Dopuski I Posadki

Dopuski_i_posadki
621.81 : 621.753.1/2 : 744.4(075.8)

.. . , : . . 2-
., . . .: - , 2001. 219 .

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020593 07.08.97 .
17.09.2001. 6090/8. .
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1.
1.1
(. 1.1, ). S
D d .
D d .
, , , ,
..
. d max , d min
Dmax , Dmin ,
(.1.1, ).
Td TD .
Td
+
0-
d min
d max
D
d
Dmax
D min
TD
EI
TD
es
ES
Td
ei
. 1.1
,
,
D (. 1.1, ).
ES, es
.
ES = Dmax D ; es = d max D
EI, ei
.
EI = Dmin D ; ei = d min D
,
,
.
. 1.1, .
,
, .

, ,
( ) . ,
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.

, . 1.2, , .
+21
25
25 7
0+
-
ES = +21
EI = 0
T = ES - EI = +21 - 0 = 21
D
25
25 f6
0 -+
: es = -20
f6
-20
-33
ei = -33
Td = es -ei = -20 - (-33) = 13
0 -+
25
25 7/f6
+21
7
-20
-33
f6
: ES = +21 ,
EI = 0, TD = 21
: es = -20 , ei = -33 , Td = 13
:
Smax = ES - ei = +21 - (-33) = 54 , Smin = EI - es = 0 - (-20) = 20
:
TS = Smax - Smin = 54 - 20 = 34
TS = ES - ei - EI + es = TD + Td ,
TS = 21 + 13 = 34
0 -+
+41
+28
+21
: ES = +21 , EI = 0, TD = 21
: es = +41 , ei = +28 , Td = 13
:
N max = es - EI = +41 - 0 = 41 ,
25
25 7/r6
r6
N min = ei - ES = +28 - 21 = 7
TN = Nmax - N min = 41 - 7 = 34
TN = es - EI - ei + ES = TD + Td ,
TN = 21 + 13 = 34
0+
-
25
25 7/k6
+21
k6
: ES = +21 , EI = 0, TD = 21
+15
+2
: es = +15 , ei = +2 , Td =13
:
N
= es - EI = +15 - 0 = 15 , N = ei - ES = +2 - 21= -19 ,
max
min
-N min = Smax
: TN = N max - Nmin = 15 - (-19) = 34 ,
TN = es - EI - ei + ES = TD + Td ,
TN = 21 + 13 = 34
. 1.2

: , .
. 1.2, , , .
, (TS,
TN).
, , ,
, .

. . 1.2, .

, , , :
: Sc = ( Smax + Smin ) / 2 ;
Nc = ( N max + N min ) / 2 .
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3
1 d
120
100
80
2 d
60
40
20
40
80
160
120
d
240
200
d,
.1.3
.
3
() , ( d ):
A = a3 d ,
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d , ;
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(IT) :
IT = k i ,
k , ;
i , (. 1.1).
: 01, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, , 11, 1218.
(01, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4), ,
.
5- 11-, , .
12- 18- .
,
, .
1.1
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

k
10
16
500
25
40
64
100
160
250
400
640
1000
1600
2500
IT = k i , i = 0 ,45 3 D + 0 ,001 D ,
500 3150
IT = k I , I = 0 ,004 D + 2 ,1
.
1. D
, .
2. .
500 . .1.1
.

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500 . 1.4. .
11 11 11 11
10
A
9 9 9
8 8 8
7 7
B
6
C
5
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11 11
10 10
9 9
8 8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4
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6
5
4
7
6
5
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6 6 6 6 6
5 5 5 5
4
s t
8
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g h Js K M N
PR
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5 5 5 5 5 5
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6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
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7 7
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f6
m6
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500 .
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1.6.3
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h.
,
h, , , S
( ). , S
, h ,
. S
, h -
. ,
[hmin ]
[Smin ]
[Smax ]
, .
. 1.8
,
[ Smin ]...[ Smax ] (. . 1.8),
[ hmin ]. ,
[ hmin ] h S.
,
. :
[hmin ] RZ1 + RZ 2 + + P + + ,
(1.1)
RZ1, RZ2 - ;
, - ,
;
- , ;
- , .
:
[hmi ] k (R Z1 + R Z 2 + ) ,
(1.2)
k - (k 2).
:
p=
D2
S2
CR
,
(1.3)
2
- , Hc/ ;
- /c;
S - , ;
D - , ;
CR - , l / D ;
l - , ;
- , h:
h = 0.5 S e = 0.5 S (1 )
(1.4)
(1.3) S:
S = D
CR
(1.5)
C (1.4) h:
h=
CR (1 )
2
P
(1.6)
l
CR (1 ) = A D .1.3.
, - [ hmin ]
(1.2), A:
A=
2 [ hmin ]
D
. 1.3 min mx. min mx

1.4. [ Smin ] [ Smax ].
1.3
l
CR (1 ) = A D
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.5
2.0
0.30
0.299
0.339
0.375
0.408
0.438
0.464
0.488
0.610
0.763
0.40
0.319
0.360
0.397
0.431
0.461
0.487
0.510
0.891
1.091
0.50
0.327
0.367
0.402
0.434
0.462
0.487
0.508
1.248
1.483
0.60
0.324
0.361
0.394
0.423
0.448
0.469
0.488
1.763
2.070
0.65
0.317
0.352
0.283
0.410
0.433
0.452
0.469
2.099
2.446
0.70
0.310
0.344
0.372
0.369
0.417
0.434
0.450
2.600
2.981
0.75
0.298
0.328
0.351
0.375
0.393
0.408
0.421
3.242
3.671
0.80
0.283
0.310
0.332
0.350
0.367
0.378
0.389
4.266
4.778
0.85
0.261
0.284
0.302
0.317
0.329
0.339
0.341
5.947
6.545
0.90
0.228
0.246
0.245
0.210
0.279
0.286
0.292
9.304
10.09
0.95
0.178
0.188
0.196
0.202
0.207
0.211
0.215
19.68
20.97
0.99
0.091
0.095
0.096
0.098
0.100
0.101
0.101
106.8
110.8
,
: D = 0.075 , l = 0.075 , P = 1.47106 /2, = 157 /,
, t = 50, = 1910-3 /2. .
1. .
[ hmin ] = k ( R Z1 + R Z 2 + ) ,
RZ1 = RZ2
= 3.2 ,
[2];
23 :
[ hmin ] = 2 ( 3.2 10 6 + 3.2 10 6 + 3 10 6 ) = 18.8 10 6 .
2. .
2 [ hmin ]
A=
2 18.8 10 6
A=
75 10
19 10 3 157
= 0.352
1.47 10 6
3. min mx.
l
. 1.3 D = 1 = 0.352 : min ;
mx = 0.83.
. 1.9. -
, .. min 0.3. . 1.3 0.3.
min 0.3. min = 0.3 0.3 =
0.438.
4. [ Smin ] [ Smax ].
1.4 :
0.5
[ Smax ] =
0.4
2 18.8 10
1 0.83
2 h
1
.
[ Smax ] =
:
221 10 6
2 [ hmin ]
1 max
.
[ Smin ] =
0.352
0.3
2 [ hmin ]
1 min
:
,
, h
[ hmin ]:
D
h=
A0.3
2
P
;
0.2
0.1
S=
min 0.3 0.6
max
[ Smin ] =
A0.3
A
P
= 2.857 [ hmin ] 0.3
1 min
A
[ Smin ] = 2.857 18.8 10 6
. 1.9
0.436
67 10 6
0.352
.
5. .
[ Smin ] = 67 , : H/e c
: Smin = 60 .
K
=2:
TS =
[ Smax ] Smin
;
K
TS =
221 60
= 80 ,5
2
.
6. .
, TS = Td + TD . , 80
. :
H7 ( +0.030 )
0.060
75 e8 ( 0.106 )
1.7
1.7.1
1.7.2
H/js; Js/h - . P(N) 0.5...5%, ,

, .
.
H7/js6
,
.
H/k; K/h - . P(N) 24...68%.
- , ,
. .
, , .
H7/k6 , , ,
.
H/m; M/h - . P(N) 60...99,98% .
. .
, , .
H7/m6 , , ,
; , .
H/n ; N/h - . P(N) 88...100%.
.
: . , , .
H7/n6 , ,
, ,
..
1.7.3
.
:
- ;
,
( ).
1.8
1.8.1
. . 1.11
-
500 .
.

-,
.
.
- ,
- ,
.
- ,
- .
, -
.

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- ) ..
. 1.11
1.8.2
H/p; P/h - . .
. , ,
.
H7/p6 , ,
, .
H/r; H/s; H/t R/h; S/h; T/h - .
N = (0.0002...0.0006)D.
, . , , .
H7/r6 , H7/s6

(
H7/r6).
H/u; H/x; H/z U/h - .
N = (0.001...0.002)D. ,
, . , ,
. .
.
H7/u7; H8/u8 .
: , ,
.
1.8.3

, ,
. ,
,
.

N. ND (. 1.12)
Nd , :
N = ND+Nd.
(1.7)
d2
N
2
Nd
2
ND
2
A-A
. 1.12
:
d1
Nd
C
=p 2 ,
D
E2
ND
C
=p 1;
D
E1
(1.8)
2
, / ;
D , ;
E1, E2 , H/2;
C1, C2 , :
D
1 +
d2
C1 =
D
1
d2
+ ;
1
2
d
1+ 1
D ,
C2 =
2
2
d1
1
D
(1.9)
d1, d2 (. .1.10), ;
1, 2 ( 0.3, 0.5).
(1.7) (1.8), :
C
C
N = pD 1 + 2
E1 E 2 .
(1.10)
:
C
C
N min = pmin D 1 + 2
E
1 E2 ,
(1.11)
min
:

P :
pmin
P
D l f1
(1.12)
f1 ;
l ;
M :
p min
2 M
D 2 l f2 ,
(1.13)
f2 ;

M P :
2
p min
2 M
2
D +P
D l f
(1.14)
:
C
C
N max = pmax D 1 + 2
E1 E2
max .
pmax
,
:
D
p 0.58 TD 1
d2
d 2
p 0.58 Td 1 1
D
,
D
d
T ; T , H/2 .
: D = 0.185 , d1 = 0.110
, d2 = 0.265 , l = 0.17 .
P = 392103 H. 40,
E1 = E2 = 206 , m = 313 , f1 = 0.14, R z1 = R z2 = 8 .
1.
1.
C1, C2 .
D
1 +
d2
C1 =
D
1
d2
+ ;
1
2
d
1+ 1
D ;
C2 =
1
2
d1
1
D
0.185
1+
0.265 + 0.3 3.2 ;

C1 =
2
0.185
1
0.265
2
0.110
1+
0.185 0.3 1.8.

C2 =
2
0.110
1
0.185
2. .
N min =
N min =
P
l f1
C
C
1 + 2
E1 E 2 ;
392 10 3
3 ,2
1,8
= 127 10 6
11
11
0 ,17 0 ,14 2 ,06 10
2 ,06 10
.
,
, Nmin :
u = 0.8 (R z1 + R z 2 ),
u = 0.8 (8 + 8 ) = 12.8 .
N min
= 127 + 12.8 140 .
3. .
D
p = 0.58 T 1
d2
0.185 2
p = 0.58 313 10 6 1
= 93.1 ;
0.265
d 2
p = 0.58 T 1 1 ,
D
0.110 2
p = 0.58 313 10 6 1
= 117.4 .
0.185
:
4. .
C
C
N max
= pmax D 1 + 2
E
1 E2
3 ,2
1,8
p
= 418 10 6
= 93 ,1 10 6 0 ,185
+
N max
2 ,06 1011 2 ,06 1011
5. .
25347-82 :
185
H 8 ( +0.072 )
308
u8 ( ++00..236
)
N max = 308 < N max

= 418 ;
N min = 164 > N min

= 140 .
1.9
1.
, .
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2.
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2.1.1
2.1.2
b
, (. 2.2).
2.2
h9
h9
h9
H9
N9
P9
D10
Js9
P9
.
. 2.3.
2.3

D10
Js9
Js9
h9
P9
H9
h9
N9
h9
N9
+
0-
D10
-
-
-
. 2.4.
2.4
h,

t1 ( d - t1), t2 ( d + t2),
2 6
6 18
18 50
+0.1
0
+0.2
0
+0.3
0
. 2.1.
8 Js9/h9
8 N9/h9
. 2.1
2.2
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2.2.1 .

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d ;

b .
1139-80*
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:

D;

d;

b.
D
,
, D.
.
d , D,
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b , ,
.
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.3
,
-, : (
,
); (
).
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. -
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,
.
2.3.1 .

.
:

D , ;

m ;

z ;
= 30 - .

6033-80*, . 2.8
2.8

xm
e =S
Df
da = D f = D
d
da
df
Da
e =S

( )
Da
xm
d
p
df
d =mz
p = m
m + 2 x m tg
s(e)
s=e=
xm
xm =
Df
Da
Da = D 2 m
df
d f max = D 2.2 m
da
d a = D 0.2 m
1
[D m (z + 1.1)]
2
Df = D
da = D
. 2.9.
2.9
,
17
20
25
30
D,
35
40
45
50
55
60
z
65
70
75
80
0.8
20
23
30
36
42
48
55
60
66
74
1.25
12
14
18
22
26
30
34
38
42
46
50
54
58
62
11
13
16
18
21
24
26
28
31
34
36
38
10
12
13
15
17
18
20
22
24
25
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
.
1. 1. , , .
2. 2. , (. 6033-80*).
3. 3. D 4 440 , m 0.5 10 .
13
14
2.3.2
2.3.3
2.4

- 1...64
1...600 .

.
,
, , .
- , ,

.
2.4.1
2.4.2 .
2.4.3.
2.5
, ,
.
:
;
;
.
;
, ;
.
2.5.1
2.5.2.
. 2.6
0 6.

40
20
+
0-20
-40
dm= 45
Dm= 85
20
+
0-20
G7
H7
l6
Js7
K7
l0
r6
p6
n6
m6 k6
L0
M7
js6
N7
P7
L6
h6
g6
f6
-40
-60
. 2.6
,
, 0,
.
r6, p6, n6, m6, k6
.

.
) Dm d m ,
D =
Dmax + Dmin
d
+ dmin
= max
m
m
2
2
,
, Dmax , Dmin , dmax , dmin

. , , - l0
L0 (. .2.6).
) Dmax , Dmin , dmax , dmin ,
.

:

;

;

;

;

.

(. . 2.6), 0 6
.
,
, .

.
.
(. 2.7). ,
, , .
(. . 2.7, ).

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,
(. . 2.7, ).
,
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;
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0 6 . 2.15.
(. . 2.7, ).
( 2.8).
. , ,
.
(. . 2.8, ).

, .. .
, ..
(. . 2.8, ).
0 6 . 2.15.
(. . 2.8, ).
(. 2.9). ,

110H7/l0
40L0/k6
40L0/k6
110H7/l0
. 2.7
45L0/g6
P
120M7/l 0
)
. 2.8
)
. 2.9
40L0/k6
110Js7/l 0
P
40L0/k6
110Js7/l0
, , .
, , , ,
(. . 2.9, ).
2.15
-

L0 L0 L0
L0
,
,
js6 k 6 g6 , f 6
L6
L6 L6
L6
,
,
js6 k 6 g6 , f 6
L0
L6
js6 , js6
N7 M7 K7 P7
,
,
,
l0
l0
l0
l0
N7 M7 K7 P7
,
,
,
l6
l6
l6
l6
Js7
l0
Js7
, l6
.
1. , ,
- .
2. -
Js7 Js7
l 0 , l 6 .
3. .
,
. . 2.9,

,
, .

, .. .
. 2.15.
. . 2.9, .
.
- .
50 L0 / js6
L0/js6
L6/js6 (. 2.10).
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, 3325-85.
2.6
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.
:

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, ;

;

( 30 000 );

... ( 0.970.98 );

( 150 /), (
) ( );

.

.

.

, ..
.
, ,
.
( 60 /)
, ..
, .
, ,
.
.

.
. .
2.6.1
2.6.2
.
,
(, ),
, .
(. 2.11).
. 2.11
.
,
.
.

. .
,
. ,
2 3 .
. 2.12 ,
, .. .
.
.
, ..
,
.
.
. 2.12
, , :
z
2 = 2 1
x ,
z
1 - ;
x - .
()
.

Fior
.
fior

.
j n min
.
2.13
j n max

j n min
.

,
, (. 2.13).
, ,
.
. (. . 2.13):
ac
100%
b

;
hm
100%
hp
,
a - ;
c - ;
hm - ;
hp
- .
,
, , .
(. . 2.11) , ..
. (.2.14),
, .
:
Fir ;
i
fir .

.
i
. 2.14
, , (
- ) ,
. ,

.

. 2.15.
, ,
, :

;

;

.
12 . (1 2)
, .
,
. , ,
, ,
.
. 2.15
,

; ,
, .

j
n min .
A, B , C , D , E , H
T
jn x , y , z , a , b , c , d , h .
(. 2.16).

, x , y , z .
.

.
.
. 2.16
, 1643-81

.
1. Fior

(. .2.11 . 2.12).
.
Fio .
2. Fir .

,
(. . 2.14).
.
. ,
.
Fi .
3. Fir .

(. 2.17).

Fi .
i
4. Fcr .
,

.
. ,
.
. 2.17
Fc .
5. Frr .
(
) . 2.18.
Fr .
. 2.18
6. FvWr .

( 2.19).
.
,
.
. 2.19
FvW .
7. k FPkr .

k (. 2.20).
2
FPkr = r k
r
z ,
- ;
z - ;
k - , k 2 ;
r - .
k FPk .
8. FPr .

(. 2.20).
FP .
2.20

.
9. fior

(. 2.11 . 2.12).
fio .
10. fzkor .
k- .
fzko .
11. fzzor .
,
.
fzzo .
12. fir .

(. 2.14).
fi .
13. fir .

(. . 2.17).
fi .
14. fzkr .
k-
.
fzk .
15. fzzr .

, .
fzz .
16. fPtr .

(. . 2.20).
: +fPt , fPt .
17. fPbr .
.
.
,
(. 2.21).
: + fPb , fPb .
18. ff r .

,
(.2.22).
ff .
i
. 2.21
. 2.22

19. .
,
, ,
,
.
20. .
,
,
(. . 2.13).
21. f xr .
,
.
,
. . 5.15.
. ,

, .
f x .
f
22. yr .
,
, ,
.
, (. .
5.15).
f
y .
23. .
24. .

. . . 19 . 20.
F
25. r .

, ,
(. 2.23).
.
. 2.23
.
,
.
F
.
26. FPxnr .

, .
.
, .
: + FPxn , FPxn .

27. far .

.
: + fa , fa .
j
28. n min .
(. . 2.16).
T
jn .
29. .

( 2.24).
. 2.24
.

,
.

:
+E
a s ,
a i .
E
+E
a s ,
a i
:
30. EWmr .

.
. W mr -
(. 2.25).
. 2.25
W - ,
. . 2.6.1.

, , :
H=
mn z
+ x mn
2 cos
x mn - , .
:
EWms ,
+EWmi .
.
.
TWm .
31. E Hr .

, (. 2.26).
. 2.26
:
EHs ;
+EHi .
TH .
32. Ecr .
.
. ( ) S c
, ,
.
Ecs .
,
.
Tc .
4. .
3.1
.
24642-81. .
-.
24643-81. .
25069-81. .
2.308-79*.
3.1.1
3.1.2 .

(. 3.1).
- ,
.
- ,
.
-
( ,
).
L - ,
, .
,
. ,
.

EFZ

EPC
. 3.1
- , ,
,

.
.

,
.
- ,
, .
3.1.3
3.1.4
3.1.5
3.1.6
.
,
, ,
.
- ,
, ,
.
, , ,
, .

, , .
, ,
.
,
. ,
.
. 3.2. ,
, -
.

,
EPCmin = 0.005
22
EPC max = 0.0325
22.033
0.01
22 + 0.033
0.0215
0.043
0.51 = 0.0165
10 + 0.022
0.01
10
0.52 = 0.011

1

2
0.011
0.022
10.022
)
. 3.2
,
EPCmin = 0.005 (. . 3.2, ).

(. . 3.2, ).
:
max = EPCmin + 0.5 (T1 + T2 );
EPCmax = 0.005 + 0.5 ( 0.033 + 0.022 ) = 0.0325
.
,
.
- ,

.
3.1.7
1.
.
, .
2.
, :
;
,
;
(. . 3.5 3.7).
3. , , . 3.3.
2h
30
0,7h
60
60
90
1,6h
1,6h
1,6h
1,6h
2h
h
1,6h
60
45
1,6h
60
2h
0,7h
1,6h
0,1
1,6h
1,6h
. 3.3
4. .
- .
5. ,
(. 3.4, ).
, (. . 3.4, , ).
. 3.4
6. , ,
.
7. ,
.
8. ,
, . 3.5.
9. ,

,
(. . 3.5).
10.
, (. . 3.4, ).
11. ,
, ,
(. . 3.5, 3.7).
12.
, .
, . 3.6.
:
,
. . 3.6,);
(. . 3.6, )
(. . 3.6, ),
;
. 3.5
(. . 3.6, )
(. . 3.6, ),
.
0.02
)
0.02
)
0.02
0.02
)
0.02
3.6
3.2
.
,
.

. ,
.
(. 3.7)
, :
= 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5

. 3.8 ;
,
3325-85,
1 ,
(. 3.8, );
2 ,
, ,
(. . 3.8, );
,
3325-85, . 3.9;
3 (. .3.8,
); ;
4 ,
(.
.3.8, );
5 ,
(. . 3.8, );
,
3325-85, . 3.10.
. 3.7
3.8

0 .5
)
l
0.5 l
. 3.8
, ,
, .
,

, .
,
.

, , , 1 4 :
[ ( 2 + 3 + 5 )]
1 = 4 =
2
.

. ,
:
1 0.5 l 1 , ;
(. . 3.8, )
4 0.5 l 4 , ,
(. . 3.8, )
1 4 , , ;
l , .
2 5 ,
[ 5, 8 ] (. . 3.9 3.10).
3.9
,

d,
0
,
18 30
21
30 50
25
50 80
30
80 120
35
6
2
1,50
,
13
16
2
1,10
19
0,75
22
0,40
3.10
,

D,
,
30 50
39
25
1,50
1,10
50 80
46
30
80 120
54
1,10
35
0,50
120 180
63
0,90
40
0,45
180 250
72
0,85
46
0,40
, 2 5 .
, ,
.

.
1 (. 3.9, ).
, ,
. 3.9.
2 (. . 3.9, ).
.
, ,
- .
3 (. . 3.9, ).
l / d 0.8 . ,

.
l/ d> 0.8
3
d-H 7/ p6
1 =
)
1 = 2 = /2
)
2 = 3 = /2
)
. 3.9
l / d < 0.8 ,
,
. .

.
1 (. 3.10, ).
. . 3.10.
3
1
2
1
1 =
1 = 2 = /2
1 = 2 = 3 = /3
)
. 3.10
2 (. . 3.10, ).
.
.
3 (. . 3.10, ). : ,
. ,
.
,
.

.
0 6
IT/4, IT - .
3.3

. ,
, ,
, .
. 3.11

Smin [ 6 ] (. 3.11):
Smin 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 ,
1
(. 3.12, );
2 ,
(. . 3.12,.);
3
(. . 3.12, );
4
. 3.12, .
0.5
l
0.5 l
. 3.12
1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = ( Smin 5 ) / 4 , .

, , . ,
,
64 , - 86 .
3.4
:
25142-82. . ;
2789-73*. . ;
2.309-73*. .
3.4.1

.
,
, ,
, .
:

;

- ;

;

, ,
;

,
;

;

..
3.4.2
(. 3.13),
.

l.
m-m ,
,
.
2789-73* (. . 3.13).
1. Ra
:
R =
1
l
y ( x ) dx
l ;
y ( mm).
Ra :
R =
yi
i =1
y i ;
l
Si
Smi

yv 5
bi
Rmax
yv 1
yp5
yp1
. 3.13
2. Rz -

.
5
Rz =
y pi +
i =1
y vi
i =1
y pi i- ;
y vi
i- .
3. R max
(. . 3.13).
4. Sm
(. . 3.13).
5. S ,
(. . 3.13).
6. t p
:
tp =
l
i =1
bi
bi
i =1 ( , p
, ).

.
1. . ,
.
2. . . 3.11.
, .
3.4.3

.
. ,
, Ra ,
, ,
Rz .
Rz
, Ra
( . .).
Ra Rz .
.
.
1. [10]
, . 3.12.
3.12

Ra ,
0.40.8
0.81.6
0.20.4,
2. , ,
, ,
(. 3.13) .
3. ,
(IT), (F) (P).

(. 3.14).
3.13
65
80
1.25
0.63
0.32
80 500
2.5
1.25
0.63
80
1.25
0.63
0.63
80 500
2.5
1.25
1.25
80
2.5
1.25
1.25
80 500
2.5
2.5
2.5
Rz
0.33
0.50.4
.
,
.
Rz Ra
[ 7 ] :
Ra
0.25 Rz
Rz 8 ;
Ra
0.2 Rz
Rz < 8 .
Ra
(. ).
. 3.14
1
42 k6
+0.018
+ 0.002
). R
0.5I
Rz
Ra , ,

IT = 16 . Rz = 0,33IT = 0.3316 = 5,3 . Ra =

0.2 Rz = = 0.25.3 = 1.06 . Ra = 0.8 .
+0.015
36 k 6 + 0.002 , = 9
F = 4 . Ra .
IT = 13 , Rz = 0.5 F = 0.54 = 2 . Ra =
0.2 Rz = 0.22 = 0.4 . Ra = 0.4 .
3.4.4

, , ,
.
. 3.15.
. 3.15
,
. 3.16.

( R z 20 , R max 10 ), Ra , (.
3.16).
. 3.16
, ,
, .
3.17.

. , ,
, , .
. 3.17
. 3.18
,
, 1,5 , ,
(. 3.18).
. 3.19.
. 3.19

:
,
,
.
(. . 3.19):
1. 1. Ra 0,1
l = 0,25 ( ,
,
).
2. Sm 0,063
0,04
l = 0,8 .
3. 50%-
80 10% l = 0,25 .
4
4.1
(. 4.1).
)
. 4.1
.
, .
(. . 4.1 , ) ,
, .
,
(. 4.2). , ,
.
,

( 16319-80).
, ,
, .

. . 4.3
2
1
.
3
. 4.3,
,
. 4.3, ,
= 3 - 1 - 2
2
1, .
. 4.2

.
. . 4.4, ,
. . 4.4, ,
, .
(. 4.4, ). 1 , 2 , 3 ,
.
.
, .
, , .
, (
) .
( , . . 4.2, 4.3, ) (. . 4.3, ).
-
,
.
.
( , , ..) , ,
.
.
(
A j , j
) - , ,
( j, j )
, .

.
4.2
, , , ,
.
() .
, (. . 4.2) ,

.
(. 4.7, , ) ,
.
. ,
,
.
, .4.5,
; . 4.7,
..
*.
. 4.5, . 4.6, . 4.7.
:
;

; ,
;
, ..
.
4.3
. ,
.
:
(4.1)
n p -
. , ,
:
(4.2)
* . 4.5, ; 4.6, ; 4.7, .
, ..8.1.
(4.2)
m - , . (4.2)
,
. , ,
, ..

.
:
(4.3)
:
(4.4)

:
(4.5)
, ,
(4.1), (4.2), (4.3), (4.4) (4.5) .
4.4

.
,
.
, ..:
T1 = T2 = KTm 1 =
T
m 1

,
.
,
.
, k .
:
j = kj i j
k j ( );
ij
, ,
.
,
, , k j .
:
m 1
T j = k i1 + k i2 + K + k im 1
j =1
m 1
m 1
Tj = k
j =1
i j
j =1
(4.6)
(4.2) :
m 1
T = k
i j
j =1
:
k=
m 1
i j
.
(4.7)
,
. k
,
. 4.1.
j =1
4.1
5
7
6
10
7
16
8
25
9
40
10
64
11
100
12
160
13
250
14
400
15
640
16
1000
17
1600
i 500 . 4.2.
4.2
,
3
3 6
6 10
10 18
18 30
ij
,
0.55
0.73
0.90
1.08
1.31
30 50
50 80
80 120
120 180
180 250
ij
250 315
315 400
400 500
,
1.56
1.86
2.17
2.52
2.89
ij
3.22
3.54
3.89
(
16320-80).
4.4.1.
, ,
. ,
,
(
, , ). ,
, - .
. .8.2 ,
+0 ,25
= 0 ,2
.
,
.
100% -
.
1. .
, , ,
. , 9 ,
.
9 (4.1) :
=
Aj
j =1
Aj
j =1
= 7 + 8 + 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 10 ;
0 ,2 = 8 + 130 + 9 19 20 42 20 19 10 10 ;
A 9 = 2 ,2 .
2. .
4.7. k :
k=
T
m 1
i j
j =1
250
k=
19 ,9
1,31 + 1,31 + 1,56 + 1,31 + 1,31 + 0 ,9 + 0 ,9 + 2 ,52 + 0 ,55 + 0 ,9
.
k = 16 (7-
) k = 25 (8- ). ,
7- ,
8-. , A 9
7- 8- .
, A 9 ,
, h , H;
.. .
. 4.3.
IT
2 ,
3. A9 .
(4.2) :
m 1
T =
T j
j =1
250 = 21 + 21 + 39 + 21 + 21 + 15 + 15 + 63 + T9 + 22 ;
T9 = 12
.
4.3
ij
0.2
250
+250
+125
19
1.31
21
-21
-10.5
20
1.31
21
-21
-10.5
42
1.56
39
-39
-19.5
20
1.31
21
-21
-10.5
19
1.31
21
-21
-10.5
10
0.9
IT
2
15
+7.5
-7.5
0.9
15
-15
-7.5
130
2.52
63
-63
-31.5
2.2
0.55
7...8
12
+108.5
+96.5
+102.5
10
0.9
22
+11
-11
10
IT
2
4. 9 .
(4.3) :
=
j =1
H j
j =1
+ 250 = 0 + 0 + 9 ( 21) ( 21) ( 39 ) ( 21) ( 21) ( 7 ,5 ) ( 11)
9 = +108.5
(4.4) :
H =
H j B j
j =1
j =1
0 = ( 15 ) + ( 63 ) + H 9 ( +7 ,5 ) ( +11 );
H 9 = +96 ,5 .
5. .
, (4.5)
:
=
j =1
Cj
C j
j =1
+125 = ( 7 ,5 ) + ( 31,5 ) + 102,5 ( 10 ,5 ) ( 10 ,5 ) ( 19,5 ) ( 10 ,5 ) ( 10 ,5 ) ;

+125 = +125 .
.
4.4.2.
,
,
.
, .
,
, ,
, .
,
, . ,
, .
,
.
,
.
,
:
m 1
2j
.
, ,
6
, :
j =1
Tj
6
, :
T
2 t
t - .
:
m 1
T = 2 t
2
6
2j = =
1
9
Tj
6
j =1
:
m 1
T = t
2j T j2
j =1
(4.8)
(4.8)
.
,
T j = k j i j (4.8). ,
k , :
T = t k
m 1
2j i 2j
j =1
:
T
k=
t
2j i 2j
(4.9)
k ,
.
.
(4.9),
2
j .
, , , ,
2j =
1
6
2j =
1
3
,
,
.
P, t ,
. 4.4.
4.4.
P,%
32.00
10.00
4.50
1.00
0.27
0.10
0.01
1.00
1.65
2.00
2.57
3.00
3.29
3.89
(. . .8.2).
+0 ,25
A = 0 ,2
.
P = 0.27%
(
).
1. .

- .
2. .
(4.9):
T
k=
m 1
2j i 2j
j =1
k=
250
58 ,3
1
3
(1,312 + 1,312 + 1,56 2 + 1,312 + 1,312 + 0 ,9 2 + 0 ,9 2 + 2 ,52 2 + 0 ,55 2 + 0 ,9 2 )
9
k k = 64 ,
10- . 10- .
3. .
(4.8) :
t=
T
m 1
2j T j2
j =1
t=
250
1
84 2 + 84 2 + 100 2 + 84 2 + 84 2 + 58 2 + 58 2 + 160 2 + 40 2 + 58 2
9
2.7
0.693% ( . .7.1
).
, .
, 9- .
. 4.5.
4.5
ij
0.2
250
+250
+125
19
1.31
10
84
-84
-42
20
1.31
10
84
-84
-42
42
1.56
10
100
-100
-50
20
1.31
10
84
-84
-42
19
1.31
10
84
-84
-42
10
0.9
IT
2
10
58
+29
-29
0.9
10
58
-58
-29
130
2.52
10
160
-160
-80
2.2
0.55
10
40
+36
-4
+16
10
10
0.9
IT
2
10
58
+29
-29
5
6
8
9
A9 .
4.
A 9 (4.5):
=
Cj
j =1
C j
j =1
+ 125 = ( 29 ) + ( 80 ) + C 9 ( 42 ) ( 42 ) ( 50 ) ( 42 ) ( 42 ) ;
9 = +16 ;
T9
;
2
40
;
2
9 = +36 ;
T9
;
2
40
;
2
H 9 = 4 .
B9 = C 9 +
H9 = C9
4.4.3.
B 9 = 16 +
9 = 16
,
.
,
, , 12-14- .
.
,

.
, ,
, , , , ..
9 (. . .8.2).
+0,25
A = 0,2
.
1. .

- .
2. .
, 12- .
,
, . .7.2
, A 9 , .
3. .
(4.2) :
m 1
T =
T j
j =1
T = 120 + 210 + 250 + 210 + 120 + 150 + 150 + 400 + T9 + 150 .
,
, ..
.
:
T9 = T 120 210 250 210 120 150 150 400 150 ;
T9 = 250 1760 ;
9 = 1510
,
1.51 , .
. 4.6.
4. A 9 .
A 9 :
j =1
Cj
C j
j =1
+ 125 = ( 75 ) + ( 200 ) + C 9 ( 60 ) ( 105 ) ( 125 ) ( 105 ) ( 60 ) ;
C 9 = 55 ;
min
A9
= A9 + C 9
max
A9
= A9 + C 9 +
min
A9
T9
2
max
A9
T9
2
1.51
= 2.2 + ( 0 ,055 )
2 ;
= 2.2 + ( 0.055 ) +
1.51
2 ;
min
A9
= 1.39 ;
max
A9
= 2.9 .
4.6

i j ,
0.2
250
+250
+125
19
1.3
1
120
-120
-60
20
1.3
1
12
210
-210
-105
42
1.5
6
12
250
-250
-125
20
1.3
1
12
210
-210
-105
19
1.3
1
120
-120
-60
10
0.9
IT
2
12
150
+75
-75
0.9
12
150
-150
-75
130
2.5
2
12
400
-160
-200
9 =
2.2
0.5
5
1510
-55
10
0.9
12
150
+75
-75
10
IT
2
5. .
,
.
, ,
12- (IT12 = 0.1 ), , 2.9
:
max
A9 = A 9
+ ( IT12 ) ;
A9 = 2.9 + 0.1 = 3
A9 = 3 0.1 .
4.4.4.
,
.
,
,
.
.
(c. .
+0,25
.8.2). A = 0,2
.
(c. )
.
T9 = 1.51
min
A9
= 1.39 .
1. .
m 2
T j
N min =
j =1
T Tk
(4.10)
m 2
T j
j =1
: Tk = ( 0 ,1K0 ,3 ) T ; .
Tk = 0.15 250 ; Tk = 37.5
. Tk = 40 (10- );
Nmin =
120 + 210 + 250 + 210 + 120 + 150 + 150 + 400 + 150

250 40
N min = 8.38 .
,
(4.10) .
: N=9.
2. .
m 2
T j
j =1
120 + 210 + 250 + 210 + 120 + 150 + 150 + 400 + 150

195.5
9
3. .
.
min
K1 = A 9
min
K2 = A9
min
K3 = A9
min
K4 = A9
min
K5 = A 9
min
K6 = A 9
min
K7 = A 9
min
K8 = A 9
min
K9 = A9
= 1.39 0.04 ;
+ = 1.59 0.04 ;
+ 2 = 1.78 0.04 ;
+ 3 = 1.98 0.04 ;
+ 4 = 2.17 0.04 ;
+ 5 = 2.37 0.04 ;
+ 6 = 2.56 0.04 ;
+ 7 = 2.76 0.04 ;
+ 8 = 2.95 0.04 .
5.
5.1
5.1.1
, ,
( ).

, ,
, . , ,
(, , , , .),
.

,
.

,
, .
. ,

, .
,
,
.
.
5.1.2
,
[ 7 ].
, , .
, .
, .
, .
:

- ;

- .

[ 7 ].
1.
.
2. .
3. .
.
- .
- .
4. ,
- .
,
.
(. 5.1, ) l1 l2
l3, A .
- A
(. 5.1, ),
-. 5.1,
.
5. , ,
- .
6. , ,
, , (. ),
- , .
7.
- , , ,
(. 5.2).
5.1.3
:

;

;

( );

().
,
.

1. , , .
,
, . .
(. ).
2. ,
. , 25346-82 :

25 h6 ; 40 K7 ;
+0.007
25 0.013 ; 40 0.018 ;

+0.007
25 h6( 0.013 ); 40 K7 ( 0.018 ) .
3. , ,
.
4. , , 12-
IT14
2 ,
, :
, H14, h14, ,
H14 ; h14 ;
IT14
2 .
,
, (
25670 - 83).
, .
25670-83
, .
, ,
14- .

, 3.1
.
.

.
1.
, ,
, .
2. :
) ;
) .
, 24643-81, , ,
, , .
,
, .

.
.
3.
2.308-79 .
.
4.
.
5. ,
. .2.1 (.
2).
6.
, 24643-81.

, ,
3.4 .
.
5.2

.
1. , , .
,
: 34...42 HRC; 167...223 ; h 0,8...1,2 ; 57...64 HRC.
,
, h HRC ()
- (. 5.3).
2. ( , .).
3. , ,
.
4. (, , ).
5.3
,
:
;
;

;
- ;

.
.
5.3.1

5.1.2.

,
, , (.5.4, ).

.

. (. 5.4, , )

. . 5.4,
, .

, , ,
.
5.3.2 ,
5.1.3,
- 3.4.

.
1 - ,
( 3.2)
(
3.3).
2 ,
.
3 - , .

, .
, ,
.
. 5.5 . ,
,
. ,
. 5.5. .
1 .
. ,
, .

.

(. . 3.2):
,
= 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5
=
8 306 0 (. . 3.8);
,
1
;
2 = 1.5 , (. . 3.9).
;
3
, ;
4
5 = 1.5 ,
(. . 3.10).
:
1 = 3 = 4
1 = 3 = 4 = ( 2 5 ) / 3 = ( 8 1.5 1.5 ) / 3 = 1,67
0 . 5l
l
.
. 5.6
(. 5.6):
0.5 k l 1
1
0.00029
k = -
3438
;
l = 19 ;
= 0.5 0.00029 19 1.67 = 0.0046
;
r = 2 = 2 0.0046 = 0.0092
.

24643-81:
CR = 10
.
r . ,
,
.
r
, , ,
.
TFK = 2.5 (. 8),
.
2 .
.
6 ,
1. ,
.
, :
1 = 3 = 4 = 6 = ( 2 5 ) / 4 = ( 8 1.5 1.5 ) / 4 = 1.25
.
:
0.5 k l 1 = 0.5 0.00029 68 1.25 = 0.0123
,
l = 68 - ,
.
r = 2 = 2 0.0123 = 0.0246
R = 25 .
3 . .
38 .

.
1 (. . 3.9, ).
25 (. . 3.9).
. .2.4:
CA= 20 .
4 . .
50 .

; .
.
lc
1 .
0 ,8
d
7/6; 7/r6; 7/s6
(, . 5.7).
.

.
Flc r
2 .
< 0 ,8
d
, ().
,

(. . 5.7), , ,
. , ,
.

,
,
, 1/3
1643-81.
d ,
l,
, :
= 1 / 3( d / l )F
F r
l
lc
. 5.7
3 .
.
.
0.5
F . 2- 3- , ,
,
.
4 . .
,
,
.
(. . 5.5)
3- .
, ,

.
,
, :
= 0.5 ( d / l )F = 0.5 ( 50 / 30 ) 9 = 7.5
.
F =
9
1643-81 (. . .4.4)

.

.

, 3.2:
,
1 = 2 = 3 =
3

= 25 (. . 3.9) - ;
1
;
32

.
25
.
1 =
= 8.3
3
1 >,

24643-81 (. . .2.4):
CA = 6 .
5 .
.

.
Fr
.
:
;

;

.
Fr ,
1/3.

:
=
1
1
Fr = 50 = 16.7
3
3
.
Fr
1643-81 (. 2.6 5.4)

.
24643-81 (. .
.2.5):
CR = 12 .
. R = 16 ,

, ,
(. . .2.1).
6 .
, , .
. 5.1.

, . ,
1460 -1.
24643-81:
CR = 10 .

, -1
600
0.030
600
1000
1000
1500
0.020
0.012
5.1
1500
3000
0.006
7 .
. [8, 9] . 5.2.

,
.
:
CR = 25 .
-1
1000
0.04
1000
1500
0.03
5.2
1500
3000
0.02

8 .
.
. 3.2.

.

IT/4:
EFK = EFP = 0.25 IT
,
IT = 13 - .
EFK = EFP = 0.25 13 = 3.2
:
FK = FP = 2,5 .
9 .
.

.
. 2.7 2.2.
PS = 12
1 0 . .

,
( 2336078), ( 2410980 24121-80), .. .. [7,
8, 10].
, . 5.3,
, , .

.
. . 2.4 2.1.
15
23360-78 (. . 2.1).
1 1 . .
Ra [10]
:

1,63,2 ;

6,312,6 .
1 2 . .
.
Ra . 3.13, 1,25 .
Ra ,
(. 8) FK = FP = 2,5 , = 0,2 .
1 3 . ()
.
Ra [10]
. 5.4.
5.3

, ,
.
1.
.
2.
.
3.
.
4.
.
5.

24109-80 - 24121-80.
1.
.
2.
1.
.
2. .
3.
.
4.
.
5.
1.
.
2.

D10.
:
2;
0.5;
:
0.5;
0.5;
.
=2
0.5
5.4
Ra
, ,
1.63.2
1.63.2
0.81.6
0.40.8
3.26.3
1.66.3
0.81.6
0.40.8
0.81.6
0.40.6
3.2
1.63.2
1 4 . .
-

.

:
Rz
= 0,5 = 0,56 = 3 ;
Ra
= 0,2 Rz =0,23 = 0,6 .

(. . .3.1) = 0,4 .
1 5 .
.
-
.
R z
:
Ra
Rz
1. = 0,33 I = 0,3316 = 5,3 ;
Rz
2. = 0,5 R = 0,512 = 6 .
Raz = 0,2 = 0,25,3 = 1,06 .
Ra = 0,8 .
1 6 . .
-
.
Ra
. 3.12: = 0,4 , .
5.4
5.4.1
da, lc (. 5.8); ,
; ;
.
. l1
l2.
(. 5.9),
:
;
;
.
.
5.4.2 , , ,

,
(. . 5.9).

1 16 .
1 . m.

1- . 5.5 (
).
5.5
2 . z.
(x = 0) = 20
ha = 1
zmin = 17 .
3 . .

: ,
, ..
:
, , , :
)
,
;
)
;
) ;
(),

,
;
,

(. 5.6).
,
,

;
,
,
.
. 5.9
5.6

,
. ,

,
. ,
, .
-
.

,
,
(. 5.7).
5.7

, ,
,
(. 1643-81).
,
,

25
.

7 ,

,
:
7- 1643-81.
8
, 7 ,
6 , ,

:
8 - 7 - 6 - 1643-81.
4 . W
.
.
- .
2.403-75
.
W .
W = m k,
, ;
k , = 20

z (. 5.8).
W = 4 7.674 = 30.696 .
5.8
( )
,
, Fr .
Fr :
EWms = EWms I + EWms II = 110 11 = 121 ,
EWms I = 110 (. .4.6);

EWms II = 11
(. .4.7).
TWm = 70 (. .4.8).
( ):
EWmi = EWms TWm = 121 70 = 191 .

:
;
;
.

. 5.9.
,
, , ,
.
,
, .

, f zzor , f zkor ,
Fior
, ,
.

,
.
5 * . Fr
FvW .
.
(. . 5.9),
.
(. .4.1):
Fr = 50
.
(. .4.1):
FvW = 28
6 * .
f Pb
ff .
: f Pbr ffr (. . 5.9)
.
(. .4.3):
f Pb = 17
.
(. .4.3):
f f = 14 .
* , ( 5 - 7)
;
.
7 * . F .
.
(. .4.4):
F = 9
.
5.9
8 . d P .
- :
d = m z;
d = 421
= 84 .
,
:
P = m cos
= 20 :
P = 2 ,952 m ,
P = 2 ,952 4 = 11,808 .
.
(. 2.403-75).
9 . :
da = m z + 2 m ;
da = 4 21 + 2 4 = 92 .
, 0,1 m;
. 5.10.
5.10
, d a
[11].
1 0 .
da
.
. 5.1:
= 12 .
1 1 . .

, .
,
, ,
.
.
1 . :
H7 / p6 , H7 / r 6 , H7 / s6 ( lc / d 0 ,8 , . . 5.8).
, ,

0 ,5 F
2 .
, ( lc / d < 0 ,8 ).
.

, ,
1
F
3
.

,
,
, :
=
1
( d / l ) F
3
d ;
l .
3 . .

.
. 2- 3- , ,
,
0 ,5 F .
4 . .
, ,
0 ,5 F .
.
. :
= 0.5 ( d / l ) F = 0.5 ( 84 / 30 ) 9 = 12.6
. = 12
(. . .2.4).
. , . 5.10,
, , ,
:
= 1 / 3 ( d / l ) F = 1 / 3 ( 80 / 30 ) 9 = 8.4
:
= 8 .
. 5.10
1 2 . .

.

.
(. . 3.2)
:
= 1 + 2 + 3 ,
= 25 (. . 3.9) 306 0;
= 6 , (. , .
5.5);
2
3
.
:
3 = 2 = ( 1 ) / 2 , 3 = ( 25 6 ) / 2 = 9.5 .

,
:
3 = 3 d / d o ,
d = 54 ;
d o .
3 = ( 9.5 54 ) / 30 = 17.1 .
:
= 16 .
. (. 5.10),
, ,

,
.
1 3 . ,

. 5.3, .10, 11.
1 4 . .

, .
. :
R z 0.5 T
- .
= 12
84 ,
50 ,
:
= 50/84 = (1250)/84 = 7.1 .
:
R z = 0.5 7.1 = 3.55 ,
R a = 0.2 R Z = 0.2 3.55 = 0.71 .
Ra = 0.4 (. . .3.1).
:
R z = 0.516 = 8 ;
Ra =0.2 R z = 0.2 8 = 1.6 .
: Ra = 1.6 (. . .3.1).
1 5 .
.

.
:
0.33 ; Rz = 0.3325 = 8.25 .
Ra = 0.25 Rz = 0.258.25 = 2.06 .
Ra = 1.6 (. . .3.1).
1 6 . .

.
Rz
Ra = 0.8 ,
- (. . 5.6).
5.5
5.5.1
: ; ,
, ; , , l ;
, , l1 ; , , l2 , l3 .
: (. 5.11);
d1 ,
d11 (. . 5.11, ),
h8 (. . 5.11, ); D ,
H 8 .

.
1
1
2
. 5.11
5.5.2 ,

5.1.3, 3.4.

, , ,
.
, ,
.
= 72 (. 5.12),
, ,
, .

.
, . 5.12,
,
.
1 . .

.
d1
= 72 .
3 (. . 3.10, ).
132
,
.

, .
:
d1
2 = 1 = 3 = / 3

= 46 (.
. 3.10) .
2 = 46 / 3 15.3 .

24643-81 (. .2.4):
= 12 .
. ,
.
0.2 Smin
0.2 Smin
0.2 Smin
0.2 Smin
. 5.13
2 . .

.
(

) 14140-81

:
Smin = Dmin d max
,
Dmin ;
d max
.
S min [10] 60%
40%
- .
(. 5.13) ,

:
T
= 0.2 ( D d ).
2
:
/2 = 0.2 (9 - 8) = 0.2 .
24643-81
(. .2.1):
= 400 .
, ,

.
3 .
.
-
.
IT 9 D = 52
[8].
IT 9
= 74
.
D = 52
24643-81 (. .2.4):
= 60 .
4 .
.

.
IT 6 D = 52 [8].
IT 6 D = 52 = 19 .
24643-81 (. .2.5):
CR = 16 .
5 . .

.
Ra [9] = 2.5 .
6 . .
Ra 18514-73 3325-85
=
1.6 2.5 .
5.6
5.6.1
: ( );
, .
.
5.6.2 ,

, ,
. ,
( l / d < 0 ,8 )
, ,
, .

.
, . 5.14,
,
.
1 .
.

, .

. T = 2 fa

I - I (. 5.15), fa
(. .4.9).

,
,
.
1 / 3 fa . (. . 5.15),
,
far
(
:
=
l1 ).
1
fa ( l / l1 )
3
.
12.5
( )
0.01
1.6
1.6 45
3
1.25
32
0.006
0.006
130
110
0.8
+0.03 )
1.25
+0.025
92 k6( +0.003 )
72 7(
4 . 9
0.4
8 h9 ( -0.036 )
0.012
. 5.14
= 100 ,
fa = 0.07 .
100
1
= 70
46.7
3
50
.
I
l 1=50
far
A=100
fxr
l 2=30
I
l=100
)
fyr
l2
)
. 5.15

.

;
;
.
(. 5.15, ) f xr ,
,

f yr
(. . 5.15, ).
, f xr f yr
1643-81 l2 ,
1/3
:
fx
fy
= 100
= f y
3
l2 .
f y , . .4.5
f x .
fy
= 4.5 (. .4.5):
100
1
= 4.5
=5
30
3
.

24643-81 (. .2.5):
PC = 10 .
2 . .
-
.
3 (. . 3.10, ).

2 3 ,
1 .
:
3 = 1 = 2 = / 3 ,
= 46 (. . 3.10) -
.
3 = 46 / 3 15.3 .

24643-81 . .2.1:
= 12 .

3.
.
-
.
,
5.5, 2. :
= 400 .
4 .
.

3.2.

.
FK = FP = 0.25IT,
IT
= 30 - .
FK = FP = 0.2530 = 7.5 .
(. .2.3):
FK = FP = 6 .
5 . .
.
Rz :
R z = 0.33 IT ,
IT = 22 .
R z = 0.33 22 = 7.3 .
Ra :
Ra = 0.2 Rz = 0.2 7.3 = 1.46 .
(. .3.1):
Ra = 1.6 .
6 . .
.
,
: Ra = 0.8 .
7 . .

.
Rz = 0.5,
= 12 - .
R z = 0.512 = 6 .
Ra = 0.2 R z = 0.2 6 = 1.2 .
: Ra = 1.25 .
5.7

ZN1 ( ),
ZN2 ( ), ZK (,
) .
5.7.1
. 5.11.
.
b1 . 5.12.
x b1 x,
b1.
. 5.13.
b1 (. . 5.12)
-: 25 - m < 10 ; 30...40 - m = 10...16 ; 50 - m > 16
.

. 5.14.
5.7.2
, ,
, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
10, 11 12. ,
, . . 5.15
, ,
.

: , , ..
:

, , , :
)
, ;
) ;
) ;

(),
,
;
,
(. . 5.6).
,
,
, ,
;

.
(. 5.16) (A, B, C, D, E,
H) T jn (x, y, z, a, b, c, d, h).
.
5.15

Fir
FPr
Fcr ,
Frr
Frr
F ir
f zkr
fPtr ,
ff 2 r
f Ptr
fPxr ,
fPxr ,

,

.
(
)
fPxkr ,
ff 1r
frr ,
f f 1r
far ,
f r ,
f xr

.
,

.
,
. , ,
.

(. 5.16).

jn
b
c
jn min
0
jn min
jn min
+
-
h
jn min jn min
h
jn min = 0
jn min -

5.16
5.16

5-12
5-12
3-9
3-8
2-6
2-6

7 ,
:
7- 3675-81.

8 , 7 , 6
,
B a:
8-7-6-Ba 3675-81.
5.8
5.8.1
: ;
, ; ;
b1; -, , , f;
- ;
. (.
5.17).
(. 5.18),
:
- ;
- ;
- .
.
.
.
.
5.8.2 , , ,

5.18 ,
.
(. . 5.18)
.
1 . 19672-74*
.
,
, q = d1 / m .
q z1 = 1; 2; 4
2144-76 . 5.17.
2 . .
:
z = 1; 2; 4.
3 . : b Z1;
.
q z . 5.18.
:
b = cos n cos ,
n .
5.17
m,
1.00
16*; 20
1.25
12.5; 16.0; 20.0
(1.50)
14.0; 16.0*
1.60
10.0; 12.5; 16.0; 20.0
2.00
8.0; 12.0; 15.5; 16.0; 20.0
2.50
8.0; 10.0; 12.0; 15.5; 16.0; 20.0
(3.00)
3.15
(3.50)
10.0; 12.0
8.0; 10.0; 12.5; 16.0; 20.0
10.0; 12.0*; 14.0*
4.00
8.0; 9.0; 10.0; 12.0*; 12.5; 16.0; 20.0
5.00
8.0; 10.0; 12.5; 16.0; 20.0
(6.00)
6.30
9.0; 10.0
8.0; 10.0; 12.5; 14.0; 16.0; 20.0
.
1. .
2. * z = 1
5.18
q
z
1
8.0*
70730
140210
263354
9.0
62025
123144
235745
10.0*
54238
111836
214805
12.0
44549
92744
182606
12.5*
43426
90525
174441
14.0
40508
80748
155643
16.0*
33435
70730
140210
18.0
31047
62025
123144
20.0*
25145
54238
111836
*
4 . .
, , ,
.
5 . .

, , . 5.6.
:
8-B 3675-81.
6 . .
. 2.406-76
.
:
Sa1 = 6.264 (. . 5.14);
ha1 = 4.001 (. . 5.14).

:

M1 = d1 ( m 1,571 m )
cos
1
+ D
+ 1 ,
tg
sin
= 20 Z1, ZN1, ZN2, ZK1;

sin = sin 20cos ZA;
D (D 1.67m).

.
(. . 5.15).
,

, f zzor , f zkor ,
Fior
.

, , .

(8- ) . .5.5:
fPx = 24 ;
k fPxk = 40 ;
ff 1 =36 .
.
(8- ):
fa = 90 (. .
.5.7);
f = 16 (. .
.5.8);
f x = 71 (.
. .5.7).

.
,
( ),
, aw ,
, :
Es s = Es s1 + Es s 2 = 170 120 = 290
Es s1 = 170 (. .5.11),
Es s 2 = 120
(. .5.12).
TS
Fr = 71 :
TS =
140
, :
ESi = ESS TS = 290 140 = 430
d a1 .

Fda1 .
,
. Tda1 Fda1 :
Tda1 = 0 ,687 TS = 0 ,687 140 = 96
Fda1 = 0 ,343 TS = 0 ,343 140 = 48

:
T da1 = 74
, 9- ;
Fda1 = 40 ,
Fda1 0 ,6 Fr = 0 ,6 71 = 43 .
, ,
, ES S TS
, .
:
TS = TS ( Fda1 + 0 ,5 Tda1 ) 2 tg n = TS 0.73 ( Fda1 + 0 ,5 Tda1 );
TS = 140 0.73 ( 40 + 0 ,5 74 ) = 84 ;
ES S = ES S 0.5 Fda1 2 tg n = ES S 0.365 Fda1 ;
ES S = 290 0.365 40 = 305 ;
ES i = 305 84 = 389
7 . .
:
d1 = 50 (. . 5.13);
p z1 = 12.566 (. . 5.14).
.
8 . d a1 = 58 (. . 5.13).

, 6:
Fda1 = 40 ,
58h9 ( 0 ,074 ) .
9 . :
k1 = 0 ,1 4 = 0 ,4 .
:
f 1 = 1,2 (. . 5.13).
1 0 . .
.
Ra = 3.2 (. . 5.6).
,
, 5.3.
5.9
5.9.1
: ; ,
; d a2 ; d am2 ;
d a2
d m2
A-A
f2
k2
f
c
b2
. 5.19
b2 ; ,
, , f ,
R;
, ,
; f 2 ;
k 2 ; (. 5.19).
.

(. 5.20), :
;
;
.
.
5.9.2 , ,,

. 5.20 ,
.
(. . 5.20)
.
1 .
:

m = 4 ;

z2 = 50;

;

x=0;

19036-81;

8- 3675 - 81.
,
.

.
(. . 5.15).
,

, f zzor ,
Fior
f zkor , .

, , .

(8- ):

Fc = 50 ;

Fr = 71 (. .
.5.1).

(8- ):
fPt = 28 (. . .5.3).

, .
2 . .
:

aw = 125 (. . 5.11)
fa = 90 (. .
.5.7);
d 2 = 200 (. . 5.13);
ZN2;
z1 = 1 (. . 5.11);
6,3
20
8 1 = 29 0.016
4
3
3,2
0,04
3.2
7min
= 0 0.071
10
12
z2

3675-81

11
216 h12(-0.46 )
h12(-0.46 )
208
110
-
R 1.2
9
0,016
R21
2 45
4
42
50 h12( -0.25 )
R 0.4
1,6
1,6
1,6
407(+0,025)
70
6
0,016
. 5.20

.
.
)
4
50
0
19036-81
8-
W
d2
125 0.09
200
ZN2
z1
10
35
3 . d a2 = 208 (. . 5.13).
208 h12( 0.46 ) .
4 . d am2 = 216 (. . 5.13).
216 h12( 0.46 ) .
5 . :
R = ( 0 ,5 q 1 ) m = ( 0 ,5 12 ,5 1 ) 4 = 21 .
6 . . :
b2 = 42 (. . 5.13).
7 . :
k2 = 0.1 m = 0.1 4 = 0.4 .
:
f2 = 0.3 m = 0.3 4 = 1.2 .
8 . .
,
.

,
f x , .. = 0 0.071 .
, , .
1. .
. 4 (4.1):
=
j =1
j
j =1
= 4 29 10 19 ,
2. .
k (4.7):
k=
4 = 58 .
m 1
i j
j =1
k=
142
= 26.39.
1.31 + 0.9 + 1.31 + 1.86
(. . 4.1) k =
25 (8- ) k = 40 (9- ).
3. 4 .
(4.2):
m 1
T =
T j
j =1
142=33+22+33+T4; T4=54 .
. 5.19.
5.19
i j ,

2
0
3
-
29
1.31
10
2
3
7
8
9
+71
-71
0
4
-
5
-
6
142
IT
2
33
+16.5
-16.5
0.90
22
-22
-11
19
1.31
33
-33
-16.5
58
1.86
89
54
-0.5
-54.5
-27.5
4.
(4.3):
=
j =1
H j
j =1
+71= B4 - (-16.5 22 - 33); B4 = - 0.5 .

(4.4):
H =
j =1
Hj
Bj
j =1
-71 = H 4 16.5; H 4 = - 54.5 .

, ,
A1 = 29 0 ,0165 .
9 . .

,
fr .
, .
,
, ,
. ,
.
, ,
5.4.
, ,
:
1
= ( d / l) 2 f
3
,
d = 70 ;
l = 42 , ..
;
2 f = 216 = 32 .
=
1
(70 / 42 ) 32 = 17.8
3
.
= 16 (. .2.1).
1 0 . .
,

Fda2 0 ,6 Fr = 0 ,6 71 = 43 ,
Fda2 = 40 .
1 1 . .
-
.
Rz
0.50.4 .
:
R z = 0.5 16 = 8 ;
R a = 0.25 R z = 0.25 8 = 2
Ra =
1.6 .
1 2 . .
.
Ra = 3.2 (. . 5.6).
,
, 5.4.
5.10
5.10.1
. 5.20.
.
5.20
/
1
2
3
4
5
me
5
15
30
90
13754-68
z1
z2
( = 90 )
. 5. 21.
:

0.0001 ;

0.0001;

1';

0.00001;

, ,
0.01.
1 2,
, .
5.10.2
,
: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 12.
1, 2 3 ,
.
, ,
. . 5.22
, ,
.
:
, ..
:

, , , :
)
, ;
) ;
) ;

(),
,
;
5.21
b/2
Re
he
dae
de
dae
90
/
1
zC
Re
z = z12 + z22 ,
zC = 15 2 + 30 2 = 33.5410
R e = 0.5 me zC ,
R e = 0.5 5 33.5410 = 83.8525
b 0.3 R e , b 10 me , b = 25
R = R e 0 ,5 b ,
R = 83.8525 0.5 25 = 71.3525
m m = me
mm
mm = 5
R
,
Re
71.3525
= 4.2546
83.8525
d1
d1 = m m z1 ,
d1 = 4.2546 15 = 63.8190
d2
d 2 = m m z2 ,
d 2 = 4.2546 30 = 127.6380
z
tg1 = 1 , 1 = 2634
z2
2 = 90 1 , 2 = 6326
10
30
z
=2
u= 2 , u=
15
z1
11
x1
x1 = 0.4 (. 5.25)
12
x2
x2 = - 0.4 ( 4)
x 1
13
x 1
14
hae1
15
16
hae2
hfe1
= 0 ( 5)
hae1 = ( ha* + x1 )me ,

hae1 = (1 + 0 ,4 ) 5 = 7.0000
hae2 = 2 ha* me hae1 ,
hae2 = 2 1 5 7 = 3.0000
hfe1 = hae2 + 0 ,2 me ,
hfe1 = 3 + 0 ,2 5 = 4.0000
hfe2 = hae1 + 0 ,2 me ,
17
hfe2
18
he1
he1 = hae1 + hfe1 ,

he1 = 7 + 4 = 11
19
he2
he2 = hae2 + hfe2 ,

he2 = 3 + 8 = 11
20
f1
h
tg f 1 = fe1 , f 1 = 244
Re
21
f 2
h
tg f 2 = fe2 , f 2 = 527
Re
22
a1
a1 = f 2 , a1 = 527
23
a2
a2 = f 1 , a2 = 244
24
a1
a1 = 1 + a1 ,
a1 = 2634 + 527 = 3201
25
a2
a2 = 2 + a2 ,
a2 = 6326 + 244 = 6610
26
f1
f 1 = 1 f 1 ,
f 1 = 2634 244 = 2350
27
f2
f 2 = 2 f 2 ,
f 2 = 6326 527 = 5759
28
d e1
d e1 = me z1 , d e1 = 5 15 = 75
hfe2 = 7 + 0 ,2 5 = 8.0000
29
d e2
d e2 = me z2 , d e2 = 5 30 = 150

30
d ae1
d ae1 = d e1 + 2 hae1 cos 1 ,

d ae1 = 75 + 2 7 cos 2634
d ae2
31

32
33

d ae1 = 87.5217
d ae2 = d e2 + 2 hae2 cos 2 ,

d ae2 = 152.6834
B1 = 0 ,5 d e2 2 hae1 sin 1 ,
B1
B2 = 0.5 d e1 2 hae2 sin 2 ,
B2
B2 = 0.5 75 2 3 sin 6326 ,

B2 = 34.8168
s e1 = ( 0.5 + 2 x1tg + x 1 ) me ,

34
s e1
35
se2
36
sce1
37
sce 2

39

B1 = 0 ,5 150 2 7 sin 2634 ,

B1 = 71.8693

38

d ae2 = 150 + 2 3 cos 6326
s e1 = ( 0.5 + 2 0 ,4tg 20 + 0 ) 5 ,
s e1 = 9.3096
hce1
s e 2 = me s e1 ,
s e 2 = 5 9.3096 = 6.3979
s ce1 = 0.8830 s e1 ,
s ce1 = 0.8830 9.3096 = 8.2206
s ce 2 = 0.8830 s e 2 ,
s ce 2 = 0.8830 6.3979 = 5.6496
hce1 = hae1 0.1607 s e1 ,

hce1 = 7 0.1607 9.3096 ,
hce1 = 5.5039
hce2
hce2 = hae2 0.1607 s e2 ,

hce2 = 3 0.1607 6.3979 ,
hce2 = 1.9718
,
(. . 5.6).
,
,

;
.
5.22

6
7
8
9
FPr
Frr
FPr
FPkr
Fcr
Frr
Fir
fcr
f Ptr r
f Ptr r
far
,
(A, B, C, D, E, H)
(. 5.21).
,
.
, .
, ,
.
(. 5.23).
5.23

4 12
4 11
49
48
46
46

jn
b
c
jn min
0
+
-
jn min
jn min
h
jn min jn min
h
jn min = 0
jn min -

. 5.21
. ,

25.

7
:
7- 1758-81.
8 ,
7 , 6 , B :
8-7-6-Ba 1758-81.
5.11
5.11.1
(. 5.22): ;
d ae ;
;
d ae
; a ;
90 ; b; () ,
; ;
.
.
5.22
(. 5.23),
:
;
;
.
.
5.11.2 , , ,

. 5.23
,
.
(. . 5.23)

.
1 . me .
me , .
5.5. me = 5 .
2 .
z2 .

.
1 10.
, 3.15.

, . 5.24.
5.24
z1
14
15
16
17
z2
20
19
18
17
3 . .
me > 1
13754-81 : = 20, ha * = 1, c* = 0.2 ,
f * = 0.2 .
4 .
x e2 .
u > 1
. 5.25,
. xe2 = - 0,4.
5 . x .
u > 2,5 ,

.
x = 0, u = 2.
5.25
z1
u
1
1.12
1.25
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.5
14
0.27
0.34
0.38
0.42
0.47
15
0.18
0.25
0.31
0.36
0.40
16
0.10
0.17
0.24
0.30
0.35
18
0.0
0.09
0.15
0.22
0.28
20
0.0
0.08
0.14
0.20
25
0.0
0.07
0.13
30
0.0
0.06
40
0.0
0.05
4.0
5.0
0.50
0.52
0.53
0.45
0.48
0.50
0.51
0.38
0.43
0.46
0.48
0.49
0.33
0.36
0.40
0.43
0.45
0.46
0.26
0.30
0.34
0.37
0.40
0.42
0.43
0.18
0.23
0.26
0.29
0.33
0.36
0.38
0.39
0.11
0.15
0.19
0.22
0.25
0.28
0.31
0.33
0.34
0.09
0.12
0.15
0.18
0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.27
. .
6 . 2 .
2 = 63 26 . . 5.21.
7 . .
3.15

, , . 5.6.
8-B 1758-81.
8 . .
- - :

s ce2 = 5.6496 (. . 5.21) ,
( . );
hce2 = 1.972 (. . 5.21).
.
(. . 5.22).
,

, f zzor , f zkor
Fior
.

, , .
, .
. .6.7,
.6.8 .6.9. ,
R. (. . 5.23) ,
Re
R , Re
.
:
ES cS = K1 ES* cS
Re
83.852
= 4.2 30
148
R
71.352
,
*
ES cS = 30 (. . .6.7);
1 = 4.2 , . .6.8.
:
R
83.852
153
TS c = TS* c e = 130
71.353
R
,
*
TS c = 130 (. . .6.9).
:
ES ci = ES cS TS c = 148 153 = 301
(8- ):
Fc = 50 (. . .6.1);
Fr = 71 (. . .6.1).
(8- ):
fPt = 28 (. . .6.3);
fc = 15 (. . .6.3).
.
(8- ):
fa = 30 (. .6.4);
. , fa
.
,
, , , ,
(. 5.24).

( . .6.5):
: 50%;
: 55%.
9 . .
:

= 90 (. . 5.20);

mm = 4.255 (. . 5.21);
Re = 83.852 (. . 5.21);
R = 71.352 (. . 5.21);
d 2 = 127.638 (. . 5.21);
f 2 = 57 59 (. . 5.21);
he2 =11 (. . 5.21);
;
.
1 0 . d ae2 .
. 5.21: d ae2 =152.6834 .
,
. 5.26.
1 1 . ,
(. . 5.22) .
:
= 2 ,
= 85 34.817 = 50.183
dm
,
. 5.27.
far

. 5.24
5.26

mm ,
h, d
6
d,
120
120 500
d ae
h7
h6
h8
h7
h9
h8
h7
h7
h8
h7
h8
h8
h9
h8
h9
h9
h8
h7
h8
h8
h9
h8
h9
h9
h8
h7
h8
h8
h9
h8
h10
h9
c, b
d, c
b
d
c, b
a
1 16
1 25
1 56
1 56
5.27
me ,
1 10
0, 0.05
10
0, 0.1
12.
90 .
,
. 5.28.
5.28

a ,
90 ,
0.75 1.5
0, +15
30
1.5
0, +8
15
me ,
1 3 . .
,
:
Far 2 0.6 Fr = 0.6 71 = 43 ,
: Far 2 = 40 .
1 4 . .

(. . 5.24), ,
,
:
= 0.33
d
100
30 = 28.29
fa , = 0.33
l
35
,
d m 100 (. . .8.8);
l = 35 (. . 5.23 5.24);
fa = 30 (. . .6.4);
: = 30 (. . 2.4).
1 5 . .
-
.
Ra = 3,2
, 8- (. .
5.6).

, . 5.4.
1.

1.
.1.1
.1.1
,
,
3
. 3 6
. 6 10
. 10 18
. 18 30
. 30 50
. 50 80
. 80 120
. 120 180
. 180 250
. 250 315
. 315 400
. 400 500
5
6
10
11
12
13
14
15
4
5
6
8
9
11
13
15
18
20
23
25
27
10
12
15
18
21
25
30
35
40
46
52
57
63
14
18
22
27
33
39
46
54
63
72
81
89
97
25
30
36
43
52
62
74
87
100
115
130
140
155
40
48
58
70
84
100
120
140
160
185
210
230
250
60
75
90
110
130
160
190
220
250
290
320
360
400
100
120
150
180
210
250
300
350
400
460
520
570
630
140
180
220
270
330
390
460
540
630
720
810
890
970
250
300
360
430
520
620
740
870
1000
1150
1300
1400
1550
400
480
580
700
840
1000
1200
1400
1600
1850
2100
2300
2500
6
8
9
11
13
16
19
22
25
29
32
36
40
.1.2 . -
0+
-
-100
c
-200
-300
.1.2
, ( -)

,
3
. 3 6
. 6 10
. 10 18
. 18 30
. 30 40
. 40 50
. 50 65
. 65 80
. 80 100
. 100 120

a
b
c
270
140
60
270
140
70
280
150
80
290
150
95
300
160
110
310
170
120
320
180
130
340
190
140
360
200
150
380
220
170
410
240
180
d
20
30
40
50
65
e
14
20
25
32
40
f
6
10
13
16
20
g
2
4
5
6
7
h
0
0
0
0
0
80
50
25
100
60
30
10
120
72
36
12
. 120 140
. 140 160
. 160 180
460
520
580
260
280
310
200
210
230
145
85
43
14
.1.3 . +
40
20
js
-20
0 +
-
.1.3
, ( +)
,
3
. 3 6
. 6 10
. 10 18
. 18 24
. 24 30
. 30 40
. 40 50
. 50 65
. 65 80
. 80 100
. 100 120
. 120 140
. 140 160
. 160 180
js
0
1
1
1
2
4
6
7
4
8
10
12
6
12
15
18
10
15
19
23
14
19
23
28
15
22
28
35
17
26
34
43
11
20
32
13
23
37
15
27
43
41
43
51
54
63
65
68
53
59
71
79
92
100
108
41
48
54
66
75
91
104
122
134
146
18
23
28
33
41
48
60
70
87
102
124
144
170
190
210
2
= 1/2
.1.4 . +

+300
+200
A
B
C
0+
-
+100
.1.4
, ( +)

A
B
C
270
140
60
270
140
70
280
150
80
290
150
95
300
160
110
310
170
120
320
180
130
340
190
140
360
200
150
380
220
170
410
240
180
460
260
200
520
280
210
580
310
230

,
3
. 3 6
. 6 10
. 10 18
. 18 30
. 30 40
. 40 50
. 50 65
. 65 80
. 80 100
. 100 120
. 120 140
. 140 160
. 160 180
D
20
30
40
50
65
E
14
20
25
32
40
F
6
10
13
16
20
G
2
4
5
6
7
H
0
0
0
0
0
80
50
25
100
60
30
10
120
72
36
12
145
85
43
14
.1.5 .
+10
0+
-
Js
K6 K7 K8
-10
M6 M7 M8
N6 N7 N8 N9
-20
.1.5
, ( )

,
3
. 3 6
. 6 10
. 10 18
. 18 24
. 24 30
. 30 40
. 40 50
. 50 65
. 65 80
. 80 100
. 100 120
. 120 140
. 140 160
. 160 180
Js
K6
K7
K8
M6
M7
M8
N6
N7
N8
N9
0
+2
+2
+2
0
+3
+5
+6
0
+5
+6
+8
-2
-1
-3
-4
-2
0
0
0
+2
+1
+2
-4
-5
-7
-9
-4
-4
-4
-5
-4
-2
-3
-3
-4
0
0
0
+2
+6
+10
-4
+4
-11
-7
-3
+7
+12
-4
+5
-12
-8
-3
+9
+14
-5
+5
-14
-9
-4
+4
+10
+16
-6
+6
-16
-10
-4
+4
+12
+20
-8
+8
-20
-12
-4
+3
= 1/2
+4
.1.6 . -
+
-20
P6 P7 P8 P9
R6 R7 R8
-40
S6 S7
T6 T7
.1.6
, ( -)
,
3
. 3 6
. 6 10
. 10 18
. 18 24
. 24 30
. 30 40
. 40 50
. 50 65
. 65 80
. 80 100
. 100 120
. 120 140
. 140 160
. 160 180

P6
P7
P8
P9
R6
R7
R8
S6
S7
T6
T7
6
9
12
15
6
8
9
11
6
12
15
18
6
12
15
18
10
12
16
20
10
11
13
16
10
15
19
23
14
16
20
25
14
15
17
21
18
14
22
22
24
20
28
31
27
21
17
26
26
29
25
34
38
34
26
21
32
32
30
24
37
37
36
28
43
43
35
37
44
47
56
58
61
30
32
38
41
48
50
53
41
43
51
54
63
65
68
47
53
64
72
85
93
101
42
48
58
66
77
85
93
33
43
49
60
69
84
97
115
127
139
33
39
45
55
64
78
91
107
119
131
2. ( 24643-81)
.2.1
.2.1
,
0.1
0.12
0.16
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.5
10
12
16
20
25
30
40
50
60
80
100
120
160
200
250
300
400
500
600
800
1000
1200
1600
2000
2500
3000
4000
5000
6000
8000
.2.2
.2.3 , ,
.2.4 , ,
.2.5 , , ,
3. ( 2789-73)
.3.1 Ra
.3.2 Rz
4. , ( 1643-81)
.4.1 . F'ir, Frr, FvWr, Fcr, F''ir
.4.2 . FPkr, FPr
.4.3 . f'ir, fPtr, fPbr, ffr, f''ir
.4.4 . Fkr, Fr
.4.5 . fxr, fxy
.4.6 . EHs, EWms- I, Ecs
.4.7 . EWms- II
.4.8 . TH, TWm, TC
.4.9 . far
5. , ( 3675-81)
.5.1 . F'ir, Frr, Fcr, F''ir
.5.2 . FPkr
.5.3 . fPtr, ff2r
.5.4 . fzkr
.5.5 . fPxr, fPxkr, ff1r
.5.6 . frr
.5.7 . far, fxr
.5.8 . Fr
.5.9 .
.5.10 jn min
.5.11 . Ess
I
.5.12 . Ess
II
.5.13 . Ts-
6. , (
1758-81)
.6.1 . F'ir, Frr, Fcr
.6.2 . FPkr
.6.3 . fPtr, fcr
.6.4 . far
.6.5 .
.6.6 jn min
.6.7 .
E*ScS
.6.8 E*ScS
.6.9 T*sc
7.
.7.1
P
.7.2 B
.7.3 B
.7.4 T
.7.5 ( 10540-80)
.7.6 ( 8820-69)
.7.7 ( 1394268, 13941-680)
8.
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5 .
8.6
8.7
8.8

1. .. : 3 . 7- . .:
, 1992.
2. .., .. :
. / . ., 1989. 79 .
3. .. . . 1: .
/ . ., 1993. 76 .
4. .., .. . ,
. . . : - , 1997. 46 .
5. .., .., .. : . 6- . .:
, 1975. 574 .
6. .., .. . .:
, 1980. 223 .
7. .. . 3- . .: . ., 1978. 351
.
8. .., .. . .: , 1981. 186 .
9. .. : . .: ,
1980. 191 .
10. .., .., .. : .: 2 . 7- .
.: , 1991. 1184 .
11. . : .
1643-72. / . ., 1975. 110 .
12. .. , . 6- .
.: , 1986. 352 .
.. . , : . . 2-
., . . .: - , 2001. 219 .
1.
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.6.1
1.6.2
1.6.3
1.7
1.7.1
1.7.2
1.7.3
1.8
1.8.1
1.8.2
1.8.3
1.9
2.
2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.2
2.2.1 .
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.3
2.3.1 .
2.3.2
2.3.3
2.4
2.4.1
2.4.2 .
2.4.3.
2.5
2.5.1
2.5.2.
2.6
2.6.1
2.6.2
3. .
3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2 .
3.1.3
3.1.4
3.1.5
3.1.6
3.1.7
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.4.1
3.4.2
3.4.3
3.4.4
4.
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.4.1.
4.4.2.
4.4.3.
4.4.4.
5.
5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.2
5.3
5.3.1
5.3.2 ,
5.4
5.4.1
5.4.2 , , ,

5.5
5.5.1
5.5.2 ,
5.6
5.6.1
5.6.2 ,
5.7
5.7.1
5.7.2
5.8
5.8.1
5.8.2 , , ,

5.9
5.9.1
5.9.2 , ,,

5.10
5.10.1
5.10.2
5.11
5.11.1
5.11.2 , , ,
1.
.1.1
.1.2 . -
.1.3 . +
.1.4 . +
.1.5 .
.1.6 . -
2. ( 24643-81)
.2.1
.2.2
.2.3 , ,
.2.4 , ,
.2.5 , , ,

3. ( 2789-73)
.3.1 Ra
.3.2 Rz
4. , ( 1643-81)
.4.1 . F'ir, Frr, FvWr, Fcr, F''ir
.4.2 . FPkr, FPr
.4.3 . f'ir, fPtr, fPbr, ffr, f''ir
.4.4 . Fkr, Fr
.4.5 . fxr, fxy
.4.6 . EHs, EWms- I, Ecs
.4.7 . EWms- II
.4.8 . TH, TWm, TC
.4.9 . far
5. , ( 3675-81)
.5.1 . F'ir, Frr, Fcr, F''ir
.5.2 . FPkr
.5.3 . fPtr, ff2r
.5.4 . fzkr
.5.5 . fPxr, fPxkr, ff1r
.5.6 . frr
.5.7 . far, fxr
.5.8 . Fr
.5.9 .
.5.10 jn min
.5.11 . Ess
I
.5.12 . Ess
II
.5.13 . Ts-
6. , (
1758-81)
.6.1 . F'ir, Frr, Fcr
.6.2 . FPkr
.6.3 . fPtr, fcr
.6.4 . far
.6.5 .
.6.6 jn min
.6.7 .
E*ScS
.6.8 E*ScS

.6.9 T*sc
7.
.7.1
P
.7.2 B
.7.3 B
.7.4 T
.7.5 (
10540-80)
.7.6 ( 8820-69)
.7.7 (
13942-68, 13941-680)
8.
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5 .
8.6
8.7
8.8

1. .. : 3 . 7- . .:
, 1992.
2. .., .. :
. / . ., 1989. 79 .
3. .. . . 1: .
/ . ., 1993. 76 .
4. .., .. . ,
. . . : - , 1997. 46 .
5. .., .., .. : . 6- . .:
, 1975. 574 .
6. .., .. . .:
, 1980. 223 .
7. .. . 3- . .: . ., 1978. 351
.
8. .., .. . .: , 1981. 186 .
9. .. : . .: ,
1980. 191 .
10. .., .., .. : .: 2 . 7- .
.: , 1991. 1184 .
11. . : .
1643-72. / . ., 1975. 110 .
12. .. , . 6- .
.: , 1986. 352 .
http://www.anuhin.spb.ru/index.php?pid=work&frm=books&book_id=book1&id=11#3

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621.81 : 621.753.1/2 : 744.4(075.8)

Td = es -ei = -20 - (-33) = 13

. 1.3 min mx. min mx

min 0.3 0.6

[ Smin ] = 2.857 18.8 10 6

H/js; Js/h - . P(N) 0.5...5%, ,

0.265 + 0.3 3.2 ;

0.185 0.3 1.8.

N max = 308 < N max

N min = 164 > N min

, Dmax , Dmin , dmax , dmin

EPC max = 0.0325

EPCmax = 0.005 + 0.5 ( 0.033 + 0.022 ) = 0.0325

IT = 16 . Rz = 0,33IT = 0.3316 = 5,3 . Ra =

+ 250 = 0 + 0 + 9 ( 21) ( 21) ( 39 ) ( 21) ( 21) ( 7 ,5 ) ( 11)

+125 = ( 7 ,5 ) + ( 31,5 ) + 102,5 ( 10 ,5 ) ( 10 ,5 ) ( 19,5 ) ( 10 ,5 ) ( 10 ,5 ) ;

T = 120 + 210 + 250 + 210 + 120 + 150 + 150 + 400 + T9 + 150 .

+ 125 = ( 75 ) + ( 200 ) + C 9 ( 60 ) ( 105 ) ( 125 ) ( 105 ) ( 60 ) ;

120 + 210 + 250 + 210 + 120 + 150 + 150 + 400 + 150

120 + 210 + 250 + 210 + 120 + 150 + 150 + 400 + 150

1 = 3 = 4 = ( 2 5 ) / 3 = ( 8 1.5 1.5 ) / 3 = 1,67

= 0.5 0.00029 19 1.67 = 0.0046

0.5 k l 1 = 0.5 0.00029 68 1.25 = 0.0123

EFK = EFP = 0.25 13 = 3.2

= 0,2 Rz =0,23 = 0,6 .

1. = 0,33 I = 0,3316 = 5,3 ;

EWms I = 110 (. .4.6);

12.5; 16.0; 20.0

10.0; 12.5; 16.0; 20.0

8.0; 12.0; 15.5; 16.0; 20.0

8.0; 10.0; 12.0; 15.5; 16.0; 20.0

8.0; 9.0; 10.0; 12.0*; 12.5; 16.0; 20.0

8.0; 10.0; 12.5; 16.0; 20.0

Sa1 = 6.264 (. . 5.14);

ha1 = 4.001 (. . 5.14).

= 20 Z1, ZN1, ZN2, ZK1;

Fda1 = 0 ,343 TS = 0 ,343 140 = 48

+71= B4 - (-16.5 22 - 33); B4 = - 0.5 .

-71 = H 4 16.5; H 4 = - 54.5 .

hae1 = ( ha* + x1 )me ,

he1 = hae1 + hfe1 ,

he2 = hae2 + hfe2 ,

d ae1 = d e1 + 2 hae1 cos 1 ,

d ae2 = d e2 + 2 hae2 cos 2 ,

B2 = 0.5 d e1 2 hae2 sin 2 ,

B2 = 0.5 75 2 3 sin 6326 ,

B1 = 0 ,5 150 2 7 sin 2634 ,

d ae2 = 150 + 2 3 cos 6326

hce1 = hae1 0.1607 s e1 ,

hce2 = hae2 0.1607 s e2 ,

hce2 = 1.972 (. . 5.21).

.4.2 . FPkr, FPr

.4.3 . f'ir, fPtr, fPbr, ffr, f''ir

.4.5 . fxr, fxy

.4.6 . EHs, EWms- I, Ecs

.4.8 . TH, TWm, TC

.5.3 . fPtr, ff2r

.5.5 . fPxr, fPxkr, ff1r

.5.7 . far, fxr

.6.3 . fPtr, fcr

.7.7 ( 1394268, 13941-680)

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