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, U N I X : S o l a r i i , H P - U X , R e d H a l Linux F r e e B S D .

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ISBN 666-552-106-3
ISBN -316-00754-6
ISBN 0-13-020601-6 (.)
. 196105, -, . , 67.

057 07.09.01.
BHV

175 13.09.2000.
- OK005-93, 2: 953005 - .
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11

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12

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(Daniel Karrenberg)

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(Randy Else)

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13

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15

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.
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1977 . 1BSD PDP-11
1993 ., 4.4BSD.

20

I.

 AT&T
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Anderson, Gail, and Paul Anderson. The UNIX Shell Field Guide. Englewood
Cliffs, NJ Prentice Hall 1986
Hewlett-Packard Company. The Ultimate Guide to the VI and EX Text Editors.
Redwood City, CA: Benjamin/Cummings. 1990.
Abrahams. Paul W., and Bruce A. Larson UNIX for the Impatient, 2nd Edition.
Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. 1995
Peek, Jerri', Tim O'Reilly, and Mike Loukides. UNIX Pov.tr Tools, 2nd Edition.
Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly & Associates. 1997.
Montgomety, John, and Woody Leonard. The Underground Guide to Unix:
Slightly Askew Advice from a Unix Guru. Reading, MA Addison-Wesley 1995
Reichard, Kevin, and Eric Foster-Johnson. Unix in Plain English, 3rd Edition.
Foster City, CA: IDO Books Worldwide. 1999.
Rankin, Bob, The No BS Guide to Linux. No Starch Press. 1997.
Wall, Lany, Tom Christiansen, and Randal L. Schwartz. Programming Peri,
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29

UNIX , / .
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30

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32

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33

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34

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36

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38

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2. 3

39

 lilo.coef , Windows
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40

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42

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S: ,
. Solaris S
, Linux
.
, , .
, 7 ,
UNLX- . Red Hat
10- , 79 .
/etc/lnlttab , ,
init .
, , ,
( ),
.
Init
0 , /etc/lnlttab.
, init
.
.
, /etc/lnlttab
,
UNIX-. ,
System V , .
, /etc/inittab
.
, ;
.
/etc/lnittab,
.
, Init
. , Init
- , ;
.
init.d. ,
, /etc, .

. s t a r t ,
, ,
. r e s t a r t ,
s t o p + s t a r t .
,
, Init.d
.

44

I.

 , ,
sshd:
#! / b i n / s h
t e a t -f / u s r / l o c a l / s b i n / s s h d I I e x i t 0
case "SI" in
start)
echo - r " S t a r t i n g sshd: sshd"
/usr/local/sbin/sshd
echo " . "
stop)
echo -n "Stopping sshd: sshd"
k i l l "cat / v a r / r u n / s s h d . p i d
echo
restart)
echo -n "Stopping s s h d : sshd"
kill
cat /var/run/sshd.pid
echo " . "
echo -n " S t a r t i n g s s h d : sshd"
/usr/local/sbin/sshd
echo " . "
)

e c h o "Usage:
exit 1

/etc/init.d/sshd start I stop|restart"

esac
, init
,
. initd,
rcypoeeHb.d,
, (rcO.d. r c l , d ..).

init.d. S .
, (.
S34named). init ,
S ("start" )
, s t a r t .
,
("kill" ) ,
s t o p . , init
-d,
, .
, ,
.

2. . sshd
2
:
# In
/etc/init.d/eahd /etc/rc2.d/S99eeh2
# In -s / tc/init.d/eiihd /etc/rc0.d/K25eah2

2. 3

45

 , /etc/iniud/sshd
2
s t a r t . ,
/etc/init.d/sshd ,
s t o p .
-,
/ e t c / r c 6 . d .
.

Solaris
Solaris. H P - U X Red Hal
System V, init.d. Solaris ,
.* / e t c .
Solaris
, ,
. Sun .
.
/etc/defaults
(. 2.3), .
- .
2.3. Solaris

/etc/.UNCONFIGURED

( )

/etc/hostname.

,
( )

/etc/.

,
DHCP

/etc/defaultrouter

HP-UX
H P - U X /sbin/init.d.
/sbin.
/etc/rc.config.d.
. ,
/sbin/init.d/SnmpMaster

/ t c / r c . c o n f.d/SnmpMa s t e r
init :
/sbin/rc2.d/35603nmpMaster
/ s b m / r c l .d/K440SnmpMaster
/etc/rc.log.
- ,

46

I.

 ,
.
, ,
.
,
. . 2.4 ,
.
2.4, HP-UX [ /etc/rc.conflg.d)
()

SnmpMaster

SNMP

Snmp*

, SNMP

acct

, . acct(IM)

auditing

; . audsjs(lM) audevent(lM)

cde

CDE (Common Desktop Environment

)

clean*

desktop

hpbaselOOconf

Fast Ethernet

hpeflierconf

Ethernet-; . Lanadmin( 1)

Iistjmode

P
mailservs

namesem

nddconf

,
add

netconf

(IP- ..)

netdaemons

netti

; .
nettl(lM), nettlconfdM) nettlgen.coaf{4)

nfsconf

NFS (Network File System

)

sendmafl

pd

HP-UX

vt

vtdaemon

xfs

X Windows

.
netconf, netdaemons . , nddconf.
Red Hat
, Linux
. , Debian Solaris,
Slackware "" FreeBSD Red
Hai ,

2. 3

47

System V F r e e B S D " " ,

, .
Red Hat ,

# ,

4 !
init Red H a t
System V.
/ e t c / r c . d / r c , .
, ,
.

chkconfig.
Red H a t rc.Iocai,
F r e e B S D . .
;
System V.
Red Hat:
[ ]
INIT; v e r s i o n 2.77 b o o t i n g
Welcome to Red Hat L i n u x
P r e s s "I" t o e n t e r i n t e r a c t i v e s t a r t u p .
Mounting p r o c f i l e s y s t e m
Setting clock
( u t c ) : F r i Mar 1 0 0 7 : 1 6 : 4 1 MST 2000
L o a d i n g d e f a u l t keymap
A c t i v a t i n g swap p a r t i t i o n s

I
t
I
[

OK
OK
OK
OK

]
]
]
]

" W e l c o m e to Red Hat Linux",

< I > , .
. Red Hat
, , .
3 init :
Welcome to Red Hat L i n u x
Press ' I ' to enter interactive startup.
Mounting p r o c f i l e e y s t e m
Setting clock
( u t c ) : F r i Mar 10 0 7 : 1 6 : 4 1 MST 2000
L o a d i n g d e f a u l t keymap
A c t i v a t i n g swap p a r t i t i o n s
S e t t i n g h o s t n a m e r e d h a t . s y n a c k . n e t [ OK ]
Checking r o o t f i l e s y s t e m
/ d e v / h d a l : c l e a n , 73355/191616 f i l e s , 214536/3B3032 b l o c k s
R e m o u n t i n g r o o t f i l e s y s t e m in r e a d - w r i t e mode
F i n d i n g module d e p e n d e n c i e s
Checking f i l e s y s t e m s
Mounting l o c a l f i l e s y s t e m s
T u r n i n g on u s e r and g r o u p q u o t a s f o r l o c a l f i l e s y s t e m s
E n a b l i n g swap s p a c e
INIT: E n t e r i n g r u n l e v e l 3

I
[
[
[

OK
OK
OK
OK

]
]
]
]

f OK
I OK
[ OK
[ OK
[ OK
[ OK
[ OK

)
]
]
]
]
]
]

44 I.

Entering i n t e r a c t i v e s t a r t u p
S t a r t s e r v i c e kudzu ()/(/()ontinue? []

.
,
.
LILO i n i t = / b i n / s h ,

, init".
,
fsck .
Red Hai
, /etc/sysconflg. , /etc/rc.config.d
HP-UX, , (. 2.5).
2.5. /etc/sysconfig Red Hot
/
aprad
clock
console
hwconf
ilfin
lull
keyboard
mouse
network
network-scripts
pcmcla
sendmai)

H~ j.Hji-. COje
(Advanced
Power Management )
( 1)
,
; Kudzu
( /, ..)
, ,

( "us"
101- )
: X Windows
gpm
( , , ..)
,

, PCMCIA,

undmall

:
hwconf Kudzu, ,
- ,
.

, ,
Red Hat ,
. Inll^/bln/sh
-

2.

49

 ,
. , , 30 .

network-scripts ,
. , .
ifcfg-. , networkscripts/ifcfg-ethO e t h O ,
IP-.
13.10.

sendmail : DAEMON QUEUE. DAEMON yes, seBdmail

. QUEUE seBdmail .

,
.

FreeBSD
F r e e B S D . B S D - .
init F r e e B S D ,
/ e t c / r c . , , ,
/ e t c , ..
, .
/ e t c / r c ,
:

/etc/defaults/rc.conf

/etc/rc.conf

/ e t c / r c . conf.local

,
( local.startup). , shell,
. /etc/rc
source (, ' . ' ) ,


.
/ e t c / d e f a u l t s / r c . c o n f . .
- , / e t c / r c . c o n f /etc/rc.conf.local. , / e t c / r e ,
, .
/ e t c ,
:
% la / e t c / r c *
rc
rc.disklessl
rc.atm
rc.diskless2
rc.conf
rc.firewall
rc.i3B6
rc.network

50

rc.isdn
rc.local
rc.serial
rc.shutdown

rc.pccard
rc.resume
rc.devfs
rc.suspend

I.

 ,
rc. diskless 1 - rc.sysctl,
rc.serial, rc.pccard rc. net work, / e t c / r e
. rc.local. - ,
( rc.sysetl ).
rc.serial ,
,
.
rc.conf
P C M C I A / C a r d B u s , rc.pccard ,
P C M C I A , pccardd, P C M C I A
.
rc.network .
, rc.conf, , D H C P ,
. ,
rc.conf.
; rc.atm, rc.isdn rc.firewall.
FreeBSD
: h o s t n a m e , d e f a u l t r o u t e r i f c o n f iq_unm (
). if c o n f __ , ifconfig
. ,
hostname="my. f u l l y q u a l i f i e d .name"
i f c o n f i g _ d e O = " i n e t 1 9 2 . 1 6 8 . 1 . 2 netmask O x f f f f f f O O "
defaultrouter-"192.168.1.1"
IP- 192.168.1.2
192.168.1.1.
D H C P , :
if c o n f ig_deC=-" DHCP"
D H C P IP-,
.

2.5.

UNIX-
.
-,
.
UNIX-
. , .
. ,
.

. U N I X
. ,
, , ,

2. 3

51

 , . ,
UNIX ,
.
,
.
. ,
,
. , "" .
, , ,
.
, - ,
-:

;
shutdown,
halt reboot ( BSD- Linux);
Init TERM,
init telirit
( System V);
init.

UNLX- .

. , ,
.
(, Hewlett-Packard)
,
, .
, ,
.
, .
, ,
.
,
.
shutdown:
shutdown

. , , "
" . ,
,
- .
shutdown
. , .

52

I.

 , ,
, .
, ,
,
.
shutdown ,
: ,
. ,
fsck.
,
,
.
,
.
. 2.6 shutdown
. .
2.6. shutdown

Solaris

/uir/ibln/ihutdown

-g

-16

-10

HP-UX

/etc/shutdown

Red Hat

/nbln/ohutdown

-h

FreeBSD

/sbln/sbutdowa

, , .

halt:
halt ,
. ,
shutdown -h halt. halt
, ,
sync (, ,
sync), ,
.
halt - sync .
fsck,
,
. halt -q
, .
-q .
reboot:
reboot halt.
, , .
shutdown -. , shutdown
- -q.

2. 3

53

 init T E R M
init
. -
, . BSD- init
TERM,
, , getty . shutdown.
, ps
. init
. kill:
# ;
kill - 1
kill

4.

telinit: init
, init , telinit
. ,
# telinit S
Solaris HP-UX Red
Hat 1, S, shell
root, :
# telinit 1

# shutdown -xl
, ,
.
telinit ,
inittab. -q init
.
init
init ,
kill -KILL kill -9.
(
). ""
. shutdown reboot

54

I.

. ,
.
,
.

root, .
. , , .
"" .
,
, .
,
.

. .
, 21. 27
.

3.1.

UNIX .
,
: . ,
, , ,
".
5.

, , .

3.

. /etc/group.

6.1.

,
.
. . ,
Is -I _. :
% 1 -1 / e t a f f / c o t t / t o d o
-rw
1
scett staff

1258 Jun 4 1 6 : 1 5 / s t a f f / s c o t c / t o d o

, "scoti",
, , "staff".
U N I X ,
. ( U I D User
ID) /etc/passwd, ( G I D G r o u p ID) /etc/group".

. Is
,
.
, , : ( U I D ) .
( G I D )
.
. , .
(. 4.3),
.
,
, ,
,
, : S U I D
(Set User ID ) S G I D (Set G r o u p
ID ).
, ,
(
, ). ,
.
S U I D ,

. ,
. , passwd,
,
/etc/passwd, .
S U I D .
. ,
, , , passwd ,
.

( 18)

56

I.

3.2.

UID, 0. UNIX
,
. ,
, .
UNIX (.. , 0)
". ,
( )
. , :

chroot.
;
;

;

.

. login,

,
. , ,
,
.

3.3.

root *
; .
, )
.
21
,

,
, , , , .
,
,
.

"". (, ,
! .

3.


, ,
. ,
, .
,
" ".
(Grady Ward) FAQ-,
PG :
" "
( ),
.

.
, ,
, .
, - ,
. ,
.
: '' "
.
,
- . ,
, (
).

3.4.

:
;
, -, ,
;
, , ;
,
.

root ,
,
. , .
-, ,
. , - ,
3:00 - , ,
. ,
, . -,

. root
, ,
.
root
, .. , .
(. 21.6.

58

I.

 ,
).
su:
su. ,
,
root.
, (
exit <Control-D>). su
, ,
, .
.
su root
. su .
- ,
, su _.
root
su login ,
, su,
.

, /bin/su /esr/bin/su, su. -
su,
PATH , " " .
su
wheel.
sudo: su

, -
(, ),
. root
, ,
.

sudo, (
).
Web- www.courtesan.com.
sudo ,
root (
). /etc/sudoers,
, ,
, .
, sudo
.
( ) sudo .

3.

 . , .
sudo , , ,
.
syslog
. ""
.
, randy,
//1 etc/sudoers,
:
Dec 7 1 0 : 5 7 : 1 9 t i g g e r s u d o : r a n d y : TTY-ttypO TTY-ttypO;
P W D = / t i g g e r / u s e r s / r a n d y ; USER=root; COMMAND-/bin/cat / e t c / s u d o e r s
/etc/sudoers
. :
#
H o s t _ A l i a s CS t i g g e r , anchor, p i p e r , moet, s i g i
HostAlias
PHYSICS - e p r i n c e , p p r i n c e , i c a r u s
#
Cmnd_Alias DUMP = / u s r / s b i n / d u m p , / u s r / s b i n / r e s t o r e
CmndAlias
PRINTING e / u s r / s b i n / l p c , / u s r / s b i n / l p r f l l
Cmnd_Alias
SHELLS - / b i n / a h , / b i n / t c s h , / b i n / c s h
#
mark, ed
PHYSICS = ALL
herb
CS - / u s r / l o c a l / b i n / t c p d u m p : PHYSICS - ( o p e r a t o r )
DUMP
iynda
ALL - (ALL) ALL, !SHELLS
%wheel
ALL, .'PHYSICS - NOPASSWD: PRINTING
^ ,
. ,
, sudoers
, .
.
:

, ;

, -
;

, ;

, .

mark ed.
PHYSICS (eprince,
pprince Icarus). ALL
.
, sudo root.
herb tcpdump
CS,

60

I.

PHYSICS. , ,
root, operator.
, herb,
:
% udo -u operator /uer/ebin/dump Ou /dov/rsdOa
lynda
, . .
, ? , :
I - //coh /tznp/cah
% audo /tmp/csh
, " , ..."
, . ,
sudoers ,
,
,
UNIX- wheel
1 Iprm
, PHYSICS. ,
.
, /etc/sudoers
,
.
. ,
sudoers ,
.
/etc/sudoers
visudo. , - ,
, . ,
sudoers sudo
.
sudo :

,
;

- ;
sudo , su
root;

,
root;
, ,
, ;

3.

 .
.
root. . ,
sudo,
. .
sudo
,
sudo csli sudo su,
.

3.5.

root , UNIX
. , , , .
/etc/passwd ,
1 .
:
daemon
daemon, , ,
1. ,
, ,
, root,
. UNIX- daemon,
.
: bin
bin
, , .
(
),
root.
: sys
sys ,
/dev/kmem, /dev/mem /dev/drum /dcv/swap,
,
.
,
sys. sys Kmcm sys.
: n o b o d y
UNIX nobody
-1 -2. Solaris
60001 ( 60002 noaccess).

62

I.

 NFS (Network File System)

nobody
.
, NFS
- . nobody.

17.1.

nobody

nobody ,
.
,
,
. nobody
, fingerd.
, , -1 32767.
,
adduser, .

, UNIX
. ,
,
-.
,
, ,
UNIX. UNIX
,
.

4.1.

,

",
.
, , ,
. UNIX ,

, .

. :

;
(, , ..);
;
, ;
( , );

, , 1 8 .

64

I.

.
UNIX- ,
.
"" ( ,
).
, .

, .
, , .
,
. '
. , , ..

.
UNIX.
(PID)
, ,
(Process ID, PID). ,
, ,
. . ,
, , .
(PPID)
UNIX ,
.
, . ,
,
.
UNIX ,
. ,
PPID (Parent Process ID),
, ".
(UID)
(EUID)
UID (User ID) ,
, , , EUID .
()
root.

, . - , Init { 1)
(. 4.2).

4. ,

65

 6.1.
EUID (Effective User ID) ""
. , ,

. U I D EUID
(SUID).
? ,
. ,
SUID,
. EUID
,
.

( G I D )
( E G I D )
G I D (Group ID) ,
. (Effective Group ID.
EG ID) G I D , EUID UID
, ,
,
.
6.1.

. G I D EGID
.
- , ,
,
.
nice
,
.
, ,
.
,
( nice), ,
"'" . nice, "" .
4.6.

. ,
. -
shell, , ,

66

I.

 . , 4.3.

4.2.

fork
, . ,
,
.
fork :
.. 0.
.
, , ,
.
fork

" exec
:
. exec

, .
,
. init.
1. init
, .
, , , init.

|7f

init 2.
init .
, _exit<).
.
_exit() ,
. ,
.
UNIX , , ,

wait
, , .
, .
,
,
.

,

wait , - , ,
wait , -

. , .

4.

67

Init. "" .
wait.
init
. , ,
.

4.3.

. UNIX
,
:

, , <Conirol-C> <Control-Z>";

kill;

,
, .
,
. ,
, ,
.
, .
. ,
.
, ;
.
.
, ,
.
, ,
.
.
,
. ,
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. 4.1 , . .
S1C (, S I G H UP).

, ,
stty, .
, . 7.10.

68

I.

 4.1. ,
No

1
2

HUP
INT

3
9

QUIT
KILL

BUS

SEGV

IS

TERM

?
?
?

CONT

i
WINCH

USRI

|
USR2

(. /usr/includc/sigtial.b
).
STOP
TSTP

man signal

, . 4.1,
, "
". , ,
.
, "" ,
.
BUS SEGV .
, : 99%
- .
. .
.
WINCH,
(,
). ,

4.

/5

 ( ),
.
KILL STOP , ,
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STOP
CONT. C O N T ,
.
TSTP "" STOP.
.
<Ctri-Z>. , , ,
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,
.
, KILL, INT. HUP, Q U I T TERM
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-:

KILL
. ,
.

INT
<Ctr1-C>.
.
( )
. ,
, ,
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H U P . -,


, H U P . -,
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. , ,
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"hang-up" ). shell (csh.
tcsh .)
HUP, ,
. Bourne shell (sh, ksh, bash)
nohup.

QUIT TERM, ,
.
USRI USR2 .
. , named
.

70

I.

4.4.

: kill
kill
. ,
TERM ( ). kill
( ),
root ( ).
:
k i l l I-]
(.
. 4.1), -.
-1
, .
kill ,
, TERM ,
.
k i l l -9 pid
"" , 9, KILL,
. "" ,
,
( -,
, ).
.

4.5.

, . 4.2.
4.2.

( )

,

. ,
(, ),
.
.
,
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4.

71

 . STOP TSTP
CONT. ,
.

4.6.

:
nice renice
nice ( ) ,
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.
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.
. nice
,
.
nice
,
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.
UNIX 7080- .. .
. ,
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.
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, ( ) .
:
% nice +10 -/bin/longtask
% renice -5 aS29
,
, .
nice renice .
, .
, -.
.

72

I.

 , nice,
shell ( sh).
, ,
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( ).
. 4.3 .
nice,
nice .
,
(, 10). '+'
nice.
4.3. nice renice

/
^

nic

.*
nice

csh

+ -

Solaris

039

- -

HP-UX

039

- - + -

-
- ]

Red Hat

-20-20

- -

+ -

FreeBSD

-20 20

+ -

, 20.

xmpd .
, -12.
- , 65,
, ,
nice shell. ,
.

4 7.

: ps
ps ,
. , , ,
. :
System V (Solaris, H P - U X ) BSD (Red Hal,
FreeBSD). ,
,
.
ps , ,
. ,
, ,
(, , ..).
- ps < e x i t i n g >
<defunct>.

/3

 ps. , (
), , .
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.
,
. Red Hat ps
.
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FreeBSD ( Red Hat ).
* aux
USER PID
root
0
root
1
root
2
root
46
root
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root
75
root
100
evi 1251
evi
1511
evi
1520

*CPU
0.0
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0.0

0.0
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0
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208
0
160
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226
204
320
126
332

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120
12
112
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92
256
64
224

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102

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/etc/master.passwd FreeBSD
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/etc/passwd , "" .
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vipw. passwd, chfB, chsh chpass,
/etc/passwd. pwd_mbdb.
mastcr.passwd
, root (
/etc/passwd ). :

;
;
.
( ) 8
/etc/login.conf.
(.
).
,
. ( ,
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.

6.3.

/etc/login.conf FreeBSD
/etc/login FreeBSD
. termcap
printcap. /
.
,
/etc/master.passwd , /etc/login.conf
. , d e f a u l t .
/etc/login.conf :

( ,
..);

(
);

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, ;

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6.

1<

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:
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, s y s a d m i n ,
, /var/run/nologin
, (
, ).
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6.4,

/etc/shadow Solaris Red Hat

Solaris .
Red Hai shadow.
/etc/shadow
,
/etc/passwd. master.passwd FreeBSD.
shadow passwd,
.
.
/etc/passwd, /etc/shadow
. 9 ,
:

, ,
:
, !
;

.
(we ), 1- 1970 .

,
,

104

I.

 UNIX-. ,
usermod.
:
raillert:ir.NO. VAsclWn.: 11031: : 180:14 :: 18627:
:

/etc/passwd.
passwd shadow.

,
/etc/passwd.
, .
//passwd.

, ,

,
.

.
(. 21.3). Linux
.

,
, login
.

Solaris Linux -.

Solaris :
, .
.
. , , ,
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, ,
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,
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, ,
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. ,
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.

, .
,
. ,
.

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I 6.

105

,
:

m l l e r t : inNO.VAsclWn. : 1 1 0 3 1 : : 180:14 : : 18627:

. miller*
14- 2000 .
180 .
31- 2001 .

6.5.

/etc/group
/etc/group U N I X -
. :
wheel:*:0:root,evi.garth,scott,trent

csstaff:*:10:lloyd,evt
student:*:200:dotty

:
:
(, ).
;
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8 .
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106

I.

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In)

passwd, vipw,
.
vi, ,
EDITOR.
: vipw
passwd. ,
vipw passwd .
Solaris vipw ,
shadow passwd. "".
FreeBSD vipw niaster.passwd, /etc/passwd.
pwd_mkdb,
passwd niaster.passwd (
root,
).
, tyler
/etc/passwd :
cyler:103:100:Tyler
/bin/csh

Stevens,

3-27,

7919,:/home/staff/tyler:

.
shadow,
'* /etc/shadow :
tyler:*::::::18627:

I 6.

107

 . tyler , 31- 2001

:
# paaawd

passwd .
, , passwd
- . FreeBSD
, ,
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8 .
passwd, , , .
UNIX.
21.3.
.
passwd
, .
. npasswd.
:
hup://www.uiexas.edu/cc/unix/software/npasswd
passwd, Red Hal, ,
. , .
npasswd, .



root,
chown chgrp.
tyler
#
#
#
#

mkdir
chown
chgrp
chmod

/home/ataff/tyler
tyler /home/staff/tyler
ataff /home/ataff/tyler
700 /home/ataff/tyler

,
.
, Is ,
-.
. 6.1.
,
/usr/local/llb/skel .
,
/etc/skel (/usr/share/skel FreeBSD), .

104
I.

 6.1.
I
b/tcsh

.login
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.logout
h
vl

.
.
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PATH
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,

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vi
emacj
emacs



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..
XI1

, ,
. , ,
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a l i a s rm rm -i
alias cp cp -i
.
/ e t c ,
. ,
Boume shell /etc/profile,
"/.profile.

tyler :
#

#
#

cp / u a r / l o c a l / l i b / a k o l / . [ - z A - Z J
chmod 644 - / t y l e r / . [ a - z A - Z ] *
chown t y l e r - / t y l e r / . [ a - z A - Z l *
chgrp a t a f f - / t y l e r / . [ a - r A - Z ] *

-/tyler

,
# chown

tyler -/tyler/.*

tyler
,
(/home/staff).


-
.

I 6.

105

 /etc/mail/aliases
sendmail. 19,

19.3.
/etc/group
tyler.
100,

/etc/passwd. , tyler 100
, /etc/group ,
passwd. ,
/etc/gronp.
, .
, tyler
wheel.
su. /etc/group:
wheel:w:0:root,evi,garth,scott,trent, tyler
csstaff::100:11 oyd,evi,tyler

,
edquota.
,
,
, :
#

edquota

edquota
adduser.
,
. ,
, .
, ,
,
.

, ,
, :
% pwd
% la - 1

/ */
/* / */

, /etc/passwd /etc/group.
. passwd group
, , login. 7.8.

110

I.

 . ,
,
,
.
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.
,
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^

27.1.

, .

6.7.

,
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,

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;

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;
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. ' ,
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.
,
. quot.
, ,
/home, :
quot /home
/dev/rdsk/c0t3d0s6:
156254
millert
34520
hilbert
5572 #1161
683 #1069

I 6.

107

 ,
, ,
/etc/passwd ,
:
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, quot.
quot .
, N F S .

6.8-

.
1
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,
, .
. , ,
,
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, (,
ftpd), , /etc/shells;
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).
, . sendmail
,
/etc/shells. , /etc/shells
/ S E N D M A I L / A N Y / S H E L L

6.9.

Solaris, H P - U X Red Hat ,
,
. FreeBSD
.
useradd passwd (
shadow, ).
adduser usermod
passwd
userdel
,
. groupadd, groupmod groupdel
/etc/group.
, ,
.
adduser rniuser. Perl.
hilbert
4 useradd hilbert
/etc/passwd :
r . i l b a r t : * : 105:20: : /home/hilbert: / b i n / a h

112

. I

 , .
, * ,
.
useradd * .
, hilbert
faculty; , i p y n n y famous. ,
useradd ,
,
# useradd - "Devid Hilbert -d /home/math/hilbert -g faculty
-G famous -m -a /bin/tcah hilbert
/etc/passwd :
hilbert:*:105:30:David

Hilbert:/home/iMth/hilbert://tcsh

, hilbert faculty famous

/etc/group; /home/math/hllbert,
/etc/skel. Solaris ( Red Hat,
shadow) hilbert
/etc/shadow.
, useradd -D.
H P - U X Red Hat / e t c / d e fault/useradd.
usermod , useradd. ,
hilbert 4
2002 .":
* uursod - "July 4, 2002" hilbert
userdel ,
, useradd hilbert

userdel hilbert

hilbert
passwd, shadow ( ) group.
. (
,
.)
FreeBSD adduser rmuser, Perl.
,
. rmuser { userdel ).
useradd userdel, adduser rmuser
. adduser
/etc/adduser.conf. adduser
/usr/share/skel.

HP-UX , "
".

6 .

, ,
- UNIX-. ,

.

, ,
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.

7.1.

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25- , DB-25 (. ).
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, ,
.
, DB-25
.
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EIA-232-E.
, - .

114

I.

. . DB-25
RS-232
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12 ,
5 .
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.
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.
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.
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; DB-25P) , (""
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25.
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: , ,
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20, .

115

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16
17

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19
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116

I.

) :
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7.

117

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: D I N - 8 , DB-9 RJ-45.
,
, DB-25- ,
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RS-232 (. ).

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3
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7.

119


. ,
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.
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1987 . (Dave@Yosl.com).
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120

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121

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tty03.
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stty.

122

I.

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7.5.

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( 1000 ). , -
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.

7.6.

,
/dev.
. /dev/ttya
/dev/ttyb, .
.
, Solaris /dev/cua/a / d e v / t e r m / a ,
:
% la -1L / d a v / t a n a / a / d e v / c u a /
crw-rw-rw- 1 root sys
29, 0
Jan 15 1998 /dev/term/
crv
1 uucp uucp
29, 131072 Jan 15 199 /dev/cua/a

XON X O F F <Ctrl-Q> <Ciri-S>

emacs. _
<Qrl-S> . ,
- .

7.

123

 ,
, . Solaris
/dev/term/, D C D ,
(,
). /dev/cua/a
D C D . ,
.
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, .

, (. cio(4)).
, .
,
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. 7.5
. ,
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7.5.

7.7.

Solaris

/dev/tenn/[a,b]

/dev/cua/[a,b]

HP-UX 1

/dev/ttyOpfO.l]

/dev/cul0p[0.1J

/dev/cua0p(0,l]

/dev/ttyd0p|0,l)

/dev/cOp[O.IJJp

Red Hat

/dev/HyS[0,IJ

/dev/cua[0,1J

(
)

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/dev/ttyd|0,lj

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124

I.

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Init,

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7.

125

, getty ( Solaris), ,
/etc/ltys /ctc/inittab (
). getty (
, )
.
:

getty;

getty login,
;

login
/etc/passwd":

login " ",

/etc/motd;

login TERM
;

";

.
,
init, getty
.
/etc ,
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, .
, -
. . 7.6 ,
.
7.6.

Solaris'

sactab

' /

sactab

zsmon/jpmiab

ttymon

/etc/ttytvpe

/ctc/gettydefs

geny

HP-UX

/elc/inittab

Red Hat

/etc/inittab

/etc/ttyiype

/elc/gettydels

getty

FreeBSD

/etc/ttys

/etc/ttys

/etc/gettytab

getty

Solaris /etc/saf
sacadm

/etc/ttys /etc/ttytab
4.3BSD ( )
, ttvtab
ttys (FreeBSD) :

(on f f f | [ s e c u r e ]

/etc/passwd
, NIS. 18.
.profile sh, ksh bash; .login .cshrc csh lesb.

126

I.

 . , init, .
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,
.
termcap
lerminfo (. ). ,
T E R M .
on o f f
(.. ,
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}- root.
,
, .
/ e t c / t t y s :
console
ttydO
ttydl
ttyd2

none
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" / u s r / l i b e x e c / g e t t y std.9606"
" / u s r ' l i b e x e c / g e t t y std.9600"

unknown
dialup
dialup
dialup

of secure
off secure
off secure
off secure

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,
. ( H U P ) . init
,
# k i l l -1 1
root. ,
!

/etc/tlytype

/ e t c / t t y s /etc/ttytype. :
_

, , ,
/etc/ttys. ttytype:
wyse
dialup
dialup
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console
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gettytab (
s t d . 9 6 0 0 , )

7.

127

 ,
. :

# ,
# ; ,
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default:\
:ap:lm-=\r\n%h l o g i n \ 7 2
# ,

:sp#9600:

2|8td.9600 I9600-baud:\
:sp#9600:
hIstd.38400 I 38400-baud:\
:sp#38400:
/etc/prlntcap / e t c / t e n u c a p .
, , ,
.
.
gettytab
. , , 23.3.
.
/etc/inittab
Solaris, H P - U X Red Hat init "
" , , .
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.
init ,
/etc/inittab i n i t d e f a u l t (. ).
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.
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:_ .

:
: : s y s i n i t : / e t c / s e t c l k < / d e v / c o n s o l e > / a e v / c o n s o l e 2>bl
:234:reapawn:/etc/getty console console
1 1 : 2 3 4 : r e s p a w n : / e t c / g e t t y t t y l l 9600
1 2 : 2 3 4 : o f f : / e t c / g e t t y t t y l 2 9600
- ,
.
, .
.

128

I.

 _ ,
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. ,
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initdefault

boot

Inittab

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inittab

once

waxt

respawn

powerfail

init

powerwait

init

sysinit

off

_
, ,
init sh ,
( ). "?" . 7.7
, init
.
, getty,
getty ttyt2.
telinit -q init inittab.
/etc/gettydefs
gettytab, gettydefs
, getty. , ,
. gcttyders
:
c o n s o l e 9600 HUPCL * 9600 SANE IXANY # l o g i n : # c o n s o l *
19200# B19200 HUPCL # B19200 SANE IXANY # l o g i n : #9600
9600* B9600 HUPCL # B9600 SANE IXANY HUPCL # l o g i n i #4800
S800# B4800 HUPCL # B4800 SANE IXANY HUPCL t l o g i n : #2400
2400# B2400 HUPCL # B2400 SANE IXANY UPCL # l o g i n : #1200
1200# B1200 HUPCL * B1200 SANE IXANY HUPCL # l o g i n : #300
300* B300 HUPCL # B300 SANE IXANY TAB3 HUPCL # l o g i n : #9600
:
*

7.

__

129

 getty ,
.
,
ioctl,
login
,
login.
,
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,
.
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.
,

. .
gettydefs
getty - gettydefs,
.
Solaris
U N I X getty.
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Service Access Facility (
),
, ,
.

"", ( ttymon).
, . ,
ttyb 9600
VT100,
:
# sacadm - - myttymon - t t t y m o n - / u s r / l i b / s a f / t t y m o n - v 1
f r pmadm - a - p myttymon - a b - i r o o t - f u - v 1 - m " t t y a d m - d \
/ d e v / t e r m / b - 1 96o0 - T vtlOO - s / u s r / b i n / l o g i n "
/etc/ttydefs .
gettydefs. ..
.

, saf, pacadm. pmadm.
ttyadm ttymon, Solaris AnswerBook.
: termcap terminfo
U N I X ,
,

126 I.

 . U N I X
,
.
Lermcap,
lemiiiifo. .
/ e t c /usr/share.
.

. , . , "xterm",
.
, ,
UNIX- T E R M .
termcap terminfo. ,
termcap T E R M C A P . ,
T E R M C A P T E R M .
[7|

7. .
, ,
.
: " D E C VT100,
"

7.9.

,
(,
<Ctri>).
tset stty.
. 7.8.
7.8

ERASE

H
-w

WERASE
KILL

EOF

INTR
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7.
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7.

131

 ERASE
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7.10.

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,
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s p e e d 9600 b a u d ;

126
I.

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7.12.

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7.

133

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134

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7.

135

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126
I.

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7.

137


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127 :

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8.

141

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126
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8.

143

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8.

145

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146

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8.

143

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148

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8.

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126
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8.

151


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126
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8.

153

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126
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8.

155

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/dev/wdOslb
/dev/wdOsla
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8.

157

 FreeBSD. mount
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126

I.

8.4.

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126
I.

 dd,
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8.

161

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SEAGATE ST44 6452W

0001

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WARNING: / s b u s @ l f , 0 / e s p d m a g e , 8 4 0 0 0 0 0 / e s p @ e , 8 6 0 0 0 0 0 / s d P 3 , 0 ( s d 3 ) :
c o r r u p t l a b e l - wrong magic number
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512 b y t e b l o c k s
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/dev/rdsk/c0t3d0s2.

126

I.

 format .
.
# format /dev/rdk/c0t3d0o2
/ d e v / r d s k / c 0 t 3 d 0 s 2 : c o n f i g u r e d w i t h c a p a c i t y o f 43.77GB
selecting /dev/rdsk/c0t3d0s2
[disk formatted]
FORMAT MENU:

, format ,
. ,
Solaris.
label format.
, :
f o r m a label
Ready t o l a b e l d i s k , c o n t i n u e ?
f o r m a t > partition
PARTITION

MENU:

p a r t i t i o n > print
Current p a r t i t i o n t a b l e ( d e f a u l t ) :
T o t a l c y l i n d e r s a v a i l a b l e : 9994+2 ( r e s e r v e d c y l i n d e r s )
Blocks
Part
Flag Cylinders
Size
Tag
wm
2b6336
0
root
0-28 130.05MB (29/0/0)
266336
1
swap
wu
29-57 130.05MB '29/0/0)
43.77GB 19994/0/0) 91784896
2
backup wu
0-9993
6

home

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58-9993

43.51GB

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0
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0 - 2 8 130.05MB
(29/0/0)
266336
Enter
Enter
Enter
Enter

p a r t i t i o n i d t a g r o o t ] : root
p a r t i t i o n p e r m i s s i o n f l a g s [ w m ] : wm
new s t a r t i n g c y l [ 0 ] : 0
p a r t i t i o n s i z e [266336b, 2 9 c , 130.05mb r

0.13gb]:

2gb

,
, . ,
( , ,
),
. , label,
. :
partition> print
Current

partition

table

(unnamed):

Total c y l i n d e r s a v a i l a b l e :

9994+2

8.

(reserved cylinders)

163

Part

1
2
6

Tag
root
swap
backup
home

Flag
Hm
wu
wu
wm

partition> labal
Ready t o l a b e l d i s k ,

Cylinders
0456
457-2283
0 -9993
2284-9993

Size
2.00G8
8.00GB
4 3.HGB
33.16GB

Blocks
4197088
(451/0'0)
16179168
11827/0/0)
,9994/0/0)
91184896
10808640
(1110/0/0)

c o n t i n u e ? yes

format, quit :
,
:
partitlon> quit
forrr.at> q u i t

.
t newfs - 3600 /dov/ rdak/cC 13d0sG
newfs: c o n s t r u c t f i l e system / d e v / r d s k / c 0 t 3 d 0 s 0 : [y/n]?
/ d e v / r d s k / c 0 t 3 d 0 s 0 : 41970B8 s e c t o r s i n 457 c y l i n d e r s o f 2 8 t r a c k s ,
328 s e c t o r s
2049.4MB i n 4 2 c y l g r o u p s (11 c / g , 49.33MB/g, 8000 i / g )
s u p e r - b l o c k b a c k u p s ( f o r f s c k - F u f s - o b*=#> a t :
32, 101392, 202752, 304112, 405472, 506832, 608192. 709552,
810912, 912272, 1013632, 1114992, 1216352, 1317712, 14190^2.
1520432, 1621792.
fsck:
ft fsck /dev/rdak/c0t3d0s0
**
/dev/rdsk/c0t3d0s0
** P h a s e 1 - Check B l o c k s and S i z e s
** P h a s e 2 - Check Pathnames
** P h a s e 3 - Check C o n n e c t i v i t y
** P h a s e 4 - Check R e f e r e n c e C o u n t s
** P h a s e 5 - Check Cyl g r o u p s
2 f i l e s , 9 used, 2055846 f r e e (14 f r a g s , 256979 b l o c k s , 0.0% fragmentation)
newfs fsek 6.
.
, .
mount -
( /dev/dsk), - ( /dev/rdsk) .
Solaris
U F S ( ).
, ,
.
,
fsck .
, mount
- logging ( /etc/vfslab) fsck
,

. -
.

I.

, :
mkdir / b k r o o t
t m k d i r /new
f mount / d e v / d a k / t 3 d 0 0 / b k r o o t
t mount / d e v / d a k / c 0 t 3 d 0 6 /now
# df -k / b k r o o t
Filesystem
kbytes
used a v a i l
capacity
/ d e v / d s k / c C t 3 d C s O 2055855 9
1994171
1%

Mounted o n
/bkroot

df ,
.
swap -
1. swap -I
. :
t swap - / d v / d a k / c 0 t 3 d 0 a l
# swap -1
swapfile
dev

swapio

blocks

free

/dev/ask/cOt3d0sl

16

4194272

4194272

32,25

swap -I
. , ,
.
/etc/vfstab.
. Solaris
/ e l c / f s t a b .
-, - ( mount fsck ).
,
. y e s ,
.
, ,
. ,
.

#device
# t o mount.
/dev/dsk/cOt3dOsO
/aev/dsk/cOt3dOs6
/dev/dsk/c0t3d0sl

dev_ce
to fsck
/dev/rdsk/c0t3d0s0
Zdev/rdsk/c0t3d0s6
-

mount.
point
/bkroot
/new
-

FS
Type
ufs
ufs
swap

1
2
-

mount
at boot
yes
yes
no

/bkrooi 1
, .
tifsdump ufsrestore.
# cd / b k r o o t
# ufadump Ouf - / | u f s r e s t o r e - r f DUMP: Date of t h i s l e v e l 0 dump: Tue J u n

7 1 3 : 1 1 : 4 4 1994

bkroot
installboot,

, . ,

8.

165

 . in.slallbool
,
I /usr/ebin/installboot /uer/lib/s/ufe/boctblk /dv/xdak/c0t3d0s0
,

. ,
/bkroot , .

HP-UX
H P - U X 10.20 Veritas
. H P - U X 11.00
VXFS. ,
, H P - U X pai-
. Veritas Solaris. Windows NT
.

, .
,
.
. .
U N I X
SCSI-. ,
.
. ,
dmesg ioscari. ioscan ,
, 3:
# ioecan - - disk
Class

H/W

Path

disk

8/16/5.3.0

disk

8/16/5.6.0

Driver

S/W S t a c e

Description

sdisk
CLAIMED
SEAGATE 5T446452W
/dev/dsk/c0t3d0 /dev/rdsk/c0t3d0
sdisk
CLAIMED
SEAGATE ST34573W
Zdev/dsk/c0t3d0 /dev/rask/c0t6d0

, , .
-, ,
. -,
, . , ,
. , ,
.
pvcreate .
,
/dev/dsk /dev/rdsk ( -
- ). insf
.
:
/dev/[]dsk/cItDdN{sP]

126

I.

 I . D S C S I -
, N ( 0),
.
/dev/rdsk/c0t3d0 /dev/dsk/cOt3dO.

.
mediainit. ,
,
. .
pvcreate -
,
mkboot:
# /usr/sbin/pvcraato - /dav/rdsk/cOt3d0
Physical

volume

/dev/rdsk/cot3d0"

has

been

created.

# mkboot /dev/rdak/cOt3dO
,
vgcreale.
vgextend ,
.
,
( /dev/vgXX. XX ),
group

. OxNNOOOO,
NN 00
( m a x v g s ) .
14 (20 ).
12.

, .
,
.
v 4 . "File big" (
) " N o such device" ( ),
, -s vgcreale
8 .
47 16 .
I mkdir /dav/vgOl
# mknod /dev/vgOl/group 64 0x010000
# vgcreata -a 16 /dev/vgOl /dev/dak/c0t3d0
I n c r e a s e d t h e number o f p h y s i c a l e x t e n t s p e r p h y s i c a l volume
Volume g r o u p " / d e v / v g O l " h a s b e e n s u c c e s s f u l l y c r e a t e d .
Volume G r o u p c o n f i g u r a t i o n f o r / d e v / v g O l h a s b e e n s a v e d i n
/etc/lvmconf/vgOl.conf

to

2B05.

# vgdisplay /dav/vgOl
Volume g r o u p s
V G Name
VG W r i t e Access
VG S t a t u s

/dev/vgOl
read/write
available

167

 ,
, . Ivcreale
. -L ,
-I .
, ,
4 ,
vgcreate. , , ,
.

(] ) (1 ) ". vgdisplay.

/dev/vgXX/lvonN, , N
. ,
-. .
,
, , ,
. - -
Ivcrcate.
I lvcreate - - n -L 1024 /dev/vgol
L o g i c a l volume " / d e v / v g O l / l v o l l " h a s b e e n s u c c e s s f u l l y c r e a t e d
with c h a r a c t e r d e v i c e " / d e v / v g O l / r l v o l l " .
L o g i c a l volume " / d e v / v g O l / l v o l l " h a s been s u c c e s s f u l l y e x t e n d e d .
Volume Group c o n f i g u r a t i o n f o r / d e v / v g O l h a s been s a v e d i n
/etc/lvmconf/vgOl.conf
# lvcreate - -r n -L 1024 /dev/vgol
L o g i c a l volume , ' / d e v / v g 0 1 / l v o l 2 " h a s b e e n s u c c e s s f u l l y c r e a t e d
with c h a r a c t e r device " / d e v / v g 0 1 / r l v o ! 2 " .
# Ivcreate -1 2676 /dev/vgOl
L o g i c a l volume " / d e v / v g 0 l / l v o l 3 " h a s been s u c c e s s f u l l y c r e a t e d
with character device " / a e v / v g 0 1 / r l v o i 3 " .
Ivlnboot.
:
I Ivlnboot - /dev/vgOl/lvoll
Volume Group c o n f i g u r a t i o n f o r / a e v / v g O l h a s been s a v e d i n
/etc/lvmconf/vgCl.conf
# Ivlnboot -a /dev/vgOl/lvol2
Volume Group c o n f i g u r a t i o n f o r / d e v / v g O l h a s been s a v e d i n
/etc/lvmconf/vgOl.conf
.
Ivcreale. ,
Ivextend, .
,
HP-UX , ,
.
I , .
Ivlnboot.

168

I.

. Ivcreate ,
,
.
, ,
vgdisplay -v /dev/vgOl. ,
,
pvdisplay -v /dev/dsk/c0t3d0. pvdisplay
,
, .
newfs
.
/etc/default/fs. VXFS ( v x f s ) , ..
Veritas. ,
, , -F.
H F S ( h f s ) ,
F F S (
UNIX). H F S
; VXFS,
newfs - , :

t nowfu -V vxfe /dev/vgOl/lvoll

version 3 layout
1048576 s e c t o r s , 1048576 b l o c k s o f s i z e 1024, l o g s i z e
1024 b l o c k s
u n l i m i t e d m o d e s , 1048576 d a t a b l o c k s , 1047224 f r e e d a t a b l o c k s
3 2 a l l o c a t i o n u n i t s o f 32768 b l o c k s , 32768 d a t a b l o c k s
f i r s t allocation unit s t a r t s at block 0
overhead per a l l o c a t l o n u n i t is 0 blocks
# n*ws -ff vxfci / d e v / v g O l / l : l v o l 3
version 3 layout
43843584 s e c t o r s , 5480488 b l o c k s o f s i z e 8192,

l o g s i z e 256 b l o c k s

VXFS
( Solaris - logging),
fsck :
# fack /cUv/vg01/rlvoll
f i l e system is clean - lof replay is not required
. , mount
- .
,
bdr ( BSD- df, ).
ft rokdir /new
J mount / d a v / v g 0 l / l v o l 3 /new
# b d f /new
Filesystem
Kbytes
used
/dev/vgOl/lvol3
43843584 3616

avail
4349^480

%used
0%

Mounted on
/new

/etc/fstab,
/etc/checklist H P - U X 10 .
- , ,

8.

169

 , ,
fsck. .
d e l a y l o g .

VXFS mount_vxfs.
:
/dev/vgOl/1vol1
Zdev/vg01/lvol3

/bkroot
/new

vxfs
vxfs

delaylog
delaylog

0
0

2
2

, ,
. swapon
- .
,
m a x s w a p c h u n k s .
swapon .
swapinfo,
.

# swapon / d e v / v g O l / l v o l 2
# swapinfo
Kb
Kb
Kb
TYPE
AVAIL
USED
FREE
dev
262144
0
262144
dev
1048576
0 1048576
reserve
- 50876
-50876

12.

START/
Kb
LIMIT RESERVE PRI
NAME
0
1 /dev/vg00/lvol2
0
1 /dev/vg01/lvol2

, .
/ e t c / f s t a b ,
.
/dev/vgOl/lvol2

swap

defaults

0 # swap device

,
/ e t c / f s t a b ,
.
Red Hat
, ,
, . I D E - , ,
BIOS,
" "
. ,
,
BIOS IDE-.
SCSI- BIOS,
.
S C S I - , ,
-
, , , ,
- , .

I.

 BIOS- SCSI-

; . ,
.
SCSI- ,
, . SCSI-
, , .

12.8.

SCSI- BusLogtc :
s c s i O : Buslxjgic -948
BCSI : 1 h o s t .
V e n d o r : SEAGATE
M o d e l : ST446452W
Rev: 0001
Type:
Direct-Access
ANSI SCSI r e v i s i o n : 0 2
D e t e c t e d e c s x d i s k s d a a t BCSIO, c h a n n e l 0 , i d 3 , l u n 0
s c e i O : T a r g e t 3 : Queue Depth 2 , A s y n c h r o n o u s
SCSI d e v i c e s d a : hdwr s e c t o r - 5 1 2 b y t e s . S e c t o r s ~ 9 l 9 2 3 3 5 6 [44B84 MB]
s d a ; unknown p a r t i t i o n t a b l e

( 4 4 . 9 GB]

He ,
. ,
.
,
. Linux , SCSI-,
/dev/sdXN, X , fa" SCSI- , '
..*), N , 1.
. Linux - .
SCSI-. , / d e v / s d a l ,
: /dev/sda. ,
/dev/MAKEDEV# cd /dv
# ./MAKEDEV da
.
, Red Hat fdisk.
( ,
Microsoft), .
,
fdisk . .
I fdisk /dev/scLa
The number of cylinders for this disk LS set to 5721.
There is nothing wrong with that, but this is larger than 1024,
and could in certain setups cause problems with:
1) software that runs at boot time (e.g., LILO)
, SCSI-, . , .

8.

171

2) booting and partitioning software from other oSs

{e.g., DIS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)
Linux,

8.2, ,
BIOS-
, .
fdisk , ,
. :

t ;

v/ .

, ,
. ,
d e l e t e fdisk.
, .

. , ..
. ,
:
Command (m f o r h e l p ) : new
Command a c t i o n
e
extended
p
primary partition (1-4): p
Partition number (1-4) : 1
First cylinder Cl-5721, default 1) : 1
Last cylinder or +eize or +sizeM or +sizeK (1-5721, default 5721): +2G
Command (m for help): print
Disk /dev/eda: 255 heads. 63 sectors, 5721 cylinders
Units - cylinders of 16065 * 512 bytes
Device Boot Start End
Blocks
Id
System
/dev/sdal
1 255
2048256
83
Linux
,
L i n u x , a Swap. ,

. Linux
2 , .
, - ,
, .
nikswap ,
.
Command ( for help): new
Command action
e
extended
p
primary partition (1-4): p
Partition number (1-4): 2

126
I.

First cylinder (256-5721, default 256): 256

Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +BizeK (256-1275, default 1275): 511
Command (m for
Partition type
Hex code (type
Changed system

help): type
(1-4): 2
L to list codes): 82
type of partition 2 tD 82 (Linux swap)

.
, :
Command (m f o r help): print
Do.sk /dev/sda: 255 heads, 63 sectors, 5721 cylinders
Onits - cylinders of 16065 * 512 bytes
Device
/dev/sdal
/dev/sda2
/dev/sda3

Boot

Start End
1 255
256 511
512 5721

Blocks
2048256
2056320
41849325

Id
03
82
83

System
Linux
Swap
Linux

,
.
, , ,

, :
Command (m for help): write
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctK) to re-read partition table.
SCSI device sda: hdwr sector-512 byres. Sectors-91923356 [44884 MB] [44.9 GB]
sda: sdal sda2 sda3
Syncing disks.

, ,
. , , Windows,
, .
.
Linux -
Extended 2 ( e x t 2 f s ) ,
( F F S Fast File System).
mke2fs. Linux ,
mkfs.
mkeZfs :
# 2 /dav/sdal 2048256
mke2fs 1.14, 9-Jan-1999 for EXT2 FS 0.5b, 95/08/09
Linux ext2 filesystern format
514000 inodes, 2048001 blocks
102412 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=l
Block size-1024 (log-=0)
Fragment size-1024 (log=0)
250 block groups
8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group
2056 inodes per group

173

Superblock backups stored or blocks:

8193, 16385, 24577. 32769, 40961, 49153, 57345, 65537,
Writing inode tables: 250/250 done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information:
done
, .
, ,
rake2fs, , ,
. , ,
.
,

, fsck,
:
# feck -f /dev/sdal
Parallelizing fsck version 1.14 (9-Jan-1999)
e2fsck 1.14, 0-Jan-1999 for EXT2 FS 0.5b, 95/08/09
Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes
Pass 2: Checking directory structure
Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity
Pass 4: Checking reference counts
Pass 5: Checking group summary information
/dev/sdel: 11/514000 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 67014/2048001 blocks
,
:
# mkdir /bkroot
# mount /dev/sdal /bkroot
> df -k /bkroot
Filesystem
Ik-blocks
Used
/dev/sdal
1981000
13

Available
1878575

Use%
0%

Mounted on
/bkroot

,
/etc/fstab. ,
, , , fsck.
/dev/sdal
/dev/sda3

/bkroot
/bkroot

ext2
ext2

defaults
defaults

0
0

2
2

,
LILO. lilo,
( .) /etc/lilo.conf
LILO 2.2.

.
rakswap,
.
fdisk (. ). , , .

126

I.

 ,
swapon. ,
.
# rakswap - /dev/sda2 2056320
Setting up swapspa.ce version 1, size = 2105667584 bytes
# swapon /dev/eda2
# swapon -s
Filename
Type
Size
Used
Priority
/dev/hda5
partition
133020
688
-1
/dev/sda2
partition
2056316
0
-2
, /etc/fstab.
.
:
/dev/sda2

swap

swap

defaults

,
/etc/fstab,
.
FreeBSD
47 FreeBSD
. disklabel
" space left on device" (
).
,
: Seagate ST32550W (SCSI-2, 2 ). , ,
, ,
, /stand/sysinstall
, . SCSI-
BIOS,
" "
. BIOS- SCSI
. ,
.
, , ,
:
daO at btO b u s 0 t a r g e t 3 l u n 0
daO: SEAGATE ST32550W SUN2.IG 0418> Fixed Direct Access SCSI-2 device
daO: 3.300MB/s transfers. Tagged Queueing Enabled
daO: 2048MB (4194995 512 bytes sectors: 255H 63S/T 261C)
FreeBSD .
,
BSD-. FreeBSD ,
,
, fdisk Red Hal Windows.
, ,

175

fdisk. ,
". , .
: /dev/daO /dev/rdaO. - - ;
. , '' *h' (.
/dev/daOa), BSD- FreeBSD.
/dev/[r]da0s[I-4J.

, , , ,
.
, (. )
fdisk.
. ,
.
, -
fdisk. -I:
# f d i a k -1 cUO
-i fdisk
FreeBSD 4. FreeBSD
, ,
( ). , , . ,
, fdisk
, .

fdisk.

f t f d i a k d*0
.**.*. working on device /dev/rdaO
parameters extracted from in-core disklabel are:
cylinders=261 heads=255 sectors/track=*63 (16065 blks/'cyl)
parameters to be used for BIOS calculations are:
cylinders-261 heads-255 sectors/track=63 (16065 blks/cyl)
Media sector size is 512
Warning: BIOS sector numbering starts with sector 1
Information from DOS bootblock is:
The data for partition 1 is:
<UNUSED>
The data for partition 2 is:
<LTNUSED>
The data for partition 3 is:
<UNUSED>
The data for partition 4 is:
sysid 165,(FreeBSD/NetBSD/366BSD)
start 1, size 4192964 (2047 Meg), flag 80 (active)

, FreeBSD , , Solaris Intel-. Solaris ,

fdisk, , , Solaris,

176

beg: cyl 0/ sector 2/ head 0;

beg; cyl 260/ sector 63/ head 254
. BSD- (
) -
h. , b
, .
disklabel - -w. -
,
, ,
. -w :
( /etc/dlsktab).
auto, disklabel
, . :
# disklabel - -w daO auto
,
/etc/dlsktab.
, ,
disklabel -. ,
, vl. , , .

/etc/disktab, , , , .
. , , ,
( 4 . 2 B S D s w a p ) ,
, newfs.
1
. - /dev/rdaOc.
disklabel, FreeBSD.
:
# disklabel - - /dev/rdaOc
type: SCSI
disk: SEAGATE
sectors/track: 63
tracks/cylinder: 255
cylinders: 261
sectors/unit: 4194995
8 partitions:
#
size
offset
a: 2097153
0
b: 2097841 2097154
c: 4194995
0

fstype
4.2BSD
swap
4.2BSD

[fsize
1024

bsize
8192

1024

8192

bps/cpg]
16
16

newfs.
- ,
.
tf newfs /dev/rdaOa
/dev/rdaOa:
2097152 sectors in 512 cylinders of 1 cracks, 4096 sectors

8.

177

1024.0MB in 32 cyl groups (16 c/g, 32.0QMB/g, 7744 i/g)

super-block backups (for fsck -b #) at:
32, 65568, 131104, 196640, 262176, 327712, 393248,
458784, 524320, 589856, 655392, 720928, 786464, 852000,

fsck. - .
# fsck /d*v/rd*0e
"* /dev/rdaOa
** Last Mounted on /bkroot
w Phase 1 - Check Blocks and Sizes
** Phase 2 - Check Pathnames
** Phase 3 - Check Connectivity
** Phase 4 - Check Reference Counts
** Phase 5 - Check Cyl groups
1 files, 1 used, 1017070 free (14 frags, 127132 blocks, 0.0% fragmentation)
swapon
. s w a p . swapinfo,
pstat -s, ,
.
# ewapon /dev/daOb
# swapinfo
Device
lK-blocks
/dev/wdOslb
70784
/dev/da0b
1048920
Total
1119448

Used
Avail
0
70656
0 1048792
0 1119448

Capacity
0%
0%
0%

Type
Interleaved
Interleaved

,
/etc/fstab:
# Device
/dev/daOa
/dev/da0b

Mountpoint
/new
none

FStype

Options

Dump

Pass!

ufs
swap

fstab
mount -,
. , , .

126

I.

<L

. , addi^er
,
, .

! Perl.
, . , .
(, ), ,
"

:
UNIX

. .
,
\ .
sh, ,
, ".
cronlab ( "
table'" ). tab- .
,
crontab R
.
crontab-.
,
, .
: ,
,
.
.' .

9.

179

 U I D , .
on tab ,
.
crniUah-. ,
,
.
( H U P )
tab-. ,
, crontab
.
"",
( , /var/cron/log
/var/adm/cron/log),
. ,
.
. ,
syslog.
; ,
- .
[71

syslog / / .
- (,
- , ),
, . ,
/ ,
.
. , " " .

9.2.

1-
- .
(#) . ,
, >
:

,
.
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amrestore
arolabel
amadmln
amcheck
sintape
amplot

;


,

Amanda
Amanda ;
,


, ,


Amanda (,
)

amanda.eonf disklist.
,
, .
.

amanda.eonf

amanda.eonf ,
: , , .
. Amanda,
.
,
.
, ,
Amanda, ,
, ,

##############*###############*################*####*##########
*

##*#*!###### #*####
org

"Podunk Univ."

10.

213

m a i l t o "araanda"
dumpuser "araanda"

f
# ,
#

runtapes 1

#
#
t
$
t
#

tpchanger "cbg-manual"
tapedev "/dev/rmt/Obn"

,
amdump

( Amanda)

( )

l a b e l s t r " " P o d u n k - [ 0 - 9 ] [ 0 - 9 ] *S"

t ,
# ;
#

i n f o f i l e "/usr/adm/amanda/podunk/curinfo"
l o g d i r "/usr/adm/amanda/podunk"
i n d e x d i r **/usr/adm/amanda/podunk/index"

#
#
#

A m a n d a ,
,
l a b e l s t r . ,
amlabel ,
. .
.
,
,
.
Podunk-01, Podunk-02 ..
,
, .
.
( , 0
, ..)
amanda.conf:
#
f#####t#t#############l###*#t#lt###############*#t ##*###### ##H##t
dumpcycle 4 weeks
bumpdays 2
b u r a p s i z e 20 Mb
bumpmult 2
r u n s p e r c y c l e 20
tapecycle 25 tapes

#
#
t
#
#
f
#
#

#
#
#
#
#

214

()
1 2
= b u n t p s i z e * bumprault' 4 ( l e v e l - 1 )
amdump ;
2 0 - 4 * 5
( )

2 5 - 4 * 5
( )
,
a m f l u s h ,

I.

 Amanda .
,
. Amanda
,
. Amanda

. .
,
.
, ,
, . Amanda
, .
Amanda , .
, r u n s p e r c y c l e .
,
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t a p e c y c l e , . ,
, ,
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.
,
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. ,
bunipsize aniadniin.
,
(,
podunk):
| amadmin podunk buinpeize
C u r r e n t bump p a r a m e t e r s :
b u m p s i z e 204BO KB
- minimum s a v i n g s ( t h r e s h o l d ) bump l e v e l 1 -> 2
bumpdays 2
- minimum d a y s at e a c h l e v e l
bumpmult 2
- threshold = bumpsize * (level-1)""bumpmult

Bump
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

2
3
4
5
-> 6
-> 7
- >8
-> 9
->
->
->
->
- >

Threshold
20480 KB
40960 KB
81920 KB
163840 KB
327680 KB
65360 KB
1310720 KB
2621440 KB

0 Amanda 1.
1- 20 ,

10.

215

 2. 40 .
Amanda 3 ..
,
.
,
.
amanda.conf , ,
, ,
, .
Iff
N # t t # ##### ################# #########*
#
it*#####t#**#mttt#t#t t4t#t#H*t#*i***tt*t#Ht***#ttt*ttH
t a p e t y p e -500
inparallel 4
n e t u s a g e 60C
e t i m e o u t 300

#
t
#
#
It

(. )
,

Amanda
, ,

holdingdisk hdl {
comment "main h o l d i n g d i s k "
d i r e c t o r y "/dumps/amanda"
u s e 8196 Mb

#
#
#

d e f i n e t a p e t y p e -8500 (
comment " E x a b y t e -8500 d r i v e o n d e c e n t m a c h i n e "
l e n g t h 4200 m b y t e s
f i l e m a r k 48 kbytes
s p e e d 474 k b y t e s

]
Amanda Exabyte 8500.
.
amanda.conf.
Amanda, docs/TAPETYPES

hit P://WVAV.cs.columbia.edu/~sdossick/arnanda
, Amanda. , tapetype. .
,
32 . :
(I 2 )!
, ,
(, , , )
.
.

216

I.

. :
########**##*#######!#############*##*##########################
#

**t#*####m*#*tt

#**#*##*########*#*##**

d e f i n e dumptype comp-uaer {
comment " p a r t i t i o n s o n r e a s o n a b l y
compress c l i e n t f a s t
p r i o r i t y medium

fast

machines"

)
d e f i n e dumptype c o m p - r o o t (
comment " r o o t p a r t i t i o n s
compress c l i e n t f a s t
p r i o r i t y low

on

reasonably

fast

machines"

1
d e f i n e dumptype nocomp-user (
comment " p a r t i t i o n s o n s l o w
compress none
p r i o r i t y medium

machines"

}
d e f i n e dumptype c l o n e - u s e r {
comment " p a r t i t i o n s which
compress c l i e n t f a s t
skip-incr
p r i o r i t y medium

should

only

get

incrementals"

that

are

always

1
d e f i n e dumptype comp-high-samba f
comment " u s e d f o r NT s y s t e m s "
p r o g r a m "GNUTAR"
compress server f a s t

1
d e f i n e dumptype d o s - u s e r
comment " u s e d f o r d o s
p r o g r a m "GNUTAR"
compress c l i e n t f a s t

(
partitions

mounted"

I
Amanda.
,
. c o m m e n t
, .
c o m p r e s s ,
: , .
(, coniprcss gzip) Amanda.
: .one, c l i e n t b e s t ,
c l i e n t f a s t , s e r v e r b e s t s e r v e r f a s t .
c l i e n t f a s t .
b e s t f a s t ,
. gzip: best fast.

10.

217

 f a s t .
b e s t , .
h o l d i n g d i s k : y e s . ,
.
, .
y e s .
max d u m p s ,
. I.
, ,
.
p n . o r i . t y , .
l o w , m e d i u m h i g h .
. ,
.
Amanda
. ,
.
.
. (,
/usr/local), ,
.
p r o g r a m ,
: dump gnutar. ,
.
s k i p - f u l l Amanda 0. ,
Amanda
s k i p - i A m a n d a
.
, .

disklist

amanda.conf . ,
, .
disklist.
, amanda.conf.
#*#### ##*##*# #H*##*#H*#t4t*m###mff##*imr*tr#
#

If
#!#### ################ # # ##*###** *##### t H ######### #####*####
f t
ocean
sdOa
ocean
sdOg
ocean
sdOd
ocean
sdOh

comp-root
comp-user
comp-user
comp-high

t
I
t
#

/
/usr
/var
/amanda

# NT- l o r i e n ,
# Samba o c e a n
ocean
//lorien/c$
comp-high-samba
# c:\
#
squish

218

ycOtOdOsO

comp-high

I.

squish
squish
squish

ycCtOdCsfi
yc0t0d0s3
yc0t0d0s7

comp-high
comp-high
comp-high

#
#
*

t
zambonl
zamboni
zamboni
zamboni

cOtOdOsO
C0t0d0s6
c0c0d0s3
C0t0d0s7

clone-user
clone-user
comp-root
comp-user

t /
t /us X
I /var
# /local

#
fuzz
sdla
fuzz
sdlf
fuzz
sdle
uzz
sdld
/dos
fuzz

nocorap-high
nocomp-high
nocomp-high
nocomp-high
dos-user

/usr
/var
/local

/
t
t
I

/local
/usr
/var
* /dos

,
.
. , .
, (ocean)
disklist. ,
, Amanda.
, ,
holdirgdisk.
s k i p - m c r ( c l o n e - u s e r )
-.
-,
.
, ,
.
, (,
/etc), 0. / zamboai
, .
smbtar Samba,
Windows NT
lorien.
, disklist ocean, lorien.
Samba,
Amanda NT-, a UNIX-, smbtar. ( /dos fuzz ,

Samba.) Amanda Samba
( /usr /dos) :
Samba .
Samba 26.

Amanda .
amdBinp.n,

10.

19

A m a n d a .
, , Amanda. log .,
, an , .

Amanda
.
,
.
( ,
disklist, ):
: amanda@ocean
Subject: Podunk, Univ. AMANDA MAIL REPORT FOR September 1, 1999
These dumps were to tape Podunk-481
Tonight's dumps should go onto 1 tape: Podunk-482.
FAILURE AND STRANGE DUMP SUMMARY:
fuzz
sdla
lev 0
FAILED
[no estimate or historical data]
taper: FATAL syncpipe_get: w: unexpected EOF
STATISTICS:

Total

Full

Daily

Dump Time (hrs:min)

Output Size (meg)
Original Size (meg)
Avg Compressed Size (%>
Tape Used (%)
Filesystems Dumped
Avg Dump Rate (k/s)
Avg Tp Write Rate (k/s)

3:02
2954.6
7428.1
39.
70.5
16
105.3
1254.2

0:36
2666.8
6292.5
42.4
63.5
8
124.5
1251.

(0:34 start. 1:49 idle)

0:04
287.
1135.5
25.3
(level:disks ...)
7.0
(1:8 2:2)
10
43.4
1276.9

NOTES

planner: Adding new disk zamboni:c0t0d0s7.

driver: WARNING: /dumps/amanda: 8550400 KB requested, but only
1035113 KB available,
planner: Forcing full dump of squishy:cOtOdOsO as directed,
planner: Request to fuzz timed out.
planner: Incremental of ocean:sd0h bumped to level 2.
driver: going into degraded mode because of tape error.
,
Amanda . ,

(
fuzz). Amanda
. ,
amflush.

220

I.


, .
amanda.conf
/tnip/amanda, Amanda
--with-debugging ( ).
. amdump.:
SETTING

UP

FOR E S T I M A T E S . . .

dumper: Did 1B199 executable dumper version 2.4.lpl, using port 791
driver: started dumpersetup_estitrates: ocean:sdOd: command 0, options:
last_level 1 next_levelO 6 level_days 16
getting estimates 0 (20023) 1 (2735) -1 (-1)
zamboni:cOtOdOsO lev 1 skipped due to skip-incr flag
planner: SKIPPED zamboni cOtOdOsO 1 [skip-incr]
GETTING ESTIMATES...
got results for host ocean disk sdCa: 0 -> 53797K, 1 -> 1797K, -1 -> -IK
got results foe host ocean disk sdOd; 0 -> 19695K, 1 -> 2696K, -1 -> -IK
ANALYZING ESTIMATES...
pondering ocean:sdOd... next_levelO 6 last_level 1 (not due for a
full dump, picking an incr level)
log. 19990901.0.
START planner date 19990901
START driver date 19990901
INFO planner Adding new disk depot:dsk/dl.
SUCCESS planner zamboni cOtOdOsO 1 [skipped: skip-mcr]
WARNING driver WARNING: /dumps/amanda: 8550400 KB requested, but only
1035113 KB available.
START taper datestamp 19990901 label Podunk-481 tape 0
FAIL planner fuzz sdla 0 [no estimate or historical data]
STATS driver startup time 2019.4 56
SUCCESS dumper ocean sdOa 0 [sec 418.311 kb 25088 kps 59.97 orig-kb 58087]
SUCCESS dumper ocean sdOd 1 [sec 15.867 kb B00 kps 50.42 orig-kb 2719]
SUCCESS taper ocean sdOa 0 [sec 53.366 kb 25088 kps 474.612 (wr: writes 2
rdwalt 0.000 wrwait 0.032 filemark 38.332)]
SUCCESS taper ocean sdOd 1 [sec 6.345 kb 800 kps 133.3 {wr: writes 1
rdwalt 1.470 wrwait 0.356 filemark 2.637}]
STRANGE dumper ocean sdOh 1 [sec 82.435 kb 33.4 0.4 orig-kb 155.0]
eendbackup: start [ocean:sd0h level 1 datestamp 19990901]
I DUMP: Date of this level 1 dump: Wed Sep 01 23:47:54 1999
I DUMP: Date of last level 0 dump: Mon Aug 30 23:43:23 1999
I DUMP: Dumping /dev/rsdOh (/amanda) to standard output
| DUMP: mapping (Pass I) [regular files]
I DUMP: mapping (Pass II) [directories]
? DUMP: {This should not happen) bread from /dev/rsdOh [block 64] :
count-8192, g o t 1
I DUMP: estimated 38 blocks (19KB) on 0.00 tape (si.
I DUMP: dumping (Pass III) [directories]

10.

221

I DUMP: dumping (Pass IV) [regular files]

I DUMP: level I dump on Wed Sep 01 23:47:54 1999
I DUMP: 310 blocks (155KB) on 1 volume
I DUMP: DUMP IS DONE
sendbackup: size 15B720
sendbackup: end
SUCCESS d u m p e r ,
, SUCCESS t a p e r
. STRANGE d u m p e r , Amanda
dump. Amanda
( , , ),
.
, Amanda,



Amanda. /tmp/amanda
Amanda
.
Amanda ,
sendsize.
dump , .
, Amanda [ e s t i m a t e ] .
sendsize.debug:
sendsize: getting size via dump for c0t0d0s3 level 1
sendsize: running "/usr/ccs/bin/dump lsf 100000 - /dev/dsx/c0t0d0s3"
DUMP: Date of this level 1 dump: Wed Sep 01 21:59:36 1999
DUMP: Date of last level 0 dump: Mon aug 30 05:08:33 1999
DUMP: Dumping /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s3 (/var) to standard output
DUMP: mapping (Pass I) [regular files]
DUMP: mapping (Pass II} [directories]
DUMP: mapping (Pass II) [directories]
DUMP: mapping (Pass IIJ [directories]
DUMP: estimated 7150 blocks on 0.00 tape(s).
DUMP: mapping (Pass III) [directories]
calculating for amname 'cOtOdOsO', dirname '/local'
sendsize: getting size via dump for c0t0d0s7 level 0
sendsize: running "/usr/ccs/bin/dump Oaf 100000 - /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s7"
DUMP: Cannot open/stat /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s7f Permission denied
(no size line match in above dump output)
,
/dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s7.

Amanda,
Amanda :
http://www.egroups.com/list/amanda-users
http://www.egroups.com/list/amanda-hackers

222

I.


Amanda amadmin amrestore .
, ,
.
. :

, ;

, .

, ,
. ,
/local zamboni;
5- 12- . amadmin
, :
% amidmin podunk f i n d
date
heat
2000- 01 -26
zamboni
2000- 01 - 2 5
zamboni
20C0- 01 - 2 3
zamboni
zamboni
2000- 01 -22

zajaboni cC 0dOs7
V
tape
disk
c0t0d0s7
Podunk- 795
C0t0d0s7
Podunk 794
c0t0d0s7
Podunk- 792
cCtGd0s7
Podunk- 791

file
33
41
9
32

status
OK
OK
OK
OK

1999- 10 - 1 3
1999 10 -12
1999- 10 - 1 1
1999- 10 -10
1999- 10 - 0 9
1999- 10 -08
1999- 10 -07
1999- 10 - 0 6
1999- 10 - 0 5
1999- 10 -04
1999- 10 - 0 3
1999- 10 -02
1999- 10 -01
1999- 09 -JO
1999- 09 -24
1999- 09 - 2 6

C0t0d0s7
c0t0d0s7
c0t0d0s7
c0t0d03?
c0tCd0s7
C0t0d0s7
C0t0d0a7
c0t0d0s7
c0t0d0s7
C0t0d0s7
cOtOdCs7
c0t0d0s7
c0t0d0s7
c0t0d0s7
C0t0d0s7
c0t0dCs7

38
37
39
72
44
88
35
33
33
51
16
19
36
15
78
99

OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK

zamboni
zamboni
zamboni
zamboni
zamboni
zamboni
zamboni
zamboni
zamboni
zamboni
zamboni
zamboni
zamboni
zamboni
zamboni
zamboni

Podunk- 685
Podunk- 684
Podunk- 663
Podunk- 682
podunk- 681
Podunk- 680
Podunk- 518
Podunk- 517
Podunk- 516
Podunk- 515
Podunk- 514
Podunk- 513
Podunk- 512
Podunk- 511
Podunk- 510
Podunk- 509

find amadmin , amanda.conf,

, . , Podunk-509
Podunk-683 1,
. I ,
,
5- 12- .
,
!
amrestore,
. Podunk-509.

10.

223

 .

% anraator* - /dev/rmt/Obn zamboni c0t0d07 | restore if . amrestore ,
,
, restore.
, 10.4.
0, I
amrestore ,
A m a n d a
32 , ,
. ,
.
,
, .
amadmin , ,
amrestore
. mt fsf,
, amrestore.
restore , . Amanda

.
Amanda , , .
amrestore? :
, dd. ,
. ,
, , 0:
mt - /dev/nut/ taf 99
dd if-/dev/nnt/Obn bs32k count-1
AMANDA : FILE 19990928 zamboni cOtOdOsl l e v 0 comp . g z
T o r e s t o r e , p o s i t i o n t a p e a t s t a r t o f f i l e and r u n :
dd l f - < t a p e > bs32k s k i p - 1 I g z c a t I r e s t o r e . . . f 1+0 r e c o r d s i n
1+0 r e c o r d s o u t
:

Internet
. :

224

B U R T ,
Tcl/Tk 8.0.

CD Backup Linux ,
- C D - R .

hostdump.sh .

I.

10.9.

Backup ,
.
star tar
, , .
.

, UNIX
, . , .
,
.
Windows
Macintosh , UNIX.

, .
,
. ,
coniniand.com ?
Amanda ,
.

, .
.
ADSKVTSM
IBM
Tivoli. Tivoli Storage Manager (TSM
Tivoli)
, . Web- www.iivoIi.com.
:

IBM;

-, ;

Windows;

( ).
:

1 ;

.
Veritas
Veritas
. Web- www.veritas.com.

10.

225

;
;
Network Appliance;
UNIX;
gnutar;
,
.
:
,
DHCP- (,
);
;
NT-.

Legato
Legato
Legato, , Compaq. Web- www.legalo.com.
:

.
;

, 100;

(
);

.

,
, O'Reilly,
Web-, (
, , ..).
, .
www.backupcentral.com
.

10.10.

226

Presion. Curtis W. Unix Backup and Recovery. O'Reilly. 1999.

I.


Syslog

, ,
, . .
. " " . \ , , . ,
.

11.1.

.
;

.

;

(
);

.
,
. ,
,
.

.
9.

.
. ,

11. Syslog

227


. ,
, .
,

,
. ,
.

, ,
. , , , , ,
-
,
"" , .

,
,
. ,
. ,
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grep.

(/var/!og) .
,
gzip.

.
: ,
.. ,
. , ,
logfile,
logfile.l, logfilc.2 ..
, logfile.7. Iogfile.8
logfile.7 ,
logfile.6.
, ,
.
:
H/bin/sh
cd / v a r / l o g
mv l o g f i l e . 2 l o g f i l e . 3
mv l o g f i l e . l l o g f i l e . 2
.w logfile logfile.l
cat /cev/null > logfile
chmod 600 l o g f i l e

228

. ,

1 ^

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root, chown.

, , logfile.tues logfHe.aug26_
, ,

. :
mv l o g f i l e l o g f i l e . ' d a t e +%Y.%m.%d"
Is
.
.
-
:
logfile,
. ( - )
,

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. ,
, .
,
:
tI//sh
cd / v a r / l o g
mv l o g f i l e . 2 . g z l o g f i l e . 3 . g z
mv l o g f i l e . 1 . g z l o g f i l e . 2 . g z
mv l o g f i l e l o g f i l e . 1
cat /dev/null > l o g f i l e
kill
- pid
gzip l o g f i l e . 1
gzip logfile. 1,
gz.
, ; pid
. ,
:
(, /etc/syslog.pid: . ),
ps
( skill, (Albert Cahalan).
killall, (Werner Almesberger);
Red Hat), ps-grcp-kill*
-
, ,
, (
).
,
. ^ .

: Solaris HP-UX killalj,

. ,
pkill.

11. Syslog

229


11.4.
. 1- roU, (Matt Segur) (Michael Bernstein). Web- www.admin.com.



, ,

,
.
.

. ,

, .
tar
[]

10.

11.2.

UNIX .
, , , ,
maillog.
ftp.log - IpNet, Ipd-errs consolejog.
, ,
.
,
''" , - . , ,
.
,
(/etc/rc*, /etc/rc.d/* /elc/init.d/*) ,
.
Syslog.
11.5. /etc/syslog.conf Syslog, ,
.
syslog.conf U.S.
. 11.1
. , , :

, -
;

, ;

. ;

, ;

tpynna, ;

230

I.

 11.1.

fc

TT

messages

JTO

syslog

shutdownlog

shutdown

shutdown

sulog

su

su

authlog

SIT

mqucuc/svslog sendmail

fip.lQg

ftpd

FTP-

galedlog

gated

cs1

acct

BSD ( )

pacci

System V ( )

wimp4

login

( )

Ipacct

Ipd

BSD

Ipd-cns

Ipd

BSD

aculog

tip. uucp

fd21og

runacct

System V

news/news

innd

ncws/*Iog

ruirpd

majordomo.
log

Majordomo

sudc.lpg

sudo

sudo

tcp.log

tepd

XOmsgs

xll

1-1

X Windows

xdm-cnore

xdm

httpd/* log

httpd

Wcb-

"" ( ): S = Syslog, = , F =
, = .
"" ( ): D = , W = .
- .
"" ( ). R - root/system. U = uucp/daeinoii, N =
news/news, D = daemon/daemon.
passwd, login shutdown .
2.1 ;
Syslog.
wtmpx.

11. Syslog

231

 ; 11.4. .
/var/adm /var/log.
( ""
, ,
).
"" , : S
Syslog, ; F
, .
,
Syslog. .
"" .
644.
640 600.
. sulog, autlilog sudo.log 600.
mqueue/syslog paccl.

11.3.

,

" ". ,
: /var/adm/lusllog /etc/utmp lastlog
' .
, .
, ,
root,
0. nobody, -2 (65534).
lastlog, .

[7|

10.3.
utmp ,
. , -
,
. utmp
.

11 .

,
. Syslog
.
, .
Solaris . ,
/var/log. .
:

/var/log/*

24 I

/var/cron/log
/var/lp/logs/*
/var/saf/_log
/var/saf/zsmon/log
/var/adm/{messages, aculog. sulog, vold.log. wtmpx}
/var/adm/log/asppp.log
.
. , Solaris 2.4
,
.

11.5.

13.8.

/usr/lib/newsyslog, ,
/var/adm/messages /var/log/syslog.
HP-UX /var/adm.
, ,
. nettl.LOGOO
;
man nettl. ,
Syslog, /var/adm/syslog
Red Hat

/var/log. , iogrotatc
.
/etc/logrotale.d ,
. Red Hat
!
FreeBSD .
/var/log.
/var/cron. !
/var/account. newsyslog
.
/etc/newsyslog.conf.
, FreeBSD ,
periodic, ,
/etc/periodic. ,
newsyslog -
.

: Syslog
Syslog ,
(Eric All man).
,
Syslog "
.
Syslog , ,
.

11. Syslog

233

 . (" "
Syslog)
: ,
.
.
Syslog :

syslogd , ( /elc/syslog.conf);

openlogO, syslogO, closelogO ,

syslogd;

logger , .
syslogd
. , Syslog,
(
syslogO) /dev/log ( /var/run/Iog), ,
, ,
. syslogd ,

. , ,
/dev/klog.
"" (HUP. 1) syslogd
,
. syslog.conf, }'
syslogd HUP, . TERM
.
syslogd (PID)
/var/run/syslog.pid ( /ctc/sys!og.pid).
. ,
:
% kill -HOP '/bin/cat /var/run/syslog.pid"
,
syslogd
. (
/usr/lib/newsysiog),
*. , row.
Web- www.admin.com.
syslogd
syslogd /eic/syslog.conf.
. !,
(#), .
**:
<Tab>

( ) newsvslog
FreeBSD.
syslog ,
.

234

I.

,
mail.info

/var/log/maillog

, ,
/var/log/maillog.
;
,
.
.
(""
Syslog), ,
. :
.

; .
, ,
. "user"
(.. ).
MOOT # , "" "".
, .
.
;
, ,
, .
,
.
:
.
1,2.
! . ! ; ?.. 2
.
*.:_.

. 11.2 .
Syslog 18 ( 21).
.
syslogd ,
, syslog.conf
"mark". ,
: " ", " 3:00 3:20 ".
, . ,
,
, ,
.
,
. ,
.

. 11.3.

11. Syslog

235

 11.2. SysloQ

kern

user

( , )

mail

sendmall

daemon

auth

Ipr

BSD

news

Usenei

uucp

UUCP,

cron

mark

localO-7

syslog1

syslogd

authpriv'

( )

ftpl

FTP- ftpd

, "mark*1

8.1 .

11.3. Syslog

eraeiB

alert

crii

err

warning

notice

info

debug

. syslog.eonf
,
, . ,
"warning"
m a i l . w a r n i n g , m a i l . n o t i c e , m a i l , i n f o , m a i l . d e b u g , * . w a r n i n g , * . n o t i c e , * . i n f o * . d e b u g . syslog.eonf
, m a i l . i n f o ,
m a i l . w a r n i n g .
, .
. 11.4.

236

I.

 11 .. Syslog

syslogd

&]_

IP-

},
2,

, ,
. ;
syslogd . IP-, ,
,
D N S NIS.
[|

18.3.

I-

Syslog 4

, , . , 4 ,
.
, 4
auth.notice

lfdef('LOGHOST',

'/var/log/authlog',

"@loghost*}

,
. /var/log/authlog,
LOGHOST.
l o g h o s t . i f a e f 4
.
syslog.eonf, .

, .
(,
),
Syslog Red Hat
Red Hat syslogd.

syslog.eonf.
syslog.conf
'=' ' ! ' , " " "
" (. 11.5).

11. Syslog

237

 11.5. syslog.conf
Red Hot

mail, info

"info"

mail.=info

"info"

mail-info;mail.!err

"notice" "warning"

m a i l . d e b u g ; m a i l . ! =warning

,
"warning"

"info",

Red syslogd .
-, .
: ,
, . -h
. ( , ,
/etc/rc.d/init.d/syslog.)
Red Hat , klogd,
Syslog.
.

Syslog F r e e B S D
Red Hat, FreeBSD
syslog.conf (. 11.6).
. 6 . syslog.conf
FreeBSD

mail.info

"info"

mail.>=ino

mail.info

"info"

mail.<=info

"info"

mail-<info

"info"

mail.>info

"info"

, FreeBSD
,
, - . , syslogd ,
,
. ,
named: s t a r t i n g , named 4 . 9 . 1 S a t Sep

2 0 9 : 3 9 : 1 2 GMT 1998 PHNE_146l8

named syslog.conf
, ,

238

I.

,
, :
!named
*.*

/var/log/named.log

syslogd named
/var/log/named.log.

.
, .
syslogd FreeBSD - .

IP- (, - 1 2 8 . 1 3 8 . 1 9 2 . 0 . 2 0 )
(, - * . c s . c o l o r a d o . e d u ) .
, -ss
syslogd .
syslogd
/ete/.,
. ;
syslogd_lags=,'-a

128.138.192.G/20 - * .cs .colorado.edu"

syslog.conf,
, , -

netloghost"

:
t s y s l o g . c o n f
#
*.emerg
fi
*.warning; daemon,auth.i nfo,user.none
It
lpr.debug

*
/var/adm/messages
/var/adm/lpd-errs

.
, shutdown
.

/var/adm/messages. "info" "warning"
d a e m o n , a u t h . i n f o

, netloghost . .
/etc/hosts CNAME
DNS. 16.11.

11. Syslog

2 3 9

 passwd, su .
/var/adm/lpd-errs.

- .
s y s l o g . e o n f
#
#
*. ecnerg; u s e r . n o n e
*
#

.warning;lpr,locall.none
Snecloghosc
daemon,auth.info
@netioghost
#
localO,112,117.debug
Gnetloghost
# c a r d d l o c a l l
# b o u l d e r
local1.debug
@boulder.Colorado.edu
#
lpr.debug
/var/adm/lpd-errs
# s u d o
# " l o c a l 2 "
ioca!2.info
/var/adm/sudolog
#
kern, i n f o
/var/adx/kern.log
.
, netloghost ,
.
.
, ,
"user" "emerg".
u s e r .
.

;
.
-

boulder.

sudo.
sudo 3.4.

240


netloghost
, 400500 .
# s y s l o g . c o n f
#
# ,
t
*.emerg
/aev/console
" . e r r ; k e r n , : k . d e b u g r a u t h . n o t i c e
/dev/console
# . e r r ; k e r n , mark., d e b u g ; u s e r . none
/var/adm/console . log
auth. no nice
/var/adn: ' c o n s o l e , log
It , ,
#
# .err,-user .none; kern.debug
/var/adm/reessages
daemon,auth.notice;mail.crit
/var/adm/messages
lpr.debug
/var/adm/lpd-errs
mail.debug
/var/adm/mail.log
#
# , '-' s u d o npasswd
ioca!2.deDug
/var/adm/sudo.log
112.alern
/var/adm/sudo-errs.log
auth.info
/var/adm/auth.log
f
locaiO.info
local4.notice
local.debug
local7.debug

/var/adm/netbiazer.log
/var/adm/da.log
/var/adm/annex-isn.log
/var/adm/tcp.log

#
user.info

/var/adm/user.log

,
syslogd , .

.

.
. , , ,
.
Syslog
,

.
.
Dec 18 15:12:42 a v l . c s . c o l o r a d o . e d u sbatchri[495]: sbacchct/maxn: l s _ i n f o { )
f a i l e d : LIM i s down; c r y l a t e r ; c r y i n g . . .
Dec 18 15:14:28 p r o x y - l . c s . c o l o r a d o . e d u pop-proxy[27283]: Connection from

11. Syslog

241

128.138.198.84
Dec 18 15:14:30 mroe.cs.colorado.edu pingem[271]: raalteseoffice.cs.colorado.edu has not answered 42 times
Dec 18 15:15:05 schwarz.cs.colorado.edu vmunix: Multiple softerrors: Seen 10Q
Corrected Softerrors from SIMM J0201
Dec 18 15:15:05 schwarz.cs.colorado.edu vmunix: AFSR - 0x4c21, AFARO
0x8"? ffdd30, AFAR1 = oxbBfBaO
Dec 18 15:15:48 proxy-l.cs.colorado.edu pop-proxyf27285]: Connection from
12.2.209.183
Dec 18 15:15:50 avl8.cs.colorado.edu last message repeated 100 times
,
(avl8. proxy-1. mroe schwarz} , sbaichd,
pop-proxy, pin gem vmunix (). ,
, 100 .
, Syslog
.
, ,
,
.
avl8.
.
. , ,
.
, swatch,
(. 11.6).


, .
Syslog. syslog.eonf
.
.

,
- .
, ;
, .
, , , Syslog
, - . , Syslog U D P ,
, .

syslogd.
- , ,
.
,
. ,

242

I.

 syslog.eonf. ,
.

pacnpedcjieiiuu

18-

,
Syslog -
. - -, ,
, .
, Syslog
. 11.7 ,
Syslog, , ,
.
11.7. , Syslog

amd

daemon

-info

NFS

date

auih

notice

ftpd

daemon

crr-debug

FTP

gated

daemon

alert-info

halt/reboot

auth

crit

inetd

daemon

err, warning

Internet

login/riogind

aulh

crit-info

lpd

lpr

-info

BSD

named

daemon

-info

(DNS)

nnrpd

news

crii-noiice

INN

otpd

daemon,
user

cril-info

passwd

auth

err

popper

localO

notice, debug

Macintosh

sendmall

mail

alert-debug

su

auth

crit, notice

sudo

loca!2

alert, notice

su

syslogd

syslog, mark

-info

,
.

tepd

loca|7

en-debug

- inetd

cron,
daemon

info

vmunix

kern

Ha , syslog.eonf 4,

11. Syslog

2 4 3

 , , .
, , .
. ,
.
,

Syslog
logger .
shell-. ,
syslogd. ,

locals.warning

/tmp/evi.log

, ,
% logger - 115.warning "test message"
, "lest message" ( ),
/tmp/evi.log. , ,
, syslogd
.
syslogd NLOGS-
,
. 20.
, syslogd
, ,
M A X U N A M E S I
20). ,
.
syslogd -d ("debug", .. )
, , syslog.conf.
,
. :

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X WALL:
4 6 6 4 FILE:
/adm/msgs
FILE: /adm/lperr
D 0 0 0 0 0 tl 0 0 UNUSED:
0 0 (1 0 (1 0 0 0 0 0 0 UNUSED:

, .
; .
UNUSED ,
N L O G S .
, , .
syslog.conf
logger. UNUSED ,
.
, /dev/console.
VT100 - <C.lrl-S>,

244

I.

 . Syslog ,
.

logger. , -,
<Ctrl-Q>
,
""
, .
Syslog
openlogO. svslogO closelogO Syslog.
Perl. Perl-. ,
:
use Sys::Syslog;
openlog() ,
:
openlog(,

);

, .
openlogQ ,
, ,
"user".
. 11.8.
11.8. openlogQ

pid

delay

syslogd ( ,
)

cons

, syslogd

nowait

wait() ,
fork()

, openlogO :
openlog("adminscripc",

"pid,cons",

"daemon");

syslogO
:
syslog(,

syslogd.

...) ;

, ,
, openlogO.

11. Syslog

245

 ,
printf(). :
s y s l o q ( " i n f o " , " D e l i v e r y t o '%s'
$user, $nAttempts);

failed after

attempts.",

%m, ,
(
U N I X ) .
"^"
. openiogO
, syslogO ,
UNIX, :
adminscript:

User "nobody" n o t found i n / e t c / p a s s w d f i l e .

,
. (
) openiogO . , ,
( openiogO),
.
closelogO .
closelog ();
,
. closelogO ""
.
:
use

Sys::Syslog;

openlog("adminscript",
"pid,cons",
"user");
s y s l o g ( " i n f o " , " T h o s e whom t h e g o d s w o u l d d e s t r o y ,
teach
Basic")
closelog();

chey

first

:
Dec 28 2 2 : 5 6 : 2 4 m o e t . c o l o r a d o . e d u a d m i n s c r i p t [ 1 9 1 ] : Those whom t h e gods
would d e s t r o y , t h e y f i r s t t e a c h B a s i c .

11 6.

Syslog
,
. ,
- .
.
,
:
,
.
.

.

246

I.


swatch " (Todd Atkins) logcheck
(Craig Rowland).
fip://ftp.stanford.edu/general/securily-ioo!s/sv/alcl"i/
Web-
hnp://www.psionic.com/abaciis/logcheck
swatch Perl-, , . JTOTO
, Perl
. swatch
, ,
. ,
, , .
,
.
logcheck sit.
,
logcheck .

.
, .
logcheck
UNIX. ,
,
.
.
Syslog
, -
, ,
. , ,
.
,
, , ,
.

, , . . su sudo,
, . -
( ),

.

. ,
,
.

11. Syslog

247

UNIX- :
;
;
.

.
,
.
,
UNIX:

( ,
);

(, ,
);

(, , );

( ).
,
;
.
.
64 /ete/passwd.
, " 3348
3" ,
.

24

 ,
.
U N I X (
).
, , 400
15 .

12.1.

UNIX- \'
, .
.
Solaris
.
, , Sun
( ). ,
, .
.
Solaris, H P - U X
. ,
.
FreeBSD BSD-
, .
, .
,
:
" Fihemet-?"
Linux Solaris BSD-.
I- BSD, Linux ,
.
Linux ,
,
. , Solaris,
. Linux
, Solaris,
.
. 12.1 ,
,
.
12.1.

Solaris

/kcrnel/unix

HP-UX

/stand

/stand/vmunix

Linux

/usr/erc/linux

/vmlinuz /boot/vmlinuz

FreeBSD

/usr/sre/sys

/kernel

12.

249

12.2.

,
.
.
, :
, ,
. [ ,
,
, .

, , .
, .
,
, (.. ).
; .

, .. .
,
.

[\/|

12-8.
,
,
,
.
. ,
- .

12.3.

Solaris
Solaris

.
, (
).
Solans
.
Solaris \ 100%
. , (
Solaris)
.
, ,
Solaris , -

,
Solaris . ,

250

I.

 ,
:

/kernel ,
;

/ I a I fo m / _ am / kc el ,
, Ultra Enteiprise;

/platform/__/\\ , ,
"sun4u";
/usr/kernel /kernel.

uname -i unamc - .
% uname

SIJKW, U l t . r a - E n t e r p r i s e
" uname -m
sun4u
Solaris , :
' p l a t f o r m / / k e r n e l : / k e r n e l : / u s r / k e r n e l
. nnix,
genunix. -
.

{. 12.2). . K E R N E L ,

12.2. /KERNEL Soloris

arv

trisc

CpL

UltraSPARC

sirrjoa

STREAMS

64-

is

exec

sched

sys

qenunix

LiIllX

1-

,
.
conf KERNEL/drv.

12.

251

 .
, .
/etc/system
/etc/system Solans
. , ,
. 12.3.
s e t .
12.3. , /etc/system

root fs

rootdev

forceload

(""),

exclude

moddir

set

(, maxusers)

maxusers

pt_cnt

max n p r o c

maxuprc

D , V .
/etc/system ,
,
. boot -
, ( ,
, /dev/null).
/etc/system
/etc/system :
roctfs:ufs
rootdev:/sbus@l,f8000000/e5p@G,800000/sde3, 0:a
,
U F S ( U N I X File System UNIX)
sd3a. , ,
, , Sun. ,
/dev.
tnodair: / p l a c f o r m / S U N W , U l t r a - E n i : e r p r i s e / k e r n e l : / p l a t C o r r c / s u n 4 u / k e r n e l :
/kernel:/usr/kernel
( ,
) .

252

I.

 kernel, ,
.
exclude:
sys/shmsys
forceload:
drv/superplotter

, (
, ).
"".
set

maxusers=64

64- .

Solaris ,
. ,
,
.
priconf ,
, . ,
. ,
(, ), ,
.
sysdef prtconf.
,
. ,
sysdef
.
\
modinfo. Solaris
, STREAMS.
, modinfo
. 12.11.

12.4.

HP-UX
HP-UX :
.
. , SAM .
.
: ,
. ,
"Process new kernel"
.
, ,
,
SAM.

12.

253

, ' ,
. ,
X-
, .
H P - U X
/stand/system.
; system.example. system
SAM,
. ,
. SAM.
.
, .
system.example ,
, . , .
.
GSCtoPCI
asioG
730
sdisk
sctl
cdfs
rfs_core
STRMSGSZ 65535
dump lvol
nstcpty 60
,
SAM. ,
. . 12.4
.
12.4. system HP-UX

254

maxfi.les_li.itt

1024

maxusers

60

maxup

75

nproc

276

nfile

910

nflocks

200

ninode

476

npty

60

nstrtel

60

telnet

nkthread

499

I.

 system.example
mk kernel.
/stand/system /stand/vmunix.test.
-s ,
-
:
* mk_kernel - / s t a n d / s y s t e m , e x a m p l e - / s t a n d / v m u n i x - example
. ,
, /stand/vmunix
- .

12.5.

Linux
Linux
,
.
/usr/src/linux/.config. ,
, .
Linux make-,
X Windows,
make xconlig. ,
, (
).
make
menuconllg, curses". ,
make conllg.

. .
,
. , ,
.
.config,
:
* A u t o m a t i c a l l y g e n e r a t e d make c o n f i g : don't e d i t
*
# Code m a t u r i t y l e v e l o p t i o n s
#
CONFIG_EXPERIMENTAL=y

S Processor type ana f e a t u r e s

# CONFIG_M3 S J.S no seL

# CONFIG_M486 i s n o t s e t
# CONrIG_M586 is n o t s e c
If ON F IG_M 5 8 oTSC is n o t s e t
CONFIG_M686=y
CON FIG_X8 6_WP_WORKS_OK-y

curses ,
.

I 12.

CONFIG_X86_INVLPG=y
COMF1G_X8 6_BSWAP=y
CONFIG_X8 6_POPAD_GK
CONFIG_X8 6_TSC=y
CONFIG__X86_GOOD_APIC=y
, ;
, CONFIG. ,
CONFIG .
.
; m ,
.
. config
, ""
. - CONFIG.
Config.in,
. ,
make xconfig make menuconfig.
,
,
,
Ethernet-.
LILO Linux.
/etc/lilo.conf, a p p e n d ;
2.2.
lilo.conf (-
),
LILO. , LILO
:
LILO: linux root/dev/hdal ether=0,0,th0 ethr=0,0,ethl
LILO , "linux",
/dev/hdal
Ethernet-.
Linux
.config
Linux, ,
. :

256

cd /usr/src/Hnux;

make xconfig make menuconfig;

make dep;

make clean;

make bzlmage;

make modules;

make modules_install;

/boot/vmlinuz;

/usr/src/linux/arch/i386/boot/bzImage

I.

/etc/Iilo.eonf
;

/sbin/, .
make clean , . ,
,
.

, .config

/. .
U N I X , " " \ .

. ,
, . ,
(
), ,
, .
, ,
, :
k e c h o 3276 / p r o c / r f y e / f s / f i l e - m & x

,
. : . . echo . . 12.5
.
12.5. /,

^

file-max

4096

inode-

16384

ip_forward

IP. 1

lcmp_echo_ixnorejRll

1-

ping, 1

icmp_echo_lgnore broadcasts

ping, 1

F /proc/sys/fs, N - /proc/sys/net/ipv-4.

12.

257

12.6.

FreeBSD
,
FreeBSD, Net BSD,
Open BSD B S D / O S .
BSD- ,
. ,
, .
,
.
FreeBSD, .
config ,
. ,
.
, BSD-,
/ n s r / s r c / s y s ,
/sys.
SYS, ,
. ,
.
Is -F SYS:
# lfl -F
Makefile
alpha/
boot/
cam/
coda/
compile/
conf/
contrib/

ddb/
dev/
gnu/
1386/
14b/
isa/
isofs/
kern/

libkern/
mescfs/
modules/
msdosfs/
net/
netatalk/
netatra/
netgraph/

netxnet/
netipx/
netkey/
netnatm/
netrns/
nfs/
ntfs/
pc98/

pccard/
pci/
posix4/
sys/
ufs/
vm/

1386 , :
* l a - 1386
Maxefile
boot/
apm/
conf/

eisa/
i386/

ibcs2/
include/

isa/
linux/

S Y S
S M S / / c o n ,
. ,
Intel i386. FreeBSD
Alpha. config

S\'S//

SYS/compile///A07 _.
, ,
G E N E R I C .
S Y S / i 3 8 6 / c o n f / G E N E R I C .
SYS/compile/GENERJC.
SYS ,
.
BSD- .

258

I.

:
;

SYS/i386/conf;
config conf:
make depend ;
make;
;
:
.

, , .
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config EXAMPLE
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260

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machine

ident

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262

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264

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:
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268

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271

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/keme!/drv/*conf

^/kerael/drv/*

HP-UX

/stand/system

/usr/conf/*

Linux

/usr/src/liniix/. config

/usr/src/linux/driverc/*

FreeBSD

///*/\/(/

/sys/i386/conf/files*

,
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HP-UX,
( Hewlett-Packard
).
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.
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272

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12.11). add_drv snarf.
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Linux :

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/usr/src/linux. drivers , .
:
% la -F ///linux/dxivere
Makefile
cdrom/
12/
acorn/
char/
isdn/
aplOOO/
die/
macintosh/
atm/
fc4/
misc/
block/
12c/
net/

nubus/
parport/
pel/
pcmcia/
pnp/

sbus/
scsi/
sgi/
sound/
tc/

telephony/
uab/
video/
zorro/

block, char, net. usb, sound

scsi. - (, I D E - ) , - (, ), , USB-,
SCSI- . ,
(pci, nubus zorro); , .
- (Macintosh, acorn, I).
(atm, Isdn, telephony).
,
drivers/net. :

drivers/net/Makefile, ;

drivers/net/Config.in, ;

drivers/net/Space.c, .

. .h drivers/net
drivers/net/Makefile.
( ):
i feq

(S(CONFIG SNARFJ,)
L_OBJS + s n a r f .

else

12

273

ifeq

(S(CONFIG_SNARF),m)

MOBJS

snarf.

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.
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initdata {
. , , . PCI-, . ,
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Linux.
"Network devices" ( ).

274

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FreeBSD

.
!
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BSD- ( N e t B S D OpenBSD)
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).

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config
. ,
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,

, ,
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SYS/i386/conf/majors.i386. , ,
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config :

.
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12.9.

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Solaris /devices,
/dev.

12.

275

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/dev : disk, cdrom, terminal w ..
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:
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Linux man- )
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# ./MAKKDBV p t y

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.
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276

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SCSI-

SCSI- C D - R O M

IDE-

Solaria

/dev/lrjdjk/cAtBdNiP

/dev/[r]dik/cAtBdNP

/dev/lr]djk/cAtBdNiP

HP-UX

/d*T/(r]djk/cAtBdN

/dev/[r]d>k/cAtBdN

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/dev/sdLP

/dev/wdLP

/dev/hdLP

BSDI

/dev/daNsP

/dev/dtNeP{loih}

/dev/wdNaP

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.

12.11.
Solaris, Linux FreeBSD,
. Solaris
, Linux , FreeBSD
.

.
, '
. , ,
.

" ",
. ,
. , .
, ! .
.
1 .
,

Solaris. Linux
FreeBSD.
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Solaris .
, ,
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* modinfo
Id Loadacdr
1 fSOTeOOO
2 ff086000
3 ff082000
4 ffCB4000
5 ff095000
6 f f 0 b 8 00C
7 ff084a0C

Size
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4 9c
15248
20e0

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1
1
1
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1
1
2
1
1
1

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57

12.

Module Name
speefs (filesystem for speefs)
suapgeneric (root/swap config)
TS (time s h a r i n g sched c l a s s )
T3 DPTBL ( T i m e s h a r i n g d i s p a t c h )
ufs (filesystem for ufs)
r o o t n e x (Sun4c r o o t n e x u s )
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277

ffOBdcOO

2f4

62

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59

dma ( D i r e c t Memory A c c e s s )
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, U N I X " " (,
U F S ), Solaris
.
,
.
a d d d r v .
(
).
, .
rem_drv.
drvconfig.
/devices ,
.
,
, modload mod unload
Linux
Linux - , - , Solaris,
,
. Linux
. ,
.
/lib/modules/eepcw*, Linux,
uname -.
Is mod.
# lamod
M o d i Le

slhc
ds
182J65
pcmcia

core

Size
21452
4236
6344
26644
57024

Used by
0
0 [ppp]
1
1
0

[ds

,
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Linux
insmod. ,
"snarf":
# inamod /path/to/f.

, :

insmod /path/to/snarf. io=0xXXX irq=X

,
. rnimod

274
I.

snarf. rmniod ,
, (
U s e d bv Ismod) 0.
Linux
modprobe, , , .
/elc/conf.modules, , .
/etc/conf.modules,
, modprobe -. , :
t T h i s f i l e was g e n e r a t e d b y : modprobe - c
path[pcmcia]=/lib/modules/preferred
path Ipcrr.ciaI=/lib/modules/default
pathIpcmcia]-/lib/modules/2.3.39
path[misc)=/lib/modules/2 .3.39

(2.1.121)

I Aliases
alias biock-major-1 rd
alias block-major-2 floppy
a l i a s char-ma]or-4 s e r i a l
a l i a s char-ir.ajor-5 s e r i a l
alias char-major-6 lp
a n a s dos msdos
a l i a s plipQ p l i p
a l i a s pppO ppp
o p t i o n s n e io=x0340 i r q = 9
p a t h , .

.
a l i a s - - , ,
.
, k e r n e l d (. ).
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, . ,
"snarf* -
:
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snarf

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irq=X

modprobe p r e - i n s t a l l , p o s t - i n s t a l l , o r e - r e m o v e , p o s t - r e m o v e , i n s t a l l r e m o v e .
, . :
p r e - i n s t a i l
i n s t a l l . . .
p o s t - i n s t a l l
p r e - r e m o v e . .
remove . . .
p o s - r e m o v e .

12.

279

 , ( ), ,
, ( ) .
!
kerneld. ,
.
/etc/conf.modules,
modprobe. a l i a s ,
.
, - ,
, /etc/conf.modules
, - ,
4. kerneld ,
modprobe, .
FreeBSD
FreeBSD Solaris
Linux. FreeBSD
.
/dev/kmem . ,
GENERIC.
, FreeBSD modload, modstat
modunload, ,
. ioctl
/dev/fkm.
FreeBSD /modules.
.

12.12.

280

McKusick, Marshall Kirk, ei al. The Design and Implementation of the 4.4BSD
Operating System. Reading. MA: Addison-Wesley. 1996.
Beck, Michael, et al. Linux Kernel Internals, Second Edition. Reading, MA.
Addison-Wesley. 1998.

I.

TCP/IP

HuSi

JlUMAbaft
Hoi'

^^

7&

1.

&,

11'

TeSunt

ms

.

WWW . 2000 .
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- . , Internet-,
Web- .
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UNIX, MacOS, Windows, Windows NT
. Internet.
IP (Internet Protocol
) T C P (Transmission Control Protocol
).
TCP/1
, , .
Internet IP, . T C P U D P (User Datagram Protocol
) , IP .
T C P . . -
: , ,
, .
, . T C P
, .
U D P
. . , .
T C P "" , ,

13. TCP/IP

283

 . UDP
. , ,
.
Internet
TCP-,
, . U DP- 5%
19971998 . 1% 19992000 .

TCP/IP.
,
, "" .
14. 16 20.

13.1.

TCP/IP Internet
TCP/IP Internet
. Internet
TCP/IP. ,
TCP/IP Internet }

, .

. Internet
Microsoft, 1995 . Internet ARPANET,
1969 .
(Defense Advanced Research
Project Agency. DARPA). ARPANET
NFSNET (National Science Foundation Network
), .
80- . - ,

. :
NFSNET 1944 .
, Internet.
80- . Internet ARPANET ,
DEC VAX
Berkeley UNIX. Ethernet
( 10 /) Internet
56 /. ,
, . (Van
Jacobson),
Bell Labs ,

,
, .

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 (, 18 )
. 80- ., TCP,
1000 (
Ethernet 6%.
Ethernet 90%),
12000 , 50000 .
, ,

, ,
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. (Bob Kahn).
(Vint Cerfj. (John Postel),
, .
Internet

. , Internet
, .
;,
. , Internet.
:

ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers Internet)

, (www.icann.org);
IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force Internet)
Internet, ,
(www.ietf.org);

ISOC (Interne! Society Internet) ,

Internet (www.isoc.org).

ICANN, Internet,
.

- Internet , RFC (Requests For
Comments ). ,
,
RFC.
,
.
RFC .
3000. (, Algorithms for
Synchronizing Network Clocks ),
RFC
, RFC .

13. TCP/IP

285


.
, . , ,
.
RFC. ,
Internet Official Protocol Standards (
Internet). , . ,
100 : 2600.
2700 .. Internet
RFC2026. RFC2555. 30 Years of RFCs (30
RFC). RFC.
RFC.
,
. .
R F C ,
, .
RFC ( 1-
), :

RFC11I8 The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Internet (

no Internet );

RFC 1149 A Standard for the Transmission af IP Datagrams on Avian Carriers

( );

RFC2324 - Hyper Text Coffee Pot Control Protocol (HTCPCP/LO]) ( ) ;

RFC2795 The Infinite Monkey Protocol Suite i IMPS) (

).
RFC
FYI (For Your Information ). (Best
Current Practice ) STD (Standard
). RFC,
.
FYI ,
. ,
. STD
Internet,
1ETF

Imemet-cepBepoB; ,
RFC.
RFC, FYI, STD
, . , RFC1635, How to Use Anonymous FTP (
FTP) FYI0024.

^bft

II

 R F C . R F C - Web- www.rfceditor.org, R F C .

13.2.

TCP/IP
, ,
T C P / I P . T C P / I P , .
:

IP (Intemei Protocol ) ( R F C 7 9 I ) ;

I C M P (Internet Control Message Protocol

Internet)
IP, , (RFC792);
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol )
IP- - (RFC823) ;

U D P (User Datagram Protocol ) T C P (Transmission Control Protocol

)
. U D P
, T C P


(RFC768 RFC793).

T C P / I P
(. 13.1).
13.1. TCP/IP

T C P / I P
. (International
Organization for Standardization, ISO)
, OSI (Open System Interconnection ^ )

, , ARP
TCP/IP.
. T C P / I P .

13. TCP/IP

:/

 - .
, OSI :
.
. , T C P / I P
.

5 *

erp

rloflln, talk, tip

NFS, DNS, ntp

tncerouta

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IP

'

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. TCP/IP

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Ethernet ( ), F D D I , Token Ring, ATM
.
T C P / I P ,
,

,
, .
().
, .
, , , ,
, ,
. , .
.
, IP ,
T C P . "".
, ,
.
, . .

.
, , Ethernet,
"". Ethernet ""
,
,
( C R C ) . Ethernet- IP-.

288

II

 IP- U D P - , , , UDP- .
. .
UDP- (10 )
IP- (128 )
' !, ! ^|?" |
Ethernet !
IP
UDP i
100
[
.
] 20 | |
Ethernet-Kaqp (146 )
. .
"' 1 8- .
,
R F C "".


.
Ethernet

.
,
,
.
.
Ethernet
: DIX Ethernet I E E E 802.2 LLC SNAP".
U N I X Cisco , IPX
Novell .
, ,
.

. ,
Windows, , U N I X .
U N I X .
Windows , , , .
)
,
.
: MAC (Media Access
Control ) LLC (Logical Link Control ). MAC .
LLC .

13. TCP/IP

289

 Ethernet
Ethernet ,
, .
<.
5, 4 VG.
3)
(FX. - .
Hewlett-Packard VG
.
.
.
Ethernet
15. Web- wwwliost.ots.nlcxas.edu/ethemet, (Charles Spurgcon).

IEEE 802.11
. , ,

, .
,
.
Windows , UNIX ,
.
, ,

.
, 802.11.
PCMCIA , . , , .
,
,
.
Apple AirPori Lucent.
: ,



, . ,
Et he met- 1500 .
(Maximum Transfer Unit, MTU).
MTU . 13.2.
ATM MTU , ATM
- .
ATM 53 48- ,
AAL/5 216 .
, MTU 9ISO ,
LANE (Local Area Network Emulation )
1500 .

^bft
II

 132.

Ethernet

1500 (1492 802.2)

FDD!

4500 (4352 IP/FDD1)

, 512 576

53

(TI, )

, 1500 4500

T C P / I P IP ,
.
, M T U
, .
,
. T C P
M T U
. U D P
"" IP.
IPv6
:
.
.
,
1500 , ,
1540 ,
.
-
ifconfig, , M T U .

,
.
T C P / I P :

MAC ;

IP- .

- ,
, IP-,
Internet, ,
.

. , Etliemet-
. Token Ring
.
i. : 13.8)
:
.

13. TCP/IP

291

 Ethernet : ipn
, !
, .
http://ww*. iana.org/assignments/ethemet-numbers

RFC, .
Assigned Numbers ( ) RFC1700 (1994 .
,
Internet, Web- www.iana.org/ntimbers.him.
Ethernet !:
,
.

. Solaris Red Hat
, .
, Internet-
( IP-).
IP-.
.
13.4.
IP-
TCP/IP ,
(.. ,
), ARP
.
ARP 13.6.
IP- ,
, , . UNIX-
IP-, telnet 128.138.242.1
telnet anchor.
" L
(/etc/hosts), NIS NIS+ . .
DNS . , IP-;
.

IP- , ,
;
. TCP UDP IP-,
. ,
IP-
UNIX, . FTP.
, "" ,
/elc/services.

, NA'1. 6\JCI
, .

2Y1

II. *

 , UNIX- 1024 root.

IP
:

,
( );

, ;

,
, ,
, ,
. IGMP (Internet Group
Management Protocol Internet)
, .

, ,
IP- .

( , ) I. ..
.

. Internet 01:00.5.
,
, .
IP ,
224239.
.

13.4.

IP-
IP- ) :
. ,
, .
IP- Rime
( ), . . IP-
boulder 128.138.240.1.

127.
,
. 127.0.0.1
; localhosi
IP-
ifconfig. 13.10.
IP-
IP- ,
. .
.

13. TCP/IP

293

 .
. , euie
, .
, IP-; D
.
. 13.3 .
, .
13.3. 1-
] 1(]

1-126

128191

...

, ;

192-223

...

;
,

224-:39

240-254

,
-

0 255 IP- . 127

.

.
(
16777214 65534 )
. , 126
!
, ,
, .
"" .
,
. . . . ,
, : ....
256 ,
, 254 .
ifconfig.
.
, IP-, I,
0. ,
255.255.255.0 OxFFFFFFOO . , , ,
, ,
.
ifconfig

>91

13.1

II.


, .
. ... , .
.
, , . /XX, XX
( ). , 128.138.243.0/26
128.138.243.

64, 128 192. , ,
255.255.255.192. OxFFFFFFCO. 26 ,
(. ).

IP-

'

Ittl

255

'

255

255

t 1

192
1

<1

. .
/26 6
(32 26 = 6). , 64
6
(2 = 64). 62 ,
, , ( ).
,
, .
256:
= 256
, 256 64 = 192 . ,
( )
0, 64,
128 192 64.
00.
01, 10 II. , 128.138.243.0/24
/26:

128.138.243.0/26
(0 - 00000000);

128.138.243.64/26
(64 - 01000000).

128.138.243.128/26
(128 - 10000000);

128.138.243.192/26
(192 - 11000000).

.
IP- (, 128.138.243.100),
, , . . 13.4 /16

13. TCP/IP

295

( ), / 2 4 / 2 6 (
, : . ).
13.4. 1-
1


-

128 138 243.100/16

255 253 0.0

128.138 0.0

128.13d 255.255

128.138.243 100/24

25f 255.255.0

128.138 243.0

128.138.2*3.255

128 138.243.100/26

255 255.255 192

128.138 24? 64

128.138.243.127

(Keith Owens) Perl- ipcalc.pl.

.
ftp.ocs.com.au Perl 5.
, . , Palm Pilot
(www.ajw.com/ipcalc.htm).
(
):
% ipcalc.pl 128.138.243.100/26
IP address
128
13B . 243
. 100 / 26
Mask D i e s 11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000
Mask b y t e s
255 . 255
. 255 . 192
Address
10000000 10001010 11110011 0]100100
Network
128
138
243
64
127
Broad-as :
128
138
243
F i r s t Host
128
138
243
6b
L a s t Host
12B
13B
243
126
Total Hosts
62
FTR
100.243.138.128.in-aadr.arpa
IP Address {hex}
808AF364

128..138 .243. . 1 0 0 / 2 6
255..255. .255. .192
128..138 .243. .64
128..138. .243. .127
.
128.,13B . 24 J .65
128..138. .243. .126

Red Hat , ipcalc

,
.
RFC. IP- (RFC950).
(
).
, 0 192.
, Novell Cisco. (,
IOS Cisco 12 0
0 .)
,
. 0 ,
- .
, , \
, .
.
( ) ( ) 2,
4 : , ,

II

 ( ).
, ,
.. /30, 255.255.255.252,
OxFFFFFFFC
,

. ( 128.138.243.100)
,
. ,
, ,
.
IP-
1992 . Internet -
,
. -,

1995 . -,
, Internet-,
,
. -, IP- "
"
. ,
, . ,
,
!
:
, .
CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing
)

.
IPv6.
IP.
16- , 25
IP.
, ,
.
.
,
. 16- l , 2 i , 665570793348S66943S98599
. 16
, : , 8- .
2000 . IPv6 .
CIDR ;
Internet- .
IP- NAT, ( ).

13. TCP/IP

297

 IPv6, CIDR
NAT. Internet ,
, IPv6.
, ,
, -
, IPv6.
WAP-
, IPv6.
IP-
IPv6.
C I D R :
CIDR, RFC1519,
,
IP-. ,
,
. ,
, .
11
CIDR .
CIDR
.
. , ,
32-v ,
192.144.0.0 192.144.31.0 ( C1DR 192.144.0.0/21).
:

1 21 2046 ", 255.255.224.0;

32 24 254 ,
255.255.255.0;

64 25 126 ,
255.255.255.128,

128 26 62 ,
255.255.255.192;

.
,
. , Internet,
193.143.0.0/21,
/30 -, /24
/27

24, 25.
CIDR .
256, 128 32
.
,
Ethernet RG-11 1024 . ,
( ). "" - ,
.

3'

11.

 .
199.144.0.0/21.
CIDR
. ,
UNIX- be.
ibase ohasc. . 13.5
.
13.5.

/2

()
()
/20
12
4094
255.255.240.0
OxFFFFFOOO
/21
II
2046
255.255.248.0
0xFFFFF800
/22
10
1022
255.255.252.0
OxFFFFFCOO
/23
9
510
255.255.254.0
OxFFFFFEOO
/24
8
254
255.255.255.0
OxFFFFFFOO
/26
7
126
255.255.255.128
DxFFFFFF80
/26
6
62
255.255.255.192
OxFFFFFFCO
/27
5
30
255.255.255.224
OxFFFFFFEO
/28
4
14
255.255.255.240
OxFFFFFFFO
/29
3
6
255.255.255.248
0xFFFFFFF8
/30
2
2
255.255.255.252
OxFFFFFFFC
1
32.
2
2"( )-2. ,
, .
CIDR 1993 ..
20000 .
Internet,
80000 2000 .
*.
, "" 192 ( ""
199 205). .
, .
CLLK ,
Internet ,
. ,
192, Internet
(American Registry for Internet Numbers. ARIN)
. , (
, IPv4)
.
1999 ., 60000.
80000 25- !
,
25%. www.antc.uoregon.edu/route-views/dynamics.

13. TCP/IP

299

 C I D R ,
, Internet.
, . , C I D R ,
, IP. ,
IPv6
, ,
IPv6, ,
- , IPv6, Microsoft
IPv4 " ".

Internet
Internet (Internet Network Information Center,
InterNIC) .
A R I N . Internet,
. A R I N .
.
.

IP-.
I C A N N ,
Internet
(. 13.6). , ,
.
.
13.6. , 11

Web-

ARIN

www.aan.net

APNIC

www.apnic.net

RIPE

www.ilpe.net

I C A N N A R I N , RIPE A P N I C ,
Internet
.
, ,
. ,
.

.
, .
,
.
.
http://vAvw.caida.org/anaIysis/topology/as_core_network

 ,
, (.. ) ,
,

N A T

IP- (RFC 19IS)
CIDR IP- Internet.
,
. ,
.


.
.
.
RFC19I8 , , 16
256
. , ,
, .
. 13.7
(
C1DR).

13.7. IP-,

CIDR

10.0.0.0

10.255.255.255

10.0.0.0/8

172.16.0.0

172.31.255.255

172.16.0.0/12

192.168.0.0

192.168.255.255

192.168.0.0/16

, ,
Internet,
N A T (Network Address Translation ).

IP- .
/,
.
IP-.
,
IP- - "" .
, NAT. - ,

. ,

13. TCP/IP

301


4
^

NAT.
.
NAT -, Cisco. UNIX-
NAT, .
Red Hat FreeBSD*.
13.14 13.15.
NAT Linux "I-".
NAT ,
Internet.
, .
CAJDA (Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis
Internet),
, . 0.1-0,2% ,
, , . , , ,
-West ( ,
Internet) 10 20000 .
Internet
Web-
www.caida.org.
NAT ( , )
, Internet
.
(, Cisco PIX)
, .
, IP- . (
,
RealVideo SHOUTcast, FTP- PORT PASV,
ICQ )
NAT.
NAT .
,
, NAT
.
,
Internet.
IPv6
IPv6 128 .
, IPv4.
.
IP- ,
; .

. Red Hat PAT (Port Address Translation

), NAT IP- , ,
"" ,
.

3'

11.

, IPvo
. IP- , ,
Internet.
IPv6 64

48 (. 13.8).
13.8 IPv6
IPv6 (128 )

45

16 |

64

I- 3

FP

Format Prefix - : ,

4 - 16

I LA ID

lop-Level Aggregation ID -
,

|7 - 2 4

RES

Reserved -

25 48

NLA ID

Ncxl-Le*cl Aggregation ID - |
,
Internet

49-- 6 4

SLA ID

Side-Level Aggregation ID -
,

65-128

INTERF
ACE ID

(- -)

SLA I N T E R F A C E
"" , .
. SLA , 64- , ,
48- -, -
(OxFFFE). - ( ),
"", , : (RFC2373).
, ,
.
IPv6 - I. ,

-. .
.
IPv6 . -
.
.

13. TCP/IP

303

 , IPv6 , IPv4,
.
( , ).
: ,
. 001
( ). TLA NLA
Internet.
IPv6. . 13.9
IPv6
. ( IPv6,
IP-.)
13.9. IPv6

1
2

IPv6

Solaris

Solaris 8

HP-UX

HP-UX 11.00

Red Hat

IPv6 Linux
2.2

FreeBSD

FreeBSD 4.0 1

Windows 2K

( )

Cisco

Jumper

Bay

1997 .

FreeBSD 3.4 IPv6,

, INRIA .
,
.

IPv6

http://playground.sun.com/piJb/ipng/html/ipng-iniplementation.html

IPv6. ARIN ,
12 IPv6.
.
, IPv6:

www.6bone.net IPv6;

www.6ren.net - IPv6;

www.ipv6.org FAQ- ;

3'

www.ipv6forum.com IPv6.

11.

 IPv6 .
. IPv4
,
,
. IPv6
,
. : . NAT,
.

13.5.

,
. T C P / I P
, ,
, ,
. , , ,
. ,
, , .

, - , .
T C P / I P ( ), : " ,
" . ; ,
, ,
.
.
,
( ,
, ).
(.. , ).
( ) , I C M P - "network unreachable" ( ).
" " :

;
.

,
. ,
, , 14.

netstat -, , route get BSD-.

20.4,
, , .
: 132.236.227.93 ( e t h O )
132.236.227.0/24 132.236.212.1 ( e t h l ) 132.236.212.0/26.
% n e t s t a t - -
Kernel IP routing cable
Destination
Mask
Gateway
F1 MSS
If

13. TCP/IP

305

132.236..227.0

default

132.236..212.0
132.236 .220.64
127.0.0.. 1

255..255,. 2 5 5 . 0
0.0,.0.0
255..255.. 2 5 5 . 1 9 2
2 5 5 .255.. 2 5 5 . 1 9 2
2 5 5 .255.. 2 5 5 . 2 5 5

1 3 2 . . 2 3 6 . 2 2 7 . .93
132.. 2 3 6 . . 2 2 7 . . 1
1 3 2 . . 2 3 6 . . 2 1 2 . .1
1 3 2 .. 2 3 6 .. 2 1 2 ..6
1 2 7 . . 0 . 0 .. 1

I:G

UG
0

1500
1500
1500

1500
3584

ethO
ethO
ethl
ethl
luO

d e s t i n a t i o n . g a t e w a y
, ,
132.236.220.64/26
132.236.212.6 e t h l .
; , (
), 132.236.227.1.
,
.
,
. ,
route.
.

. , Red Hai
# route add -net 132.236.220.64 netmaak 255.255.255.192
132.236.212.6
I route add default 132.236.227.1
,
netstat - - (
ifconlig e t h O e t h l ) .
route 13.10 .
, .
, ,
.
.
.
, ,

. ,
:
.
. -,
. , ""
,
, .
. 14 UNIX-
routed gated, ,
.

306

II. FO6OTO

 1
, IP
,
ICMP-. , ,
, - .
,
, , , ,
. .
.

ICMP-. ,
, : " *.
". ICMP
, .
, , .
,
, ,
, ,
,
ICMP- .

lCMP-
,
. ?

.
Linux FreeBSD. Cisco ,
.

13.6.

ARP:
IP-
IP-.
". ,
IP-, *RP
(Address Resolution Proiocol ) Fro
,
, Ethernet.
.
Ethernet-, ARP
. .
ARP
, , ARP
,
*",
, .

**

"-", .
. . !

13. TCP/IP

307

 ,
ARP. ARP-.
, ,
, ARP
.
ARP "
: " -
128.138.116.4?" , ,
: " . Eihemet-aapec 8:0:20:0:fb 6a".
IP- [1-
, ,
ARP-. ,
. , ''" ,
, .
,
ARP.
. -
; , .
- Solans Red Hat:
so!arls% / u r / s b i n / a r p -a
Net to Media Table
Device IP Address Mask
hmeO
hmeO
hmeO

titanla
arth
pluto

255.255.255.255
255.255.255.255
255.255.255.255

Flags

Phys Addr
00:5C:da:6:5:90
00:50:da:12:4e:e5
00:50:da:l2:4e:19

redhat% / s b l n / - a
xor.com { 1 9 2 . 1 0 8 . 2 1 . 1 ) at 08:00:20:77:5E:AO [ e t h e r ! on echO
e a r t h . x o r . c o t n ( 1 9 2 . 1 0 8 . 2 1 . 1 8 0 ) at 00:50;DA:12:4E:E5 [ e t h e r ] on ethO
l o l l i p o p . x o r . c o m (192.108.21.48) at 0 8 : 0 0 : 2 0 : 7 9 : 4 F : 4 9 [ e t h e r ] on ethO
, ,
.
ARP (,
),
- ARP.
.
IP-,
ARP- , .
-.
IP-.
( ,
, ) .
IP- ,
,
. RARP (Reverse
ARP ARP),
ARP.
AR.P , IP.

308

II

 ARP. RARP ,
RARP ; Ethernet-
I -. , RARP.
rarpd.
/etc/others /etc/hosts.
RARP .
, DHCP.

13.7.

DHCP:

UNIX- .
Iniel ,
UNIX? DHCP (Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol )
.

" " , .
, ,
, Internet, , .
"" :

IP- ;

( );

DNS-;

, Syslog;
WINS, NTP -;

TFTP ( )
(. RFC2132).
. DHCP- , IP-, ,
DNS.
DH-.
. ,
. DHCP-
. ,
( ).
DHCP . DHCP ,
.
D H C P
. 13.10 DHCP,
.

13. TCP/IP

309

 13.10. DHCP

DHCP-

DHCP-

Solaris

/sbj.ro/dhcpagent

/usr/iib/met/in .dhcpd1

HP-UX

, auto_paranis

bootpd

Red Hal

/usr/sbin/dheped /sbin/pump

//sbin/dlicpd DT ISC

FreeBSD

/gbin/dhcllent

/usr/ports/net/ise-dbepZ

sheM- dhcpconfig, DHCP-cep Solaris.

lriernei (Inierne?
Software Consortium, ISC) DHCP, ftp.isc.oiS-
ISC ( DHCP,
).
ISC,
,
DHCP.
ISC ,

U N I X 3.0,
,
, .
DHCP- DHCP-
{ ),
. ",
(HP-UX Linux)
.
. ISC
. ,
DHCP.

.
DHCP- ISC
DNS. IP-
, D N S
IP-
16.12.
DHCP, ,
ISC, . DHCP- ,
.
D H C P
D H C P ,
, UNIX . IP-, ,
, , TFT
(Trivial File Transfer Protocol )

310

 D H C P ,
"".
DHCP- DHCP-.
DHCPDISCOVER", : " ,
". , IP-,
255.255.255.255,
0.0.0.0. DISCOVER
, .
.
DISCOVER DHCP-.
-, .
OFFER,
. (, ) ,
REQUEST
; .
REQUEST NAK.
. .
,
ARP. - ,
DECLINE, .
,
, REQUEST.
, RELEASE.
, ,
. ,
, .
.
D H C P -.
( Control Protocol -
DHCP- ISC
DHCP- ISC fip.isc.oig www.isc.org.
2.0. 3.0.
, ,
.
tar.gz .
, ,
. ./configure, make make install,
.
DHCP-. dhcpd.
dhepd.conF scr>er /etc/dhcpd. "

DHCP- "DHCP". ,
.
! dbcpd.conf "" :
- , .

13 TCP/IP

311


, /var/db/dhcp.leases. , dhcpd
. dhcpd.conf
:

, dhcpd IP-,
;

,
( IP-,
-);

, DHCP-: , , DNS,
..
-, dhcpd,
.
-, dhcpd.conf.
server .
dhcpd
. ,
/etc/dhcpd.conf
dhcpd.conf.
Linux- :
, Internet.
NAT ,
10 IP-.
() h o s t ,
.
dhcpd.conf

#
o p t i o n domain-name " s y n a c k . n e t " ;
option domain-name-servers gw.synack.net;
option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0;
d e f a u l t - l e a s e - t i i n e 600;
m a x - l e a s e - t i m e 7200;
s u b n e t 1 9 2 . 1 6 8 . 1 . 0 netmask 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 0
range 192.168.1.51 192.16B.1.60;
option broadcast-address 192.168.1.255;
option routers gw.synack.net;
}
s u b n e t 2 C 9 . 1 8 0 . 2 5 1 . 0 netmask 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 , 2 5 5 . 0
)
host gandalf I
hardware e t h e r n e t 0 8 : 0 0 : 0 7 : 1 2 : 3 4 : 5 6 ;
fixed-address gandalf.synack.net;
, DHCP-, DNS.
(, dhcpl.synack.nei)

312

I!

 , "" IP-. BIND,

,
dhcpd, DNS .
,
.
DNS 16.
dhcpd dhcp.leases.
, dhcpd.leases" dhep.leases
, .
, dhcpd.leases".
dhcpd , . dhcp.leases,
, .

13.8.

:
(Point-to-Point Protocol )
, IP-
( ) .
,
. ,
, .
-.
"" ,
DSL ,
. ,
Recb Ethernet,
Et lie met- .
SLIP (Serial Line Internet
Protocol ) CSLIP
(Compressed SLIP SLIP), (Rick Adams) .
.
.
RFC 1331.
:

LCP (Link Control Protocol ),

,
:

NCP (Network Control Protocol ),

.
,
, RFC-, .

13. TCP/IP

313

 . . 13.11

.
13.11.

1
/usr/sbin/tepppd
/usr/sbin/aspppls

/elc/asppp.cf
/etc/uucp/Sysicme
/etc/uucp/Deviccs
/clc/uucp/ Diale is
/etc/uucp/Aulh

HP-UX

/uar/bin/pppd
/elc/ppp/Aulosurt

/etc/ppp/Systems
/eic//Filler
/etc/ppp/Dcvices
/etc/ppp/Dialere
/etc/ppp/Auth
/etc/ppp/Keys

Red Hai

/usr/sbin/pppd
/usr/sbin/chal

/elc/ppp/options
/etc// ppp.conf
/ctc/ppp/aliow

FreeBSD

/usr/sbin/pppd
/usr/sbin/chat

/etc/ppp/options
/elc/ppp/options.ttyserver
/etc/ppp/cha t.ttyservcr

Solaris

\ .
.

Ethernet,
.
10 100 /. .. 10000100000 /.
2856 /."
,
1 - 5 .
, Web-
, MTU (
) .
512 ; 128.

NFS - -
, NFS
T C P , UDP. (, Solaris) TCP
NFS .
NFS 17.
X Windows TCP. -
-. xterm .

19200 .
,
.

314

II.


.

,
.

IP- .

, ,
-.

,
.

- ,
-. UNIX
, .
,
, ifconfig.
ifconfig 13.10.
-
,
-. ,
. ,
.
,
,
. ,
.
,
.

"" ,
. - ,
, , ,
. , , ,

.
, ,



,

13. TCP/IP

315

 .
Internet, .
.

- IP-,
Ethernet,
- (
). .
IP- 13.10.
- , .. ,
( "" ).
, Ethernet,
,

. ,
. ,
, "" .
IP- DHCP.
Internet
DHCP, .

,
IP-, I-
, (, ,
Ethernet).
.
.
- , -. ,
.
wee 14.
-

.
. , ,
,
: ,
,
..
21 .

311 II


- ,
,
. ,
, .
Luceru Ponmasier 3. Cisco
Access Server AS5x0O. . ,
-.

, ,
-.
UUCP.
, .
, "
'Login",
".
, ,
. ,
, , ,
.
,
.

13.9.

(21), ,
IP-, .
,
, .
1-
UNIX- IP-,
.
,

. ,
.
.
ICMP-
ICMP-
.

. , ,
,

13. TCP/IP

317

 ,
. ( ),
1 MP- .

IP
,
.
, ,
.

IP .
,
, .
, ,
Internet, .
.
ping-

, ping, ( )
. " 1',
"smnrf' ( ,
)
ping-, ..
.
, Internet,
.
, , .
ping- "" ,
.
. , Cisco IOS
11_ , 12.0 .
TCP/IP . ,
, , ,
,
.
U N I X
Red Hat FreeBSD
( ).
(13.14 13.15),
. UNIX- (
, ) if
, Windows NT .

318

II

 .
, Firewall-1 Checkpoint (
Solaris),
1 Cisco, !
21.9.

, ,
,
. , .
Internet "" ,
, "" . .
IPSEC,
IETF, , ,
. ,
3660 Cisco Firebox Watch Guard; .
Firebox
,

.
IPSEC: IP
IPS (IP Secure IP)
IETF .
,
( ) . )'
.
,
, IPS .
RFC2409 ( ) IKE (Internet Key Exchange
Internet), .
IPSEC , .
,
. IETF
.
. 13.12 ,
IPSEC .
, IPSEC
,
IPSEC , : SAD (Security Association
Database ) SPD (Security

13. TCP/IP

319

Policy Database ).
selkey,
add spdadd. Web-
www.kame.net.
13.12. IPSEC *

Solaris
HP-UX

HP-UX 11.00 Presidium

IPSec/9000

Red Hat

FrecS/WAN1

FreeBSD

4.0 !
IPS

SuSe Linux 1999 .

13.10.

. ,
, , ,
.
, .\
. ,
-
:

IP- ;

;
. , ;
DNS-,
Internet.

,

,
,
,
,
.
, ,
.
- , .
; ,
, !
,
.

15.

' >320

II.

 , , , , -
,

Ethernet;
.
I P -
,
IP- : hosts, NIS NIS+, D N S
- . ,
.
,
,
.
/etc/hosts
IP-.
IP- ,
. /etc/hosts
lollipop:

127.0.0.1
192.108.21.48
192.108.21.254
192.108.21.1
192.225.33.5

localhost
lollipop.xor.com l o l l i p o p loghost
chimchim-gw.xor.com ehimchim-gw
n s . x o r . c o m ne
licensea.xor.com license-server

localhost. ,
( FreeBSD,
).
/etc/hosts ,
,
.
DNS. /etc/hosts
,
DNS.
/etc/hosts , DNS
.
. ,
.
, ,
.
/etc/hosts ,
, .

(
); 18.
DNS. 16 DNS
BIND DNS UNIX.
hostname .
-

13. TCP/IP

321

,
. , -
(. 13 II). (.. ,
DNS. anchor.cs.colora.do.edu).
IP-
.
, .
addhost ,
. DHCP LDAP
(Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
). addhost "",
. ,
flp.xor.com.
ifconfig:
ifconfig
, IP- ,
.
( ),
.
,
.
ifconfig :
i f c o n f i g . . . up
:
# i f c o n f i g on0 128.138.240.1 netmaek 255.255.255.0 up
,
. , - ,
. : ieO, 1, l e i ,
InO, enO, weO, qeO, hmeO, echO lanO; loO
. , ;
, (Intel Ethernet. Lance Eihernet
..).
ifconfig
. - " ",
ifconfig - ,
. ,
netstat -i.
Solaris ifconfig
plumb:
netstat -i.
IP- . ,
Imernei ,
. ;
ifconfig (
hostname) .

' >2

II.

 ,
. .
. DNS-
, ,
.
up , down
.
ifconfig .
. , , ,
.
. , .
,
. ifconfig
, . ,
inet
netmask - .
, (.
). , .
broadcast IP-
.
, 1.
.
IP-.
UNIX
IP-, , .

, ,
ping. .
-,
,
. -, ,
,
,
, ( TTL. ).
- "" ,

, IP-. , , X AI. Y 2. X
1. Y (
), ,
{ Y
2), . , Y. ,
, .
"" .

,
. ,
.

13. TCP/IP

323

128.138.240.255, 24.
(255.255.255.0).
ifconfig enO :
enO: flaqs=63<CP,BROADCAST,NOTRAILERS,RUNNING inet 128.138.240.1
netmask f f f f f f O C b r o a d c a s t 1 2 8 . 1 3 8 . 2 4 0 . 2 5 5
.
# Ifconfig 10 127.0.0.1 up

, ,
, .
. 255.0.0.0
.
4

ifconfig 128.138.240.151 netmaek 255.255.255.192

broadcast 128.138.243.191 up

Ethernet. IP-
128.138.243.151 128.138.243.191 . ( ),
/26. 192
11000000 , .. 255 .
191 10111111 ,
.. 1,
(10) .
, ,
, ,
ifconfig , ,
. .
, .
route:
route
,
, *.
.
, route: ,
.
:
.
route,
14.
. ,
, IP-
. ( ) -
IP- ,
.
routed .

II.

 . -,
, , -.

, .
ifconfig .
-, ,
. ,
, ICMP- "network unreachable"
( ). "
", - .
Internet .
route .
:
route

[-]

[]

: add (
) delete ( ).
, get. change, flush monitor
,
default.
0.0.0.0.
,
, , ,
.
. ( )
.

. ,
, ,
. ,
;
I.
FreeBSD .
, . ,
1 !
: .
, net host. ,
route
.
/etc/networks, "
route ,
, . ,
128.138.243.0 ,
, route
128.138 240.0.
route , net.
, .
/etc/networks
, /etc/hosts IP-.
, , ,
/etc/networks ( DNS).

13. TCP/IP

325


Ljjj

route delete
. route -f
. add, ,
.
BSD- route -f
route flush, net host -net -host.
Red Hat -net -host, route flush
. , Red Hat
.

netstat -nr. 20.4.

,
,
.
:
route add default IP-
IP- ,
. {. 13.13).
13.13.

Solaris
HP-UX

Red Hat

FreeBSD

/etc/defaultrouter
/etc/rc.config.d/netconf
/etc/sysconflg/network
/etc/rc.conf

ROUTE GATEWAY [ 0 ]
GATEWAY, GATEWAY DEV

defauitrouter

,
IP- .
. /etc/hosts.
D N S
DNS-,
: /etc/resolv.eonf (
" " ( ).
/etc/resolv.conf DNS-, .\
(, "anchor" anchor.cs.colorado.edu). IP- , .
;
16.8.
search cs.colorado.edu colorado.edu
nameserver
128.130.242.1
nameserver
126.138.243.151
nameserver
192.108.21.1

321

II.

 ,
.
nameserver. . -
, , ,
.
search domain.
, resolv.eonf,
. domain search
, .
D N S ,
resolv.eonf.
" ", ,
IP-.
18.3,
,
.
'' " ,
DNS, N1S ( NIS+)
/etc/hosts.
. DNS.
,
IP- /etc/hosts.
. 13.14 ,
.
13.14. " "

Solaris
HP-UX

/elc/nsswitch.coof
/etc/nsswitch.conf

-S [NOTFOUND=returnJ f i l e s
dns [NOTFOUPJD^return] is
[NoTFOUNDreturn] f ^ I e s
Red Hal
/etc/nsswitch.conf1
do f i l e s n i s p l u s dns
/elc/host.conf
hosts, bind
FreeBSD
/etc/host.conr
hoses, bind
1,
BIND nsswitdbconf. 1>5, host.conf.

Solans , .
hosts Solaris 7: Solaris 8
i p n o d e s .
IP-.
Solaris HP-UX [NOTFOUND=return],
, , .
.
,
. SUCCESS,

13. TCP/IP

327

UNAVAIL TRYAGAIN,
c o n t i n u e .

return

Solaris - UX /etc
; Hsswitch.*. HP-UX
nsswitch.hp_defaulis.

13.11.
/etc/re ( /etc/rc.local) ifconfig route. ,
,
.

.
, , , -
, , ifconfig route
,
.

, . , ,
"", UNIX '" ,
,
.
2
.
, .
;
.
.
UNIX- " ".
, (
), , ,
. . 13.15 ,
IP-
.
. , ,
, .
: /etc/hosts
/etc/resolv.conf. .
" " (. . 13.14).

.
:

DHCP-;

,
NAT;

323
II.

;
.

13.15.

Solaris

1--

/etc/reeolv.conf

DNS-

/ e t c / h o s t n a m e .

//.

D H C P

/etc/nodename

/etc/deraultrouter

/etc/"nel/netmasks

/etc/inet/boets

/elc/loet/ipnodes1

HP-UX

/etc/rc.config.d/netconf

Red

/etc/syscoafig/netwark

, ,

networic-scnpts/ifcfg 1

IP-, ,

/etc/rc.conf

Hat

FreeBSD
1

/etc/bosU

/etc/hosts

/etc/hosts

Solaris 8

Solaris 8 / e t c / f n e t / l p n o d e s / e t c / h o s t s .
IPv4, IPv6. / e t c / h o s t s
.
/ctc/sysconfig.

13.12. Solaris
Solaris .
,
. 1- :
,
IP- ,
Solaris, , SunOS.
Solaris 6 .
.

Solaris /etc.
/etc/inct
,
/etc/inet. /etc.
/etc/nodename.
.

13. TCP/IP

329

 ,
. nodename
, MOOT NIS+.
NIS+ J 8.4.

Pt

/etc/defaultdomain ,
DNS.
NIS N I S + . DNS- /etc/resolv.conf.
Solans etc nss witch, conf ,
/etc/hosts, NIS. NIS+ DNS
. hosts,
DNS, ,
. nsswitch.coiif
:
hosts:

files

dns

Solaris IP-
/etc/hostname./. ( 1 0 .
smcO. hmeO ..).
( Solaris), hosts, IP- (
!. , ,
ifconfig, IP-,
.
ifconfig. .
hostname,
D H C P R.ARP*
Solaris
netmask+ broadcast+ ifconlig. + ,
/etc/iietmasks . /etc/netmasks"
,
,
<. ). netmasks.
#
#

4
128.138 . .
#
128.138.192.64

255.255.255.192

255.255.255.192

# drag

128_138.192.192

255.255.255.192

128.138.193.0
128.138.193.32
128.138.198.0

255.255.255.224
255.255.255.224
255.255.255.192

csops

berg
4 oaLabase
slip

Solaris
ifconfig plumb ,
.
Solaris 7 -, netmasks, ;
.

325

II

 /26 128.138.0.0
. .
, , .
, , netmasks
.
.

, .
Solaris ifconfig
(, ).

:

/etc/init.d/rootusr;

/ete/init.d/inelinit;

/etc/init.d/sysid.net:

/etc/init.d/fnetsvc
/etc/dcfaultrouter, ,
( IP-) ,
. ,
IP-; .
/etc/hosts DNS .
, Solaris routed
.
, /etc/gateways,
routed
.
/etc/notrouter, routed
"" . , "", routed
"" "


Solaris ;

i f c o n f i g hmaO p l u m b

ifconfig hmeO 192.108.21.48 netmask 255.255.255.0 up

f route add default 192.10B.21.254
,
. ,
sudo, . route
Solaris FreeBSD, :
get
.
% ifconfig -
10: flags=B4 9<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING,MULTICAST mtu 22
routed
, routed -q, ,
. -q .
, - routed .

13. TCP/IP

331

m e t 1 2 7 , 0 . 0 . 1 n e t m a s k ffOOOOOO
hmeO:flagfl-B63<UP,BROADCAST,NOTRAILERS,RUNNING,MULTICAST? m t u 1 5 0 0
m a t 192.108.21.48 netmask f f f f f f O D broadcast 192.108.21-255
%

sudo ifconfig hmaO

hmeO;flags-863<UF,BROADCAST,NOTRAILERS,RUNNING,MULTICAST mtu 1500
i n e t 192.108.21.48 netmask ffffffOO broadcast 192.108.21.255
ether
8:0:20;T9:4f:49

: ifconfig , ,
, .
% netstat -nr
Destination

Gateway

Flags

Ref

Use

Interface

192.108.21.0
224.0.0.0
default
12">. 0 . 0 . 1

1 9 2 . 1 0 8 . , 2 1 .. 4 8
1 9 2 . 1 0 8 . . 2 1 .. 4 8
1 9 2 . L O B .. 2 1 .. 2 5 4
1 2 7 . 0 . 0 .. 0

UG
UH

3
3
0
0

244
0
459
29

hmeO
hmeO

u d o route g a t a n c h o r . c s . c o l o r a d o . e d u
route to:
anchor.cs.Colorado.EDU
destination:
default
mask:
default
gateway:
xor-gw2
i n t e r f a c e : hmeO
flags:
<UP,GATEWAY,DONE,STATIC
recvpipe
sendpipe
ssthr
rtt.msec
rttvar

C
O

loD

hopct

mtu
1500

expire
0

D H C P
Solaris DHCP-.

:
Ifconfig

dhcp

, !
dhcpagent DHCP
. Ifconfig ,
, -,
.
DHCP-, :
Ifconfig

drop

, , ,
DHCP .
.
/etc/dhcp. , ifconfig.
/etc/hostnanie.uwfleptfjebc - ,
. ,
DHCP. hostname.

' >332

II.

,
, DHCP.
dhcpinfo ,
DHCP. /1//.\}.
.
dhcpagem DHCP.

, .
, DHCP-,
, .
dhcpagent , DHCP-
( , , ..),
.
/etc/dhcp.
/etc/rc.*.
route, resolv.conf ..

dhcpagent Syslog (
"daemon", "err"),-
/dev/console. (
, ..) , - IN.
N 1, ;
.
dhcpagent USR1 (
kill),

/etc/dhcp.
.dhc , dhcpagent
: .

ndd Solaris
. , "''
.
,
.
ndd. , ,
Ethernet-: 10 / 100 /.
Solaris . HP-UX,
. ,
-, :
ndd [ - s e t ] ? I []
? ( : \ ? )
ndd ,
. ,
, \ -set ,
.

13. TCP/IP

333

 ,
; .
(, ip hmc> , (tcp
udp) . odd
:
" c o u l d n ' t push module

"ip",

No

such

device

or address"

. 13.16 ,
ndd.
13.16. , ndd Salons

/dev/tcp

TCP

tcp

/dev/udp

UDP

Udp-

/dev/fp

IP

/dev/icmp

ICMP

ip_*
icmp_*

/dev/rawip

, /dev/icmp

lcmp *

/dev/

ARP

arp_*

/dev/hme

Ethernet

Ethernet-
10 /, 100 /.
,
. ,
(Todd Williams)
Ei he met- ndd
#: / b m / s h
['ndd /dev/hme l i n k s t a t u s ' - e a 1]
STATUS-UP | | STATUS-DOWN
['ndd /dev/hme l i n k s p e e d 1 - e q 11
S P E E D = 1 0 0 | | SPEED=10
[ ' n d d / d e v / h m e l i n k _ m c d e ' - e q LI bS MODE-FULL 11 MODE=HALF
e c h o " e t h e r n e t i s S{STATUS}, c u n n i n g S ' S F E E D } M b p s S'MODEl d u p l e x "

:
ethernet

- s UP,

running

10

Mbps

HALP d u p l e x

, :

l i n k _ s t a t u s = 1. , 0 ;

l i n k s p e e d = I, 100. 0 10;

li.nk_iTOde = 1. .
,
.
,
10 /,
100 /:
#!/bin/sh
ndd - s e t /dev/hme i n s t a n c e
ndd - s e t /dev/hme adv a u t o n e g cap
nod - s e t /dev/hme a d v _ l 0 0 f d x _ c a p

334

0
0
0

II

ndd - /dev/hme adv_lOOhdx_cap

ndd -set /dev/hme advlOfdxcap
ndd -set /dev/hme adv_10hdx_cap

0
0
1

ndd
ndd
ndd
ndd
ndd
naa

1
D
0

-set
-set
-set
-set
-sec
-set

/dev/hmfe
/dev/hme
/dev/hme
/dev/hme
/dev/hme
/dev/hme

instance
adv_autoneg_cap
adv_100fdx_cap
adv_100hdx_cap
adv_10fdx_cap
advlOhcLxcap

,
,
.
HP-UX, ndd
-I ( ), ,
,
. , Solaris.
, , N A T
. 13.17 , Solaris ,
13.9. ndd.
13.17. , ,
Solaris

IP

ICMP-

piiig-

,

^^
ip forwaraing: 0 . 1

,
TTL
ip_forward_src_rauted:
ip_respond_to_echo_broadcast:
ipforward directed broadcasts:

, UNIX- (
NT-) NAT;
, Cisco PIX.
Solaris ,
1-.
Solaris 1 pfmod,
STREAMS- . Sun
Solaris,

IP-
N A T Solaris. IPFUter.
,
SPARC Intel. :
htt :// heops.anu.edu.au/~avalon/ip-n her. html

13. TCP/IP

335

 ipf ipnat, ,
13.15.
Firewall-1 Checkpoint Solan's
, IPFilter.
, , , Web-, Web-.

Solaris "" ,

(, ).
Solaris,
.
:
#

pkginfo

grop

, :
system SUNWapppr PPP/IP Async daemon c o n f i g f i l e s
system SUNWapppu PPP/IP Async PPP daemon, l o g i n s e r v i c e
system SUNWpppk. PPP/IP and I P d i a l u p Device D r i v e r s
, . man-,
pkgadd. . 13.18 , Solaris.
13.18. , Solaris

/etc/knit.d/asppp

/usr/sbin/aspppd

, -

/etc/asppp.cf

/var/adm/log/asppp.log

/tmp/.asppp.fifo

aspppd -

/usr/sbin/aspppls

-, aspppd, ,
/etc/log/asppp.log. .
grep strings
, ,
/var/adm. /etc.
, U U C P , (!)
- Solaris UUCP
- .
. - ,

336

II

 Systems, Dialers Devices

/etc/uucp
, .
, 30,
.

UUCP-, /etc/asppp-.
IP- Systems.
/etc/asppp.cf,
ppphub (192.225.32.1), mybost (192.225.32.2):
#
ifconfig

IP-
ipaptpO plumb 1 9 2 . 2 2 5 . 3 2 . 2 1 9 2 . 2 2 5 . 3 2 . 1

up

ff
i n t e r f a c e ipaptpO
p e e r _ s y s t e m _ n a m e ppphub # , S y s t e m s
i n a c t i v i n y _ t i m e o u t 600
-,

10

- :
# / a t c / i n i t d/aappp s t a r t
, .
init. (
/var/adm/log/asppp.log).
ssh ftp.

Solaris ifconfig: /sbin.
/usr/sbin.
I -:
/etc/hosts, DNS.

/etc/nsswitch.conf: "" .
/sbin/ifconfig , ,
/etc/hosts
DNS- .
Ifconfig -
, : root .
. IP-
-.
Solaris -
ifconfig. , .

13.13. HP-UX
HP-UX
.
/etc/rc.config.d/neteonf. (
re.config.d)
; /sbin/rc

13. TCP/IP

337

netconf , ,
.

, netconf,
:
HOSTNAME
INTERFACE_NAME[0]
I P ADDRESS[0|
SUBNET MASK[0]

:
HoSTNAME="cf i s a s t e r
INTERFACE_NAME [G] = l a r i O
IF_ADDRSS[0]=192.108.21.99
SUBNETMASK[0]=255.255.255.0

1.
NET CARDS. 2.
netconf , .
, .
R0UTE_DESTINAT10N[C]=default
ROUTE^MASK [ 0 ] *="*'
ROUTE_GATEWAY 0 ] = 1 9 2 . 1 0 8 . 2 1 . 2 5 4
ROUTE_COUNT[Oj=l

ROUTE_MASK ,
, .
ROUT_COUNT 0,
, 1,
. RUTE_* [] >. 2\ ..
route. , ROUTE_DESTINATION
default, , net , host .
HP-UX gated, routed.
GATED I, GATED_ARG3
, .
14.
-, (man routing).
netconf .
IP-. ,
/etc/hosts.
/etc/hosts .

, .
Ian scan,
. ifconfig - ,
ifconfig .

6
I).

 "lan" "snap". "lan"

Ethernet, "snap" IEEE 802.3.
1, l a n l ..
HP-UX. Solaris,
, ileonfig
IP-.
SAM ,
,
.

, :
ifconfig

If
#

route

lan0

add

192.106.21.99

netmaok

default 192.10B.21.254

OxffffffOO

1*

lanscan ,
, . lanscan -v
. . MAC
ETHER , 1 0 ,
snapO. ifconlig , .
%

lanscan

Hardware
Path

Station
Address

Crd
In#

B/0/20/0

0x001...

ifconfig

lanO:

UP

Net-Int
NaraePPA

NM
ID

lanO snapO

MAC
Type

ETHER

flags=843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>

ifconfig

ifconfig:

HP-DLPI
Support
Yes

DLPI
Mjrt
130

lanO

netmask
%

Haw
State

ffffffOO

broadcast

inet 192.108.21.99

192.108.23.255

snapO
no

such

interface

netsiai -i ,
netstat -nr :
%

net*tat

-i

Name

Mtu

lanO

1500

192.108.21. 0

Add_ess
d i s a s t e r .x o r . c o m

loO

4136

12").0.0.0

l o c a l h o s t - x o r -com

Network

Ipkts
6047

opkts
3646

231

231

% netstat -nr
Routing

rubles

Dest/Netmask
127.0
0.1

Gateway

192.108
21.99
192.108.21.0
127 0 0 . 0

21.99
192.108.21 .99

UH
U

127.0.0.1
192.108.21 .254

UG

default

127.0.0
192.108

Flags
UH

Refs

Use

Int

Pmtu

231

loO
iar

4136

lanO

1500

loO
lanO

4136

4136

1500

HP-UX II ; 0, Fie
. .

13. TCP/IP

339

 lanadmin
. . ,
.
l a n 0:
% lan&dmln
LOCAL AREA NETWORK ONLINE ADMINISTRATION, V e r s i o n
C o p y r i g h t 1994 H e w l e t t P a c k a r d Company.
All rights are reserved.
Test Selection
lan
=
menu
quit
terse
verbose
=

1.0

mode.
LAN I n t e r f a c e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n
D i s p l a y t h i s menu
Terminate the Administration
D o n o t d i s p l a y command menu
D i s p l a y command m e n u

E n t e r command; l a n
LAN I n t e r f a c e t e s t m o d e . LAN i n t e r f a c e PPA N u m b e r
clear
- Clear s t a t i s t i c s registers
display
* = D i s p l a y LAN I n t e r f a c e s t a t u s / s t a t i s t i c s
end
- E n d LAN I n t e r f a c e A d m i n . , g o u p I l e v e l
menu
- D i s p l a y t h i s menu
ppa
= PPA N u m b e r o f t h e LAN I n t e r f a c e
quit.
- T e r m i n a t e t h e Admin, r e t u r n t o s h e l l
reset
= R e s e t LAN I n t e r f a c e , e x e c u t e s e l f t e s t
specific
= G o t o D r i v e r s p e c i f i c menu
Enter

command:

display
LAN INTERFACE STATUS DISPLAY
T h u , Mar 2 , 2 0 0 0
00:41:24

PPA N u m b e r
Description
Rev 0.
Type ( v a l u e )
MTU S i z e
Speed
Station Address
Administration Status
(value)
Operation Status
(value)
Inbound
Inbound

Unicast Packets
Non-Unicast Packets

I n b o u n d Unknown P r o t o c o l s
Outbound O c t e t s
Outbound Unicast Packets

=
l a n O HP 1 0 / 1 0 0 TX H a l f - D u p l e x Hw
ethernet-csmacd(6)
1500
10

up (1)

up(l)
4204
5594
= 501
= 4 5 4 9 0 3
= 36D3

Deferred Transmissions
Late Collisions
Excessive Collisions

, ,
3 ( , ). . lan

340

II.

display, ,
clear ( ) reset ( ),
, .
D H C P
,
DHCP
/etc/rc.conflg.d/netconf.
DHCP_ENABLE; [0] , [1]
.. ,
DHCP_ENABLE[0]-1

DHCP.
-, DHCP-, . 0,
DHCP ;
netconf. DHCP ENABLE , ,
1.
/sbin/auto_parms
DHCP- dhcpdb2conf DHCP, autojparms, netconf.
.
HP-UX DHCP-
bootpd, dlicptools
DHCP , ,
. ,
dlicptools .
/tmp,
"dhcp".
DHCP
SAM. , HP-UX
DHCP- . , HP-UX
DHCP-.

Solaris, ndd
( 100). ,
ndd " ". , /etc/rc.config.d/nddconf,
.
-h ( ) .
ndd -h .
, ,
, ,
. :
% ndd -h | grop aourcs
ip_forward_src_routed
%

ndd

Controls

forwarding

of

source

routec

packets

-h i p _ _ r o r * a r d _ r c _ r o u t e d

13. TCP/IP

341

ip_f orward_src_couted:
Set to 1 to forward source-routed packets; set to 0 to
d i s a b l e f o r w a r d i n g . I f d i s a b l e d , a n I CMP D e s t i n a t i o n
Unreachable message is sent to the sender of sourcer o u t e d p a c k e t s needing to be forwarded. 10,1] D e f a u l t : 1

ndd. HP-UX (.00)

. (, ,
, ndd
.)
i p _ f o r w a r d _ s r c _ r o u t e d , -get -set:
% ndd - g e t / d a v / i p i p f o r w a r d s r c r o u t e d
1
% sudo ndd - s e t / d e v / i p i p _ f o r w a r d _ r c _ r o u t e d 0
% ndd - g e t / d e v / i p i p _ f o r w a x d _ a r c _ r o u t e d
0

nddconf:

t
TRANSPORT N A M E [ 0 ] = i p
NDD_NAME[0]-ip_forwardsrcr
NDD_VALUE[0]=0

outed

nddconf , ,
1. 0. , 10
.
, , N A T
. 13.19 , HP-UX ,

13.9.
ndd
13.19. , , HP-UX

,, ndd

IP-

ip f o r w a r d i n g : 0 . 1 -

ICMP-

ip

forward_src

ping-

ip

forward

, 2

routed: 0

directed

broadcasts: 0

, 1.
HP-UX IP-,
- (. ). NAT
. , (Darren Reed) IPFilter HP-UX.

342

II *

 inetd HP-UX
TCP.
/var/adm/ine Id .see 21.7.
, Cisco PIX. . UNIX-
. , HP-UX
,
http://peopIe.hp.se/stevesk/bastionl 1 .html
, ,
, HP-UX 11.00. "" . "",
HP-UX,
Internet. , Web-,
?

HP-UX - Morning Star, tun
IP-. HP-UX . Solaris.
HoneyDanBer UUCP, Solaris ,
HP-UX !
.
. 13.20 ,
, Solaris.
13.20. , HP-UX

/elc//Auth

/etc/ppp/Dcvices

()

/etc/ppp/Dialers

/etc/ppp/Filter

/etc/ppp/Keys

/etc/ppp/Systems

/etc/ppp/Autostart

pppd

/iLsr/bin/pppd

man-cTpamiuhi, , ,
:
"", . , man Systems
, man ppp.Systems
Systems, .
/tc/ppp
. Systems, v:

13. TCP/IP

343

 , - ppp.Systems:
# Examples of e n t r i e s t h a t we use at Morning S t a r Technologies
#
t r o u g h Any ACU 1 9 2 0 0 - P E P 5 5 5 1 2 1 2 o g l n : o g i n : P r e m o r a s s w o r a : \ q k j L J H I u D
# m a n a t e e Any ACU 3 6 4 0 0 5 5 5 2 4 6 6 o g i n : o g i n : P r e m o r a s s w o r d : \qd7DW3KiZ

/etc/ppp/examples ,
.
HP-UX, UUCP-
, ,
,
. /elc/ppp/Autostart,
pppd .
Autostart.ex, .
/sbln/rc2.d
Autostart .

HP-UX ,
8 . , UUCP /etc/rc.conlig.d/NODENAME, 8 .

13.14. Red Hat

Red Hat
/etc/sysconfig /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts.
DHCP , IP-.
, TCP
.

/etc/syscon fig/network.
DNS- . ,
network , Ethernet-
IP- :
NETWORKING-yes
FORWARD_IPV 4 = f a l s e
HOSTNAME=redhat.xor.com
DQMAINNAME-xor.com
GATEWAY-192.108.21.254
GATEWAYDEV=ethO

/etc/hostname.
, ,
.
, ,
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-wiwiep^euc,

344

II.

 . IP-, ,
.
, ,
, .
Ethernet- (ethO)
(1).
ifcfg-ethO ifcfg-loO redhat.xor.com,
network:
DEVICE~ethO
IPADDR-l92.1OB.21.73
NETMASK=-255.255-255.0
NETW0RK=192.108.21.0
BROADCAST^l92.108-21.255
ONBOOT-yes

DEVICE-lO
IPADDR-127.0.0-1
NETMASK=255.0.0.0
NETW0RK=127.0.0.0
BROADCAST=127.255.255.255
ONBOOT-yes

Red Hat ,
. /sbin/ifup /sbin/ifdown

. /etc/syseonfig
/sbin/ifdown
/sbin/lfup . ,
.
, /etc/rc.d/init.d/network, start, slop,
restart status.
start.
.
, /etc/sysconfig/static-routes,
.
route add.
echO
ethl

ret
ret

130.225.204.48 netmask 255.255.255.248 gw 130.225.204.49

192.38.8.0 netmask 255.255.255.224 gw 192.38.8.129

, route:
( n e t h o s t ) , , , ,
. gw . Linux m e t r i c route,
,
.
Red Hat 5.1 linuxconf.
,
, .

13. TCP/IP

345



. , up
ifconfig , gw
route :
# ifconfig ethO 192.10. 21.73 netmaak 255.255.255.0
I route add default gw 192.108.21.254 ethO
ifconfig is Red Hal ,
, :
3 /sbin/ifconfig
ethO

Link encap:Ethernet
HWaddr O 0 : C 0 : F 0 : l F : 5 7 : 6 1
m e t addr; 192.108.21.73 Beasc: 192.108 .21.255
Mask:2b5:255:255:0
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST
MTU:1500 M e t r i c : 1
RX pkts:248725 e r r o r s : 0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX pkts:5219 errors:24 dropped:0 overruns:0 c a r r i e r : 2 0
collisions:1280
txqueueien:100
I n t e r r u p t : 1 Base addr 0x6500
lo
Link e c n a p : L o c a l Loopback
inet addr:127.0.0.1
Mask:255.0.0.0
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST
MTU:3924 M e t c i c : l
RX pkts:44 e r r o r s : 0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX pkts:44 e r r o r s : droppea:0 overruns:0 c a r r i e r : 0
collisions:0
txqueueien:100

Ethemei- 1280,
24,5% . ,
.
\ .
, netstat -nr
, netstat -i
:
% netstat -nr
Kernel IP routing t a o l e
Destination
Gateway
192.108.21.73 0.0.0.0
192.108.21.0
0.0.0.0
127.0.0.0
0.0.0.0
.0.0.0
19B.I08.21.254

Genraask
F l a g s MSS Window
2 6 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 UH
0
0
2 5 5 . 2 5 5 .. 2 5 5 . 0
U
0
0
2 5 5 . 0 . 0 .0
U
0
0
0.0.0.0
UG
0
0

i r t t Iface
0
ethO
0
ethO
0
lo
0
ethO

% netstat -i
Kernel

Interface

I f a c e MTU
MeL
ethO
1500
0
lo
3924
0

table
OK
251684
44

Receive
ERR DRP
0
0
0
0

OVR
0
0

OK
5710
44

-TransmitERR
DRP
24
0
0
0

OVR
0
0

fig
BRU
LRL'

netstat -i
, , ,
.

II.

DHCP

Red Hal DHCP- dhcpd DHCP-:

pnmp dhcpcd ( -. bootpd). ,
ISC (www.isc.org). ,
. DHCP- Red Hat ,
,
. lSC- 13.15.
pump DHCP- Red Hat.
/etc/sysconfig/neiworkscripts/ifcf%-UHtnep<fieuc. , e t h O D H C P ,
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifefg-ethQ, IP-,

BOOTPRoTO=dhcp
pump
e t h O ,

# -1 ithO
pump :
I pump - -1 othO
dhcpcd, pump,
. , Red Hat
, .
/etc/dhcpc.

Linux ,
.
, Linux ""
/.
/proc/sys/net/ipv4.
;
%

cd

/proc/eya/net/ipv4;

la

-F

conf/
icmp_destunreach_rate
icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts
icmp_ignore_bogus_error_respons
i cmp_timeexceed_rate
ip_always_de f rag
ip_de f a u 1 t _ t 1 1
ip_forward
i p j m a s k debu g
ipfrag_high thresh
ipfrag_time
route/
tcpkeepaliveprobes

13. TCP/IP

es

icmp_echo_ignore_al1
i cmp_e chorep1y_r a t e
lcmp_paramprob_rate
icrap_max_memberships
ipautoconfig
ip_dynaddr
ip_local_port_range
i p n o _ p m tu _d i sc
ipfrag_low_thresh
neigh/
t c p f i n_tinieou t
tcp keepalivetime

347

tcp_max_ka_p r o b e s
tcp_retrans_collapse
tcp_retnes2
tcpsack
tcp_syn__re t r i e s
tcp_timestamps

tcp_max_syn_backlog
tcp retriesi
tcp_rfcl337
tcp_stdurg
tcp_syncookies
tcp_window_scaling

, "rate"
"max", " "
conf ,
. all defaults,
( )
:
% i s -F
accept_redirects
forwarding
proxy_arp
send r e d i r e c t s

accept_source_route
log_raarcians
rp_filter
shared_meaia

bootp_relay
mc_forwarding
secure_redirects

, all, . , ,
ethO, .
defaults
.
, cat. echo,
. ,
%

cat

icmp_echo__ignore_broadcaate

, i c m p _ e c h o _ i g n o r e _ b r o a d c a s t s 0, .. ping- .
1 "smurf').

sudo

ceh

"echo

>

icnip

echo_ignore_broadcaets"

/usr/src/linux/Doeumentation/proc.txt, SuSE Linux,

/. ,
, , .
, , N A T
. 13.21 , Red Hat ,
.
13.9.

sudo echo 1 > icmp echo ignorc broadcasts,

"permission denied" ( ). sudo. ,
echo,
. ,
(, .

343

II

 13.21. , , Linux

( /proc/sys/ne*J

[-

lpv4/ip_forward
lpv4/conf/uKme/>^uc/forwarding
1

ICMP-

\/1//1_-

-
ping-

dlrects

ipv4/conf/uwe/j^ewc/*ceep{_sonrcejroute
ipv4/ip_eehoJgnore_broadcasla

all.
(,
),
echo ,
.
Red Hat IP-.
UNIX ( Windows NT)
,
.
, ,
,
(, Cisco PIX).
ipchains.
Linux- , ,
, "",
. 21 ,
,
. , ,
, . ( 21.9 , .
, ,
.)
ipchains ""
, .
, , , . , .
.
: i n p u t , o u t p u t f o r w a r d .
. , , .
f o r w a r d ,
. i n p u t
, . , o u t p u t ,

13. TCP/IP

349

 .
,
.
ACCEPT. DENY. REJECT. MASQ.
REDIRECT RETURN. ACCEPT
. DENY REJECT ,
"" ,
iCMP- .
t4ASQ IP- ( Linux
NAT)". ,
FORWARD_LPV4 network t r u e
cONFIG_IP_MASQUERADE.
REDIRECT -.
,
CONFTG_IP_TP.ANSPARENT_PP.OXY. , Web- ,
Squid. RETURN .
Red Hal
ipchains, rc.firewall.
ipchains. , :
ipchains

ipchains

-F

- _ -i

-j

.
. -i -j
. ipchains (. 13.22).
13.22. Ipchoins

~
: tcp, icrop
IP- (
-s
CIDR)
-d

IP-
(
s p o r t
)
-dport (
)
~ i c m p _ t y p e
ICMP- (
)
Syslog ( "kernel",
"info")
TCP-
( )

, Red Hal NAT,

PAT (Port Address Translation ).
, NAT,
- .
,
"NAT".

350

II.

 . ,
Internet, e t h O .

,
( NAT).
o u t p u t , ,
Internet.
ipchains
ipchains
ipchains
ipchains
ipchains

-A
-A
-A
-A
-A

I n p u t - i l o - j ACCEPT
i n p u t - i e t h O - j ACCEPT
i n p u t - i p p p O - s 1 9 2 . 1 6 8 . Q . G / 1 6 - j DENY
i n p u t - i p p p O - 8 1 7 2 . 1 6 . 0 . 0 / 1 2 - j DENY
i n p u t - i pppO - s 1 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 / 8
DENY

Internet telnet ( 23),

SSH ( 25 22 ), :
i p c h a i n 3 - A I n p u t - i
i p c h a i n s - A i n p u t - i pppO
i p c h a i n s - A i n p u t - i pppO

- tcp dport 23 -j
-p tcp dport 23 -j
-p tcp dport 23 -j

DENY
ACCEPT
ACCEPT

i n p u t , ,
. ,
Internet, -1
DENY, ,
:
ipchains

-A

input

-i

-j

DENY

-1

, IP- ( NAT),
, 192.168.1.0/24:"
ipchains

-A

forward -i

-s

192.168.1.0/24

-d

192.168.1.0/24

D MASQ

,
, ( 1
). , ,
.
Linux ,
NAT, Internet Linux IP-
,
.
, ipchains
,
NAT . , ipchains,
www.vviley.com/compbooks/sonnenreich.
, ipchains Linux
2.2 .

?
f o r w a r d , i n p u t .

13. TCP/IP

351


Red Hat ,
FreeBSD ( , ),
.
, 13.15.

, Linux
TOS (Type of Service ) IP
, ( ). ! , Microsoft
, .
, Windows 95, 98, NT 2000,
. UNIX-
Linux- ,
UNIX, Windows, Windows- .
UNIX- .
TOS
Linux. "IP: use TOS value
as routing key".
IP- ( NAT),
, ,
.
,
,
.
Linux -
. .

13.15. FreeBSD
FreeBSD
: ( NAT),
, T/TCP (
Web- ) .
/etc/rc.conf.
/etc/defaults/rc.conf,
.
/etc/rc.conf.local, ,
.
shell-,
.
, ,
. /etc/defaults/.
. /etc/rc.conf ,
, , ,
FreeBSD. rc.conf.local ,

352

II.

. ,
rc.conf.
/etc/defaults/rc.conf . ,
,
, ,
,
FreeBSD 3.4 40 ,
( 13),
IPv6.

, rc.conf,
,
/etc/defaults/rc.conf:
ho a t " 1_
ifconfig_xxx="inet
IP-"
defaultrouter"umB3"

# !
#
#

n e c w o r k _ i n t e r f a c e s a u t o ,
.

( ). :
n e t w o r k _ i n t e r a c e e - " l o O "
s t a t i c _ r o u t e s :
s t a t i c _ r o u t e e - " b a c k l a n 212"
I
route_backlan-"-net 10.0.2.0 132.236.212.2"
r o u t e _ 2 1 2 - " - n e t 132.236.212.64 -netmaak 255.255.255.192 132.236.212.6
s t a t i c _ r o u t e s
. ,
route_iom, route add
. ,
, routed gated. (
N1S .)

Ethernet-
, :
ifconfig inet 192.108.21.11 netmaak OxffffffOO
route add default 192.106.21.254
:
route add -net 0.0.. 192.106.21.254
route, FreeBSD
, (-net
-host), .

13. TCP/IP

353

 ifconfig netstat -nr

:
% ifconfig
xlO:

l a g s = 8 8 4 3 < U P , B R O A D C A S T , R U N N I N G , S I M P L E X , MULTICAST>mtu 15QD

inet 192.108.21.11 netmask OxffffffDG broadcast 192.108.21.255
ether
00;60:97:9b:69;9a

media: 10baseT/UTP < h a l f - d u p l e x >

s u p p o r t e d m e d i a : a u t o s e l e c t lOObaseTX < f u l l - d u p l e x > lOObaseTX
< h a l f - d u p l e x > lOObaseTX LObaseT/UTP < f u l l ~ d u p l e x > lObaseT/UTP
lObaseT/UTP < h a l f - d u p l e x >

% netntat -nr
Routing t a b l e s
Internet:
Destination
default
127.0.D.1
192.108.21
192.108.21.1
192.108.21.246
192.108.21.254

Gateway
192.10B.21.254
127.0.0.1
linkl
8:0:20:77:5e:a0
0:3C:f2:f:48:0
C: 0 : c 11: 8 2 : 8 1

Flags
UGSc
UH
UC
UHLW
UHLW
UHLW

Rels
0
0
0
2
0
1

Use
18
3
0
2586
0
0

Netif
xlO
loO
xlO
XlO
xlO
xlo

Exp

1160
303
1126

netstat -nr ,
( )
. ,
.

. ,
ARP-.
, 4.4B5D , FreeBSD
. , FreeBSD
(,
MTU TCP-), .

, .
, .
S ,
, .
FreeBSD 4.0.
IPv4, IPv6.
ifconfig:
% ifconfig fxpl
fxpl:

flags=8943<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST>mtu 1500
m e t 135.197.1.116 netmask OxffffffOO broadcast 135.197.1.255
i n e t 6 E e B O : : 2 0 8 : c 7 f : f e 8 9 : 4 f 0 3 % f x p l p r e f i x l e n 6 4 s c o p e i d 0x2
ether
00:08:c7:89:4f:03
m e d i a : a u t o s e l e c t (lOObaseTX < h a l f ~ d u p l e x > ) s t a t u s : a c t i v e
s u p p o r t e d m e d i a ; a u t o s e l e c t l O O b a s e T X < u l l - d u p l e x > lOObaseTX
lObaseT/UTP < f u l l - d u p l e x > lObaseT/UTP

' >354

II.

DHCP

FreeBSD D H C P - ISC. rc.conf. / e t e / d e faults/rc.conf :

dhcpjprograrr.-'Vsbin/dhclient"

I DHCP-

dhcpflags^""

, ;
, dhclient
. D H C P
, /etc/rc.conf:
i f c o n f i g _ j w i ' e p $ e # c - " DHCP"

# DHCP

dhclient
, /etc/dhclient.eonf.
IP- ,
, ..
dhclient.conf , B I N D D H C P ISC. ,
. ,
, .
dhclient
dhclient.leases, /var/run/dhclient.pid.

FreeBSD
syscll ,
65- .
- sysctl(3).
sysctl - .
, ,
"net". . sysctl - |
grep net.
,
sysctl. ,
, IP-;
%

sysctl net.inet.ip.forwarding

net.inet.ip.forwarding:

1 . ,
-w :
% sudo s y s c t l -v net. inet. ip. fforwarding=0

n e t . i n e t . i p . f o r w a r d i n g : 1 -> 0
IP-

13. TCP/IP

355

, , N A T
. 13.23 , FreeBSD ,
.
13.9. ,
,
/etc/rc., sysct).
13.23. , ,
FreeBSD

IP-

ICMP-

plng-

rc.conf
gateway e n a b l e

lemp d r o p r e f i x r e c t l

forward sourceroute
acceptaourceroute
icmp brr.caatecho

l c m p _ l o g _ r e d l r e c t ,
1-.
, UNIX
( Windows NT), , ,
.
, Cisco PIX.
U N I X
, ,
"". ,
FreeBSD: Ipfw IPFilier.
Ipfw " " ,
Internet-, -,
. ""
TCP-, .
, Web-
FTP-, .
- dummynet.
ipfw ,
Cisco. N A T Ipfw, natd /sbin.
ipchains Linux, ipfw
. , shell-,
ipfw. ,
. deO , a e d l
. .
, . ,
, ,
.
# i p f w FreeBSD
I
ipfw -f flush

' >356

II.

 DHCP- g w . e y a n c k . n e t
i p f w add 500 a l l o w i p from 1 2 8 . 1 3 8 . 1 2 9 . 1 3 6 t o
i p f w add 510 a l l o w i p f r o m 2 0 9 . 1 8 0 . 2 5 1 . 5 8 t o any
SSH
I p f w add 600 a l l o w t c p from any to any 22 v i a deO
i p f w add 605 a l l o w t c p from any 22 to any in v i a deO
t ARP-
i p f w add 1000 a l l o w udp from 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 2054 t o 0 . 0 . 0 . 0
DNS-.
Web-, DHCP- U DP-
traceroute Quake ( ).
. " " ,
DNS-
. .
IPFilter, ,
, UNCX.
ipf, ,
ipfstat. , ipnat, NAT, .

http://coornbs.anu.edu.au/~avaIon/ip-filier.htrnl
,
:
o p t i o n IPFILTER
o p t i o n IPFILTERLOG
IP Filler
NAT, ipchains Red Hat.
- ipf(l) ipf(S)
.
ipf ( /elc/ipf.rules),
:

in l o u t

[quick]

...

:
p a s s ;

b l o c k ;
l o g Syslog;

c o u n t , .
q u i c k ,
. c o u r t
l o g .
, .
,
.
ipchains
ipfw, Linux ,
. ipf
,
,
.

13. TCP/IP

357

 . 13.24 ,
ipf. . -. ipf.
13.24. ^ ipf

on

p r o t o

, : t c p , udp iemp

from

: , any

to

: , any

p o r t -

,
( /etc/services)
; =
(<, >. < - , >=)

f l a g s

icmp-type

ICMP

keep state

;
, TCP-

,
, Red Hat,
i p c h a i n s i p f . , ,
Internet, e t h O
Ethernet-.
, :
pass in on ethO all
pass in on lo ail
block in quick on pppO from 192.168.0.0/16 CO any
block m quick on pppO from 172.16-0.0/12 any
block in quick on pppO from 1C.0.C.0/8 to any
telnet,
SSH-, :
block in proto tcp from any to any port = 23
pass in on pppO proto tcp from any to any port = 25
pass in on pppO proto tcp from any to any port
22
f l a g s
k e e p - s t a t e , TCP-.
21.9 - ipf(5), ,
. ,
OpenBSD, /usr/share/ipf. ipf ipnat.
NAT,
, ,

II.


13.4.
NAT, ipnat,
ipf. ,
:

ipnat (
ipnat.rules).
192.168.1.0/24 -> 128.138,198.0/26 portmap tcp/udp 20000:65000
map ppp0 192.168.1.0/24 -> 128-138.198.0/26
-. ,
Internet,
. /24 /26.
/ 2 6 ,
/24, , -
. p o r t m a p ,
45000 .
T C P U D P .
ICMP, .
ICMP-;
-. ,
1-.
. ,
, .

IP- , DHCP-
. ,
/ 3 2
. ,
0/32, ipnat
. ,
, .
map 192.168.1.&/24 -> 0/32 portmap tcp/udp 20000:65000
, NAT
.
.
t ipf - -Fa -f / e t c / I p f . r u l e a
# i p n a t -CF - f / e t c / i p n a t . r u l e a
# ipmon -D -a
-E ipf , -Fa
, -f
/etc/ipf.rules. ipnat
, /etc/ipnat.rules. ipmon ,
, ipf /dev/ipl,
Syslog.
FreeBSD ,
ipfw. ipf. ,
ipf .

13. TCP/IP

359

 rc.network.
ipfw. rc.network
; , NAT
n a t d _ * :
r . a t d j p r o g r a m - " / u s r / s b i n / rpna t"
natd_enable-"YES"
natd_interface-"xxx"
IP-
natd_flags-"-f /etc/_pnat.rules"
#

.
, .

FreeBSD : ,
. . IP-
/etc/ppp/ppp.conf. ,
, .
-, ' , .
,
tun /dev/tunO, /dev/tunl ..
.conf; /etc/
, -
. ppp.deny
(, root bin),
. .shells
; . .
d e f a u l t ppp.conf ,
, ,
. ,
-, :
allow user !_
netblazer800:
s e t phone
set login "ABORT NOWsCARRIER TIMEOUT 5 ogin:ogin:
word: "
set tjuneout 120
delete ALL
add default HISADDR
,
( root),
(
).
- ( ,
).
- pppd
/etc/, options ppp.deny
,

I).

options.netblazer , chat.netblazer . FreeBSD

-:
/usr/share/examples.
-
.
pppd,
Netblazer,
,
, :
%

cat

/etc//option

* -
lock
#
asyncir.ap OxOGOOOOGO
crtscts
#
modem
#
defaultroute
f -
mru 552
# KRU/MTU 512 ( + 40 {)
mtu 552
%

cat

/ e t c / p p p / o p t i o n a .netblaater

#
128.138.198.47:128.138.243.167
netmask 255.255.255.0
/dev/cuaa2
57600
#perslst

-
# : IP-
#
* ,
#
#
#
flholdoff 5
# 5
connect "/usr/bln/chat -v -f /etc/ppp/chat.netblazer"
disconnect "/etc/ppp/hangup"
I
%

cat

/etc/ppp/chet,netblazer

ABORT BUSY ABORT

TIMEOUT
TIMEOUT
TIMEOUT
ssword:
'Packet

'NO CARRIER'

5 OK-1'-'* ATZ 0K-+f+ATHZ-OK ATDTHOMep_

60 CONNECT ''
10 ogxn:ogln: Pevi

mode enabled'

, .
, .
.
, .
- , "\ .
pppd :
%

audo pppd file

13. TCP/IP

/etc/ppp/optiona.netblazer

361

 ,
/etc/ppp/options, ~/. /etc/ppp/options.wfe/ .
-, pppd:
%

sudo kill

"cat / v a r / r u n / . p i d "

Ethernet-, ,
pppd Ethernet. , pppd
, .

. .up, .
-
-:
% I f c o n f i g pppO
pppO: flags=8051<UP,POINTOPOINT,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 552
inet 128.138.198.47 > 128.138.243.167 netmask OxffffffOO
% netstat -nr
Routing tables
Internet:
Destination
default
127.0.0.1
128.13.243.167

Gateway
128.13..243..167
127.0.0..1
12.138..198..47

Fiags
DGSf
UH
UH

Reis
3
0
4

Use
a
0
0

Netif
pppO
loO
pppO

pppstats -:
% a tats

IN
1647029

PACK
5101

COMP
4596

UNC
157

ERR
0

|
OUT
I 203582

PACK COMP UNC NON-VJ

5051 4566 210
275

COMP ,
TCP-. UNC
. RFC 1144.

route FreeBSD ,
. .
. , "" I 0.0.0.1. ,
, .

13.16.

362

Stevens, W. Richard. TCP/IP Illustrated. Volume One: The Protocols. Reading.

MA: Addison-Wesley. 199^
Wright, Gary R., and Stevens, W. Richard. TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume Two
The Implementation. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. 1995
, T C P / I P , .

II. *

Stevens. W. Richard. UNIX Network Programming. Prentice Hall. 1990.

Stevens. W. Richard. UNIX Network Programming, Volume 1: Networking APIs
Sockets and XTI. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. 1997.
Stevens, W. Richard. UNIX Network Programming, Volume 2: Interprocess
Communications. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. 1998.
, .
. STREAMS.
.
Tanenbaum. Andrew. Computer Networks, 3rd Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Prentice Hall. 1996.
- .
.
ISO,
Internet,
Salus, Peter . Casting the Net. From ARPANET to INTERNET and Beyond.
Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. 1995.
. ARPANET Internet.
, UNIX, , !
Comer, Douglas. Internetworking with TCP/IP Volume I: Principles, Protocols,
and Architectures, 4th Edition. Upper Saddle River. NJ: Prentice Hall. 2000
TCP/IP.
, TCP/IP.
.

Hunt, Craig. TCP/IP Network Administration, Second Edition. Sebastopol, CA:

O'Reilly & Associates. 1998.
UNIX-. TCP/IP.,
UNIX ,

Sonnenreich, Wes, and Tom Yates. Building Linux and Open BSD Firewalls.
New York, NY: J.W. Wiley. 2000.
, ,
.
, ,
sudo .
.
.
Web- www.netscan.org ""
"smurP (.. , ICMP-). IP-, ,
, .
, !
,
Internet , www.isoe.org/internet/history.

13. TCP/IP

363

13 IP-.
,
.
,
. , .

, ,
, "".
,
. ,
,
.
- , 1-
, ,
. , ,
" ".
,
.
,
.
*.

LP-, .
.

' >359

II.

14.1.

, , . ,
, . .

^ |
^;

. .
Ml Ethernet-,
2 (,
Ml 2 UNIX-, ).
, . :
% n e t s t * t - r n
Routing tables
Destination
127.0.0.1
199.165.145.0
default

Gateway
127.0.0.1
199.165.145.17
199.165.145.24

Flaga
UH
U
UG

Refs
6
5
2

Dee
563131
2845294
160589

If
loO
leO
leO

.
.
, ,
, . 1 0
Ethernet-* , 1 0 (
, ).
ifconfig
[7|

ifconfig

13.10.

R, ,
IP-, .
, ,
- - : d e s t i n a t i o n
127.0.0.0. 127.0.0.1 (, ).
.
, .
.

.

14.

67

13.4.

,
, 1,
199.165.145.24. G ,
,
.
, ,
199.165.146.4. IP- 199.165.146 ,
, , ..
Ml . ,
Ethernet ( Ethernet - I
145).

IP-

Efhemei-adpecoe

Ethernet
:
: Ml
: IP

IP
: 199.165.145.17
; 199.165.146 4
: UPD

13.3.

UDP
11001010110101011101010110110101
01110110110111010100010100100010
01D11111011010101010011101010000
UDP-
(-

Ett-iemet-
. . Ethernet-noKeT
Ethernet- M l ,
IP-, Ethernet-,
. ,
, IP- .
' , ,
, (,
).
M l :
Rl% n e t s t a t - r n
Routing tables
Destination
Gateway
Flags
Keis
Use
I
127.0.0.1
127.0.0.. 2
10
UH
10233
loO
199.165.146 0
199.165..146.. 1
U
15
4529
lei
199.165.145.0
199.165..145..24
0
leO

121
default
199.165..146,.3
4
US
168589
lei
. ,
.
2 Internet. , 199.165,
.
.
, .

361 II

 199.165.145 M l ,
Internet 2.
% n e t a t a t -m
Routing t a b l e s
Dest ination
127.0 0.1
199.165.146..0
199.165.145..0
default

Gatewaj
127.0.0..1
199.16! 146..4
199.165..146..1
199.165. 146..3

Flags
DH
D
DG
UG

Fers
2
15
0
4

Use
54 J
4529
121
168589

It
loO
leO
leO
leO

,
, I C M P -
.
% n e t a t a t -
Routing t a b l e s
Destination
127.O.O 1
199.165.146.0
default

Gateway
127.0.0. 1
199.165..146.4
199.165..146.3

Flags
UH
U
UG

Refs
2
15
4

Use
_543
4529
168589

If
loO
leO
leO

, (199.165.145.17),
, 2. ,
, ,
1. ICMP-,

.
199.165.145.17

199.165.146.1

UGHD

10

, ,
M l .
145.
2.

1- ''" , ,
. !,
, , ,
, . -
, ( ,
2, ,
) .
.

14.2.

, . . ,
.
. ,
,
.
, .

14.

67

 , . ,
,
.
:
, "" . ,
,
(
).
,
, .

: - .
-

- :
" X
Y ,
". , , ,
, , .
,
. , , .
, ,
! ,
.
(, X
Y
Z, Y).
. , R I P (Routing Information Protocol ) , ,
15- , .

, .
, , , , ,
- " " . , R I P ,
30 . I G R P E I G R P 90
.
, B G P (Border Gateway Protocol ) ,
,
. - ,
EJGRP, ,
" ". , .

' >368

II.

 , .
"" ( ).
. 14.1 - ,
.
14.1. -

_
Routing Information Protocol ( )
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (
)
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
(
)
Border Gateway Protocol ( )

RIP
IGRP
EIGRP
BGP

.


,

Internet

, , .
: " X
Y, ".
,
. -
.
, .

, ,
,
, .
-,
,
( TOS IP-)
.
UNIX-, .
. 14.2
14-2

U 8
OSPF
IS-IS

. -*' , Open Shortest Path First (

)
Intermediate System to Intermediate
System ( )

( )

369


,
, ,
"". ?
? ?
, .
. 1,
.
.
,
, , ,

. 99%
.
, .
,
.
.
.

, .
. ,
. ,
. ,
.
.
. ()

, .
,

, ,
.
, .
Internet ,
,
. ( ,
. , .)
,
,
.

370

II

14.3.

, .
RIP:
RIP (RFC 1058) Xerox,
IP-. routed
- ,
. ' R1P ,
, ,
, ,
, .

RIP .
RIP "" ,
, ,
.
.
R1P UNlX-.
, SNMP-,
RlP-, . ,
UNIX- routed, RIP
" " . ,
,
.
RIP-2: , 2
RIP-2 RIP
, .
,
. ,
CIDR.
RIP, .

|\7[

CIDR 13.4.
routed -q (""
).
,
. , OSPF. RI -
. routed, "" ,
, , .
R1P-2 , .

14.

371

, . , ,
RIP.
RIP-2 ,
RIP-2,
RlP-. RIP-2, .
O S P F :

OSPF
RFC2328. " "
,
; "" "".
OSPF ,
, .
gated, .
, ,
( ).
OSPF
. gated
, Cisco.
, .
OSPF ,
. RIP
,
, ,
,
.
I G R P E I G R P :

IGRP EIGRP , Cisco. IGRP
RIP ,
, OSPF. E1GRP
, IGRP,
-. IGRP . IP-
, EIGRP CIDR.
-, , , . EIGRP
. EIGRP OSPF
.
, , , OSPF. ,
.

372

II

15IS:
IS-IS OSPF
ISO.
OSI, TCP/IP.
1S-IS OSPF 90- .,
OSI .
IETF IS-IS
TCP/IP.
OSPF . , OSI, .
M O S P F , D V M R P P I M :

MOSPF (Multicast OSPF OSPF), DVMRP
(Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol - ) PIM (Protocol Independent Multicast - )
, IP , .
www.cs.columbia.edu/~hgs/internet/mbone-faq. html.

ICMP-,
IP- 224.0.0.1,
. ,
,
. , -
.

14.4.

routed:
routed
UNIX,
". RIP,
RJP-2. RIP-2, routed
, gated ( ,
).
routed (-s) ""
(-q). ,
. ,
.
-s, -q, routed ""

. , , "*.

*'

UNIX (, HP-UX) gated.

routed .
: " ".

14.

67

 .
,
. , ,
route.
[7f

route 13.10.
routed -t. -t
.
routed, , .
Internet , , ,
,
routed
, ; routed
-g.
, .
/etc/gateways,
routed .
gated.

14.5. gated:
gated ,
.
, , ,
.
, ,
. , gated
.
.
gated Web- www.gated.org.
gated .
, . 1992 .
Merit GateD.
. , , -,
, , -,
.
, " - " ,
"", gated.
3 .
3.5.10,
.
gated RIP ( ), OSPF IS-1S
, EGP BGP HELLO

6
I).

 14.3 routed gated

. gated
, .
14.3.

rooted?

Solaris

gated

HP-UX

3.5 Beta 3

Red Hat

3.5.10

FreeBSD

3.5.11

gated
. (
14.6.
2).

/etc/gated.conf,
gdc, . , :
gdc

.
interface

. , , -
,

reconfig

checkconf

toggietrace

stop

; no
,

start

restart

;
stop, start

gated (),
.
, . ,
.
,
,

14.

67

 . gdc toggletrace ,
. gdc
toggletrace .

( -t,
).
. ,
, .
.

norma]

policy

route

general
normal route
,
.
, .

UNIX,
gated . ,

. , , ,
,
.
gated.

, . ,
, , ,
: .
gated.
,
.
,
, 14.9.
,
. ,
.
.
.
,
;

( ):

, .
.

' >376

II.

 .
,
.
traceoptions:
traceoptiona
[except

[ "_" [ r e p l a c e ] [ s i z e [|]
f i l e s )]
_
_] /

_ ,
. replace,
( ).
- .
, :
_, 1, _.2 .. ,
. size, files.
.
.
, /usr/local/etc/gated.log, 1 ,
3, :
t r a c e o p t i o n s " / u s r / l o c a l / e t c / g a c e c i . l o g " replace s i z e 1m f i l e s 3 a l l ;

:
options

[nosend]

[noresolv]

[syslog

[upto]

_) ;

:
nosend
.
, ,
,
noresok
DNS
IP-. DNS- ,
,
.


syslog
,
Syslog. ,
Syslog
man- syslogmasV. tyslog upto info

options

noresolv;

interfaces, :
interfaces {
options [ s t r i c t i n t e r f a c e s ] :

14.

37;

d e f i n e [ b r o a d c a s t J I [ p o i n t t o p o i n t ];
i n t e r f a c e _ [ p r e f e r e n c e ]
[passive]
[simplex]
[netmask ]
[multicast];
J;
optioBS. interface define
.
.
strictinterfaces
,
define.
, slrictinterfaces .
define , .
PCMCIA.
interface
.
, deO l e i , , d e 1
( ), .
IP- all.
passive,
,
. simplex ,
.
gated ,
.
preferences .
-
"" , ,
, .
, ,
, ,
.
gated
.
, , .
.
.

. , ,
. gated .

0. ,
preference .
. 14.4 ,
gated
1 0 , ..
:
interface {
i n t e r f a c e 10 p a s s i v e ;

);

378

II.

 14.4.

, OSPF

10

ICMP

30

40

, gated.conf

60

, RIP

100

110

120

,
:
routeid

roulerid ,
BGP OSPF.
IP-
. ,
.
.
martians <
hose [allow];
[allow] [exact I r e f i n e s ] ;
mask [ a l l o w ] [ e x a c t I r e f i n e s ) ;
m a s k l e n [ a l l o w ] [ e x a c t I r e f i n e s ] ;
default [allow];
"" ,
.
,
.
, martians. gated.
.
martians
/.
mask masklen .
, .
exact refines
, :
, . ,
,
, "".
exact
, ,

14.

67

 "".
, .
refines ,
, .
( ). , .

h o s t ;
default;
:
mask 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 e x a c t ;
0 . 0 . 0 . 0 mask 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 e x a c t ;
allow ,
. :
martians {
1 2 8 . 1 3 8 . 0 . 0 mask 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 0 . 0 ;
1 2 8 . 1 3 8 . 1 4 5 . 0 mask 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 0 a l l o w ;

};

128.138
, 128.138.145.
.
RIP
R1P rip:
r i p y e s I I on | o f f f[
broadcast,nobroadcast;
p r e f e r e n c e ;
d e f a u l t m e t n c ;
i n t e r f a c e
[noripin | ripin] [noripout I ripout]
[ v e r s i o n 1] I [ v e r s i o n 2 [ m u l t i c a s t | b r o a d c a s t ] ] ;
t r u s c e d g a c e w a y s _;
s o u r c e g a t e w a y s cnttco__ e;
t r a c e o p t i o n s [packets I request I response [ d e t a i l ] ] ;

>];
yes no on off.
R I P . ,
:
r i p ;
broadcast nobroadcast -s -q routed.
broadcast RIP- ,
. nobroadcast
RIP-.
defaullnietric , ,
RIP. ,

380

II.

 , .
16, .. ,
RIP.
, 10.
, Interfaces,
. ripin RJP-
, noripin . ripout noripout
broadcast nobroadcast,
. noripout
-.
version , RIP-1
RIP-2 .
RIP-2 ,
, RIP-1 .
, broadcast.
gated RIP- ,
. , trusted gate ways,
.
IP-, .
sourcegateways , RIP-
, .

, .

traceoptions.
RIP. request, response packets
, .
,
detail .
O S P F
OSPF,
: .


.
OSPF ,
, .
(.. )
.
.
.
, .
, ,
.
: " X Y,

14.

67

 " ( X ). , ,
, ,

.
-
, . -,
,
. ,
X. X
Y, Y 5 .
,
*.
-
, OSPF
. ,
^ , 0 (
).
,
".
.

OSPF, . ,
OSPF " "
, ja .


, ,
: " ,
1". 6 ,
30 ,
. ,
, , ,
.
OSPF ,
"*.
,
.
.
" ", ,
. 0
.
, .
. ,
NSSA (Not So Stubby Area ),
. ,
, , .
"" " ".
, .

382

II.

. ,
. , .
.
. ,
, ""
.
.
.
O S P F
O S P F ospf:
o s p f y e s I no 1 on I o f f [{
defaults [
router-prio;
}?
t r a c e o p t i o n s _;
b a c k b o n e I ( a r e a ) [
networks {
[exact I r e f i n e s ] [ r e s t r i c t ] ;
mask [ e x a c t I r e f i n e s ] [ r e s t r i c t ] ;
m a s k l e n [ e x a c t | r e f i n e s ] [ r e s t r i c t ] ;
host [exact I r e f i n e s ] [ r e s t r i c t ] ;

};

stubhosts (
c o s t ;
i n t e r f a c e _ [ c o s t ] {
enable l disable;
p r i o r i t y ;
);
I;
, .
on, off, yes . O S P F
.
router-prio defaults ,
( ) 1 .
, .
0, gated .
backbone area.
, ,
. O S P F ,
0, gated
backbone, area 0.

IP- (, 128.138.45.2).
gated IP-,

14.

67

 ,
IP- .
networks , .
.
,
martians, , allow
. , restrict,
. ""
.
stubhosts ,

( 1). S LIP-.
, interface
( 1) gated
( ).
disable, OSPF-.
ICMP-
gated
, ICMP-
(. 13.5).
r e d i r e c t | no | on | o f f [{
p r e f e r e n c e ;
i n t e r f a c e _ [ n o r e d i r e c t s ] I [ r e d i r e c t s ] t
trustedgatev/ _;
t r a c e o p t i o n s _;

. preference
( 30,
). redirects noredirects
.
trustedgateways , .
.

ICMP-, gated.
, ,
, .

static:
static {
gateway _ [ i n t e r f a c e _]
[ p r e f e r e n c e ] [ r e t a i n ] [ r e j e c t ] [ b l a c k h o l e ]
[noinacail];
};

384

II.


:
host
default

mask
m a s k l e n
,
. , 1
.
(
interface), .
60.
, O S P F ICMP-.
retain,
, gated.
,
, .
noinstall
, .
" ", ,
.
, blackhole reject,
, .
reject I C M P - ;
blackhole .

gated ,
. .
,
,
.
export:
e x p o p r o t o
[ i n t e r f a c e _ I g a t e w a y ^]
restrictt

e x p o r t p r o t o
[ i n t e r f a c e _ | gateway 1_}
[ m e t r i c ] {
_;

};

,
.

14.

67

 proto .
:
proto s t a t i c {
ALL m e t r i c 1;
I;

1,
gated
,
RIP, OSPF.
(. ).

. gated
( ) OSPF,
(
), RIP
gated OSPF-
RIP. ,
R1P,

, ,
.
:

I:

r i p yes {
broadcast;
d e f a u l t m e t r i c 10;
i n t e r f a c e 192.225.40.253 noripout;
m t e r f a c e 192.225.55.253 r i p o u t ;
)i

386

II.

2:

3:

4:

5:

o s p f yes |
area 0.0.0.2 |
a u t h t y p e none;
networks (
1 9 2 . 2 2 5 . 5 5 . 0 mask 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 0 ;
};
i n t e r f a c e 192.225.55.253 cost 1 {
priority 2;
};
}i
backbone (
i n t e r f a c e 192.225.40.253 '
p r i o r i t y 2;
};
1;
I;

static {
d e f a u l t g a t e w a y 1 9 2 . 2 2 5 . 4 0 . 2 5 4 p r e f e r e n c e 140 r e t a i n ;
1;
export proto r i p
p r o t o ospf I
ALL m e t r i c 1;
I;
proto direct {
ALL m e t r i c 1;
1;
proto static {
ALL m e c n c 1;
1;

e x p o r t p r o t o ospf {
proto direct 1
ALL m e t r i c 1;
};
1?

I gated RIP. RIP-

, RIP- 192.225.55.253. .
2 OSPF. 192.225.40.253
0.
"" OSPF- ( HELLO),
. 192.225.55.253
2.
. 3
Jniernei-inni03V
192.225.40.0.

14.

67

 4 5 gated ,
RIP O S P F . RIP- ,
, ,
OSPF. OS PF-
(, 192.225.55 0).
,
.

14.6.
,

/
>rj3

FQt
4

14.7.

gated Solaris. routed
(-s),
D H C P . -
, routed ""
{-q) , ( /etc/defaultrouter) (
in.rdisc).
gated , /etc/rc.confjg.d/netconf
GATED=1. routed H P - U X .
Red Hat gated ,
/etc/gated.conf. routed .
, /etc/rc.d/rc3.d/K55routed S55routed (
control-panel).
FreeBSD routed ,
rc.conf t o u t e r _ e n a b l e YES, r o u t e r
r o u t e d .
, rc.conf g a t e w a v _ e n a b l e YES. gated
/usr/ports/gated.

, ,
:

,
RfP-;

.
.
.

388

.
,
( )
. ,
.

,
, ,

II.

. ,
.
RIP, routed
, , ( ,
),
,
. gated
, ,
. , gated
RIP- , .

,
routed -<j.
gated, .
, RIP , ,
routed .
,
.
.
RIP ,
gated
RIP
.
routed ,
. gated
.
RIP,
gated, routed -.
,
.
,
, OSPF.
, Internet-, BGP.
, .

-
, , ,
,
.
, ,
. -
,
routed
""

gated
RIP

14.

389

14.8.

Cisco
, Cisco Systems, Inc.,
- .
70% , Cisco ,
,
. UNCX- .
, ,
. , ,
UNIX-.
Cisco IOS, Cisco
UNIX. ;
.
,

IOS ( ). *.
Cisco
telnet* :
% t e l n e t xor-gw.xor-com
C o n n e c t e d x o r - q w . x o r . c o m .
Escape c h a r a c t e r i s ' " J * .
User A c c e s s V e r i f i c a t i o n
Password:
EXEC:
xor-gw.xor.com>
,
show interfaces, ,
show ? v .
enable,

'#' :
xor-gw . x o r . corn*
.' , .
, .
show running,
, show config
. . :
xor-gw . x o r . c o m # show r u n n i n g
Current configuration:

.
Cisco, , ,
.

390

II.

v e r s i o n 12.0
h o s t n a m e xor-gw
e n a b l e s e c r e t xxxxxxxx
ip subnet-zero
i n t e r f a c e EthernetO
d e s c r i p t i o n XOR i n t e r n a l
ip address 192.108.21.254
no ip d i r e c t e d - b r o a d c a s t
interface Ethernetl
d e s c r i p t i o n XOR b a c k b o n e
ip address 192.225.33.254
no ip directed-broadcast

network
255.255.255.0
network
255.255.255.0

ip classless
l i n e con 0
t r a n s p o r t i n p u t none
l i n e aux 0
t r a n s p o r t input t e l n e t
l i n e vty 0 4
p a s s w o r d xxxxxxxx
login
end
. Cisco ,
U N I X NT,
. .
, T F T P

, .

, config term
xor-gw.xor.com# c o n f i g term
E n t e r c o n f i g u r a t i o n commands,
xor-gw(config)#

one p e r l i n e . End w i t h CNTL/Z.

,
show running. ,
IP- E t h e r n e t O , :
i n t e r f a c e EthernetO
ip address 192.225.40.253 255.255.255,0
<Conlrol-Z>,
. ,

write mem.
Cisco.

hostname
, .
.

14.

67

.
expect,
T F T P
UNIX-.

VTY ( PTY
UNIX-). " " .
(, , ),
. ,
, 21.9.

14.9.

.
,
.

Huitema, Christian. Routing in the Internet, Second Edition. Prentice Hall. 2000.
.
, ,
.

, John . OSPF: Anatomy of an Internet Routing Protocol. Addison-Wesley.

1998.
OSPF,
.

Halabi, Bassam. Internet Routing Artectures. Cisco Press. 1997.

.
RFC, . . 14.5.
14.5. RFC,

392

RFC

2328

OSPF Version 2

John T. Moy

IOSS

Routing Information Protocol

Hedrick

2453

KIP Version 2

Gajy Scott Malkin

1256

1CMP Router Discovery Messages

Stephen E. Deering

1142

OS1 IS I.S Intra-domain Routing Protocol

David R. Onui

1D75

Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol

D. Waitzman et al.

1519

CIDR: an Address Assignment and Aggregation Strategy Vince Fuller et al.

1771

A Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4)

Yakov Rekhter et al

II.

.
,
.
,
UNIX.

.
.
,
.
:

,
,
Ethernet, ATM DSL. , , , .

15.1.

,
, TCP/I
.

.

15.

393

, * ,
, .
.
()
( ).
, , . ( ) ,
,
. ,
.

15.2.

Ethernet:
80% , Ethernet
.
Ethernet (Bill Metcalfe)
. - XEROX. DEC Intel,
XEROX Ethernet .

.
Ethernet
3 /, 10 /.
Xerox Alto,
.
,
2.94 /.
3 /. ,
ARPANET, ,
ARPANET,
.
Ethernet 80- .
, , UNIX,
. 1994 ..

100 /. 1998 . : I /
10 /. Ethernet
, . , 2008 .
! . 15.1
Ethernet.

394

It

I of 15. 1 F'hernet

H o 3 B U I

IEEENO

1973

3 /

Xerox
Ethernet

1980

10 /

Ethernet 1

500

RG-11

1982

10 /

DLX
Ethernet
(Ethernet II)

500

RG-11

1985

10 /

10Base5
("Thicknet")

802.3

500

RG-11

1985

10 /

10Base2
("Thirmet")

802.3

RG-58

10 /

lOBascT

802.3

11
3

10 /

lOBascF

802.3

100 /

100BaseTX
(Fast
Ethernet)

802.3u

100 / 100BaseFX

802.3u

1 /

lOOOBaseSX

802.3z

I /

lOOOBaseLX

802.3*

1989
1993
1994

199-t
1998

2
25

5
2
20

260

(62,5 )

(50 )

550
1998

440
550
3

1998

1 /

lOOOBaseCX

802.3z

1999

I /

lOOOBaseT
(Gigabit
Ethernet)

802.3ab

25

(62,5 )

(50 )


1 5 6

.
. .

Ethernet
Ethernet ,
() ,
( ), .
(.. ),
, , ,
.

15.

395

. . " " Ethernet

C S M A / C D (Carrier
Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection
) ;

: :

, , ;

: , ""'
-.
. ,
, "", , ,
.
Ethernet
Ethernet
, .
. Ethernet
: , . ,
, .
, , .
Ethernet- . Ethernet (, IOBase5)
,
,
*.

!
, "
", .
.

196


( ) ,
: .
,
();
.
,
(10 /, 100 / I /).
, ,
.

()
Ethernet.

, (
);

,
;

,
RJ-45;

,

, ;

,
.
. .

Ethemat-

. .
(, .
.
Anixter, . 17 5.
1 2 .
3 lOBaseT
10 /. 4

15.

397

.
Token Ring 16 /,
lOBaseT. 5,
100 / . .
5 6 1 /.
lOBaseT 3,
100 .
100BaseTX ,
5. . , .
, ,
,
.

15.10.

RJ-45,
I, 2, 3 6.
10 100 / 3.
5

RJ-45.
-
RJ-45. TIA/EIA-568A.

, .
. 15.2.
15.2. TIA/EIA-568A:
- RJ-45

5/4

3/6

1/2

7/8

, ,
.
Ethernet
ISO, Ethernet
. , ,
, (
) .
, , .
, .
, , . , .
.

398

It


, Ethernet, .

. ,
,
, , .
.

.
Ethernet ; IEEE 802.3 (10 /)
. 100 /
, lOOOBaseT .
.

. .
,
. ""

Ethernet ()
OSL. ,
.
, ,
"
. ,
, .
, .
, ,
,
.
,
, ,
*

, , ,
, " " . .

15.

399

 . ,
,
. , ,

.
, ,
, ,
( , ;
). Ethernet
, , .
,
.
,
.
.

" ".
.
"" Ethernet-aapeca,
. ,
,
(. IP, AppleTalk
NetBEUI).
,
.
, .

, . , ,
Ethernet.
,

.
" ", .

( Ethernei-).
,
( ) , (). ,
,
.
,
, .
.
,
, . ,
; .
, -

400

It

"" , ,
,
.
,

.

,
() OSI.
, , IP-.

, (
),
( )
. 14.
( F D D I , Ethernet, ATM).
,
IP IPX AppleTalk.

.
. , .
. , TI Ethernet
,
Internet.
,
.
,
.

,
UNIX-, . . ,
,
.

.3.

FDDI: -
10 / Ethernet
, ,
.
9.5 (American National Standards Institute, ANSI) 80- .
F D D I (Fiber Distributed Data Interface

FDDI ISO.

15 ^

461

 - ).
Token Ring
100 /. , FDDI
, .
, .
FDDI ( 10000$)
, , (,
FDDI- DEC) ,
Ethernet. FDDI- , .

80 /.
FDDI-
MTU ( ),
, Ethernet.
4352 ( ifconfig).
, ,
FDD1,

.
MTU 13.3.
FDDI
, -
100 / (. ). : - ,
.

. . FDD)
(
. )
( , ).
, ,
FDDI.

,
. ,
, Ethernet.

402

II.


9095% .
F D D I :
. ,
.
,
*

.

, . FDD1 62.5 .
FDD1 , . ,
, ,
- . ,
,
.

15.4.

ATM:
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
( ), ,
Another Technical Mistake ( ).
ATM "
. ".
ATM ,
.
( ) . ATM, , ,
, .
ATM
, .
,
,
1. ATM-.
ATM 53 .
ATM (ATM Adaptation Layer, AAL).
. 15.3.
, AAL 2.
. AAL 3 4 ,
. ,
ATM,
SEAL (Simple and Efficient Adaptation Layer
), AAL 5.

/
, .

15.

403

 15.3. ATM
AAL

15.5.

; ,

( IP-); 3
4

:
,
, , .
,
.25 ( , 70- ). , .25
,
.
,
,
, D D S (Digital Data Service
) 56 / 1.
"-", 24
. , ,

.
, ,
.
( ""),
. .
.
,
.
I -
. (Permanent Vinual Channel, PVC),
, .
,
,
.
, , , .
, , , ,
, .

404

II.

 ,
.

15.6.

I S D N : -
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network
) ,
. BRI (Basic Rate
Interface ).
, - ( -.) 64 /
( D-)
16 /. -
( ).
ISDN
( 30 150
, ). ,
, , RS-232. , ,
. -,
128 /.
I S D N ,
,
.
,
ISDN, ,
".

15.7.

DSL:

. , T l , , S O N E T , ATM
, .
.
, .
DSL (Digital Subscriber Line )
,
7 / (, DSL-
256 768 /).
, .
DSL- ,
T C P / I P . Ethernet . DSL , ISDN,
.
ISDN-,
"" , D S L ,
.

ISDN: "It Still Does Nothing", .. "

".

15.

400

, ,
.
DSL,
xDSL, ,
: (), S (), ()
RA ( ).
,
Internet.

.
DSL
, Internet ,
80- 90- .
, , ( ) .

, DOCSIS (Data Over Cable Service
Interface Specification
).
, ,
, .
DSL , DSL-
,
.
.
.

15.8.

,
: ,
. , ,
" "?
Ethernet . ,
, Ethernet. .
- , 80- .,
, ,
100 / 1 /.
10 /,
2004 .
, DSL
.
, DSL-
,
.
.

406

II.

. ,

, 2 II /.
. ,
, ,
.
. ,
, TCP/IP .

15.9.

Ethernet ( , ) .
,
, .

,
. (,
, )
. .
, .
.
(, ).
.
, .
,
.
. , .
,
.
. , Web-
Sniffer Technologies (www.snifTer.com).

15.10.
Ethernet, ,
. ,
,
.

5
/ . ,
, RS-232 .

15.

407

 5 ,
.
,
,
.

.
: ? , .

(, ..).

, , 510%
.

, .
, -, .
.

,
,
. - , , ,
.

1993 .
(T1A/EIA-606).
,
.
:

;
;
;
;
;
.
,
(. 15.4).

408

II.

 15.4. TIA/EIA-606

150

353

'

-
2
-

291

465

I0IC

I84C

.
, , , ..

15.11.
, .
.
, , ,
. ,
, , ,
.
:

, .
.
, (NFS)
,
.
, ponaimn .

, ,
. ,
.

15.

409


.
,
.
, -
. ,
.
, .
*.

,
. ,
, ,

. ,
. , ,
, ,
.

,
,
. - .
, .
.
, - . : ", ",
, , .

,
. , ,

, ,
- $ , . :
, .
-
, ,
, .
, ; ,
, .

* : , , . , .

410

II.


:
. Ethernet,
, .
, , ,
.
. , . ,

.

,
. , ,
.

- , ".
,

.
.
, ,
,
.

.

15.12.
,
, , .
" "
:

, ;

, ;

(, Internet
).
, , . , ,
, .
:

.

15.

411

, , ,
..;
, ;

IP- , ;
, ,
Internet.

, IP-
, AR1N
ICANN,
.
,
, .
(
) .
,


. ,
.
,
, "'" (, Cisco), )

15.13.
15
,
, , - .
, ,
.

AMP
Lantcch
www.amp.comwwwJantechinc.com
Anixter
Newark Electronics
www.anixier.com nw newark.com
Belden Cable
The Siemon Compan>
www.betden.comwwwsiemon.com
Krone
Black Box Corporation
www.krone.comwww.blackbox.com
-
Fluke Corporation
Acterna
www.flukecomwww.actema.com

Cisco Systems
www.cisco.com

412

II.

15.14.

Grolh, David and Jim McBee. Cabling; The Complete Guide to Network Wiring.
Sybex. 2000.

Seiferl, Rich Gigabit Ethernet. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. 1998,

A N SI/TIA/E1A-568-A, Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard. ANSl/TlA/EIA-606. Administration Standard for the Telecommunications
Infrastructure of Commercial Buildings, . ,
. Web- www.tiaonline.oig.
Web- (Charles Spurgeon).
Ethernet:
http://wwwhost.ots.utexas.edu/eihernei/eihernet-home.htm]

. .'*-^

Internei .
, ,
? ,
(Domain Name System. DNS),
, Internet,
.
DNS.
,
IP-
,
. DNS
.
DNS .
,
\ , .

.1.

D N S :

, ,
DNS.
: ,
DNS? , , if
: lemplateliosi.
my .domain.
1 IP-,
Internet.

II

 2. .
.
3. ,
.
4. /etc/named.conf /elc/namedb/named.conf

o p t i o n s d i r e c t o r y ,
( 16.9)
IP- .

z o n e
, IP-

( 16.9).
5.

( RCS

sudo). -.
:
templatehost

IN
IN
IN

MX
MX

128.138.243.100
10 m a i l - h u b
20 t e m p l a t e h o s t

6.
.
, .
SOA (
). .
, ,
,

.
7. ,
- .
:
100

IN

PTR

templatehost.my.domain.

SOA .

IP- ,
. ,
100.243

IN

PTR

templatehost.my.domain.

IP- 128.138.243.100 (
138.128.in-addr.arpa, 243.138.128. in-addr. ).
8. , ndc reload .
9. ping Craceroute,
, . "host
unknown" ( ) , .
"host not responding" ( ) , .
, .
.
8 Solaris ndc.
BIND, named HUP,
.

16.

415


( 16.14).

16.2.

dig

D N S

,
ARPANET
,
.
ARPANET,

.
, ARPANET. DNS
, , : .
(Paul Mockapetris)
RFC882 RFC883 (1983 .),
RFC1034 RFC1035 (1987 .), , , DNS
UNIX.
DNS UNIX 1984 ,
. (Douglas Terry),
(Mark Painter). (David Riggle)
(Songnian Zhou). (Ralph Campbell),
,
DNS BSD UNIX. 1985 . (Kevin Dunlap).
DEC, ,
BIND (Berkeley Internet Name Domain
Intemet- ).
(Mike Karels), (Phil Almquist) (Paul Vixie)
.
UNIX , , Web- www.isc.ors.
ISC (Internet Software Consortium Internet) , Internet,
BIND.
BIND 8,

BIND 9
, .
ISC
, . ,
.
RFC 1034 RFC 1035 -
DNS, 30-
,
DNS ( ).
, .
DNS : " ,

416

II.

B I N D " , ,
DNS.
,
BIND. Nonel
B I N D Windows NT,
ISC. , 8.2, B I N D
NT. D N S
DNS-, UNIX, ,
. UNIX-,
D N S Windows.

16.3.

D N S

D N S :
;
,
;
"" ,
D N S ;
;
;

, Internet,
. /etc/hosts
, -
, .

, DNS.
,
.
, ,
.
,
forklift

IN

192.10.21.1

IN

MX

10 c h i m c h i m . x o r . c o m

IN

PTR

forklift.xor.com

foridift.xor.com IP- 192.108.21.7
D N S - . (
) DNS-
,
D N S .
.
( )
Internet-
DNS.

f 1< .j 16

417

 D N S ,
.
.

16.4.

D N S
D N S .
.
.
DNS, B I N D . DNS
BIND
. . 16.1.
16.1. DNS BIND

<

RFC

16.11

2052

SRV.

16.11

6. IPv6

1.

2672
2673

DNAME, IPv6

16.11

2317

in-addr.arpa
( NAME)

16.111

. IPv6

, IPv6

16.7

2671

EDNS0

16.9

1996

16.12

2136

( ,
DHCP)

16.12

1995

16.13

25352541

DNSSEC (
)

16.13

245

TSIG/TKEY

, 6.,
.

,
1ETF. , ja , ,
, .
.
B I N D (8.2.2-5)
. B I N D 9
, .

418

II.

 IPv6 D N S S E C
. IPv6 IP-
32- 128-. ,
Internet B I N D 9
IPv6, ,
,
IPv6 .
IPv6 B I N D 9 D N S S E C D N S .
D N S
D N S
, .
,
.
, . , ,
. B I N D 9 D N S S E C
( ) TSIG (
).

16.5.

D N S
D N S
(), ,
B I N D (). . DNS.
16-8 16.9.
D N S B I N D .
(, )
.
D N S .
,
. '." ();
, , .
,
ICANN* .

IP-, IP- .
. B I N D .

.

. - , , , " " "edu".

ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) no

Internet,
(. 13.1).

16

419

( "com", "org" "net")

. 16.2 \
( " c o m "
"",
,
"org" "net",
).
16.2.

com

edu

gov

mil

net

org

int

aipa

IP-

, ISO.

. 16.3.
16.3.

CrpOHQ

fill

br

de

fi

fr

JP
se

ch

hu

ua

ru

,
, "edu". a i
ac.jp.

420

II. cv

 "us"
; , bvsd.kl2.co.us
, . "us"
, .. edu.us ().
"us" ,
;
Web- www.nic.us.
.
, , "md",
(MD), .
, "tv".
( "to").
- ("nu"),
("tm").
, .
. , , , . -

, .
.
, ,
.
"com" .
business,com 3,5 . . 50000$ admin.com,
, , sysadmin.com
"/Sys/Admin".
. DNS
"Colorado" "Colorado" "COLORADO".
DNS ,
, .

.
, .
DNS
DNSSEC . , DNSSEC
.
, DNS
,
. .
, IETF ,
.
, I me met,
. ,
boulder.colorado.edu boulder,
. boulder
,
.

16.

421

 D N S , "boulder.colorado.edu.".
. ,
, > .
DNS
, (, )
, .
, boulder.colorado.edu www.colorado.edu flp.cotorado.edu,

"" ( , ,
"www") , ..
,
colorado.edu, ,
"Colorado" "edu".

, anchor
Internet- anchor.cs.colorado.edu.
, .



" c o m " , "". " n e t " "edu"'
Network Solutions, Inc.,
.
, . ,
.
,
,
, .
Web- www.icann.org.
Internet

DNS-
. ,
,
DNS-, .
,

DNS-.
,

CIDR-. ,

.

422

CIDR

13.4.

II.

 .
,
.
. 16.11 ,
CNAME
.
DNS ( , ; . RPC 1219)
.
, .
,
.
DNS , .

. . ,
. , ,
;
(, edu.com"). , (, ..").
.
, . ,
, , "com"
,
.
RFC 1032 ,
12 , DNS
63- 255
. ,
( , , ,
).

DNS ,
,
. ,
Internet. Internet
, ,
, .. twinkies.com
playstation.com () , ;
. , DNS

. DNS
, .
"
"

, BIND .
. .
xinet.xinet.com , -- xinet.com,
xinet.

16.

423


, ,
.
,
,
DNS IP-.
Web- , RealNames Corporation.
: , ,
. , :
, .com.
.

,
.
ICANN
, .
25-
80 .
Web- www.icann.org.

CENTR (Council of European National Top-level domain Registries
). Web- www.centr.org.
. -
APNIC (Asia-Pacific Network
Information Center - );
www.apnic.net.
, ,
, . ,
, .


, ,
.
:

, ;

,
.
. . .
16.14.

424

It

16.6.

B I N D
BIND (Berkeley Internet Name Domain 11-
) ,
ISC. DNS UNIX (
Windows NT).
B I N D
. BIND 4. BIND 8
BIND 9- 80- . (
RFC 1034 RFC 1035).
1997 ., 2000 . 5. 6 7
. , 8
,
. , . .
BIND 8 4.4BSD,
(
sendmail, "" )
BIND 8 , , . BIND 9
: ,
, (
), IPv6,
. BIND 9 . ,
. ,
, . BIND 9 , .
BIND 4
"", .
. , ,
BIND 9 ,
BIND 8.
: BIND 8 9.
,
. ,
BIND 4, Perl- named-boot conf.pl, 8 9. 4 8 9.
DNS . ,
8 9,
.

,
. )
, , , ,
. BIND

I 16

425

 dig,
.

d i g v e r s i o n . b i n d t x t chaos
,
. ,
vix.com:
% d i g e b b . r c . v i x . c o m v e r s i o n . b i n d t x t chaos
VERSION.BIND.
OS CHAOS TXT " f i . 2 . 3 - T 4 B "
cs.colorado.edu :
% d i g emxofl.cs.colorado.edu v e r s i o n . b i n d t x t chaos
VERSION.BIND.
OS CHAOS TXT " w o u l d n ' t : you l i k e to k n o w . . . "
B I N D .
. ,
. ,

16.9.
BIND,
/var/log . , named
Syslog ( "daemon").
grep :
Dec 13 1 6 : 3 2 : 2 7 d i s a s t e r nameri[2399j: s t a r t i n g , named 4 . 9 . 7 Wed Sep 2
0 9 : 3 9 : 1 2 GMT 1996 FHNE_14 618
Dec 13 1 6 : 3 5 : 1 3 suod named[93251: s t a r t i n g , nanied 8 . 2 . 2 - P 3 Wed Nov 10
1 7 : 2 7 : 5 9 MST 1599 nu.llert@haxi.-us / ' n f s / d e p o t / s r c / c s / B i n a / b i n d 8 . 2 . 2 - / o o ^ j /sun4-*-SunOS4/bin/named
Syslog s iaec

11.

H P - U X 11.00 ( ), SunOS ( )
, "*' 4
B I N D 8.2.2 -
"". 8.2.2-4.
named ,
, ( )
root ,
.
16.4 , B I N D
. 8.2.2- .
16.4. BIND

BIND

Solans

7 8

8.1.2

HP-UX

11.00

4.9 7

Red Hat

6.1

8.2

6.2

8.2.2- PS

. 4 4.0

8.2.2- PS

FreeBSD

426

II.

, Red Hat
"".
, .
Red Hat ,
, "". , bind-8.2-7.arch.rpm
8.2.
B I N D
BIND :
named, ;
, DNS;

nslookup, dig, host, DNS-

.
, DNS, named (
, ) . , , .
,
BIND 16.8.

nomed: B I N D
named [-.
- ,
. ,
, .
( .
, "",
"".)
,
, .
,
. . 16.5 , . , ,
.

(, . , ), (), (),
(, ) , ,
().
;
.

16.

4 2 7

 16.5.
.

;


,
( NS)
, 1 ( )

, ;
,
, ;
;

,

,

, IP-aapec.
, "" DNS-,
.

,
:
. .
( ).
, ,
.
, .
; .
,
NS ( ). ,
, 16.11.

.

16.12.

,
. , .
16.10, " ".
, ;
.

, .

428

II. .

 . ,
,

ndc reload (
)
, , ,
. ,
.
.
.

. DNS- ,
Internet.
, ""
.
, . ,
DNS-
DNS-.
. DNS-
.
BIND 4 BIND 8
.
named ,
, -
. BIND 9 .

, .
,
, ,
, .
,
.
.

. ,
, 10000 .

. ,
. , , ;
,
, .
,
UNIX, . ,
.
:
.
,

16.

429

 , ,
. ,
( "com" "edg")
, ,
.
BIND
, .
-.
.
, .
. , ,
lair.cs.colorado.edu,
cs.colorado.edu, colorado.edu, "edu" .
, ,
: ,
.
, .

cs.colorado.edu, , . ,
colorado.edu.
..

"'*, .
- , : "
".

IP-, gethostbvnamcO-
/etc/hosts.
DNS,
, ,
.
get host byriame()
: (,
/etc/hosts), DNS , NIS
NIS+. ,
18.3, 16.16
.

BIND dig nslookup.
DNS- .
DNS
,
-. 16.14.

430

II.

16.7.

D N S
, DNS. , , .
, DNS. ,
, 16.8. ,
,
DNS.

. ,
, " c o m " , "org", "edu", "fi". " d e "
. "edu" coIorado.edu,
" c o m " adrnin.com ..

.
. ,
vangogh.cs.berkeley.edu lair cs.colorado.edu. lair
, ns.cs.colorado.edu, .
. . , . ,
(, ). ,
,
IP- .

. . DN5
. ,
cs.berkeley.edu. berkeley.edu.
. , vangogh.cs.berkeIey.edu.
,
,
. vangogh.cs.berkeley.edu
"edu".
"edu"'
berkeley.edu.
, berkeley.edu.

16.

431

 ,
cs.berkeley.edu.
vangogh.
, ns.cs.colorado.edu
vangogh. "edu".
berkeley.edu cs.berkeley.edu.
named UDP 53.
UDP,
512 : TCP.
TCP.

: , , , -
.
. ,
.
. ,
. DNS-
RFC 1034,
BIND. 1998 .
RFC2308,
. BIND 8.2
, BIND 9 .
, RIPE , , 60%
DNS- (
I27.in-addr.arpa
Microsoft).
DNS-,
.
:

, ;

-
13 ,
5 . , .
named DNS- .
,
13- .
?
named ,
,
(round-trip time, RTT) .
"" RTT.
.
.

432

II.

,
IP- (
):
www

IN
IN
IN

192.168.0.1
192-168-0.2
192.168.0.3

Web-, Yahoo AltaVista, .

DNS. ,
, ,
. ,
I, 2, 3 , 2, 3, 1 3, 1 , 2 .
D N S
DNS 80- .
UDP TCP.
,
. , ,
UDP,
512 .
DNS, .
.
512- UDP-,
13.
.
UDP-,
, TCP.
512- , .
- , UDP
TCP, TCP- . UDP
: .
TCP :
, ,
.
90- . DNS
( diff
; patch, ), (

) ( DHCP-). DNS,
.
90- . EDNS0 (
DNS, 0), DNS.

, .
,
DNS. BIND 9 EDNS0
, .

16. 428

16.8.

B I N D

B I N D , ,
B I N D Internet. . 16.6 , ,
. " "
"", ,
,
, rdist
rsync.

18.
BIND,
,
16.6. , BIND


BIND

"

"-

named

named
""

1


-

- --

_

, .

, ,
/etc/resolv.conf, ,
'' ", ,
.
dns, (, Solaris 7
) DNS .
16.16.

434

II.

. IP-
DHCP-, .
. :
search

...

nameserver

ip-

.
:
search cs.Colorado.edu colotado.edu .Colorado.ecu
n a m e s e r v e r 12 8 . 1 3 8 . 2 4 3 . 1 5 1
; ns
nameserver 128.138.204.4
; piper
nameserver 128.138.240.1
; anchor

resolv.eonf .
, j-
.
n a m e s e r v e r , IP-,
. s e a r c h
, .
s e a r c h , ,
, ssh foo.
( cs.colorado.edu)
foo.cs.colorado.edu. JTO ,
foo.colorado.edu, foo.ee.colorado.edu.
"cs"
,
_.s,
. .
s e a r c h resolv.eonf
:
search

colorado.edu.

cs.colorado.edu.

ee.colorado.edu.

, , s e a r c h
.
, resolv.eonf.
( ) KJUI.
B I N D 4 B I N D 8,
. Moiyr ,
4 8 ,
.
L i s t e n - o n ,
,
.
,
n a m e s e r v e r . ,
. -
,
. - .

. .
, resolv.eonf
BIND s e a r c h resolv.eonf
d o m a i n . ,

16.

435

 .
d o m a i n s e a r c h . ,
.
, resolv.conf ,
, .
-. , DNS-.
. ,
. /etc/resolv.eonf. "!
. -i
resolv.conf .
DNS-, ,
.
. ,
.
, resolv.conf . , .
D N S , "".
.
, .
, ,
,
.
16.9.
. DNS.
, , .
.
, , ,
,
. ,
.

1 !

ft

J ^ Z Z X .

1 [

//

|| || || ||
\
\
\
\

1 ^

. . DN5

436

It


DNS
/etc/resolv.conf n a m e s e r v e r .
DNS /etc/hosts
NIS ( " ",
/etc/nsswitch.conf).
BIND 16.16.
, ,
18.3.
/etc/resolv.conf (, ) , IP-.
"", IP-.
, DNS . , IP-
/etc/resolv.conf ,
(.
a l l a w - q u e r y ).

DNS ,
.
/etc/rc* init.d
, ,
.
DNS.
,
-. , ,
.
, IP-. ,
DNS /etc/hosts,
hosts, ,
.
, -.
.
/etc/exports, NFS . ,
,
.
exports 1024 ;
anchor anchor.cs.colorado.edu, .
|71

NFS J7.

16.9.

B I N D
, ""
, .. (, ),
DNS-

16.

437

 Ln-addr.arpa.
,
BIND.

B I N D .
,
, named.
B I N D 9, D N S S E C IPv6,
. BIND 9
,
. ,
, named
.
, ,
, ,
named. - ,

, .
named
named
. , Solaris
:
if

-f /usr/sbin/in.named
a -r /etc/named.conf ]; then
/ u s r / s b i n / x n . n a m e d ; e c h o -n ' named' > / d e v / c o n s o l e

fi
B I N D ndc
( rndc.
), named.
:
# ndc

start, stop, restart status,

. ndc 16.14.
named Syslog,
syslogd. inetd:
named,
.
inetd 28.3.

named ,
"" . , ,
.
;
DNS-,
DNS.
, DNS-

433

16.11.

II.

 named (,
)
, , .
, ,
, DNS.
B I N D 4 B I N D 8
gated.conf.
: BIND 4 /cte/named.hoot, a B B I N D 8 n 9
/etc/named.conf. .
B I N D 8/9.
B I N D 4.
.

, BIND ""
, .
named.conf ,
. , .
. ""
,
.
, .
, + +
/* , . "/
II , , .
# , , .
,
. , o p t i o n s l o g g i n g . ,
;
. . 16.7 , BIND 9.
16.7. , nomed.conf

include

(
, named)

options

server

key

acl

zone

trusted-keys

controls

, ndc

logging

view

( BIND 9)

16.

439

 ,
, :
. IP-
:

IP- (, 199 165 145.4 );

, CIDR (, 199 165/16);

(.
a c l ) ;

!.

:
{
(

! 1.2.3.13;
128.138/16;

1 . 2 . 3 / 2 4 ; };
198.11.16/24;

204.228.69/24;

127.0.0.1;

};

1.2.3.13.
1.2.3/24.
, .
:
, .
IP- ,
,
. ,
- ,
, , 1.2.3.13
( 1.2.3/14)
.
.
, .
include
,
, .
named.conf
include:
i n c l u d e "";
, ,
d i r e c t o r y ( ).
i n c l u d e , .
named. named.conf.
, named.
options
o p t i o n s ,

. :
options {
;

435 II

named.conf o p t i o n s ,
.
B I N D 8 30- , BIND 9 50-.
.
, .
.
v e r s i o n "":

[ ]

.
. ,
, ,
B I N D . ,
,
"" ,
.
,
.
d i r e c t o r y "";

[',

'

, named
,
( ). JTOT
(, ..).
BIND (
named.conf resolv.conf) /var (
, )
/var/named
n o t i f y yes I no;
a i s o - n o t i f ;

Lyes]
[]

n o t i f y y e s , named
,
.

n o t i f y
, .
DNS
named ,
t ; - . 1 i,uiM. I NS .
- 1 I
,
NS
, .
a_se-nac. i\
.
NS.
.

16.

16. / /.

.441

 BIND 4 .
, (. SOA
16.11). loealhost
r e c u r s i o n yes J no;
allow-recursion
{

__

};

I yes]
[ ]

r e c u r s i o n , named
(. 16.6).
.
a l l o w - r e c u r s i o n .
,
.
u s e - i d - p o o l yes I n o ;

[no ( V8)]

B I N D 8 named
,
. , ,
,
y e s . B I N D 9 u s e - i d - p o o l ,
,
m a i n t a i n - i x f r - b a s e yes I no;
[no ( V8)}
(. RFC 1995)
""
,
. , , , " " , .
BIND 8
, ;
m a i n t a i n - i x f r - b a s e y e s , . BIND 9
.
16.12.
check-names

master

slave

r e s p o n s e

};

1.

B I N D 8 .
, , ,
, RFC-
. , .
, , ,
( ) 64- ,
256 .

. DNS
, .
c h e c k - n a m e s
. .
, ,
. :

i g n o r e ;

w a r n , ;

f a i l .

A >442

II

 f a i l ,
, ,
.
; . w a r n ,
i g n o r e . , .
transfer-format one-answer

many-answers;

[.

. D N S
( 16.11)
. ,
. m a n y - a n s w e r s , , BIND 8 I;
B I N D 9. m a n y - a n s w e r s
, ,
, BIND 8.1,
B I N D 4 .

.
t r a n s f e r s - i n ;
t r a n s f e r s - o u t ;
t r a n s f e r s - p e r - n s ;
t r a n s f e r - s o u r c e IP-;
s e r i a l - q u e r i e s ;

]
[ 1 0 ( V91]
[2]
[ ]
[4 ( V8) ]

,
( , " c o m " ,
2 ) . t r a n s f e r s - i n t r a n s f e r s - o u t
, .
t r a n s f e r s - p e r - n s ,
.
t r a n s f e r s - i n t r a n s f e r s - o u t , ,
named. t r a n s f e r s - p e r - n s
; ,
- ,
t r a n s f e r s s e r v e r .
t r a n s f e r - s o u r c e IP- , .
, a l l o w - t r a n s f e r .
B I N D 8
. s e r i a l - q u e r i e s .
.
, ,
"". 4.
;
. B I N D 9 ;
.

16.

443


, .
,
f i l e s :
[unlimited]
f i l e s ,
. , u n l i m i t e d ,
.
f i l e s named ,
. , ,
sysconf(), ,
setrlimit(), .
l i s t e n - o n p o r t __; [53, ]
q u e r y - s o u r c e a d d r e s s IP- p o r t ;
[ ]
l i s t e n - o n ,
named . q u e r y s o u r c e , named
. , IP- ,
: 53
,
U D P - , .
l i s t e n - o n
. , , , ,
B I N D 4 B I N D 8 ,
.
, named
, .
, named:
, .
l i s t e n - o r IP-.
,
. resolv.conf
IP- .
,
q u e r y - s o u r c e ,
DNS-. , DNS-
.
f o r w a r d e r s ( ; ; ... }; [ ]
forward only

first;

[first]

,
.
, , ,
. ,
. ,

,
Internet.
.

444

II.


DNS-, .
.
.
" " 16.10
.
f o r w a r d e r s - ,
.
. ( , ) .
, .
, f o r w a r d o n l y ,
,
. , .
f o r w a r d f i r s t ,
.
f o r w a r d e r s ,
, . ,
.
allow-query

__

}j

a l l o w - t r a n s f e r [ __
b l a c k h o l e [ __ ];

];

[ ]
[]

, ( )

b l a c k h o l e ,
named:
.
s o r t l i s t { __ ];

[ )

, :
. ,
,
, BIND.
, ,
r r s e t - o r d e r , , : ,
. t o p o l o g y , ,
.
.
acl
:
a c l (
__
\!

'6.

.45

 ,
.
a c l nanted.conf,
. named.conf
, , . : a n y , l o c a l n e t s , l o c a l h o s t n o n e ,
, ,
. , l o c a l n e t s ^
.
server
named ,
B I N D ,
, . s e r v e r
.
server

IP-

bogus yes I no;

p r o v i d e - i x f r yes
r e q u e s t - i x f r yes
s u p p o r t - i x f r yes

transfers

I
I
I

no;
no;
no;

transfer-format

one-answer

Inoj
[ y e s ( V9)]
[ y e s ( V9) ]
[ ( VB
[2 ( V9) ]
m a n y - a n s w e r s ; [VB: , V9: ]

k e y s ( : ; ... };

I;
s e r v e r , .
.
b o g u s , named
. ,
.
i x f r BIND 8
B I N D 9. 8 s u p p o r t - i x f r ,
9 p r o v i d e - i x f c r e q u e s t - i x f L
s u p p o r t - i x f r y e s .
. 9,
, ,
p r o v i d e - i x f y e s .
9 ,
p r o v i d e - i x f r y e s .
t r a n s f e r s .
t r a n s f e r s - i n , , .
, t r a n s f e r s - p e r - n s .
B I N D 8.
t r a n s f e r - f o r m a t
. ,
BIND 8/9 BIND 4.
k e y s ,
k e y
TSIG ( 16.13). ,

446

II.

 , ,
. , ,
, , .
logging
named "
1 ".
Syslog ,

.
: " , ". B I N D 8
, ,
, . , .

( ),
, 16.14.
zone
z o n e "" named.conf.
named , ,
. z o n e
"" (""
,
DNS-).
z o n e , named
(,
). . z o n e
.
, ,
.

z o n e
named
zone

" _" I
type

master;

f x j . e "";
a l l o w - q u e r y { __ };
[ ]
a l l o w - t r a n s f e r ( __ }; [ ]
allow-update
{

};
[none]
i x f r - b a s e "";
[_.ixf ( VB)]
):

.
,
. ,
f i l e
DNS-pecypcax;
16.11.

16.

447

, , . , 1 l o w - u p d a t e , \
.
; a l l o w - u p d a t e ( B I N D 9). ,
DHCP-".
, BIND "
_.\
named.
i x f r - b a s e . named
.
B I N D 9
, . .Jnl .
BIND. 16.12.
( )
.
,
. B I N D 4 , ,
:
zone

"exaraple.com" {
master;
f i l e "forward/example.com";
a l l o w - q u e r y ( a n y ; };
allow-transfer { my-slaves;

};

)i
m y - s l a v e s
.

, -

z o n e
, :
zone

" 4 " [
type slave I stub;
f i l e "";
i x f r - b a s e "";
m a s t e r s { I P - ; IP-; ... );
allow-query
{
__

allow-cransfer

[
};

__

);

VB]

)?

. s t u b , s l a v e ,
NS ( ).
named , D N S . ,

*

, TSIG .

448

II. *

 . ,
.
16.11.
f i l e , . .
, .
, .
,
named. ,
, .
, named .

128.138.243.151 .cs.colorado.edu.
anchor.cs.colorado.edu.cs.colorado.edu.
, - .
m a s t e r s IP- ,
. ,
.
? .
-,
, , IP-. ( ),
. , .
-, named ,
.
, .
, - ,
, .
IP- , . ,
,
, , .

masters.
' *
z o n e h i n t named
,
, :
zone

}:

"."
type
file

i
hint;
"";

" " DNS-,

("."). , named ,
. "",
, ,
"" root.cache.
, ,

16.

449



"" 16.15.
B I N D 9 ""
, .
"", .
""; D N S
, IP-
.

f o r w a r d
named :
zone

""

type
forward
forward only I

>;

forwarders

first;

IP-;

IP-;

...J

,

.
, .
key
k e y ,
.
, BIND, 16.13
.
,
, ,
64:
key {
a l g o r i t h m ;
s e c r e t ;
1;
,
named.conf ,
. ,
k e y s s e r v e r . ! , ,
.
trusted-keys
c r u s t e d - k e y s DNSSEC, RFC2065. ,
, , ,
.
. :
trusted-keys {
;

450

II. *

1;
, *.
. , 64.
t r u s t e d - k e y s ,
, .
. , DNS-,
. D N S S E C
16.13.
controls
c o n t r o l s , nde
named. , ,
.. , ndc , Internet
. :
controls {
inet

1;

1-

a l l o w

__

-. );
u n i x _ ;
[060 0]

IP- .
i n e t
UNlX- ( u n i x ) . , ,
l i n e , a l l o w ,
127.0.0.1.

: ,
.
telnet
"stop 1 '. i n e t .
ndc named UNIX- /var/run/ndc u n i x
.
, uma.sk.

, .
root, .
view
B I N D

DNS,
, . ,
. :
, ( )

16.

51


. , ,
.
,
, NS ,
. v i e w , BIND 9,
,
named.
, .
v i e w , ,
, ,
, ,
:
view _ {
m a t c h - c l i e n t s { __ };
_; . . .
1_zone; .. .
1?
,
.
.
named.conf:
, z o n e .
B I N D 9 , D N S - .
,
:
view " i n t e r n a l " {
m a t c h - c l i e n t s I ; }; //
recursion yes;
/ /
zone "example.com" (
//
type master;
f i l e "example-internal-db";
);

I;
view " e x t e r n a l " {
m a t c h - c l i e n t s [ any };
recursion no;
zone "example.com" I
type master;

\i

};

file

//
Il
//

""

"example-external.db";

,
.
a n y m e t c n - c l i e n t s , .

16.10. B I N D
namcd.conf .
:

452

, Linux;

II.

,
;
, Web-
2000 .

Linux-
, , Linux-,
DNS synack.net,
BIND 8.2.2-5.
named, con . .
.
: ,
, ,
53 ..
. , synack.net
.
: synack.net
xinetd.org.
teich.net rmtai.com.
named.conf, , ,
,
. 3
( ,
BIND).
/*

named.conf,

gw.synack.net

*/

options [
directory
"/var/named";
pxd-file
"(var/named/named.pid";

);

zone

"synack.net" {
type master;
f i l e "synack.forw";
allow-transfer { 198.11.19.15;

);

"xlnetd.org"
type master;
f i l e "xirietd. forw";
allow-transfer { 198.11.19.15;

I;

Itzone

)!

"1.168.192.in-addr.arpa"
type master;
f i l e "named.rev";

1
//

J;
zone "-" {
type hint;
file
"cache.db";

1?
zone

"teich.net"

16.

453

};

type slave;
file
"teich.net.sec";
masters < 216.103.220.218;

zone "rmtai.com" {
type slave;
file
"rmtai.com.sec";
masters { 216.103.220.218;

};

//
//
//
//

I;

(
S y s l o g ,
, ),
.

logging {
channel syslog_errors
syslog
locall;
severity error;

J.Channel moderate__debug (
s e v e r i t y debug 3 ;
f i l e "foo";
print-time yes;
p r i n t - c a t e g o r y yes;
p r i n t - s e v e r i t y yes;
);

// 3
// f o o
/ /
I I
! 1

channel no_info_raessages
syslog local2;
severity notice;

};

category parser 1
syslog_errors;
default_syslog;

);
category lame-servers { null;

} ; / /
//

category load { no_info_messages;

category default {
default_sysiog;
moderatedebug;

I;

1;
);

//

logging

localhost. /etc/hosts.


.

. , , ,
.
f o r w a r d f i r s t .
: .

454

II.

 .
B I N D 8.
, ,
. , ,
named.conr "",
named .
""
localhost.
//

BIND

8.2

//
options {
directory
"/var/nameo";
n a m e d - x f e r " / u s r / l o c a l / s b i n / n a m e d - x f e r " ; BIND 8
/ /
forwarders {
128.138.243-151;
/ / mroe
128.138.243.140;
// anchor
128.138.243.137;
/ / moet
128.138.243 -138;
// v u l t u r e
128.138.236.20;
// piper

);

);
forward f i r s t ;
query-source address

pore

53;

/ / S y s l o g 1 1 3 ;
il
logging (
channel s y s l o g i n f o {
syslog 113;
severity
info;
};
c a t e g o r y l a m e - s e r v e r s { n u l l ; };
c a t e g o r y d e f a u l t ( s y s l o g _ i n f o ; };

>;

/ /
zone " - " I
type hint;
f i l e "named.cache";

>:

/ /
zone " 0 . . 1 2 . i n - a d a r . a r p a " [
type master;
file
"localhost";
n o t i f y no;

localhost

\S

cs.colorado.edu , .
(
/26),
,
C N A M E ( )

16.

455

//

BIND

8.2

options {
directory
"/var/named";
named-xfer "/usr/local/sbin/named-xfer";
forwarders { 128.138.243.151; );
forward f i r s t ;
q u e r y - s o u r c e a d d r e s s * p o r t 53;
a l l o w - t r a n s f e r J n o n e ; };

//
//

BIND 8

);
//
//
//

, " "
l o c a l h o s t ,
, .

/ /
zone " c s - c o l o r a d o . e d u " {
type slave;
file
"forward/cs.Colorado.edu";
m a s t e r s j 1 2 8 . 1 3 8 . 2 4 3 . 1 5 1 ; );
);
zone

"250.138.128.in-addr.arpa" {
type slave;
file
"reverse/250.138-128";
m a s t e r s i 1 2 8 . 1 3 8 . 2 4 3 . 1 5 1 ; };

):
zone

"245.138.128.in-addr.arpa" {
type slave;
file
"reverse/245.138.128";
m a s t e r s i 1 2 8 . 1 3 8 . 2 4 3 . 1 5 1 ; }J

1;
//

...

,
cs.colorado.edu , .. .
, ,
, .
t o p o l o g y
.
-
a l s o - n o t i f y .
D N S .
. ( )
. .

. ,
, ,
.

, ,
5 0 R I G I N , .
D N A M E .

A >456

II

#
# Sid:

BIND 8 . x c s . c o i o r a d o . e d u
n a m e d . c o n f , v 1 . 2 8 2 0 0 0 / 0 1 / 1 2 0 0 : 2 0 : 3 4 r o o t Exp $

a c l CUnets {
128.138/16;

1;

198.11.16/24;

204.228.69/24;

#
options {
directory
"/var/named";
named-xfer "/usr/local/sbin/named-xfer";
notify yes;
also-notify [
128.138.192.205; # suod
128.138.244.9;
# r^ker
128.138.243.70;
* squid
128.138.241.12;
# goober
128.138.244.100; # av-server
128.138.202.19;
nago

127.0.0.1;

BIND

}.-

query-source address * p o r t 53;

topology { localhost; localnets;

CUnets;

};

# , " "
# l o c a l h o s t , ,
# .
#
zone " c s . C o l o r a d o . e d u " {
type master;
file
"forward/cs.Colorado.edu";

);

#
zone " 2 5 0 . 1 3 8 . 1 2 8 . i n - a d d r . a r p a " i
type master;
file
"reverse/250.138.128";

{128,136.X.)

1;
zone

"245.138 .128 . m - a d d r .arpa"

type master;
file
"reverse/245.138.128";

I;
#

...

#
zone " c o l o r a d o . e d u " |
#
type slave;
file
"secondary/colorado.edu";
a l l o w - t r a n s f e r { n o n e ; };
m a s t e r s { 1 2 8 . 1 3 8 . 2 4 0 . 1 ; };

1;
zone " o p e n b s a . o r g "
t
type slave;
file
"secondary/openbsd.org";
m a s t e r s { 1 9 9 . 4 5 . 1 3 1 . 5 8 ; };

OpenBSD

1;
zone

"233 . l n - a d d r . a r p a "

16.

457

>;

type slave;
file
"secondary/233.in-addr.arpa";
m a s t e r s [ 1 2 8 . 2 2 3 . 3 2 . 3 5 ; };

, Web-
, Web-
Web-. DNS.
2000 ,
, .
( 1030 ,
160 ), . SPARC 20,
SunOS 4.1.3 BIND 8.2.2-5.
512 .
.
;
, m a s t e r , ,
. ""
localhost ! ; ,
.
- ,
, "zone
expired"' ( ) "not authoritative for zone" (
).
DNS.
//

XOR

options f
directory
"/var/domain";
query-source address 192.225,33.1
also-notify
192.108.21.2;

port

53;

I;
//

zone

};

XOR

"xor.com" i
type master;
f i l e "xor.com";

zone "creative.xor.com" {
type master;
file
"creative.xor.com";

>;

//
//

...

zone

"21.108.192.in-addr.arpa"
type master;
file "xor.rev";

XOR

I;
zone

A >8

"2.168.192.in-addr.arpa"
type master;

II

file

1;

"backlan-2.rev";

//

...

//

//

zone

setup:01/21/2000

"boulaerhospital.com" I
type master;
file
"boulderhospital.com";

J;
zone "boulderhospital.org** {
type master;
file
"boulderhospital.com";

1;
//

1750

16.11. D N S
DNS
,
. .
:
(, S0RTGIN STTL) .
, .

, RFC882, 1035, 1183, 2065.
2181, 2308 2535

D N S (
). :
[] [ t t l ] [ ]

(. 16.8).
16.8. ,

(J
*

1 ( .)
M X .

( ),
.
,

16.

459

 . ,
.
, .
.

, ,
. ,
.
, cs.colorado.edu anchor "anchor.cs.colorado.edu.". anchor.cs.colorado.edu,
.
,
"anchor.cs.colorado.edu.cs.colorado.edu.".
Moiyr .
til (Time Live ) ( ),

. ,
, "".
STTL,
. BIND 9 . BIND 8, ,
/ ,
SOA.
,
DNS
, ,
, .
, , $TTL
, , ,

. : IN (Internet).
(Chaos) HS (Hesiod). Chaos ChaosNet
, Lisp-
Symbolics. Hesiod , BIND. IN ,
, . , .
Chaos:
named, dig
(. 16.6).
DNS-,
. IPv6 .
:

,
;

.
(. 16.9).

460

II

 16.9. DNS

SOA
NS

DNS-
,

PTR
DNAME

IPv6 ( BIND 9)

IPv6 ( BLND 9)

MX

KEY
NXT

DNS-

DNSSEC

SIG
CNAME
LOC
RP
SRV
TXT

DNS-1

LOC NT ( LOC
NT).
. ,
, .
BIND.
. SOA
.
, SOA NS.
, , .
.
,
cs.colorado.edu.
cs.colorado.edu. anchor anchor.cs.colorado.edu.

SOA

SOA , DNS. D N S
. , DNS
;
IP-, .
1- SOA.
. . SOA
, ,
. :
;
6

IN

SOA

cs.colorado.edu

ns.cs.Colorado.eau.

16.

admin.cs.colorado.edu.

461

1999X21501
21600
1800
1209600
7200 )

;
;
;
;
;

, 6
, 30
, 2
, 2

.
cs.Colorado.edu. z o n e named.conf
SORIGIN (. DNAME)
ttl . IN (Internet),
SOA, .
"ns.cs.colorado.edu." .
"admin.cs.colorado.edu." . " . . "
( &). , @ .
,
admin hostmaster
S 0 A .
BIND 4 8:
, , named
.
SOA . BIND 9
, .

. ,
.
32- ,
. . , 2000123101 , 31-
2 0 0 0 .

, .
,
.
, SOA
, .
. BIND 4.9 BIND 8
,
, .
,
, .

, named ,
, .

. ,
. ""
, ,

46
II.

 .
RFC 1982.
, , .
named
.
SOA
( ), ,
DNS.
( ) ( ).
. ,
,
.
,
.
(3600 21600 ).
,
B I N D
,
n o t i f y . , ,
.

, ,
. ,
20 60 (1200 3600 ).
,
, . ,
.
,
. ,
,
.
.
B I N D 8.2
.
. BIND 8.2
SOA .
. (.. )
$TTL . , $ t t l
,
- ( ).
5TTL,
DNS .
D N S ,
. D H C P . B I N D ,

( 16.12).

16.

463

NS

NS ,
(.. ),
.
SOA. :

[ttl]

IN NS _

:
cs.colorado.edu.
cs.colorado.edu.
cs.colorado.edu.

IN
IN
IN

NS
NS
NS

ns.cs.colorado.edu.
anchor.cs.colorado.edu.
nc.cs.utah.edu.

SOA,
NS, .
IN
IN
IN

NS
NS
NS

ns.cs.colorado.edu.
anchor.cs.colorado.edu.
nc.cs.utah.edu.

SOA cs.colorado.edu,
.
cs.colorado.edu,
,
, .. colorado.edu.
, NS
, ( ).
named.conf.
NS named
,
. ,
(colorado.edu), "cs"
.

,
.
, -
.

coloiado.edu,
"edu" .
nslookup dig,
.
.

D N S . IP- (, /etc/hosts).
. :
_ [ t t l ] IN IP-

464

II

:
anchor

IN

128.138.243.100

,
.
PTR
PTR IP-
. ,
PTR.
,
, in-addr.aipa.

, "" . ,
anchor.cs.colorado.edu anchor "cs",
"Colorado", "edu". ,
IP- "" . 128.138.243.100
100 243, 128.138.
in-addr.arpa , ,

. in-addr.arpa
IP- . ,
243 243.138.128.m-addr.arpa.
PTR :

[ttl]

IN

PTR

PTR 243.138.128.in-addr.arpa,
anchor, .
100

IN

PTR

anchor.cs.colorado.edu.

100 .
: ?
"cs.colorado.edu.". ,
"243.138.128.Ln-addr.arpa.".
, PTR
, named.
100.243

IN

PTR

anchor.cs.colorado.edu.

138.128.in-addr.arpa .
,
S0RIGIN. .
anchor.cs.colorado.edu ,
138.128.in-addr.arpa.
cs.colorado.edu 243.138.128.in-addr.arpa
DNS, .
SOA .
in-addr.arpa ,
, . 127.0.0 0.

16.

465

 ,
.
, 128.138.243.0/26? RFC23I7 ,
C N A M E ;
.
, PTR,
, .
, sshd ,
~/.shosts
- ,
- IP-. D N S .
IP- ,
. netstat. tcpd, sendmail, sshd, syslogd,
fingerd, ftpd, riogind IP-
.
, PTR.
-,
. ,
, " ",
,
.

MX

MX
. MX
, ,
.
21.
MX :
[ t t i ] IN MX ...
: ,
, , ,
.
piper

xterml

IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN

MX
MX
MX
MX
MX
MX

10
20
50
10
2 0
50

piper
mailhub
b o u l d e r . . C o l o r a d o .. e d u
mailhub
anchor
b o u l d e r . .Colorado..edu

( 0; 65535).
, bob@xterml,
. mailhub,
; anchor.
, boulder. boulder
,
( "cs.colorado.edu.").

466

II.

 , , ,
.
"",
.
MX , :

- :

Internet;

- SMTP;

,
.

, .
, .
Internet,
DNS, MX. sendmail
,
, , MX. ,
, - ,
( , UUCP).
, MX ,

, , .
, .
MX.
- .
:

, ;

, ;

, .
MX -,
. ,

.
evi@cs.coIorado.edu, es.
MX cs.colorado.edu:
s

IN
IN
IN

MX
MX
MX

10
20
50

mailhub.es.colorado.edu
anchor.cs.Colorado.edu.
boulder.Colorado.edu.

, ,
sendmail. 19.8
u s e _ c w _ f i l e local-host-names, sendmail
.
DNS MX:
IN

MX

10

16.

mailhub.es.colorado.edu.

467

 ,
.
. .
,
.
, .
"" .
,
, , ,
.
MX.

CNAME

C N A M E . - .
. :
ftp
kb

IN
IN

CNAME
CNAME

anchor
kibbleanbits

C N A M E :

[fccJ]

IN

CNAME _

DNS- C N A M E ,

C N A M E , (,
MX, NS .) ,
,
colo-gw
moogie
www

IN
IN
IN

CNAME
CNAME

128.138.243.25
colo-gw
moogie

( MX) www moogie,
B I N D C N A M E .
, C N A M E ,
.. ,
.

C N A M E . Web-cepeepa
www
www
www

IN
IN
IN

CNAME
CNAME
CNAME

webl
web2
web3

C N A M E .
, , . BIND 8
, . BIND 9
, .
C N A M E . Web-cepBepa ,
.

468

II

 C N A M E
CNAME
,
. CIDR , . ,
"" ,
. ,
128.138 ,
in-addr.arpa.
243 243.138.128.in-addr.arpa.
CIDR 13.4.
, 243 . ,
/26? ,
; - ,
PTR. , 243 Internet, /26
.

, IP- (
243) ,
.
,
. ,
. :
in-addr.arpa
CNAME, ,
. ,
.
.
( ) IP-anpeca
CNAME (
), . ,
/26 "0-63",
"64-127" . :
SORIGIN

243.136.12.in-addr.arpa.

1
2

IN
IN

CNAME
CNAME

1.0-63
2.0-63

63
65
65

IN
IN
IN

CNAME
CNAME
CNAME

63.0-63
64.64-12")
65.65-127

0-63
, ,
NS:
0-63
0-63

IN
IN

NS
NS

16.

nsl .custornerl.com.
ns2.customerl.com.

469

 customerl.com ,
0-63.243.138.128.in-addr.arpa. :
1
2

IN
IN

PTR
PTR

hostl.customerl.com.
ho3c2.customerl.coiti.

,
. , , - , 128.138.243.1, C N A M E
1.243.138.128.in-addr.arpa 1.0-63.243.138.128.inaddr.arpa, .
;
.
,
. :
B I N D C N A M E
, , , ,
. R F C ,
.
, ,
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,
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,
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, ,
named, $ GENERATE (
),
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, :
SORIGIN 2 4 3 . 1 3 8 . 1 2 8 . i n - a d d r . a r p a .
SGENERATE 0 - 6 3 $ CNAME 5 . 0 - 6 3
0-63
IN
NS
nsl.customerl.com.
0-63
IN
NS
ns2.custoroerl.com.

S SGENERATE
64- C N A M E .
/ 2 6 .
C N A M E B I N D 8
9. BIND 4
C N A M E PTR,
. ,
.

LOC

LOC , , () DNS.
L O C Internet, .

470

II

 , ,
, .

LOC

RFCI876.

:
[ t t l ] IN LOC [ ( [ [ ] ]} 1
, (
), N (north ), S (south
), (easi ) w (west ). ,
.
( )
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, ,
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,
10 , 10 .
caida.org, -,
:
caida.org.

IN

LOC

32

53

01

N 117

14

25 W 107m

30m 18m

15m

, CA1DA (Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis no

Internet), ,
Web- DNS.
, .
.
, ,
.
LOC ,
NT 4.0.
SRV
SRV .
,
-.
. , ,
, C N A M E "ftp'"
DNS.
SRV ,

. ,
, .

SRV MX
, DNS
.
:
.. [ J] IN SRV

16.

471

 JTO , IANA
(Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
Internet);
13.3 www.iana.org/numbers.htm. t c p , u d p .
, SRV.
, MX.
,
, , ,
. SRV
, '*
,
. 0.
.
, RFC2052 (
SRV) cs colorado.edu:
ftp.
;
finger.tcp

SRV

21

ftp-server.cs.Colorado.edu.

Finger
SRV

0
79

.)

; ,
; -
ssh.tcp
SRV

1
22
old-siow-oox.cs-coloraao.edu.
SRV

3
22
new-fast~oox.cs.colorado.edu.
; ,
; ; : 8CQ0
http.tcp
SRV

0
80
www-server.cs.colorado.edu.
SRV
10 0
8000 n e w - f a s t - b o x . c s . c o l o r a d o . e d u .
;

h t t p : / / w w w . c s . c o i o r a d o . e a u ,
h t t p : / / c s . c o l o r a d o . e d u
h t t p . t c p . w w w SRV

0
80
www-server.cs.coloraao.edu.
SRV
10 0
8000 n e w - f a s t - t o o x - c s . c o i o r a d o . e d u .

;
*. tcp
* . udp

SRV

SRV
C O O

JTOM (
SSH). ( HTTP).
SSH.
. HTTP
, . finger
, ,
. , finger DNS.
, : DNS.
DNS WKS (well-known
services ). ,
, ,
. . ,
,

472

II

 Microsoft Windows 2000 SRV.

DNS
.

DNS . ,
,
:
IN

TXT

" U n i v e r s i t y o f CO,

B o u l d e r Campus.

CS

Dept"

SOA NS "cs.colorado.edu.". .
RP,
,
( SOA ).
:
[ c c l ] IN ...
.
, ,
.
DNS.
. ,
, : named
.
IPv6
IPv6 IP.
. IPv6
IP-.
, ,
CIDR, NAT
,
IPv6 .
- , IPv6 (
Microsoft Windows),

,
IPv6 ,
I -.
IPv6,
128- IP- DNS.
PTR,
:
.
, IPv6,
, .
.

16.

473

 IPv6 ,
IPv6 , IP-.
, I E T F : 6 ( )
D N A M E ( ).
D N A M E CNAME, ,
, , . 6 , ,
.
IPv6,
IETF,
.
.
6
:
_ I t t l ] IN 6 __) IP-
:
anchor
anchor

IN
IN

6
A6

0
48

3ffe:8050;201:9:00:20ff:fe8l:2b32.
:: 9 : a 0 0 : 2 0 f f : f e 8 l : 2b32 p r e f i x . n i y i s p . n e t .

IPv6 anchor.
, 48
prefix.myisp.net. ,
. ,
.

, 128-
6. ,
47 , 46 ..
48 .
DNSSEC,
, 100- DNS-
! ,
.

,
" ". ( )
doc B I N D 9.

DNAME

IPv6
P T R DNAME.
PTR IPv6
, D N A M E ,
.
IPv4 inaddr.arpa,
(, " c o m " "edu"). IPv6

469
II

 . iri6.arpa,
.
in-addr.arpa
IP-. IPv6 ,
.
I 128 ; .
.
. IPv6
001.
, 001
, : 0010.
2;
. :
\ 1*2/3]
,
. ( 2)
( / 3 ) . , , , . . ,
, 4 (
4 ).

, , D N S - , .
. , , .
.
IPv6 001,
\[x2/3j|.ip6.arpa.
.
: ,
(3/45/80), (3/13/32/80)". ,
.
, be.
\[x3ffe8050020100090a0020fffe812b32/128].ipfe.arpa.
\tx00090a0020fffe812b32/801.\[xfff402801008/451.\1x2/3].ip6.arpa.
\[x00090a0020fffe812b32/801.\[x80500201/32],\[xfff0/13]
.\[x2/3] ..

in-addr.arpa IPv4,
, (, )
.
. 80
0 0 0 9 0 a 0 0 2 0 f f f e 8 1 2 b 3 2 .
:
, IPv6
. 13.4 ,
IPv6

16.

475

\[x3ffeB050020100090a0020ffe8l2b32/128].ip6.arpa.
\[x00090a0020fffe8l2b32/B0j[xfff402801008/45].\[x2/3].ip6.arpa.
S[x00090a0020fffe812b32/80][x80500201/32|.\[xfff0/13]
.4[x2/3].ip6.arpa.

/ 4 5 , f f f 4 0 2 8 0 1 0 8 45 48- .
, ,
D N S - .
D N A M E .
:
! [ t t l ] IN DNAME
.
. 80 ,
, ..
. ,

.
SORIGIN .
;
ip6.arpa, my-isp.nei my-domain.com.
, - .
ip6.arpa \[x2/3].ip6.arpa 13- my-isp.nei,
:
; m y - i s p . n e t
SORIGIN \ 1 x 2 / 3 ] - i p o . a r p a .
\[xfff0/13]
IN
DNAME
ip6.my~isp.net.

\Ixffro/13|.\[x2/3|.ip6.arpa, "*ip6.mvisp.nel.". , , 32-
my-domain.com. ip6.niyisp.net:
; my - d o n a i n - n e t
SORIGIN x p 6 . m y - i . s p . n e t .
\x80500201/321
IN
DNAME
ipb.my-domain.net.

"\|x80500201/321 ip6 my-isp.nei.", , D N A M E , 48-

IPv6. 48 ip6.my-domain.com
ip6.my-domain.com PTR
:
SORIGIN i p 6 . m y - d o m a i n . n e t .
\[x00090a0020ffe812b32/80]

IN

PTR

host.my-aomain.net.

,
.
128- .
- ,
.

476

II.

 IPv6 ,
. IPv6 ,
. ,
, , ,
. Perl,
,
.

,
, . :
SoRIGIN

SINCLUDE
_
STTL
_
5GENERATE

.
named ,
("") ,
. ,
z o n e named.conf.
$0RIGIN.


. ,
, $ORIGIN

SORIGIN

243.138.128.in-addr.arpa

243.

$ INCLUDE,

. ,
.
STTL ill ,
.
SOA B I N D 8 $TTL
. B I N D 9 , ,
, .
B I N D 9 ,
: , ,
TTL. ,
/.
5GENERATE, B I N D 8.
.
C N A M E

16.

477

,
IP- (. RFC23I7).
.
S GENERATE - [ /] _ f ]
:
_ _
.
.
S. , .
.
C N A M E , PTR NS, B I N D S. B I N D 9 ,
, . C N A M E .

localhost

127.0.0.1 'iocalhost^oKflL?bb/ii_rfo.Me.'". localhost.cs.colorado.edu.

"localhost.", ;
.
localhost,
. ,

localhost 127.0.0.1 .
localhost 16.15.
:
, .
,
, cs.colorado.edu colorado.edu, D N S .

, -
(, ), DNS.
IP-
. ,
, .
DNS, NS
. ,
IP-, -
, .. DNS- (
),
.
:
.

478

II


NS . , Colorado edu
:
,
;

CS

ns.cs.Colorado.edu.
IN
NS
NS
piper.cs.coorado.edu.
IN
NS
ns.xor.com.
IN
IN
NS
ns..Colorado.eduIN
NS n s . c s . C o l o r a d o . e d u .

;
ns.cs
IN
piper.
IN
ns .
IN

A
A
A

128.138.243.151
128.138.204.4
128.138.200.1

" " ,
.
, Internet.
,
,
, "host unknown" (
).

, . ,
ns.xor.com
DNS-. ,
"" , -
. ,
, .
B I N D ,
.

, ,
.
,
, , . ,
.
. B I N D 8.
BIN D 4 (
). , , ,
, NS.
B I N D 8,
, B I N D 9 -. BIND 9

,
.

.
dig ,
.
d i g

16.

479

d i g ._
.
,
(.
R F C 1918)
. /src/conf/recursive
B I N D 8.
.

,
NS .

NS,
.
a l s o - n o t i f y ,
,
SOA.

named NS ,
.
, IP- ,
named.conf

NS?
? . ,

DNS. , . ,

16.12.
(,
), .
, SOA
ndc reload,
named .
( ndc restart),
, .
B I N D named
kill, ,
ndc. . ,
( HUP.
, TERM,
), ndc.

, n o t i f y .
- ,
, , SOA
( ). ,
,

A >480

II

ndc reload, ,
, , .
IP- , .
, ,
: - ,
.
,
SOA, (
), .
,
. named;
.
, .
. ,
,
,

f.cs.Colorado.edu.cs.Colorado.edu

RFC2136
API-. ; ,
DHCP. , ,
.

DNS . DNS ( BIND 4) ,

, , .
R FC1995
BIND 8.2.
, ,

. ,
( ),

( ).
TCP 53.
Syslog '"namedxfer". IETF ,
TCP. UDP. BIND

,
. . BIND 8
named-xfer,
BIND 9 named . ,
n a m e d - x f e r , ,
BIND 9.

16.

481

 (, "com")
(. ),
. ,
( ,
, ).
patch:
.
BIND 8
named (
o p t i o n s ) ,
s e r v e r ,
. :
mamtain-ixfr-base true;
support-ixfr true;

# o p t i o n s
t s e r v e r

, ,
z o n e :
i x f r - b a s e _";
i x f r - t m p - f i l e " ":

#
# zone

BIND 9
, ,
named . s e r v e r
: p r o v i d e - i x f q u e s t - i x f r .
, .
,
p r o v i d e - i x f r yes;
r e q u e s t - i x f r yes;

# s e r v e r
f s e r v e r

BIND ,
. BIND 9
, ,
. ,
.
,
.
,
, .

DNS ,
.
, DHCI*
IP-
:
DNS DNS-. .

482

II. teifix

 ,
Internet. DNS
:
dhcp-hostl.domain.
dhcp-host2.domain.

IN
IN

192.168.0.1
192.168.0.2

, ,
IP-, , ,
,
.
,
BIND, . DHCP
BIND ,
DNS " ".
, .
, . .
DNS,
(, d h . )
.
named.conf 1 l o w - u p d a t e .
,
BTND, .
earned.
, (
, named
)

, ' .
, ,
named,
.

16.13.
DNS .
,
, , .
, Internet,
, dig, hosl
nslookup. DNS.
BIND
,
. . 16.10
, named.conf.

16.

483

 16.10. nomed.conf

allow-query
allow-transfer

o p t i o n s , zone
o p t i o n s , zone

aliow-updete
blackhole

zone
options

bogus
acl

server
various

named ,
chroot.
. , ,
\'.
.
D N S S F C
.


, ,
a l l o w - q u e r y , a l l o w - t r a r . s f e r b l a r k h o l e .
D N S .
" ".
a c l 16.9.

. :
a c l oogusnets \
/ /
0.0.0.0/8;
//
169.254.0.0/16;
192.0.2.0/24;
224.0.0.0/3;

10.0.0.0/8;
);
acl

172.16.0.0/8;
192.168.0.0/16;

cunets 1
128.138.0.0/16;
198.11.16/24;
204.228.69/24;

//
//
//
//
//
//

-
, exampie.com

(RFC1918]
(RFC1918)
[RFC1918)

//
//

- Macmrosh
, LP. DHCP.
169.254.0-0/16.
,
. DSL- .
,
DNS-!

484

II

 o p t i o n s
:
allow-recursion { .;
blackhole bogusnets;

)/

.
:
acl

ourslaves {
128.13-242.1;

anchor

):
acl

measurements {
128.9.160.157;
198.32.4.0/24;
192.5.5.0/24;

//
// '
//

:
allow-transer

ourslav/es;

su. t ;

,
,
Iniernei
n.slookup.
dig host.
:
% nslookup

D e f a u l t S e r v e r : .
A a o r e s s : IP-
>

Is

cs.Colorado.edu.

[ \
Can't

list

domain

cs.co_orado.ea..:

Unspecified

erto:

-

. .
DNS- ,

named
,
, named
' . -1
, - -g U I D G1D
named.
BIND 9. ,
# named - 53 -q 53 -t / v a r / n a m e d
4 named -u 53 -t / v a r / n a m e d

16.

* BIND " '

' BIND 9 *

485

 53.
53 ( BIND 8) /var/named.
,
, named:
/dev/null, , ,
named.conf .. ,
, ,
/var/named
, named,
, .
root ,
.
-. -g -t. "",
"".

T S I G TKEY
DNSSEC ( )
, IETF ,
TSIG (RFC2845). . , , ,
IP-.
,
.. . .
. , , . TSIG
, ,
,
.
.
TSIG DNS- .
, .
;
DNS. TSIG
, BIND : MD5.
dnssec-keygen". BIND,
. , , ! 2.

* dnaaac-keygen - 12 -h - 1-2

128- Kcepel-2+157400000. pri vate. "Key:",

, 64.
. , ASCII-
BIND 8 dnskeygen.

46

II.

 , 64.
mmencode
. ; ,
.
scp
. telnet ftp
:
named.conf . ,
, ,
, named.conf
i n c l u d e .

scp SSH; . 21.8.

, servl-serv2.key
:
key s e r v l - s e r v 2 {
a l g o r i t h m hmac-md5;
secret
" _";

1;
600,
. named. named.conf,
, :
include

"servl-serv2.key";

.
,
k e y s .
named.conf

s e r v e r _2
[
keys { s e r v l - s e r v 2 ;

);

);

named.conf :
s e r v e r _1
{
keys { s e r v l - s e r v 2 ;
):

};

a l l o w - q u e r y , a l l o w - t r a n s f e r a l l o w - u p d a t e
z o n e , :
allow-transfer

key

servl-serv2;

1;

,
aamed - I < 16.14) ,
. BIND
,
.
TKEY BIND 9.

.
-,

16.

4 8 7

,
.
, .
, , * ,
".
D N S S E C
DNSSEC DNS. ,
, DNSSEC
DNS- "
?" " ,
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DNSSEC : KEY, ,
, .
: ,
..
:
() , ()
""
""
, .
, ,
. ,
, . "" ,
, .
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:
, ,
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MD5), () .
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.
i ,
.
,
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.
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KEY.
*

,
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46

II.

 .
named 1* ,
.
..
. Fe "".

. !.
B I N D 9:
* dnesec-keygen

-a

DSA

-b

768

-n

ZONE

mydomein.com.

B I N D 8
* dnskeygen

-D76B

-z

-n mydomain.com.

. 16 11 JTHX .
16.11. / dnssec-keygen dnskeygen

dnssec-keygeii
-a

DSA

DSA

- 7 6 8
-n

ZONE

7 6 8 -
mvcoma i n . :.

Tnydomain.com

dnskeygen
-D768

DSA 768-

-z

-n

myoomain.coin.

mvdomain.com

dnssec-keygen dnskeygen :
alg
003
key i d e n t i f i e r
f l a g s - 16641

, "! :
Kmydomain.com.+003+12345.key
Kmydomain.com.+003+12345.private

$ INCLUDE. SO .
DNSSEC , .
,
. B I N D 8 ,
;
. BIND 9
dnssec-makekeysel. .
dnssec-makekeysel , ( ), I T L
, ,
. ,
dnscec-maJcekayset -t 3600
Kmydomain.com.+003+12345

16 >

+64000

489

 , ,
3600 ( ),
10 . 1
dnssec- make keyset , mydomain.com. keyset.
.
, ,
.
BIND 9 dnssec-signkey
:
f

nlgnkey m y d o m a i n . c o m . k e y s e t K c o m . + 0 0 3 + 5 6 7 8 9

mydomain.com.signedkcy,
("com") (mydomain.com)
. BIND 8 dnssigner.
,
. :

SIG NXT ,
.
BIND 8 dnssigner.
contrib . BIND 9
dnssec-signzone. ,
d n e a i g n e r -or m y d o m e l n . c o m - ! d b . m y d o m a i n -zo
d b . m y d o m a i n . s i g n e d -kl m y d o m a i n . c o m dsa 12345 - s t
d n s s e c - s i g n z o n e -o m y d o m a i n . c o m d b . m y d o m a i n

fr

BIND 6
t BIND 9

db.mydomain
, db.mydomain.signed.
( -st). , ,
, , .
SIG :

( DSA);

TTL ;

( );

( );

( 12345),

(mydomain.com.);

, .
,
named.conf my domain, z o n e f i l e
. db.mydomain.signed. db.mydomaln.
BIND S z o n e p u b k e y s .
, BIND 8 ,
BIND 9 :
KEY
.

: " IP- anchor.cs.colorado.edu, .

46

II.

, cs.colorado.edu
".
" "?
.
DNSSEC NXT,
,
*. , anchor.cs.colorado.edu
awesome.cs.colorado.edu anLhill.cs.coIorado.edu,
NXT :
anchor.cs.colorado.edu.

IN

NXT

a w e s o m e . c s . c o l o r a d o . e d u A MX NXT

, "anchor" cs.colorado.edu
"awesome", "anchor"
A, MX NXT. NXT
. , NXT zamboni.cs.colorado.edu
, .. cs.colorado.edu:
z a m b o n i . . cs . C o l o r a d o . e d u .

IN

NXT

c s . c o l o r a d o . e d u A MX NXT

NXT , ,
. , ,
LOC anchor, NXT,
, A, MX NXT
DNSSEC BIND 9.0,0
( 2000). ,
.
,
BIND. , , , DNSSEC.
DNSSEC
. ,
, .

, .
, ,
. , , ,
,
SIG NXT,
. , DNSSEC,
, RFC
.
BIND 9 .
RFC2535.
BIND 9 DNSSEC
BIND 9. , DNSSEC
BIND 9
, ,
DNS, . , cs.colorado.edu cs.coIorado.edu
.cs.colorado.edu.
.

1 6 .

491

 DNSSEC , .
;
hosiname@com .
DNSSEC. , . , ,
.
( TSIG/TKEY) , .
, .
TSIG , DNSSEC,
,
TSIG DNS-
Microsoft , U N I X
Windows 2000 SRV :
, , .. SRV.
Microsoft IETF,
DNS
.
, GSS-TSIG.
.
Kerberos . ,
Kerberos, Microsoft,
Kerberos 5.' ,
?
Win2K SRV,
Kerberos Win2K
Kerberos. , ,
. , Microsoft
- .
, Win2K. ,
DNS. . , Win2K
.
UDP-
. , ,
Win2K TCP-, KEY
.

TCP-.
.
Microsoft, : ", , !"

1 6 . 1 4 .
named ,
.

ndc. ,

487

II. *

 . dig
nslookup ,
.

named . B I N D 4 Syslog
B I N D 8
: .
, - ,
B I N D (. 16.12).
16.12. BIND

, : Syslog,
/dev/null

, named; ,

, (
BIND 9)

Syslog; DNS ,

; , Syslog

l o g g i n g namcd.cont
.
, .
, ( B I N D 9)
. ,
.
, , . , Syslog.
, /cic/syslog.conf.
l o g g i n g :
logging

_ ;
_ :
c a t e g o r y ,_
_ ;
_ ;

16.

493

 -
, Syslog.
f i l e , s y s l o g ;
.
c h a n n e l {
f i l e [ v e r s i o n s _ | u n l i m i t e d ]
s y s l o g ;

I s i z e ];

s e v e r i t y :
p r l n t - c a t e g o r y yes I ;
p r i n r - s e v e r i c y yes ] no;
p r i n t - t i m e yes I no;
);
_ ,
. ,
(: 204 8, 1 0 0 k , 20m, 1 5 g , u n l i m i t e d ,
default).
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. ,
d a e m o n l o c a 1 0 l o cal?.
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.5.

. (
): c r i t i c a l , e r r o r , w a r n i n g , n o t i c e , i n f o d e b u g
( , s e v e r i t y d e b u g 3).
d y n a m i c ,
.
p r i n t
. Syslog
,
. BIND 9 ,
(), .
p r i n t - t i m e , Syslog .
. 16.13 , .
.
16.13. BIND

494

default syslog

info Syslog
daemon

d e f a u l t debug

named.run:
dynamic

default srderr

named i n f o

null

II. *

 . 16.14 ,
B I N D 8 9. 9 .
"8/9?", ,
B I N D 8, B I N D 9.
16.14. BIND

default
general
config
parser

queries/client

8/9

dnssec

lame-servers

8/97

statistics

8/9?

panic
update
ncache
xfer-in

8/9?
8/9
8/9?
8/9

xfer-out

8/9

db/database
eventlib

8/9
8

packet

8/9?

notify
name
security

8/9

OS
insist
maintenance
load

8/9
9
8/9
8

8/9
8/9
8/9?
8/9?

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8/9?
8/9?
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network

1
2
3

, 1

, (!)
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, , ,
! , 2




,
,

,
3
3

"... CNAME"







, ,

BIND 8 d e f a u l t
, .

B I N D 8 /include/dns/
confcommon.h. log.h .

16.

495

 BIND 9 lib/dns/include/dns/log.h bln/named/lnclude/named/log.h.

l o g g i n g BIND 8 :
logging {
category d e f a u l t ( d e f a u l t _ s y s l o g ; default_debug; 1;
category panic J default_syslog; default__stderr;
};
category eventlib { default_debugj
c a t e g o r y p a c k e t ( d e f a u l t _ d e b u g ? };

};

BIND 9 :
logging {
category default

default_syslog;

default_debug;

};

};

BIND; ,
. named ,
,
. .

. , ,
-
Iniernei, : - .
.

.
. ,

. named , .
MS. SOA
NS. ,
-
. ,
, .
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TTL 5TTL,
. ,
. BIND 8
SO *. BJND 9
, named
.
. named
.
"'' Internet.
.1. , named,
, , .

BIND 8.2 :
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496

II

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tide.
BIND

h[Lp://vAvw.acmebw.com/askmrdns/bind-messages.him

named 0 II
,
0 . I 2
. , .
, named
-d. ,
# nmed -d2
2.
named.ruB, ( 16-16).
, .
named,
ndc trace,
. ndc notrace . , ,
:
severity

debug

3 .
, .
, .
,
, DNS.
(, )
DNS.
.
ndc
ndc (mdc BIND 9)
named. . 16 15
, , ,
named.con named.
ndc reload named
HUP. . ndc reload
,
,

16.

497

 16.15. ndc

help

ndc

__

status

named

trace

trace

dumpdb

DNS nameddump.db

stats

named.stats

reload

named .conf

reload

restart

named

querylog

ndc dumpdb named

nameddump.db.
, ,
.
colorado.edu, , 16 ,
200 .
named ,
ndc stats.
named.stats.
, cs.colorado.edu (
43- ).
, ,
. , ,
.
+++

S t a t i s t i c s Dump +++ Wed F e b

180465
52669
0
475460
3
194
15686
13816
76244
130939
1
171
42
124587

15:07:18

2000

time since boot

(sees)
time since r e s e t
(sees)
Unknown q u e r y t y p e s
A queries
NS q u e r i e s
CNAME q u e r i e s
SOA q u e r i e s
PTR q u e r i e s
MX q u e r i e s
TXT q u e r i e s
LOC q u e r i e s
SRV q u e r i e s
AXFR q u e r i e s
ANY q u e r i e s

+* Name S e r v e r

498

Statistics

++

RR
320252

RNXD
23620

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249826

RDupR
1013

RFail
3532

RFErr
0

RErr
903

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42

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10339

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16253J

SNXD
190644

, ,
.
(R) (S) , (Q)
(R). nsjstats.c. src/bin/named BIND 8.
BIND 9.
. Fro
grep find.
, , ,
. Unknown q u e r y t y p e s ( )
, .
ANY . ,
.
, Dup,
.
, ,
. .
BIND 8, o e a l l o c a t e - o n - e x - . t .
ndc stats, , named.memstais
. BIND 9
named.
nsiookup, dig host
nsiookup. dig host
DNS. nsiookup,
BIND dig (domain information
grope )
(Steve Hoiz). (Michael Sawyer)
BIND 9 BIND. host,
(Eric Wassenaar),
.
, ,
dig, nsiookup, host
- ,
: dig host BIND, nsiookup
.
nsiookup ,
DNS.
, ,
, .
, . . 16 16 , nsiookup.

16.

499

 16.16. . nslookup

^. _..

help ?

exit

server

Iserrer

set type^xet

set debug

set d2

Is

any, .. "".

dig , nslookup.
, , .
,
( mi
nslookup j.
, MX anchor

% d i g a n c h o r . c a . o o l o r a d o . e d u . mx

% d i g 6ns 1 . b e r k e l e y . edu v a n g o g h . b e r k e l e y . edu . a n y

vaugogh berkeley.edu

% d i g - 12.32.33.5
, vangogli.
, nslookup dig
% nslookup
Default Server:
bb.rc.vix.com
Address:
204.152.187.11

> s e t typ=any
> amazon.com.
Server:
bb. re.vix.*
Address:
204.152.lB7.il
Non-authoriLetive
answers:
a m a z o n . com
nameserve: amason.com
nameserver
amazon.com
n a m e s e r v e r -amazon.com
nameserver
amazon.com
p r e f e r e n c e =
amazon.com
amazon.com
AuthoricaLive
amazon.com

A >500

A U T H 0 0 . N"S. U 0 . NET
NS2.PNAP.KET
KS1.PNAP.NET
N S - 1 . a r a z o n . con:
10, m a i l e x c h a n g e r s e r v i c e - 4 .a2iazon.com
p r e f e r e n c e = 10, m a i l e x c h a n g e r service-5.amazon.com
internet address
208.216.182.15
answers can oe found from:
n a m e s e r v e r = AUTHOO-NS.UU.NET

II

amazon.com
amazon.com
amazon.com
AUTHC 0 . N S . L'U. NE1
KS2.PNAP.NET
KS1.PKAP.NET
NS-L . a r i a z o n . com
s e r v i c e - 4 .amazon.":
s e r v i c e - 5 .amazon.coir.

nameserver
"JS2. F ^ A P . N E T
n a m e s e r v e r = KS1.PNAP.NET
n a m e s e r v e r = N S - I . a r r a z o r i - con.
Liiterriet a d d r e s s
198.. t. 65
: n : e t . r i e t a d a r e s s - 2 0 6 ..15 3 . 1 9 4 - 7
L n t e r n e t a o o r c s s - 206 .
. 94 . te~
. n c e r n e t a d a r e s s = 2 0 9 . 1 9 . t . s>4 . 2 0
.r.ternet address
109.191 c4 .56
i n t e r n e t aadresfi - 209.191 164.51

nsluokup NS. MX >

. IP- \ 1 \ -
% d i g amazon. com. any

DiG
8.3
amazon.com any
; r e s o p t i o n s : i n i t r e c u r s deLnam d n s s i
; got answer:
; - H E A D E R - o p c o a e : QUERY, s t a t u s : NOEPROF, i n : 4
; f l a g s : qr rd ; QUERY: 1, ANSWER:
, AUTHOR I "i: 5, A D D I T I O N .
; QUERY S E C T I O N :
a . - n a i o n . : : n , '-ipe
ANY,
-lass
f ANSWER S E C T I O N :
amazon.com.
Lh27mi:s
NS A17TRC0 . N S . UO. fE .
IN
a m a z o n . coir..
lh27ml1s
IN
NS N S 2 . P N A P . N E T .
a m a z o n . corr.
IN
NS N 3 1 . P N A P . N E T .
Lh27mlls
IN
NS-1.amazon.com.
.com.
lh27mlls
NS
amazon.com.
s9m22s
IN
MX 0 s e r v i c e - 4 . a i r . a z o i i . c o m
amazon.com.
59rr.2zs
1M MX 1 s e r v . c e - 5 . a m a - o r , . ~
L^9ir.29s
208.21c.182.If
amazon.com.
IN
A
; ; AUTHORITY S E C T I O N :
amazon.con.
Lhrt:is
IN
NS A U T H 0 0 . N S . U U . N E T .
amazon.cor.
lr.2 - i l s
IN
NS N S 2 . P N A P . N E T ,
amazon.com.
NS1.PNAP.NET
NS
IN
a m a z o n . coir,.
N.
IN
NS i . air.a t o n . c o r .
;l ; ; ADDITIONAL SECTION;
xN A
AUTH 0 . N S - U U . N E T .
I8.6.1.65
206.2*3.194.9'
NS2.PMAP.NET
2Qh51rr.4 4 s IN
A
MS 1. PNAP. Nc. .
:N A
zOc.. >3.194.65
NS-i.amazon.com.
59m22s
IN
A
209-I1.-64.
s e r v i c e - 4 . a m a z o n . c o m . 59ir22s
20. 9 1 . l c 4 . 5 C
IN
s e r v i c e - 5 . amazon. cor,, 59m22s
IN
. 0 ^ 1 9 . .
rotai query time:
msec
FROM: o b . r c . v i x . c o m t o SERVER: a e t a u l t
WHEN: S a n J u l
2 1 2 : 4 5 : ^ 9 2000
MSG S I Z E
s e n t : 28
r c v d : 3 38

dig lie iiK.4io4.iei

,
.
. . "
,
"".
host
\ -v
( , dig).
. ,
,
resolv.conf ,

16.

501

% b o a t amazon.com,
amazon.com h a s a d d r e s s 2 0 8 . 2 1 6 . 1 8 2 . 1 5
arnazon.com m a i l i s h a n d l e d ( p r i = l O ) b y s e r v i c e - 4 . a m a z o n . c o m
amazon.com m a i l i s h a n d l e d t p r i ^ l O ) b y s e r v i c e - 5 . a m a z o n . c o m
, ,
. ' IP-,
, , D N S .

, ,
D N S
() .
, ?
,

.
.
,
, ,
D N S ,
, . ,
3,5 ( i n f o ) ,
. 16%
,

iokyoiopIess.net. !
:
Jari 29 0 5 : 3 4 : 5 2 i p n . c a i d a . o r g n a m e d f 2 2 3 ] : Lame s e r v e r on
'www.games.net' (in 'GAMES.net'?): [ 2 0 7 . 8 2 . 1 9 8 . 1 5 0 ] . 5 3
'KS2.EX0DUS.net'

dig ( ):
% d i g www.games.net.
QUESTIONS:
www.games.net, t y p e = A, c l a s s = IN
ANSWERS:
www.games.net.
3600
A
209.1.23.92
;; AUTHORITY RECORDS:
games-net.
3600
NS n s . e x o d u s . n e t .
games.net.
3600
RS n s 2 . e x o d u s . n e t .
games.net.
.3600
NS n s . p c w o r l d . c o m .
;; ADDITIONAL RECORDS:

www.games.net .
ns.exodus.net (
), ns2.exodus.net
:
* d i g 6 n s 2 . e x o d u s . n e t www.games.net.
QUESTIONS:
www.games.net, t y p e = A, c l a s s = IN
AUTHORITY RECORDS:

502

II.


net

24 4362
244362
244362
244362

net

NS
NS
NS
NS

F.GTLD-SERVER3.net.
J.GTLD-SERVERS.netK.GTLD-SERVERS.net.
A.GTLD-SERVERS.net-

,
, l v net". , . ns2.exodus.com .
16.15.

,
, .

"*

"" named
.
. ' " B I N D 9 ,
, .
. ( B I N D 9
"" "".)
,
,
root-servers.nei. ,
dig
"". a.root-servers.net. :
% d i g @ . r o o t - s e r v e r s . n e t . ne > r o o t . c a c h e
f.root-servers.nei ,
:
% d i g . > r o o t . c a c h e

, .
.
,
. named ,
"" . ,
.
"" {
):
cs.colorado.edu.
cs.colorado.edu.
;
;

IN
IN

NS
NS

anchor.cs.colorado.edu.
ns.cs.utah.edu.

DiG 8 . 2 e f . r o o t - s e r v e r s . n e t . n s
L o t s o f d e t a i l e d d i g i n f o f o r m a t t e d a s comments h e r e . . .

16.

. 503

E.ROOT-SERVERS.NETD.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
A. ROOT-SERVE RS.NET.
H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.

Idlh42m
Idlh42m
Idlh42rn
Idlh42m

IN
IN
IN
IN

NS
NS
NS
NS

E.ROOT-SERVERS-NET.
D.BOOT-SERVERS.NE1.
A. ROOT-SERVERS. NET.
H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.

2dlh42m
2dlh42m
2dlh42m
2dlh42re

IN
IN
IN
IN

A
A
A
A

192.203.230.16
128.8.10.90
198.41.0.4
128.63.2.53

,
. , .
(), NS
dig ,
, ,
, domain/named,root,
- rs.intermc.net*. . . ftp://ftp.nic.mi5/domain/named.root.
localhost
localhost local host,
.
localhost. :
0

IN

IN
IN

SOA c s . c o l o r a d o . e d u . h o s t t r . a s t e r - c s . c o l o r a d o . e d u .
1996110801 ;
;
3600
;
900
3600000
;
10800 )
;
NS
cs.colorado.edu.
PTR l o c a l h o s t . c s . c o l o r a d D . e d u .

localhost (127.0.01) ,

. ,
: 1996 . ,
"localhost" .
"0.0.127.in-addr.arpa."
127.0.01 "localViost.dewi?H-". "localhost.". ,
"localhost.", , ,
0.0.127. in-add . arpa.

D N S ,
.
.

, Network Solutions
.

504

II.

 : ( ) , '* , , ,

?
-
,
.
, .
LDAP,
, ,
. ,
addhost.
LDAP.
.
addhost ) fip.xor.com.
D N S , Internet
Iniernei, DNS.
.
,
Iniernei. ,
.
[71

21.9.
"" IM
, Iniernei. , ,
IP- IP-, RFCI918
(. . 13.7 13.4J.

16.16. D N S
,
ISC BIND . ,
, BIND
,
NIS.
18. , 18 3.
Soloris
Solaris 7 S
BIND 8.1.2. " "',
/elc/nsswitcli.conf. ,
BIND, NIS, NIS+ /elc/hosts. h o s t
:
hosts:

t i l e s tins

16.

.115


/etc/hosts, DNS.
, , ,
.
N1S , D N S ,
. Sun
:
hosts:

n i s INOTFOOND=return] f i l e s

. NIS
D N S , D N S .
. ,
NIS, .
B I N D Solaris
. 16.17.
16.17. BIND Soloris

resolv.coiir
in.named
named-xfer
named.conf
named.pid
named.run
naraed.stats
named_dump.db
named-bootconf

/eic
/usr/sbin
/usr/sbin
/etc
/eic
* 1
1
1

/usr/sbin

1



in.named




BIND 4 BIND 8

/etc/named.conf BIND
HP-UX
H P - U X 11.00 B I N D
B I N D 4.9.7. ,
Solaris. nsswitch.conf , / c t c
- ( Is /elc/nssw*).
nsswitch.conf, ,
, -
. , /elc/nsswitch.hpdefaults, , nsswitch.conf
.
:
hosts:

d n s [NOTFOUND=return] n i s [N0TFOUND=return]

files

D N S , , NIS, /etc/hosts.
D N S ,
"'host unknown".

506

 ,
:
hosts:

files

[NOTFoUND-continue] dns

NIS, ,
D N S , c o n t i n u e
() , .
,
NIS DNS. f i l e s
, IP-,
.
. 16.18 B I N D
HP-UX.
16.18. BIND HP-UX

resolv.conf

/etc

named

/usr/sbin

muned-xfer

/usr/sbin

named.boot

/etc

named.pid

/var/run

named

named-run

/var/tmp

named.Mats

/var/tmp

nameddump.db

/var/tmp

H P - U X , /usr/newconfig, - , -
D N S . H P - U X ( 11.00)
. resolv.conf
/etc/newconfig. /nsr/newconfig, ,
/etc/newconfig, :
, BIND.
, .-
H P - U X B I N D 8 B I N D 9
, H P - U X ,
/etc/hosts D N S . hosts_to_named / e t c / h o s t s DNS.
sig named named; ^
kill ndc.
Red

Hot

Red Hat Linux 6.1 B I N D 8.2,

(. 16.19). Red Hal 6.2, FreeBSD.
8.2.2-5,
. " "
, Solaris.
. (
nsswitch, man nsswitch.conf.)

16.

507

 16.19. BIND Red Hot Linux

resolv.eonf

/etc

named

/usr/sbin

named-xfer

/usr/sbin

named.conf

/C

named.pid

/var/run

named

namcd.run

named.stats

tcatna-ioe 1

named.niemstats

nameddump.db

/etc/named.conf BIND-

nsswitch.conf
:
hosts:

d n s [!UWAVAIL=return]

flies

! UN AVAIL, , , . . .
-, Red Hai, hosts
:
hosts:

d b f i l e s n i s p l u s dns

:
hosts:

f i l e s dns

Red Hal .
/etc .
named.conf man-.
FreeBSD
FreeBSD 3.4 4.0 B I N D 8-2.2-5 "
" /etc/host.conf
. ,
.
^ e t c / h o s t s
hosts

oind
# .-:*6 YP/NIC- ^
u s
; host.couf , D.NS.
/ctc/hosts FreeBSD namcd.conf
/etc /etc/namedh.
, , . 16.20.

508

II.

 16.20- BIND FreeBSD

resolv.conf

named

/usr/sbin

named-xfer

/usr/libexec

named.conf

/etc/namedb

named.pid

/var/run

named

nnmed.mn

namcd.stats

named, mems tats

named duinp.db

- 1

/etc/namedb

> /etc/namcdb/named.conf
BIND.
/etc/namedb -:
(named.root),
localhost (PROTO.localhost.rev) shell- make-localhost. ,
localhost .
1- named-hootconf. /usr/sbin, named.boot BIND 4 named.conf
B I N D 8.
, named.conf /etc
-
,
.
named.conf. , FreeBSD
named
.
.
!_^ /etc/defaults/rc.conf.
-. named,
, .
, isc.org,
Solaris FreeBSD .

16.17-
D N S B I N D ,
, , Internet, " In a Nutshell"
O'Reilly, Internet.

, BIND:
bind-usens ,
b i nd - use r^-request@ i sc. org;

16.

. 509

bind-announce ,
bind-announce-requesi@isc.org:

namedroppers ,
namedroppers-request@internic.net:

bmd-workers ,
bind-workers-request@isc-org.
bind-bugs@isc.org
bind9 -bugs@isc.org.

The

Nominum

BIND

Development

Team.

BINDv9

Administrator

Reference

Manual.

BIND (doc/arm) Web-

www.isc.org.
BIND 9. , RIND Operations Guide, BOG.
,
BIND 4. BOG
BIND 8.
Albitz, Paul, and Cricket Liu. DNS and BIND, Fourth Edition. Sebastopol. CA
O'Reilly, 2001.
BIND,
(8.2.3. 9.1.0. 4.9).

Internet
mp.sys.Lcp-ip.domains BIND, 4.
(Chris Peckham)
lit t p://www. i ntac.com/~ cdp / ptd -faq
DNS (www.dns.net/dnsrd)
. (Andras
Salamon).
R F C
RFC-, DNS,
Web- www.rfc-ediior.oig.

1034 Domain Names: Concepts and Facilities ( :

):

1035 Domain Names: Implementation and Specification ( :

).

1995 Incremental Zone Transfer in DNS (

DNS);

1996 A Mechanism for Prompt Notification of Zone Changes (

);

2136 Dynamic Updates in DNS ( DNS),

510

II.

2181 Clarifications to the DNS Specification (

DNS);
2308 Negative Caching of DNS Queries (
DNS-).

2535 Domain Name System Security Extensions ( DNS.

);

2671 Extension Mechanisms for DNS: EDNSO (

DNS: EDNSO);

2672 Non-Terminal DNS Name Redirection: DNAME ( DNS: DNAME);

2673 Binary Labels in DNS ( DNS).

1535 A Security Problem and Proposed Correction With Widely Deployed

DNS Software ( DNS );

1536 Common DNS Implementation Errors and Suggested Fixes ( DNS );

1982 Serial Number Arithmetic ( );

25362541 , DNSSEC.

1183 - New DNS RR Definitions: AFSDB, RP, X25, ISDN. RT (

DNS: AFSDB, RP, 25. ISDN, RT);

1706 DNS NSAP Resource Records ( NSAP DNS);

1876 A Means for Expressing Location Information in DNS (

DNS);

2052 A DNS RR for Specifying the Location of Services: SRV (

DNS, SRV);

2168 Resolution of Uniform Resource Identifiers using DNS ( DNS);

2230 Key Exchange Delegation Record for the DNS (

DNS. ).
DNS Internet

1101 DNS Encoding of Network Names and Other Types (

DNS);

1123 Requirements for Internet Hosts: Application and Suppon (

Internet-: );

1591 Domain Name System Structure and Delegation ( DNS

);

2317 Classless in-addr.arpa Delegation (

in-addr.arpa).

DNS

1537 Common DNS Data File Configuration Errors (

DNS);

1912 Common DNS Operational and Configuration Errors ( DNS);

16.

2182 Selection and Operation of Secondary DNS Servers (

DNS);
2219 Use of DNS Aliases for Network Services (
DNS- ).

, DNS

1464 Using DNS to Store Arbitrary String Attributes ( DNS

);

1713 Tools for DNS debugging ( DNS);

1794 DNS Support for Load Balancing (

DNS);

2240 A Legal Basis for Domain Name Allocation (

mi );

2345 Domain Names and Company Name Retrieval (

),

2352 A Convention For Using Legal Names as Domain Names (

).

, NFS (Network File System),

. NFS
, ..
.
, ,
, .
Sun Microsystems
1985 . NFS
,
,
,
NFS. UNIX-
NFS, ,
Sun.

17.1.

NFS
,
, ,
, .
NFS . ,
"" .
N F S
NFS . NFS 2, 90- .
, 3.
.

7.

513

 2,
, .
, .
. ,
.
3
, .
, . NFS 3 ,
NFS 2.
3 2.

.

NFS RFC (Remote Procedure Call
) Sun. -
.

TCP UDP.
NFS UDP.
80- . NFS
, UDP. NFS
,
IP-.

NFS UDP, .

NFS Iniernei.
TCP
. ,
UDP .
, TCP. ,
.
TCP UDP .
UDP. Solaris .
TCP NFS

2,
(, Red Hal) 3.
( , HP-UX).
I CP NFS 3
17.1. " " ,
.

514

II.

 17 1. NFS

NKv3?

TCP?

Solaris

HP-UX

UDP

Red Hat

'

UDP

FreeBSD

U DP

TCP .
WebNFS
1996 . Sun ' N F S
, WcbNFS. N F S 3, WebNFS
(, ) ,
N F S .
. NFS.
. Web-. , , .
W e b N F S
( H P - U X )
WebNFS.
wuTv.sun.com/webnfs.

(, / lock ]
"" UNIX-CIICICM

. N F S . .
N F S : .


?
*
NFS. , lockd
staid. , ,
N F S
.


rquolad.
N F S ,
,
rquolad. ,
.

1 7.

510


UNIX
. X N.
, ,
.
6.
NFS
,
NFS
. , :
, , ,
.
, .
NFS .
/etc/passwd,
- , m a p _ m s
Red Hal.
raat n a b o d y

, .
! , NFS.
NFS ,
0, " ",
. , root
,

nobody, "" root,
NFS.
; -2 65534.
,
. Solaris HP-UX
, root -1.
, . NFS, root
su " 4 ,
.
, bin sys, ",
( '
) .
,
Red Hat
root. 17.2. ,
, sendmail.

516

, root
.

NFS,
, ,
. NFS ,
, .

.
NFS
.
,
.
,
. , ,
, ,
:
, ,
, ,
.
,
RPC ,
. NFS ,
, ( ) . ,
, ,
, .


, . ,
(, /anchor/tools , anchor),
^ anchor
" " 'anchor/tools \
, ,
"
, * , /anchor
.
, ,
.
, , /anchor. ,me/rastadon .. 1 , 17 6.
N F S

17

517

. ,
, - UNIX.
NFS
. RPC .
.
: Sun.
,
, Kerberos, RPC.
, ,
. , ,
, -
, .
Kerberos 21.8.

[^

Sun Kerberos,
N FS , !
. ,
,
,
.

.
,
.
, ,
,
.
TCP-
UDP- 2049. NFS*. ,
portmap Sun RPC,
TCP- UDP- I I I .
, ,
NFS
(VVebNFS )
21.9.

17.2.

NFS
, "" ,
. Solaris " "
.
(..
)
,

, VVebNFS, 2049. , .

518

II.

: mountd,
nfsd.
rpc.mountd rpc.nfsd ,
Sun RPC (,
portmap. 28.3).
N F S , mountd nfsd,
,
.
,
, . .
mountd nfsd
, ,
.
(
xtab,, Solaris sharetab) - ;
.
,
.
exportfs. Solaris share.
exportfs - unshare.
,
,
,

xtab sharetab.
/etc/exports, .
exportfs - Solaris
/etc/dfs/dfstab.
, share. (
shareali grep dfstab NFS-
N F S
, shareall
sh /elc/drs/dfstab.)
FreeBSD , mountd /etc/exports
, xtab exportfs
. exports, mountd H U P .
:
# kill -HOP 'cat /var/run/mountd.picT
. 17.2. ,

,
17.2.

Solaris

.
/etc/dfs/dfstab

HP-UX
Red Hai

/etc/exports
/etc/exports

FreeBSD

/etc/exports

1 7.

sbareall
/usrAbui/exportrs -
/usr/sbin/exportfs -
mountd HUP

519

NFS ,
. ;

. N F S
, ,
, .
, /users,
.
. , /chimchim/users,
/chtmchim/ijsers/joe,
qsers . ,
, Red Hat .
s h a r e d f s t a b (Solaris)
/etc/dfs/dfstab share
. , , /chimchim/users band moon (
band root) /user/share/man
chimchim rastadon. /etc/dfs/dfstab
:
s h a r e - F n f s - r w - b a n a . . com:moon..com. r o o t = b a n d . x o r . c o m
/chimchim/users
share -F n f s -o rv=chimchim.xor.com:rasradon -xor.com /us/share/man
/etc/dfs/dfstab
shareall. . , shareall
, dfstab,
,
. share
. 17.3.
17.3 shore {Solaris)

-
iw

rv-
=

=1/
nosufe
!

520

1 (
)

(
)

,
;
- nobody ( , -2)
U1D , root; nobody

" NI-S \
SLID SO ID

II.

, share,
, (. 17.4).
.
17.4 shore
.

DNS
IP-
1

jax.yyy
@

.
( , DNS)
NIS;
18.3

, /etc/networfa 1

C1DR. 3128.138.92.128/25

. 17.4, ,
: DNS,
, .
,
, ,
.
,
share -F nfs - rw0128.138.243/24:.cs.colocado.edu /users
/usr -
cs.colorado.edu. 128.138.243.

-
rw=. =.
- share(lM) N F S
share_nfs( I).
exportfs e x p o r t s ( H P - U X , R e d H a t , F r e e B S D )
exports
, . ,
H P - U X exports,
/chirnchim/users
/usr/share/roan

-access=bana:moon, roor=band
- a c c e s s ^ x o r a s a u r u s : r a s c a a o n : rr.oon, r o

, band moon
/chimchim/users. band
. ,
xorasaurus. rastadon moon /usr/share/man .
, exports ,

.
cbimchim

1 7.

521

 ma N F S exports
1024 . ,
.
.
, /etc/exports,
,
H P - U X , Red Hat
Linux FreeBSD, , , .
exports HP-UX
H P - U X exports "'"
. (. 17.5)
, share Solaris.
. ,
I w - a n c h o r . c s . Colorado. edu :sioet. c s . Colorado . edu
Sol.ins -
. H P - U X
,
. ! HP-UX,
, a c c e s s :
rw,access-anchor.cs.Colorado_edu:moet.cs.colotado.edu
- , rw
. , .
H P - U X exports ,
, , .

17.5 ,
exports.
(
18.3).
17.5. exports HP-UX
a c c e s s =/

fn
'v.

root=

.-*

522

,
,"

( )
;
. :

,
,
- nobody
UID. , root. -2 (
nobody). -1 or I
;
.

II.

 /eic/evports
exportfs -.
exports Red Hat Linux
Red Hat ,
, exports ,
.
, .
.
:
/chimchim/users
/usr/share/man

band{rw,no_root squash) noon(rv)

*.cs.Colorado.edu(ro)

. \
"" . . 17 6
, exports Red Hat*.
17.6. Red Hat

NIS,
18.3

* ?

, '*"

IP-

IP-/

C1DR. 128.138.92.128/25

. 17.7 exports,
Red Hat
N F S Red : . . ?*
, . ,
/users
/users/evi

*.xor.com(rw)
(noaccessl

xor.com !
/users, /users/evi. ,
; . ,
Red Hal
. *
, Linux - . . man-
exporis<5).

, ^ p u b l i c WebNFS

17.

523

 17.7. exports Red Hot

rw

( )

,
, ,

rooc squash

UID GID, 0, , a n o n u i d a n o n g i d ; 1

no r o o t squash

root ()

all_squash

anonuJ.d=x

UID, ,
root

anongid=xw

GID, ,
root

secure

insecure

noaccess

, Red Hat
root, .
s q u a s h _ u l d s a l l _ s q u a s h .
mountd Red Hat inetd,
.
tepd;
21.7.
Red Hat N F S 3, ,
. ,
3, N F S 2.

exports FreeBSD
FreeBSD exports
, (
) , .
:
/chimchim/users
/chimchim/users
/usr/share/man

- m a p r o o t - r o o c band
moon
- r o -mapall=daemon x o r a s a u r u s r a s t a d o r . moon

FreeBSD ,
.

II.

 , .
, .
. 17.8 .
NFS, FreeBSD
,
- a l l d x r s . ,
; .
FreeBSD
,
:
- n e t w o r k _ -mask
17 8- exports FreeBSD
.

; -
root ( UID
) nobody ( -2) . -mapiooL = Looi

-maproot-

-^

U1D :

-alldirs

; i.o

VVebNFS;
, nobody

-webnfs

=
- n e t w o r k - m a s k , ,
, .
/chimch-/users

- -network. 1 2 8 . 1 3 8 . 2 4 3 . 0 -mask 2 3 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 0

,
,

mounid HUP.
/etc/exports
!
.
mountd Syslog
"daemon'
nfsd:
mountd


.

17 ,

525

WbiM
^t
!<'

nfsd . - NFS.
.
nfsd , ,
nfsd
fork , ,
, .
, N F S .

nfsd,
nfsd .
"' ".
, ,
"" .
nfsd
, .
N F S
,

. N F S
NFS.
.
,
, , .
12 20. ,
( uptime)
. ,
. , .
N F S U D P -
U D P - , ,
nfsd .
o r e netstat -s.
. ,
.
nfsd
/ e t c / r c * , init
. .
Solaris nfsd - .
N F S U D P . T C P
.
H P - U X nfsd
NUM KFSD /etc/rc.config.d/nfsconf.
Bo FreeBSD nfsd -I -,
T C P UDP.
- (, nfsd -l - - 8). , , n f s s e r v f l a a s /etc/rc.conf ( /etc/defaults/rc.conf.
;

cfsd , , ,
, , NFS-.

II.

:
*'-u -t - 4").


nf s _ s e r v e r _ e n a b l e YES, NFS.

17.3.

NFS
mount
_:
, .
mount NFS- NFS-.

- biod ( nfsiod).
, .
b i o d nfsiod:

V4

biod/nfsiod

. N F S 2, n N F S 3.
NFS-,
.
.
nfsd, biod , , .
. nfsd
biod , "" . ,
.
FreeBSD nfsiod
-.

mount ,
,
/etc/fstab (/elc/vfstab Solaris),
. ,
, automount amd (
17.6).
fstab
/beast/users /usr/man beast ctiimchim.
# filesystem
mountpoint
fstype flags
dump fsck.
beast:/beast/users /beast/users nfs
rw, bg, m t r , h a r d
0
0
chimchim:/usr/man /usr/man
nfs
ro,bg,intr,soft
0
0
Solaris /etc/vfstab ,
.
.
fstab/vfstab
mkdir .

17 ,

N F S


.

527

 . Solaris HP-UX
mount -a -F nfs, Red Hat FreeBSD
-F -t.
Jstab 8.3.
/ e t c / f s t a b
NFS. . 17.9.
17.9. NFS

rw

1
SHRF 2

SHRF 2
SHRF

hard

SHR 3

soft

SHRF

incr

SHRF

noint-r

SHRF 2

retrans=*n

SHRF 4

cimeo-=n

SHRF*

rsize-Ti
wsize-=n
vers=i

SHRF 4
SHRF 4
SH

nfsv3, nfsv2

pr o ,=.s
tcp
1

2
3

528

RF

-
(
-)

(
),

, ,
, ,

, ,
, , ;
,



(
)

, ,
(
, s o f t )
- (
)


NFS: 2 3 (
)
NFS: 2 3 (
)

udp
TCP ;
UDP

Solaris. HP-UX, Red Hat Linux FreeBSD

S, H, R, F .
FreeBSD, .
FreeBSD ,
.
FreeBSD -: r e c r a n s - , tx.-neo - t ,
r s i z e - , w s i z e -w.

II.

 , h a r d ,
. ,
. ,
s o f t i n t r ,
N F S .
(, 20- -
18 )*.
arad (
17.8).
, ,
, T C P U D P ,
. T C P ,
. ( Solaris 32 .)
U D P , ,
8 .
( Red Hat, , I ).

urnount.

N F S N F S
TCP- UDP-. ,
( , 1024)

U N I X -
.
N F S ( -
) :
, .

17.4.

nfsstat: N F S
nfsstat,
, N F S .
nfsstat -s NFS-, nfsstat -
. :
chirachlm% n f e e t a t -
Client rpc:
calls
badcalls
64235
1595
Client nfs:
calls
badcalls

retrans
0

badxid
3

nclget

nclsleep

timeout
1592

wait
0

newcred t i m e r s
0
886

(Jeff Forys), , : " h a r d , i n t r bg,

NFS (
). s o f t !
, .
, , ,
".

17.

_>29

62613
null
0%
write
3%
mkdir
0%

3
getattr
34%
wrcache
0%
readdir
6%

62643
setaLcr
0%
create
0%
xmdir
OS

0
read-ink
2.1
remove
Ot
fsstat
Ot

lookup
30%
rename
0%

root
0%
link
0%

read
2%
syralink
o:

NFS-. 3% -,
NFS- . , ,
b a d x i d . b a c i x i d
, - 3%, , ,
, - . ,
r s i z e w s i z e
( ). b a d x i d
, t - i r e e o u t , , ,
. t i m e o
nfsstat N F S
, .

17.5.

N F S

.
UNIX,

.

. :

, ,
NFS;

,
;

, UNIX-,
, ,
,
;

U N I X , Windows,
VVeb- FTP-;
,
UNIX;

, UNIX-.

Network Appliance. Inc. (www.netapp.com). , .
Auspex .

525
II.

 ,
*.

17.6.

/elc/fstab /etc/vfstah
. -, /etc/fstab
.
.
-, -
,
, ,
, .
-, -
, , ,
, /usr/share/man.
.
,
, ,
.
. . , "" ()
,
.
,

, . . NFS.
,
. autofs.
.

,
, .
,
, ,
, . ,
autofs. NFS
UNIX .
,
.
Sun. a u to mount
NFS. . Red Hal
, , .

.
" ", NAS
(Network Attached Storage). "" .

17.

531

 autofs automount
,
. ,
.
- , . ,
.
amd, - (Jan-Simon
Pendry) , , Sun.
automount.
UNIX-.
automount
amd , ,
.
amd, automount automount
, ".
automount,
autofs.
. ,
automount , ,
. :
amd, ,
, .

17.7.

automount:

automount Solaris HP-UX.
Red Hat

.
automount
( ): ,
".
,
.
, automount .

. /etc/auto_master.
automount ,
autofs.
.
( autofs)
auiomountd. , .

NFS- automount,
- .
NIS,
.

532

II.


, ,
automounl. -v ,
.
-t, automounl , (
,
. 5 .
,
, N F S , -
- *.


.
. . 1 , /chimchim.
:
users
devel
info

chimchim:/ch'mchim/ users
- s o f z, p r o t o - u d p chimchiir.:/chinchim/deve^.
- r o chimchim:/chimchim/info

, .
, /etc/aulo.chim) automount
, /chimchim/users. /chimchim, devel
/chimchim/info chimchim. info
, devel I 1 DP
( Solaris, *>
chimchim
,

, v
, / u s r / s r c /cs/tools. ,
/etc/auto-direct),
automount. :
/usr/src
/cs/tools

chimchim:/usr/src
-ro anchor:/cs/cools

He ,

autofs. , :
, . . Is. Is
, automount
, - i
. , .

17 ,

533

 ( Is
, ).

.
,
.
,
, :
# Directory
/chirnchira
/-

Map
/etc/auto.chira -proto=tcp
/etc/auCo.direct

(
) /- ( )
, .

, ,
.
, ,
,
.
, Red
Hat -. ,
.

, , . ,
-
, ,
( '"), ,
. . ,
, .

automount. ,
. Perl, .
,


automount. NFS.
automount

(, /usr/man) .

534

I!.

 automount
. ,
. .
, N F S ,


, automount
,
.
.
.
Solaris automount

.
, . , , ,
,
, . ,
, -, .
, automount
,
, .
0. .
auto.direci. /usr/man /cs/tools
, :
/usr/ir.an
/cs/cools

- chimchim:/usr/share/man band(l) :/usr/man

-ro anchor,band:/cs/nools

, ,
. ( 1 )
hand
/usr/man.
automount

,
automount
.
mountd.
, , .

automount.
- h o s t s .
, automount ia :
/net
-hosts -nosuid,soft

17.

535

, chimchim /usr/share/man,
/net/chimchim/usr/share/maa.
,
, automount ,
,
.
, * &
, ,
, ..
- auiomount( 1).
Red Hat Linux
Red Hat automount, Sun

Red Hat automount , .
, automountd ,

,
, Red Hat /etc/rc.d/init.d/autofs (
automount). stop, start, reload status;
, reload.
/etc/auto.master. , ,
- auto.masler(5) autofs(5) : -
autofsf8) autofs.
Red Hat .

17.8.

amd:

amd
,
- nepeiru
(trez Zadok)
, am-utiis
Web- :
http://www.es.columbia.edu/~ezk/am-mils
amd .

" " .
, . - ,

"operation would block" (
),

536

II.

amd ;
UNIX.

amd , automount (, ""

)
amd amq,
amd (,
)

amd ,
automount , rdist
rsync.

amd ,
,
( ).
automount

a m d
amd
. , i,
)
(),
amd
17.10
17 10. ^ amd

arch

aur.odir

by

(
)

cluster

, aoirain

domain

NIS

host

host.d

, DNS

karch

( a r c h )

key

rrap

network

OS

osver

, amd
/usr/man / c s / t o o l s

17

537

 .
, ,
:
/default

opts

usr/man

host~=chimchim;type:-ufs;dev:=/dev/sdlf \
h o s t !=chimchirn; r h o s t = c h i m c h i m ; r s : = / 5 {key}; \
c y p e - n f s ; f s : - $ [ a u t o d i r } / S {key}
h o s c ^ a n c h o r ; type: =ufs;dev:-=/dev/sd3c \
host!=archor;rhost=anchor;rfs:=/${key}
type=nfs;fs:-S{auLodir}/S{key}

cs/tools

s o f t , time=10, r e t r a n s = 5

.= . , , : r w , s o f t , Limeo=10, retrans=5.
== [ ^ :
,
"" $ { a ' j t o d i } $ { k e y ) .
/ d e t a u l t , ,
. . 17.11
17.11. amd

rhost

rfs

type

Tim , n f s u f s ( )

fs

opts

adaopts

remopts

, ,

a m d
amd
, ,
, , .
amd :
tf!/bin/csh
~f
cd / u s r / l o c a l / e t c / a m d
e x e c / u s r / l o c a l / b l n / a m d - x f a t a l , e r r o r , u s e r - r - 1 s y s l o g - a /cmpmnt
/amd a m d . m a s t e r . m a p >fi / d e v / c o n s o l e
, , . 17.12.

538

II.

 17.12. omd

-
-
-1

Syslog

1
( )

-
/amd
amd-roaster .
1

/ .

, amd,
.
( 5 15 )
. amd .

amq.
a m d
amd ,
"" .
T E R M .

17.9.

Callaghan, . NFS Illustrated Addison-Wesley.

Pendry, Jan-Simon, and Nick Williams. "AMD: The 4.4BSD Automounter

Reference Manual." 4.4BSD System Manager's Manual, Usenix and O'Reillv.
1994

1999.

Stem, Hal, Mike Eisler, and Ricardo Labiaga. Managing NFS and NIS. Second
Edition. Sebastopol - O'Reilly & Associates. 2001.

. 17.13 R F C ,
N F S .
17.13. RFC, NFS
RFC

1094

Network File System Protocol Specification

Sun Microsystems

Mar 1989

181}

NFS Version 3 Protocol Specification

B. Callaghan et al

Jun 1995

2054

WebNFS Client Specification

H Callaghan

Oct 1996

2055

WebNFS Server Specification

Callaghan

Oct 1996

2224

NFS URL Scheme

B. Callaghan

Oct 1997

2623

NFS Version 2 and Version 3 Security Issues

M. Fisler

Jun 1999

2624

NFS Version 4 Design Considerations

S. Shepler

Jun 1999

17. -

539

,
,
. , , , ,
, .


, .
, .


-
.
UNIX-.

.
, ,
^ ,
,
- . , , (
,
). ,
.

1\ , .
, ,
.
, . ,

540

II.

 ,
. .
,
(N1S N I S + )
,
(LDAP).

18.1.

UNIX- ,
.

. 18.1.
18.1. .

/etc/passwd

/etc/shadow1

/etc/group

UNIX-

/etc/hosts
/etc/networks

IP-
1

IP-

/etc/services

/etc/protocols

/etc/ethers'

Etliernet-

/etc/mall/a liases

/etc/rpc

RPC-

/etc/netgroup1

/etc/prtaicap

/etc/termcap

.
,
,
.
, . 18.1,
, . ,
/etc/passwd getpwuid(),
getpwnamQ getpwent(). ,
passwd.
.

,

18. *

541

 - .
, ,
.

18.2.

. ,

. , .
( UNIX-}
, NIS
NIS+,
, .
"", .
,
"". .
- , .
,
,
, .



.
(
, , ).
.
, .
, ,
, .
:
,
.

, . &
, .
,
, -
"" .
rdist:

rdist.
make:
() , ,
rdist
, ,

542

II.

 , rdisl
,
rdisl , ,
.
, .

, *
, rdist
. rsli
.
,
/.rhosts .
. ,
Iniernei, .
, , ,
.
,
/ele/passwd. ,

. , . , rlogind
( rsli. rlogin ),
.
: rlogind.
rdisl , , ,
tepd. iauaib. { rlogind
.
rtp.porcupine.org. 21.7.
rdisl imeim ,
rlogind .
, ,
, \
. root.
,
/etc/passwd
, rdisl

rdisl Red Hat FreeBSD rsh
, .
ssh. . -,

. -, ,
, ,
. . ssh
, ,
, .
sshd 21.8.
,
, .
. 11.1.

18. *

543

, , rdist.
, . make,
rdist (distftle Distfile).
rdist -f .
,
.
(#).
,
:
:

->

.
rdist , \
, .
,
, , .
,
, . _
, (,
/usr/llb/* / u s r / m a n / m a r [ 123]). ",
- -
.
rdist ,
, -. , .
.
:
i n s t a l l
[-] ;
notify
_{4;
except
_;
except_pat
_;
special
[ ''
;
i n s t a l l , , rdist
. . , ,
,
,
-,
.
i n s t a l l ,
, .
.
rdist,
, .
- ,
- rdist
.
n o t i f y
. rdist
. -
,
,

544

II. *

 , anchor, pete
pete@anchor.
e x c e p t e x c e p t _ p a t
, . e x c e p t
, e x c e p t _ p a t
. ,
rdist, make,
. . ,
.
s p e c i a l sh (
) .
. rdist .

. ,
.
Distfilc:
SYS_FILES - t / e t c / p a s s w d / e t c / g r o u p / e t c / m a i l / a l i a s e s )
GET_AL,L
= (chimchim l o l l i p o p b a r k a d o n )
GET_SCME
(wharnmo s p i f f )
ail:

s(SYS_F:LES)

->

${GET_ALL)

notify barb;
special /etc/mail/aliases
some:

S|5YS_FILES}

"/usc/bir/newaliases";

- > S{GET_SCMEJ

except / e t c / m a i l / a l i a s e s ;
notify eddiePspifE;

chimchim, lollipop barkadon. @
.
/etc/mail/aliases rdist
- newallases. whammo spiff
, eddie@spiff.
newaliases .
- liases

/9.4.

rsync
rsync. (Andrew Tridgell)
(Paul Mackeiras), rdist,
- .
rep, ,
rsync , rdist,


rsync

rsync.samba.org.

, rsync
,
inetd. (

1.

rsync, ;
, ) "

,
. rsh ,

rsync, . ( , rsync
rsh ssh. ,
Inetd.)
rsync ,
. ,
f t syne -gopt. p a s s w o r d - f i l e = / e t e / r e y n c . p w d / e t c / p a s s w d
lollipop::/sysfiles
/etc/passwd lollipop. -gopt
,
. lollipop::/sysffles
rsync rsync 873, reh.
/etc/rsync.pwd .
rsync
(.. , ;
" " , , ), :

rsync /etc/services;

(rsync daemon) /etc/inetd.conf;

/etc/rsyned.secrets;

/etc/rsyncd.conf.

services

inetd.conf

rsync

8"73/tcp

rsync stream t c p nowait root

/ l o c a l / b i n / r s y n c r s y n c d daemon

tcpd,
, , ,
.
rsyncd.conr.
.
rsyncd.secrets :
root:
, , rsync,

,
. ,
ssh (rsync -gopt - ssh /etc/passwd /etc/shadow lollipop:/sysfiIes ), , sshd , , !

5 4 6

II.

 ,
root.
, /etc/rsyncd. coil , rsync ( ) . .
:
[sysfiles]
path - / e t c
secrets f i l e = /etc/rsyncd.secrets
read only = f a l s e
uid = root
gid root
h o s t s a l l o w = _
,
.
/etc, .
rsync Red Hal. (
) rsync.sairiba.org.
expect:

. . , ,
, .
F T P

expect.
FTP 22.6.
expect Tel (Tool
C o m m a n d Language ),
(John Ousteriiout).
. expect
(Don Libes)
(National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST).
expect (,
) .
.
, . ,
expect ,
, , .
Tel . expect Tel. , expect.
expect
Tel.
Tel .
:
.
"'' 1 .
;
.

18. *

547

expect:
s p a w n ;
s e n d ;
e x p e c t
.

, i n t e r a c t , ,
, expect ,
.
,
. (
ftp) /etc/passwd:
spawn / u s r / b i n / t p
while 1 ( expect (
"Name*: "
( s e n d ""}
"Password:"
{send
"_\"}
,n
ftp> "
(break)
"failed"
(send_user "Can't log i n . \ r " ; e x i t 1)
timeout
( s e n d _ u s e r "Timeout p r o b l e m . \ r " ; e x i t 2 }
}}
send " l e d / e t c \ r "
expect " f t p > " (send "cd p u b / s y s f i l e s \ r " }
e x p e c t " f t p > " (send "get passwd\r"}
expect " f t p > " (send " q u i t \ r " , - send u s e r " \ r " }
exit 0
. ftp ,
w h i l e (
Tel). f t p >
w h i l e , ftp .
,
; ,
.
.
-, "failed",
,
ftp "Login failed". -, t i m e o u t
,
, , , .
,
.
,
;
. w h i l e
.
e x p e c t ,
.
s e n d ,
.
( \ ) . *
. s e n d _ u s e r

548

II.

 s e n d , ,
.
e x p e c t /. ,
, .
.
, ;
, .
, , ,
, t i m e o u t e o f . ()
.
expect expeci.nisi.gov.

18.3.

NIS:
NIS (Network Information Service
) Sun
80- . Sun Yellow Pages ( Sun),
.
NIS . .
, . Sun
, NIS .
90- Sun :
N1S+. . NIS NIS+ .
NIS+ , NIS, .
18.4. . 18.2
NIS NIS+ .
18 2 N15 NIS +

NIS?

NIS+?

Solaris

HP-UX

Red Hat

FreeBSD

NIS ,
.
,
.
.
NIS".
( ndbm
NIS DNS. ,

18. *

549

G N U - gdbm). ,
.
N1S
make, ypmake (
).

, , ,
NIS. , /etc/passwd : passwd.byname passwd.byuid.
,
.
passwd.
,
( ).
NIS ,
.

, .
,
NIS- ,
.
NIS.
NIS.
IP-,
.
ypset,

,
-.
Solaris Red Hat
NIS.
.

N I S ,
: . . , .
/ete/netgroup
NIS-.
netgroup :
_ _
.
, ,
:
(, , _/5)
. . ( b o u l d e r , ,)
boulder ( boulder ,
).

545

II.

 . , { b o u l d e r ,
)
boulder .
.
/etc/netgroup:
bobcats
(snake,,) (headrest.,)
servers
(anchor,,) (moet,,) ( p i p e r , . )
a n c h o r c l i e n t s (xx,,) (watneys,,) (molson,,)
beers
(anchor,,) (anchor-gateway,,)
allhosts
beers bobcats servers

(kirk,,)
anchorclients

,
.
,
. , /etc/exports share ( Solaris)
,
. ,

, exports
1024 .
, .

.
,
,
.


.
; , N1S
Internet-
D N S .
,
.
N I S
( , /etc/passwd /etc/group) ""
NIS.
. V
NIS, "+@ " ,
, "+"
.
,

/etc/nsswitch.conf, . nsswitch.conf
:
passwd:
hosts:
group:

files nis
f i l e s dns
files

18. *

551

 (
).
: m s , m s p l u s , f i l e s , d n s c o m p a t . (
) : NIS, N I S + .
( ' - ' ) , D N S
NIS. D N S .
,
. gethostbyname()
/etc/hosts, ,
D N S . , UNIX-rpvnn.
/etc/group.
,
.
,
hosts:

cms [NOTFOUND=returnj n i s p l u s

DNS, .

( ), NIS+
. N I S + ,
. . 18.3
. r e t u r n
c o n t i n u e ,
.
18.3. /etc/nsswitch.conf

UNAVAIL

NOTFOUND

TRYAGAIN

SUCCESS

/etc nsswitch.conf
(Is /etc/nss*). , ,
.
FreeBSD " ".
/etc/host.conf, .
N I S passwd group
.
5 .
N I S
N I S :
. . mi
NIS.
, -
.

II.

 NIS ,
,
.
NIS-,
.

, . ,
. NIS ,
,
. ,

. , , ,
.
9.
NIS .
NIS-
. NIS-
-,
.
NIS ,
.
, .
, N1S.
NIS
NIS ( )
, /var/.
"NIS-" NIS- NIS-. NIS.
. ,
cssuns ndbm- /etc/passwd:
/var/yp/cssuns/passwd-byname.dir
/var//cssuns/passwd.byname.pag
/var//cssuns/passwd.byuid.dir
/ver//cssuns/passwd.byuid.pag
, ,
, . passwd
,
( ndbm).
makedbm NIS- .
. Makefile
NIS- ,
NIS-. " NlS- make.
,
, makedbm ,
.

18

553

 H P - U X make ypmuke.

ypxfr. ;
,
.
ypxfr. ,
. .
,
ypxfrd,
ypxfr.
NIS
. ,
,
ypxfrd .
yppush . . ,
,
ypxfr. yppush Makefile,
NlS-,
.
ypservers.
.

ypinit ( ).
,
.

NIS ypserv ypbind.
( , );
, - .
ypbind NIS-. .
ypbind
, ( ,
/etc/nsswitch.conf) ypbind
ypserv , .
. .

| gatpwuld

'

ypbind

J
-

t
I 1 ndbm 1 -!

. . N15

554

II.

 , ypbind
,
- . ypbind
,
.
(, ,
, ) ""
,
. .
NIS ,
, , ,
.
NIS . 18.4.
18.4. N15

ypserv

NIS.

ypbind

N1S.

domainname

NIS. (
)

. ypxfr (
)


,

ypxfr
ypxfrd
yppusb
makedbm
ypmake1
yplnit
ypset
ypwhich
yppoli
ypcal
ypmateb
yppa.sswd
ypcbfn
vpchsb
yppa.4Swdd
ypupdatcd*
1

ypbind
,
,
, & NlS-
,

N1S
GECOS NIS

NIS
yppasswd. vpchsb ypcbfn
NIS- ( inetd)

N IS-

N I S , .
-, ypinit .

18.

555

-,

/ete/nsswitch.conf N1S.
NIS
yplnit.
":
#
#
#
#

cd /vr/yp
domainnamc
ypinit -m
ypcrv

/*
I"
/
/"

N I S - */
"/

NIS '/

- ypinit ,
. .

, ypinit -s:
w cd /v*r/yp
# ypinit
_
# ypsarv
ypinit -s
. -
, ypserv .
crontab-.
ypxfr
( passwd.byuid)
. .
, , ,
, ,
.
- ( ).
:
f'/bin/csh -f
s e t mydomain = V u s r / b i n / d o i r a i n n a m e '
cd / v a r / y p / S m y d o m a i n
# KIS-
f c r e a c h map I " / b i n / I s " )
/ u s r / i i b / y p / y p x f Smap
end
ypxfr lperday
ypxfr_2perday ypxfr_lperhour ; NIS-
.
, NIS,
, N1S, ,
, ypserv.
. .

yppasswd, NIS
yppasswdd.

NIS, ypinit ypserv, .

, , .

556

II.

 NIS

, . ,
, .
domalimame NIS-,
.
; (.
).
(^

2.
, ,
passwd, group hosts .
,
NTS.
: root, bin, daemon, wheel .. hosts
, NIS
.
N I S

Solaris NIS /etc/defaultdomain. /etc/init.d/inetinll

, , domainname,
.
ypstart , ,
ypbind ypserv.
yppasswdd ypxfrd.
ypbind
NIS, ypinit -
, .
, ypbind
-broadcast ( ).
/etc/hosts,
, NIS.
HP-UX NIS
/etc/rc.config.d/namesvrs. NIS_DOMAIN NIS, NISJCLIENT
. NI5MASTER5ERVER NIS_SLAVE_SERVER ( ) 1.
yppasswdd ypxfrd .
Red Hal NIS N IS DOMAIN
/etc/sysconfig/network. ypbind, ypserv yppasswdd
chkconfig:
If chkconfig ypbind on
ypbind NIS (
),
/etc/yp.conf:
ypserver

.
/etc/hosts.

18. *

557

Bo FreeBSD NIS n i s d c m a i n n a m e
/etc/rc.conf. :
nisdoittainname^" c s s u n s "
ypbind. ypserv yppasswdd

nis_client_enable,
nis_server_enable

n i s _ y p p a s s w d d _ e n a b l e YES.
/etc/passwd /etc/group '+'.
NIS

18.4.

NIS+: NIS
N I S + NIS.

.
, . ,
,
, .
N1S+ N I S (
). NIS+ ,
NIS .
(, HP-UX),
.
NIS+- , -
(Frederick P. Brooks. Jr.) The Mythical Man-Month
( " -"), , " ".
, ,
.
.
. ,
.
, Sun .
NIS N1S+ .

553

NIS+
, D N S NIS.

.

, ,
.

N I S + , NIS,
( ) .

. N I S +

NIS. NIS+ .
NJS+ UNIX- ( NIS-).
NIS+
.

, NIS+.
NIS+ NIS
, NIS+ .
,
,
( ) .
- NIS+,
, .

NIS+ Sun Secure RPC. ,

,
. NIS+
,
, UNIX

, N1S+ (, , )
.
, . ,
(, NIS),
nobody. "" Secure RPC
(, ) , . NIS+
root .

NIS+ ,
.
,
, ,
UNIX-.
NIS+ DNS, ,
. DNS NIS+
, :
, .
, cs.colorado.edu colorado.edu. anchor.cs.colorado.edu.
, NIS+
, DNS- . , ,
DNS- xor.com, NIS+
xor.com, marketinfi.xor.com , ,
. DNS NIS+ ,
.
NIS+
.
NIS+,
.
, "" NIS+ ,
o r g d i r groups dir
, org dir.
"" N1S+ groups_dir.
,
.

18. *

559

, org_dir.marketlng.xor.com ,
marketing.xor.com.
: hosts.org dir.market ing.xor.com /etc/hosts
NIS+.
( ).
N1S+ :
. , , ,
. ,
, ,
, NIS--

18.5.

LDAP:
, UNIX, . . ,
?
, ?
, .
, ,
. , ,
. :

:

;

, ;

.
, IETF
, LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Prolocol
). LDAP
, , .
, ..
.
LDAP .
OSI ,
80- .
OSI ,
" ", ""
TCP/IP. CM IP
(Common Management Information Protocol
); LDAP.
LDAP ,
T C P / I P
.500, OSI-. ,
.500 UNLX -
. , LDAP
, (,
L ).

560

II.


. LDAP
2, ,
, L D A P
, , , DNS. 3,
, .
(
Internet, sendmail,
), LDAP .
, LDAP
. Java 90- ., LDAP
-,
,
. ,
.
, L D A P
.
. " ".

LDAP
Understanding LDAP. (Heinz Johner) IBM.
P D F www.redbooks.ibm.com. ,
, ;
.
RFC, LDAP.
. 18.5.
3 ;
2. ,
LDAP ,
. ,
HTTP.
18.5 RFC, LDAP

1777

Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (v2)

2251

Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (v3)

2252

LDAPv3: Attribute Syntax Definitions

2253

LDAPv3: UTF-8 String Representation of Distinguished Names

2254

The Stnng Representation of LDAP Search Filters

2255

The LDAP URL Format

2256

A Summary of the X.500 User Schema for Use with LDAPv3

2307

An Approach for Using LDAP as a Network Information Service

18

561

 RFC2307
UNIX , passwd group,
LDAP. "",
, ,
LDAP , NIS N1S+.
L D A P
LDAP , Netscape
Open LDAP LDAP (www.openldap.org). . 2000 . ,
OpenLDAP. , Web-,
, .
.
LDAP sendmail 19.4.
OpenLDAP slapd,
slaprd, (
N1S). , .
LDAP 3 ,
.
- LDAP 1 ( ),
.
ypldapd, PADL
Software LDAP NIS.
LDAP ,
N1S, NIS. , .
Web- www.padl.com.
- LDAP
, LDAP /etc/nsswftch.conf
PADL
nssldap, . .
,

pamldap, LDAP
.

562

, ,
. , , 5
: "",
, ,
IDA sendmaii
.


, .
sendmaii , ,
, .
,
, .
Internet . IETF
.
. , ,
. ,
, , . , .. ,
.
, , - ,
.
: , ,
, . "",
.

19.

563

 , ,
.
, .
. Internet
, , , . , , 25
. ,

( America Online
30% ).
. , . (
19.10.)
( 100 ) ,
.
,
, .
,
, sendmaii, cnaNfy
Postfix. ,
. ,
.
19.1.

, /,

, ,
, LDAP

sendmaii: , ,

sendmaii

sendmaii

sendmaii

3" 9
8.
-- 10
II
>

12

: , , ,

, ,

13

Postfix, sendmaii

14

,
, . 19.2. , .

559

II.

 19.2.

sendmaD

5, 6

sendmail

3, 6, 7, 8, 9. 12

3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11

10

11

I, 3

3. 8

8, 9

sendmail
UNIX-,
. (Eric Allman) . : 5 (V5), IDA 8 (V8). 9. 5 IDA
.
8 (, 8.11),
, , , 9.
sendmail
Sendmail, Inc.
.

; .
sendmail ,

.
Postfix, 19.13.
.

19.1.

:
, ;
, ;
,
*,

, (, IMAP POP).
.
,
S M T P . .

19.

56

. .


. ,
M I M E (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
Internet)

( ). M I M E .
, ".
,
, ,
"". " F r o m " ,
.
/bin/mail
.
:

/bin/mail UNIX;
/usr/ncb/mail B S D " .
nih nmh Rand Corporation,
exmh,
(Brent Welch) Scriptics;

pine (www.washington.edu/pine);
elm (David Taylor), Elm Development Group (Kari Hurrta).
FTP- ftp.virginia.edu;
mutt (Michael Elkins),
FTP- ftp.mutt.org,

, MIME ,

. .
/usr/ocb/raail /1/11 /bin/Mad , System V.

566

II.

rmeil VM ,
emacs XEmacs;
Netscape Communicator Netscape Communications ;
Eudora Qualcomm Macintosh
, Windows;
Outlook Express" Microsoft Windows.

, . ,
.
Windows Macintosh
i- .

.
. 19.3
.
-.
/etc.
19.3.

bin/mail

Mail.

.tnailrc

.mhjjrofilc
maildehvery

ncb/roail
*mb

pine

pinexonf

pinerc

elm

Ub/elm.rc

.elm/elmrc

mutt

Mtittrc

.muttrc

Netscape

Eudoni

Outlook Express

MIMb

POP

IMAP

SMTP

/
/

pine sendmail.
SMTP.
,
"".

"'SMTP" .
,
,
.

Outlook Express
, Microsoft Outlook.

19.

''



, -
.
, ,
.
SMTP (Simple Mail Transport
Protocol ), RFC821, ESMTP (Extended SMTP),
RFC1869, 1870, 1891 1985.
UNIX (PMDF, Postfix,
smail, qmail, exim, zmailer .), ,
(75% ) sendmaii.

. , , .
. /bin/mail
. /bin/sh ,
. sendmaii
,
mail.local smrsh.
procmail ( 19.8;
Web- wvAvprocmail.org).
mail.local , .
, HP-UX.
, chown.
Solaris mail.local,
Solaris 7.


America Online
, UNIX
. ,
, .
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FEATURE(genericstable,
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FEATURE(*masquerade_envelope1)
FEATURE('1dap r o u t i n g ' )
LDAPROUTE_DOMAIN("synack.net1)
d e f i n e ( ' confLDAP_DEFAULT_SPEC', ' - h g w . s y n a c k . n e t - b d c = s y n a c k , d c = n e t * )
MAILER(local)
MAILER(smtp)

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generic ( ).
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HOST g w . s y n a c k . n e t
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19.

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inetLocalMailRecipient
m a i i L o c a l A d d r e s s : webmasterfi synaok. n e t
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inetLocalMailRecipient
maiiLocalAddress: teichfisynack.net
mailRoutingAddress: orenGteich.net
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xinetd-list:
:include:/usr/local/maj ordomo/iists/xinetd
xinetd~ow n e t : bbraun
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FEATURE( n o c a n o n i f y ' )
undefine("ALIA5_FILE')
d e f i n e ( * MAIL_HUB',
"smtp.sendmail.com')
define('SMART_HOST',
'smtp.sendmail.com')
define('confFORWARD_PATH', * ' )
MAILER("local1)
MAILER('smtp1)

MAIL_HUB SMART_HOST
smtp.sendmail.com. DNS-
MX .
( MX), .
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OSTYPE("solaris2')
DOMAIN('generic')
MASQUERADE_AS('sendmail.com')
MASQUERADEDOMAIN("sendmail.com')
u n d e f i n e 'BITNET_RELAY')

19

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d e f i n e ( ' c o n f C H E C K A L I A S E S ' , "True *)
define(*confCOFY_ERRORS_TO',
'Postmaster'}
d e f i n e ( * confEBINDIR*, ' / u s r / l i b " }
d e f i n e ( " c o n f E R R O R MODE,
m')
define('confHOST_STATUS_DIRECTORY',
'.hoststat')
define(~confNO_RCPT_ACTI0N',
'add-to-undisclosed')
define('confPRIVACY_FLAGS', a u t h w a r n i n g s , n e e d m a i l h e l o , n o e x p n , n o v r f ' )
define("confTRUSTEDJJSERS', "majordomo')
de f i n e { ' c o n fMAX DAEMON CHILDREN', ' 3 0 ' )
FEATURE("allmasquerade')
FEATURE("masquerade_entire_domain")
FEATURE('mas q u e r a d e e n v e l o p e 1 )
FEATURE('always_add_doroain')
F E A T U R E ( " l o c a l l m t p *>
define('LOCAL_MAILER_FLAGS', "SXfronz9PE')
FEATURE("mailertable',
'hash /etc/mail/mailertable')
FEATURE('virtusertable',
'hash / e t c / m a i l / v i r t u s e r t a b i e ' )
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MAILER('smtp')
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: '
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K c h e c k a d d r e s s r e g e x -@
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R S = ( R e j e c t T o L o c a l p a r t s ) 0 S * 5 # e r r o r S: "553 Header e r r o r "
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II.


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divert(0)
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define('confFORWARD_PATH', * S z / . f o r w a r d . S w + $ h : S z / . f o r w a r d + S h :
Sz/.forward.Sw:$z/.forward')
define{'confMAX_HADERS_LENGTH', " 3 2 7 6 8 ' )
FEATURE('redirect')
FEATURE ( ' use_cw__f i l e ' )
EXPOSED U S E R ( ' r o o t ' )
, confFORWARD_PATH,
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divert(0)
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OSTYPE( b s d i ' )
define{'confPRIVACY_FLAGS', ' n o e x p n ' )
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'xor.com')
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define('confMESSAGE_TlMEOUT', ' 5 d / 7 2 h " )
define('LOCAL_MAILER_PATH 1 , ' / u s r / b i n / m a i l . l o c a l * )
d n l ##### ,
define(*confMCI_CACHE_SI2E', ' 1 6 ' )
define('confMCI_CACHE_TIHEOUT', "I0m')
define{"confCHECK_ALIASES', "False")
d e f i n e confDOMAIN_NAME', " x o r . c o m " )
d e f i n e I'confMAX_MESSAGE_SIZE', " 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 " )
define(*confDAEMON_OPTIONS", -Port-NNN)
d e f i n e ! ' c o n f Q U E U E _ L A ' , 25)
d e f i n e ( * confREFUSE_LA", 30)
FEATURE(always_add_domain)
FEATURE(use_cw_file)
FEATURE(virtusertable)
GENERICS_DOMAINCxor.com')
FEATURE(genericstable)
FEATURE('masquerade_envelope")
FEATURE('redirect')
FEATURE("access_db',
'hash -o / e t c / m a i l / a c c e s s ' )
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19

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FEATURE uucp', "reject*)
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sendmail.org
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r'EATURE ( ' d s n b l ,
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19,

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);

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w i t h ESMTP i o WAA26343 f o r < e v i @ x o r . e o m > ; T h u , 4 Nov 1 9 9 9 2 2 : 1 0 : 4 2
- 0 7 0 0 (MST)
3: From: m r k t n e t 7 7 e k a y a k . m s k . r u
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r r i , 5 Nov 1 9 9 9 0 6 : 3 1 : 1 0 - 0 1 0 0 (Etc/GMT)
5 : D a t e : F r i , 5 Nov 1 9 9 9 0 6 : 3 1 : 1 0 - 0 1 0 0 (Etc/GMT)
6: Received: from l o g i n _ 0 l l 5 5 6 . w g u k a s . c o m (mail.wgukas.com
[ 2 3 3 . 2 1 4 . 2 4 1 . 8 7 ] ) b y ( 8 . 8 . 5 / 8 . 7 . 3 ) w i t h SMTP i d XAA01510 f o r
i r a k l i n 3 2 1 P t h a x g h k l o . u m . d e ; Thu, 4 November 1999 0 0 : 2 1 : 5 9 -0700
(EDT)
7: To: m r k t n e t 7 7 @ k a y a k . m s k . r u
8: S u b j e c t : J u s t R e l e a s e d ! M i l l i o n s CD Vol. 6A
9: Comments: A u t h e n t i c a t e d S e n d e r is <userll556@wgukas-com>
10:Message-Id:
02202108722648597456@sa_ghklo.um.de
/*

*/

Do not r e p l y to t h i s message To be removed from f u t u r e m a i l i n g s :

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638

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From ^ m d e l n o G a p e x m a i l . c o m Thu Nov I I 1 0 : 3 1 : 4 1 1999

Received: from s a t u r n . g i o b a I c o n . c o m (sacurn.globalcon.com
[ 2 0 9 . 5 . 9 9 . 8 ] ) b y x o r . c o m { 8 . 9 . 3 / 8 . 9 . 3 } w i t h ESMTP i d KAA15479;
T h u , 1 1 Nov 1 9 9 9 1 0 : 3 1 : 3 0 - 0 7 0 0 (MST)

19.

639

3: Received: from Hamilton ([168.191.61.20]) by8aturn.globalcon.com

(Poet.Office MTA v3.1.2 release (P0205-101c) ID# 0-358BlU1500L100S0i
with SMTP id AAA148; Thu, 11 Nov 1999 12:33:24 -0500
4: Date: Thu, 11 Nov 1999 02:39:57 +0000
5: Subject: Free Information On "Debt ReductionI
6: Message-Id: <yjsul. lnmqgaasnjymgqaac(?hamilton>
7: From: F,Pepper@pmail.net
8: To: benfranklinGonehundred.net
2 "Received". 3
, traceroute, xor.com
hamilton (168.191.61.20) saiurn.globaIcon.com (209.5.99.8), ,
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640

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. .

. SpamCop.
Received: from suni.cskwam.mil.pl (cskwam.mil.pl) [148.01.119.2] by
maill.es.net with smtp (Exim 1.81 &2) id 12oBHL-Q00494-00; Sat,
6 May 2C0C 13:34:23 -0700
Possible spammer: 14 8.81.119.2
"nsiookup cskwam.mil.pl" (checking ip) [show] ip not found;
cskwam.mil.pl discarded as fake,
"dig cskwam.mil.pl mx" (digging for Mail exchanger) [show] "nsiookup
cskwam.mil.pl" (checking ip) [show] cskwam.mil.pl not 148.81.119.2,
discarded as fake,
"nsiookup sunl.cskwam.mil.pl" (checking ip) [show] ip = 148.81.119.2
Taking name f r o m I P . . .
"nsiookup 148.81.119.2" (getting name) [show] 148.81.119.2 sunl.cskwam.mil.pi
"nsiookup sunl.cskwam.mil.pl" (checking ip) [show] ip = 148-81.119.2
"nsiookup 2,119.81.148.rbl.maps.vix.com." (checking ip) [show]
noc found
"nsiookup 2.119.81.148.relays.orbs.org." (checking ip) [show] xp =
127.0.0.2
blocked by ORBS
Chain test:maill.es.net -? maill.es.net
Chain verified maill.es.net
maill.es.net
148.81.119.2 has already been sent, to ORBS
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[ s h o w ]
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19.11. sendmaii
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19-

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,
.

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, , , .forward
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.
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.
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sendmail/conf.c.

sendmail : D e f a u l t U s e r , T r u s t e d U s e r R u n A s U s e r .
D e f a u l t U s e r .
. /etc/passwd " m a i l n u i r "sendmail"
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1, "daemon".
"mailnull" /etc/passwd
, ,
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.
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*.
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, ,
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642

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700

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644

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19-

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mail.local, /bin/mail. 19.8.
sendmail.
mc-
FEATURE <* smrsh', ' __ smrsh')
FEATURE (' local_lmtp', " ___11.1 1 ' >
,
: /usr/libexec/smrsh /usr/libexec/mail.local.
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.
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/usr/adm/sm.bin/vacation eric
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,
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sendmail

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sm.bin procmail,
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644

II

S M T P - ;

. 19.17 .
/sendmail/conf.c .
19.17. P r i v a c y O p t i o n s
__

public

needmailhelo

SMTP- HELO ( )

SMTP- EXPN

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( EXPN)
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HELO

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"" EXPN

restriccrnailg ,
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noetrn

mqueoe

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)

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goaway

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mc- " " "

define("confPR1VACY_OPTIONS, *"goaway, authwarnings, restrictmailq,
restrictqrun'')
a u t h w a r n i n g s .
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sendmaii chroot
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/jail ("").

19-

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The o r i g i n a l message was r e c e i v e d at Wed,
rGbenji.Colorado.EDU

9 Mar 1994 1 4 : 5 1 -0700 from

[128.138.126.10)

:
From:

cs.Colorado.EDU

19-

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, .
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a n c h o r 53% mail -v evigxor.com
S u b j e c t : just testing, pleaaa ignore
hi
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220 xor.com ESMTP Sendmail 8.9.3/8.9.3; Fri, 2b Nov 1999 17:42:57
-0700 (MST)
> EHLO anchor .cs .Colorado .edu
250-xor.com Hello anchor.cs.Colorado.EDU 1128.138.242.1], pleased
meet you
250-8BITMIME
250-SIZE 5000000
250-DSN
250-ONEX
250-ETRN
250-XUSR
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> MAIL From: <evi@anchor ,cs .Colorado .edu> SIZE^57
250 <evi@anchor.cs.Colorado .e<iu>. .. Sender ok
> RCPT To :<evi@xor .com>
250 'evigxor.com>,.. Recipient ok
> DATA
354 Enter call, end with "." on a line by itself
> .
250 RAA00511 Message accepted for delivery
evi6xor.com... Sent (RAA0051 Message accepted tor delivery)
Closing connection to xor.com.
> QUIT
221 xor.com closing connection
sendmail anchor sendmail
x o r c o m .
F S M T P

S M T P

S M T P . SMTP-
telnet - 25 sendmail
< bd). S M T P -
. 19.19.
S M T P 14 ,
. .
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, sendmail. S M T P ,
E S M T P . sinap. E S M T P
L H L O , HELO.
. ,
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19-

651

 19.19. SMTP

H E L O _

, S M T P

E H L O

, E S M T P

MAIL From: _

R C P T : _ {

( )

VRFY

(..

EXPN

)
,
.forward

DATA

QUIT

RSET

HELP

S M T P -

R C P T

sendmail
Syslog.
" m a i l " " d e b u g " "crit".
"sendmail''.

Syslog

11.

confLOG_LEVEL,
, , sendmail
.
.
, , Syslog , .
/etc/syslog.conf , , , . . 19.20
sendmail Syslog.
19.20. sendmail
Syslog
'

"alert" "crit"

2
3
4
5~10

"crit"
"err" "warning"
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>=11

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647 II.

19.13. Postfix
Postfix - I B M
T J . W a t s o n R e s e a r c h C e n t e r . Postfix
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). ,
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, D B dbm,
LDAP, N I S Net Info.

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.
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:

Maildrop :

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;

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.
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. ,
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19,

653

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,
.
, , ,
, , . (
HOST_STATUS_DIRECTORY sendmail).
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p o s t d r o p S G I D . M a i l d r o p
.
,
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. master.cf
,
. .
, main.cf. . main.cf sendmail.cf;
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.
,
:

postfix ( root):

postalias newaliases;

post c a t , ;

postconf m a i n . c f :

postdrop Maildrop;

post kick
postlock, post log
,

post ( m a k e m a p ) :

postsuper ( ).

Postfix

mail.cf .
\

II.

 B o u m e shell.
, sendmaii.
.
,
. m y h o s t n a m e
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..

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.

mynetworks

, . :
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127.0.0.0/8

Postfix C I D R - .
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,
.

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. :
m y o r i g i n - Smyhostname
myorigin = Smydomain
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m y d e s t i n a t i o n ,
. u s e _ c w _ f i l e sendmaii , ,
. :
m y d e s t i n a t i o n = Smyhostname l o c a l h o s t . S m y d o m a i n
m y d e s t i n a t i o n = Smyhostname l o c a l h o s t . S m y d o m a i n Smydomain
mydestination = /etc/mail/local-host-names
n o t i f y_z l a s s e s ,
( postmaster).
:
notify_classes = resource,

software

,
Postfix. . 19.21
.

19-

655

 19.21. n o t i f y _ c l a s s e s

bounce
2bounce
delay
policy
protocol
resource
software

( )
( )
( )
( SMTP-)
( SMTP-)
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)
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,

.\

U U C P - ;

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,
, sendmail.
, seBdmBil.
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sendmail. l u s e r _ r e l a y
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, Postfix
,
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REJECT,
.
1-, ,
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/"friendS.*$/

550 S t i c k t h i s i n y o u r p i p e 5 0

friend,

/ ~ f i e n d @ ( ? I m y s i t e . c o m ) . * $ / 550 S t i c k t h i s i n y o u r p i p e $ 0

656

II

 19.22. Postfix,
header_checks
smtpd_client__reatriction3
smtpd_sender_reatrictiona
8mtpd_recipient_restrictiona
emtpd_helo_requ i red
smtpd_helo_restrictions
amtpd_etrn_restrictions

, "" ..


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DNS-
,

" " MAPS,

main.cf :
maps_rbl_domalna
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reject_maps_rbl

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. conf Postfix .
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m y d e s t i n a t i o n - Smyhostname,localhost.Smydomain,Smydomain
,
,
. main.cf,
master.cf.
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m y o r i g i n = Smydomain
r e l a y h o s t - Smydomain

S M T P - /etc/postfix/master.cf:
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n
smtpd
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19-

657

 ,
, , B I T N E T
U U C P .
:
myorigin
Smydomain
m y d e s t i n a t i o n = S m y h o s t n a m e , l o c a l h o s t . S m y d o m a i n , Smydomain
t r a n s p o r t maps *= h a s h : / e t c / p o s t f i x / t r a n s p o r t
:
m y o r i g i n Smydomain
transport^maps = hash: /etc/postf i x / t r a n s p o r t
,
/etc/postfix/transport :
.bitnet
srntp: m a s t e r
. uucp
smtp:master

19.14.

Costales, Bryan and Eric Allinan. sendmail, 2nd Edition Sebastopol, CA:
O'Reilly. 1997.
1000 .
, .
, ,
, .
.

Avolio, Frederick . and Paul A. Vixie. Sendmail Theory and Practice. Digital
Press. 1995.
,
sendmail, / , sendmail.

Clayton, Richard. " G o o d Practice for Combating Unsolicited Bulk Email. 1 '
R I P E / D e m o n Internet. 2000. http://www.ripe.net/ripe/docs/ripe-206.html
Internet.

Schwartz, Alan and Paula Ferguson Managing Mailing Lists. O'ReilJy, 1998.
.
sendmail - . Sendmail':
An Internetwork Mail Router.
no
Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide,
doc/op sendmail.
/README
, sendmail.
R F C 8 2 2
, R F C 1123 . ,
sendmail.
RFC82I S M T P , RFC1869,
1870, 1891 1985 - ESMTP.

658

II

 R F C 9 7 4 MX D N S
.
RFC, ,
:

R F C 18911894 ;

R F C 1985 ;

RFC2033 -

RFC2034 S M T P ;

LMTP;

RFC2045 M I M E ;

R F C 2 4 7 6 ;

RFC2487 S M T P TLS;

RFC2554 SMTP-.

Postfix W e b -
vAvw.porcupine.org.

, , ,
. , "
- ,
".
, , . :

, ;

Ethernet
, , .
. .

.
,

,

.
.
.


,

655

II.

 . ,
.
,
. ,
.

20.1.

,

T C P / I P .
, .
T C P / I P .
,
, D N S , N F S H T T P
,
13 14.
, :
ping, t r a c e r o u t e . n e t s t a t , t c p d u m p s n o o p a r p ,
, ;
13.6.
, . !
,
.
.
""
.

,
.

" "
, - ,
,
,
, ,
.

.
: , ,
, ,
..
.

. ,
, .

.
. .
.
13.2, T C P / I P

20.

661

, . . H T T P TCP, ,
, IP,
Ethernet, .
, , .
( ),
, .

ping ( 1 2 7 . 0 . 0 . 1 ) ?

IP-?

ping ?

ping , ?

, telnet
ssh9

ping

DNS7

, , - , .

20.2.

ping:
ping . I C M P - E C H O R E Q U E S T . ,
ping ,
.
ping .
, ,
(
) ,
.
. ,
- I C M P , , ,
,
.
ping .
, "
" . ping - s Solaris ,
.
, < C t r l - 0

,
telnet, , D N S .

662

II

 :
%

ping

beest

PING b e a s t ( 1 0 . 1 . 1 . 4 6 ) : 5 6 d a t a b y t e s
64 b y t e s from 1 0 . 1 . 1 . 4 6 : icrnp_seq=0 t t l = 2 5 5 t i m e = 0 . 8 0 8 ms
64 b y t e s from 1 0 . 1 . 1 . 4 6 : icmp_seq=l t t l = 2 5 5 time=0.400 ms
64 b y t e s from 1 0 . 1 . 1 . 4 6 : icmp seq=2 t t l = 2 5 5 t i m e = 0 . 3 9 0 ms

beast ping s t a t i s t i c s
3 p a c k e t s t r a n s m i t t e d , 3 p a c k e t s r e c e i v e d , 0% p a c k e t l o s s
r o u n d - t r i p m i n / a v g / r a a x / s t d d e v = 0 . 3 9 0 / 0 . 5 3 3 / 0 . 8 0 8 / 0 . 1 9 5 ms
beast IP-,
- ( ,
). ,
, . beast
.
ping ,
. ,
,
, ping, ,
IP.
,
, .
ICMP- . . IP ,
, .
,
. ,
, ,
, - , -
" ",
.
, t r a c e r o u t e
( ), ,
-.
ping , ,
, .
, ,
.
,
,
, ,
.
, ping,
. ,
, .
-
IP U N I X . - ,
,
.

20.

663

1- ,
.. ping
1 M P .
ping -.
,
( . 1500 Ethernet),
.
,
, A T M .
R Solaris H P - U X
ping:
% ping cuinf.Cornell.edu 1500
Red Hat Linux FreeBSD -s.
, FreeBSD
root"
# ping

1500 cuinfo.cornell.edu

ping . -,
, . ping
. -
-, ping
. -
IP ,
. ,
. ,
H T T P D N S . .

20.3.

traceroute: IP-
traceroute. (Van Jacobson).
,
IP- .
.
:
traceroute

,
. ,
.
.
, jaguar traceroute drcvil

% traceroute drevil
t r a c e r o u t e t o d r e v i l ( 1 9 2 . 2 2 5 . 5 5 . 1 3 7 ) , 3 0 hops ir.ax, 3 8 oyne p a c k e t s
1 xor-gw2 (192.108.21.254)
0 . 8 4 0 ns 0 . 6 S 3 ,T.S 0 . 6 7 1 rr.s
1998 . Ping of Death ( "
"), UNIX Windows. ,
plng-, -
.

664

II.

2
3

xor-gw4 ( 1 S 2 . 2 2 5 . 5 6 . 1 0 )
d r e v i l (192-225.55.137)

4 . 6 4 2 ms
7 . 9 5 9 ms

4 . 5 8 2 ms 4 . 6 7 4 ms
5 . 9 4 9 ras 5 . 9 0 8 ms

, jaguar
drevil .
,
. Internet
10 12.
traceroute
T T L (Time Live ,
) ,
T T L . ,
T T L , - I C M P - .
traceroute T T L
1. , (
xor-gw2), , .
jaguar ( - ,
IP- . traceroute
D N S .

PTR).

DNS

16.11

(,

, T T L 2.
T T L .
I C M P - .
. ; T T L
.
I C M P -
, " " -. ,
, traceroute -,
, . ,
IP-, .
traceroute T T L ,
.
,
. traceroute

,
traceroute colorado.edu
xor.com.
r u p e r t s b e r g i

tracexroute

xor.com

t r a c e r o u t e : Warning: scor.com h a s m u l t i p l e a d d r e s s e s ; u s i n g 1 9 2 . 2 2 5 . 3 3 . 1
t i a c e r o u t e t o x o r . c o m ( 1 9 2 . 2 2 5 . 3 3 . 1 ) , 3 0 h o p s max, 4 0 b y t e p a c k e t s
1 cs-gw3-faculty.cs.coloradc.edu (128.138.236.3) 1.362 ms 2.144 ms 2.76 ms
2 cs-gw-dnu.cs.colorado.edu (128.138.243.193) 2.720 ms 4.378 ms 5.052 ms
3 engr-c5.C0J.0rad0.EDU ( 1 2 8 . 1 3 8 . 8 0 . 1 4 1 ) 5 . 5 8 7 ms 2 . 4 5 4 ms 2 . 7 7 3 ms
3 hut-enar.Colorado.EDU ( 1 2 8 . 1 3 8 . 8 0 . 2 0 1 ) 2 . 7 4 3 ms 5.643 ms 2 . 7 7 2 ms
b cuatir.-gw.Colcrado.EDU ( 1 2 8 . 1 3 8 . 8 0 . 2 ) 5.587 ms 2 . 7 8 4 ms 2 . 7 7 7 ms
204.131.62.6 (204.131.62.6)
5 . 5 8 5 ms 3 . 4 6 4 ms 2 . 7 6 1 ms
7 border-frori-BRAN.coop.net (199.45.134.81) 5.593 ms 6.433 ms 5.521 ms
fi c o r e - g w - e t h - 2 - 5 . c o o p . n e c ( 1 9 9 . 4 5 . 1 3 7 . 1 4 )
5 3 . 8 0 6 ms *
1 9 . 2 0 2 ms
9 xor.com (192.225.33.1)
1 6 . 8 3 8 ms 1 5 . 9 7 2 ms 1 1 . 2 0 4 ms

20.

660

 , , colorado.edu,
( e s - g w 3 - f a c u l t y c u a t m - g w ) .
204.131.62.6,
D N S - . , coop.net,
xor.com.

. , -
.
, .
traceroute I C M P - , , ""
traceroute
.
,
,
, . ,
, .
.
,
traceroute
.
I C M P - .
,
, .
, -
.
U D P - , traceroute
1-.
.

. . ,
C S M A / C D (Carrier Sense Multiple Access
with C o l l i s i o n D e t e c t i o n
). (, Ethernet) .
,
( ) .
! N .
, ""
, .. , . " " ! ! . ,
,
(,
): ,

.
traceroute ( ),
-
D N S . ,
, D N S ,
traceroute ~ I P - .

666

II

20.4.

netstat:

netstat
, ,
.
, . netstat ,
.
netstat. :

, netstat
T C P - UDP-. ,
, , .
n e t s t a t -". :
% netstat -
Active Internet connections (including servers)
Proto
Recv-Q Send-Q
Local Address
Foreign Address
tcp4
0
0
V*
*.6013
tcp46
0
0
*.60l3
*.*
0
tcp4
0
nimi.ssh
x o r , .com. . 4 1 0 5
tcp4
0
20
nimi.ssh
x c r . .com. . 1 6 1 2
0
tcp4
0
*.13500
tcp4
0
0
nimi.ssh
1 3 5 ,. 1 9 7 .. 2 . 1 1 4 . 8 8 3
tcp4
0
0
nimi599
x o r , .com. . t e l n e t
tcp4
0
0
* .ssh
tcp46
0
* .ssh
0
tcp4
0
0
nimi.ssh
1 3 5 ., 1 9 7 ., 2 . 1 1 4 . 7 7 6
tcp4
0
*.CVSup
0
udp4
0
0
*.syslog
* .*
udp4
0
0
*.ntalk
* .*

(state)
LISTEN
LISTEN
ESTABLISHED
ESTABLISHED
LISTEN
ESTABLISHED
ESTABLISHED
LISTEN
LISTEN
ESTABLISHED
LISTEN

nimi. S S H ,
telnet- ,
. ,
t c p 4 6 . , IPv6.

_. ,
.
(
/etc/services). -
UNCX-, , , .

20.

662

 . , D N S netstat
, -.
S e n d - Q R e c v - Q ,
.
. ,
. ,
netstat ,
, , 0.
T C P .
U D P .
: ESTABLISHED ()
, LISTENING () , ( - ) , TIME WAIT
( ) , .

, , ,
. netstat
,
T C P . ,
SYN SENT, ,
.
netstat ,
S Y N W A I T . , ,
.
.
0

12.

netstat -i . ,
, , evolve,
Solaris:
1 netstat -i
Name Mtu
Net/Dest
loO 8232 l o o p b a c k
hrr.eO 1500 e v o l v e
hmel 1500 e v o i v e - b l

Ipkts
11650
16438
94852

Ierrs
0
0
1

OpKLS
11650
18356
379410

Qer r s
0
0
13

Collis
0
110
487

. p k t s
O p k t s ,
. T e r r s
O e r r s :
, -
.
\ % .
,
.
,
, , .

668

II.

 ;
.
, netstat
. C o l l i s ,
".

(OpJcts).
hmeO 0,6%. hmel 0,13%.
" " 5%, 15%
.
,

.
. FreeBSD.
solaris% netetat -i 1
hp-ux% netetat 1
redhat% netetat -i -c
freebsd% netstat 1
input
packets
139^1549
512
464
516
452
336

errs
1216
0
1
0
1
0

[Total)

14757869
99
94
101
87
71

output
errs
16
1

0
0
0

colls
1431629
27
40
26
14
19

20% 30%. ,
.
netstat
. netstat -i
, , :
, ,
.
.
. ping
netstat

netstat - . ,
, Solaris
.
% netatat - -
Routing Table
Destination
Gateway
192.225.4 4.0
192.225.44.88
-92.168.3.0
192.168.3.12
10.0.0.0
192.168.3.252

F l a g s Ref
U
3
U
2
UG
0

Use
1841
117
4

Interface
hmeC
hmel
hmel

, Ethernet.

20.

664

default
127.0.0.1

192.225.44.254
127.0.0.1

UG
UK

0
0

91666
543

loO

, IP-. - IP-.
F l a g s , : U
(up) , G (gateway) , (host) (
, ). D ( ) ,
I C M P . G
,
. :
T C P - ,
.
.

13.5.

netstat .
.
(0.0.0.0), d e f a u l t .

netstat -s , .
: IP, I C M P , T C P U D P .
netstat -s, -; .
.
ip:
2313683 t o t a l p a c k e t s r e c e i v e d
0 bad h e a d e r c h e c k s u m s
1642600 p a c k e t s f o r t h i s h o s t
25743 p a c k e t s s e n t from t h i s h o s t
0 o u t p u t p a c k e t s d r o p p e d due t o n o b u f s ,

etc.

,
. ,
- ( )".
icmp:
57 c a l l s to xcmp_error
Output histogram:
e c h o r e p l y : 157
destination unreachable:
Input histogram:
echo r e p l y : 6
destination unreachable:
e c h o : 157

57
4

-m netstat Solaris FreeBSD

.

670

II.

Lime e x c e e d e d : 14
157 m e s s a g e r e s p o n s e s g e n e r a t e d
-, -
. , "destination unreachable" ( ) , , . . ,
, ,
,
tcp:
25087 p a c k e t s s e n t
25499 p a c k e t s r e c e i v e d
31 connection requests
30 c o n n e c t i o n a c c e p t s
56 connections e s t a b l i s h e d {including accepts)
64 c o n n e c t i o n s c l o s e d ( i n c l u d i n g 13 drops)
4 embryonic c o n n e c t i o n s dropped
,
.

20.5.

tcpdump. snoop nettl
, .
,
. , , - , T C P - ,
.
,
.
,
.
, (
) ,
. ,
Ethernet, Token Ring,
.
,
,
" " .

. , , ,
.
.

|7|

15.2.

, , .
,
/ ,

20.

671

 . ( p r o m i s c u o u s m o d e )
,
.
, ,
, U N I X ,
.
.

,
(
) ,
.

.
, root.

, .

.
, ,
" "
.

snoop: Solaris
Solaris snoop.
,
, , ..
, ,
' .
, netstat -i (
). -d . ,
netstat -i ( ,
E t h e r n e t hmeO). - V
, -
.
snoop ,
- . } - , ,
host, port, tcp, udp ip, and, or not.
.
snoop,
evolve
c h i m c h i m . ,
:
# snoop host chimchim and host
e v o l v e . x o r . c o m - > x o r . c o m SMTP
x o r . c o m -> e v o l v e . x o r . c o m
e v o l v e . x o r . c o m - > x o r . c o m SMTP
e v o l v e . x o r . c o m - > x o r . c o m SMTP
xor.com -> e v o l v e . x o r . c o m

672

ovolv

SMTP R

EHLO
R 250-

and tcp port 25

220

x o r . c o m ESMTP S e

evolve.xor.com\r
xor.com Hello ev

II

e v o l v e . x o r . c o m -> x o r . c o m SMTP
x o r . c o m -> e v o l v e . x o r . c o m
x o r . c o m -> e v o l v e . x o r . c o m
e v o l v e . x o r . c o m -> x o r . c o m SMTP
x o r . c o m -> e v o l v e . x o r . c o m
e v o l v e . x o r . c o m - > x o r . c o m SMTP
xor.com -> e v o l v e . x o r . c o m

MAIL FROM; < r o o t @ e v o l

SMTP R
SMTP R 2 5 0 < r o o e v o l v e . x o r
RCPT TO: < n e d 8 x o r . c o m >
SMTP R 2 5 0 < n e d 0 x o r . c o m > . . .
DATA\r\n
SMTP R 354 E n t e r mail, end

: "
, chlmchim evolve
T C P - 25".
, .
, .
, ,
, (
).
telnet ,
snoop,
. , ,
evolve ,
:

s n o o p not: h o s t e v o l v e

:
# s n o o p host: m r h a t

DNS-

mrhat,

grep DNS

grep

nettl: HP-UX
H P - U X ,
nettl*- ,
, ,
. .
, H P - U X .
tcpdump.
nettl N e t w o r k T r a c i n g a n d L o g g i n g (
) H P - U X .
.
, .
/ e t c / r c . c o n f i g . d / n e t t l NETTL 0 .
nettl
/etc/nettlgen.conf.

tcpdump:
tcpdump, , Red H a t L i n u x F r e e B S D
: " n e t t l e "
" ; , ".

20.

673

 .
H P - U X , Solans .
snoop.
tcpdump
. ,
-i . D N S
, -.
, D N S
,
tcpdump. -v
, - w .
-w. .
-.
tcpdump.
jaguar.xor.com. host j a g u a r
( ) , jaguar.
i tcpdump host jaguar
1 3 : 4 0 : 2 3 j a g u a r . x o r . c o m . 1 6 9 7 > x o r . c o m . d o m a i n : A? c s . c o l o r a d o . e d u .
13:40:23 xor.com.domain > jaguar.xor.com.1697: A mroe.cs.colorado.edu
1 3 : 4 0 : 2 3 j a g u a r . x o r . c o m . 1 6 9 8 > xor.com.domain: PTR? 5 . 9 6 . 1 3 8 . 1 2 8 . i n - a d a r . a r p a .
1 3 : 4 0 : 2 3 x o r . c o m . d o m a i n > " j a g u a r . x o r . c o m . 1 6 9 8 : PTR i r . r o e . c s . c o l o r a d o . e d u .
.
jaguar xor.com D N S .
.colorado.edu.
, . mroe.cs.colorado.edu.
, IP- mroe.

- . tcpdump. ,
, .

20.6.

,
.

.
,
.
- ,
. ,
,

,
T C P / I P . S N M P (Simple Network M a n a g e m e n t Protocol
). ,

674

II.

, .

, , .
, ("") ("") .
; S N M P


. S N M P .
.
D M T F (Distributed Management Task Force
), , W B E M (Web-Based Enterprise M a n a g e m e n t
, Web-Tex), D M I (Desktop Management Interface
) C I M (Conceptual Interface Model
). , D M I ,
- ( ) S N M P . , ,
S N M P .
S N M P ,
- ("") - (""). (
, S N M P ,
.) ,
,
,

. , .
,
.
, ,
,
,
.
.
S N M P ,
. U N I X -
, ,
.
S N M P " "
,
. , . .

20.7.

S N M P :
9 0 - . S N M P ,
.
S N M P . ,

20.

675


S N M P - .
S N M P , , ,
, .
S N M P
. .

S N M P
S N M P ,
. , .
;

. (Management Information Base, MI )
,
, S N M P . ,
, (Object Identifier, OID).
, S N M P
, " " .
S N M P -
, .
,
, .
S N M P .
S N M P . - , . .
,
( ,
-).
, O I D .
, : 1.3.6.1.2.1.1.3.
:
iso.o^g.dod.internet. mgmt.mib-2.system.sysUpTime
S N M P
. ,
iso.org.dod.imernet.mgmt ( O I D 1.3.6.1.2).
S N M P T C P / I P
( M I B - I ) :
, ,
(IP, I C M P , T C P , U D P .). RFC1213 ,
, MIB-1I.
,

SNMP-,

MIB-H.
. 20.1 MIB-II.

676

II

 2 0 . 1 . 1-
1

system.sysDcscr

: , ,
.

sysiem.sysLccation

system.sysContact

systcm.sysName

( D N S - )

imerfaccs.ifNumber

Intcrfaccs. ifTable

ip.ipForwardmg

1. , 2

ip.ipAddrTable

IP- ( . )

Ip.ipRouieTable

icmp.icmplnRedirects

. I C M P - n a x e

icmp.icmpinEchos

ping

tcp. tcp CormTable

udp.udpTable

UDP-,

iso.oig.dod.internet.mgmt.mib-2.
.
.
MIB .
, . S N M P - n e p e . MIB
( Ml -II) S N M P -
U N I X .
.

S N M P
S N M P :
g e l ( ) , g e t - n e x t ( ) , set ( ) t r a p
().
get s e t
, OID.
get-next M f B .
.
( trap) , , .
, "
" , ,
,
. ,
,
S N M P - .
, .
.

20.

677

 S N M P

,
-
?.
" " (community
n a m e ) . , , : "".
, , " ",
.
3 S N M P
.
, .

R M O N : Ml
R M O N (remote monitoring )
(.. ,
- ). " "
.
, ,

.
tcpdump.
R M O N R F C 1757,
1995 . "
R M O N " . .
,

S N M P - .
. R M O N
.

20.8.

S N M P

SNMP-.
"public",
"private" "secret".
,
, . ,
S N M P , ,
, .
Solaris H P - U X
SNMP-.
UCD-

FreeBSD

/ u s r / p o r t s / n e t / u c d - s n m p . Red H a t
S N M P .
Solaris H P - U X ,
U C D , , .

678

II.

SNMP- Solaris
Solaris . S N M P -
D M I .
S N M P - /usr/lib/snmp/snmpdx, /etc/snmp/conf/snmpd-conf.
Ml ,
. ,
( s y s d e s c r ) , ,
( t r a p ) , ( r e a d - c o m m u n i t y , w r i t e - e o m m u n i t y ) . snmpdx.
.
snmpdx
/etc/snmp/conf/snmpdx.acl. IP- ,
S N M P .
( " ")
.
S N M P . ,
.
Solaris
, D M ! .
/usr/lib/dmi/dmispd. D M I - . /usr/lib/dmi/snmpXdmid SNMP-
DMI dinispd.
snmpXdmid SNMP- snmpdx.
S N M P / D M L ,
/ v a r / d m i / m a p . .
,
snmpXdmid.
DMI- , D M l -
.
/ e t c / r c 3 . d / S 7 7 d m i /etc/rc3.d/s77dmi.
snmpXdmid, snmpXdmid.conf
snmpXdmid.conf.orig

S N M P HP-UX
,
Hewlett-Packard ,
HP OpenView.
, S N M P -
H P - U X .
H P - U X "" 1 .

.
/usr/sbin/snmpdm.
. /usr/sbin/snmpd.
snmpdni

20.

679

 /etc/SnmpAgent.d/smnpd.conf.
,
snmpd.
snmpd.conf .
:
# S N M P - d i s a s c e r . x o r . c o m
get-community-name: -community
set-community-name: D8j4kL.2nG
trap-aest:
jaguar.xor.com
trap-dest: ov.xor.com
l o c a t i o n : F i r s t f l o o r l a b m a c h i n e room
contact:
root@disaster.xor.com
g e t - c o m m u n i t y - n a m e s e t - c o m i r . u n i t y - n a m e
. , ,
,
. , s e t - c o m m u m t y - n a m e , .
t r a p - d e s t IP- S N M P - ,
.
, .

location contact

sysLocation sysContact MIB-1I.
- . snmpd:
snmpd

-m

, . 20.2.

2 0 . 2 . s n m p d HP-UX

SNMP-

16

32

64

, H P - U X S N M P - Syslog.
/var/adm/snnipd.log;
-I.

680

II.

SNMP- U C D
S N M P -

. . - U N I X -
SNMP-
( U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a a t Davis, U C D ) .
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S N M P UNIX.
,
S N M P - . S N M P - ,
S N M P - . ,
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ucd-snmp.ucdavis.edu*.
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,
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/usr/sbin/snmpd.

, /etc/sump.
snmpd.conf; .
,
s n m p d . l o c a l . c o n f .
snmpd.conf
, .
configure U C D
. -I, s n m p d .
, -s
Syslog.
snmpd . 20.3.
-. -V. -d -D,

.
,
Perl S N M P . ,
, P A N " " .
2000 . Source Forge
N e t - S N M P . Web-; nec-snmp.sourceforge, net. . .
C P A N (Comprehensive Perl Archive Network Perl- )
Perl.
www.cpan.org.

20.

681

 2 0 3 . snmpd UCD

20.9.

-I /i

. ,I

SNMP-

-d

S N M P -

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snmpd

-s

pet Syslog

S N M P - : U C D .
0 1 D .
M R T G ,

SNMP-\.

N O C O I . . *
, .

U C D
S N M P - .
U C D . . 20.4.
20 4 U C D

srnnpgel

SNM -

snmpgctiiext

snmpset

SNMP-

s run table

SNMP-

snmptranslate

0 1 D
M I B

snmptrap

snmpwalk

6ajy Ml , 0 1 D

.
, , ,
snnipgcl, . (
siimpget , . 9 )
snmpwalk. 0 1 D ( . \ , M l ),
get-next O I D .

682

II.

snmpwalk jaguar ( public , "

"):
% smnpwalk jaguar public
system.sysDescr.0 = Linux jaguar 2.2.12-20 #1 Mori Sep 27 10:40:35 EDT 1999
system.sysUpTime.G - Timeticks: (86516617) 10 days, 5:52:46.1?
system.sysName.O = jaguar
system. sysLocation. 0 *= Second Floor Machine Room
interfaces.ifNumber.0 - 2
interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifIndex.1 = 1
interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifIndex.2 - 2
interfaces.ifTabie.ifEntry.ifDescr.l - "loO" Hex: 6C 6F 30
interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifDescr.2 - "ethO" Hex: 65 7A 68 30
interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifType.1 = softwareLoopback(24)
interfaces-ifTable.ifEntry.ifType.2 = ethernet-csmacd(6)
interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifMtu.1 - 3924
interfaces.ifTabie.ifEntry.ifMtu.2 - 15G0
interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifInOctets.1 = 12590602
interfaces.ifTabie.ifEntry.iflnoctets.2 = 2287718531
interfaces. ifTable. ifEntry. J.fInUcastPkts.1 - 7557b
interfaces.ifTabie.ifEntry.ifInUcastPkts-2 = 79730602
interfaces.ifTabie.ifEntry.ifInErrors.1 = 0
interfaces.ifTabie.ifEntry.iflnErrors.2 - 218
interfaces, if Table. ifEntry. ifOutOctiets = 12591593
interfaces.ifTabie.xfEntry.ifOutOctets.2 = 3374588125

. 10 e t h O .
snmpwalk ; 1

M R T G :
M R T G (Mulii-Roiuer Traffic Grapher
), (Tobias
Oetiker) , S N M P .
Perl.
.
M R T G
S N M P . .
. -, ,
, . ,
M R T G ,

,

.
-, M R T G S N M P - .
S N M P - U C D M R T G
.

20.

683

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,
.
, M R T G ,
RRDtool. .
, . , M R T G , RRDtool
.
.
RRDtool
Cricket, (Jeff Allen).

S N M P
.
Perl
.
Web- (ee-staff.ethz.ch/~oetiker)
M R T G . R R D t o o l Cricket.

. . MRTG

N O C O L :
N O C O L (Network Operation Center O n - L i n e
) .
,
,
Web-cepnepa. ( ),
.
,
" " . Perl .
: ,
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II

 , .
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,
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www.netplex-tech.com".

, .
(
),
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,
SQL-, D N S Web-.
.

Web-.
,
, X M L - .
,

. . OpenView
Hewleit- Packard ,
.
,
. ,
M R T G N O C O L .


"" ping-,
S N M P - .
D N S , .
, ,
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. ,
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.


, Cisco Works

Netplex Technologies : S N I P S (System a n d Network integrated Polling Software

). . .

20.

685

 .

, ,

20.10.

Cisco Online. Internetworking Technology Overview: SNMP.

co.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/cisintwk/ito_doc/snmp.htin

http://www.cis-

H u n t . Craig, and Gigi Estabrook. TCP/IP Network

Edition. Sebastopol: O'Reilly & Associates. 1998.

StaLlings, William. Snrnp, Snmpv2, Snmpv3, and Rmon / and 2,

Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. 1999.

Administration,

Second

Third Edition.

R F C .
,

S N M P .

686

R F C 1155 S N M P (
..).

RFC1156 1-1 ( O I D ) .

R F C I 1 5 7 - S N M P .

RFC1213 M1B-II ( O I D ) .

R F C 1901 - R F C 1910 - S N M P v 2 .

RFC2011 M I B IP S N M P v 2 .

RFC2012 M I B S N M F 4 2 .

RFC2013 Ml U D P S N M P v 2 .

RFC202I R M O N 2 SMIv2.

RFC2570 S N M P v 3 .

II

21

U N I X
, UNIX-
- .
U N I X - , , ,
. Iniernei
" ".
- UNIX-, ,
. ,
U N I X , .

U N I X ,
if .
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.

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690

II.

 . .
.
/etc/passwd 6.
FreeBSD /etc/passwd /etc/masler.passwd .
. /etc/master.passwd
6.2.

( ) ,
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,
), (*)
, ,
.
, /etc/passwd ,
, HI
":
perl -F: -ane 'print if not 5F(1];' /ecc'passwd

,
,
,
/etc/passwd (
did) .
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/etc/passwd /etc/group ,
,
root. /ctc/shadow.
/etc/master.passwd FreeBSD
.
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21.

691

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passwd.
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npasswd, (Clyde Hoover)

h Up ://www, utexas.edu/cc/unix/softwa re/ passwd
-

Solans passwd.
,
.
/etc/default/passwd.
Red Hat
(Pluggable Authentication Modules. )
passwd ,
/etc/pam.d/passwd.

http://parc-power.nei/mongan/Linux-PAM/index.htmI

/etc/passwd :
, . , Is ,
/etc/passwd
,
.

/etc/passwd
.
21.7.
? 80- .
*, crypt()"\
. 80- .
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Electronic Fromier Foundation
(Paul Kocher) 56- DES " "

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;
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692

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56- D E S .


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, , /etc/passwd . ,
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/etc/shadow). UNIX-,
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(, guest demo)
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21.

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(;
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perl

-F:

-ane

'print

if

not

SF[2J;'

/etc/passwd

passwd.
0
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passwd,
. ,
.

21.4.

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root, ,
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), , .
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694

II.

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.

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, . , , ,
: , ,
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,
/etc/passwd ,
.
: UID.
/dev/null

SUID SGID (Set Group ID ) - nosuid
mount. ,
.

SUID. , ,
SUID-
, .
, 21.7,
, find:
/usr/bin/find
/bin/mail

, - u s e r root -perm -4000 - p r i n t

-s "Setuid root f i l e s " netadmin

'

netadmin , ' root

SUID.

21.5.

UNIX- ,
, , .
,
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(, ps).


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21

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/dev/kmcm.
/dev/drum /dev/mem,
.

, /dev/kmem.
/etc/passwd /etc/group
( root) .
644. - (
daemon). , /etc/passwd.
, passwd (
root) SUID
, "", .1
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1-- 22.6.
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II.


,
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. Solaris
/etc/default/login*, HP-UX Red Hat /etc/securetty,
FreeBSD /etc/ttys.
/etc/hosts.equiv -/.rhosts
liosts.equiv ~/.rliosts "" ,
( rlogin) (
) . ,
UNIX,
, .
rslid riogind,
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/etc/inetd.conf. ,

rlogin, rsh . SSH
(. 21.8).
,
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.
, rlogin ( SSH!),
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.
( root)
/etc/hosts.equiv
rliosts , .
, , ,
. 3 .
, "" .
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rexd Solaris ( , HP-UX)
. DH
(
/etc/inetd.conf). "" .
.
rcxccd .
- ,
, , ,
"" ,
. .
/etc/default/su.

. 23.

21.

6 97

 tftpd FTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol ).

. ,
. tftpd
,
fingerd
finger :
% finger evi
L o g i n name: evi.
In r e a l l i f e : Evi Nemeth
Direct.ory: /beast/users3/evi.
Shell:
/bm/tcsh
On s i n c e Jan 22 07:07:55 on ttyp3 from x o r - t r a i n 4 . x o r . c o m
50 m i n u t e s I d l e Time
Mail l a s t r e a d S a t J a n 2 2 0*7:08:57 2000
No P l a n .

, finger
.
fingerd. fiuger

@. ,
,
fingerd /ctc/inetd.conf"
N I S
.
, NIS (Network Information Service;
Yellow Pages). Sun
,
, /etc/group, /etc/passwd /etc/hosts.
, "' ",

. NIS NIS+
NIS ,
.
NIS IS.

netadmin
~netadmin. -
,
( scph
. scp SSH,
21.8

* , fingerd
, , .

698

II.

 N F S
NFS 17.1 showmoimt - ,
*< .
,
.
sendmail
sendmail ,
.
,
.
sendmail.
, , ,
sendmail, ( ,
). Web- www.sendmail.org.
sendmail 19.


. ,
,
. ,
.
10.

, .

,
.
turkey, - Usenet.
,
.
, UNIX
,
, . ,
, :

;
;


.
: , -
.

21.

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Internet. , ,
.
Internet.
: ,
, Usenet.
- "",
w\v\v.deja.com.

21.7.

,
, .
.
:
.
, T C P
UDP- ".
"" .
,
.
,
, .
, , :
% - hostl.uexample.com
S t a r t i n g nmap V . 2 . 1 i b y F y o d o r ( f y o d o r G d h p . c o m , w w w . i n s e c u r e . o r g / r u n a p / )
Interesting ports on hostl.uexample.com (10.10.2.1):

13
19
21
23
25

State
open
open
open
open
open
open
open

Protocol
tcp
rep
tcp
tcp
tcp
tcp
rep

Service
echo
discard
daytime
charaen
ftp
telnet
smtp

513

open

ccp

^.ogin

Nmap

run

completed

IP a d d r e s s

(1

hose

up)

scanned

in

second

-sT nmap
TCP- " . nmap , ,
.
13, . IP-
, , IP-
.
(
1024) "" . -

700

II.

 , hostl.uexample.com
,
: ftpd (ftp), riogind (login) , ,
sendmail (smtp). , .
state () open () ,
, unfiltered ( )
filtered () ,
- .
. ,
.
Web- www.aexample.com:
% - hoctl .uexamplo . com
S t a r t i n g v . 2 . 1 2 b y F y o d o r ( f y o d o r @ d h p . c o m ,
(Not s h o w i n g p o r t s i n s t a t e : f i l t e r e d )
Port
53
BO
179
443
Nrnap

State
unfiltered
open
unfiltered
open
run

Protocol
tcp
tcp
tcp
tcp

completed --

www.insecure.org/nmap/)

Service
domain
http
bgp
https

IP a d d r e s s

(1

host

up)

scanned in

122

seconds

, Web-.
D N S
B G P , , .
( D N S B G P ),
.
TCP- UDP-
-,
. ,
TCP- ( ),
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
TCP/IP. , -:
% - disaster mrhat lollipop
S t a r t i n g V.
Interesting
Remote

operating

Interesting
Remote

121

2.12 by Fyodor

ports

ports

operating

on

system guess:
on

(fyodor@dhp.com,

disaster.xor.com
HP-UX

mrhat.xor.com

system

guess:

BSDI

www.insecure.org/nmap/)

(192.108.21.99):
11.00

(192.108.21.2):
4.0

701

Interesting
Remote
Nmap

run

ports

operating

on

lollipop.xor.com

system

completed

guess:

Solaris

IP a d d r e s s e s

(192.108.21.48):
2.6

(3 h o s t s

up)

2.1
scanned

in

seconds

.
, ,

.
S A I N T :
SAINT (Security Administrator's Integrated Network Tool )
, SATAN (Security
Administrator Tool for Analyzing Networks
), 1995 .
. SATAN (Dan
Farmer) (Wietse Venema)
World Wide Digital Security, Inc.. Web-
(www.wwdsi.com) . !
nmap. SAINT ,
, .
UNIX .
, , .
SAINT ,
,
(, Nessus. ) ,

SAINT Web-, Web-.
nmap , ,
. , SAI NT
Samba ( ),
Windows-. Samba
26.
Nessus:
(Renaud Deraison) Nessus,
SAINT. Nessus , ,
.
Web- www.nessus.org.
( 1.0) Nessus
, .
,
,
- ,

702

II.

 Nessus.
, .
crack:
,
,
.

, . crack,
(Alec Muffett),
.

,
crack.
,

,
, Internet ..
, .
?
crack
5.0.
ftp://coast.cs.purdue.edu/pub/tools/unLx/pwdutils/crack/
:
.
.
tcpd: Internet-
tcpd, "TCP-".
TCP-, lelnetd, riogind
fingerd. , ,
.
. tcpd ftp.porcupine.org.
Red Hat F:reeBSD (
/usr/ports/security/tcp_wrapper).
tcpd
. inetd
/etc/rnetd.conf,
tcpd.

. , /etc/inetd.conf

t e l n e t stream

tcp

nowait

root

/usr/sbin/xn.telnetd

in.telnetd

:
telnet

stream

tcp

nowait

root

/usr/sbin/tcpd

in.telnetd

inetd 28.3.

21.

703

 (
/etc/syslog.conf) :
Nov
Nov
Nov
Nov

12
12
12
13

0 8 : 5 2 : 4 3 chiffichim i n . t e l n e t d [ 2 5 8 8 0 ] : c o n n e c t f r o m t i n t i n . C o l o r a d o . E D U
19:19:44 chimchim i n . t e l n e t d [ 1 5 5 2 0 J : c o n n e c t from c a t b e l l y . c o m
23:48:45 chimchim i n . t e l n e t d [ 1 9 3 3 2 ] : connect from a t d t . x o r . c o m
20:14:57 chimchim i n . t e l n e t d [ 2 3 6 2 ] : connect from 130.13.13.11

- HP-UX
HP-UX Inetd,
. /var/adm/
inetd.sec. :

a l l o w ! deny

_\

_> i

...

, /etc/services
/etc/rpc.
(, moomjn.xor.com).
. .
"192.108.21.*" ,
"192.108.21.1-50" .
(#)
.
. .
, .
,
, sprayd
:
login
sprayd

allow
deny

192.108.21.*
192.108.21.5

192.225.33."
freddy.xor.com

inetd HP-UX
, -I
Syslog "facility" "info".
"notice
C O P S :
COPS (Computer Oracle and Password System
) ,
UNIX. .
, COPS
,
. , ,
,
. ,
- .
COPS (
),
:
, :

704

II.

/etc/passwd /etc/group;
-;
.
COPS
,
:
ATTENTION:
Security Report
Warning!
Warning!

Root

from

host

reja.xor.com

d o e s n o t own t h e f o l l o w i n g f i l e ( s ) : / e t c
(or c u r r e n t d i r e c t o r y )
is in root's path!

Warning!
/ v a r / s p o o i / m a i l is _World_ w r i t a b l e !
Warning!
/etc/utmp is _World_ w r i t a b l e !
Warning!
U s e r r a n d y ' s home d i r e c t o r y / h o m e / s t a f f / r a n d y i s mode
Warning!
Password f i l e , line 8, no password:
runmailq::33:10:,,,:/home/staff/runmailq:/bin/csh
Warning!
/usr/bin/uudecode creates setuid files!
Warning!
Password Problem: Guessed: beth s h e l l ; / b i n / c s h

077?!

COPS Kuang.
.
hup://dan.yo5emite.ca.us/cops
tripwire:
tripwire, (Gene Kim)
(Gene SpafFord) ,
,
,
. , tripwire , /bin/login ,

tripwire , . ,
(, /etc/utmp),
,
.

.
,
tripwire,
" ".
.
tripwire ,
.
:
# tripwire
T r i p w i r e ( t m ) ASR ( A c a d e m i c S o u r c e R e l e a s e } 1 . 3 . 1
File I n t e g r i t y Assessment Software
(c) 1992, Purdue R e s e a r c h F o u n o a t i o n ,
(c) 1997, 1999 T r i p w i r e
Security Systems,
I n c . A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . Use R e s t r i c t e d t o

21.

705

Authorized
## Phase
* I Phase
ft Phase
## Phase

Licensees.
1:
Reading configuration f i l e
2:
Generating f i l e l i s t
3:
Creating file information database
4:
Searching for inconsistencies

##
#t
##
#1

Total

f i l e s scanned:
Files added:
Files deleted:
Files changed:

20344
0
0
1

##
##

Total

file

violations:

II
changed:

ti

#t
#

Phase

-rwxr-xr-x root
5:

t# Attr
bin/tcsh
st_ctime:

262184

Generating
Observed

Sat

Jan

Jan

(what i t i s )

22

22

12:04:42

observed/expected pairs

12:04:42

2000

2000

for

Expected

(what

Fri

14

May

/bin/tcsh

changed
it

files

should

05:11:41

be)

1999

! tripwire ,
/bin/tcsh
. .
/bin/tcsh " ",
root.

( siggen. tripwire) JTO .

, tripwire
.
tripwire :
,
. , ,
- Tripwire. Inc.,

. Web-
www.tripwiresecurity.com.
:
(The Coroner's
Toolkit ),
. ,
.
Solaris, Red Hal FreeBSD, HP-UX ().
,
. ,
. mactime.
,
.
,
, , ,
www.fish.com/securiiy.

706

II.

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UNIX
W W W
. , ,
. .

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.
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, ,
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.
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. , Kerberos.
(
) Kerberos.
, , "",

, , : 'RSA Labs" Frequently Asked Questions. about Today's Cryptography"

(www.rsasecurity.com/rsalabs/faq) - sci.crypt,
FTP- rtfm.mit.edu.

21

707

. , Kerberos
UNIX :
,
.
Kerberos
.
Kerberos . ,
( web mit.edu/kerberos).
, Kerberos Solaris
HP-UX, FreeBSD .
Cisco,
. Microsoft
Kerberos Windows 2000,
.
Kerberos
, , :
"Designing an Authentication System: a Dialogue in Four Scenes" ( , ),
(Bill Bryant;. ,
.
http://web.mil.edu/kerberos/www/dialogue.litmI
FAQ-:
http://www.nrI.navy.mil/CCS/people/kenh/kerberos-faq.html
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. , Kerberos
, .
,
. ,
. Kerberos
, SSH SRP (. ).
.
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PGP (Pretty Good Privacy),
(Philip Zimmermann), , . PGP ,
.
,
.
,
Network Associates (www.nai.com). PGP. .
Web- www.pgpi.org.
PGP . ,
UNIX ,
. , 88-
,

708

II.

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- .
Windows- PGP, UNIX- pgp
38 .
, Internet,
PGP.
- ,
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PGP ,
.
, .
S S H :
SSH (Secure Shell), (Tatu Ylonen),
rlogin, telnet.
.
SSH it IETF.
tripwire, SSH
(SSHI) (SSH2).
.
, .
, SSH2
, .
SSH1, .
SSH1 ftp.ssh.com/pub/ssh.
, . OpenBSD
,
,
. OpenSSH Web-
www.openssh.com. , ,
.
,

SSH ,
RSA.
2000 .
SSH sslid
! : ssh.
, scp. .
ssh-keygen,
, ,
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sshd
. .
. ,
, "Y.rhosts, ~/.slosts, /etc/hosts.equi>
/etc/sliosts.equiv,
. rlogin . ,

21

" 09

 . - sshd

. ,
( )
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~"/.ssh/known_hosts . (
/etc/sshhostkey. ),
.
, .
, .
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.

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.
(
).
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. ssh
telnet, ,
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, .
/etc/sshd config
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. ,
, . 21.1.

2 1 . 1 . , ^ / e t c / s s h d _ c o n f i g

cation
RhostsRSAAuthentxcation

IgroreRhosts
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RSAAutherit x c a t i o n

PasswordAuthentication

,

"/.shosls, /etc/shosts.equiv
.

RhostsAuthentJ.

~/.shosts .

~/.rbosts hosts.equiv"

root
.rhosls .shosls

, "/.shosls shosts.equiv .
i g n o r e R h o s t s .

710

II.

 ,
, , :
RhostsAuthenticaLion no
RhostsRSAAuthentication no
RSAAuthentication
yes
PasswordAuthentication
yes

SRP:
SRP (Secure Remote Password), By
(Thomas Wu) , , ,

. , SSH,
.
,
. ,
SSH,
telnet ftp. ,
.
telnet ftp. SRP
. , .
, UNIX
DES SRP, SRP
/etc/passwd. SRP
( Web- srp.stanford.edu)
(/etc/tpasswd). SRP-
passwd,
.
O P I E :
, SSH SRP.
,
, .
, . SSH
,
.
OTP (One-Time Password ),
RFC 1938.
: , ,
.
, . -
. 11
. ,
, .
OTP-
OPIE (One-time Passwords In Everything
). S/Kev
Bellcore ( Telcordia Technologies),

21.

711

- - . OPIE OTP-
telnetd ftpd,
. OPIE www.inner.net/pub/opie.
, OTP- ,
. ,
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,
. , (
sudo, ), ".
SSH,
OPIE.
, :
,

21.9.

.
. :
, .

, , Iniernei ( ,
), .
, ,
, (
) , .
(, Cisco). ; , ,
.
,
.
Red Hal FreeBSD (.
13.14 13.15).
.
,
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, PIX
Cisco.

: -,
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.
,
, Windows . Windows \
- ? : Windows
.

712

II.


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, ,
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, root.
1024 .
, (, TCP U D P )

. ,
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, TCP-
25 TCP-
".
.
, FTP. - FTP
: , .
, . . Iniernei FTP,
TCP-,
, .
FTP-cepeepa 22.6.
,
, ,
(, XII 6000).
,
(,
telnet ),
Internet.

, , SMTP. ,
, .
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,
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mefd.
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21.

713

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FTP-,
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Internet- ,
.
, , "" .

21.10.

. .
,
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Internet-""
D A R P A (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

) C E R T (Computer Emergency Response
Team " ")
, . C E R T
,
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, ,
.
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Web- www.cen.org comp.security.announce.
. ,
http://www.cert org/contuct_cen/cenmaillist.html

21

715

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SecurityFocus.com . ,
, .
, .


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. ,
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SUBSCRIBE B U G T R A Q ,
, ,
. Web- BugTraq .
S A N S
SANS (System Administration, Networking and Security Institute
)
, , . Web-
www.sans.org ,
SecurityFocus.com CERT:
, , , .
SANS
, .

^
[

,
, .
.
Web-. , "" ,
'.
Internet Web-, www.securitvfocus.com,
, ,
-.
Sun.
, security-alert@sun.com.
'subscribe cws ".
Web- sunsolve.sun.com.
Hewlett-Packard Web- : us-support.external.hp.com europe-suppon.extemal.lip.com
. ,
, . ,
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"search technical knowledge base" ( ).
.
"". ,

711
II.

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..
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w7

"maintenance/support"
''support information digest" "notifications". ,
, , .
Red Hat
www.redhai.com/suppon/errata.
, Red Hat. ,
Linux. Red Hat.
FreeBSD
www.freebsd.oig/security.
FreeBSD, .
" " (security officer),
.
Cisco
, www.cisco.com/warp/public/770. ,
Cisco, majordomo@cisco.com,
"subscribe cust-security-announce".
Web-

, Internet. .
, ,
,
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Web-
-Force (xforce.iss.net) Internet Security Systems,
F -.
,
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, www.yahoo.com,
.
"Computers and Internet", , UNIX,
.

21.11.
: . ,
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, "" .
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. , ?!)*

"" , .

21

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( cert@cert.org).

Web- www.cert.org.
, :

718

II.

"" ,
;
"",
;
, ;

IP- , ;
;
.

, -.

21.12.

Bryant, William. '"Designing an Authentication System: a Dialogue in Four

Scenes". web. mil.edu/kerberos/www/diaIogue.html.
CERT
Coordination
Center.
"Intruder
Detection
Checklist".
www.cert.org/tech_tips/intruder_detection_checkIist.html.
CERT
Coordination
Center.
"UNIX
Configuration
Guidelines".
www.cen.org/tech_tips/unix_conriguration_fuidelines.htmI.
Cheswick, William R., and Steven M, Bellovin. Firewalls and Internet Security,
Second Edition. Reading, MA; Addison-Wesley. 2000.
Curtin. Mali, and Marcus Ranum. "Internet Firewalls. Frequently Asked
Quest ions". www. interhack. net /pubs/fwfaq.
Fanner. Dan. and Wietse Venema. "Improving the Security of Your Site by
Breaking Into it". 1993. www.fish.com/security.
Fraser, ., Editor RFC2196: Site Security Handbook, www.rfc-editor.org.
GaiTmkel, Simson, and Gene Spafford. Practical UNIX and Internet Security.
Sebastopol: O'Reilly & Associates, 1996.
Kerby, Fred, et al. "SANS Intrusion Detection and Response FAQ".
www.sans.org/newlook/resources/I DFAQ/I D_FAQ.htm.
Mann, Scott, and Ellen L. Mitchell. Linux System Security: The Admmisirator's Guide
to Open Source Security Tools. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall PTR. 2000.
Morris, Robert, and Ken Thompson. "Password Secunty: A Case History".
Communications of the A C M , 22 (11): 594-597. November 1979- UNIX System Manager's Manual. 4.3 Berkeley Software Distribution.
University of California, Berkeley. April 1986.
Pichnarczyk, Karyn. Steve Weeber, and Richard Feingold. "'UNIX Incident
Guide: How to Detect an Intrusion". Computer Incident Advisory Capability.
U.S. Department of Energy. 1994. http://www.ciac.org/cgt-bin/index/docunients.
Ritchie. Dennis M. "On the Security of UNIX". May 1975.
UNIX System Manager's Manual. 4.3 Berkeley Software Distribution. University
of California, Berkeley. April 1986.
Schneier, Bruce. Applied Cryptography: Protocols. Algorithms, and Source Code
in C. New York, NY: Wiley. 1995.
Thompson. Ken. "Reflections on Trusting Trust". A C M
Turing Award Lectures: The First Twenty Years 1966-1985. Reading, MA: A C M
Press (Addison-Wesley). 1987.
Zimmermann. Philip R. The Official PGP User's Guide. Cambridge: MIT Press,
1995.

21.

719

^ ^

Web-
Internet

. UNIX - ' ", - Internet.
80- . UNIX
,
. 90- .
'' ",
- . UNIX
, .
Internet, ""
() ,
*.
: W W W , FTP .

22.1.

Web-
90- . UNIX ,
W W W . " "
(
),
. UNIX " ".
,
.

, , UNIX,
. Web-

, Web-, ASP (Application Service Provider

).

715

II.

 , Web-. Web- (HTML), , FTP, SSL,

-
, ,
Web-.

Microsoft Windows. .
, ,
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,
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,
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, , , ,
UNIX Web-.
UNIX . UNIX .
,
-,
Web-. Windows
(
, -where). :
UNIX ,
- , Windows.

22.2.

Web-
Web- .
W W W HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol
) TCP/IP,
,
. ,
, , , . HTTP
- , Internet,
SMTP ( ) FTP ( ).
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80 ( HTTP),
, .
Web-, Netscape Internet Explorer,
Web- . () , ( )
, .
HTTP , ,
, HTTP.

22 Web- Internet

72 3


HTTP.
, , Web- ""
HTTP ,


,
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) TCP- 443.
, .

U R L (Uniform Resource l ocator )
Internet.
:
:
:
TCP/IP ():
();
( ,
".htm" ".htm!").
URL- . .

www.apacne.org
/foundation.

http://www.apache.org/foundatiori/FAQ.htmI

FA . html.
*

. . UPL-
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http
https
ftp

722

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HTTP
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II.

mailto

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no
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news

telnet

- teLnet://spot.acme.com

Idap
file

LDAP

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( file://etc/syslog.conf

Internet)

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.
( ).
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.
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).
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HTTP-.
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. G E T /,
, , , . H T T P
,
.
% telnet localhost 80
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GET /
<. i n d e x . h m l >
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C G I - : W e b -
, HTTP-
, " ". ,
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CGI (Common Gateway Interface
).
CGI , , ,
, HTTP
. CGI-
, Perl
HTTP-.
,
- .
F O R T R A N Internet!

22 Web- Internet

72 3

 , CGI- Web-
.
.
. CGI-
,
,
, HTTP-, .
CGI-
. CGI-
, CGJ-
www.w3.org/Security/Faq/www-security-faq.html.

, (
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).
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. .
,
,
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, ,
.
.

22.3.

HTTP-
Web-cepnep ! Web-

DNS.

UNIX HTTP-
(, FreeBSD Red Hat HTTP-
Apache). ,

. ,

724

II.

 .
Netscape Apache*.
HTTP- Web- webcompare.iniemet.com.
,
;
;
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Apache .

.
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HTTP Apache ,
Web- www.apache.oig.
.
configure ( ). ,
.
, Apache. --prefix:
%

./configure prfi*=/uer/local/apache/

Apache
-enable-module= -disabIe-module= configure.
,
(. 22.2)
22.2. Apoche,

auth dbm

D B M

aulli_db
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" .

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,
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rewrite

URL-,

expires

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22 Web- Internet

72 3

 . 22.3 , .
, .
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asis

HTTP-

autoindex

, HTML-crpa (, index.btinl)

env

CGI

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(
)

userdir

HTML-

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docs/mod/index.himl.
configure make make
install .
FreeBSD Apache
, /usr/ports (
27.9). Apache
/usr/ports/www/apachl3 make.
A p a c h e

. conf
(, /usr/local/apache/conf).
: httpd.conf, srm.conf access.conf.
httpd.conf , Apache (httpd) . TCP-,
HTTP- ( 80).
HTTP-,
. httpd.conf
, ,
.
(
).
, ,
srm.conf. DocumentRoot.
.
, ,
, "" URL- (, hup://
www.xor.com / ~ steve).
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726

II.

 .
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:
,
cgi-bin.
cgi-bin. ,
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.
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httpd
, . ,
, Web-cepBep
.
:
% /usr/loc&l/apache/apachactl start
, httpd
, localrc()
/etc/rc.local,
.
if

- / u s r / l o c a l / a p a c h e / h t t p d
/usr/iocal/apache/apachectl
e c h o n ' w w w _ s e r v e r 1

];
then
start

fi

22.4.

UNIX- Web- (, www.acme.com). W W W
1
Web-,
, Web-
.
,
.
, .
.
, (
H T T P 80), IP- .
Web-.
, . : UNlX-
IP-, .
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UNIX- Web-. ( :
, Intel.

22 Web- Internet

72 3

 ,
Web-.
.)
H T T P 1.1 ,
( " , IP-"),
IP- Web-
.
IP-, ,
(,
Web-).
,
( IP-
) (
IP-). ,
.

.
TCP/IP.
UNIX;

Apache .
Solaris
Solaris ( "
"),
. , . h m e O : i . h n i e 0 : 2 ..
256
. ,
ndd xp_addrs_per_if (
ndd 13.12).
,
ifconfig, (
.)
. ifconfig

, , Solaris,
(Virtual Private Network, VPN), Internet-
hir.eD.
, , : /etc/hoslname.hmeO /etc/hostname.hmeO:I.
% 1 -1 /etc/boat*
-rw-r--rw-r

728

1
1

root:
roo:

10
LD

Nov
4 10:19
Dec 2 1 19;34

/ e t c hostname.hrr.eD
/ecc/hosnname.hmeC:1

II.


/etc/hosts, IP-.
:
4 cat /otc/hostnamo-hmaO
overkill

% cat /c.fcc/hoBtnamci. famqQ : 1

206.0.1.133

% grep overkill /etc/hoste

10.1.2.9

overkill

overkill.domain

( ,
):
% ifconfig -
hmeO: flags=863<UP,BROADCAST,NOTRAILERS,RUNNING,MULTICAST > mtu
1500 i n e t 1 0 . 1 . 2 . 9 n e t m a s k f f f f f f O O b r o a d c a s t 1 0 . 1 . 2 . 2 5 5
hir.eO : 1 : E l a g s = 8 6 3 < U P , BROADCAST, N O T R A I L E R S , RUNNING, MULTICAST> m t u
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HP-UX

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, 10:1
. I" IP-.
( )
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.
HP-UX 10.20,
"", ' i (alias
.
Red Hot
Red Hat
.. Solaris HP-UX. ,
Ethernet e t h O ,
eth0:0, eth0:l ..
ifconfig. ,
# ifconfig ethO:0 128.138.243.150 netmaek 255.255.255.192 up
eth0:0 128.138.243.128/26
,
/etc/sysconfig/nctwork-scripts.
ifcfg-eth0:0, ifconfig
;
DEVICEethO:0
IPADDR=128.138.243.150
NETMASK=255.255.255.192
NETWORh=l28.138.24 3 . 1 2 8
BROADCASTS 2 8 .] 3 8 . 2 4 3 . 1 9 1
ONBOOT^yes

22 Web- Internet

72 3

FreeBSD
FreeBSD ("IP-") alias ifconfig. ,
IP- 1:
# ifconfig xio inet 192.168.0.1 netmask 255.255.255.255 alias
,
ifconfig :
% ifconfig
: flags=8e43<UP,BCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MCAST> mtu 1500
i n e t 1 9 2 . 1 0 8 . 2 1 . 9 netinask O x f f f f f f O O o c a s t 192.108.21.255
inet 192.160.0.1 netmask O x f f f f f f f f beast 192.168.0.1
e t h e r 00: 60-.97:9b: 69:9a
media:
lObaseT/UTP < h a l f - d u p l e x >
supported

media:

autoselect

lOObaseTX < h a l f - d u p l e x >

10ioaseT/UTP lObaseT/UTP

lOObaseTX

<full-auplex>

lOObaseTX lObaseT/UTP
<half-duplex>

<full-duplex>

IP-,
.
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# ifconfig inet 192.168.0.1 delete

, rc.conf:
ifconfig_xl0_lias0"inet

ifconfig_xlO_aliasl=,'..."

192. 1 6 8 . 0 . 1

netniask

255.255.255.255"

aliasCi .
A p a c h e

ifconfig
Apache ,
.
V i r t u a l Host
httpd.conf.
V i r t u a l H o s t . :
<VirtualHost
192.225.33.37>
S e r v e rAdmin webmas t e r P w w w . c o m p a n y . com
DocumentRoot
/usr/local/apache/hcdocs/company
ServerName www.company.com
ErrorLog
logs/www.company.com-error_lcg
TransferLog logs/www.company.con-access log
</VirtuaIHost>

192.225.33.37
/usr/Iocal/apache/htdocs/company.

725 II.

22.5.

-
Internet
. , ,
, .
""?
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,
Internet . ,
, Web-
,
.
. ,
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Squid (
)",
- UNIX
, HTTP. FTP, Gopher SSL.
. Web- (
Netscape Internet Explorer) Squid,
Internet. (
) . -
,
.
, -,
Internet .
-
, .
( Squid).
, Squid
. Squid ,
,
. Squid
ICP
(Internet Cache Protocol Internet).
,
Internet-
.
, ,
( 10 100 /).
Squid
.
, -
,
. ( ).

""? , " ".

22. Web- Irfernei

731


.
Squid . Internet ,

Web-. ,
40%.
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S q u i d
Squid ,
UNIX-.
, ,
. : 256 20 .
Squid www.squid-caclie.org.
configure,
. ,
/usr/local/squid
, 1= configure.
make all,
make install.
/usr/local/squid/etc/squid.conf QUICKSTART. ,
, squid.conf
/usr/local/squid/bin/squid -z,
,
Web-. ,
/Bsr/Iocal/squid/bin/RunCache, - Squid
.
Squid
- Web-

22.6.

FTP-
FTP Internet.
.
, Internet " -",
,
.
FTP- ,
. ,
HTTP. ,
,
.
- H T M L
.
FTP-
ftp.
ftpd. FTP-

732

II.

, ,
.
ftpd iuetd, ,
/etc/inetd.conf /etc/services. FTP- , ftpd
1 chroot. , ~ftp,
. ,
ftpd SUID,
root, .
inetd 28.3,
,
FTP-:
ftp ;
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22 Web- Internet

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736

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23

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III.

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(root0porky.devel.redhat.com)

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25.5.

Cockcroft, Adrian a n d Richard Pettil. Sun Performance and Tuning: Java and
the Internet. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall 1998.

Loukides, Mike. System Performance Tuning. Sebastopol: O'Reilly. 1991.

25.

807

^ ^ I
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.
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U N I X , U N I X - (
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, Linux,
.

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NFS 17.

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). S M B D O S , -
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-). IBM Sytec
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.
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,
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, ,
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".
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26. Windows

809

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www.samba.oig.

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,
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).

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MYGROUP

804
111.

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hosts

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load p r i n t e r s

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=
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log
max

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f i l e - /var/log/samba/log.%m
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.

;
;

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c o m m e n t = Home D i r e c t o r i e s
b r o w s e a b l e = no
w r i t a b l e - yes
f

[printers]
comment = A l l P r i n t e r s
path = /var/spool/samba
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w r i t a b l e = no
printable
yes
#

U N I X - . U N I X -
printcap, Samba .
11 23.

26. W i n d o w s

811

[devel]
comment - S t a f f Development
path - /devel/shared
p u b l i c - no
w r i t a b l e - yes
printable
no
c r e a t e m a s k = 0 7 6 5

Shared

Directory

, , ,
,
/devel/shared .

, .

S a m b a
Samba ,
. , ,
:
, , smbstatus.
smb.conf. ,
. smbd ,
.
:
01/19/2000 17:38:01 pan
1192.225.55.154)
connect to service trent
as user t r e n t (uidB164,gid~10)
(pid 16625)
01/19/2000 17:40:30 pan
(192.225.55.154)
connect to service
s i l v e r - l w a s u s e r t r e n t (uid-=8164, gid-=10)
( p i d 16625)
01/19/2000 17:43:51 pan
(192.225.55.154) closed connection
to service silver-lw
01/19/2000 17:43:51 pan (192.225.55.154) c l o s e d connection to s e r v i c e t r e n c

smbstatus
. ,
(,
xyz - ) .
, , ,
,
smbd".
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version

2.0.5

Service

uid

gid

pid

machine

info
trent

trent
trent

staff
staff

22545
22545

pari
pan

Locxed
Pid

files:
DenyMode

R/W

Oplock

Name

2254 5

DENY_NONE

RDWR

EXCLUSIVE+BATCH

/home/trent/res alioc 2.xls

S h a r e mode memory u s a g e
(bytes):
1 0 4 8 3 3 6 ( 9 9 % ) f r e e + 168(0%) u s e d + 7 2 ( 0 % )

o v e r h e a d - 1048576(100%)

total

smbstatus ;
.

806
111.

 , smbd, ""
.
smbstatus. ,
, , ,
. -
!

26.2.

S S H
, Windows,
,
shell Korn shell. ,
telnet,
Microsoft Windows. ,
, ,
. ,
TELNET, .
( ?) ,
, Windows;
, telnet Microsoft.
SecureCRT Van Dyke Technologies,
Inc.
SSH
.
56 256 , ,
.
Web- www.vandyke.com.
SSH 21.8.
SSH client for Windows
F-Secure Corporation. Web-
www.fsecure.com.
, , TTSSH,
http://hp.vector.co .jp/authoiVVA002416/teraterm.htmI
:
http://www.zip.corn.au/"" roca/ttssh. html
.

26.3.

X Windows
X Windows ,
Windows Microsoft.
X Windows
80- . UNIX
(, ,
).
X Windows, Microsoft Windows,
XII.
(, xterm) Windows
X I I ,

26. Windows

813

 UNIX
. -, , Windows.
, 5
UNIX.
-. .
, eXceed Hummingbird (www.hunimingbird.com)
SuperX Frontier Technologies (www.froniienech.com). SuperX
, .

- Windows,
.

26.4.

, , .
.
. ,
, UNIX-
, Microsoft Outlook, Nelscape
Messenger Eudora Qualcomm, UNIX.

,
. Internet; /usr/ucb/mail
.
,
. .
UNIX.
,
Internet. UNIX
1 POP. .
UNIX Windows.

IMAP POP 19.3.

,
IMAP, , .
- ,
, ,
1
, Internet- .

26.5.

, ,
20 .
,

814

III .-,

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.
, ,

[7|

10.
, ? , ,
( ) UNIX-, smbtar,
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.
,
. ,
,
.
(
, ..)"
- ,
. ? .
? !

26.6.

, !
" ",
.
"" . ,

. Linux Windows,
,
.
.
, , 2.2.

26.7.

^
^

Windows UNIX
UNIX Windows,
! ,
" ", ,
Windows. ,
.
,
Windows Red Hat Linux.
VMware (www.vmware.com) ,
. Wine (www.winehq.com) Windows
API Linux, ,

, : Norton Ghost
Symantec Drive Image Pro PowerQuest.
, -.

26. Windows

815

 ". , Wine
"
, ,
".
Solaris.
SunPC Sun,
SBus Intel- ,
. SoftWindows
FWB Software (www.fwb.com), Windows,
N T R I G U E Citrix (www.citrix.com),
Intel- Windows NT ( Windows Solaris).
Sun StarOffice Microsoft Office
Solaris Linux. ,
, .
Microsoft Word
Microsoft Excel.
hitp://www.sun.com/products/staroffice

. ,
, .
.
-, Windows,
- , ,
.
Windows-, UNIX . "" Linux.
-, ,
.
. -
. ,

,
. . "" .
,
,
. , UNIX, ,
.

Wine FreeBSD.

816

III.

,
.
,
, UNIX-.
UNIX,
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, .
""
"" .
Internet
. , , , ,
, ,
( , ,
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.
,
.
? , ,
, ?
, ?
. ,
- .

2 7 . ' - '

817

 .
, -
Internet?
?
, Napster (napster.com).
Internet.
Napster Internet . Napster , .
, /. .
1999 Napster
Internet-.
, Napster.
Napster
. Napster ,
, ,
. ,
, .
,
( ) , .

27.1.

,
, ,
. , ,
,
.
,
. ,

- . ,
:

;
;
( );

"" .

, .
, .
,
:

,
;
;
;

III.

.
UNIX-
, .
UNIX-
( "run books" "checklists"),
.

(
,
). ,
.
:

;
;
:
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;
:
;
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;
;

;
;
;
(sendmaii, gee, named ..);
;
( , ,
, ..).
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,
: " ,
!" " ?"
, "?"
.
, , ,
, , Iniernei.
,
.
" ".
, , Internet-,
, ,
. ( , )

27,

819

 , ,
. ,
, .
addhost adduser
, ,
, ftp.xor.com.
,
.
,
.
""
. , (AOL, Hotmail,
Yahoo .)
Internet , Internet- .,
.

. , :

NFS;

(,
DVD);

.


. , M U D .
, "".
, , ,
.

? ? ?
?

:

( = );

( =
1/);

() .
1997 . IETF 75- ,
Site Security Handbook ( )
RFC2196
,
. Internet-
, , , .

111.

 RFC2I96 :
.

,
,
.

.
, .

. , ,
,
.
, .

.
.

.
.

. ,
, ,
, .

.
.
, RFC2196
, ,
. Site Security
Handbook ( RFC 1244)
, ,
, , ,
. RFC
, ,
, , .
,
, ,
.
, ,
.
.

,

. ,
.
, ,
, .

27,

821

passwd";

passwd ;

( "'
? ?);

Usenet (? ? ?);

Internet (? ? ?);

(, , , );

i,
.);

: , .:

, (,
).
www.admin.com.
,
, .
. , .

, :
. , ,
:

,
.

,


.

, crack,
.

422

III -

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,
.

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.
.

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Act* 1988
, .
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.
,
.

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, " " , .

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3.4.

,
, .

27,

817

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sudo,
.
crack. , ,
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.
root
, , ,
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: root
.
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. ,
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,
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. ,
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824

111.


.
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);

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,
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27.

827


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: DVD. ,
, , ,
, Napster.
DVD ,
CSS (Content Scrambling System). ,

828

III.

, ,
.

CSS Web
, DeCSS.
DVD. Windows DVD .
, a Motion Picture Association of America
DVD Copy Control Association
DeCSS. ,
,
" ",
"Digital Millennium Copyright Act", 1998 .

, .
www.cssfaq.org.
CyberPatrol , Internet , ,
, , .
A Canadian and a Swede cphack, , CyberPatrol, , Web- ,
.
, ,
CyberPatrol, .
, CyberPatrol,
, , CyberPatrol
.
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1 . ,
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Public License).
,
cphack Internet ( !).
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, .
GPL ,
.

,
Internet . , ,
.

Internet. , "''',
.

27.

829

 DoubleClick, net , Web-.

,
, .
DoubleClick ,
, Web-
, ,

.
DoubleClick
, Internet
, Predictive Networks.
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URL, ,
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.
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, -
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. Web-
Predictive (www.predictivenetworks.com)
.
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#13, www.vonex.com)
Iniernei


, ,
, . "" , ,
, .
.
, Network Time Protocol (NTP). .
. :
Unauthorized use of University computing s)!stems may involve not only transgression
of University policy but also a violation of state and federal laws. Unauthorized
use is a crime and may involve criminal and civil penalties; it will he prosecuted
to the full extent of the law.
( ,

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III

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incident.
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. , ,
.

27.

831

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832

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,
: http://www.elsop.com./wrc/nospam.htm

27.3.

1992 . (Rob Kolstad) (Jeff Polk)
LISA (Large Installation System Administration Conference
,
USENIX) ,
.
SAGE (System Administrators' Guild ), USENIX, , .
1999 SANS
(System Administration, Networking, and Security Institute , ).
.

27.

833

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Ha LISA 1999 SAGE
, .
www.usenix.org/sagc
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. 80% ,
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60000 .
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.

.
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Windows NT BSD ,
.
.
6000 .

.

.
80%
.
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, .

, 1992 , 47.5 *,
70 ,
, .

834

III -

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SANS 1999 Web- .
11 . :
, , . ,
.
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, ,
SAGE.
, 50%
, 24% .
.

: 63%
Windows NT, 14% Solaris,
Novell NetWare,
3%. 2,1%
Linux.

34
( 5. LISA/SAGE).
Windows NT 50000 .,
UNIX 60000 . - Windows NT 2000 . ,
- UNIX 4000 . ( ).
12% .

27.4.

5000 . Windows NT 8000 . UNIX.

50008000 .
,
,
.
46,8 ,
UNIX Windows NT

, ,
,

27.

835

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836

III.

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27.6.

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27.

837

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27.

839

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80

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27.8.

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UNIX .
,
.
:
% mail boss I like toy new job, everyone is so helpful,
thank you. Working here for you will be really fun ...
- .
(everyone )
.

( , )
, (, R),
everyone, ..
. , .

27.

84,

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27.

843

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844

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mail,
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, , ,
.

27.9.

. ,
.
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.

27.

845



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,

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amd,
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.
,
. cfengine SEP . cfenginc,
(), .
. cfengine difl".
.
.
www.iu,hioslo.no/sfengme.
SEPP, Swiss Federal Institute of
Technology (ETH. ),
. ,
www.ee.ethz.ch/sepp.
, .

.
, . 27.1
.

840

III.

 27.1.

Solaris

JampStart

. "Solaris Advanced Installation Guide"

docs.sun.com

HP-UX

SD-UX

, HP-UX
11.

SD-OV

SD-UX, OpenVicw

Red Hat

Kjckstan

. "Red Hal Installation Guide" no

www.readhat.com

RPM

Red Hat Package Manager, man rpm

FreeBSD

ports

make pkg_{add, create, delete, info}

,
. , ,

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format .
.

27.

847

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.
, ,
. ,
, . 27.2.
. 27.3 , , ,
.
.
, . 27.2 27.3, .
Web,
FTP.
( ).
Red Hat Linux
, RPM (Red
Hat Package Manager).
. pkgadd Solaris.
RPM ,
. ,
, , RPM-
.

842

III.

 27.2.

eh

sudo

sendmail
traceroute

( )
1

tcpdump

nmap

tcsh/bash

icsh
,

gzlpa

zip- GNU

netscape

Web-

tcpd

TCP-

RCSa/SCCS/CVS

Perl

. Peri 5.
CGI

,
. ,
.

/ u s r / p o r t s FreeBSD - ,
,
. make _,
make- ,
, Internet,
. . ,

.
" F r e e B S D H a n d b o o k " www.freebsd.org/handbook.

27. 849

 27.3-

gcc

C/C++ or GNU

BIND 1

(
)

tripwire

COPS

crack

npasswd

passwd

aniflit/etherea]

xntpd

Samba

Windows SMB
Windows

Apache

Web-

Squid

Web

LPRng

Ipr/lpd

^

imapd/procmail

Acrobat Reader

PDF-, Adobe

xv/ginip

X Windows

xfig

XII MacDraw UNIX

PGP

Pretty Good Privacy ,

nvi/vim

vi

emacs

plcos

ecscript/mpage

pmc/nih/exnih

pine
nih/exmh

glimpse

gs/gv/ ghostview

PostScnpi

BIND dig nsiookup.

844

III.

27.10.
.
, , ,
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27.

851

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.
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Web-.
,
,
UNIX-.
vj. mail,
, , X- -.

27.11.

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852

III.

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27.12.
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IBM.
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UNIX-,
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, .
. ,

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,
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,

27.

853

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,
"" .
,
("! ?"). ,
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. .
(
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).

Association for Computer Machinery, . , .
,
.
, ,
, 10 . . LISA.

27.13.

.
, - .
, . ,
. ,
. , .
,
- .
,
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( ) .
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,
Berkeley UNIX. header-
- . ,
2000 .

XOR .
. British Telecom

83$

III

 , , ,
.

U.S. Patent and Trademark Office
. ,
:
,
,
. Amazon.com "
". , , Barnes
and Noble
".
, , ,
. 1994
, Compton's new media, ,
C D - R O M . ,
80% CD-. 41
.


.

Electronic Frontier Foundation www.efT.org,
SIashdot.org

27.14.
UNIX, ,
.
, ,
.
. 27.4.
, .
, , , UNIX,
, " ".

- USENIX . UniForum, S U G A U U G
.
, Interop UNIX Expo

Inierop , Interop
; , UNIX
Interop ,
, .
( , ),
.

, DoubleClick.net , .

27.

855

 27-4. , UNIX

USENIX

URL
www.uscnix.oiB

SAGE

www.sage.oig

SANS

www.eans.oig

EUROPEN

www.europen.oig

AUUG

www.auug.oig.au

SAGE-AU

www.sage-au.org.au

JUS

www.jus.org

UNIX;
,
USENIX;
LISA
.
, SAGE,

, . NLUUG. DUUG,
UKUUG

UNIX,
SAGE,

UNIX,

S A G E :
SAGE, U S E N I X . . ,
. www.sage.org.
S A G E .
,
.
Cisco C C I E ( ,
), Microsoft M S C E (
,
).

. SAGE
,
,
.
S A G E .
www.usecix.org/sage.
, SAGE,
,
.
.
SAGE .
sysadm-education. ,
majordomo@maiIUst.peaJc.oTg "subscribe sysadm-education".

856

III.

 " . l o g i n USENIX,
, UNIX, ,
. SAGE
(5 . 10 .
). :
Job Description for System Administrators, Tina Darmohray;
A Guide to Developing Computing Policy Documents, Barbara Dijker;
System Security: A management perspective. David Oppenheimer;
Educating and Training System Administrators: A Survey, David Kuncicky
Bruce Wynn;
Hiring System Administrators, Gretchen Philips;
A System Administrator's Guide to Site Audits, Geoff Halprin;
System and Network Administration for Higher Reliability. John Sellens;
Role of Postmaster, Rose Chalup".
2000 ,
. Effective Customer Support. Monitoring Techniques and Practices The
Role of Web Master.
USENIX, , SAGE
LISA. USENIX/SAGE
LISA , , ""
. ,
. , ,
,
.
.
(conference@usenix.org)
www.usenix.org.
SAGE,
,
.
SAGE-AU , SAGE-WISE , ,
SAGE-PT .
www.usemx.org/sage/locals.
W e b -

.
Sun Managers majordomo@4unmanageri.ececs.uc.edu, "subscribe sun-managers".
1991 , www.latech.edu/sunman.html.

Usenet.

comp.svs.sun.admin comp.unix.solaris.
hpux-admin, , -
1998 . www.egorups.com.
, Linux,
www.redhat.com/mailing-lists. Web.
Lmux-xxx. ,
.

. 2000 .

27.

857

 , FreeBSD,
www.freebsd.org/handbook/eresources.hlml-
"subscribe " majordomo@freebsd.org. ,

freebsd-questions,
freebsd.stable freebsd-security .
.
Web- SAGE.
. 27.5.
27.5. Web-

freshmeat.com

Linux

www.ugu.com

Unix Guru Universe,

www.stokcly.com

www.iucoes.com

Windows ,

SIashdot.org

secu rityfocus.com

, ; ,

google.com

www.oreiUy.com

, -

U N I X
O'Reilly " U N I X in a Nutshell",
20 ,
U N I X . ,
, Internet, Windows NT ,
U N I X . ,
' , , Perl, Java
T C L / T k .
www.oreilly.com.

27 15.
( ), (
OSI , ).
.
- , , . ,
,
. -

858

III.


.
.

, .
, ,
.
, .
POSIX (Portable Operating
System Environment ! ) IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force
Internet). comp.std.unix comp.org.usenix, login:", USENIX.
POSIX, IEEE, UNIX.
UNIX? ! Open Group,
UNIX, UNIX
POSIX. , UNIX, POSIX. - , ,
POSIX. , .
. , P0S1X
, ,
.
POSIX . IEEF
Computer Society. POSIX.I POSIX.2 ( ISO
9945-1 9945-2) POSIX-
UNIX. ISO.
IEEE Open Group, 2001
2002 .
.
Web.
Open Group, /Open.
POSIX, Single UNIX Specification (SUS).
,
.
1170 (, , ..). Spec 1170.
UNIX AT&T Bell Labs.
UNIX Systems Laboratories ( & ).
Novell SCO. SCO
Open Group. Single UNIX Specification ,
" U N I X " .
. , Single
UNIX Specification, www. opengroup.org/publications.

, IETF.
(, )

27.

859

 20 . ( ), 300 . ,
.
Austin G r o u p (Austin ,
) -
I E E E , I S O O p e n G r o u p . Web-
.
, .
,
- . : www.opengroup.org/austin.
U S E N I X
.
, ,
U N I X .

U S E N I X , ,

(snitches).
, .
, " \ l o g i n ,
, ( .
!)-
, ,
. , .

27.16.

www.admin.com.
. 27.6.
27.6. , www.odmin com

Mgrad. policy
grad.policy

860

sysadmin.policy

services

CSOPS.

hiring.qHlzl

localization

araanda

Amanda

tcp-wrappers

TCP-

III.

27.17.

Burgess, Mark "Cfengine: a site configuration engine." USENIX Computing

Systems, Vol 8, No 3. 1995.
Burgess, Mark "Computer Immunology." LISA, 1998.
Oetiker, Tobias "SEPP Soflawre Installation and Sharing System." LISA.
1998.
San Diego Supercomputer Center. Local policies, standarts, and procedures.
http://security.sdsc.edu/helpSGs.shtml.
.1..., Inc. "Acceptable Use Policy." http://www.mibh.net/mibh-aup.html.
M.I.B.H. Metromedia Fiber Network,
A UP -
.
Eaton, David W. ".soft ware, nfig-mgmt FAQ. part 3."
http://www.iac. honeywell.com/Pub/Tech/CM/PMTools.html.
,
, ,
. ,
.
Harrow, Jeffrey R., and Compaq Computer Corporation "The Rapidly
Changing Face of Computing" ( ), http://www.compaq.com/rcfoc.

Web-
.

27.

861

U N I X , .
, . , Internet,
.
, .
U N I X
, .
3anvc
, .
, .
"'" (daemon)
(Mick Bailey), , 60- .
. '"daemon"
.
" d a e m o n " " d e m o n " ,
, . " d a e m o n "
" , - ".
,
".
CTSS, ,
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, "" (inetd)
.
U N I X ,
, UNIX,
. , ,

862

III.

 UNIX,
, , , xiitpd.
inetd.
(,
)
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,
inetd ,
UNIX,
.

: )', ,
, .
, - ,
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.

28.1.

init ,
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1 .
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,
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<Ctrl-D>.
init
(/ctc/ttytab, /etc/ttys /etc/inittab, )
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.
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Solaris (. 7.8).

28. -

163

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init
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.
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4.
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(/etc/rcX.d, X ) start
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2.4.
FreeBSD Init . (SIGHUP).
Init ,
kill - H U P 1. - H U P ,
.

:
.
(crontab-),
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. , 9.

864

III.

28.3.

inetd:
inetd . -,
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inetd ,
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inetd.
(, , N1S NFS)
RPC,
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. RPC-
portmap ( rpcbindj.
(..
),
inetd.
; inetd.
inetd
, ,
inetd ( /etc/meld.conf.
/usr/etc/inetd.conf /etc/servers). .
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ftp
telnet
sheli
finger
bootp
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pop-3
mountd/1
mountd/1

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stream
stream
stream
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stream
stream
stream
dgram

tcp
tcp
tcp
tcp
udp
tcp
LCp
rpc/tcp
rpc/uap

nowait
nowait
nowait
nowaic
wait
nowait
nowait
wait
wait

root
root
root
guest
root
root
root
root

rCOL

/usr/sbin/ftpa ftpd
/usr/sbin/telnetd
teinetd
/usr/sbin/rshd
rshd
/usr/sbin/fingerd
fingerd
/usr/sbin/boocpd bootp -E
/usr/sbin/popper
popper
/usr/sbin/popper
popper
/ u s r / s b ^ n / m o u n r d mountd
/ u s r / s b i n / m o u n t d mountd

.
, /etc/services (
UDP- TCP-) portmap ( RPC-). RPC- /
. RPC-
.
,
: s t r e a m dgram. s t r e a m - ( ),
dgram UDP-
,
. protocols (
, inetd)

28. -

163

 t c p udp. RPC-
/ (. r p c / t c p
rpc/udp).

( ),
w a i t ,
inetd .
,
. w a i t ,
n o w a i t .
,
.
, ,
, .
, ,
root. fingerd
guest.

.
. inetd. UNIX
. ,
.
services
inetd.eonf, , services.
, inetd.eonf.
,
. ,
% telnet anchor umtp
services ,
SMTP-.
.
, services.
services TCP/IP.
RPC-
( /etc/rp).
services (
70 ):
tcp
echo
echo
smtp
time
time
rip
name
whois

866

1/tcp
7/ccp
7/udp

25/tcp
37/tcp
37/udp
39/udp

mail
tiroserver
timserver
resource

42/tcp
43/tcp

nicname

TCP p o r t

# resource
# IEN 1 1 6

multiplexer

location

III.

, .
( inetd.conf).
, .
inetd, , inetd*.
, (
t c p udp)
T C P , U D P ,
( t i m e ; . ).
(,
w h o i s nicname).
inetd
, ,
, inetd
. ,
, ,
( inetd
Syslog).
, .

Syslog

inetd
inetd
, . . , inetd.conf .
ITOT ,
.
inetd
T C P - , .

, .
21.7.
H P - U X inetd ,
T C P - . /var/adm/inetd.sec ,
.
-I,
. ,
H P - U X . 21.7.

. . .
.
, , services.

28. -

163

 portmap/rpcbind:
RPC- T C P U D P
portmap ( rpcbind
Sun!) RPC-
TCP/IP,
PRC-, portmap/rpcbind. , .
portmap/rpcbind ,
.

.
, , services,
( },
. RPC-
inetd. , ,

portmap/rpcbind ,
( ieetd NFS) .
. inetd RPC-
, portmap , inetd.

28.4.

,
-, ,
.
.

. pageout Solaris, vhand HP-UX, kpiod Red
Hat pagedaemon FreeBSD.
.

, .
,
, .
, ,
-

|7[

25.3.

.swapper FreeBSD HP-UX kswapd Linux
,
, -
,
, .

.

868

III.

 ,
.
,
.

( ).
,
.
,
. -


30
sync,
, , ".
, .
|7[

. 8.3.
update, HP-UX 011
syncer, Solans 14flush.

28.5.

BSD System V
, . ''"
, .
Ipd: BSD-
Ipd BSD-.

. , Ipd

.

|7|

Ipd 23.3.
Ipsched: -
Ipsched - - . 1
, Ipsched ,
.
Ipsched 23.4.

sync , .
.

28. -

163

r l p d a e m o n : B S D HP-UX

rlpdaemon - Ipsched HP-UX

BSD-.
23.5.

28 6

NFS
NFS.
,
17.
nfsd:
nfsd ,
N FS. rpc.nlsd .
NFS nfsd ,
""

.
(. 17.2).

CP

mountd:
mountd ( rpc.mountd) NFS .

. , ,
mountd /etc/exports.
a m d automount:

amd automount NFS,
, , ,
,
,
.
,
.

,
.
17.6, 17.7 17.8.
lockd statd: N F S
lockd statd ( rpc.lockd rpc.statd)
. lockd NFS.
statd , NFS. lockd

"" , RPC.

111.

,
.
biod: N F S

|*[

biod ( nfsiod FreeBSD)

- NFS.
, ,
.
biod /7.3.

28 7.

N I S
NIS NIS+. N1S NIS+ 18.
, ,
.
ypbind: N I S
ypbind - NIS.
NIS. .
, ,
.
ypserv: N I S
ypserv NTS. ypserv
- . ,
ypserv, 18.3.
ypxfrd: N I S
ypxfrd NIS .
ypxfr.
,
.
rpc.nisd: N I S +
rpc.nisd ypserv.
NIS+. - rpc.nisd
rpc.nisd resolv,
DNS NIS+.

|7[

28.8.

DNS 16.

Internet
" Internet" , , internet-. Internet
.

28. -

163

 talkd: talk
talkd , talk. , talkd

, talk.
talk:
( 517) , 4.3BSD (ntalk, 518). ntalk
talk. 4.3BSD
1986 .,
talk (15 !).
comsat:
comsat
.
. /etc/utmp
, comsat ,
biff ". , comsat
.
, IMAP
POP. comsat .
sendmaii:
sendmaii
, ,
Internet. .
19.
snmpd:
snmpd , SNMP.

. 20.7.
rwhod:
rwhod (SO-e .).
, ,

.
, ,
/usr/spool/rwho._. .
, "biff" "baric if from found" (,
). (Heidi Stettner),
. , comsat
biff , )' : "
.
?" "comsai" "communication satellite"
( ).

872

III.

 .
rwho niptime.
- rwhod
, ,
rwho niptime . rwhod
, ,
, .
ftpd:
ftpd , ftp.
,
"" , . ftpd
,
.
ftpd 22.6.
CD :
popper POP.
-UNIX- .
CP imapd:
imapd (MAP.
POP.
( UNIX-,
, IMAP)
, UNIX-, .
riogind:
riogind .
inetd,
, /etc/hosts.equiv
~/.rhosts. ,
.
riogind login,
. - riogind
. 21.6.
telnetd:
telnetd riogind,
TELNET. ()' )

.
, riogind. telnet
,
. telnet UNIX-

28. -

163

 sshd:
sshd rlogind, (
) . . Internet , Iniernei
, rlogind telnetd
. sshd 21.8.
rshd:
rshd ,
rsh" remd ,
, rlogind, :
,
. rshd ,
,
.
rexecd:
rexecd rshd.
.
. ,
.
rpc.rexd:
rexd RPC.
, . inetd rexd
. rexd on.
, .
routed:
routed ,
T C P / I P . routed
; (..
route) routed
,
. 14.4.
g a t e d :
gated ,
RIP, routed. gated
. , ,
, routed. gated
14.5.
*

remsh HP-UX.

874

III.

CP n a m e d : D N S
named
(DNS).
, ,
.
16.
syslogd:
syslogd
, .
syslogd. ,
. syslogd.
syslog.
, .
Syslog
fingerd:
fingerd , .
. : fingerd

finger.
finger
, GECOS /etc/passwd,
"/.plan ~/.project.
Internet, , finger, . fingerd
(, " " Internet),
.

fingerd,
. fingerd,
, , -"".
httpd: W o r l d W i d e W e b
httpd
. httpd
, Web- 22.

28.9.

,

.

28. -

163

"" .
.

timed:
, timed
.
. .
,
"" . ;
.

,
. adjtime ( ),
".
: .
" " . ,
.
xntpd:
xntpd , , NTP
(Network Time Protocol ; RFC1I19), "" . ,
.
xntpd ,
UNIX-, timed:
, . xntpd
FTP- ftp.udel.edu.

28.10.
80- . UNIX
.
, NFS.

.
,
,
.

,
.
, .
"

, . , .

876

III.

 b o o t p d :
, .
, bootpd Ethernet-
/etc/bootptab. ,
IP- , (
TFTP).
bootpd .
tftpd:
tftpd , ,
ftpd. .
TFTP .
tftpd ,
( /tftpboot).
, tftpboot,
,
.
rarpd: Ethernet- IP-
rarpd RARP,
IP- .
rarpd . ,
RARP-,
. rarpd ,
/etc/ethers /etc/hosta,
. RARP ,
.
baatparamd:

/etc/bootparams, bootparamd
, . \ bootparamd
, IP- RARP NFS.
dhcpd:
DHCP ,
IP-, . dhcpd
UNIX. DHCP
13.7.

28. -

163

:
termcap
terminfo
..
..



:
SGID
SUID

HP-UX
Red HaL
Solaris
FreeBSD
.
.

311
64
671

130
130
687
715
688
689
290
56, 90, 694
56, 66, 90, 694
318, 712
714
342
.348. 712
335
356, 712
357
714
712
.713

- .

,

UNIX

878

..319
141

36
56
56, 66
..855

,
68
:

868

876

862

869

868

875

869
aspppd
336
automountd
532
- biod
527, 871
bootparamd
877
- boolpd
..
..
341, 347. 877
comsat
872
- cron
179, 184. 188, 229, 233, 247. 864
Vixie-cron
185
-
182

182
cron.allow
182
cron.deny
182

185
-
180
- dheped
<47
- dhcpd.
311, 347. 877
dmispd

679
- fingerd
..
698. 875
-- fsflush
869
- ftpd
....
732. 873
- gated
338, 372-373, 389, 874
HP-UX
388
Red Hal
388
FreeBSD
388
ICMP...384
OSPF.... 383
RIP...380

375

374

 ....377

377

386

379

384

375

376
-1
376

385
hupd
726-727. 875
idenid
647
imapd
569. 873
in.lpd
769
in.rdisc
388
inetd
343, 438, 524, 545, 703, 862. 865
inetd: HP-UX
704

867

865
-1
704

867
init
863
kerncid
280
kflushd
33
klogd
238
kpiod
33, 868
kswapd
33, 868
kupdaie
33
lockd
515. 870
Ipd
743, 745, 778, 869
...
776
Ipsched
757-759, 869
-a
770
mountd
519, 535, 870
Red Hal
524
FreeBSD
519, 525
named
427, 429, 432, 438, 440, 446-448,
451, 462. 464. 465, 470, 473. 477. 480. 875

484-485, 487, 489

448

447, 493

438

481

438

430, 449, 503

441

426, 460

480. 483

492, 497

450
.
432

.497
-d
-..-497
-g
485

-t
-
natd
nfcd

-
-
-1
-
nfsiod
-
pagedaemon..
pageoul
pccardd
popper
portmap
pppd
rarpd
rexd
rexccd
riogind
rlpdaemon
routed
Red Hal
Solans
FreeBSD

-q
-s
-i
.lockd
rpc.moumd
.
^.
rpc.rexd
. statd..
cb]nd
rquoled
ishd
rwhod
sched
slapd
smtpd
smipfwdd
snmpd
snmpdm
snmpdx
snmpXdmid
spop
sshd
statd
swapper
syncer

485
485
356
519. 870
-525
526
526
526
526
527. 871
527
33. 868
-868
51
873
518-519, 868
344, 360
309, 877
697. 874
-.697, 874
543, 697, 873
771. 870
331. 371, 389, 874
388
388
388
373
371, 373-374, 388
373, 388
374
870
519, 870
519
871
874
..870
868
515
874
872
33
-591
576
576
872
679
679
679
569. 608
466. 709. 874
515, 870
33, 868
869

879

 syslogd
234. 241-242, 245, 438. 875
Red Hat..
237
FreeBSD
238
MAXUNAMES
244
NLOGS
244

234
-a
239
-h
238
-r -. .
238
- . .
239
- d . ...
244
lalkd
872
telnetd
873
iftpd
697. 877
timed
876
update
869
vhand
868
Vixic-cron
185
xntpd
73. 876
ypbind...
871
ypserv
...87J
ypxftd
....
871
:
man
25

24
-
23
:

424
..
423

420

.419

420

422

424
. ..
87. 248
.
..270
Linux
273
Solaris
272
FreeBSD
275

272

271

:

FreeBSD

,
HP-UX
Red Hat
Solaris ........
FreeBSD

880

87
...802
177
148
150, 161
166
170
161
.-.175

Red Hai
Solaris
FreeBSD


Solans

Solans

(50
- 152
I"l
163
175
153
152
163
151
163
167

:

31

36
...34

38, 815

30

31, 40
HP-UX
41
Linux
41
Solaris
40
FreeBSD
42

35

....31, 33

31

67, 73

447

448

480

482

- 427

450

447

:

NFS


NFS





:

bash

56. 101
516
56. 66
...56. 100
516
56. 65
65
65
91
155

....

102
102

 Bourne shell
- shell
- Kom shell
- icsh
:

- HP-UX
- Red Hat.
- Solans
- BO FreeBSD
- Apache..
-

- Fibre Channel
_ IDE
- SCSI
- USB

102
102
102
102
727
729
729
728
730
......730
728
.
141
I
140-141, 146. 148
140-142, 148
141

...
(..)
(.)
lost+found
,

,
:
accept
-

:

bdf.
boot:
-a.
bootOcfg
caiman
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ch flags
chfn

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chkconfig.
ch mod
.
chov.4i

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cbrooi

88
86
109
102
108
89
87
156, 161, 184
110
103-104

chsh..
clri....
config
cp:
...
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-I.....
-
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..763

308
169
252
37
763
24
25
94
102
108. 212
95
95
.48
89
94
108 . 229
95
95
733

102
161
.258-261, 275
87
179
182
182
182
182

...135
.39, 152, 161. 187
dd
165
df
156
-k
333
dhepinfo
v.
disable
-...764
disk
I"
drneeg
259
drvconfig
162, 278
dump
160, 189-190, 209, 211-212, 222
..
198
d
.201

201

201

200
echo
257
edquota
..
I
eeprom
* 123
enable
764
exportfs:

521
-...519, 523
-
519
find:
-xdev
183
finger
698
fsck
34, 42-43, 53

83
fsial
84
fuser:
-
83
-f
-
84
84
-
-v
gdc

groupmod
hall

-q

376
228
112
112
112
53
53
53

881

hdf
156
hostname
321
down
323
plumb
322
up
323
-
322
broadcast
323
neimask
323
ifconfig
51, 294, 306, 325,328, 330. 332,
337-339, 346, 354, 365 , 728-729

322
-
.
337
alias
730
broadcast
330
delete
730
330
net mask
J78
166
802
iostat
-D
803
54
7'
129
.138
339
-

In

lockfc.

.....87
logger

Ip

Ipadmin.
-I
-
-S

-
- -...

-
Ipalt
Ipana
Ipbanner
Ipc
.
lpfence
Ipflltei
Ipforms
Ipgei
- Ipmove..
ipq
-D~
-t....

882

..

.83
234
244
757
758
759
'68

769
769
768
770
770
770
770
777
4-745. 747 . 775
770
767
767
767
764
745-746
775
775

744. 746
774
774
774
745. 747. 77i
767
759
762
773
767
89. 229
7511
93
40. 56. 92
27

lpr
- -D
-&..
- -V

Ipim
Ipset
Ipbhi
Ipstal
Iptcontrol

-F
1 ....

-I ...
Ismuii
Ivcreatc:
..
-L
-....
Ivextend
make clean
make config-.-.
make depend..
make menuconfig
make xconfig
makemap
man

-k
-s
mediainil
mk_kemel
-
-s

mkboot
- mkdir
mkb
mklosl+found
mknod

mkswap
modinfo..
modload
_...
modprobe:
-
- modstat
modunload
mount
-a
-a
-F
- logging .
-t

168
168

168
.168
168

256
255
259-260
255-256
.255-256
611
23
25
25
25
167

255
255
167
86
-154
156
88
276
172. 174
253, 277
278. 280

279
280
278. 280
34. 156. 169, 527
83, 157
.157
.164
. 157

 grpid...
204, 206
rm
..
210
-f...
210
-...
210
ncheck
161
ndd
333, 335, 341-342
-gel
.....342
-h
335, 341
-set
333, 342
netstat:

667
-a
667
-i
322. 339, 346, 668, 672
-n
667, 670
-
339, 346. 354
-
305, 669
-s
526, 670
newfs
79. 154, 164, 169, 177
-N
155
newgrp
101, 106
nice
66
.
72
nohup
.......70
passwd
56. 99. 692
-
108
-
102
-g
.....
.......102
pclbaitner
.
777
penodic
233
ping
323
...............
..............318

...662
-s
662
pfcgadd
272
pppstaU
362
procinfo
805
prtconf
253
ps
78, 83, 798

...73
-ef
75
-elf
76

...74
tax
.....74
ww
75
psbanner
777
pstat:

805
-S-
178, 800
pvcreate
166
-
167
pvdisplay:
-V
..
..
169
quo!
Ill

53
reboot
763
reject
.. 278
rcmdrv..
renice
renicc:
72
..
133
- reset ..
restore
202, 209, 211, 224

.203
I
204
i
.204. 206
L...
190
rm
87-89
-r
79, 86
rmdir
86
rmmod
279
route
328, 338, 362. 374
add
325-326, 345. 353
changc
325
delete
325

flush
325
get
305. 325. 331
monitor
325
gw

346

324
-
326
-host
353
-net.
353
sar.
-
800
- -
796
setkey
320
share
519

520
shareall
519-520
showmount ,....
699
shutdown
54
-h
53
-...
53

52
skiD
229
source:
'.'
50
131
....
132
-....
132
-CLOCAL...
122
-everything
132
- t a b s . .
132
all
132
sane
133
su
247

59
-
....181

883

 swap
158
-a
165
-1
165, 800
swapinfo
170, 178, 800
swapon
157-158, 170, 175. 178. 264
swapon:
-s
800
sync
53
sysctl
355
-a
269. 355
-w
355
sysdef....
.. 253
tee
260
telinit
54. 864
-q.
129
-q
54
tip
135
bet
131. 133

133
ttyadm:
-b
136
ufsdump
165. 202
ufsrestore
165
umask:

96
umount
157, 529
-f
83
name:
-i
251
-m
251
unload:
-r
278
unshare
519
uptime
798
useradd
112
-D
113
userdel
112
usermod
105, 112
vgcreate
167
-s...
167
vgdisplay
168
-v
169
vgextend
167
vipw
107
visudo
61
vmstat
796, 801
-S
802
yppasswd...
99

399

707

88-1

401

305. 364. 388

370

316

370

370

367
-
368

370

...318
! . 373

369

365

326

306

388

305, 354. 365

669

369
-
365

294

323

22

152
Solaris
163
FreeBSD
177

34
:

.
134

134
....
136

406

135

135

399

122
122
397
407

.,31
51
52

....

288
291
671
365


317
TOS
352
TTL
665

325, 665
IP-
292
-
291, 366
:

-..799

...800

799
:

...691

108

99

107

100, 104, 692
...
103, 693

51
:
MANPATH
25
PAGER
25
TERM
126. 131. 133
TERMCAP
131

739

749-750
DSD-
743
System V
757

746

745

746

747

778

741, 753, 777

399

158
:

294, 323

294
:

56

56, 65
bin
62
daemon
62
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62
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62
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516
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55. 57-58, 100, 694
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516

57
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62

292

137-138

138

138

114

122

136

122
DB-25
114
DB-9
118
DIN-8
118
RJ-45
119-120
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114

123
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137-138

65

575-576

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766
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772
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770
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..
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767

758

780

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538
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536

539

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536
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535
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536

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211. 217
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208
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684
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224

209
devlsadm
162
dhclicnt
355
dhcpagent
332
dhcptools
341
dig
430, 460, 502-503

499
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426
disklabel
175
-
38
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177
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177
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177
dns-makekeyset
489
dns-signkey
490
dnskeygen
486, 489
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486. 489
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490
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566
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171. 175
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176
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163
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155-156. 164. 169. 174. 178

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160
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34, 54. 126-127. 129. 136
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608. 743. 771, 779
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211, 218
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501
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507
HylaFAX
608

b&u

init
31, 33-34, 67, 125, 127, 337
Red Hal
48
FreeBSD
50
KILL
54
TERM
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43

43. 54. 128
insr
166
installboot
165
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296
ipchains
349
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350
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350
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351

350
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356
lanadmin
340
lilo
36. 174
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40
Imuxconf.
345
List Proc
588. 590
LISTSERV Lite
588. 590
logcheck
247
login
57. 105. 126, 130
logrotate
233
Isof
84
mail.local
568, 6 | 8
Mailman
588-589
Majordomo
587-588
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260
mke2fs.
173
mkfs
173
mpagc
779
MRTG
683
mutt
566
mx
566
named-xfer
481
ndbm
549
ndc
438, 451
dumpdb
498
not race
497
reload
429. 480. 497
restart
480
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498
trace
497
....
497
.
498
nettl
673
newaliases
184
newl's
209
nfcslat
529
nmap
700
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700
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566

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266, 272

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175
153
158
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193
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191
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189

198
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196

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195
194
196
195
192
188
187
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210
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202
202
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175
427
428, 464
428, 447
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429
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428, 448
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429
428, 479
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113
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153
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154
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154
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154, 166
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87
87
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...87. 271. 275-276

166
171
162
176
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87, 271, 275-276
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162

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176
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515

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91

184. 232, 246

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..
227

230

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231
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542
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542. 545

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697
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38
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38
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279
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113
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.
330
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331
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352-353, 355
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519
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355
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177
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212
/etc/dumpdates.
200
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309
/elc/exports
437. 519
HP-UX
522
Red Hat
523
FreeBSD
524
.
521
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264. 527
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374
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129
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127

/etc/group
56, 101. 112

106

110
/etc/hosi.conf
508, 552
/etc/hostname
344
/etc/hosts.... 309, 321, 327, 330, 337-338, 437
/etc/hosts-equiv
697
/etc/ineld.conf
212
/elc/iruttab
44, 54, 126

128
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36, 39. 174. 256-257
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103

103
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101
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776
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776
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98
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103

103

107
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126
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439, 483, 487, 490
acl
445
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451
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440
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450
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447. 493
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440
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446
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450
view
451
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447-450

453-454, 458

440
.... 445, 484
/ctc/netgroup
550
/etc/netmasks
330
/etc/newsyslog.conf
233
/etc/nodename
329
/eLc/nsswiich.conf.
330. 337. 505-506

551
/etc/passwd
56, 99-103, 112, 126, 541, 550

690-692, 694

97

107
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135
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360
/etc/printcap
749, 755

777

750
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753
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752
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753
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753

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756
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50
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50, 352, 355-356
/etc/rc . nf. local
50
/etc/rc.config.d/nddconf
341
/etc/rc . nfig-d/netconf
337, 341
/etc/rc.disklessl
51
/etc/rc.network
51
/etc/rc.pccard
51
/etc/rc.serial
51
/etc/rc.sysetl
51
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135
/etc/resolv.conf.
326, 330, 434. 437
/eic/scrvices
212, 292. 713
/etc/shadow
693

104

107
/etc/shells
102, 112
/etc/sshd_config
710
/eic/sudoere
59
/etc/sysconlig/hwconf
49
/etc/sysconlig/network
344
/etc/sysconfig/sendmai 1
50
/etc/sysconfig/static-routes
345
/etc/syslog.conf
230. 234. 242. 244
Red Hnt
237
FreeBSD
238

239

234
/etc/system
252
/eic/ttydefs
130
/etc/ttys
126

126
/etc/ttytab:

126
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127
/etc/vfstab
527
/stand/system
254
/var/adm/lasllog
105

checklist
core
..
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34. 82, 158. 160. 169,
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services
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Red Hal
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,


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--

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:
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Red Hat
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156. 169
183
174. 178
156
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34. 156
80. 154
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173
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154, 173
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159, 164
159, 169
66
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234, 245
430
234. 245
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.. 396

...
:

563
565, 568
565, 569
569
565-566
565. 568
570
571
565
466
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577
579
575-576
575
564
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.
Linux
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...

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:
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:
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Linux
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:
PCL
PDL
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248
.....277
278
277
280
32
250
255, 257
250, 252-253
269
250
170
167
269
253
256
258-261
249
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741
740
741

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891


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820
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820
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211

223

219

212

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220
:
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213, 215, 223
amandad
212
amcheck
213
amcleanup
213
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213
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213, 220
amlabel
213-214
amplot
213
amrestor?..
213,223
amtape
213
selfcheck
212
sendbackup
212
sendsize
212. 222
tapeiype
216
:
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213
disklist
218

215
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730
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726-727

727

725

726
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299-300. 304
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287
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286
368. 389
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438
425, 441
425
427
493
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495
494
416
434
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302. 471
424
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297
298
809
372, 390
390
704
313

D
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116, 122
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322, 877
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341
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347
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332
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355

309

310

309
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311
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311
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311
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311
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311
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311
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414. 418
:
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470. 477
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460, 463, 477
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423. 468-469
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474
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466
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490
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415. 461
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507
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505
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423
..
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414
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478, 504

428, 443, 481

442, 446, 448. 482

416

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..
432

432

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419. 465
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419. 464
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368
372
398. 406
394
395
396
547

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691
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259. 261-267
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770

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156
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506
100
166
337-339,
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339
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557
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128
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101
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342

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249
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285, 300, 419, 424
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307, 317, 384
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146
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148
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285
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293
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368
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372
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569

578
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300
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390
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287

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291
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293. 297
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293

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...294
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293
292
307
321
296
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301
296. 323
342, 357
357
357
359
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319
297
302
419, 473
369
373
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416. 425
310
405
285

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36, 39.

313
322. 560
561
590, 614
562
36. 256
174
36
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154
350, 352
273
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278
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255. 257

256
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618
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773

775

774
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776
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777
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776
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777

4,
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237
291
303
566
373

N
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896

301
342
348
335
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313
702
513. 809
517. 699
515
513
529
514
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527
527
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518
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549, 558
549, 551
698
557

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554. 557
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556-557
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554. 556-557
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..
554. 557

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554
:
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557
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553
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....555. 557
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550, 554
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556
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554
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550
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557
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554, 556

555

557

556

552

550

555
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558

553
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876

OpenLDAP..
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287
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383
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381

381
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372. 381
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708
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569
578
859
653
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654, 657
653

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.


:
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,

656
654
- .315
316
317
343
352
336
360
316
313
315
316
314
317
311

R
RARP.
308
Red Hat Linux
21
Red Hat:

805
FTP-
734

729

692
gated
388
routed
388
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185

771

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..
233
LILO
36

108

771
Windows
815
fuser
.84
ping
..
664
ps
74
.....
49
DHCP.
347

352
rpm
.202


528

34, 42. 54
BIND
427
BrND
507

170

543
automount
531, 534, 536

344, 346-348,
352

NAT
Syslog ,
NIS
.



/etc/shadow



RFC2I96
RFC,
RIP,


RIP,
RJP-2,
root,
55, 57-58,

RPC,
RS-232,
,
-

302, 348
237
557
47
326
112
128
104
318, 348
523
100
820
285
368. 389
380
371
740
371
100, 694
57
514
114
116

S
SAGE
856
SAINT
702
Samba
809
nmbd
810
smbd...
810, 812
smbstatus
812

810

812
smbtar....
..211, 219
SANS
716
SASL,
648
SATAN
702
SCSI,
140-141

142
IDE
148
sendmail.
563. 872
""
635

...607

633
.. . 641, 648. 699
Berkeley DB
586. 611
ndbm
586. 611

594

650

645

595

593

897

634

601. 603. 605. 609

-
619
-
622
:
- MAJL_HUB
616. 625
- SMART^HOST
616. 625
:
- DOMAIN
607
- EXPOSED_USER
615
- FEATURE
609
- GENERIC DOMAIN
6J3
- GENERJC_DOMAJN_FlLE
613
- LOCAL_CONFlG
626
- MAILER
607
- MASQU ERADE__AS
610.615
- MASQU ERADE DOMAIN
615
- MASQUERADEJX>MAIN_FILE ... 615
- MASQUERADE_EXCEPT!ON
6|5
- OSTYPE
605
- RELAY_DOMAlN
631
- RELAY_DOMAIN_FlLE
631
- VERSIONID
605
- VIRTU SER_DOMAIN
614
- VIRTUSER DOMAIN_FlLE
614

467. 617

615, 617

582
-
...644

582
-
644

592

644

649

598

584

643
4
601
....
636

579. 583
-
586

652

597

630

628
-
..
637
-
....637

642

581, 587

609
- accs_db
633
- allmasquenede
6l6
- always_edd_domain
610
- blacklist_recipienls
635

898

dnsbl
635
genencsiable
_..6l3, 623
Idaprouting
614
limited_masquerade
615
local J m t p
618. 644
local_procmail
619
Ioose_relay_check
632
mailenable
612
masquerade _enhre_domain
616
masquerede_cnvclope
616
nocanonjfy
610
nullclieni
.

.....618
promiscuous relay
.. 632
redirect
585
reducct
610
relay_based_on_MX
632
relayenii rcdomain
631
relay_hosls_only
631
relay_loca]_from
632
smrsh
618, 644
usc_cw_tile
609
vinuscrtablc
613. 623

649
checksendmail
650

611
.. ...
...596
...
...647

-597
SLIP,
.....313
SMTP,
568

651
SNMP.
674-675

678
: UCD
681-682
HP-UX
679
- Solans
. 679
MIB ...
676
M1B-II
... 676
RMON
678
01D
....676

678

677

677

_
676

678
Solaris
21
SNMP-
679
sticky-
90

672
F T P - . 734
...
. 728

692
nrsd
.. 526
routed
388

83

767

-25
: .
272

136

232

159. 164, 185

768
named
- 438
Windows
816
dump
201
ping
664
ps
.75

46
:
- DHCP
332
- DNS
327
-
336
-
130


527

40
BIND
505

161

322
nobody
62
automounl
535

107

329. 331. 333,
335. 337
NAT. ...
.335
NIS
..557
...
..102

46

100

112

128
/eic/shadow
104
vfttab
156

124

335

. ..520

249

277

250, 252-253
Solstice DiskSuite.
154
Squid,
731

732
SRP.
711
SSH
709, 813
SSL,
.641. 722
STD.
.. 286
Sncky-
.. 90

Syslog,

230, 232-233,
243, 246
237
238
241
..244
237
234, 237
234
696
493
234, 244
236
234, 236

Red Hat
FreeBSD

^

syslogd
syslogd.

BIND
logger


.
- closelogO
- openiogO
- syslogO
-

234, 245
234. 245
234, 245

Tel, ..
547
TCP.
283. 287
NFS
529
NFS...
-514

288
TCP/IP
283-284
*

..242
...
..290

288

290

290
. . 289

287

706
TFTP, ..
310, 391. 698
TKEY, "

..486
TLS.
..641
TS1C,
419
TS1G, .

48
tun. ..
...343, 360

UDP,
NFS

HcuojibjoBaHiic N F S

283. 287
..529
-.514

UNIX:

URL
LSB.

23
...

20

722
...137-138.141

899

USB,
Usenet


UUCP,

It.
-

742
734. 736
....735
736
336

154, 166
154

w
Web-.

724
720. 727
721
515

V
Veritas,
Vinum, ...

Web-

Web NFS
-

721

X Windows:
.

813

7
9
10
13
15

I.
1.

1.1.

1.2.
UNIX
1.3.
UNIX-
1.4.


1.5.


: man
1.6.









1.7.
Internet
1.8.


1.9.

19
20
20
21
22
23
23
24
25
.26
.26
26
26
26
27
27
27
27
.27
28
28
29
29

D1

 2.

3-

896

2.1.






( )


2.2.

LILO: Linux
LILO
FreeBSD


LILO
FreeBSD
2.3.

Solaris
HP-UX
Linux
FreeBSD
2.4.

System V
Solaris
HP-UX
Red Hat
FreeBSD
2.5.


shutdown:
halt:
reboot:
init T E R M
telinit: init
init

3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.

su:
sudo: su

30
30
31
31
32
32
32
33
34
34
35
35
35
36
36
37
38
38
39
40
40
40
41
41
42
43
43
46
46

47
50
51
52
52
53
53
54
54
54
55
55
57
57
58
59
59

3.5.

4.

5.

: daemon
: bin
: sys
: nobody

4.1.

( P I D )
( P P I D )
( U I D )
(EU1D)
( G I D )
( E G I D )
nice

4.2.

4.3.

4.4.
: kill
4.5.

4.6.
: nice renice
4.7.
: ps
4.8.
: top
4.9.
, -

5.1.

5.2.

5.3.

5.4.

-
- ....

5.5.

S U I D SG1D
Sticky-


FreeBSD
chmod:
chown chgrp:
umask:

62
62
62
62
62
64
64
65
65
65
66
66
66
67
68
71
71
72
73
77
77
80
81
82
84
86
86
86
87
88
88
89
89
90
90
90
91
93
94
95
96

903

 6.

7.

904

6.1.
/etc/passwd




G E C O S


6.2.
/etc/master.passwd FreeBSD
6.3.
/etc/login.conf FreeBSD
6.4.
/etc/shadow Solaris Red Hat
6.5.
/etc/group
6.6.

passwd shadow




/etc/group


6.7.

6.8.

6.9.
..

7.1.

7.2.

- D1N-8
DB-9
RJ-45
RJ-45
7.3.
7.4.

7.5.

7.6.

7.7.


7.8.


/etc/ttys /etc/ttytab
/etc/ttytype
/etc/gettytab
/etc/inittab
/etc/gettydefs
Solaris
: termcap terminfo

97
98
99
100
101
I01
102

102
.....103

104
106

106
107
108

108
108
....109
1
I

111
112
112
4
114
8
118
8
9
120
122
123
123
123
124
125
125
126
127
127
128
129
130
130

 8.

9.

7.9.

7.10. stty:
7.11. tset:
7.12. ""
7.13.
,
: /etc/phones /etc/remote

7.14.
7.15. -

USB.,

J31
132
133
133
134
134
135
136
137
137
138
138

8.1
,,,.
SCSI
IDE
: SCSI IDE?
8.2.

8.3.




-i




8.4.
fsck:
8.5.


Solaris
HP-UX
Red Hat
FreeBSD

140
141
142
146
148
148
150
150
151
151
152
153
154
155
158
159

9.1. :
9.2.
-
9.3.
crontab-
9.4.




9.5.

179
179
180
182
182
183
184
184
...185

10.
10.1.

161
161
166
170
175

186
187
187

965

10.2.

10.3.

10.4.

10.5.
10.6.

10.7.
10.8.

< >

187

188

188

188
,

189

189

189


190

190

191
..
191

192
,

192

193

193
- CD-R CD-RW
193

194
8-
194
4-
194
Travan...
195
OnStream ADR
195
DLT
195
AJT.
196
Mammoth
196

196
..
197

197

198

198

198

202

203

203

205

207

207
tar:
207
cpio: System V
208
dd:
-.209
volcopy:
209

209
Amanda
210

211

212
amanda.conf
213

 disklist

..

:

10.9.
ADSMASM
Veritas
Legato

10.10. ..
11. Syslog
11.1.
.


11.2. .
11.3. ,
11.4

11.5. : Syslog
syslogd
Syslog Red Hat
Syslog FreeBSD

Syslog..

, Syslog
Syslog
Syslog
11.6.
12.
12.1.
12.2.
12.3. Solaris

/etc/system
/etc/system

12.4. H P - U X
12.5. Linux
Linux

12.6. FreeBSD

218
219
220
223
224
225
225
225
226
226
.226
227
227
227
228
230
230
232
232
233
234
237
238
239
241
242
243
244
245
246
248
249
250
250
250
252
252
253
253
255
256
257
258
..259

907

12.7.

12.8.

12.9.
12.10.
12.11

12.12.

SYS/i386/conf.
config
make depend




BSD-
maxusers
options..
config

pseudo-device
.



Solaris
Linux
FreeBSD



Solaris
Linux
FreeBSD

259
259
260
260
260
261
261
261
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
269
270
271
272
273
275
275
276
277
277
278
280
280

II.
13. T C P / I P
13.1. T C P / I P Internet

Internet

13.2. TCP/IP
13.3.

13.4. I -
IP-

IP-
CIDR:

908

283
284
284
285
285
287
288
289
291
292
.293
293
... 293
294
297
298

 .
NAT
IPv6
13.5.

ICMP
13.6. ARP:
13.7. DHCP:
D H C P
DHCP
DHCP- ISC
13.8. :



-


.

...

13.9.
IP-
ICMP-

ping-

UNIX

IPSEC. IP
13.10.
IP-
ifconfig:
route:

DNS
13.11.
13.12. Solaris

.,.
DHCP

, , NAT

300
301
302
305
305
307
307
309
309
310
311
313
314
315
315
315
315
316
316
316
317
-317
317
317
317
318
318
318
319
319
320
321
322
324
326
326
328
329
329
331
332
333
335
336
337

13.13. H P - U X


D H C P

, , NAT


13.14. Red Hat..,


D H C P

, , NAT


13.15. FreeBSD


D H C P

, , NAT....


13.16. ..

14.
14.1.
14.2.
-



14.3.
R1P:
R1P-2: , 2
OSPF:

I G R P EIGRP:

1S-IS:
MOSPF, D V M R P PIM:

14.4. routed:
14.5. gated:

910

337
338
339
341
341
342
343
344
344
344
346
347
347
348
352
352
352
353
353
355
355
356
360
362
362
364
365
367
368
369
370
370
371
371
371
372
372
373
373
373
373
...374
...375
375

L4.6.
L4.7.
14.8.
14.9.

RIP..
O S P F
O S P F
1-.


gated


Cisco

15.
15.1 ,
15-2. Ethernet:
Ethernet
Ethernet

Ethernet
15.3. FDDI: -
15-4. ATM:
15.5. :
15.6. ISDN: -
15.7. DSL:
15-8-
15.9.
15.10.



15.11.

15.12.
15.13.
15.14.
16.
16.1. D N S :
16.2. DNS
16.3. D N S

376
377
377
379
380
38!
-383
384
384
385
386
388
388
390
392

393
393
394
395
396
397
398
401
403
404
405
405
406
407
407
407
408
408
409
409
410
410
411
411
411
412
413
414
414
416
417

911

16.4.
16.5.

D N S
D N S
.




16.6. B I N D
B I N D . . .

BIND
named: B I N D




16.7. D N S

..
D N S
16.8. B I N D

418
419
422
423
423
424
424
425
425
425
427
...427
428
429
430
430
431
431
432
433
434
434
437
437

16-9-

437
.438
438
438
440
440
...445
446
447
447
450
450
451
451
452
453
454
458
4
459

B I N D ..

named

include.
options
acl
server
logging
zone..
key
trusted-keys
controls
view
16.10. B I N D
Linux-

, Web-
16.11 D N S

SO/ 1
N S .

91 2

464
464

 PTR
M X
C N A M E
C N A M E

IPv6

D N A M E

localhost..
:
1612. .
.
.
16.13.
..
named

TSIG TKEY
DNSSEC
Microsoft , U N I X
16.14.


ndc
nsiookup, dig host

16.15.
""
localhost
.
D N S , Internet
16.16. D N S
Solaris
HP-UX.....
Red Hat
FreeBSD
16.17.


Internet
RFC
17.
17.1. NFS
N F S

,465
466
468
4

*>9
470

471
473
473
474
474
477

..478
478
48

481
482
483

..484
485
4

86

488

492
492
4
93
4 7
^
4
97
499
502
503
503
504
..504
505
505
505
506
507
508

509
509
510
510
510
513
513
513

17.2

17.3.

17.4.
17.5.
17.6.
17.7.

17.8.

17.9.

VVebNFS



root nobody



N F S
N F S
share dfstab (Solaris)
exportfs exports ( H P - U X , Red Hat, FreeBSD)
nfsd:
N F S
biod nfsiod:


nfsstat: N F S . .
N F S
. . . .
automount:




a u t o m o u n t
a u t o m o u n t
Red Hat Linux
amd:
amd.....
amd
amd

18.
18.1.
18.2.
rdist:
rsync:
expect:
18.3. NIS:



N I S
N I S

914

514
515
515
515
516
516
517
517
517
518
-520
521
525
527
527
527
529
..529
530
531
532
533
533
534
534
534
535
536
536
537
538
539
539
540
541
542
542
545
547
549
550
551
552
553

 NIS-
NIS
18.4. NIS-t: NIS
18.5. LDAP:
LDAP
LDAP

555

557
558
560
561
- 562

19.
563
19.1.
565

566

568

568
.,
568

569

-.569
19-2.
570

570

571
19-3.
575

576

577
IMAP P O P
578
19.4.
579

581

582
582

583

584

586

587
LDAP
590
19.5. sendmaii
.592
sendmaii
593
sendmaii.

594
sendmaii
595

596

597

598
19.6. sendmaii
601
\4
601
, sendmaii
603
mc-
603
19.7. sendmaii....
.....605
V E R S I O N I D
605
OSTYPE
605
DOMAIN
607
MAILER
607

915

19.8.

19-9.

sendmail
FEATURE
use_cw_file
redirect
always_add_domain
nocanonify

mailertabie
genericstable
virtusertable
Idap routing
M A S Q U E R A D E A S
M A 1 L H U B S M A R T H O S T

nullclient
l o c a l j m t p smrsh
local_procmail
LOCAL_*

, sendmail

19-10. sendmail

" "



19.11. sendmail




sendmail chroot.....
'" "


SASL:
19.12. ,
...

S M T P

916

.609
609
609
610
610
610
611
612
613
613
614
615
616
617
618
618
619
619
-619
622
623
624
627
628
630
633
635
...636
637
637
641
642
643
644
644
645
646
647
648
648
649
649
650
651
652

19.13. Postfix
Postfix
Postfix

Postfix
19.14.
20.
20.1.
20.2. ping:
20.3. traceroute: IP-
20.4. netstat:






20.5.
snoop: Solaris
nettl: H P - U X
tcpdump:
20.6.
20.7. SNMP:
:
S N M P
S N M P . ..
R M O N Ml
20.8. SNMP..
SNMP- Solaris
SNMP- H P - U X
SNMP- U C D
20.9-

U C D
MRTG:
N O C O L :

20.10. .

21.
21.1.
21.2.
21.3. /etc/passwd

653
653
654
656
657
658
660
661
662
664
667
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
673
674
675
676
677
678
678
- 679
679
681
682
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
693
694
694

917

21.4.

21.5.
21.6


/etc/hosts.equiv ~/.rhosts
rexd, rexecd tftpd
fingerd
NIS
N F S
sendmaii


21.7.
:
SAINT:
Nessus: .
crack:
tepd: Internet-
C O P S :
tripwire:
:
21.8.
Kerberos:
P G P :
SSH:
SRP:
O P I E :
21.9.





21.10.
C E R T
SecurityFocus.com BugTraq
SANS ..

Web-
21.11.
21.12.
22. Web- Internet
22.1. Web-

918

694
695
696
696
697
697
697
698
698
699
699
699
699
700
700
702
702
703
703
704
705
706
707
707
708
709
711
711
712
712
713
714
714
714
715
715
716
716
716
717
717
719
720
720

22.2.

Web-

H T T P
C G I - : Web-

721
722
723
.723
724

22.3.

HTTP-

Apache
Apache
Apache
..

Apache
-
Squid
FTP-
Usenet
Usenet
Usenet
Usenet?

724
724
725
726
727
727
728
730
731
732
..732
734
735
736
736

22.4.

22.5.
22.6.
22.7.

III.
23.
23.1. -
23.2. .


PostScript
23.3 BSD-
..

Ipd: BSD-
Ipr:
Ipq:
Iprm:
Ipc: . .
/etc/printcap
printcap
printcap

printcap

23.4 System V

739
740
741
742
742
743
743
743
745
...745
746
746
747
..747
749
7

50

755
756
756
757
757
758
758

919

23.5.

23.6.

23.7.
23.8.

23.9.

Ipsched Ipshur:
Ipadmin:
Ipstat:

cancel:
accept reject:
enable disable:
,
Ipmove:

, 1 ?

Solaris
HP-UX
Red Hat
FreeBSD
LPRng
LPRng...
LPRng
/etc/lpd.conf: Ipd
/etc/Ipd.perms:
printcap

...

rlpr
ghostscipt..
mpage..
enscript


-

24.
24.1.
24.2.

24.1. ...
..

920

759
759
762
763
763
764
764
764
765
766
767

770
771
-772
773
77
4
775
776
-776
-777
-777
778
778
779
779
779
779
780
780
7
80
780
...781
.781
781
7S2
782
783
783
784
784
785
785
785
785
786

24.4.
24.5.
24.6.
24.7.

24.8.

24.9. ...
24.10.

25.
25.1.
25.2. , .
25.3.

U N I X



procinfo:
Red Hat
pstat: FreeBSD
25.4. ! !
25.5.
26. Windows
26.1.
N F S
CIFS
Samba: CIFS UNIX
Samba
Samba
26.2.
SSH
26.3. X Windows
26.4.
26.5.
26.6.
26.7. Windows UNIX
26.8.
27.
27.1.

786
786
787
788
788
788
788
789
790
790
-791
791
792
793
794
795
796
796
799
800
S02
804
..805
S05
806
807
808
808
809
809
809
...810
812
813
-S13
S14
....814
S15
S15
816
817
818
820
821

921

27.2.

27.3.

27.4.
27.5.
27.6.
27.7.

27.8.

27.9.

27.10.
27.11.
27.12.
27.13.
27.14.

27.15.
27.16.
27.17.

922

:

, S A G E
, S A N S

-

, .




( )
( )
,
?


GIF-

!

823
S24
825
827
827
828
828
828
829
830
832
833
833
834
835
835
836
837
838
839
S40
840
841
S41
841
842
842
842
843
843
844
845

SAGE:
Web-

845
46
847
84S
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
85S
858
860
861

 28. -
28.1.
28.2. :
28.3. inetd.
inetd
services
inetd
inetd ...
portmap/rpcbind:
RPC- T C P U D P
28.4.

28.5.
Ipd: BSD-
Ipsched: -
rlpdaemon: BSD H P - U X
28.6. N F S
nfsd:
mountd:
amd automount: ..
lockd statd: N F S
biod: N F S
28.7. NIS
ypbind: NIS
ypserv: NIS
ypxfrd: NIS
rpc.nisd: N I S +
28.8. Internet
talkd: talk
comsat:
sendmail:
snmpd:
rwhod:
ftpd:
popper:
imapd:
riogind:
telnetd:
sshd:
rshd:
rexecd:
rpc.rexd:
routed:

862
863
864
865
865
866
867
867
868
868
868
868
869
....869
S69
869
870
870
870
870
...870
870
871
87|
87]
871
871
...871
871
872
872
872
...872
S72
873
S73
...873
873
873
874
874
874
874
874

923

gated:
named: D N S
syslogd: ...
fingerd:
httpd. World Wide Web
28.9.
timed:
xntpd:
28.10.
bootpd:
tftpd:
raipd: Ethernet- IP-
bootparamd:

dhcpd:

874
875
875
875
875
875
876
876
876
877
877
877
877
877
878