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4.1. .
. y = f ( x) ,
[a, b]
z = f ( x, y ) , D
OXY. D .
, , D .
, D, (D) y = i (x)
x = j (y). , , .
D D. D D
:
D = D ( D ) .
, (x, y) D
(x,y).
D D1, D2, , Dn, (.1):
1) Di D;
2) Di ;
3) ( Di) Di , .. Di.
D
Dn
D2
D1
D3
d(D2)
x
. 1. D .
Di (M, N)
M N Di. ,
. .
:
{1, 3/2, 5/3, 7/4, , (2n 1)/n, }.
, an = (2n 1)/ n 2, , .. lim an = 2 .
n
2 . :
max an = 2 .
nN
2n 1
= 2,
n
nN
sup an = sup
nN
sup f ( a ) = b
aA
, a A f (a) , b,
> 0 a A, f (a)
, b . , f (a)
b, , ,
.
Di :
d ( Di ) =
sup
M , N Di
(M , N ) .
dT T d(Di):
dT = max d ( Di ) .
1 i n
, 2.
Di Pi (i, i),
:
ST =
f (i ,i ) | Di | ,
(1)
i =1
f (x,y) D.
, , .
. (1)
dT,
T, Pi Di,
f (x,y) D:
n
ST = lim f (i ,i ) | Di | .
f ( x, y )dD = dlim
d 0
0
D
i =1
(2)
. , , :
f ( x, y )dxdy ,
D
(2).
, , . :
1. D f (x,y) D D,
f ( x, y )dD
.
D OXY f (x,y) .4.1. 3
Y). Vi , Di. , V
Vi:
V=
Vi .
(3)
i =1
Mi
Pi
Di
. 2. .
dT ,
Di
, f (x,y) i (i, i) . ( "", ..
, , OXY).
Di,
f (i,i).
Vi f (i ,i ) | Di | .
(3)
:
n
V = Vi f (i ,i ) | Di | .
i =1
(4)
i =1
V = lim
f (i ,i ) | Di | = f ( x, y )dD .
dT 0 i =1
10
(5)
, ,
:
n. D ,
dD =| D | ,
D
D D.
, ST =
| Di | = | D | = const .
i =1
| D | = | D | , ( ).
dD = dlim
0
D
o. :
( Af ( x, y ) + Bg ( x, y )) dD = A f ( x, y ) dD + B g ( x, y ) dD ,
D
A B , f g
D .
p. D D1 D2, f (x, y)
D,
D1
D2
11
q. f (x, y) g (x, y) D
f (x, y) g (x, y) (, ) D,
f ( x, y )dD g ( x, y )dD .
D
1.
f ( x, y ) dD f ( x, y ) dD .
D
2. m f (x, y) M (, ) D ,
m | D | f ( x, y ) dD M | D | .
D
24 .
r. .
.
( )
, , .
3,
3.
.3. . .3. .
12
. D (x,y) D D .
( x, y ) D , :
f ( x, y )dD = f ( x, y ) | D | .
(6)
. . (o, o) D B (1, 1) D ,
x(to ) = xo ,
x(t1 ) = x1 ,
x = x (t ),
t
t
,
t
,
[
]
o 1
y = y (t ),
y (t1 ) = y1.
y (to ) = yo ,
F(t) = f (x(t), y(t)) ( ) [to, t1] m
M. , m
M , (m < C < M), c t [to, t1], F(t) = C.
2 4:
m | D | f ( x, y ) dD M | D | ,
D
1
f ( x, y ) dD M .
| D |
D
C=
1
f ( x, y ) dD .
| D |
D
(7)
t,
(8)
x = x (tc ), y = y (tc ) .
(7) (8) (6). C = f ( x, y ) f (x,y) D.
4. 2. .
OXY D, x = a
x = b y = 1(), = 2(), 1, 2
[a, b], 1 () 2 (), (. 4). . f ( x, y ) , D .
Y
y= 2 ( x )
d
x= 1 ( y )
x = 2 ( y )
c
y= 1 ( x )
a
.4.
.
.5.
.
x [a, b]
F ( x) =
2 ( x)
f ( x, y )dy .
(1)
1 ( x )
14
F(x) ,
, [a, b]. F(x) [a, b]:
b
2 ( x )
I D = F ( x)dx = dx
a
f ( x, y ) dy .
(2)
1 ( x )
D ,
2 ( y)
= dy
ID
c
f ( x, y )dx .
(3)
1( y )
1.
x3
2
dx ( x + xy ) dy .
. 6. :
x3
x3
x3
3
2 x
x
2
2
2
( x + xy ) dy = x dy + x y dy = x y x + x 2
x
x
x
3
7
5
x 6
x3
2
3 x
= x ( x x) + ( x x ) = x x +
.
2
2
2
, x.
:
15
x 7 x3
1504
x
x
+
dx
=
.
2
2
3
1
5
.
Y
Y
x = sin y
y=x
/2
y=x
/4
x = cos y
0
. 6. 1.
.7. 2.
2.
/4
cos y
sin y
dy ( x + y ) dx .
(. .7):
/4
cos y
cos y
/4
x2
dy
x
y
dx
dy
y
x
+
=
+
=
(
)
2
0
sin y
0
sin y
/ 4
2 3
cos 2 y sin 2 y
=
+ y ( cos y sin y ) dy =
.
2
4
4
0
, (2) (3) x y, ,
. :
16
1. D ( ) -
2 ( x )
f ( x, y )dxdy = dx f ( x, y )dy,
D
(4)
1 ( x )
.
1. a < c < b. :
b
2 ( x)
1 ( x )
2 ( x)
1 ( x )
2 ( x)
dx f ( x, y ) dy = dx f ( x, y ) dy + dx f ( x, y ) dy .
(5)
1 ( x )
F(x), (1).
2. 1, 2 [a, b], -
1() () 2(), f ( x, y ) D .
b
2 ( x)
1 ( x)
( x)
2 ( x)
1 ( x )
(6)
( x)
, x
( x, y ) f ( x, y ) .
x :
h( x )
f ( x, y ) dy = ( x, h( x )) ( x, g ( x )) .
(7)
g ( x)
(7) (6).
17
(6) =
b
( x, y ) D , :
b
2 ( x)
1 ( x )
I D = dx
f ( x, y )dy = f ( x, y ) | D | ,
|D| D.
( 5).
1.
1. D Di
18
y= 2 ( x) = k +1 ( x)
Y
Dn
y= k (x)
y= 2 ( x)
y= 1 ( x)
D1
D2
a=co c1
c2
y= 1 ( x) =o(x)
cA cA+1=b
.8. 1.
1 2 , D
:
ID =
k cq +1
j +1 ( x )
I Di = dx
i =1
q =1 j =1 cq
f ( x, y ) dy .
j ( x)
3 ( xi , yi ) D i , I Di = f ( xi , yi ) | Di | . ,
ID =
I Di =
i =1
f ( xi , yi ) | Di | = ST .
(8)
i =1
(8) ST
f ( x, y )dxdy .
Di,
19
lim ST = f ( x, y )dxdy .
d T 0
, ID , ,
b
2 ( x)
1 ( x )
S = I D = dx f ( x, y )dy .
f ( x, y )dxdy = dlim
0 T
D
.
f (x,y) 0. ,
f ( x, y )dxdy
U,
. 2 . 9. , S()
U = = const, ,
, :
b
V = S ( x )dx .
a
S ( xo ) =
2 ( xo )
1 ( xo )
f ( xo , y )dy .
,
b
2 ( x)
1 ( x )
.
20
Z
D
z = f (xo,y)
S(xo)
xo
2 ( xo ) Y
0
A
1 ( xo )
2 ( xo ) Y
X
.9. :
) U ; ) .
:
2. D (. 5) -
, 1, :
d
2 ( x)
f ( x, y )dxdy = dx f ( x, y )dy .
(9)
1( x )
3. :
I=
4 x 2
dx
f ( x, y )dy +
dx
2 4 x 2
f ( x, y )dy .
D
(.10). 1 I
:
I = f ( x, y )dxdy . y = 2 4 x 2 ,
D
21
(, ) x 2 + ( y 2)2 = 4 . y = 4 x 2 , (, )
x 2 + y 2 = 4 . ,
( y 2)2 = y 2 , = 1. x 2 + y 2 = 4 , x = 3 .
x 2 + ( y 2)2 = 4
2
1
D
2
x +y = 4
2
.10. 3.
. (, ), ,
x = 4 ( y 2)2 ,
x = 4 y2 .
, D , 2 I
1
I = f ( x, y )dx = dy
D
4 ( y 2 )
4 y 2
22
f ( x, y )dx .
4. :
2 2
4 4
(54 x y + 150 x y ) dxdy ,
D
D = 1, y = x , y = x (.11).
3
Y
1
y=x
y= x
.11. 4.
,
1
x3
x
1
2 2
4 4
( 54 x y + 150 x y ) dxdy = dx ( 54 x y + 150 x y ) dy =
2 2
4 4
= dx 18 x 2 y 3 + 30 x 4 y 5
0
)
x
( (
))
) (
5.
12 ye
6 xy
dxdy , D
1/3
.12. 5.
23
D 2- ,
12 ye
6 xy
ln 4
1/ 3
1/ 6
ln 4
ln 3
1/ 3
ln 3
1/ 6
dxdy =
= 12
6 xy
dy 12 ye dx =
ydy e
6 xy
ln 4
ln 4
e6 xy 1/ 3
dx = 12 ydy
= 2 e2 y e y dy = 5.
6 y 1/ 6
ln 3
ln 3
(9)
1/ 3
ln 4
1/ 6
ln 3
6 xy
dx 12e ydy , ..
D 1- , .
. , , -
x y, . , , .
.
6. ,
x 2 + y 2 = 12 , x 6 = y 2 , 0 (.13).
Y
2
x + y =12
6
X
0
.13. 6.
24
1 D
6
12 y 2
y2 / 6
| D |= dxdy = dy
D
dx =
2
2
12 y y / 6 dy = 3 + 2.
6
7. , z + y = 1/2,
z = 0, x = 17 2 y , x = 2 2 y (.14).
,
Z.
( > 0) x = 17 2 y x = 2 2 y .
, z + y = 1/2.
z + y = 1/2
X
Z
1/2
17
0
x = 17 2 y
x = 2 2y
1/2
Y
.14. 7.
. 4.1 (. 14):
V = (1/ 2 y ) dxdy =
D
1/ 2
17 2 y
1/ 2
2 2y
dy (1/ 2 y ) dx = (1/ 2 y ) 15 2 y dy = 1.
25
4. 3. .
Y D, (
. 4.1) L = (D). ,
(, ) Y (u,v):
= (u,v),
y = (u,v),
(1)
(u, v) (). , , , :
, 1().
, (1) D, ()
(D) D.
( )
f ( x, y ) C D , .. ,
D.
1.
f ( x, y )dxdy
(2)
| J | , ,
(u , v)
u
J = J (u , v) =
(u , v)
u
(u , v)
v
.
(u , v)
v
26
(3)
. (,) Y.
(1) P'(u, v)
P2
vi+1
vi
O'
P1
P3
Di
P4
U
ui
ui+1
.15. 1.
i,
: u = ui, u = ui+1 = ui + u, v = vi, v = vi+1 = vi + v. , , : (ui,vi),
(ui, vi+v), (ui+u, vi+v), (ui+u, vi). (1) -
27
|i| i i = u v ( ).
F(u, v) = f ((u, v), (u, v)).
D,
(i, i) (. .4.1) Di ((ui, vi), (ui, vi)) ( 1 . 15).
:
n
i =1
i =1
ST f (i ,i ) | Di | = F (ui ,vi ) | Di | .
(4)
(4) , .. ,
. u v
.
, 1234
, .. ,
u v du dv.
1234 P1P2 P1P4 :
P1P2 = { x2 x1 , y2 y1 , 0} =
= { (ui , vi + v) ( ui , vi ) , ( ui , vi + v ) ( ui , vi ) , 0}
{ v ( ui , vi ) v, v ( ui , vi ) v, 0} ;
P1P 4 = { x4 x1 , y4 y1 , 0} =
= { (ui + u , vi ) ( ui , vi ) , ( ui + u , vi ) ( ui , vi ) , 0}
{u ( ui , vi ) u , u ( ui , vi ) u , 0}.
28
, .. Y. P1P2 P1P4
:
e1
e2
e3
0 =
0
u ( ui , vi ) u ( ui , vi )
u v =
v ( ui , vi ) v ( ui , vi )
= J ( ui , vi ) u v e3 ,
J(ui,vi) (3).
, i, Di, :
(5)
(5) (4),
n
ST = F (ui ,vi ) J ( ui , vi ) | i | .
(6)
i =1
(6)
F(u,v) J(u,v) .
(6) :
(4)
f ( x, y ) dxdy .
D
, (2), .
29
.
1 ? , . ,
x = r cos , y = r sin
(7)
2 k , O (0,0) .
(r, ) ,
{0 < 2 , r > 0}, (x, y) D, (0,0) (. 16), , (2) .
(7) (3):
J=
x / r x /
y / r y /
cos
r sin
sin
r cos
= r cos2 + r sin 2 = r ,
(2)
:
(8)
X
O
r
.16. , (8).
30
1. ,
x 2 + y 2 4 y = 0 , x 2 + y 2 8 y = 0 , = 0 , y = x / 3 (.17).
2
(y 4) + x = 16
(y 2) + x = 4
y=
x
3
X
.17. 1.
= / 6. ( tg =
y
1
=
).
x
3
S = dxdy = rdrd =
/2
8sin
/ 2 2 8sin
r
d r dr = 2
/6
/6
4sin
4sin
d =
/2
1
= 48 sin 2 d = 4 + 3 3.
2
/6
2. ,
2
: 1 ( /16) + 3, x 0, y x /4,
5
= x /y (. 18).
D
m = dxdy .
D
31
Y
2
x
+ y2 = 3
16
y = x/4
X
x2
+ y2 = 1
16
.18. 2.
x2
a2
y2
+ 2 = 1,
b
, ,
:
x = a r cos ,
y = b r sin .
(9)
J=
x / r x / a cos
=
y / r y / b sin
ar sin
= abr .
br cos
(2) :
a = 4, b = 1;
2
m = ab r drd = 16
/4
/2
= 16
r cos
5
r sin
cos d 3 dr
3
5
/ 4 sin 1 r
= 16
32
r dr =
1
/2
= 4.
4sin 4 / 4 2r 2 1
4. 4. .
1
f C (R ) z = f (x, y)
R3. , - = ().
,
. , .
.
, XIX . ,
.
h R ( , , 2 Rh ) ,
, .
(. 19):
1) h m
, . .
n ,
. , , . , :
2
R 2 4 m
.
S . = 2 R h +
4 n 2
2
33
.19. .
2
2) m/n , .. m , n . S. 2Rh .
2
m/n (
, .. n m), S. .
, ,
. ,
, ?
, . OZ.
2
, , m/n OZ, ..
.
. D OXY. (D) ()
34
z = f ( x, y )
Mi
i
Y
Di
Pi
Di = i cos .
Di
.20. .
35
T =
| i | , | i|
i =1
i, (, ,
Di) , .. dT 0.
F(x,y,z) = z f (x,y) = 0 i:
F F F f f
,
,
grad F =
= , , 1 .
x y z x y
n :
2
f f
gradf = + + 1 .
x y
, ( < / 2 ), OZ:
grad f
n=
= ( cos , cos , cos ) ,
grad f
cos =
( f x )
( )
+ f y
+1
T = i =
| Di |
1
=
| Di |
cos
cos
dT 0
dxdy
= 1 + f x2 + f y 2 dxdy.
dT 0 D cos
D
, , z = f (x,y)
:
| |= 1 + f x 2 + f y 2 dxdy ,
(1)
D OXY.
36
, (u, v) :
| |= G F 2 dud v ,
(2)
E = u 2 + u 2 + u 2 , G = v 2 + v 2 + v 2 , F = u v + u v + u v
.
2
1. x + y + z = a ,
2
x + y = b , b a (. 21).
Y
1,
Y, .
1
x2 + y 2 = b2
x2 + y2 + z 2 = a2
.21. 1.
37
y
, z y =
.
2
2
2
2
2
2
a x y
a x y
z = a 2 x 2 y 2 z x =
(1),
| |= 2 | 1 |= 2 1 + ( z x )2 + ( z y ) dxdy =
2
x
= 2 1 +
a2 x2 y2
D
= 2a
D
dxdy
a2 x2 y2
y
+
a2 x2 y 2
= 2a
rdr
= 4 a a a 2 b 2 .
2
2
0 a r
dxdy =
D Y, ..
b , Y
2
x + y = b .
.
. , D 1 -
, ,
, (. . 16). , 1 . D (0,0), , 0.
2. (. 22),
38
.22. .
E = cos 2 + sin 2 = 1,
G = r 2 sin 2 + r 2 cos 2 + b 2 = r 2 + b 2 ,
F = r cos sin + r sin cos + 0 b = 0.
= 1 r + b
) 0 drd = 0 d 0
r 2 + b 2 dr =
2
2
a
+
a
+
b
2
2
2
= a a + b + b ln
b
( r=0
=2 . 1).
39
4.5. .
, : .
:
. D , {Dn} -
( . 4.1), D , . D =
Dn
n =1
D1 D2
Dn . , , f (x,y) D.
f ( x, y )dxdy
f ( x, y )dxdy
n .
Dn
, , {Dn}.
. D , f (x,y)
D.
, D.
f (x,y) :
f ( x, y )dxdy = lim
f ( x, y )dxdy ,
0
D
D \
40
. (, D \ , D,
).
.
, ,
, , .
1. I =
dxdy
2
(1 + x + y )
. Dn
2
n, .. Dn ={ + n }. D1 D2 D3 Dn R Dn R
n . , Dn
I:
In =
dxdy
(1 + x2 + y 2 ) =
Dn
Dn
d (1 + 2 )
0 (1 +
d d
=
(1+ 2 )
1;
,
lim I n =
n
1 , > 1.
41
d (1 + 2 )
0
1 ,
1
= 1 1 + n 2
ln
1
,
n
1;
= 1.
, 1 I , > 1
, ,
,
:
2. : I = e x dx.
0
D OXY.
x2 y 2
dxdy = dx e
x2 y 2
dy = e
x2
dx e
y2
x2
dy = e dx = I 2 .
:
2
I = e
x2 y 2
/2
dxdy = rdr
=
re
20
r 2
d e r =
dr =
e
2 20
I = e x dx =
0
42
r 2
dr =
r 2
4.
1.
:
1 2 x +1
f ( x, y ) dxdy ?
2.
x2
2
2
1 + x + y dxdy
4
4
1 + x + y dxdy , G : 0 x 1 , 0 y 1 ?
G
3.
, G : 1
x 1, 1 y 1,
m n
x y dxdy
m n .
4.
5.
, :
a
dx f ( y ) dy = (a y) f ( y) dy .
6.
f ( x, y )dxdy , G
G
: a x b , c y d, f (x, y) = Fxy(x, y) .
7.
, , G : a x b , c y d ,
b
d
.
=
f
(
x
)
g
(
y
)
dxdy
f
(
x
)
dx
g
(
y
)
dy
G
a
c
43
f (x, y) G :
8.
) f ( x, y ) =
sin 3 x sin 3 y
8
cos y
2x+y
) f (x, y) = x e
, G : 0 x / 4 , 0 y /4;
, G : 1 x 1, 1 y 1;
dxdy
x2 + y 4
1 + sin x + cos y
4.
:
5 + 3+ 2 y y 2
1.
dy
dy
x+4
4. dy
f ( x, y )dx .
2 y y 2
5 y 5
dx f ( x, y )dy .
5 2
x 2 5
8.
4 x
f ( x, y )dx .
y 5
1 y 2 1
2 y y2
6. dy
x2 5
52
4 x
dy f ( x, y )dx .
7.
y 2 +1
dx f ( x, y )dy + dx f ( x, y )dy .
4 y 2
43
5.
2.
5 3+ 2 y y 2
3.
f ( x, y )dx .
x+4
f ( x, y )dx .
2 x +3
2 x +3
2 x
dx f ( x, y )dy + dx f (x, y ) dy .
:
1
9. dx f x 2 + y 2 dy .
0 0
44
10.
dx
3
3
x2
2
4
63 29
14 x x 2
dx
11.
0
2a
12.
3
x2
2
3 9 x 2
4 ax x 2
dx
0
2 ax x
f x 2 + y 2 dy .
f x 2 + y 2 dy .
f x 2 + y 2 dy +
4a
4ax x 2
2a
dx
f x 2 + y 2 dy .
:
13.
14.
(3x + 2 y ) dxdy , G ,
G
y = x2/2 y = 2 x .
15. xy dxdy , G ,
G
2
2 x y dxdy , G ,
x2 + y2
e
dxdy , G ,
G
: x + y = 1 x + y = 4.
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18.
dxdy
9 x y
, G ,
2
x + y = 9 y = 0 y = x.
19.
dxdy
4 x y
, G , -
: x + y = 4 (x 1) + y = 1 OY.
20.
2
2
x + y dxdy , G
(x 1) + y = 1, (x 2) + y = 4 y = x.
21.
x2 + y2
, :
22. r = a (1 cos ).
23. x = 4 y, 2x = y, y = 0.
24. xy = 1, x = 7 y.
x
, y = x 3.
25. x 2 + y 2 = 2 x , x 2 + y 2 = 4 x , y =
3
x2 y2
+
4 , y 0, y x 3 .
26. 1
25 9
27. y = 4 x 2 , y = 2 4 x 2 .
2
30. x + y = 4, x = y, z = 0, z = 3x .
2
31. x + y = 6y, z = 0, z = 9 x .
46
32. x 2 + y 2 = 4 y, x 2 + y 2 = 6 y, z = 0, z =
x2 + y 2 .
1, 2:
2
33. 1: x + z = y , 2: y = 2x.
2
34. 1: z = x y , 2: x + y = 1.
2
2 2
35. 1: z = x + y , 2: (x + y ) = 4 (x y ).
2
36. 1: z = x + y , 2: x + y = 4.
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