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Speakout 2e Student
Book Answer Keys Upper
Intermediate
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Загружено: Gvantsa Mandzulashvili Jul 21, 2020

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Speakout_2e_Student_Book_Answer_Keys_Upper_Intermediate

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QKH_ 2 => ?  H‘o rmtlar tf amt fut tlmk mt lfda.

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1  H‘o chea tf trmvac m`rfmo tlhs yamr.

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9  H chea ht wlak tla tamblar taccs da / us tf rapamt wfros.
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prfirass hk Akichsl.

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?  var` + f`gabt + hk﬍khthva whtl tf  2 mko 9
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of m prf`cad5 dmea tla lfusawfre5 tmea m kfhsa5 lmva bmra5
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R^AMEHKI
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kud`ar f oh﬎arakt pmrtkars mko yfu bmk amt dhxao dazè mt
tla smda thda.

CHR_AKHKI
0M 
Bfkvarsmthfk =7 
Ylmt tlraa quasthfks wfuco yfu mse m pftakthmc ffmtdmta6
Bfkvarsmthfk 07 
Ylhbl tlraa mogabthvas dhilt pafpca usa tf oasbrh`a yfu6

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= J Rla wfuco chea sfdafka wlf‘s quhta sfbhm`ca (kft mkthsfbhmc)
`ut kft tff sfbhm`ca (ihvas yfu prhvmby). M `mcmkba.
0  J Rla‘s kft m dfrkhki parsfk.
2 _
? J Rla wfucok‘t mse m ffmtdmta m`fut tlahr smcmry.
1 _
:  J La cheas ofhki ukpcmkkao tlhkis.
9  J La wfres fr m wa` oashik bfdpmky.
< _ La miraas whtl tla mogabthvas mctlfuil la praars
“kfk-guoiadaktmc‘ tf “bramthva‘.

Rpamefut Qppar Hktardaohmta Mkswar Eay   © ^amrsfk Aoubmthfk Chdhtao 0>=9 =

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0KO
AOH_HFK Q^^AP HK_APDAOHM_A    MKRYAP EAX =

B
Bfkvarsmthfk =7  CMKIQMIA@MKE =.=  p=0<‒=08
mkthsfbhmc7 Rla ihvas tla axmdpca f sfdafka wlf ifas strmhilt up M =  Ylara lmva yfu `aak6
tf tlahr rffd wlak tlay bfda lfda mko stmys tlara. 0  Ylf wara yfu whtl6
thoy7 Rla ihvas tla axmdpca f sfdafka wlf hsk‘t thoy7 tlay kavar of 2  Ylmt wms tla daathki chea6
tla wmslhki-up, camva tlahr stu﬎ cyhki mrfuko mko ofk‘t of tlahr mhr ?  Of yfu ekfw wlmt thda ht hs kfw6
slmra f tla lfusawfre. 1  Bmk H mse wly yfu ohok‘t plfka6
rachm`ca whtl dfkay7 Rla ihvas tla axmdpca f sfdafka wlf kavar :  Of yfu lmva mky hoam lfw wfrrhao H wms/H‘va `aak6
pmys tla acabtrhbhty `hcc fk thda ‒ eaaps prfdhshki tf pmy ht `ut @ =  Of yfu ekfw h tlay mbbapt braoht bmros lara6
kavar ofas. 0  Of yfu dhko da msehki lfw yfu `abmda m dfoac6
2  Of yfu lmva mky hoam wlara H bmk iat m bf﬎aa mt tlhs thda6
Bfkvarsmthfk 0
?  Yfuco yfu dhko tacchki da wlak tla bfdputar `abfdas
bramthva7 ^afpca smy la‘s iffo mt bfdhki up whtl kaw hoams. mvmhcm`ca6
movakturfus7 La ihvas tla axmdpca f ifhki fr m dhokhilt swhd whtl 1  Bmk H mse h yfu‘ra pcmkkhki tf iat dmrrhao6
rhakos whtlfut pcmkkhki ht hk movmkba. :  H wms wfkoarhki wlara yfu `fuilt tlmt `rhabmsa.
kfk-guoiadaktmc7 La smys la trhas kft tf dmea up lhs dhko m`fut B  = bfda 0 tf  2 whtl  ? dubl  1 thda  : kft
pafpca ukthc la iats tf ekfw tlad.
YPH_HKI MK MOZHBA JFPQD DARRMIA5
ZFBM@QCMPX ^APRFKMCH_X CAMPK _F AOH_ JFP MBBQPMBX
2M  8B
=  eaap yfursac tf yfursac  = H ekfw axmbtcy lfw yfu aac …  
0  m pafpca parsfk 0 H ekfw m ramccy iramt hoam wlhbl lms ramccy lacpao da … mko tla
2  m dfrkhki parsfk wlfca f tla sabfko pmrmirmpl
?  whtty 2 Kf axmdpcas hk tla dassmias
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:  m iffo cmuil =>M 
9  ofwk-tf-amrtl 0, ?
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@
=  of sfda rasamrbl
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M  = sydpmtlathb 0 bmuthfus  2 kmhva  ? iakuhka  2  yfu bmk ﬍ko
1 futifhki  : damk  9 ffaxh`ca  < abbaktrhb  ?  mrak‘t
8 trustwfrtly  => dffoy 1  prmbthba (@r A spacchki)
@ M abbaktrhb/futifhki @ sydpmtlathb B dffoy :  daathki kaw pafpca vary dubl
9  iffo cube (fr tla utura)

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=.0 _PX RFDA_LHKI KAY
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?  wlmt yfu of
1  h yfu B
:  of yfu damk Bfddakt =7 sbmrao fut f dy whts5 rachavao
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@ Bfddakt 27 msbhkmtao5 fvar tla dffk
m) : `) 0, ?, 1 b) = o) 2 Bfddakt ?7 slmehki chea m cam5 rustrmtao5 whslao tla amrtl wfuco
swmccfw da up
B
= parsfkmc, pfchta 0 tla smda ms 2 ofk‘t usa ? hsk‘t ^fshthva7 rachavao, hdprassao, msbhkmtao, fvar tla dffk
O
1@  = rustrmtao
= wly yfu mra stuoyhki Akichsl  0 whslao tla amrtl wfuco swmccfw da up
0 lfw cfki yfu pcmk tf stuoy  2 fvar tla dffk
2 wlmt yfu of hk tla avakhkis  ? dmoa dy stfdmbl turk
? h/wlatlar yfu lmva m ucc-thda gf`  1 rachavao
1 wlhbl bfuktrhas yfu‘va vhshtao  : msbhkmtao
: wlara yfu ift tlmt wmtbl  9 slmehki chea m cam 
9 h/wlatlar tlara‘s m iffo bmè mkywlara kamr lara  < sbmrao fut f dy whts
< h/wlatlar yfu‘o chea tf bfda fr m bf﬎aa  8 hdprassao
Of yfu dhko da msehki … 6  hs `ast fr msehki m vary parsfkmc quasthfk. => mwewmro
:M  A
= Bmk yfu tacc da wly yfu‘ra stuoyhki Akichsl6  = rustrmtao
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2 Bmk H mse wlmt yfu of hk tla avakhkis6  2 fvar tla dffk
? Of yfu dhko da msehki h yfu lmva m ucc-thda gf`6  ? dmoa dy stfdmbl turk
1 H‘o `a hktarastao tf ekfw wlhbl bfuktrhas yfu‘va vhshtao.  1 rachavao
:  Bfuco yfu tacc da wlara yfu ift tlmt wmtbl6  : msbhkmtao
9 Of yfu ekfw h tlara‘s m iffo bmè mkywlara kamr lara6  9 slmehki chea m cam 
< H wms wfkoarhki h yfu‘o chea tf bfda fr m bf﬎aa.  < sbmrao fut f dy whts
 8 hdprassao
=> mwewmro
Rpamefut Qppar Hktardaohmta Mkswar Eay   © ^amrsfk Aoubmthfk Chdhtao 0>=9 0

0KO
AOH_HFK Q^^AP HK_APDAOHM_A    MKRYAP EAX =

0M  <M 
= M rustrmthki @ ad`mrrmssao ∐ mogabthvas akohki - ao raar tf lfw   = ‘va mcwmys `aak
m parsfk aacs5 mogabthvas akohki - hki  raar tf tla tlhki/parsfk   0 camrkt
tlmt bmusas tla aachki.   2 ‘va gust ift
0 M tftmccy @ vary ∐ hktarastao hs m irmom`ca mogabthva mko bmk   ? imva
`a usao whtl tla dfoh﬍ar vary `ut bmkkft `a usao whtl tftmccy 5   1 ‘va pcmyao
 msbhkmthki  hs mk ukirmom`ca/axtrada mogabthva mko bmkkft `a usao   : lmvak‘t trhao
whtl vary . Ht kaaos m strfkiar dfoh﬍ar subl ms tftmccy  fr m`sfcutacy .   9 ‘va kavar `fuilt
Pamccy  bmk `a usao whtl `ftl irmom`ca mko ukirmom`ca mogabthvas.   < ‘va chvao
2 M m`sfcutacy @ vary ∐ rachavao hs irmom`ca mko fvar tla dffk    8 lms `aak/ifka
hs ukirmom`ca/axtrada, sf tla smda rucas mppcy lara ms hk tla => sthcc lmvak‘t ofka
pravhfus htad.
@
ZFBM@QCMPX ^CQR  YFPO @QHCOHKI7 KFQKR
bfdpcatacy, uttarcy =>@
= -hfk7 rustrmthfk, msbhkmthfk
PAMOHKI 0 -dakt7 ad`mrrmssdakt, ohsmppfhktdakt, mdusadakt
2 -hty/-aty7 bramthvhty, mkxhaty, spfktmkahty
1@ ? -kass7 mwewmrokass, karvfuskass
= futshoa yfur bfdfrt zfka 1 ftlar7 mkiar, wfrry
0 lfw yfu iat fk
2 lmo dfra thda fk (dy) lmkos B
?  ohiihki hktf = rustrmthfk, msbhkmthfk
1 dmoa dubl dfra f mk a﬎frt tf 0 ad`mrrmssdakt, ohsmppfhktdakt, mdusadakt
: bmrry fk 2 bramthvhty, mkxhaty, spfktmkahty
? mwewmrokass, karvfuskass
IPMDDMP ^PARAK_ ^APJAB_ 1 mkiar, wfrry

:M  O
=  ‘va kavar ofka =  -hfk, -hty  / -aty  ‒ tla strass hs fk tla syccm`ca `afra tla suflx.
0  ‘va gust ﬍khslao 0  -dakt, -kass ‒ tla strass hs fk tla smda syccm`ca ms hk tla mogabthva.
2  ‘va camrkt
==M 
?  ‘va ofka
= spfktmkahty 0 rustrmthfks 2 mwewmro ? mdusadakt
@ 1 ohsmppfhktao : mkiar 9 karvfuskass < mkxhaty
Puca = 4 saktakbas =, 2
Puca 0 4 saktakba 0
Puca 2 4 saktakba ?  ZFBM@QCMPX @MKE   p=?< Yfro `uhcohki
M  hoakthy, mpprabhmta5 mriua, oavacfp5 axhst, oaako5 shik, pcamsa
9M 
@ -thfk/-mthfk7 bfktrh`uthfk, prapmrmthfk, ofkmthfk, rambthfk,
up tf kfw ^^
pravakthfk
sf mr ^^
  -dakt7 hkvfcvadakt, tramtdakt
tlhs thda cmst waae ^R
  -akba7 hktararakba, praarakba, raarakba
rabaktcy ^^
-ura7 mhcura, dhxtura
tlhs dfrkhki @ (^^ h ht hs sthcc tla dfrkhki wlak yfu mra spamehki fr
^R h ht hs kfw tla mjarkffk mko yfu mra cffehki `mbe mt m ﬍khslao B = shikmtura 0 mpprabhmthfk 2 oaakba ? pcamsura
parhfo, h.a. tla dfrkhki) 1 bfktrh`uthfks : praarakba 9 hoakth﬍bmthfk
fvar tla cmst frtkhilt ^^ < mriudakts 8 raarakba => oavacfpdakt
kft + yat ^^
sthcc + kft ^^
fr savarmc yamrs @
=.2 H‘O CHEA _F AK]QHPA
@
Raa Ax 9B. ZFBM@QCMPX MOZAP_R
B =B
= Lmva yfu trhao ht `afra6 =  twf-fr-fka oamc
0 H‘va tlfuilt m`fut ht m cft. 0  raa trhmc
2  kfk-raukom`ca oapfsht
2 Lms la saak dy cmst admhc6
?  kaifthm`ca
? Rla‘s blmkiao lar moorass. 1  shik up fr
1 Dy ehos lmva ifka fut. :  chdhtao akrfcdakt
: Lms sla plfkao mkyfka yat6 9  ﬍cc hk yfur oatmhcs

O
 CMKIQMIA@MKE =.0  p=0<‒=08 Ruiiastao mkswars7 
M = lmvak‘t wrhttak 0 wms 2 lmvak‘t saak ? lms `aak rastmurmkt7 twf-fr-fka oamc
1 tffe : mrrhvao 9 blabeao < smw 8 ‘va stmyao bffeary bfursa7 twf-fr-fka oamc, raa trhmc, kfk-raukom`ca oapfsht,
=> wms == oabhoao =0 frift =2 ift =? bmccao shik up fr, chdhtao akrfcdakt, ﬍cc hk yfur oatmhcs
=1 ‘va `aak/ifka =: lms lmkoao `uyhki m usao bmr7 kaifthm`ca, kfk-raukom`ca oapfsht
@ = `afra 0 tlhs dfrkhki 2 Qkthc H tffe tlhs bfursa lftac `ffehki7 twf-fr-fka oamc, kfk-raukom`ca oapfsht,
? fr 1 Rf mr : ukthc 9 shkba < tlhs dfktl 8 yat ﬍cc hk yfur oatmhcs
=> tlhs thda cmst waae

Rpamefut Qppar Hktardaohmta Mkswar Eay   © ^amrsfk Aoubmthfk Chdhtao 0>=9 2

0KO
AOH_HFK Q^^AP HK_APDAOHM_A    MKRYAP EAX =

JQKB_HFK ^FCH_A AK]QHPHAR =.? IPAM_ A\^APHAKBAR

0M 
= _la Akichsl Cmkiumia Bfccaia OZO ^PAZHAY
0 Rla wmkts tf blmkia rfd m iakarmc Akichsl bfursa (wlhbl sla
0M 
`ffeao fkchka) tf m `ushkass Akichsl bfursa.
@@B vhawars
2 Xas, tla rabapthfkhst miraas tf lfco m pcmba fpak fr lar ukthc tla
bmccar bmk bfda hk tf tla sblffc tf of tla cavac tast. @
? Xas, sla ofas. M f`sarvhki rmra mko axfthb mkhdmcs hk tlahr kmturmc lm`htmt
@ @ lusey ofi scaoohki
=  ‘o, akquhra B trmvacchki m lhstfrhb rfuta `y trmhk, bmr fr gat pcmka
0  wms, h, wfuco, pfssh`ca, da O  whki-wmcehki
2  yfu, da A `ukiaa gudphki
?  tlara, blmkba J f`sarvhki rmra mko axfthb mkhdmcs hk tlahr kmturmc lm`htmt
1  dhko, msehki
:  irmtauc, bfuco OZO ZHAY
9  putthki
2@
<  Bfuco, wlak
_la spamears hk tla vhoaf usa tla fccfwhki mogabthvas7
lusey scaoohki ‒ `amuthuc, mktmsthb, shcakt, hkbraoh`ca, axlhcmrmthki
 CMKIQMIA@MKE =.2  p=0<‒=08 whki-wmcehki ‒ wfkoaruc, mdmzhki
M7 Xfurphbe.kat. Dy kmda‘s Omva. Lfw bmk H lacp yfu6 Pfuta :: ‒ caiakomry, hkbraoh`ca, mdfus, wfkoaruc
@7 Lh, H‘d plfkhki tf ﬍ko fut m`fut m OZO H froarao. _la raarakba `ukiaa gudphki ‒ mwasfda, uk
kud`ar hs 29=?. swhddhki whtl ofcplhks ‒ dmihbmc, hkbraoh`ca, mdmzhki, mktmsthb,
M7 FE. Hs tlara m prf`cad6 wfkoaruc
@7 Xas, ht lmsk‘t mrrhvao yat mko H froarao ht m dfktl mif. Bfuco yfu ^lftf M hs kft hk tla OZO.
tacc da wlak H bmk axpabt ht6
M7 @amr whtl da m dfdakt. H‘d mrmho wa lmva kf hkfrdmthfk B
= J ^afpca smy tlay cfva tla shcakba, tla sfuko f tla skfw mko tla
m`fut tla mrrhvmc omta.
@7 Mko yfu ofk‘t ekfw wlak ht whcc `a hk6
ofis.
M7 Ht‘s bfdhki rfd tla QRM sf H‘d mrmho kft. Of yfu wmkt tf 0 _ “… lmvhki tla ofis wfre fr yfu mko aachki hk (fr fut f)
bmkbac6 bfktrfc hs oa﬍khtacy wlara ht‘s mt.‘
2 J “… phcfts wfuco strmp tlahr pffr ihrcrhakos tf tla futshoa f
@7 Kf, `ut H‘o `a irmtauc h yfu bfuco cffe hktf ht.
M7 Kf prf`cad mt mcc. tlahr pcmkas …‘
@7 Mko wfuco tlara `a mky blmkba f plfkhki da wlak ht mrrhvas6 ? J “… ht‘s ramccy lmro tf of tla wmvhki.‘
M7 Rura … cat da gust blabe h wa lmva yfur plfka kud`ar … 1 J Ht ruks tf Cfs Mkiacas.
: _ “… iramt uk.‘
9 _ “… tlahr caiakomry burhfshty mko pcmyuckass lmva akblmktao us
2M  fr iakarmthfks.‘
= Bfuco yfu tacc da wlara yfu‘ra cfbmtao6 < J “_lay‘ra sf iaktca …‘, “… sf raspfkshva …‘, “… sf luia mko sf
0 H wms wfkoarhki h/wlatlar H bmk usa yfur twf-fr-fka oamc dfra pfwaruc mko yat sf pcmyuc …‘
tlmk fkba.
2 H‘o chea tf ekfw h/wlatlar dy ofi bmk bfda whtl da. O
? Yfuco yfu dhko tacchki da m`fut tla ftlar pafpca chvhki tlara6 = tmea 0 wlara 2 tmea ? tlhki 1 wlmtavar : yat
1 Of yfu dhko da msehki lfw dmky ftlar pafpca lmva hkquhrao6
: H‘o `a irmtauc h yfu bfuco axpcmhk lfw tla raa trhmc wfres. spamefut  m rabfddakomthfk
@
Ruiiastao mkswars7  ?@
= seyohvhki
Rhtumthfk M7 =, 2, ?, 1
0 `afra7 sbmrao (ht wms sbmry)5
Rhtumthfk @7 =, 1
wlhca7 la act shbe `abmusa la wms sphkkhki sf mst ‒ `ut mcsf la
Rhtumthfk B7 =, :
wms cmuilhki `abmusa ht wms sf dubl uk5
Rhtumthfk O7 0, 2, :
mjar7 la ofask‘t smy.
CAMPK _F DMKMIA AK]QHPHAR B
H‘d (kft) tla ehko f parsfk wlf cheas …5
?@ Ht‘s fka f tla U`ast/dfst blmccakihkiT axparhakbas H‘va avar lmo.5
= P
_la tlhki H‘cc radad`ar dfst hs Utla aachki f …/tla dfdakt wlak
0 P …T.5
2 B Ht‘s mk mbthvhty H‘o chea tf rabfddako tf mcc dy rhakos.
? B
1 P wrhta`mbe  m jfrud aktry
: B
1M 
B f`sarvhki rmra mko axfthb mkhdmcs (prf`m`cy frmki-utmks) hk tlahr
= Rfrry tf `a ohflbuct, ht‘s gust tlmt …5 kmturmc lm`htmt (^lftf M fk p=: hk tla Rtuoakts‘ @ffe)
H‘va ift fka dfra quasthfk, h H‘d kft eaaphki yfu.
0 @amr whtl da m dhkuta.

Rpamefut Qppar Hktardaohmta Mkswar Eay   © ^amrsfk Aoubmthfk Chdhtao 0>=9 ?

0KO
AOH_HFK Q^^AP HK_APDAOHM_A    MKRYAP EAX =

=.1 CFFE@MBE ^PARAK_ ^APJAB_

?M 
^APRFKMCH_X =  stmrtao, ‘va hdprfvao
0  ‘va `aak, lmvak‘t `aak
=M 
2  ‘va kavar dat, tlfuilt
=  whtty
?  pcmyao, ‘va stmrtao
0  eaaps lhdsac tf lhdsac 
1  ohok‘t amt, lmvak‘t lmo
2  spfktmkafus
?  pafpca parsfk
1  ofwk-tf-amrtl
^FCH_A AK]QHPHAR
:  iffo cmuil 1M 
9  dfrkhki parsfk = H‘o chea tf akquhra m`fut trmhk thdas tf Zhakkm.
<  iaae 0 Bmk yfu tacc da wlhbl trmhk H kaao tf tmea tf iat tf Zhakkm `y
2p.d.6
JAACHKIR 2 Bmk H mse lfw mr ht hs rfd tla wastark tf tla sfutlark trmhk
stmthfk6
2M 
? Of yfu dhko da msehki wlara H bmk iat hkfrdmthfk fk cfbmc
=  fvar tla dffk
trmkspfrt hk Zhakkm6
0  rachavao
1 H wms wfkoarhki h/wlatlar H kaao tf `ffe m samt fk tla trmhk.
2  slmehki chea m cam 
: Bfuco yfu tacc da h/wlatlar H bmk `ffe fk tla plfka6
?  mwewmro
9 H wms wfkoarhki h yfu bfuco `ffe ht fr da.
1  whslao tla amrtl wfuco swmccfw da up
< H‘o `a irmtauc h yfu bfuco sako da mk admhc bfk﬍rdmthfk.
:  hdprassao

@
= ramccy/m`sfcutacy/tftmccy/bfdpcatacy
0  vary/ramccy
2  kf dfoh﬍ar (ht‘s m var` plrmsa)
?  vary/ramccy
1  kf dfoh﬍ar (ht‘s m var` plrmsa)
:  vary/ramccy

Rpamefut Qppar Hktardaohmta Mkswar Eay   © ^amrsfk Aoubmthfk Chdhtao 0>=9 1

0KO
AOH_HFK Q^^AP HK_APDAOHM_A  MKRYAP EAX

0.= DMEHKI M OHJJAPAKBA
0
 CMKIQMIA@MKE 0.=  p=2>‒=2=
ZFBM@QCMPX HRRQAR M  =  ‘va `aak cffehki, ‘va gust `fuilt
0  ‘va ruk, ‘va `aak rukkhki
=@ 2  ‘va `aak tryhki, ‘va oabhoao
= lukiar 0 ohsamsa 2 straat brhda ? pfvarty ?  ‘s lurt, ‘s `aak ﬍ilthki

h  
1 ukadpcfydakt : pfccuthfk 1  ‘va amtak, ‘va `aak amthki

 s
@ =  lmva yfu `aak tamblhki
0M  0  m) lmva yfu `aak bfccabthki

 s
= b) 0 l) 2 `) ? ) 1 m) : a) 9 o) < i) `) lmva yfu bfccabtao
2  lmva yfu `aak stuoyhki

 u
@
?  m) lmva yfu `aak smvhki
= rurmc, ur`mk, icf`mc 0 atlhbmc 2 ofdasthb
`) lmva yfu smvao
? pfchthbmc, hkoustrhmc 1 abfkfdhb

 a
  1  lmva yfu lmo
B : lmva yfu ekfwk

 s
hssua, quasthfk, prf`cad
9M 
Euuf hs m rhako f tla wrhtar‘s. La‘s m bfbfm irfwar hk Ilmkm mko
 ZFBM@QCMPX @MKE   p=?8 Hssuas ofas wfre fr Jmhrtrmoa.
M  M ffffo @ cmkoschoa B orfuilt O vfcbmkhb arupthfk
@ = f`ashty 0 oa`t 2 lfdacasskass ? orui m`usa @
1 ofdasthb vhfcakba : amrtlqumea   = ‘va wfreao/‘va `aak wfrehki ( ‘va `aak wfrehki  adplmshsas tla
cakitl f thda)
B KO ∐ ffffo, vfcbmkhb arupthfk, amrtlqumea, orfuilt,
0 ‘va vhshtao
cmkoschoa R ∐ lfdacasskass, orui m`usa, ofdasthb vhfcakba,
  2 ‘va chvao/‘va `aak chvhki ( ‘va `aak chvhki  lara schiltcy
oa`t, f`ashty L ∐ orui m`usa, f`ashty
adplmshsas tla hoam tlmt ht‘s tadpfrmry)
  ? ‘va dat
PAMOHKI   1 ‘va ekfwk
  : ‘s irfwk/‘s `aak irfwhki ( ‘s `aak irfwhki  adplmshsas tla
?M  cakitl f thda)
= b) 0 `) 2 b) ? m) 1 `) : m)   9 lms fccfwao/lms `aak fccfwhki ( lms `aak fccfwhki  
adplmshsas tla cakitl f thda)
@   < ‘s rabruhtao
= vat 0 m fka-f﬎ (oamc) 2 ofkmtas ? aya-fpakhki 1 pcaoia   8 ‘va ofu`cao
: eaap up whtl => lms `abfda

IPMDDMP ^PARAK_ ^APJAB_ RHD^CA MKO ZFBM@QCMPX ^CQR  ZAP@R/KFQKR YH_L _LA
BFK_HKQFQR RMDA JFPD
1M  =>M 
=  ‘va `aak ofhki (usao hk tla taxt, mctlfuil ‘va ofka hs mcsf =  ^rfgabt, prfgabtao
pfssh`ca) 0  oabramsao, oabramsa
0  lms bcamkao 2  mppamcao, mppamc
2 lms mcwmys cfvao ?  rabfroao, rabfro
? lms turkao 1  pardhts, pardhttao
1 ‘va mcramoy rmhsao
: ‘va `aak omkbhki B
=  ^rfgabt K, prfgabtao Z
@ 0  oabramsao Z, oabramsa K
Raktakbas =, 0 mko 2 ∐ _la parabt hs usao lara tf oasbrh`a 2  mppamcao Z, mppamc K
mbthvhthas fr stmtas wlhbl stmrtao hk tla pmst mko bfkthkua up tf ?  rabfroao Z, rabfro K
kfw. 1  pardhts K, pardhttao Z
Raktakbas ? mko 1 ∐ _la parabt hs usao tf oasbrh`a mk avakt/ 
mbthfk hk tla pmst wlhbl hs bfdpcatao mctlfuil wa ofk‘t ekfw O
wlak. _la chke hs tlmt wa mra hktarastao kfw hk tla rasuct tlhs lms Jfr wfro strass saa tla ukoarchkhki hk tla mkswars hk Ax =>B
lmo. m`fva.
Raktakba : ∐ _la parabt hs usao `abmusa tla mbthvhty lms fkcy gust  Mppamc lms tla smda syccm`ca strass hk tla kfuk mko var` frd.
﬍khslao mko wa bmk saa tla rasuct kfw. _la ftlars lmva oh﬎arakt strass.

B ==M 
Puca =7 bfkthkufus, a.i. Raktakbas = mko : Rtuoakt M7 hdpfrts, prasakt, suspabt, oasart, Pasamrbl
Puca 07 shdpca, a.i. Raktakbas 0, ? mko 1 Rtuoakt @7 rabfroao, axpfrts, prfouba, suspabts, rabfro
Puca 27 shdpca, a.i. Raktakbas 0 mko 1
Puca ?7 shdpca, bfkthkufus, a.i. Raktakba =  ZFBM@QCMPX @MKE   p=?8
Puca 17 shdpca, a.i. Raktakba 2
M  = oacmy 0 tast 2 slfut ? quaua 1 iuass : bura
:M  9 ﬍ka < thp 8 cha => lurry
= M7  Lfw cfki lmva yfu `aak wfrehki lara6
  @7 H‘va `aak lara fr fvar tak dfktls kfw.
0 M7  Lfw dmky blfbfcmtas lmva yfu amtak6
  @7 H‘va fkcy lmo tlraa!
2 M7  Ylmt lmva yfu `aak ofhki6 Xfu‘ra ﬍ctly!
  @7  H‘va `aak rukkhki.

Rpamefut Qppar Hktardaohmta Mkswar Eay   © ^amrsfk Aoubmthfk Chdhtao 0>=9 :

0KO
AOH_HFK Q^^AP HK_APDAOHM_A  MKRYAP EAX 0
0.0 XFQ‘PA @AHKI YM_BLAO  CMKIQMIA@MKE 0.0  p=2>‒=2=
M = 
Dy bmt‘s `ahki fparmtao fk tlhs mjarkffk.
ZFBM@QCMPX RQPZAHCCMKBA   La‘cc `a bmuilt sffkar fr cmtar.
0
=@   Ehd wms `urkt `mocy/`mocy `urkt hk tla ﬍ra.
2
=  tla mutlfrhthas   _lay ofk‘t dhko `ahki wfeak up hk tla dhooca f tla khilt.
?
0  tf dfkhtfr, eaap trmbe f    Ht hs smho tlmt tla amrcy `hro bmtblas tla wfrd.
1
2  stfra tla hkfrdmthfk   H‘va `aak mseao tf ihva m spaabl tf tla wlfca sblffc.
:
?  mk hkvmshfk f prhvmby   Rla‘s axpabtao tf `a mt lar oase `y 8m.d. avary omy.
9
1  hoakthy   Adpcfyaas‘ admhcs mra sfdathdas dfkhtfrao `y tlahr
<
:  brhda pravakthfk, oatarrakt tf brhda suparvhsfr.
9  mbbassas omtm   8 Rfdafka bfuco iat lurt h yfu ofk‘t tmea bmra.
<  survahccmkba => Ht hs `achavao tlmt kf`foy lms survhvao tla brmsl.
@  = lms `aak usao 0 wms fuko  2 wms ohsbfvarao  ? put 
CHR_AKHKI 1 lms `aak mrrastao  : ‘s `achavao 9 `ahki sapmrmtao  
< dhilt `a ihvak
0M 
Raa mkswars tf Ax 0B.
1M 
B Jfur7 (hk rhoia) tf radhko yfu wlak ht‘s thda tf `uy sfdatlhki5
(`m`has) tf dfkhtfr m parsfk mcc tlahr chvas5 (brhdhkmcs) tf eaap trmbe f
tablkfcfiy wfdmk dmk tlad5 (mttmblao tf mky f`gabt) tf lacp yfu ﬍ko ht wlak yfu cfsa ht
= BB_Z   ✙ Dmeas lar aac ✒ ^afpca wlf bfddht
karvfus. Jaacs chea mk m brhda mra mrrastao. @
hkvmshfk f prhvmby. Lacps pravakt brhdas.   = tlay bmk `a pcmbao (tlhs eaaps dhbrfblhps ms tla dmhk fbus)
  0 yfu bmk `a radhkoao (kfw tla fbus slhjs tf “yfu‘ mko wlmt “yfu‘
0 mbhmc  ✙ Xfubmk‘t stfp ✒ Bmk fkcy `a m of, h.a. ht‘s kft fbushki prhdmrhcy fk tla dhbrfblhps mkydfra)
rabfikhthfk tlad rfd ﬍kohki iffo tlhki, bmk   2 yfu tf `uy sfdatlhki (eaap tla fbus fk “yfu‘)
tablkfcfiy avarytlhki fut m`fut bmtbl brhdhkmcs. Kft   ? dhbrfblhps bfuco `a hdpcmktao (eaap tla fbus fk dhbrfblhps,
yfu. m prf`cad h yfu tla dmhk tfphb f tla wlfca taxt)
lmvak‘t ofka mkytlhki   1 Dhbrfblhps bfuco mcsf `a hdpcmktao (eaap tla fbus fk
wrfki yfursac. dhbrfblhps)
2 dhbrfblhps hk ✒ Rla ofask‘t dhko  ✙ Ofask‘t wmkt   : eaap (“pfchba‘ hs tla su`gabt fr miakt f tla var`, sf ht kaaos mk
prfoubts iatthki movarts fr movarts. mbthva var`)
tlhkis sla dhilt   9 m brhda hs bfddhttao (wa ofk‘t ekfw wlf bfddhts tla brhda)
wmkt.   < yfu bmk `uy m sat f bchp-fk dhbrfblhps (tla kaw fbus hs fk “yfu‘,
astm`chslao mt tla `aihkkhki f tlhs saktakba)
? kud`ar pcmta ✒ Ht‘ssaksh`ca (`ut  ✙ Orhvas m cft mko
  8 `ftl mkswars mra pfssh`ca, `ut “bmk `a mttmblao‘ sfukos `attar
rabfikhthfk sla ofask‘t ihva spaaos, sf la lms lmo
shkba tla fbus lms gust slhjao tf “m sat f bchp-fk dhbrfblhps‘
oatmhcs). m cft f ﬍kas. _lhkes
 => `ftl mkswars mra pfssh`ca5 tla ﬍rst (“yfu bmk usa yfur plfka‘)
tla dfkay spakt
sfukos schiltcy cass frdmc
fk tlhs tablkfcfiy
slfuco `a spakt fk
sfdatlhki acsa.
YPH_HKI M CA__AP FJ BFD^CMHK_5 CAMPK _F QRA
JFPDMC YPH__AK CMKIQMIA
9@
IPMDDMP _LA ^MRRHZA = CmIrmkoa _rmvac Miakby
0 M parsfkmc plftf f lar mko lar rhakos wms usao whtlfut lar
2M  pardhsshfk.
=  Kft cfki mif m rhako f dhka wms rf``ao mt m `us stfp. 2 Rla wmkts tla bfdpmky tf radfva tla phbtura mko tf hssua m
0 H tlhke stmthsthbmccy dfra brhdas mra sfcvao `abmusa f BB_Z tlmk kft. pu`chb stmtadakt f tlahr pfchby hk racmthfk tf tla usa f plftfs.
2 H ofk‘t wmkt tf `a sakt movarts rfd bfdpmkhas tlmt H ofk‘t ekfw.
? @ut wa‘ra `ahki sakt stu﬎ mcc tla thda mkywmy. B
1 H‘va `aak ihvak quhta m aw ﬍kas fvar tla yamrs. m) 2 `) 1 b) = o) : a) ? j)  0
: Dfkay slfuco `a spakt sfdawlara acsa tf `a lfkast.
<M 
@ = ^camsa bfktmbt da whtlhk fka waae f tla omta f tlhs cattar tf
= m﬎abtao `y tla mbthfk bfk﬍rd tlmt tlasa staps lmva `aak tmeak.
0 m) hs 0 _f rasfcva tlhs dmttar, H raquast tlmt yfu …
`) hs ukekfwk 2 H md wrhthki whtl raimro tf …
b) hsk‘t ? Xfurs mhtluccy,
o) hsk‘t 1 _lmke yfu fr yfur prfdpt mttakthfk tf tlhs dmttar.
2 tla `aihkkhki : H lmva tmeak up tlhs dmttar …
? hdparsfkmc, frdmc
@
? ^msshva7  dhilt `a tmeak, lmva `aak tmeak ∐ hk `ftl bmsas tla pmsshva
= M rhako f dhka wms rf``ao. hs usao tf sfuko vary frdmc mko avak caimchsthb. _la tfka hs dfra
0 Dfra brhdas mra sfcvao. ohstmkt mko hdparsfkmc tlmk ushki tla mbthva ( wa dhilt tmea, yfu lmva
2 H ofk‘t wmkt tf `a sakt movarts. tmeak tlasa staps).
? Ya‘ra `ahki sakt stu﬎ mcc tla thda. Mbthva7 lms movhsao, lms (mcsf) hkohbmtao ‒ hk `ftl bmsas eaaphki tla
1 H‘va `aak ihvak quhta m aw ﬍kas. fbus fk tla cmwyar mko wlmt sla lms ofka. _la dassmia hs “H‘va ift m
: Dfkay slfuco `a spakt sfdawlara acsa. cmwyar `alhko da!‘5 slfuco yfu mhc, yfu radfva, yfu hssua, bfktmbt da,
 yfu kaao ∐ tla tfka hs dfra hddaohmta, cass ohstmkt mko tlarafra
dfra tlramtakhki mko parsfkmc, eaaphki tla adplmshs fk yfu. _la
rabhphakt f tla cattar whcc ukoarstmko bcamrcy tlmt tlasa mbthfks mra tf
`a tmeak `y tlad, tla rabhphakt.

Rpamefut Qppar Hktardaohmta Mkswar Eay   © ^amrsfk Aoubmthfk Chdhtao 0>=9 9

0KO
AOH_HFK Q^^AP HK_APDAOHM_A  MKRYAP EAX 0
0.2 IFFO ^FHK_! CAMPK _F RQ^^FP_ XFQP ZHAY^FHK_
1
R^AMEHKI m) ?, 1, : `) =, 0, 2
= :M 
= @ (mimhkst) 0 B (fr) 2 M (mimhkst) = Mbbfrohki tf tlhs mrthbca
0 fr hkstmkba fr dadfrhshki bfktakt/fr dadfrhshki bfktakt fr
JQKB_HFK F^HKHFKR hkstmkba
2 subl ms spakohki thda
0M  ? mppmraktcy lfdawfre hs assakthmc
= _la wfdmk miraas tlmt vhfcakba hk imdhki hs m prf`cad. 1 hk dmimzhkas chea tlmt
0 _la dmk miraas tlmt hccaimc ofwkcfmohki hs m prf`cad. : Ms mr ms H ekfw
2 _la dmk miraas tlmt bfsdathb suriary hs m iffo tlhki.

@ ZFBM@QCMPX F^HKHFK MOGAB_HZAR

Bfkvarsmthfk =7
9M 
Dmk‘s fphkhfk7 ht dmeas ehos cass miirasshva `abmusa tlay usa up tlahr
m) ramsfkm`ca `) hccaimc b) ukatlhbmc o) futrmiafus
akariy5 ehos bmk sapmrmta ramc cha rfd bfdputar imda mktmsy
a) ohstur`hki j)  hrraspfksh`ca
Yfdmk‘s fphkhfk7 ht dmeas ehos dfra miirasshva
Bfkvarsmthfk 07
Dmk‘s fphkhfk7 ht‘s tla smda ms stamchki
Yfdmk‘s fphkhfk7 dushbhmks ofk‘t dmea dubl dfkay rfd BOs5 0.? M ]QHA_ PAZFCQ_HFK
mdfus dushbhmks ofk‘t kaao tla dfkay5 kawar dushbhmks bmk iat
tlahr dushb lamro OZO ^PAZHAY
Bfkvarsmthfk 27
0
Dmk‘s fphkhfk7 omkiarfus mko omdmihki
= _la quhat ravfcuthfk hs tlmt sfda @rhthsl dak mra raoubhki tlahr
Yfdmk‘s fphkhfk7 lacps pafpca‘s bfk﬍oakba5 dmy `a iffo fr lamctl
wfre lfurs, whtl sfda ifhki pmrt-thda.
ramsfks
0 Ruiiastao mkswars7 tf raouba strass5 tf spako dfra thda whtl tla
A mdhcy5 tf pursua m lf``y fr mkftlar hktarast5 tf lacp tlahr pmrtkar
= mimhkst 0 mvfur 2 dmeas ? saa 1 pfhkt : bartmhk (h.a. tla dmk lacphki tla wfdmk) hk lar wfre/bmraar
9 tlhke < bfkvhkbao
OZO ZHAY
2M 
Ihvhki fphkhfks7 ^arsfkmccy, H tlhke …5 @mshbmccy, H tlhke …5 H of tlhke 2M 
… Mkswars whcc oapako fk wlmt Rs chstao hk Ax 0. _la hoams dakthfkao
Miraahki7 Axmbtcy!5 Iffo pfhkt. hk tla bchp mra7 tf spako dfra thda whtl tla mdhcy, tf lacp lhs wha‘s
^mrthmccy miraahki7 H suppfsa sf.5 Jmhr akfuil, `ut … bmraar, tf pursua mk hktarast (wrhthki), tf scfw tla pmba f cha, tf
Ohsmiraahki7 H tftmccy ohsmiraa.5 H‘d kft sf sura. rablmria, tf lmva dfra thda fr lhdsac, tf dmea dfkay, tf eaap
rfd iatthki `frao.

 CMKIQMIA@MKE 0.2  p=2>‒=2= @

M7  H‘d hk mvfur f tla hoam f bfdpucsfry sblffc ukhfrds. tf dmea dfkay 2
@7  Mra yfu6 H‘d ramccy mimhkst ht. tf iat `mbe cfst akariy 0
M7  Yacc, parsfkmccy H tlhke whtl ukhfrds avaryfka‘s tla smda, rhbl tf lacp lhs pmrtkar‘s bmraar =
fr pffr. tf lmva dfra thda fr lhdsac 0
@7  H saa yfur pfhkt, `ut tlay bmk `a vary axpakshva ‒ aspabhmccy ms tf mvfho iatthki `frao 2
blhcorak iat `hiiar. tf spako dfra thda whtl lhs mdhcy =, 0
M7  H‘d kft sf sura. Ehos‘ bcftlas mra axpakshva mkywmy. B
@7  Jmhr akfuil, `ut lmvhki ukhfrds stfps blhcorak axprasshki = ihva 0 camo 2 of, eaac ? up 1 dfuco
tlahr parsfkmchty.
M7  H miraa tf m bartmhk axtakt, `ut H of tlhke ukhfrds prfvhoa m O
saksa f `acfkihki. m) fk m dfra avak eaac
@7  H suppfsa sf. @ut mbtumccy H ofk‘t tlhke ehos ramccy aac mky cass `) dmea of whtl cass (dfkay)
cfkacy gust `abmusa tlay lmva m ukhfrd fk. b) `rame tla dfuco
M7  Dmy`a kft, `ut H‘d sthcc kft bfkvhkbao. o) put yfur aat up
a) sfdatlhki lms tf ihva
?M j)  tmea tla camo (hk ofhki sfdatlhki)
Bfkvarsmthfk =7
M7  H‘d hk mvfur f `mkkhki sdfehki hk mcc pu`chb pcmbas. spamefut  m gfhkt prasaktmthfk
@7  Mbtumccy, H tlhke pafpca slfuco `a raa tf blffsa.
M7  Jmhr akfuil, `ut wlmt m`fut tla rhilts f ftlar pafpca6 ?@
@7  ^arsfkmccy, H tlhke tla raaofd tf blffsa hs dfra hdpfrtmkt. Mkswars whcc oapako fk wlmt Rs chstao hk Ax ?M. _la hoams tla twf
M7  H saa yfur pfhkt, `ut pmsshva sdfehki bmk `a vary `mo fr yfu. pafpca dakthfk mra7
@7  H suppfsa sf, `ut `mkkhki sdfehki hk mcc pcmbas hs tff dubl! prfs ‒ rfcas bcamrcy oa﬍kao, kf bfkushfk m`fut wlf ofas wlmt5
Bfkvarsmthfk 07 wfdmk bmk dmkmia mdhcy cha `abmusa sla lms thda tf of sf5 dfra
M7  Ylmt of yfu tlhke m`fut `mkkhki bmrs hk tla bhty baktra6 bfktmbt `atwaak dftlar mko blhcorak5 dak mra `attar mt tmses
@7  H‘d mimhkst ht. @mshbmccy, H tlhke ht‘s `mo fr `ushkass. Mko yfu6 bfkshoarao trmohthfkmccy “dmca‘, mko wfdak mt tmses trmohthfkmccy
M7  H‘d kft sura. H miraa tf m bartmhk axtakt, `ut H of tlhke tlmt ht‘s bfkshoarao “admca‘
`attar fr tla akvhrfkdakt. bfks ‒ tff chttca bfktmbt `atwaak mtlar mko blhco5 wfdmk dhilt hk
@7  Iffo pfhkt. Mko pafpca bfuco usa pu`chb trmkspfrt dfra. Ht dmeas mbt `a `attar mt trmohthfkmccy “dmca‘ tmses, mko vhba-varsm5 wfdmk dmy
saksa. wmkt m bmraar fr larsac, mko trmohthfkmc rfcas rastrhbt tlhs
M7  Axmbtcy!

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0KO
AOH_HFK Q^^AP HK_APDAOHM_A  MKRYAP EAX 0
B RQPZAHCCMKBA
Fur prasaktmthfk hs m`fut …5 Jhrst, tf dmea ht bcamr wlmt wa damk `y
2M 
Utrmohthfkmc rfcasT …5 Iakarmccy spamehki Utla wfdmk ofas tla
=  brhda pravakthfk, oatarrakt
lfusawfreT5 Fk tla Upfshthva/kaimthvaT shoa …5 _lmt‘s `fuko tf `a
0  hoakthy
Uiffo/`moT fr …5 Jhkmccy, mko parlmps dfst hdpfrtmktcy …
2  mbbass, hkvmshfk f prhvmby
? mutlfrhthas, dfkhtfrhki
wrhta`mbe  kftas jfr m prasaktmthfk 1  eaap trmbe
:  stfra hkfrdmthfk
:M 
_la tfphb hs iakoar-`chko lhrhki. Rs bmk oabhoa fr tladsacvas wlhbl _LA ^MRRHZA
mriudakt hs strfkiar.
?M 
@ = H ofk‘t chea `ahki bmccao `y dy khbekmda.
_la wrhtar dmeas tla kftas slfrt `y7 0 H wms `rfuilt up hk m lfusa ucc f pats.
‒ fdhtthki su`gabts mko tlara hs / mra (_lara mra kf prf`cads …, Ht dmy 2 H‘va kavar `aak rf``ao.
blmkia …, _lara wfuco `a rashstmkba … ) ? H lmta `ahki ihvak bcftlas ms m prasakt.
‒ ushki m``ravhmthfks ( ra 4 m`fut / bfkbarkhki5 a.i. 4 fr axmdpca ) 1 H‘d fjak tfco H cffe chea dy mtlar.
‒ ushki scmslas hkstamo f chkears ( dak / wfdak, pafpca / bucturas) : H‘va mcwmys wmktao tf `a modhrao fr dy hktacchiakba.
‒ fdhtthki mrthbcas ( tla `ast parsfk blfsak fr tla gf`5 bmsthki m admca
rfca hk m ﬍cd) 1M 
‒ fdhtthki tla var` `a (`ast parsfk hs blfsak fr gf` ) = Lmva yfu avar `aak `httak `y mk mkhdmc6
0 Yfuco yfu chea tf `a hkvhtao tf ohkkar `y m baca`rhty6
2 Of yfu akgfy `ahki plftfirmplao6
? Of yfu mcwmys wmkt tf `a tfco tla trutl avak h ht lurts6
0.1 CFFE@MBE 1 Ylmt whcc yfu `a radad`arao fr mjar yfu oha6

HRRQAR F^HKHFKR
=M  :M 
= ur`mk, rurmc 0 ofdasthb, icf`mc 2 atlhbmc ? abfkfdhb =  H‘d hk mvfur f 
1 pfccuthfk, hkoustrhmc 0  H‘d ramccy mimhkst ht.
2  H saa yfur pfhkt, `ut
^PARAK_ ^APJAB_ RHD^CA MKO BFK_HKQFQR ?  Mbtumccy, H tlhke
1  H miraa tf m bartmhk axtakt, `ut
0M  :  H‘d sthcc kft bfkvhkbao.
= Lfw cfki lmva yfu `aak camrkhki Akichsl6 9  H saa wlmt yfu damk.
0 Xfur Akichsl lms hdprfvao m cft rabaktcy. Ylmt lmva yfu `aak
ofhki6
2 Lfw dmky tamblars lmva yfu lmo6
? Lfw mr lmva yfu trmvaccao fk pu`chb trmkspfrt tfomy6
1 Lmva yfu ofka yfur lfdawfre fr tfomy6
: Lfw cfki oho ht tmea yfu tf of ht6
9 Lmva yfu stuohao/`aak stuoyhki m cft tlhs waae6
< Lmva yfu avar frifttak tf `rhki mkytlhki tf bcmss6

Rpamefut Qppar Hktardaohmta Mkswar Eay   © ^amrsfk Aoubmthfk Chdhtao 0>=9 8

0KO
AOH_HFK Q^^AP HK_APDAOHM_A  MKRYAP EAX

2.= MKO _LA DFPMC HR … < ‘o trhao

PAMOHKI
0@
=  imva tla parfrdmkba f lar cha
 8
=>
==
=0
ramchsao
wms ffyhki
but
wms shtthki

ZFBM@QCMPX RMXHKIR
2
 s
0  parshstao
2  oua
:@

 t 
?  oramos
Ruiiastao mkswars7
1  ohddao

 f
= b) 0 a) 2 `) ? o) 1 m)
:  slhvarhki
9  parvmoao Ht pmys tf `a lfkast7 Ylmt ifas mrfuko bfdas mrfuko ‒ tla dmk‘s

r 
<  vhsh`cy iakarfshty tf tla acoarcy wfdmk wms raturkao (hk tlhs bmsa hk mk
ukusumccy bfhkbhoaktmc wmy).

h  
B

 a
Ruiiastao mkswars7 B
“^arfrdmkba f m chathda6‘ akohki =5 = wlak hk Pfda of ms tla Pfdmks of

 s
“Ht pmys tf `a lfkast‘ akohki 0 0 Fkba `httak, twhba sly.
2 Ylmt ifas mrfuko bfdas mrfuko.
? kftlhki vakturao, kftlhki imhkao
IPMDDMP KMPPM_HZA _AKRAR 1 avary bcfuo lms m shcvar chkhki
2M 
Ruiiastao mkswars7   _H^
Dmky yamrs mif m brfwo imtlarao (pmst shdpca) futshoa tla
^mrhs Fparm Lfusa tf saa m parfrdmkba `y fka f tla dfst
mdfus fparm shkiars f tla thda. _hbeats lmo sfco fut (pmst Ht‘s akfuil tf smy …
parabt) waaes `afra, mko fparm mks lmo `aak cffehki frwmro =  wlak hk Pfda …
(pmst parabt bfkthkufus) tf tlhs aphb dfdakt avar shkba tla 0  Fkba `httak …
parfrdmkba wms mkkfukbao. (pmst shdpca ‒ pmsshva). Ht wms (pmst 2  Ylmt ifas mrfuko …
shdpca) m ifriafus sprhki avakhki, mko avaryfka wms wamrhki ?  kftlhki vakturao …
(pmst bfkthkufus) tlahr ﬍kast bcftlas hk baca`rmthfk f tla avakt. 1  avary bcfuo …

@ YPH_HKI M R_FPX
=  pmst shdpca
0  pmst bfkthkufus <@
2  pmst parabt shdpca = _la wrhtar puts tla smda smyhki (fr m varshfk f ht) hk `ftl tla
?  pmst parabt bfkthkufus ﬍rst mko cmst pmrmirmpls.
0 ^mrmirmpl = ∐ pmst shdpca, pmst parabt shdpca, pmst parabt
B bfkthkufus, pmst bfkthkufus
 = `aimk 4 Puca = 2 ^mrmirmpls 0 mko 2 ∐ mcc fur pmst frds mra usao `ut tla pmst
0 lmo kavar mppamrao 4 Puca 2 shdpca hs tla ofdhkmkt frd hk tla sabthfk.
2 wms orhvhki 4 Puca 0 ? _la wrhtar axprassas lhs aachkis mcc tlrfuil tla stfry `y ushki
? lmo `aak stmkohki 4 Puca ? movar`s subl ms stuphocy  mko `y sfdathdas shdpcy smyhki lfw
1 wms slhvarhki 4 Puca 0 la act, a.i. H wms karvfus fr lhs plyshbmc saksmthfks, dy dfutl
: la‘o ﬍khslao 4 Puca 2 wms sf ory H bfucok‘t spame .
9 orfva 4 Puca = 1 La smys wlmt la camrkt hk tla cmst pmrmirmpl.
< wms pmyhki 4 Puca 0
8 radad`arao 4 Puca = 8M 
=> lmo smho 4 Puca 2 stuphocy, kmturmccy, Jhkmccy, mwewmrocy, Mppmraktcy, Qkfrtukmtacy,
pfchtacy, avaktumccy
?@
= _la wfdmk lmo (/ɘ/) `aak (/ɧ/) stmkohki tlara fr m cfki @
thda mko wms (/ɘ/) slhvarhki `mocy. =  stuphocy
0 Ylak sla wms (/ɘ/) pmyhki fr lar damc, tla fco cmoy 0  kmturmccy
radad`arao wlmt Rtava Lukt lmo (/ɘ/) smho. 2  ukfrtukmtacy
?  mppmraktcy
1  mwewmrocy
 CMKIQMIA@MKE 2.=  p=20‒=22 :  ﬍kmccy, avaktumccy
M = ‘o frifttak 0 wms rf``hki 2 ‘o `aak pmhkthki 9  pfchtacy
? ‘o `aak ushki
B
@  = akoao 0 wms wfrehki 2 lamro ? ‘o `aak pcmyhki movar`s f dmkkar7 stuphocy, mwewmrocy, pfchtacy
1 rmk : smw 9 gfhkao < wara samrblhki 8 fuko mtthtuoa dmrears7 kmturmccy, mppmraktcy, ukfrtukmtacy
=> lmo `aak == lmo ifka/wakt =0 wms ifhki thda dmrears7 ﬍kmccy, avaktumccy
=2 ‘o lamro =? fpakao =1 ‘o `aak scaaphki

 ZFBM@QCMPX @MKE   p=1> Zar`s usao hk stfrhas

1M 
  = ‘o kavar saak M  M wmkoar @ imza B wlhspar O brmwc A shil J ymwk
  0 lmo `aak trmhkhki @ = shil 0 ymwkao 2 brmwcao ? wlhsparao 1 wmkoarao
  2 wms shtthki : imzao
  ? kfthbao
  1 ohok‘t saa ( bfucok‘t saa hs mcsf pfssh`ca)
  : lmo `aak shtthki
  9 bmccao

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0KO
AOH_HFK Q^^AP HK_APDAOHM_A  MKRYAP EAX 2
2.0 M CHJA HK RH\ YFPOR ?M 
  = H lmo m kaw cmptfp
  0 H‘o irfwk up hk m cmria mdhcy / H lmok‘t irfwk up hk m sdmcc mdhcy
ZFBM@QCMPX MOGAB_HZAR JFP R_FPHAR
  2 H wara/wms dfra sfbhm`ca / H warak‘t/wmsk‘t sf uksfbhm`ca /
=M  mkthsfbhmc
Ruiiastao mkswars7    ? dy rhako wfuco spame cfuoar/dfra cfuocy / dy rhako wfucok‘t
m bfkvarsmthfk7 saktakbas =, 2, ? mko 9 spame sf quhatcy
m wrhttak taxt7 saktakbas 0, 1, : mko < (0 pfssh`cy m wa`shta f gfeas   1 H bfuco iat tf scaap amrchar/`afra 0m.d.
mko stfrhas fr m `ffe `cur`5 1 pfssh`cy m wa`shta bmpthfk fr m kaws fr   : H ohok‘t cfsa dy tadpar whtl pafpca (sf fjak)
vhoaf stfry5 : pfssh`cy m ﬍cd movart5 < pfssh`cy m wa`shta bmpthfk fr   9 H lmo dy bmdarm whtl da
m kaws fr vhoaf stfry fr m `ffe `cur`)   < H bfuco bffe (wacc/`attar)
  8 ht wfuco stfp rmhkhki
@  => H‘o spakt dfra thda whtl dy irmkomtlar
= hkbraoh`ca 0 hksphrhki 2 lhcmrhfus ? ormdmthb
1 radmrem`ca : dfvhki, pfhikmkt 9 hktaksa R^AMEHKI
1@
CHR_AKHKI Yrhtars bmk slfrtak tlahr stfrhas hk oh﬎arakt wmys7
0M  • tlay usa fkcy kfuks, a.i. @cmkeats, `ffes, `fttcas, `ffes, `cmkeats
Ruiiastao mkswars7  • camva fut “H‘, a.i. (H) Cfva bchd`hki tlfsa lhccs, (H) Jfuko ht.
= Ht bfuco `a m`fut m `m`y tlmt ohok‘t survhva, fr m rhakoslhp tlmt
`rfea up `afra tla wrhtar lmo m blmkba tf ihva tla dftlar tla ZFBM@QCMPX ^CQR  DQC_HQYFPO ZAP@R
`m`y slfas. :M 
0 Cmrry Rdhtl hs mk fkchka dmimzhka aohtfr wlf hs mppamrhki Rtfry =7 turkao up
fk _fomy   tf tmce m`fut tla shx-wfro stfrhas tlmt pafpca lmva Rtfry 07 Imva up, tffe up
bfktrh`utao tf lhs wa`shta. Rtfry 27 Rattcao ofwk
2 Ht wms m stfry tlmt sfdafka bfktrh`utao. Rtfry ?7 Rat up, rmk fut
@ m) tmea up
=  ohok‘t axpabt `) ruk fut
0  vary hktaksa m`fut tla blmccakia b) turk up
2  tlahr fwk cha o) sat up
?  rairat mko ohsmppfhktdakt a) sattca ofwk
1  tfuil j)  ihva up

B @
=  wlmt H wms pcmkkhki =  ruk fut
0  m raolamo. Jhxao tlmt 0  sat up (sfdatlhki)
2  trua cfva. Dmrrhao sfdafka acsa 2  sat (sfdatlhki) up
?  slfuco lmva `fuilt tlmt rhki ?  ruk fut (f)

9@
IPMDDMP H YHRL , HJ FKCX  = Kf
2M  0 wrhtar, mbtrass, bm`ca bmr bfkoubtfr, wmhtrass, bffe, shkiar, omkbar,
Ruiiastao mkswars7  cabturar
2 tla mrts mko pfchthbs
= wlak tlay wara `frk, tlahr sfbhmc bcmss mko tlahr iakoar
? Ruiiastao mkswar7 Rla fvarbmda iramt ohflbucthas ms m blhco mko
0 tlahr bmraar
yfuki wfdmk, sla oho wlmtavar ht tffe tf suppfrt lar mdhcy, sla
2 prf`m`cy wlara tlay akoao up chvhki
mblhavao m iramt oamc hk oh﬎arakt ﬍acos, pmrthbucmrcy tla mrts mko
? avarytlhki ‒ tlay wmkt mkftlar blmkba
wrhthki, mko sla lmo iramt bfurmia mko mk mppathta fr cha mko
1 tlahr takoakby tf wfrry
axprasshfk.
: prf`m`cy m wfdmk wlf wmkts tf blmkia lar lus`mko‘s `almvhfur
B
@
= irfw up 0 phbe up 2 cffe up tf ? pmss mwmy 1 if fk
m) ? `) 1 b) 2 o) : a) 0 j)  =
: if `y 9 tmea fk < stmko fr 8 orfp fut => `a `rfuilt up
B
= m, ` 0 b, a,  2 o
 ZFBM@QCMPX @MKE   p=1> Ducth-wfro var`s
O M  m) `atwaak tla dmhk var` ( `rfuilt) mko tla pmrthbca (up) fr
K@ _la dmhk/strfkiast strass hs fk tla cmst wfro hk ambl saktakba. mjar tla pmrthbca ( up)
m) H whsl H bfuco of ht mcc mimhk.   `) `atwaak tla dmhk var` ( `rfuilt) mko tla pmrthbca (up)
`) H whsl H warak‘t sf mkxhfus. B =  Eharmk wmktao tla gf` `ut tlay turkao lhd ofwk.
b) H whsl H‘o stmyao wlara H wms lmppy. 0  _la slfp lmo sfda iramt bcftlas `ut tla cfuo dushb put lar  
o) H whsl la‘o pmy dfra mttakthfk tf da. f﬎.
a) H fkcy H lmok‘t `abfda m ofbtfr.   2  Jhjy pafpca wmktao tf `a axtrms hk tla ﬍cd mko tla ohrabtfr
j)  H fkcy H‘o `aak `frk twakty yamrs cmtar. tffe tlad mcc fk.
?  Raýfr Mcdahom hsk‘t lara mt tla dfdakt. Bmk yfu rhki lhd 
 CMKIQMIA@MKE 2.0  p=20‒=22 `mbe6
1  H ﬍khslao tla assmy cmst khilt mko imva ht hk tlhs dfrkhki.
M = cheao 0 ‘o lurry up 2 ekaw ? ‘o `rfuilt 1 ohok‘t chva   :  H H ofk‘t ekfw kaw wfros, H gust cffe tlad up hk dy
: ‘o dat 9 wara < bfuco acabtrfkhb ohbthfkmry.
@  = chvao 0 wfuco bfda, warak‘t/wmsk‘t wamrhki 9  _la sfuko f tla offr`acc mt 0m.d. wfea us up.
2 ekaw, ‘o radad`arao ? wfucok‘t pcmy/ohok‘t pcmy, ‘o scapt   <  Hs tlmt m kaw bfmt6 Mkywmy, tmea ht f﬎ mko lmki ht up lara.
1 ‘o stmrtao : wfucok‘t `hta

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0KO
AOH_HFK Q^^AP HK_APDAOHM_A  MKRYAP EAX 2
2.2 H_‘R M IPAM_ PAMO! 1M 
= Ylmt H cheao m`fut  Mtfkadakt wara tla blmrmbtars.
0 H bmk‘t stmko ramohki fk dy tm`cat (`abmusa ht lurts dy ayas).
ZFBM@QCMPX PAMOHKI IAKPAR
2 H ofk‘t chea (ramohki) oatabthva stfrhas tlmt dubl.
=M  ? H‘d kft ramccy hktf `cfbe`ustars subl ms tla @furka sarhas.
Ruiiastao mkswars7  1 _la tlhki H chea m`fut _wacva Xamrs m Rcmva hs tla wmy ht tamblas yfu
= `cfi, twaat, sfbhmc daohm upomta, Yhehpaohm, wa`shta frud, fkchka m`fut lhstfry.
mrthbca : Ylmt H chea `ast m`fut Mimtlm Blrhstha `ffes mra tla pcfts.
0 cyrhbs, pfatry 9 H‘d m `hi mk f Rthai Cmrssfk.
2 `cfi, ifsshp dmimzhka, `hfirmply, mutf`hfirmply, `cfbe`ustar
? `hfirmply, mutf`hfirmply, dmkumc, Yhehpaohm, wa`shta frud,  CMKIQMIA@MKE 2.2  p=20‒=22
fkchka mrthbca
1 ifsshp dmimzhka, dmkim, dmkumc =  H ofk‘t chea fparm tlmt dubl.
: kfvac, dmkim, `cfbe`ustar 0  H bmk‘t stmko fk oaprasshki `ffes chea tlmt fka.
2  _la tlhki H cheao m`fut ht dfst ht wms tla surprhsa akohki.
JQKB_HFK A\^PARRHKI CHEAR MKO OHRCHEAR ?  Ylmt H cfva m`fut Caa‘s ﬍cds hs tlmt tlara‘s mcwmys m dassmia.
1  H‘d m `hi mk f  lhstfrhbmc kfvacs.
2@ :  Ylmt H chea m`fut lar mbthki hs tlmt sla `rhkis sfdatlhki
_la Lukiar Imdas7 Mdy ‒ 5 @atl ✒ spabhmc tf avary rfca.
_la Ehta Pukkar 7 Mdy ‒ 5 Bmrc ✒ 9  H bmk‘t iat hktf bcmsshbmc dushb.
Cha f ^h7 Mdy ‒ 5 @atl ✒5 Bmrc  ✙ <  _la tlhki tlmt H lmta m`fut irmflth hs tlmt ht‘s gust uicy. / Ylmt H
Mdy oabhoas tf tmea _la Lukiar Imdas. lmta m`fut irmflth hs tlmt ht‘s gust uicy.

B
=  _la Lukiar Imdas  CAMPK _F RQDDMPHRA M ^CF_
Mdy ‒ m `ht vhfcakt5 ofask‘t chea sbh-﬍ sf dmy`a kft5 ht cffes :@
hktarasthki (sla‘s saak tla trmhcar) = raturks 0 ﬍kos 2 lms ohsmppamrao ? hkvmoa 1 oabhoa
@atl  ✒ iffo5 rmhsas hktarasthki quasthfks m`fut sfbhaty mko tla : hsk‘t 9 prfirassas < mra frbao 8 adarias
pfwar f _Z5 cheas/cfvas tla dmhk blmrmbtar ‒ m survhvfr wlf stmkos
fr wlmt sla `achavas hk B
0  _la Ehta Pukkar  = tla prasakt shdpca (sfdathdas hk tla pmsshva) K@ _la prasakt
Mdy ‒ ekfws m chttca `ht m`fut tla stfry ‒ tlhkes fka parsfk smvas parabt bfuco mcsf `a usao.
sfdafka acsa‘s cha 0 Qshki prasakt var` frds dmeas tla pcft dfra hddaohmta, ms h
Bmrc ✒ wfkoaruc5 m dfvhki stfry5 cfvas tla wmy ht `uhcos tla wlfca tla ramoar/chstakar hs axparhakbhki ms tlay ramo/chstak.
stfry5 yfu iat hkvfcvao whtl tla blmrmbtars5 yfu lmva tf ekfw wlmt
lmppaks kaxt
2  Cha f ^h
Mdy ‒ m `ht wahro5 m`fut m `fy mko m thiar hk m `fmt5 sfukos m `ht
2.? _ARR
sarhfus fr twacva-lfur gfurkay OZO ^PAZHAY
@atl ✒ lms m oaap mko damkhkiuc stfry5 cheas iatthki tf ekfw tla
`fy mko tla mbt la cfvas tla thiar =
Bmrc  ✙  stmrtao ht `ut bfucok‘t iat hktf ht5 bmk‘t stmko `ffes tlmt = hk rurmc Yassax, m sadh-﬍bthfkmc mram
prambl mt lhd5 dmoa lhd aac ukbfdfrtm`ca 0 _lay‘ra mcc omhrydmhos mko tlay‘ra mcc hk cfva whtl Mkiac Bcmra.
2 mko ?  Rtuoakts‘ praohbthfks
?M  1 Kf, `abmusa ht‘s m “trmihb‘ stfry.
= H‘d m `hi mk f sbh-﬍ kfvacs mkywmy.
0 Ylmt H ramccy cheao m`fut ht wms tla dmhk blmrmbtar. OZO ZHAY
2 H ofk‘t ramccy chea sbh-﬍ tlmt dubl tf `a lfkast.
? _la tlhki H cfva m`fut ht hs tla wmy ht `uhcos tla wlfca stfry. 0M
1 H gust bfucok‘t iat hktf ht. =  amiar, pcamsao
:  H bmk‘t stmko `ffes tlmt sfrt f prambl mt yfu. 0  karvfus, mwewmro
2  axbhtao, ohsmppfhktao
@ ?  mkxhfus, lmppy
= H ofk‘t ramccy chea … tlmt dubl.5 H gust bfucok‘t iat hktf ht.5 H bmk‘t
stmko … @
0 _la wfro froar hs oh﬎arakt ‒ ht stmrts whtl Ylmt H + var` + `a + = _ass. Rla damks tlara‘s kf kaao tf `a karvfus m`fut `ahki bmrrhao
eay hkfrdmthfk tf adplmshsa tla dmhk blmrmbtar. `y Mkiac.
2 _la wfro froar hs oh﬎arakt ‒ ht stmrts whtl _la tlhki H + var` + `a + 0 Mkiac. La‘s bfddakthki fk tla mbt tlmt Patty hs dubl sdmccar mko
eay hkfrdmthfk tf adplmshsa tla wmy ht `uhcos tla wlfca stfry. chiltar tlmk Dmrhmk.
? = H‘d kft m `hi mk f … 2 Hzzy. Rla wmkts tf ehss Mkiac mko mses _ass h sla‘o dhko (`abmusa
0 Ylmt H ramccy lmtao/ohok‘t chea/cheao camst m`fut ht wms … _ass hs lhs “mvfurhta‘).
2 H ramccy chea … ? Mkiac. La‘s bmrrhao tla ftlar tlraa wfdak gust sf la bmk spako m
? H tlhki H lmta m`fut ht hs tla wmy ht … aw dfdakts whtl _ass.
1 H ramccy ift hktf ht. 1 Mkiac. La damks tlmt la ohok‘t axpabt tf lmva tlhs dfdakt whtl
: H cfva/ramccy chea `ffes tlmt … _ass, kft tlmt la ohok‘t axpabt tla rfmo tf ffffo (ms _ass suiiasts).
B B
= H‘d m `hi mk f sbh-﬍ kfvacs mkywmy. Ruiiastao mkswars7  Asbmphsd7 dmky pafpca mra msbhkmtao `y
0 Ylmt H ramccy cheao m`fut ht wms tla dmhk blmrmbtar. saahki lfw pafpca chvao hk mk mppmraktcy shdpcar mko cass strassuc
2 H ofk‘t ramccy chea sbh-﬍ tlmt dubl tf `a lfkast. wfrco, whtl whoa ohvhshfks `atwaak iakoar rfcas mko rhbl/pffr, `ut
? _la tlhki H cfva m`fut ht hs tla wmy ht `uhcos tla wlfca stfry. whtlfut dfoark bfkvakhakbas, tablkhbmc mko daohbmc movmkbas, atb.
1 H gust bfucok‘t iat hktf ht. Jfr dmky, tla msbhkmthfk hs tla bfstudas tladsacvas7 lfw mttrmbthva
: H bmk‘t stmko `ffes tlmt sfrt f prambl mt yfu. tlay dmea pafpca cffe, lfw ohflbuct tlay‘o `a tf wamr, atb.

Rpamefut Qppar Hktardaohmta Mkswar Eay   © ^amrsfk Aoubmthfk Chdhtao 0>=9 =0

0KO
AOH_HFK Q^^AP HK_APDAOHM_A  MKRYAP EAX 2
spamefut  m jmvfurhta sbaka RMXHKIR
0M 
2M  = Kftlhki vakturao, kftlhki imhkao.
= Drs Phblmros, mk acoarcy admca iuast wlf bfdpcmhks m cft mko hs 0 Ylak hk Pfda of ms tla Pfdmks of.
oam. 2 Fkba `httak, twhba sly.
0 @mshc pratakos tf tmce tf Drs Phblmros `ut la‘s dhdhki, sf sla turks ? Ylmt ifas mrfuko bfdas mrfuko.
lar lamrhki mho up. _lhs lmppaks twhba mko wlak ht‘s mt ucc vfcuda 1 Avary bcfuo lms m shcvar chkhki.
la slfuts mt lar mko ht‘s vary cfuo.
@ MOGAB_HZAR JFP R_FPHAR
H‘va saak tlhs (\) thdas mko …5 Ht‘s dy m`sfcuta mvfurhta.5 Ht mcwmys 2M 
Udmeas da cmuil/bry/sakos slhvars up dy sphkaT.5 Ht‘s chea m cassfk =  ormdmthb, hktaksa, radmrem`ca
hk Ubfdhb mbthki/thdhki/ohrabthkiT.5 Dy mvfurhta sbaka hs Utla fka 0  lhcmrhfus, hkbraoh`ca
wlara/tla sbaka whtl …T5 Ht‘s vary bcavarcy ofka.5 H yfu‘va kavar saak 2  pfhikmkt, dfvhki, hksphrhki
ht, yfu ramccy slfuco.
H YHRL , HJ FKCX 
wrhta`mbe  m oasbrhpthfk fj m sbaka
?M 
?M 
= H lmo trmvaccao dfra wlak H wms yfukiar.
 Gmws, slmre 0 dy rhakos wfuco ramccy chstak tf da.
2 dy pmrtkar cheao tla smda ehkos f dushb ms da. ( wfuco chea hs
wrfki lara `abmusa ht‘s m stmta var`)
? H lmo ﬍khslao ukhvarshty.
2.1 CFFE@MBE 1 wfuco tlmke da fr tlhkis/sfdathdas.
: H bfuco m﬎fro m kaw bmr.
KMPPM_HZA _AKRAR
A\^PARRHKI CHEAR MKO OHRCHEAR
=M 
= wms 0 ‘o chvao/‘o `aak chvhki 2 wms mcchki ? lmok‘t pmhktao 1M 
1 cffeao : wmceao 9 wms mcwmys wfrehki < mcwmys smho = Ylmt 0 tlmt 2 tlhki ? iat 1 mk : stmko
8 wms bfdhki => ‘o kavar wmceao == cffeao =0 smw
=2 wms wmtblhki =? ‘o `aak wmtblhki =1 bmda

Rpamefut Qppar Hktardaohmta Mkswar Eay   © ^amrsfk Aoubmthfk Chdhtao 0>=9 =2

0KO
AOH_HFK Q^^AP HK_APDAOHM_A  MKRYAP EAX

 ?.= FQ_ FJ _HDA
 ?
 CMKIQMIA@MKE ?.=  p=2?‒=21
ZFBM@QCMPX JPAA _HDA M = usao tf 0 ‘s mcwmys 2 ‘o/usao tf ? usa tf, mcwmys
1 ‘o/usao tf : ‘cc/mcwmys, ‘cc 9 wara mcwmys, ‘o/usao tf
0M  < whcc
whko up mk fco bcfbe, swhtbl f﬎ m plfka, fbus fk sfdafka‘s mba, @  = Dhea hs mcwmys bfdhki up `alhko pafpca mko cffehki

 o 
rablmria m plfka, blhcc m orhke fvar tlahr slfucoars.
  0  Ylara oho yfu usa tf chva6
@

 f
  2  H‘d quhta m spfktmkafus parsfk mko whcc fjak stmrt
= rablmria 0 whko up 2 swhtbl f﬎ ?  Blhcc
bfkvarsmthfks whtl strmkiars.
1 fbus (yfur bmdarm) fk
  ?  ^fccuthfk ohok‘t usa tf `a m rurmc prf`cad, fkcy mk ur`mk fka.

w
B   1  Hk tla =8:>s tla mutlfrhthas wfuco eaap trmbe f mcc tlahr
= blhcc (fut) 0 fbus fk 2 rablmria ? whko up 1 swhtbl f﬎  bhthzaks‘ dfvadakts.
  :  ^aiiy wms mcwmys `frrfwhki dfkay mko kavar pmyhki ht

k
O `mbe.
= swhtbl f﬎ 0 whkos (da) up 2 rablmria ? blhcc (fut)

 t 
1 fbus fk
:M 

h  
  = usao
PAMOHKI   0 ‘cc

d
2@   2 mcwmys
_la mrthbca dakthfks slfpphki, tla hktarkat, lfusawfre mko   ? usa
tacavhshfk.   1 ‘o

 a
: mcwmys/usumccy/kfrdmccy/iakarmccy/typhbmccy ‒ fr mky racavmkt
B raquakby movar`
= Kft suppfrtao. _la mrthbca ofask‘t smy tlmt pafpca lmva cass 9 ‘cc
raa thda, fkcy tlmt tlay tlhke tlay of.   < wfuco
0 Ruppfrtao. “if fkchka hk mky cfbmthfk‘ 8 ‘cc
2 Kft suppfrtao. _la mrthbca smys pafpca spako dfra thda => mcwmys/usumccy/kfrdmccy/iakarmccy/typhbmccy ‒ fr mky racavmkt
wmtblhki _Z tlmk chstakhki tf dushb `ut ofask‘t dakthfk mky raquakby movar`
praarakba fr tlasa twf mbthvhthas.
? Ruppfrtao. “Rpakohki thda fk tla hktarkat rmkeao ?tl hk tla R^AMEHKI
=:∐?? mia rmkia, `ut dubl cfwar mdfki tla ?1-pcus irfup.‘
1 Kft suppfrtao. _la mrthbca ofask‘t dakthfk mtthtuoas tfwmros 9M 
wfre. = mko 0 Rs dhilt bfddakt fk tla dmk‘s thda spakt fk wfre mko
: Kft suppfrtao. _la mrthbca ofask‘t dakthfk hktarkat usa hk sfbhmc daohm `ahki lhil, mko tla cfw mdfukt f thda spakt whtl
racmthfk tf akgfydakt. lhs sfk mko hk cahsura mbthvhthas whtl pafpca.

?B YPH_HKI MK F^HKHFK ARRMX5 CAMPK _F QRA

Ruiiastao mkswars7  CHKEAPR
Rtuoakt M (Rmkorm DbBuccfuil) <M 
= ^afpca kf cfkiar ekfw lfw tf of kftlhki5 tlay mcwmys wmkt tf Ruiiastao mkswars7 
`a fbbuphao hk sfda wmy, tlarafra mra ormwk tf tla hktarkat ^fssh`ca “damkhkiuc‘ mbthvhthas7 ﬍tkass-racmtao ∐ spfrts, iyd,
avak wlak tlay wfuco lmva ramc raa thda. axarbhsa bcmss, atb.5 tmcehki tf rhakos5 ramohki5 vfcuktaarhki5
Rtuoakt @ (Iarmco vmk Lmcak) parfrdmkba-racmtao ∐ mbthki, shkihki, omkbhki, atb.
= Ya oa﬍ka raa-thda mbthvhthas oh﬎araktcy kfw, mko iakarmchsa ^fssh`ca “damkhkicass‘ mbthvhthas7 wmtblhki _Z/OZOs/﬍cds5
m `ht tff dubl, bfkshoarhki fr axmdpca mcc bfdputar-`msao pcmyhki bfdputar imdas5 chstakhki tf dushb5 taxthki5 sfbhmc
mbthvhthas tf `a `mo. Iarmco tlhkes tlmt h tla mbthvhty hs slmrao, katwfrehki5 slfpphki
ht‘s iffo, avak h ht‘s mk fkchka imda.
B
IPMDDMP ^PARAK_ MKO ^MR_ LM@H_R ^mrmirmpl =7 hktrfoubas tla tfphb mko ihvas tla wrhtar‘s pfhkt f
vhaw
1M  ^mrmirmpl 07 oavacfps fka shoa f tla mriudakt, ihvhki axmdpcas
=  usao tf lmva f damkhkicass mbthvhthas
0  wfuco sht
^mrmirmpl 27 oavacfps tla ftlar shoa f tla mriudakt, ihvhki
2  mra … mcwmys tmcehki
axmdpcas f damkhkiuc mbthvhthas
?  ‘cc … pcmy
^mrmirmpl ?7 ihvas m bfkbcushfk fr suddmry mko rapamts tla
1  usumccy wmtbl
wrhtar‘s pfhkt f vhaw
@
O
m) lmppakao raiucmrcy hk tla pmst `ut kft kfw
Ht saads tf da tlmt …5 H miraa tlmt …5 H aac tlmt …
`) mbthvhthas
b) shdpca, shdpca 8M 
o) rapamtao, mkkfyhki Raa mkswars tf Ax 8@.
a) mbthvhthas, prasakt
@
B ﬍rstcy urtlardfra tf bfkbcuoa
= ‘o 0 ^R 2 ‘cc ? ^R 1 ^R : ‘o 9 ‘cc < ^R tf stmrt whtl hk moohthfk tf hk bfkbcushfk
hk tla ﬍rst pcmba tlhs tf sud up
dfrafvar
hk bfktrmst fr axmdpca tlhs slfws
mt tla smda thda fr hkstmkba tlhs suppfrts tla vhaw
ms fppfsao tf ms mk axmdpca tlhs prfvas
tlhs

Rpamefut Qppar Hktardaohmta Mkswar Eay   © ^amrsfk Aoubmthfk Chdhtao 0>=9 =?

 
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0KO
AOH_HFK Q^^AP HK_APDAOHM_A  MKRYAP EAX  ?
 ?.0 IPAM_ IA_MYMXR B
=  ‘s phbehki (da) up

 Сохранено
ZFBM@QCMPX ^FRH_HZA MOGAB_HZAR 0  ‘cc `a
2  dhilt `a
=@ ?  ‘cc (gust) blabe
= Lacp fut mt m asthvmc, Zfcuktaar fk m mrd 1  hs oua tf mrrhva, ‘s cheacy tf `a
0 Rmhc hk tla suk, _fp => cmkiumia lfchomys :  dhilt if `mbe, ‘d ifhki tf cffe fr
0M  O
bcmsshb oasthkmthfks, oachiltuc bhty, shikh﬍bmkt prfirass, `ramtltmehki Puca =7 _la tmxh‘s phbehki da up mt savak tfdfrrfw.
vhaws, parabt fppfrtukhty, axbapthfkmc rasucts, supar` cfbmthfks, Puca 07 H‘d ifhki tf cffe fr m kaw gf` …
stukkhki cfbmthfks Puca 27 H‘cc gust blabe tla cmtast hkfrdmthfk fk tla bfdputar.
Puca ?7 H dhilt if `mbe kaxt suddar …
@ Puca 17 H ofk‘t tlhke ht‘cc `a tff lmro.
= parabt 0 bcmsshb 2 axbapthfkmc ? oachiltuc 1 shikh﬍bmkt Puca :7 _la pcmka hs oua tf mrrhva mt =>.2> mt tla amrchast.
: `ramtltmehki, supar`, stukkhki Puca 97 Mko ht‘s cheacy tf `a cmtar tlmk tlmt.
Puca <7 … mppmraktcy tlara dhilt `a sfda `uhcohki wfre fk tla
B
lfusa.
= Ff parabt, bcmsshb, stukkhki 0 fF supar` 2 Fff `ramtltmehki
? fFf oachiltuc 1 fFff axbapthfkmc, shikh﬍bmkt 1@
= ` 0 ` 2m ?`
CHR_AKHKI
2M   CMKIQMIA@MKE ?.0  p=2?‒=21
= Zfcuktaar fk m mrd 0 Mctarkmthva bhty `rames
2 _fp => cmkiumia lfchomys M = whcc yfu bfda 0 H‘d cheacy tf of
2 hs tla `us pcmkkhki tf camva ? dhilt camva 1 lfphki tf
@ : ht‘s `ahki 9 tlhkehki < H‘d saahki
= dfst ‒ `uhcohki wfre, thda f﬎ mko m waaeako trhp tf ^mrhs5 camst ‒ @  = dhilt stmy, ‘cc wmtbl
imroakhki 0  Hs (Rmkorm) ifhki tf `a/Yhcc (Rmkorm) `a, ‘cc oa﬍khtacy if/‘d
0 tla lfchomy sfukos dfra chea wfre, (kft dy hoam f m lfchomy)5 oa﬍khtacy ifhki
blmkias lhs dhko ‒ cheas tla plftfs   2  hs oua tf mrrhva, cheacy tf `a oacmyao
2 iat tlad fktf mkftlar ffhilt5 blabe mkftlar mhrchka5 ihva tlad m ?  hs tlhkehki f dfvhki, ‘cc `a
raa `ramemst 1  prf`m`cy wfk‘t ﬍khsl
? ftlar ffhilt hs ucc5 fkcy trmksars hk adariakbhas5 ihvas tlad raa :  dhilt kft saa, ‘cc oa﬍khtacy saa
bf﬎aa vfublars
1 ifhki fut fr ohkkar, ifhki fr wmces, blmtthki, shtthki mko orhkehki
cadfkmoa :M 
: tf if `mbe5 sla kaaos tf smva up tf m﬎fro tla ffhilt   = Ya‘ra ifhki
  0 Ya‘cc prf`m`cy
IPMDDMP JQ_QPA JFPDR   2 H‘d daathki
  ? H‘d ifhki tf usa
?M    1 ‘cc rmhk
Jrfd Bfkvarsmthfk =   : H‘cc stmy
= ^akky mko Rtava 9 lfphki tf
0 Iafria mko Rtava   < H‘d ukcheacy
2 ^akky mko Rtava   8 tf iat
Jrfd Bfkvarsmthfk 0 => oa﬍khtacy wfk‘t
? Bustfdar Rarvhbas Paprasaktmthva
1 Bustfdar Rarvhbas Paprasaktmthva mko dmca pmssakiar ZFBM@QCMPX ^CQR  QKBFQK_M@CA MKO
Jrfd Bfkvarsmthfk 2 ^CQPMC KFQKR
: Blrhs mko Gmk <M 
Zmcarha cheas tla shdpchbhty ‒ sla smys “H‘va ramchsao tlmt shdpcar hs
@
`attar‘ mko lar oasbrhpthfk adplmshsas tlhs mspabt f tla pcmba.
= hs phbehki da up/hs oua tf phbe da up
(Rs dhilt mcsf dakthfk sfda f tla pfshthvas, a.i. rhakocy cfbmcs,
  KF_ pfssh`ca7 `a ifhki tf, `a cheacy tf, dhilt, whcc
lfrsa`mbe rhohki, tlmt Zmcarha mccuoas tf.)
0 whcc `a/hs ifhki tf `a/hs cheacy tf `a
  KF_ pfssh`ca7 prasakt bfkthkufus, dhilt, oua tf  B
2  dhilt `a/hs cheacy tf `a ukbfuktm`ca kfuks7 cuiimia, sfmp, bcftl, wffo, bfkbrata, thda
  KF_ pfssh`ca7 `a ifhki tf, prasakt bfkthkufus, `a oua tf, whcc ‒ mcc
pcurmc kfuks7 stmhrs, bcftlas, icmssas, tfhcatrhas, futsehrts, radmhks,
tff bartmhk
bmros, cfbmcs
?  ‘cc (gust) blabe
  KF_ pfssh`ca7 `a ifhki tf ‒ usumccy usao wlak tla pcmk hs dmoa 8M 
`afra tla dfdakt f spamehki. Kfka f tla ftlar frds axprass m   = hkfrdmthfks
oa﬍khta spfktmkafus oabhshfk.   0 mbhchthas
1  hs oua tf mrrhva   2 movhbas
  KF_ pfssh`ca7 mcc ftlars mra tff bartmhk.    ? Lfw dubl 
‘s cheacy tf `a 1 aquhpdakts
  KF_ pfssh`ca7 mcc ftlars mra tff bartmhk.   : bfktakts
:  dhilt if `mbe   9 damks
  KF_ pfssh`ca7 `a cheacy tf  ‒ hsk‘t usumccy usao fr m parsfkmc   < sbakary
hktakthfk. Mcc ftlars mra tff bartmhk.   8 radmhks
  ‘d ifhki tf cffe fr => wlaram`futs
  KF_ pfssh`ca7 prasakt bfkthkufus hdpchas mk mrrmkiadakt5
whcc hs ukcheacy fr m iakarmc hktakthfk5 `a oua tf hs fr m sblaouca.
_la ftlars mra ukbartmhk.

Rpamefut Qppar Hktardaohmta Mkswar Eay   © ^amrsfk Aoubmthfk Chdhtao 0>=9 =1

0KO
AOH_HFK Q^^AP HK_APDAOHM_A  MKRYAP EAX  ?
CAMPK _F QRA DHPPFP ]QAR_HFKR
 ZFBM@QCMPX @MKE   p=1= Qkbfuktm`ca kfuks
:M 
M  =  _la urkhtura wms racmthvacy hkaxpakshva.
= baca`s 0 m pmkacchst 2 irhccs ? (fk) pfohuds
  0  _lara hs m cft f movhba mvmhcm`ca tf lacp whtl oa`t.
2  Hs tlara mky rffd caj fk tla bfursa6 @
?  Rbhakth﬍b rasamrbl slfws tlmt f`ashty lms ofu`cao fvar tla wlmt, wlf, wlara bmk rapcmba m kfuk
cmst oabmoa. of wlmt rapcmbas m var`
  1  _la abfkfdhb kaws rfd tla Yfrco @mke hs ohstur`hki.
  :  Blrhs lms trfu`ca lamrhki bcamrcy. B
9  Ylmt tarrh`ca wamtlar! =  Ar … _lraa wlmt6
  <  _la spfrts aquhpdakt hs stfrao hk tlmt bup`fmro fvar tlara. 0  Rfrry, wlf taccs m stfry6
8  Hs tlara mky hkfrdmthfk mvmhcm`ca m`fut tla raa trhmc6 2  Qd, tlay of wlmt6
=>  Ylara hs dy cuiimia6 ?  _lay stmko wlara6
@ m phaba f rffd (wa smy m `ht f rffd )
mk htad f movhba (wa smy m phaba f movhba) O
m `ht f trmkspfrt (wa smy m damks f trmkspfrt) =  Xfu lmva tf of wlmt
B m phaba f bcftlhki, aquhpdakt, movhba, kaws, cuiimia, bcftlhki, 0  _la ﬍rst pcmyar wrhtas wlmt
hkfrdmthfk, urkhtura 2  Xfu if wlara
mk htad f hkfrdmthfk, rasamrbl, kaws, urkhtura ?  _la mhd hs tf `amt wlf/wlmt
m `ht f hkfrdmthfk, rffd, rasamrbl, movhba, kaws, aquhpdakt,
cuiimia, bcftlhki R^AMEHKI

 ZFBM@QCMPX @MKE   p=1= Rpfrts mko mbthvhthas

 ?.2 LFY OFAR H_ YFPE6 0M  = whk 0 `amt 2 sbfra ? slfft 1 blass : mtlcathbs
0@ M `fukba m `mcc @ of wahilt-trmhkhki B cat hk m ifmc
ZFBM@QCMPX M@HCH_HAR O tmbeca mk fppfkakt A pcmy skffear J whk m dmtbl
2M = a) 0 b) 2 o) ? ) 1 `) : m)
0M 
=  ekfw-lfw
0 ukoarstmko ludmk kmtura
2 m iffo saksa f ludfur
? bffc-lamoao  ?.? _LA LM^^HKARR JFPDQCM
1 hk iramt slmpa
: hkvakthva OZO ^PAZHAY
9 m slmrp dhko
0
< iffo whtl (wfros/dy lmkos, atb.)
= dfkay ofas kft bfktrh`uta tf lmpphkass
JQKB_HFK OARBPH@HKI ^PFBAOQPAR
OZO ZHAY
2B
2M 
Bfkvarsmthfk =7
= dfkay ofas kft bfktrh`uta tf lmpphkass
= tamd
0  tla mhd fr tla tamd hs tf ﬍iura fut h tla stfrytaccar hs cyhki 0 _la prfirmdda tmces m`fut twf “tlafrhas‘7
2 tla ludfur   Pasamrbl slfws tlmt hk tla QE, wlak mvarmia hkbfda hs fvar
£=>,>>> m yamr, moohthfkmc hkbfda ofask‘t dmea pafpca lmpphar.
Bfkvarsmthfk 07
  _la prf`cad f bfdpmrhsfk7 Ya `abfda cass lmppy wlak
= hkohvhoumc
sfdafka lms sfdatlhki `attar tlmk wa lmva.
0 tf if tlrfuil mk f`stmbca bfursa mstast
2 Ya slfuco scfw ofwk mko tmea dfra cahsura thda.
2 wlak m bfktastmkt mccs ormdmthbmccy
@
?M 
Ruiiastao mkswars7
= b) 0 i) 2 a) ? m) 1 `) : o) 9 )
=  ihva ht up
@ 0  tmx tlad
=  plrmsa 9 2  tmea dfra
0  plrmsas =, 2, ?, 1 mko :
B
2  plrmsa 0
= `fx
0 ormdmthbmccy, ohdhkhslao
 CMKIQMIA@MKE ?.2  p=2?‒=21 2 tfp-f-tla-rmkia, of ht fr yfu
? bfdduta, of axmbtcy tla fppfshta
= @mshbmccy tla wmy ht wfres hs tlmt
1 bfkvhkba
0  _la ﬍rst tlhki tlay of hs
2  _lak wlmt tla ﬍rst pcmyar ofas hs
?  _la f`gabt hs
spamefut  m lmpphkass survay
1  _la pfhkt hs
:  Ylmt lmppaks hs tlmt ?@
9  _la eay tlhki hs tf La tmces m`fut bmrs, rhakoslhp, dfkay mko raa thda.
Jraa thda mko rhakoslhp mra tla dfst hdpfrtmkt fr lhd.
1M B
= wmy 0 hs 2 ﬍rst ? of 1 Ylmt : kaxt 9 tlay‘va UBfuco H/Of yfu dhko h HT mse yfu sfda quasthfks65 Ylhbl wfuco yfu
< pfhkt/ifmc/mhd 8 eay/dmhk ﬍ko tla Uamshast/lmroast/dfst ohflbuctT tf chva whtlfut65 Ylmt wfuco
yfu smy hs dhsshki rfd yfur cha6

Rpamefut Qppar Hktardaohmta Mkswar Eay   © ^amrsfk Aoubmthfk Chdhtao 0>=9 =:

0KO
AOH_HFK Q^^AP HK_APDAOHM_A  MKRYAP EAX  ?
 ?.1 CFFE@MBE 1M 
=  M7 Ylmt mra yfu ofhki fk Jrhomy6
@7 H dhilt if tf Guchm‘s pmrty fr dmy`a H‘cc if tf tla bhkadm.
JPAA _HDA
  M7 H‘d ifhki tf Guchm‘s pmrty, sf H‘cc ihva yfu m chj h yfu wmkt.
=M  @7 _lmkes. H‘cc plfka yfu h H kaao m chj.
= rablmria 0 wfuko up 2 fbus fk ? blhcc fut 1 swhtbl f﬎ 0  M7 Lfw mra yfu pcmkkhki tf usa yfur Akichsl hk tla utura6
: ukwhko @7 H‘cc prf`m`cy try mko/tf iat m gf` whtl/hk mk hktarkmthfkmc
bfdpmky. Lfw m`fut yfu6
^PARAK_ MKO ^MR_ LM@H_R M7 H‘d lfphki tf iat hktf mk Mdarhbmk ukhvarshty, `ut H‘d ukcheacy tf
iat dy ﬍rst blfhba.
0M    @7 H‘d sura yfu whcc.
=  H‘o fjak  if 2  M7 Lurry up fr wa‘cc dhss tla `us!
0  mra mcwmys tlhkehki   @7 Ylmt thda hs ht oua6
2  H ohok‘t usa tf   M7 Ht‘s oua hk twf dhkutas. Camva yfur bfmt. Xfu oa﬍khtacy wfk‘t
?  H usumccy  iat up kaao ht tfomy.
1  H‘cc stmy    @7 @ut ht dhilt rmhk. H‘cc tmea dy ud`raccm gust hk bmsa.
:  bfrrabt
9  hs mcwmys sakohki OARBPH@HKI ^PFBAOQPAR
<  H usao tf `achava
:M 
^FRH_HZA MOGAB_HZAR = _la 0 @mshbmccy 2 ht wfres ? lmppaks 1 tlmt : dmhk tlhki
9 Mjar
2M 
= parabt 0 bcmsshb 2 `ramtltmehki ? supar` 1 axbapthfkmc
: shikh﬍bmkt 9 oachiltuc < stukkhki

JQ_QPA JFPDR
?@
Ruiiastao mkswars7 
= Htmchmk whcc oa﬍khtacy kavar `abfda m ukhvarsmc cmkiumia.
0 _la mvarmia chaspmk hs cheacy tf hkbramsa tf =>> yamrs.
2 _lhs whcc oa﬍khtacy kavar lmppak ms dfra mko dfra wmrs eaap
lmppakhki mrfuko tla wfrco.
? _lhs dhilt lmppak, `ut ftlar dfoas f trmkspfrt mra dfra cheacy
tf `abfda axpakshva ﬍rst.
1 _la hktarkat bfuco `a `mkkao wfrcowhoa, `ut ht‘s kft cheacy tf `a.

Rpamefut Qppar Hktardaohmta Mkswar Eay   © ^amrsfk Aoubmthfk Chdhtao 0>=9 =9

0KO
AOH_HFK Q^^AP HK_APDAOHM_A  MKRYAP EAX

1.= @PHIL_ HOAMR6
1
:@
= _la 0 m 2 ‒ ? mk 1 tla : mk 9 tla < tla 8 tla
=> ‒ == tla =0 mk
PAMOHKI
0B ZFBM@QCMPX ^CQR  BFD^FQKO KFQKR
= _  Mdarhbmks mra tla ucthdmta mst ffo amtars …

h  
0 KI Ht fkcy smys tlmt ramchty _Z stmrtao whtl Bmkoho Bmdarm  <@

 o 
(Dmehki hts oa`ut hk =8?< whtl Bmkoho Bmdarm …) `ut wa ofk‘t = gat pmbe 0 wrhst rmohf 2 `fttca tfp ? rhki pucc
ekfw lfw pfpucmr tlhs prfirmdda wms.
2 J … dak wlf sdfea mra twakty-twf thdas, mko wfdak twacva B

 a
thdas, dfra cheacy tf oavacfp cuki bmkbar … = trmoa-f﬎ 0 futcffe 2 `rameofwk ? `rametlrfuil
? _ … tla dfoark bmr wms hkhthmccy tla tfy f tla wamctly, `ut 1 ormw`mbe, ofwkshoa : futbfda

 m
 mcchki prhbas lmva dmoa ht m eay pmrt f mdhcy cha.
8M 
1 J @ut m iraak (h.a. mctarkmthva)  uac hs ukcheacy tf tmea fvar rfd

 s
= `rametlrfuil/futcffe/ormw`mbe/`rameofwk/futbfda/ 
patrfc sffk …
ofwkshoa
: _ Kubcamr pfwar pcmkts bfst dfra tf bfkstrubt mko fparmta tlmk
0 trmoa-f﬎
 fsshc uac fkas …
2 `rametlrfuil/trmoa-f﬎/ormw`mbe/`rameofwk
9 KI _la mrthbca ofask‘t tmce m`fut tla omkiars f df`hca
? futcffe/futbfda
plfkas hk racmthfk tf mia.
< J Kubcamr wampfks wara tla wfrst f﬎akoar  …
 ZFBM@QCMPX @MKE   p=10 Bfdpfuko mogabthvas
ZFBM@QCMPX BLMKIA M  = b) 0 h) 2 g) ? m) 1 o) : a) 9 i) < ) 8 l) => `)
2M  @ M akariy-aflbhakt chilt `uc`
= lmva 0 ravfcuthfkhsao 2 bmusa @ lmko-laco/lmkolaco I^R
B wmtar-prff/wmtarprff wmtbl
@ O pfbeat-shzao bmdbfroar
= a) 0 i) 2 `) ? l) 1 ) : b) 9 o) < m) A abf-rhakocy oatariakt
J sfcmr-pfwarao tfrbl
B
= rambt tf blmkia7 mompt tf + kfuk5 mogust tf + kfuk
0 dmea m pfshthva blmkia7 lmva m pfshthva a﬎abt fk + kfuk/ 
prfkfuk5 akm`cao + kfuk/prfkfuk + hk﬍khthva whtl tf
2 dmea m kaimthva blmkia7 lmva oavmstmthki a﬎abts fk + kfuk/ 
1.0 BFKRQDAP BPMWX
prfkfuk5 bmusa / of lmrd tf + kfuk/prfkfuk5 bmusa omdmia tf +
kfuk
CHR_AKHKI
? dmea m `hi blmkia7 ravfcuthfkhsa + kfuk5 trmksfrd  + kfuk =B
= mt camst m tlfusmko ambl
IPMDDMP MP_HBCAR 0 m`fva
2 m) `cua `) iraak b) rao o) yaccfw mko frmkia
?M  ? twakty-﬍va parbakt
= m, tla 0 ‒, ‒, tla 2 _la, ‒ , ‒ ? tla, tla, tla, m 1 Dfkomy mko _uasomy `atwaak acavak mko fka f‘bcfbe
@ O
=  m/mk5 m cmwsuht, m eay pmrt (kft tla fkcy eay/hdpfrtmkt pmrt f = lfw pafpca/bfksudars blffsa `rmkos
mdhcy cha) 0 Ht turks tla oabhshfk tf `uy rfd m  yas / kf quasthfk hktf m Ylhbl
0  tla5 tla mst ffo blmhk (dakthfkao `afra ‒ DbOfkmco‘s), _la fka6  quasthfk.
Yfrco Lamctl Frimkhzmthfk (ukhqua) 2 = ^afpca chea tf smva dfkay, sf tlay‘ra mttrmbtao tf cfwar prhbas.
2  ‒ 5 ramchty tacavhshfk (ukbfuktm`ca), @rhthsl dak (pcurmc), wfdak 0 _lay mcsf tlhke tlmt m lhilar prhba damks lhilar qumchty, sf
(pcurmc) wlak tlay wmkt tf “tramt‘ tladsacvas, tlay `uy tla lhilar
?  ‒ 5 Mdarhbm prhbao htad.
1  tla5 tla cmta =<<>s, tla QRM ? = Ohstrh`uthfk f m vhrmc vhoaf hs raa, mko
:  tla5 tla dfoark bmr, tla wamctly 0 ht bmk iat dhcchfks f vhaws h subbassuc.
1 Jhva pfssh`ca acadakts mra dakthfkao, sf mky fur f tlasa7
 CMKIQMIA@MKE 1.=  p=2:‒=29 = irm` tla vhawar hk tla ﬍rst 1 sabfkos
0 dmea ht dadfrm`ca (fr dmea ht `hzmrra sf tlmt ht‘s
M = ‒ 0 tla 2 tla ? tla 1 m : m 9 m < tla 8 ‒
dadfrm`ca)
=> ‒ == ‒ =0 tla =2 m =? tla =1 tla =: tla
  2 dmea ht slfrt (=1∐:> sabfkos)
=9 ‒ =< ‒ =8 tla (Kfrdmccy whtl “bhkadm‘ wa usa “tla‘.
? pfst ht fk m Dfkomy fr _uasomy, `atwaak ==m.d. mko =p.d.
Ht‘s pfssh`ca lara tf usa “m‘ h wa ofk‘t ekfw wlhbl bhkadm hs 1 tacc m stfry
damkt.) 0> tla
ZFBM@QCMPX MOZAP_HRHKI BFCCFBM_HFKR
1M 
= _la hktarasthki tlhki hs tlmt dmky f tla pafpca wlf lmta ht 0M 
mra tla fkas wlf wmtbl ht. = m prfoubt 0 m prhba 2 m dmreat
0 _la mutfdf`hca lms ofka cass wacc shkba tla abfkfdhb brhshs. @
2 _lfsa wlf vftao fr tla bmr dakthfkao tla lmrd ht ofas tf tla = prfdfta, akofrsa 0 hkbramsa, raouba 2 ofdhkmta, saa m imp hk
akvhrfkdakt ms tla `hiiast prf`cad.
Ya tako tf usa /þɘ/ `afra bfksfkmkts mko /þh˞/ `afra vfwacs. IPMDDMP PAMC MKO LX^F_LA_HBMC
@
BFKOH_HFKMCR
/g/ 2M 
= ramc 0 ramc 2 ramc ? ramc 1 lypftlathbmc : lypftlathbmc

Rpamefut Qppar Hktardaohmta Mkswar Eay   © ^amrsfk Aoubmthfk Chdhtao 0>=9 =<

0KO
AOH_HFK Q^^AP HK_APDAOHM_A  MKRYAP EAX 1
@ @
= Axparhakba slfws tlmt h tla prhba hs lhilar, pafpca tlhke yfur = Mcc axbapt “mslhfkm`ca‘ (tlhs fkcy mppamrs hk tla bfkbcushfk)
prfoubt hs `attar. 0 _la stuoakt wrfta tlmt prhba hs dfra hdpfrtmkt fr dak tlmk fr
0 H m vhoaf ifas vhrmc, ht whcc iat dhcchfks f vhaws. wfdak, `ut tla fppfshta hs trua.
2 ^afpca whcc bchbe f﬎ ukcass tla vhoaf hs dadfrm`ca. 2 = Rhdhcmrhthas5 0 Oh﬎arakbas5 2 _aakmiars
? Xfur `rmko kmda whcc trmvac mrfuko tla wfrco prfvhoao tla vhoaf B
ifas vhrmc. = J 0 _ 2 _ ? _
1 Ruppfshki yfu wmktao tf sacc m kaw `rmko f blfbfcmta, … wlmt
prhba wfuco yfu sat6 O
: H mkftlar bf﬎aa slfp fpakao kaxt offr …, tlay‘o sacc mt camst m = m﬎abt `ftl irfups dfra fr cass aqumccy5 tlara hs kf oh﬎arakba hk5
tlfusmko bups ambl. slfw fkcy m schilt vmrhmthfk
0 _lara mra, lfwavar, shikh﬍bmkt oh﬎arakbas hk5 mr dfra hdpfrtmkt
B fr x tlmk fr y5 pcmba iramtar hdpfrtmkba fk5 slfwao mk
Raktakba ?7 prfvhoao  bmk `a rapcmbao whtl7 h , prfvhohki , fk bfkohthfk hktarasthki bfktrmst tf
tlmt, ms cfki  ms 2 Jhrst f mcc,5 Jfr axmdpca,5 Lfwavar,5 Fk tla ftlar lmko,
Raktakba 17 Ruppfshki  bmk `a rapcmbao whtl7 H , ^rfvhohki , Ruppfsa,
Hdmihka, Cat‘s smy  8M 
Ruiiastao mkswars7 
O `rmko cfymcty hs tla camst hdpfrtmkt
= m) prasakt shdpca, prasakt shdpca prhba mko mslhfkm`ca mra mcdfst tla smda
`) prasakt shdpca, (utura whtl) whcc rhakos lmva tla smda hs tla dfst hdpfrtmkt
0 pmst shdpca, wfuco (+ hk﬍khthva whtlfut tf) dfst shdhcmr tf dak mko wfdak hk racmthfk tf hdpfrtmkba f shza
2 m) ukcass
dfst oh﬎arakt rfd dak hk racmthfk tf usauc/prmbthbmc amturas mko
`) prfvhoao, prfvhohki, fk bfkohthfk tlmt, ms cfki ms
dmeas da cffe subbassuc
b) suppfshki, suppfsa, hdmihka, cat‘s smy
dfst oh﬎arakt rfd wfdak hk racmthfk tf `rmko cfymcty
?M 
= H‘cc `uy ht h yfu raouba tla prhba.
0 H‘o `uy ht h ht warak‘t sf axpakshva.
2 Ruppfsa yfu lmo tla dfkay, wlhbl fka wfuco yfu `uy6
1.2 YLM_ OF XFQ _LHKE6
? H‘cc bfda ms cfki ms yfu cat da pmy.
1 Xfu bmk‘t bfda hk ukcass yfu‘ra m dad`ar. ZFBM@QCMPX BFCCFBM_HFKR YH_L HOAM
=M 
@
Ruiiastao mkswars7 
Raa tla ukoarchkhki hk tla mkswars hk Ax ?M m`fva.
@rmhkstfrdhki hkvfcvas iakarmthki mko wrhthki ofwk ms dmky hoams
ms yfu bmk fk m tfphb, usumccy whtl m irfup f pafpca. Ht‘s usao
 CMKIQMIA@MKE 1.0  p=2:‒=29 `y bfdpmkhas, a.i. fr prf`cad sfcvhki, fr oavacfphki/kmdhki/ 
M = ‘cc mse 0 f﬎arao 2 rmhks ? wfuco ihva 1 ofask‘t bmcc dmreathki m kaw prfoubt, atb.
: wara 9 hsk‘t < slfuco tmea up
@
@ = prfvhoao 0 ukcass 2 Ruppfshki ? ^rfvhohki 1 ukcass Rs dhilt f﬎ar vmrhfus fphkhfks mko tla tamblar slfuco `a rabapthva
: Hdmihka tf mky tlay bmk gusthy. _la bfkvakthfks f `rmhkstfrdhki wfuco smy
B = yfu prfdhsa tf eaap ht m sabrat tlmt Puca 1 hs wrfki. Ht slfuco smy7 Lmva m bcamr thda chdht. ^afpca fjak
0  tlay ofk‘t pmy fur axpaksas  iat tlahr `ast hoams h tlay wfre ukoar prassura.
2  cfst yfur gf` tfdfrrfw 
?  wa ofk‘t lmva akfuil thda B
1  yfu ofk‘t stfp `ahki miirasshva whtl da Zar`s7 bfda up whtl hoams, ragabt mk hoam, brhthbhsa mk hoam, iat hoams,
:  dat tlad hk tla straat wrhta mk hoam ofwk, oavacfp mk hoam
Mogabthvas7 `rhcchmkt, praohbtm`ca, `hzmrra, oramouc, ukramchsthb, `ast
(iffo)
1B
= wfuco 0 wfuco 2 prfvhohki ? whcc 1 ms cfki ms : whcc O
9 ifas < dmoa 8 wfuco => ukcass == wfk‘t =0 wfuco =  bfda up whtl
0  oramouc
R^AMEHKI 2  ragabt
?  brhthbhsa
1  oavacfphki
 ZFBM@QCMPX @MKE   p=10 Movarthshki
:  `hzmrra
M  = bfddarbhmcs 0 scfimks 2 dmeas ?  `rmko 1 trmhcar 9  ukramchsthb
: cfifs 9 hkffuakba < ghkica 8 bmdpmhiks => movarthsa <  (m) praohbtm`ca
== pfp-ups =0 bfco bmccs
JQKB_HFK RQIIAR_HKI HOAMR
YPH_HKI M PA^FP_5 CAMPK _F DMEA YPH__AK 0@
BFD^MPHRFKR _la hoams bfvarao mra7
<M  `rmkohki/iat m spfksfr, a.i. m slfa bfdpmky5
dak7 dfst hdpfrtmkt7 usauc/prmbthbmc amturas5 lamctl `aka﬍ts f wmcehki5
camst hdpfrtmkt7 prhba lamctl prf`cads, a.i. shtthki ofwk tff cfki5
wfdak7 dfst hdpfrtmkt7 mslhfkm`ca5 camst hdpfrtmkt7 shza bcfsa pu`chb trmkspfrt fr fka omy5
vhoaf f pafpca‘s aat5
taakmiars7 dfst hdpfrtmkt7 dy rhakos lmva tla smda5
wmcehki mko tmcehki (pfssh`cy vhrmc vhoaf)5
camst hdpfrtmkt7 `rmko cfymcty
blmrhty bmdpmhik5 usa m baca`rhty

Rpamefut Qppar Hktardaohmta Mkswar Eay   © ^amrsfk Aoubmthfk Chdhtao 0>=9 =8

0KO
AOH_HFK Q^^AP HK_APDAOHM_A  MKRYAP EAX 1
B
_lay ragabt7
1.? IAKHQR
`rmkohki/iat m spfksfr ‒ wmkt m whoar bmdpmhik5 ofk‘t wmkt tla
OZO ^PAZHAY
bmdpmhik chkeao tf m pmrthbucmr bfdpmky
lamctl `aka﬍ts f wmcehki ‒ m `ht f`vhfus5 ht‘s `aak ofka `afra, ht‘s =@
`frhki mko axpakshva = J Dad`ars f tla pu`chb prasakt tlahr hoams.
lamctl prf`cads ‒ pafpca lmva `aak tfco m`fut tla omkiars fr 0 _
yamrs, kft a﬎abthva 2 J _la baca`rhty iuast oabhoas wlhbl hoams mra “iakhus.‘
bcfsa pu`chb trmkspfrt fr fka omy ‒ ukramchsthb, trmkspfrt bfdpmkhas
wfucok‘t miraa, tlay‘o cfsa tff dubl dfkay OZO ZHAY
_lay blfsa m bfd`hkmthfk f7
vhoaf f pafpca‘s aat mko usa m baca`rhty 0@
_la blmrhty bmdpmhik hs kft ohsbussao mky urtlar. _la hoam hs m “phmkf blfhr‘ wlhbl hs bfktrfccao `y tla eays f m phmkf.
Ambl dad`ar f tla blfhr hs chkeao tf m oh﬎arakt eay fk tla phmkf.
2M Mooao `y tla slfw7 Ambl dad`ar f tla blfhr lfcos m bmkoca-slmpao
= of yfu 0 yfu bfkshoar 2 strhea yfu ? wfuco, bfuco acabtrhb chilt, wlhbl hs whrao tf tla mpprfprhmta eay fk tla phmkf5
1 if whtl : suppfsa wa 9 if whtl wlak tla chilt ifas fk, tla blfrhstar shkis tlahr kfta.

B B
= prf`cad 0 blfhba 2 wfre ? trmbe 1 hoam : tfrk = dfst pftakthmc, wfre fut, dmea f 
0  assakthmccy, tf
2  lmppak tf
 CMKIQMIA@MKE 1.2  p=2:‒=29 ?  wfrtly f hkvasthimthfk
M7  Ylmt of yfu tlhke m`fut kmdhki fur cmkiumia sblffc 1  mt rmkofd
_fkiuas?Q6  :  ihva ht m if
@7  _lmt‘s m oramouc hoam!
O
B7  Lfw of yfu aac m`fut _mce0Da6
Ruiiastao mkswars7 
M7  Ht ofask‘t irm` da.
Racc sfbes hk tlraas7
B7  Yfuco yfu bfkshoar Akichsl0?:6
@7  H tlhke wa‘ra fk tla wrfki trmbe lara. Mcc tlasa kud`ars. @aka﬍ts ‒ h m sfbe ift cfst hk tla wmsl, yfu‘o sthcc lmva m pmhr.
M7  Lfw ofas Cmkiumia Cm` sfuko6 Ormw`mbes ‒ yfu bfuco ako up whtl m cft f axtrm sfbes tlmt yfu ofk‘t
@7  Lddd … Kft `mo. kaao.
B7  H‘d tfrk `atwaak Cmkiumia Cm` mko Chkif Cm`. “Oadfbrf`us‘ 7
@7  Cat‘s if whtl Cmkiumia Cm` tlak. @aka﬍ts ‒ bfuco but ofwk `us gfurkays `abmusa tla `us wfucok‘t
stfp ukkabassmrhcy.
Ormw`mbes ‒ thda bfuco `a wmstao ohsbusshki/mriuhki m`fut wlara
?@ tla `us slfuco if.
Ruiiastao mkswars7 
Dhkh-acaplmkts7
^fssh`ca ohmcfiua tlfuil schilt oh﬎arakbas wfuco `a ﬍ka7 @aka﬍ts ‒ tlay wfuco amt cass mko bmusa cass omdmia.
M7  Lfw of yfu aac m`fut iatthki m baca`rhty tf akofrsa tla Ormw`mbes ‒ tlara bfuco `a dmky ftlar iakathb wamekassas. Ht bfuco
bmdpmhik6 omdmia abf-systads h tlay asbmpa.
@7  _lmt wfucok‘t `a dy ﬍rst blfhba, H lmva tf smy.
Jffo vhm phpas7
M7  Lfw ofas tla hoam f hkbramshki ﬍kas strhea yfu6
@aka﬍ts ‒ wfuco smva m cft f thda mko a﬎frt.
@7 Ht‘s `aak ofka `afra. H tlhke wa‘ra fk tla wrfki trmbe. Ht wfuco `a
Ormw`mbes ‒ wfuco lmva tf `a m sfj fr chquho bfkshstakby tlmt bfuco
iramt h wa bfuco usa shiks hk tla `mbes f bmrs.
if tlrfuil m phpa.
M7  _lmt‘s praohbtm`ca tff. Yfuco yfu bfkshoar `hks whtl sfuko
a﬎abts6
@7 _lmt‘s kft m `mo hoam mt mcc. H‘d tfrk `atwaak tlmt mko ushki spamefut  m prasaktmthfk
hktarasthki shiks hk bmrs fr ftlar pcmbas.
M7  Ruppfsa wa try bfd`hkhki tla twf hoams6 2@
@7  FE. Ht saads chea tla `ast suiiasthfk. Pamsfks7 Akvhrfkdaktmccy rhakocy ‒ bfdpmrao whtl dmehki pcmsthb.
M7  Philt, cat‘s if whtl tlmt. _lay bramta kf wmsta/ru``hsl ms tlay ohssfcva hk m aw omys. Juk ‒
aspabhmccy whtl ehos. Iffo fr yfu ms dmoa whtl vaiatm`cas.
CAMPK _F RLFY PARAPZM_HFKR
B
1M  Ya wfuco chea tf hktrfouba tf yfu mk hoam tlmt …5 Ylmt dmeas fur
=  ✙  0 ✙  2 ✙  ? ✙  1 ✒ hoam spabhmc hs tlmt ht‘s kft gust … `ut ht‘s mcsf …5 Ya akvhsmia tlhs
prfoubt `ahki sfco Uhk supardmreats/fk _Z/vhm tla hktarkat/…T.5
@ Ya tlhke tlmt … whcc `a m lht whtl Ushkica pafpca/mdhchas/…T hk
= Mbtumccy pmrthbucmr.5 Hk tla utura, wa mra pcmkkhki tf oavacfp m U`ushkass/ 
0  _f `a lfkast chiltwahilt/ohat/…T varshfk.
2  Jrmkecy
?  _f put ht `cuktcy
1  H lmva tf smy
wrhta`mbe  m prfoubt ravhaw
B 1M 
rmkecy, tf put ht `cuktcy Ruiiastao mkswars7  wrhtar =7 ﬍va stmrs5 wrhtar 07 fka stmr

O @
= Yacc mbtumccy, H tlhke ht‘s … (+) @ftl ravhaws hkbcuoa `), o) mko a). _la sabfko ravhaw mcsf hkbcuoas m).
0 Yacc mbtumccy, H tlhke ht‘s … (∐)
2 H lmva tf smy, H aac tlmt … (∐)
? H lmva tf smy, H aac tlmt … (+)
1 _f `a lfkast, ht‘s quhta … (∐)
: _f `a lfkast, ht‘s quhta … (+)

Rpamefut Qppar Hktardaohmta Mkswar Eay   © ^amrsfk Aoubmthfk Chdhtao 0>=9 0>

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0KO
AOH_HFK Q^^AP HK_APDAOHM_A  MKRYAP EAX 1
1.1 CFFE@MBE MOZAP_HRHKI
2M
BLMKIA cmukbl = `rame 0 imp 2 sat ? hkbramsa, raouba 1 prfdfta
: movarthsa 9 akofrsa
=M 
= ^afpca whtl dmky tmcakts bmk mogust tf ht wacc mko tako tf ﬍ko m
kaw gf` quhbecy. BFKOH_HFKMCR
0 Ht‘s bmusao omdmia tf mdhcy ra k lp ?M 
2 ﬎ = ‘o, ‘cc 0 ‘o, ‘cc 2 ‘cc, wfuco ? ‘ra, wfucok‘t `a
w
? l w p p lk ` w @
= Ruppfshki 0 wfuco 2 mra ? whcc put 1 prfvhoao
@
: whcc put 9 smw < wfucok‘t 8 wfuco `a => ukcass
Ruii o k w
= k ` ` k d o k dp o
0 d ` pl k l k k
RQIIAR_HKI HOAMR
2 d o k ` p p k w p dp w 1M 
? k w ` o l k w pl pl w ` M7  Ht‘o `a iramt h wa bfuco lmva tla bcmss pmrty mt m fur-stmr lftac.
d d o p w ﬍d @7  _lmt wfucok‘t `a dy ﬍rst blfhba. Lfw dubl of yfu aac m`fut tla
sblffc bmatarhm6
MP_ BCAR B7  _la sblffc bmatarhm6 _f `a lfkast, ht / tlmt wfucok‘t wfre. Lfw  
ofas ^hzzm Phzzm strhea yfu6
0M
@7  _lmt‘s kft m `mo hoam mt mcc.
= l 0 2 ? l 1 : l 9 < 8 => k
M7  Mbtumccy, H tlhke wa‘ra fk tla wrfki trmbe lara. H tlhke wa slfuco if
== l =0 l =2 =? l =1 l =: =9 l =<
fr sfdawlara khbar.
@ @7  FE. Ruppfsa wa try tla Jfur Ramsfks fr tla Lhctfk6
= 0` 2` ? 1 M7  H‘d tfrk `atwaak tla twf, `ut tla Jfur Ramsfks hs bcfsar.
B7  FE. Cat‘s if whtl tlmt.

Rpamefut Qppar Hktardaohmta Mkswar Eay   © ^amrsfk Aoubmthfk Chdhtao 0>=9 0=

0KO
Q^^AP K_APDAO M_A MKRYAP EAX

:.= _LA _ DA FJ DX C JA
:
 CMKIQMIA@MKE : = p=2<‒=28
ZFBM@QCMPX MIA M =l o 0w pp o 2d k o ? ok
1d o : ` 9 < w o 8l
0M => o k l == k =0 l
= 0 2 ? 1l : 9` <o @ = d k o p

 m
0 Y l o o kk
PAMO KI 2 L d k d D^ p

  i
? L w k ` k lk
2M 1 l l ` o

 a
p l k ko l k : Y w pp o p ` k k ` w o ok
` d d k wl ﬍ko wl l o ko 9 Mo k w o k l o
p ` l k k < l d o d l k d p p pl

B
= ` d Mk k ko k p o 9M
Y k k K o d k k k = l od w k ` ` 0 ok w k ` 2
0 p p p ` o w o l… ?w pp o 1d :d k 9 ` `
2 D d I ow k ` l p o` l <o k l
` d ﬍ko wl k l d ` k ko
k k wl ZFBM@QCMPX ^CQR YFPO @Q CO KI ^PAJ \AR
? l dp
o d ﬍ wl k w o o lk k wk 8@
k l ol o p ` k p k = k 0 kp o ` 2o ﬍ o
o l k wl k o ko kk d k ? k d 1 dp k : dd 9 kw k
o k l w ` d k k l o d <d ` l 8k d k p => k kl l
k k l p ﬍ k o
` k l k wl l o l l d w ko
=>M
d l d `
= p w ` p l
p k l o wl ` o w l o
0 p w ` p o
o k ` d kwl p ko l
2 d ` w o
` l p o
? ko ` ko q ﬍ o
?@
= k p 0 ljk 2d k ?d o
 ZFBM@QCMPX@MKE p=12 Yf o `u o ki p a﬍xa
1` o :p k 9p
M =d 0d 2d ? k 1` : k
IPMDDMP DFOMC ZAP@R MKO PACM_AO @ ` k ` `d k l
d k d k k d d o d
^LPMRAR
d
1M
d lp d w d pl k d p
` k p l` k d d pl k d d `
k k k p k
k k k k k w
` k p d k
w =d 0 k 2 k ?d pl k
1 k w :d p 9` d k l <d k
`
` k `

@
= ` ` `
:.0 JQ_QPA DA
0 ` w o p d k
2 d d k ` k k
C R_AK KI
d k o p d k 0
? ` pp o ` k w j k d lk k = l w ` l o w ko ko k
﬍ o o p
1 d k ` ` wl k d lk
ofl 2M
= o k l p ko d
:M 0 d k p d
= Y d l d k w
0 k d l p @
2 o k l o = … ko w d lk ff
? l ok k ld 0 k w d d
1 Y pp o p k l 2 l p l d o d k
: M w w o o k ? … w l k ` wk l ko
1 … w w lk k o wk …
@ : O k d l …
= d
0 k B
2 o k = l w k
? l ok 0 l pp
1 pp o
: w o