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ANSYS.
ANSYS
ANSYS
ANSYS
FLOTRAN

ANSYS.
:
1. ANSYS.
1.1. ANSYS.
1.2.
1.2.1. .
1.2.1.1. .
1.2.1.2. .
1.2.1.3. .
1.2.2. .
1.2.3. .
1.2.3.1. .
1.2.4. .
1.2.4.1. .
1.2.4.2. .
1.2.4.3. .
1.2.4.4. .
1.2.4.4.1. .
1.2.4.4.2. .
1.2.4.4.3. .
1.2.4.4.4.
1.2.4.4.5. : .
1.2.4.4.6. : .
1.2.4.4.7. : .
1.2.4.4.8. .
1.2.4.5. .
1.2.4.6. .
1.2.4.7. /
.
1.2.4.8. () .
1.2.4.9. .
1.2.5. .
1.2.6. .
1.2.6.1. .
1.2.6.2. .
1.2.6.3. .
1.2.6.4. .
1.2.7. .
2.
2.1.
2.2. ?
2.3. , .
2.4. .
2.5. .
2.6. .
2.6.1. : .
2.6.2. : .
2.6.3. .
2.6.4. .
2
2.6.5. .
2.6.5.1. .
2.6.5.2. .
2.6.5.3. .
2.6.6. ( ).
2.6.6.1. .
2.6.6.2. .
2.6.6.3.
2.6.7. .
2.6.7.1. .
2.6.7.2. .
2.6.7.3. .
2.6.7.4. .
2.6.7.5. .
2.6.7.6.
.
2.6.8. .
2.6.8.1. .
2.6.8.2. .
2.6.8.3. , .
2.6.8.4. .
2.6.8.5. .
2.6.8.6. .
2.6.8.7. .
2.6.8.8. ,
.
2.6.9. .
2.6.10. .
2.6.11. .
2.6.11.1. .
2.6.12. .
2.6.13. .
2.6.13.1. .
2.6.13.2. ANSYS
2.6.13.3. , ISTRESS
2.6.13.4. , ISWRITE
2.6.14. , ( TABLE).
2.6.14.1. .
2.6.14.2. .
2.6.14.3. .
2.6.14.4. .
2.6.15. .
2.6.15.1. Function Editor
2.6.15.2. Function Loader
2.6.15.3. .
2.6.15.4.
.
2.7. .
2.7.1. .
2.7.1.1. Solution Controls
2.7.1.2. Time
2.7.1.3. .
3
2.7.1.4. .
2.7.1.5. .
2.7.1.6. .
2.7.2. .
2.7.3. .
2.7.4. , .
2.7.5. Biot-Savart.
2.7.6. Spectrum Options
2.8. .
2.9. .
2.9.1. PSMESH
2.9.2. EINTF
2.9.3. PSMESH
2.9.4. ( GUI)
2.9.4.1.
2.9.4.2. .
2.9.4.3. .
2.9.4.4. .
2.9.4.5. .
2.9.4.6. .
2.9.4.7. : .
2.9.4.8. : .
2.9.4.9. : .
2.9.4.10. :
.
2.9.4.11. ANSYS
ANSYS
1. .
1.1. .
1.2. ANSYS .
1.2.1. .
1.2.2. .
1.2.3. .
1.3. .
1.4. .
1.5. GUI .
2. .
2.1. .
2.2. .
2.3. , .
2.4. .
2.5. .
2.5.1. .
2.6. .
2.6.1. .
2.6.2. .
2.6.2.1. (TEMP)
2.6.2.2. (HEAT)
2.6.2.3. (CONV)
2.6.2.4. (HFLUX)
2.6.2.5. (HGEN)
2.6.3. .
2.6.4. .
2.6.5. .
2.6.6. .
2.6.6.1. .
2.6.7. .
2.6.8. .
2.6.9. .
2.6.10. .
2.6.11. .
2.6.12. .
2.6.13. .
2.7. ( ).
2.7.1. .
2.7.2. .
2.7.3. .
2.8. ( )
1: , .
2: .
3: .
4: .
5: .
6: .
7: .
8: .
9: .
5
10: AREMOTE
11: .
12: () .
13: .
14: - .
15: .
16: .
17: .
18: .
19: AREMOTE.
20: ,
.
21:
.
22:
23: .
24: .
25:
26: ANSYS
2.9.
2.9.1. .
2.9.2. .
1: .
2: .
3: - .
4: .
5: .
6: .
7: .
8: .
3. .
3.1. .
3.2. , .
3.3. .
3.4. .
3.5. .
3.5.1. .
3.5.2. .
3.5.2.1. .
3.5.2.2. .
3.5.3. .
3.5.3.1. .
3.5.3.2. .
3.5.4. .
3.5.5. .
3.6. .
3.6.1. .
3.7. .
3.7.1. .
3.7.2. .
3.7.3.
.
6
3.8. .
3.8.1. .
3.8.2. .
3.8.3. .
3.9.
3.10. .
3.10.1. .
3.10.2. .
3.10.3. GUI .
3.10.4. .
3.11. .
4. .
4.1. ?
4.2. .
4.3. .
4.4. LINK31.
4.5. .
4.6. .
4.6.1. .
4.6.1.1. .
4.6.1.2. .
4.6.1.3. .
4.6.2. .
4.6.2.1. .
4.6.2.2. .
4.6.3. AUX12
.
4.7. .
4.7.1. .
4.7.1.1. .
4.7.1.2. .
4.7.1.3. .
4.7.1.4. .
4.7.1.5. .
4.8.
( ).
4.8.1. .
4.8.2. .

ANSYS/FLOTRAN
1. FLOTRAN CFD
1.1. FLOTRAN CFD
1.2. FLOTRAN
1.2.1.
1.2.2.
1.2.3.
1.2.4.
1.2.5.
1.2.6.
1.3. GUI
2. FLOTRAN
2.1. , FLOTRAN
2.1.1. FLUID141
2.1.1.1 .
2.1.1.2
2.1.1.3 .
2.1.1.4 .
2.1.1.5
2.1.1.6 FLUID141
2.1.1.7 FLUID141
2.1.1.8 .
2.1.2. FLUID142
2.1.2.1 .
2.1.2.2
2.1.2.3 .
2.1.2.4 .
2.1.2.5
2.1.2.6 FLUID142
2.1.2.7 FLUID142
2.1.2.8 .
2.1.3.
2.2. FLOTRAN:
2.2.1. FLOTRAN
2.3. FLOTRAN
2.3.1.
2.3.2.
2.3.3. -
2.3.4.
2.3.5. FLOTRAN
2.3.6.
2.3.7.
2.4. , FLOTRAN
2.4.1.
2.4.2. (Jobname.PFL)
2.4.3.
2.4.4.
2.4.5.
2.4.6. FLOTRAN
8
2.5.
2.5.1.
2.5.2.
2.5.3. .
2.5.4.
2.5.5. .
2.5.6.
2.6. FLOTRAN
2.6.1.
2.6.2.
2.6.3. FLOTRAN
2.7. FLOTRAN
2.8.
3. FLOTRAN
3.1. .
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.
3.5.
3.5.1. k-e ( )
3.5.2. Zero Equation (ZeroEq)
3.5.3. Re-Normalized Group (RNG)
3.5.4. k- ( Shih (NKE)
3.5.5. Girimaji (GIR)
3.5.6. Shih, Zhu, Lumley (SZL)
3.6.
3.7.
3.8.
4. FLOTRAN
4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
4.4.
4.4.1.
4.4.1.1.
4.4.1.2. GUI
4.4.1.3.
4.5.
4.5.1.
4.5.2. , ,
4.5.3. , ,
4.5.4.
4.6.
4.7. , Radiosity
4.7.1. .
4.7.1.1. .
4.7.1.2. .
4.7.1.3. .
4.7.1.4. .
4.8. , , FLOTRAN
4.8.1.
4.8.2. ( GUI).
9
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. , / , .
5. .
6: .
7: .
8: .
9: .
10: .
11: .
12: .
13: .
14:
15:
.
4.8.3. .
4.9. FLOTRAN
( ).
4.10. FLOTRAN
5.
5.1.
5.2. .
5.3.
6.
6.1.
6.2.
6.3.
6.4.
6.5.
6.5.1.
6.6.
6.6.1.
6.6.1.1. .
6.6.1.2. .
6.7. ( )
1:
2: .
3: .
4: .
5: .
6: .
7: .
8: .
9: .
10: .
11: .
12:
13: .
6.8. ( ).
7. FLOTRAN
10
7.1.
7.2.
7.2.1.
7.2.2.
7.2.3.
7.2.4.
7.2.4.1. .
7.2.4.2. .
7.2.5.
7.2.6.
7.2.7.
7.2.8.
7.2.9. .
7.3.
7.3.1.
7.4.
7.5.
7.6.
7.6.1. Power Law
7.6.2. Carreau
7.6.3. Bingham
7.7.
8. FLOTRAN
8.1.
8.2.
8.3.
8.4. /
9. FLOTRAN CFD
9.1. ?
9.2. Tri-Diagonal Matrix Algorithm
9.3.
9.3.1. Preconditioned Generalized Minimum Residual (PGMR)
9.3.2. Preconditioned BiCGStab (PBCGM).
9.4. .
10. .
10.1. .
10.2. .
10.2.1. .
10.2.2.
10.2.3. .
10.3.
11.
11.1.
11.2.
11.2.1.
11.2.2.
11.2.3.
11.3.
11.3.1. .
11.3.2.
11.3.3.
11.3.4.
11
11.3.5.
11.3.6.
11.4. ,
11.5.
12.
12.1.
12.2. SUPG COLG
12.3.
12
ANSYS
:
1. .
1.1. .
1.2. .
1.2.1. .
1.2.1.1. .
1.2.1.2. - .
1.2.2. .
1.2.3. .
1.3. .
1.4. GUI .
2. .
2.1. .
2.2.
2.3. .
2.4. .
2.4.1. .
2.4.2. .
2.4.3. - .
2.5.
.
2.5.1. .
2.5.2. .
2.6. .
2.6.1. .
2.6.2. -.
2.7. , .
2.7.1. .
2.8. , .
2.9. - , .
2.9.1. .
2.9.2.
2.9.3.
2.10.
2.10.1.
2.10.2.
2.11. - .
2.11.1. .
2.11.2. ( ).
2.12. - , FSSOLV
2.12.1. .
2.12.2. ( )
3. .
3.1. .
3.2.
3.3. .
3.4. .
3.4.1. .
13
3.4.2. .
3.4.3. .
3.4.4. .
3.4.5. .
3.5. .
3.6. (
).
3.6.1. .
3.6.2.
3.6.3. .
3.6.4. .
3.7. (
)
3.7.1.
3.7.2.
3.7.3.
3.7.4.
14

ANSYS.
1. ANSYS
1.1. ANSYS.
ANSYS ,

.
ANSYS
.
.
ANSYS :
1. .
2. .
3. .
1.2. .
,
. .
, PREP7, ,
, .
1.2.1. .
.
1.2.1.1. .
, ANSYS, .
, ,
, ( , .db).

.
, FILE file,
. , ,
:
ANSYS.
ANSYS Operations Guide.
ANSYS :
:
/FILNAME
15
GUI:
Utility Menu> File> Change Jobname
/FILNAME .
, ANSYS.
/FILNAME
. (,
, Jobname.LOG, Jobname.ERR) /FILNAME,
Key /FILNAME . ,
.
1.2.1.2. .
/TITLE (Utility Menu> File> Change Title), . ANSYS
.
/STITLE. ,
.
1.2.1.3. .
ANSYS .
,
,
( ).
- (MEMS), ,
System of Units ( ) ANSYS
Coupled-Field Analysis Guide ( ANSYS).
/UNITS, ANSYS,
.
; .
1.2.2. .
ANSYS 150 .
, :
BEAM4, PLANE77, SOLID96, . :
BEAM
MESH
CIRCUit
PIPE
COMBINation
PLANE
CONTACt
PRETS ( )
FLUID
SHELL
HF ( )
SOLID
HYPERelastic
SOURCe
INFINite
SURFace
16
INTERface
TARGEt
LINK
TRANSducer
MASS
USER
MATRIX
VISCOelastic ( )
(
, , , , ).
.
, BEAM4 (UX, UY, UZ, ROTX, ROTY,

ROTZ), ,
. PLANE77 (TEMP),
, .
PREP7 .
ET (ET, ETCHG, )
GUI; ANSYS Commands
Reference ( ANSYS).
. ,
, BEAM4 SHELL63,
1 2 .
ET,1,BEAM4
ET,2,SHELL63
.
, ,
TYPE (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Elements> Elem
Attributes).
, KEYOPT (KEYOPT(1),
KEYOPT(2), ). , KEYOPT(9) BEAM4
, KEYOPT(3)
SHELL63 . KEYOPT
ET KEYOPT (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Element Type> Add/Edit/Delete).
1.2.3. .
, ,
beam . , BEAM3 ( beam )
: (AREA), (IZZ),
(HEIGHT), (SHEARZ), (ISTRN),
(ADDMAS).
,
.
R (R, RMODIF, )
GUI; ANSYS Commands
17
Reference ( ANSYS). ,
,
.
, ,
REAL (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Elements> Elem
Attributes).
, :
R ,
, Table 4.n.1 ANSYS Elements
Reference ( ANSYS).
, ,
( REAL )
. ANSYS ,
.

.

RLIST and ELIST, RKEY = 1 ( ). RLIST
.
ELIST,,,,,1 ,
.
:
ELIST
GUI:
Utility Menu> List> Elements> Attributes + RealConst
Utility Menu> List> Elements> Attributes Only
Utility Menu> List> Elements> Nodes + Attributes
Utility Menu> List> Elements> Nodes + Attr + RealConst
:
RLIST
GUI:
Utility Menu> List> Properties> All Real Constants
Utility Menu> List> Properties> Specified Real Const
,
( , ,
), ,
( ):
/ESHAPE EPLOT
GUI:
Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Style> Size and Shape
Utility Menu> Plot> Elements
18
ANSYS ,
link shell pipe .
.
1.2.3.1. .
If you are building a model using BEAM44, BEAM188, or BEAM189, you can use the section
commands (SECTYPE, SECDATA, etc.) or their GUI path equivalents to define and use cross
sections in your models. See Beam Analysis and Cross Sections in the ANSYS Structural Analysis
Guide for information on how to use the BeamTool to create cross sections.
, BEAM44, BEAM188, BEAM189,
(SECTYPE, SECDATA, ) GUI
.
BeamTool Beam Analysis and
Cross Sections ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide (
ANSYS).
1.2.4. .
.
, .
,
.
.
( ,
). ANSYS .
, ,
MAT.
1.2.4.1. .
,
.
( ) :
:
MP
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props> Material Models
; , EX, EY, EZ
, KXX, KYY, KZZ , .
X;
, , X. :
MP,EX,1,2E11
MP,DENS,1,7800
MP,KXX,1,43
! 1 2E11
! 1 7800
! 43
Y Z (
X), , ,
19

. , (NUXY) 0.3,
(GXY) EX/2(1+NUXY)),
1.0. ANSYS Elements Reference (
ANSYS).
, ,
GUI . , ,
, 10
.

. , ANSYS
.
,
MP MPTEMP MPTGEN.
MPTEMP MPDATA. MP ,
, . , ,
:
= C0 + C1T + C2T2 + C3T3 + C4T4
Cn . ,
MP, C0, C1, C2, C3, C4. C0,
; C0 C1,
. , ,
,
(- )
. MPTEMP
MPTGEN MP
.

MPTEMP MPDATA. MPTEMP ( MPTGEN)
MPDATA . ,
4:
MPTEMP,1,1600,1800,2000,2325,2326,2335 ! 6 (temps 1-6)
MPTEMP,7,2345,2355,2365,2374,2375,3000 ! 6 temps (temps 7-12)
MPDATA,ENTH,4,1,53.81,61.23,68.83,81.51,81.55,82.31
!
MPDATA,ENTH,4,7,84.48,89.53,99.05,112.12,113.00,137.40 !
,
ANSYS , .
,
, MPTEMP ( )
( MPTEMP
MPTGEN). MPPLOT
. MPLIST .
20
MPPLOT
,
, MPDATA
. , ,
82.31 83.09,
MPDATA,ENTH,4,6,83.09
,
: MPTEMP
MPDRES
. ,
2345 2340,
:
MPTEMP,7,2340
MPDRES,ENTH,4
! 7,
! ENTH 4 -
MPDRES .
, , .
, , ,
. MPDRES .
MPDRES
.
MPTRES
.
.
(ALPX, ALPY,
ALPZ), , , ( )
21
(
, MP,REFT TREF), MPAMOD
.
ANSYS
.
(
) .
CDWRITE,MAT ,
.
.
CDWRITE ANSYS
(ANSYS Emag, ANSYS Professional, ),
Jobname.CDB, CDWRITE
, , .
Jobname.CDB.
1.2.4.2. .
,
, .
TB. ,
TB,BH,2 B-H 2.
TBPT.
B-H :
TBPT,DEFI,150,.21
TBPT,DEFI,300,.55
TBPT,DEFI,460,.80
TBPT,DEFI,640,.95
TBPT,DEFI,720,1.0
TBPT,DEFI,890,1.1
TBPT,DEFI,1020,1.15
TBPT,DEFI,1280,1.25
TBPT,DEFI,1900,1.4
, TBPLOT TBLIST.
TBPLOT
22
1.2.4.3. .

, (
, ).
: SOLID64, PLANE13, SOLID5 SOLID98.

. , TB
( Lab = ANEL) ,
TBDATA.
TBLIST. Data Tables - Implicit Analysis ANSYS
Elements Reference.
1.2.4.4. .
ANSYS , ,
.
.
ANSYS
CFD , FLDATA.
1.2.4.4.1. .
Main
Menu>Preprocessor>Material Props>Material Models. Define
Material Model Behavior ( ),
.
.
23
1.2.4.4.2. .
Material Models Available ( )
(, , ,
).
ANSYS LS-DYNA,
LS-DYNA.
, .
, .
.
24
, Structural , Linear, Nonlinear .

,
,
(, Mises Plasticity : Bilinear, Multilinear, Nonlinear).
, ,
. ,
.
1.2.4.4.3. .
,

.
.
:
.
, .
,
.
(, ,
, ).
.

( ). ,
,
.
.
.
25
, , ,
Add Temperature ( ).
,
.
.
.
, .
,
, Add
Temperature. ,
.
You can delete a temperature column by positioning the text cursor in any field within the column,
and clicking on the Delete Temperature button. ,
Delete
Temperature.
.

. . ,
, ,
Add Row ( Add Point).
.
26
, .
,
Add Row ( Add Point).
, .
Delete Row
( Delete Point).
/ .
, (
). , .
. ,
.
, .

.
, ,
.
/ , ,
Ctrl-c ,
, Ctrl-v.
,
, Shift
. , ,
Ctrl.
27
Add Temperature:
. ,
.
Delete Temperature: ,
. ,
.
Add Row (or Add Point):
. ,
.
Delete Row (or Delete Point): , .
Graph: ANSYS.

Graph OK.
OK: ANSYS
. Material Models Defined (
) Material Model Number # (
), # = 1 , ,
Material ID ( ).
Cancel: .
Help: .
1. OK Cancel. Enter
.
, , ,
.
,
.
A Dialog Box and Its Components ANSYS Operations Guide.
.
, (
Structural, Nonlinear, Inelastic
) ( /
)
(, ).
.
, .
OK , ,
. OK
, ,
.
1.2.4.4.4.
Material Models Defined ( Define Material Model
Behavior) . OK
, Material Model Number # (
1), .
, Material >New
28
Model, Define Material ID.

( ),

.
1.2.4.4.5. : .

.

,
.

, Voce law,
.
1. ANSYS Preprocesso >Material
Props>Material Models. Define Material Model
Behavior.
2. Material Models Available :
Structural, Linear, Elastic, Isotropic. .
3. (EX PRXY
). OK. Material Model Number 1 Material
Models Defined.
4. Material Models Available Nonlinear,
Inelastic, Rate Independent, Isotropic Hardening Plasticity, Mises Plasticity,
Nonlinear. , ,
. ,
. ANSYS ,
. ,
(
), .
5. Add Temperature. .
6. Temperature T1.
7. .
8. Temperature T2.
9. .
,
, Temperature T2,
Add Temperature. .

. ,
, Add Row.
10. OK. . ,
Material Model Number 1.
1.2.4.4.6. : .
29
, , .
,
Material Models Defined.
:
;
.
,
. :
1. Nonlinear Isotropic. .
2. OK.
.
.
:
1. Define Material Model Behavior :
Edit >Copy, 1 Material number, 2 Material number.
OK. Material Models Defined
Material Model Number 2. Material Model Number 2,
Material Model Number 1.
2. Nonlinear Isotropic Material Model Number 2.
.
3. Temperature Add
Temperature. T3.
4.
.
5. OK. .
Nonlinear Isotropic Material Model Number 2,
.
1.2.4.4.7. : .
, .
,
.
Chaboche.
, ANSYS
.
1. ANSYS GUI: Preprocessor>Material
Props>Material Models. Define Material Model
Behavior.
2. Material Models Available :
Structural, Linear, Elastic, Isotropic. .
3. Enter values for material properties, as required (EX for elastic modulus, and PRXY for
Poisson's ratio). Click on OK. Material Model Number 1 and Linear Isotropic appear in
the Material Models Defined window. (EX
, PRXY ).
30
4. Material Models Available, :

Nonlinear, Inelastic, Rate Independent, Combined Kinematic and Isotropic Hardening
Plasticity, Mises Plasticity.
5. Chaboche and Nonlinear Isotropic.
Chaboche.
6. Chaboche ( Help
).
7. Chaboche .
, Add Row,
.
8. Chaboche,
.
9. OK.
.
10. , (
Help ).
11. OK. . Material Model Number 1
: Linear Isotropic, Chaboche, and Nonlinear Isotropic.
1.2.4.4.8. .
:
,
Material Models Defined
Define Material Model Behavior.

ANSYS.
TB,MOONEY
*MOONEY.
1.2.4.5. .
.
ANSYS
,
( ).
ANSYS
.
:
,
, ,
. :
,
.
,
ANSYS , , , ANSYS,
.
/MPLIB (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props> Material
Library> Library Path),
31
.
-,
ANSYS .
,
. , ,
STEELCST.SI_MPL.

.
(, ),
.

. /MPLIB,
MPREAD, MPWRITE ANSYS Elements Reference (
ANSYS).
1.2.4.6. .
ANSYS.
, .
. , ,
, ANSYS,
.
1.2.4.7. / .
, ,
:
:
/MPLIB,R-W_opt,PATH
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props> Material Library> Library Path
,
/ansys70/matlib/.
ANSYS,
R-W_opt, READ ( ), WRITE (

) STAT ,
. PATH, .
1.2.4.8. () .
, ,
:
1. ,
/UNITS. , ,
/UNITS,SI.
32
2. MP (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material

Props> Isotropic).
.
3. PREP7 :
MPWRITE,Filename,,,LIB,MAT
Filename , .
MPWRITE (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props> Material Library>

Export Library).
MPWRITE MAT
(
/MPLIB (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props>
Material Library> Library Path), ANSYS
).
.
MPWRITE. ,
JOBNAME.
.xxx_MPL, xxx
.
, CGS, .CGS_MPL.
.USER_MPL (
) ,
.
1.2.4.9. .
ANSYS,
:
1. /UNITS
.
ANSYS SI.
2. ,
:
:
MAT
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Elements> Elem Attributes
ANSYS
.
33
3. ,
:
:
MPREAD,Filename,,,LIB
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props> Material Library> Import Library
LIB .
,
, /MPLIB ,
ANSYS /ansys70/matlib. LIB,
.
1.2.5. .

.
.
:
.
, ANSYS
( ).
. ,
.
, ,
.
34
,
, , ,
ANSYS Modeling and Meshing Guide.
1.2.6. .
, SOLUTION
, ,
. PREP7.
1.2.6.1. .
.
, ,
. ANSYS :
, , , , ,
.
. ,
.
ANSYS ,
.
. :
, Newton-Raphson.
ANTYPE (Main Menu> Preprocessor>
Loads> Analysis Type> New Analysis or Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Analysis Type>
Restart). TRNOPT, HROPT,
MODOPT, SSTIF, NROPT, . GUI
ANSYS Elements Reference.
(full transient) ,
(Solution Controls)
.
, .
. ()
, (
), . ,

.
.
.
.
, (, , )
.
ANTYPE,TRANS
TRNOPT,FULL
NLGEOM,ON
35
.

, .
1.2.6.2. .
, ANSYS
( , , )
. ,
ANSYS, :
DOF ( ).
.
.
.
.
.
( ,
, ) ( ).
, .
.
. ,

.
.

.
.
.
ANSYS
( ) .
, ,
.
.
1.2.6.3. .
( ,
) .
.
1.2.6.4. .
:
:
SOLVE
36
GUI:
Main Menu> Solution> Solve> Current LS
Main Menu> Solution> solution_method
, ANSYS
.
(Jobname.RST, Jobname.RTH, Jobname.RMG, Jobname.RFL)
. ,
,
( ) .
:
:
LSSOLVE
GUI:
Main Menu> Solution> Solve> From LS Files
1.2.7. .
ANSYS .
: POST1 POST26.
POST1, ,
( ) . POST1
/POST1 (Main Menu> General Postproc),
. ,
. POST1 ,
, ,
, .
POST26, ,
( ).
POST26 /POST26 (Main Menu> TimeHist Postpro),
.
( ), .
POST26
. POST1 POST26
.
37
2. .
2.1. .

.
. ANSYS
. ,
.
2.2. ?
ANSYS
. :
: , , , ( ),
: , , , ,
: , , ,
: , , , ,
: ,
: DOF , ( ),
, ,
.
DOF
(DOF).
38
,
.
, . :
,
.
, .
: ,
.
. : ,
, .
( ) , ,
, .
.
,
.
, ,
.
, .
2.3. , .
, .
,
,
,
. ,
.
ANSYS ,
, ,
. ,
:
:
ESEL
GUI:
Utility Menu> Select> Entities
,
,

.
.
39

. :
,
.
,

(
).

, .

. ,
( ),
.
, , , .
, .
5 - 10
, .
,
, 15 25 .
, .
40
2.4. .
ANSYS

. ,
,
, , . ,
.
, ,
, .
( TIME) .
:
:
TIME
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> Time and
Substps
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> Time - Time
Step
Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> Sol'n Control ( : Basic Tab)
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> Time and Substps
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> Time - Time Step
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> Time and Substps
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Time /Frequenc> Time - Time Step
, ,
.
, time = 2.0
.
, .
,
. , 100
41
, , 100
, , .
, ,
, . ,
,
.
, (arc-length
method) . ,
, ( ,
). ALLF (
, )
.
.
,
. ,
.

. ,
.
2.5. .
,
, .
,
,
().
,
, ,
(b).
KBC (Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> Sol'n Control: Transient Tab, Main
Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> Freq & Substeps / Main Menu>
Solution> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> Time and Substps / Main Menu> Solution> Load
42
Step Opts > Time/Frequenc> Time & Time Step, or Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts>
Time/Frequenc> Freq & Substeps / Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc>
Time and Substps / Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> Time & Time
Step) ( ). KBC,0 ,
, KBC,1 .
.
,
, , , ,
.
( ), ,
.
2.6. .
( , )
( ). ,
. , (
) .
, , ,
. , ,
.
2.6.1. : .
.

. ,
.
,
.
, .
, ,
. ,
.

.
,
(
, ).
, .
.
,
.
43
, ,
:

. , DL,,,UX
D,,,UX's .

. , SFADELE,,,PRES
SFE,,,PRES's .
(DL,,,SYMM, DL,,,ASYM, DA,,,SYMM,
DA,,,ASYM) , ,
, , .
2.6.2. : .
:
,
.
.

.

.
,
.

, , , ,

.
2.6.3.
,
ANSYS.
( UX, ROTZ, AY, )
. ,
ANSYS, ANSYS Modeling and Meshing Guide.
, , ,
.
, .
ANSYS
UX, UY, UZ
ROTX, ROTY, ROTZ
44
ANSYS
TEMP, TBOT, TE2, . . .

TTOP
AX, AY, AZ
MAG
VOLT
VX, VY, VZ
PRES
ENKE
ENDS
D, DLIST, DDELE
DSYM, DSCALE, DCUM
DK, DKLIST, DKDELE
DL, DLLIST, DLDELE
DA, DALIST, DADELE
SBCTRAN
DTRAN
GUI,
.
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> load type> On Nodes
Utility Menu> List> Loads> DOF Constraints> On All Keypoints (or On Picked KPs)
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> load type> On Lines
GUI ,
ANSYS Commands Reference.
2.6.4. .
DSYM
. .
, KCN
DSYM.
. DL DA
,
.
DL DA , ,

FLOTRAN.
.
45
.
(POST1),
,
, POST1 .
,
,
. POST1
SET (Utility Menu> List> Results> Load Step Summary)
:
*** ***
1, ,
. POST1

2.6.5. .
, ,
, :
:
DTRAN
46
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Operate> Transfer to FE>
Constraints
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Operate> Transfer to FE> Constraints
,
:
:
SBCTRAN
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Operate> Transfer to FE> All
Solid Lds
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Operate> Transfer to FE> All Solid Lds
2.6.5.1. .
,
.
, ,
DCUM (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Settings> Replace vs.
Add> Constraints). :
NSEL,...
D,ALL,VX,40
D,ALL,VX,50
DCUM,ADD
D,ALL,VX,25
DCUM,IGNORE
D,ALL,VX,1325
DCUM
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!

VX = 40
VX 50 ()

VX = 50+25 = 75

VX !
DCUM ()
NSEL, D, DCUM ANSYS Commands Reference.

, DCUM
DCUM.
, DCUM .
2.6.5.2. .

:
:
DSCALE
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Operate> Scale FE Loads>
Constraints
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Operate> Scale FE Loads> Constraints
47
DSCALE DCUM
DOF ( ). DOF
:
:
DOFSEL
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Operate> Scale FE Loads>
Constraints (or Forces)
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Settings> Replace vs. Add>
Constraints (or Forces)
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Operate> Scale FE Loads> Constraints (or
Forces)
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Settings> Replace vs. Add> Constraints (or
Forces)
, VX,
:
DOFSEL,S,VX
DSCALE,0.5
DOFSEL,ALL
! VX
! VX 0.5
! DOF
(TEMP) ,
TBASE DSCALE
( |TEMP-TBASE|)
. .
DSCALE
2.6.5.3. .
,
DK, DL, DA , ANSYS .
:
48
( )
, DL DL.

DL DK.

( / ) DA DA.
DA
, DL .
, DA ,
DK .
ANSYS ,
, :
1. , ,
DA (
).
2. , ,
SYMM ASYM DA (
).
3. , ,
DL (
).
4. , ,
SYMM ASYM DL (
).
5. , DK
.
, DK
DL DL DA. ,
, ,
, ,
. .
.
,

:
*** WARNING ***
DOF constraint ROTZ from line 8 (1st value=22) is overwriting a D on
node 18 (1st value=0) that was previously transferred from another
DA, DL,or set of DK's. (, ROTZ
8 ( = 22) D 18
( = 0), DA, DL,
DK.)
DK, DL, DA

.
49
,
, DADELE, DLDELE, / DDELE.
.
VX, VY, VZ,
( )
( /).
.
2.6.6. ( ).
,
ANSYS. ( FX, MZ, CSGY, )
. ,
ANSYS, ANSYS Modeling and Meshing Guide.
, , ,
. , ,
.
,
ANSYS
FX, FY, FZ
MX, MY, MZ
HEAT, HBOT, HE2, . . . HTOP
CSGX, CSGY, CSGZ
FLUX
CHRG
AMPS
CHRG
FLOW
F, FLIST, FDELE
FSCALE, FCUM
FK, FKLIST, FKDELE
SBCTRAN
FTRAN
GUI,
:
GUI:
50
Utility Menu> List> Loads> Forces> On All Keypoints (or On Picked KPs)
2.6.6.1. .
, ,
. ,
, :
:
FCUM
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Settings> Replace vs Add> Forces
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Settings> Replace vs. Add> Forces
:
F,447,FY,3000
F,447,FY,2500
FCUM,ADD
F,447,FY,-1000
FCUM,IGNORE
F,25,FZ,350
FCUM
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
FY = 3000 447
FY 2500 ()

FY = 2500-1000 = 1500 447

!
FCUM ()
F FCUM ANSYS Commands Reference.

, FCUM
FCUM. (), FCUM
.
2.6.6.2. .
FSCALE :
:
FSCALE
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Operate> Scale FE Loads> Forces
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Operate> Scale FE Loads> Forces
FSCALE FCUM
. , , .
DOFSEL. , ,
FX, ,
:
DOFSEL,S,FX
FSCALE,0.5
DOFSEL,ALL
! FX
! FX 0.5
! DOF
51
2.6.6.3.
To transfer forces that have been applied to the solid model to the corresponding finite element
model, use one of the following: , ,
, :
:
FTRAN
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Operate> Transfer to FE> Forces
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Operate> Transfer to FE> Forces
, SBCTRAN:
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Operate> Transfer to FE> All
Solid Lds
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Operate> Transfer to FE> All Solid Lds
2.6.7. .
,
ANSYS. ,
.
, .
.
ANSYS
PRES[1]
CONV
HFLUX
INF
MXWF
INF
MXWF
CHRGS
INF
FSI
IMPD
SELV
52
1. PRESS.
.

SF, SFLIST, SFDELE
SFSCALE, SFCUM, SFFUN, SFGRAD
SFE, SFELIST, SFEDELE
SFBEAM, SFFUN, SFGRAD
SFL, SFLLIST, SFLDELE
SFGRAD
SFA, SFALIST, SFADELE
SFGRAD
SFTRAN
GUI,
:
GUI:
Utility Menu> List> Loads> Surface> On All Elements (or On Picked Elements)
.
ANSYS ,
, .
, ,
, ,
.
ANSYS (
) .
(SHELL91 SHELL99)
, . KEYOPT(11)
.
, ,
.
2.6.7.1. .
,
:
:
SFBEAM
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Structural> Pressure> On
Beams
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Structural> Pressure> On Beams
53
,
, , .
, ,
. ( )
, JOFFST -1.
.
.
2.6.7.2. .
SFFUN (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Settings> For Surface
Ld> Node Function, or Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Settings> For Surface Ld>
Node Function)
.
, , , .
, .
. ,

1, 2, 3 4, .
, ,
:
*DIM,ABC,ARRAY,4
ABC(1)=400,587.2,965.6,740
SFFUN,HFLUX,ABC(1)
!
SF,ALL,HFLUX,100
! 100
! ABC
! ABC
! ABC

! ,
+ ABC(i) I .
*DIM, SFFUN, SF ANSYS Commands Reference.

SF ,
100, . 1 4 ,
100 + ABC(i): 100 +
400 = 500 1 , 100 + 587.2 = 687.2 2 , .
54
.
, SFFUN
SF SFE. ,
SFFUN .
2.6.7.3. .

()
:
:
SFGRAD
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Settings> For Surface Ld>
Gradient
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Settings> For Surface Ld> Gradient

, ,
.
, ( Lab),
, (SLKCN
Sldir, ), (SLZER), (SLOPE).
, (Lab =
PRES) .
(SLKCN = 0) Y (Sldir = Y).
(, 500, SF )
500 Y = 0 (SLZER = 0), 25
Y (SLOPE = -25).
.
:
55
SFGRAD,PRES,0,Y,0,-25
NSEL,...
SF,ALL,PRES,500
!
!
!
!
Y -25

:
500 Y=0, 250 Y=10, 0 Y=20
(, SLKCN = 1),
: , SLZER , SLOPE
/. , :
1: CSCIR (
) ,
.
2: SLZER CSCIR. SLZER 180,
180 [CSCIR,KCN,0], SLZER 0
360 0 [CSCIR,KCN,1].
. ,
, , 11.
, 400
-90 580 +90. ,
180, -90
+90. ():
SFGRAD,PRES,11,Y,-90,1
SF,ALL,PRES,400
!
!
!
!
!
theta
11. 90
1
:
400 90, 490 0, 580 +90.
-90, 400,
, , 490 0 580 +90.
.
56
270, -90, SLZER:

SFGRAD,PRES,11,Y,270,1 !
!
!
SF,ALL,PRES,400
!
!
theta C.S. 11.

270,

:
400 90., 490 0., 580 +90.
,
, . ,
180 ( -90 +90), SLZER
-180 +180.
400 270,
220 +90, 130 0, 40 -90.
, . SLZER 180,
180, 0 and 360, 0.
2 () 1 ().
57
, 0,
(270 0 360).
0 +90 270 360
. , 1.
CSCIR,11,1
SFGRAD,PRES,11,Y,270,1
SF,ALL,PRES,400
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
0
theta C.S. 11.
270,

:
400 270., 490 360., 220 +90.
130 0.
400 270 ,
400 270, 490 360, 220 90, 130 0.
,
. ,
,
. , , 0
130, ,
( 358) 488.
.
, SFGRAD
. ,
SFGRAD . , SFGRAD
,
.
If you need this capability, use SURF153 with face 3 loading or SURF154 with face 4 loading.
. ,
SFGRAD, , ,
.
2.6.7.4. .
58
,
, .

:
:
SFCUM
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Settings> Replace vs. Add>
Surface Loads
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Settings> Replace vs. Add> Surface Loads
,
SFCUM. ,
(), SFCUM . SFSCALE
.
SFCUM SFSCALE . Lab
.
2.6.7.5. .

, :
:
SFTRAN
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Operate> Transfer to FE> Surface
Loads
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Operate> Transfer to FE> Surface Loads
, SBCTRAN
( )
2.6.7.6. .
Currently, the following surface effect elements are available: SURF151 and SURF153 for 2-D
models and SURF152 and SURF154 for 3-D models.
, . ,
,
. ,
( )
.
: SURF151 SURF153
SURF152 SURF154 .
2.6.8. .
,
ANSYS. ,
59
. , ,
, , .

ANSYS
TEMP[1]
FLUE
HGEN
TEMP[1]
JS
MVDI
VLTG
Temperature
TEMP[1]
Volume Charge Density
CHRGD
Heat Generation Rate
HGEN
Force Density
FORC
Electric
Fluid
1.

BF, BFLIST, BFDELE
BFSCALE, BFCUM, BFUNIF
BFE, BFELIST, BFEDELE
BFESCAL, BFECUM
BFK, BFKLIST, BFKDELE
BFL, BFLLIST, BFLDELE
BFA, BFALIST, BFADELE
BFV, BFVLIST, BFVDELE
BFTRAN
, ,
.
GUI,
:
GUI:
Utility Menu> List> Loads> Body> On Picked Elems
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> load type> On Keypoints
Utility Menu> List> Loads> Body> On Picked Lines
60
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> load type> On Volumes

,
. , ANSYS ,
:
, .
, , .
,
BFUNIF.
2.6.8.1. .
BFE . ,
.
,
. ,
. ANSYS Elements
Reference .
(PLANEn SOLIDn),
.
BFE
(SHELLn),
, .
BFE .
61
(SHELL63 , SHELL51 )
(BEAMn, LINKn, PIPEn, )
;
.
BFE .
, () ,
,
() .
, BF.
2.6.8.2. .
BFK .
,
,
. , (
) , .
.
BFK .
,
, .
BFK .
62
2.6.8.3. , .
BFL, BFA, BFV
, . ,
.
,
.
2.6.8.4. .
BFUNIF .
;

.
ANSYS
.
:
:
BFUNIF
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Structural or Thermal>
Temperature> Uniform Temp
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Settings> Uniform Temp
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Structural
Temperature> Uniform Temp
or
Thermal>
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Settings> Uniform Temp

2.6.8.5. .
63
,
, .
, :
:
BFCUM, BFECUM
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Settings> Replace vs Add> Nodal
Body Ld
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Settings> Replace vs Add> Elem
Body Lds
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Settings> Replace vs Add> Nodal Body Ld
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Settings> Replace vs Add> Elem Body Lds
GUI
GUI.
(),
.
2.6.8.6. .

, :
:
BFTRAN
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Operate> Transfer to FE> Body
Loads
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Operate> Transfer to FE> Body Loads
, SBCTRAN.
2.6.8.7. .
,
:
:
BFSCALE
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Operate> Scale FE Loads> Nodal
Body Ld
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Operate> Scale FE Loads> Nodal Body Ld
:
64
BFESCAL
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Operate> Scale FE Loads> Elem
Body Lds
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Operate> Scale FE Loads> Elem Body Lds
BFCUM BFSCALE , BFECUM
BFESCAL .
2.6.8.8. ,
.

BFK, BFL, BFA, BFV ANSYS
.
BFV, BFA, BFL ,
. ,
, , .
, BFV, BFA, BFL BFK
:
A: BFV, BFA, BFL,
, BFV, BFA, BFL, .
,
. BFK .
.
B: BFV, BFA, BFL,
, BFV, BFA, BFL.
BFE BFV, BFA, BFL.
: (1 )
BFE , (2) BFK , (3)
BF , (4) BFUNIF .
.
C: BFV, BFA, BFL .
BFE BFV, BFA, BFL.
: (1 )
BFE , (2) BFK , (3) BFL
, , BFA
, , (5) BFV
, , (6)
BF , (7) BFUNIF .
.
:
65
BFL BFL (
).
BFL BFK .
BFA BFA (
/ ).
BFA BFL .
BFA BFK .
BFV BFV (
// ).
BFV BFA .
BFV BFL .
BFV BFK .
ANSYS
:
1. , BFV
BFE , , , BF
( , ).
2. , BFA
BFE , , , BF
( ).
3. , BFL BFE
, , BF
( ).
4. BFK BF , (
, , ).
, , BFK
BFL , BFL BFA , BFA
BFV . ,
(, ) ,
, (, ) .
.
.
,
( ) :
***WARNING***
Body load TEMP from line 12 (1st value=77) is overwriting a BF on
node 43 (1st value=99) that was previously transferred from another
BFV, BFA, BFL or set of BFK's.
TEMP 12 ( =77) BF 43
( =99) BFV, BFA, BFL BFK
.
BFK, BFL, BFA, BFV

. , BF
66
, BFVDELE, BFADELE,
BFLDELE, / BFDELE.
2.6.9. .
:

Command
ACEL
CGLOC
CGOMGA
CMDOMEGA
CMOMEGA
DCGOMG
DOMEGA
IRLF
OMEGA
,
.
STAT, INRTIA.
. . ,
. ,
.
ACEL, OMEGA, DOMEGA ,

.
.
ACEL
Y,
.
CGOMGA DCGOMG
. CGLOC
.
, ,
.
CMOMEGA CMDOMEGA
.

.
.
67
, ,
( ,
, , MASS21,
). , ANSYS
. ,
,
(lb/in3) (lb-sec2/in/in3), .
:
.
.
(g = 1.0).

, g:
.

g = 1.0
g = 386.0
MP,DENS,1,0.283/g
MP,DENS,1,0.283/g
ACEL,,g
ACEL,,g
2.6.10. .

. ,
(
). ,
.
, :
:
LDREAD
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> load type> From source
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> load type> From source

ANSYS Coupled-Field Analysis Guide.
2.6.11. .
, , ,
Y , ,
. ,
. , ,
360.
68
. , 1500
10 , 47,124 lb. (1500*2 *5
= 47,124) N :
F,N,FY,47124
,
. ,
(360).
,
, . MODE
(Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Load Step Opts> Other> For Harmonic Ele or Main
Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Other> For Harmonic Ele),
(D, F, SF, etc.), .

360 .
2.6.11.1. .

, , .
69
, , ,
UX
.
.
2.6.12. .
, ANSYS
. , LINK1.

. , ,
, ,
() .
.
2.6.13. .
ANSYS
.
( , ).
.
.
,
.
ISTRESS.
ISFILE
.
.

SHELL181, .
MATx
70
.
SHELL181
ISFILE, delete, elementID, .
SHELL181
.
: PLANE42, SOLID45,
PLANE82, SOLID92, SOLID95, LINK180, SHELL181, PLANE182, PLANE183, SOLID185,
SOLID186, SOLID187, BEAM188, BEAM189. ISWRITE
, .
/SOLUTION.
(ISFILE, ISTRESS, USTRESS)
.
.
2.6.13.1. .
LOC ISFILE ,
.
. LOC
0, . LOC = 1
.
LOC = 2.

. LOC = 3 ,
.
.

Section 13.1 Chapter 14 ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference. BEAM
SHELL .
, ISFILE,
ASCII .
,
.
"EIS"
. .
LOC ISFILE 0, 1
3. LOC = 2,
. : 0
( ), 1 .
, ISFILE.
,
. LOC = 0,
. LOC = 1,
.
ANSYS .
, ANSYS
. LOC = 3,
71

.
. (ESYS),
.
ISWRITE ,
.
2.6.13.2. ANSYS
,
ISFILE .
10 1 .
PLANE42. X = 0
.
, istress.ist, , ANSYS.
,
, .
! ************ ANSYS ************
!
! , istress.ist,
! 5 PLANE42.
!
! 1
!
Sx
Sy
Sz
Sxy
Syz Sxz
eis,
1
-3117691.453622 , -87.56555196445 , 0.0, -99999.99999990 , 0.0, 0.0
-3117691.453622 , -326.7990889251 , 0.0, -99999.99999990 , 0.0, 0.0
3117691.453622 , -326.7990889248 , 0.0, -99999.99999990 , 0.0, 0.0
3117691.453622 , -87.56555196422 , 0.0, -99999.99999990 , 0.0, 0.0
!
! 2
!
Sx
Sy
Sz
Sxy
Syz Sxz
eis,
2
-2424871.130595 , 23.46311893908 , 0.0, -99999.99999991 , 0.0, 0.0
-2424871.130595 , 1219.630803748 , 0.0, -99999.99999991 , 0.0, 0.0
2424871.130595 , 1219.630803748 , 0.0, -99999.99999991 , 0.0, 0.0
2424871.130595 , 23.46311893943 , 0.0, -99999.99999991 , 0.0, 0.0
!
! 3
!
Sx
Sy
Sz
Sxy
Syz Sxz
eis,
3
-1732050.807568 , -6.286923759268 , 0.0, -99999.99999989 , 0.0, 0.0
-1732050.807568 , -4551.724125935 , 0.0, -99999.99999990 , 0.0, 0.0
1732050.807568 , -4551.724125935 , 0.0, -99999.99999989 , 0.0, 0.0
1732050.807568 , -6.286923743552 , 0.0, -99999.99999989 , 0.0, 0.0
!
! 4
!
Sx
Sy
Sz
Sxy
Syz Sxz
eis,
4
-1039230.484542 , 1.684576148808 , 0.0, -99999.99999990 , 0.0, 0.0
-1039230.484542 , 16987.26570008 , 0.0, -99999.99999991 , 0.0, 0.0
1039230.484542 , 16987.26570014 , 0.0, -99999.99999991 , 0.0, 0.0
1039230.484541 , 1.684576134896 , 0.0, -99999.99999990 , 0.0, 0.0
!
! 5
72
!
Sx
Sy
Sz
Sxy
Syz
eis,
5
-346410.1615140 ,-0.4513808515767 , 0.0, -100000.0000001 , 0.0,
-346410.1615140 , -63397.33867442 , 0.0, -100000.0000001 , 0.0,
346410.1615140 , -63397.33867442 , 0.0, -100000.0000001 , 0.0,
346410.1615140 ,-0.4513808514312 , 0.0, -100000.0000001 , 0.0,
!
!
!***************************************************************
Sxz
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
ANSYS (
ISFILE) istress.ist .

105 .
/prep7
/title, ANSYS
et,1,PLANE42
! PLANE42
mp,ex,1,1.0e9
mp,nuxy,1,0.3
!
!
!
n,1
n,2,2.0
n,3,4.0
n,4,6.0
n,5,8.0
n,6,10.0
n,7,,1.0
n,8,2.0,1.0
n,9,4.0,1.0
n,10,6.0,1.0
n,11,8.0,1.0
n,12,10.0,1.0
!
! 5
!
e,1,2,8,7
e,2,3,9,8
e,3,4,10,9
e,4,5,11,10
e,5,6,12,11
! x=0
nsel,s,loc,x,
d,all,all
nall
finish
!
/solu
! istress.ist
! .
!
! LOC ISFILE .
!
isfile,read,istress,ist,,1
! List the initial stresses
isfile,list
outres,all,all
solve
finish
!
73
/post1
set,last
prnsol,u
finish
2.6.13.3. , ISTRESS
ISTRESS
. ISFILE
. ISFILE
.
.
solution
!
! .
!
istress,1322.34,2022.21,302.43,4040.32,5076.32,6021.456
!
! , 1
!
! isfile,list
isfile,dele,1
!
! .
!
isfile,list
solve
FINISH
2.6.13.4. , ISWRITE
, ISWRITE ,
.
.
, .
:
!
! ******* INITIAL STRESS FILE ev181-64s.ist
!
!
!INITIAL STRESS RECORD FOR ELEMENT
3
!
SX
SY
SZ
SXY
eis,
3,1
78.6886
122.471
0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00
47.2161
73.4892
0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00
0.730024E-02
0.167903E-01
0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00
-47.2015
-73.4556
0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00
-78.6740
-122.437
0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00
!
!
2
!
SX
SY
SZ
SXY
eis,
2,1
<----
File Name
<---- Element Records.

SYZ
SXZ
55.7557
0.000000E+00
33.4552
0.000000E+00
0.442187E-02
0.000000E+00
-33.4464
0.000000E+00
-55.7469
0.000000E+00
SYZ
SXZ
74
111.393
-10.2521
0.000000E+00
-5.40234
0.000000E+00
66.8419
-6.14723
0.000000E+00
-3.24392
0.000000E+00
0.149626E-01
0.101159E-01
0.000000E+00 -0.630216E-02
0.000000E+00
-66.8120
6.16746
0.000000E+00
3.23132
0.000000E+00
-111.363
10.2724
0.000000E+00
5.38973
0.000000E+00
!
!
1
!
SX
SY
SZ
SXY
SYZ
eis,
1,1
-486.946
-146.209
0.000000E+00
-82.7928
0.000000E+00
-292.163
-87.7187
0.000000E+00
-49.6735
0.000000E+00
0.121788E-01
0.172217E-01
0.000000E+00
0.534346E-02
0.000000E+00
292.187
87.7531
0.000000E+00
49.6842
0.000000E+00
486.971
146.244
0.000000E+00
82.8035
0.000000E+00
!
!
0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00
SXZ
0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00
2.6.14. , ( TABLE).
, TABLE,
. , ,
.
; ,
, , , .
.
,
: % %. ,
, :
SF,all,conv,%sycnv%,tbulk
,
.
,
, "new table".
, .
, Utility Menu> Parameters>
Array Parameters> Define/Edit, *DIM.
, .

( ) TABLE Type Array Parameters ANSYS APDL
Programmer's Guide.
75
2.6.14.1. .
,
, .

.
. ,
*DIM.
.

TIME, X, Y, Z
D,,(TEMP, TBOT, TE2, TE3, . . ., TTOP)
TIME, X, Y, Z, TEMP
F,,(HEAT, HBOT, HE2, HE3, . . ., HTOP)
()
TIME, X, Y, Z, TEMP, SF,,CONV

VELOCITY
()
TIME, X, Y, Z
SF,,,TBULK
TIME, X, Y, Z, TEMP
SF,,HFLU
TIME, X, Y, Z, TEMP
BFE,,HGEN
TIME
BFUNIF,TEMP
TIME, X, Y, Z, TEMP
D,(UX,UY,UZ,ROTX,ROTY,ROTZ)
TIME, X, Y, Z, TEMP
F,(FX,FY,FZ,MX,MY,MZ)
TIME, X, Y, Z, TEMP
SF,,PRES
TIME
BF,,TEMP
TIME, X, Y, Z
D,,VOLT
TIME, X, Y, Z
F,,AMPS
TIME, X, Y, Z
D,,PRES
TIME, X, Y, Z
F,,FLOW
FLOTRAN
TIME, X, Y, Z, TEMP, D,,(VX,VY,VZ,PRES,TEMP,ENKE,

ENDS,SP01-SP06)
VELOCITY,
PRESSURE
TIME, X, Y, Z, TEMP, D,,(UX,UY,UZ)

ALE
VELOCITY, PRES, Xr,
Yr, Zr
76
TIME, X, Y, Z, TEMP, SF,,HFLU

VELOCITY,
PRESSURE
SF,,CONV
TIME, X, Y, Z, TEMP, BFE,,HGEN

VELOCITY,
PRESSURE
TIME, X, Y, Z, TEMP, BF,,HGEN

VELOCITY,
PRESSURE
TIME, X, Y, Z, TEMP, BF,,FORCE

VELOCITY,
PRESSURE
TIME, X, Y, Z, TEMP, SF,,RAD

VELOCITY,
PRESSURE
VELOCITY
FLUID116 .
SURF151, SURF152,
FLUID116 .
.

SURF151, SURF152

TIME, X. Y, Z
FLUID116

TIME, X, Y, Z
TIME, X, Y, Z
2.6.14.2. .
,
. ,
. ,

. ,
.
, , (HF)
(RPM) (TEMP). TEMP.
RPM, . ,
: RPM TIME ,
HF RPM TEMP.
77
*DIM,SYCNV,TABLE,3,3,,RPM,TEMP
SYCNV(1,0)=0.0,20.0,40.0
SYCNV(0,1)=0.0,10.0,20.0,40.0
SYCNV(0,2)=0.5,15.0,30.0,60.0
SYCNV(0,3)=1.0,20.0,40.0,80.0
*DIM,RPM,TABLE,4,1,1,TIME
RPM(1,0)=0.0,10.0,40.0,60.0
RPM(1,1)=0.0,5.0,20.0,30.0
SF,ALL,CONV,%SYCNV%
,
( ).
2.6.14.3. .
, ,
. *TOPER (Utility Menu>
Parameters> Array Operations> Table Operations).
.
, .
2.6.14.4. .
,
:

, .
.

( , )

ANSYS (/PBC, /PSF, ),
(/PNUM,TABNAM,ON).
(/PNUM,SVAL) POST1.
*STATUS (Utility Menu>
List> Other> Parameters).
2.6.15. .
Function Tool .
Function Tool : Function Editor
( ) Function Loader
, .
TABLE
. Function Editor Utility Menu>
Parameters> Functions> Define/Edit, Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply>
Functions> Define/Edit. Function Loader Utility Menu>
Parameters> Functions> Read from file, or via Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply>
Functions> Read file.
:
78
,
.
TABLE
, .
,
.
,
TIME, X, Y, Z, TEMP;
,
TIME, X, Y, Z, TEMP.
Function Tool .
: ,
.
:
.
: ,
.
.
, .
: ,
.
: .
.
2.6.15.1. Function Editor

Function Editor .
, .
,
, .
,
. .
Function Editor . :
. :
* (TIME)
X * (X) .
Y * (Y) .
Z * (Z) .
* ( TEMP)
(TFLUID) (
FLUID116 SURF151 SURF152)
* (VELOCITY) ( Velocity
FLUID116)
* (PRES)
Tsurf* (TS) ( SURF151 SURF152)
() ( DENS)
( C)
( kxx)
79
( kyy)
( kzz)
( )
( )
* (Xr) (ALE)
* (Yr) (ALE)
* (Zr) (ALE)
(GAP)
(OMEGS) ( SURF151, SURF152)
(OMEGF) ( FLUID116)
(SLIP) ( FLUID116)
, (*)
.
.
Function Editor; ,
. ,
, .
( 6 ) .
.
. 0-9
. ,
, , INV
.
, ,
, .
( , , )
, .
, GRAPH/LIST
Function Editor.
.
Function Editor .
.

(, ), STO
. , STO,
.
. , STO M1
Memory1. , INV
INS MEM .

.
, RCL. ,
.
TABLE ,
.
80
Function Editor.
1. Function Editor Utility Menu> Parameters> Functions>
Define/Edit or Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Functions> Define/Edit.
2. . : (single)
(multivalued function). ,
. ,
. ,
.
3. (degrees) (radians). ,

*AFUN.
4. ( ) ,
( )
, .
, 10 .
, 5 .
5. Regime 1.
, Function.
6. .
7. Regime 2. ,
.
. .
8. .
9. 6 .
,
.
10. , (). Editor>
Comment .
11. . Editor> Save .
.func.
ANSYS
. ,

.
, , ,

. Function Loader.
2.6.15.2. Function Loader
,
, Function Loader.
1. Function Loader Utility Menu> Parameters> Functions>
Read from file.
2. , ,
.
81
3. Function Loader, (
).
, (%tabname%)
4. , Function Regime
, . Function.
.
,
, .
.
.

Function Loader.
.
5. .
6. Save. TABLE
, .
TABLE
Function Loader, .
.
.
ANSYS .
2.6.15.3. .
, .
, ,
, .

.
. ,
, 2 :
1 1 < X < 5,
:
h(x) = 0.332 * (kxx/x) * Re**(1/2) * Pr**(1/3)
82
2 5 < X < 10,

:
h(x) = 0.566 * (kxx/x) * Re**(1/2) * Pr**(1/3)
, :
Re = (dens*vel*x)/visc
:
Pr = (visc*c)/kxx
, :
(dens) = 1, (kxx) = 10, (c) = 10, (visc) =
0.01
(vel) 100 1 50 2.
100 .
1. , PLANE55,
:
2. /prep7
3. rect,1,10,,.5
4. et,1,55
5. !
6. mp,KXX,1.10
!
7. mp,DENS,1,1
!
8. mp,C,1,10
!
9. mp,VISC,1,0.01
!
10. !
11. mp,kxx,2,10
12. mp,dens,2,10
13. mp,c,2,5
14. mat,2
15. esize,,25
amesh,all
, .
. , ,

.
16. . Utility Menu> Parameters> Functions> Define/Edit
. ,
, X .
Function Editor, Multivalued function
based on regime variable ( ,
) xloc .
83
1. .
Regime 1.
1 < X < 5. 1 5 .
2. ,
, ,
. , ,
, . DENS, X, VISC
( {}) , .
, * /.
:
84
1. STO, M0 , 0.
2. , , (Results box),
Clear, , .
VISC, SPHT, KXX . , STO,
M1. :
85
1. .
Clear .
,
. ({KXX} {X}) .
M0 and M1 . ,
INV, RCL, M0 M1 .
1. . Regime2.
10 .
,
.
. , ,
. M0 M1,
.
:
86
1. . ,
File> Comments.
2. , File> Save.
. .func.
,
ANSYS.
3. .
Utility Menu> Parameters> Functions> Read from File.
.func, .
(Function Loader).
4. ,
. , heatcf (
7 ).
.
veloc. Regime 1, 1
( ) 100 ( ).
, .
:
87
1. .

(Function Loader).

.
2. Regime 2 1 50.
, OK ,
. , OK ,
.
3. .
.
4. nsel,s,loc,y,0
5. d,all,temp,25
6. nsel,s,loc,y,0.5
7. sf,all,conv,%heatcf%,100
8. finish
9. /solu
10. time,1
11. deltim,.1
12. outres,all,all
13. allsel
14. solve
15. finish
16. /post1
88
17. set,last
18. /psf,conv,hcoe,2,0.e+00,1
19. /replot ! .
finish
2.6.15.4.
.

.
,
,
.
Plot Information Graph .

.
(Image Capture).
89
, List Plot Information, ANSYS

.
Plot Information.
.
, , ,
Excel .
2.7. .
,
, , ,
.
. :
.
90
.
.
, .
Biot-Savart.
.
2.7.1. .

, ,
, .
.
2.7.1.1. Solution Controls
,
Solution Controls .
2.7.1.2. Time
TIME
. , TIME .
, .
ANSYS.
TIME,0 TIME,() TIME,
ANSYS : 1.0
1.0 + .
, , ,
, TIME,1E-6.
2.7.1.3. .

, .
:
:
DELTIM
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> Time & Time
Step
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Sol'n Control ( : Basic Tab)
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> Time & Time Step
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> Time & Time Step
:
NSUBST
GUI:
91
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> Freq &
Substeps (or Time and Substps)
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> Freq & Substeps (or Time
and Substps)
Main Menu> Solution> Unabridged Menu> Time/Frequenc> Freq & Substeps (or
Time and Substps)
NSUBST DELTIM
. ANSYS
.
2.7.1.4. .
AUTOTS .
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> Time & Time
Step (or Time and Substps)
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> Time & Time Step (or Time
and Substps)
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> Time & Time Step (or Time
and Substps)
,
,
.
( ) , AUTOTS
.
2.7.1.5. .
,
.
KBC: KBC,0 KBC,1 .
.
:
KBC
GUI:
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Sol'n Control ( : Transient Tab)
and Substps or Time & Time Step)
and Substps or Time & Time Step)
:
92
,
(, , ,
).
, :
, ,
, (
BFUNIF GUI
).
.
, ,
. ,
(ANTYPE,HARM HROPT,FULL),
,
, PLANE2, SOLID45, SOLID92,
SOLID95, .
, ,
.

,

, BFUNIF,
.
,
, BFUNIF
.

BFUNIF, , ,
, .

. .
(KBC = 0) .

TUNIF[2] TUNIF[3]

TBULK
TUNIF[2] TUNIF
HCOEF
[4]
TUNIF[2]
TUNIF[3]
BFUNIF[5]

BFUNIF[3]
93
[1]
1. OMEGA ,
.
2. TUNIF .
3. , TUNIF BFUNIF
.
4.
KBC .
5. BFUNIF TUNIF, BFUNIF
.
2.7.1.6. .
:
,
. :
:
TREF
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Load Step Opts> Other> Reference Temp
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Settings> Reference Temp
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Other> Reference Temp
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Settings> Reference Temp
( )
. ()
, :
:
KUSE
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Load Step Opts> Other> Reuse Tri Matrix
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Other> Reuse Tri Matrix

,
Newton-Raphson. KUSE 1,
.
, (
Jobname.TRI) ,
, KUSE 1. KUSE,-1
.
.
94
( )
X.
(
)
( ).
:
:
MODE
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Load Step Opts> Other> For Harmonic Ele
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Other> For Harmonic Ele

:
:
MAGOPT
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Load Step Opts> Magnetics> potential
formulation method
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Magnetics> potential formulation method
:
:
NUMEXP,EXPSOL
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Load Step Opts> ExpansionPass> Single
Expand> Range of Solu's
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> ExpansionPass> Single Expand> Range of
Solu's
Expand> By Load Step
Expand> By Time/Freq
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> ExpansionPass> Single Expand> By Load
Step
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> ExpansionPass> Single Expand> By
Time/Freq
2.7.2. .
.
:
.
95
GUI
TIMINT
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads>

Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> Time
.
Integration
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts>

Sol'n Control ( : Basic Tab)
Time/Frequenc> Time Integration
Main Menu> Solution> Unabridged
Menu>
Time/Frequenc>
Time
Integration
HARFRQ Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads>
Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> Freq .
& Substeps
Time/Frequenc> Freq & Substeps
ALPHAD Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads>
Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc>

.
Damping
Sol'n Contro( : Transient Tab)
Time/Frequenc> Damping
Menu> Time/Frequenc> Damping
BETAD

.
Damping
Sol'n Contro ( : Transient Tab)
Menu> Time/Frequenc> Damping
DMPRAT Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads>

.
Damping
Main Menu> Solution> Time/Frequenc>
Damping
MDAMP

.
Damping
96
GUI

2.7.3. .
. :

GUI
NEQIT
Main Menu> Preprocessor>

Loads> Load Step Opts> ,
( =
Nonlinear> Equilibrium Iter
25)
Main Menu> Solution> Load
Step Opts> Sol'n Control ( :
Nonlinear Tab)
Step
Opts>
Nonlinear>
Equilibrium Iter
Main
Menu>
Solution>
Unabridged Menu> Nonlinear>
Equilibrium Iter
CNVTOL Main Menu> Preprocessor>

Loads> Load Step Opts>
Nonlinear> Convergence Crit
Step Opts> Sol'n Control ( :
Nonlinear Tab)
Step
Opts>
Nonlinear>
Convergence Crit
Main
Menu>
Solution>
Unabridged Menu> Nonlinear>
Convergence Crit
NCNV
Main
Menu>
Preprocessor>
Main Menu> Solution> Sol'n

Main
Menu>
Solution>
97
GUI
Criteria to Stop
2.7.4. , .
:
,
GUI
OUTRES Main Menu> Preprocessor> ANSYS

Loads> Load Step Opts> Output
.
Ctrls> DB/Results File
Step Opts> Sol'n Control ( : Basic
Tab)
Step Opts> Output Ctrls>
DB/Results File
Step Opts> Output Ctrls>
DB/Results File
OUTPR

Loads> Load Step Opts> Output ( ,
Jobname.OUT) .
Ctrls> Solu Printout
Step Opts> Output Ctrls> Solu
Printout
Step Opts> Output Ctrls> Solu
Printout
OUTRES OUTPR:
OUTRES,ALL,5
!
OUTPR,NSOL,LAST
!
.
OUTPR OUTRES ( 50)

, ,
. ,
10
.
OUTRES,ALL,10
OUTRES,NSOL,5
98
, ( ),
,
.
OUTRES,NSOL,5
OUTRES,ALL,10
,
OUTRES,NSOL,10
OUTRES,NSOL,ALL,TIP

TIP . , ,
10 .

; OUTRES ANSYS
Elements Reference.
OUTRES (FREQ = NONE)
(OUTRES,ALL,NONE)

OUTRES.
, ERESX,
.
:
ERESX
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Load Step Opts> Output Ctrls> Integration Pt
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Output Ctrls> Integration Pt
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Output Ctrls> Integration Pt
ANSYS ,

.
ERESX,NO,
,
. ERESX,YES, ,
.
2.7.5. Biot-Savart.
, .
:
Biot-Savart
99
GUI
BIOT

Load Step Opts> Magnetics>
.
Options Only> Biot-Savart
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step
Opts> Magnetics> Options Only>
Biot-Savart
EMSYM Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> .

Load Step Opts> Magnetics>
Options Only> Copy Sources
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step
Opts> Magnetics> Options Only>
Copy Sources
2.7.6. .
,
.
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide.
2.8. .
,
. ,
,
.
LSWRITE ( ,
Jobname.S01, Jobname.S02, Jobname.S03,
). :
:
LSWRITE
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Load Step Opts> Write LS File
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Write LS File
Solution Controls
, , Basic
( Solution Controls
).
,
.
:
/SOLU
0
! SOLUTION
100
! 1:
D, ...
!
SF, ...
...
NSUBST, ...
!
KBC, ...
OUTRES, ...
OUTPR, ...
...
LSWRITE
! : Jobname.S01
! 2:
D, ...
!
SF, ...
...
NSUBST, ...
!
KBC, ...
OUTRES, ...
OUTPR, ...
...
LSWRITE
! : Jobname.S02
0
ANSYS.
LSWRITE (R)
(MP).
LSWRITE
, ,
. ,
SFE ( SFBEAM) ,
.
n,
LSREAD,n , ,
LSWRITE,n ( n).

, .
LSREAD GUI:
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Load Step Opts> Read LS File
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Read LS File
LSDELE ANSYS.
LSDELE GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Operate> Delete LS Files
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Operate> Delete LS Files
, , LSCLEAR

. , ,

.
101
LSCLEAR:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Delete> All Load Data> data type
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Reset Options
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Settings> Replace vs Add
Main Menu> Solution> Reset Options
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Settings> Replace vs Add> Reset Factors
2.9. .

. PRETS179 (
) PSMESH
.
,

EINTF.

.
, , ,
, . PSMESH
,
.
2.9.1. PSMESH
,
PSMESH.
, (
) .
.

.
(Main Menu> Preprocessor> Sections>
Delete Section).
.
.
102
PSMESH
. ( PTSMESH),
.
.
,
: , , ,
. , (A B)
. A B
,
.
(K)
.
, PSMESH.
2.9.2. EINTF
,
(PRETS179) EINTF,TOLER,K
(Main Menu> Preprocessor> Create> elements> pretension> At Coincident Nodes...).
, ANSYS .
EINTF
. (A B) .

, .
2.9.3. PSMESH

PSMESH.
1. ,
. ,
( example)
103
1. , (npts)
.
psmesh,,example,,volu,1,0,z,0.5,,,,npts
2. .
. ,
.
. .
sload,1,9,tiny,forc,100,1,2
3. SLOAD.
.
.
180 ,
. , .
.
104
PSMESH
, PRETS179. ()
.
.
. ,
70F. (
105
) , PSMESH, ,
.
.
/prep7
/title,Sample application of PSMESH
et,1,92
mp,ex,1,1e7
mp,alpx,1,1.3e-5
mp,prxy,1,0.30
mp,ex,2,3e7
mp,alpx,2,8.4e-6
mp,prxy,2,0.30
tref,70
/foc,,-.09,.34,.42
/dist,,.99
/ang,,-55.8
/view,,.39,-.87,.31
/pnum,volu,1
/num,1
cylind,0.5,, -0.25,0, 0,180
cylind,0.5,, 1,1.25,
0,180
cylind,0.25,, 0,1,
0,180
wpoff,.05
cylind,0.35,1, 0,0.75, 0,180
wpoff,-.1
cylind,0.35,1, 0.75,1, 0,180
wpstyle,,,,,,,,0
vglue,all
numc,all
vplot
mat,1
smrt,off
vmesh,4,5
mat,2
vmesh,1,3
/pnum,mat,1
eplot
psmesh,,example,,volu,1,0,z,0.5,,,,elems
CM,lines,LINE
/dist,,1.1
cmplot
/solu
eqslve,pcg,1e-8
asel,s,loc,y
da,all,symm
asel,all
dk,1,ux
dk,12,ux
dk,1,uz
sload,1,9,,force,100,1,2
/title,Sample application of PSMESH - preload only
solve
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
! .
!
! 150F.
! ,
! ;
!
! ,
106
! .
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
/post1
plnsol,s,z
/solu
antype,,restart
tunif,150
/title,Sample application of PSMESH - uniform 150 deg
solve
/post1
plnsol,s,z
2.9.4. ( GUI)
2.9.4.1.
1. Utility Menu> File> Change Title
2. , Sample Application of PSMESH OK.
2.9.4.2. .
SOLID92.
1. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Element Type> Add/Edit/Delete.
Element Types
2. Add. Library of Elements.
3. , Structural, Solid.
4. Tet 10 node 92 OK.
5. Close Element Types.
2.9.4.3. .
1. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props> Material Models.
Define Material Model Behavior
2. Material Models Available Structural, Linear, Elastic,
Isotropic. .
3. 1E7 EX, 0.3 PRXY OK. Linear Isotropic
Material Model Number 1 Material Models Defined
4. Structural Material Models Available, Thermal Expansion
Coef, Isotropic. .
5. 1.3E-5 ALPX OK. Thermal Expansion (iso)
Material Model Number 1 Material Models Defined.
6. Material> New Model, 2 ID
OK. Material Model 2 Material Models Defined.
7. Isotropic Structural, Linear, Elastic Material Models
Available. .
8. 3E7 EX, 0.3 PRXY OK. Linear Isotropic
9. Isotropic Structural, Thermal Expansion Coef Material
Models Available. .
10. 8.4E-6 ALPX OK. Thermal Expansion (iso)
11. Material> Exit Define Material Behavior.
107
12. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Settings> Reference

Temp.
13. 70 OK.
2.9.4.4. .
1. Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> View Settings> Focus Point.
Focus Point
2. User Specified.
3. -.09, .34, .42 OK.
4. Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> View Settings> Magnification.
Magnification.
5. User Specified.
6. .99 OK.
7. Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> View Settings> Angle of Rotation.
Angle of Rotation.
8. -55.8 OK.
9. Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> View Settings> Viewing Direction.
Viewing Direction.
10. .39, -.87, .31 XV, YV, ZV OK.
11. Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Numbering.
(Volume numbers).
12. Numbering shown with Colors only OK.
2.9.4.5. .
1. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Volumes> By Dimensions.
Create Cylinder by Dimensions.
2. :
Outer radius (RAD1): 0.5
Z-coordinates (Z1, Z2): -0.25, 0
Ending angle (THETA2): 180
3. Apply .
4. :
Z-coordinates (Z1, Z2): 1, 1.25
5. Apply .
6. :
Z-coordinates (Z1, Z2): 0, 1
108
7. OK Create Cylinder by
Dimensions.
8. Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Offset WP by increments
9. 0.05 X, Y, Z Offset, , OK.
0.05 .
10. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Volumes> Cylinder> By
Dimensions. Create Cylinder by Dimensions.
11. :
Outer radius (RAD1): 1
Optional inner radius (RAD2): 0.35
Z-coordinates (Z1, Z2): 0, 0.75
12. OK .
13. Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Offset WP by increments.
14. -0.10 in X, Y, Z Offset, enter, OK.
-0.10 .
15. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Volumes> Cylinder> By
Dimensions. Create Cylinder by Dimensions.
16. :
Outer radius (RAD1): 1
Optional inner radius (RAD2): 0.35
Z-coordinates (Z1, Z2): 0.75, 1
17. OK .
18. Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Display Working Plane (toggle off).
19. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Operate> Booleans> Glue>
Volumes.
20. (Pick all).
21. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Numbering Ctrls> Compress Numbers.
22. All Item to be compressed OK.
23. Utility Menu> Plot> Volumes.
2.9.4.6. .
1. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Meshtool.
2. Element Attributes, Global Set.
3. Material number 1 OK.
4. , smart sizing (off) Mesh.
5. 4 5 ( ) OK .
6. Utility Menu> Plot> Volumes.
7. MeshTool Global Set Element Attributes.
8. Material number 2 OK.
9. Mesh.
10. 1, 2, 3 OK .
11. MeshTool.
109

13. Material numbers Elem/Attrib numbering OK.
14. Utility Menu> Plot> Elements.
15. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Sections> Pretension> Pretensn Mesh> With
Options> Divide at Valu> Elements in Volu.
16. 1 OK.
17. OK:
NAME: Example
KCN: Global Cartesian
KDIR: Z-axis
VALUE: 0.5
ECOMP: elems
18. Utility Menu> Select> Comp/Assembly> Create Component.
19. Line (Cname).
20. Lines Entity OK.
21. Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> View Settings> Magnification.
22. User Specified.
23. 1.1 User specified distance OK.
24. Utility Menu> Plot> Components> Selected Components.
2.9.4.7. : .
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Types> Sol'n Controls.

Sol'n Options.
Pre-Condition CG Equation Solvers OK.
Utility Menu> Select> Entities.
Areas, By Location, Y-coordinates OK.
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Structural> Displacement>
Symmetry B.C.> On Areas.
7. Pick All.
8. Utility Menu> Select> Entities.
9. , Areas Sele All.
10. OK.
11. Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Structural> Displacement>
On Keypoints.
12. (KeyP No. = 1)
OK .
13. UX UZ DOFs ( )
(Lab2) Apply .
14. (KeyP No. = 12)
OK .
15. UX (Lab2) OK.
16. Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Structural> Pretensn Sectn.
17. 1 Example Pretension Sections.
18. 100 Force ( Pretension Load) OK.
19. Utility Menu> File> Change Title.
20. Sample Application of PSMESH - Preload Only OK.
21. Main Menu> Solution> Solve> Current LS.
110
22. OK
.
23. Close Solution is Done.
2.9.4.8. : .
1. Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Contour Plot> Nodal Solu.
Contour Nodal Solution Data.
2. Stress Z-direction (SZ)
OK.
2.9.4.9. : .
1. Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> Restart.
.
2. Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Settings> Uniform Temp.
3. 150 OK.
4. Utility Menu> File> Change Title.
5. Sample Application of PSMESH - Uniform 150 deg
OK.
6. Main Menu> Solution> Solve> Current LS.
2.9.4.10. :
.
1. Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Contour Plot> Nodal Solu.
Contour Nodal Solution Data.
2. Stress Z-direction (SZ)
, OK.
2.9.4.11. ANSYS
1. QUIT ANSYS.
2. Quit - No Save!
3. OK.
111
ANSYS
1. .
1.1. .

.
:
.
.
.
.

, , , ,
.
(,
).
1.2. ANSYS .
ANSYS:
Multiphysics.
Mechanical.
Professional.
FLOTRAN.
ANSYS ,
(
ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference). ANSYS
, .
ANSYS .
ANSYS :
.
.
.
1.2.1. .
.
, ;
ANSYS .
,
.
112
(
),
, ANSYS LINK34.
FLOTRAN CFD
, ,
,
.
1.2.2. .
ANSYS , ,
:
LINK31.
, (
SURF151, SURF152 ).
AUX12
.
Radiosity Solver.
4. .
1.2.3. .
,
, ( )
(, ). ,
MASS71 .
1.3. .
ANSYS :
1.

.
,
.
2.

.
113
1.4. .
, - -
, .
ANSYS
.
(ANSYS Coupled-Field
Analysis Guide).
1.5. GUI .
ANSYS GUI
( ). ,
.
ANSYS (ANSYS Commands
Reference).
GUI , .
GUI .
GUI
,
.
, ,
.
,
.

(ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide)
(Material Model Interface).
2. .
2.1. .
ANSYS:
Multiphysics.
Mechanical.
FLOTRAN.
Professional.

( ) .
.

, .

, , ,
114
.
:
.
.
.
( ,
).
( , ).
.
,
; , , .
,
.
.
2.2. .
ANSYS 40 ( )
.
,
.
115
PLANE35
PLANE55
PLANE75
2-D
2-D
2-D
PLANE77
2-D
PLANE78
2-D
,
,
,
,
,
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
SOLID70
SOLID87
SOLID90
3-D
3-D
3-D
,
,
,
,
( )
( )
( )
LINK31
2-D 3-D
,
,
( )
,
,
,
( )
( )
LINK32
LINK33
2-D
3-D
LINK34
3-D
,
,
( )
SHELL57
3-D
,
,
( )
116
PLANE13
2-D
CONTAC48
2-D
CONTAC49
3-D
FLUID116
3-D
SOLID5
SOLID98
3-D
3-D
PLANE67
2-D
LINK68
3-D
SOLID69
3-D
SHELL157
3-D

()
,

()
, 3

()
, 5

, 2 4
.
()
,

, 8
.
()
,

, 10
.

, 4
.

, 2
.

, 8
.

, 4
.
.
,
,
.
,
117
MASS71
1-D, 2-D, or 3-D
COMBIN37
1-D
SURF151
2-D
SURF152
3-D
,
,
4 .
, 2 4
, 4 9
TARGE169
2-D
Target segment
element
TARGE170
3-D
Target segment
element

, 2 .

, 3 .

, 4 .

, 8 .

,
CONTA171
2-D
CONTA172
2-D
CONTA173
3-D
CONTA174
3-D
MATRIX50
INFIN9
2-D
INFIN47
3-D
COMBIN14
1-D, 2-D, or 3-D
,
.
,
118
COMBIN39
COMBIN40
1-D
1-D
.
,
,
.
,
,
, .
119
2.3. , .
( )
( ) ,
GUI .
2.4. .
:
.
.
.
,
. ,
.
. ,
.
2.5. .

. ANSYS (PREP7)
, , , (
). (ANSYS Modeling and Meshing Guide)
.
:
:
: ET
GUI: Main Menu>Preprocessor>Element Type>Add/Edit/Delete
:
: MP
GUI: Main Menu>Preprocessor>Material Props>Material Models>Thermal
,
( MPTEMP MPTGEN),
( MPDATA).
GUI: Main Menu>Preprocessor>Material Props>Material Models>Thermal
120
(HF),
GUI .
.
(HF),
, ,
, .
2.5.1. .
; ,
, ,
.
.
,
. ,
( ),
. ,
.
.
X, Y Z;
.
,
. .

. ,
, .
, .
2 1.
,
. ANSYS
Modeling and Meshing Guide.
2.6. .
: , , ,
.
2.6.1. .
:
GUI, Main Menu Solution> Analysis Type> New

Analysis> Steady-state (static).
ANTYPE,STATIC,NEW.
121
(,
), ANTYPE,STATIC,REST.
Jobname.ESAV
Jobname.DB .
2.6.2. .
( , ,
, ), ( ).
,

( Applying Loads Using TABLE Type Array Parameters ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide).
:
2.6.2.1. (TEMP)
, , ,
.
2.6.2.2. (HEAT)
.
( ,
.) .
, .
, , .
,
, , ,
.
. ,
, .
,
.
2.6.2.3. (CONV)
,
( ) .
,
LINK34.
2.6.2.4. (HFLUX)
.
,
( , ) FLOTRAN CFD.
,
122
. CONV HFLUX
( ). , ANSYS
.
2.6.2.5. (HGEN)

, , ,
.
.
, .

Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads>

Apply> Thermal> Temperature
(TEMP)

(HEAT)

Apply> Thermal> Heat Flow
Apply> Thermal> Heat Flux
(CONV),
SF

(HFLUX)
(HGEN)
GUI

Apply> Thermal> Convection
Apply> Thermal> Heat Generat
BF
,
.
"
"
,
"
"
DK
DKDELE
DKLIST
DTRAN
DDELE
DLIST
DSCALE
DCUM,
TUNIF
FK
FKDELE
FKLIST
FTRAN
FDELE
FLIST
FSCALE
FCUM
SFL
SFLDELE
SFLLIST
SFTRAN
SFGRAD
SFA
SFADELE
SFALIST
SFTRAN
SFGRAD
SF
SFDELE
SFLIST
SFSCALE
"
SFE
SFEDELE
SFELIST
SFSCALE
BFK
BFKDELE
BFKLIST
BFTRAN
SFGRAD,
SFCUM
SFBEAM,
SFCUM,
SFFUN,
SFGRAD
-
123
"
"
"
"
"
"
BFL
BFLDELE
BFLLIST
BFTRAN
BFA
BFADELE
BFALIST
BFTRAN
BFV
BFVDELE
BFVLIST
BFTRAN
BF
BFDELE
BFLIST
BFSCALE
BFCUM
BFE
BFEDELE
BFELIST
BFSCALE
BFCUM
( List, )
. Solution
(, .), ( )
( , .).
,
:
GUI:
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Thermal> Temperature> On Keypoints
2.6.3. .
,
,
.
ANSYS APDL Programmer's Guide

.

D

, X, Y, Z

F
, X, Y, Z,
, X, Y, Z, TEMP,

SF
()

, X, Y, Z
SF
()

, X, Y, Z,
SF
, X, Y, Z,
BF
(FLUID116)
SFE
, X, Y, Z
D
.

.
ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide.
124
,
.
Tsurf* (TS) ( SURF151

SURF152)
() ( DENS)
( C)
( kxx)
( kyy)
( kzz)
( )
( )
125
2.6.4. .
,
.
.
GUI
TIME

Time/Frequenc> Time-Time Step
NSUBST

Time/Frequenc> Time and Substps
DELTIM

KBC

Time/Frequenc> Time -Time Step
NEQIT

Nonlinear> Equilibrium Iter
AUTOTS

CNVTOL

Nonlinear> Convergence Crit
NCNV

Nonlinear> Criteria to Stop
LNSRCH

Nonlinear> Line Search
PRED

Nonlinear> Predictor
OUTPR

Output Ctrls> Solu Printout
,
OUTRES
.
Output Ctrls> DB/Results File
2.6.5. .
:
.
.
,
.
126
, , 1.0 1.0
.

.

.
.
.
,
. ( ),
.
2.6.6. .

.
:
.

. 25,
.
.
,
, .
.
ANSYS
. ,
.
( VALUE CNVTOL) ( TOLER).
VALUE TOLER. , 500
0.001,
0.5 .
, ANSYS
( T = Ti -Ti-1) .
,
0.5 .
, ANSYS
.
127
()
.
.
, ANSYS

.
.
ANSYS -.
.

.
2.6.6.1. .
, ANSYS
(
). , ,
(GST)
.
GST
. GST:
: /GST
GUI:
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Output Ctrls> Grph Solu Track
GST.
128
2.6.7. .
.
:
.

(Jobname.OUT).
, .
, ANSYS
(Jobname.RTH).
2.6.8. .
. :
( ).
.
:
( ;
).
, ANSYS
.
129
:
: NROPT
GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> Analysis Options
. :
(
).
.
(JCG).
JCG
(ICCG).
(PCG)
PCG
(AMG)
(DDS)
( )
GUI:
: EQSLV
( )
, (, AUX12
).
,
Jobname.EMAT Jobname.EROT.
.
( )
.
( ) ( ).
:
: TOFFST
2.6.9. .
,
. ,
:
: RESUME
GUI:
130
Utility Menu>File>Resume Jobname.db

Utility Menu>File>Resume from
2.6.10. .
:
: SOLVE
GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Solve> Current LS
2.6.11. .
ANSYS Jobname.RTH.
:
2.6.11.1. .
(TEMP)
2.6.11.2. .
(TFX, TFY, TFZ, TFSUM)
(TGX, TGY, TGZ, TGSUM)
.
.
POST1
(Main Menu>General Postproc).
, .
ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide
.

ANSYS (
RESUME ).
Jobname.RTH.
2.6.12. .
,
. :
SET
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Read Results> By Load Step
, ,
.
(GUI),
131
. TIME
. , , ANSYS
.
2.6.13. .
ANSYS ,
.
GUI:
:
:
PLESOL PLETAB
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Contour Plot> Element Solu
Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Contour Plot> Elem Table
Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Contour Plot> Nodal Solu
.
:
:
132
PLVECT
GUI:
Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Vector Plot> Pre-defined or Userdefined
.
:
: PRESOL PRNSOL PRRSOL
GUI: Main Menu>General Postproc>List Results>Element Solution
Main Menu>General Postproc>List Results>Nodal Solution
Main Menu>General Postproc>List Results>Reaction Solu
GUI , , ANSYS
( ).
2.7. ( ).

.
( )
.
2.7.1. .
,
.
133
450F (232C).
, 100F (38C).
250 Btu/hr-ft2-F (1420 watts/m2-K).
(
).

.

.
. ,
.

70
0.285 0.285 0.285 0.285 0.285 (lb/in3)
8.35 8.90 9.35 9.80 10.23 (Btu/hr-ft-F)
0.113 0.117 0.119 0.122 0.125 (Btu/lb-F)
426
200
405
300
352
400
275
500
221
(F)
(Btu/hr-ft2-F)
2.7.2. .
, , ,
. ,
,
450F. Y=0.
134

.
.
,
( ).
, ,
50.
. ,

.
2.7.3. .

.
/PREP7
/TITLE, Steady-state thermal analysis of pipe junction
/UNITS,BIN
/SHOW
ET,1,90
MP,DENS,1,.285
MPTEMP,,70,200,300,400,500
MPDATA,KXX,1,,8.35/12,8.90/12,9.35/12,9.80/12,10.23/12
MPDATA,C,1,,.113,.117,.119,.122,.125
MPDATA,HF,2,,426/144,405/144,352/144,275/144,221/144
!
RI1=1.3
RO1=1.5
Z1=2
RI2=.4
RO2=.5
Z2=2
CYLIND,RI1,RO1,,Z1,,90
WPROTA,0,-90
CYLIND,RI2,RO2,,Z2,-90
WPSTYL,DEFA
BOPT,NUMB,OFF
VOVLAP,1,2
/PNUM,VOLU,1
/VIEW,,-3,-1,1
/TYPE,,4
/TITLE,Volumes used in building pipe/tank junction
VPLOT
VDELE,3,4,,1
! Meshing
ASEL,,LOC,Z,Z1
ASEL,A,LOC,Y,0
CM,AREMOTE,AREA
! ()
!
.
! 20 ,
! = .285 lbf/in^3
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
.
!
!
!
!
! Z

! Y

!
AREMOTE
/PNUM,AREA,1
135
/PNUM,LINE,1
/TITLE,Lines showing the portion being modeled
APLOT
/NOERASE
LPLOT
/ERASE
ACCAT,ALL
LCCAT,12,7
LCCAT,10,5
LESIZE,20,,,4
LESIZE,40,,,6
LESIZE,6,,,4
ALLSEL
ESIZE,.4
MSHAPE,0,3D
MSHKEY,1
SAVE
VMESH,ALL
/PNUM,DEFA
/TITLE,Elements in portion being modeled
EPLOT
FINISH
/COM, *** Obtain solution ***
/SOLU
ANTYPE,STATIC
NROPT,AUTO
TUNIF,450
CSYS,1
NSEL,S,LOC,X,RI1
SF,ALL,CONV,250/144,450
CMSEL,,AREMOTE
NSLA,,1
D,ALL,TEMP,450
WPROTA,0,-90
CSWPLA,11,1
NSEL,S,LOC,X,RI2
SF,ALL,CONV,-2,100
ALLSEL
/PBC,TEMP,,1
/PSF,CONV,,2
/TITLE,Boundary conditions
NPLOT
WPSTYL,DEFA
CSYS,0
AUTOTS,ON
NSUBST,50
KBC,0
OUTPR,NSOL,LAST
SOLVE
FINISH
/COM, *** Review results ***
/POST1
/EDGE,,1
/PLOPTS,INFO,ON
/PLOPTS,LEG1,OFF
!
!

! 4
! 6
! 4
!
!
!
!
! .
!
!
.
! .
!
!
! AREMOTE
! , AREMOTE
!
!
!
.
!
!
!
( )
!
!
!
! ( )
!
!
!
!
136
/WINDOW,1,SQUARE
/TITLE,Temperature contours at pipe/tank junction
PLNSOL,TEMP
CSYS,11
NSEL,,LOC,X,RO2
!
!
! Nodes and elements at outer radius of pipe

ESLN
NSLE
/SHOW,,,1
/TITLE,Thermal flux vectors at pipe/tank junction
PLVECT,TF
!
!
FINISH
/EXIT,ALL
2.8. ( )
, ANSYS
,
( ). ,
.
1: , .
ANSYS .
:
1.
Utility Menu>File>Change Title,

.
2.
.
3.
OK.
2: .
( ).
/UNITS,BIN ENTER.
3: .
.
:
1.
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Element Type> Add/Edit/Delete.

.
2.
Add. .
3.
"Thermal Solid." (
). "Brick20node 90." OK.
4.
Close .
4: .
:
137
1.
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props> Material Models.

(Define Material Model Behavior).
2.
(Material Models Available)
: Thermal, Density. .
3.
.285 DENS () OK. 1
(Material Models Defined) .
4.
: Conductivity, Isotropic. .
5.
.
6.
1 5 : 70, 200, 300, 400, 500.
70,
500. .
, Ctrl-c.
7.
KXX () , ,
, OK.
, 12.
ANSYS , .
8.
8.35/12
9.
8.90/12
10.
9.35/12
11.
9.80/12
10. 23/12
12.
(Material Models Available),

Specific Heat (). .
13.
Add Temperature. .
14.
1 Ctrl-v.
15.
() , ,
. OK.
16.
.113
17.
.117
18.
.119
19.
.122
.125
20.
Material>New Model (Define

Material Model Behavior), 2 Define Material ID (
). OK. Material Models Defined Material Model
Number 2 ( 2).
21.
Convection or Film Coef ( ).
.
22.
.
23.
1 Ctrl-v.
24.
HF ( )
.
, HF 144. 7
ANSYS , .
138
25.
26.
27.
28.
426/144
405/144
352/144
275/144
221/144
29.
Graph ()
, OK.
30.
,
Material>Exit.
31.
SAVE_DB ( ),
ANSYS.
5: .
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Utility Menu>Parameters>Scalar Parameters.

.
(Selection) (
). ENTER.
, , .
RI1=1.3
( )
RO1=1.5
( )
Z1=2
( )
RI2=.4
( )
RO2=.5
( )
Z2=2
8.
( )
Close.
6: .
1.
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Volumes> Cylinder> By

Dimensions. .
2.
"Outer radius" ( ) RO1, "Optional inner radius"
( ) RI1, "Z coordinates" (z ) 0 Z1
"Ending angle" ( ) 90.
3.
OK.
4.
Utility Menu>WorkPlane>Offset WP by Increments.
.
5.
"XY, YZ, ZX Angles" 0,-90.
6.
OK.
7.
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Volumes> Cylinder> By
Dimensions. .
8.
"Outer radius" RO2, "Optional inner radius" RI2, "Z
coordinates" 0 Z2 . "Starting angle" ( )
-90 "Ending Angle" ( ) 0.
9.
OK.
10.
Utility Menu>WorkPlane>Align WP with>Global Cartesian.
7: .
139
1.
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Operate> Booleans> Overlap>

Volumes. .
2.
Pick All ( ).
8: .
, .
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Utility Menu>PlotCtrls>Numbering.
.
VOLU Volume numbers ( )
OK.
Utility Menu>PlotCtrls>View Settings>Viewing Direction.
.
"Coords of view point" ( ) (-3,-1,1)
OK.
.
SAVE_DB ( ),
ANSYS.
9: .
.
1.
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Delete> Volume and Below.

.
2.
3, 4 ENTER. OK
.
10: AREMOTE
, Y Z
AREMOTE.
:
1.

.
2.
Areas ().
By Location ( ). Z Coordinates.
3.
"Min,Max" Z1.
4.
Apply ().
5.
Y Coordinates
6.
"Min,Max" 0.
7.
OK.
8.
Utility Menu> Select> Comp/Assembly> Create Component.
.
9.
"Component name" ( ) AREMOTE. "Component
is made of" ( ) Areas ().
10.
OK.
11: .
140
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
.
,
AREA Area numbers LINE Line numbers. OK.
Utility Menu>Plot>Areas.
Utility Menu>PlotCtrls>Erase Options.
"Erase between Plots" ( ).
Utility Menu>Plot>Lines.
Utility Menu>PlotCtrls>Erase Options.
"Erase between Plots" ( ).
12: () .

, .
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh> Volumes> Mapped>

Concatenate> Areas. .
Pick All ( ).
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh> Volumes> Mapped>
Concatenate> Lines. .
12 7 ( ).
Apply ().
10 5 ( ).
OK.
13: .
1.
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Size Cntrls> ManualSize>Lines>

Picked Lines. .
2.
6 20 ( ).
3.
OK. .
4.
4 "No. of element divisions" ( ).
5.
OK.
6.
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Size Cntrls> ManualSize> Lines>
Picked Lines. .
7.
40 ( ).
8.
OK. .
9.
6 "No. of element divisions" ( ).
10.
OK.
14: - .
, ,
.
1.
2.
Utility Menu>Select>Everything.
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Size Cntrls> ManualSize> Global>
Size. .
141
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
0.4 "Element edge length" ( ) OK.

Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesher Opts.
.
Mapped OK.
.
Quad () OK.
SAVE_DB
.
Main Menu>Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh> Volumes> Mapped> 4 to 6
sided. . Pick All ( ). ANSYS
.
, ,
.
15: .
1.
.
2.
Line, Area, Volume.
3.
OK.
Step 16: .

,
.
1.
Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> New Analysis.

.
2.
OK ().
3.
Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> Analysis Options.
.
4.
OK , .
17: .
.
1.
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Thermal> Temperature>

Uniform Temp. .
2.
"Uniform temperature." 450. OK.
18: .

.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Utility Menu >WorkPlane> Change Active CS to> Global Cylindrical.

Utility Menu> Select> Entities. .
Nodes By Location X Coordinates From Full
RI1 "Min,Max" OK.
142
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Thermal> Convection> On

Nodes. .
Pick All. .
"Film coefficient" 250/144.
"Bulk temperature" 450.
OK.
19: AREMOTE.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Utility Menu> Select> Comp/Assembly >Select Comp/Assembly.

.
OK AREMOTE.
Utility Menu> Select> Entities. .
Nodes (), Attached To ( ), Areas,All ( ).
OK.
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> ThermalTemperature> On
Nodes. .
Pick All. .
"Load TEMP value" 450.
OK.
SAVE_DB ANSYS.
20: ,
.
(
) .
1.
Utility Menu>WorkPlane>Offset WP by Increments.

.
2.
0,-90 "XY,YZ,ZX Angles" OK.
3.
Utility Menu>WorkPlane>Local Coordinate Systems>Create Local CS>At
WP Origin. .
4.
"Type of coordinate system" "Cylindrical 1" OK.
5.
Utility Menu>Select>Entities. .
6.
Nodes, By Location, X Coordinates.
7.
RI2 "Min,Max".
8.
OK.
9.
Nodes. .
10.
Pick All. .
11.
2 "Film coefficient" ( ).
12.
100 "Bulk temperature" ( ).
13.
OK.
14.
Utility Menu>Select>Everything.
15.
Utility Menu>PlotCtrls>Symbols. .
16.
"Show pres and convect as" ( )
Arrows () OK.
17.
Utility Menu>Plot>Nodes. ANSYS ,
.
143
21:
.
1.
,
Utility Menu>WorkPlane>Change Active
CS to>Global Cartesian
2.
Utility Menu>WorkPlane>Align WP With>Global Cartesian.
22:
50
.
1.
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Options> Time/Frequenc> Time and

Substps. .
2.
50 "Number of substeps" ( )
3.
"Automatic time stepping" (
) On ().
4.
OK.
23: .
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Main Menu> Solution> Solve> Current LS. ANSYS

.
.
Close .
OK Solve Current Load Step (
).
Yes Verify ().
. Solution is done! (
), Close.
24: .
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Utility Menu >PlotCtrls> Style> Edge Options.

Edge Options ( ).
"Element outlines" "Edge only" ( )
OK.
Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Contour Plot> Nodal Solu.
.
"Item to be contoured" "DOF solution", "Temperature
TEMP" .
OK.
.
25:

.
144
1.
Utility Menu>WorkPlane>Change Active CS to>Specified Coord Sys.

.
2.
11 "Coordinate system number"
3.
OK.
4.
Utility Menu>Select>Entities.
.
5.
Nodes, By Location, X Coordinates.
6.
RO2 "Min,Max".
7.
Apply.
8.
Elements, Attached To, Nodes.
9.
Apply.
10.
Nodes, Attached To OK.
11.
Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Vector Plot> Predefined.
.
12.
"Vector item to be plotted" "Flux & gradient" "Thermal
flux TF" .
13.
OK.
.
26: ANSYS
QUIT,
.
2.9.
,
.
, , ,
, .
2.9.1. .
.
/batch,list
/show
/title,
/com
/com * -----------------------------------------------------------------/com *
/com *
/com *
/com * -----------------------
-----------------
----------------------
145
/com *
/com *
/com *
/com *
/com * . 2 x 1
/com * .
/com * .
/com * X
/com * 'cnvtab'.
/com **
*dim,cnvtab,table,5,,,x
! .
cnvtab(1,0) = 0.0,0.50,1.0,1.50,2.0
! , Var1 = 'X'
cnvtab(1,1) = 20.0,30.0,50.0,80.0,120.0
/prep7
esize,0.5
et,1,55
rect,0,2,0,1
amesh,1
MP,KXX,,1.0
MP,DENS,,10.0
MP,C,,100.0
lsel,s,loc,x,0
dl,all,,temp,100
alls
lsel,u,loc,x,0
nsll,s,1
sf,all,conv,%cnvtab%,20
146
alls
! .
/psf,conv,hcoef,2
/pnum,tabn,on
nplot
fini
/solu
anty,static
kbc,1
nsubst,1
time,60
tunif,50
outres,all,all
solve
finish
/post1
set,last
!
sflist,all
/pnum,tabn,off
!
! .
/psf,conv,hcoef,2
/pnum,sval,1
eplot
plns,temp
fini
2.9.2. .

1: .
1.
Utility Menu> Parameters> Array Parameters> Define/Edit.

. Add
147
2.
. cnvtab
"Parameter name" ( ).
3.
"Table" ().
4.
I,J,K 5,1,1.
5.
X .
6.
OK.
7.
, cnvtab
Edit (). (
TABLE Type Array Parameters, ANSYS APDL
Programmer's Guide)
8.
.
; . 6
. () . 5 0.0, 0.5,
1.0, 1.5, 2.0. .
9.
1 6 .
() , . 20,
30, 50, 80, 120.
10.
File>Apply/Quit.
11.

.
2: .
1.

. Add.
2.
.
Thermal Solid Quad 4node 55 .
3.
OK.
4.
.
5.
Main Menu>Preprocessor>Material Props>Material Models.
.
6.
,
Thermal, Density. .
7.
DENS () 10. OK.
(Material Models Defined) Material Model Number 1
( 1).
8.
Material Models Available ( )
Conductivity, Isotropic. .
9.
KXX ( ) 1.0. OK.
10.
Specific Heat. .
11.
OK. () 100.0.
12.
Material>Exit
.
3: - .
1.
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Areas> Rectangle> By

Dimensions.
(Create Rectangle by Dimensions).
2.
X1,X2 0, 2.
3.
Y1, Y2 Y1, Y2.
148
4.
5.
6.
OK. .
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> MeshTool.
Size Controls Mesh Tool Globl,Set.
Global Element Sizes ( )
7.
Element endge length ( ) 0.5 OK.
8.
Mesh Mesh Tool Areas Map, Quad and 3/4 sided
9.
MESH. .
10.
Pick All.
.
11.
MeshTool.
12.
SAVE_DB, .
4: .
1.
2.
Utility Menu> Plot> Lines.

Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Thermal> Temperature> On
Lines. .
3.
X 0
( ). OK.
4.
.
5.
VALUE () 100. OK.
6.
Lines. .
7.
x = 0.
8.
OK. .
9.
"Apply Film Coef on lines," (
) "Existing table." ( ).
10.
VALI.
11.
"VAL2I Bulk temperature" ( ) 20.
OK.
12.
Apply CONV on lines (
). , "Existing table" CNVTAB. OK.
ANSYS x = 0.
13.
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Thermal> Temperature>
Uniform Temp. .
14.
50. OK.
5: .
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Symbols. .

"Surface Load Symbols" ( )
"Convect FilmCoef".
"Arrows" "Show pres and convect as". OK.
Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Numbering. .
( Table Names ,
off on). OK.
CNVTAB .
.
6: .
149
1.
Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> New Analysis.

.
2.
, Steady-State OK.
3.
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> Time and
Substps. .
4.
60 "Time at end of load step." ( ).
5.
1 Number of substeps. ( ).
6.
Stepped. OK.
7.
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Output Ctrls> DB/Results File.
.
, "Item to be controlled" "All items.".
8.
"File write frequency" ( ) "Every substep"
( ). OK.
9.
Main Menu> Solution> Solve> Current LS. .
, .
10.
Solve Current Load Step ( )
OK .
"Solution is done!". Close.
7: .
1.
2.
Main Menu> General Postproc> Read Results> Last Set.

Utility Menu> List> Loads> Surface Loads> On All Nodes.
SFLIST. Close.
3.
Utility Menu>PlotCtrls>Numbering. .
4.
Table Names.
5.
Numeric contour. OK.
6.
Utility Menu>PlotCtrls>Symbols. .
7.
"Surface Load Symbols" ( ),
"Convect FilmCoef." ( ).
8.
"Show pres and convect as" (
), "Arrows." () OK.
9.
Utility Menu>Plot>Elements.
10.
Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Contour Plot> Nodal Solu.
.
11.
, DOF Solution Temperature
. OK.
8: .
1.
. QUIT
ANSYS (ANSYS Toolbar). OK.
3. .
3.1. .
ANSYS:
Multiphysics;
Mechanical;
150
Professional;
FLOTRAN.
,
.

. , ,
, , .
.
,
. ,
. ,
Function Tool. Function Tool ,
.
, .
Function Tool Applying Loads Using
Function Boundary Conditions ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide
,
,
.
, .
,
.
.
3.2. ,
.
, .
Steady-State Thermal Analysis. ,
, ANSYS ANSYS
Commands Reference.
3.3. .
151
.
.
.

. .
, ,
.
3.4. .
.
ANSYS , ,
. (PREP7) ANSYS
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
.
.
.
.
( - ).
.
3.5. .

.
3.5.1. .
:
Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> New

Analysis> Transient.
, ANTYPE,TRANSIENT,NEW.
(,
), ANTYPE,TRANSIENT,REST.
, Jobname.ESAV and Jobname.DB
.
3.5.2. .
:
;
.
152
3.5.2.1. .

,
, , .
:
:
TUNIF
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Settings> Uniform Temp
, .
:
:
TREF
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Settings> Reference Temp
.
,
, :
:
D
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Thermal> Temperature> On
Nodes
, ,

. :
:
DDELE
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Delete> Thermal> Temperature> On
Nodes
153
3.5.2.2. .
( )
.
GUI:
:
IC
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Initial Condit'n> Define

.
,
. ,
,
:
:
ICLIST
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Initial Condit'n> List Picked
,
,
.
:
(, ,
.).
TIMINT,OFF,THERM (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Load

Step Opts> Time/ Frequenc> Time-Time Integration) .
TIME (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Load Step Opts>
Time/ Frequenc> Time-Time Step) .
(e.g. 1E-6 seconds).
(ramped) (stepped)
KBC (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Load Step Opts> Time/ Frequenc> Time-Time
Step). (ramped) ,
.
LSWRITE (Main
Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Load Step Opts> Write LS File).

.
TIMINT,ON,THERM .
154
D, DDELE, LSWRITE, SF, TIME, TIMINT

3.5.3. .
,
.
3.5.3.1. .
, (
, )
( )
.
:
;
;
;
;
.
:
1.
.
:
TIME
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Load Step Opts> Time/ Frequenc> Time-Time Step
2.
stepped ramped.
:
KBC
GUI:
3.
4.
.

:
:
LSWRITE
155
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Load Step Opts> Write LS File
5.
1 4 ( ).
( ),
0
.
:
1.
(, ),
TABLE, Applying Loads Using TABLE Type Array Parameters ANSYS
Basic Analysis Guide
2.
(AUTOTS,ON).
(DELTIM)
(NSUBST).
3.
. ,

. ,
,
, .
:
TSRES
GUI:
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> Time-Time Step
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> Time and Sub Stps
( ),
, ,
. ,
TSRES,
, DELTIM NSUBST.
(FREQ = %array% OUTRES,
array ), ( TSRES),
, FREQ
TSRES
, DELTIM,DTIME NSUBST,NSBSTP.
, FREQ 1.5, 2, 10, 14.1, 15, TSRES
1, 2, 10, 14, 16 ( ,
)
DTIME = .2, .
FREQ 14.1 , TSRES ,
14 0.2; FREQ
14.2.
156

TSRES , AUTOTS,ON.
(AUTOTS,OFF), TSRES .
:
*DIM
GUI:
Utility Menu> Parameters> Array Parameters> Define/Edit
, ,

(
TIME).
, .

[DELTIM,DTIME] [NSUBST,NSBSTP].
4.
n1,
( ,
, ).
,
. ,
.
OUTRES.
:
OUTRES
GUI:
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Ouput Ctrls> DB/Results File
.
TSRES
, , ,
, FLUID116
:
LINK31
LINK32
LINK33
PLANE35
MATRIX50
PLANE55
SHELL57
PLANE67 ( )
157
LINK68 ( )
SOLID69 ( )
SOLID70
MASS71
PLANE75
PLANE77
SOLID87
SOLID90
FLUID116
SURF151
SURF152
SHELL157
TARGE169
TARGE170
CONTA171
CONTA172
CONTA173
CONTA174
3.5.3.2. .
:
.
()
. ,
(NSUBST) (DELTIM)
(TIME).
(
). SOLCONTROL
() :
:
SOLCONTROL
GUI:
Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> Sol'n Controls
.
.
, 1.0.
, 1.0 ,
.
:
158
:
TIME
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Load Step Opts> Time/ Frequenc> Time and
SubstpsMain Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Load Step Opts> Time/ Frequenc> Time-Time
Step
,
.

.
.
(,
)

, .
,

.
, ( ), ANSYS

( )
: ITS = 2 / 4
( )
.
, k/varrhoc. k
, varrho , .
(ITS = 2 / 4 )
, ANSYS, , ,
.
,

.
.
,
. ( 1E-10)
ANSYS.
:
:
NSUBST or DELTIM
159
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Load Step Opts> Time/ Frequenc> Freq and Substps or
Time and Substps
(stepped) ,
. (ramp) ,
( )
.
:
:
KBC
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Load Step Opts> Time/ Frequenc> Time and
SubstpsMain Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Load Step Opts> Time/ Frequenc> Time-Time
StepMain Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Load Step Opts> Time/ Frequenc>Freq and Substps
3.5.4. .
ANSYS .
Full .
Quasi
.
( ).
.
.
Linear
.
.
ANSYS THOPT.
Quasi Linear
ICCG and JCG.
EQSLV.
Quasi ,
, .
0.05, 5%
. Quasi

. ,
( 64), (
MPTEMP)
. THOPT.
160
:
THOPT
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Analysis Type> Analysis Options
,
. :
.
,
. SOLCONTROL,ON, 15 26
.
, :
:
NEQIT
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Load Step Opts> Nonlinear> Equilibrium Iter
.
.
ANSYS
.
, .

. THOPT,Quasi
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
NSUBST DELTIM.
, .
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> Time-Time Step
:
161
:
AUTOTS
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> Time and Substps
, ,
, :
:
TINTP
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> Time Integration
.
,
.
.
.
, ANSYS
.
:
:
TIMINT
GUI:
.

.
ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference.
,
( THETA) 1.0.
:
162
:
TINTP
GUI:
.
ANSYS
. ,
.
( VALUE CNVTOL) ( TOLER).
VALUE TOLER. , 500
0.001,
0.5 .
, ANSYS
( T = Ti -Ti-1) .
,
0.5 .
, ANSYS
.
()
.
:
:
CNVTOL
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Load Step Opts> Nonlinear> Convergence Crit
, ANSYS
( ).
, ,
(GST)
.
GST
. GST:
:
/GST
GUI:
163
.
ANSYS
, ANSYS ,
.
:
:
NCNV
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Load Step Opts> Nonlinear> Criteria to Stop
.
ANSYS
. :
:
LNSRCH
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Load Step Opts> Nonlinear> Line Search
.
.
:
:
PRED
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Load Step Opts> Nonlinear> Predictor
3.5.5. .
.
:

164

(Jobname.OUT).
:
OUTPR
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Load Step Opts> Output Ctrls> Solu Printout
,
, ANSYS
(Jobname.RTH).
:
OUTRES
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Load Step Opts> Output Ctrls> DB/Results File
3.6. .
,
. , :
:
SAVE
GUI:
Utility Menu>File>Save As
Utility Menu>File>Save Jobname.db
,
:
:
RESUME
GUI:
Utility Menu>File>Resume Jobname.db
Utility Menu>File>Resume from
165
3.6.1. .
:
:
LSSOLVE
GUI:
Main Menu> Solution> Solve> From LS Files

.
ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide
SOLUTION,
:
:
FINISH
GUI:
Main Menu>Finish
3.7. .
ANSYS
Jobname.RTH. (
):

(TEMP)

(TFX, TFY, TFZ, TFSUM).
(TGX, TGY, TGZ, TGSUM).
..
3.7.1. .
:
, POST1 (Main Menu>General Postproc.). POST1
( ) .
POST26
( ) .
POST26
,
.
166

.
.
, ANSYS
.
Jobname.RTH.
3.7.2. .
POST1,
. :
:
SET
GUI:
Main Menu> General Postproc> Read Results> By Time/Freq
, ANSYS
.
ANSYS ,
. ANSYS
.
:
GUI:
Main Menu> General Postproc> Read Results> By Load Step
3.7.3.
.
POST26
( ) . ANSYS
. 1 .
POST26,
.
167
,
:
:
NSOL
GUI:
Main Menu>TimeHist Postproc>Define Variables
,
:
:
ESOL
GUI:
,
:
:
RFORCE
GUI:
,
PLVAR (Main Menu> TimeHist Postproc> Graph Variables).
.
:
:
EXTREM
GUI:
Main Menu>TimeHist Postproc>List Extremes
,

.
168
POST26 ,
, ..
3.8. .
,
ANSYS .
, .

3.8.1. .
:
PLESOL
GUI:
Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Contour Plot> Element Solu
:
PLETAB
GUI:
Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Contour Plot> Elem Table
:
PLNSOL
GUI:
Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Contour Plot> Nodal Solu
3.8.2. .
:
PLVECT
GUI:
Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Vector Plot> Pre-defined or User-defined
169
3.8.3. .
:
PRESOL
GUI:
Main Menu>General Postproc>List Results>Element Solution
:
PRNSOL
GUI:
Main Menu>General Postproc>List Results>Nodal Solution
:
PRRSOL
GUI:
Main Menu>General Postproc>List Results>Reaction Solu
3.9. ( ).
,
ANSYS,
, .
,
:
; ,
, ,
..
,
.
.
, ,
.
,
:
; ()
, .

( ).
170
, /,
:
H=
pc(T)dT
C(T)
,
.
,
.
, PLANE55
SOLID70. ,
, KEYOPT (
).
, THETA = 1,

( THETA = 0.5).

. ,
:
:
LNSRCH
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Load Step Opts> Nonlinear> Line Search
171
3.10. .
.
3.10.1. .
.

.
L 4 .
,
.
.
.
.
3.10.2. .
( ), , :
(KXX)
0.025 Btu/(hr-in-F)
(DENS)
0.054 lb/in3
172
(C)
0.28 Btu/(lb- F)

(KXX):
0 F
1.44 Btu/(hr-in- F)
2643 F
1.54
2750 F
1.22
2875 F
1.22
(ENTH):
0 F
0.0 Btu/in3
2643 F
128.1
2750 F
163.8
2875 F
174.2
2875 F
80 F
0.014 Btu/(hr-in2- F)
80 F
.
.

,
.
.
3.10.3. GUI .
Thermal Tutorial.
3.10.4. .
ANSYS .
(, )
.
/TITLE,
/PREP7
K,1,0,0,0
K,2,22,0,0
173
K,3,10,12,0
K,4,0,12,0
/TRIAD,OFF
/REPLOT
!
!
A,1,2,3,4
SAVE
RECTNG,4,22,4,8
APLOT
AOVLAP,1,2
ADELE,3,,,1
! 3
SAVE
!
MP,DENS,1,0.054
MP,KXX,1,0.025
MP,C,1,0.28
!
!
MPTEMP,1,0,2643,2750,2875,,,
MPDATA,KXX,2,1,1.44,1.54,1.22,1.22,,,
MPDATA,ENTH,2,1,0,128.1,163.8,174.2
MPPLOT,KXX,2,,,,,
MPPLOT,ENTH,2,,,,,
SAVE
!
ET,1,PLANE55
! PLANE55
!
SAVE
SMRT,5
! 5
174
MSHAPE,0,2D
! .
MSHKEY,0
AMESH,5
! , 5
!
TYPE,1
! 1
MAT,2
! 2
REAL
ESYS,0
AMESH,4
! , 4
!
SAVE
SFL,1,CONV,0.014,,80,,
SFL,3,CONV,0.014,,80,,
SFL,4,CONV,0.014,,80,,
SAVE
FINISH
/SOLU
!
ANTYPE,4
SOLCONTROL,ON,0
!
! .
!
APLOT
ASEL,S,,,4
! , 4
NSLA,S,1
! , .
NPLOT
IC,ALL,TEMP,2875
NSEL,INVE
!
! 2875F
! , 5
175
/REPLOT
IC,ALL,TEMP,80
! 80F
ALLSEL,ALL
SAVE
!
TIME,3
AUTOTS,-1
DELTIM,0.01,0.001,0.25,1
KBC,0
!
!
!
OUTRES,ALL,ALL
SAVE
/STAT,SOLU
/REPLOT
APLOT
SOLVE
FINISH
!
/POST26
EPLOT
cntr_pt=node(16,6,0)
NSOL,2,cntr_pt,TEMP,,center
! cntr_pt
PLVAR,2
FINISH
/EOF
3.11. .
ANSYS, ANSYS Verification Manual Heat Transfer
Training Manual,
.
176
,

, , , ..
,
(724) 514-2882.
ANSYS Verification Manual ,
ANSYS. , ANSYS Verification
Manual, .
. ANSYS,
,
.
ANSYS Verification Manual .
VM28
VM94 .
VM104 ()
VM109 - .
VM110
VM111
VM112 -
VM113 -
VM115
VM116 .
VM159
VM192 .
4. .
4.1. ?
. /
.
. ,
, ,
, .
4.2. .
ANSYS
. :
177
LINK31 ,

.
SURF151 SURF152
.
AUX12
,
( , Multiphysics, Mechanical
Professional).
, 3D (2D)
. 3D (2D) ,
(
, Multiphysics, Mechanical Professional).
, ,
.
.
4.3. .
, :
:
, . ANSYS . ANSYS

, .
.
:
, .
.
.
:
, I,
J.
. ANSYS
, ()
Hemicube .
: ,
, ,
. ANSYS
.
,
( ). ,
.
:
=
+ = 1
:

178
.
.
:
.
. ,
.
, 460, ,
273.
: , ,
ANSYS
.
.
: , ,

, .
:
,
.

ANSYS.
, ,
.
4.4. LINK31.
LINK31 ,
.
:
.

- .
LINK31

.
4.5. .

,
.
ANSYS : SURF151
SURF152 . KEYOPT(9)
.
( 1) KEYOPT(9) = 1.
4.6. (
AUX12).
179

, .
ANSYS Multiphysics, Mechanical Thermal.
(-)

.
4.6.1. .
:
1.
2.
3.
.
.
.
4.6.1.1. .
,
LINK32 SHELL57 .
:
1.
(PREP7).
,
.

.
.
2.
SHELL57
LINK32 ,
.
,
:
180
:
ESURF
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Elements> Surf/Contact> Surf Effect>
General Surface> Extra Node
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Elements> Surf/Contact> Surf Effect>
General Surface> No extra Node
, .
,
.
.
.
, SHELL57 LINK32,
( ) .
.
. ,
( )
Z SHELL57 Y
LINK32.
, ,
, .
, :
.
181
3.
.
, .
.
. ,
.
4.6.1.2. .
:
, .
(2-D 3-D)
.
(
).
.
:
1.
AUX12 :
:
/AUX12
GUI:
Main Menu>Radiation Opt
2.
, .
(elements by type) (all
attached nodes). GUI Utility
Menu> Select> Entities ESEL,S,TYPE NSLE.
, .
3.
:
:
GEOM
182
GUI:
Main Menu>Radiation Opt> Matrix Method> Other Settings
AUX12
.
. (
NDIV = 0), ( NDIV > 0),
. ANSYS
, NDIV. , NDIV =
10 ,
36 .
4.
, , .
1.
:
EMIS
GUI:
Main Menu> Radiation Opt> Matrix Method> Emissivities
5.
.
0.119E-10 Btu/hr-in2-R4 (
5.67E-8 W/m2-K4).
:
STEF
GUI:
Main Menu> Radiation Opt> Matrix Method> Other Settings
6.
:
:
VTYPE
GUI:
Main Menu> Radiation Opt> Matrix Method> Write Matrix
:
183
( )
(
).
:

( ).

.
,
.

.
.
NZONE VTYPE Write
Matrix.

:
:
SPACE
GUI:
Main Menu> Radiation Opt> Matrix Method> Other Settings
7.
WRITE Write Matrix

Jobname.SUB.
, .
WRITE MPRINT,1.
8.
:
:
ALLSEL
GUI:
Utility Menu>Select>Everything
.
4.6.1.3. .
, ANSYS (PREP7)
. :
1.
:
:
/PREP7
184
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor
MATRIX50 () .
2.
:
:
TYPE
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Elements> Elem Attributes
3.
:
:
SE
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Elements> Superelements> From .SUB File
4.
SHELL57
LINK32 :
:
EDELE
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Delete> Elements
( ).
5.
6.
(SOLUTION).
:
:
D, F
GUI:
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> option
185
(
), .
.
7.
4.6.2. .

,
.
.
4.6.2.1. .
, ,
. ,
,
. :
, ( 1),
.
4.6.2.2. .
,
.
, ,

.
, ,

.
,
:
.

.

( ) ,
.
(. 1).
,
,
.
.
,
, (
)
.
186
4.6.3.
.
AUX12
,
.
,

.
,
.
.
,

. ,
,
( ).
, .
,
.
() ,
,
.
. (
NZONE VTYPE) (
), , NZONE
.
20
.
LINK32, ,
,
.
( ) .

1.0 .

***** FORM FACTORS ***** TOTAL= Value ( =
) MPRINT,1.
1.0. . ,
, MPRINT,1

1.0. ,

.
4.7. .
187
ANSYS Multiphysics, Mechanical Thermal

, .
(, ), .
4.7.1. .
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
.
.
.
.
.
4.7.1.1. .
:
1.
(PREP7).
,

.
.
,
.
2.
SF, SFA, SFE, or SFL

. , ,
.
SF,
SFA, SFE, or SFL VALUE = -N.
(N ).
3.
,
. :
:
/PSF
GUI:
Utility Menu>PlotCtrls>Symbols
SHELL57 SHELL157,
.
SF, SFA, or SFE.
4.7.1.2. .
188
,
. :
:
STEF
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Radiation Opts> Solution Opt
Main Menu> Radiation Opt> Radiosity Meth> Solution Opt
Main Menu> Solution> Radiation Opts> Solution Opt
,
. ,
:
:
TOFFST
GUI:
Main Menu>Preprocessor>Radiation Opts>Solution Opt
Main Menu>Radiation Opt> Radiosity Meth> Solution Opt
Main Menu>Solution> Radiation Opts> Solution Opt
, , (
) .
. :
:
RADOPT
GUI:
,
.
:
:
189
SPCTEMP
GUI:
SPCTEMP .
.
, :
:
SPCNOD
GUI:
() ,
,
.
. SPCNOD.
. SPCNOD
.
4.7.1.3. .

:
:
HEMIOPT
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Radiation Opts> View Factor
Main Menu> Radiation Opt> Radiosity Meth> View Factor
Main Menu> Solution> Radiation Opts> View Factor
190
HEMIOPT
Hemicube. 10.
.
:
V2DOPT
GUI:
V2DOPT
. , (
). (20 )
.
( )
( 200).
.
:
:
VFOPT
GUI:
VFOPT, Opt
(Opt = NEW). ,
(Opt = OFF).
( )
SOLVE /SOLU.
SOLVE, ANSYS ,
VFOPT.
4.7.1.4. .
.
.
:
191
:
VFCALC
GUI:
Main Menu> Radiation Opt> Radiosity Meth> Compute
,

.
:
VFQUERY
GUI:
Main Menu> Radiation Opt> Radiosity Meth> Query

*GET,Par,RAD,,VFAVG.
4.7.1.5. .
.
.
:
:
TUNIF
GUI:
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Settings> Uniform Temp

:
:
NSUBST or DELTIM
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> Freq and Substps or
Time and Substps
192
,
(ramped) . :
:
KBC
GUI:
4.7.2. .
,

( ),
.
:
1.
MP .
.
,
.
2.
.
:
ANTYPE
GUI:
Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> New Analysis
3.
.
:
QSOPT
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> Quasi-Static
SOLCONTROL,ON.
OPNCONTROL.
( , )
.
, QSOPT,ON
(TIME = 1).
:
193

OPNCONTROL, ,
.
(TIME) (DELTIM)
, .
4.8.
( ).

.
, .
ANSYS
.
4.8.1. .
,
. 0.9.
1500F.
0.7
100F.
70F.
.
4.8.2. .
ANSYS
. , .
/TITLE, .
! .
/PREP7
194
CYL4,0,0,.5,0,.25,180
! 1
CYL4,0.2,0,1,0,.75,180
! 2
ET,1,PLANE55
LSEL,S,LINE,,1
SFL,ALL,RDSF,.9, ,1,
LSEL,S,LINE,,7
SFL,ALL,RDSF,.7, ,1,
LSEL,S,LINE,,3
DL,ALL, ,TEMP,1500,1
LSEL,S,LINE,,5
DL,ALL, ,TEMP,100,1
ALLSEL
STEF,0.119E-10
TOFFST,460
RADOPT,0.5,0.01,0,
SPCTEMP,1,70
V2DOPT,0.0,0,0,
! -
!
!
! 1
!
ESIZE,0.05,
AMESH,ALL
MP,KXX,1,.1
FINISH
/SOLU
TIME,1
DELTIM,.5,.1,1
NEQIT,1000
SOLVE
FINISH
/POST1
195
ASEL,S,AREA,,1
NSLA,S,1
PRNSOL,TEMP
FINISH
196
ANSYS/FLOTRAN
1. FLOTRAN CFD
1.1. FLOTRAN CFD
FLOTRAN FLOTRAN CFD ( )
ANSYS
. FLUID141 FLUID142
FLOTRAN CFD :
.
.
.
ANSYS ANSYS FLOTRAN
, :

.
.

.
.
1.2. FLOTRAN
FLOTRAN:

,
,
().
. ,
, . ,
.
, ,
GUI .
:
FLDATA1,SOLU,FLOW,TRUE
GUI:
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Solution Options
1.2.1. .
,
, .
.
1.2.2. .
,
().
197
, ANSYS ,
.
(incompressible),
()
.
.
1.2.3. .
.
,
.
, .
, -
, .
, ,
.
1.2.4. .
,
. ANSYS
.
1.2.5.
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.
1.2.6. .
.

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1.3. GUI .
ANSYS GUI
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, .
ANSYS (ANSYS Commands
Reference).
GUI , .
GUI .
GUI ,
,
.
, ,
, .
,
.
198

(ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide)
(Material Model Interface).
2. FLOTRAN
2.1. , FLOTRAN
ANSYS FLOTRAN, FLUID141 FLUID142,
.
ANSYS ,
, .

FLUID141
2-D
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FLUID142
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2.1.1 FLUID141
FLUID141
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FLOTRAN CFD
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FLUID116). FLUID141
.
FLOTRAN CFD
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199

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FLUID141
2.1.1.1 .
,
FLUID141. ()
() .
KEYOPT(3)
, .
SF, SFA, SFE,
SFL FSIN.
( ),
(, ).
Sequentially Coupled Physics Analysis (
) ANSYS Coupled-Field Analysis Guide (
ANSYS).
2.1.1.2
[MAT] FLUID141 1,
. , ,
FLDATA. ,
.
, .
, FLDATA7,PROT
( floprp.ans). (
) .
200
6 ( - , 4 -
).
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KEYOPT(1) .
. KEYOPT(4)

(ALE).
,
.
2.1.1.3 .

(, ).
, .

1.
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:
(K), (f) (C).
, X.
:
= (/)
= (/(*))
RE = ( ): RE = ( V Dh) /
f = ( ): f = a RE-b
C = FLOTRAN (1/length2). FLOTRAN
.
,
ENKE = 0 ENDS = 1 .
.
ANSYS Power Law, Bingham Carreau.
ANSYS ,
. UserVisLaw ANSYS
Guide to User Programmable Features ( ANSYS
).
2.1.1.4 .

. ,
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,
.
( TYPE = 4) .
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201
V , C1, C2 C3 .
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2.1.1.5
[MAT] 1,
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100 . ,
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MPDATA.

.
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FLUID141.
2.1.1.6 FLUID141

FLUID141
I, J, K, L

VX, VY, VZ, PRES, TEMP, ENKE, ENDS

: KXX, KYY, C, DENS
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FLDATA MPTEMP MPDATA).

HFLUX, CONV, RAD, RDSF, FSIN

HGEN, FORC

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0 -
202
2 - 6 -
KEYOPT(3)
0 - ( )
1 - Y-
2 - -
3 -
KEYOPT(4)
0 - .
1 - (UX UY).
FLUID141

R1
TYPE : 1 = :
2 = :
3 = :
4 = :
5 = :
()
TYPE = 1,2,3
DIR
TYPE = 4 : 1 = X, 2 = Y, 3 = Z
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TYPE = 1,2 /
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TYPE = 5 C1 X .
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R4
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Cx
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C2x
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TYPE = 5 C2 X .
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1/L2
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M/L3t
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Dh
Dhx
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C3x
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TYPE = 5 C3 X .
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L
M/L4
M/L4
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a
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TYPE = 4,5
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203
R7
b
bx
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FLDIR
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C1y
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C1z
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TYPE = 5 C1 Z () .
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M/L2t2
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C2z
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TYPE = 4
TYPE = 5 C2 Z () .
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Dhz
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C3z
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.
TYPE = 4
TYPE = 5 - C3 Z () .
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bz
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TYPE = 1,2 -
TYPE = 3 - Z () .
TYPE = 4,5 -
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204
2.1.1.7 FLUID141

.
. ANSYS
Basic Analysis Guide.
,
. ,
.
, (
, DOF ).
,
, .
,
FLDATA5,OUTP.
Jobname.PFL .
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Y)
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X); ( Y)
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205
PRES:
ENKE:
ENDS:
TEMP:
DENS:
VISC:
COND:
SPHT:
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CMUV:
TTOT: ( )
HFLU:
HFLM: .
RDFL:
STRM: (2-D)
MACH: ( )
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TAUW:
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, [MSSPEC],
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8. , .
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10. , KEYOPT(4) = 1.
2.1.1.8 .
.
,
206
. X Y.
.
FLUID141 ANSYS.
ANSYS FLUID141.
, FLOTRAN CFD, .
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2.1.2. FLUID142
FLUID142
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FLOTRAN CFD
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FLUID116). FLUID142
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(, , .)
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207

.
,
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, 6 .

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Z (,
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FLUID141
2.1.2.1 .
,
FLUID142. 8 .
KEYOPT(3)
.
SF, SFA, SFE, SFL
FSIN.
( ),
.
Sequentially Coupled Physics Analysis ( )
ANSYS Coupled-Field Analysis Guide ( ANSYS).
2.1.2.2
[MAT] FLUID142 1,
. , ,
208
FLDATA. ,
-. ,
, .
, FLDATA7,PROT
( floprp.ans). (
) .
6 ( - , 4 -
).
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(ALE).
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2.1.2.3 .

(, ).
, .

1.
, ,
:
(K), (f) (C).
, X.
:
= (/)
= (/(*))
RE = ( ): RE = ( V Dh)
/
f = ( ): f = a RE-b
C = (1/length2). FLOTRAN
.
,
ENKE = 0 ENDS = 1 .
.
ANSYS Power Law, Bingham Carreau.
ANSYS
. UserVisLaw ANSYS Guide to
User Programmable Features ( ANSYS
).
2.1.2.4 .
209

. ,
, .
,
.
,
X.
V , C1, C2 C3 .
( TYPE = 5),

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2.1.2.5
[MAT] 1,
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100 . ,
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FLUID142.
2.1.2.6 FLUID142
FLUID142
I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P

VX, VY, VZ, PRES, TEMP, ENKE, ENDS
.

: KXX, KYY, KZZ, C, DENS
: , , , (
FLDATA)

HFLU, CONV, RAD, RDSF, FSIN

HGEN, FORC

, 6 , ,
,
, ,
210
, .
KEYOPT(1)
.
0 - .
2 - 6 - ( ()
)
KEYOPT(3)
0 - ( )
3 -
KEYOPT(4)
0 -
1 - (UX, UY, and UZ).
FLUID142

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R2
R3
R4
R5
TYPE
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M/L3t
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M/L3t
Dh
TYPE = 1,2
Dhx
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L
211
C3
TYPE = 4
M/L4
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M/L4
TYPE = 1,2 - ,
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R7
R8
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TYPE = 3 Y
(Blank) TYPE = 4
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M/L3t
TYPE = 5 C2 Y
(Blank) TYPE = 1,2
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TYPE = 3 Y
(Blank) TYPE = 4
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M/L4
TYPE = 5 C3 Y
(Blank) TYPE = 1,2 -
ay
TYPE = 3 Y
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TYPE = 3 Y
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1/L
TYPE = 3 Z (swirl)
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M/L2t2
TYPE = 5 C1 Z (swirl)
Cz
1/L2
TYPE = 3 Z (swirl)
(Blank) TYPE = 4 -
C2z
M/L3t
212
R15
R16
R17
Dhz
TYPE = 3 Z (swirl)
(Blank) TYPE = 4 -
C3z
M/L4
az
TYPE = 3 Z (swirl)
bz
TYPE = 3 Z ()
2.1.2.7 FLUID142

.
. ANSYS
Basic Analysis Guide.
,
. ,
. ,
(
, DOF ). ,

, .
,
FLDATA5,OUTP.
Jobname.PFL .
,
, , , .
, .
Jobname.PFL
.
Jobname.RSW ,
. , , ,
,
( )
( ).
Jobname.RDF ,
.
:
, ETABLE,
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, . ,
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213
( ) FLUID141
R
UX
X ( )
9
UY
Y ( )
9
UZ
Z ( )
9
X ( )
Y
VX:
( )
Y ( )
Y
VY:
( )
Z ( )
Y
VZ:
( )
PRES:
Y
ENKE:
2
ENDS:
2
TEMP:
1
DENS:
8
VISC:
8
COND:
8
SPHT:
8
EVIS: ( )
8
ECON: ( )
2
CMUV:
2
TTOT: ( )
7
HFLU:
1
HFLM:
1
MACH: ( )
6
PTOT:
Y
PCOE:
3
TAUW:
3
N , N = 1 - 6 (FLOTRAN).
SP0N: , [MSSPEC], 4
SP0N.
N , N = 16 (
3
LMDN:
, )
N , N = 16 (
2
EMDN:
, )
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
,
.
.
.
, .
.
.
, swirl .
Jobname.RFL, (DENS)
.
10. , KEYOPT(4) = 1.
2.1.2.8 .
214
.
,
. X Y.
.
FLUID142 ANSYS.
ANSYS FLUID142
, FLOTRAN CFD, .
, ,
.
(
), ,
.
/ .
/
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.
(RDSF)
R-THETA R-THETA-Z.
:
.

.
.
.
, ,
. MP, MPDATA
.
,
.
, > 5.
,
, .
, .
, ()
.
2.1.3.
FLOTRAN :
, .
, , ,
, ,
, ,
.
, ,
, .
,
FLOTRAN
,
.
215
, , ,
, .
, ,
. , swirl ()
, .
2.2.
FLOTRAN:
FLOTRANa :
.
ANSYS FLOTRAN.
GUI
FLOTRANa.
,
FLOTRANa.
2.2.1. FLOTRAN
FLOTRAN,
ANSYS, ,
FLOTRAN. ,
, , FLOTRAN. ANSYS
.
FLOTRAN :
FLOTRAN .
.
/CLEAR (Jobname.RFL),
, ,
.
Jobname.RFL, ,
Jobname.RFO ( ).
( ).
ADAPT FLOTRAN.
FLOTRAN ANTYPE
.
FLOTRAN .
FLOTRAN Transient Analyses.
BFCUM, BFDELE,
BFUNIF, ANSYS ,
BFE.
FLOTRAN CE, CECMOD, CEDELE, CEINTF.
FLOTRAN CNVTOL .
, DSYM, ,
FLOTRAN.
FLOTRAN
.
FLOTRAN FLDATA4,TIME DELTIM
.
FLOTRAN DESOL, PRESOL
HEAT, FLOW, FLUX.
216
FLOTRAN .
, ,
FLOTRAN.
FLOTRAN FLDATA4,TIME,BC KBC
ANSYS. FLOTRAN .
, LCCALC, LCDEF, LCFACT,
LCFILE.
NEQIT,
.
,
. , (
N, NMODIF NROTAT).
FLDATA2,ITER, FLDATA4,TIME FLDATA4A,STEP
, (Jobname.RFL and Jobname.PFL)
FLOTRAN ,
NSVR.
FLDATA2,ITER FLDATA4,TIME ,
.
PRNLD FLOTRAN.
TIME,
FLOTRAN.
TIMINT, FLDATA1,SOLU
.
FLDATA4,TIME TRNOPT
.
RESCONTROL FLOTRAN.
RESCONTROL FLDATA32,REST.
FLOTRAN DK
.
2.3. FLOTRAN
FLOTRAN :
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. .
7. .
2.3.1. .
.
. ,

,
.

, , . ,
. ,
217
,
.
,
.
2.3.2. .
.
,
.
, FLOTRAN, ,
.
. ,
. ,
.
( ) ,
.
, .
.
0.3, .
0.7,
.
2.3.3. .
/
, / , .
, , /
, .
, ,
,
.
(mapped) / .
MSHKEY,1 (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing>
Mesh> entity> Mapped).

.
ANSYS .
, ,
,
.
,
, (extruded).
. ,
, .
.
ANSYS MeshTool (Main Menu> Preprocessor>
Meshing> MeshTool) , Hex
.
2.3.4. .
218
.
, / .
. ,
,
.
.
2.3.5. FLOTRAN

, .
.
2.3.6. .
,
. , ,
, ( ) ,
( ENKE), (ENDS),
(EVIS).

.
2.3.7. .

.
2.4. , FLOTRAN.
ANSYS
.
, , ,
.. ,
, , FLOTRAN.
, FLOTRANa.
.
, Jobname.RFL, .
, Jobname.RSW, .
, Jobname.RDF, .
, Jobname.DBG, ,
.
, Jobname.RFO, .
, Jobname.CFD, FLOTRANa.
jobname.pv_0000n .
2.4.1. .
FLOTRANe ANSYS.
ANSYS
Jobname.RFL. , ,
219
. , ,
FLDATA5,OUTP (ANSYS Commands Reference).
ANSYS
FLOTRAN.
: ,
,
.
ANSYS
( ),
.
Jobname.RFL.
,
.
,
.
,
.

, ..
, :
:
FLDATA2,ITER,OVER,Value
GUI:
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Execution Ctrl
, :
:
FLDATA2,ITER,APPE,Value
GUI:
2.4.2. (Jobname.PFL)
Jobname.PFL FLOTRAN,
.
SOLVE .
.
, , ,
.
.
2.4.3. .
, Jobname.RDF, , .
, ,

.
,
.
, , , .
, ,
220
( ).
.

:
:
FLDATA5,OUTP,RESI,TRUE
GUI:
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN SetUp> Additional Out> Residual File
, FLREAD (Main Menu> General Postproc>
FLOTRAN 2.1A). ,
(, TEMP PRES ).
2.4.4. .
FLOTRAN
.
.
Jobname.CFD. FLOTRAN ANSYS (
).
Jobname.CFD :
:
FLDATA32,REST,RFIL,T
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Restart Options> CFD Restart File
(TRUE) (FALSE) RFIL. ,
ANSYS , FLOTRAN .
.
,
.CFD ,
. :
:
FLDATA32,REST,WFIL,T
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Restart Options> CFD Restart File
, FLOTRAN

RFIL. , ,
FLDATA32,REST,RFIL,TRUE ,
Jobname.CFD.
2.4.5.
.

, , , ,
, ANSYS.
, ,
.
2.4.6. FLOTRAN.
221
,
Jobname.RFL .RFL.
(Label = NSET), (Label = ITER),
/ (Label = LSTP),
(Label = TIME). :
FLDATA32,REST,Label,Value. (NSET,
ITER, LSTP TIME) Label. Value ,
.
, ,
.
Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up>
Restart Options> Restart/Iteratio (or Restart/Load step, Restart/Set, etc.)
, ANSYS (
) .
, ANSYS
Jobname.RSO ,
Jobname.RFL. Jobname.RSO
, Value FLDATA32,REST .
FLOTRAN , Value.
2.5.
ANSYS
.
2.5.1. .

, ,
. 0.0
( ) 1.0 .
:
:
FLDATA25,RELX,Label,Value
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap> DOF Relaxation
Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap> Prop Relaxation
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap> DOF Relaxation
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap> Prop Relaxation
FLDATA25,RELX ANSYS Commands Reference
2.5.2. .

, . ,
,
.
, . .
222
(MOME),
(TURB), (PRES)
(TEMP). :
:
FLDATA26,STAB,Label,Value
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap> Stability Parms
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap> Stability Parms
,
.
1.0 1.010-7.
2.5.3. .

.

(MOME), (TURB)
(TEMP). :
:
FLDATA34,MIR,Label,Value
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap> MIR Stabilization
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap> MIR Stabilization

, ,
. 0.1 1.0.

.
2.5.4. .
.

,
. ,
.
:
:
FLDATA26,STAB,VISC,Value
GUI:
2.5.5. .

.
223
, , (VY, VY, VZ, PRES, TEMP).

:
:
FLDATA31,CAPP
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap> Results Capping
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap> Results Capping
,
.
,
,
.
, ANSYS
.
, ,
. , ,
.
.

.
, .
, .
2.5.6. .
ANSYS .
2. ,
/ ,
. 2
, .

, .
, ,
:
:
FLDATA30,QUAD,Label,Value
(Label , , Value
).
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Mod Res/Quad Ord> CFD Quad
Orders
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Mod Res/Quad Ord> CFD Quad Orders

FLDATA30,QUAD (ANSYS Commands Reference).
2.6. FLOTRAN
224
,
FLOTRAN .
2.6.1. .
, FLOTRAN,
,
. ,
,
.

.
, ANSYS, Multiphysics
FLOTRAN
,
. ANSYS
. , ANSYS
.
, ,

.
, ,
.
, :
:
FLDATA2,ITER,EXEC,Value (Value .)
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Execution Ctrl
2.6.2. .
ANSYS
. (VY, VY, VZ),
(PRES), (TEMP), (ENKE),
(ENDS)
(SP01-SP06).
:
, ,
- (-1) ,
.
. .
, ,
(GST), .
GST .
() GST :
:
/GST
GUI:
225
, ANSYS
GST.
(a) , (b)
b , ANSYS .
.
,
.
, :

.
226
, .
( / )
GST :
GST FLOTRANe, , , ,
. GST
, FLOTRAN, ANSYS Thermal
Analysis Guide, ANSYS Electromagnetic Field Analysis Guide, ANSYS Structural Analysis
Guide.
GST 10 (
10 , 10 ).
ANSYS STOP.
, .
SOLVE Main Menu> Solution>
Run FLOTRAN.
, ,
.
2.6.3. FLOTRANa.
,
. , :
:
FLDATA3,TERM,Label,Value
GUI:
, ANSYS Commands Reference.

, .

.
FLOTRAN
Transient Analyses.
FLOTRAN ,
Jobname.ABT , ANSYS .
"terminate".
Windows,
Jobname.ABT. FLOTRAN
Jobname.ABT. , FLOTRAN ,
Jobname.RFL, Jobname.PFL .
2.7. FLOTRAN
, :
1. ?
2. , ?
,
.
,
,
,
227
. ,
, .
.
, :
.
ANSYS ,
Jobname.PFL. FLOTRAN
.
, .
Jobname.PFL. :
:
FLDATA5,OUTP,SUMF,Value
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Additional Out> RFL Out Derived
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Additional Out> RFL Out Derived
Value , ANSYS
Jobname.PFL.
, .
Mapping Results onto ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide
.
2.8. .
, , .
, .
. ANSYS
Jobname.PFL ,
.
1. Jobname.PFL. ,
. ,
:

( ,
).
2. , .
3. , ,
, .
Jobname.PFL.
4. ,
,
.
5. ,
(, ).
6. , ,

.
.
.
228
7. ,
.
:
:
FLDATA29,MODV
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Mod Res/Quad Ord> Modify Results
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Mod Res/Quad Ord> Modify Results
229
3.
FLOTRAN
3.1. .

.
. , , : .
/
(, ), .
.
.
,
. (,
).
.

, .
,
, .
, ,
.
230

, .

.
.
, ,
. , (
/) ( ).
e = + t
, , .
3.2. .

.
. /,
/ :
(/) (/)
/. ,
,
:
, .
, , , ,
2300.
( )
.
500000.
3.3. .
(, ). ,
, ?
?
, , ,
, . ,
1.0
.
.
.
,
. ,
.
, ,
, ,
.
, ,
231

.
EVIS.
Jobname.PFL.
.
/.
3.4. .
, ,
.
, . ,
( )
1000; .
.
.

:
:
FLDATA24,TURB,RATI,Value
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Turbulence> Turbulence Param
, ,
(ENKE)
(ENDS) . ENKE ENDS ,
(ININ),

(INSF),
. ININ INSF 0.01.
,
:
:
FLDATA24,TURB,ININ,Value
FLDATA24,TURB,INSF,Value
GUI:
3.5. .
FLOTRAN :
1. k- .
2. Zero Equation (ZeroEq)
3. Re-Normalized Group (RNG)
4. k- Shih (NKE)
5. Girimaji (GIR)
6. Shih, Zhu, Lumley (SZL)
:
:
FLDATA1,SOLU,TURB,T
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Setup> Solution Options
232
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Setup> Solution Options

:
:
FLDATA24,TURB,MODL,Value
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Setup> Turbulence> Turbulence Model
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Setup> Turbulence> Turbulence Model
k- . ,
.
. . ,

k- .

.
, , RNG, NKE, GIR SZL
.
, (, )
(, 180 ).
, k- ,
( ).
RNG, NKE, GIR SZL
C.
.
ANSYS Commands Reference
3.5.1. k-e ( )
k- Zero Equation .
k- . k-
.
k- :
:
FLDATA24,TURB,MODL,1
GUI:
C, C1, C2, SCTK SCTD k- ,
:
C - k-
.
C1 - k- .
C2 - k- .
SCTK .
SCTD .
C, C1, C2, SCTK SCTD k-
:
233
:
FLDATA24,TURB,Label,Value
GUI:
KAPP, EWILL, WALL, VAND TRAN, :
:
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Setup> Turbulence> Wall Parameters
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Setup> Turbulence> Wall Parameters
BETA - ,
BUC3, BUC4, and BETA, :

:
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Setup> Turbulence> Buoyancy Terms
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Setup> Turbulence> Buoyancy Terms
ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference ANSYS Commands
Reference.
3.5.2. Zero Equation (ZeroEq)
Zero Equation (ZeroEq)
. .
,
180.
Zero Equation (ZeroEq), :
:
GUI:
,
. 2
.
Reference
3.5.3. Re-Normalized Group (RNG)
Re-Normalized Group (RNG)
(, 180).
SZL,
, RNG .
RNG :
234
:
GUI:
RNG , FLDATA24A,RNGT
GUI.
RNG k- . C, C1, C2, SCTK,
SCTD
k - . :
BETA RNG,
ETAI - .
(wall parameters) , k-
.
Reference.
3.5.4. k- Shih (NKE)
k - Shih (NKE) C ,
k - .
NKE GIR .
NKE :
:
GUI:
NKE , FLDATA24B,NKET
GUI.
NKE k - . C2, SCTK, SCTD
k . :
C1MX - 1
.
, k - .
Reference.
3.5.5. Girimaji (GIR)
Girimaji (GIR)
. GIR NKE .
GIR :
:
GUI:
235

, FLDATA24C,GIRT
GUI.
GIR k - .
. SCTK SCTD
k - .
:
G0 -
G1 - .
G2 - C2.
G3 - C3.
G4 - C4.
, k - .
Reference.
3.5.6. Shih, Zhu, Lumley (SZL)
SZL , NKE GIR.

.
SZL,
RNG.
,
SZL RNG, NKE GIR. SZL
, ,
.
SZL :
:
GUI:
SZL FLDATA24D,SZLT
GUI.
SZL k - .
. SCTK SCTD
k - .
:
SZL1 (Aszl1) ( ), C.
SZL2 (Aszl2) - ( ), C.
SZL3 (Aszl3) .
, k - .
Reference.
3.6.
236

, . ,
, , .

.

MSHAPE,0,2D MSHKEY,1.
.
MSHAPE,1,2D MSHKEY,0.
.
"Log Law of the Wall",
Y+ .
. Y+
(YPLU).
Y+ 30 1000.
, 5000. FLOTRAN
Y+ 30 , , ,
.
.
237
Y+ , 1, ,
. Y+ 5000
.

, . ,
, , ,
.
.
3.7. .
, , .
(VX, VY, VZ PRES) ,
( (ENKE)
(ENDS) ).
, ,
.
:
:
D
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> boundary condition type
, :
:
DA DL
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> boundary condition
type> On Areas
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> boundary condition type> On Areas
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> boundary condition
type> On Lines
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> boundary condition type> On Lines
,
(
, ).
GUI
.
,
.
.
.
.
, ,
.
: .
.
.
: ( 0)
.
238

. ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference.
/
. .
.

.
.
, FLOTRAN
.
.
, .
.

.
.
, . ,
, ,
.
(L),
(D) :
: L/D ~ 0.06 Re
: L/D ~ 4.4 Re1/6
, 20 25 . /
,
. , .
: ,
. .
:
( ALE ).
/ ALE.
,
GUI:
D,NODE,ENDS,-1
DL,LINE,AREA,ENDS,-1,Value2
DA,AREA,ENDS,-1,Value2
,
, .
, VZ
.
: 0.
: , .
0.
, 1.
,
.
GUI, .
: ,
.
239
: , .
PERI,DX,DY,DZ, DX, DY, DZ
. /
.
: , ,
.
, .
.
1
2
: VX, VY, VZ = 0
VX, VY, VZ
: : VX VY
VX, VY, VZ
VZ = 0
: : P = 0
VX, VY, VZ
:VX VY
VZ = 0
: P = 0
:VX VY
VZ = 0
: VX, VY, VZ = 0
: VX, VY, VZ = 0
: P = 0
:P = 0

.
: ,
. ANSYS
, .
(v
):
, , ININ 0.01, 1
.
:
INSF .
ININ INSF :
:
FLDATA24,TURB,ININ,Value and FLDATA24,TURB,INSF,Value
GUI:
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Turbulence> Turbulence Param
240
(ENKE)
(ENDS) FLDATA24.
,
.
(ENKE) (ENDS) 1.0.
. ENDS 1.0, ENKE
.
: FLOTRAN .
,
. FLDATA24,TURB,WALL,EQLB.
,
FLDATA24,TURB,KS,Value. , KS,
(, , ).
, , 0.0 ( ).
(CKS),
0.5 1.0, .
, , 0.5, , KS
.
, KS.
FLDATA24,TURB,CKS,Value.
,
.
. KS CKS
.
. ,
, ,
. , KS CKS
FLDATA24,TURB.
,
. ,
FLDATA24,TURB.
.
, FLDATA24,TURB. ,
CKS ( )
FLDATA24,TURB, .
3.8.
/
. ,
.
1. , .
:
:
FLDATA1,SOLU,TURB,T
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Setup> Solution Options
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Setup> Solution Options
2. ,
. , Y+
5000.
241
Y+ :
:
FLDATA5,OUTPUT,YPLU,Value
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Setup> Additional Out> RFL Out Derived
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Setup> Additional Out> RFL Out Derived
3. .
0.01 (
).
:
:
FLDATA26,STAB,TURB,Value
GUI:
4. 0.5.
0.2, .
:
:
FLDATA25,RELX,PRES,Value
FLDATA25,RELX,VX (or VY, VZ),Value
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap> DOF Relaxation
5. (
).
( ),
107.
:
:
FLDATA24,TURB,RATI,Value
GUI:
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Turbulence> Turbulence Param
6. ,
. , ,
. ,
0.1 0.0
, .
.
7. - ,
.
( )
.
,
.
:
:
242
FLDATA31,CAPP,Label,Value
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap> Results Capping
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap> Results Capping
FLDATA31, Label
, VELO (), TEMP (). Value ,
(T or F) .
.
.
8. , ,

.
10-18
(FLDATA21,CONV,PRES,1.E-18).
, ( ) ,
, 10 (.
Jobname.DBG).
9. .
,
.
10. ,
2 .
11. Streamline Upwind/Petrov-Galerkin (SUPG)
.
243
4. FLOTRAN
4.1.
,
. ,
/
.
,

.

:
:
FLDATA1,SOLU,TEMP,TRUE
GUI:
FLOTRAN
.
. ,
FLDATA1 ANSYS Commands Reference ( ANSYS).
4.2. .
ANSYS - .
,
. , , , .
4.3. .
, ,
.
/ .

:
:
MP
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Load Step Opts> Other> Change Mat Props
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props> Material Models> CFD> Conductivity>
Isotropic
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props> Material Models> CFD> Specific Heat
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Other> Change Mat Props
4.4.
ANSYS :
1. .
2. .
3.
.
244
4.
.
5.
.
6. ( ).
, ,
.
.
( Applying Loads Using
TABLE Type Array Parameters ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide).
( Applying Loads Using Function Boundary
Conditions ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide).
FLOTRAN .
4.4.1. .
, FLOTRAN
.
GUI .

GUI
(TEMP)

Apply> Temperature
(CONV), (HFLU),
(RAD), -
(RDSF)
SF
Main Menu> Solution> Define

Loads>
Apply>
Thermal>
Convection
Main Menu>
Solution>
Define
Loads> Apply> Thermal> Heat Flux
Loads> Apply> Thermal> Ambient
Rad
Loads> Apply> Thermal> Surface
Rad
(HGEN)
BF

Apply> Fluid/CFD> Heat Generat
, , .
4.4.1.1. .
,
FLOTRAN.
FLOTRAN.

DDELE
DLIST
,
-
,
SFL
SFLDELE
SFA
SFADELE
SFALIST
SFTRAN
SFGRAD
SF
SFDELE
SFLIST
SFE
SFEDELE
SFELIST
SFSCALE
SFE
SFEDELE
SFELIST
SFSCALE
BFL
BFLDELE
BFLLIST
BFTRAN
245
BFA
BFADELE
BFALIST
BFTRAN
BFV
BFVDELE
BFVLIST
BFTRAN
BF
BFDELE
BFLIST
BFE
BFEDELE
BFELIST
BFSCALE
4.4.1.2. GUI
, , GUI.
Solution Menu ( ) (Apply, Delete, .),
(temperature, heat flux, etc.), (node, line, or area) .
, ,
GUI:
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Thermal> Temperature> On Lines
GUI:
Utility Menu> List> Loads> load type
4.4.1.3. .

.

.
,
.
: , : ,
.
: -, :
.
: , :
.
: , .
, , ,
. ANSYS
.

. , ,
(,
), ,
. , FLOTRAN,
,
.
,
, .

, FLOTRAN
. .

, ANSYS
, :
246
:
FLDATA14,TEMP,BULK,Value
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Flow Environment> Ref Conditions
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Flow Environment> Ref Conditions
,
, .
, ,
. SF.
STEF (,
0.119E-10 Btu/hr/in2/R4). ( )
1.0.
/
,
/ , .
,
. , , FLOTRAN

.
4.5. .
,
.
4.5.1. .

.
, .
,
1, :
:
FLDATA25,RELX,TEMP,1.0
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap/DOF Relaxation
Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap/Prop Relaxation
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap/DOF Relaxation
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap/Prop Relaxation
.
FLOTRAN CFD
.
4.5.2. , ,
.

, .
247

, .
, ,
.
, 2
(, 100 / ). FLOTRAN
.
:
:
FLDATA1,SOLU,IVSH,T
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Solution Options
4.5.3. , .
,
. .
:
:
:
ACEL
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Flow Environment> Gravity
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Flow Environment> Gravity
:
:
FLDATA13,VARY,Label,TRUE (Label = )
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Fluid properties
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Fluid properties
,
.
, .
,
TDMA.
( )/10, 100.
4.5.4. .

/,
. ,
TDMA, .
TDMA :
:
FLDATA18,METH,TEMP,1
GUI:
248
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> CFD Solver Controls> Temp Solver CFD
Conjugate Residual
, Tri-Diagonal Matrix Algorithm (TDMA). :
:
GUI:
,
(
FLDATA18 ANSYS Commands Reference).
conjugate residual ,
.

Preconditioned Conjugate Residual, ,
TDMA Conjugate Residual. PCR
, 30. :
:
GUI:
, , ,
Jobname.RFL (DENS)
.
Conjugate Residual Preconditioned Conjugate Residual
Jobname.DBG ( FLOTRAN CFD Solvers and the Matrix Equation).

Preconditioned Generalized
Minimum Residual. :
:
GUI:
Preconditioned Generalized Minimum Residual (PGMR)
.
PGMR , PCCR,
, , . PGMR
1.E-10.
, FLOTRAN 1.E-10.
1.E-20.
, , 12 . PGMR
12 , 12 20 .
FLOTRAN
. (
) KXX, KYY KZZ
. FLOTRAN
249
. FLOTRAN
.
:
:
MP or MPDATA
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props> Material Models> CFD> Conductivity>
Orthotropic
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Other> Change Mat Props
, ,
.
,
/.
:
:
FLDATA1,SOLU,FLOW,F
GUI:
:
FLDATA1,SOLU,TEMP,T
GUI:
:
FLDATA25,RELX,TEMP,1.0
GUI:
:
FLDATA2,ITER,EXEC,1
GUI:
:
GUI:
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> CFD Solver Contr> TEMP Solver CFD
,
.
FLOTRAN
. :
.
250

.
. ,
.
.
:
:
FLDATA37,ALGR,HFLM,Value
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Algorithm Ctr
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Algorithm Ctr
4.6. .
Jobname.PFL ,
. ,
.

.

. , Streamline Upwind/Petrov-Galerkin (SUPG)
, Monotone Streamline Upwind (MSU).
, Collocated Galerkin
(COLG).
.
, ,
, .
, TOFFST.
, .
, ,
.
.
.
, .
,
.
, . (
) .
,
. ,
.
,

,
.
FLOTRAN .

. ,
.
.
,
251
.
, , ,
.
4.7. ,
Radiosity
FLOTRAN
,

. FLOTRAN FLUID141
FLUID142.
. FLDATA1, SOLU,
RDSF.

X Y .
R-Theta R-Theta-Z
2-D 3-D .
4.7.1. .
Radiosity :
6.
7.
8.
9.
.
.
.
.
4.7.1.1. .
:
4.
(PREP7).
, , ,

. Radiosity
.
Radiosity , .
5.
SF, SFA, SFE, or SFL
,
. , ,
.
SF,
SFA, SFE, or SFL VALUE = -N.
(N ).
, FLUID141 FLUID142 ,
.

.
,

, .
252
6.
, ,
. :
:
/PSF
GUI:
Utility Menu>PlotCtrls>Symbols
SHELL57 SHELL157,
.
SF, SFA, or SFE.
4.7.1.2. .
,
. :
:
STEF
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Radiation Opts> Solution Opt
Main Menu> Radiation Opt> Radiosity Meth> Solution Opt
Main Menu> Solution> Radiation Opts> Solution Opt
,
. ,
:
:
TOFFST
GUI:
, , (
) .
. :
:
RADOPT
GUI:
,
.
:
:
SPCTEMP
GUI:
SPCTEMP .
.
, :
:
253
SPCNOD
GUI:
() ,
SPCNOD .
.
SPCNOD.
. SPCNOD
.
4.7.1.3. .

:
:
HEMIOPT
GUI:
HEMIOPT
Hemicube. 10.
.
:
V2DOPT
GUI:
V2DOPT
. , (
). (20 )
.
( )
( 200).
.
:
:
VFOPT
GUI:
VFOPT, Opt
(Opt = NEW). ,
(Opt = OFF).
( )
SOLVE /SOLU.
SOLVE, ANSYS ,
VFOPT.
254
4.7.1.4. .
.
.
:
:
VFCALC
GUI:
Main Menu> Radiation Opt> Radiosity Meth> Compute
,

.
:
VFQUERY
GUI:
Main Menu> Radiation Opt> Radiosity Meth> Query

*GET,Par,RAD,,VFAVG.
4.8. , ,
FLOTRAN
, ,
: .
4.8.1. .
,
, . ,
, FLUID141.
, , ,
, .
.
,
,
.
1.01E+05,
:
Ra = g TL3 2Cp/k
:
255
g =
= 1/T
T = THOT - TCOLD
L =
=
Cp =
k =
=
:
2
: 0.03m x 0.03m; 9.81 m/s
: 293K; 1.0135E+05 Pa
: , SI
: (Vx = Vy = 0);
THOT = 320K;
TCOLD = 280K
4.8.2. ( GUI).
:
1: .
ANSYS :
1. GUI Utility Menu> File> Change Title.
.
2. "Buoyancy driven flow in a square cavity." (
).
3. OK.
4. Main Menu> Preferences.
.
5. FLOTRAN CFD .
6. OK. ANSYS
FLOTRAN.
2: .
FLUID141.
:
1. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Element Type> Add/Edit/Delete.
.
2. Add. .
3. FLOTRAN CFD "2D FLOTRAN 141."
4. OK. ANSYS .
5. Close.
3: .
, .
:
256
1. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Areas>

Rectangle> By Dimensions.
.
2. X coordinates 0.0, 0.03.
3. Y coordinates 0.0, 0.03.
4. OK.
ANSYS.
4: , / , .

. :
1. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> MeshTool. Size
Controls ( ) Lines,Set. .
2. Pick All ( ).
.
3. 25.
4. OK.
5. MeshTool Areas Mesh. Quad and Free.
MESH.
6. Pick All / .
7. Close MeshTool.
8. SAVE_DB, ANSYS.
5: .
, , .
:
.
2. Nodes () Exterior ().
3. OK.
4. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply>
Fluid/CFD> Velocity> On Nodes. .
5. Pick All ( ).
.
6. 0 VX VY
7. OK.
6: .
.
:
Thermal> Temperature> On Nodes. .
2. Box. ,
.
3.
/ .
4. OK.
5. 320 .
6. OK.
257

Thermal> Temperature> On Nodes. .
8. 2.
9.
/ .
10. OK.
11. 280 .
12. OK.
13. Utility Menu> Select> Everything. ,
.
14. SAVE_DB .
7: .
.
,
FLOTRAN:
1. Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Solution Options.
.
2. "Adiabatic or thermal?" Thermal.
3. OK.
4. Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Execution Ctrl.
.
5. 200 Global Iterations (EXEC)
6. 50 .RFL File Overwrite Freq ( .RFL ).
7. 50 Output summary frequency (SUMF).
8. OK.
8: .
:
1. Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Fluid Properties.
.
2. AIR-SI "Density," "Viscosity," "Conductivity," "Specific heat"
(, , ).
3. Yes "Allow density variations?" ( ?)/
4. Apply. .
5. ,
OK.
9: .
1. Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Flow
Environment> Gravity. .
2. 9.81 "Accel in Y direction" ( Y).
3. OK.
10: .
FLOTRAN.
1. Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> CFD Solver
Contr> PRES Solver CFD. .
258
2. TDMA.
3. OK. .
4. , "No. of TDMA sweeps for pressure"
100. OK.
5. SAVE_DB .
6. Main Menu> Solution> Run FLOTRAN.
7. Solution is
done.
11: .
1. Main Menu> General PostProc> Read Results> Last Set.
2. Main Menu> General PostProc> Plot Results> Contour Plot>
Nodal Solu.
3. "Item to be Contoured" DOF Solution
4. TEMP.
5. OK.

12: .
1. Main Menu> General PostProc> Plot Results> Contour Plot>
Nodal Solu. "Other quantities."
2. "Strm func2D STRM" ( ).
3. OK.
.
259
13: .
1. Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Device Options.
2. Vector mode (On).
3. OK.
4. Main Menu> General PostProc> Plot Result> Vector Plot> Predefined.
5. , "DOF solution" "Velocity" OK.
.
14:
, , (.03 x .03).
.
1. Utility Menu> WorkPlane> WP Settings.
2. 0.0005 Snap Increment ( )
3. Spacing 0.0001 ( ).
4. Tolerance () 0.00005.
5. OK.
6. Utility Menu> Plot> Elements.
7. Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Flow Trace> Defi Trace Pt.
8. 5 6 .
9. OK .
260
10. Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Flow Trace> Plot Flow
Trace.
11. "Temperature TEMP".
12. OK. ANSYS
.
.
, Close.
.
.
15: .
1. Main Menu> General PostProc> Plot Results> Flow Trace> Plot Flow
Trace.
2. "VSUM."
3. OK. ,
,
.
. ,
Close.
4. . Utility Menu>
PlotCtrls> Animate> Particle Flow.
OK (
).
5. , ANSYS Quit .
OK.
4.8.3. .
/TITLE,Buoyancy driven flow in a square cavity
/PREP7
ET,1,FLUID141
!
RECTNG,,0.03,,0.03
!
LPLOT
LESIZE,ALL, , ,25,1,0
!
AMESH,1
EPLOT
NSEL,S,EXT
!
261
D,ALL,,,,,,VX,VY
NSEL,S,NODE,,1
!
NSEL,A,NODE,,52
NSEL,A,NODE,,77,100
D,ALL,TEMP,320
NSEL,S,NODE,,2
!
NSEL,A,NODE,,27,51
D,ALL,TEMP,280
NSEL,ALL
ESEL,ALL
FLDATA1,SOLU,TEMP,1
!
FLDATA2,ITER,EXEC,200
!
FLDATA2,ITER,OVER,50
FLDATA5,OUTP,SUMF,50
!*
FLDATA13,VARY,DENS,1
!
FLDATA7,PROT,DENS,AIR-SI
FLDATA7,PROT,VISC,AIR-SI
FLDATA7,PROT,COND,AIR-SI
FLDATA8,NOMI,COND,-1
FLDATA7,PROT,SPHT,AIR-SI
!*
ACEL,0,9.81,0
!
FLDATA18,METH,PRES,1
!
FLDATA19,TDMA,PRES,100
FINISH
/SOLU
SOLVE
!
FINISH
/POST1
SET,LAST
PLNSOL,TEMP
!
PLNSOL,STRM
!
/DEVICE,VECTOR,1
!*
PLVECT,V, , , ,VECT,ELEM
!
wpstyle,0.0005,0.0001,-1,1,0.00005,0,2,,5
EPLOT
TRPOIN,P
! P
!
PLTRAC,FLUID,TEMP
!
PLTRAC,FLUID,V,SUM
!
FINISH
4.9.
FLOTRAN ( ).
, , ,
(
, radiosity).
.

0.9.
:
/prep7
et, 1, 141
rectng, , .027744, , .027744
esize, , 20
amesh, all
nsel, s, ext
!
!
!
!
!
262
d, all,,,,,,vx,vy
allsel
lsel, s, loc, x, 0.0
nsll, s, 1
d, all, temp, 500
lsel, s, loc, x, .027744
nsll, s, 1
d, all, temp, 200
nsel, all
esel, all
fldata1, solu, temp, 1
fldata2, iter, exec, 200
fldata2, iter, over, 50
fldata5, outp, sumf, 50
!
fldata13, vary, dens, 1
fldata7, prot, dens, air-si
fldata7, prot, visc, air-si
fldata7, prot, cond, air-si
fldata8, nomi, cond, -1
fldata7, prot, spht, air-si
!
acel, 0, 9.81, 0
fldata18, meth, pres, 1
fldata19, tdma, pres, 100
fldata18, meth, temp, 6
stef,5.67e-8
toff,0
radopt,.5,0.0001
finish
/solu
allsel
nsel,s,ext
sf, all, rdsf, 0.9, -1
allsel
solve
finish
/post1
set last
plnsol, temp
plnsol, strm
!
! x = 0 500
!
! x = 0.027744 200
!
!
! -
! 0
! radiosity
!
!
!
,
!
!
4.10. FLOTRAN
FLOTRAN CFD Tutorial. ANSYS
Verification Manual :
VM46
VM121 -
VM178
VM209
VM219 .
263
5.
:
:
FLDATA1,SOLU,TRAN,TRUE
GUI:
,
, , .
:
:
FLDATA4,TIME and FLDATA4A,STEP
GUI:
,
FLOTRAN.
5.1.
FLOTRAN
. :
:
FLDATA4A,TIME,STEP,Value
GUI:
,
User Defined ( ).
. .

> 0
-1
-2
-3
-4
.
/
.
,
/
. ,
.
3 ( ) ,
( ) .
264

.
,
, .
FLOTRAN
.
:
.
.
, ,
:
:
FLDATA4A,TIME,GLOB,Value
GUI:
:
:
FLDATA4,TIME,Label,Value
GUI:
, .
( ),
, .
,
.
.
5.2.
,
.
:
:
FLDATA4,TIME,TEND,Value
GUI:
:
:
FLDATA4,TIME,NUMB,Value
, (
) .

Jobname.PFL :
:
FLDATA4,TIME,Label,Value FLDATA4A,STEP,Label,Value
GUI:
265

,
.
.
,
,
STEP,APPE,n
Jobname.RFL n
TIME,APPE,x
Jobname.RFL x
STEP,SUMF,n
Jobname.PFL
n
TIME,SUMF,x
Jobname.PFL
x
STEP,OVER,n
TIME,OVER,x
5.3. .
, FLOTRAN
( ), . (ramp)
:
:
FLDATA4,TIME,BC,1
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Setup> Execution Control
.
:
:
FLDATA4,TIME,TEND,Value
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Setup> Execution Control
.
FLOTRAN .
,
(
FLOCHECK) ( ),
,
.
,
TEND, .
TIME STEP. ,

. , TEND,

.
STEP, TEND .
266
TEND 106
.
(VX, VY,
VZ) .
, FLOTRAN
.

:
:
FLOCHECK,2
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Setup> Flocheck
FLOCHECK,2 Jobname.RFL.
.
FLOTRAN .
,
,

,
FLOCHECK .
267
6. .
6.1.
, .
(,

). ( , , )

0.3 0.7.

. ,
: , :
:
R ;
(Cp/Cv);
T .
, -
.
.
6.2. .

.
, .
:
:
FLDATA14,TEMP,TTOT,Value
GUI:
(
) .
( ),
.
. |V|
:
(M):
.
:
:
FLDATA17,GAMM,COMP,
GUI:
268
ANSYS
.
.
,

,
.
,
,
6.3. .
,
. ,
, .
.
, ,
,
.

. .
, .
,
. ,
(,
)
.
(,
0).
, ANSYS
.
, ,
.
6.4. .
, ,
/ , .
.
269
(a) , (b) ,
(c) .
()
.
, ,
.
6.5. .
, -
, .
, .

.
, ,
.

,
.
.
() .
, 1 psi,
13.7 psi ,
14.7 psi. ,
.
.
.
.
, ,
.
.
, .
,
.
.
270
, . ,
3, 4 .
,
( ).
,
.
6.5.1. .

.
10-3 10-6.
.

.
,
, .
10-4 .
RTR Jobname.DBG.
.
( )
. .

. , ,

.
,
, , .
6.6. .
6.6.1.
, .
, 2.432 , 0.5 0.8
. 6.13769e+6 dynes/cm2.
6.6.1.1. .
, ,
cm-g-sec.
6.6.1.2. .
,
FLUID141.
. ,
550 K.
6.13769e+6 dynes/cm2 0
. VY 0
VX VY 0 .
20 , 10.
20 1, 0.1,
0.01, 0.001, 0.0001 0.00001. 140.
271
160 0. 300
0, 100

.
400 .
6.7. (
)

.
1:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Utility Menu> File> Change Title.

"Compressible Flow in a Converging Diverging Nozzle."
OK.
Main Menu> Preferences.
FLOTRAN CFD
OK.
2: .
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Add.
"FLOTRAN CFD" "2D FLOTRAN 141."
OK.
Close.
3: .
1. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Keypoints> In Active CS.
2. "Keypoint number (NPT)" ( ) 1 "Location
in active CS (X and Y)" ( ) 0
2.432, . Apply ().
3. 2 (X,
Y): 2 (0, 0), 3 (1, 2.432), 4 (1, 0), 5 (2, 2.232), 6 (2, 0), 7 (5, 0), 8 (5, 0.7), 9 (6, 0), 10 (6,
0.5), 11 (14, 0), 12 (14, 0.8). Apply.
OK.
4. SAVE_DB ANSYS.
4: .
2. "Line Numbers (LINE)" ( )
OK.
3. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Lines> Lines> In Active
Coord.
4. 2 4 Apply.
5. 3 4 : 3 4; 1 3; 1 2;
5 8. , Apply.
, OK.
6. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Lines> Lines> Tan to 2
Lines.
7. 3 Apply.
8. 5 Apply.
9. 5 OK.
Coord.
272
11. 10 12 OK.
12. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Lines> Lines> Tan to 2
Lines.
13. 5 Apply.
14. 8 Apply.
15. 7 Apply.
16. 10 OK.
Coord.
18. 4 6 Apply.
19. 18 19: 6 7;
7 9; 9 11. , Apply.
OK.
5: .
1. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Areas> Arbitrary>
Through KPs.
2. (2, 4, 3, 1) Apply.
3. : (4, 6, 5, 3), (6,
7, 8, 5), (7, 9, 10, 8), (9, 11, 12, 10). Apply.
, OK.
4. SAVE_DB ANSYS.
6: .
1. Utility Menu> Parameters> Scalar Parameters.
2. ( ENTER
).
ntran = 24
rtran = 10
na = 10
nb = 10
nc = 25
nd = 10
ne = 100
re = -1.5
3. Close .
7: .
1. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Size Cntrls> Lines> Picked Lines.
2. 4 Apply.
3. "No. of element divisions (NDIV)" ( ) ntran,
"Spacing ratio (SPACE)" rtran. Apply.
4. 2, 3 2.
5. 13 Apply.
6. "No. of element divisions (NDIV)" ntran, "Spacing ratio
(SPACE)" 1/rtran. Apply.
7. 5 6 14, 15, 16.
8. 1 Apply.
9. "No. of element divisions (NDIV)" na, "Spacing ratio (SPACE)"
1. Apply.
10. 8, 9 3.
11. 6 Apply..
273
12. "No. of element divisions (NDIV)" nb, "Spacing ratio (SPACE)"

1. Apply.
13. 11 12 9.
14. 5 Apply.
15. "No. of element divisions (NDIV)" nc, "Spacing ratio (SPACE)"
1. Apply.
16. 14 15 10.
17. 8 Apply.
18. "No. of element divisions (NDIV)" nd, "Spacing ratio (SPACE)"
1. Apply.
19. 17 18 11.
20. 7 Apply.
21. "No. of element divisions (NDIV)" ne, "Spacing ratio (SPACE)"
re. Apply.
22. 20 21 12 OK.
23. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh> Areas> Mapped> 3 or 4 sided.
24. Pick All. .
8: .
1. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Numbering Ctrls> Compress Numbers.
2. Nodes "Item to be compressed" Apply.
3. Elements "Item to be compressed" OK.
9: .
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

"Lines" and "By Num/Pick," OK.
Utility Menu> Plot>Lines.
1, 9, 10, 11, 12 OK.
"Nodes" "Attached to," Lines, all, OK.
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Fluid/CFD>
Velocity> On Nodes.
8. Pick All.
9. "Velocity component (VY)" 0 OK.
11. "Lines" "By Num/Pick," Sele All. OK.
12. 4 OK.
14. "Nodes" and "Attached to," Lines, all, OK.
15. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Fluid/CFD>
Pressure DOF> On Nodes.
16. Pick All.
17. "Pressure value (PRES)" 6.13769e+6, OK.
19. "Lines" and "By Num/Pick," Sele All.
OK.
20. 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 OK.
22. "Nodes" and "Attached to," Lines, all, OK.
Velocity> On Nodes.
24. Pick All.
25. "Velocity component (VX)" "Velocity component (VY)" 0,
OK.
274

27. "Lines" and "By Num/Pick," Sele All, OK.
28. 16 OK.
30. "Nodes" "Attached to," Lines, all, OK.
Pressure DOF> On Nodes.
32. Pick All.
33. "Pressure value (PRES)" 0, OK.
10: .
1. Utility Menu> Select> Everything.
2. Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Fluid Properties.
3. "Density (DENS)," "Viscosity (VISC)," "Conductivity(COND),"
"Specific heat (SPHT)" AIR-CM.
4. yes "Allow density variations?" ( ?).
5. Apply.
6. OK.
11: .
1. Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Flow Environment> Ref
Conditions.
2. "Reference pressure (REFE)" ( ) 1.01325e+6
"Nominal temperature (NOMI)" ( ) and "Stagnation
(total) temperature (TTOT)" ( ) 550, OK.
12:
1. Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Solution Options.
2. Turbulent "Laminar or turbulent (TURB)" Compressible
"Incompress or compress (COMP)". OK.
3. Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> CFD Solver Contr> PRES
Solver CFD.
4. Precond conj res.
5. OK.
6. "Convergence criterion" 1.e-12, OK.
13: .
1. Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap> Prop
Relaxation.
2. "Density relaxation" 1.0 OK.
3. Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap> Stability
Parms.
4. "Momentum inertia" 1.0, "Pressure inertia" 1.e-4,
"Artificial viscosity" 10, OK.
5. Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Execution Ctrl.
6. "Global iterations (EXEC) 20 OK.
8. 20 Solution is
done. . Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up>
Relax/Stab/Cap> Stability Parms.
9. "Artificial viscosity" 1 OK.
11. 3 "Artificial viscosity"
( ) .1, .01, .001, .0001, and
.00001.
275
12. 140 , Solution is

13. "Artificial viscosity" 0 OK.
18. "Momentum inertia" 10, "Pressure inertia" 1.e-2,
OK.
23. "Momentum inertia" 1e+15, "Pressure inertia" 1.e+15,
OK.
Solution is done .
27. QUIT ANSYS.
OK.
6.8. (
).

.
.
/title, Compressible Flow in a Converging Diverging Nozzle
/prep7
!
!
!
et,1,141
!
!
!
/pnum,line,1
k,1,0,2.432
k,2,0,0
k,3,1,2.432
k,4,1,0
k,5,2,2.232
k,6,2,0
k,7,5,0
k,8,5,.7
k,9,6,0
k,10,6,.5
k,11,14,0
k,12,14,.8
l,2,4
276
l,3,4
l,1,3
l,1,2
l,5,8
l2tan,3,5
l,10,12
l2tan,5,7
l,4,6
l,6,7
l,7,9
l,9,11
a,2,4,3,1
a,4,6,5,3
a,6,7,8,5
a,7,9,10,8
a,9,11,12,10
!
! /
!
ntran=24
rtran=10
na=10
nb=10
nc=25
nd=10
ne=100
re=-1.5
lesize,4,,,ntran,rtran
lesize,2,,,ntran,rtran
lesize,13,,,ntran,1/rtran
lesize,1,,,na
lesize,3,,,na
lesize,6,,,nb
lesize,9,,,nb
lesize,5,,,nc
lesize,10,,,nc
lesize,8,,,nd
lesize,11,,,nd
lesize,7,,,ne,re
lesize,12,,,ne,re
amesh,all
numcmp,node
numcmp,elem
!
!
!
lsel,s,,,1
lsel,a,,,9,12,1
nsll,,1
d,all,vy,0
lsel,all
lsel,s,,,4
nsll,,1
d,all,pres,6.13769e+6
lsel,all
lsel,s,,,3
lsel,a,,,5,8,1
nsll,,1
d,all,vx,0
d,all,vy,0
lsel,all
277
lsel,s,,,16
nsll,,1
d,all,pres,0
!
!
!
alls
/solu
flda,prot,dens,air-cm
flda,prot,visc,air-cm
flda,prot,cond,air-cm
flda,prot,spht,air-cm
flda,vary,dens,t
!
!
!
flda,pres,refe,1.01325e+6
flda,temp,ttot,550
flda,temp,nomi,550
!
!
!
flda,solu,turb,t
flda,solu,comp,t
flda,meth,pres,3
flda,conv,pres,1e-12
!
! Solve
!
flda,relx,dens,1
flda,stab,mome,1
flda,stab,pres,1e-4
flda,stab,visc,10
flda,iter,exec,20
solve
flda,stab,visc,1
solve
flda,stab,visc,.1
solve
flda,stab,visc,.01
solve
flda,stab,visc,.001
solve
flda,stab,visc,.0001
solve
flda,stab,visc,.00001
solve
flda,stab,visc,0
flda,iter,exec,160
solve
flda,stab,mome,10
flda,stab,pres,1e-2
flda,iter,exec,100
solve
flda,stab,mome,1e+15
flda,stab,pres,1e+15
flda,iter,exec,400
solve
278
7. FLOTRAN
7.1.
,
, . ,
. (VOF),
.
:
:
FLDATA7,PROT,Label,Value
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Fluid Properties
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Fluid Properties
. ,
.
(, )
:
:
MP
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Other> Change Mat Props> Polynomial
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props> Material Models> Thermal> Density
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props> Material Models> Thermal> Specific
Heat
Conductivity> Isotropic
Material
Props>
Material
Models>
Thermal>
Main Menu> Solution> Other> Change Mat Props> Polynomial

.
.
ANSYS .
1 ,
. ,
.
7.2. .
"Fluid property type" ( ) ,
( , ).
, , , ,
.
.
, .
.

/--
/-
/2
/3
279

/2--
,
, ,
.
, ,
, .

.
[1]
SI (meter-kg-sec)
Joule
CGS (cm-g-sec)
Erg
mm-g-sec
Centi-erg
British (ft-slug-sec)
lbf-ft
PSI
lbf-in
1. 1 Joule = 1.0E9 Centi-ergs; 1 BTU = 778.26 lbf-ft.
7.2.1. .
, : CONSTANT,
CMIX, TABLE, (floprp.ans),
(USER), (AIR).
7.2.2. .
,
CONSTANT, CMIX, TABLE, GAS, LIQUID,
(floprp.ans), (AIR),
(USER). :
CGAS.

AIR
AIR-SI
meter-kg-sec
meter-kg-sec
AIR-CM cm-g-sec
AIRMM
mm-g-sec
AIR-FT ft-slug-sec
AIR-IN
in-(lbf-s /in)sec
Pascals
kg/m3
kg/m-sec
Pascals
kg/m-sec
g/cm-sec (poise)
kg/m
2
dynes/cm
g/cm
3
Pascals
g/m
lbf/ft2
slugs/ft3
psi
g/mm-sec
slug/ft-sec
4
lbf-sec /in
lbf-s/in2
7.2.3. .
280
: CMIX, TABLE, CONSTANT,

LIQUID, GAS, Power Law (POWL), Bingham (BING), Carreau (CARR),
(floprp.ans), (USER USRV).
AIR ,
.
Sutherland ( ).
LIQUID
(), ,
Sutherland .

: Power Law, Bingham, Carreau.
7.2.4.
.
/ .
, .
/. :
:
FLDATA7,PROT,Label,Value
GUI:
Label : DENS (), VISC (), COND (), SPHT
(), SFTS ( ).
Value .
(,
FLDATA7,PROT,DENS,%Table%).
7.2.4.1. .
,
. Utility Menu>
Parameters> Array Parameters> Define/Edit, *DIM .
,
. ,
.
, :
(TEMP)
(PRESSURE)
(TIME)
X- (X)
Y- (Y)
Z- (Z)
(VELOCITY)
, *DIM .
,
, .
, .
,
.
281
7.2.4.2. .
, .
Value

CONSTANT
GAS
LIQUID
TABLE
( MPDATA MPTEMP)
meter-kg-sec
AIR or AIR-SI
meter-kg-sec, AIR_B or AIR .

SI_B
cm-g-sec
AIR-CM
cm-g-sec, AIR-CM_B
.
mm-g-sec
AIR-MM
mm-g-sec, AIR-MM_B
.
fl-slug-sec
AIR-FT
fl-slug-sec, AIR-FT_B
.
in-(lbf-s**2/in)-sec ( AIR-IN
psi )
in-(lbf-s**2/in)-sec ( AIR-IN_B
psi ),
.
, Power Law
POWL
, Carreau
CARR
, Bingham
BING
CMIX
: USER
UserVisLaw , UserSpht , UserDens
, UserCond .
. CGAS
.
, .
_B ( ),

.

.
.
282
, ,
CONSTANT, GAS, LIQUID. :
:
FLDATA8,NOMI,Label,Value
FLDATA9,COF1,Label,Value
GUI:
Label
Value.
GAS LIQUID ,
. COF1
, , NOMI.
COF1 , ,
NOMI. GAS LIQUID ,
, COF1, COF2 COF3.
Power Law, Bingham, Carreau, NOMI, COF1, COF2, COF3
. ANSYS,
Inc. Theory Reference.
7.2.5. .
CONSTANT,
FLDATA8,NOMI GUI. ,
1.205 :
:
FLDATA8,NOMI,DENS,1.205
GAS, .
:
Density = NOMI * (P/COF2) / (T/COF1)
LIQUID,
:
Density = NOMI + COF2*(T - COF1) + COF3*(T - COF1)2
CMIX, :
, N , Yi
i i i .
CGAS, :
, N , Yi
i , Mi i , R
P .
283
TABLE,
MPTEMP MPDATA ( GUI).
USER, UserDens.
7.2.6. .
CONSTANT,
FLDATA8,NOMI GUI. ,
1.205 :
:
FLDATA8,NOMI,VISC,1.205
GAS, Sutherland .
NOMI, COF1, COF2.
R (COF2/NOMI*COF1)
():
/NOMI = (T/COF1)1.5 * (COF1 + COF2)/(T + COF2)
, , ,
:
= 4.18 x 10-5 T = 760
= 5.76 x 10-5 T = 1010
, .
, NOMI = 4.18x10-5 COF1 = 760.
Sutherland:
/4.18 x 10-5 = (T/760)1.5 (760 + COF2)/(T + COF2)
COF2
"" 5.76x10-5 T = 1010. ,
.
LIQUID, Sutherland
:
(""):
/NOMI = EXP{COF2*(1/T - 1/COF1) + COF3(1/T - 1/COF1)2}
POWL, Power Law:
BING, Bingham:
CARR, Carreau:
CMIX, :
, N , Yi
i i i .
284
TABLE,
USER USRV,
UserVisLaw.
7.2.7. .
CONSTANT,
FLDATA8,NOMI GUI. ,
1.205 :
:
FLDATA8,NOMI,SPHT,1.205
USER, UserSpht.
CMIX, :
, N , Yi
i Cpi i .
TABLE,
7.2.8. .
CONSTANT,
FLDATA8,NOMI GUI. ,
1.205 :
:
FLDATA8,NOMI,COND,1.205
GAS, Sutherland .
NOMI, COF1, COF2.
R (COF2/NOMI*COF1)
():
/NOMI = (T/COF1)1.5 * (COF1 + COF2)/(T + COF2)
LIQUID, Sutherland
.
(""):
/NOMI = EXP{COF2*(1/T - 1/COF1) + COF3(1/T - 1/COF1)2}
CMIX, :
, N , Yi i
Ki i .
TABLE,
USER USRV,
UserCond.
7.2.9. .
CONSTANT,
FLDATA8,NOMI GUI. ,
285
73.0
:
:
FLDATA8,NOMI,SFTS,73.0
LIQUID,
:
= NOMI + COF2*(T - COF1) + COF3*(T - COF1)2
USER,
UserSfts.
7.3. .
ANSYS
. , :
:
FLDATA14,TEMP,NOMI,Value
GUI:
, .
,
:
:
TOFFST,Value
GUI:
FLOTRAN ,
FLDATA,TEMP,NOMI TOFFST
GUI.
.

. ,
.
, ,
ANSYS
. ,
FLDATA12,PROP,IVISC,Value (Main
Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Fluid Properties).
, NOMI,
.
7.3.1. .
,
, .
FLDATA13,VARY,Label,Value Label SPHT, DENS,VISC, SFTS, COND.

286
Value (T F).
, CONSTANT COF1 GAS
LIQUID.
7.4. .
CGAS, CMIX, TABLE, USER, GAS, LIQUID, CONSTANT AIR
, , ,
floprp.ans ( ), .
ANSYS ,
.
. :
1. .
2. .
id ( 01 99)
n
Ci .
ID.
"y" , ,
.
ID: 01
y = C1 + C2T + C3T2 + ... + CnTn-1
ID: 02
ID: 03
In(y) = C1 + C2T + C3T2 + ... + CnTn-1
ID: 04
Power Law ID: 05

y = C1TC2
Ideal Gas Law ID: 11
Sutherland's Formula ID: 12
ID: 15
Power Law ID: 16 ( )
287

.
Bingham ID: 17 ( )
: 19
y = y (C1, C2, C3, C4)
.
, floprp.ans, .
.
[A8] .
nLines [I6]
nLines
Proplab, tProp, nProp

(PropCF(i)=1,nProp)
[A4, 1x, 2I6, 5E12.5/6E 12.5]
=
NLines =
Proplab = ( ):
SPHT -
DENS -
VISC -
COND -
GAMM -
tProp
nProp
PropCF
7.5. .
:
, Cp/Cv,
. .
:
:
FLDATA17,GAMM,COMP,VALUE
GUI:
:
floprp.ans GAMM.
FLOTRAN () .
.

288
.
:
:
FLDATA15,PRES,REFE,Value
GUI:
(, ).
.
:
TOFFST,Value
GUI:
, .
, TOFFST
GUI.
( ) , ANSYS
.
:
:
FLDATA14,TEMP,NOMI,Value
GUI:
:
:
ACEL,ACELX,ACELY,ACELZ
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Flow Environment> Gravity
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Flow Environment> Gravity
7.6. .
ANSYS (
FLUID141 FLUID142). :
Power Law, ,
.
Carreau, Power Law. ,
.
Bingham .
UserVisLaw
.

.
7.6.1. Power Law

289
Power Law, :
:
FLDATA7,PROT,VISC,POWL
GUI:
,
. ,
Power Law :
:
FLDATA8,NOMI,VISC,Value (specifies nominal viscosity)
FLDATA9,COF1,VISC,Value (specifies the cutoff shear rate)
FLDATA10,COF2,VISC,Value (specifies the consistency coefficient)
FLDATA11,COF3,VISC,Value (specifies the power)
, SOLVE
Main Menu> Solution> Run FLOTRAN.
7.6.2. Carreau
Carreau, :
:
FLDATA7,PROT,VISC,CARR
GUI:
,
. ,
Carreau :
:
FLDATA8,NOMI,VISC,Value (specifies the zero shear viscosity)
FLDATA9,COF1,VISC,Value (specifies the infinite shear viscosity)
FLDATA10,COF2,VISC,Value (specifies the time constant)
FLDATA11,COF3,VISC,Value (specifies the power)
, SOLVE
Main Menu> Solution> Run FLOTRAN.
7.6.3. Bingham.
Bingham, :
:
FLDATA7,PROT,VISC,BING
290
GUI:
,
. ,
Bingham :
FLDATA8,NOMI,VISC,Value (specifies the plastic viscosity)
FLDATA9,COF1,VISC,Value (specifies the plastic/yield stress)
FLDATA10,COF2,VISC,Value (specifies the Newtonian viscosity)
.
:
FLDATA12,PROP,VISC,Value
GUI:
7.7. .
, ,
, .
,
.
USERVISLAW,
. ,
ANSYS .
. :
:
FLDATA7,PROT,VISC,USRV (or USER)
GUI:
,
. :
:
FLDATA12,PROP,UFRQ,1 FLDATA5,OUTP,VISC,T
GUI:
, ,
. :
:
FLDATA7,NOMI,VISC,Value (specifies coefficient 1)
FLDATA6,COF1,VISC,Value (specifies coefficient 2)
291

UserVisLaw.
Power Law . ,
ANSYS Guide to User Programmable
Features.
:
:
FLDATA12,PROP,IVISC,Value
GUI:
()
SOLVE Main Menu> Solution> Run
FLOTRAN.
292
8. FLOTRAN
8.1. .
:
:
KEYOPT
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Flow Environment> FLOTRAN
Coor Sys
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Flow Environment> FLOTRAN Coor Sys
,
VX, VY, VZ . KEYOPT,
, .
VZ .
KEYOPT(3) VX
VY
VZ
2D 1
Y
2D - 2
2D
theta
3D
theta
, ( VZ)
.
. ,
Y VZ .
X
VZ . ,
.
293

Z KEYOPT(3) = 3.
8.2. .
.
,
.
.
, ,
. ,
, .
:
:
CGOMGA
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Flow Environment> Rotating Coords
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Flow Environment> Rotating Coords
, , Z
. , ANSYS
Z (.
X, Y
). , ,

.
, :
:
CGLOC
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Flow Environment> Rotating Coords
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Flow Environment> Rotating Coords
.
8.3.
294
,
X-Y.
:
:
FLDATA1,SOLU,SWIRL,TRUE
GUI:
"theta",
. .
, .
,
1.0
.
8.4. /
,
.
.
.
ANSYS Elements Reference.
,
.
ENKE 0.0 ENDS 1.0. :
:
D
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Fluid/CFD> Turbulence>
On Nodes
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Fluid/CFD> Turbulence> On Nodes

.
.
. - "Head-Capacity Curve,"
( )
.
,
.
FLOTRAN,

.
ANSYS . "Type
Four" ,
"Type Five"
. .
295

. , ,
, .
,
"s":
, V .
. , , psi,
in/sec.
, ,
. ,
.
type 5 , .
x S X,
:
, y z Y
Z , :
296
9. FLOTRAN
.
CFD
9.1. ?
,
:
1. , .
, Tri-Diagonal Matrix Algorithm (TDMA),
.
2. .
,
.
:
Conjugate Residual (CR),
Preconditioned Conjugate Residual (PCCR), Preconditioned Generalized Minimum
Residual (PGMR), Preconditioned BiCGStab (PBCGM).
preconditioned conjugate gradient
.
3. .

/
.
:
:
FLDATA18,METH,Label,Value (Label = DOF)
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> CFD Solver Controls> PRES Solver
CFD
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> CFD Solver Controls> PRES Solver CFD
: 1 (TDMA), 2 (conjugate residual), 3 (preconditioned conjugate
residual gradient), 4 (preconditioned generalized minimum residual), 5 (
), 6 (preconditioned BiCGStab).
, .
preconditioned conjugate gradient
2 3.
(TDMA)
.
10. . , ,
(10 ) ,
.
,
conjugate direction. TDMA
.
.
9.2. Tri-Diagonal Matrix

TDMA :
:
297
FLDATA19,TDMA,Label,Value (Label = DOF)

GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> CFD Solver Controls> desired DOF
solver
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> CFD Solver Controls> desired DOF
solver
9.3. .

, RTR ( ZTR
). RTR
, 10-7.
,
:
:
FLDATA21,CONV,Label,Value
GUI:
solver
solver
,
:
:
FLDATA22,MAXI,Label,Value
GUI:
solver
solver
Jobname.DBG
, ,
PRES TEMP .
:
;
( );
.
,
.
,
(, 10-15).
.
.
RTR ZTR ( 1020)
.

.
298
.
,
:
:
FLDATA23,DELT,Label,Value
GUI:
solver
solver
Label .

. RTR
DelMax , value. ,

.
,
. ,
( FLDATA23,DELT)
:
:
FLDATA20,SRCH,Label,Value
2,
. .
20 , ,
N (N ).
SRCH
, .
.
9.3.1. Preconditioned Generalized Minimum Residual (PGMR)

PGMR L U .
PGMR ,
299
LU
.
, PCCR LU .
PCCR L U . ,
Preconditioned Generalized Minimum Residual (PGMR)
.
,
L U .
.
FLOTRAN PGMR .
. .

, PRES TEMP.

:
:
FLDATA20A,PGMR,Label,Value
GUI:
solver
solver
1 10. ,
6.

.
MODP. ,
TDMA ,
PGMR .
.
, SRCH
. ,
:
:
GUI:
solver
solver
PGMR 12
20. 12.
PGMR .

Jobname.OUT. FLOTRAN
jobname.dbg. jobname.dbg , ,
,
.
300
PGMR ,
jobname.dbg. NORM Jobname.OUT
,
FLOTRAN.
PGMR :
.
.
.
.
PGMR
. ,
.
. ,
.
, .
FLOTRAN
. , FLOTRAN
.
,
, , .
Norm.
, ,
, 10-10.
10-20.
9.3.2. Preconditioned BiCGStab (PBCGM).

PBCGM ,

.

( ) .
.
PGMR, PBCGM L U
. ,
LU .
Preconditioned BiCGStab (PBCGM) .
.
L
U .
.
FLOTRAN PBCGM .
.
,
GUI:
:
FLDATA20B,PBCGM,Label,Value
GUI:
solver
solver
301
0 10. ,
6.
.
SRCH
, .
,
.
GUI:
:
GUI:
solver
solver
PBCGM, 1
8. .
9.4. .

,
.
.
.
, VX,
VY, VZ, FLOTRAN Preconditioned Conjugate Residual (PCCR).
.
302
10. .
10.1. .
FLOTRAN CFD
.
, ,
. FLOTRAN
. ,
Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure Linked Equations (SIMPLE).
, Patankar S.V., Spalding
D.B., "A calculation procedure for heat, mass and momentum transfer in three-dimensional
parabolic flows," International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol 15, pp. 1787-1806, 1972.

: SIMPLEF and SIMPLEN. , SIMPLEF
,
. Schnipke R.J. Rice
J.G. ("
"
, Swansea, , 1985).
SIMPLEF
SIMPLE, Van Doormaal J.P. Raithby G.D. (" SIMPLE
" Numerical Heat Transfer, vol. 7, pp. 147163, 1984).
, SIMPLEN FLOTRAN.
Wang G. (" SIMPLE
" Computational Fluid and Solid
Mechanics, vol. 2, pp. 1014-1016, Elsevier, 2001).
SIMPLEF . SIMPLEN
:
:
FLDATA37
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Algorithm Control
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Algorithm Control
10.2. .
FLOTRAN ,
. ,
, .
10.2.1. .
: Monotone Streamline
Upwind (MSU), Streamline Upwind/Petrov-Galerkin (SUPG), Collocated Galerkin (COLG).
.

SIMPLEF
SIMPLEN
SUPG
SUPG
303
SIMPLEF
SIMPLEN
SUPG
MSU
MSU
MSU
SUPG
SUPG
SUPG
SUPG
10.2.2.
SIMPLEF TDMA
.
. ,
.
.
SIMPLEN
. ,
SIMPLEN, FLOTRAN
PBCGM ,
. PBCGM
.
10.2.3. .
, ,

. , , 0.5

SIMPLEF. SIMPLEN
.
, SIMPLEN
,
1.0. ,
, . ,
SIMPLEF ,
, 0.5. SIMPLEN, FLOTRAN
1.0 , 0.5
0.8 .
10.3.

. 100 (
). 322 = 1024 .
SIMPLEF SIMPLEN
SIMPLEF
SIMPLEN
0.5
0.8
0.9
0.95
0.98
0.99
325
153
81
66
114
176
CPU (sec)
12.9
7.2
4.0
3.3
5.7
8.9
RELX
304
SIMPLEN,
(RELX) 0.8 0.95.
0.95, .
RELX 0.95.
SIMPLEN
, SIMPLEF.
, 1282 = 16,384
, SIMPLEN.
RELX 0.99, SIMPLEN 40
, SIMPLEF.
SIMPLEN ,
. , SIMPLEN
. SIMPLEN ,
SIMPLEF .
Wang G., "A fast and robust variant of the SIMPLE algorithm
for finite-element simulations of incompressible flows," Computational Fluid and Solid Mechanics,
vol. 2, pp. 1014-1016, Elsevier, 2001.
, .
.
/title, Lid driven cavity flow analysis using SIMPLEF/SIMPLEN algorithms
NDL = 32
!
MU
= 0.010
!
RHO = 1.0
L
= 1.0
sL
= 1.0e-8
Vel = 1.000
niter = 10000
/PREP7
et,1,141
esha,2
rect,,L,,L
lesi,all,,,NDL
amesh,1
alls
!
nsel,s,ext
d,all,vx
d,all,vy
nsel,r,loc,y,L-sL,L+sL
d,all,vx,vel
d,all,vy
d,all,enke,-1
alls
d,1,PRES
fini
save
/SOLU
flda,iter,exec,niter
flda,nomi,visc,MU
flda,nomi,dens,RHO
flda,term,pres,1.e-6
solve
fini
/delete,,rfl
/SOLU
!
!
!
!
! SIMPLEF
!
! SIMPLEN
305
flda,algr,segr,simplen
solve
fini
/delete,,rfl
/SOLU
flda,relx,vx,0.9
flda,relx,vy,0.9
solve
fini
/delete,,rfl
/SOLU
flda,relx,vx,0.95
flda,relx,vy,0.95
solve
fini
/delete,,rfl
/SOLU
flda,relx,vx,0.98
flda,relx,vy,0.98
solve
fini
/delete,,rfl
/SOLU
flda,relx,vx,0.99
flda,relx,vy,0.99
solve
fini
306
11.
11.1.

,
.
.
, .
.
.

GUI.
11.2. .
: ,
. .
11.2.1 .
,
,
. , ,
FLOTRAN.
, .
, ,

.
. keyopt
PREP7.
, , , (, MSSPEC)
PREP7, SOLUTION.
PREP7.
, :
:
FLDATA1,SOLU,SPEC,T
GUI:
11.2.2. .
,
, .
, ,

.
307
MSNOMF (
GUI ) ( ) :
:
IC,Label,Value
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Analysis Type> Analysis Options
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Initial Condit'n> Define
1.0.
, :
:
FLDATA7,PROT,Label,CMIX
GUI:
11.2.3. .
,
:
:
R . :
:
MSDATA
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Multiple Species
Mi i ,
:
:
MSSPEC
GUI:
N .
P (PRES).
T (TEMP).
,
:
:
FLDATA7,PROT,DENS,CGAS
GUI:
11.3. .
308
:
1. .
2. .
3. , .
4. .
5. .
6. (
).
11.3.1.
, :
:
KEYOPT,1,1,n (n = ( 2, 6))
GUI:
, ,
GUI :
:
MSSPEC
FLOTRAN
. SP01, SP02 .
11.3.2.
.
, ,
ALGEB :
:
MSDATA
GUI:
,
.
1.0.
MSDATA .
.
11.3.3.
:
FLDATA6
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Additional Out> Print Controls
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Additional Out> Print Controls
11.3.4.
309
, (CONSTANT,
Liquid, etc.).
, CMIX . :
FLDATA7,PROT,Label,Type
Label DENS, VISC, COND, SPHT, Type
CMIX. Label = DENSE, Type CGAS. CGAS
MSSPEC
GUI.
,
, . ,
CONSTANT, LIQUID, GAS.
:
:
MSPROP
GUI:

.
,
. CMIX CGAS, MSPROP
GUI. , ,
, .
:
Dmi Yi .
.
,
, :

. ,
.
.
:
SCTi ,
:
:
MSSPEC
GUI:
, 1.0.
11.3.5. .
,
. , , ,
LAB :
310
:
D
GUI:
Displacement> On Nodes
Loads>
Define
Loads>
Apply>
Fluid/CFD>
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Fluid/CFD> Displacement> On Nodes

,
. 1.0.
11.3.6. .
0.5.
:
:
MSRELAX
GUI:

. :
:
MSMIR,SPNUM,Value
GUI:

, .
0.1 1.0.
,
, :
:
MSSOLU, MSMETH
GUI:

.
:
:
MSCAP
GUI:
()
:
:
FLDATA1,SOLU,Spec,T
GUI:
11.4. , .
311
FLOTRAN 1 ( MAT,1
GUI) ,
, .
CMIX,
, 1.0 .
, 1.0.
,
;
.
,
, , .

, , ,
. ,
, ,
. , ,
( 1 2)
.
/BATCH,LIST
/tit,heat exchanger problem
!two different fluids separated by a
!cartesian geometry, pressure-driven
!solve by 2 species
LX
= 10
NDX
= 10
LY1
= 2
LY2
= 0.1
LY3
= 1.0
NDY1 = 10
NDY2 = 3
NDY3 = 10
YOFFSET = 0
! X
/prep7 $smrt,off
et,1,141
!species
keyopt,1,1,2
!axisymm
!keyopt,1,3,2
!
solid wall
flow
!
!
!
!
!
X
X
1

2
! XY
! 2
RY
312
esha,2
!
rect,,LX,YOFFSET,YOFFSET+LY1
!
rect,,LX,YOFFSET+LY1,YOFFSET+LY1+LY2
!
rect,,LX,YOFFSET+LY1+LY2,YOFFSET+LY1+LY2+LY3
!
nummrg,all
numcmp,all
lsel,s,,,3,9,3
lsel,a,,,1
lesi,all,,,NDX,
lsel,s,,,2,4,2
lesi,all,,,NDY1,-5.0
lsel,s,,,5,7,2
lsel,s,,,8,10,2
allsel
mat,1
! 1
amesh,1
! 1
amesh,3
! 2
mat,2
! 2
amesh,2
!
!inner region 1
!bc inlet
lsel,s,,,4
nsll,s,1
d,all,pres,10
! 1
d,all,temp,100
!bc outlet
lsel,s,,,2
nsll,s,1
d,all,pres,0.
!
!symm
lsel,s,,,1
nsll,s,1
d,all,vy,0
!
!region 2
!bc inlet
lsel,s,,,8
nsll,s,1
d,all,pres,10.
! 2
d,all,temp,400
!bc outlet
lsel,s,,,10
nsll,s,1
d,all,pres,0.
! 2
!top wall
lsel,s,,,9
nsll,s,1
d,all,vx,0
!
d,all,vy,0
allsel
!solid properties
mp,dens,2,5.
!
mp,kxx,2,100
mp,c,2,13
/SOLU
!ic for species
nsel,s,loc,x,,lx
! 1
nsel,s,loc,y,o,ly1
ic,all,sp01,1.0
!
ic,all,sp02,0.0
nsel,s,loc,x,,lx
nsel,s,loc,y,ly1+ly2,ly1+ly2+ly3 ! 2
313
ic,all,sp01,0.0
ic,all,sp02,1.0
allsel
FLDA,ITER,EXEC,200
FLDA,PROT,DENS,CMIX
FLDA,PROT,VISC,CMIX
FLDA,PROT,COND,CMIX
FLDA,PROT,SPHT,CMIX
flda,vary,dens,t
flda,vary,visc,t
flda,vary,cond,t
flda,vary,spht,t
FLDA,NOMI,DENS,1.0
FLDA,NOMI,VISC,2.0
FLDA,NOMI,COND,3.0
FLDA,NOMI,SPHT,4.0
msprop,1,spht,constant,1
msprop,2,spht,constant,2
msprop,1,dens,constant,1
msprop,2,dens,constant,2
msprop,1,visc,constant,1.0
msprop,2,visc,constant,2.0
msprop,1,cond,constant,.1
msprop,2,cond,constant,.2
FLDA,CONV,PRES,1.0E-10
FLDA,TERM,PRES,1.E-09
FLDA,OUTP,SP01,T
FLDA,OUTP,SP02,T
save
SOLVE
FLDA,SOLU,ENRG,T
FLDA,SOLU,FLOW,F
FLDA,METH,ENRG,3
FLDA,ITER,EXEC,50
FLDA,RELX,TEMP,1.
SOLVE
fini
/exit,nosa
! 2
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!

1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
PCCR
11.5.
: (O2), (N2), (H2).
, . :
:
:
:
VX = 0
VY = -0.1
TEMP = 300
O2 = 1.0
N2 = 0.0
H2 = 0.0
VX = 0.1
VY = 0
TEMP = 400
O2 = 0.0
N2 = 1.0
H2 = 0.0
VX = 0
VY = 0.1
TEMP = 300
O2 = 0.0
N2 =0.0
H2 = 1.0
.
/batch,list
/filename,spec
/com ** Analysis Types Laminar and Turbulent, Incompressible
/com
2D - quadrilateral and triangular elements
/com ** Features
Thermal, Multiple Species Transport
/com ** Options
Dilute mixtures, composite property types (CGAS, CMIX)
/com ** Variable laminar properties
314
/com ** Turbulence
/com ** Construction of geometry
/prep7
!!!!!!! SI
lenin=.3
half=lenin/2.
width=.1
hfwid=width/2.
outlen=1.2
!!!!!!!
rect,-lenin,0,-hfwid,hfwid
rect,.2,.3,.25,.25+lenin
rect,.2,.3,-.25,-.25-lenin
rect,.4,.4+outlen,-.15,.15
!!!!!!!
l2tan,-3,-8
l2tan,-6,-15
l2tan,-13,-10
l2tan,-12,-1
!!!!!!!
nlcurv=16
rlcurv=1
nscurv=9
rscurv=1
nispan=8
rispan=-1.5
nospan=13
rospan=-2
nilen=10
rilen=-2
nolen=24
rolen=4
!!!!!!!
!flst,2,2,4,orde,2
!fitem,2,17
!fitem,2,20
lsel,s,,,17,20,3
lesize,all,,,nlcurv,rlcurv
lsel,s,,,18,19
!fitem,2,18
!fitem,2,-19
lesize,19,,,nscurv,rscurv
!flst,2,3,4,orde,3
!fitem,2,2
!fitem,2,5
!fitem,2,11
lsel,s,,,2,5,3
lsel,a,,,11
lesize,all,,,nispan,1
!flst,2,3,4,orde,3
!fitem,2,4
!fitem,2,7
!fitem,2,9
lsel,s,,,4,7,3
lsel,a,,,9
lesize,all,,,nispan,rispan
!flst,2,6,4,orde,6
!fitem,2,1
!fitem,2,3
!fitem,2,6
!fitem,2,8
!fitem,2,10
!fitem,2,12
lsel,s,,,1,3,2
315
lsel,a,,,6,12,2
lesize,all,,,nilen,rilen
lsel,s,,,13,16
lesize,13,,,nolen,rolen
lesize,15,,,nolen,1./rolen
lesize,16,,,nospan,rospan
lesize,14,,,nospan,rospan
alls
!!!!!!! ...
!flst,2,8,3
!fitem,2,2
!fitem,2,12
!fitem,2,11
!fitem,2,13
!fitem,2,16
!fitem,2,6
!fitem,2,5
!fitem,2,3
a,2,12,11,13,16,6,5,3
alls
/com **
!!!!!!! (5)
asel,s,,,5
et,1,141
mshape,1,2d
amesh,5
!!!!!!!
asel,s,,,1,4
mshape,0,2d
mshkey,1
amesh,all
/com **
!!!!!!!
lsel,s,,,1,3,2
lsel,a,,,6,12,2
lsel,a,,,13,17,2
lsel,a,,,18,20
nsll,,1
d,all,vx,0
d,all,vy,0
!!!!!!!
vtop=.1
vbot=.1
vlef=.1
lsel,s,,,7
nsll
d,all,vx,0
d,all,vy,-vtop
nsll,,1
d,all,temp,300
lsel,s,,,4
nsll
d,all,vx,vlef
d,all,vy,0
nsll,,1
d,all,temp,400
lsel,s,,,9
nsll
d,all,vx,0
d,all,vy,vbot
nsll,,1
d,all,temp,300
lsel,s,,,14
nsll,,1
316
d,all,pres,0
flda,conv,iter,5
save
finish
alls
/solu
/com ** FLOTRAN INPUT
flda,iter,exec,40
flda,temp,nomi,300
! 300K
flda,prot,dens,air-si
!
flda,vary,dens,true
flda,prot,visc,air-si
flda,vary,visc,true
flda,prot,cond,air-si
flda,vary,cond,true
flda,prot,spht,air-si
save
solve
! 40 300K
finish
!
/prep7
flda,prot,dens,cmix
!
flda,prot,visc,cmix
!
keyopt,1,1,3
!
flda,solu,spec,t
!
msdata,2
! 2 (N2)
!
!!!!!!!
msspec,1,o2,31.999
msprop,1,DENS,GAS,1.2998,300,1.01325E+5
msvary,1,dens,t
msnomf,1,.3
msprop,1,VISC,CONSTANT,1.2067E-5
msprop,1,mdif,CONSTANT,2.149E-5
msprop,1,cond,CONSTANT,.02674
mscap,1,1
!
msspec,2,n2,28.018
msprop,2,DENS,GAS,1.1381,300,1.01325E+5
msvary,2,dens,t
msnomf,2,.3
mscap,2,1
!
msspec,3,h2,2.016
msprop,3,DENS,GAS,0.0819,300,1.01325E+5
msvary,3,dens,t
msnomf,3,.4
mscap,3,1
!
msrelx,1,1.0
msrelx,3,1.0
msmeth,1,3
mssolu,1,,,2,1.e-8
msmeth,3,3
mssolu,3,,,2,1.e-8
alls
!!!!!!!
lsel,s,,,7
317
nsll,,1
d,all,o2,1.0
d,all,n2,0.0
d,all,h2,0.0
lsel,s,,,4
nsll,,1
d,all,o2,0.0
d,all,n2,1.0
d,all,h2,0.0
lsel,s,,,9
nsll,,1
d,all,o2,0.0
d,all,n2,0.0
d,all,h2,1.0
alls
!!!!!!!
flda,iter,exec,20
! 20
flda,conv,outp,land
!
save
finish
/solu
solve
! 20
!
!
flda,solu,temp,t
! Achieve a constant flow temperature solution
flda,solu,flow,f
!
flda,meth,temp,3
! PCCR
flda,conv,temp,1.e-10
! PCCR
flda,iter,exec,5
!
flda,relx,temp,1.0
!
save
solve
!!
flda,iter,exec,35
flda,solu,flow,t
solve
flda,iter,exec,50
! Achieve a flow and thermal solution

! 50
!
save
solve
318
12.
12.1.
, , ,
, .
,
.
.
: Monotone
Streamline Upwind (MSU), Streamline Upwind/Petrov-Galerkin (SUPG), Collocated Galerkin
(COLG). , ,
:
:
FLDATA33,ADVM,Label,Value
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Advection
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Advection
:
:
MSADV,SPNUM,MTHA
GUI:
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Multiple Species
MSU SUPG COLG. MSU
.
SUPG COLG ,
. COLG
, .

SUPG COLG.
12.2. SUPG COLG

, SUPG COLG
. ,
,
, :
:
FLDATA34,MIR,Label,Value
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap> MIR Stabilization
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap> MIR Stabilization
Value
0.1 1.0. Value .
319
,

SUPG COLG:
6
10
0.1.
, .
:
FLDATA24,TURB,RATI,1.0E6
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Turbulence> Turbulence Model
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Turbulence Model
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Turbulence Param
:
FLDATA25,RELX,EVIS,0.1
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap> Prop Relaxation
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap> Prop Relaxation

, MSU. ,
, , SUPG
COLG .
, , SUPG COLG
, .
:
FLDATA33,ADVM,MOME,SUPG
FLDATA33,ADVM,MOME,COLG
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Advection
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Advection

,
, .
,
.
12.3.
SUPG COLG , MSU,
.
.
.
.
. FLOTRAN
, , .
MSU ,
SUPG COLG .
0 1.0, SUPG COLG
.
320
, ()
.
321
ANSYS
1.
1.1. .
, ()
().
, ,
: ,
.
-, - .
,
( -), (-
), (- ),
( ),
(- ) - (MEMS).
1.2. .
,
: .
1.2.1. .
,
. :
- - .
1.2.1.1. .
()
.
, ,
.
-,
.
1.2.1.2. - .
- ANSYS
- ANSYS FLOTRAN
,
.
,

.
,

.
1.2.2. .
322
,
, .
,
. ,
SOLID5, PLANE13, SOLID98.
MEMS TRANS126.
1.2.3. .
,

.
,
.
,
,
. ,
,
. ,

.
.
-

FLOTRAN , ANSYS.
:
.
-
.

.
1.3. .
ANSYS ,
. .
, EMUNIT ANSYS
Commands Reference

.
(MEMS),
, .
1-1 1-8
MKS MKSV MSVfA.
1.1. MKS uMKSV
323

MKS

(kg)(m)/(s)
kg
kg
Pa
(kg)/(m)(s)
m/s
m/s
m/(s)
kg/(m)3
m/(s)
106
10
(kg)(m)/(s)2
kg
kg
10
MPa
(kg)/(m)(s)2
106
m/s
MKSv
-6
m/s
2
m/(s)2
10
m/(s)
kg/(m)3
10-18
kg/(m)3
kg/(m)3
Pa
kg/(m)(s)2
10-6
MPa
kg/(m)(s)2
Pa
kg/(m)(s)2
10-6
MPa
kg/(m)(s)2
(kg)(m)2/(s)3 1012
pW
(kg)(m)2/(s)3
1.2. MKS uMKSV
MKS

MKSv
W/mK
(kg)(m)/(K)(s)3 106
pW/(m)K (kg)(m)/(K)(s)3
W/(m)2

kg/(s)3
pW/(m)2
kg/(s)3
J/(kg)K
(m)2/(K)(s)2
1012
pJ/(kg)K
(m)2/(K)(s)2
(kg)(m)2/(s)3
1012
pW
(kg)(m)2/(s)3
(kg)/(m)(s)3
10-6
pW/(m)3
kg/(m)(s)3
W/m3
W/(m)2K kg/(s)2
pW/(m)2K kg/(s)2
kg/(m)(s) kg/(m)(s)
10-6
kg/(m)(s)
kg/(m)(s)
(m)2/s
1012
(m)2/s
(m)2/s
(m)2/s
1.3. MKS uMKSV

MKS

MKSv
A
V
A
2
(kg)(m) /(A)(s)
1012
pA
pA
(kg)(m)2/(pA)(s)3
324
MKS

MKSv
1012
(A)(s)
2
pC
(pA)(s)
S/m
(A) (s) /(kg)(m) 10
pS/m
(pA)2(s)3/(kg)(m)3
(Kg)(m3/(A)2(s)3 10-6
T m
(kg)(m)3/(pA)2(s)3
[1]
F/m
(A)2(s)4/(kg)(m)3 106
pF/m
(pA)2(s)2/(kg)(m)3
(kg)(m)2/(s)2
1012
pJ
(kg)(m)2/(s)2
(A)2(s)4/(kg)(m)2 1012
pF
(pA)2(s)4/(kg)(m)2
V/m
(kg)(m)/(s)3(A)
10-6
V/m
(kg)(m)/(s)3(pA)
(A)(s)/(m)2
pC/(m)2
(pA)(s)/(m)2
C/(m)2
1. 8.854 x 10-6 pF/m.

1.4. MKS uMKSV

MKS
MKSv
Weber
(kg)(m)2/(A)(s)2 1
Weber
(kg)(m)2/(pA)(s)2
Tesla
kg/(A)(s)2
10-12
Tesla
kg/(pA)(s)2
A/m
A/m
106
pA/m
pA/m
1012
pA
pA
A/(m)2
A/(m)2
pA/(m)2
pA/(m)2
H/m
[1]
(kg)(m)/(A)2(s)2 10-18
TH/m
(kg)(m)/(pA)2(s)2
(kg)(m)2/(A)2(s)2 10-12
TH
(kg)(m)2/(pA)2(s)2
1. 4 x 10-25 TH/m.
.
1.5. MKS uMSVfA
MKS

Msvfa
325
MKS

m
(kg)(m)/(s)
Mass
kg
kg
Pa
(kg)/(m)(s)
m/s
m/s
2
106
10
nN
(g)(m)/(s)2
10
-3
kPa
g/(m)(s)2
106
m/s
10
m/(s)
m/(s)
kg/(m)3 kg/(m)3
Pa
Msvfa
m/s
2
m/(s)2
10
m/(s)
10-15
g/(m)3
g/(m)3
kg/(m)(s)2
10-3
kPa
g/(m)(s)2
Pa
kg/(m)(s)2
10-3
kPa
g/(m)(s)2
(kg)(m)2/(s)3 1015
fW
(g)(m)2/(s)3
1.6. MKS uMSVfA

Msvfa
MKS
W/mK
2
(kg)(m)/(K)(s)3 109
fW/(m)2
g/(s)3
(m)2/(K)(s)2
1012
fJ/(g)K
(m)2/(K)(s)2
(kg)(m)2/(s)3
1015
fW
(g)(m)2/(s)3
W/m3
(kg)/(m)(s)3
10-3
fW/(m)3
g/(m)(s)3
W/(m)2K kg/(s)2
103
fW/(m)2K g/(s)2
kg/(m)(s) kg/(m)(s)
10-3
g/(m)(s)
g/(m)(s)
(m)2/s
1012
(m)2/s
(m)2/s
W/(m)
J/(kg)K
kg/(s)
fW/(m)K (g)(m)/(K)(s)3
10
(m)2/s
1.7. MKS uMSVfA
MKS
Msvfa
1015
(kg)(m)2/(A)(s)3 1
(A)(s)
S/m
1015
3
(A) (s) /(kg)(m) 10
fA
fA
(g)(m)2/(fA)(s)3
fC
(fA)(s)
nS/m
(fA)2(s)3/(g)(m)3
326
Msvfa
MKS
(kg)(m3/(A)2(s)3 10-9
(g)(m)3/(fA)2(s)3
[1]
F/m
(A)2(s)4/(kg)(m)3 109
fF/m
(fA)2(s)2/(g)(m)3
(kg)(m)2/(s)2
1015
fJ
(g)(m)2/(s)2
(A)2(s)4/(kg)(m)2 1015
fF
(fA)2(s)4/(g)(m)2
(kg)(m)/(s)3(A)
10-6
V/m
(g)(m)/(s)3(fA)
103
fC/(m)2
(fA)(s)/(m)2
V/m
C/(m)2 (A)(s)/(m)2
1. 8.854 x 10-3 fF/m.

1.8. MKS uMKSVfA
MKS
MKSv
Weber (kg)(m)2/(A)(s)2 1
Weber
(g)(m)2/(fA)(s)2
Tesla kg/(A)(s)2
10-12
A/m
A/m
109
fA/m
fA/m
1015
fA
fA
A/(m)2 A/(m)2
103
fA/(m)2
fA/(m)2
g/(fA)(s)2
[1] H/m
(kg)(m)/(A)2(s)2 10-21
(g)(m)/(fA)2(s)2
(kg)(m)2/(A)2(s)2 10-15
(g)(m)2/(fA)2(s)2
1. 4 x 10-28 (g)(m)/(fA)2(s)2.
1.4. GUI .
ANSYS
GUI. ,

. ANSYS
GUI , . ,
GUI .
GUI
, ,
.
327
, ,
.
,
.

.
328
2. - .
2.1. - .

. ,
.
,
.
. ,
,
.
. , ,
, .
. ,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
. ,
.
:
.
.
, .
, ANSYS:
.
.
.
- .
.
.
ANSYS .
, , .
.
2.2. .
329
ANSYS - ,
.
,
, . ASCII
, , :
:
PHYSICS,WRITE,Title,Filename,Ext,-GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Physics> Environment
Main Menu> Solution> Physics> Environment
.
PHYSICS. ANSYS
, .
, .
, /TITLE (Utility Menu> File>
Change Title).
PHYSICS,WRITE (, Jobname.PH1)
ANSYS:
KEYOPT .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
GUI.
(/TITLE card)
PHYSICS,READ (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Physics>

Environment> Read) ,
, (
). ,
ANSYS , , ,
, .
2.3. .

.
.

.
, , .
330
.
.
2.1. .
2.2 , .
.
.

. , ,
.
. ,
,
.
( ).
2.2.
( ).
ANSYS ,
. , ,
331
,
, ( AATT VATT).
,
. ,
. ,
1. ,

. :
:
EMODIF
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Move/Modify> Elements> Modify Attrib
,
.
,
,
. -
,
.
,
:
SAVE RESUME
.
( ).
SET
.
/CONFIG,NOELAB,1 "NO_ELDBW = 1"
config70.ans.
2.4. .
LDREAD ,

, .
LDREAD
. ,
, , LDREAD
.
...

...

FLOTRAN [TEMP, TBOT, TE2, . . . TTOP] ()
.
,

.
332
...

...
[FORC]
,
[FORC]

. [HGEN]
.

[JS]

[PRES]
()
(
).

[REAC]

[HFLU]
(
) .

[EHFLU]
(
)
.
FLOTRAN (
)

.
[HFLM]
2.4.1. .
,
.
:

,
ANSYS.
, , ()
.

. ,
,
, .

ANSYS ( p-):
() () .
; .
.
333

. ,
. ,
SOLID92 (10- ) SOLID87
(10- ). , SOLID92
SOLID90 (20- ).
,
. , LDREAD,
. KEYOPT ,
.
,

:
[TEMP, TBOT, TE2, . . . TTOP]

[HGEN]
[JS]
[PRES]
[HFLU]
[HFLM]
, :
* [FORC]
[REAC]
*
: PLANE53, PLANE121, SOLID122, SOLID123.

,
. .
SOLID45
SOLID70
SOLID97,
SOLID122[2]
SOLID117[1]
SOLID92
SOLID87
SOLID98,
HF119[1]
SOLID123[2]
SOLID98
SOLID95
SOLID90
SOLID117,
HF120
SOLID122
SOLID5,
SOLID69
PLANE42
PLANE55 PLANE13,
PLANE121[2]
PLANE53[2]
PLANE2
PLANE35
PLANE82
PLANE77 PLANE53
FLUID142
FLUID141
PLANE121
SOLID5,
SOLID69
PLANE67
PLANE67
334
SHELL63,
SHELL181
SHELL57,
SHELL131
SHELL91,
SHELL93
SHELL132
LINK8
LINK33
FLUID116
SHELL157
LINK68
,

. , /
FLUID142, SOLID70 ,
SOLID70 .
, VOLT
(
ANSYS).
1. .
2. KEYOPT .
2.4.2. , .

.
( , /FILNAME (Utility Menu> File> Change Jobname)).
, .
Jobname.RFL FLOTRAN
Jobname.RMG .
Jobname.RTH .
Jobname.RST (
).
2.4.3. - .
-
,
. , 2
1.0 in/sec 0.0 5.0 in/sec 4.0 . ,
2 .
PHYSICS,READ,FLUID (Main Menu> Solution> Physics> Environment> Read)
, .
3.0 in/sec 2.0 ,
:
:
FLOCHECK,2
GUI:
335
Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Flocheck

, 3.0 in/sec 2
.
, 5.0 in/sec 4 ,
:
:
FLDATA4,TIME,BC,1
GUI:
, , SOLVE.

FLOTRAN FLOTRAN.
2.5.
.
,
.
1. ,
, . :
ANSYS
, ,
.
, ,
(
).

.
.
2. .
, .

ANSYS , ,
.
,
(, ET,1,141 ET,2,142
FLOTRAN, ET,1,13 ET,2,117 ).
( = 0, ET,3,0)
.
.
,

.
, ,

( AATT (Main Menu>
Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh Attributes> All Areas or Picked Areas)
VATT (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh Attributes> All
Volumes or Picked Volumes)).
.
336
.
PHYSICS,WRITE
. , -
:
:
PHYSICS,WRITE,Fluids
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Physics> Environment> Write

. :
:
PHYSICS,Clear
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Physics> Environment> Clear
,
.

SAVE.
, "Induct",
Induct.PH1
Induct.PH2. PHYSICS
ANSYS.
3. ,
.
4. /SOLU
5. PHYSICS,READ,Magnetics
6. SOLVE
7. FINISH
8. /SOLU
9. PHYSICS,READ,Fluids
10. LDREAD,FORCE,,,,2,,rmg
SOLVE
!
!
, LDREAD
. Jobname.RTH.

Jobname.RST.
2.5.1. .
(, , )
.

.
337

, / .
, . , ,
( )
. ,
, ,
.
.
,
. ANSYS
.
: DAMORPH (
), DVMORPH (
), DEMORPH ( ). RMSHKY
:

. ,
.
/
.
.
.

. ,
.
.
.
( , , , ).
. ,
, ,
, , , ,
.

. ,
.
, DAMORPH, DVMORPH, DEMORPH ,
.
, .
,
338
,
.
IC.
DAMORPH, DVMORPH, DEMORPH
,
. ICDELE.
ANSYS
.
.
.

.
. ,
.
,
.
( SET POST1).
,
. ,
.
, UPCOORD
FACTOR = -1.0
:
UPCOORD,Factor
GUI:
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Other> Updt Node Coord
,
, .
, .
. 3-D
:
- (
)
- ( )
- ( )
- - ()
- - ()
(
SMRTSIZE).
.
, . 1 (area 1)
, 2 .
2 .
339
( ,
).
,
.
. 3 .
,
,
. ,
2 3 .
.

:
DAMORPH, DVMORPH, DEMORPH
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Modify Mesh> Refine At> Areas
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Modify Mesh> Refine At> Volumes
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Modify Mesh> Refine At> Elements
2.5.2.
.

. ,

340
.
,
. ,
. EMAT,
ESAV, DB . EMAT ESAV
/ASSIGN.
, .
:
1. /ASSIGN EMAT ESAV
.
2. .
3. /ASSIGN EMAT ESAV
.
,
.
2.6.
.

,
. .
.
2.6.1. .
-
,
, .
, ,
. ESSOLV ,

. ,
.
,
.
, .
2.6.1.1.
ESSOLV ,
. ,
,
.
,
,
/ . ,
(
) .
341
ANSYS SMRTSIZE
.
ESSOLV
. , ,
, . ,
(, ).
, ESSOLV .
.
ESSOLV
(, SHELL63, SHELL93),
,
. SFA ,
. ,
.
,
KEYOPT(7) = 1
.
2.6.1.2.
,
ESSOLV.
,
. .
,
, ,
.
(ET,,0).
(PHYSICS,WRITE).
(PHYSICS,CLEAR)
, ,
, ,
, .
PHYSICS,WRITE).
(
ESSOLV).
,
, .
.
(
GUI ESSOLV).
( ) ( )
.
,
.
342
,
. ,
.

ANSYS.
ESSOLV.
2.6.1.3. .

,
.
,
, 0.5%
. ,
ELECTOL STRUTOL ESSOLV.
, ,
, , MXLOOP = 1
ESSOLV.
ESSOLV
. ,
_ESSOLV.DB RESUME.
ESSOLV.
343
2.6.1.4. .

. , ESSOLV
.
.
; ,
. ,
, UPCOORD,-1.
:
1. :
:
PHYSICS,READ
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Physics> Environment> Read
344
2. :
:
SET
GUI:
Main Menu> General Postproc> Read Results> Last Set
3. ,
:
:
NSEL
GUI:
:
UPCOORD,-1.
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Load Step Opts> Other> Updt Node Coord
,
UPCOORD,1.
.
:
1. :
:
PHYSICS,READ
GUI:
2. :
:
SET
GUI:
345

2.6.1.5. ESSOLV .

. ESSOLV
. *DO *ENDDO .
.
ESSOLV, RUSEKY .
SAVE ESSOLV.
,
. ESSOLV
.
,
(RESTKY) (>1).
,
, .
2.6.2. -.
FSSOLV ,
CFD ( ) .
(FSI).
,
. CFD
, .
, .
2.6.2.1. .
FSSOLV ,
. ,
,
.
,
,
/ . ,
(
) .
ANSYS SMRTSIZE
.
FSSOLV ,
. , FSSOLV
.
2.6.2.2.
346
,
FSSOLV.
, .
.
,
, ,
.
(ET,,0). (PHYSICS,WRITE).
(PHYSICS,CLEAR)
, ,
, ,
, .
PHYSICS,WRITE).
(
FSSOLV).
,
, .
.
(
GUI FSSOLV).
( ) ( )
.
,
.
FSSOLV.
2.6.2.3. Solution
,

, .
(
, ) 0.5%
.
, FSSOLV: FORCTOL,
MOMETOL, STRUTOL.
(
FLDATA,ITER,EXEC) CFD
. - ,
,
. FLUITER.
, , ,
MXLOOP = 1 FSSOLV.
, FSSOLV
.
, _FSSOLV.DB RESUME.
, FSSOLV.
347
- , FSSOLV
.
, . ,
.
20%
,
.
2.6.2.4. .
CFD .
, FSSOLV .
.
.
, , UPCOORD,-1.
:
1. :
:
348
PHYSICS,READ
GUI:
2. :
:
SET
GUI:
3. ,

GUI:
:
NSEL
GUI:
:
UPCOORD,-1.
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Load Step Opts> Other> Updt Node Coord
,
UPCOORD,1. CFD .
CFD :
1. :
:
PHYSICS,READ
GUI:
2. CFD :
349
:
SET
GUI:
2.6.2.5. FSSOLV .
,
. FSSOLV
. , *DO *ENDDO
. .
FSSOLV RUSEKY 1.
SAVE FSSOLV.
,
. FSSOLV
.

(RESTKY) . ,
,
.
2.7.
-,
,
.
2.7.1. .
, , ,
(Ti) (To)
. ,
, .
350
Material Properties

()
E = 30 x 106 psi
a = .1875 in.
Ti =
200F
b = .40 in.
To = 70F = .65 x 10-5 in/inF
c = .60 in.

()
E = 10.6 x 106 psi
= 1.35 x 10-5 in/inF
= 0.3
= 0.33
K = 2.2 btu/hr-in-F
K = 10.8 btu/hr-in-F
:
1. .
2. PREP7 .
,
.
3. .
4. .
, .
.
/batch,list
/show
/title,
/prep7
et,1,plane77,,,1
! PLANE77
mp,kxx,1,2.2
!
mp,kxx,2,10.8
!
rectng,.1875,.4,0,.05!
rectng,.4,.6,0,.05
aglue,all
numcmp,area
asel,s,area,,1

aatt,1,1,1
asel,s,area,,2
aatt,2,1,1
asel,all
esize,.05
amesh,all
! /
nsel,s,loc,x,.1875
351
d,all,temp,200
!
nsel,s,loc,x,.6
d,all,temp,70
nsel.all
finish
/solu
solve
finish
/post1
path,radial,2
!
ppath,1,,.1875
!
ppath,2,,.6
pdef,temp,temp
!
pasave,radial,filea !
plpath,temp
!
finish
/prep7
et,1,82,,,1
! , SOLID82
mp,ex,1,30e6
!
mp,alpx,1,.65e-5
mp,nuxy,1,.3
mp,ex,2,10.6e6
!
mp,alpx,2,1.35e-5
mp,nuxy,2,.33
nsel,s,loc,y,.05
!
cp,1,uy,all
nsel,s,loc,x,.1875
cp,2,ux,all
nsel,s,loc,y,0
d,all,uy,0
nsel,all
finish
/solu
tref,70
ldread,temp,,,,,,rth !
solve
finish
/post1
paresu,radial,filea
pmap,,mat
pdef,sx,s,x
!
pdef,sz,s,z
!
plpath,sx,sz
!
plpagm,sx,,node
finish
2.8.

,
. .
,
. ,
.
:
1. .
2. .
352
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. .
7. .
8. .
9. .
10. .
/batch,list
/show
/title,
/prep7
et,1,plane77,,,1
! PLANE77
mp,kxx,1,2.2
!
mp,kxx,2,10.8
!
rectng,.1875,.4,0,.05
!
rectng,.4,.6,0,.05
aglue, all
numcmp,area
asel,s,area,,11
!
aatt,1,1,1
asel,s,area,,2
aatt,2,1,1
asel,all
esize,.05
amesh,all
!
nsel,s,loc,x,.1875
d,all,temp,200
!
nsel,s,loc,x,.6
d,all,temp,70
nsel,all
physics,write,thermal
!
physics,clear
!
et,1,82,,,1
mp,ex,1,30e6
mp,aplx,1,.65e-5
mp,nuxy,1,.3
mp,ex,2,10.6e6
mp,alpx,2,1.35e-5
mp,nuxy,2,.33
nsel,s,loc,y,.05
cp,1,uy,all
nsel,s,loc,x,.1875
cp,2,ux,all
nsel,s,loc,y,0
d,all,uy,0
nsel,all
tref,70
physics,write,struct
save
finish
/solu
physics,read,thermal
! , SOLID82
!
solve
finish
/post1
path,radial,2
ppath,1,,.1875
ppath,2,,.6
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
353
pdef,temp,temp
pasave,radial,filea
plpath.temp
finish
/solu
physics,read,struct
ldread,temp,,,,,,rth
solve
finish
/post1
paresu,raidal,filea
pmap,,mat
pdef,sx,s,x
pdef,sz,s,z
plpath,sx,sz
plpagm,sx,,node
finish
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
354
355
2.9.
.

.
,
.
.
2.9.1.
, , .
0.35 m/sec.
. APDL ,
ANSYS.
2.9.2. .
- .
: () , (b)
, , () .
.
.
.
, .
, ,
. .
356
,
.

.
2.9.2.1. .
, .
,
, AATT.
, 1.
.

2.9.2.2. .
.
FLDATA.
, FLOTRAN .
. .

(0)
FLUID141
357
, .
,
.
. 1
. "gasket."
()
CM,GASKET,NODES
GUI:
Utility Menu> Select> Comp/Ass'y> Create Component
.
:
PHYSICS,WRITE,FLUID,FLUID
GUI:
2.9.2.3.

.
358
:
PHYSICS,CLEAR
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Physics> Environment> Clear
. FLUID141
PLANE42. ,
.

HYPER56
Mooney-Rivlin
,
.
.
.
(.,
PHYSICS,WRITE,STRUC,STRUC).
2.9.2.4. /
359
( ),
-. , (maximum
gasket displacement (MGD)) .
, MGD
.
FLOTRAN .

.
.
,
,
.
.
,
, .
, :
1. .
:
PHYSICS,READ,fluid
GUI:
Main Menu> Solution> Physics> Environment> Read
2. FLOTRAN (
)
:
FLDATA2,ITER,EXEC,100
GUI:
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Setup> Execution Control
3. FLOTRAN.
:
SOLVE
GUI:
Main Menu> Solution> Run FLOTRAN
4. .
360
:
PHYSICS,READ,struc
GUI:
Main Menu> Solution> Physics> Environment> Read
5. /ASSIGN
.
:
/ASSIGN,esave,struc,esav
/ASSIGN,emat,struc,emat
GUI:
Utility Menu> File> ANSYS File Options
6.
.
-.
:
PARSAV,ALL
GUI:
Utility Menu> Parameters> Save Parameters
:
RESUME
GUI:
Utility Menu> File> Resume Jobname.db
:
PARRES
GUI:
Utility Menu> Parameters> Restore Parameters
7. .
-.
361
:
ANTYPE,STATIC,REST
GUI:
Main Menu> Solution> Restart
8. /
FLOTRAN.
9. LDREAD.
:
LDREAD,PRES,LAST,,,,,rfl
GUI:
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Structural> Pressure> From Fluid
Analy
10. .
:
RESCONTROL,,NONE
GUI:
Main Menu> Solution> Nonlinear> Restart Control
11. .
:
SOLVE
GUI:
Main Menu> Solution> Solve
:
SAVE
GUI:
Utility Menu> File> Save as Jobname.db
12. (
AREA2).
362
:
DAMORPH,AREA2,,2
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Modify Mesh> Refine At> Areas
13. .
GASKET .
14.
.
15. gasket.grph.
2.9.3.
- ,
. 0.5%. FLOTRAN,
400 .
, FLOTRAN
100.
.
( )
( ) .

363
,
. 25%
, . ,
.

.
:
UPCOORD,-1
GUI:
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Other> Updt Node Coord

364
/Batch,list
/prep7
/sho,gasket,grph
shpp,off
ET,1,141
!
ET,2,56,
!
!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!
.
!
!!!!!!! gasket.grph.
!
!
-
!
-
!
!
|
|
!
|
|
!
|----------| " "
!
|
______|
!
|
|______
!
|
|
!
|----------| " " (sf)
!
|
|
!
!! 1. :
!!

!!
!!

!!

!!
.
!!
.
365
!!
!!

!!
yent = 0.0
! Y
dyen = 1.0
!
ysf1 = yent+dyen ! Y
dsf1 = 0.5
ygas = ysf1+dsf1 ! Y
dg = 0.02
!
dg2=dg/2.
ytg = ygas+dg
! Y
dsf2 = 0.5
!
ysf2 = ytg + dsf2! Y
dyex = 6.0
!
x = 0.
!
dgasr =.20
!
piper = 0.3
!
xrgap = piper-dgasr
!!
!!!
!!
rect,xrgap,piper,ygas,ytg
! A1: ( 1-4)
rect,x,piper,ysf1,ysf2
! A2:
rect,x,piper,yent,ysf1
! A3:
rect,x,piper,ysf2,ysf2+dyex
! A4:
aovlap,all
k,22,xrgap+dg2,ygas+dg2
rarc = dg2*1.1
larc,1,4,22,rarc
al,6,4
adelete,7
al,6,3,22,7,8,5,21,1
!!
ngap = 10
!
ngas = 10
!
rgas = -2
!
nflu = ngap+ngas !
raflu = -3
!
nenty =8
! -
raent =5
!
nfl1 = 20
! .
nthgas = 4
!
nfl2 = 3
! .
next = 30
!
rext = 6
rafls = 12
! - .
lesize,1,,,ngas,rgas
lesize,3,,,ngas,rgas
nfl11= nfl1*2+9
lsel,s,,,2,4,2 ! ( lesize 8 )
lesize,all,,,nthgas
alls
lesize,5,,,nflu,raflu
lesize,18,,,nenty,1./raent
lesize,17,,,nenty,1./raent
lesize,21,,,nfl1,rafls
lesize,8,,,nfl11,-1./(rafls+3)
lesize,22,,,nfl1,rafls
lesize,19,,,next,rext
lesize,20,,,next,rext
366
!!! AATT,MAT,REAL,TYPE
-
asel,s,,,1,2
aatt,2,2,2
!
( 2)
asel,s,,,3
cm,area2,area
alist
! ,
asel,a,,,5,6
aatt,1,1,1
alls
! ( 1)
eshape,2
asel,u,,,2,3
amesh,all
eshape,0
asel,s,,,2,3
amesh,all
!----------------!!!!! gasket.grph
asel,s,,,1,3
esla,s
/Title,
eplot
/ZOOM,1,RECT,0.3,-0.6,0.4,-0.5
alls
!----------------!!
!!!!! 2.
et,1,141
et,2,0
!
vin=3.5e-1
! (meters/second)
!!
CFD
flda,solu,flow,1
flda,solu,turb,1
flda,iter,exec,400
flda,outp,sumf,10
!!
CFD
flda,prot,dens,constant
flda,prot,visc,constant
flda,nomi,dens,1000.
! 1000 kg/m3
flda,nomi,visc,4.6E-4 ! 4.6E-4 kg-s/m ( )
flda,conv,pres,1.E-8
!
!!
CFD ( )
lsel,s,,,8,17,9
lsel,a,,,20
dl,all,,vx,0.,1
!
lsel,s,,,9
dl,all,,vx,0.,1
dl,all,,vy,vin,1
!
lsel,s,,,2
lsel,a,,,18,19
lsel,a,,,21,22
dl,all,,vx,0.,1
!
dl,all,,vy,0.,1
lsel,s,,,1,3,2
lsel,a,,,6
dl,all,,vx,0.,1
!
dl,all,,vy,0.,1
lsel,s,,,15
dl,15,,pres,0.,1
!
!!!
lsel,s,,,1
nsll,,1
367
cm,gasket,node
nlist !
/com, +++++++++ -------alls
/title,
physics,write,fluid,fluid
!!
!!!!! 3.
!!
physics,clear
et,1,0
!
et,2,56
! - 2
mp,ex,2,2.82E+6
!
mp,nuxy,2,0.49967 !
tb,mooney,2
tbdata,1,0.293E+6 ! Mooney-Rivlin
tbdata,2,0.177E+6 !
"
"
"
lsel,s,,,2
nsll,,1
d,all,ux,0.
d,all,uy,0.
alls
/title,
finish
/solu
antype,static
nlgeom,on
cnvtol,f,,,,-1
physics,write,struc,struc
physics,clear
save
!!
!!!!! 4. -
!!
loop=25
!
toler=0.005
!
*dim,dismax,array,loop
!
*dim,strcri,array,loop
!
*dim,index,array,loop
*do,i,1,loop
! ->
/solu
physics,read,fluid
!
*if,i,ne,1,then
flda,iter,exec,100
! 100
*endif
!
solve
! FLOTRAN
fini
! end of fluid portion
physics,read,struc
!
/assign,esave,struc,esav !
/assign,emat,struc,emat
*if,i,gt,1,then
!
parsave,all
!
resume
!
!
parresume
!
/prep7
antype,stat,rest
fini
*endif
368
/solu
solc,off
lsel,s,,,1,3,2
!
lsel,a,,,6
!
nsll,,1
esel,s,type,,2
ldread,pres,last,,,,,rfl ! () Flotran
alls
rescontrol,,none
!
solve
*if,i,eq,1,then
save
!
*endif
fini
/post1
cmsel,s,gasket
nsort,u,sum,1,1
*get,dismax(i),sort,0,max
strcri(i)=toler*dismax(i)
alls
fini
/prep7
mkey=2
!
damorph,area2, ,mkey
!
!---------------!!!!! gasket.grph
fini
/prep7
et,1,42
asel,s,,,1,3
esla,s
/Title, EPLOT DAMORPH,area2, ,%mkey% %i%
eplot
alls
!----------------cmsel,s,gasket
nlist !
/com, +++++++++ -------alls
fini
/assign,esav
/assign,emat
!!!!
imax= i
index(i)=i
*if,i,gt,1,then
strcri(i)=abs(dismax(i)-dismax(i-1))-toler*dismax(i-1)
*if,strcri(i),le,0,then
strcri(i)=0
*exit
!
*endif
*endif
*enddo
!!!!!
save
!
!!!!!
*vwrite
(/' . -
/nopr
')
369
*vlen,imax
*vwrite,index(1),dismax(1),strcri(1)
(f7.0,2e17.4)
finish
!!!!!
!!!
1. Flotran.
physics,read,fluid
/post1
set,last
/Title, Flotran:
plnsol,strm
/Title, Flotran:
plnsol,pres
fini
!!!
2. .
physics,read,struc
/post1
set,last
upcoord,-1
!
/Title, : von Mises
plnsol,s,eqv,1,1
fini
!/exit,nosave
2.10.
.
,
.
2.10.1. .

.
. .
, ,
.
,
.
.
2.10.2. .
370
700.
,
. ,
.
/
, , , ,
. .

.
2.10.2.1. 1:

1
371
2.10.2.2. 2:
. .
.
2.10.2.3. 3: .

, .
.
PLANE13
MURX(T), RSVX(T)
PLANE13
MURX
PLANE13
MURX
Type (0)
.
.
:
PHYSICS,WRITE
GUI:
2.10.2.4. 4: .
:
.
:
372
PHYSICS,CLEAR
GUI:
KEYOPT
. (
).
.
PLANE55
KXX(T),
ENTH(T)
Type
(0)
Type
(0)
SURF151
EMIS
.
,
.
.
:
PHYSICS,WRITE
GUI:
Main Menu> Solution> Physics> Environment> Write
2.10.2.5. 5: .
.
373
:
PHYSICS,READ
GUI:
Main Menu> Solution> Physics> EnvironmentMain Menu> Solution> Physics>
Environment> Read
2.10.2.6. 6: DO
*DO ,
.
.
:
SOLVE
GUI:
Main Menu> Solution> Solve> Current LS
.
:
LDREAD
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Define Loads> Apply> Structural> Temperature> From
Therm Analy
, ESAV EMAT
/ASSIGN.
:
/ASSIGN
GUI:
.
:
PHYSICS,READ
374
GUI:
.
:
LDREAD
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Define Loads> Apply> Thermal> Heat Generat> From
Mag Analy
.
.
:
/ASSIGN
GUI:
2.10.2.7. 7: .
t.
2.10.2.8. 8: .
.
2.10.2.9. .
.
/batch,list
/filenam,induc
/prep7
shpp,off
/title,
/com,
et,1,13,,,1
! PLANE13, , AZ
et,2,13,,,1
et,3,151,,,1,1,1
! SURF151, ,
r,3,0
! SURF151
row=.015
!
ric=.0175
!
roc=.0200
!
ro=.05
!
t=.001
!
freq=150000
! (.)
pi=4*atan(1)
!
375
cond=.392e7
!
muzero=4e-7*pi
!
mur=200
!
skind=sqrt(1/(pi*freq*cond*muzero*mur)) !
ftime=3
!
tinc=.05
!
time=0
!
delt=.01
!
emunit,mks
!
mp,murx,1,1
!
mp,murx,3,1
!
mptemp,1,25.5,160,291.5,477.6,635,698
!
mptemp,7,709,720.3,742,761,1000
mpdata,murx,2,1,200,190,182,161,135,104 !
mpdata,murx,2,7,84,35,17,1,1
mptemp
mptemp,1,0,125,250,375,500,625
!
mptemp,7,750,875,1000
mpdata,rsvx,2,1,.184e-6,.272e-6,.384e-6,.512e-6,.656e-6,.824e-6
mpdata,rsvx,2,7,1.032e-6,1.152e-6,1.2e-6 !
rectng,0,row,0,t
!
rectng,row,ric,0,t
!
rectng,ric,roc,0,t
!
rectng,roc,ro,0,t
! ()
aglue,all
numcmp,area
ksel,s,loc,x,row
!
kesize,all,skind/2
! /
!
.
ksel,s,loc,x,0
!
kesize,all,40*skind
!
lsel,s,loc,y,t/2
!
lesize,all,,,1
! 1
lsel,all
asel,s,area,,1
aatt,2,1,1
!
asel,s,area,,3
aatt,3,1,2
!
asel,s,area,,2,4,2
aatt,1,1,2
!
asel,all
mshape,0,2d
mshk,1
amesh,1
!
lsel,s,loc,y,0
lsel,a,loc,y,t
lsel,u,loc,x,row/2
lesize,all,.001
lsel,all
amesh,all
!
n
! SURF151
*get,nmax,node,,num,max
lsel,s,loc,x,row
type,3
real,3
mat,2
lmesh,all
*get,emax,elem,,num,max
emodif,emax,3,nmax
! ,
!

et,3,0
! 3
nsel,s,loc,x
d,all,az,0
! .
376
nsel,all
esel,s,mat,,3
bfe,all,js,,,,15e6
!
esel,all
finish
/solu
antyp,harm
harfrq,150000
physics,write,emag
!
finish
/prep7
lsclear,all
!
et,1,55,,,1
! PLANE55
et,2,0
!
et,3,151,,,1,1,1
! SURF151
keyopt,3,9,1
r,3,1,5.67e-8
! , -
mptemp
mptemp,1,0,730,930,1000
!
mpdata,kxx,2,1,60.64,29.5,28,28
mptemp
!
mptemp,1,0,27,127,327,527,727
mptemp,7,765,765.001,927
mpdata,enth,2,1,0,91609056,453285756,1.2748e9,2.2519e9,3.3396e9
mpdata,enth,2,7,3.548547e9,3.548556e9,4.3520e9
mp,emis,2,.68
!
finish
/solu
antype,trans
toffst,273
tunif,100
!
d,nmax,temp,25
!
cnvtol,heat,1
!
kbc,1
!
trnopt,full
autos,on
!
deltim,1e-5,1e-6,delt,on
outres,basic,all
!
physics,write,thermal
!
finish
*do,i,1,ftime/tinc
!
time=time+tinc
!
physics,read,emag
! /
/solu
*if,i,eq,1,then
tunif,100
!
*else
ldread,temp,last,,,,,rth
!
*endif
solve
!
finish
physics,read,thermal
!
/assign,esav,therm,esav
!
!
/assign,emat,therm,emat
/solu
*if,i,gt,1,then
antype,trans,rest
!
*endif
time,time
!
esel,s,mat,,2
!
ldread,hgen,,,,2,,rmg
! , /
esel,all
377
solve
finish
/assign,esav
/assign,emat
*enddo
finish
save
/post26
/show
nsol,2,1,temp,,tempcl
nsol,3,2,temp,,tempsurf
plvar,2,3
prvar,2,3
finish
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
2.10.2.10.
2.11. .
, - ,
ESSOLV.
2.11.1. .
, .
. ,
.
.
378
2.11.2. ( )
.
/batch,list
/prep7, Silicon beam deflection from an applied voltage
et,1,121
et,2,121
emunit,epzro,8.854e-6
mp,perx,2,1
!
!
!
!
!
PLANE121

, MKSV

bl=150
bh=2.0
glc=bl/2
gl=90
gh=1.5
!
!
!
!
!
(m)

gap=4.5
vltg=120
!
!
rectng,0,bl,gap,bh+gap
!
rectng,glc-gl/2,glc+gl/2,-gh,0
rectng,-10,170,-20,30
aovlap,all
asel,s,area,,1
aatt,1,,1
asel,s,area,,4
cm,air,area
aatt,2,,2
!
!
allsel,all
smrtsiz,2
amesh,1
mshape,1
amesh,4
!
!
asel,s,area,,1
lsla,s
dl,all,,volt,vltg
asel,s,area,,2
lsla,s
dl,all,,volt,0
! ( )
allsel,all
et,1,0
physics,write,ELECTROS
physics,clear
!
!
!
379
et,1,82,,,2
et,2,0
!
!
mp,ex,1,170e3
mp,nuxy,1,0.34
dl,4,,ux,0
dl,4,,uy,0
allsel,all
finish
physics,write,STRUCTURE
N/(m)**2
ESSOLV,'ELECTROS','STRUCTURE',2,0,'air',,,,10
finish
physics,read,ELECTROS
/post1
set,last
esel,s,mat,,2
etable,fx,fmag,x
etable,fy,fmag,y
ssum
finish
!
!
!
!
!
2.12. - ,
FSSOLV
, - ,
FSSOLV.
2.12.1. .
.
.
, .
2.12.2. ( ).
.
/BATCH,list
/Title, , .
380
!!
!!!!! 0. .
!!
fact=1.0e-3
!
length=.75*fact
!
d0 =.005*fact
!
d1 =.04*fact
!
d2 =.02*fact
!
dcen=d1+0.5*d0
widt=d0+d1+d2
dl =widt
elsi=0.5*d0
!
!
modx=70.0e9
nust=0.3
!
!
denw=1.0e3
visw=1.0e-3
vin =8.85e-3
!
!
! (/)
/PREP7
!!
!!!!! 1.
!!
et,1,141
! Flotran
et,2,141
!
rect,,length+dl,,widt
rect,,length,d1,d1+d0
aovlap,all
numcmp,area
ASEL,S,loc,y,dcen
ASEL,INVERT
AATT,1,,1
type,1
ASEL,INVERT
aatt,2,,2
type,2
alls
esize,elsi
amesh,all
alls
fini
/prep7
!!
!!!!! 2.
!!
et,1,141
et,2,0
!
!!
CFD
flda,solu,flow,1
flda,solu,turb,1
flda,advm,mome,supg
flda,advm,turb,supg
flda,iter,exec,100
flda,outp,sumf,10
!!
CFD
flda,prot,dens,constant
flda,prot,visc,constant
flda,nomi,dens,denw
! 1000 kg/m3
flda,nomi,visc,visw
! 4.6E-4 kg-s/m ( )
flda,conv,pres,1.E-9
!
!!
CFD
381
lsel,s,loc,x,0
lsel,u,loc,y,dcen
dl,all,,vy,0.,1
dl,all,,vx,vin,1
lsel,s,loc,y,0
lsel,a,loc,y,widt
dl,all,,vx,0.,1
dl,all,,vy,0.,1
asel,s,type,,2
lsla,s
dl,all,,vx,0.,1
dl,all,,vy,0.,1
lsel,s,loc,x,length+dl
dl,all,,pres,0.,1
!
asel,s,type,,1
cm,area2,area
alls
fini
/title,
physics,write,fluid,fluid
physics,clear
/prep7
!!
!!!!! 3.
!!
et,1,0
et,2,42
!
mp,ex,2,modx
mp,nuxy,2,nust
LSEL,S,LOC,Y,dcen
LSEL,R,LOC,X,0
dl,all,,UX,0
! X=0
dl,all,,UY,0
alls
fini
/title,Structural Analysis
physics,write,struc,struc
physics,clear
!!
!!!!! 4. FSSOLV
!!!!!
!!
FSSOLV,'fluid','struc',2,'area2', ,,,,25,40,1,1
/exit,nosa
3. .
3.1.
, .

.
.
382
ANSYS/FLOTRAN
, .

:
, ,
.
, , .
, , .

. , ,
, .

, (
).
, .
3.2. .

, /
.
,
/ .
. ,
.
383

:
.
.
3.3. .

ANSYS/FLOTRAN: FLUID141 FLUID142.
FLOTRAN ANSYS Elements Reference ANSYS CFD Flotran
Analysis Guide.
,
.
, .

HYPER
PLANE2
SOLID45
BEAM3
SHELL63
HYPER56
PLANE42
SOLID92
BEAM23 SHELL93
HYPER84
PLANE82
SOLID95
BEAM188 SHELL181
HYPER86
PLANE182 SOLID185
BEAM189
PLANE183 SOLID186
SOLID187

PLANE35
SOLID70
PLANE55
SOLID87
SHELL57
SOLID90
384

PLANE13
SOLID5
PLANE67
SOLID62
SHELL157
SOLID69
SOLID98
3.4.
.

:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
.
.
.
.
.
3.4.1. .

.
,
.
/ .
, .
ANSYS CFD Flotran Analysis Guide.
ANSYS Structural Analysis
Guide ANSYS Thermal Analysis Guide.
3.4.2. .

. SF (SF,
SFA, SFE, SFL) FSIN.
: .
SF, SFA, SFE, SFL
, .
,
.
3.4.3. .
,
.
3.4.3.1. .
385

. ,
, ,
.
.
FSAN .
FSAN,OFF (
).
FSOR
. ,
FSOR,FLUID,SOLID.
. .
.
FSTR (, ).
. FSTR ,
ANTYPE FLDATA1.
FSIN
.
, ,
:
:
, ,
.

.
.

.
GUI :
GUI:
Main Menu>Preprocessor>FSI Set Up>Options
Main Menu>Solution>FSI Set Up>Options
3.4.3.2. .

.
FSTI.
386
.
.
.
:
:
FSTI
GUI:
Main Menu>Preprocessor>FSI Set Up>Time
Main Menu>Solution>FSI Set Up>Time
:
:
FSDT
GUI:
Main Menu>Preprocessor>FSI Set Up>Time
Main Menu>Solution>FSI Set Up>Time

DELTIM and FLDATA4,TIME,STEP,Value .

.
,
,
FSDT.
3.4.3.3. .

.
.
, .
, ,

.
:
:
FSIT
GUI:
Main Menu>Preprocessor>FSI Set Up>Iterations
387
Main Menu>Solution>FSI Set Up>Iterations

10 .
3.4.3.4. .
,
. (
) ,
.
:
:
FSCO
GUI:
Main Menu>Preprocessor>FSI Set Up>Convergence
Main Menu>Solution>FSI Set Up>Convergence
0.0001.
.
:
Conv = log (x/min)/(log max/min)
:
x = L2 , .
min = , FSCO
max = ( 100)

, . ,
:
x min, Conv 0 .
x max, Conv 1 .
3.4.3.5. .
N .
(Jobname.RFL)
(Jobname.RST Jobname.RTH).
388
:
:
FSOU
GUI:
Main Menu>Preprocessor>FSI Set Up>Convergence
Main Menu>Solution>FSI Set Up>Convergence
FLDATA2, FLDATA4, FLDATA4A, FLDATA5,
OUTRES ,
.
FSOU , .
3.4.3.6. .
, ,
, .

, 1.0.
:
:
FSRE
GUI:
Main Menu>Preprocessor>FSI Set Up>Relaxation
Main Menu>Solution>FSI Set Up>Relaxation
3.4.3.7. .
,
:
:
FSST
GUI:
Main Menu>Preprocessor>FSI Set Up>Status
Main Menu>Solution>FSI Set Up>Status
3.4.4. .
:
:
389
SOLVE
GUI:
Main Menu>Solution>Current LS

:
:
FSRS
GUI:
Main Menu>Solution>FSI Set Up>Restart
3.4.5. .

. , ANSYS
POST1 POST26.
.
Jobname.RFL
Jobname.RST Jobname.RTH. An Overview of
Postprocessing ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide.
3.5. .
:
, ,

. ,
,
.

.
DDS .
, ,
, FLDATA16,BULK,BETA.

, ALPHAD and
BETAD.
390
3.6.
( ).
3.6.1. .

.
. /
. .
.
3.6.2. .
:
= 1.0
= 0.25
= 0.10
:
= 1.0e11
= 10
= 0.3
:
= 10000
= 1.0
= 0.001
= 1.0
= 1.0
0.85.
3.6.3. .

391
3.6.4. .
/BATCH
MAXDISP = 0.85
*DEL,_FNCNAME
*DEL,_FNCMTID
*DEL,_FNC_C1
*DEL,_FNC_C2
*SET,_FNCNAME,'uxdsp'
*DIM,_FNC_C1,,1
*DIM,_FNC_C2,,1
*SET,_FNC_C1(1),MAXDISP
392
*SET,_FNC_C2(1),2.5
! /INPUT,time.func
*DIM,%_FNCNAME%,TABLE,6,4,1
! : a*sin(omega*{TIME})
%_FNCNAME%(0,0,1)= 0.0, -999
%_FNCNAME%(2,0,1)= 0.0
%_FNCNAME%(3,0,1)= %_FNC_C1(1)%
%_FNCNAME%(4,0,1)= %_FNC_C2(1)%
%_FNCNAME%(5,0,1)= 0.0
%_FNCNAME%(6,0,1)= 0.0
%_FNCNAME%(0,1,1)= 1.0, -1, 0, 1, 18, 3,
%_FNCNAME%(0,2,1)= 0.0, -1, 9, 1, -1, 0,
%_FNCNAME%(0,3,1)=
0, -2, 0, 1, 17, 3,
%_FNCNAME%(0,4,1)= 0.0, 99, 0, 1, -2, 0,
! : a*sin(omega*{TIME})
!-->
/PREP7
ET,1,141
KEYOPT,1,4,1
ET,2,42
RECT,0.1,1.0,,0.25
TYPE,1
LESIZE,4,,,4
LESIZE,2,,,4
LESIZE,1,,,8
LESIZE,3,,,8
ALLSEL
AMESH,ALL
ALLSEL,BELOW,AREA
NSEL,R,LOC,X,0.1
SF,ALL,FSIN,1
ALLSEL,BELOW,AREA
NSEL,R,LOC,X,1
D,ALL,UX,0
D, ALL, UY,0
D, ALL, PRES,0
ALLSEL, BELOW, AREA
NSEL,R,LOC,Y,0
D, ALL, UY,0
D, ALL, VY,0
ALLSEL, BELOW, AREA
NSEL,R,LOC,Y,0.25
D,ALL,UY,0
D,ALL,VY,0
ALLSEL
RECT,,0.1,,0.25
LESIZE,5,,,2
LESIZE,7,,,2
LESIZE,8,,,4
LESIZE,6,,,4
TYPE,2
MAT,1
ALLSEL
ASEL,S,,,2
ALLSEL,BELOW,AREA
AMESH,ALL
ALLSEL,BELOW,AREA
NSEL,R,LOC,X,0.1
SF,ALL,FSIN,1
ALLSEL,BELOW,AREA
NSEL,R,EXT
D,ALL,UX,%uxdsp%
D,ALL,UY,0
ALLSEL
1
0
-1
0
393
!
MP,EX,1,2.0E11
MP,DENS,1,7800
MP,PRXY,1,0.3
FLDATA1,SOLU,FLOW,1
FLDATA1,SOLU,TEMP,0
FLDATA1,SOLU,TRAN,1
FLDATA1,SOLU,ALE,1
FLDATA2,TIME,GLOB,10,
!
FLDATA7,PROT,DENS,AIR-SI
FLDATA7,PROT,VISC,AIR-SI
FINISH
/SOLU
FSAN,ON
FSCO,ALL,1.0e-2
FSRE,ALL,1.0
FSOU,1
DELTIM,0.0125
FLDA, TIME, STEP, 0.0125
FSIT, 10
FSTI, 1.0
FSDT,0.0125
FSOR,SOLID
)
FSTR,SOLID,
FSTR,FLUID,
SAVE
SOLVE
SAVE
FINISH
/SOLU
FSRS,TIME,1.0
FSTI,1.25
FSDT,0.0125
SOLVE
SAVE
FINISH
/POST26
FILE,,rfl
NSOL,2,23,UX
NSOL,3,23,VX
PRVAR,2
PLVAR,2
PRVAR,3
PLVAR,3
FINISH
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
FSI

SOLID
FLUID

- (SOLID
! SOLID
! FLUID
!
!
!
3.7.
( )
3.7.1.
,
. .
.
.
3.7.2. .
394
:
= 2.0e9 N/m2
= 7800 Kg/m3
= 0.3
:
= Air-SI
= Air-SI
3.7.3.

395
3.7.4.
/batch
a=1.0
b=1.0
gap=0.8*a/2
thick=0.01*a
c=0.5*a
/PREP7
smrt,off
et,1,142
et,2,45
et,3,141
et,4,42
keyopt,1,4,1
keyopt,3,4,1
msha,0
mshk,1
rect,0,gap,0,b/2-thick
rect,0,gap,b/2-thick,b/2+thick
rect,0,gap,b/2+thick,b
rect,gap,a/2,0,b/2-thick
rect,gap,a/2,b/2-thick,b/2+thick
rect,gap,a/2,b/2+thick,b
nummrg,kp
numcmp,all
nx1=16-4
lesi,1,,,nx1,-1,1
lesi,3,,,nx1,-1,1
lesi,6,,,nx1,-1,1
lesi,9,,,nx1,-1,1
nx2=6-2
lesi,11,,,nx2,1,1
lesi,13,,,nx2,1/1,1
lesi,15,,,nx2,1/1,1
lesi,17,,,nx2,1/1,1
ny1=2
396
lesi,7,,,ny1,1,1
lesi,5,,,ny1,1,1
lesi,14,,,ny1,1,1
ny2=20-4
lesi,4,,,ny2,-2,1
lesi,2,,,ny2,-2,1
lesi,12,,,ny2,-2,1
lesi,10,,,ny2,-2,1
lesi,8,,,ny2,-2,1
lesi,16,,,ny2,-2,1
asel,s,,,2
aatt,,,4
asel,inve
aatt,,,3
alls
amesh,all
agen,2,2
aclear,2
adel,2,,,1
type,1
asel,s,type,,3
esiz,,6
vext,all,,,0,0,c
asel,s,type,,4
type,2
vext,all,,,0,0,c
alls
aclear,all
etdel,3
etdel,4
asel,s,,,11
asel,a,,,16,22,3
asel,a,,,26
nsla,s,1
d,all,vx,0
d,all,vy,0
d,all,vz,0
d,all,uz,0
d,all,ux,0
!***
!
asel,s,,,29,31
nsla,s,1
sf,all,fsin,1
!
asel,s,,,10,13,3
asel,a,,,24
nsla,s,1
sf,all,fsin,1
!***
asel,s,,,8,18,10
nsla,s,1
d,all,ux,0
d,all,uy,0
d,all,uz,0
397
d,all,vx,0
d,all,vy,1.0
d,all,vz,0
asel,s,,,15,27,12
nsla,s,1
d,all,pres,0
asel,s,,,32
nsla,s,1
d,all,ux,0
d,all,uy,0
d,all,uz,0
!
asel,s,,,1,6
asel,a,,,12,17,5
asel,a,,,25
nsla,s,1
d,all,vz,0
d,all,uz,0
alls
fini
/solu
flda,solu,flow,1
flda,solu,ale,1
flda,solu,turb,1
flda,solu,tran,1
flda,iter,exec,50
!Fluid Properties
flda,prot,dens,air-si
flda,prot,visc,air-si
!Solid Properties
mp,ex,1,2.1e11/1000
mp,nuxy,1,0.3
mp,dens,1,7800
fsan,on
fsco,all,1.0e-1
fsre,all,0.5
fsou,1
fsit,5
fsti,0.05
fsdt,0.01
fsor,fluid
fstr,solid,
fstr,fluid,
deltim,0.01
flda,time,step,0.01
save
solve
save
fini
/solu
!***
asel,s,,,8,18,10
nsla,s,1
d,all,ux,0
d,all,uy,0
d,all,uz,0
d,all,vx,0
d,all,vy,0
d,all,vz,0
allsel
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!

(FSI)
FSI
FSI

FSI
FSI delta time

analysis

398
fsrs,time,0.05
fsti,0.1
solve
save
fini
/post1
file,,rst
set,last
prnsol,u,sum
plnsol,u,sum
prnsol,v,sum
plnsol,v,sum
fini
399

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, BEAM4 (UX, UY, UZ, ROTX, ROTY,

, Structural , Linear, Nonlinear .

Model, Define Material ID.

4. Material Models Available, :

R-W_opt, READ ( ), WRITE (

2. MP (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material

MPWRITE (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props> Material Library>

TEMP, TBOT, TE2, . . .

DSYM, DSCALE, DCUM

DK, DKLIST, DKDELE

DL, DLLIST, DLDELE

DA, DALIST, DADELE

NSEL, D, DCUM ANSYS Commands Reference.

HEAT, HBOT, HE2, . . . HTOP

CSGX, CSGY, CSGZ

FK, FKLIST, FKDELE

F FCUM ANSYS Commands Reference.

SF, SFLIST, SFDELE

SFSCALE, SFCUM, SFFUN, SFGRAD

SFE, SFELIST, SFEDELE

SFBEAM, SFFUN, SFGRAD

SFL, SFLLIST, SFLDELE

SFA, SFALIST, SFADELE

*DIM, SFFUN, SF ANSYS Commands Reference.

270, -90, SLZER:

theta C.S. 11.

Volume Charge Density

Heat Generation Rate

BF, BFLIST, BFDELE

BFSCALE, BFCUM, BFUNIF

BFE, BFELIST, BFEDELE

BFK, BFKLIST, BFKDELE

BFL, BFLLIST, BFLDELE

BFA, BFALIST, BFADELE

BFV, BFVLIST, BFVDELE

Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> load type> On Volumes

Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Settings> Uniform Temp

BFK, BFL, BFA, BFV

<---- Element Records.

D,,(TEMP, TBOT, TE2, TE3, . . ., TTOP)

F,,(HEAT, HBOT, HE2, HE3, . . ., HTOP)

TIME, X, Y, Z, TEMP, SF,,CONV

TIME, X, Y, Z, TEMP, D,,(VX,VY,VZ,PRES,TEMP,ENKE,

TIME, X, Y, Z, TEMP, D,,(UX,UY,UZ)

TIME, X, Y, Z, TEMP, SF,,HFLU

TIME, X, Y, Z, TEMP, BFE,,HGEN

TIME, X, Y, Z, TEMP, BF,,HGEN

TIME, X, Y, Z, TEMP, BF,,FORCE

TIME, X, Y, Z, TEMP, SF,,RAD

2.6.15.1. Function Editor

2 5 < X < 10,

Plot Information Graph .

, List Plot Information, ANSYS

Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads>

Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts>

Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc>

Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads>

Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc>

DMPRAT Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads>

Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc>

Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads>

Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc>

Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts>