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VIII

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1.2
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1.5 . . .

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2 : ,
2.1 . . . . .
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2.5 .
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II
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30

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1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5 . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6
1.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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57
2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.2 61
III

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2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7

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81
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3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
3.3 89
4

93

IV

96

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1.3 . . .
1.4 . . . . . .

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2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
3
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3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3
3.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5 . . . . . . . . . . .
4
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4.2 . .
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IV

152

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1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

153
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160

2.1 . . . . . . . . . .
2.2
2.3 . . .
2.4 . . . . . . . . .
2.5

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3.4 . . .

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4
4.1
4.2 U V . . . . . .
4.3 . . . . .
4.4 . . . . . . . . .

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5.3
5.4 . . .

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VI

229

234

1
1.1 . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 . . . . . . . .
1.3 : .
1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . .
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2.1 .
2.2 . . . . . . .
2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5
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2.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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270
3.1 pp I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
3.2 pp II pp III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
4
4.1 . . . .
4.2 . . . .
4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4
4.5 . . . . .

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VII

307

CNO

309

1 CNO:
1.1 CN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 CNO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 . . . . . . . . .
1.4 . . . . . . . .
2

293
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310
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319

CNO
2.1 CN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 CN . . . . . .
2.3 CNO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

322
322
324
325

VI

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3 CNO
330
3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
3.2 CN . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
3.3 CNO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
5
336
5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336

VIII

337

1 : II
1.1 . .
1.2 . . .
1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4 . . . . .

IX

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342
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349

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350
1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
2
362
2.1 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
3

371

VII


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:

<
(2 3) M .
M

, ,
. ,
- ( )
3
1014 / . .

1.4 M. .

, .
, 1012 1014 .
,
.
,
.

I.2. : ,

23

?????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????
, . 1011 1010
, 108 107 .

, .
.

, .
, . . ,
.
,
, , .
.
, , , . ( , , ).
, () , ,
,
. ,
, .
. , (
, . ).
. ,
, , , ,
.
,
. , , , vr = 2 /

2.3.

. I.

24

(v1 440 /). -, , ,

< M
M
 , ,
( , ).
,
, -, .

, , ,
. -,
, ,
. ,
. ,
. , ,
, ( , , ).
.
:

.
, , ,
, ,
.
,, " . ,,
, ,
..." , ,
. ,," , , .
, , ,
. , ,
,," ,
,
. .

2.4.

M , L R. ,

I.2. : ,

25

, , ,
Te . , H

4
, = 5.67 105
,  H = Te
/(2 4 ) . , ,
4
, Te L . L = 4R2 Te
R. {M, L, R}
{M, L, Te }.
,
M0 t,
M = M (M0 , t),

L = L(M0 , t),

Te = Te (M0 , t).

{M, L, Te }
, t
(). ( M0 ). , , ( t = 0),
M = M0 , L = L(M0 , 0), Te = Te (M0 , 0). ,
(, ) {M, L, Te }
- , . {Te , L} ,
,
(- Zero Age Main Sequence, ZAMS). {M, L}
. ,
,
, .
.
, , ,
,
, .
, ,
, ,
. , -

26

???

. I.

, ,

.
-
(. . ??). , .
{M, L, Te }
, .
{M, L, Te }, , , .
, ,
, , . , .
,
, ,
, .
,
.
15M.
, - ,
, . ,
, . pp, , , . - CN ,
pp, CN
, pp.
18 , CN pp-. ,
. , .
- CN , .
. ,

2.5.

I.2. : ,

27

.
.
, .
.
, , ,," , , ,
.
, .
, .
. .
.
, ,
. ,
, ( ).
, . .
1. M0  0.8M .

2.6.

28

. I.

I.2. : ,

29

 II

. . . - , : ,
.
.

 .
,
, .

31

32

33

 III

. . . ,
, , ,
.
,,". . , ,
. .

..

, , .
, .
, 2 103 ,
. ,
. ,
,
2000 . , ,

. , , .
. 1 . , ,
, 1 103
. . ,
. - ,
. . 2 , .

. 3. .
, , , ,
. ,
, , .

1.
,
.

: , ( )
. ,

1.1.

35

36

. III.

, , .


.
(., , . 1.7 ).
, , , , .
.
dV = d dr , , r
(. III.1.1). FG
Mr , r, FP . ,
r, , ,
( ?). , FG dV ,
GMr /r2 dV :
FG =

GMr
dV,
r2

. FP , dV
, -
,
. dP dr.
FP = P d (P + dP ) d = dP d.
P , dP , FP > 0.
, FG + FP = 0, dP d = (GMr /r2 ) d dr,

GMr
dP
= 2 .
dr
r

(1.1)

. .
Mr
r:

r

Mr = 4

r dr ,

III.1.

37

. III.1.1:

.

dMr
= 4r2 .
dr

(1.2)

Mr , - shell mass.
(1.1) (1.2)
. .
: P = P (r), Mr = Mr (r)
= (r). .
P , , , , T , P = P (, T ). ,
T = T (r). ,
. , . .
.

. III.

38

, ,
. ,
,
.
, ,
. ., ,
.
. ,
.
,
. ,
,
, . , .

, . , ,
,
107 . , ?
. , ,
, , ,
. ,
, : ) , ) ) .
( ), , , ,
(106 ).
.
, . , .

1.2.

GMr
P
= 2
r.
r
r

(1.3)

/r, d/dr, P = P (r, t).

,
r g = GMr /r2 .
,

III.1.

39

.
, , , .
, , . ,
. tG ( G Gravitation).
. . , : M , R, , ,
G.
:
GM 2 /R2 ,
[][], M R/t2G .
, tG

tG

R3
GM

1/2
.

, , , .
, ,

tG =

R3
GM

1/2
,

, .
, : , ,

1.57 . . . = >  = 1.11 . . . ,

2
2 2
,
.
, = const.
,,", , P/r
(1.3):
r = G

Mr
.
r2

. III.

40

= const, Mr = (4/3)r3 = (M/R3 )r3 ,

:
r +

GM
r = 0.
R3

tG =
2

R3
GM

1/2
.

,
= /2 = 1.57.
R,
M ( ).
,
M ,," R/2 e = 1.
. ,,". , ,," 23/2
R, 2(R3 /GM )1/2 . ,
.


= /(2 2) = 1.11.
,
, , (?).
, ,
= 1.


. 2 . ? ,
,
GM/R2 ( ).
.
,," , , ,
, .

III.1.

41

. III.1.2:
.
1 ( ;
2 ( = const).

,
(. III.1.2).
- : ,,", , . , . ,
. , ,
, .
= /(2 2),

tG =
2 2

R3
GM

1/2
.

(1.4)

tG

tG =

3
32

1/2

.
G

(1.5)

,
.

42

. III.

, ,
(3/32)1/2 = 0.543
1/ = 0.564
:
tG

1
.
G

(1.6)

,
, . .
.
-, .
H2 , , , . ? . ,
.
, , , ,
. , , H2
,
.
-,
( 10M ). 56 Fe.
. ,
(T 1010 ) ,
, ?? . T 1010
,,"
, . ,
, .
, ,
. .

1.3.

III.1.

43

, ,
-.
, , . .
, . ,
,
3
>
109 1010 / ,
, , , .
, , , , .
,
.
, ,
, , .
, . 1.2,
, .
, , , (1.4)
(1.5), tG (r) (
) r  R:

1.4.

tG (r) =
2 2

r3
GMr

1/2
=

3
32

1/2

1/2

(G r )

(1.7)

Mr r r.
, = const .
,
r r. (1.7),
,
. , .
, , , (r, t)
(r, 0) .

44

. III.

, , , . , .
, ,
, , . .
.
.
. . . , , ,

, . ,
, , , , .
,
, tG . , , ,
, , .
1 ; . . 1.3.
, . ,

, 4 2 tG ,
tG (1.4). ,
.
P
. ,
, ,
, , (1.5)


2 

3
,
GP 2
4
G,
3

= 2/P . ,
, ,
. ,

III.1.

45

- . .
. XIX ,
2 < 2 G .

(1.8)

. . 1.7.
, , ,
. ,
2 < 0.45 G, , 2 < 0.37 G.
, , , 2 < 0.72 G .
. . ??.??.
, (
) .
G 4/3 ( ) 0.72 ( ). ,
(1.9)
2 < G .

4
1.9 108
=
.
(1.10)
GP 2
P2
NP 0532. P = 0.033 ,
> 1011 /3 , ,
( 105 107 /3 ). ,
, ,
. (1.5);
. . 1982 . PSR 1937+214=4C 21.53
P = 1.558 103 ( , 2006 .,
- ). (1.10) > 0.8 1014 /3 . ,
PSR 1937+214=4C 21.53 , . , , ,
, .
>

1.5.

. (1.4) (1.5)

46

. III.

2.1 103
0.54
.
tG = 4.3 103 (R3 /M )1/2 =
=

(1.11)

R R/R , M M/M

1/2
tG = 1.8 103 R3 /M
,

(1.12)

(
). .
() -
R = Mr r = 1 M < 1
r = (2/3 3/4) M > 1. (1.12)
, . (M  0.1)
-
.
tG ,
. ,
, Sct 7500 K
, , ,
.
.
R 10 R 103 ,
(M 1 , II ), ( M , I). , ,
,
10 2 3 . , .
, , 10 , .
.
( 0.6 M, ),
. (1.12), tG
. . (1.12), ,
,
(. . ??). ,
,

III.1.

47

20, 10 4 M = 0.4; 0.8 1.2 .

, .
DQ Her ( 1934),
71 0.1m . , , -,
, , .
, 103 . , ,
, , . , ,

. . , . -,
.
.
, , .

1.6.

(1.1)
,
.

1
v
+ (v ) v = P + F ,
t

(1.13)

v = v(r, t) r
t, , F ,
(,,"), , . ,
, , , , , ,
. . , (1.13) , ,
dv/dt, , . , (1.13)
, .
(1.13) -

. III.

48

:
= 4 G,
(1.14)
. :

(r )
= G
dV  ,
(1.15)

V |r r |
.
(1.13) (1.14)

+ div ( v) = 0,
(1.16)
t
. , . , ,
, ,
(1.1).
, , (1.1) (1.13)
(1.14). (v = 0)
(F = 0) (1.13)
1
P = .

(1.17)

, , , P = P (r), = (r),
r = |r| , (1.17)
d r
dP r
=
,
dr r
dr r

dP
d
=
.
dr
dr
(1.14)


1 d
2 d
r
= 4 G .
r2 dr
dr
(1.19)
4G
d
= 2
dr
r


0

(r ) r dr ,

(1.18)

(1.19)

(1.20)

III.1.

49

d
GMr
=
.
dr
r2
(1.18) (1.1).
, - (1.20)
(r  R):
4G
(r) =
r

2

r dr 4G

r dr ,

(1.21)

, (1.2),
(r) =

GMr

M
Mr

G dMr
.
r

(1.22)

?
, (1.21)
(1.15).

, . r1 , z.
2 r1 , r1 , ,
( r1 = |r1 |). (1.17)

1
P = + 2 r1 .
(1.23)

1.7.

z r1 ,
(1.23)

1 P
=
+ 2 r1 ,
r1
r1

1 P
=
,
z
z

50

. III.
(1.23a)

-
(1.14).
, , , , P ,
r1 z.
. , ,
( R Rotation)
R =

2 2
r .
2 1

(1.24)

, ,
 :

 + R ,

(1.25)

1
P = .


(1.26)

(1.23)

, P P = const (
),

 = const (, ). (1.26)
, , ,
. , ,
P = const
 = const . , ,
:

P = P ().


(1.27)

, P = (dP/d)
 ,

(1.26)
dP
= .
d


(1.28)

III.1.

51

, (1.27), dP/d
 ,
 ,
:

= ().


(1.29)

(1.26), ,
 .

,
( , , ) .

, , , ,
r1 |z|. r1 , z r cos , ,
. , : , ,
,
(r1 , z) (r, ).
. = (r1 ), . 4, . 94.
.
, ,
, ( , . 1.4):
(1.30)
2 < 2 G ,
. (1.25) .

=

1
r1 r1




1 2
2
,
r1
+ 2+ 2
r1
z
r1 2

, (1.24) R = 2 2 ,
, (1.14), 4 G.

 = 4 G 2 2 .
V .




 dV =
div grad
 dV =
grad
 dS,
V

. III.

52

S , dS ,


grad
 dS = 4GM 2 2 V.
S

, g =
grad
 . grad
 dS > 0 ,
, , 4 GM 2 2 V > 0, (1.30).

. ,
2
 3 104 /2 , GM /R
30 10 /2 .
ve  600 /, (11 /).
(500 1000 /) ve . , ,
,
.

. c. ve << c,
,
ve c .
,
().
,

1.8.

ve2
GM
=
.
2
R

(1.31)

. , , , || /c2 , . ,
. , , .
, GM/R << c2 ,
. . RG
M , , -

III.1.

53

(1.31), :

RG =

2 GM
,
c2

(1.32)

RG = 3 M .
G =

M
2 1016
3
=
/ .
3
(4/3) RG
M2

RG ,
M . R >> RG ,
, R RG , G , .
,
<
102 )
(M
. , : || 0.1 c2 . , , ,
. , ,
.
,
. . ,
, .
.
, ,
, .
.
. GM/R,
, . .
( ) GM/R, .
,
.

. III.

54

, .
. , , M 3 109 ( M87)
2 103 /3 !

- .



P

 Mr + 4 r3 2
dP
P
c

,
= G + 2
(1.33)
2 GMr
dr
c
r2 1
c2 r


Mr = 4

r2 dr .

(1.34)

, . , r
. ,
.
, , . r ,
r = 0 2r. , r
4r2 . - (4/3) r3

4
0


1

2 GMr
c2 r

1/2

r2 dr .

Mr , (1.34),
r. ,

M = 4

r2 dr,

(1.35)

R , (R) = 0,
, .
. N
, 0 .
dr 4r2 (1

III.1.
2 GMr /c2 r)1/2 dr,

1/2
 R
2 GMr
M0 = 4
0 N 1
r2 dr.
2r
c
0

55

(1.36)

M0 M .
- .


(1.37)
ds2 = e2 c2 dt2 e2 dr2 r2 d2 + sin2 d2 .
e2 ,
e2 . -
, , = (r) = (r). ,

1/2
2 GMr

e = 1
,
(1.38)
c2 r



P
Mr + 4r3 2
d
c
,
c2
=G 
2
GM
dr
r
2
r 1
c2 r

(1.39)



P
d
dP
= + 2 c2
.
(1.40)
dr
c
dr
c2 (r) . , , r, (
, () = 0).
(1.37) ,
. = 0, P = 0 Mr = M r > R, (1.38) (1.39)

1/2
2 GM
e = e = 1 2
,
r > R,
(1.41)
c r
(1.37)




2 GM
dr2
2
ds = 1 2
r2 d2 + sin2 d2 .
c2 dt2
2
GM
c r
1 2
c r

(1.42)

56

. III.

, r = 2 GM/c2 RG : dt2 , dr2

. , - , (1.42), r = RG , c.
, (1.31) ve = c (
). .
RG GM/c2 .
, , .
?
:
Mr
dP
= G 2 ,
(H)
dr
r


P

 1 + 4r3 2
Mr
dP
P
c Mr

 .
= G 2 1 + 2
()
2 GMr
dr
r
c
1
c2 r

, . (), r > RG .
dP/dr > 0, . , , , P Mr |dP/dr|
, : () (
,,", ,,"), -
(1 2 GMr /c2 r) . ,
, . , ,
- (. . VIII.??).

2.

,
.
, .
. ,
, . . .
.
, .
, , .
EG ,
, ,
, . . EG , , ,
.
mi mj
(,,"), rij , Gmi mj /rij .
, , .

2.1.

1  mi mj
EG = G
,
2
rij
i, j
i, j, , i
= j.
1/2 - ,
.
i = G

 mj

,
rij
j

57

. III.

58

EG
1
mi i .
2 i

EG =

i , ,
i- , .
, , ,," dV ,
dV .

1
EG =
2


dV,

(2.1)

, . .
, (2.1) EG ,


EG = (r ) dV.
(2.1 )
V

,
. . . 2.5, .
, dV = 4r2 dr = dMr , (2.1)

1 M
EG =
dMr .
2 0
, d/dr =
GMr /r2 , , (!)
GM 2
EG =

2R


0

GMr2
dr,
2r2

M R .

EG =

GMr
dMr .
r

(2.2)

III.2.

59

. III.2.1:

- .
, (2.2) (2.1 ), . , (2.2)
(2.1) (1.21) .

(2.2) . .
r Mr ,
dMr , r (. III.2.1).

2
GMr /r , dr
2
(GMr dMr /r ) dr . , dMr , , ,
 
dr
GMr
dMr .
=
dEG = GMr dMr
2
r
r
r
,
, (2.2).
M R |EG |, (2.2). , . .
q Mr /M x r/R, (2.2)

EG =

GM 2
,
R

(2.3)

60

. III.

, :
 1
q dq
=
.
x
0
!
(., , .. 1.4 1.7).

1
, x = r/R  1,  0 q dq = 1/2.

R.
Mr = (4/3) r3 = x3 M , EG , = 3/5. , , ,
> 3/5. ,
, ,
.
M R , .
,
,," , , , : = 0.5 0.6, .
.
, = c (1 r/R)
= 26/35 = 0.74.

, , , . , P 1+1/n ,
n, , . 3.1.2.1
(. 166), = 3/(5 n). n 1.5 3.5. ,
0.9 2.
. III.2.2,
( .. , ;
: X = 0.70, Y = 0.27, Z = 0.03). ,
, , ,
, , M .
,
:
 = 1.62 .

III.2.

61

. III.2.2:


(X=0.70, Y=0.27, Z=0.03).

( 2000 .) (J.N. Bahcall et al., http://www.sns.ias.edu/jnb). EG

, . ,, " (.: , 1977),
 = 1.7.
EG . 3.2.

2.2.

,

- .

GMr
dP
= 2
dr
r

, Mr :
dMr
= 4r2 .
dr

. III.

62

- r,
4r3 dP = G

Mr dMr
,
r

3V dP = dEG ,
V = (4/3)r3 , dEG = GMr dMr /r. . (2.2), dEG
EG . .
, V = 0, P = 0,


EG + 3

P dV = 0,

(2.4)

. - ,
. dMr = dV ,

 M
P
dMr .
EG = 3
(2.4  )

0
,
. P = N kT , N . .

e = (3/2)N kT , P = (2/3)e .



3
P dV,
(2.5)
ET e dV =
2
(2.4)

EG + 2ET = 0.

(2.6)

. ,

III.2.

63

E, , ,
E = EG + ET .
(2.6)
E = ET

E=

EG
.
2

(2.7)

, ,
(2.6) (2.7). . 3.3, . 90.
, (  c)

2
P = e .
(2.8)
3
( . . 2.6 . ??). ,
,


3
EK e dV =
P dV.
(2.9)
2
, , e = e . EK = ET , (2.9) (2.5).
EK > ET , , (2.9) , (2.5) .
< 0.3M );
(M

. . ??.
, , ( ) , (2.8)
(. . ??)
1
(2.10)
P = e .
3

(, ),

EK = 3 P dV,
(2.4)
EG + EK = E = 0.

(2.11)

64

. III.

, . (2.11) , , . , , - . ,
, ,
.
. ,
, , ,
. ,
.
. ,
. , .
, - (60 100)M
. . IV.3.
,
, , MC  1.4M. ,  2 106 /3 . (2.11),
M MC
0, EG .
- P , EK +.
E = EG + EK M MC
. ( !) ,
. ,
, , MC .
, , ,
. . . ??.

. mi , ri Fi .

2.3.

III.2.

65

i-
mi ri = Fi .
ri .
d 2 r2i
= 2ri ri + 2r 2i .
dt2
n-
n = 2. , r2i = ri2 , ri = |ri |, r 2i = vi2 , ri ri = 1/2 (d2 ri2 /dt2 )
vi2 .

1 d2 
mi ri2 mi vi2 = Fi ri .
2
2 dt
,

1 d2I

2E
Fi ri ,
K =
2 dt2
i

(2.12)

I :
I=

mi ri2 ,

EK :
EK =

 mi v 2
i

, , (
).
,
.
,, "
, ,,
". , ,
.
,, " virial theorem
, .

. III.

66

(2.12) . , , , , . . , e2 /r2 Gm2p /r2 e2 /Gm2p 1036 .

. ,
. . , ,
r , F . ,
. ( ,
- , . . IX.2.)
, ,
Fij = G

mi mj
(ri rj ) ,
3
rij

Fij , i j, rij = |ri rj |.

,


Fi ri =
(Fij ri + Fji rj ) ,
i

, . , Fij =
Fji ,


Fi ri =
Fij (ri rj ) .
i

, ,
Fij (ri rj ) = G

mi mj
mi mj
(ri rj )2 = G
,
3
rij
rij

i
j. , ,
EG , (2.12)
1 d 2I
= EG + 2EK .
2 dt2

(2.13)

III.2.

67

,
, . , (2.13) .
, EK (2.13) , ( , , ..). ,
(2.13) ,
,
. , EK EG
, (2.13)

EG + 2EK = 0.

(2.14)

, , . 2.2,
, ,
EK . EG +2EK = 0 ,
EG + 2ET = 0, - ,
. , EG + 2EK = 0
,
. , , . ,
EK (. . ??).
,,"
, , ,

,, ".
. ,
( I)
, .
. , . 2.6 ,
, . , . 2.7

2.4.

. III.

68

. ,
, , . , ,
(G.W. Collins, The Virial Theorem in Stellar Astrophysics, Tucson, 1978). , .
, .
. . ,
,
,
, ( ), ,
.

, () ,
(1.13). v/t+(v ) v d2 r/dt2 ,

1
r = P + F .
(2.15)

r V V ,
S , P = P = const.
r r V .
r r = (1/2)d2 r2 /dt2 v 2 ,

1 d2I

r r dV =
2E
,
(2.16)
2 dt2
V

I =

r2 dV,

E
, V :

v2

dV.
E =
V 2

, V , () , : V = V (t), = (r, t).

III.2.

69

,
Q = Q(r, t), ,


d
dQ
Q dV =
dV.
dt V
dt

V
, .



r P dV.
V

, r P = div(P r) 3P .

div(P
r) dV
V

S P r dS. S

, P = P = const,

P S r dS.
,

,
P S rdS = P V div r dV = 3P V , div r = 3.
,


r P dV = 3
P dV 3P V .
(2.17)

, r V


Vir =
r ( + F) dV.
(2.18)
V

(2.16) (2.18), , :
1 d 2I

= 2E
+3
2 dt2


V

P dV 3P V + Vir .

(2.19)

.
,

. III.

70

mi ri = Fi . ,
(2.19):
1 d 2I

= 2EK
3P V + Vir ,
2 dt2

(2.20)

EK
, V , 3P V ,
P , V ( ), Vir ,
, , V :

Vir =
ri Fi .
(2.21)
V

V ;
Fi , i- .
) , V
(V = V ),
, , ,
(2.18) F = 0, (2.19)

2.5.

1 d 2I
= 2E + 3
2 dt2


P dV + EG .

(2.22)

E , EG , , . , ,
P = 0 V = V . (2.22) (2.19)
, EG
( . 2.1)

(2.23)
EG = (r ) dV,
V

(2.18) F = 0 V = V
.
(2.23)

(r )
dV  .
= (r) = G
|
|r

r
V

III.2.

71

r (|r r |1 ) = (r r )/|r r |3 ,

r (r r )
r = G
(r ) dV  .
 3
V |r r |

(2.24)

, r (r r ) = |r r |2 r (r r). r

 
r (r r)
r = G
(r ) dV  .
(2.25)
 |3
|r

r
V
(2.25) (2.23)
. , (2.23)
(2.24),

dV EG ,
EG =
V

(2.23) , . 2.1:

1
EG =
dV.
2 V
) . P = Pg + Pr , Pg , Pr .
, T . Pr = (1/3) e ,
e : e = a T 4 ,
a . Pg = (2/3)e , e
. ,

P dV = 2ET + ER ,
3
V

ET ER
, :


e dV,
ER =
e dV.
(2.26)
ET =
V

(2.22)
1 d 2I
= EG + 2EK + ER ,
2 dt2

(2.27)

. III.

72

EK :
EK = E + ET .
,
EG + 2EK + ER = 0.

(2.28)

,

E = EG + EK + ER .
E = EK , ,
.
ER = 0 (2.27) (2.13),
. , ,
. (2.28) ER = 0,
EG + 2EK = 0. , (2.19)
, ,
, . EG + 2EK = 0,
(2.28) ER = 0,
. , ,
, ,
. , ) ) ,
, .
) (2.20) V = dV (I = 0), , Fi (2.21)
. P , , P ,

EK
= e dV , e . , .
Fi ,
Vir = 0, (2.20)

P =

2
e .
3

(2.29)

III.2.

73

( , . 2.2),
. ,
.
, .
( ).
, , . , .

( ). , .
. , - . . ????

(2.29)? , , .
V = dV
, (2.13) . ,


ri Fi = e dV,
dV

e :
e =

 ei ej
.
rij

(2.30)

V =1

ei , ej . V =1 ,
, .
(2.20),
dV , , (2.29)
P =

1
2
e + e .
3
3

(2.31)

e , (. . IX.2.3).

. III.

74

. -, , e . , (2.31) ,
. -, ,
e e ( ) -. ,
(e  e )
e (3 /T )1/2 . e T , e /e (/T 3 )1/2 . ,
, ,,". ,
. , ()
e 5/3 , e 4/3 . e /e 1/3 ,
, .
.
. IX.2.


. , , ,
. ,
50- XX . (. . ).
,
. , , = = 1, ;
B = H, D = E. H , , , j,

1
(2.32)
F = (j H).
c

2.6.

, , F.
(2.15). ,


1
j = E + (v H) ,
c
, , v. ,,"
.
, ,
(2.32)

III.2.

75

. ,
(2.22)

2E + 3

P dV + EM + EG = 0,
V

(2.33)

P ( ) EM
:

H2
dV.
(2.34)
EM =
VM 8
(2.34) VM ,
. (2.33)
.
(2.33), .
(1/c)E/t
rot H =

1 E
4
j+
c
c t

(4/c) j. .
j=

c
rot H,
4

(2.32)
F =

1
(rot H H),
4

(2.32 )

1
1
H 2 +
(H )H.
8
4

F =

(2.32 )

1
(rot A) A = A2 + (A )A,
2
A = |A|. F (2.15),
:


1
H2
1
r = P +
(H )H .
(2.35)
+

8
4

. III.

76

, , .
(A ) A = A div A + AA,
AA Ai Aj , AA , ,
, (Aj Ai )/xj , i = 1, 2, 3.
( j) . , :
Ai
Aj
(Ai Aj )
= Ai
+
.
Aj
xj
xj
xj
A = H , div H = 0 ( ),
(H )H = HH.
, a = (aI), I ,
Iij = ij . ij . ,




H2
H2
P+
=
P+
I .
8
8

P=



H2
1
HH,
P+
I
8
4

(2.36)

(2.35)
:
r = P .
(2.37)
, , P P.
P P I, ,

 2
1
H
M=
I HH .
4
2
, ,

III.2.

77

,
.
(2.37) ,
() .
r ( P).
,
rP rP = div(r P ) 3P

r ( P) = div(r P) Pii .

(2.38)

(self-explanatory, ), (:
)
xi

Pij

=
(xj Pji ) Pii .
xj
xi

Pii P,
. P ( ). (2.36)


1 H2
Pii = 3P = 3 P +
.
(2.39)
3 8
(1/3)H 2 /8 . ,
, .
(2.38) V+ , V, , VM ,
. (2.38) (2.39)




H2
dV +
r ( P) dV = 3
P dV
div(r P) dV.
V+
V
VM 8
V+
. ,
, ,
V+ , P , H
.
, (2.33)
. . . ??.

2.7.

, : ,

. III.

78

, , , .
, ,
. , .
, . .
,
.
, , , , ,
.
, , , ,
.

(, , ), ,

dv
= P ,
dt

dv/dt () .

dvi
=

,
dt
xi
xi

i = 1, 2, 3.

(2.40)

, . , , . .
(2.40) 1, xj , xj xk ..
.
. ,

d2
xi dV = 0,
dt2 V
. .

1 d 2Iij
K
G
=
2E
+
E
+

P dV,
(2.41)
ij
ij
ij
2 dt2
V

III.2.

79

Iij :

Iij =

xi xj dV,
V

K
:
Eij

1
K
Eij
=
vi vj dV,
2 V
G
, Eij
:

1
G
Eij
=
ij dV,
2 V

ij :

(xi xi )(xj xj )
(r )
dV.
(2.42)
ij (r) = G
|r r |3
V
Iij = 0, (2.41)

K
G
2Eij
+ Eij
+ ij
P dV = 0.

(2.43)

, . (2.41)
(i, j = 1, 2, 3; i  j).
Iii Iij , , :

I = Iii =
r2 dV.
V
K

, Eij :

v2
K
dV,
E = Eii =
2
V
G
Eij
:

1
EG = EiiG =
ii dV,
2 V

ii ij (2.42)
: ii = . , , , , ,
G
G
G
+ E22
+ E33
.
, EiiG = E11

80

. III.

(2.41) (:
(2.41)),

1 d 2I
= 2E + EG + 3
P dV,
2 dt2
V
. ,
(2.41) , . , ,
(2.41),
,
, , . ,
.
(2.40) xj xk V
. 18. ( 30 )
, .

,
, . .
50- XX . ,
.
. , . 60 , . . . ,, "
(1969; .: , 1973). (2.41) II .
(. . 78)
, , , ,
.
(2.41) ,
. : .
7 , . 94.

, . ?
, ,
.
,
. , . , , ,
. .
, .
. ,
,
, , .
. ( )
,
. , ,

. , ,
. , , .

3.1.

EG =

GM 2
,
R

(3.1)

, . (. . 2.1). (
. , ., , . ??.??, . ??). |EG |
L = 1, , ,
:
GM 2
.
(3.2)
tT
RL
( T
81

82

. III.

. III.3.1:

(William Thomson Lord Kelvin, 1824 1907) ()

(Herman L.F. von Helmholtz, 1821 1894) ()
(!) .
. 1892 .
, .

Thermal ). . , tT
, . ,
tT ,
, . , ,
, . , , GM 2 /RL.
,
. . , ,
E
. L = E,
(
). ( , -

III.3.

83

,
) E = EG + EK , EK ,
, . , EG + 2EK = 0 (. . 2.2),
E = EG /2. L = E = EG /2, , ,
.
tT 1/2. ,
:

tT =

GM 2
.
2 RL

(3.3)

(3.2),
(3.3).
.
, ,
,


r
M
(r, t) = 3 f
.
R (t)
R(t)
L =
, EG = (GM 2 /R2 ) R = (EG /R) R.
EG /2, (3.3) ,
R
.
R =
tT
,, "(contraction ).
, ,
R/tT . R/tT ( , |R|
). , , ,
, R < R/tT . ,
, , . ,

. III.

84

, ,
, .
. , .
:

E G =

P
dMr .
2

(3.4)

(. ??, . ??). (3.4)

, ( (2.4 ), c. 62):

EG = 3


E G = 3

P
dMr ,

P
dMr 3
2

P
dMr .

(3.5)

, . ,

GMr
dP
=
.
dMr
4 r4
4 r3 ,
4 r3


4
0

dP
GMr
= 4 r 2 ,
dMr
r

dP
r
dMr = 4
dMr
3

r
0

GMr
dMr .
r2

(3.6)

:


4
0

r3

 M
 M
M
P
dP
dr

dMr .
P r2
dMr = 4 r3 P  3 4
dMr = 3
dMr
dM

0
r
0
0

, 4 r2 dr = dMr .

III.3.

85

, Mr = 0 r = 0, Mr = M
P = 0, P = 0. ,
 M
GMr dMr
EG =
,
r
0

 M
GMr dMr

EG =
r
.
(3.7)
r2
0
(3.6)
 M
P
dMr = 4E G ,
3

0
(3.5) (3.4).
, (3.4) , , . ,
(3.4) ,
 M

P
P dV = 4
dMr .
3
2
0
V
.

3.2.
()
. ,

, , , M = M/M , R = R/R L = L/L,
(3.1) (3.3) EG tT
EG = 3.79 1048

M2
,
R

(3.8)

M2
M2
= 1.54 107
.
(3.9)
RL
RL
. , , = 1.62
(. . 2.1),
= 3/2 ( n = 3).
tT = 4.86 1014

EG 6 1048 .

86

. III.

( ) .

,
, , ET = EG /2 31048 .
25 ,
30 /, 4 105 ,
725 .
, 1 725 , ,
, .

, , , ,," = 1.62 . , ( = 3/5),

tT .
tT . . ,
.
,
20 30%. ,
, ,
. ,
.
, ( 4.6 109 ) , , ( ), XIX ,
:
( ,
XVIII . , , ),
, , . . :
tT !
, tT = 25 , ,
, , .
,
,
tT , , , , ,
, ,

III.3.

87

.

( . . ??.??).


R = Mr , L = M , < 1) r = 1,  = 4,
. (M
EG M, tT M3 . (M 0.1)
(1010 ). , ,
r = 3/4 ,  = 31/4, EG M1.25 , tT M2 .
, , . ,
EN , , , EN /EG .
2 3. , (. . ??.??). ,
, ( N
Nuclear )
EN
,
tN =
L
tT  tN . ,
tG  tT .
tG , tT tN
:

tG  tT  tN .
. tG , .
,
. , .

, . ,
. , , ,
tN . , .
,
, ,

88

. III.

.
. .
. < 1, |E |  1049 1051 . R  102 , M
G
(. . VIII)
|EG | = 1 1049, 6 1049 4 1050 M = 0.25; 0.5 1.0 (
e = 2, ).
< 0.3) |E | M7/3 ,
EG M
(M
G
. MC = 1.46
, |EG | = . ,
, , , -,
, .
MC 1.2 1.4. ( 12 C)
EG = 4.3 1051 .
1.5 1018 /, 1.6 /.
, -
(L  102 103) , 1011 1012 . .
,
, .
, ,
,
( . . VIII).
. ,
, , |EG |,
. , , , - .
, , ,
-, .
. ,
.
( GM 2 /R) M  1 R  10 (
5 1014 /3 ) 3 1053 ,
M c2 = 2 1054 .
ERot = I 2 /2, I ,

III.3.

89

, - ERot = ( 2 /2) i M R2,

i , . P = 2/,
ERot = 2 2 i

M R2
.
P2

i .
i = 0.4, , c / = 4, i = 0.27, n = 3 c / = 54 i = 0.075.
i = 0.1. M = M , R = 10 P = 0.03 ( )
ERot = 41048 . .
. L 1035 /, -
, ( ;
).
, L = E Rot ,
P /P = L/(2ERot ) ,
P /P = 1 1014 . , P /P = 1.4 1014 ,
.
, , .
, , , , , ,
1013 1014 . . ??, .

. ,

: EG + 2ET = 0.
E = EG +ET E = ET . ,
,
L = ET . , ET > 0.
L = E,

3.3.

90

. III.

, , .
: , , ! , . ,
, ,
.
? , . ,
,
, , ,, "
, ,, " . .
,
(. . 3.1, . 83).
.
P T ,
, .
. ,
-
. , M/R3 , g M/R2 , , d( T )/dr g,
(T M/R3 )/R (M/R2 )(M/R3 ), T M/R4 M 2 /R5 , T M/R.
, () R1 ( . . IV.2). ,
, , tT (
,, ").
.
,
, , , .
(. . ??, . ??), ,
.
. , , .
.

III.3.

91

. III.3.2:

.
LG
L. t/tcc , t
, tcc ,

.
. M M/M .
: .. ,
, . 4, 65 73, 1966.

,
(510)106 K
. , .
,
.
, , .
(. III.3.2). .
. ,
. ,
, .
, -

92

. III.

:
, . ,
.
. , . ,
(. . ??).
56 Fe.
.
.
, . ,
. , .
, ,
. , . ,
,
.
: ,
, ,
, .

4.

(1.1)
, ,
(. ).

1 .

- ,
dV , r .

, ,
M

r
R3
F
,
t=
2GM
R
R , r t


F (x) =

z 1/2 (1 z)1/2 dz =

x(1 x) + arccos x ,

r=R

1 cos
,
2


t=

R3
2GM

93

1/2

+ sin
,
2

. III.

94

, [0, ]. = 0 , , (1.4).
1 . III.1.2 .

r/R - M R = const = c (1 r/R).
?

,
r1 : = (r1 ),


R =

r1

2 (r) r dr,

dP/d
 = ,

 + R .

e . ,, ", 3- ., ., , 1977, . 75 , ,
:
, (
|EG | ...) = 6.6 1048 .
( ER
...) = 2.8 1047 .
( EK ; translational energy, ,
...) = 2.7 1048 .

? , 1042 .

. 2.5,

EG =

(r ) dV.
V

:


G
Eij
=
xi
dV,
xj
V
G
(. . 2.7).
Eij

III.4.

95

 IV

, . , ,
.
.

 , , .
, , .
, .
,
.
, ,
,
, , .
. , .
- , ,
. , ,
.

1.
M
R. , ,
Pc ( c
Center). ,
.

1.1.

dP
GMr
= 2 ,
dr
r

dMr
= 4 r2 ,
dr

dP
GMr
=
.
dMr
4 r4
.
, P ,
97

. IV.

98

Pc =

1
4

GMr dMr
.
r4

(1.1)

q = Mr /M x = r/R,

Pc = pc


pc =

GM 2
,
4 R4
1

(1.2)

q dq
.
x4

pc .
1
x r/R  1, pc  0 q dq = 1/2,
Pc 

GM 2
.
8R4

(1.3)

, , ,
, , - .
- , , , ,
( ).
, , ,
. ,
Pc . , ,
Pc 

3 GM 2
,
8 R4

(1.4)

pc  3/2,
( = const).
,
r r r4 (1.1) r Mr .

 M
r4/3 Mr1/3 dMr .
0

, r  , R
.

IV.1.

99

M
1/3
4/3 0 Mr
dMr , (3/2)M 2/3 4/3 .
M R, (1.4).
. (1.4) ,
r, . , r  .
, r  . ,
.

,
, c , . (. 3.1)
, , . ,
c  r (, , ,
), , (1.4), ,
Pc 

3 GM 2
,
8 Rc4

(1.4 )

Rc , , c , (4/3)Rc3 c = M .
(1.4) (1.4 ) :
c0 GM 2/3 4/3  Pc  c0 GM 2/3 4/3
(1.5)
c ,

c0 =

1/3

= 0.8060.
6
, c  r  , ,
(r).
(. IV.1.1).
M
. , ( , ), , ( Rc ),
.
Pcmin Pcmax . (1.5), c  r  ,
Pcmax  Pc  Pcmin .

1.2.

a) (1.3) ,
r = R,

100

. IV.

. IV.1.1:
.

r  (, , (r) )
Pcmin  Pc  Pcmax , Pcmin Pcmax
c , .

IV.1.

101

. (1.4) = const. , r  ( ,
), = const , .
,
-
. ,
r(Mr ) , Mr . ,
r(Mr ) , 1/ r4 (Mr ) . (1.1),
Pc .
. M , r1 , , r0 . (
, .) . ,
r0 r1 .
M ( - ), . ,
.
, ,
 r1
g dr ,
Pc =
r0
2

g = G M/r , r0
r1 M .
 M1
dMr
G

M
,
Pc =
4
r4
M0
M0 M1 , r0 r1 .
M ,
, .
(GM1 /4r14 ) M , (GM0 /4r04 ) M .



M0
G
M1
Pc =
M

.
4
r04
r14
, . : ) . M0 = M1 , Pc > 0; ) : M1
= 0, M0 = 0.

. IV.

102

Pc < 0.
. , r0 < r1


M1

M0

dMr
1
 4
r4
r1

Pc = Pc + Pc 

M1

M0

G
4

dMr = (M1 M0 )/r14 ,




M M0

1
1
4
r04
r1


>0.

, Pc ,
, .
.
(1.4)
. ,
= const
, (1.4 )
.

b)
,
Pc ( M R). . , , ,
, , Pc
.
, ,

r a 
,
= c 1
R
a , 0  a < .
c
3
=1+ ,

a
a 0 .
pc , ,

3 (3 + a)(4 + a)
.
pc =
2 (1 + a)(2 + a)

IV.1.

103

pc 9 a 0, .
,
=

3 (3 + a)(11 + 2a)
.
5 (5 + a)(5 + 2a)

a = 0 : = 99/125. pc = 5
= 26/35 = 0.74 a = 1,
. , a 0
( ) , a 0 ,
,, ". , , .
( ) ()
( ; . . 3.1.2).
: c /, pc .
, . ,
P =
(R/) T a 0 M R
Tc 0.

) , . pc =
1/2 ,,", (?). = 1/2 (. . III.2.1). = const,
, pc = 3/2, = 0.6. , pc
, .
, , ,
pc  8 4 (. . 5 , . 151). ,
, , pc 3/2,

.
pc .
-

1.3.

. IV.

104

, P 1+1/n (. . 3.1). 3/2  n  3.5

n pc 2000/(5n)4 ( . . 3.1.2.3).
pc ,
, , (1.2) (1.3), , .
( , = 3/(5 n),
pc  8 4 pc  648/ (5n)4).
, ,
n = 3, pc , ,
pc = 1.4 102 (. . 3.1.2.3). ( ) ,
< 0.5 M )
(1.4). (M

n = 3/2, pc = 9.7. (1.4) .
Pc , (3/8) GM 2 / R4
.
)
- , .
, .
. . : ,,
, ".
(1.2)
Pc = 8.95 1014 pc

M2
M2
8
=
8.83

10
p
,
c
R4 2
R4

(1.6)

M R .
, R M r,
r = (1/2 1). r = 1
, ,
< 1. M
R M 2/3 (
R M 1/2 ).
R M r (1.6) Pc 109 pc M24r .
pc r ,

Pc  1010 2 1011 .

IV.1.

105

. IV.1.2:

(X = 0.70, Y = 0.27, Z = 0.03).
. Pc , . pc .
. .

: , , 106 .
1011 M  1 R  102 , Pc 1019 ,
(M  1, R  15  2 105 R ).
Pc  1029 1030 .
) .
,
. ??.
.
. IV.1.2 Pc M I . . IV.1.2
pc . , , (-
input physics), , , .

106

. IV.

(M, Pc ) .

0.15 125 M X = 0.70, Y = 0.27, Z = 0.03, .. .
Pc M
. .
< 0.5
M
M. pc ,
Pc M2 . 0.5
1.5 M .
pc , ,
Pc . M
. pc ,
Pc = Pc (M) .
, ,
. IV.1.2 .
pc . - ,
. , , M.

( n = 3/2, ),
,
, pc .
<
( M
1).
, pc n = 3/2, pc  10.
( M = 0.4),
. pc M 0.4 1.5 2.

. IV.1.3 I
( , . IV.1.2). . ,
. .

. . IV.1.3 , . IV.1.2.

IV.1.

107

. IV.1.3:

(X = 0.70, Y = 0.27, Z = 0.03).
. , . .

.

,
:

c  2 102 2 100 /3 .

, ,
, , , , . ,
. . 4 . VIII.
) ,
. . ,
, (
) . , pc M .
< 0.3) p  10. ( M
c
,

. IV.

108

( 1.4 M
(. . 4 . VIII), pc 139.
, pc , .
,
.
:
,
, .
Pc , ,
, .
(1.2)

, ,
. , , , pc .
, pc
. , ,

1. Pc M c .
,
.
(1.5). , Pc

1.4.

Pc = c1 GM 2/3 4/3
,
c

(1.7)

c1 . ,
. , c1 .
, Pc (1.7)
, c ,
. .
, ,
(1.7) . -

IV.1.

109

(1.7)
c1 . ,
(1.3) , ,
1/3
c1  c0 = (/6)
= 0.806,
, (r) = c .
= c (1 r/R) c / = 4, c1 : c1 = 0.423.
P 1+1/n , ( n),
n 0 ( ) n = 5 ( c / = )
c1 3 (. . 3.1.2.4). n = 3/2
n = 3 . c / , ,
6 54, c1 0.4780 0.3639. ,
, .
c1 = 0.3639, n = 3,
(. . 3.1.2).
c1 .
:
c1

1/3
= 0.3642,
65

n = 3.

(1.8)

- .
, n = 3,
.
n = 3/2 c1 = 0.4780 :
c1

1/3
= 0.4767,
29

n = 3/2.

(1.9)

,
c1 (1.7) .
, P = P (, T ) ,
, c , , , .

, .
. . . 4.

110

. IV.

c Tc , , , (1.7)
.

. .
. 4 ( . VIII).

2.

,
,
. , , , ?
, , , , ,
. , = 1.4 /3 , = 1.4 M/R3 .
, 101
/3 102 /3 M-.
, , : ( )
.
, -
, , .
, . , (
108 1013 ).
.
, , ,
, (), . , ,
(. . IX.2).
, P =
(R/) T : 1)
; 2) ,
; 3) . , , . , ,
, , , (. . ??).

2.1.

111

. IV.

112

, . ,
.
, , , , . , (. . III.2):

3
P dV = EG .
V

, P dV = (P/) dMr = (R/) T dMr

, ( = const),


R M
GM 2
.
3
T dMr =

R
0
T :
 M
1
T =
T dMr .
M 0

T =

GM
.
3 R R

(2.1)

, , .
. 2.1 . III , ,
 3/5,
1 GM
.
(2.2)
T 
5 R R

.

r. ,
, , , , .
. ??.??, = (2X +
3Y /4 + Z/2)1 , X, Y Z ,
(X + Y + Z = 1). Y = Z = 0,

IV.2.

113

= 1/2, , (X = Y =
0), = 2. ,
. ,
, .
,
( = const), , 
s , s
, (s Surface).
(R/) T dMr  (R/s ) T dMr , (2.2) ,
s .

2.2.

) (2.1)
, ,
T = 7.64 106

M
R

(2.3a)

M
,
(2.3b)
R
, , M = M/M R = R/R . (2.2)
T  4.6 106 s M/R , kT  400 s M/R . ,
,
r  (, ,  (r)  0). ,

.
-.
(13.6 ) (13.6 22 = 54 )
,
( ).
, (2.2)
. T
, > 3/5.
, , (1 3)
107 . (1 3) .
, ,

.
.
kT = 659

) , ,

. IV.

114

. GM 2 /R,
N k T , N = M/( m0 )
T . ,
,
. , (M/( m0 )) k T GM 2 /R,
GM
,
R R

.

kT ( m0 )

GM
,
R

,
:
, .
) , Tc ,
T ,

T c = tc

GM
,
R R

(2.4)

tc . ( ,
tc  0.32, . . 6 , . 150).
: Tc ( )
T .
. IV.2.1
, (.. ,
). tc
. IV.2.1. ,

Tc  6 106 4 107 .

IV.2.

115

. IV.2.1:

(X = 0.70, Y = 0.27, Z = 0.03).
. Tc , .
tc .

, . IV.2.1 III.2.2,
Tc /T M  10 (

M
(2.1) ).
T , ,
(2.2).
, ?

.
(1.7) (. 108) , Pc = ( R/)c Tc ,

(2.5)
Tc = c1 GM 2/3 1/3
c .
R
. 2.2, c1 -

116

. IV.

.
. , . 1.4, c1 = 0.364. ,
, c = 150 /3 , , = 0.61,
, (2.5)
Tc = 15 107 , , (Tc = 15.8 106 K). ,
,
( = 0.82). ,
, . c , Tc c , , c1
0.285 n 4.7,
.
) . III.2 ,
, . (2.1)
.
, , M ,
T M/R. , , M  1 ,
M  1 R M r , r = (0.5 0.8). (2.1) ,
,
( , . . IV.2.1).
,
.
, ,
( 1011 1012 103 ). , T
,
.
, ,
. , L M 4
R M 3/4 .
. = L/M M 3 , T M/R M 1/4 ,
T 12 . ,
- .

2.3.

IV.2.

117

. .
.
T . , , > 1.5), T 18 ,
CN (M
< 1.5), T 4 . . . ??.
pp (M
) (2.1) ().
, . , .
, , T
, .
, 102 R . (2.1) , ,
( )
,," ( 1). ,
T  107 , ,
, , , ,
> 102 . ,

.
,
. 1.3.
.
P = (R/) T ,
. T , (2.1),
.
.

3.

3.1.

,
.
? .

Pg = (R/) T ,
Pr = (a/3) T 4, a .
Pr /Pg T 3 /. , , T M/R, T 3 3 M 3 /R3 3 M 2 ,
T 3 / 3 M 2 . Pr /Pg (2 M )2 , .
, .
, Pr /Pg , , ,
2 M ,
Pr /Pg (2 M )2 , , .
.
P ,
P =

R
T ,

(1 ) P =

a 4
T .
3

T , P, :
 
1/3
4
R
3 1
P =
4/3 .

a 4

(3.1)

(3.1) ( c).
Pc c pc (GM 2 /4R4 )1 Pc
c (M/4R3 )1 c (1 c )/c4 ,

1 c
a G3 2
= bc
( M )2 ,
(3.2)
4
c
18 R4 c
bc :
bc = 24

p3c
.
c4

(3.3)

(3.2) a R

a=

2 k4
,
15c3 3

R =
118

k
,
m0

IV.3.

119

:
1 c
3
=
b
(2 M/M )2 ,
c
c4
270 c

(3.4)

M
3/2

c
M =
= 3.74 1033 = 1.880 M.
(3.5)
4/3
Gm0
M (. . 3.4, 3.5
4.2, 4.3).
, , pc c
( p3c c4 , , ), p3c /c4 , bc , . ,
= const bc = 1, (r) = c [1 (r/R)2 ] bc = 0.40, bc = 0.14
. . , P (r) = K(r)4/3 , K = const (
n = 3, . ), ,
50 . bc
bc 10 : bc = 0.092.
bc = 0.092 ,
. ( - , , ), ,
n = 3, ; . . 3.1.3.3.
, . 3.1.2.3 ,
n
bc = 24/[(n + 1)3 21 ] ,
1 , . 3.1.2.2.
(. . 3.1.6.3)
bc = (4/3)(n + 1)2 12 ,
1 . V.6.2 (. 225)
( ).

bc :
, .

. IV.

120

, . IV.1.1, r
r. c  r , ,
, bc 1, = const. (3.1) (1.5).
2c M ( c  r ) (1 c)/c4
= const. (1 )/ 4 , c
. , c = bc = 1,

1
3
(2 M/M )2 ,
=
4
270 c

(3.6)

1 c  1 .

(3.7)

(3.7) - .
c , .
) (3.7) ,
(, 2c M )
1 ,
,
( c  r ). 1 2c M
. IV.3.1 ( ). ,
< 1) ,
(M
< M < 10) (1

,
> 10) .
(M
, , ,
. ,
,
.
, -
. ,
,
(
). . -,
, .

3.2.

)
.

IV.3.

121

. IV.3.1:
1 c
.
1 c , n = 3 (
).

, c . c
, c = 1/2
c  2
. c . (
,
K-, c 2).
, I c 
0.6 ( ,
).
. IV.3.1 2c M 0.4M.
, , ,
(c  2). 2c M 4M , 0.4M .
.
) (3.7)
. ,

122

. IV.

-, .

1 c (3.2).

1 c
= 0.0324 bc (2c M)2 .
(3.8)
c4
. IV.3.1 1 c 2c M, bc = 0.092, .
, .
, 1 c 2c M
, bc .
bc , ,
. ,
2c M,
,
.
.
. 2.2, ( ) Tc M/R. (
) Pc = a Tc4 /3. Pc = pc (GM 2 /4R4 ), pc
.


1/4
3G
M
.
(3.9)
Tc = p1/4
c
4a
R

, Tc M /R. (?).
, ,
- ,

Tc M /R ,
Tc M/R.
R M r , r  0.5. ,

, ( r = 0.5 M ,
Tc M 1r ). , Tc M .

3.3.

IV.3.

123

(3.9) Tc M (12r)/2 , r = 0.5

Tc M .
,
.
, -. , , ,
(. . 2.2, (2.4), . 3.3, (3.9))

3.4.

T c = tc

GM
R R

Tc =

p1/4
c

3G
4a

1/4

M
.
R


M1 =

3pc R4
4t4c aG3

1/2

2 ,

M1 =

C1
M ,
2

M (3.5), C1
:

1/2
3 5 pc
C1 = 3/2 2 .
tc
2
P 4/3 , C1 = 9.73. C1
,
, . . . 3.1.3.3 3.1.3.4. C1 .
, n

9
5
C1 =
(n + 1) 1 = 2.556 (n + 1) 1 ,
2
1 , 1 n [0, 5]
15% (. . V.6.2, . 225). n 1.5
3.5 C1 , C1  6.5  10.9.

. IV.

124

M1 C1 = 10. ,
M1  18M2 , = 0.6 M1  50M . M
M1 , M ,
M1 , . ,

M1 , , ,
.
M1 . ,
, Pr Pg , (3.4).
M2 . , M1 M2 . ,
. (3.4) c = 1/2 bc = 0.092 ( P 4/3 ),
, M2 = 27.5 M/2 , M2 = 51 M/2 ,  0.6
M2  142M. , 120M. ,
M2 , , , .

:

3.5.


M =

c
4/3

Gm0

3/2
= 1.880 M .

(3.10)

, M , N 2 1057 . M
. M (. . 4.3 . VIII), ,
. , , ,
, . ,
3.1 M /2e , e , , .
, , e 2,

IV.3.

125

0.77 M, 1.46 M.

,

,
. , .
, M .
3/2

M = m0 N = m0 G

(3.11)

N M
G =

Gm20
= 5.82 1039.
c

(3.12)

G
Gm20 /r0 , r0 ,
/m0 c m0 c2 . G
= e2 /c = 1/137 . G
,
.
30- , , , , m0 /2G . ,
m0 /G 1015 . . , 1/2
m0 /G .
n/2
, m0 /G n = 1, 2, 3 4 ,
? -
? .

4.

, ,
, P =
N kT . , , . .
( s = 1/2).
.
, h3
(, ,

).
,
-
= h/p. .
(v  c) p = me v (me kT )1/2 .
, , :

4.1.

Ne 3 Ne

h3
 1.
(me kT )3/2

(4.1)

kT  me c2 , T  6 109 ,
v  c.

, , me .
.
.
, - (1014 1015 /3 )
.

Ne
,
(4.2)
D=
N0
126

IV.4.

127

2 (2 me kT )3/2
= 4.829 1015 T 3/2 .
(4.3)
h3
, (4.1),
. D  1, ,
: , Pe (
e Pe )
N0 =

P = Ne kT.

(4.4)

:
P =

kT,
e m0

(4.5)

e ( ),
. ,
e =

2
,
1+X

(4.6)

X ( . . ??.??).
Ne N0 , . , . ,
, . .
, .
D  1 .
( ,,"). T = 0. , , ,
, , ,

. .
,
, .
. D = , T = 0.
. , T = 0 . , ,

. IV.

128

, T = 0.
3
, 106 / 107 (
), , T = 0.
.
,
, P 5/3 . , , ,
,
. , . ,
. , . me .
,
Ne . , , [Q]
Q,


[P ] =  me Ne

(4.7)

, , , , , .
P = C1

2 5/3
N .
me e

, C1 . , , e ,
,

Ne =
,
(4.8)
e m0

P = C1

2
5/3

me m0

5/3
.

(4.9)

, ,
, , , C1 . , ,
C1 =

1  2 2/3
= 1.914.
3
5

(4.10)

IV.4.

129

C1 (4.9),
() :

:

P = K1

K1 =

1
20

5/3
,

0   1 ,

 2/3
3
h2
= 1.004 1013 .
5/3

me m0

(4.11)

(4.12)

(4.11) ,
.
. , D . 0 , D = 1,
3/2

0 = e m0 N0 = e m0

2 (2 me kT )
h3

0 = 0.80 10

e T

3/2


= e

T
250 000

(4.13)

,
3/2
.

(4.13  )

0 .
.
0 ,
  5/3
0
0
kT = K1
.
e m0
e
,


5 10
0 3 0 ,
=
3

,
(X = 0),

3/2
T

0 =
,
e = 2.
(4.14)
75 000
0

, T 107
3
3
103 / ,  103 / . ,

. IV.

130

 103 /3 (4.11).
, T = 107 K,
, T = 0, .
(4.11)
.
, (P 5/3 )
, ,
, .
, .
, .
. , `
, , ,
(). . ,

, (4.7)


[P ] =  1 c 1 Ne1 .

(4.15)

1 , 1 1 , ,
P = C2

c
4/3

m0

4/3
.

(4.16)

C2 , , .

C2 =

1  2 1/3
3
= 0.773.
4

(4.17)

, :

:

P = K2

4/3
,

1   2 .

(4.18)

IV.4.

K2 =

1
8

 1/3
3
ch
= 1.243 1015 1015 .
4/3

m0

131

(4.19)

. 2 ,
,
( -).
, , (, ) . ,
12
C 2 = 3.9 1010 /3 , 16 O
2 = 1.9 1010 /3 . .
(4.11) (4.18) .
3
(/e )  1 106 / , . P (!).
1 .
, 1 ,
, , , ,

me c. ,
m c 3
8
e
m0
= 9.739 105 106 /3 .
(4.20)
1 =
3
h
, 1 :
1 =

8 m0
,
3 3C

(4.21)

C = h/(me c) . ,
1 , , 3C (,
0.1 3C ) .
,
1 , , , (4.11) (4.18), ,
(4.20). (4.20) , 2 (,
(5/4)3 = 1.95 ).
, , (/e )  106 (/e )  106 ,
, . . VIII.

. IV.

132

P = P (, T )
( 0 ), .
, , , , .
. ??. ,
(  1 )
P

kT + K1
e m0

5/3
.

(4.22)

,
,
. , Ne  N0 ,
, (4.5),
Ne  N0 , (4.22)
(4.11). (4.22) . .
. . . IV.4.1
(, /e ). , Ne  N0 , , P T ( (4.5)). 3/2
0 103 T7 /3 , T7 T /107 ,
, . , 0 , .
. ???, (4.22).  0 ,
. ( ).
1 106 /3 , 5/3 ( (4.11) (4.12),
). 1
, . ,  106 /3
4/3 ( (4.18) (4.19), ). , 5/3 4/3
. , > , (2 4) 1010 , .
,
2
2

. ,
.

IV.4.

lg P

133

lg

. IV.4.1:
.

.

,

. , . ,
.
, , .
H2 . ,
.
, ,
,
.

4.2.

134

. IV.

. . 2.2,
1/3
Tc c ,

(4.23)
Tc = c1 GM 2/3 1/3
c .
R
, c1 .
c1 = 0.48,
n = 3/2 ( P (r) (r)5/3 ).
, (4.23), . , M ,
. , , ,
. . .
.
.
. , , , , ,,",
. ,
,,", , . ,
, .
.
, , , .
, ,
.
(. . ??).
. . ,
.
,
, , , . ,
,
. ( i)
Pi =

R
T,
i

(4.24)

IV.4.

135

i . ,
:
R
T + K1
Pe =
e

5/3
.

(4.25)

( )
( ). . , N = /( m0 ), Ni =
/(i m0 ), Ne = /(e m0 ) N = Ni + Ne , ,
1
1
1
=
+
.

i
e
P = Pi + Pe ( c)

 5/3
c
kTc
c + K 1
.
(4.26)
Pc =
m0
e
, ,
, ( (1.7), . 108),
Pc = c1 GM 2/3 4/3
c .

(4.27)

, ,
:
kTc = m0 c1 GM 2/3 1/3
m0 K1 5/3
2/3
c
e
c .

(4.28)

,
M ( e )
.
(4.28) .
(4.28) c . , , .
, c , 1/3
Tc ( c , . (4.23)).
. - c .

. IV.

136

10

lg T

10

10

10

0.05

0.1

0.2

0.5

1.0

2.0

10
1
10

10

10

10
lg

10

10

10

. IV.4.2:

n = 3/2. : X = 0.70, Y = 0.27, Z = 0.03.
M M/M .

(4.26).

Tc , ,
(. IV.4.2). ,
, ,
, -
.
T , , , .
(4.28)
kTc = A1 1/3
A2 2/3
c
c

(4.29)

IV.4.

137

, ,
A2
kT = 1 ,
4A2


=

A1
2A2

3
(4.30)

A1 A2 (4.28), K1
(4.12),

4/3
M
5/3
kT = T e
me c2,
(4.31)
M
M
:

3/2
c
= 1.880 M
M =
4/3
G m0
T , :
T =

5 2/3 2
c1 = 0.1306 c21.
4 2 3

(4.32)

,
T = 2.984 102

n = 3/2;

T = 1.729 102

n = 3.

(4.33)

, , (4.31) . , M .
,
, . n = 3/2 (4.31)
(M = M/M ):
4/3
.
T = 7.63 107 5/3
e M

(4.34)

T , , . .
,,". ( ). , ,
,
. ,

. IV.

138

. , , , .
.
, < .
. > ,
.
.
T = T ,
, , (. (4.30)),

=

A1
2A2

3
,

A1 A2
=

5e

M
M

2
1 ,

(4.35)

:
=

125 3
c
24 2 1

(4.36)

1 106 /3 ,
( (4.20), . 131). n = 3/2 n = 3:
= 0.0576

n = 3/2;

= 0.0254 n = 3.

(4.37)

, n = 3/2
(4.35)
(4.38)
= 1.630 102 5e M2 1 = 1.587 104 5e M2.
, (4.34) (4.38)? , ,
c1 . , - , (4.25)
. ,
Tc = Tc (c ) ,

IV.4.

139

. , T = T

3/2
A21
2 (2 me kT )3/2
2
=
,
N0 =
2
m
e
h3
h3
4A2
=

3
A1

1
Ne =
=
,
e m0
e m0 2A2
T = T =

 3/2
 3/2
5 10 e
e
= 2.97
.
D =
3

, D ,
. c1 ,
D .

, , D 6 2 8.4,
. , (4.25)
. , (4.34), (4.25), .
, , , .
, , Tc c , Tc = T ,
.
, . (4.34), M = 0.1
T 1.4 106 , M = 0.05 : T 0.7 106 ( :
= 0.61, e = 1.17). , - , , . , T = 1.4 106
- 6 , T = 15 106 ,
. ,
,
, 0.1 M. . ,
0.08 M ( ).
, (4.31) , ,
. , M = 1.88 M, ,

140

. IV.

, . Mmin 0.04 M
Mmax 50 M . , M 3/2
, , M = m0 G , G
(. . 3.5). ,
M ,
. ,
,
, M . ,

.
,,"
.
.
. .
.
.
. , P = P (, T ), (4.27)
Pc (c , Tc ) = c1 GM 2/3 4/3
c ,

(4.39)

. ,
c1
. (4.39) ,
, .
.
(Tc , c ), , , .
, , ,
(4.39), (4.28), ,
, , .
, .
Tc c , ,
.

IV.4.

141

,
. ,
, , ,
,," ,
, ...
, , , ,
. , , ,
M  0.3. , , - (4.28) e . C O
= e = 2. , , , ,
(T 5 108 ).
? , , . ,
,
, `.
( (4.28))
( ). , kT ,
, , , (4.28) T = 0,
:

4.3.

1/3
= c1 GM 2/3,
K1 5/3
e
c

(4.40)

A1 = A2 1/3
c .

(4.41)

(4.30) ,
T = 0
c = 8 ,
(4.42)
(4.38)



c = 0.130 (2e M)2 e 1 ,

(4.43)

c = 1.27 105 5e M2.

(4.44)

142

. IV.

(4.43) .
. 4.1, T = 0, (4.42) (4.44), .

. IV.4.2, . ,
.
, , ,,"
, ,
() . , ,
, , .

T = 0, .
.
, , , . , ,
< 0.3) (, M
3
e 1 = 2 106 / ,

. , e 1 (4.42) ,
.
e = 2/(1+X), X ,
< 0.3
(X = 0), e = 2. M
<
0.19,

( M = 0.3 ).
< 0.3, , , M

< 107 ) , , (T
, (4.11). , ` P (r) [(r)]1+1/n n (. . 3.1.1). ,
n = 3/2,
c1 = 0.4780,
, .
. P 5/3 ,

IV.4.

143

. ,
. ,
(. . 3.1.2), n = 3/2 c / = 6 (, 5.99). ,
, (M/R3 ), , (4.44), c M 2 , , R M 1/3 .
. :
M1/3 .
R = R/R = 4.05 102 5/3
e

(4.45)

, , ,
102 R . , M =
0.3 , , e = 2, ,
R 0.02 R . (4.45),
.
, .
M ( (3.10), . 124). , ,
3/2
M = m0 G , G , . ,
,

1/3
M
R ,
(4.46)
R = R 5/3
e
M
R (, R = 4.512, .
) R , :

R =

3
Gc m2e m20

1/2

= 5.062 108 .

(4.47)

3/2

M = G

(4.48)

m0

1/2

R = G

1/2

C = G


me c

(4.49)

. M , (. . 3.5).

. IV.

144

R , ,
. , ,
, G , ( ). (4.49),
, 1/2
, G .
M R , , :
m0

GM
= m e c2 .
R

(4.50)

:
, M R ,
. ,
. (4.50) , , R . ,

5 .
1935 .,
,, ", Cox&Giuli (1968 .)
R

3
l1 =
R .
2e
,
.
, . R , (4.46), 1
1 ( n = 3/2) (. . 3.1.2):
R =

1
4

9 2
2

1/3

1/3

1 = 4.512.

. R ,
(4.45) .

, , ,
0.6 M, . ,
.

IV.4.

145

. IV.4.3:
C (Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, 1910 1995)
XX
XVIII
, .
1983 . ,,for his
theoretical studies of physical processes of importance to the structure
and evolution of the stars".

(4.44), M = 0.6 M
e = 2 c  1.5 106 /3 e 1 = 2 106 /3 . ,
, , ,
(P 5/3 ), .

,
[P 5/3 , (4.11)] [P 4/3 , (4.18)]. . VIII.
, , P
5/3 P 4/3 , ,

. IV.

146

. , , -, M , (4.45),
, -, ,
c / , .
,
. (4.18) r
P (r) = K2 [(r)/e ]4/3 , n = 3. , , r = 0,

 4/3
c
.
Pc = K2
e
, , ,
Pc = c1 GM 2/3 4/3
c ,
c1 n = 3,
, c1 = 0.3639. , c , .


2/3
= K2 .
(4.51)
c1 G 2e M
( e ) , , , . M .
(. , 1931 .). ,
(. . 4.1),
 1/3
ch
1 3
,
K2 =
4/3
8
m
0

(4.51) M (!):
M =

M
,
2e

(4.52)

3 3/2
3
c1
1 = 3.098.
=
(4.53)
8
2
c1 1
=

IV.4.

147

( (3.1.2.4), . 176). [
. , e i , ,
, 1 , .]
, e = 2,
M

3
M .
4

(4.54)

, , , M . , , M , M
:
5.824
M =
M .
(4.55)
2e
,
M = 1.456 M

e = 2.

(4.56)

. M 
TEX diamond (). , M
.
, , .
, Pc
4/3
GM 2/3 c , , ;
, , ( ). , ,
, . Pc (c /e )4/3 . . 4.1,
. Pc

! , ,
. , ,
( , . . 3.1).
. I (. I.2.2),
. (4.52) 1931 .,
, , , ,,

148

. IV.

, ". 21
. (4.52)
.. .
. brown dwarf , ,
. brown bear , ! brown coal , ""( ) : grow brown.
Brown , , ,
, .
, ,
, , , ,
- ,
. . ,

4.4.

5.

, , ,

0

GMr dMr
= (4 )
r

P r1 dV,

< 4.

(2.4)
III ( = 1) (IV.1.1) Pc , 40
(!). = 0,
. ,


P r dV
V

:


32

P r3 dr = GM 2 .

P ( ) :
P =

1
M

M
0

P dMr .

, . IV.1.1 Pc , ,

P 

1 GM 2
,
12 R4

,
P 

3 GM 2
.
20 R4

, ,
P+

3 GMr2
8 r4
149

. IV.

150

r. , , Pc 
(3/8) GM 2 /R4 (. , 1929 .).


I, = G

Mr dMr
,
r

3( + 1) > .

, (1.4) (1.4 ), ,
(. , 1936 .)
3
G M +1
G M +1
3

I

,
,
3 + 3
R
3 + 3
Rc
(4/3)Rc3 c = M . ,
r r r
, c  r .
I, M , .

, , c  r , pc
c 3c /, ,
c4  24 p3c ,

c 

125 3
.
9

) = c [1 (r/R)a ]
a = , 2 1 ) n = 0, 1, 3 n 5, , c .
c . . V.2.2, . 173.

= const,
, . ,
, , , , = const
(. , 1925 .). ,
tc , Tc = tc (/R ) GM/R,
tc = 0.32. tc = const n = 3 (. . V.2.2, . 173).
.

IV.5.

151

, pc :
 1
 1
q dq
q dq
,
pc =
,
=
x
x4
0
0
,
pc  8 4.

, , , i,

2
i M R2
r2 dV,
3 V
pc
i

18 1
,
125 2

pc 

3 1
.
16 i2

, ) ,," ; ) )
n (
. V.2.2, . 173).

(4.34),
, . , ,
108 . (, 0.3 M .)

. . . .
.
.
..

 .. ,
, ,
. ,
, .
, , -
. .
.

, . ,
,
. , ,
.

1.
, ,
, :

1.1.

P = K1+ n K ,
K n . n ,  . , , .  ( n).
 > 0, , , ,    6/5, 0  n  5.
n, .
. ( K , .
). , K. , , ,
. VIII, , K
153

154

. V.

, .
, , c K. , ,
,
,
n.
? . -,
. XIX . (J.H. Lane), (A. Ritter), (Lord Kelvin), (R. Emden) .
. , ,,
", . IV. -,
,

. , ,
: P = P () (
).
, , : , ,
P = P () , ,
(. . VIII, . ??).

, , P . , ( )
, P , (K).
, ,
.
. .

, ,
.
.
, .
1
1) , P = K1+ n
( ) -

V.1.

155

: ) . M .
n = 3/2. ) , . n = 3/2. ) ,
, , n = 3.
) ,
. n = 13/4.
2) ( ) ,
,
n = 3. , , .
, , : .
.
3) ,
n = 3/2 (, , ).
4) (   6/5)
, ,

.
, M R
, . .
,," .
- ,
, : .

1.2.
.

GMr
dP
= 2 ,
dr
r

, .

dMr
= 4r2 ,
dr

P = K1+ n .

(1.1)

. V.

156

, , : c r 0. ,
dP /dr 0 r 0. , c r 0,
Mr (4/3)r3 c r. (1.1), , dP /dr = 0 r = 0. , , r = R,
P , Mr M .
, :
dP
=0
dr

r = 0;

P = 0,

Mr = M

r = R.

(1.2)

,
, ( ). : (1.2)
. , (1.1) . ,
,
(1.2). , ,
. ,
.
M R
K, .
, M , R
K .
, .
c . (1.1) ,
r = 0 , - r = R
P . Mr , ,
M . , M R , c K,
M = M (c , K), R = R(c , K). c ,
M , R K.
1
, (1.1) P = K1+ n
P = P (), ,
, . , ,
, P (). -. ,
P () ( , ). ,
M R 30-
:

V.1.

157

, M = 1.4M (
). ,
.
, . . VIII, . ??.
, K ,
(1.1) (1.2). : , M R ; ,
G, , ,
, K, . n.
, .
n ,
.

. . P = K1+1/n M R M/R3
, , K(M/R3 )1+1/n
. , ( )/(),
2
2
2
4
3 1+1/n
( GM

R2 )/R , GM /R . , K(M/R )
2
4
1
1/n1 13/n
R
, . GM /R , KG M
.

KG1 M

1n
n

n3
n

(1.3)

= c,

c n. c n , , ,
. , c . , n 0
5, :
n
c

1.0
0.637

1.5
0.424

2.0
0.365

2.5
0.351

3.0
0.364

3.5
0.401

4.0
0.477

4.5
0.658

, , (. . 2.2). n,
. , , c 0.4.

. V.

158

{M, R} {K, c }, (1.3) :
3n

KG1 M 2/3 c 3n = c1 .

(1.4)

c1 n [0; 5]. c1 c1 = (/6)1/3 = 0.806 n = 0 c1 = (/6)1/3 /3 = 0.269 n = 5

(. . ??). , n = 3 (1.3) (1.4) , c = c1 .
(1.3) .
(1.4) . . , .
, n = 3 (  = 4/3) R
(1.3), K
M , . n = 1,
(1.3) M , K
. , ,
P = K2 , ,
.
.


1
1
GM 2
M
Mr
r
q=
,
p=
P,

=
.
(1.5)
x= ,
R
M
4R4
4R3
x, q, p ,

. , .
,
XX : (.) , (.) , (.) .

(1.1)
q
1
dq
c
dp
= 2 ,
= x2 ,
p=
1+ n ,
(1.6)
dx
x
dx
(4)1/n

V.1.

159

c (1.3) (!). (1.2)

p = 0

x = 0;

q = 1,

p=0

x = 1.

(1.7)

, .
,
: , ( ) , n. ,
, P/Pc /c
x = r/R, n .
, ,
.
(1.6) (1.7) , p, q x,
, ,
, :
P (r) =

GM 2 r 
p
4R4
R

Mr . , p (
q ) n,
n M , R K, (1.3),
.

r Mr .
. , , ,
, . .
(
Mr ).
. p, x q. (1.6)
, ,," , ,

q
dp
= 4,
dq
x

1
dx
= 2 ,
dq
x

p=

c
(4)

1
n

1+ n ,

(1.8)

:
x=0

q = 0;

p = 0,

x=1

q = 1.

(1.9)

. V.

160

. 3.1.4 ,

x, q.

(1.6) (1.8) c . (1.6) (1.7). , ,
, ,
. , , . ,
, ,
.

(1.6) , , , ,
:
dP
= g.
dr
g ( ):
d
g=
.
dr
, . g
1
. P = K1+ n

1.3.

1 d
n+1
d
K n
=
.
n
dr
dr

, :

n

=
.
(1.10)
(n + 1)K
, ,
, = 0 r = R.
, .

V.1.

161

. V.1.1:
(Robert Emden, 1862 1940).
,, " (,,Gaskugeln") 1907 . , , -, , .
,
- .

(1.10). .
,

= 4 G,
. (
)
1 d
r2 dr



d
4G
n .
r2
=
dr
[(n + 1)K]n

. V.

162

. , c ,
= c ,
(1.10) :


1
= (n + 1)Kcn .

(1.11)

, . ,
,
r = r1 ,
r1 , , , .


1/2
1
n+1
r1 =
K cn
,
(1.12)
4 Gc
, ,


r1 =

c
4 Gc

1/2
.

(1.12 )

1 d
2 d

 +

d
d


= n ,

2 
= n ,

(1.13)

(1.13  )

, ,

1 d2 ()
= n .
d 2
(1.13) .

(1.13  )

,
, . , , (1.13) (1.1),
= c n , . .

V.1.

163

, (0) = 1 . ,
, r = 0, c
= r 0,  (0) = 0,
g = d/dr  () . . dP/dr 0 r 0 (. (1.1)).
1
P 1+ n , , (d/dr)c = 0, ,
(1.10), (d/dr)c = 0,  (0) = 0. , ,
, (1.12) :
 (0) = 0.

(0) = 1,

(1.14)

-
. ( n). : (,
> 0), , n.
, , (1.13), .
.

( !)
: (1.13) (1.14)
, , , . . V.3.1.
, , ,
:
n
()

0
1

1
2
6

sin

5

1+

2
3

 12

. n = 5 ,
( . 1883 .) . , , , .
.
, ,, ", . IV, . 4.
- ,
, -
. , .

. V.

164

. V.1.2:
().
: 1) () ,
. 2)
, ()
.

,

() = 1 + a1 2 + a2 4 + a3 6 + . . . ,

1
n
n(8n 5)
n(122n2 183n + 70)
, a3 =
, a4 =
.
a1 = , a2 =
6
120
3 7!
9 9!
a1 a2
(1.13) (1.14).
a3 a4 , . . 10 , . 230.

, , .

V.1.

165

, , /c , n . ,
, , ,
, ,
, n . , = 1, = c ,
= c n .
. ,
, .
,
(,
) 0  n  5,   6/5.
 < 6/5 , , .
, ,

, = c n c 1/( 1) ,
, n  5 (. . 3.1.5.1).

2.
EG .
EG
.

(. . III.2.1)

1
dV.
EG =
2 V

2.1.

= GM/R, (. 1.3) = 0 r = R
, > 0,
GM
.
=
R
EG (1.10),
1
P = K1+ n ,
= (n + 1)P,

EG =

n+1
GM 2

2R
2


P dV.
V

,
EG


. . III.2.2, (2.4)

P dV,
EG = 3
V

,
(!)

P dV ,

EG =

3 GM 2
.
5n R

(2.1)

, , .
166

V.2.

167

. = 3/(5 n), GM 2 /R ,,
" : [] = [] [] = [GM 2 /R2 ] [R] = [GM 2 /R]. , . III.2.1
EG , . .
. ) |EG | , M
R. M R
, n. , n .
, , , 1
P = K1+ n (, !).
, : 3/(5 n)
.
) EG n = 5: M R
, n 5, ,
n = 5 .
, : , , n 5,
.
, , . , , n = 5,
( , . . 171).

. , n
.
, ,
( ,
, n). - ( ). .

.
c K,
. , .

2.2.

. 1 -

.V.

168

, r = R:
R = 1 r1 .
() , ,
(1 ) = 0, 1 () .
: = c n
, (1 ) = 0.
1 ,
. , 1 n
n (. . V.2.1, . 169). n
(. 3.1.6), ,

32 3
,
n 5.
(2.2)
(5 n)1

, (5 n)1 n .
, 1 n = 5
5 n:



32 3
1 + a1 (5 n) + a2 (5 n)2 + . . . .
1 =
(5 n)
, ,
ai .
1 . . , ,


+ ln 2 = 0.3618.
a1 , , a1 = 12 17
12

R = 1 r1 r1 , , K c ( (1.12),
. 162),

R = 1

n+1
4

 12 

K 1n
c 2n .
G

(2.3)

. ) n
1

13
.
5n

, 1.5  n  3

V.2.

169

V.2.1:
, 1 1 ,

n
0.0
0.1
0.25
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
4.75
4.9
5

1
2.4495
2.5045
2.5921
2.7527
3.1416
3.6538
4.3529
5.3553
6.8968
9.5358
14.9716
31.836
66.387
171.43

32 3
(5n)

1
4.8990
4.6159
4.2579
3.7887
3.1416
2.7141
2.4110
2.1872
2.0182
1.8906
1.7972
1.7378
1.7243
1.7246
1.7321

(13 ). , n = 3/2
1 3.65, 3.71; n = 3 6.90 ( ) 6.50 (). ,
1 n
n 5.
K c , (2.3),
n 5.
(. . 167),
. ,
, n,
5, .
) n = 1. K
. ( K/2G)1/2 . n < 1 c ,
n > 1 .

.V.

170
. ,

M = 4

r2 dr.

, = c n , r = r1 ,

(2.4)
M = 1 4r13 c ,


1 =

n () 2 d.

(2.5)

1 ,
.
. V.2.1.
1 = 2 6 = 4.899 n = 0
1 = 1.723 n = 4.82,
1 = 3 = 1.732 n = 5.
1
1 . 4 . ,, ".
. , n = 4.9 1 1 : 1 = 171.43, 1 = 1.7246,
1 = 169.47, 1 = 1.7355. 1981 . .
, n = 4.9 n = 0.5
,
, (!), n
.

1 . , 1 . IV (. 149), ,
21 =

8
n+1

n+1 () 3 d.

(2.5 )

1 , :
1 = 12  (1 ).

(2.5 )

, n () 1 (2.5)
( )
, . ,
1 (2.5 ) , ,
1 n = 0 n = 5.
.

V.2.

171

M (2.4) : (4/3)r13
c . 31 .
(1.12) r1 ,
c K (
):
M = 1

(n + 1)3/2

K
G

3/2

3n

c 2n .

(2.6)

. ) n = 5 . ,
5 () , . ( ?)
) K, c M .
n < 3 c .
. n > 3 : , , ,
1
P = K1+ n , , .
( . . 2.5).
) n = 3 : K. , .
. (. 156),
: K c , - r
. r , , R, Mr
M . , , ,
R = R(K, c ) M = M (K, c ).
. (2.4) (2.6).
M R c ,
KG1 M

1n
n

n3
n

= c,

(2.7)

.V.

172

c=

n3
(4) n 1n
1 n 1 n .
(n + 1)

(2.8)

(. 157). c ,
.
. c . 157 ( . V.2.2, . 173)
.
K c ( , , n). M
R, .
, , .
, .
K M R:
K = c GM

n1
n

3n
n

(2.9)

. c ,
M/R3 . c / n. , M = (4/3)R3 . ,
. 2.2, M = 31 (4/3)r13 c , r1 = R/1 .
M ,

2.3.

c
c
=
,

(2.10)

13
.
(2.11)
1
,
c /,
 n (. V.2.2, . 173). ,
.
c 
(5 n)3

3
375/(5 n) . c / n = 1.5 n = 3, 6 54,
.
1
c / n . P = K1+ n ,
n , . n
,
c =

n
0.0
0.1
0.25
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
4.75
4.9
5.0

23.220 104
43.39
2.523
0.6366
0.4242
0.3647
0.3515
0.3639
0.4010
0.4772
0.6580
0.9042
1.3532

c
3.000
3.404
4.090
5.505
9.870
1.797 101
3.421 101
7.022 101
1.625 102
4.587 102
1.867 103
1.857 104
1.697 105
2.921 106

pc
1.500
1.679
1.992
2.667
4.935
9.678
2.059 101
4.912 101
1.389 102
5.141 102
3.111 103
6.185 104
1.136 106
4.922 107

c
0.5000
0.5426
0.6088
0.7266
1.0000
1.346
1.805
2.448
3.417
5.044
8.330
1.832 101
3.850 101
9.940 101

tc
0.5000
0.4933
0.4870
0.4843
0.5000
0.5385
0.6018
0.6996
0.8543
1.1209
1.666
3.331
6.696
16.85

2.500
2.417
2.313
2.180
2.000
1.885
1.805
1.749
1.709
1.681
1.666
1.665
1.674
1.685
1.698

i
0.4000
0.3843
0.3616
0.3259
0.2614
0.2046
0.1548
0.1118
0.7536 101
0.4555 101
0.2257 101
0.6895 101
0.2124 102
0.4460 103
0.0000

V.2.2:

g
0.7500
0.7840
0.8392
0.9442
1.2188
1.625
2.259
3.330
5.339
9.999
2.280 10
9.560 10
3.950 102
2.533 103

V.2.
173

.V.

174

n
.
EG n,
. .

c / , :
c = c

M
.
4 R3

(2.12)

, c ( , .
. 158) .
Pc =
K c M R.
:
GM 2
Pc = pc
,
(2.13)
4 R4
pc :
1+ 1
Kc n ,

pc =

14
.
(n + 1)21

(2.14)

, . IV.1.1
, , , ,
Pc 

3 GM 2
,
2 4 R4

,
d/dr  0, , , pc  3/2. pc ,
n = 3, , 100 . pc  8 4 7 . IV
, pc > 648/(5 n)4 . .
pc  a/(5 n)4 a = 1875/2, n = 0.
pc n, (2.14), . V.2.2.
n [1.5; 3]
pc

2000
(5 n)4

V.2.

175

. 10; 4; 20 38% n =3.0; 2.5; 2.0 1.5. . . 3.1.6.

. ,
(, ), () (. . 162):


() = (n + 1)K1/n
().
c
K c M R
 
1 GM
() =
(),
1
R

c (0) = c

GM
,
R

(2.15)

c = 1 /1 .

(2.16)

, , GM/R. c ,
, .
1.5  n  3.5 (. . V.2.2,
. 173). c n 5 .
EG (. 167).
. , , , 1 1 , n ( , ,
). ,
, , 1 1 . , , ,
.
-
, ,

8 R 4
r dr.
I=
3 0

( !)
I = i M R2 ,

.V.

176

i=


k =

22
31 12

n () 2k d,

k = 1, 2, . . .

2 1 1 . i . V.2.2, . 173. .
n = 0 n = 1 i ( 2/5
(2/3)(1 6/ 2 ), ). , n 5 i (5 n)2 ln(5 n).
, n,
, .
.
.
(2.6) K M c :

2.4.

n3

K = c1 GM 2/3 c 3n ,

c1 =

(4)1/3
2/3

(2.17)

(2.18)

(n + 1)1

c K,
(1.1) .
, (2.4) , r1 = R/1 , , . 2.1,
EG =

3 GM 2
,
5n R

EG = 1 GM 5/3 1/3
c ,

1 =

3(41 )1/3
.
(5 n)1

(2.19)

(2.20)

V.2.

177

V.2.3:
c1 1
n
0.0
0.1
0.25
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5

c1
0.8060
0.7624
0.7080
0.6378
0.5419
0.4780
0.4310
0.3942

1
0.9672
0.9463
0.9181
0.8778
0.8129
0.7608
0.7162
0.6762

n
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
4.75
4.9
5.0

c1
0.3639
0.3379
0.3146
0.2924
0.2812
0.2740
0.2687

1
0.6390
0.6029
0.5664
0.5268
0.5039
0.4879
0.4748

{M, c } c1 1 ,
, 1 1 .
c1 1 . V.2.3. , n [0; 5]
.
c1 1 n? : . . 1.2.

, c1 , ..
.. ,, "(: ,
1971) . 282, ( c1 H1 ). , , n = 0, 1 5 c1 (/6)1/3 = 0.8060,
(2)1/3 = 0.5419 (1/3)(/6)1/3 = 0.2687, , 0.817, 0.554 0.270.
1 n. n = 0
1 = (1/5)(36)1/3 , n = 1 1 = (3/2)(2)1/3 , ,
1 = (1/32)(6 2 )2/3 n = 5.
M
c . ,
. .
R=

3
M 1/3 1/3
,
c
(5 n)1

(2.21)

13
c ,
36

(2.22)

= (5 n)3

.V.

178

Pc = c1 GM 2/3 4/3
c ,

(2.23)

c = (n + 1)c1 GM 2/3 1/3

(2.24)
c ,

GM 2/3 1/3
(2.25)
T c = c1
c .
R
, .
. (2.24) , , n = 5,
1/3
GM 2/3 1/3
= 1.612 GM 2/3 1/3
(2.26)
c = 2
c
c ,
6

 2 2/3
6
GM 5/3 1/3
EG =
= 0.4748 GM 5/3 1/3
(2.27)
c
c .
32
n = 5 . -
.
, E = (GM 2 /R), .
. .
. 1.2
1n
5n
(1.3). , R M 3n , , E GM 2 /R M 3n .
n
M M + dM ( K)

2.5.

dE =

5n E
dM.
3n M

M ,
dM . dE . P = 0,
, dE
, dE = (GM/R)dM . , , :

V.2.

179

( , ). dM
(dM )2 ,
. dE = dE , 5n
3n (E/M ) = GM/R,
E=

3 n GM 2
,
5n R

(2.28)

= (3 n)/(5 n).
EU EG :
E = EU + EG .
(. . 2.1)
EG =

EU =

3 GM 2
,
5n R

n GM 2
.
5n R

(2.29)

, E
. E = 0 , E > 0 . (2.28), ,
1
P = K1+ n ( K) n < 3. n > 3 ,
-
,
. n = 3
-
.
, ,
. n < 3
. , .
.
, , , n  3 . (2.28) , K ( dM ). ,
n  3. ,

.V.

180

, , :
, . ,
, ,
( ) .
n = 3 (. . 3.4).
,
(2.28) (2.29)
E=

3 n GM 2
,
5n R

(2.30)

EU =

n GM 2
,
5n R

(2.31)

n (1)1 , n = (  1)1 ,  ,
(, ).

, E EU EG
:
1
EG ,
(2.32)
EU =
3( 1)
E=

3 4
EG .
3( 1)

(2.33)

(2.32) . (2.33) ,
E, ,
, .

3.

. , , ,
P = P (, T ),
P (r) (r) T (r) ( ). , , , ,
1
P = K1+ n
P = P (, T ),
.
, ,
,

3.1.

P =

R
T,

= const. ,
(: , ). ,
, ,
, . , ,
= const, ,
.
,
. ,
.
.
, P =
(R /) T = const, ( ,," ,
, ,, ", . . ??).
? , . (. 165), = c n .
1
, , P = K1+ n , P = Pc n+1 .
P P = (R /) T , 181

.V.

182

,
T = Tc ,

(3.1)

Tc =

Pc
.
R c

, ,
.
()
,
() .

. (. . IV.2.2),
, :
T c = tc

GM
,
R R

(3.2)

tc ( n). tc
( ) (. . 158) t,
:
GM
t.
(3.3)
T =
R R

t = tc .
(1.6), (1.13), ,
= const,
p = t,
P = (R /) T , .

(2.14) (2.10) pc c , ,
tc =

1
.
(n + 1)1

(3.4)

,," n, 1.5  n  3.5, tc

n ,

V.3.

183

, ,
(. V.2.2, . 173). n = 3,
M = M R = R (3.2) (3.4) Tc = 19.6 .
= 0.61,
(X = 0.73, Y = 0.25, Z = 0.02),
Tc = 12 106 K.
,
.
, . = const
, . IV.2.1,
T =

GM
.
3 R R

= 3/(5 n),
GM
1
.
5 n R R

T =

(3.5)

T :
T =

1
M


0

T dMr .

, Tc T :
Tc =

(5 n)1
T T.
(n + 1)1

, T Tc .
n
(. . V.2.2, . 173). , ,
.
.
,
. IV.3,
. ,
-,

3.2.

.V.

184

n, . , , , P = (R /) T .
1 , (1 )P = a T 4 /3.
T P , :

P =

4

3 1
a 4

1/3
4/3 ,

(3.6)

. IV.3.1
1 c .
, 1 c ,
1 .
, ( = const),
,
 4
 3

P
(1 )/ 4
=
.
4
Pc
(1 c )/c c
n P = Pc n+1 , = c n , ,
1
1 c 3n
=

().
(3.7)
4

c4

( ). (IV.3.4)

2
3  2
1
M/M 3n (),
=
b
c
4
270

(3.8)

bc n , (!)
bc =

24
.
(n + 1)3 21

(3.7) , n < 3
, . , , , , n = 3/2 ( M
, ) ,
. IV.3, . .

V.3.

185

, ( , . . ??.??)
, , , . ,
( )
.
n > 3, (3.7),
. , ,
n, 3, , , ,
n > 3 .
. n > 3
.

().
, ,
. , , .
,
.
, n = 3, . (. ).
,
. , , n,
, , 2 M ( n
= 3). : n
= 3
(
). , , = 1
(3.1), P = (R /) T
T = Tc

.
c

, , = (),
, () 2 M ,
(3.8),
n, 2 M . n < 3
, n > 3 , = 1,
( . . 4.3).
, -

.V.

186

. , Tc c ,
GM
,
(3.9)
T c = c t c
R R
tc - (3.4). , c
2 M . Tc M ,
,
. Tc M M .
, Pr
, P Pr = (a/3)T 4 . (a/3)Tc4
pc (GM 2 /4R4 ), (. . IV.3.4, . 123)
 1/4
G
M

,
(3.10)
T c tc
a
R

tc


=

3
4 (n + 1)21

1/4
1 .

(3.11)

, , . , ,
.
(3.10) (3.9),
c << 1.

3.3.

(3.6),

= const,

. P = K4/3 ,

K ,
 
1/3
4
3
R
1
K=
.
a

(3.12)

, n = 3. ,
T 3 / = const (?). , , , ( T 3 ) ( )
.

V.3.

187

,, " .
. 1920 .
= const ,
, ,
, . .
,, "

(. . ??.??).

.
, . ( = const) .

(. . ??.??). ,
, .
,
, . ,
( M).
, , , ,
.
, n = 3.
n = 3, (. 171), :
,
M K
41
M=

K
G

3/2
.

(3.13)

(2.6), , ,
(2.7) (2.8). , (3.12)
K , M
:
 
1/2
4
R
1
41 3/2 3
,
(3.14)
M= G

.V.

188

. V.3.1:
(Arthur Stanley Eddington, 1882 1944).
,,Internal Constitution of the Stars"
. 1926 .
33
!


1
M = 18.0
,
2

(3.14 )

2.979 103 4 M2 4 = 1 ,

(3.14 )

, ,
M , . ,
( ) .
(3.14) . IV.3.
, (IV.3.2), bc
n = 3.

V.3.

189

V.3.1:
,

2 M
1737
750
409
254
170
120
88.6
67.0
51.8
40.6

1
0.90
0.85
0.80
0.75
0.70
0.65
0.60
0.55
0.50
0.45

1
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.045
0.040

2 M
32.2
25.6
20.5
16.3
12.8
9.81
7.15
4.54
4.26
3.97

1
0.035
0.030
0.025
0.020
0.015
0.010
0.005
0.000

2 M
3.68
3.37
3.04
2.70
2.31
1.87
1.31
0.00

, , . V.3.1 (. . IV.3.1, . 121).

, A
A 4 = 1 ,
,
(!)
= 1 A + 4A2 22A3 + . . . ,
1
1

+ ...,
1/2
4A
8A3/4

=

A1/4

A 0,
A .

1A
(A),
1 A5/4

(A) , A
(. V.3.2).
.
n = 3.

.V.

190

V.3.2:
(A)
A
0.00
0.01
0.05
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.8
1
2

(A)
1.0000
0.9972
0.9845
0.9714
0.9529
0.9404
0.9314
0.9245
0.9191
0.9112
0.9056
0.8929

A
4
6
8
10
50
100
500
1000
5000
104
105
106

(A)
0.8878
0.8881
0.8896
0.8913
0.9131
0.9242
0.9472
0.9553
0.9700
0.9747
0.9859
0.9921
1.0000

, = 5/3.
, M R .
EG = 5.69 1048

M2
;
R

(3.15)

M2
;
R
M
;
c = 6.51 1015
R
M
c
= 54.18;
c = 76.3 3 ,
R

E = 2.84 1048

M2
;
R4
M
,
Tc = 1.96 107
R
Pc = 1.24 1017

M
R2

(3.15C)
(3.15D)
(3.15E)

T = 0.585 Tc;

I = 7.26 1053 MR2 ;

gmax = 1.81 105

(3.15B)

(3.15F)
(3.15G)

r = 0.217 R.

(3.15H)

V.3.

191

V.3.3:
n = 3
x r/R
x
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00

(1 x)
1.00000
0.98052
0.92598
0.84626
0.75319
0.65705
0.56492
0.48069
0.40588
0.34055
0.28401
0.23524
0.19315
0.15673
0.12508
0.09742
0.07312
0.05163
0.03251
0.01540
0.00000

x
0.00000
0.76544
1.38165
1.76657
1.92135
1.90052
1.77206
1.59257
1.39993
1.21557
1.04952
0.90506
0.78185
0.67792
0.59070
0.51763
0.45633
0.40478
0.36122
0.32423
0.29263

0.00000
0.00011
0.00161
0.00680
0.01702
0.03173
0.04915
0.06724
0.08441
0.09976
0.11289
0.12382
0.13276
0.14000
0.14586
0.15063
0.15457
0.15789
0.16073
0.16324
0.16548

, (3.15B) (3.15F) 2 M
(. . V.3.1).
n = 3, ,

(r) = c 3 (),

P (r) = Pc 4 (),

T (r) = Tc (),

() n = 3 = 1 (r/R) = 6.897 (r/R).

, n = 3
( !),
, -

.V.

192

n (. V.3.3)
(. V.3.4).

3.4.

(3.15A) (3.15H), .
(3.15B) , ,

E=

EG
.
2

EG < 0, .
n = 3 E < 0,
. (3.13), K , ,
.
E =
(/2)EG . e e . ,
Pg = (2/3)e , , Pr = (1/3)e. ,
P =

2
e ,
3

(1 )P =

1
e .
3

(3.16)

ET ER , :


e dV,
ER =
e dV,
ET =
V

, E :
E = EG + ET + ER .

(3.16)
3 V P dV = EG ,
E = EG /2.
, , , E EG .

V.3.

193

V.3.4:
n = 3
q Mr /M
q

()

0.00
0.02
0.05
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
0.95
0.98
0.99
1.00

0.0000
0.5063
0.7039
0.9146
1.218
1.471
1.710
1.954
2.218
2.522
2.904
3.475
3.966
4.515
4.869
6.897

1.0000
0.9588
0.9235
0.8760
0.7976
0.7277
0.6628
0.5950
0.5276
0.4563
0.3773
0.2801
0.2135
0.1536
0.1216
0.0000

0.0000
0.0005
0.0017
0.0045
0.0116
0.0206
0.0311
0.0432
0.0570
0.0727
0.0911
0.1138
0.1285
0.1406
0.1465
0.1655

0.0000
0.1564
0.2033
0.2405
0.2717
0.2796
0.2760
0.2642
0.2462
0.2222
0.1915
0.1505
0.1220
0.0972
0.0843
0.0424

. , .
= 5/3, - ,
,
, .
(2.32), . 180, EU EG ,
( = const, = const) (!):
EU =

EG .
3( 1)

(3.17)

ER
(3.18)
ER = (1 )EG ,
(3.16)
, . ,

.V.

194

. V.3.2:
TcE /Tc ( )
E
c /c ()
(X = 0.70, Y = 0.27, Z = 0.03)
(Tc , c ) (TcE , E
c ).

E = EG + EU + ER
E=

3 4
EG .
3( 1)

(3.19)

= 5/3 E = EG /2.
, , EU = ET = 2 EG = 5/3, ER /ET = 2(1 )/. 1

, , ,
. ,
(2.7 kT 1.5 kT , ), (
103 104 ).
, , (3.15H) gmax . ,
, ( r = 0.217 R). ,

n = 3 ( . . 4.4).

V.3.

195

. V.3.3:
PcE /Pc
(X = 0.70, Y = 0.27, Z = 0.03)
(Pc ) (PcE ).

MR2 (3.15G) I, 5
, M R.
c ( (3.15C)), ,
. , c
( 2 /2 ), -
, , n = 3
c = 6.75

M
/...
R

, c = 3.417 |s |, s = GM/R (. . V.2.2, . 173). ,

2 /...
, , , .
,
, , . . V.3.2 V.3.3
Tc , c Pc ,
(X = 0.70, Y = 0.27, Z = 0.03)
( ,

196

.V.

).
40%. 2.5.

, ,
.
.
, , . ??.??.

4.

,
? .

x r/R . V.4.1, q Mr /M
. V.4.1. , n = 3/2 n = 3, n.
. V.4.1 , = c n
x = /1 ; . V.4.1 .
. V.4.1 ,
n. n = 1.5
. . V.4.1, r = R/2 r (3/4)R. . V.4.1 ,
90% n = 3/2 , .
n = 3, : c / = 54.
r = 0.35R , , 10
, 30% .
. q = Mr /M x = r/R n (. V.4.2). r = R/2
n = 1.5 , n = 3 9/10
.
. V.4.2
,

4.1.

q Mr /M = 2  ()/1 .
, Mr = 4

r 2 dr 

. V.4.2 x q ( n) , x, q. ,
. V.4.1 . V.4.2 . V.4.1. :
/c = n () q = 2  ()/1 , . V.4.2 ( ).
197

198

.V.

. V.4.1:
/c n
x = r/R () q = Mr /M ().

. V.4.2:
q = Mr /M , r,
x = r/R.

V.4.

199

. V.4.3:
() ()
n.

: P = Pc n+1 =
(Pc /c ) . ,
, = c n (. V.4.3).
, n [1.5; 3]
n. . V.4.3 ,
P =

1
M


0

P dMr

n [0; 5] Pc . P /Pc n .
, . , .
r. Mr , P - .
r .
, , r.

4.2.
U V

.V.

200

Mr , P . .,
.
.
. f (x) , f (x) > 0. x = x0 , x0 > 0,
,
 
x
f (x) = f (x0 )
+ ...
x0

ln f (x) = ln f (x0 ) + (ln x ln x0 ) + . . . ,

=


d ln f (x) 
.
d ln x x=x0

f (x) x = x0 . f (x) f (x0 )(x/x0 ) = (d ln f (x)/d ln x)x=x0

ln f (x) ln x x = x0 .
,
U=

d ln Mr
,
d ln r

r. ,
V =

d ln P
,
d ln r

,," , V . U V 1930 . . .
. .
, (!)
U=

4r3
,
Mr

V =

GMr
.
r P

U V, ?
, P = (R /) T .

V.4.

201

. V.4.4:
U v V /(n + 1) x = r/R
n. (1 x)1
(. 22 , . 232).

. U V
Mr P ,
( ) , r.
()
U V ( x r/R) . , U V
.
V , ,
P (r) =
(GM 2 /4R4 ) p(r/R).

, (.
. 159) U V , = r/r1 , r1 (1.12),
n. , ( !)
U = n / ,

V = (n + 1) /.

. V.4.4 U v V /(n + 1) x r/R = /1

n.
, . V x 1
.

202

.V.

. V.4.5:
(U, V ),
n.

U V

(U, V ), n.
n . V.4.5.
. 3.1.3, T (r)
: T (r) = Tc (1 r/R).
n x = r/R
. V.4.6. . V.4.6
q = Mr /M .
T (q) n. n = 3/2 n = 3
. T (q) n
(. 3.1) T /Tc n.
n
= 3 ,
T /Tc = (/c ) (. . 185), n
= 3
. (3.9). T /Tc
M . . V.4.7 . (T /Tc )0
;
M 0. n < 3, , (. V.4.7).
r R -

4.3.

V.4.

203

. V.4.6:

() ().

, , , M .
,
, (
n  3).
, ,
n < 3
.

n > 3, ,
(. V.4.7). .
,
.
, .
.
,
n. , r < R, , -

4.4.

204

.V.

. V.4.7:
T /Tc M T /Tc
. n < 3
(), n > 3
().

. V.4.8:
n.
n , n  3
,
.

V.4.

205

. V.4.9:
g n.
n g ( GM/R2 )
(5 n)2 ,
.

, (. . 3.1.2, . 166
175):


1 r  GM
;
1
(r) = 1 +
1
R
R
r > R GM/r. n
(. V.4.8). n  3
. ,
, , ,
.
, , , , T . , . V.4.6, /c . , . V.4.6, , q = Mr /M ,
n,
, .
g =
d/dr
g=

12  r  GM
1
.
1
R
R2

.V.

206

. V.4.10:
2 , R
 (1 n )R,
, GM/R
5
q = Mr /M .

g n.
(
), n (. V.4.9); . . 6.3 (. 227).

2 , R
 (1 n ) R,
q. g GM/R
5

g
,
g
2
GM/R
, . V.4.10.
, n 5.
,
() n = 5 1 n 5 (

(2.2), . 168).
(5 n) << 1
q 0.2.
(n 5) 40/(5 n)2 .
. V.4.10 . , . , . ... !

V.4.

207

. , , ,
n = 0 n = 1, (q, g) = (0.6673, 0.8739),
n = 0 n = 5 ,
: (q, g) = (0.6613, 0.8712). , . , ,
. . , , , n = 0, 1
5 . -
, ,,"
.

5.
, , ,
. ,
. .
, < 2.5M ) . (M

.
, . ,
.
,
, ,
. , 1882 ., . .
, , = 4G (0) = 0,  (0) = 0,
, , .
m 
0
,
= c exp
kT

5.1.

m 
0
= 4 Gc exp
.
kT
. ,
,," , :

m0
=
.
kT
R T

(5.1)

. ,
kT . , r0 r = r0 . r0 , ,
208

V.5.

209

, , .

r0 =

kT
m0 4 Gc

1/2
,

(5.2)

(. ??.??).
(5.2)
GM0
1
,
kT = m0
3
r0
M0 c r0 ,
r0 .

( ):


1 d
2 d
(5.3)

= e ;
2 d
d
(0) = 0,

 (0) = 0.

() . P = (R /) T
P = K, K = (R /) T = const,
P = K1+1/n , n =
(, |n| = ; . . 3.1.??).
, ( )
n > 0 ( n = )




n+1
,
n .
(5.4)
() exp
n+1
. 3.1.??. ,
. (
r n.
K c ).

.V.

210

5.2.

()

() =

4
6
2

+
+ ...,
6
120 1890

(5.5)

(5.3).


4
2
() = c 1
+
+ ... .
(5.6)
6
45
() , , ,
.
e > 0,

 .
 2

d
2 d
> 0 (5.3) d d > 0, d/d


. , , 2 d/d  = 0, , d/d > 0 >
=0

0, () .
n, (1.13)
(1.14), , () , . 163
.
() , , ,


A
7
2
1/2 cos
ln + + . . . ,
(5.7)
() = ln
2
2

A .




2
7
A
ln + + . . . ,
= c 2 1 + 1/2 cos

(5.8)

(5.7) . . (5.3)
t = ln
= 2t z.

(5.9)

z :
dz
d2 z
= (ez 2).
+
dt2
dt

(5.10)

( d z/dt) (ez 2),

V.5.

211

. - , t ,
. , ez 2 0 t , z ln 2.
,
z = ln 2 + x,
(5.11)
, x t
, ex
1+x. (5.10) :
d2 x dx
+ 2x = 0,
+
dt2
dt

(5.12)

x = Ae

2t





A
7
7
t + = 1/2 cos
ln + .
cos
2
2

(5.13)

(5.9), (5.11) (5.13), (5.7).

() , , . ??.
(5.7) .V.5.1.
A , (5.3)
(5.7), : A = 1.17, = 1.02.
, = c e ,
. P = K, K = (R /) T = const, . ,

. . , ()
,
, .
.
().
Mr , r,
 r
Mr = 4
r2 dr ,
0

.V.

212

. V.5.1:
().
()
,

kT /m0 .  = 6.45 .

,
Mr = 4 r03 c (),
= r/r0


() =

e( ) 2 d  .

(5.3) () (.
. 197):
() = 2  ().
M s
, , ,
(5.14)
M = 4 r03 c s ,
s (s ). (5.2) :
s
M=
4 c

kT
m0 G

3/2
.

(5.15)

, c 3c /, (s ) ,

V.5.

213

V.5.1:

.
s
s
s /s
c
ps
s
0.00 1.667 1.000 1.667 1.000 1.000
0.05 1.603 0.966 1.667 1.000 1.000
0.1 1.563 0.949 1.667 1.000 1.000
0.2 1.511 0.938 1.667 1.000 1.000
0.3 1.476 0.937 1.667 1.000 1.000
0.4 1.449 0.941 1.667 1.000 1.000
0.5 1.426 0.947 1.667 1.000 1.000
0.6 1.405 0.956 1.667 1.000 1.000
0.7 1.386 0.965 1.667 1.000 1.000
0.8 1.368 0.976 1.667 1.000 1.000
0.9 1.350 0.991 1.667 1.000 1.000
1.0 1.333 1.000 1.667 1.000 1.000
1.0 1.333 1.000 1.667 1.000 1.000
1.0 1.333 1.000 1.667 1.000 1.000

c =

s3
.
s

s (. . V.5.1).
, M T
:
 
s
GM
.
(5.16)
R=
s
R T

(5.15) c =


c M/4R3 . , (5.16)
, (3.2), .
s . ,
T , M
(), ,

. .

.V.

214

5.3.

Ps , , , , Ps = (R /) s T , s
. s = c es , s (s ),
Ps =

R
c T es .

c (5.15),
 4
R T
1
Ps = ps
,

G3 M 2

(5.17)

2s s
e
.
(5.18)
4
M, T Ps (5.17) ps . (5.18)
s ,
M , T ,
Ps . ps s . V.5.1, ps s . V.5.2. . ps ,
p = 17.56, s = 6.45075.




( )
2 exp
(5.19)
=  ( ).
2
ps =

(5.18) ps (!).
(5.17), ps , M ,
T Psmax P ,
ps = p . Ps  P , Ps > P ,
. ,
, . (. , 1956 .; . , 1955 .)
,
. . V.5.2 ( ps )
, = 6.45, . , , ,

V.5.

215

. V.5.2:
s
ps .
, . , .

, . , (5.16) . V.5.1,
, T ,
s . s > s ,
, .
, . ,
. , s ,
R.
, ps (s ) s > .
s ps = ps (s ) , . ,
, , ps (s ) s , s
,, ". , ,
s > .
ps (s ) s -

.V.

216

() , . 5.2.


,
.
.
, ,
,
. .
,

(. V.5.3). ,
,
.
.
.

. , .

. ( ,
Ps
= 0, )
(III.3.7)

EG + 3
P dV 4R3 Ps = 0.
(5.20)

5.4.

R
GM 2
T M s
= 4R3 Ps ,

(5.21)

s ( , .
. V.5.1, . 213).
R ,
( R1 ) ( R).

V.5.

217

. V.5.3:

c ,
.
s . ,
,
s
Ps /P
, . ( )
s = = 6.45. 1 > 6.45 ( ).
.

. R
1/3
Ps
. - R Ps
. R
Ps . ,
,
. , ,
R>

1 GM
.
5 R T

R > R ,
R .
P . Ps > P R, , . .

.V.

218

R P M , T ,
,
, .
(5.16), ( s = = 6.45), , ,
R = 0.4108

GM
,
R T

(5.22)

GM
= 2.43 kT,
(5.23)
R
1.62 (3/2)kT .

, .

m0

EG = 0.7323

GM 2
= 1.783 N kT,
R

(5.24)

N . ,
|EG | = 1.189 ET ,

(5.25)

ET . , (
) , ,
 
 
c
Pc
=
= 14.04,
(5.26)
Ps cr
s cr

:
 

= 2.465.
(5.27)
s cr
, R
, - , :
GM 2
P =
.
(5.28)
8R4

, :
 3/2

3/2

kT
1

M  M = 3
.
(5.29)

4 m0 G

V.5.

219

3 1/2

T /107
= 8.17 10
= 1.30
M .
3
(5.30)
M
.

. ,
, ,
. , , .
(. . ??.??).
6.58
M =
4

kT
m0 G

3/2

22

T3
3

1/2

6.

.
. III IV M R ( EG , Pc , T .) .
. ,,"
. , ,

.
, , .
.
, - .
- M R , .
. , .

6.1.

G, M , R R /,
, (EG , Pc , c , c , Tc . .),
. , , , ,
? , , , - n,
. V.2.2 (. 173).
, . . , ,
. , n

6.2.

220

V.6.

221

G, M , R R /
.
. V.6.1 (. 222). , . 3.1.2 3.1.3.
G, M , R R /,
, . , ,
, , .
n.
.
, M R

.
1 1
1 n , 1 , . 2.2,
, , (5 n)1 . , EG

(5 n)1 , M R

1 1
. ,
g (. . 228). n,
5,
n M R2 I (. ,
. 223).
, 1 n ,
n 1 n.
. V.2.1 (. 169) , (5 n)1 n [0; 5] , 12.2 n = 0
17.6 n = 5. . 2.2 ( )
,
1

13
.
5n

,
, (13 )
n [3/2; 3].
n = 3/2 2%, n = 3 6%.
, 1 n n 5,

32 3 1
,
n 5.
1
5n

.V.

222

V.6.1:

EG

GM 2 /R

K
c
Pc
c
Tc
I
g

GM n R n
M/R3
GM 2 /R4
GM /R
(/R ) GM /R
M R2
GM /R2

3/(5 n)
1n

(4)1/n
n
1 n
n+1 1
13 /[41 ]
4
1 /[4(n + 1)21 ]

3n

n1

n3

1 /1
1 /[(n + 1)1 ]
22 /[31 12 ]
212 /[(n + 1)21 ]

n [1.5; 3]
n [0; 5]
1.66 1.66 1.66 1.66
0.57 0.80
0.61 0.65
0.30 0.39
1.50 1.93
0.48 0.60
0.87 1.76
0.87 1.16

0.44 1.76
0.61 1.00
0.29 1.00
1.00 2.60
0.43 1.00
0.26
0.77 2.17

:

k =

n () 2k d,


k = 1, 2;

n+1 () d.

( !) , -,
. EG = (3/(5 n))GM 2 /R, (III.2.4)


4
0

P r2 dr =

1 GM 2
.
5n R

r P , , (2.13) (2.14),

0

n+1 () 2 d =

(n + 1)21
.
(5 n)1

n 5 , ()
(1 + 2 /3)1/2 1 3. ( =

3 tg(/2)), .

V.6.

223

() (5 n) << 1 12
13 (. 230),
, . 168, ,


32 3
1
+ a1 + n ,
1 =

5n

a1 =

1
2


17
+ ln 2 = 0.3618
12

n 0 n 5.

, , 1
n (5 n)1 , 1 n . : R (5 n) . ,
, , GM 2 /R4 ,
n (5 n)4 ,
, , (5 n)1 , EG R1 .
R
5 n , , , - "" . , , ,
n, ,
( ) .
, , . ,
, M R2 , n 5 (5 n)2 ln(5 n),
(5n)2 . ,
n [3/2; 3]

1
(5 n)2
60

. n 12%.

.V.

224

, ,

 R
a r b dr,
0

a b , 5a > 1 + b. 1 + b  5a,
.

, - ,
. , ,

.

n.
, 1 1

6.3.

1 =

32

 1/4
3
(n + 1)1/4
1 ,
2
5n

3 2
1 =
1 .
(n + 1)1/2
1 1 n
n [0; 5] (. V.6.2).
. 1 = 1 = 1,
1 1 ,
n [0; 5] 15%.
1 1
n. Q,

 b
R
R M ,
Q = Ga

V.6.

225

V.6.2:
1 1 n
n
0.0
0.1
0.25
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5

1
1.0864
1.0630
1.0330
0.9930
0.9374
0.9022
0.8802
0.8683

1
1.1547
1.1411
1.1220
1.0932
1.0472
1.0115
0.9843
0.9645

n
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
4.75
4.9
5.0

1
0.8653
0.8712
0.8882
0.9221
0.9508
0.9758
1.0000

1
0.9514
0.9453
0.9472
0.9606
0.9745
0.9874
1.0000

= 2

2
3

 +
2

2+
4

(n + 1)

5n
5


,

n [0; 5]
. , n [1.5; 3]
n [0; 5], . V.6.1. ( )
n . V.6.3. , n .
, = 1.
, , , . c
(. 2.2)
K = c GM

n1
n

3n
n

n 5, n 0. , ,
, n 0 5.

.V.

226

V.6.3:
n

n
0.0
0.1
0.25
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
4.75
4.9
5.0

K
1.7676
1.6124
1.4303
1.2123
0.9499
0.7960
0.6947
0.6228
0.5689
0.5270
0.4933
0.4658
0.4539
0.4473
0.4431

c
1.0000
0.9479
0.8844
0.8063
0.7082
0.6536
0.6238
0.6112
0.6130
0.6298
0.6660
0.7349
0.7941
0.8473
0.9003

Pc
1.0000
0.8948
0.7740
0.6355
0.4764
0.3919
0.3423
0.3126
0.2962
0.2908
0.2968
0.3197
0.3434
0.3664
0.3906

c
1.0000
1.0384
1.0939
1.1823
1.3454
1.4989
1.6462
1.7901
1.9331
2.0779
2.2283
2.3926
2.4864
2.5513
2.6033

Tc
1.0000
0.9440
0.8751
0.7882
0.6727
0.5995
0.5487
0.5115
0.4833
0.4617
0.4457
0.4350
0.4324
0.4324
0.4339

EG
1.6584
1.6584
1.6584
1.6584
1.6584
1.6584
1.6584
1.6584
1.6584
1.6584
1.6584
1.6584
1.6584
1.6584
1.6584

I
0.2639
0.2974
0.3494
0.4408
0.6410
0.8662
1.1206
1.4127
1.758
2.189
2.784
3.832
4.991
6.765

g
2.1708
2.0290
1.8544
1.6332
1.3425
1.1590
1.0328
0.9416
0.8741
0.8243
0.7894
0.7704
0.7698
0.7748
0.7833

n = 0 ,
4 exp(49/60) = 1.768, n 0. , n, 

( ?), 13 /31 = 1+ 83 2 ln 2 n+. . .. . ,
+
2 (2/3) 2
, .

, ,
. V.6.3, n, 5,
,," I.

g=

1
M


0

g dMr =

1
M


0

GMr
dMr .
r2

g = (GM/R2 ), ,

V.6.

227

V.6.4:

n
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
4.75
4.9
5.0

max
2.4495
2.3468
2.0816
1.8775
1.7209
1.5969
1.4960
1.4119
1.3404
1.2787
1.2508
1.2349
1.2247

xmax
1.000
0.853
0.663
0.514
0.395
0.298
0.217
0.148
0.0895
0.0402
0.0188
0.0072
0.0000

gmax /g
1.3333
1.1549
1.1243
1.1332
1.1584
1.1932
1.2357
1.2574
1.3464
1.4230
1.4723
1.5088
1.5396

= 2, = 1. ,

3
8

1/2

3/4

(n + 1)

5
5n

2
,

, n. : 0.77 2.17 (.
. V.6.3).
, n, 0,
gmax ,
, n (?).
, g
= max ,  () ,  (max ) = 0.
max xmax max /1 , ,
, . V.6.4.
, , gmax gmax = max (GM/R2 ),
max n (5 n)2 .

228

.V.
, max :
 (max )
= 12 max n (max )/(21 ) .
max = 
(1 )

, gmax g .
(. . V.6.4).

7.

n,
r = R/2 , 1 2,
, M2 /M1 = 2.

M =

M , = 1 EG = 1048 , n = 5.

n = 1
r = R/6 ?
, M = M , R = R ?

106 M 104 M /3 .
n = 5.

, n [1, 0) ,
, (
, n).

,


GM
R
T + = const =
(n + 1)
,

r [0, R] ,

, , n.

, : () -
n ( (0) = 1,  (0) = 0, ),
A2(n2) (A), A ,
.

pc  8 4 (.
7 . IV). pc , 229

.V.

230

. V.2.2 (. 173),
( ).

. 6.3 ( = 1)
, .
(3.10) (3.11) .

10

, ak


ak 2k
() =
k=0

k > 1 n k 1. . 163
() n = 0, 1 5 ak n.
, a1 , a2 a3 n.

11

() (. ) , ak
(.. , .. , 1976 .)

1
(ni + i k)(k i + 1) (3 + 2(k i)) ai ak+1i .
k(k + 1)(2k + 3) i=1
k

ak+1 =

()
n = 1 n = 5?

12 0 ,
n n0 .
() = 0 () + 0 () (n n0 ) + o(n n0 ),

n n0 .

,

() 
0 ()
.

n 
n=n0

13

0 () (. ) , n0 = 5 (.. .. , 1978 .)


1
5
0 () =
sin 2 sin 4 + 3 cos 4 3(2 sin 2 + sin 4) ln cos ,
48 sin
4

V.7.

231

= arctg .
3

14

, ,
n 5

32 3 1
as
.
1 1 =
5n
( , . 222).

15

0 () 13 , ,
n 5 , (5 n) = const,



1
1
as
as ,
() () = 3

1as

32 3 1
.
=
5n

16

12 13 , ,
n n 5



5n
+ ... ,
1 = 3 1
12

3.

17

(. . 5.3)
3

R
GM 2
T M s
= 4 R3 Ps

,
s , s  3/5, ,

4 GM
.
R>
15 R T

18

. 164
, () n (. 209)
. 210?

.V.

232

19

, s ( ), M T
R
T M,
s
EG = 



s3 s
s

s =
s (s ) = 3
e
=3 1
.
s
s
s s , ; s = s2  (s ) s = (s ), ()
.
, ?

20

, (U, V )
(1.13)
U dV
(n + 1)U + V (n + 1)
=
.
V dU
(n + 1)U + nV 3(n + 1)

21

V V :
 M
 M
d ln P
1
1
dMr .
V
V dMr =
M 0
M 0 d ln r

, n


1
V =3 1+
.
n

22

, x r/R 0 ( )
n 2 2
x + ...,
5 1




1
n
n+1 2 2
2 2
1 x 1 +

V =
x + ... ,
3
6 10 1
U =3

x 1 ( )
U=
n+1
+ ...
1x
, V x 1 U 3 x 0?
V =

 VI

.
.

1.

,
L/M . , 2 /( ), : 2 104 /( ). 101
104 /( ) . , , ,

.
( 5 109 ) 1
2 (3 107 ) (5 109 ) = 3 1017 , 2 1029 /.
, . 1.7 1024 ,
3 105 /, , , . . ,
.
26.73 , 6.68 /, 20
, (
). , . , 1/10
, ,
3 /. ,
, ,
.
, .
, 26.73 . 26.73/(4938.28) =
0.712% 0.7% .
, , 7/9.
.
,
(4mp m )c2
2me c2 , (,

1.1.

235

236

. VI. T

2me c2 , 4me c2 ).



4mp + 2me m c2 = 26.73 .
(1.1)
, , . ,
26.73
. , , , H He ,
.
, tN , , , 4 He
10 15% 1 H:
tN = 0.007 f X

M c2
.
L

(1.2)

f , . , , . , X
, . X 0.70.
, , ,
. , ,
. f = 0.10 0.15
.
f = 0.10 X = 0.70, (1.2)
tN = 1010

M
.
L

(1.3)

,
. , M = 30
107 .
. , . ,
< 0.8 M
. ,
, , ,
, .

VI.1.

1.2.

237

,

. . 1920 ., . ,
.
. .
. ,
,,", 2rp , rp : rp 1013 . e2 /2rp , , , 1 .
, , , , , . , , .
, ,
1 1 ,
e1000 10430 . 1057 ,
(
), ,
. ,
: ,,We do not argue with the critic who urges that
stars are not hot enough for this process; we tell him to go and nd a hotter place".
,, " . 1920- , ,
rC ,
rN , ,
. , ,,"
, . ,
, . ,,"
, .
, -, . . 1929 .
,
.

238

. VI. T

, , , .
, .
, .
, ,
. ,
Z, e.
,
A.
X Z A
A
A
1
2
2
Z X X. : 1 H ( ), 1 D D
4
( ), 2 He (,
, 32 He), 12 C ( ), 238 U
( 235 U,
!
).
Z ( A) , A ( Z) .
.
.
1
H, 2 D 3 T. .
, (+) (+2 ).
.
A Z : 1 () Z 92 (), 1 () A 238 ().
- ,
, .
(Z, A) = (114, 289). 30 . ( 2010 .) (Z, A) = (118, 293)
0.89 . - , .

, A = 5 8 . ()
Z > 89 ().
A Z. ( ,
), . :

1.3. :

VI.1.

239

2
1 D,

6
10
14
3 Li,
5 B,
7 N.
A, ,
. A
. ,
56 Fe 26 30 , 79Au
79 117 , , 92 U 92
146 .
.
, .
(Z = 50) .
, , , , , ,

s. ,
(Z = 43) . , 99 Tc, 2.12 105 . 1950-
! S, ,
.
.
a X Y
b. :

a + X Y + b.
: p +12 C 13 N + . ,
. ,
, ,,". a + X Y + b :
X(a, b)Y,
12 C(p, )13 N. , , , , ( ). ,
, .
1 H +1 H 2 D + e+ + , , e+ .
H(p, e+ )D. ! X Y + b, b , : X(b)Y . :
13
N 13 C + e+ + 13 N(e+ )13 C.
, , , (p, ),

240

. VI. T

.
(p, ) . .
. ,
, , - . ., , .
. . ,
, .
Enucl , ,
. mp , mn mnucl
,


(1.4)
Enucl = mp Z + mn (A Z) mnucl c2 .

1.4.

. Enucl /c2 ,
.

(...). , m0 1/12
12 C. m0 = 1.6605 1024 .
m0 c2 = 1.4924 103 , 931.494 .
,,"
Enucl , E Enucl /A.
E A . VI.1.1.
.
,
E , ,
A. 50 65
. , .
62 Ni (E=8.7945 /), 58 Fe (E=8.7922 /) 56 Fe
(E=8.7903 /). . VI.1.2
E .
, 56 Fe
, , , ,
.
A < 56,
A > 56 .

VI.1.

241

10

    

  



 
  


8


E,







4


2


50

100

150

. VI.1.1:
E .

. VI.1.1 , ,
Fe, (, ). (A  56)
( , ).
E /
, :
56

E ()

H
0.0

D
1.11

He
2.6

He
7.03

Li
5.3

Li
5.6

12

C
7.7

16

O
7.9

28

Si
8.5

56

Fe
8.79

238

U
7.57

,
, .
1. , , . VI.1.1, E const (8 9 /).
, ,
, .
.
2.
,
, .
,

. VI. T

242

9.0
56

E,

62

Fe

Ni
88

8.8

8.6






Sr


 

   


 
  
 
   


 

     


  

 

  




 
 


 
 
 


 
 
   

 
 
 



 


     

     

 








8.4












8.2



8.0

50

100

150

. VI.1.2:

E
.


, A2/3, ( A2 )
( A3 ) . ,
.
3. E A ,
. . , , ,
Z1 Z2. , A A1/3.
Z2 A1/3.
4. A ,
A. , .
1 .
.
5. /
. :
2,

8,

20,

28,

50,

82,

126.

VI.1.

243

.
, ,
.
. :
4
2 He,

16
8 O,

40
20 Ca,

48
20 Ca,

208
82 Pb.

, 4 He .
,
(7.03 /). . VI.1.1 , 4 He,
.
, , , .
:
, 4 He
.
, , , .
.
, . , , ,

.
Enucl
(1935 .):
Enucl = a1 A a2 A2/3 a3 Z 2 A1/3 a4

(A/2 Z)2

a5 3/4 ,
A
A

(1.5)

ai
( )
a1 = 14.03;

a2 = 13.03;

a3 = 0.5835;

a4 = 77.25;

a5 = 33.57.

. ,
, ,
. A/2 Z
. , A Z:
= 1 A Z; = 0 A; = 1 A Z.

244

. VI. T

, ,
, , .
. 12 C, 7.7 /,
7.14 /; 56 Fe
8.79 / 8.65 /.

2.

2.1.

, . .
, ,
, .
, .

.
, T ,
,
.
Rik , i k . Ni Nk , . Rik
:


(v)v f (v) dv,

(2.1)
Rik = (Ni Nk )
0

(Ni Nk )

Ni Nk
1 + ik

(2.2)

ik : ik = 0 i
= k ik = 1 i = k.
1/2 (i = k)
,
. , ,
i ( mi ), k ( mk )
T , , ,
,
mi mk M :
M=

mi mk
.
mi + mk

(2.3)

f (v) (2.1) 245

. VI. T

246



M3
M v2
f (v) = 4
v 2.
exp
2kT
(2 M kT )3/2

(2.4)

, .
, mi , mk
m0 , , , 1/12
12
. m0 c2 = 931.494 .
mi , mk , , ,
, Mi mi /m0 Mk mk /m0 .
. ,
M
M M/m0 .

(2.5)

(2.3) :
M = m0

Mi Mk
m0 M.
Mi + Mk

(2.6)

Mi ()
Ai . , Mp =1.007276, =1, A=4, M =4.001513.
(v)
v E ().

. , ,
.
() .
. , . . . E = M v 2 /2 - rC ,
e2 Zi Zk /rC = M v 2 /2, eZi eZk (. VI.2.1).
, = /M v
, -

VI.2.

247

EN

E
0

rN

rC

. VI.2.1:

.

rC . ,

rC
2e2 Zi Zk
.
=

v

(2.7)

,
, , .
. , E


 


2 e2 Zi Zk
EG
.
(2.8)
exp
exp
v
E
EG ( .. ,

. VI. T

248

1928 .
-):
M
EG =
2

2
2 e2 Zi Zk
.






EG = 2 2 2 m0 c2 Zi2 Zk2 M = 979.13 Zi2 Zk2 M
.

(2.9)

(2.10)

, , = 1/137 M = M/m0 ,
M . , (Zi = Zk =
1, M = Mp /2 = 0.5036) EG = 493 .
, ( .
1950- ):
 

EG
S(E)
exp
.
(2.11)
(E) =
E
E

. , , . 1/E , , c
, , , , ,,"
2 1/E.

,

E 1/2 ; E 1/2 . rN2 , rN
.

rN /v 1/ E,

, 1/ E.

, (2.11), S(E),
, . ,
. S(E) S, ,
(2.11) . ,

VI.2.

249

. VI.2.2:
12 C(p, )13 N
( ).

S, (2.11), [][]. S(E)

, ,
: 1 = 1024 2 .
, , , .
, ,
, . , ( . . 3.1.3).

, ( , ). -
,

250

. VI. T

,

, . . VI.2.2 12 C(p, )13 N CNO
(. . VII). , , ,
. S, , (2.11)


EG
(E).
(2.12)
S(E) = E exp
E

???

(. VI.2.3). S, (E),
, . , S(E), ,

,," ( ). ,
. , .

(, ,
pp). . . 3.2
S . ,
.
,
, . S

. (
W . Fowler et al., Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys., ???, 19??). (., ,
http://www-nds.iaea.org/).

2.2.

, (2.8) (2.9)
.
,

VI.2.

251

. VI.2.3:
S

12

C(p, )13 N (
).

,
, .
, p.



px
exp i
,


 

i
exp
p dx ,


, p . p2 /(2m) , ,

. VI. T

252

p2
= E U,
2m
E U .

p = 2m(E U ) .

(2.13)

(2.14)

() eZi
eZk ,
e2 Zi Zk
,
(2.15)
r
r . , , r = rC ,
. rC

U=

E=

e2 Zi Zk
.
rC

(2.16)

, r < rC ,


(2.17)
p = i 2m(U E) ,




1 rC 
2m(U E) dx .
exp
 r

(2.18)

,
1/3
1/3
r = rN , rN ri = rp Ai rk = rp Ak
:
 1/3
1/3 
.
(2.19)
rN = 1.44 1013 Ai + Ak
r = rN
EN =

e2 Zi Zk
.
rN

(2.20)

, EN 500 , E
. ,
r
E
= N.
EN
rC

(2.21)

VI.2.

253

r = r = rN
, (2.18)



2 rC 
exp
2m(U E) dx .
(2.22)
 rN
T
, , -, U (2.15) , -, , , ,
 m M

(2.3) .

1/2 
 r  2
C
2
e Zi Zk
T = exp
E
2M
dr .

r
rN

(2.23)

, (2.8)
(2.9) . r = rC x (2.23)
(2.16)
1/2
1/2
 r  2
 1 
C
e Zi Zk
1
e2 Zi Zk

E
1
dr =
dx.
(2.24)
r
E
rN /rC x
rN
:
 1  r /r
 1
N C
=

.
rN /rC

(2.25)

( x = sin2 ):
1/2
 1
1

1
dx = .
x
2
0

(2.26)

, rN /rC = E/EN
( 101 102 ),
1/2

1
1
1
= x1/2 x1/2 + . . . ,
x
2
, ,

1/2
3/2

 1 
1
E

1 E
1
dx = 2
+
.
2
EN
3 EN
rN /rC x

(2.27)

254

. VI. T

, (2.24) (2.27) (2.23) (2.9) EG ,


 
3/2 


E
EG
E
2
4
T = exp
+
.
(2.28)
1
E

EN
3 EN
,
, rN EN ,
(. 247)

 
EG
.
(2.29)
exp
E
,
 

4 EG
exp
EN

(2.30)

E . ,
, , . ,
3.5. ,
, , S-. , .
S- . ,
(2.29).
,

Rik . , (2.1) v
E. E = M v 2 /2, dE = M v dv, f (v) dv = (E) dE, (E)
, ,


E
2
3/2
exp
E.
(2.31)
(E) = (kT )

kT

2.3.

(2.11) (2.1), ,
Rik = (Ni Nk ) < v >,

(2.32)

VI.2.

255


< v >=

8
M

1/2

 3/2
kT

S(E) exp
kT

EG
E


dE.

(2.33)

S(E) , , -
, .
S S0 .


< v >=

8
M

1/2

 3/2
S0
kT

E
+
F (E) =
kT



exp F (E) dE,

EG
.
E

(2.34)

(2.35)

: E
exp (E/kT )  E
exp (EG /E)1/2 . E = E0 , E0

1 EG
1


F (E0 ) =
= 0,
(2.36)
kT
2 E 3/2
0


E0 =


2 1/3

EG (kT )
4

(2.37)

(2.9) EG ,


E0 =

2 2 m0 c2
2

1/3

 2 2 1/3  2/3
,
Zi Zk M
kT


1/3 2/3
E0 = 1.220 Zi2 Zk2 M
T6

T6 .

(2.38)

(2.39)

. VI. T

256




exp EEG


E
exp kT

kT

E0

. VI.2.4:
. . .

. VI.2.4 (2.34).
, E0 . E, E0 ,
, E  E0 ,
, .
E0
.

 . 
, exp (E/kT ) exp (EG /E)1/2 E = E0 ,
, . VI.2.4, , E = 41/3 E0
1.59E0 . , , , . VI.2.4 (
) . , ,,
", . VI.2.4,
.

(2.34) , ,
Rik (T ). ,

VI.2.

257

,
 . E0
F (E) = E/kT + EG /E, (2.34)
( ), (, F  (E0 ) = 0)
2
F  (E0 ) 
E E0 + . . . ,
(2.40)
2
, E0 .







F  (E0 )
F (E0 )
2
(E E0 ) dE.
exp F (E) dE = e
exp
(2.41)
2
0
0
F (E) = F (E0 ) +

x = E E0 x ,


 

2 


F  (E0 )
x
(E E0 )2 dE =
exp
exp
dx,
(2.42)
2
/2
0

(!)


=

4
8
1/6
= 1/3 1/2 EG (kT )5/6 .
F  (E0 )
2 3

(2.43)

1/e . ,
1/2
4 
.
(2.44)
= E0 kT
3


1/6 5/6
= 0.75 Zi2 Zk2 M
T6

(2.41)





2

F (E0 )
e
eF (E0 ) .
exp F (E) dE =
=
 (E )
F
2
0
0

(2.45)

(2.46)

. eF (E0 ) (2.46)
Rik (T ) . (2.35)
(2.36) ,

1/3
EG
3E0
=3
F (E0 ) =
,
(2.47)
kT
4 kT

. VI. T

258

T 1/3 .
.
,
EG (2.9)

=3

2 2 m0 c2
2k

1/3 

Zi2 Zk2 M
T

1/3
.

(2.48)

, eF (E0 ) (2.46), ,
, ,, "
,,", .
, , , .
, (2.34) (2.46) (2.43), ,

4 2
S0
1/6
Rik (T ) = (Ni Nk ) 1/3 1/2 EG (kT )2/3 e .
2 3
M

(2.49)

, EG (2.9)
kT (2.47), (2.49)

8
S0
2 e .
Rik (T ) = (Ni Nk )
( m0 c)1
Zi Zk M
9 3

(2.50)

,
, S ,
S0 (2.50) (, , (2.34)) S(E0 ).
, S0
. S0 S(0).
(2.50) (2.48) , :

Rik (T ) = 7.20 1019 (Ni Nk )

S0
2 e
Zi Zk M

3 1 ,

(2.51)

VI.2.

259

S0

= 42.49

Zi2 Zk2 M
T6

1/3
.

(2.52)

, , T6 : T6 = T /106. .
(2.51)
Rik = (Ni Nk ) <v>ik

Rik = (Ni Nk ) ik .

(2.53)

, - :


C
2/3
exp
.
(2.54)
Rik (T ) T
T 1/3

. , , ,
, .
, . . 2.7.

2.4.

. ,, "
.
EG .. -.
, E0 . ,
, (2.8). !
. ,
, , E0
kT .
. , (2.37) (2.10) ,

1/3 
1/3
EG
Z2 Z2 M
E0
=
= 979.13 i k
,
(2.55)
kT
4 kT
4 kT

260

. VI. T

kT . , (Zi = Zk =
1, M A = 1/2) kT = 1.5 ( ) ,
E0 4.3 kT . A : A = Ai Ak /(Ai + Ak ).
14 N(p, )15 O, CN-, Zi = 7, Zk =
1, M = 0.940 A = 14/15 = 0.933, kT = 2 ,
E0 17.8 kT . , : e17.8 = 1017.80.434 107.73 .
- , , .
, ,
E0 : E0 T 2/3 . ,
,
, T .
. (2.43)
4

= 1/3 1/2
kT
2 3

???

EG
kT

1/6
.

(2.56)

, 14 N(p, )15 O kT = 2
, , 9.6 kT ,
E0 /2 = (17.8 4.8) kT .
, (2.51)
. ,
, , , . , ,
. ,
. ,
S. , (
e ), ( )
.

S .
(2.51) Rik (T ) ,," 2 e . > 2 ,
. (2.52) ,
Zi Zk , . , ( , ).
, ,
.??.

VI.2.

261

,
:


C
2/3
exp
Rik (T ) T
.
T 1/3

2.5.

. , ,
, Rik (T ),
, .
T = T0 Rik (T )


 
T
.
(2.57)
Rik (T ) Rik (T0 )
T0
, ,
=



d ln Rik d 
d ln Rik 
=
.
d ln T T =T0
d
d ln T T =T0

(2.58)

(2.51) (2.52)
=

0 2
,
3

(2.59)

0 (T0 ). y .
, S . , ,
T0 = 15 106 (2.52) 0 = 13.7,
= 3.90 4. ,
, ,
: T 4 .

=

11.27
1/3
T6

2
,
3

(2.60)

:
T6

10
4.56

15
3.90

20
3.49

25
3.18

. VI. T

262

14 N(p, )15 O T0 = 20106 0 = 56.0,

T6 = 20 T 18 . , ( CN-),
, c 20 18 .
Rik (T6 = 18)/Rik (T6 = 20) = (20/18)18 = (1 + 2/18)18 e2
1/7.4 = 0.135. , 10%, 20 18
, 14 N(p, )15 O 7.4 ! (
, (20/18)18 e2 , 6.66 7, ,
).
14 N(p, )15 O :
=

50.8
1/3
T6

2
.
3

(2.61)

, , :
T6

15
19.9

20
18.0

25
16.6

30
15.6

pp CN
. , ,
(. . 2.2 . IV, , . IV.2.1), CN.
pp CN

. ,
T 16 T 18 . ,
.
, .
. , . ,, "
, : ,
, .
, . ,
,

VI.2.

263

, . ,
. ,
.
, .
pp, : 4.
, .
,
.

2.6.

Rik (T )

,
.
, .
.
.
i k ik , . , ,
(2.62)

ik = Qik Rik (T ),

Qik i
k. , ,
,

.


Rik (T ) (2.51) Ni Nk

Xl
,
l = i, k,
Nl =
ml
Xl l .
:
ik = Qik 7.20 1019

S0
Xi Xk
2 e
mi mk (1 + ik ) Zi Zk M

3 1 .

(2.63)

, .
, . ,

264

. VI. T

k i

1
i (k) =
,
(2.64)
Ni < v> ik
< v>ik , , (2.32) (2.33). Ni
= Nk ,
, , i (k)
= k (i). ,  3 He 3 He 4 He, 7 Li
4 He 3 He.
(2.64). k i
dNk /dt = Rik ,
dNk
= Ni Nk <v>ik .
dt

(2.65)

ik <v>ik ,
dNk
= Ni ik dt,
Nk




Nk (t) = Nk (0) exp Ni ik t = Nk (0) exp

(2.66)

t
.
i (k)

(2.67)

, i (k) ,
k i e .
, i .
, -
.
p + p 2 D+e+ + .
i = k, (2.65) , ,
(1 + kk )1 = 1/2. , , ,
, -
. - , , k,
(2.66)
dNk
= kk dt,
(2.68)
Nk2

1
1

= t.
(2.69)
Nk (t)kk
Nk (0)kk

t k (k), .

VI.2.

265

,
k (k) =

1
.
Nk (0)kk

(2.70)

(2.64).
, Ni = const
. , , ,
e ,
.
???
-
. . k
, , (2.70),
! , ,
, .

,
(2.51) . . , (2.41)
, . -, ,


S 

S(E0 ) . , S
, E. , E .
? , , ,
, ,,",
, .
, .
, . 2 e (2.51)


 2
5 1
2
e
+O
.
(2.71)
1+
12

2.7.

, . , T6 = 15

. VI. T

266

( ) = 13.7, 3%.
14 N(p, )15 O, , , CNO, T6 = 20 = 56,
0.7%.
,
S , .
.
, S0 S(E)
: S0 = S(E0 ). , S(E) , , S0
E0 .
:


5
(2.72)
S0 = S E0 + kT ,
6
. ,
E0 , , kT ,
.
, .
.
. 2.2 . IX,
eZi ,
U (r) =

eZi r/r
D,
e
r

(2.73)

rD
, eZi /r :

T
,
(2.74)
rD = 8.89 1012


+

Zi (Zi + 1)

Xi
.
Ai

(2.75)

+ , . ,
, Zi Ai i, Xi
. . ,
= 2, = 3/2,
, I (X=0.70, Y=0.27,
Z=0.03), = 1.18.

VI.2.

267

, r  rD ,
(2.73),
eZi eZi
eZi

UD ,
U (r) =

(2.76)
r
rD
r

eZi
UD =
.
(2.77)
rD

, r  rD , UD , .
.
, ,
. , (2.51)

fD = eED /kT ,

(2.78)

e2 Zi Zk
.
(2.79)
rD
ED , , Zi Zk , rD . ( )
, kT :
ED =

ED  kT.

(2.80)

.
> kT ED
, .
.
. ,
. E0 (. . 255 . VI.2.4).

r = r0 , r0
e2 Zi Zk
E0 =
.
(2.81)
r0
, , rD r0 . ,," , , rD  r0 .

. VI. T

268

,," , ,
. r  rD , , , r ED .
(2.33) <v> , :

1/2




 3/2
EG
8
E

S(E) exp
dE. (2.82)
<v>D =
kT
M
kT
E + ED
0
D < v > , 
.
, EG /E (2.33),
, E
E +ED . ,
ED ,
ED .
(2.82) E  = E + ED ,




EG
E

S(E) exp
dE =
kT
E + ED
0

= exp

ED
kT



ED

E

S(E ED ) exp
kT


EG
E


dE  .

(2.83)

, (. . 2.3),
( ,," , . . VI.2.4),
,
ED 0, S(E  ED ) S(E  ). (: S(E) - S0 S(E0 ),
. 2.3 (c. 258), S(E0 ED ). , E0  ED ,
, ).
,


ED
<v>D =<v> exp
.
(2.84)
kT
, (2.78).
, - ED , ,

(2.85)
rD  r0 .

VI.2.

269

, . (2.74) (2.81)
rD
E0
61.8
r0
Zi Zk

T6

1/2
,

(2.86)

E0 . (Zi = Zk = 1)
(T6 = 15, = 150 /3 ) E0 6.5 (.
. 260) 1, rD /r0 130,
. 14 N(p, )15 O T6 = 20 = 100
E0 36 , rD /r0 140, .
(2.85)
( ).
.
 1/2

e2 Zi Zk
ED
=
= 0.188 ZiZk
.
kT
rD kT
T63

(2.87)


4%,

exp ED /kT 1.04. 4%. 14 N(p, )15 O T6 = 20
= 100
, 15% (!).

3.

3.1. pp I

, .
pp I, pp II pp III. . ,
, .
,
o 1.2 M,
, pp I:
1

H +1H 2D + e+ +
1
H +2 D 3He +
3

He +3He 4He + 2 1 H.

(3.1)
(3.2)
(3.3)

, 3 ,
, 3 He
. pp I 85%
4
He.
pp I ,
. . S : S0
4 1022 , . ,
, , , . ,
S- . , ,
1 H+4 He , A=5 ;
1
H+3 He , 4 Li .
, .
2 D
4.2 1013 . 2.24 .
, . ,
1.29 , n p + e+ ,
. 630 c.
p n + e+ + , ,
, . , ,
270

VI.3.

271

( 1/2), .
,
, .
.
, (
). , , ,, "
. ,

,
, , : Zi = Zk = 1. ,,"
. (. VI.3.1) .
1938 . .

, :
 
 




2b
ln
2
E
E
G
G
exp
.
(3.4)
(E) 4b2
E
E
v t1/2
b = 4.2 1013 . : ,," . .
.
2b/v,
, (2.24 )
(1.29 ) (0.511 ).
t1/2 = 630 , v 108 / , 1023 . ,
v E,
 

EG
S(E)
exp
.
(3.5)
(E) =
E
E
< v>, (3.4),

272

. VI.

. VI.3.1:
(Hans Albrecht Bethe, 1906 2005).
. ,
1940- . , , . 1967 .
,,for his contributions to the theory of
nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars".

. (3.4) .
S 41022 .
,

. ,
0.5 ( , 1 ) S 8 1048 2 .
1 A, 6.3 1018 /, ,
1020 /2, pp 6 !

VI.3.

273

VI.3.1:
pp I

H + H 2 D + e+ +
1
H +2 D 3 He +
3
He +3 He 4He + 21 H
1

S0 ,
3.94 1022
2.0 104
5.18 103

Q,
1.442
5.493
12.86

E0 . kT 1.5 ,
E0 = 4.3 1.5 = 6.45 (. . 260). ,
EG = 493 , (3.5) ,
pp
1026 , 1050 2 . 6 7
(1043 1044 2 E 1 ),
. -,
. , (
),
, .
,
, 1010 ,
pp ,
. .
,
, . S
, , ,
, .
, ,
1.442 (. . VI.3.1). .
, . ,
pp, 0.265 . , pp, ,
- -

. VI.

274

. 0.420
,
. 0.420
+ . ,
2 0.511 = 1.022 .

, .
S ( )
(
):
S(E) = 3.94 1022 + 4.61 1024 E + 2.96 1023 E 2 .

(3.6)

(2.51) (2.52)
, :


33.81
2/3
Rpp (T ) = 3.22 1037 Np2 T6
exp 1/3
(3.7)
3 1 ,
T6
, Np = XH /mp ,
2/3

2
T6
Rpp (T ) = 1.15 1011 2 XH



33.81
exp 1/3
3 1 .
T6

(3.8)

, ( = 150 /3 , XH = 0.35, T6 = 15)

6 107 3 1 .
, , , . 2.7,
. ,
,
.
,
pep:
p + e+ p 2D + .

(3.9)

,
, , pp,
,
, 400 pp
. .
, 30 40 . , pep,

VI.3.

275

1.442 . : 1.442 = 0.420 + 2 0.511 (,

). pep, , pp, (, ).
,
pep
pp (0.420 ).
, pp
,,". . 4.3.
pp I, 1 H (d, )3 He, ,,", ( ),
, pp. S 18 (!) , ,," pp (. . VI.3.1).
104 , ,
(p, ). , 1 H (d, )3 He
, 2 D+2 D, 2 D+4 He, -
1 .
, . , , 18 .
,
Rpp = Rpd .
pp pd , (2.52),
Mpp Mpd , (2.51)

H S0pp
Rpp

,
Rpd
D 2S0pd

(3.10)

D/H 1018 . 1/2 (1 + ik )1

, H D , .
(2.51) , T6 = 15
D
Mpd
=
H
Mpp

pp
pd

2


 S0pp
exp pp + pd
3.5 1018 .
pd
2S0

(3.11)

, 18

.
D/H
. , , -

. VI.

276

T6 = 15 , ,
    
 (pp pd )/3  0.46
D 
T6
T6
D 

=
.
(3.12)
H T
H 15
15
15
6

???

. 2 (c. 307).
. pd
, pp, S . .
.
( ,
).
, , : D/H 104 105 . ,

. . ,
,
.
,
, .
3 He. , , ,

pp, ,
3 He . : pp ,
3 He, T6 = 15 3.9 (. . 261). 3 He , pp I,
(2.59) (2.52), T6 = 15 33 = 15.9 (!).
3 He c . ,
3 He T6 = 15 T
T 33 pp T 12 .
. 3 He
:


d 3He
= Rpd 2R33 .
(3.13)
dt

VI.3.

277

3 He,
1 H(d, ) 3 He,
3 He(3 He, 2p)4 He. 2
, 3 He(3 He, 2p)4 He 3 He.
(2.53),




d 3He
= pd H D 33 3He 2,
(3.14)
dt
H, D 3He . .
pp 2
H = pd D H,
(3.15)
2

pp
D=
H.
(3.16)
2pd
(3.14)



2
d 3He
pp 2
=
H 33 3He .
dt
2

(3.17)

, 3 He, ,
. ,
, ,
3 He , . , , 3 He ,
, , 3 He
, .
3 He


2
pp 2
H = 33 3He e ,
2

(3.18)

3  
1/2
pp
He
=
.
H e
233

(3.19)

e .
: , 3 He
pp II pp III ,
.

. VI.

278

: -, 3He/H , -,
. , ,
.
, (2.53) (2.51) (2.52),

1/6  pp 1/2


3 
S0
M33
He
1
pp 33

=
exp
,
(3.20)
H e
S033
2
2 4 Mpp

3 
1/3
He
= 1.86 1013+19.32 T6 .
H e

(3.21)

, T6 = 15 ( ) 3He/H = 1.3 105 .

3He/H
. ,
> 15 , pp I. T6
3
He pp II pp III
(. ).
T6
He/H
T6
3
He/H
3

5
3.7 102
20
2.5 106

8
8.5 104
25
7.8 107

10
1.7 104
30
3.2 107

15
1.3 105
40
8.5 108

3 He
, . , . W = 3He/H,
(3.17)


dW
= 33 H We2 W 2 ,
dt

???

(3.22)

We W . W (0) = 0, (. . 3 , . 307),




t
W = We th 33 H We t = We th
,
(3.23)
3 (3)
3 (3) 3 He
:
3 (3) =

1
.
33 (3 He)e

(3.24)

VI.3.

279

11

10

10

10

(X

/ 50 ) t

0.9

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

15

20

25

. VI.3.2:
t0.9 , 3 He 90%
. (XH /50) t0.9
.

(3.23) 3 He, ,
. .
tf , 3 He f
:
1 1+f
tf = 3 (3) Arth f 3 (3) ln
.
(3.25)
2 1f
(3.24) (3.19),
tf =

1
1+f
1/2 ln 1 f .

H 2pp 33

(3.26)

. VI.3.2 (XH /50) t0.9

. T6 < 8 3 He
109 ( = 100 /3 XH = 0.5).

. VI.

280

T6 = 5 ! 3 He 90%
106 .
f .
, , t0.99 1.8
t0.9 , t0.999 1.4 t0.99 . ,
.
, 3 He , pp I. 3 He
, pp I
,,", pp
( ) , pp I (. . VI.3.1, . 273).
I ( 1 ) pp I, 3 He . , , 26.20 (. . VI.3.1). , -,
0.265
, -, 12.86
3 He(3 He,2p)4 He pp.
1 = 1.602 106 , ,
I = 2.099 105 Rpp

/ (3 c),

(3.27)

, Rpp (3.7) , Np =
XH /mp ,

2/3
1/3 
/(3 c).
exp 33.81 T6
(3.28)
I = 2.41 106 2 XH2 T6
= 150 /3 , XH = 0.35 T6 = 15,
I = 1.2 103 /(3 c)=1.2 104 /3
I = 8 /().
 4 2 /() . 100-
5 1.6 /3 104 ,
1 3 !
, ,," (3.28)
:
I 8.7 106 2 XH2 T64

/(3 c).

(3.29)

 ,

I = 1.2 103 /(3 c) XH , , = 150 /3 ,
XH = 0.35 T6 = 15.

VI.3.

281

, pp I , (
, ). 3 He,
. , pp I, .
,
(3 1 H 3 He) = 1.069 105 Rpp

/(3 c).

(3.30)

1 H(p, e+)2 D
H(d, )3 He, 6.67 ( 0.265 ) ,
, , .
3 He(3 He,
2p)4 He, R33
3 He. (
). ,
pp I
3 He (3.23)
3 He R33

I = 1.069 105 Rpp + 2.060 105 R33

/(3 c).

(3.31)

, : 3 He
. (3.23).
, 3 He
.
3 He , ,
R33 =

Rpp
,
2

(3.32)

(3.31) (3.27), .
, 3 He, . :

3
He (, , 4 He) pp I ( pp II

282

. VI.

pp III) . , , .

???

3.2. pp II
pp III

pp II pp III
pp I (. . VI.3.2).
,
, pp I 85% ,
pp II 15%. pp III .
0.02% 4 He.
,
3 He pp II pp III
3
He 4 He.
pp II pp III pp I
. -, pp I
, pp II pp III .
pp II pp III
, pp I. , ,
. pp I
2%. pp II pp III 4% 26%. . VI.3.2
Qe , (
Q = 26.73 , ,
, ).
, pp II pp III 4 He,
.
,
4 He pp II pp III
pp I .
3 He+3 He4 +21 H
3 He+4 He7 Be+, pp I
pp II+pp III, ,
, 33 34 , , 4.6%.
1M , ,
> 15, T pp II .
T6
, 3 He (.
. 278). 3 He+3 He4 +21H 3 He+4 He7 Be+
3 - , .
3 He(4 He,)7 Be, pp II, pp III,

VI.3.

283

VI.3.2:

pp I
H+1 H 2 D+e+ +
H+2 D 3 He+
3
He+3 He 4 He+21 H

pp II

Qe = 26.19

H+1 H 2 D+e+ +
H+2 D 3 He+
3
He+4 He 7 Be+
7
Be+e 7 Li+
7
Li+1 H 4 He+4 He

pp III

Qe = 25.65

H+1 H 2 D+e+ +
H+2 D 3 He+
3
He+4 He 7 Be+
7
Be+1 H 8 B+
8
B 8 Be +e+ +
8
Be 4 He+4 He
Qe = 19.75

7 Be. pp II 7 Be+e7 Li+.

7 Be 53 . K-. 7 Be
, .
, . ,
Ne ).
T 1/2
 (, ,

. (3.53) . 7 Be
.
, 7 Be+e7 Li+, . , 90% 7 Li , 0.86 . 10%
7
Li ,
0.38 . , 7 Be+e7 Li+
0.86 0.38 9:1. . 4,
.
pp II 7 Li+1 H4 He +4 He.
, S- , 1.2103.
, 7Li/H 2 109 .
, pp I
pp II+pp III. , ,
3
He(3 He,2p) 3 He(, )7 Be , -

284

. VI.

pp I pp II+pp III
3 He c T . , 3 He
. , pp I, 3 He, ,
pp II pp III ,,".
< 12. , , T6
3 He


2

pp 2
H = 33 3He e + 34 3He e 4He,
2

(3.33)

(3.18) ( ) . 3 He
pp I. 3 He pp I,
pp II pp III 3 He, pp I. , pp I pp II pp III,
(3.33) ,


(3.34)
33 3He e  34 4He.
33 34 M33 M34 ,
,
:
3 
S 34
He e  033 4He.
(3.35)
S0
S034 = 4.7 101 S033 = 5.2 103 , , (3.35)
3 
4 
He
He
4
 10
.
(3.36)
H e
H

pp II pp III (. VI.3.3).
I,
4He 0.1H, . 278 < 15.
(3.36) T6
4
He/H, pp II . ,
( ), , 4He 0.5 H (!). (3.36)
pp I: 3He/H  5 105 , ,
< 12. , ,
. 278, T6
, pp II

VI.3.

285

. VI.3.3:
(3 He)e pp
(3 He)e pp I.
, : X=Y.

. , pp II
15%.
4
He , pp I ,
, .
pp III. pp II pp III 7 Be+e 7 Li+ 7 Be+1 H8 B+.
, ,
( T 1/2 ). , , - .
1/3
, , 102.6 T6
, = 13.2 T6 = 15, pp III
> 25 . , T6
pp III pp II
pp.
. VI.3.4 , ,
pp I, pp II pp III. ,
< 18, pp I, T 18 25
T6
6

. VI.

286

. VI.3.4:
,
pp I, pp II pp III. ,
(X=Y).

>
25 pp III.
pp II, , T6
4
He, .
, , .
7 Be+1 H8 B+ ( t1/2 = 770 ),
8 B 8 Be +e++ .
, 14.8 .
( . . 4.3). , 8 Be
1016 , pp II pp III,
,, " , .
pp
. ,
pp (

VI.3.

287

, ). , ,
= 26.73


d (4He) 
fI FI + fII FII + fIII FIII
dt

/c ,

(3.37)

, , (1=1.602 106 ),

= 4.283 105


d (4He) 
fI FI + fII FII + fIII FIII
dt

/c .

(3.38)

fi , i = I, II, III pp i,
(fI = 0.98, fII =
0.96, fIII = 0.74), Fi -, pp i,
FI + FII + FIII = 1. d(4He)/dt, Fi .
3 He ,
4
d( He)/dt, (. . 4 , . 307),
!!!

d(4He)
pp 2 34 3  4
=
H +
He e He,
dt
4
2

(3.39)



  4 
pp 2
He
d(4He)
34 3He
=
H 1+2
.
dt
4
pp
H e H

(3.40)

, , pp II pp III.

,  , pp II pp III, 4 He
3 He(, ) 7 Be .
, 4 He.
3 He, , (3.33),
, :
 3 2
3  4 
pp
He
He
He
= 33
+ 34
.
(3.41)
2
H e
H e H

 . (3.41) ,

3He/H e 4 He (,
4
He/H) , , T . , ,, "
4He/H,

3
(3.41) He/H e , H, (3.40),

. VI.

288

d(4He)/dt. ,

.
, , .
234
=
33 pp

4 2
He
,
H

(3.42)

, , . , ,
(3.41)

3 



He
1 pp
=
+2 .
(3.43)
H e
2 33
(3.40)

pp 2
d(4He)
=
H (),
(3.44)
dt
4

 ()
 pp II pp III
(3.40) (!)
() = 1 +


( + 2) .

(3.45)

(3.44) (3.45) d( 4He)/dt. , 4 He/H T , H.

, . ,
,
.
Fi , pp
. ,
FI /(FII + FIII ). ,
FI
FI
1 33 3He
.
=
=
FII + FIII
1 FI
2 34 4He

(3.46)

(3.42) (3.43), 3 He :



1
FI
=
+2 ,
(3.47)
1 FI
4

VI.3.

289

FI :

+2
FI =
.
+2+3

(3.48)

, (3.48),
FI :
=

(1 FI )2
.
4FI (1 + FI )

(3.49)

, FI = 1/2, , pp I pp II+pp III 4 He,

= 1/(12). (), ,
pp ,
pp I, (3.45) 4/3.

.
!!!
, pp II
pp III. ,
FII = (1 FI )

R7e
7e Ne
,
= (1 FI )
R7e + R17
7e Ne + 17 H

(3.50)

FIII = (1 FI )

R17
17 H
,
= (1 FI )
R7e + R17
7e Ne + 17 H

(3.51)

R7e 7e 7 Be+e7 Li+

<v> , Ne . , R17
7 Be+1 H8 B+ 17 <v> .
(3.50) (3.51)
FIII
17 H
=
.
FII
7e Ne

(3.52)

7e
1/2

Ne 7e = 4.62 109 (1 + X) T6

c1 ,

(3.53)

X . (1 + X)
. : Ne = /(m0 e ), e
, , , e 2/(1+X)
(. . ????). Ne (1 + X). ???

. VI.

290

Clayton, p. 380

(3.53) J.H. Bahcall and Ch.P. Moeller, Ap.J., 155, 511

514, 1969. (3.53) .
7 Be .
7
Be K.
K-. (3.53) 20%.
. .
(2.51),
17


S0 = 4.0 102


102.65
21 2/3
T6
exp 1/3
(3.54)
3 c1 .
17 = 8.60 10
T6
, FII = FIII 17 H = 7e Ne .
, (3.38) pp, .
=

????



I
() fI FI + fII FII + fIII FIII .
fI

(3.55)

. VI.3.5 /I (X = Y ). pp I, /I = 1.
pp III (FIII = 1).
, /I
2, , pp I .
pp III , pp I ( 26%
2%). /I 2 0.74/0.98 = 1.51. T6 20
pp II (. . VI.3.4), , pp III (4% 26%), ,
pp III, .
/I T6 20.
,
(, ).
pp S .
. VI.3.3 Emin ( ),
2000 . S, E0

VI.3.

291

. VI.3.5:
/I
(X = Y ).

> M (15.6 ). : M

,
3 He(, )7 Be 7 Be(p, )8 B, .

, , , ,
. > 18 ,
I T6
, CNO-, pp. pp I, pp II pp III
: I ,
pp II ( pp III). II -
pp
CNO
, I, .
( III), -

. VI.

292

VI.3.3:
S

H(p, )3 He
3
He(3 He,2p)4 He
3
He(, )7 Be
7
Be(p, )8 B
7
Li(p, )4 He
2

Emin
10
15
100
70
10

E0
7
22
23
18
15

,
.

4.

4.1.

. , , .
,
E

2
E
44
10
2,
(4.1)
m e c2
me c2 = 0.511 . , E = 1
1043 2 . 18 (6.55 1025 2 ).
, (4.1),
l
. N , ,
l =

1
mp
=
,
N

(4.2)

, .
, = 18 = 1 /3 . E = 0.5
l 3 1020 100 . 106 /3 (
) l 3000R. 1014 /3 , , l 20 .
, , .
, < 0.5 , ,
E
(E 15 ). .
. 1930 .,
, . , ,
, . ,
, , .
, .
( ) .
293

. VI.

294

:
) e 0.511 . e ,
e ;
) c
106 . , , ;
) , ,
1777 . - - .
, , , .
, , .
, e , . .
. e
, .
,
, , n + p + e ,
. -

, .
, E (E )
, ,
N . ,
,

=N

(E ) (E ) dE .

(4.3)

, , , ,
4 106 , .
E 10 ,
107 /(2 c).
(4.1) 4 1042 2 . (4.3)
,
1029 . 25 ,
C2 Cl4 , ,
25 37 Cl,
. , , ,

VI.4.

295

. VI.4.1:
.

.
, , .

, , 
, ,
2
) . . (1953
1013 /(

1956 .) 1 3
( 1013 ).

4.2.

. , pp I.
26.7 , 4 105 , . 4 1033 /,
1038 , , 21038 . 1 (1.5 1013 ) 2 1038 /(4 2 1026 )
1011 /(2 ). . (, -

296

. VI.

7 .)
, , ,
.
. VI.4.1 . -
, , . ( 2005 .).

, , (, ). , 61010 /(2 ),
. . 0.420 . , , . ,
, . 0.265 .
. VI.4.1
( pp).
pep p+e+p d+, 1.44 ,
, 400 , :
1.5 108 /(2 ).
(0.814 ), ,
, (4.4)
(. 297) .
0.363
0.861 , 7 Be+e 7 Li+ pp II, 5109 /(2 ). 9
, .
, ,," 8 B 8 Be +e++
pp III ( . VI.4.1, 8 B) 6 106 /(2 ), 104
.

, .
,
. VI.4.1, hep, 3 He+1 H4 He+e++ .
.
.

VI.4.

297

. 1946 . . , ( ) . ,
( , , 1950- ). :
,

. , , .
. (25%) 37 Cl
37Ar:

4.3.

37

Cl + 37Ar + e.

(4.4)

35 . K,
37Ar 37 Cl :
37

Ar + e37Cl + .

(4.5)

c ,
Cl, 37Ar ( ,
). (4.4) 37Ar .
(4.5). 37Ar
.
37Ar (,,"),
(4.5) ,," 37Ar. , , ,
37Ar (4.4).
.
, 37 Cl, C2 Cl4 , .
380 000 . . : ,
, . 380 000 100 000 . 610 . ( )
1500 . , 37

298

. VI.

. , 37Ar :
p +37Cl 37Ar + n.

(4.6)

37Ar, (
,,") ,
(: , ,
).
(
). , ,
, 90% .
1 3 ( ,,",
)
( ). (4.5) .
K 37Ar 93%
,
( ).
2.8 ,
37Ar.
C2 Cl4 , , 2 1030 .
14 17 37Ar (
0.43 !).
1029
, . ,
, :
! , 1011 ,
1012 . 1023 . - , 1023
,
. ,

37Ar !
(4.4) 0.814 ,
. ,
, , E 0.420 .
.
E2 , 37Ar
,," , 8 B 8 Be + e+ + . ,
14.1 . pp III,

VI.4.

299

SAGE
SuperK

GALLEX
+
GNO

SNO

SNO

Kamiokande

. VI.4.2:
.

0.02% .
,," 104
, 107 /(2 c).
37Ar (4.4) , , .
(), -
SNU (Solar Neutrino Unit). 1036
(, ) ( 37 Cl).
. VI.4.2
. ,
,
.
, ,
,,".

300

. VI.

. .
70% (4.4)
. (
0.861 ). pep
( ). ,

CN, ,
. ,
, 1.20 1.74 13 N(e+)13 C 15 O(e+)15 N.
CN ,

E < 0.814
.
( ).
( , , )
. (Raymond Davis).
.
30 , 1967 1998 .
.
,
, , , , ,
SNU,
= 8.1 1.2 SNU,

(4.7)

= 2.56 0.23 SNU.

(4.8)

, , ,
.
( ).
, ,
, ,
, 104 . ,
,
, , ( )
,,". .

VI.4.

301

- ,,
" ... ,
,
.
, . -, ,
-
. , ,
, .
, . ,
,
. ,
,
...
, (5 6)% ,
. (. . 290), 7 Be(p, )8 B ( T 18 ).

.
,
, .
, , .
(John Bahcall), , , . ,
,
.

.
, ,
.
,
.

4.4.

1965 . ..

. , ,

. VI.

302

, ,
,," .

71

Ga +

71

Ge + e

71

Ge + e

(4.9)

71

Ga + .

(4.10)

E 0.233 ,

, Emax = 0.420 .
71 Ge , 11.43 .
,," 71 Ga ,
, ()
71 Ge

71 Ge ( K).

( )
.
(, , ). 1990- ,
.
, SAGE ( : SovietAmerican
Gallium Experiment) , . 60
. 37 .
, ,,"
, . 1990 2007 .
116 .
, LUNA (Laboratory for Underground Nuclear Astrophysics),
. GaCl3 ,
30 , 40% 71 Ga. ,
1991 1997 ., GALLEX (
), 1997 . GNO (Gallium Neutrino
Observatory).
(
) .

(. . VI.4.2, ). ,

VI.4.

303

= 126+9
7

SNU.

(4.11)

= 67 5 SNU,

(4.12)

SAGE

GALLEX+GNO
= 69 5 SNU.

(4.13)

. -
. , ,
. ,
, ,
.
, , ,,",
,
, .
, , ,
.
SuperKamiokande.

4.5.

, .
,
, ,
, .
, 39
41 . 50 000 .
11 146 .
, .

( )
, .
E > 5.5
1000 .

. VI.

304

. VI.4.3:

, ,
. ( , )
, .
, , . (Masatoshi Koshiba).
1993 ., 100 . 1996 .
, , E > 5.5 . , (, 0.48 , . . VI.4.2, H2 O).
, , .
(. VI.4.3). ,

VI.4.

305

500 . :
90 .
.
,," . , , - .
2002 .
,,for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection
of cosmic neutrinos".
, ,
. , ,
. ,

-,
. ,
, .
,
1999 2006 . SNO (Solar Neutrino
Observatory). 12 , 1000 D2 O,
9 600 . .
.
.
d + e p + p + e
. (,
, , , ,
).
,
(30% , . ,
D2 O . VI.4.2).
d + x p + n + x ,
x (, ).
(
>2.24 ), . , , (
. VI.4.2). ,,
" .

306

. VI.

, ,
2003 . nucl-e/0309004 v1. 131 ( ).
:
, , , ,

, ,
m2 = 6.9105 .
, .
,
,," .

5.

He/H , ,
. :
X=0.75, Y=0.24.

,
. .
T6 = 15 T6 = 1.5.

, (3.23)
(3.22) W (0) = 0.

, ,
pp I+pp II+pp III. , , 2 D,
3
He 8 Be , d( 7Be +7Li)/dt=0 (
?). , (3.39)
d 4He
1 dH
=
.
dt
4 dt

R. Kippenhahn and A. Weigert ,,Stellar Structure

and Evolution", Springer-Verlag, 1994, . 163 : ,,The 3 He 4 He reaction has a 14% larger reduced mass, a 4.6% larger ,
and thus a slightly larger temperature sensitivity than the 3 He 3 He reaction.
With increasing T , pp2 and pp3 will therefore dominate more and more over pp1
(say above T7 1) if 4 He is present with appreciable amounts".
pp II+ pp III pp I
?

, pp FI = 1/2

3 He 2/3 = 0.816
pp I.

,
. VI.3.4.
307

. VI.

308

FI =

R33
33 3He
=
R33 + R34
33 3He + 234 4He

FI , (3.48).

C. J. Hansen and S. D. Kawaler ,,Stellar Interiors.

Physical Principles, Structure and Evolution", Springer-Verlag, 1994, . 327
, hep 3 He(pe , e )4 He 18.8 .
.

10

hep 3 He+1 H4 He+e++ Emax =18.8 . , 3 He+ e+1 H4 He+ ( pep hep, ).

 VII
CNO

1. CNO:

pp,
,
, CNO-.

> 1.2.
M
.
CNO-. , C, N O
,
CNO-. , .
CNO- ( ,
) , ,
.
CN-. , .
:
- 12 C + 1H 13 N +

1.1.
CN

13

N
C+ H
14
N + 1H
15
O
13

15

N + 1H

13

C + e+ +
N+
15
O+
15
N + e+ +
14

12

(1.1)

C + 4 He
?

, , , , . , , . .
CN-
- . , - ,
. , CN- - ,
, , ? - ,
. .
CN- .

310

VII.1. CNO:

311

, 12 C.
(p,), ,
, , (p, ) . - c
, +4, +2.
+ . ,
, , , . (p,) ,
A. .
CN-
!
, , CN. ,
, .

, 2 107 ,
CN-. , -

. ,
Zi Zk
. ,
, ,, ",
. S
: S 1022 .
, (Z = 1, A = 2), (Z = 3), (Z = 4) (Z = 5) (. . ??). ,
. , Li, Be ???
B (p, ),
, . ,
7
Li, 7 Be 8 B pp II pp III,
(. . 3.2 . 6). D, Li, Be B ???
> 107 .
T
(Z = 6), (Z = 7) (Z = 8).
(p,), ,," S: S 100 101 .
, , . , 12 C (p,)13 N. -
13 N , , 13 C.
, , :
13
C(p,)14 N. , , -

.VII. CNO

312

.
14 N(p,)15 O, , ,
15
O(e+ )15 N. 15 N , 14 N, .
15
N(p, )16 O 15 N(p, )12 C. (p, ) 103 ,
(p,), , (p,)
( ), .
15 N(p, )12 C . 12 C,
, . , CN .
, - , ,
.

CN-,
15 N,
,
15 N(p,)16 O 103
15
N(p, )12 C.
, CNO-.
, CNO- . ,
CN- :
- 14 N +1H 15 O +

1.2.
CNO

15

O
N+ H
16
O +1H
17
F
15

17

O +1H

15

N + e+ +
O+
17
F+
17
O + e+ +
16

14

(1.2)

N +4 He

?
, NO I, , CN-. , -
15
N(p,)16 O 15 N(p, )12 C
( 103 ) ,
CN-. , NO I , CN-.
, 16 O ,

VII.1. CNO:

313

C N. NO I 16 O
14 N, ( )
- CN-
.
CN- 15 N(p, )12 C 15 N(p,)16 O, NO I, 17 O(p, )14 N
17
O(p,)18 F. 70- , (p,)-
(p, ). 17 O(p, )14 N ,
50 . (,
17
O(p, )14 N ), , (p, ) (p,) >
30 .
17 O T6
CNO- , NO I:
-

15

N +1H
16
O +1H
17
F
17
O +1H
18
F

18

O +1H

16

O+
F+
17
O + e+ +
18
F+
18
O + e+ +
17

15

(1.3)

N +4 He
?

NO II. -, NO I NO II .
CN, NO I NO II CNO-. - , ,," < 100 CNO-
. T6
.
:
16

O(p,)17 F(e+ )17 O(p,)18 F(e+ )18 O(p,)19 F(p, )16 O.

C, N O, .
10 NO- (, 103
CN-). ,
, 19 F.

.VII. CNO

314




13
14
(p, )
C
N  (p, )





6



(e+ )


13
N

6
(p, )

(p, )

?

15
O

?

"



12
C  (p, )



CN



17

(p, )
O


6
(e+ )


17
F

6


- 18 F


(e+ )
?

!
(p, ) "

(e+ )
?





15
16
(p, )
N
O




6
(p, )

?


18
O



NO I
NO II

. VII.1.1: CNO-.
CN- 103 NO I NO II.
, NO- , CNO- (.
).

VII.1. CNO:

315

CNO- . VII.1.1.
.
. . ,
(CN)
, (NO I + NO II).
CNO- , . . , , - (C, N, O), . (. . 2.1),
, 14 N . . VII.1.1
14 N . ,
C, N O
.

- , CNO-
, , ,
, .
CNO- pp.
CNO- ,
pp, C, N O, ,
, CNO-
22 , S (p,)- CNO- S-
. . . ??.
???
,
, , , . CNO- .
> 100 (p,) , T6
N, O F. CNO-
.
,
1.3.
, CNO
.
,
-

.VII. CNO

316

.
.
, . 1983 .
.
,," (
,,, ", N5 1985 .), ,, ", 145, N3, 441 488, 1985.
80- ,, " . . , .
. , .: , 1986.
.

.
?

1/2 CNO :
13

N (e+ ) 13 C
O (e+ ) 15 N
17
F (e+ ) 17 O
(
18)F (e+ ) 18 O
15

9.965
122.24
64.49
109.77

, :
NO I

CN
C(p,)13 N(e+ )13 C
C(p,)14 N
14
N(p,)15 O(e+ )15 N
15
N(p, )12 C

N(p,)15 O(e+ )15 N

N(p,)16 O
16
O(p,)17 F(e+ )17 O
17
O(p, )14 N

NO II

12

14

15

13

15

16

N(p,)16 O
O(p,)17 F(e+ )17 O
17
O(p,)18 F(e+ )18 O
18
O(p, )15 N

CNO- ,
, . , 13 N, 15 O, 17 F
18 F .
, CNO-, . VII.1.1 ( J.N. Bahcall, W.F. Huebner, S.N. Lubow, P.D. Parker,
R.K. Ulrich, Rev. Mod. Phys., 54, N3, 736 799, 1982). .
S(0) dS(0)/dE. (p,) CN-
S(0) , (p,)
, NO-, -

VII.1. CNO:

317

VII.1.1:
CNO-

12

C(p,)13 N
N(e+ )13 C
13
C(p,)14 N
14
N(p,)15 O
15
O(e+ )15 N
15
N(p,)12 C
15
N(p,)16 O
16
O(p,)17 F
17
F(e+ )17 O
17
O(p, )14 N
17
O(p,)18 F
18
F(e+ )18 O
18
O(p, )15 N
13

S(0)
dS(0)/dE

1.45 (1 0.15)
2.45 103

5.50 (1 0.15)
1.34 102
3.32 (1 0.18)
5.91 103

7.8 104 (1 0.17)

351
64 (1 0.09)
3 102
9.4 (1 0.16)
2.3 102

?
?

1.94
2.22
7.55
7.29
2.76
4.965
12.13
0.60
2.76
1.19
5.61
?
3.98

0.71

1.00

0.94

C
136.

137.2
152.3

152.5
152.5
167.0

167.15
167.15

167.29

.
CN NO II 15 N(p, )12 C 18 O(p, )15 N
S,
S(0) 105 . 17 O(p, )14 N, NO I, NO II 17 O(p,)18 F
.
.
.
S(0) 1. ,
20%.
, , : ,
. , , S(0),
dS(0)/dE ( d2 S(0)/dE 2 ; ),
, . , > 50 100 ,
, E
(. . 2.1 . VI).
. -

.VII. CNO

318

S- 15 N(p, )16 O:
S(0) = 27, S(0) = 64 . , CNO-
15 N 16 O
12
15

???

???

N +1H

16

C +4 He


(1.4)


16

O+

, . , 103 .
CNO. , NO-
, CN-. , , , NO-
CNO-. . 312, ; . . 1.4.
Q.

CN, NO I NO II
Q =26.73 . , Q , .

, ,

E ( ).
Q
25.02 CN-, 24.79 NO I ??? NO II.
E . CNO- + - , .
.
Emax 8/5 ,
. 13 N, 15O, 17 F 18 F Emax = 1.20, 1.74, 1.74,
??? .
CN- 1.7 ,
6.4% . , pp I (1.9%).
C. (. . 2.3 . VI, . 258), ( ) 2 e,

= (T ) = 42.5

Zi2 Zk2 M
T6

1/3

C
1/3

(1.5)

T6

M = Mi Mk /(Mi + Mk ) A = Ai Ak /(Ai + Ak ).
C .

VII.1. CNO:

319

C .
Z Z + 1 C - . ,
.
CNO-, , . , , , , ,
. CNO- .
.
. 2.6 . VI, k i, k i,

1.4.

i (k) =

1
1

,
Ni <v>ik
Ni ik

(1.6)

Ni i. ik <v>ik . , Ni
= Nk , i (k)
= k (i). T0
 
T
(1.7)
i (k)  i0 (k)
T0
= (0 2)/3, 0 (1.5) T = T0 ,
0 (T0 ) (. . 2.5 . VI).
. VII.1.2 ( )
CNO- Np = 100/mp 6 1025 3 .
,
3
, XH = 100 / . ,

CN- 14 N(p,)15 O, 14 N ,
CN- (. VII.1.3).
, - < 15,
14 N. , T6
16
10
O 10 , ,," CN NO- . CN-

.VII. CNO

320

VII.1.2:
( )
3
C, N O ( XH = 100 / )
T6
10
15
20
25
30
40
50

12

C
2.6+9
1.1+6
8.1+3
250
18
0.37

13

C
7.9+8
3.2+5
2.4+3
73
5.1
0.11

14

N
1.5+12
2.6+8
1.1+6
2.4+4
1.25+3
17
0.84

15

N
6.6+7
1.1+4
44
0.88
4.452

16

O
4.7+14
3.5+10
8.85+7
1.3+6
5.0+4
460
16

VII.1.3:

CN- 14 N
T6
10
20
30
40
50

12

C
1.8 103
7.2 103
1.4 102
2.1 102
2.8 102

13

C
5.3 104
2.1 103
4.1 103
6.1 103
8.0 103

15

N
4.4 105
3.9 105
3.6 105
3.3 105
3.0 105

VII.1. CNO:

321

NO, - (1.4)
< 18
, 103 CN-, T6
1010 . CN- .
< 15 NO- .
, T6
> 22,
( ) , T6
< 107 ,
: ,
. CN-, 14 N.
, CN-: 14 N , CN . ,
CNO- (
I) O
C N. , (. , 1982 .) C : N : O =4.8:1:8.0. !
O CN-
(13.8:5.8).
<
<
>
T6
22), T6
22
(15
, ,
CNO- .

2. CNO

CN. , ,
. , , , T6 = 15, . .
15 N ( ), , 12 C. 104 (
T6 = 15 XH = 100 /3 ; . . VII.1.2). 2 105 13 C ( ), , 106 12 C.
14 N,

C N .
12 C, 13 C 15 N , . 14 N, 15 N
14
N(p,)15 O(e+ )15 N, 15 N.
, 15 N 12 C . .
. 12 C, .
14 N. , T6 = 15 , 14 N
2108 .
:

,
. , , , ,,"?
!
, , .
, , 12 C. T6 = 15
(5 6)106 ( ) 13 N 13 C 14 N 14 N/12 C 200 : 1
(!). 14 N ,
. 12 C+p 14 N+p : 1,12 12 C 1,14 14 N.

2.1.
CN

322

VII.2. CNO

323

CN- .
. 3.
C N, (
). ,
,

15
12 12 C = 13 13 C = 14 14N =
(2.1)
15 N.
, 12 C, 14N . . , (,
. VI), 12 C, 14 N . . ,

 1,i
 i .
(p, ) (p,) . (2.1) :
12

C
=
12

13

C
=
13

14

N
=
14

15

N
,
15

(2.2)

, , 12 p (12 C) . .
13 N 15 O . , ,
.
CN ,
CN =

12

C +13C +14N +15N.

. , , CN ,
, ,
:
CN = 12 + 13 + 14 + 15 .
(2.2),
, (2.2)
CN/CN . , ,
12

C = 12

CN
,
CN

13 C . . ,
, .
. , .

324

. ,

. . . ??.
CN- . , , .
, , , . 14 N(p,)15 O ,, ":
14 N. , S
15
N(p, )12 C , : 15 N .

CN- . 14 N. 14 N (p,) 15 O

CN- (. . VII.1.2 . VII.1.3, . 320), , CN 14 .
. 14N = (14 /CN ) CN CN . ,
CN-, C N
14 N. 95%
, . -,
, .
, .
12 C 16 O (. . ??.??), ,
, CNO- ( 16 O NO-
14 N, . . 2.3).
, ,
15 N , 15N/14 N 4 105 ,
14 N , ( 15 N(p, )12 C).
, 15N/14N : 15N/14 N =
3.7 103 , .
, (, ,
), CN-, -

2.2.

CN

???

.VII. CNO

VII.2. CNO

325

VII.2.1:
C N,
CN-,
T6
10
15
20
25
30

12

C/CN
1.76 103
4.19 103
7.17 103
1.04 102
1.38 102

13

C/CN
5.22 104
1.23 103
2.09 103
3.03 103
3.99 103

12


C +13 C /CN
2.28 103
5.42 103
9.26 103
1.34 102
1.78 102

14

N/CN
0.998
0.995
0.991
0.986
0.982

15

N/CN
4.42 105
4.12 105
3.88 105
3.67 105
3.49 105

12

13 C

12

13

C:

3.4.

13 C : 13 C/12 C 1.1%,
, .
C N, (2.2), . VII.2.1.
, . (Ann. Rev.
Astron. Astrophys., 13, 69, 1975; 21, 165, 1983). . VII.2.2 (. 326)
C, N O .
!
. 13 C/12 C 12 C/14 N
, , , CN-
(CN-processing), CN-. ,
13 C/12 C , texp 0.5 12 . 12 C/14 N CN-,
texp (7 10) 12 . ,
.
. !

CNO-. T6  15.
.

2.3.
CNO

.VII. CNO

326

VII.2.2:

C, N O ( %)
12

98.89

14

99.634

16

O
O
18
O
17

13

1.11

15

0.366

99.759
0.0374
0.2039

, , , :

.

- , .

CNO- ,
, .
(. VII.1.1, . 314).
(
, ;
- , ,
):
12

C:
C:
14
N:
15
N:
16
O:
17
O:
18
O:
13

15

N
15
12 12 C
17
13 13 C +
O
17
18
14
14 N + 18 O
15 15N
16 16 O
17 17O

=
=
=
=
=
=
=

12 12 C
13 13 C
14 14N
15
(
15 + 15 ) N
16
16 O
17
(
17 + 17 ) O
18
18 O

a
b
c
d
e
f
g

.
, ,
.

VII.2. CNO

327

, ,
.

, C, N O
. () ,

12

C +13C +14N +15N +16O +17O +18O = CN O,

CN O () C, N O,
CNO-. CN O =1,
CNO-
.
, ,
.
. : ,,
, ".
,
. (p,) (p, ) 15 N,
CN- .
15 /
15
103 .
.
= 0 ( 15 = 0)
CNO- ,
CN- (!).
C N
C, N O. . = 0
CN- , ,," CN-
.
, C N (
14 N, . 2.2).
( = 0) (.
):
CN O
CN O
12
C = 12
, . . . , 15N = 15
.
CN
CN

= 0
15

N=

15

N (0) + 15N (1) + . . .

.VII. CNO

328

VII.2.3:

CNO-
T6
15
30
50
80

C/CN O
4.90 103
1.73 103
3.40 102
5.42 102
C

12

N/CN O
0.899
0.934
0.953
0.939

C +13 C; N

14

O/CN O
9.63 102
2.89 102
1.34 102

12

N +15N ; O

C/13 C
3.41
3.45
3.46
3.44
16

16

O/17 O
?.??
?.??
?.??
?.??

O +17 O; CN O C + N + O.

12 C, 13 C 14N .
, , = 0
.
16

O = 16 O(1) + . . .

17O 18 O.
,
, 2 .

16
O ( 2 )
16

O = 16

CN O
.
CN

-
16 14 , , CN ,
14 CN (. . VII.1.2, . 320), 16 O , . ,
T6 = 30 16 O/CN O 2%. , CNO-
. , ,
16 O , - Z
T ,
15 N(p,)16 O.
16 O 17O 18 O. 18 O
, - 18 O(p, )15 N

VII.2. CNO

329

. 17O/16 O
. , T6 = 30 17O
16 O. , ,
17O (. . VII.2.2, . 326). ,
17
O/16O (?).
17O , CNO-, .
17
O(, n)20 Ne. , 17O

, CNO- 13 C 
13 C(, n)16 O .
.
,
. . . ??.

, CN- NO I NO II ,, "
CN-.
.
. . VII.2.3. 1975 1983 . (Ann. Rev.
Astron. Astrophys., 13, 69, 1975; 21, 165, 1983).
.
.
CNO-,
, ( 94%
T6 = 30) C, N O 14 N,
(2%)
( ??%): 12 C/13 C 3.5 , 16 O/17 O 3 : 2.

3. CNO

CNO-
, .
CNO-
.
.
( . . 2.3).
, C, N, O F, .
, , .
.
,
CNO-,
. A B ,
B , , A .
A

3.1.

B
dA
A
=

.
dt
B
A

(3.1)

A B ( ,
, A B , A B ). , A ,
A  B .
, , , A ,
B .
(3.1) A , B B ,
A
=
B

A
B


e

 A
et/A ,
1 et/A +
B 0
330

(3.2)

VII.3. CNO

331

(A/B)0 (A/B)e :
 
A

= A .
B e
B
A
(??) , (A/B)e
. , , ??
: (3.2), A , (3.1)
A B . B ,

,
A , A ,,"
B.
(A/B) .
A
B
A
B
=
,
A
B
(3.1) .
,, " A  B ,
? 1% , , B
A 34. .

CNO-.
.
CN-. ( ,
. 2.3, CN-; . , . ??). ??
CN- 15 N 15 O
.
, (
),
:

3.2.

CN

12

C
=
12

13

N
,
13

14

N
=
14

15

O
,
15

t  max ( ).

,
.

.VII. CNO

332

:
15 ,

13 ,

12 ,

14 ,

(. . VII.1.2,
. 320).
CN-.
15 N. -
15 N(p, )12 C
15
N ( 104 T6 = 15 XH = 100, . . VII.1.2).
15 O ,
15 N
d 15N
dt

14

15
N
N

,
14
15

.
N , 2 108 T6 = 15 XH = 100.
(3.1) A  B .
< 105 ) T6  15 (
( ) 15 N/14 N .

14

14

N
14

15

N
,
15

t  15 ,

. ,
, 15
. , T6 = 20 15 102 , T6 = 25
15 .
, t  15 CN-
.
12 C, 13 C 14 N,

.
:
d 13 C
=
dt
d 12 C
=
dt

12

12
14
N

14

13

C
,
13
12
C
,
12

(3.3)

VII.3. CNO
d 14N
dt

333

13

14
C
N

.
13
14

CN- (
).
, ,
. , 12 C
, ,
, 13 C (
12
C/13 C 3.5). , (3.1) A  B
B, A B . ,
13
12 C 13 C,
12

C
=
12

13

C
,
13

t  13 .

, ,
12 C 13 C t > 13 .
12 C/13 C ,

. , , 12 .
(3.3). 12 ,

14
12
N
C
=
,
t  12 .
14
12
, .
(3.3). , ,
, .
NO- . , ,

, .
.
.
, . -, CN-

14 , (12 ). -,
15 N/14 N
13
C/12 C .

.VII. CNO

334

3.3.
CNO
: 26.71 .

,

CNO-, ,
, -

VII.3. CNO

335

.
1) 12 C/13 C
15
N/14 N .
2) , (2.2) . VII.1.1 (. 317), 12 C/14 N T0


  



12
12
T
C 
C 
=
,


14 N 
14 N 
T0
T

T0

5.1
,
(T0 )1/3
, , T0 . T0 = 27 12 C/14 N T 1.7 .
=

5.

5.1.

,
. pp I, pp II pp III.
. , ,
.
- .

336

 VIII

????????????????????????????????????????
?.?. ????????

1. : II
n(p) dp
(p, p + dp).
(p, p + dp)
, , 4 p2 dp, h3
4 p2 dp/h3 . 2 .
T = 0 .
2
p  pF ,
h3 4p2 ,
(1.1)
n(p) =

0,
p > pF ,

1.1.

pF
Ne :
 pF
8 p3F
Ne =
n(p) dp =
.
(1.2)
3 h3
0
, ,

pF
(1.3)
me c
e ,
, :
x=

= e m0 Ne .

(1.4)

(1.2) (1.3), (1.4)

= e 1 x3 ,

(1.5)

1 =

8 me c 3
3
m0 = 9.739 105 106 / .
3
h

(1.6)

1 x
. ,
1 =

8 m0
,
3 3C

(1.7)

C = h/(me c) .
e .
338

VIII.1. : II

339

( ,
). ,
.
:

1 pF
P =
n(p)p v(p) dp.
(1.8)
3 0

p= 

v(p) =

me v
1 v 2 /c2

p

,
me 1 + (p/me c)2

(1.9)
(1.10)

(1.8)
8 1
P =
3 me h 3

pF

p4 dp

.
1 + (p/me c)2

(1.11)

y = p/me c, (1.11)
P = P1 F (x),

F (x) =
0

y 4 dy

1 + y2

(1.12)

(1.13)

8 me c 3
me c2 = 4.802 1023
.
(1.14)
3
h
2
(1.5) (1.12) (1.13) ( )
, P = P ().
1 P1 (1.6) (1.14).
,
8 me c2
.
(1.15)
P1 =
3 3C
P1 =

, (1.6) (1.14)
P1 =

m e c2
1 .
m0

(1.16)

x ,
me c2 . . x  1

.VIII.

340

, x 1 ,
, x  1 . F (x), (1.13), . ,
.
F (x) ,
. ,
, :



3
x
(1.17)
F (x) = (2x2 3) 1 + x2 + ln x + 1 + x2 .
8
8
. IV.4 P = P (), (x  1,
 e 106 /3 ) (x  1,  e 106 /3 )
.
, x.
x  1, (1 + y 2 )1/2 (1.13)
,
F (x) =

x5
x7

+ ...,
5
27

x  1.

(1.18)

x  1
.
y4
y3
y

=
= y3 + . . . ,
2
2
2
1+y
1+y

x4
x2

+ ...,
x  1.
(1.19)
4
4
. (1.18) F (x)
(1.17). -
.
F (x) =

1.2.

P = ,
,
= 4 G

VIII.1. : II

341

P = P ().
, .
,
, T = 0. P = P () , .
P = P ()
. ,

, . ??. ,
< 10%).
(
.

(. . 1.1)
= e 1 x3
P = P1 F (x),
x.
.
x
r, .
-

d
dP
=
,
(1.20)
dr
dr
. F (x),
. (. . 1.1)

F (x) =
0

y 4 dy

,
1 + y2

dP
x4
dx
= P1
.
2
dr
1 + x dr

= e 1 x3 ,

d
P1
x
=
,
dx
e 1 (1 + x2 )1/2

P1
(1 + x2 )1/2 + C.
e 1

.VIII.

342

C ,
, , = GM/R, = 0, x = 0.
, , . 1.1,
P1
m e c2
=
,
1
m0

e m0 + me c2



GM
1 + x2 1 = e m0
.
R

(1.21)

x. ,
.

1.3.

1) .
H (
1 )
H = U + P V,

U , V : V = 1/.
 T dS = dU + P dV , ,
dH S = V dP ,
dH =

dP
,

S = const.

(1.20) :
d(H + )
= 0.
dr
= GM/R, P = 0, = 0 H = 0,
+H =

GM
.
R

(1.22)

, (1.21) (1.22)
(T = 0) . (1.21) (1.22) ,



e m0 H = me c2
1 + x2 1 .

VIII.1. : II

343

, , F , pF (, x pF /me c):


F = m e c2
1 + x2 1 ,
e mo H , , .
, :
T = 0 ( ;
; )

F
.
H=
e m0
H
H = U + P V ,
PV

P
P1 F (x)
me c2 F (x)
=
=
,

e 1 x3
e m0 x3



F (x)
m e c2 
1 + x2 1 3
.
U=
e m0
x
,
H U .

 pF
n(p) (p) dp,
U=
0

pF , (p) p
:


(p) = me c2
1 + (p/me c)2 1 ,
, n(p) :
2
p  pF ,
h3 4p2 ,
n(p) =

0,
p > pF .
, , , ( !).

.VIII.

344

2) . ,
, EU
EG ,

5
GM 2
.
EU = EG
3
R

(1.23)

+ H = GM/R. H = U + P/,

+U +

P
GM
=
.


dV +


P dV =

U dV +
V

GM 2
.
R

, , 2EG (. . III.2.1),
EU , ,
EG /3 (. . III.2.2). EU .
E = EU + EG (1.23)

GM 2
2
.
E = EG
3
R

(1.24)

VIII.1. : II

345

.
P = K1+1/n . , ,
n. dQ = dU + P d(1/) 
(S = const) dU = P d(1/),

dU = P/2 d, U = K(1/n)1 d, U = nP/.


n
P dV = EG .
EU = n
3
V
. (1.23),
(. . 3.1.2.1)
EG =

3 GM 2
,
5n R

(1.24)

n 3 GM 2
.
5n R
, . 3.1.2.1 EG
. , . E S = const.
E=

3) . . ,
. c
, ,
|c |  c2 .
: ,
, xc  1,
c  2 106 /3 ? , , :
xc  1, |c |  c2 . , , ,
.
,
c = (c + 1)

GM
,
R

(c + 1) . n = 3/2 n = 3 c =1.35
3.42, (. . V.2.2, . 173). c ,

.VIII.

346

. (1.21) ,
c  2 106 /3 , xc  1,
c

m e c2
GM
=
xc .
R
e m0

|c |  c2
xc 

c e m0
.
c + 1 me

c /(c + 1) 3/4 xc  1 (,
c /(c + 1) 1).
xc  e 1.4 103 ,
e = 2 c  5 1016 /3 , |c |  c2 ,
. , , ,
, .

. . ??,
, ,

> 109 /3 .
c
> 108
. , c
- (
). ,
.
, ( )
( .
. ??).

P ,
r.
,
, . r

. , -

1.4.

VIII.1. : II

347

. ,,
" .
(. . 3.1.1 3.1.2).
.
(1.21) = 4 G,
, , = e 1 x3 ,



2
1 d
2e m0
2 d 1+x
r
=

4G1 x3 .
r2 dr
dr
m e c2
:
1)

z = 1 + x2 ;

(1.25)

2) , ,
[0, 1].
(1.26)

z = zc ,
zc z ( r = 0);
3) r :

(1.27)

r = r1 ,

r1 , ,
.
, , r1
r1 =

1
zc

m e c2
2
e m0 4 G1

1/2
.

(1.28)

1 d
2 d

3/2

 
1
2 d
2
.

= 2
d
zc

(1.29)

:
(0) = 1,

 (0) = 0.

(1.30)

.VIII.

348

, (1.21)
.
(1.29)
(1935 .). (1.29) (1.30) ,
x (
, ) r. ,
,
(1 + x2 )1/2 = zc (r/r1 ),

1/2

.
x = 1 + zc2 2 (r/r1 )

, (1.29) zc .
.

 IX

????????????????????????????????????????
?.?. ????????

1.

- ,
, ,," , .
,
.
,
.
, .
, . .
, V 1/ , ,
, T , P .
, 1 2 ,
V . , , . dQ. dT . dQ
dT cv :

1.1.

dQ = cv dT,

V = const.

(1.1)

,
. , dQ
, ,
.
dQ cp , dQ = cp dT .
cp .
dQ ( cv dT ),
P dV , dV
P .
dQ = cp dT = cv dT + P dV,

P = const.

(1.2)

,
. .

P =

R
T.

350

(1.3)

IX.1.

351

R
:
R k/m0 = 8.314 107 /( ),
k = 1.381 1016 / m0 = 1.661 1024
(1/12 12 C).
mp mH :
mp = 1.007 m0;

mH = 1.008 m0.

m0 , mp mH
.
= 1/V , (1.3)
PV =

R
T.

(1.4)

. , = m0 N , N , (1.3)
:
P = N kT.
(1.5)
, ,
1

NA 1/m0 = 6.022 1023 ()

(1.4)
(1.6)

P V = (NA /) kT.
(1.4),
P dV + V dP =

R
dT.

(P = const), , dP = 0,
P dV =

R
dT,

P = const,

(1.7)

(1.2)
dQ = cv dT +

R
dT,

P = const.

(1.8)

. IX. -

352

(1.1) (1.8)
cp cv =

R
.

(1.9)

U ( /).
. ,
kT /2. U = (3/2)N kT /, ,
= m0 N R = k/m0 ,
U=

3
3 R
T = P V.
2
2

(1.10)

, ,
,,"
, .
( )
f . , (1.10) :
U=

f R
T.
2

(1.11)

,
( )
. (1.9)
f  3.
, , ,
, dQ = dU
V = const. (1.1), (1.11) (1.9)


R
f
f R
,
cp =
+1
.
(1.12)
cv =
2
2

cp
2
=1+
cv
f

(1.13)

. f = 3 = 5/3.
S ( )
:
dQ
dU
P dV
dS =
=
+
.
(1.14)
T
T
T

IX.1.

353

(),
. , S1 S2
1 2 , () 1 2. U ,
, , U = U (T, V ) ( U = U (T ),
V ).




U
U
dT +
dV,
dU =
T V
V T
(1.14) dS
 




1 U
1 U
P
dS =
dT +
+
dV.
T T V
T V T
T

(1.15)

S , dS .
,
 
 
 


1 U

1 U
P
=
+
,
V T T V T
T T V T
T V


P =T

P
T

U
V


.

(1.16)

,
M (x, y) dx + N (x, y) dy
,
N (x, y)
M (x, y)
=
.
y
x

(1.15) . (1.11) (1.13), , V = 1/ (1.13)

f /2 = ( 1)1 ,
dS = ( 1)1

R d
R dT

.
T

 1/(1) 
R
T
S=
ln
+ const,

(1.17)

(1.18)

. IX. -

354

(1.3)
S = ( 1)1

R
ln(P/ ) + const .

(1.19)

(1.18) (1.19)
. , ,
S,
.
,
(dQ = 0), . (), ( ).
(1.18) (1.19)
( ):
P/P0 = (/0 ) ,

T /T0 = (/0 )1 ,

(1.20)

,
P/P0 = (T /T0 )/(1) .

(1.21)

dV
dP
+
= 0;
P
V

dP
dT

= 0;
P
1 T

dT
dV
+ ( 1)
= 0.
T
V

(1.22)

, ,
: S = const. (1.22) (dT /T )S ..,
dT /T .., .
(1.22):






d ln T
d ln P
d ln P

;
= ;
=
= 1.
(1.23)
d ln S
d ln T S
1
d ln S

.

. -, . -, :

T 3 .
.

1.2.

IX.1.

355

e (3 )
, Pr .
, Pr = e /3.
, :
1) (,,") , ;
2) ( , )
c.

Pr = e /3
, e T 4 . , Ur
( 1 ). Ur = e (T ) V , V = 1/ .
, Ur = Ur (T, V ). (1.16), , ,
,
e
1 de
= T
e ,
3
3
dT

4
,

dT
de
=
.
T
e

e (T ) = a T 4 ,

(1.24)

a . .
a
.
(1.24) U = a T 4 V , (1.15)

4
dS = 4a T 2 V dT + a T 3 dV,
(1.25)
3

, V :
S=

4
aT 3 V.
3

(1.26)

, ,
T 3 / = const. , ,
,
.

356

. IX. -

4/3. ,
. dS = 0,
(1.25)
1
T 2 V dT + T 3 dV = 0,
3

dT
1 dV
+
= 0.
T
3 V
(1.22) ,
4/3.
-

.
. . . 1.1 1.2, . , 4/3 5/3 ..
. ,
, . , ,,-" 4/3 5/3
? :
, (1.22), .

U (/).
(3/2) (R /) T a T 4 V , V
(V = 1/):
3 R
T + a T 4 V.
(1.27)
U=
2
, ,
. (
- ,
, . , ,
). , , ,
,
. , (1.27)
U = U (T, V ), U = U (T ).

1.3.

IX.1.

357

dQ = dU + P dV.
U = U (T, V ),

dU =

U
T


dT +
V

U
V


dV,
T

(1.27)

dU =

3 R
+ 4 aT 3 V
2

dT + aT 4 dV.

dQ V = 1/V ,
, (dQ = 0)





R
3 R
T 3 dT
4
T 3 d
+ 4a
=
+ a
.
(1.28)
2

,
P =

R
a
T + T4

(1.29)

, Pg Pr :
Pg =

R
T,

Pr =

a 4
T .
3

(1.30)

(1.29),
 


R
a T3
ln P = ln
+ ln + ln T + ln 1 +
,

R 3
(!)




a T 3 dT
d
a T 3 dP
= 1+4
+
.
1+

R 3
P
R 3
T

(1.31)

(1.28) (1.31).
, ,

. IX. -

358

, , . ,
,
Pr = (1 ) P,

Pg = P,

(1.32)

(1.31) (1.28). (1.30) (1.32),
1
a T3
=
.

R 3

(1.33)

(1.33) (1.31) (1.28)

d
dT
dP
=
+ (4 3)
,
P

T
3(8 7)

dT
d
= 2(4 3)
.
T

(1.34)
(1.35)

(1.29)
( ) ,
.
. 1 , (S = const)
dP
d
= 1
,
P

1 =

ln P
ln

(1.36)


,

(1.36a)

P 1 . (1.36)
(. (1.20), (1.22) (1.23)).
(1.34) (1.35) dT /T , 1
:
32 24 3 2
.
(1.37)
1 =
24 21
,
:
1 =

5 + 3(1 )
4 1 4 3
5 1
(1 )
= +
.
3 3
1 7(1 )
3 3 8 7

(1.37a)

IX.1.

359

IX.1.1:
i ,

1
0.00
0.05
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

1
1.667
1.603
1.563
1.511
1.476
1.449
1.426
1.405
1.386
1.368
1.350
1.333

2 /1
1.000
0.966
0.949
0.938
0.937
0.941
0.947
0.956
0.965
0.976
0.991
1.000

3 /1
1.000
0.978
0.966
0.956
0.954
0.957
0.961
0.967
0.974
0.982
0.991
1.000

(1.37) (1918 .). 1 ,

, 1 5/3, , .
, , 1 4/3. 1
(. IX.1.1).
, 2 3 ,
(1.22)
(. , 30- ):
dP
2 dT
dT
d
=
,
= (3 1) ,
(1.38)
P
2 1 T
T





ln P
2
ln T
=
,
3 1 =
.
(1.38a)
2 1
ln T S
ln S
i
, ( 5/3 ). ,
, ,
. (1.20) (1.22).
, .
1
= 2
= 3 , , i
, .

. IX. -

360

2 d/ (1.34) (1.35)
(1.38):
2 =

2 =
=

32 24 3 2
,
24 18 3 2

(1.39)

10 2(1 )
5 1
(1 )
=
3 3
1 + 8(1 b) (1 )2
1
4 1
+
.
3 3 8 6 2

(1.39a)

(1.31) (1.38) 3 :
32 27
,
24 21

(1.40)

8
4 1
1
5 1
(1 )
= +
.
3 3
1 + 7(1 )
3 3 8 7

(1.40a)

3 =

3 =

1
= 2
= 3 ( , 0 1),
10% (. IX.1.1).
1 , 2 3 , , . ,
2 (. . ??.??), 3
, 1
, .
.
1 , :
"

1 =
1 P dV
P dV.
(1.41)
V

, 1 = 4/3 : 1  4/3 . ,
, , 1 > 4/3. ,

. ,
1 4/3, ,, "
. , ,
-
, , 1
4/3, (. . ??).

IX.1.

361

, .

T dS = dU + P dV.
U P (1.27) (1.29),
dS = 4

aT2
d 3 R dT
4
R d
dT a T 3 2 +

2 T

R
4 aT3
+
ln
S=
3

T 3/2


+ const.

(1.42)

,
( (1.18) = 5/3)
( (1.26)).

2.

,

, , , ,
. , .
.
.
.
. -

.
.

. ,
.
.
,
.

kT . ,
,
, .
. . ,
(, T ) ( )
.
>M
, M
 ,
. ,
,
.

(. . ??).
, .

2.1.

362

IX.2.

363

, ,
, .
,
, . .
-. , ,
: , , .
. ,
.
,
, .
,
,
.
, .
, , , , . ,
.
rD ND r = rD
: ND = (4/3)rD3 N , N .
ND : ND  1.
. .
, , ,
.
.


1
P = N kT 1
,
(2.1)
18 ND

ND = 1.38 10 N

T
Z 2N

3/2
= 1.77 10

#
$
%

9 $

3
Z2



T
T
rD = 6.90
.
= 8.89 1012
2
Z N
Z2

T3
.

(2.2)

(2.3)

. IX. -

364

Z 2
Zi2 , Zi i- (
Ni /N eZi ):
Z2 =

1  2
Zi Ni .
N

(2.4)

- Z 2
1 ( H) 2 ( He). ,
eZ
m0 A, Z 2 = Z ,
, = A/(Z + 1).
. N 108 , T 106 , 1 (
103 ), 108 109 . , , , N 103 104 , T 104 ,
rD (1020) , ND 107 .
, ,
. , , . ,,"
,," , ,
, .
, 150 /3 , 15
. , , , ,
. . . .
ND 5, , , .
.
ND 5, (2.1)
1% (
, , ). ,
,
T 3 / , ( .
. ??), (2.2)
ND , .

. ,
,
.
, . . ??.??.
, ( 1%),

IX.2.

365

. IX.2.1:
ND
.

P = N kT ,
: ND 5,
ND  1 .
, . IX.2.1,
(
: X = 0.70, Y = 0.27, Z = 0.03; Z 2 = 1.18).
.

. , ,
Ni eZi ( Z
=
1),
N

: N = Ni . :

2.2.

eZi Ni = 0.

(2.5)

eZ. . ,
-, = (r), r
. ,

. IX. -

366
(r
= 0)
= 4 E .

(2.6)

E :
E =

(2.7)

eZi ni ,

ni = ni (r) i- . , ,
.
eZi , , eZi ,

n i = N i e

eZi
kT

(2.8)

,
, 0, . ,
,
:
, , ,
.

,
, ,
. (2.8),

ni = N i N i

eZi
.
kT

(2.7). (2.5)
Z 2 Zi2 (
(2.4), . 364), (2.6) - :
1 d
r2 dr



4 e2 Z 2 N
2 d
.
r
=
dr
kT

(2.9)

. ,
0 , r 0
eZ:
0

r ;

eZ
r

r 0.

(2.10)

IX.2.

367

, (2.9) 2
, () .
,

rD =

kT
4 e2 Z 2 N

(2.11)

, . , ,


1 d
1 d2 (r)
2 d
,
r
=
r2 dr
dr
r dr2
(2.9)
d2 (r)
r
= 2 ,
dr2
rD

r = A er/rD + B er/rD .

(2.10) A = 0, B = eZ.
eZ

=

eZ r/r
D.
e
r

(2.12)

r  rD , . , r  rD -

()
. , rD ,
. ,
r < rD , r > rD .


Ze/r, , , ,

eZ 1 e
Ze
=
,
r
rD

(2.13)

= r/rD . ,
. eZ/rD . ,

. IX. -

368

eZ
+eZ eZ, ,
. , ,
rD . , ,
, . ,

, (. 6 , . 372).
:
-
, .
rD , , ND
: ND = (4/3)rD3 N  1.
(2.11)
3
 3

T
kT
1
N
= 1.90 106
,
(2.14)
36 e2 Z 2
Z2


 3.15 1018
(2.15)
3
3
T
Z2
,
( N ) ( T ). ,
N/T 3 106 , /T63  1.

(2.1), (2.2), (2.3), (2.14) (2.15).

,
T
N .
, ,
e e = (3/2)N kT .
,
, , (.
, . III.2.1)

2.3.

e =

1 
j ,
eZj Nj
2

IX.2.

369

j
eZj , ,
. , ,
r 0 (2.13) Z = Zj .
e =

1  2 2
1 e2 Z 2 N
.
e Zj Nj /rD =
2
2
rD

(2.16)

, , ,
,
.
rD (2.11)
3/2  N 3 1/2

e = e2 Z 2
,
kT
, ,

3
e = A
,
T

  2 2 3/2
e Z
A=
.
k
m0

(2.17)

(2.18)

(2.19)

, , e ,
(2.16), (2.11) , ND = (4/3)rD3 N :
e =

N kT
1
=
e .
6 ND
9 ND

(2.20)

, , , ND  1
,
.
-.
,
,," . III.2.4 :
P =

1
2
e + e .
3
3

(2.21)

(2.20) , . 2.1:


1
P = N kT 1
.
(2.22)
18 ND

. IX. -

370

, (2.21)
, (2.20)
. - (2.21) , (2.20)
( ).
(
).
1 U
e V , e (2.18) V 1/ . ,
U = U

A
T

1/2

V 1/2

(2.23)

Ap
As
P = P p1 p2 ,
S = S s1 s2 ,
T V
T V
Ap , As pi , si , P S
T ,
. ( P S ).

T dS = dU + P dV.
dT dV ,




U
S
=
,
T
T V
T V




U
S
=
+ P.
T
V T
V T
S, U P ,

 3 3/2

A
A 1/2
,
S = S
.
(2.24)
P = P
3
T
3 T3
,
?

: , .

, .

3.

, ,
,
cv =

3 R 8 7
,
2

cp = c v +

R (4 3)2
.

1 0 .

, , i ,
(. 1.3),
1 2 2 3 = 1 2 .

, P, T
, ,
(. , 1951 .)
T = const Z 2/3 e8Z/3 ,
= const Z e8Z ,
P = const (1 + Z) Z 5/3 e32Z/3 ,

(3.1)

Z (1 )/,
.
: (1.42) ,
(1.34) (1.35).

,
eZ.

, , ,
Ne
Z 2N

Ne . , ,
, eZ ,
371

. IX. -

372

(1 + Z)1 ,
.

Ni ( )
i
, 1)

2)
i Ni = 0,
N .
, , .

,
Te Ti
(2.11), T Te Ti :


1
1
1
1
=
+
.
T
2 Te
Ti
Ti  Te .
?

Xi eZi , Ai

. , Z 2 /, (2.2)
(2.3), ,
:
=


+

Zi (1 + Zi )

Xi
,
Ai

, .

, cv

cv =

A 1/2
3 R
+
,
2
2 T3

A (2.19). , . ?