniogeHus HaiaeHHoro oGbexra 1 ero OKpyKeHKs B PeHTreHOBCKOM, ONTHMHECKOM, ynbtpaduonetosom, MK- n paquoguanasonax. Kanauaat XUMM4eCKHX HayK Tatpatia 3AMUHA. HayyHo-uccnenosatentckom mHcTuTyTe aTOMHbIx peakTopos 8 AuMuTposrpane YabsHoBckon o6nactu (HAMAP) npuctynunn K VSTOTOBNEHMIO YHUKANbHOM MALIeHM, npu- 3BaHHOM CAeMaTb BOSMOXHbIM NOABNeHHE Ha cBeT HoBOro, 117-ro snemeHTa TaGAMUb! Mexaeneesa. Muwerb npeactaenset co6oii AMCK AMametpom 140 mM, Ha KoTOpOM saKpe- FIEHbI LECTb Cer MeHTOB 13 THTAHOBOI onb- rv TONUMHON 1,5 MkM. Ha Kaxknbiit CerMeHT 9seKTPOXMMU4ECKHM CNOCOOOM HaHOCuTCA no’ Gepknus-249. Bepknii qocTasnex u3 CLA, rae 8 Te¥eHne AByx Net coTpyAHNKH Okpuaxckol HauMoHanbHon nabopaTopun (ura Texecn) cutesuposanu oKono 25 mr Gepxnna-249 (92-ro anemexra). Cam 117-1 anement gomxkeH nosBTeca B Ay6xe, 8 Jla6opatopuu um. bnéposa O6venu- HEHHOFO UHCTUTYTA ALEPHbIX MCCNeAOBAHNi PAH, rne pakee yxe nony4eHbI HOBbIe CBepx- TSDKENbIE Q/EMEHTbI C ATOMHBIM HOMepaMnt 113-116 w cambiii Taxénbii us BCeX HbIHE cvHTesmposaHHeix — 118-H1 anemeHT. To cnogam crapwiero HayyHoro CoTpyaHuKa Pagvoxumuyeckoro oObeauHeHua HAMAP Muxauna Pa6ununa, 8 cnyyae c bepknvem CNOXKHOCTS akMONAeTCA B TOM, YTO KOHTPON- PoBarb ero CofepxaHne Ha NoBepXHOCTH AUCKA «Hayna nu mnant» No 10,2009, Ta6opamopua un. Paéposa OGvedunennozo uncmumyma adepuoix uccaedosanua PAH, 2. Ay6na. Domo PHA-Hosocmu. o¥eHb HenpocTo. {Ins sToro Haso dbukcupoBaTs anemeHT KannbopHinit-249, KoTOpbili sBnseTOR npopykTom pacnana Gepknns-249: oto O4eHb TOHKHe M CROKHbIe HaMepeHHA, M NPONSBOAUTE UX HEOGXOAMO C BbICOKON TONHOCTHIO. Otmetum, 4T0 GepKanit xnBéT Bcero 320 Heit, Tak 4TO onHTes 117-ro 9nemeHTa nONKeH 6uITb OcyuecTaNéH B KOPOTKMH CpOK, HaysHo-vccnegosatenbcKuit MHCTUTyT aTOMHbIX peakTOpos — OAH us KpynHeiwux 8 POccMn Hay4HbIx YeHTPOB, pacnonaraio- WWM yHMKaNbHON akcnepuMeHTanbHOn Cason AA pewenua npoGrem peakTopHoro Ma- TepvanoseneHua, saMKHyToro TonnMBHOrO unkna sepHeix peakropos. HAMAP nposo- VT KOMMMeKCHbIe MccnepoBAHuA B oGnacTH PeakTopHoro MaTepmanoseseHna n MeTOANKH UicnbiTaHvia Marepuanos u aneMeHToR sfepHLIK HepreTH4eCkHXx yCTAHOBOK, MayYeHHA dUsHKO- TeXHMYeCKHx NPOGNeM AREpHEIX peakTopoR sonpocos GesonacHocTu, paspa6orku nep- CnekTHBHbIX TexHONOrHit TONNMBHOTO YMKNA siepHbix peakTopos. Huxonait KPYNEHUK. 15Tenuyunauy opansceso-cepeiit (Penicillium au rantiogriseum) — munuunviti ooumamens nows. Vaeauvenue 6 400 pas (enpasa). < Cmaxu6ompuc (Stachybotrys chartarum), paseu earuuiicn Ka 6ymaze, ceposamo-vépHaa niecend; enidenaemble eM MOKCUHDL ONACHB! ALA KeNOBEKA. Eé pasoumue 6 nomewenuax cuumaemca odnott us npwiun «cundpoma Gorvneix sdanuil». v Tpuxodepaa vépxo-senéxaa (Trichoderma atro- viride). H3 neé denarom npenapam mpuxodepmun xa saqume pacmenuit om nopaxenua dpyeumu zpu6anu. Bompumuc nenenvuo-ceprtt (Botrytis cinerea). Bos6ydumens cepoit 2xu.tu Ha unozpade, mo: mamax u dpyeux pacmenuax. Yeenuvenue 6 100 pas.MHOTORWMKRAA AHECEHS LUmpoxo aHoncupoBarHas npembepa AOKyMeHTanbHOro cunbMa «MlneceHb» coctos- nace Ha Mepsom kaHane Tenesnaenna s despane. B uione ero noKasann BO BTOpOn pas. une fo cux nop ebisbiBaer cnopbi 4 MHOro BONpOCOB. C OAHOI CTOPOHbI, APKHe KPaCKH, YBNeKATENbHbIN ClOKET, MacUITaGHBIe CEMKN M KOMNBIOTepHaR aHUMaUMA. C Apyroii — HekoTopbie MOMeHTBI UsbMa BONbHO MAM HEBONbHO BEOAST SpuTens B aGnyKAeHHe, HanpuMep, pacckas 06 snmaemnn 4ymbI, XOTA HM 4yMa, HM NpoKasa, 0 KOTOPON B bunb- Me Toxe UAET PeYb, K NNECeHN HUKAKOFO OTHOWIeHMA He MMelOT. A 4ero CTOMT McTOpUs cymacwectans Esponbi u3-3a oTpassenia 3epxa cnopbiHbéii, 4TO NpuBeno k KpecTOBbIM noxogam! 3a c¥éT MOHTaxa, APAMaTMHHOFO TeKcTa AMKTOpa — NpeKpacHoro aKTépa — 3puTenb nony4nn o4epeAHo' «yKaCTHK». Moi nonpocunn paccxasars o nnecenm Beayuyyx cneymanucTos MY. Onn, KcraTH, y4a- CTBOBANM B NOAFOTOBKe HEKOTOPbIX CIOKETOE 9TOFO usieMa, HO KOMMeHTapMn OCTaWOTCA Ha CopecTu ero cosnateneit. Aloxtop Guonoruyeckux Hayk Onbra MAP@EHMHA, kaHangat Guonoruyeckux Hayk AHHa ABAHOBA. ‘cn CMoTpeTb Ha NmecHeabIe rpuObI NOA MUKPOCKONOM, YAMBNAeUILCA 4x PasHo- o6pasnio 1 Tomy, Kak OHM KpacuBbi. A KaKOBa «KAECTBO BES MHAIOWKK Onacwa nu neces? K Hacronujemy speme- HM NoKagaHO, YTO NneceHM MOryT GbITb OTBeT- CTBEHHbI 3a TPM rpyninbi HeGNaronpMsTHBIX ANA 4enoseka addekros: nuwesbie oTpasneHna — MMKOTOKCHKOSHI, BbIsbIBAeMbIe TpUGaMn MMKoreHHble anieprum HenocpencTBeHHO Frpv6kosble sa6oneBaHnAa — MUKO3bI. Bcem 138eCTHO, 4TO Henb3a ynoTpeGnaTb B NMuy HeCbenOOHbIe rpuOwi. Ho nuwesbie OTpasneHus Moryr BbisBaTb M 3annecHeBeNbie NpowykTbl, Tak Kak HEKOTOpbIe MNeceHH OOpa- ayloT TOKCHYHbIe BeLeCTBa. KpatiHe OnacHbl ANA YenoBeka adnaToKcuHel. Vix npousBoAMT MvKpockonMuecknit rpu6 3enéHo-xénToro useta Aspergillus flavus, KoTOpbilt MoxeT pa- CTH, OCOOeHHO B TénnbIX yCnOBMAX, Ha CaMbIX PasHbIx NpoAyKTAx: A*KeMAX, CYWEHON pbibe, apaxuce, 60GoBbIX M MACNM4HbIX KysIbTYpaXx, 3épHax Kakao, Kode. Vctopus o6Hapyxenna u uccnenosanua TOKCHHOB STK niecHeBbIX p60 APaMaTM4Ha. Ona Hayanact 8 60-x rogax XX Beka. Cpasy Ha HeCKONbKMX NTMYed@epMax AHF NpoMsoWA maccoBaa rMGenb uHAOWAT, Aa eLLe NPAMO nepea Poxnectsom, KorAa Ha npasaHin4HOM cTone O6s3aTenbHo AOMKHa ObITb MHAIOWKa! Vays sce o6cTonTenborBa gena, COTPynHM- kw akcnepTHol na6opatopmn CKoTneHa-Sipna Hau NpM4MHy OTpaBNeHKA: saBeseHHAA M3 Vnanu sannecHesenan apaxncogan Myka, KO- Topylo AoGaBnANH B KOPM NTHUe. B Hactonusee Bpema uccnenosatenn Hacun- TeIBaioT OT 200 0 400 BuQOB MuKOTOKCHHOB, Npv4ém AU y HEMHOrHXx M3 HX May4eHa CTe- neHb ToKCM4HOCTH. Monaraior, 4To GesonacHbix YpOBHeit MUKOTOKCHHOB Her, axe CaMbIe Ma- ible Wx KONMHECTBA OONIaaIOT HExeNATENLHbIM 9¢>eKTOM M1 CnOCOGHbI CO BpeMeHeM Hakannu- BaTbOA B Oprakv3me. Ho BOT 4TO B&KHO: BUAbI, CNOCOGHbIC BbI- pa6aTbIBATb TOKCHHbI, O6pasyioT Mx NaneKo He BCerAa, a TONKO B ONPEAENEHHDIX yCNOBMAX. Vecan e cpene o6uTatius 4enoBexa BbIAB/IeHb! TOKCMHOOOPasyIOUMe NneceHM, 3TO NPUsHAK He CTONbKO HEMaGeXHOrO OTpaBNeHMA, CKONKO TOBbILEHHOFO PUCKA ero BOSHUKHOBEHMA @BUONOTMYECKHE BECEAD 17NpwwnHion oTpasneHna nioneii u xiBOTHEIX MOXeT GbiTh TawKe aapaxeHNe CeMbCKOXOSAI- CTBEHHbIX NPOAYKTOB NnecHeBbIMU rpHGaMu. Cornacho Aakvbim MexayHaponon oprann- ayn npoflosonscTeus (AO), 8 HacTosLyee Bpems 8 Mupe 20 25% ypoxas 3epHoBbIx KYMbTyP EXErOAHO SarpASHAIOTCA MMKOTOK- cnvamu. YnoTpeGnenue 8 nuuly «xXeHMIO NeliKOUMTAPHO! SauyMTb! OpraHusMa) Ho 1944 rona sto aaGonesatne Haabisanoce «centuueckan anruna». B CCCP cnyvan oT- pasnennit peructpuposannce B MpumopcKom kpae, Ha JlanbHem Bocroke, 8 cesepHbix pern- Olax cTpaHb Ha ceroaus uasectHo 06 anneprenHeix ceoiictaax psa 4épHuix nneceven. Matha 4@pHOMI MeCeHN MOXHO YEMAeTb B BAHHEIX, 8 NOABANBHEIX NOMELUEHVIAX, Ha CbIpbIx CTeHAX Mt 0608, BO BNAKHEIX yrNaX KOMHAT, Ha NOTOMKAX Acnepzunaye uépuotit (Aspergillus niger). Hu poo npumenaemca O18 npous6odemea AumoH no Kucnome. Henoavayemca daa ovucmnu emounelx 600. Ho 9mo u odna us nomenyuanono onacntx 018 venosera naecenell: Oa auisnieaem emopurnete nopaxenua npu ocrabaennom ux amynumeme nocne onepayuu, maxénou Gonesnu, xumuomepanuu. 8 mecTax nporeek. Mpnxoamnoct Ha6nionate HeCkOnbKO Cayyaes paasuTus 4épHOM niece axe Ha NakupoBaHHbix Wan NOKpBITEIX ONO AePEBAHHbIX NOBePXHOCTAX. TPMBHOU ONNOPTYHN3M Koxtitie rpu6koBbie saGonenatina (Ha HOrTax, kOe Hor), KOTOpbIM NopBepxKeHa sHaYMITeNb- Has YacTb HaceneHna, XopoWO uay4eHbl. ZnA Gope6ei c aTumu MHdexUMAMN yxe HalineHbI BOCTATOMHO acbcpexTBHBIe MeTOAL! Bonee cnoxktas npoGnema — «rny6oKue» mu- KO3bI, TO ECTb NOpaxeHua rpvubami BHYTPEHHUX opraos. Cpenu rpnGos umeerca HeGonbuan rpynna sugos, KoTopbie AensioTCA cneyMann- auposaHHeiMn, nepanuHbimu naTorexamu 4 MOFYT BbISbIBaTb 3aGoneBaHuA y OTHOCHTeNb- Ho an0posbix mogelt. OT naToreHHbie rpHObI BCTpeYaloTCA NPeUMyUlecTBeHHO 8 perMoHax ¢ Ténnbim Tponw4eckum KnuMaToM — cTpaHax JlaTHHcKoli w 1OxHol Amepuxu, CLUA, LleH- TpanbHon Adpukn, Manaiiaun, Maun, MnoHe- aun, Ago 8 Eapone onicalel MUI EAMHVAYHEIe «3aBe36HHbIe» Cyyan. Jlet 20 Tomy Hasan yuérbie Havann akTHBHO o6cyxqaTb npoGneMy Tak HasbIBAeMbIX BTO- PUYHEIX MMKO30B, Korfa y Monel, yke uMe- fOuWx CepbésHoe Nepsu4Hoe saGoneBaHne, MOryT pasBuBaTbCcA rPHOKOBbIe NOpaxeHnA. Boisbisaioume ux rpv6b! WApoKO pacnpoctpa- HeHbI 8 OKPYXaIOWIet Cpene M1 OGbINHO BeAYT CanporpodHbiit OOpas xUBHH (noTPeGAAIOT OTMepUee OPraHN4eCKOE BELECTBO) M TOKO B ONPeAEABHHbIx YCNOBUAX MOTyT BbISbIBATE 3a- Gonesanua Yenoseka. Takyio ruGKOCTb CBONICTB HaabiBai0T OnNOpTyHHiCTHNeCKON4. AOTOMY STY rpynny nneceneii vacto umenyior onnoptyHn- cTv4eckHMn Mnv NOTeHUMANbHO NaToreHHBIMM rpuGamu. HavGonee nopsepxeHbi sTOpu4HbIM MnKOgaM monM, CTpanaiouyve pasnuyitimn dopmamn neduuira uMmynittera (oHKONOrMYeCKie M 3a- 6onesanua cuctempt kposn, CIMA, panvaun- OHHOe OGnyyeHne, OOM). YpoBeHb 3apaxeHUA NOTeHUMaNbHo NaToreHHEIMu rpnOAaMM HUaOK. Y 3A 0poRbIx NiopeH nosaBnsOU4ee GONbLUIMHCTBO NOTeHUMaNbHO oNacHIx nneceHei, nonas B opravam, He HaxoguT nopxonauUx AIA CeOA YCAOBMI, He BLILePKNBAeT 3ALUMTHBIX PeAKLAN opranuama u, Kak pesynbrat, uHdekuna He paseusaetca Kakve xe rpu6ti noTeHUManbHo OnacHb! As 4enonexa v1 ckonbko 4x? B HacTOSLUWi MOMeHT o6ulee 4eNO TakHXx NneceHeli MW APOXKe!, NO oueHkam y4éHbix, 300—400 sunos. Bropnatbie MMKOSEI MOFYT BbIabIBATe APOXXeBbIE TPUOL!, OcoGeHHO npuHannexauive K HECKONBKHM Bi- fam posia Candida, a TawoKe nnecHesbie rpuObi C paseuTbIm muyeniem. HaGonee 13BeCTHLIMY 9 BLISIBAIOWIMX BTOPNYHEIe MNKOSEI TIeCHe- BbIX rpv60B sBNsIOTCA BALI Poa Aspergillus (Aspergillus fumigatus, A.flavus, A.niger). B CILIA pasnbie cbopmbt BuiasanHbix umn acneprunnésos HaGnionannic yS—20% none’, nepeHécuinx TpancnaanTaymo opraHoB, Gonb- HbIXNeIKEMMeM, HaXONAUAXCA Ha VHTEHCHMBHOM xumuoTepanin, GonbHbix Tyepkynésom 3aGonesarina acneprnnésom Yale Bcero pasensaiorca Ha ove uMMyHOeduuTa K «Hayna wana 2009.cyuiecTayior HeckonbkMx BIAOB: OT annepru- Neckoro GpoHxonynbMoHambHoro, Korfa nO- paxkeHb! TONBKO NErkue, NO MHBASMBHOFO, KOA nopaxkeHbI M Apyrne opraHbl. Bubi rpuGon, KoTOpbIe vaBecTHbI Kak BO3- MoxHble Bos6y~uTenn acneprunnésa, OObI4HO npucyrcrayioT noscemectHo. Ho nostopaem: ohn MoryT yrpoxaTb 30poBbI0 Monel, crpana- JOUINX BbIPAKeHHEIMA MMMyHOREdMUNTAMN. B Pocenu uceneqopave u severe rnyGoKux MNKO30B NPOBOAATCA B HECKONDKUX HAY4HEIX ueHTpax, BeAyLAMM 43 KOTOpLIX ABIAeTCA HV MeANUMHCKON Mikonorun uMeHi TT. H. KauiKi- ha 8 Cankt-lerepOypre. B Mockse exeronHo NPoBoARITCA COBeUIAHUS NO MeAML\MHCKOl Mukonorun, oprakvsoBaHHbie HaunoHanbHoit akagemnen mukonornu Poccun. YTO AENAET MIECEHb ONACHOK? Viirepecheriwmit sonpoc — kakne nnecenu MoryT Obit» onacHbi? Kakve cBoiicTsa QenaioT Wx TaKOBbIMA? No cospemeHHbim npeacrasneHiam ofHum ua cbakTopos, onpesensiouyux NoTeHUMANLHYIO BO3MOXHOCTb MeCeHM CTaTb ONACHOM ANA uenoBeKa, MOXeT GbITL e6 AMMOpduaM (s18a nyTH pocta) — CNOCcOGHOCTE B OAHUx ycnoBu- 9X K MMUesIMaNbHOMy Pocry (B BHZe aKTMBHO Pactyuix rnd), a B Apyrux — k pocTy B BuZe APOXKKEBLIX K/ETOK. Cpean rpu6oe mexyunnnos — opHoro U3 HanGonee WwupoKo pacnpocTpaHéHHbIx B NpM- pone pogos — 8 nocnegHee AecaTHneTHe CNOCOGHOCTE BbISbIBATb F/lyGOKNe MUKOSbI BbI- siasieHa TONbKO y OAHOrO. V UMeHHO y Hero 6bino yCTaHOBNeHO ABNeHue AMMOpdusma. Cnyyan saGonesaHna, BbISBAHHbIe STON NneceHbiO, onucant! 6 Oro-BocTouHon Asun. Alpyroe onacHoe caoiicto nneceHeli, Bbi- SbIBalOLMx 3a6oneBaHuA YenoBeKa, — B03- MOXHOCT PaSBUBATHCA MPH MOBbILIEHHbIX Temnepatypax. Mpegnaraiot maxe CuuTaTb meceHn, cnoco6Hble pactu npu Temnepatype 37°C, UMeIOWMMn «naToreHHbIi NoTeHUNAn>. Takum ceolicteamu o6napaet GonbuuMHCTBO npegcrasurenet pona Aspergillus, cpenn Ko- TOPbIX AOBONILHO MHOFO BAAOB, ONACHEX ANA Yem0Beka, HO 0 Cx Nop He BbIABNeHO cny¥aeB Aumopdusma. Arne noTeHunantio 6onesHeTsopHtie nne- ceHM Ana 4enoBeKa pacnpoctpakenbi 8 Npi- pone? B naGopatopun no“BeHHor MukonorMn bakynbTeta nowsoBeneHna MIY yxe Gonee 15 ner nposogsirca uccnegqoBanus OCHOBHBIX 3aKOHOMepHOCTei pacnpocTpaHeHns TaKMXx nieceHei Ha esponelicxon teppuTopun Poccun. PasHoo6pasve noTeHuManbHo naTo- TeHHbIxX rpuGoB B NoYBaAx pacTéT C Cesepa Ha tor. HaumMeHbulee Mx KONUYECTBO BbIABEHO B CeBEPHbIX XBOMHBIX Necax, NecoTyHApe, a Takxke B FOPHO MeCTHOCTU, HanpuMep B s0He cyGanbriniicknx nyros 4 Bie. Moxanyii, CaMoe BAXKHOE TO, HTO MU Ha CeBepe, MB ropax ‘OcHOBHaA Macca OnnopTyHMCTH4ecKMXx rpH60B npeactasneva BipaMn, onacHble CBOVCTBA KO- TOpbixX OTMe4aIOTCA KpaliHe PesKO. B CEBEPHEIX WMpoTax UckMio4eHMe COCTABNHIOT NecHaHbIe Mopckue Gepera — nnsxku, rae npucytcrBue onnopryHuctm4ecknx rpuGos, 8 TOM 4uone yaea m sMaIEE» No 10, 2009, Kaunuzxanenna wunosamas (Cunninghamella echinulata) npumensemca Ata ouemxu Godv1 om uoHos memasno6. v BoabynuTened rnyGoKux MvKO308, peaKo Boapacraer. JlorM4Ho npeanonoxutb, 40 HanGonbuee KONUYECTBO BTOPMYHEIX MUKO3OB OMXHO NpwxogMTecs Ha paiOHbl TénnbIX WUpOT, rae NOTeHUMANBHO ONACHbIX MuKpoopraHHaMoa aHaunTenbHo Gonbule. HOB TO Ke BPEMA MOKHO Npeanonarars Hannune Gonee cToMKoro uMMy- HumeTa k caoei «nmecHeson cpene» y monen, NOKONeHMAMM B Hei KHBYLUMX. MIATA 3A KOM@OPT B paaentbix crpalax CesepHbix wKpor npo- 6nema HeraTuBHoro BhusHuA nneceHei Ha 4enoBeka MOXET YCyTyONATECA MO HECKONIbKUM npwwnva, Tnapyaa uz Hux — copmuposanue 4eno- BekKOM CBOen CpeabI OOuTaHMA. PasBuTHIO mnecenel cnocobcrsyer TO, TO MOAN TULa- TEMbHO COSAaIOT B KMNbIX M OOLIECTBEHHBIX Acnepzunaye crnepouuanonmi (Aspergillus sclerotiorum) npumensemcs A.1x 6oideniu KON U 6 mexemuxonoit npomoiutennocmu. 19Tpu6e us eosdyxa reapmupe (o6sén npooot — 250 1). ITpo6aema passumua naecenet 6 wecmax npoxcusanus venosexa cyuecmayem Go cex empanax, no cmanem au n.necen» 6osmonnoil npuxunoid necamusnoix appexmos —saeucumom euda u eé Konuuecmea. Paamepot cnop naechesvix 2pu60e mare mozym umemb suauenue. Kpynuvie zpudnwie cnopui (Gonee 5,0 mm) npu edorxanuu Nponukawm 6 Hocoenomxy HeenyGoKo u uae cnoco6emeyim paséumur aanepeuil. Bonee nen Keue epuOnote cnopes (1,5—5,0 aka) cnocoGns Oo: emuzamy 1e20UnbLx AALGCOA U BbLabIGAM» 2pUOHELe (naecneavie) sa60necanua venogexa. Yeon eannor cpowno mpedyem anmuepubxosour nponumxu u penonma. 20 NomeuyeHnsx HanGonee KoMcopTHbIe As CeOA YCnOBMA, KOTOPbIe CyLUECTBEHHO OTNMYAIOTCA oT sHEWHEM cpeati. STM ycnosus xopown 1 ans nnecexei: nocTosHHo noanepxnaaeman keapTupax Temnepatypa 18—25°C ontumanbHa gana ux pocta. MoGenka, o6on, Gymara, TKAHN, KOBpbI, KOxA, AepeBAHHAA OOWMEKa — BCé 9TO NopXoAAUIMe CyOcTpaTHI ANA pocTa MUKPOCKO- nuyecknx rpu6os. VI nmioc k 3Tomy repmeTH4- HbIe OKHa, COSpAIOUIME 43 >KMAIEIX NOMeL\eHIAA TePMOCTATbI C NOBILIEHHON BNaXKHOCTHIO. Vicnonsosarie KoHAMuMoHepos He Bcerna Nomoraer 8 pewieHin npoGreMbI. MHOroKpaTHO 66110 NOKAgAHO, 4TO B HX, ECM He NPOMBIBATS WHE MeHATb perynapHo dunbTpbl, MoryT pas- BUBATBCA MIECeHH, B Pesy/bTaTe YerO CNOPbI rpvGos Gyayt yxke NPHHYAUTENHO «HArOHSTE- ca» B NOMeULeHHA. HOBAS CPEJIA OBUTAHUA Cospementitie ropofia — 970 ocoGpie skocn- CTeMbi, KOTOpbIe BeCbMa CyLeCTBeHHO OTAMNa- JOTCA OT NPUPOAHDIX, SoHANBHEIX GAOUHO0B No KnuMaTHM4eCKHM, (NsHKO-xHuMN4eCKMM caolicream nous u atmocdepnl, CTpykType co- OSWeCTA KNBOTHEIX, pACTeHHi, MuKPOopraHn3- Mop, Hanuumio Gonbuloro 4ucna CoopyxeHMiA 3 CO3MaHHbIxX YENOBEKOM MaTepnasioB, BbICOKOMY yPoBHiO sarpasHeHuA BHEWHeM cpepbl, 8 TOM 4ucne GbiToBbIMY OpraHn4eckmn oTXoaMK wT.2. B roponax, kak npasuno, Tennee, 4em 8 npuropoge. Ana nous roposjos 8 ceBepHbIK M yMepeHHbIx WpoTax NO CpaBHeHUIO C xO- AOAHbIMN KUCHbIMN SOHaNbHbIMM NowBaMn xapakTepHi Oonee BbicoKHe Temnepatypbl, ocna6neHue npomepsanna, HelTpanbHan unu cnaGowenosHas peaKuns cpesbl, TO eCTb cosnatotca Kak 6b! «Gonee 10XHbIE» yoNOBHs B Hawux mHoroneTHux uccnenoBaHMax Obino MOKaSAHO, 4TO B FOPOACKMX NOYBAX B PasHbIX NpvponHeX soHax (B Kannanakwe, SlaGbiTHaH- mu, Mockse, Cepnyxose, Hanbunke) soapacraet Kosmuectao onnoptyHiicTuHeckux rpu6oe. Ec 8 30HaNbHbIX Nowsax OMMHUpyIOT nneceHn poaa Penicillium, To 8 ropogax HaGmionaeTca yaennseHne pasHoo6paaus m oOunna npen- ka M acMAIE» No 10, 2009.