.. , ..

LATEX.
II.

1.

2.
2.1. , . . .
2.2.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.4. . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4
4

.
.
.
.
.
.
.

5
5
6
9
9
10
10

.
.
.
.
.

12
12
12
12
13
13

. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
AMS-TEX
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .

16
16
18
20
23
24
25
28

3.
3.1. \special . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2. PCX LATEX
3.2.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.
4.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2. o
4.3.
4.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . .

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

30

Index

34

References

35

1.
.
LATEX,
, , MakeIndex.
.
\documentstyle makeidx.
\makeindex.
, , \index .
\printindex.
LATEX.
idx, \index .
idx- MakeIndex,
MAKEINDEX

< >

< >.ind < >.ilg.

LATEX, ,
. .
\index
, , ,
\index (, tabular,
tabular\index{tabular}).
\index .
 \index{<>}
.
 \index{<>|(}
%
 \index{<>|)}
%
.
 \index{<>!<>}
.
 \index{<>!<>!<>}
.

 \index{<1>!<1>|see{<, >}}
 \index{<1>|see{<>}}
.
 \index{<>@<>}
<>
<>.
 \index{<>|< >}
(, ,
, ),
\index |
\.
\index !, @, | ,
.
\index, , , .

2.
, , .
, , .
,
,
.
, ,
( ) .
2.1. ,

\cite \nocite.
.
 \cite[<>]{< >}
.
, . <>
.
 \nocite[<>]{< >}
, ,
. , .
<> .

\thebibliography . , ,
(, \cite \nocite).
 \bibliographystyle{<>}
,
. \bibliographystyle \begin{document}.
.bst. :
plain

,
;

unsrt

, ;

alpha

,
;

abbrv

, ,
.

 \bibliography{<1>,<2>...}
( ) . .
LATEX .
2.2.

.
LATEX
aux,
\bibliographystyle, \cite \nocite, \bibliography. BibTeX,
BIBTEX < >
aux bbl, LATEXa .
, blg.
( BibTeX),
LATEX bbl- ( \bibliography)
.
LATEX .
2.3.
, . - .
LATEX . bib.
@. ,
article (), book () .
.
.
.
\cite \nocite
.

 , ,
. ,
.
:

,
, .
;

BibTeX ,
.
, (,
ANNOTATION , ).

. .
BibTEX .
2.3.1.
, .
article .

author ()
title ()
journal ()
year ()

volume ()
number ()
pages ()
month ()
note ()

book .

author () / editor ()
title ()
publisher ()
year ()

volume ()
series ()
address ()
edition ()
month ()
note ()

booklet ( ).


title ()

author ()
howpublished (
address ()
month ()
year ()
note ()

conference . . inproceedings.
inbook .

author () / editor ()
title ()
publisher ()
chapter () / pages ()
year ()

volume ()
series ()
address ()
edition ()
month ()
note ()

incollection .


author ()
editor ()
title ()
chapter ()
booktitle ( )
pages ()
publisher ()
address ()
year ()
month ()
note ()
inproceedings .


author ()
editor ()
title ()
organization (-)
booktitle ( )
pages ()
year ()
publisher ()
address ()
month ()
note ()
manual .


title ()

author ()
organization ()
edition ()
address ()
year ()
month ()
note ()

masterthesis .

author ()
title ()
school ( )
year ()
misc .

address ()
month ()
note ()

author ()
title ()
howpublished ( )
year ()
month ()
note ()

phdthesis .

author ()
title ()
school ( )
year ()

address ()
month ()
note ()

proceedings .

title ()
year ()

editor ()
publisher ()
organization (-)
address ()
month ()
note ().

techreport , - .


author ()
title ()
institution ()
year ()

type ( )
number ()
month ()
note ()

unpublished ,
.


author ()
month ()
title ()
year ()
note ()

,
key, .
2.3.2.
. LATEX ,
.
.
#.
@preamble{"\newcommand{\printfirst}[2]{#1} "
# "\def\n#1{\hbox{#1}}"
# "\newcommand{\singleletter}[1]{#1} "
# "\newcommand{\switchargs}[2]{#2#1} " }

2.3.3.
, ,
.
, .
@STRING( Klimenko = " ")

2.3.4.
.

author editor , , , :
"Donald Ervin Knuth"
" "

"Knuth, Donald Ervin"

", "

, ,
,
. ,
, .
,
.
". . "

", . ."

, and.
, and others, et al.
2.4.

.
BibTeX .
, .

.
, .
.
@preamble{ "\newcommand{\noopsort}[1]{} "
# "\newcommand{\printfirst}[2]{#1} "
# "\def\@{,} "
# "\def\n#1{\hbox{#1}}"
# "\newcommand{\singleletter}[1]{#1} "
# "\newcommand{\switchargs}[2]{#2#1} " }
@STRING( IHEP
= "")
@STRING( Protvino = "")

10

@STRING(
@STRING(
@STRING(
@STRING(
@STRING(

Gritsaenko = " ")

Klimenko = " ")
Samarin = " ")
Malyshev = " ")
Glonty = " ")

@PREPRINT{ihep-tex,
author = Gritsaenko # " and " # Klimenko # " and " # Malyshev
# " and " # Samarin,
title = "{\TeX} {}. 1.~ ",
institution = IHEP,
address
= Protvino,
year
= 1991,
number = 54,
pages = 38,}
@ARTICLE{rustex,
author = "B.K. Malyshev and A.V. Samarin and D. Vulys ",
title
= "Russian {\TeX}",
year
= 1991,
journal = "TUGBoat 12(2)", pages = 3,}
@INPROCEEDINGS{fr-rustex,
author = "B.K. Malyshev and A.V. Samarin and D. Vulys",
title
= "Russian {\TeX}",
booktitle = "Proceedings of 6th EUROTEX conference",
address
= "Paris",
year
= 1991,
pages
= "3-10",
numpages = 8,}
@BOOK{texbook,
author = "Donald Ervin Knuth",
title = "The \TeX book",
publisher = "Addison-Wesley", address = "Reading, Massachusets",
year = "1984",}
@BOOK{latexbook,
author = "Lesly Lamport",
title = "\LaTeX: a Document Preparations System",
publisher = "Addison-Wesley",
address = "Reading, Massachusets",
year = "1986",}

11

3.
TEX LATEX , -
.
DVIDRV emTEX,
MS-DOS IBM-PC,
PCX.
3.1. \special

TEX:
\special {<> < >}

<> :
, .. , ,
.
.
DVIDRV emTEX :
\special {em:graph < >}

3.2. PCX LATEX

LATEX . ,
, . LATEX ,
.
PCX .
PCX \documentstyle
BitMap.
3.2.1.
, .. ,
, ,
tpm. pcxsize :

12

\def\xbegpixel{<llx>}%
\def\ybegpixel{<lly>}%
\def\xendpixel{<urx>}%
\def\yendpixel{<ury>}%

X
Y
X
Y

<llx>, <lly>, <urx>, <ury> x y ,

.
, .
PCX .
. ,
.
,
.
3.2.2.
 \BitMap[llx lly urx ury]{<>}
PCX. <> .
:
(llx,lly) ,
(urx, ury) .
, . ,
,
, :
 \tBitMap{<>}
e , .
 \bBitMap{<>}
e , .
 \cBitMap{<>}
e , (
).
3.2.3.
,
EX. . :

LAT

13

 \TrimBoundingBox{<>}

.
 \TrimTop{<>}
%
.
 \TrimLeft{<>}
%
.
 \TrimBottom{<>} %
.
 \TrimRight{<>}
%
.
, .
:
 \HideDisplacementBoxes %
.
 \ShowDisplacementBoxes %
. .
. , LATEX.
.
 \hSlide{<>} %
, .
 \vSlide{<>} %

, .
PCX ig2.pcx. pcxsize

PCXSIZE IG2.PCX
tpm.
< >, .
,
. ,

.

14

\BitMap{ig2.pcx} \hspace*{1cm}
\TrimTop{-7mm} \TrimBottom{-7mm} \TrimLeft{-40mm} \TrimRight{-5mm}
\vslide{4mm} \BitMap{ig2} \hspace*{-60mm} \HideDisplacementBoxes
\vSlide{-4mm}\hSlide{-13mm} \BitMap{ig2}

, <> :
 \BitMapResolution{<>}{<>}
. ,
300 .
 \BitMapDirectory{<>}
, (
).

15

4.
:
, ;

, .
, ,
.
, ,
,
(
, ).

:
, ;
,
.
TEX LATEX ,
.
,
.
4.1.
.
,
. , cmr Computer Modern
Roman, . TEX.
.
, , , , ,
.
, , .
Computer Modern.

16


47 ( ) ,
.
, Computer Modern Computer Modern Cyrillic.

< > ( ,
).
Computer Modern Roman ,
TEX . ,
;
cmcyr Computer Modern Cyrillic Computer Modern Roman.
cmtt Computer Modern Typewriter ;
cmctt Computer Modern Cyrillic Typewriter
.
cmss Computer Modern Sans Serif ( ) .
cmcss Computer Modern Cyrillic Sans Serif
.
cmr

Computer Modern.
,
.
cmm
cmsy

Math italic , ;
Math symbols .

Computer Modern.
cmf
Funny Funny Italic;
cmtex TEX Extended ASCII Type;
cmdunh Dunhill Roman Type.

AMS-TEX .
, AMS,
TEX METAFONT .

17


, TEX.
AMS-TEX :
Euler . , TEX.
euf Euler Fraktur (German) ;
eur Euler Roman (cursive)
;
eus Euler Script .
:
msa AMS symbol font A;
msb AMS symbol font B.
WNCyr Cyrillic fonts . (.).
.
, , , .
: , ,
.
. , <cmtt12> <Computer Modern Typewriter Type 12 >.
4.2. o
TEX
\font\<> = < >
\<> , ,
< > .
LATEX
\newfont{\<>}{< >}
, . ( .)
TEX

18

\char<>
LATEX
\symbol{<>}
<> , .
abcde

abcde

12345

12345

ABCDE

ABCDE

abcde

12345

ABCDE

ABCDE

\font\eufba=eufb8

\font\eufbb=eufm10
\font\eusf=eusb10
\newfont{\cmdunh}{cmdunh10}
\par{\eufba abcde \quad 12345 \quad ABCDE}\qquad
{\eufbb abcde \quad 12345 \quad ABCDE}\qquad
{\eusf \char65\char66\char67\char68\char69}
\par\medskip {\cmdunh abcde \quad 12345 \quad ABCDE\qquad
\symbol{1}\symbol{2}\symbol{3}\symbol{4}\symbol{5}\quad\symbol{64}}

, ,
TEX testfont.tex
TEX testfont
, .
\table\end
testfont.dvi, dvi .

19

4.3.
AMS-TEX
AMS-TEX TEX.
, ,
\font\msam = msam10
\font\msbm = msbm10
\msam \msbm , .
TEX , ,
. ,
{\msam{\char1}} {\msam{\char39}} {\msbm{\char26}} {\msbm{\char126}}

,

${\msam{\char1}} {\msam{\char39}} {\msbm{\char26}} {\msbm{\char126}}$

.
LATEX AMS
. LATEX , ,
amsfonts amssymb.

\documentstyle[amsfonts,amssymb,...]{article}
, .

20













\Bumpeq
\Doteq
\Rrightarrow
\Supset
\angle
\backprime
\barwedge
\between
\blacklozenge
\boxminus
\bumpeq
\circeq
# \circledast
& \curlyeqsucc
 \daleth
) \dotplus
* \eqcirc
- \fallingdotseq
\ggg

\gneqq
 \gtrdot
\gtrless
 \gvertneqq
5 \intercal
8 \lessapprox
: \lesseqqgtr
= \llcorner
 \lneq
\lozenge
 \lvertneqq
B \multimap
 \nexists
 \ngeqslant
 \nleq
\nless
\nprec
(
\nshortmid
+ \nsubseteqq
. \nsupseteq
1 \nvdash












!
$
'


+
.


1


6



@
A



#
&
)
,
/
C

\Cap
\Lleftarrow
\Rsh
\Vdash
\approxeq
\backsim
\because
\bigstar
\blacksquare
\boxplus
\centerdot
\circledR
\complement
\curlyvee
\digamma
\doublecap
\eqslantgtr
\geqq
\gimel
\gnsim
\gtreqless
\gnapprox
\hbar
\leqq
\lessdot
\lessgtr
\lll
\lneqq
\lrcorner
\maltese
\nVDash
\ngeq
\ngtr
\nleqq
\nmid
\npreceq
\nsim
\nsucc
\nsupseteqq
\restriction

21












"
%
(


,
/


2
4

7
9
<








!

'
*
0
2

\Cup
\Lsh
\Subset
\Vvdash
\backepsilon
\backsimeq
\beth
\boxdot
\blacktriangle
\boxtimes
\checkmark
\circledS
\curlyeqprec
\curlywedge
\doteqdot
\doublecup
\eqslantless
\geqslant
\gneq
\gtrapprox
\gtreqqless
\gtrsim
\hslash
\leqslant
\lesseqgtr
\lesssim
\lnapprox
\lnsim
\ltimes
\mho
\nVdash
\ngeqq
\nleftarrow
\nleqslant
\nparallel
\nrightarrow
\nsubseteq
\nsucceq
\nvDash
\rtimes

D
4
H
6
8
K
<
N
Q
S
U
W
?
X
Z
\
^
`
b
d
B
D
F
H
f

j
I
J
n

p
r
t
v
w

N
P
z
|

\pitchfork
\shortmid
\square
\subsetneqq
\succnapprox
\succsim
\supsetneqq
\vDash

3
F
I
7
9
L

\precapprox
\sqsubset
\subseteqq
\succapprox
\succneqq
\supseteqq
\therefore
\veebar

\blacktriangledown
\blacktriangleright
\circleddash
\circlearrowright
curvearrowright
\doublebarwedge
\downharpoonleft
\leftarrowtail
\leftrightarrows
\leftrightsquigarrow
\looparrowleft
\measuredangle
\nRightarrow
\nshortparallel
\ntrianglelefteq
\ntrianglerighteq
\rightleftarrows
\rightrightarrows
\rightthreetimes
\shortparallel
\smallsetminus
\sphericalangle
\thicksim
\trianglelefteq
\trianglerighteq
\twoheadrightarrow
\upharpoonleft
\upuparrows
\varnothing
\varsubsetneq
\varsupsetneq
\vartriangle
\vartriangleright

R
T
V
>
@
Y
[

_
a
c
A
C
E
G
e
g
i
k
l
m

o
q
s
u
C
x

O
Q
{

E
G
5
J
:
;

\precsim
\sqsupset
\subsetneq
\succcurlyeq
\succnsim
\supsetneq
\varkappa
\yen

\blacktriangleleft
\circledcirc
\circlearrowleft
curvearrowleft
\divideontimes
\downdownarrows
\downharpoonright
\leftleftarrows
\leftrightharpoons
\leftthreetimes
\looparrowright
\nLeftrightarrow
\nleftrightarrow
\ntriangleleft
\ntriangleright
\rightarrowtail
\rightleftharpoons
\rightsquigarrow
\risingdotseq
\smallfrown
\smallsmile
\thickapprox
\triangledown
\triangleq
\twoheadleftarrow
\ulcorner
\upharpoonright
\urcorner
\varpropto
\varsubsetneqq
\varsupsetneqq
\vartriangleleft

22

 AMS-.
: 
8  
:

VW ^f >? 
` A 

d n =ux@ 

$    

! "

\begin{center}
\AmS-.
\par\bigskip\begin{tabular}{ll}
: & $ \lneqq\ \gneqq \quad \lll\ \ggg \quad
\lessapprox\ \gtrapprox \quad \lessgtr\ \gtrless \quad \lneq\ \gneq$\\
& \\
: & $\circlearrowleft\ \circlearrowright \quad \leftrightarrows\
\rightleftarrows \quad \curvearrowleft\ \curvearrowright \quad \Lsh\ \Rsh\quad
\leftrightsquigarrow \quad \nLeftrightarrow \quad \Lleftarrow\ \Rrightarrow$\\
& \\
: & $ \angle\quad \measuredangle\quad \sphericalangle\quad
\llcorner\ \ulcorner\ \urcorner\ \lrcorner \quad \blacktriangle$\\
& \\
: & $ \complement\quad\digamma\quad\hbar\quad\mho\quad\hslash\quad
\backepsilon\quad\circledR\quad \circledS $\\
\end{tabular}
\end{center}

4.4.
,
LATEX. METAFONT ,
TEX.
, METAFONT , ,
, .., . , ,
, .
METAFONT ,
.
: . ,
, 5 , 10
, ( ) 10-
, .

23

TEX , ,
(.. , ), , , TEX \magstepi, .
TEXa . 1.2 , i,
:

\magstep0
\magstephalf
\magstep1
\magstep2
\magstep3
\magstep4
\magstep5

1
1.095
1.2
1.44
1.728
2.074
2.488

:
\font\<> = < > scaled \magstepi
\font\<> = < > at < >
, ,
, , ,
. ,
, .
, .
Computer Modern , TEX LATEX.
FONT cmr10

FONT cmr10 scaled at 17.28pt

FONT cmr17

\font\aaa=cmr10
{\aaa FONT cmr10 \qquad
\font\aaa=cmr10 scaled \magstep3 {\aaa FONT cmr10 scaled at 17.28pt}\qquad
\font\aaa=cmr17
{\aaa FONT cmr17}

4.5.
, TEX LATEX 2.09,
, , - , .

24

 LATEX /2e LATEX 3 (New

Font Selection Scheme NFSS).
, .
:
.
.
.
NFSS ,
. , LATEX 2.09
,
, ..
.
.
NFSS, .
LATEX 3 LATEX/2e , LATEX
2.09, \documentstyle
oldlfont.
4.5.1.
:
family

series

shape
size

, , , ,
.
, ,
.
, .

, , , . , , ;
: , , ,
, ;
.

25

 \family{<>}
, ,
4.
:
cmr Computer Modern Roman
cmtt Computer Modern Typewriter
cmsy Math symbols
euf Euler Fraktur
msa AMS symbol font A
 \series{<>}
: .
\series
1. ( m)
.
1.

Ultra Light
Extra Light
Light
Semilight
Medium (normal)
Semibold
Bold
Extra Bold
Ultra Bold

ul
el
l
sl
m
sb
b
eb
ub

Ultra Condensed
Extra Condensed
Condensed
Semicondensed
Medium
Semiexpanded
Expanded
Extra Expanded
Ultra Expanded

uc
ec
c
sc
m
sx
x
ex
ux

, Computer Modern Roman:

m () ;
b ;
bx .
, Computer Modern Sans Serif:

26

m () ;
sbx ;
bx .
 \shape{<>}
:
n ;
sc ;
it ;
sl ;
u .
 \size{<1>}{<2>}

, .
(
),
.
2 \size,
LATEX, . , a
, \size, ..
.
2.

LAT

EX

\tiny
\scriptsize
\footnotesize
\small
\normalsize
\large
\Large
\LARGE
\huge
\Huge

LATEX

10pt
11pt
12pt
14pt
5/6pt
6/7pt
6/7pt
7/8.4pt
7/8pt
8/9.5pt
8/9.5pt
9/11pt
8/9.5pt
9/11pt
10/12pt 11/13.6pt
9/11pt
10/12pt 11/13.6pt 12/14.5pt
10/12pt 11/13.6pt 12/14.5pt 14/18pt
12/14pt 12/14pt
14/18pt
17/20pt
14/18pt 14/18pt
17/22pt
20/25pt
17/22pt 17/22pt
20/25pt
25/30pt
20/25pt 20/25pt
25/30pt

25/30pt 25/30pt

Computer Modern
10pt 3.
3. Computer Modern 10

27

family

series

shape(s)

cmr
cmr
cmr

m
bx
b

CM roman
n, it, sl, sc, u cmr10, cmti10 cmsl10, cmcsc10, cmu10
n, it, sl
cmbx10, cmbxti10, cmbxsl10
n
cmb10

cmss
cmss
cmss

m
bx
sbc

n, it
n
n

CM typewriter
n, it, sl, sc
cmtt10, cmitt10, cmsltt10, cmtcsc10

cmtt

CM sans serif
cmss10, cmssi10
cmssbx10
cmssdc10

4.5.2.
,
:
\family

\shape

\series

\size

, .

 \selectfont
| ,
,
.
\family{cmr}\series{m}\shape{n}\size{14}{18pt}\selectfont

, . Good proverb!

\size{12}{14pt}\selectfont

, . Good proverb!
\series{m}\shape{it}\selectfont

, . Good proverb!
\shape{sl}\selectfont

, . Good proverb!
\shape{sc}\selectfont

, . Good proverb!
\shape{u}\selectfont

, . Good proverb!
\series{bx}\shape{it}\selectfont

, . Good proverb!

28

\series{b}\shape{n}\selectfont

, . Good proverb!
\family{cmss}\series{m}\shape{n}\selectfont

, . Good proverb!
\series{m}\shape{it}\selectfont

, . Good proverb!
\series{bx}\shape{n}\selectfont

, . Good proverb!
\family{cmss}\series{sbc}\shape{n}\selectfont

, . Good proverb!
\family{cmtt}\series{m}\shape{n}

, . Good proverb!
\shape{it}\selectfont

, . Good proverb!
\shape{sl}\selectfont

, . Good proverb!
\shape{sc}\selectfont

Corresponding cyrillic font doesnt exists.

29


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.

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30

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31

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32


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33


abbrv (. ), 3
alpha (. ), 3
amsfonts, 16
amssymb, 16

\printindex, 1
\scriptsize, 22
\selectfont, 23
\series, 21
\shape, 22
\ShowDisplacementBoxes, 11
\size, 22
\small, 22
\symbol, 15

\bBitMap, 11
\bibliography, 3, 4
\bibliographystyle, 3
BibTeX (), 3, 4, 8
\BitMap, 11
BitMap (. ), 10
\BitMapDirectory, 12
\BitMapResolution, 12

\tBitMap, 11
\thebibliography, 3
\tiny, 22
\TrimBottom, 11
\TrimBoundingBox, 11
\TrimLeft, 11
\TrimRight, 11
\TrimTop, 11

\cBitMap, 11
\char, 15
\cite, 3, 4
\documentstyle, 1, 10
\family, 21
\font, 15
\footnotesize, 22

unsrt (. ), 3
\vSlide, 12

\HideDisplacementBoxes, 11
\hSlide, 12
\Huge, 22
\huge, 22
\index, 1, 2
\LARGE, 22
\Large, 22
\large, 22
\magstep, 19
makeidx (. ), 1
MakeIndex (), 1
\makeindex, 1
\newfont, 15
\nocite, 3, 4
\normalsize, 22
oldlfont (. ), 20
pcxsize (), 10
plain (. ), 3

34


[1] Knuth D.E.: The TEXBook. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1984.
[2] Lamport L.: LATEX: A Document Preparation System.
Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1986.
[3] v.Bechtosheim Stephan, Old Oak Drike West Lafayette, USA. TEX in Practice, 1989.
[4] Sauver J.E.St., Oregon Eugene, USA: Using TEX on the VAX to Typeset Documents: a
Primer, 1990.
[5] .., .. . TEX 5. . 92127, , 1992.
[6] .., .. . LATEX. 9457,
, 1994.
[7] Goossens M., Mittelbach F. and Samarin A.: The LATEX Companion, Addison-Wesley,
Reading, Massachusetts, 1994.
[8] Diller A.: LATEX Line by Line, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, West Sussex, 1993.
[9] ..: LATEX, , , 1994.

35