797 PDF

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I.

2012
330.101.542(075.8)
65.012.173
535
:
. ., . . ,
;
. ., . . , .
535
. .
: . 2- /
. . . : , 2012. . I:
250 .
ISBN 978-5-4332-0063-0
-
, , . .
, . .
330.101.542(075.8)
65.012.173
ISBN 978-5-4332-0063-0
. ., 2012
.
, 2012
1
1.1 . . . . . . . . .
1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 . .
1.4
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2.1 :
2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4 . .
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3
3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4 ,
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4
4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2
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4.3 . . . . . . . . . .
4.4 . . . . . . . . . . .
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93
5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
5.2 , . . . . . . . . 95
5.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
6
6.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2
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6.3
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6.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
7.1 . . . . . . . . . .
7.2
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7.3 . .
7.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.4.2 . . . . .
7.4.3 .
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7.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.5.1 . . . . . . . . . . .
7.5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.5.3 . . . . . . . . . .
107
107
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124
133
136
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140
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150
153
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8
160
8.1
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8.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
9
9.1 . .
9.2 . . . . . . . . . . .
9.3 . . . . .
172
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10
10.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.6 . . . . . . . . .
191
191
194
200
204
208
211
10.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
10.8 . . . 218
10.9 . . . . . . . . . 224
228
229
231
236
238
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II.
2.1
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P
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P Qd
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2
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48
II.
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2) Ed Ed
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= 1.0.
12 10
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.

, ( ).
,
. ,
.
,
. , Ed = 1, .
.................................................................................
:
. - ,
;
. , ,
Ed ;
. ;
. ,
;
.
;
. , ;
. , . ,
.
Qd , . :
50
II.
:
EI =
% Qd
,
% I
I ;
:
Exy =
% Qdx
,
% Py
Qdx x; Py y.
,
. ,
( ). ()
, , .
, ( ,
); (
). .
, .
, : , , ; ,
, ; , , .
. , .
( y x).
Es , Ed , , :
Es = % Qs /% P.
:
. ,
,
;
.
, ;
.
.
2.
51

2.1 , , : Qd = 14 2P Qd = 20 2P .
, ,
. ?
2.2 , A B,
: Qs A = 4 + 0.5PA Qs B = 2 + 2PB .
,
?
2.3
, 2.3.
2.3

Pd11 = 20 2Qd11 Pd12 = 20 4Qd12 Pd13 = 4 0.5Qd13
Pd21 = 5 Qd21
Pd22 = 20 Qd22
Pd23 = 6 2Qd23
,
, , 2.9.
. 2.9 : ; ;

, , .
.
2.4 N,
30 , 2.4. , , ?
2.5 N
Exy , 2.5. ?
52
II.
2.4
10-
0.85
1.05
1.24
10-
0.28
1.12
0.45
10-
0.20
1.28
0.15
2.5
x
Exy
0.81
0.29
0.87
.................................................................
2
.................................................................
1) ?
2) ?
3) ?
4)
?
5)
()?
6) ?
7) ?
3.1
,
, .
. ,
.
() :
1) ;
2) ;
3) .
,
.
. ,
.
.................................................................
1 U
.
.................................................................
, , 2 [7].
1
2
. .
( . utility ) .
54
II.
. , , , .
-. , .
, .
.................................................................
, ,
.
.................................................................
, . , .
, .
,
, . ,
, , ,
, ,
.
, XIX .,
:
() ().
3.2
1 () [1, 7]:
1) 2 ;
2) ;
3) - .
4) () .
1
: (18401921), - (),
(18511914), , (18511926).
2
, , , ,
.
3.
55
.................................................................
TU ,
.
.................................................................
,
:
TU = f (Qi ) .
TU = f (Qx , Qy , . . ., Qn ).
.................................................................
MU ,
.
.................................................................
:
MU (Qi ) =
TUn TUn1
;
Qn Qn1
(3.1)
:
MU (Qi ) =
(TU)
.
(Qi )
(3.2)
,
, .

. 3.1. TU. , ,
.
1 .
.................................................................
( ) :
, ,
,
.
.................................................................
1
(18101858), ,
.
56
II.
. 3.1
:
, ;
.
,
. : ,
,
.

. ,
.
.................................................................
: , ,

.
.................................................................

( ):
MUn
MUx MUy
=
= ... =
= ,
Px
Py
Pn
(3.3)
; x, y, n .
MUn = Pn , . .
[11].
3.
......................
3.1
57
.....................
, 10
, : 1
2 . . ,
.
3.1

1-
2-
3-
4-
5-
6-
7-

A
B

1
1
20
24
20
48
16
20
16
40
14
18
14
36
12
16
12
32
10
12
10
24
8
6
8
12
6
4
6
8
:
1) 1 B 2 ,

1 .
2) A B,
,
20 . B,
A. 5 . 5 : 4- B
18 ; 5- 6- A B, . 2 A 4
B. 192 . .
.................................................................................
, ,
, , . , , x (
58
II.
y ) MUx /Px . MUx /Px = MUy /Py

MUx /Px , x. , x , , x.
,
,
.
3.3
1
. .
.
.
.................................................................
[11]:
1) ;
2) .
,
,
;
3) y, x;
4)
, ;
5)
,
.
.................................................................
:
, , .
: , (18451926),
(18451926), (19041989).
3.
59
.................................................................
U , ,
, , .
.................................................................
(. 3.2),
, . A, B, C,
, , (, 10 ) . , ,
U = X Y .
,

, .
. 3.2
.................................................................
:
1) ;
2) , , ;
3)
;
4) .
.................................................................

, MRSxy
.
60
II.
.................................................................
x,

y, .
.................................................................
MRSxy :
MRSxy =
y
.
x
(3.4)

, y x,
.
, ,
x y:
MRSxy =
MUx
.
MUy
(3.5)
:
, ,
. MRS , . . .
( )
MRS.
.................................................................
MRS ,

, U = aX + bY .
.................................................................
.................................................................
,
U = min {X /Cx ; Y /Cy }, Cx Cy .
.................................................................
.
, MRS , .
3.
61
, , , 1 , 2 , :
1) , ;
2) , ,
y x.
,
, , . I
( ).
.................................................................
, , .
.................................................................
:
I = Px x + Py y,
(3.6)
I ; Px x; Py y; x, y .
:
I
Px
y = a bx y =
x,
Py Py
Px /Py .
M y
(. 3.3), . N x x (). , MN .
.................................................................

.
.................................................................
E
x y:
Px
= MRSxy .
(3.7)
Py
1
,
.
2
,
.
62
II.
. 3.3

, :
Px
y
1)
= ;
Py
x
Px MUx
2)
=
.
Py MUy
,
.
.................................................................

, .
.................................................................
......................
3.2
.....................
, ( ),
80 . 1 8 ., 1 20 .
U1 , . , 2 3.2 .
:
1) ;
2)
25 . 1
.
3.
63
:
1) MN
, .
M , :
I = Py y;
y=
I
80 .
=(
) = 4.
Py
20 .
N :
I = Px x;
x=
I
80 .
=(
) = 10.
Px
8 .
, (. 3.4). E1 , .
. 3.4
2) MN . :
y OM
4
=
=
= 0.4.
x ON 10
x y.
:
=
8 .
Px
=(
) = 0.4.
Py
20 .
, y ,
x. 0.4 ,
1 .
64
II.
3) 20 . 25 .
M . M ,
, y, x. :
I = Py y ;
y =
I
80 .
) = 3.2.
= (
Py
25 .

. M N
MN,
8 .
0.32 (
).
25 .
,
U1 .
E2 . ,

, .
.................................................................................
,
, ,
.
.................................................................
(
)
( ),
. ,
, .
.................................................................
, (. 3.5).
.................................................................
, .
.................................................................
, P1 P2 . x y
MN -
3.
65
(. 3.5, ).
MN .
U1 , U2 ,
E1 , E2 . , Gp .
. 3.5

x (. 3.5, ). ,
.
- . ,
, . ,
. [12].
. 3.6 E2 x, y,
x.
Qx1 Qx2 ( y). :
(Qx1 Qx3 ) (Qx3 Qx2 ).
.................................................................

.
.................................................................
66
II.
.................................................................
1
,
.
.................................................................
. 3.6
,
M K, MN
U1 .
M K U1 E3 . E3 Qx3 .
.................................................................
, . . E1 E3 , U1
U2 .
.................................................................
, .
1
, .
3.
67
, , , ( , )
( , ).

.
, ,
.
.................................................................
, . Gg , [4].
.................................................................
.................................................................
,
.
.................................................................
(. 3.7)
:
1) (. 3.7, ),
2) , , (. 3.7, ) .
3.6, , (I2 > I1 )
( E2 ) . ,
.
. 3.7
68
II.
3.4 ,

, , , .
[3, 4].
.................................................................
()
Pmax ,
, Pp , .
.................................................................
:
= Pmax Pp .
......................
3.3
(3.8)
.....................
(. 3.8).
. 3.8
( A
) 20 ., ( B) 19 ., ( C) 17 ., ( E) 15 .
3.
69
15 . () .
:
1) 1 . 5 . (20 .15 .),
4 ., 2 ., 0 . (15 .15 .).
2) :
= 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 5 + 4 + 2 + 0 = 11.
,
, P , Pmax , E
, (. . 3.8).
.................................................................................
:
= 0.5 (P P ) Q .
(3.9)
.................................................................
() Pmin ,
.
.................................................................
:
= P Pmin .
(3.10)
.
......................
3.4
.....................
( A . 3.8 3.3) 10 .,
( B ) 11 ., ( C ) 13 ., ( E) 15 .
15 . .
:
1) 1 15 .,
()
70
II.
= 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 =
= (15 10) + (15 11) + (15 13) + (15 15) = 11.
.................................................................................
,
- , P , Pmin , E , . :
(3.11)
= 0.5 (P Pmin ) Q .
.
.................................................................
.
.................................................................
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
, Q = 4 1 (. 3.8. 3.3).
? , ABA B . , ,
.
,
, ,
.
.
.................................................................................
.
:
1) ( ) ( ) ;
2) . Qs = c + dP Qsi =
= c + d (P t), t . ., Qs = c + d (P + ) . .;
3.
71
3) .
.
, . . , (. 3.9). , , P1 P2 ME1 . SP2 ME0 P0 SP0 E0 E1 P1 ,
ME0 E1
.
. 3.9 ,
, ,
.
. SP2 ME0 P0
SP0 E0 E1 P1 , , . , ,
. ,
.
,

, , . ,
.
72
II.

3.1 , 4 . 2 .
. .
?
3.2 TU = 4x + 2y.
: MRSxy ; MRSyx .
3.3 TU = 4xy. x
10 ., y 4 ., ,
, 420 . .
3.4 Qd = 150
2P Qs = 80 + 3P. .
3.5 , 3.2.
3.2
1
2

Qd1 = 40 2P1
Qd2 = 40 2P2

Qs1 = 4 + 0.5P1
Qs2 = 2 + 2P2
2 .
,
?
.
3.
73
.................................................................
3
.................................................................
1) ?
2) , .
3)
?
4) ?
5) ?
6) ?
7) ?
8) ?
9) ?
10) , ?
11) ?
12) ?
13) ?
4.1
. .
, ,
, , () .
.................................................................
( ) ,
.
.................................................................
() :
; ()
; , . .
, , .
. ,
, .
.................................................................
, .
.................................................................
4.
75
, , . :
, ,
.
.
70% 67%
.
, , . ,
. . :
, ,
. 1%
45% .
, , .
.................................................................
,
, ,
, , . .
.................................................................
:
;
;
, - .
:
,
: , ;
,
, .
76
II.
20% 90%
.

.
.................................................................
, .
.................................................................

.
[13]:
;
;
;
.
: . ,
, ,

.
, , ,
, .
:
1) ();
2) ();
3) ().
, ,
,
.
, , , .

.
,
.
, , .
4.
77
.
.
, . . , ( ) , ( ).
.
. ( 50%, 50%).
, .
,
, (
). ,
.

,
. .
.
, . .

, . , .
, , , .
, . ,
. ,
, . , .
.................................................................

[14].
.................................................................
, , ,
. , .
78
II.
, , , ,
. . , , .
, .
.................................................................
: , , .
.................................................................
,
.
, .
, . , .
, .
,
. , , , , , ,
. , : ,

, , .
: , ,
, , .
4.
79
4.2

: .
.................................................................
.
.................................................................
:
Q = f (L, K, , . . ., Fn ) ,
Q , L, K, , . . ., Fn
( , , . .).
.
, -
( , , , ) [3, 4].
.................................................................

, .
.................................................................
, . ,

, , , .
.................................................................
.
.................................................................
,
, () . , , , ,
, ,
. , , () ,
.
80
II.
,

.
, L ,
Q = f (L), :
Q = aL + bL2 cL3 .
(4.1)
.................................................................
TP ( Q) , .
.................................................................

:
1) MP
Q L.
:
)
MPL =
Q
;
L
(4.2)
) ,

MPL =
Q
;
L
(4.3)
2) APL ,
APL =
Q
;
L
(4.4)
3) EQL ,
% Q
EQL =
, ,
% L
EQL =
MPL
.
APL
(4.5)
4.
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
81
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

, Q = 10L + 0.5L2 0.01L3
( K const) (. 4.1).
4.1

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
TP
0
8
18
26
33
39
42
AP
8.0
9.0
8.7
8.25
7.8
7.0
MP
8
10
8
7
6
3
,
(. 4.1).
. 4.1 ,
()
.................................................................................
82
II.
,
, : ,
, MPL .
MPL [3].
.................................................................
: ,
, ,
, .
.................................................................
,
.
, TP. ,
, ,
.
TP, .
,
(EQL > 1),

.
(EQL = 1). . ,
.
(4.1)
Q = aL + bL2 , Q = aL,
Q = bL cL2 .
: MPL = a + 2bL;
MPL = a; MPL = b 2cL.
.................................................................
,
.
.................................................................
4.
83
4.3

, (L) (K).
Q = f (L, K). 1 :
Q = AL K ,
(4.6)
A, , , ( ).
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
, Q = L0.75 K 0.25 , . 4.2 [11].

, Q 57
:
1) Q = 57; L = 80; K = 20;
2) Q = 57; L = 70; K = 30;
3) Q = 57; L = 60; K = 50;
4.2
Q
L
10 20 30
50
33 40 44
60
38 46 50
70
43 51 57
80
48 57 63
90
52 62 68
K
40
47
54
61
67
74
50
50
57
64
71
78
60
52
60
67
74
81
, . 4.2,
, , ,
. , , ,
.
(, 57 . 4.2) A,
B C, L K.
1
( . . ),
1.
84
II.
Q1 , (. 4.2).
. 4.2
.................................................................................
.................................................................
,
, .
.................................................................
.................................................................
, K/L. .
.................................................................
K/L ,
. . 4.2 2/8, 3/7 5/6.
. 4.2 Q2 ,
. Q1 . ,
: ,
.
(4.2) [11]:
EQ, L =
MPL AK L1
=
= ;
APL
AK L1
(4.7)
4.
85
MPK AL K 1
=
= .
(4.8)
APK
AL K 1
. , , ,
, . EQ, L > EQ, K ,
, EQ, L < EQ, K .
, :
1) , .
Q = aL + bK ;
EQ, K =
2) ,
1 Q = min {kK K; kL L}, kK kL
. ;
3) ,
.
.................................................................
MRTS.
.................................................................
MRTS :
K
;
L Q const
(4.9)
MPL
MRTS =
.
MPK
MRTS ,
, .
MRTS
,
. MRTS , ,
, .
ELK , ( )
1% [3, 11]:
MRTS =
ELK =
1
% (K/L)
(K/L) MRTSLK
=
.
K/L
MRTSLK
% MRTSLK
(4.10)
(19061999).
86
II.
.................................................................
,
, ELK . ELK = 1.
, ( ),
.
.................................................................
4.4 .
. ,
.
( ).
.................................................................
,
.
.................................................................
PL PK , , L K.
:
TC = PL L + PK K.
(4.11)
:
TC PL
K=
L, PL /PK .
PK PK
TC Q (. 4.3) .
.................................................................
, ,
K L .
.................................................................

:
MPL PL
PL
K
MRTS =
=
;
=
L
PK
MPK PK
(4.12)
TC = PL L + PK K.
4.
87
. 4.3

.
,
.

, ,
.
. ,
OS (. 4.4).
. 4.4 : (), (),

()
, ,
, . .
(. 4.4, ) [4].
.
.................................................................

, .
.................................................................
88
II.
, , (. 4.4, ).
, (. 4.4, ).
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. 4.3 [11].
4.3
Q = L0.75 K 0.25
Q = L0.75 K 0.5
Q = L0.5 K 0.25

L = 20;
L = 30;
L = 40;
K = 100
K = 150
K = 200
29.9 (1)
44.9 (1.5)
59.8 (2)
94.6 (1)
157.0 (1.7) 224.9 (2.4)
14.1 (1)
19.2 (1.4)
23.8 (1.7)
. ,
.
.................................................................................
, ,
1%:
+ = 1 ;
+ > 1 ;
+ < 1 ,
.
, , .
x y
M N [15]. :
a11 M x;
a12 M y;
a21 N x;
a22 N y;
m M ( );
n N ( );
4.
89
px x;
py y.

,
TR (x, y) x y:
TR = (x, y) = px x + py y.
, ,
:
a11 x + a12 y m;
a21 x + a22 y n.
.................................................................
(x, y),
.
.................................................................
.................................................................
()
,
.
.................................................................
......................
4.1
.....................
, (. 4.4).
4.4
x
6
2
5
y
3
2
10

90
40
.
:
1) , :
TR (x, y) = px x + py y.
TR = 5x + 10y.
90
II.
2) , :
a11 x + a12 y m;
a21 x + a22 y n;
6x + 3y 90;
2x + 2y 40.
3) 4.5 .
. 4.5
D C ( DC). D , :
m = a12 y;
y=
m
90
= ( ) = 30.
a12
3
C ,
:
m
90
m = a11 x; x =
= ( ) = 15.
a11
6
A K ( AK):
y=
40
n
= ( ) = 20;
a22
2
x=
40
n
= ( ) = 20.
a21
2
4) OABC, AB
n, BC m.
5) ()
B OABC , :
6x + 3y 90;
B : x = 10; y = 10.
2x + 2y 40.
4.
91
B Q1 , ,
. Q2 ,
, ,
A C, .
6) , :
TR = 5 10 + 10 10 = 150 .
, B 10
x 10 y .
.................................................................................

4.1 A, B C (14K 2L; 10K 3L;
6K 6L), .
: PK = 3 PL = 2
. .
4.2 156 . :
PK = 10 , PL = 5 .
MRTSKL .
4.3 Q = 2.5L + 5K. .
4.4 :
1) Q = K 0.3 L0.6 ;
2) Q = K 0.4 L0.6 ;
3) Q = K 0.1 L0.8 ;
4.5 ,
Q = 218L + 18L2 L3 .
. ,
3 .
92
II.
.................................................................
4
.................................................................
1) ?
2) - ?
3) ?
4)
?
5) , ?
6) ?
7) ?
8) ?
9) ?
10)
?
11) ?
12)
?
13) ?
14)
?
15) ?
5.1
. :
1) ;
2) ;
3) .
,
.
(, , -, - . .). , , , [3, 4].
.................................................................
TC , .
.................................................................
, .
94
II.
.................................................................
,
, - .
.................................................................
,
, ,
. , . , , , 20 . .
. 24 . . ,
, 4.5 . . ,
,
.

[15].
-, , . , ,
1 1.5 2 ,
, , 1 2 .
-, , . 1.5 , 2 , 1 1.5
. , ,
,
.
.................................................................
: ().
.................................................................
() .
.................................................................
, .
.................................................................
: , , , ,
, , , ,
.
5.
95
,
.
:
.
.................................................................
, .
.................................................................
. ,
(
), . , , ,
. , .
.
.
, .
.................................................................
.
.................................................................
,
. ,
, .
, , , ,
.
.
5.2 ,
.................................................................
FC ,
.
.................................................................
- , , , .
96
II.
: . ,
. ,
, , - .
FC , (. 5.1).
. 5.1 ,
.................................................................
VC ,
.
.................................................................
, ,
, , . . . ,
(. 5.2).
. 5.2
VC1 ,
, . VC2 ,
, .
5.
97
VC3 , , .
.................................................................
TC .
.................................................................

.
.................................................................

.
.................................................................
TC = PL L+PK K,
K const. TC .
(TC = k + lQ),
(TC = a + bQ cQ2 , TC = a + bQ + cQ2 , TC = a + bQ cQ2 + dQ3 ) . a .
a.
,
, , . . .
.................................................................
ATC , .
.................................................................
:
TC
;
Q
ATC = AFC + AVC.
ATC =
(5.1)
(5.2)
AFC AVC :
AFC =
FC
;
Q
AVC =
VC
;
Q
AFC = ATC AVC;
AVC = ATC AFC.
(5.3)
. ,
.
98
II.
.................................................................
MC , .
.................................................................
:
VC
TC
MC =
;
Q
Q
(5.4)
TC (FC + VC) FC VC VC
=
=
+
=
.
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
(5.5)
MC =
MC =
, .
.
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 5.1 ,
.
5.1
,
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
FC
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
VC
16
22
30
40
52
66
88
TC
20
36
42
50
60
72
86
108
MC
8
3
4
5
6
7
11
AFC AVC ATC

10
5
3,3
2,5
2,0
1,67
1,43
8
5,5
5,0
5,0
5,2
5,5
6,3
18
10,5
8,33
7,5
7,2
7,17
7,73
.................................................................................
.................................................................

, AFC .
.................................................................
. 5.3 , ATC, AVC MC,
5.
99
TC = a + bQ cQ2 + dQ3 . AVC,

. 5.3, , , .
.
ATC AFC AVC . ATC AVC ,
, , AFC . ATC, AVC MC U-
. AVC , ATC.
. 5.3
.................................................................
ATC AVC
, , , TC
VC . ATC AVC
,
TC VC.
.................................................................

, , . VC = PL L,
AVC = PL L/Q.
APL = Q/L, L/Q 1/APL
:
AVC = PL
1
.
APL
(5.6)
,
:
1
.
(5.7)
MC = PL
MPL
100
II.

W :
W = MC MPL .
(5.8)
, , .
. 5.4 :
,
.
. 5.4

. [11].
,
. , -
.
,
. 5.5.
,
, Q1 ,
Q1 ,
Q1 .
Q1 ,
Q2 , , Q2 ,
.
Q3 Q4 ,
ATC3 ATC4 . ,
LATC.
5.
101
. 5.5

.................................................................
.
.................................................................
L, . 5.5, U- , ATC , [3, 11].
, , .

: L
; ; .
LATC, .
,
ATC .
.................................................................
,
.
.................................................................
, (. 6).

, .
102
II.
.................................................................
Q
ETC
.
.................................................................
:
Q
=
ETC
% TC
.
% Q
(5.9)

:
MC
Q
ETC
=
.
(5.10)
ATC
Q
= 1 MC ATC
, ETC
.
.................................................................
,
ATC .
.................................................................
, , ,
.
5.3
.
, TR,
: TR = TP P TR = Q P.
, ,
.
.................................................................
,
.
.................................................................
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1, , 7.5 . .,
5.2.
5.
103
5.2 ,
Q
P
TR
TC
ATC
HTC
HTR
0
7.5
20
20
2
7.5
15
36
21
18
4
7.5
30
42
12
10.5
6
7.5
45
50
5
8.33
8
7.5
60
60
0
7.5
10
7.5
75
72
3
7.2
4.17
4.0
12
7.5
90
86
4
7.17
4.65
4.44
14
7.5
105
108
3
7.73
, ( = TRTC; = (P ATC)
Q), , 8 . 14 . .
8 . . , ,
, ,
.
.................................................................................
.................................................................

.
.................................................................
, .
.................................................................
, ( , ),
( , , .).
.................................................................
.................................................................
.
.................................................................
: , , ,
[14].
104
II.
() HTR , , :
HTR =
100%.
TR
(5.11)
HTC , :
HTC =
100%.
TC
(5.12)
HK ,
:
HK =
100%.
K
(5.13)
Hq , :
Hq =
100%.
ATC
(5.14)

5.1
10 . . 5.3. , ,
, . () .
() ()?
5.3
Q
TC
0
10
1
14
2
16
3
20
4
26
5
40
5.2
:
1) , 100 .
, 4 (
20 );
2) 20000 ., 20%;
3) 10000 . ,
12000 .
.
5.
105
5.4

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. (
24%)
7. ,

, .
1000
126
5200
18000
10000
60000
10000
5.3 520
, 100 . 5.4 , .
5.4
MC = 0.5 + 20Q. ,
400 .
10 .
5.5 5.5
. . ,
.
5.5 TC, VC, ATC, AVC MC
Q
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
TC
FC
VC
ATC
MC
AVC
16
50
110
50
39.6
48.5
106
II.
.................................................................
5
.................................................................
1) ?
2) ?
3) ?
4) ?
5) ?
6) , ?
7) ,
?
8) ?
9) ?
10) ?
11) ?
6.1
, .
.................................................................
, , .
.................................................................
, ,
.
.................................................................
, , () , ,
.
.................................................................
.................................................................
,
, . 6.1.
.................................................................
108
II.
6.1
,
,

-
,
, , ,
, -
.................................................................
,
,
, [4].
.................................................................
.
.
, ,
. ,
.
, ,
.
. , , , . , ,
. . , .
,
.
6.
109
.
, : , ,
,
, .
. .

.
: ,
.
.................................................................
, , .
.................................................................
, , .
, ,
, .
. ( ) :
, , , , . .;
, ;
- ;
, , .
.................................................................
, , , .
.................................................................
.................................................................
, , ,
.
.................................................................
110
II.
6.2

. -
, .
() , . ,
() , , .
, . ,
, ,
. , ,
.
.................................................................
MR TR, .
.................................................................
:
TRn TRn1
;
Qn Qn1
TR
MR = TR =
.
Q
MR =
(6.1)
(6.2)
.................................................................
AR , .
.................................................................
:
AR =
TR
.
Q
(6.3)
, , . ,
().
6.
111
.................................................................
, , , ,
.
.................................................................
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 6.2, , . ,
10 (P = MR = AR).
6.2
TC
20
MC
TR

()
0
10
8
2
36
42
50
60
10
12
72
14
108
MR
20
-16
40
-12
60
+10
80
+20
100
+28
120
+34
140
+32
10
10
4
5
10
10
7
86
10
10
11
. 6.1 MR MC ()
TR TC ()
112
II.
, , :
1) MR MC.
MR = MC 12 ;
2) . , 34 , 12
.
. 6.1, MR MC.
.................................................................................

( KC , MR >
> MC), .

, ( MN , MC > MR), .
.................................................................
, MR = MC, Q .
.................................................................
.
Q . 6.1, .
, TR TC
( AB), Q . F, H
, , , F, H ( ), [14].

. ,
, MR
MC. , ,
MR MC.
, Q3 ,
(. 6.2, ).
ATC, ( M . 6.2, ). , . 6.2,
, TR = TC (. . 6.1, ).
. 6.2, ,
ATC E. ,
PA AE.
Q , .
6.
113
. 6.2 : P
ATC (); P ATC (); ATC P ()
, AVC.
.
.................................................................
P = AVC
( ) [16].
.................................................................

, .
.................................................................
,

(LATC).
.................................................................
114
II.
.................................................................

,
LATC.
.................................................................
, ,
.
. , - , .
.
, , . .
. 6.3.
. 6.3
( d0 d1 )
P0 P1 .
. (
S1 ) P2
Q2 . : , . ,
-
.
6.
115
6.3

6.3.1
.
, , . ,
, , .
.................................................................
,
, (, , ).
.................................................................
.................................................................
, , . .
.................................................................
.................................................................
, , .
.................................................................
.
.................................................................
, KN .
KM K (. 6.4), .
.................................................................
P = c dQ,
P = c2dQ O
, . . OM = MN (. 6.4).
.
116
II.
. 6.4 -
.
(MR = TR ) :
P
Q P
1
MR (Q) = P (Q) + Q
=P+
P = P (1 + D ) .
(6.4)
Q
P Q
E
,
[11]:
, .
Pmax /2
Qd max /2;
;
, .
-
,
.

: , .
,
.
......................
6.1
.....................
, Qd = 20 P,
TC = 5 + 10Q
K/Q = 2. -, :
6.
117
1) ;
2) ;
3) ?
:
1) P = 20 Q ,
, 6.3.
6.3
Q
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
P
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
TR
19
36
51
64
75
84
91
96
99
100
99
TC
15
25
35
45
55
65
75
85
95
105
115
4
11
16
19
20
19
16
11
4
5
16
K
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
/K
2
2.75
2.67
2.38
2.0
1.58
1.14
0.69
0.5
2) , 6.3.
3) ,
K = 2 Qi .
4)
.
, , , 10 , 5 ,
2 .
.................................................................................
, ,
. MR = MC. :
MR = MC P (1 +
MC
1
)
=
MC
P
=
.
1
ED
1 D
E
(6.5)
ED = 1 , ED < 1
. . , ED > 1.
118
II.
Q ,
QE , ATC,
(P > PE ) (. 6.4).

. ,
. ,
.
, MC MR (. 6.4).
.................................................................
MR MC, ,
.
.................................................................
C
A . A P . . 6.4
ATC, (
AA ), ( = Q (P ATC)).
, [11].
, . 6.5, d1 , d2 MR1 MR2 ,
. , , . ,
. MC MR1 d1
(, MR2 ), (, d2 ).
Q (
E ) P1 P2
d1 d2 .
.
. 6.6, d1 d2
, Q1 Q2 ( MR1 MC
MR2 MC ),
P .
6.
119
. 6.5
. 6.6
.................................................................
ATC .
.................................................................
, , , . , ,
. . 6.4
P KA. PE P AE.
120
II.
.................................................................
, ,
,
.
.................................................................
: ,
PE P A A, ;
, A AE, A EC
( ) [4].
X-, . . ,
,
.
.................................................................
.
.................................................................
( , , ) ,
( ) ( ).

.................................................................

.
.................................................................
.
.................................................................
(
) ,

, .
.................................................................
, PE KE
(. . 6.4) , -
6.
121
.
.

.
.................................................................

, , . . .
.................................................................
.................................................................
. : ,
, , , . . MR1 = P2 , MR2 = P3 , . . ., MRn = MC [11].
.................................................................
......................
6.2
.....................
- TC = 20 + 0.2Q2 .
P = 28 0.5Q.
:
1) ;
2) ,
5 .
:
1) ,
:
MR = MC 28 Q = 0.4Q Q = 20;
P = 28 0.5 20 = 18;
= 18 20 (20 + 0.2 202 ) = 260.
2) , , :
P1 = 28 0.5 5 = 25.5;
MR1 = 28 5 = 23.
, P2 = 23.
122
II.
3) MR2 P3 ,
:
P2 = 28 0.5 (Q 5) = 30.5 0.5Q.
MR2 = 30.5 Q.
Q = 10 MR2 = 30.510 = 20.5. ,
P3 = 20.5, P4 = 18.
4) :
= (25.5 + 23 + 20.5 + 18) 5 (20 + 0.2 202 ) = 335.
: 75 (335 260) .
.................................................................................
.................................................................
.
.................................................................
,
, .
, , , , , .
:
MR1 = MC;
MR = MC;
...
MRn = MC.
(6.6)
, ,
.

, . .

,
. . , ,
[11].
.
6.
123
- (). , -,
-.
.
,
.
.
.
[17].
- ,

.
: , , ; ; . .
, , ,
.
.................................................................

P P, MR = MC.
.................................................................
P1 ATC d (. 6.7).
, .
. 6.7
P2
MC d. ( ), ,
124
II.
. ,
[11].

ATC, ,
.
6.3.2
.................................................................
1 , ,
, .
.................................................................
:
1) , ,

;
2) , ;
3) , .
4) , .
, . ,
, ,
.
5) , ,
, [18].
,
.
.................................................................

.
,
.
.................................................................
1
( oligos , poleo ).
6.
125
,
, , .
.................................................................

( ), .
.................................................................
, , ,
.
, (, ) , :
( , ).
.................................................................

. 1 . [3, 11].
.................................................................
.................................................................
, ,
.
.................................................................

, .
,
.
6.3 [19].
......................
6.3
.....................
, (A B) , P = 80 Q,
Q (. . Q = QA + QB ). ,
(B) . A. , , A 80 ,
1
(18011877) .
126
II.
.
A TRA = P QA = (80 Q) QA .
:
TRA = 80QA (QA + QB ) QA .
:
TRA = 80QA Q2A QA QB .
:
MRA = TRA ;
MRA = 80 2QA QB .
MRA (MC = 0), A: QA = 40 0.5QB , 6.8.

B B: QB =
= 40 0.5QA . QB QA
QA QB . :
QB = 40 0.5 (40 0.5QB ) ,
QA = 40 0.5 (40 0.5QA ) .
. 6.8
E2
A B. 26.67 .
53.34 , 26.67 (80 53.34).
.................................................................................
6.
127
,
. n- , . : ,
,
. 1 [11].
,
, MC,
.

.
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
,
.
, , .
TR = P Q TR = (80 Q) Q = 80Q Q2 .
: MR =
= 80 2Q. MR MC.
MC, ,
, 40 (80 2Q = 0).
, QA QB ,
40, . (40, 40) [4]. ,
: QA = QB = 20 .
.................................................................................
.................................................................
,
,
.
.................................................................
.................................................................
2
. 3 .
.................................................................
( 1928 .) ,
, 1994 .
2
(19051946) ,
.
3
(18991967) .
128
II.
, . ( MC = 0),
, ,

.
.................................................................
,
, , , .
.................................................................
, , .
1 ( :
1 , 1 , 1 2 , 2 , 2 ), . 6.9 [11].
. 6.9
,
, .
,
, .
6.
129
.................................................................

.
.................................................................
B,
( , 2 ),
.
.................................................................
. 1 ,
,
.
.................................................................
.................................................................

, - , , , .
.................................................................
. ( MC const), ,
.
.................................................................

.
.................................................................
P = MC = ATC, . . , ,
. ,
, .
.................................................................
.
.................................................................
1
(18221900), .
130
II.
.
.................................................................
, ,
(-), () .
.................................................................

Qd = Qd Qs .
. MR = MC ,
P = MC . ,
, [3, 11].
.
.................................................................
. .
. ,
, ,
, ,
[4].
.................................................................
. 1 ,
, , , . ,

, .
.................................................................
,
MR = MC MC MR, ,

.
.................................................................
. . (19102004) ,
.
6.
131
.................................................................
. . 1 . ,
, ,
[4, 11].
.................................................................
1. .
2.
. ,
, .
3. ,
.
4. , , , .
, ,
.
.................................................................

. [11].
.................................................................
, ,
.
, .
. , , .
, ,
.

.
,

.
1
, 1944 .
132
II.
:
, ,
, .
,
. ;
,
;
,
,
, ;
,
, , . , .
.
.................................................................

.
.................................................................
[4]:
,
, ;
HH,
( ) :
n
HH = g12 + g22 + . . . + gn2 = gi2 ,

i=1
n ; gi .
, 1800 ( );
IL :
1
P MC
= ,
P
Ed
Ed . .
IL =
6.
133
, . ,
.
MC, MC
ATC.
. Q, , . ,

.
6.3.3
. , , , . ,
. , , ,
. .
:
, ,
, ;
() ;
.
,
;
, . , ;
, ( , , , ,
);
.
.
.
, , .
, . , ,
, , . ,
134
II.
, .
.................................................................
,
, : ,
,
; -, , P = LATCmin .
.................................................................
-
P = LATC, LATC .
.................................................................
,
.
.................................................................
. , , , , , , ,
[18].
, , , .
LATC
.
,
.

6.1 , :
LTCi = 3Q3i 18Q2i + 120Qi .
?
6.2 ,
TC = 68 + 4Q + Q2 .
100 .
() .
6.3 PD = 63 0.2Q,
TC = 36 + 0.25Q2 . -,
? ?
6.
135
6.4 - ,
Qd = 250 0.5P, TC = 12000 +
+ 0.25Q2 . , ? ?
6.5 , P = 600 2.5Q Q ,
Q1 Q2 . , 5
. .
.................................................................
6
.................................................................
1) ?
2) ?
3) , ?
4) ?
5) -?
6) ?
7) ?
8) ?
9) , ?
10) ?
11) ?
12) ?
13) ?
7.1
.
,
. ,
. , (, , ) , , .
.................................................................

.
.................................................................
, , .
.

,
:
PMPL = P MPL .
(7.1)
.
, . . P = MR, PMPL = MR MPL ,
PMPL = MRPL 1 .
1
MRPL MPL MR.
7.
137
MR MPL ,
.
.................................................................
.
.................................................................
:
TRn TRn1
.
Ln Ln1
dTR(Q (L)) TR
MRPL =
=
.
dL
L
MRPL =
(7.2)
(7.3)
, ,
. .
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
( ) (. 7.1).
7.1
.................................................................................
138
II.
.
.................................................................
, (,
. .).
.................................................................
.................................................................
( ,
, ,
) .
,
.
.................................................................
,
MCL .
.................................................................

, .
.................................................................
, , , :
TCL
MCL =
.
(7.4)
L
, , , . MR = MC.
, , : ,
W MCL (
W = MCL ) [17]:
MRPL = MCL .
(7.5)
. 7.1 , . .
.................................................................
MRPL
,
MRPL ,
.
.................................................................
7.
139
MRPL MRPL ,
MCL . 7.1.
. 7.1
, MCL
. MRPL , , . ,
, L . , ,
:
MR MPK = rK ,
MR MP = r ,
(7.6)
MPK ; MP ; rK
r .
:
1) . F , ,
, . . F ;
2) , .

, ;
3) . , , F,
, .
, F, .
,
.
140
II.
7.5 7.6 MPL , MPK , MP :

MPL MR
W
=
,
MPL
MPL
MPK MR
rK
=
,
MPK
MPK
MP MR
r
=
.
MP
MP
W
rK
r
; MR =
; MR =
.
MPL
MPK
MP
, :
MR =
W
rK
r
=
=
.
MPL MPK MP
(7.7)
(7.8)
.................................................................
:
.
.................................................................
.................................................................

(, , )

:
MRPL MRPK MRP
=
=
= 1.
(7.9)
MCL
MPK
MC
.................................................................
7.2

,
, , .

( , ,
.).
.................................................................
sL ,

.
.................................................................
Wp1 sL (. 7.2) , .
7.
141
Wp3 ,
. ,
, , [4, 16].
. 7.2
. . ,

.
.
. ,

, .
,
(. 7.3).
, W0 .
.
. W1 .
. .
L0 L1 .
, ,
.
142
II.
. 7.3
.................................................................
, .
.................................................................

. :
() [3].
.................................................................
,
.
.................................................................
,
.
, (. MCL
. 7.1) . , ( )
.
.................................................................
, ,
.
.................................................................

.
7.
143
.................................................................
,
.
.................................................................
, , , , , .
- . , ,
, .
.
, .
,
.

.
.................................................................
: , ,
.
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, -,
, -, .
, , . .
, .
7.3
, .
.
.
.
144
II.
.................................................................
, , .
.................................................................
:
1) , , , , -,
, ;
2) ( ) - . (, - , , . .).
,
. ,
,
().
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
, - N1 = 200
W1 = 2500 ., 2530 . ,
.
508 530 . (2530 201).
- 2530 ., 8530
. (2530 201 2500 200). ,
MCL (. 7.4).
.................................................................................
, , ,
MRPL . . 7.4,
(N2 < N1 ) (Wmin < W1 ), .
, .
7.
145
.................................................................
, ,
,
.
.................................................................
.
( ,
, ) . , ,
(. 7.5). d
,
MRPL . E2
W2 .
, (, ), . .
. 7.4
. 7.5
146
II.
.................................................................
, , ,
- ( ). , ,
.
.................................................................
, ,
.
,
, . 7.2.
7.2

P MPL = WL
MR MPL = WL
MR MPL = MCL
P MPL = MCL
,
,
.
7.4
7.4.1
.
.................................................................
,
, , .
.................................................................
, ( ). :
( ), .
. ( ) -
7.
147
, ( ) . ,
, .
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( )
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.
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.).

( ),
(
).
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.
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. :
.
.
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.
, .
[14].
148
II.
.................................................................
( ) , .
.................................................................

- .
. , , , ,
. .
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, , ,
( , , . .) .
, , .
7.4.2

, . . , , : ,
, .
, , .
, ,
.
.................................................................
,

.
.................................................................
7.
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
149
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
, ,
: 2 ,
. ,
6 . .
, .
, - .
, (2 20)
120 (6 20).
80 (120 40) . 200% (80/40 100%) [8]. ,
.
.................................................................................
, ,
, .
.................................................................

.
.................................................................
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
, 300 . . . , .
50 . . , , 55 .
. 50 . . , 70 . ., -
.
,
C1 , C2 .
,
MRTP. MRTP C2i
C1i .

1.1 (55/50), 1.4 (70/50).
.................................................................................
150
II.
:
.
, , . ,
, , .
.
,
. ,
.
,
. .
.
7.4.3 .

. , .
.................................................................
.
.................................................................
. .
, .
. ,
. . .
.................................................................
.
.................................................................
[18].
7.
151
.................................................................
,
.
.................................................................
, .
. . 7.3
, , , 50 , 20%.
7.3
1
2
3
mv
50
60
72
Fv
50 + 50 0.2 = 60
60 + 60 0.2 = 72
72 + 72 0.2 = 86.4
36.4 (86.4
50).
:
Fv = Pv (1 + i)t ,
(7.10)
i ; t ().
() [3]:
Pv =
Fv
.
(1 + i)t
(7.11)
t- (1/(1 + i)t ).
......................
7.1
.....................
1.5 .
, 5 2.18 .
,
8%?
:
,
.
,
1.5 . 5 . :
Fv = Pv (1 + 0.08)5 = 1.5 1.4693 = 2.20395 .
152
II.
, Fv 2.18 .,
. ,
.
,
, 2.18 . 5 .
Pv = 2.18 1/(1 + 0.08)5 = 1.484 .
, 2.18 . 5
, , 1.5 .
.
.................................................................................
.................................................................
,
.
.................................................................
.
,
, 1 ,
2 , . . ., t :
Pv =
1
2
t
+
+ ... +
.
1
2
(1 + i)
(1 + i)
(1 + i)t
(7.12)
Pv , .
.
.................................................................
,
,
.
.................................................................
: ; ; .

.
.................................................................

, ,
, ,
.
.................................................................
7.
153
, .

.
7.5
7.5.1
( , , ).
. , , .
.
, .

.
.................................................................
, , .
.................................................................
, ,
, , . , ,
, .
.................................................................
,
.
.................................................................
, (. 7.6).
. .
.................................................................
.
.................................................................
,
,
.
154
II.
. 7.6

, .
.
.
,
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.
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.
.
.
.................................................................

, .
.................................................................
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, ).
.................................................................
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.
.................................................................
7.
155
, . Rt ,
t- , a i ,
:
Rt
P =
.
(7.13)
(1 + i)t
. , ,
, ,
. , , Rt .
:
R
P = .
(7.14)
i
, , .
7.5.2
, . . , ,
. , .
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, , , .
.................................................................
.

- ,
.
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,
.
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- .
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156
II.
, ,
, . ,

. ,
.
(. .
), . ,
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.................................................................

.
.................................................................
. . , .
. 7.4.
, ,
100 . , , . . ,
12%. , , 100 , 12 .
,
. ,
: , . ,
.
,

.
.................................................................
,
.
.................................................................
,
,
. -
7.
157
7.4
100
100
100
12
12
12
10
8
5
, .
, .
11.2
14
22.4
22.4
22.4
22.4
224.9
179.2
112
112.0
67.2
112
112
112
,
. . ,
, , .
7.5.3
.

.
.................................................................
.
.................................................................
,
. .
- , , .
,
, .
.................................................................
, , [4].
.................................................................
158
II.
, , : . , ,
. :
, , , . ,
, .
.................................................................

,
, .
.................................................................

.
.
,
.

7.1
. 2 . ,
, .
7.5.
, ?
7.5
L
0
1
2
3
4
MPL
MPL1 P
MRPL1
MPL2 P
MRPL2
18
24
28
30
7.2
. P = 160 Q, : Q = 2L, : L = W 140, L
7.
159
, W . .
7.3 , :
240 . ., 200 . . , , ,
20.
7.4
, 40 . . , ,
Q = 80K 0.5K 2 , Q , K
.
200 . , ?
7.5 , 20 , 56 . .
8%.
60 . .
.................................................................
7
.................................................................
1) ?
2) , ?
3) ?
4)
?
5) ?
6) ?
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8) , ?
9) ?
10) ?
11) ?
8.1

, .
. .
. ,
. , , .
[3].
.................................................................

, [20].
.................................................................
.................................................................
, ,
.
.................................................................
:
8. 161
1) , , , ;
2) , , , .
, . , , ,
. ,
, ,
.
. . 1 [3].
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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, . . , , .
, ,
. ,
, .
.
, , ,
. , ,
. , ,
.
.
.................................................................................
162
II.
.................................................................
,
,
.
.................................................................
:
[20].
.................................................................
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.
.................................................................
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
, , . , , ,
. .

t1 t2 . . 8.1, :
W (MPL P).
. 8.1 ,
W 1 , (MPL1 P1 ), ,
8. 163
.
. ,
, .
.................................................................................
.................................................................

() ,
.
.................................................................
,
. , , .
. , , .
, .

, :
,
(, . .), ;
,
;
;
.
8.2

.
.
.................................................................
,
.
.................................................................
164
II.
: , . :
1) ,
;
2) , , .
.
, , . : ,
(. 10).
.................................................................
, .
.................................................................
, . .
.
0 1.
, . ,
.
: [21].
.................................................................

(), .
.................................................................
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. , ( ) 2 . 80 100 4 .
.
0.8 (80/100), 0.2 (20/100).
.................................................................................
8. 165
.................................................................
( M0 ) .
.................................................................
:
n
M0 = i i ,
(8.1)
i=1
i ; i
(), .
2.4 . (0.8
2 . + 0.2 4 .).
.................................................................
, : ,
, . .
.................................................................
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24 . .
, (10% ),
5% . , , , , , 1:5 20%.
. , ,
:
M0 = 0.2 2.4 . . + 0.8 (24 . .) = 18.72 . .
,

, .
.................................................................................

, .
, :
1) , i ,
:
166
II.
2 = 1 (1 M0 ) + 2 (2 M0 ) + . . . + n (n M0 )
(8.2)
2) ,
:
= 2
(8.3)
. ,
, . , , , , .
.
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
, 20 40 . , 10 30 .
. , , 30 .
((20 + 40)/2), 20 .
, , , 100 . , , , 36 .
.
. ,
33 . (0.5 36 . + 0.5 30 .). ,
,
36 . , 33 .
. , ,
18 . , 19 . (0.5 18 . + 0.5 20 .).
,
[20].
.................................................................................
.................................................................
: ,
, .
.................................................................
8. 167
, ,
,
, , .

.
.................................................................
-
, .
.................................................................
.
.
.................................................................
,
- .
.................................................................

.

.
.
.................................................................
: , , , , , . [14].
.................................................................
,
. , .
, . .
. , , ,
,
.
.
.
168
II.
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: .
, ,
. .

,
.
, .
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, , , , ,
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,
. , 25 .
, ,
.
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. ,
, ,
.

[4].
.................................................................
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.
.................................................................
,
.
8. 169
.................................................................
: ( , ), ( , ), ( , , ).
.................................................................
, , ,
. , , - ,
,
.
.
1 . . , ,
: , ()
, , .
,
, ,
, (
).
, , , , , .
. , ,
.
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
, . N 20. ,
Pmax 2 , P 12 . . 20 .
[8]:
Pmax 1 =
P
.
N/ (N + 1)
(8.4)
, Pmax 1 ,
12600 . (12000/(20 21)). , 1
(. 1951 .), , 2007 .
170
II.
Pmax 2 6300 . (Pmax 1 /2). , ,

, , , , . , ,
, .
.................................................................................

8.1 , , : , (5000 . ),
-, ( 2000 .
10000 .). 50%. . ?
8.2 , , . , 10 , : 10 .
1000 . 44%;
5 . 56%.
, 800 .
, , , ?
8.3 6 . , 2/3
, 1/3 .
90 ., 75 . .
? :
? ?
8.4 .
40 60 . , 20
40 . .
, ,
100- .
, , , 28 . .
8.5 . ,
, 15. ,
48 . .?
8. 171
.................................................................
8
.................................................................
1) ?
2) ?
3) ?
4) ?
5) ?
6) ?
7) ?
8) ?
9) , ?
10) ?
11) ?
9.1
.
.
.................................................................
, , .
.................................................................
. ,
,
.
, .
.................................................................
, ,

.
.................................................................
9.
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
173
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. ,
(. 9.1, ).
P 1 P 2 Q 1 Q 2 . .
d 1 , P 1 P 2 (. 9.1,
) [3, 4].
. 9.1 : ();
(); (); ()

,
. -
174
II.
. ,
Q 1 Q 2 (. 9.1, ).
.
,
. P 1 P 2 (. 9.1, ).
,
Q 3 P 3 (9.1, ).
, , .
.................................................................................
:
-, ;
-, ,
,
.

()
[11].
......................
9.1
.....................
: . Qd = 4 + 3P P , P
, P . Qd = 6 + 8P 4P .
Qs = 4 P + 4P
Qs = 2 4P + 6P .
.
?
:
1) ,
, P :
4 + 3P P = 4 P , P = 1.6 + 0.8P .
2) ,
, P :
6 + 8P 4P = 2 4P + 6P , P = 0.8 + 1.2P .
9.
175
3) , , 9.2
P = 1.6 + 0.8P ,
P = 0.8 + 1.2P ,
P = 56, P = 68.
,
.
. 9.2
4) . P =
= 1.6 + 0.8P P = 0.8 + 1.2P ,

, .
, , . , 68 . 1 ,
, P = 60. , 49.6 . (P = 1.6 + 0.8 60).
, ,
59.6 . (P = 0.8 + 1.2 49.6), ,
. . 9.2 ,
( E), . . .
, ,
.
.................................................................................
176
II.
9.2
, , . .
, , l , n , m
.

.
.
.
, , , , :
1) : QDj = DSj , Qj j-
(j = 1, n), ;
2) : FtD = FtS , Ft
t- (t = 1, m), ;
3) : Pj QSj = rt FtD , rt
.
.................................................................
(2n + m 1)
.
.................................................................
, ,
, .
.................................................................
. , ,
[11]:
1)
;
2)
,
.
.
.................................................................
.
9.
......................
9.2
177
.....................
, ,
. Q.
, (2n + m 1)
, ,
. 9.1.
q1 = 2 + r1 ; q2 = 6 + 2r2 [15].
9.1
0.25
0.50

q1
q2

r1
r2
, , :
1) ,
, :
1 = 0.25r1 + 0.5r2 ;
2) , :
q1 = 0.25Q,
q2 = 0.5Q;
3)
0.25Q = 2 + r1 ; 0.5Q = 6 + 2r2 ; r1 = 0.25Q 2; r2 = 0.25Q 3;

1 = 0.25(0.25Q 2) + 0.5(0.25Q 3); Q = 16 . ;
4) :
q1 = 0.25 16 = 4 . ;
q2 = 0.5 16 = 8 . .
.................................................................................
9.3
. , .
178
II.
.................................................................
,

1 .
.................................................................

[11].
.................................................................
,
, , .
.................................................................
W , ,
: W = U1 +U2 +. . .+Un . ,

.
......................
9.3
.....................
, , : 20 . ., 20 . ., 20 . .
, 40 . ., 15 . ., 5 . .?
:
:
W1 = 20 + 20 + 20 = 60;
W2 = 40 + 15 + 5 = 60.
: .
.................................................................................

, , .
.................................................................
. .
.................................................................
1
(18771959).
9.
179
: W = min (U1 , U2 , . . ., Un ).
......................
9.4
.....................
, , : 40 . ., 20 . ., 8 . . ? :
1) 45 . ., ;
2) 10 . .,
.
:
1) , . 8 . .
2) , , ,
, 10 . .
:
. . , ,
.
.................................................................................
.
.................................................................

, .
, ,
.
.................................................................
. 1 . . : , , , [15]. (. 9.3).
1
(19051986) .
180
II.
......................
9.5
.....................
U , U .
. 9.3
M, D, N. M Ox
Oy .
N, U ( 10 .).
10 . ( ), . 12 ., 12 .,
. ,
. 11 . 10 . , : ;
,
.
.................................................................................
.................................................................
.
.................................................................
, . ,
, .
9.
181
.................................................................

, . 1 .
.................................................................
, .
:
1) ;
2) ;
3) , .
:
();
;
. , ;
- ,
() ;
,
( )
, ;
() , ().
, .
(, ) [3, 20]:
1) ;
2) ;
3) .
(18481923) .
182
II.
.................................................................
: ,
, , -
.
.................................................................
.
......................
9.6
.....................
, : .
9 11 . : 2 8 , 7 3 .
3 .
3 . :
1) ;
2) ;
3) ;
4) - .
:
1) . .
, ,
,
( ).
. 9.4, . [3,
4]. ,
, .
.
( , ). . A
. , (
A B
).
B C, E0 . E0 ,
9.
183
. 9.4
.
D ( ):
.
2) . 9.5.
E1 E2 ,
, .
. 9.5
184
II.
E1 .
E2 ,
. , E0 , E1 E2 , , , -, - , .
3) . 9.6.
U , U . OMN,
MN.
. 9.6
.................................................................
, .
.................................................................
A, , . . E1 ,
. E2 ,
. E0 .
, ,
,
.
4) .
-
9.
185
.
,
- , .
:
A
B
MRSxy
= MRSxy
=
Px
.
Py
(9.1)
:
A
B
MRS
= MRS
=
P
,
P
. ,
, .
.................................................................................
.................................................................
- , , - .
.................................................................
.................................................................
-: ,
( ) ,
,
.
.................................................................
......................
9.7
.....................
, , , F1 , , F2 . : L K.
,
.
, . , 8 10 . 7 2 . 3
6 .
186
II.
A , (. . 9.5 9.6).
,
,
A B, B C . E0
MRTSLK
= MRTSLK
, -
.
.................................................................................
, , , (),
, , x y
:
y
x
MRTSLK
= MRTSLK
.
(9.2)
.................................................................
.
.................................................................
, , ,
, (
), (.
. 1.2 1 KK . 9.7).
MRT ,
.
.................................................................
,
.
.................................................................
, :
(MRT = Q /Q ). ,
MC = Q .
MC = Q . ,
:
MC
.
MRT =
MC
9.
187
, x y, :
MRT =
MCx
.
MCy
(9.3)
, , .
.................................................................
-
( ) ,

.
.................................................................
- . 9.7.
. 9.7 -
KK , , () . ,
, C. ,
, , E1 . ,
U U , E0 , .
, E0 .
188
II.
, ( ) :
MRTxy =
MCx Px
=
= MRSxy .
MCy Py
(9.4)
: MRT = MRS
= MRS
. MRS =
= P /P , MRT = MC /MC , , . , . . - , , .
[11].
.................................................................
: .
.................................................................
. ,
: , ,
, ,
1 .
.................................................................
:
, , -
,
.
.................................................................
, . , ,
.
. . .: , 2009. . 443.
9.
189

9.1 , ,
:
Qd1 = 12 + 0.2P2 P1 ; Qs1 = 4 0.2P2 + P1 ;
Qd2 = 16 + 1.5P1 4P2 ; Qs2 = 5 0.5P1 + P2 ,
P1 , P2 .
. ?
9.2 .
:
Qd = 16 + 3P P ; Qs = 20 3P + P ;
Qd = 20 + 3.5P 0.5P ; Qs = 25 1.5P + 2P ,
P , ., P , .
. ?
9.3 5 .
Ui Ui 9.2.
9.2
Ui
Ui
1-
50
+5
2- 3- 4-
60
70 80
+10 8 2
5-
100
5
, .
9.4 5 .
9.3.
9.3
Ui
Ui1
Ui2
Ui3
Ui4
1-
40
20
+20
0
0
2- 3- 4-
65 74 80
15 12 10
0
0
0
+10 2
0
0
0
0
5-
90
6
0
0
+20
, . .
9.5 . . 100
200 . 75 70 ,
190
II.
25 130 . . 5
1 , 2 1 ,
? .
.................................................................
9
.................................................................
1) ?
2) ?
3) ?
4) ?
5)
?
6) ?
7) ,
?
8) - ?
9) ,
?
10) .
10

10.1
10.1.1
. ,
X B C. X 1 C
D.
. 10.1
1) X 60 . 110 .
10 Y . ,
X B C 10.
192
II.
2) X
C D :
y
20 30
=
= 0.25.
x 150 110
10.1.2 ,
, 10.1. () y x
?
?
MRTCD =
10.1

20x 100y

40x 80y

50x 60y

62x 30y

72x 0y
( )
, , , :
20
20
30
30
= 1; MRT =
= 2; MRT =
= 2.5; MRT =
= 3.
20
10
12
10
, , ,
,
. ,
.
10.1.3 10.2
. ?
MRT =
10.2
A
X
Y
4 15
B
X
Y
14 13
C
X
Y
22 10
D
X
Y
26 6
E
X
Y
24 3
A
B, B C, C D, D E:
13 15
10 13
= 0.2; MRTBC =
= 0.375;
14 4
22 14
6 10
36
MRTCD =
= 1; MRTDE =
= 1.5.
26 22
24 26
A B, B C, C D
. D E (
MRTAB =
10. 193
), .
. , E
.
,
A, B, C, E. D
.
10.1.4 ()
AB BC, . AB
: A {0x 500y}; B {400x 300y}. BC
C {500x 0y}. .
E, AB.
1)
10.2.
.
. 10.2
2) , , , , AB
:
y 200
MRTAB =
=
= 0.5.
x 400
10.1.5 10.3 ( A, B), X Y , .
, Y
1 ?
Y :
MRTA =
x 200 0
=
= 0.5.
y 400 0
MRTB =
x 1200
=
= 6.
y 200
: B Y ,
A.
194
II.
. 10.3
10.1.6 2010 .
N 10 . 1 2011 .
20%. .

10 12
.
,
, .
10.2
10.2.1 : Qd =
= 602P; Qs = 2+0.5P. : )
; ) , 20 .
1) : Qd = Qs .
60 2P = 2 + 0.5P; P = 23.2 .
2) , :
Q = 60 2 23.2; Q = 13.6 .
3)
, 20 .
Qd = 60 2 20 = 20 ; Qs = 2 + 0.5 20 = 12 .
= Qd Qs = 20 12 .
10.2.2 15 . 1 10 . 20 . 1 ,
8 . : ) Qd = a bP P = c kQ,
10. 195
; ) ; ) ; ) ,
Qs = 0.6P.
1) Qd = a bP
:
y y1
x x1
P 15 Qd 10
=
;
=
; Qd = 16 0.4P.
y2 y1 x2 x1
20 15
8 10
:
0.4P = 16 Qd ; P = 40 2.5Qd .
2)
:
16 0.4P = 0; P = 40 .
3) Q
. P = 40 2.5Q
2.5.
4) , :
) ,
, :
16 0.4P = 0.6P; P = 16 .;
Q = 9.6 ;
) P
Ed = Qd . Qd :
Q
Qd = (16 0.4P) = 0.4; Ed = 0.4
16
; Ed 0.67;
9.6
) :
Es = Qs
P
16
; Es = 0.6
; Es = 1.
Q
9.6
:
.
10.2.3 x
Qdx = 28 0.5Px + 2Py . : )
( ) x y Px = 2 . Py = 4 .;
) x y , y ; )
x y .
196
II.
1) Py =
= 4 . :
Exy = Qdx
Py
;
Qdx
Qdx = 2;
Qdx = 28 0.5 2 + 2 + 4 = 35; Exy =
24
= 0.23.
35
2) (
x) % Qdx
% Py :
% Qdx =
Qdx2 Qdx1
100%;
Qdx1
% Py =
Py2 Py1
100%.
Py1
:
) Qdx2 y 1 .:
Qdx2 = 28 0.5 2 + 2 1 = 29;
) % Qdx % P:
% Qdx =
29 35
100% 17.1%;
35
% P =
14
100% = 75%;
4
) :
Exy =
17.1%
0.23.
75%
3. ( y ) :
)
:
Py2 Py1
Qdx2 Qdx1
100%; % Py =
100%;
Qdx1 + Qdx2
Py1 + Py2
2
2
29 35
14
% Qdx =
100% = 18.75%; % Py =
100% = 120%;
29 + 35
1+4
2
2
% Qdx =
) :
Exy =
18.75%
0.16.
120%
: , ,
, , x y .
10.2.4 .
Qd1 = 100 2P, Qd2 = 25
10. 197
0.5P, Qd3 = 80 P. : )
; )
; ) .
1)
(. 10.4). . ,
P = cdQ,
,
.
P1 = 50 0.5Q1 , P2 = 50 2Q2 , P3 = 80 Q3 .
, 50 ., . ,
.
. 10.4
2) , AB BC. AB
P = 80 Q, 50 ,
80
.
BC Q =
= 205 3.5P, [(100 2P) + (25
0.5P) + (80 3)]. , ,
50 .

:
80 P; 50 P 80;
Qd =
205 3.5P; 0 P 50.
198
II.
10.2.5 : Qd = 150 2.5P.

,
20 . , , ?
. .
1) ,
, 10.3.
10.3
, .
,
60
0
50
25
40
50
30
75
20
100
10
125
0
150
30
55
80
105
130
2) ,
.
.
3) (y y1 )/(y2 y1 ) = (x x1 )/(x2 x1 )
(. 10.2.2),
Qd = 130 2.5P. ,
20, b
.
10.2.6 10.4 ,
( ) : ; ; .
10.4
1
2
Qd = 20 2.5P
Qd = 38 2P
Qs = 1 + 0.5P
Qs = 2 + 2P
Qd = 10 0.3P
Qs = 2 + 0.5P
1) ,
. , , ,
b ( Qd = abP) d ( Qs = c dP). b , d,
10. 199
, . ,
, .
2) b d ,
,
.
3) ( ) b
, d. , , , , .
10.2.7 Qd = 8 P.
P = 5 . . , .
? , 4 . .?
1) (. 10.5).
, , , . :
TRi = Pi Qi TR1 = 8 0 = 0;
TR2 = 7 1 = 7.
, 4 . .,
4 .
10.5
P, . .
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Q, .
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
, TR, .
0
7
12
15
16
15
12
7
0
Ed
7
3
1.67
1
0.6
0.33
0.14
0
2) ,
Ed = Qd (P/Qd ):
P = 7 . . Ed = 1 (7/1) = 7, P = 6 . . Ed = 1 (6/2) = 3,
P = 4 . . Ed = 1 (4/4) = 1.
:
.
,
.
200
II.
10.3
10.3.1
TUi = 64i i2 , i . , , ?
MUi = TUi = 64 2i; 64 2i = 0; i = 32.

: 33- , .
10.3.2 , 10 , 2 . . ? ?
1) 10 ,
2 , , 12 .
2. MU = 12 2i.
, .
2) , , :
12 2i = 0 12 = 2i i = 6.
: 6 .
, TU = 12i i2 .
6 .
36 .
10.3.3 240 .
. 80 . 1 ,
60 . 1 . : ) ; ) , , .
1) AB A B
, (. 10.5). A
, 3 (240/80) B
, 4 (240/60).
2)
, OAB : Px /Py = 60/80 y/x = 3/4.
10.3.4 10.6 . 1 ,
10. 201
. 10.5 AB
840 . (C, B, M) ?
. 10.6
1) ,
:
I = PC QC ; PC =
840
I
=
= 60;
QC
14
I = PM QM ; PM =
840
I
=
= 160.
QM 5.25
2) , KD, M, . . , .
.
.
,
, , , , .
10.3.5 .
20 . -
202
II.
MUi MUi 10.6. : ) , ;

) , .
10.6
Qi
MUi
Qi
MUi
1
10
1
15
2
9
2
12
3
8
3
10
4
7
4
9
5
6
5
7
6
5
6
3
1) , , :
TU = (10 + 9 + 8) + (15 + 12 + 10) = 64.
2) , .
20 ., , . , :
TU = (10 + 9) + (15 + 12 + 10 + 9) = 65.
: 1 (65 64).
10.3.6 TU = 2xy.
x 40 ., y 10 ., ,
, 480 . .
1) ,
:
TUy
TUx
MUx =
= (2xy) = 2y; MUy =
= (2xy) = 2x.
x
y
2) , :
40 2y
4 y
Px MUx
=
=
= y = 4x.
Py MUy
10 2x
1 x
3) , , :
I = Px x + Py y 480 = 40x + 10y.
4) , ,
:
y = 4x
480 = 40x + 10y

480 = 40x + 10 4x 480 = 80x x = 6;
y = 4 6 = 24.
10. 203
5) :
TU = 2xy = 2 6 24 = 288.
:
6 . x, 24 . y ,
288 .
10.3.7 : Qs = 2.4+0.2P. Qd = 80.2P.
2 . 1 . : ) ; ) ; ) ,
; ) .
1) (. 10.7).
P1 , Qd1 = Qs1 :
8 0.2P = 2.4 + 0.2P P1 = 26 .;
Q1 = 2.8 .
. 10.7
2) :
Qs2 = 2.4 + 0.2 (P 2) Qs2 = 2.8 + 0.2P.
3) P2 Q2 , Qd = Qs2 :
8 0.2P = 2.8 + 0.2P P2 = 27 .;
Q2 = 2.6 .
204
II.
4) , 1 . (27 26).
5) , , :
T = (P2 P1 ) Q2 T = (27 26) 2.6 T = 2.6.
6) ,
,
.
5.2 . (2.6 + 2.6).
10.4
10.4.1 10.7
Li ( ).
: ) APLi MPLi ; ) , , ,
.
10.7 APLi MPLi
Li
TPLi
APLi
MPLi
0
0
0
0
1
6
6
6
2
13
6.5
7
3
19
6.3
6
4
24
6
5
5
28
5.6
4
6
27
4.5
1
1)
APLi = TPLi /Li TP/L
6
APL1 = ;
1
13
= 6.5;
2
TP1 TP0 6 0
=
MPL01 =
= 6;
L1 L0
10
APL2 =
MPL12 =
TP2 TP1 13 6
=
= 7.
L2 L1
21
2) ,
. 1 2-. 5-
6- . .
10.4.2 TP = 8L + 0.5L2 0.1L3 ,
L . : )
58 ; ) APL MPL
?
10. 205
1) APL MPL ,
10.8.
APL =
Q
= 9 + 0.5L 0.1L2 ;
L
MPL =
Q (8L + 0.5L2 0.1L3 )

=
= 8 + L 0.3L2 .
L
L
10.8
Li
APLi
MPLi
5
8
5.5
6
7.4
3.2
7
6.6
0.3
8
5.6
3.2
2) ,
APL MPL . 7 8 .
10.4.3
Q = K 0.5 L0.5 .
9 (-) 25 ()?
1) MPL MPK

Q (L0.5 K 0.5 )
9 1.5
0.5K 0.5
0.5
0.5
MPL =
= =
=
= 0.5 L K =
= 0.3.
L
L
5
L
25
25 2.5
Q (L0.5 K 0.5 )
0.5L0.5
0.5
0.5
= =
MPK =
=
= 0.5 L K
=
0.83.
K
K
3
K
9
2)
:
MPK 0.83
MRTSKL =
=
2.77.
MPL
0.3
: , , .

MRTSKL 2.77. ,
- 2.77
.
10.4.4 Q = 4KL. :
) ,
3 4 ;
) : Q = 4KL; Q = 2KL; )
,
.
206
II.
1) MPK :
MPK = (4KL) = 4L = 4 3 = 12 .
2) , L K
:
Q = TP = 4KL = 4 4 3 = 48 .
3) 10.9
.
- :
K=
TP
48
; K1 =
;
L
4L1
K2 =
48
.
2L2
10.9
Q = 4KL
Q = 2KL
Li
Ki
Li
Ki
1
12
1
24
2
6
2
12
3
4
3
8
4
3
4
6
: ,
K2 = 48/ (2L2 )
Q = 4KL.
10.4.5
Q = 2K +10L. ? .
?
1) MPL MPK :
MPL =
Q (2K + 10L)
Q (2K + 10L)
=
= 10. MPK =
=
= 2.
L
L
K
K
2)
:
MPL 10
=
= 5.
MRTSLK =
MPK
2
: MRTSLK .
, 5 . 1 . .
10.4.6 4 .
20 .,
10. 207
100 . 3600 . : ) ; )
, .
1) ,
:
C = PL L + PK K = 20 4 + 100 1 = 180 .
2) ,
, , :
K=
TC 3600
=
= 20 .
C
180
: , 4 , 20
80 . : TC = PL L + PK K =
= 20 4 20 + 100 20 = 3600 .
10.4.7 10.10 ,
, A B.
10.10
A
B

L K
Q
20 40
100
30 60
250
1) :
L2 30
=
= 1.5;
L1 20
K2 60
=
= 1.5.
K1 40
2)
:
Q2 250
=
= 2.5
Q1 100
: 1.5 2.5 . , .
208
II.
10.5
10.5.1 10.11 TC
Q .
FC, VC
MC .
10.11 FC, VC MC
Q, . .
TC, . .
0
5
1
12
2
22
1) :
FC = 5 . . ( ).
2) , :
TC = FC + VC VC = TC FC VC1 = 12 5 = 7 . VC2 = 17 .
3) :
MC =
TC
12 5
MC01 =
= 7;
Q
10
MC12 = 10 .
10.5.2
240 ., 60 .
20%
,
.
25%.
1)
:
AVC1 = ATC1 AFC1 AVC1 = 240 60 = 180 .
2) :
AVC 1 = AVC1 d AVC 1 = 180 0.2 = 36 .
3) :
AVC = AVC1 AVC 1 AVC = 180 36 = 144 .
4) :
AVC 2 = AVC1 k AVC 2 = 36 1.25 = 45 .
10. 209
5)
:
AVC2 = AVC + AVC 2 AVC2 = 144 + 45 = 189 .
6)
:
ATC2 = AVC2 + ATC1 ATC2 = 189 + 60 = 249 .
10.5.3 50 ., 5 .
500 . . - 10%,
30%?
1) - :
ATC1 = AFC1 + AVC ATC1 = 50 + 5 = 55 .
2) - :
AFC 1 = AFC1 d AFC 1 = 50 0.3 = 15 .
3) :
AFC = AFC1 AFC 1 AFC = 50 15 = 35 .
4)
- :
AFC2 = AFC + k AFC 1 AFC2 = 35 + 15 1.1 = 51.5 .
5)
:
ATC2 = AFC2 + AVC ATC2 = 51.5 + 5 = 56.5 .
6)
:
TC = TC2 TC1 TC = (ATC2 ATC1 ) Q TC = (56.5 55) 500 = 750 .
10.5.4 TC = 250 + 12Q + 0.03Q2 . ,
20 . .
1) ATC, AVC, AFC MC:

TC
250 + 12Q + 0.03Q2 250
ATC =
=
+ 12 + 0.03Q.
Q
Q
Q
VC
TC FC
250 + 12Q + 0.03Q2 250
AVC =
; AVC =
AVC =
= 12 + 0.03Q.
Q
Q
Q
FC
250
AFC =
AFC =
; MC = TC MC = 12 + 0.06Q.
Q
Q
ATC =
210
II.
2) ,
20 . :
250
= 12.5.; AVC = 2 + 0.03 20 = 2.6 .
20
ATC = AFC + AVC = 12.5 + 2.6 = 15.1 .; MC = 12 + 0.06 20 = 13.2 .
AFC =
10.5.5 , , , . 1
2.4 , 5 10 . 1 , ,
. 1 ,
: P = 25 . P = 30 . P = 10 .?
1)
, . 1 10 .
2) , . , , 1 :
TR = 2.4 25 = 60 .;
TR = 5 23 = 115 .;
TR = 10 10 = 100 .
: , 5 ,
.
115 ., 1 .
10.5.6 10.12. , .
10.12
Q, . .
400
P, .
25
ATC, .
22
K, . .
20000
1) 400 . . ,
:
TC = ATC Q; TC = 22 400 = 8800 . .
TR = P Q; TR = 25 400 = 10000 . .
= TR TC; = 10000 8800 = 1200 . .
10. 211
2)
1200
100%; HTR =
100% = 12%.
TR
10000
1200
HTC =
100%; HTC =
100% = 13.6%.
TC
8800
1200
HK = 100%; HK =
100% = 6%.
K
20000
HTR =
10.6
10.6.1
, 60 .
TC = 2500 + 0.25Q2 , Q .
: ) ; ) ; )
.
1) :
VC = TC FC;
VC = 0.25Q2 ;
MC =
TC
= TC = (2500 + 0.25Q2 ) = 0.5Q.

Q
2) :
MR = MC; 60 = 0.5Q; Q = 120 .
3) ,
= TR TC:
TR = P Q = 60 120 = 7200 .
TC = 2500 + 0.25 1202 = 6100 .
= 7200 6100 = 1100 .
10.6.2 Qd = 48 5P.
45 . ., 5 . .
?
1) , :
= TR TC = (9.6Q 0.2Q2 ) (45 + 5Q) = 4.6Q 45 0.2Q2 .
2) Q , :
= (4.6Q 45 0.2Q2 ) = 4.6 0.4Q 4.6 0.4Q = 0 Q = 11.5 .
212
II.
10.6.3 .
TC = 350 + 5Q + Q2 . , , 85 .?
1)
:
P = MC; 85 = 5 + 2Q Q = 40 .
2) :
TR = P Q = 80 40 = 3200 .
3) :
VC = 5Q + Q2 = 5 40 + 402 = 1800 .
4) Is
.
Is = TR VC = 2300 1800 = 1400 .
10.6.4 . Qd = 360 4P.
TC = 55 + Q2 , Q . : ) ;
) ; ) .
1) . :
) :
P = 90 0.25Q;
TR = P Q = 90Q 0.25Q2 ;
) :
MR = TR = (90Q 0.25Q2 ) = 90 0.5Q.

2) :
MC = TC = (55 + Q2 ) = 2Q.
3) , MR = MC:
90 0.5Q = 2Q; Q = 36 .
4) , :
P = 90 0.25Q = 81 .
10. 213
10.6.5 .
Qd = 8 0.1P; Qd = 20
0.5P. TC = 30 + 20Q, Q .
.
1) :
P = 80 10Q ;
P = 40 2Q .
2) :
TR = P Q = (40 2Q ) Q = 40Q 2Q2 ;
TR = P Q = (80 10Q ) Q = 80Q 10Q2 .
3) :
MR = TR = 40 4Q ;
MR = TR = 80 20Q .
4) , MR = MC:
MC = TC ; MC = 20 .
40 4Q = 20; Q = 5 ;
80 20Q = 20; Q = 3 .
10.6.6 P = 1200 0.5Q.

40 . , ,
.
.
1) , :
MC = AVC; MC = 40 .
2) :
MC = P 40 = 1200 0.5Q QMC = 2320 .
3) :
MR = MC; 1200 Q = 40; Q = 1160 .
:
, , . Q = 2320 1160 =
= 1160 .
10.6.7 - . - TR = 40Q 0.5Q2 ,
214
II.
MC = 4 + Q . S = 5 + 2Q . , -.
? - .
1) -:
MR = MC; 40 Q = 4 + Q ; Q = 18 .
2) , -:
AR =
TR
= 40 0.5Q ; P = 40 0.5Q .
Q
3) - , 18 .:
P = 40 0.5 18 = 31.
4) ,
- :
P = MC ; 31 = 5 + 2Q ; Q = 13 .
5) :
Q = Q + Q = 18 + 13 = 31 .
6) - :
d =
Q
13
100%; d =
100% = 41.9%.
Q
31
10.7
10.7.1 10 . . ,
, Q = 100L0.5L2 ,
Q , . , L .
. W 500 . ,
?
1) :
MPL = (100L 0.5L2 ) = 100 L.

2) :
MRPL = P MPL = 10 (100 L) = 1000 10L.
10. 215
3) ,
MRPL = MRCL :
1000 10L = 500; L = 50 .
4) :
TC = W L = 500 50 = 25000 .
10.7.2
Ls = 1 + 2W , Ld = 200 W .
MRPL = 80 L.
?
1) :
Ld = Ls ; 200 W = 1 + 2W ; W = 67 . .
2) ,
:
MRPL = W ; 80 L = 67; L = 13 .
10.7.3
L = W 40, L , W
. : ) 20 ; ) 2- .
1) , TC = W L:
W = 40 L; TC = W L = (40 L) L = 40L L2 .
2) 20 :
TC = 40 20 202 = 400 .
3) 2- :
MC = TC = (40L L2 ) = 40 2L; MC2 = 40 2 2 = 36 .

10.7.4 Ls = 1 + 2.5W .
Ld = 80 2W . () , ?
() ?
1) :
Ld = Ls ; 80 2W = 1 + 2.5W W = 18 . . L = 44 .
2) , :
0 = 1 + 2.5W ;
W1 = 0.4 . .
216
II.
3) ()
, :
1
1
I = (a1 + a2 ) h = (0.4 + 18) 44 = 404.8 . .
2
2
4) , , , , :
R=
1
1
(WE W1 ) L = (18 0.4) 44 = 387.2 . .
2
2
5) , :
IF = WE LE = 18 44 = 792 . .
6) :
d =
I
404.8
; d =
100% = 51.1%.
IF
792
10.7.5 , ,
27 . ., ,
8 . . , 10%?
1)
:
1
2
3
4
+
+
+
;
(1 + i)1 (1 + i)2 (1 + i)3 (1 + i)4
8
8
8
8
+
+
+
= 25.35 . .
Pv =
1
2
3
(1 + 0.1)
(1 + 0.1)
(1 + 0.1)
(1 + 0.1)4
Pv =
2)
:
Pv < PK .
25.33 . . < 27 . ., .
10.7.6 , ,
10.13.
10. 217
10.13

, %
(C + V )
,
.
100
100
10
10
11
5.5
110
110
, .
, .
1 1
10
20
20
20
220
110
110
0
1) :
= (C + V )
;
100%
= 100
10%
= 10.
100%
2)
:
P = 100 + 10 = 110 .;
3) 1 :
P 110
=
= 10 .
Q
11
P 110
=
= 20 .
P 1 =
Q
5.5
P 1 =
4) ,
, ,
:
TR = 20 11 = 220 .;
TR = 20 5.5 = 110 .
5) ,
, : = TR P :
= 220 110 = 110 .
10.7.7
1000 .
500 . .
382 . . . . ,
8%?
218
II.
1) :
R = TR TC; R = 500 1000 382000 = 118000 . .
2) :
P =
R
118000
100% =
100% = 1475000 . .
r
8%
10.8
10.8.1 , 10.14.
, : N1 , N2 , N3 , N4
. , ,
: N1 15%,
N2 64%, N3 14%, N4 7%.
10.14
1
2
3

N1 N2 N3
N4
10 8
8
2
14 6
5
3
12 10 5
1
,
:
n
M0 = Bi TRi ;
i=1
M01 = 10 0.15 + 8 0.64 + 8 0.14 + 2 0.07 = 7.88 . .

M02 = 14 0.15 + 6 0.64 + 5 0.14 + 3 0.07 = 6.85 . .
M03 = 12 0.15 + 10 0.64 + 5 0.14 + 1 0.07 = 8.97 . .
3 , .
10.8.2 , TRi 10.15, Bi .
, ?
10. 219
10.15
1
2
1-
TR1 , . B1 , %
20000
25
40000
25
2-
TR2 , . B2 , %
10000
50
10000
50
3-
TR3 , . B3 , %
20000
25
0
25
1) , :
n
M0 = Bi TRi ;
i=1
M01 = 20000 0.25+10000 0.5 + 20000 0.25 = 15000 .

M02 = 40000 0.25+10000 0.5 + 0 0.25 = 15000 .
2) , ,
:
2
2 = B1 (TR1 M0 ) + B2 (TR2 M0 ) + . . . + Bn (TRn M0 ) ;

2
21 = 0.25 (20000 15000) + 0.5 (10000 15000) + . . .

2
+ 0.25 (20000 15000) = 25000000;

2
22 = 0.25 (40000 15000) + 0.5 (10000 15000) + . . .

2
+ 0.25 (0 15000) = 56275000.

: . 10000 .,
(40000 .0 .). , ,
.
10.8.3 . , 10.16.
, , ?
10.16
1
1
42500
42500
64000000
144000000
220
II.
,
= 2 :
1 = 64000000 = 8400;
1 = 144000000 = 12000.
, . , .
10.8.4 + 10.17.
10.17
1) , ,

2) , ,
3) , ,
,
4) , ,
5) , ,

6)

+
+
+
+
+
+
: , , ,
. , U(m)
.
:
1) , ;
2) , ;
3) , .
, . ,
, . , 10.8, .
, , 500 . (m0 ),
10. 221
, 500 . BC, (B)

(C), . ,
, , . 500
, 18 , , 500 ,
(+b), (b).
. 10.8 ,
, 1000 .,
C , , 21 .
( B). EU
10.5 (0.521+0.50). 10.5
, 18, .
,
, :
1) ;
2) .
, ,
(. 10.9).
,
.
, (. 10.10).
, , .
, . , , , .
222
II.
. 10.9 ,
. 10.10 ,

.
10.8.5 , , :
1) ;
2) ;
3) ;
4)
;
5) .
: , , : 1), 3), 5).
10. 223
10.8.6 , ,
Qd = 150 0.5P.
ATC1 = 48 + 2Q1 , ATC2 = 60 + 3Q2 .

, .
: Qd1 = 100 0.5P1 ; Qd2 = 150 0.5P2 .

?
1)
TCi = ATCi Qi ; TC1 = (48 + 2Q1 ) Q1 = 48Q1 + 2Q21 ;
TC2 = (60 + 3Q2 ) Q2 = 60Q2 + 3Q22 ;
MC1 = TC ; MC1 = 48 + 4Q1 ;
MC2 = 60 + 6Q2 .
2) :
P = 300 2Q;
TR = 300Q 2Q2 ;
MR = TR = 300 4Q.
3) ,

MR = MC1 ; 300 4Q1 = 48 + 4Q1 ; Q1 = 31.5 . .;
P1 = 300 2Q1 = 300 2 31.5 = 237 . .
MR = MC2 ; 300 4Q2 = 100 + 4Q2 ; Q2 = 25 . .
P2 = 300 2Q2 = 300 2 25 = 250 . .
4)
MR1 = MC1 ; 200 4Q1 = 48 + 4Q1 ; Q1 = 19 . .
P1 = 200 2Q1 = 200 2 19 = 162 ..
MR2 = MC2 ; Q2 = 25 .; P2 = 250 ..
, (
, ), (Q1 > Q2 )
(P1 < P2 ). (162 . .)
31.5 . . 19 . .
224
II.
10.9
10.9.1 - X Y .
X ( ) Px = 1.6+0.4Py ,
Y Py = 2 + 0.5Px .
?
1) , :
Px = 1.6 + 0.6Py ;
Py = 2 + 0.5Px .
Px = 1.6 + 0.4(2 + 0.5Px ); Px = 3; Py = 2 + 0.5 3 = 3.5.
2) , ,
.
10.9.2 : 12 . X 10 . Y .
.
,
. R
3- . X 6 . Y . 8 . Y X
5/4, 1/2.
? R?
- , MRS = MRS = Px /Py . R . -.

R,
, X , Y .
,
.
10.9.3 :
U = XY ; U = X 0.5 Y .
,
. R
7 . X 3 . Y ,
4 . X 12 . Y .
?
10. 225
MUx
Y 3
; MRS = = ;
MUy
X 7
0.5
0.5Y X
0.5Y 0.5 12
MRS = 0.5
; MRS =
=
= 1.5.
X
1
X
4
3
MRS MRS ; 1.5.
7
MRS =

. Y , , , X .
,
. - .
10.9.4 : 60 . 40 . A B . R
. 5 . . 10.18.

?
10.18
1
MPL1 MPK1
5
5
2
MPL2 MPK2
6
6
,
:
MRTS1 = MRTS2 .
,

.
5 10
MPL1 PL1
=
; = ;
MPK1 PK1
5 10
6 10
MPL2 PL2
=
; = .
MPK2 PK2
6 10
: .
10.9.5 + 10.19.
226
II.
10.19
1) ,

2) , ,
3) , :
4)

5) -
,
6) -
.
+
+
+
+
+
: , ,
, . ,
. - , ,
, ,
. - . .
10.9.6 . Ui Ui
10.20. .
, , . , , : ,
,
.
, , .
10. 227
10.20
I
II
III
Ui
Ui
Ui
Ui
Ui
Ui
1
24
2
24
5
40
25
2 3
35 50
5
12
24 24
5
5
60 85
5
0
4
86
25
24
5
150
0
, , , , .
, ( )
. .
. , .
: , ,
., , . ,
,
, , ,
, .

, ,
.
,
,
, .
, ,
, , , , , .
[1] . . : / . . ,
. . . 2- . . : , 2008. 384 .
[2] . 100 / . ; .
. . . . : , 2005. 352 .
[3] . . : / . . . . : -
, 2006. 640 .
[4] . . : / . . . . :
--, 2008. 576 .
[5] . . : . / . . , . . ;
. . . . . : , 2004 266 .
[6] . . : / . . . 2- .
. : , 2008. 448 .
[7] : . / . . .
. : -, 2007. 784 .
[8] . . : /
. . . 7- . : , 2011. 880 .
[9] . , //
. / . . . .
. : , 2000. . 1. 380 .
[10] . : 3 . / . . . :
, 1993. . 1. 594 .
[11] . .
:
.
/
. . ,
. . , . . . 5- . . : -, 2007.
391 c.
230
[12] . . / . . , . . . // . / .
. . . . : , 2000 . 1. 380 .
[13] . . : , 2009. . 1.
912 .
[14] : / . . . . . : ;
-, 2010. 511 .
[15] . . / . . , . . . 2- .
. : , 2003. 432 .
[16] . . . : / . . . . : ,
2010. 408 .
[17] . . : : . . / . . ,
. . . : [. .], 1992. 496 c.
[18] : (Managerial Economics) : / . . . . . . 4- . . : ,
2008. 704 .
[19] . . : / . . . . :
, 2007. 416 .
[20] . . / . . . . : -,
2000. 696 .
[21] . . - : : . / . . , . . .
/ : , 2009. 440 .
1
1.1 1 5 .
1.2 1 1.6 .
1.3 ( ) 144 . . (12 . .12 .).
24 . . (144 . .120 . .).
1.4 . .1.
. .1
232
II.
1.5 40
, .
16 (2400/150), 12 (2400/200). , 30 . 20 (2400/120),
(20 20 .), , ,
(2400 400).
10 (2000/200).
2 .
2
2.1 , , .
2.2 B , A.
2.3 . 2.9 :
1) , Qd = {25 1.25P 0 < P 20};
2) ,
10 0.5P 5 < P 20;

Qd =
15 1.5P 0 < P 5.
3) ,
3 0.5P 4 < P 6;
Qd =
11 2.5P 0 < P 4.
2.4 ,
.
2.5 , ;
.
3
3.1 MU = 4.5 0.5i; 9 .
3.2 MRSxy = 2, MRSyx = 1/2.
3.3 21 . x 52.5 .
y.
3.4 , , :
1
= (75 46) 58 = 841 .
e .
233
3.5
Qs1 = 3 + 0.5P1
Qs2 = 2P2 .
.

31.36 ., 100 .
4
4.1 C.
30 . .
4.2 MRTSKL = 2.
4.3 MRTSLK = 0.5.
4.4 ) , ) ,
) .
4.5 MPL = 218 + 36L 3L2 = 299, APL = 218 + 18L L2 , APL = 263.
5
5.1 292000 ., 144000 .
5.2 7526 ., 28000 .,
44474 ., 16474 .
5.3 .1.
.1
Q
0
1
2
3
4
5
TC
10
14
16
20
26
40
FC
10
10
10
10
10
10
VC
0
4
6
10
16
30
AFC
10
5
3.3
2.5
2
AVC
4
3
3.3
4
6
ATC
14
8
6.7
6.5
8
P
10
10
10
10
10
10
TR
10
20
30
40
50
10
4
+4
+10
+14
+10
5.4 VC = 0.5Q + 10Q2 ; TC = 400 + 0.5Q + 10Q2 ; TC = 1405 . .

5.5 .2.
6.1
3 .
6.2 48 . 2236 .
234
II.
.2
Q
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
TC
24
40
74
110
160
222
291
FC
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
VC
0
16
50
86
136
198
267
ATC
40
37
36.7
40
4.4
48.5
MC
16
34
36
50
62
69
AVC
16
25
28.7
34
39.6
44.5
6.3 -, , , 70 .
2169 .
6.4 -, , 125 . , 250 .
31250 ., 15343.75 .
6.5
, 79.3 .
7
7.1 MRPL2
.
.3 MPL , MPL1 P, MRPL1 , MPL2 P MRPL2
L
0
1
2
3
4
18
24
28
30
MPL
18
6
4
2
MPL1 P
36
12
8
4
MRPL1
36
12
8
4
MPL2 P
72
24
16
8
MRPL2
72
24
16
8
7.2 MRPL =
= 1608L.
,
TCL = W L = (L + 140) L = L2 + 140L.
MCL = 2L + 140. 2
(160 8L) = (2L + 140).
7.3 , ,
, ,
338.9 . . (240/1.2 + 200/1.22 ).
7.4
15000 .
e .
235
7.5 60 . .
320 .
8.1 6000 . , .
8.2 1.44 .
(0.44 (1000 800) 10000 + 0.56 (1000 800) 5000).
, , , .
8.3 85 . (2/3 90 + 1/3 75).
5 .
. 10 . (85 75).
8.4
50 ((40 + 60)/2) 30. , , 29 .
(0.5 30 + 0.5 28).
8.5 ,
51200 .
9.1
9.6 . 8.04 . .
9.2 1.6 .
1.2 . .
9.3 .
9.4
.
, , .
9.5 , ,
, ,
. .
, . ,
. .
AFC
AP
APL
AR
ATC
AVC
E
Ed
EI
ELK
EQ,F
ETC
ES
Exy
Fv
FC
HK
Hq
HTC
HTR ()
HH
I
IL
Is
K
L (, , )
LATC
237
M0
MC
MCL
MP
MPF F
MPK
MPL
MR ( )
MRPF ( )
MRTXY
MRTP
MRSxy (y) (x)
MRTSLK
MU
P ()
P
Pv ()
PMPL ( )
Q
Qd
QS
R
r
rK
rL W ( )
t
TMC
T
TC
TR
TU
U
VC
W

2

.
,
-
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,
.

.
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, .
.
, ,
.
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,
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,
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,
.
,
,
.

.
.
239
(), , .
,
.

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.
,
.
, .
.

.
() , ,
.
1) ,
; 2) , .
1) ; 2) , .
, , - ().
, .
.
.
.

, .
,
.
1) ,
; 2) .
1) () , ; 2) .
, .
240
, .
() ,
.
,
.
,
, .
.
, .
, .
, .
.
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.
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().
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.

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,
.

, 100.
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241
, ,
, .
(, ,
.),
. ,
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, , . .
,
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.
() t- .
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, .

, .
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242
( ), ,
.
, .
() .
, , ,
.
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, .

Qd = Qs .

Pd = Ps .
,
,
() .
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,
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, () .
,
.
, (, .).
, .
,
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( ), .
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243
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() ,
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1) , ; 2) ,
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244
, .
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.

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245
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246
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02.08.12. 6084/8.
. . . 29,30. 500 .

634029, . , . . 11 . 17

.
634050, . , . , 40
. (3822) 533018.

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()

P ; I ; Z ; E ; Psub - (); Pcom ()

, Qd1 = 100 5P1 + 2.5P2 + 0.001I. +2.5P2

200 5P; 20 < P 40;

300 10P; 0 < P 20.

Qdn1 , Qdn ; Pn1 , Pn

y ) MUx /Px . MUx /Px = MUy /Py

, Q = L0.75 K 0.25 , . 4.2 [11].

. 4.4 : (), (),

AFC = ATC AVC;

AVC = ATC AFC.

AFC AVC ATC

TC = a + bQ cQ2 + dQ3 . AVC,

MRA (MC = 0), A: QA = 40 0.5QB , 6.8.

QA = 40 0.5 (40 0.5QA ) .

HH = g12 + g22 + . . . + gn2 = gi2 ,

MRPL MPL MR.

7.5 7.6 MPL , MPK , MP :

(. 1951 .), , 2007 .

Pmax 2 6300 . (Pmax 1 /2). , ,

0.25Q = 2 + r1 ; 0.5Q = 6 + 2r2 ; r1 = 0.25Q 2; r2 = 0.25Q 3;

Qd = (16 0.4P) = 0.4; Ed = 0.4

Qdx = 28 0.5 2 + 2 + 4 = 35; Exy =

205 3.5P; 0 P 50.

10.2.5 : Qd = 150 2.5P.

MUi = TUi = 64 2i; 64 2i = 0; i = 32.

MUi MUi 10.6. : ) , ;

480 = 40x + 10y

Q (8L + 0.5L2 0.1L3 )

1) ATC, AVC, AFC MC:

= TC = (2500 + 0.25Q2 ) = 0.5Q.

= (4.6Q 45 0.2Q2 ) = 4.6 0.4Q 4.6 0.4Q = 0 Q = 11.5 .

MR = TR = (90Q 0.25Q2 ) = 90 0.5Q.

10.6.6 P = 1200 0.5Q.

MPL = (100L 0.5L2 ) = 100 L.

MC = TC = (40L L2 ) = 40 2L; MC2 = 40 2 2 = 36 .

M01 = 10 0.15 + 8 0.64 + 8 0.14 + 2 0.07 = 7.88 . .

M01 = 20000 0.25+10000 0.5 + 20000 0.25 = 15000 .

2 = B1 (TR1 M0 ) + B2 (TR2 M0 ) + . . . + Bn (TRn M0 ) ;

21 = 0.25 (20000 15000) + 0.5 (10000 15000) + . . .

+ 0.25 (20000 15000) = 25000000;

22 = 0.25 (40000 15000) + 0.5 (10000 15000) + . . .

+ 0.25 (0 15000) = 56275000.

, 500 . BC, (B)

MC1 = TC ; MC1 = 48 + 4Q1 ;

Px = 1.6 + 0.4(2 + 0.5Px ); Px = 3; Py = 2 + 0.5 3 = 3.5.

- , MRS = MRS = Px /Py . R . -.

10 0.5P 5 < P 20;

= (75 46) 58 = 841 .

5.4 VC = 0.5Q + 10Q2 ; TC = 400 + 0.5Q + 10Q2 ; TC = 1405 . .

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