&

IT.ACADEMY.LV

. .

UNIX

2002

IT.ACADEMY.LV
ISMA
. .
UNIX: . . I.
: ISMA, 2002. 136 ., .
ISBN 9984-9531-7-3

, , ,
UNIX,
.
UNIX,

UNIX.
:
UNIX;
,
UNIX;

UNIX,
;

shell .
,
UNIX. UNIX, UNIX ,
UNIX , UNIX , UNIX ,
UNIX, .

. ., 2002
IT.ACADEMY.LV, 2002
ISMA, 2002
ISBN 9984-9531-7-3

 UNIX: .

.......................................................................................................6
1. UNIX........................................................11
......................................................................................................12
...............................................................................21
...................................................................................................25
..................................................................................30
2. UNIX..................................................31
......................................................................................................32
...............................................................................38
...................................................................................................43
..................................................................................44
3. - UNIX....................45
......................................................................................................46
...............................................................................55
...................................................................................................56
..................................................................................57
4. UNIX..............................................................58
......................................................................................................59
...............................................................................66
...................................................................................................68
..................................................................................70
5. UNIX......................................71
......................................................................................................73
...............................................................................81
...................................................................................................85
..................................................................................90
6. UNIX................................................................91
......................................................................................................92
.............................................................................100
.................................................................................................104
................................................................................105
7. shell UNIX.....................................................106
....................................................................................................107
.............................................................................122
.................................................................................................127
................................................................................133
.....................................................................................................134
......................................................................................135
2002

 UNIX: .

2002

 UNIX: .

UNIX,
,
.

Linux, Windows, Mac OS X UNIX-like

1965 Bell Telephone Laboratories ( AT&T)

MULTICS (MULTiplexed
Information and Computing System). 1969.
1969
Multics,
.
Bell Labs ( )
Space Travel ( ST) GE635
DEC PDP-7.
- Multics,
UNICS
(UNiplexed Information and Computing System).
UNIX.
1970 UNIX.
1970 .
1971 Bell Labs.
UNIX.

( ST?).
1973 UNIX
C. , C.
, .
,
( ST, )
.
1974 AT&T
(, ST).

2002

 UNIX: .

( ST?)
.
, UNIX
; (
ST?).
: BSD, XENIX, AIX, HP-UX, SunOS, IRIX, SCO
UNIX, OSF/1, GNU, SVR4, Minix, Linux, Mac OS X, Lindows
.
, , UNIX- (UNIX-like) .
UNIX.
UNIX,
.
,
POSIX ( Portable
Operating System Interface UNIX-like Open System)
IEEE-1003 ISO-9945.
. UNIX
.
, , UNIX
.
POSIX, .. GUI, API, TCP/IP
, , UNIX-like.
: UNIX-like OS likes UNIX!.
UNIX , ,
, ..
: ; ; ; ST,
. UNIX
, GUI
, . , GUI
UNIX, MS Windows, .
UNIX, .
30- UNIX,
, .
(ST) UNIX!

2002

 UNIX: .

2002

 UNIX: .

.
, .
, UNIX , UNIX
, UNIX , UNIX ,
UNIX ,
.

UNIX
.
,
UNIX,
.
.
.

,
.
, ,

.

, .
.
,
.
,
.
, -
UNIX/Linux ( UNIX)

( bash sh).

2002

 UNIX: .

1.
.
2.
.
3. .
4. UNIX
-, .
5.
$,
$,
$.
6.
(root), #.
7.

. ,
.

2002

10

 UNIX: .

1. UNIX

UNIX.

.
UNIX.
UNIX.
.

UNIX UNIX manual pages (man).

login, password, hostname, uname, ,
, , shell, logout, exit, passwd, man, apropos, help, info,
whatis, whereis, xman, type, pwd, cd, ls, mkdir, rmdir, rm, cp, mv, ln,
du, touch, cat, more, tail, head, file, find, who, id, uname, date, banner,
cal, bc, echo

2002

11

 UNIX: .

1.1.
UNIX - ,
. ,
,
, ,
. UNIX
:
(login) (password). ,
,
( ,
, , root hacker).
UNIX- (root)
(account) , ..
.
, .
vasja.
UNIX (hostname),
.
,
hostname. , , dom.
UNIX- hostname,
uname (UNIX Name).

1.2.
( ) ,
, :
dom login:

(login) <Enter>:
dom login: vasja
Password:

(password).
,
. ,
Login incorrect.
2002

12

 UNIX: .

.
<Ctrl>+<U>.
, ,
:
, <Enter>!.
, , ,

.
uname hostname.

1.3.
- ,
( ).
shell shell
( ): exit, logout, <Ctrl>+<D>.
/home/vasja$ exit

shell .
( )
( ): halt, shutdown, init 0,
<Ctrl>+<Alt>+<Del>.
,
() UNIX .
,
UNIX!!!

1.4.
UNIX .
,
. ,
UNIX .
UNIX, Linux,
(VC),

.
,
,
2002

13

 UNIX: .

, ,
VC.
Linux, .
<Alt>+<F2>. login:,
, .
VC, <Alt>+<F1>.
.
Linux ,
12- VC.
VC <Alt>+<F1>
<Alt>+<F12>.
X Window System
GUI (Graphic User
Interface), , ,
startx (Linux) openwin
(Solaris). X Window System MS Windows,
! .
X Window System
<Ctrl>+<Alt>+<FN>,
<Alt>+<F7> ( X-).
, ,
, .

1.5. Shell
UNIX

(shell). Shell ,
. Shell
UNIX. , ,
X Windows System.

, .

/home/vasja$

/home/vasja$ shell, ,
.

2002

14

 UNIX: .

shell,
.

.
.
:
< >:=<>[;<>]
<>:=<>[ -<>][ <>][&]
<>:=[<>[<>]]
<>:=[<>[ <>]]
:
/home/vasja$ ls al -u file1 dir1 &

:
ls ( listing ) ;
-a -l -u ;
file1 dir1 ;
& .
.

, , ,
.
, shell :
, shell.
, shell ,
.
,
. ,
.
, shell
. shell ,
, .
shell ,
,
.

2002

15

 UNIX: .

, ,

shell.

, abracadabra,
, shell:
/home/vasja$ abracadabra
abracadabra: command not found

1.6.
, .
passwd , .
passwd .
$ passwd

Changing password for vasja

Old password:
Enter the new password (minimum of 5, maximum of
127 characters)
Please use a combination of upper and lower case
letters and numbers.
New password:
Bad password: too short. Try again.
New password:
Re-enter new password:
Password changed.
$

!
.
,
. ,
,
, .

1.7.
UNIX ,
:
man on-line ;
info
;

2002

16

 UNIX: .

help
bash;
FAQ Frequently Asked
Questions,
UNIX
( find);
Answer Book Solaris.

Manual Pages
UNIX , ""
man (manual pages). man
, ,
.
UNIX Reference Manual 8 :
1. Commands ;
2. System calls ;
3. Subroutines ;
4. Special files ;
5. File format and convention ;
6. Games ;
7. Macro packages and language conventions
( );
8. Administrator commands and procedures
.
UNIX Reference Manual

man.
man:
$ man [i] <name>
i ; i , i = 1;
<name> .
, ls,
/home/vasja$ man ls

ls.

man? /usr/man/,
2002

17

 UNIX: .

, 1 8
.

nroff (new runoff).
,
.

/usr/man/cat?/*, ?
* ,
catman.

man,

; ,
man nroff,
.

nroff, man .
man:
<q> (quit);
<>, <f>, <> (forward);
<b> (back);
</pattern> (search) ;
</> (next)
;
<?> (previous)
.
:
NAME
;
SYNOPSIS
;
DESCRIPTION
;
OPTIONS
;
SEE ALSO
;
FILE
;
DIAGNOSTIC
;
BUGS
;
2002

18

 UNIX: .

IMPLEMENTATION

, man
.

1.8.
. -
. UNIX
.
( /)
255 . ,

( ).
,
, , ...

(,
, UNIX
).
UNIX
, ,
/.
/
UNIX. /bin, /etc, /dev, /usr /home.
,
, , , ..
(
/etc/passwd),
.
/home
. /home/vasja.
, shell,
() .
.
, ,
, .
:
2002

19

 UNIX: .

~ ,
.
.. .

, ,
:
/home/vasja$ more /home/vasja/letters/masha-let
/home/vasja/bin$ more ../letters/masha-let
/tmp$ more ~/letters/masha-let

, pwd, ls cd.

Permission denied ( ).
UNIX.
, (permissions).
.
. .
, UNIX .
man .
1.1.
UNIX !

2002

20

 UNIX: .

,
, .

, man-
.
.

. ,

.

,

.

1.9.

:
apropos
,
whatis;
help
bash;
info
;
type ,
, ,
;
whatis ,
;
whereis
;
xman X- man, .
2002

21

 UNIX: .

apropos
apropos ,
. :
$ apropos sort
ddsort (3/21/80) - sort DDBS files
look (1)
- find lines in a sorted list
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
tsort (1)
- topological sort

whatis
whatis,
:
$ whatis mv ln cp
cp (1) - copy
ln (1) - make links
mv (1) - move or rename files

whereis
whereis ,
( -m , b ). :
$ whereis -m rm
rm: /usr/man/man1/rm.1
$ whereis -b rm
rm: /bin/rm

1.10.

:
pwd, cd, ls, mkdir, rmdir, rm, mv, ln s, du
:
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$

pwd
cd /; pwd; cd ~; pwd; cd /home/vasja; pwd;
cd ../../usr; pwd; cd /; pwd
ls; ls u; ls t; ls l; ls i; ls a;
ls d; ls r; ls R; ls -F
mkdir ~/letters
cd ~/letters; pwd;
mkdir a b c; ls
rmdir a; cd c; pwd; rmdir ../b

2002

22

 UNIX: .

$
$
$
$

cd; rm r letters
mkdir a b c; ls il; ln s a e; mv c a
ls il; ls l a
cd ~ ;du; du a; du a /; cd ~; rm r *

1.11.

:
touch, cat, cp, mv, rm, more, tail, head, ls, ln, file, find
:
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$

touch leter0
> letter1 <Ctrl>+<D>;
cat > letter2 <Ctrl>+<D>
cat letter1; more letter1 letter2; pr letter2
cp /etc/passwd .
tail passwd; tail +20 passwd
head passwd; head 5 passwd
cat > masha
ln masha dasha
ls il masha dasha; rm masha; ls il
ln s dasha masha; ls il; rm dasha; ls il
cp letter1 dasha; ls -il
file masha dasha; file passwd
file /usr/bin/sh .. letter0
find / -name passwd; find ~ -size 10
find / -perm 4000
find /usr -type d; find / user vasja
find / -group root user 0; find / print
find . mtime 7 -exec ls l {} \;
find /home -name *.bak -exec rm {} \;

1.12.

:
who, who am i, id, uname, date, banner, cal, clear, bc, echo
:
$
$
$
$

who; who am i; who m; who q; who -i

id; id n; id u; id g; id un; id gn; id G
uname; uname s; uname v; uname vs; uname a
uname l; uname m;

2002

23

 UNIX: .

$ date; echo Epoch `date e` sec

$ date f%d%m%Y; date f%A; date f%H%M\ %p
$ banner VASJA; banner VASJA PUPKIN SUPERHACKE
$ banner two word
$ banner d / rain; banner dHACK `date f%Y`
$ cal; cal y; cal y 1; cal y 9999; cal -j
$ clear
$ bc
1234567890^1234<Enter>
<Ctrl>+<D>
$ pi=$(echo "scale=10; 4*a(1)" | bc -l) echo $pi
$ echo "scale=1000; 4*a(1)" | bc -l

bc 23,860,929
( UNIX-).
quit
EOF ( <Ctrl>+<D>).

2002

24

 UNIX: .

1.1.
, -,

, . , ls -l -F,
ls -lF.
UNIX
.
( , , ).
man .

cat
,

( ). .
:
cat <file1> ... <fileN>

<file1> ... <fileN> .

:
$ cat letters/from-mdw

letters/from-mdw.

cd
.
:
cd <directory>;

<directory> , (.
, .. ).
:
$ cd ../foo

../foo.

cp
() .
:
cp <file1> ... <fileN> <destination>

<file1> ... <fileN> , <destination>

, .
2002

25

 UNIX: .

:
$ cp ../masha dasha

../masha dasha.

echo
, .
:
echo <arg1> ... <argN>

<arg1> ... <argN> "" .

:
$ echo "Hello, world!"

Hello, world!.

file
.
:
file <file1> ...<fileN>

:
$ file *

find
,
.
:
find [path...] [expression] []

[path...] , ;
[expression] , print;
[] .
:
, :
$ find / -name [a-zA-Z]*[0-9]

,
:
$ find / -mtime 7

,
, :
$ find / -mtime 7 exec ls l {} \;

tmp- :
$ find ~ -name *.tmp exec rm f {} \;
2002

26

 UNIX: .

ln
.
,
. ,
,
.
.
:
ln [-s] <source-file> <destination-file>

<source-file> <destination-file> ,
,
:
-s .
:
$ ln -s /home/vasja/report /home/masha/report

/home/masha report
/home/vasja.

ls
.
:
ls <file1> ... <fileN>

<file1> ... <fileN> ,

.
:
, . : -F
l
(long) , ,
..
:
$ ls -lF /home/vasja

/home/vasja.

man
.
"" , ,
, .
:
man <command>

2002

27

 UNIX: .

<command> ,
.
:
$ man ls man

ls man.

mkdir
.
:
mkdir <dir1> ... <dirN>

<dir1> ... <dirN> .

:
$ mkdir /home/vasja/test

test /home/vasja.

more
.
:
more <file1> ... <fileN>

<file1> ... <fileN> .

:
$ more papers/history-final

history-final ./papers.

mv
() .
.
,
RENAME.
:
mv <file1> ... <fileN> <destination>

<file1> ... <fileN> , <destination>

, .
:
$ mv ../masha dasha

../masha dasha.

pwd
/ .
$ pwd
2002

28

 UNIX: .

rm
. , UNIX ,
( MS-DOS, "" ).
:
rm <file1> ... <fileN>

<file1> ... <fileN> .

:
-i .
:
$ rm -i /home/vasja/dasha /home/vasja/masha

dasha masha /home/vasja.

rmdir
. rmdir
.
:
rmdir <dir1> ... <dirN>

<dir1> ... <dirN> .

:
$ rmdir /home/vasja/papers

/home/vasja/papers, .

2002

29

 UNIX: .

:

;
,
;

:
,
,
,

,
,
,
,
,
,
,
, ;
,
,
;
, , ,

;
cat;
;
;
UNIX
UNIX manual pages (man).

2002

30

 UNIX: .

2. UNIX

.
shell.
.

.

shell.

shell, sh, bash, csh, ksh, tcsh, zsh, chsh, echo, /etc/shells, exit, logout, ps,
/etc/passwd, chfn, , , , ,
readonly, export, set, unset, env, noclobber, ,
, echo, ,
, /etc/motd, umasc, alias, unalias, /etc/skel, exec

2002

31

 UNIX: .

2.1. (shell)
, , UNIX, shell, , . shell
. UNIX

.
Shell ,
. , shell
, , shell
(shell-scripts). UNIX
shell.
sh, bash, csh, ksh, tcsh, zsh
XFree86, CDE, Photon.
shell /etc/shells.
$ more /etc/shells

$ chsh -l

chsh - shell
shell. :
chsh [-s shell][-l][-h][-v][username]
shell:
/bin/sh
Bourne shell ( );
/bin/bash Bourne Again shell ( Bourne shell);
/bin/csh
C-shell ;
/bin/tcsh Turbo C-shell C-shell;
/bin/ksh
Korn-shell csh,
sh, . AT&T;
/dev/null -shell, .. , .
shell
/etc/shells, root, , ,
, shell ,
/etc/shells.
shell :
2002

32

 UNIX: .

$ chsh -s /bin/csh

[shell] /etc/passwd, shell

;
$ chsh

, , ..
;
$ exec /bin/csh

shell , /etc/passwd;
$ bash

bash-shell, shell,
shell.
shell- exit, logout
intr ( <Ctrl>+<D>).
shell, ps
process status reports. ,
$ ps u

() shell -.

shell,
, /etc/passwd
, , (login)
. , vasja:
$ more /etc/passwd

$ grep vasja /etc/passwd

/etc/passwd
passwd chfn ( change finger name)
chfn GECOS ( ,
; GECOS General Electric Comprehensive
Operating System), finger. GECOS
,
: Full Name, Office, Office Phone, Home Phone.
:
chfn [-h|-f|-o|-p|-h] [user]

2002

33

 UNIX: .

shell-script
$ bash filename

shell
$ bash c 'command'

2.2. () shell

shell-script
.

<Esc>+<Ctrl>+<E>. - <Ctrl>+<->.
, :
$ ls -l `echo ${HOME}/..`

$ ls -l /home/vasja/..

:
1. , , shell
.
2. ,
` `.
3.
$.
4. $(( )) $[ ].
5. <Space>,
<Tab>, <Enter>, .
6. . , ? *
[ ,
.
7. , \.
:
? ,
, *.??? ,
;
* ,
. , * , ;
[list] , : [abk3] [A-Za-z0-9_];
2002

34

 UNIX: .

[^list] , , :
[^-abk3] [^A-Za-z0-9_].

2.3. shell-

.
shell-
= .
.
$
: $. :
$ ux=UNIX
$ echo $ux
$ syst=$ux; echo $syst

, :
= ``. :
$ cdir=`pwd`
$ echo $cdir
/export/home/vasja/documents

, ,
,
\.
:
$ VP=Vasja Pupkin; echo $VP
$ VP=Vasja\ Pupkin; echo $VP

readonly :
$ readonly VP cdir

$VP.
$ VP=HACKER

Read Only
shell.
,
shell
export. shell
login,
ini-.
2002

35

 UNIX: .

$ export vp cdir

readonly export ,
shell, typeset, declare,
unset, set.
:
$ set o noclobber

.
, noclobber,
# ls > /etc/passwd

, root, /etc/passwd
.
( noclobber Cshell Korn-shell):
# ls >! /etc/passwd

2.4.

(), <Space>, <Tab>, <Enter>, |, >, <,
& , .
shell,
, ,
shell,
, shell,

. ()
shell.

\c backslash, c;
,
;
,
: \ , ` , , $.
, :
$ echo $HOME; echo $HOME
$ echo \$HOME; echo $HOME
2002

36

 UNIX: .

\
. \ <Enter>
,
.
. ,
.

2.5. shell

shell shell-
, .
,
.
, shell, ,
(ANSI X)
.
set,
env, echo:
$ echo $PATH

root, user,

shell
. :
$ PS1=Hello, Vasja >

export:
$ export PS1 HOME
$ export PS2=-- >

unset:
$ unset PS1

2002

37

 UNIX: .

2.6. shell
.

PATH
HOME
TERM
PS1
PS2
MANPATH
LOGNAME
MAIL
MAILCHEK
CDPATH
HISTSIZE
HISTFILE
TMOUT
IGNOREEOF
COLOR
IFS
PROMT_COMMAND

SECONDS
OSTYPE
PWD
OLDPWD
EDITOR
RANDOM
TZ
SHELL
2002

\s-\v\$
>

,
PS1. PS1, PS2, PS3
PROMT_COMMAND
escape, :
\w - , ;
\W , ;
\u username;
\h hostname;
\$ - $ user # root;
\t ;
\d ;
\s shell .
shell
: MSDOS, linux-gnu, freebsd

Time Zone

38

ls l

 UNIX: .

shell
(, bash). man bash.
,
shell set, env, echo.
,
.
?

2.7.
, shell
2-

.

shell
.
2.7.1.
/etc shell

.
: /etc/profile, /etc/.login, /etc/csh.chsrc
(. 2.1).

,
shell,
/etc/passwd.
: ,
/etc/motd , ,
( ,
, history, shell .),
umasc , (alias)
..
2002

39

 UNIX: .

2.7.2.
/etc/passwd
.
: ~/.login, ~/.profile, ~/.cshrc (.
2.1).
shell .

, shell
.

, shell,
.
(, useradd
adduser).
: /etc/skel/, /usr/local/lib/skel/.
,
, , ,
.

,
, , ,
, ..
.profile:
PATH=$PATH:$HOME:bin
EDITOR=vi
TERM=vt100
PS1=\t \h\w`echo \007`\$
export EDITOR TERM PATH PS1
echo Hi, $LOGNAME. `who|wc -l` users are in
system
#
# ESC- . 7.3.
PROMPT_COMMAND=`echo ne \

\337\033[2;999r\033[1;1H\033[00;44m\033[K`date`\033[00m\338`

alias ls=ls F
alias d=dir
2002

40

 UNIX: .

2.7.3.
.
: ~/.kshrc, ~/.bashrc, ~/.cshrc
(. 2.1).

, .
shell .
2.7.4. ,

, shell,
. shell
exec <shell-name>.
~/.logout (. 2.1).

, , .
.logout:
rm f $HOME/*.log
rm f $HOME/*.log
echo Bye, $LOGNAME

2.7.5.
bash
1. ,
bash shell,
:
/etc/profile
/etc/bashrc
2.
:
~/.bashrc
~/.bash_profile
3. shell, bash,
:
/etc/bashrc
~/.bashrc
2002

41

 UNIX: .

4. shell ,
~/.bashrc /etc/bashrc .
5. shell exec,
:
/etc/bashrc
~/.bashrc
6. shell shell
exec ~/.bash_logout .
7. bash-shell :
~/.bash_logout
2.7.6.

shell,

.
ini. ,
.
man ,
2.2.

2002

42

 UNIX: .

2.1. shell
Shell

shell

(Systemwide)

(login)

shell
~/.profile

~/.profile
~/.kshrc
~/.kshrc
~/.bash-profile ~/.bashrc
~/.bash-logout
~/.bash-login
~/.profile
~/.cshrc
~/.cshrc
~/.logout
~/.login

Bourne
Korn

/bin/sh
/bin/ksh

/etc/profile
/etc/profile

Bash

/bin/bash

/etc/profile
/etc/bashrc

/bin/csh

TC

/bin/tcsh

/etc/.login
(Solaris)
/etc/csh.login
(Linux)
/etc/csh.cshrc
(Linux)
/etc/csh.cshrc ~/.cshrc
/etc/csh.login ~/.login

/bin/zsh

/etc/zshenv
/etc/zprofile
/etc/zshrc
/etc/zlogin

~/.zshenv
~/.zprofile
~/.zlogin

~/.tcshrc
,
~/.cshrc
~/.zshrc

~/.logout

2.2.

vi
emacs

~/.exrc
~/.emacs_pro

mail

~/.mailrc

rn

~/.newsrc

mc

~/.mc/

startx

~/.xinitrc

2002

vi
emacs,
emacs
.
, .
,
Midnight Commander.
X11.
43

 UNIX: .

:
shell;
shell;
, ;
shell: , ,
, , ;
shell;

;
, ;

shell;

( 2.7);

;
shell
;

, , Midnight
Commander:
,
,
.

2002

44

 UNIX: .

3. -
UNIX

,
.
.
UNIX.
.

,
, .
, .

stty, control characters, tty, who, , stdin, stdout,
stderr, >, >>, noclobber, <, <<, at, mail, |, , , who, wc,
sort, tee, 1>, 2>, 1>&2, 2>&1, >&

2002

45

 UNIX: .

3.1.

, -
.
.
UNIX-

Shell

User
UNIX
/dev/

shell
shell

,
.

/
, , .
(control characters),

, , ..
Shell ,

control characters, , shell .

stty. UNIX
, stty set tele type.

:
$ stty a

$TERM:
$ echo $TERM
vt100
$
2002

46

 UNIX: .

(, vi)
,
, .

stty sane, tset reset.

3.2.
stty
, echo

read ( 7), :
stty -echo
;
stty echo
.
,
.

:
$ ls -R

, ,
,

,
stop, start, intr (.
3.2).
tty ,
:
$ tty
/dev/tty1

Midnight Commander pts - pseudo terminal

system:
$ tty
/dev/pts/0

,
who:
2002

47

 UNIX: .

$ who
root
vasja
vasja
vasja
vasja

tty1
tty2
pts/0
pts/1
pts/2

Oct
Oct
Oct
Oct
Oct

10
16
16
16
16

10:45
18:01
18:02
18:02
18:02

X System Terminal.
root, user.
, root, ,
vasja - :
# banner shadow for Vasja > /dev/tty2
# cat /etc/shadow > /dev/tty2

3.2.
UNIX
.

.
UNIX
.

, .
UNIX
stdin, stdout, stderr .
, (),
,
, (stdin). stdin
().
, ,

(stdout). stdout
().
(stderr)
,
, stdout.

2002

48

 UNIX: .

stdin, stdout stderr

,

.

3.3.

>, >! >>.
stdout:
$ command > file_name
$ command >! file_name
$ command >> file_name

shell

command , file_name
0
.
,
$ > new-file

new-file,
$ ls > spisok

ls spisok, spisok
, , ,
,
.
,
shell
noclobber.

$ set o noclobber

noclobber
$ set +o noclobber

>! noclobber
,
C-shell Korn-shell
>,
, >.
2002

49

 UNIX: .

, , , ,
ls spisok, spisok
:
$ mkdir temp; cd temp; touch file1
$ ls a > spisok
cat spisok
. .. file1 spisok

,
, , ,
, .
,
myletter :
$ cat myletter > myletter

>> >,
, ,
, .
,
$ uname a >> HackerVasja
$ cat /etc/passwd >> HackerVasja

uname cat HackerVasja.

>>,
>>.

3.4.
shell
<.
stdin:
$ command < file_name
UNIX
(cat, more, ls, pwd). stdin .
, cat
:
$ cat
This is a new line
This is a new line
2002

50

 UNIX: .

for the cat command

for the cat command
^D
$

^D ,
( <Ctrl>+<D>).
, , , ..
. cat >
$ cat > myfile
This is a new line
for the cat command
^D
$ more myfile
This is a new line
for the cat command
$

, myfile .
stdin cat :
$ cat < myfile
This is a new line
for the cat command
$

< > . cat

, : cat myfile
myletter:
$ cat < myfile > myletter

,
:
$ cat > myfile < myletter

3.5.

. ,
<< -. :
$ mail root << w
Hello, root!
w
$
2002

51

 UNIX: .

:
$ command_name arguments <<[-]symbol_flag

...
symbol_flag
symbol_flag , ;
<< -,
, shell.
,
happy.new.year:
$ at Dec 31 << !
cat happy.new.year | mail sHappy NY!
vasja@pupkin.lv
!
$

, :
-
;
-
<\>;
-, -.

3.6.
,
, ..
.
.
|:
$ command1 | command2
, .
who, wc, rm. :
$ who > temp.tmp
$ wc -l temp.tmp
$ rm temp.tmp

:
2002

52

 UNIX: .

$ who | wc l

,
.
, ls, pwd, stdin
.
-,
grep, egrep, sort, head, tail, wc, spell, sed, diff.
,
. ,

,
:
$ sort /etc/passwd | cat -n | more

3.7.
tee
, -, , -,
;
, , , .
-a ( append
): tee -a file.
:
$ cat my-letter | tee new-letter

new-letter ;
$ cat my-letter | tee new-letter | wc -w > size

new-letter wc ,

size.
> >>,
tee ,
.
. ,
.

2002

53

 UNIX: .

3.8.

, (
)

,
0, 1, 2.
.
,
stdout. UNIX stdout stderr,
.
, find, ,
,
.
$ find / -name *

:
$ find / -name * 2>/dev/null

stdout stderr
> >> , ,
:
$ command 1> file_out 2> file-err
$ command 1> file_out 2> file-out
$ command > file_out 2>> file-err

3.9.

stdin, stdout, stderr,
&.
>& stderr,
stdout.
,
, stdout.
, stdout myfile
stderr.
$ command 1> file_out_err 2>&1
$ command > file_out_err 2>&1
$ command >& file_out_err
2002

54

 UNIX: .

.
UNIX. N3
-
___________________________________ ______
1.
,
: stdin stdout; stdin;
stdout; stdin, stdout? ,
$ command -help > file-out

stdout.
: pwd, cd, ls, mkdir, rmdir, rm, mv, ln, du, touch, cat, cp, find,
more, tail, head, file, banner, who, id, uname, date, cal, wc, chsh, exec,
echo, export, readonly, set, unset, passwd.
:
stdin
stdout
more

stdin,
stdin
stdout
stdout
ls
pwd

2.


command1|command2 command2|command1 .
: who, wc, pwd, uname, id, more.
:
who
wc
pwd
uname
id
more

who
-

2002

wc

pwd

uname

id

more

55

 UNIX: .

3.1. shell

>
>!
>>
<
<<
|
2>
2>>
2>&1
>&

( stderr)
, , , ,
.
, ,
, . noclobber
( ). C-shell Korn-shell.
( stderr)
, .
.

.
( stderr)
.
.

.
.
.

3.2.

,
. ^X
<Ctrl> <X>.
erase =^H (<Backspace>) ;
werase = ^W ;
kill = ^U ( );
stop = ^S ;
start = ^Q ;
discard = ^O ;
intr = ^C ;
suspend = ^Z ;
eof = ^D ;
eol = <Enter>
.

2002

56

 UNIX: .

:

;
;
;
;
, ;
, ;
.

2002

57

 UNIX: .

4. UNIX

vi.
ex.
UNIX
, vi vim.

vi, , ex, , , , ,
vim, joe, pico, emacs

2002

58

 UNIX: .

vi,
ex.
, vim, joe, pico, emacs.
UNIX , ,
vi (visual
editor). : ex
( ed); vi
( ex). vi
,
, ,
, UNIX.
, (man vi,
info vi, man ex, info ex, man vim, info vim).

4.1. vi
vi
(work mode).

. vi .

vi.
vi, .

. ,
, x ,
.
. ,
, .

/. vi,
.
/ .
, .
<Esc>.
2002

59

 UNIX: .

vi
EX Mode ex

q wq q!

ex.
<Enter>
Normal- .
vi
vi.

ex

Q gQ

Command Line Mode -

vi

ex.
<Enter>
Normal-.
e r w q ! shell
<Enter>

q wq q!

: ? / n N
Normal Mode -
,

.
<Enter>
.
, ,
.
a A i I o O x d c C r R s S
u U J p P y g G

vi
view

<Esc>
Insert/Replace Mode

.
.
<Enter> -
.
<Esc> - Normal-.

2002

60

ZZ

<Insert>
a A I i
o O c C
s S R

 UNIX: .

,
.
.
, : ,

, wq - (write) (quit) vi;
q! - vi .
vi,
.
vi

, ,
.
) $ vi myfile ;
.
) $ vi + myfile ;
.
) $ vi +19 myfile 19
; .
vi
) : <Esc> <:> <w> <q> <!>
<Enter> Esc, (
), w, q !,
Enter.
) : <Esc> <:> <q> <!> <Enter>

4.2. vi
,
VIM TUTOR ( ).
vim (Vi IMproved, a programmers text editor
vi ).
, ,
, vi
.
2002

61

 UNIX: .

$ cp /usr/share/doc/vim-common-6.0/tutor/tutor ~
$ vi ~/tutor

30 .

4.3. ex, vi
, vi ex,
.
, ex,
vi.
vi ex
vi ex <Esc>
, ,
<:> ().
ex ,
ex.
vi gQ,
vi vi ( vi).
4.3.1.
ex - ,
.
, . $ ()
.
, (
) -
p (print). ,
:1,5p

:1,$p

,
# (), ,
:6,$#

, .
.

.
2002

62

 UNIX: .

4.3.2.
g (
) ,
, :
:g/speed
int speed;
d = speed x time;
output (speed).

,
. g ,
, :
:/speed
int speed;

4.3.3.
s (substitute),
,
:
:s/eed/ace/
int space;

.
g (global - ) :
:s/wine/water/g

,
.
:
:1,10s/wine/water/g
:1,$s/wine/water/g

:
:g/speed/s/eed/ace/g
:g/speed/s//space/g

2002

63

 UNIX: .

,

y (yes).
c (confirmation):
:g/eed/s//ace/gc

u (undo).
u ,
u.
4.3.4. /
.

r (read),
:
:0r file.txt

file.txt
( ).

, ( ! ):
:r !date
:r !ls

w (write), :
:w newfile
:w >> oldfile

.


. ,
.
:w! oldfile

4.3.5.
,
:
2002

64

 UNIX: .

$ vi .*

$ ex *.c

n (next), N:
:n

e (edit)
,
:e another

n e
, ,
,
:n! :e! .
4.3.6. ex
! ( ),
:
:!cc %

% .
:
:!!

2002

65

 UNIX: .

4.4. vi
vi
. vi,
~/vi-small-help vi
(. 4.1).

4.5.
vi
.
- .
emacs

emacs [filename]

,
. ,
,
<Esc>, <Ctrl> <Alt> (). emacs

: -x <Ctrl>+<x>; M-a <Alt>+<a>.
emacs:
C-x,C-c <Ctrl>+<x>, <Ctrl>+<c>.
, vi, .
,
emacs - , 300 .
,

.
. emacs
, .
joe
joe [global-optns][ [local-optns] filename ]...
jstar [global-optns] [ [local-optns] filename ]...
jmacs [global-optns] [ [local-optns] filename ]...
jpico [global-optns] [ [local-optns] filename ]...
2002

66

 UNIX: .

ASCII- .
, .
, PC:
, WordStar Borland's . joe
UNIX: pico, emacs,
WordStar.
joe
<Ctrl>+<K><H>. joe
4.2.
pico

pico [ options ] [ file ]

Pine Composer ( ). Pine Composer,

, .

: , , /
, .
vim

vim [options] [file ..]

ex
view

vi.
, ASCII.
.
vi:
, ,
, ,
.. :help vi_diff.txt
vim vi.

2002

67

 UNIX: .

4.1. vi
VI QUICK REFERENCE
------- TEXT
<Esc>
~
a
i
A
I
o
O
<Ins>
<Backspace>
<Del>
r
R
cw
cc
C
s
S
x
X
dw
d$
dd
Nx
Ndw
Ndd

EDITION ------------------------------------ command mode default

- change letter caps
- add text after cursor
- insert text before cursor
- add text at beginning of line
- insert text at end of line
- open new line for text below cursor
- open new line for text above cursor
- Insert/Replace mode switch
- delete symbol before cursor
- delete symbol after cursor
- change character
- type over characters
- change word
- change current line
- change to end of line
- delete character and substitute text
- delete current line and substitute text
- delete symbol in cursor position
- delete character before cursor
- delete text to next word begin
- delete text to end of line
- delete current line
- delete N next symbols
- delete N next words
- delete next N lines

------- WORKING WITH BUFER -----------------------------u

- undo last change
U
- restore current line
yw
- copy text to begin next word in buffer
y$
- copy text to line end in buffer
yy
- copy current line in buffer
Nyy
- copy N next lines in buffer
p
- paste buffer after cursor
P
- paste buffer before cursor
------- CURSOR
h,<Left>
j,<Down>
k,<Up>
l,<Right>
<Space>
<Enter>
-

2002

MOVING
moving
moving
moving
moving
moving
moving

----------------------------------cursor left
cursor down
moving cursor up
cursor right
cursor right
cursor in begin next line
cursor in begin previous line

68

 UNIX: .
------- SEARCH
/pattern
?pattern
/
?
n
N
-

--------------------------------------------search pattern down

search pattern up
search next down
search next up
search next down
search next up

------- WORKING WITH FILES --------------------------------:w [filename]

- write file filename
:q!
- quit from vi, not save changes file
:q
- quit from vi
:wg!
- write file(overriding protection) and quit
ZZ
- save file and quit
:e [filename]
- open new file
:e! [filename]- open new file and not save old file
:r [filename]
- include content of new file
:r! ls F
- include output of ls command
:! ls -F
- working witch shell one step
:sh
- working with sh idle (type exit for back to
vi)

4.2. joe
JOE QUICK REFERENCE
CURSOR__________
^B left ^F right
^P up
^N down
^Z previous word
^X next word
SEARCH_______
^KF find text
^L find next
DELETE__
^D char.
^Y line
^W >word
^O word<
^J >line
^_ undo
^^ redo

GO TO___________
^U prev. screen
^V next screen
^A beg. of line
^E end of line
^KU top of file
^KV end of file
^KL to line No.

MISC________
^KJ reformat
^T options
^R refresh
^@ insert
SPELL
^[N word
^[L file

EXIT_____
^KX save
^C abort
^KZ shell
FILE
^KE edit
^KR insert
^KD save

BLOCK_____
^KB begin
^KK end
^KM move
^KC copy
^KW file
^KY delete
^K/ filter

WINDOW_______________________________
^KO Split the window in half
^KG Make current window bigger
^KN Go to the window below
^C Eliminate the current window
^KE Load file into window
^KT Make current window smaller
^KP Go to the window above
^KI Show all windows / Show one window

HELP_______________
^KH
for help
^KH
turn off help
^[,
prev. screen
ESC , prev. screen
^[.
next screen
ESC . next screen

2002

69

 UNIX: .

:
vi
;
vi :
,
,
,
vi,
,
,
,

;
vi ,
VI SMALL HELP ( 4.4);
UNIX, vi vim (
4.5).

2002

70

 UNIX: .

5.
UNIX

-.

.

grep, egrep sed.
sed.
- UNIX.

, , regex, grep, egrep, fgrep, sed, ed, pr,
lpr, split, sort, wc, strings, tr, cat, tac, nl, od, fold, head, tile, sum,
chksum, md5sum, uniq, comm, cut, paste

2002

71

 UNIX: .

2002

72

 UNIX: .

, ,
.
, ,
, ,
.

. .
-
,
.
,
.
- shell
(script-, -,
)
, .
UNIX , ,
, ,
.

.
(, )

.

5.1. (REs)
,
. ,
,
.
, ,
(RE Regular Expression).

2002

73

 UNIX: .

:
, d; ,
; ,
IP- .
5.1.1. REs

.
, REs,
perl grep.
:
: emacs, vi ,vim, ed, sed, ex, Nisus Writer;
: grep, egrep, more, less;
: Korn Shell;
: expr, less, flex, Expect;
: Perl, PHP, Java Script, TCL, Python, awk;
: Delphi, MS Visual C++, Balise.
, RE
,
(man regex,
man sed, man perl).
5.1.2. REs
RE :
escape- (metasequence);
(characters);
(characters classes);
(quantifiers);
, (assertions);
(alternative match patterns);
(back references);
(re extensions).
.

, .

2002

74

 UNIX: .

5.1. RE,
,
.
5.1.3. REs

.

RE,
.
(RE)
example
^example
example$
^example$
\<example\>
example.$
example\.$
$example
example^
example*
[eE]xample
example[0-9]
example[^0-9]
example[a-zA-Z]
example[[:alpha:]]
example1.*example2
^example1.*example2$
example\.\.\.$
^$
.
.*
^
$
^\$
$$
X*
XX*
\\
[0-9]
[0-9][0-9]*
\<\...\.\>
\<.*([a-z])\1.*\>

2002

example -
example
example
example
example
example
example
$ example
example ^
example exampl exampleeee
example Example
example
example
example
example l10n
example1, 0 , example2
example1 example2
example
, ..
, .. 1
:
, ..
, ..


, 0 X
, X
, \
,

4 .
,

75

 UNIX: .

5.2. (grep, egrep, fgrep)

grep
,
, .

.
(grep - global regular expression printer).
egrep fgrep grep.
fgrep (fast grep)

.
egrep (extend grep)
, grep ,
, grep.

grep. ,
, :
, .
: , UNIX.
Vasja:
$ grep Vasja econstudent radiostudent compstudent
compstudent: Vasja Pupkin 7

:
$ grep Vasja *student
compstudent: Vasja Pupkin 7

-v (invert) , .

shell. :
$ grep -v "Vasja Pupkin" compstudent
Bill Gates
2
David Korn
9

5.2.1. grep
:
$ grep ".*" compstudent

2002

76

 UNIX: .

file
new-file:
$ grep -v "^$" file > new-file

, :
$ grep -v "^ *$" file > new-file

(, d):
$ ls -l /etc | grep ^d

5.2.2. egrep
shell-
,
IPv4- 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255,
.
.
:
$ ./egrep-script test-file

egrep-script:
#/bin/sh
egrep \<\
([0-9]|[0-9][0-9]|[01][0-9][0-9]|2[0-4][0-9]|25[0-5])\.\
([0-9]|[0-9][0-9]|[01][0-9][0-9]|2[0-4][0-9]|25[0-5])\.\
([0-9]|[0-9][0-9]|[01][0-9][0-9]|2[0-4][0-9]|25[0-5])\.\
([0-9]|[0-9][0-9]|[01][0-9][0-9]|2[0-4][0-9]|25[05])\> \
$1

\
shell. shell
RE ,
. shell
.

5.3. sed
sed (Stream EDitor) ,

ed
.
(ed, vi, vim), sed
,
2002

77

 UNIX: .

.
,
. sed ,
,
.
sed:
sed [-n] [script] [-f script-file] file1[ file2]
-n ,
,
;
-f script-file
;
script ,
;
file1[ file2] .
5.3.1. sed
, :
$ sed p file*

file1:
$ sed n 1~2p file1

5 file1, 20:
$ sed n 20~5p file1

file1, RE:
$ sed n /RE/p file1

file1, RE, newfile:

$ sed n /RE/p file1 > newfile

file1, RE, newfile:

$ sed n /RE/p file1 >> newfile

file1 , RE,
newfile:
$ sed n /RE/d file1 > newfile

sourcefile file1,
RE:
$ sed /RE/r sourcefile file1

2002

78

 UNIX: .

file1 RE
sed:
$ sed /RE/q file1

file1 , RE,
abcde wXyZ;
:
$ sed /RE/y/abcd/wXyZ/ file1

file1 RE
NEW :
$ sed n s/RE/NEW/p file1

file1 g global:
$ sed n s/RE/NEW/gp file1

file1 RE1
RE2 NEW:
$ sed n /RE1/s/RE2/NEW/gp file1

5.3.2. sed
sed sed (sedscript) :
$ sed nf sedscript tutor

shell-, , , :
$ cat shellscript
#!/bin/sh
sed nf sedscript $1
<Ctrl>+<D>

- shellscript
$1,
.
shellscript .
sedscript :
(1,100);
(/RE/);
(#);
, :
y ,
p (print),
2002

79

 UNIX: .

s (substitute),
d (delete);
:
(add),
i (insert),
c (change);
({});
.
sedscript:
#n , -n
sed
# EXAMPLE COMMAND FILE FOR SED
#
tutor.
# 2
Lesson
# ({):
# (i),
# (y),
#
(s),
#
(s,&)
# (p),
# :
# (a)
#
/ Lesson/{
i\
**************************************************
y/abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz/ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUV
WXYZ/
s/^[
]*//
s/.*/\*\*\*&\*\*\*/p
a\
**************************************************\
*************************(C)2002 Vasja Pupkin*****
}

2002

80

 UNIX: .

.

shell- UNIX.

5.4. (pr, lpr)

-
cat lp,
. :
$ cat file > /dev/lp

.

, ,
,

.
lpr. :
$ lpr econstudent radiostudent compstudent

lpstat
cancel.
lpr lp .
pr (prepare)
, . :
$ pr myfyle | lpr

66 ( - length)
72 ( - width). -w -l
. :
$ pr -w 132 h "SED program" sedscript| lpr
$ pr -l 25 studentpeople | lpr

-h (head) .
,
.

2002

81

 UNIX: .

5.5. (split, cat)

,
. ,
split,
cat.
xaa, xab, xac, ..., xzz.
- 1000 . :
$ split bigfile

, , ,
500 :
$ split -500 bigfile

, :
$ split bigfile divs

divsaa, divsab, ... divszz.

, , :
$ cat divs?? > bigfile.new

- , .
-
. :
$ pr bigfile > bigpr
$ split -66 bigpr
$ lpr xaf xaj

6- 10- 66
.

5.6. (sort)
sort -
.
:
$ sort compstudent
Bill Gates
2
David Korn
9
Vasja Pupkin 7

2002

82

 UNIX: .

.
:
$ sort +1 compstudent
Bill Gates
2
David Korn
9
Vasja Pupkin 7

+1 ,
.

-b (blank) n (numeric):
$ sort -b +2n
Bill Gates
Vasja Pupkin
David Korn

compstudent
2
7
9

o (output):
$ sort -o compstudent +1 students

m
(merge). :
$ sort +1 econstudent > economic
$ sort +1 radiostudent > radio
$ sort +1 compstudent > computer
$ sort -m +1 economic, radio, computer >
sortallstudents

,
-u (uniq),
.

5.7. , , (wc)
,
wc. -l (lines), -w (words), -c (character)
. :
$ wc students
3 9 51 students
$ wc -l students
3 people
$ wc -lc students
10
51 students
2002

83

 UNIX: .

5.8. (tr)
tr ,
,

.
:
$ tr a-z A-Z < compstudent
BILL GATES
2
DAVID KORN
9
VASJA PUPKIN
7

-d ,
.
:
$ tr -d 0-9 < compstudent
Bill Gates
David Korn
Vasja Pupkin

2002

84

 UNIX: .

5.1.

c
c1c2c3
.
$
^

*
\

[123]

[c1-c2]

[^123]
[^c1-c2]

[c1c2-c3c4]

Basic Regular Expressions

Character. , , .
.
Character Sequence.
, . .
Dot. .
.
Dollar. . RE
sub-RE, .
Caret. .
RE sub-RE,
.
,
.
.
Star. >=0.

.
Backslash. .

, ,
.
Character class. , .
, ^, -, [, : \.

.
Character class. ,
1 2.
,
.
Character class. ,
.
, [c1c2c3].
Character class. ,
.
,
[c1-c2].
Character class. ,
.

2002

85

grep egrep vi
sed perl awk

 UNIX: .
\< \>

\b
()
\( \)
|

\|
+
\+
?
\?
{n,m}

\{n,m\}
\k

[:class:]

Extended Regular Expressions

. :
\<; \>;
\<\>.
.
.
,
.
.
, .
Bar. ( ),

,

,
.
, .
Plus. >0.

.
, .
Question. .

.
, .
. n
m
.
n m, , perl
65535. :
{n} n ;
{n,} n ;
{0,} *;
{1,} +;
{0,1} ?.
, .
Backreference.
,
. k .
perl k<=65535, <=9.
Character class.
.
.
. : [[:alpha:]]
, .. ; [^[:xdigit:]]
hex-.

2002

86

egrep vi
sed
perl
egrep
perl awk
grep vi sed
egrep
perl awk

grep
egrep
perl awk
grep vi
egrep
perl awk
grep vi
egrep
perl awk

grep vi sed
grep egrep vi
sed perl awk
egrep vi
sed perl

 UNIX: .

RE, :
, , ,
. , . , ^ .
,
.
Basic Regular Expression (BRE), RE,
/, RE.
Extended Regular Expression (ERE), ,
/,
RE.

5.2. UNIX
cat
. .
, .
(-s) .
, (-n), (-b).

chksum
CRC + . md5sum, sum.

comm
, ,
: 1-
; 2- ; 3-
.

crypt
. DES (Data
Encryption Standard). ,
. :
myparol1:
$ crypt myparole1 < source.doc > encrypt.doc

, :
$ crypt < source.doc > encrypt.doc

:
$ crypt myparole1 < encrypt.doc > reencrypt.doc

cut
(-c) (-f)
.
2002

87

 UNIX: .

, . ,
1,2,3,10:
$ cut -f1-3,10 testfile

delimiter (-d) tab,

, : cut -d: -f1 /etc/passwd
passwd.

head
(-n) (-c) .
, . ,
. (-q),
, (-v).

md5sum
(128 ) ,
, (-c
__).
. sum.

nl
, ,
, ,

. : "0001", " 1", "1 ".

od
() (,
, ) "sp", "tb".
.
, . ,
.

paste
,
, tab (-t),
, :
-t123 1, 2, , .

strings
( )
( ASCII).

2002

88

 UNIX: .

sum
. .
md5sum.

spell
.

tac
cat . ,
, , .
, .

tail
, head, ()
, "+", ,
. :
$ tail -n+2 /etc/passwd

, , root.
, , WAV.

2002

89

 UNIX: .

:

;
;
REs sed, grep, egrep;
grep, fgrep,
egrep;
sed;
,
: pr, lpr, split, cat,
join, sort, wc, tr;

, 5.2;
grep, , ;
sed-
Windows UNIX, .
RE, ( -
):
IPv4-, A,
IPv4-, B,
IPv4-, C,
21.03.2002.

2002

90

 UNIX: .

6. UNIX

UNIX.
UNIX.
UNIX.
.

, , , foreground, background, ps, jobs, stty, yes,
/dev/null, kill, fg, bg, nice, renice, nohup, cron, at

2002

91

 UNIX: .

6.1.
shell,
, |,
.
.
UNIX
,
, , .

(foreground) shell
.

, ()
(background),
&:
$ ls alR / &
[1] 2042
$

(-R ) UNIX.
UNIX ,
,
[1] PID=2042. PID
(Process IDentificator) ,
.
,
.
6.1.1. ()

, ,
shell . ,
(job control),
, .
2002

92

 UNIX: .

?
,
- .
,
shell, - .
,
, .


. ,
. ,
,
. .
, .
.
,
(-
"" "" ).
$ ls alR / > listing.txt &
[1] 2042
$
$ ls alR / | wc l > count.txt &
[1] 2048
$

2 ( ls 2042
wc 2048), .
6.1.2. (ps, jobs)
,
ps (process status):
$ ps -a
PID
TTY
2036 02
2042 02
2048 02
2049 02
2050 08

TIME
0:05
0:02
0:00
0:01
0:03

2002

CMD
sh
ls /
wc /
ps
sh

(login - 2)
(background )
(background )
( ps)
(login- 8).

93

 UNIX: .

, ls . l, u, x, a
ps
( , , ..),
.
ps
, pstree, top, tload (. 6.1).
, ,
shell- jobs -l.
: Done
(), Running (), Stopped ()
Terminated ():
$ jobs l
[1] + 2048 Running ls alR / | wc l / > count.txt&

(
), , :
.....
[1] 2048 - ls alR / | wc l / > count.txt
$

6.1.3.
().
,
.
, ,
, .

,
. , ,
.
,
, .
stty.

<Ctrl>+<C>, .
, ,
, ,
.
2002

94

 UNIX: .

,
<Ctrl>+<C>
.
.
.

6.2. (&, kill, <Ctrl>+<C>)

. yes
, y
. .
y ,
yes no , y
.
yes UNIX-
.
:
$ yes
y
y
...

.
, .
6.2.1.
/dev/null
, UNIX Space Travel.
/dev/null .
y,
/dev/null.
$ yes > /dev/null

, . ,
shell . ,
y /dev/null.
<Ctrl>+<C>, .
, yes

2002

95

 UNIX: .

; shell,
.
yes ,
, :
$ yes > /dev/null &
[1] 164
$

yes ,
y .
,
jobs.
$ jobs
[1]+ Running yes > /dev/null &
$

, yes .
ps yes.
6.2.2.
<Ctrl>+<C>,
kill.
.
, ,
.
%,
, %.
- kill: shell-,
UNIX.
, .
yes 1,
, kill:
$ kill %1

jobs :
$ jobs
[1]+ Terminated yes > /dev/null
$

2002

96

 UNIX: .

. yes ,
.
jobs, .
$ jobs
$

,
(PID), ,
( ). PID
164. yes ,
, :
$ kill 164
$ kill -9 164

9 ;
1-15 ( man kill), ,
.
. kill -9
.
kill.
() :
$ kill -9 0
$ kill -9 $$

( root):
# kill -1 1

, :
$ kill -9 $!

, :
$ kill -9 `cat idfile`

6.3. (<Ctrl>+<Z>, fg, bg)

6.3.1.
,
, . (
),
.
"":
$ yes > /dev/null
2002

97

 UNIX: .

,
shell.
, ,
<Ctrl>+<C>, . .

,
<Ctrl>+<Z>:
$ yes > /dev/null
<Ctrl>+<Z>
[1]+ Stopped yes > /dev/null
$

, ,
.
, ,
.
6.3.2.
.
shell- fg (foreground - ).
$ fg
yes > /dev/null

Shell ,
,
.
.
<Ctrl>+<Z>. bg
(background , ).
, &
.
$ bg
[1]+ yes >/dev/null &
$

. jobs ,
yes ,
kill, .
? <Ctrl>+<Z>
, .
2002

98

 UNIX: .

,
. fg
, , .

.

, , ,
( ,
).
, .
- ,
, - . ,
:
$ yes &

stdout /dev/null, y
.
<Ctrl>+<C> .
y,
fg
, <Ctrl>+<C>, .
. fg bg
,
, +
, jobs.
,
, ,

fg bg:
$ fg %2
$ bg %3

( 2)
( 3).

.
, , shell.
fg, bg jobs shell.

2002

99

 UNIX: .

crontab-
crontab.
at.
nice, renice nohup.
,
6.1 6.2.

6.4. (crontab, at)

6.4.1. crontab
,
/etc/rc,
crond
(daemon
cron),

,
.

/var/spool/cron/crontabs/
$LOGNAME ( ) ,
.
, .
,
crontab,
/etc/cron.allow ( )
/etc/cron.deny ( ).

crontab., crond
crontab-.
crontab:
crontab <file> crontab- <file>;
crontab -l crontab- ;
crontab -e crontab- ;
crontab -d crontab- ;

, cron.
, mycronfile. crontab-
:
2002

100

 UNIX: .

0 0 * * * tar cf /home/vasja/backup
/home/vasja/projects
0,15,30,45 1-8 * * mon-sat hack www.microsoft.com

projects
.
hack
15 8 ,
.
crontab-
MIN HOUR DAY MONTH DAYOFWEEK COMMAND
crontab-
COMMAND:
MIN (0-59);
HOUR (0-23);
DAY (1-31);
MONTH (1-12 jan-dec);
DAYOFWEEK (0-6, 0 sun-sat).
:
;
, ;
, ;
, .
COMMAND , Bourne Shell,
( /bin/sh -c <command>),
.
exec -,
stdout stderr
.
crontab- ,
crontab.
, cron,
.
UNIX root-.
2002

101

 UNIX: .

6.4.2. at

at

shell (shell-),
, .
.
.
:
$ at 2300 jun 16 scriptfile

scriptfile 11 16
.
crond.
at , , ,
. at
/etc/at.allow, /etc/at.deny.

6.5. (nice,
renice, nohup)
6.5.1. nice

.

, root .
, . ,
nice. -20 () 19 () (
Linux).
.
nice:
nice [<number>] <command>
nice
10, ls
30:
$ nice ls alR / > listing.txt &
[1] 2099
$
2002

102

 UNIX: .

, :
$ nice -5 ls alR / > listing.txt &
[2] 3012

, nice 25,
5 , nice .

:
# nice -20 /bin/sh
[1] 3777

, .
6.5.2. renice
renice,
root:
renice:
renice <priority> [<PID>]
$ renice 10 987
987: old priority 0, new priority 10

6.5.3. nohup
nohup (no hang up
) ,
shell,

nohup.out. nohup
,
, nohup .
nohup:
nohup <command> [> outfile] [&]
$ nohup ls alR / &
[3] 4176
$ nohup: appending output to nohup.out

nice nohup:
$ nice nohup ls alR / > listing.txt &
[4] 4476

, ps -x.
2002

103

 UNIX: .

6.1. shell

jobid.
%jobid : % +
( ); - ; n
n.

<command>&
bg [%jobid]
fg [%jobid]
jobs [%jobid ...]
kill [-signo] %jobid
stop %jobid
wait %jobid

(
).

.

.

.

kill UNIX, .

( <Ctrl>+<Z>)
jobid
.

6.2. UNIX

nice -[[-]n] <command>

# nice - -10 /bin/sh
$ nice -10 script
renice <nice> <PID>
$ renice 5 1234
ps [-aux]
$ ps -x
kill [signo] <PID>
$ kill -9 1234
$ kill -SIGKILL 1234
killall [signo] <Pname>
$ killall -1 bash
at [-f <file>] <time>
nohup <comnd> [> file]

2002

,
. root.

. root.
:
UID, PID, PPID, CPU, MEM, VSZ, TTY, STAT,
START, TIME, COMMAND.

. kill l .

.
stdin
at,
.

stdout. nohup.out.
104

 UNIX: .

:
;

:

,
,
,
;
ps;
at, nohup, nice, renice;

, 6.1 6.2.

2002

105

 UNIX: .

7. SHELL UNIX

shell.

shell , , .
shell.
shell-.

shell-, , , ,
/tmp, , -, expr, let, (( )), test, [ ], read, echo,
break, continue, return, exit, times, function, for, if, while, until, case,
kill, trap, select

2002

106

 UNIX: .

7.1. Shell
shell
UNIX,
shell.
Shell ,
. ,
UNIX
, .
Shell

:
(:, #);
($name, $HOME, $1, $# .);
(:, =, [ ], (( )) .)
(let, test, echo, read .);
(if, for, while, case .);
( );
(kill, trap);
(readonly,
export).
, shell , ..
, shell
, C, shell-
.
shell
- :
, Pascal Fortran
. shell , , ,
.
shell:
Bourne Shell, C-Shell, Korn-Shell, Bash. ,
: C-Shell , Bourne

2002

107

 UNIX: .

Shell . Bash
Bourne Shell C-Shell.
UNIX shell
; shell
: .profile, .login, .cshrc, .bashrc ( . 2.7
2.1).
7.1.1. shell
shell ().
script:
$ cat > script
ls l /
sleep 5
clear
<Ctrl>+<D>

,
5 ,
.
.
script:

$ sh script

script:
$ . script

script shell script:

$ exec script

script :
$ chmod 755 script
$ script
$ ./script

, $PATH
.

$PATH : .;
/bin; /usr/bin.
. ,

2002

108

 UNIX: .

,
.
7.1.2. shell
shell
: <variable>=<value>.

$:
$ spisok=student
$ echo $spisok
student

#()
#()
#( echo)

(,
, , $IFS) ,
\
(
).
=
. , <variable>:=<value>
,
( ); <variable>+<value>
, .
shell ,
( .5.2):
$ spisok=student; spisok=comp$student; echo $spisok
compstudent
$ spisok=student; sorting=${spisok}sort; echo
$sorting
studentsort

:
, :

$ d = /home/vasja; cat $d/script

shell:
$
$
$
$

S=sort +2
$S compstudent|more
$S econstudent | pr
$S radiostudent > new-radiostudent

2002

109

 UNIX: .

|, >, <, & ( ,
).

, ,
for, ,
.
7.1.3. shell
set env,
unset.

(readonly).

( . 2.6).
7.1.4.

``, shell (, bash, ksh)
$():
$ now=`date`
echo $now
Sun Feb 14 12:00:01 PST2001
$ now=$(date)
echo $now
Sun Feb 14 12:00:01 PST2001

,
:
$ myshells=$(cat /etc/shells); echo $myshells
/usr/bin/ksh /usr/bin/sh /usr/bin/tcsh /usr/bin/csh

7.1.5. shell.

shell
, . 7.2.
.
:
$ script compstudent econstudent radiostudent

2002

110

 UNIX: .

()
: $1 compstudent; $2 econstudent; $3
radiostudent .. $9.
9
. shift n, n
, 9 ( 9). shift
.
( 9):
$*, $1$2...$N.
$# ().
, $0; $0
$#.
$$ PID shell .

$?.
7.1.6. /tmp
/tmp ,
. ,

,
.

$0$$, , , $0
, $$
, .

/tmp,
.

7.2. , , shell
7.2.1. (# :)
:,
() , .
2002

111

 UNIX: .

0 (). shell
($,* ..),
.
UNIX #.
shell- shell
shell -.
, #/bin/sh.
7.2.2. (let, (( )), expr)
, shell
, , bash
((<expression>)) let <expression>,
, .
expr, let
(()) ,
expr.
expr ,
, .

shell.
expr:
$ expr 13 + 49 \* 2 + 1
112
$ expr \( 13 + 49 \) \* 2 + 1
125
$

expr ( 3
). sum3:
$ cat > sum3
expr $1 + $2 + $3
<Ctrl>+<D>
$ chmod 755 sum3;
$ sum3 13 49 2
64
$

expr ( man expr info expr):

: +, -, *, /, % () .;
: =, ==, !=, >, >=, <, <= .;
2002

112

 UNIX: .

: length, substr, match .

.
, (*, (, .) ,
shell . ,
* \(.
7.2.3. test [ ]
test shell-
if. shell (,
bash) test ,
.
test []:
test <>
[<>]
0,
, 1 .
: ;
; .
<op>.
: [<op> F], F .
true, F
<op>,
:
-a ( );
-e ( );
-s ( , >0);
-f ( );
-d ( );
-h ( );
- ( );
-b ( );
-p ( FIFO);
-S ( );
-r ( );
-w ( );
-x ( );
2002

113

 UNIX: .

-u ( SUID);
-g ( SGID);
-k ( Sticky Bit) (.
man bash).

: [N <op> M], N, M
, <op> :
<expr1> -eq <expr2> (Equal To <expr1> <expr2>);
<expr1> -ne <expr2> (Not Equal To );
<expr1> -gt <expr2> (Greater Then );
<expr1> -lt <expr2> (Less Than );
<expr1> -ge <expr2> (Greater Than or Equal To
);
<expr1> -le <expr2> (Less Than or Equal To ).
: [S <op> R] [<op> S], S, R -
; <op> :
<string1> = <string2> ();
<string1> != <string2> ( );
-z <string> ( );
-n <string> ( ).
:
:
! ( NOT);
-a ( AND);
-o ( OR).
. mycp :
$2 (-w)
$1 (-r),
$2 $1 (>>),
(echo):
$ cat > mycp
if test -w $2 -a -r $1
then cat $1 >> $2
else echo cannot append
fi
<Ctrl>+<D>
$

2002

114

 UNIX: .

7.2.4. (break, continue, echo, exit, read, return,

times)
break [n] , n,
n .
continue [n] for, while,
until, select. n , n-
, n >= 1.
echo [<string-expression>]
.
exit [n] shell
n, n=0.
read <var1> <var2>

, ,
.
return [n] n,
.
times
shell , shell (
).
7.2.5. (function)
shell
shell.
, ,
shell, .
times,
set.
:
function <FunctionName>[()]
{
<commands>
}

2002

115

 UNIX: .

myfunc myproc,
times.
.
$ function myfunc
> {
> ls l
> }
$ times myfnc
real
0m0.361s
user
0m0.050s
sys
0m1.145s
$
$
$ cat > myscript
ls l
<Ctrl>+<D>
$ times myscript
real
0m0.621s
user
0m0.100s
sys
0m1.253s
$

7.3. shell
7.3.1. for
for:
for <variable> [in <value1> <valueN>]
do
<commands>
done
for, do, done !
spisok (),
(+1), ,
(pr) (-h)
(lpr):
$ cat spisok
sort +1 students | tr -d 0-9 | pr -h University |
lpr
$

2002

116

 UNIX: .

people , :
compstudent, econstudent, radiostudent, ...,
,
for.
spisok,
:
for file in compstudent econstudent radiostudent
do
sort +1 $file |tr -d 0-9 |pr -h University |lpr
done

shell . :
for file in *student # ,
student
do
sort +1 $file |tr -d 0-9 |pr -h University |lpr
done

in ,
, ,
,
( ).
spisok:
for file
do
sort +1 $file |tr -d 0-9 |pr -h University |lpr
done

:
$ spisok compstudent econstudent radiostudent

7.3.2. if
if:
if <command>
then
<commands-true>
[elif <command2>
<commands-elif>]
[else
<commands-false>]
fi
2002

117

 UNIX: .

if. else if elif,

fi.
<command> (
: 0-true), <commands-true>,
, elif, ,
<commands-false>.
if, then, else fi .
spisok ,
,
:
sort +1 $1 |tr -d 0-9 |pr -h University |lpr

spisok ( $1
) , ,
( $#)
if.
spisok:
if test $# -eq 0
then
echo You must give a filename
exit 1
else
sort +1 $1 |tr -d 0-9 |pr -h University |lpr
fi

exit -
. ,
true=0 (
0). exit 1 1, ..
spisok .
7.3.3. while
while:
while <command>
do
<commands>
done
<command> ,
<commands>. while, do, done
.
2002

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spisok,
.
,
:
if test $# -eq 0
#

then
echo Usage: $0 file ... >&2 #
exit
fi
while test $# -gt 0
#

do
if test -s $1
#
then
echo no file $1 >&2
#
else
sort +1 $1 |tr -d 0-9 |pr -h University |lpr
fi
shift
#
#
done

7.3.4. until
while.
until:
until <command>
do
<commands>
done
<command> ,
<commands>. until, do, done
.
spisok :
if test S# -eq 0
then
echo Usage $0 file... >&2
exit
fi
until test S# -eq 0
do
2002

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if test -s $1
then
echo no file $1 >&2
else
sort +1 $1 |tr -d 0-9 |pr -h University |lpr
fi
shift
#
done

7.3.5. case
case:
case <string> in
<string1>)
<commands1>
;;
<string2>)
<commands2>
;;
...
*)
<commands*>
;;
esac
<string> = <string1>,
<commands1>, <string> = <string2>,
<commands2> , <string>
<stringN>, <commands*>
( * ).
case, string1), string2), *), esac
.
. spisok h (help),
:
myhelp = no
case $1 in
-h) myhelp = yes
shift
;;
-?) echo $0: no option $1
exit
;;
2002

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esac
if test $myhelp = yes
then
echo Help for $0 ...
...
fi
if test S# -eq 0
then
echo Usage $0 file... >&2
exit
fi
until test S# -eq 0
...

? . -?, .. , -h,
, ,
. shell,
?, *, [, -, ]. ,
case.

2002

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7.4. shell
, :
echo
, .
-v (verbose = ) shell
.
-x (execute) shell

(); .
.

7.5.
,
.
$#, , .
( case).
(,
), (,
*). ( ?
t p), .
t p ,
.
# /bin/bash
# ,
# , .
#
# .
# :
# -t (together) - ;
# -p (printer) - .
if test $# -eq 0
then
echo Usage: $0 file ... > &2
exit
fi
together=no
print=no
2002

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 UNIX: .

while test $# -gt 0

do
case $1 in
-t) together = yes
shift ;;
-p) print = yes
shift ;;
-?) echo $0: no option $1
exit ;;
*) if test $together = yes
then
sort u +1 $1 |tr -d 0-9|pr -h University\

> /tmp/$0$$

if $print = no
then
cat /tmp/$0$$
else
lpr -c /tmp/$0$$
fi
rm /tmp/$0$$
exit
else
if test -s $1
then
echo no file $1 > &2
else
sort +1 $1 | tr -d 0-9|pr -h University \

> /tmp/$0$$

if $print = no
then
cat /tmp/$0$$
else
lpr -c /tmp/$0$$
fi
rm /tmp/$0$$

fi
shift
fi;;
esac
done

2002

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7.6. (kill
trap)
shell-
kill. .
kill [-sig] <PID1> <PID2> sig (1,2, ...)
, PID
(N) (%N).
,
, <Ctrl>+<C>,
,
( ).

trap:
trap:
trap <command> <signals>
trap <command1>; <command2>; <signals>
"".

, .
:
1 - "" ( )
2 - ;
(15 ), man trap.
trap ,
,
.
case $1 in
...
*) trap rm /tmp/*; exit 2 1 #

if test -s $1
...
rm /tmp/*

2002

124

 UNIX: .

:
trap rm /tmp/* > /dev/null; exit 2 1 #

, /tmp/$0$$

null-.

7.7. select
select ,
.
#
clear
echo -e ? \c
read name
if test $name = $LOGNAME
then
echo !
else
echo ! : $LOGNAME
name=$LOGNAME
fi
echo Hi, $name!
#
echo , , $name?
select doroga in \
nalevo\
napravo\
pryamo;
do
if [-n $doroga]
then
echo -n : $doroga -
case $doroga in
napravo) echo () !
;;
pryamo)
echo ( `uname`)
!
;;
nalevo) echo !
;;
esac;
break;
2002

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 UNIX: .

else
echo $REPLY , 1,2 3.
fi;
done
#
echo , $name. $SECONDS
,
echo $(($SECONDS/60))
echo $[$SECONDS/3600] .
sleep 10
clear

2002

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 UNIX: .

7.1. bash
.
, info bash.

:

help bash;
info GNU
;
man , .

. source.
: true.
[ test, , ,
.
(( let , [ test.
[[ , , [.
alias .
break , n,
n .
builtin bash,
.
cd .
command ,
.
continue for, while, until,
select. n , n- , n >= 1.
declare (
, bash
).
dirs .
echo .
enable
.
eval ,
(
, ).
2002

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 UNIX: .

exec exec, . . ,
, , ;
- (wrapper scripts),
.
exit (, ,
)
export
, .
false .
getopts ,
; ,
.
help (built in)
bash. : help [<>...]. <> ,
, ,
.
kill ;
SIGTERM, ;
.
let ;
, .
local ( ) .
logout ,
.
popd .
printf (
).
pushd
.
pwd .
read
.
readonly .
return
.
select ,
( ,

2002

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 UNIX: .

, while
for).
set :

+<option>, -<option> -o <option>
(
)
$1 $2 ... $N. help set
set; bash,
info bash.
shift ($1 $N, $2
$N+1, $3 $N+2 ..).
sleep . :
sleep <number>[s|m|h|d], <number> ,
, , : , ,
.
source , (
,
).
test ;
(? ? ? ? . .),
.
times
shell , shell ( ).
trap .
true .
type ,
( , , . .).
ulimit
().
umask
. ,
;
chmod.
unalias .
unset .

2002

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7.2. shell
Shell
:

$1, $2, ...$9

$0
$#
$?
$$
$!
$*
$@

. bash
9 ( shift)
-.
( ) shell;
shell .
(),
( 0,
); .
PID shell;
, PID .
PID , .
, .
, .. $@=$1 $2 $3
, .
, .. $@=$1 $2 $3

7.3.
.
man 4 console_codes.
-e -n echo Linux
ESC-
.
\033 <ESC> ESC-.
ESC-
tput.

\033[#A # ;
\033[#B # ;
\033[# # ;
\033[#D # ;
\033[#E # ;
\033[#F # ;
\033[#G ;
\033[#;#H (, ).

2002

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 UNIX: .

\033[0m ;
\033[1m ( );
\033[2m (-, );
\033[4m (-, );
\033[5m ;
\033[7m ( , -- );
\033[22m ;
\033[24m ;
\033[25m ;
\033[27m .
\033[30m ;
\033[31m ;
\033[32m ;
\033[33m ;
\033[34m ;
\033[35m ;
\033[36m ;
\033[37m / ;

\033[40m ;
\033[41m ;
\033[42m ;
\033[43m ;
\033[44m ;
\033[45m ;
\033[46m ;
\033[47m / .

.
\033[1m\033[5m\033[36m
\033[1;5;36m.
1:
:
$ echo -en "\33[37;1;41m ATTENTION \33[0m"

2: ( root):
$ echo -en "\033[41m"

3: : ;
, ;
:
$ PS1="\033[1;5;32m\t\033[25;31m\w\$ \033[0m"

2002

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 UNIX: .

\007 ;
\033[10;#] ;
\033[11;#]
.

. , \033[10;55]\033[11;30]
\033[10;55;11;30].
:
5000Hz 200ms, :
$ echo -en "\033[10;5000;11;200]\7"

cat -v ( )
(<F1>, <> . .).
cat -v, ,
, <Ctrl>+<D>. ,
<F1> <> :
$ cat -v
^[OP
^[[C

,
.

2002

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 UNIX: .

:
shell-,
;
shell-;
,
shell-:
,
,
,
,
;
shell-
, :
,
,
;

;
, , :
a, b
;
-, , :
ls, -l, -d
(,
echo * , );
, , ,
. 7.7.

2002

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 UNIX: .

UNIX.
, , !

UNIX
Internet.
, ,
30- UNIX,
,
.
, 5 UNIX-
-,
.
,
,
, .

Linux.
UNIX
Linux.
X

:
UNIX;
LINUX;
ILU .. I love UNIX.
,
UNIX .
, :
UNIX ;
UNIX ;
UNIX ;
UNIX ;
UNIX.
2002

134

 UNIX: .

8.

. UNIX: . .
.: , 1985. 318 ., .

9.

., .. : . . .: ,
1988. 392.

10. Aho A.V., Kernighan B.W., Weinberger P. J. Awk - A Pattern Scanning

and Text Processing Language (2d Edition). - Bell Labs, Murray Hill, N.J.
11. . ., . UNIX
: . . .: , 1992.
304 ., .
12. Gilly D. UNIX in a Nutshell: System V Edition, 2nd Edition,
OReilly&Associates, Inc., June 1992.
13. Lamb L. Learning the vi Editor. Fifth Edition. OReilly&Associates, Inc.,
1994. 173 pages.
14. Dougherty D., Robbins A. sed & awk, 2nd Edition, OReilly&Associates,
Inc., March 1997. 429 pages.
15. , , , . UNIX:
: . . .: BHV, 1997.
832 .
16. . LINUX: : .
. .: BHV, 1997. 688 .
17. (.) UNIX: 2- .: . .: .
.: .: , 2000. 1072 .: .
18. Jeffrey E. F. Friedl Mastering Regular Expressions. Powerful Tehniques for
Perl and Other Tools. OReilly&Associates, Inc., Sebastopol, California,
1997. 368 p.
19. , , .
UNIX.
= UBIX System Programming/ A programmers guide to software
development: . .: , 2000. 368 ., .
20. Sun Microsystems, Inc. Solaris 8 Operationg Environment System
Administration I. SA-238/Student Guide, 2000. 1012 p.

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21. . : .
. .: , 2000. 720 .
22. . . . .:
, 2001. 352 .: .
23. . . UNIX. .: , 2001. 528 .: .
24. . Linux UNIX: shell.
: . . .: BHV, 2001. 464 .
25. / .. , .. . .:
, 2001. 544 .: .
26. . . : . .: ISMA,
2002. 104 .: .

1.

!RTFM (http://rtfm.vn.ua)
, ,
.

2.

(http://www.bookcase.ru) ,
10000 .

3.

(http://www.bib.com.ua/doc/) , ,
( ).

4.

IT.ACADEMY.LV (http://it.academy.lv)
Web- & Sys- -
.
web-, web-,
.

5.

Linux - (http://www.linuxve.chat.ru).
Linux.

6.

. . UNIX. 1991-1997.
(http://lib.ru/LINUXGUIDE/dgt-ux/).

7.

. . UNIX. ( ).

8.

OC UNIX (http://www.sparc.spb.su/Oio/)
.

2002

136

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9.

(!) (http://citforum.ru).
, !

10. . . Unix. (
).
11. Linux Mac OS X (http://www.softerra.ru/test/13693/).
.
12. OpenNet (http://www.opennet.ru) UNIX
: , , , , ,
.
13. . UNIX. .
. "Tricks of the UNIX Masters" by Russel G. Sage
(http://lib.ru/LINUXGUIDE/).
14. . sed awk. . ( ).
15. . shell (UNIX). .
( ).
16. (http://www.softerra.ru) .
17. . Linux . Linux Installation and
Getting Started Copyright (c) 1992-1994 Matt Welsh 205 Gray Street NE,
Wilson NC, 27893 USA mdw@sunsite.unc.edu Copyright (c), 1996,
"". ( Matt Welsh)
). ( ).
18. Linux
(http://webcenter.ru/~intec/alexey/hobcon.html).
.
19. Collection of Net references (http://www.sai.msu.su/~megera/htl/).
,
. (General Software, WWW,
Sysadmin Tools/Tips ).
20. GNU's Not Unix! - the GNU Project and the Free Software Foundation
(FSF) (http://www.gnu.org).
.
21. InfoCity (http://www.infocity.kiev.ua)
.
22. Internet FAQ Consortium (http://www.faqs.org) This archive contains
Usenet Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) postings in Hypertext format
and in FTP archive textual format.
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23. Lib.Ru (http://lib.ru)

www-, 1994.
.
24. Lib.Ru
(http://www2.eunet.lv/library/koi/) .
25. LinuxFocus (http://fr.linuxfocus.org/Russian/)
Linux .
26. Refer.Ru - (http://www.refer.ru) -,
.
(http://www.refer.ru/574): Refer.Ru - , ,
- - UNIX.
27. STAR WARS ASCIIMATION. ,
. telnet- (towel.blinkenlights.nl).
28. SWD - QNX
(http://www.swd.ru)
QNX
(http://www.swd.ru/qnx/support/literature/).
QNX4 : SWD Software Ltd.
Mart 2002.
29. The FreeBSD Project (http://www.freebsd.org), -:
FreeBSD (http://www.freebsd.org/ru/).
30. UnixFAQ.ru (http://www.unixfaq.ru)
UNIX.
31. Unix Guru Universe (http://www.ugu.com)
,
Unix/Internet/Networks.
32. Unix System Administrator's Resources
(http://www.stokely.com/unix.sysadm. resources/) - .
33. U/WIN (http://www.research.att.com/sw/tools/uwin/) Unix for
WINdows, UNIX Windows,
. .

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2002

139

 UNIX: .

2002

140

 UNIX: .

2002

141