Справочник по физике

20.12.
2013

http://www.all-fizika.com

1. .......................................................................................................................................3
1.1..............................................................................................................................................3
1.2.................................................................................................................................................5
1.16. . .............................................................................8
1.17. ...................................................................................................................11
1.18. ..............................................................................................................................14
1.19.....................................................................................................................................16
1.20. .................................................................................................................................18
1.21. ...........................................................................................................................20
1.22. ............................................................................................................................23
1.23. 25
2. ............................................................................................28
1.24. .....................................................................................................28
1.24.1.1.1. ......................................................................28
1.24.1.1.2. ............................................................................................29
1.24.1.1.3. ( )..................................29
1.24.1.1.4.
30
1.24.1.1.5. .........................................................................31
1.24.1.1.6. .............................................................................31
1.24.1.1.9. .............................................................................31
1.24.1.1.10. .......................................................................32
1.24.1.1.11. ......................................................................................32
1.24.1.1.12. ......................................................................32
1.24.1.1.13. ....................................................................33
1.25. () ..............................................................................................33
1.26.
33
1.26.1.1.1. ...........................................................................................................................33
1.26.1.1.2. .......................................................................................................................34
1.26.1.1.3. ..................................................................................................................34
1.26.1.1.4. ...................................................................................................................34
1.26.1.1.5. ...........................................................................................................................34
1.26.1.1.6. .................................................................................................................35
1.26.1.1.7. , , .......................35
1.26.1.1.8. ............................................................................................................36
1.26.1.1.9. .....................................................36
1.27. ............................................................................................................................38
1.28. ..................................................................38
1.30. .. ...................................................................43
1.31. , , ................................44
1.
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
1.5.
1.6.
1.7.
1.8.
1.9.
1.10.
1.11.
1.12.
1.13.
1.14.
1.15.
1.16. .
10
1.17.
11
12
13
1.18.
14
15
1.19.
16
17
1.20.
18
19
1.21.
20
21
22
1.22.
23
24
1.23.
25
26
27
2.

1.24.
1.24.1.1.1.
6,672010-11 2-2
2,99792458108 -1
410-7-1 = 1,256637061441
6
-1
0 = (0c2)-1
8,8541878210-12 -1
6,62617610-34
me
9,10953410-31
5,485802610-4 ...
mec2
0,5110034
mp
1,672648510-27
1,007276470 ...
mpc2
938,2796
mn
1,674954310-27 1,008665012
...
mnc2
939,5731
mp/me
1836,15152
(. )
1,602189210-19
4,80324210-10 .
e/me
1,75880471011 -1
9,27407810-24 -1
5,05082410-24 -1
n/N
1,91315
p/N
2,7928456
...
1,6605655(86)10-27
1
2
H
H
4
He
1,007825036
2,014101795
4,002603267
NA
6,0220451023 -1
F = NAe
96484,56 -1
8,31441 -1K-1
-3
-1
(10 )/NA
...:
-4
(1
Vm
, T0 = 273,15 )
22,4138310-3 3-1
k = R/NA
1,38066210-23 -1
1/
0,072973506
137,03604
10973731,77 -1
a0
0,5291770610-10
re
2,817938010-15
2e/h
4,8359391014 -1
28
2,067850610-15
0 = h/2e
:
...
1
931,5016
1,602189210-19
1 /k
1 /hc
1 /h
1.24.1.1.2.
11604,50
8065,479 -1
2,41796961014
(. )
. .
1,495978701011
3,0856781016
9,4605301015
1,9891030
6,9599108
3,8261026
M+
5,9761024
R+
Mc
6378164
6356799
6371030
7,351022
384400
1.24.1.1.3. ( )

1 = 10-10 = 10-8 = 10-4 = 10-1
1 = 5717`44,8`` = 53,3 = 3,44103` = 2,06105``
1 /3 = 103 /3 = 1 /3
1 = 10-5 = 1,0210-9
1 = 1,01105 = 1,01106 /2 = 1,03 /2
1 . . = 1,33102 = 1,33 = 13,6 . .
1 = 10-7 = 1,02 = 2,3910-8 = 6,241011
1 = 3109 . = 0,1 .
1 = 3109 . = 0,1 .
1 = 3,3410-3 . = 108 .
1 = 8,991011 = 10-9 .
1 = 1,1110-12 . = 109 .
1 = 3,3410-7 . = 104
1 = 1,1110-12 . = 109
1 / = 3,77108 . = 1,2610-2
29
1.24.1.1.4.
17931795 . .
, .
: ... ( . chilioi ), ( . hekaton ), ... ( .
deka ), .. ( . decem ), ... ( . centum ), ... ( . mille ).
;
.
: ... ( , megas ), ... ( . gigas, gigantos
), ... ( . teras, teratos , ), ... ( . mikros ,
), ... ( . nanos ), ... ( . piccolo , ), ... ( . femten
), ... ( . atten ). ... ...
1975 .: ... ( . peta , 103), ... ( . hex ,
103).
1000000000000000000=1018
1000000000000000=1015
12
1000000000000=10
1000000000=109
1000000=106
1000=10
100=10
da
10=101
0,1=10
-1

-2
0,01=10
0,001=10-3
0,000001=10-6
0,000000001=10-9
0,000000000001=10-12
0,000000000000001=10-15
0,000000000000000001=10-
18
, () ()
.
1
(1
)
=10 12
(
)
1
(1
)
=
106
(
)
3
1
(1
)
=
10
(
)
1
(1
)
=
10-6
(
)
1
(1
)
=
10 -12
(
)
-15
1 (1 ) = 10 ( )
30
1.24.1.1.5.
10-6
1,1610-5
2,7810-4 1,6710-2 106
109
106
11,6
278
1,67104 1012
1015
86 400
8,6410-2 1
24
1440
8,641010 8,641013
3 600
3,610-3
60
3,6109
3,61012
60
610-5
6107
61010
10-6
10-12
1,1610-11 2,7810-10 1,6710-8 1
103
10-9
10-15
1,1610-14 2,7810-13 1,6710-11 10-3
0,04167
6,944510-
1,6710-2 1
. 1 = 365,24219878 = 31556925,9747 3,16107 .
1.24.1.1.6.
...
10-9
10-3
0,01
103
106
6,021026
109
106
107
1012
1015
6,021035
103
10-6
10
106
109
6,021029
100
10-7
0,1
105
108
6,021028
10-3
10-12
10-6
10-5
103
6,021023
10-6
10-15
10-9
10-8
10-3
6,021020
1 ...
1,6610-27 1,6610-36 1,6610-30 1,6610-29 1,6610-24 1,6610-21 1
. : 1 ... =1,66057 10-27 .
1.24.1.1.7.
1.24.1.1.8.
1.24.1.1.9.
10-3
100
103
106
109
103
105
106
109
1012
0,01
10-5
10
104
107
10-3
10-6
0,1
103
106
10-6
10-9
10-4
10-3
103
10-9
10-12
10-7
10-6
10-3
31
1.24.1.1.10.
(, , )
:
(.
(..)
.=
:
1,4961011 .
:
=9,4601015 .
() , , :
=
3,086
1016
.
, .
..
1 ..
1,5710-5
4,84810-6
1,496108
1 .
6,324104
0,3066
9,4601012
206 265
3,262
3,0861013
6,68410-9
1,05710-13
3,24110-14
1040 .
8000
.
.
0,00257
499
.
.
.
..
..
)
0,27
1,73
(8
1.24.1.1.11.
10-3
10
103
104
10
1A*
10-4
10-1
102
103
10
-6
-3
-2
10
10
10
10
10
1 -.
10-7
10-4
10-3
10-1
10
1 **
10-9
10-6
10-5
10-3
10-2
** . (19011954).
(18141874).
1.24.1.1.12.
1 /
/
10-3
1
3
/
100
-5
/
60
4
3,6
1,94
1 /
10
10
610
3600
1940
1 /
0,01
105
0,6
0,036
1,9410-2
32
1 /
1,6710-2
1,6710-5
1,67
0,06
3,2410-2
1 /
0,278
2,7810-4
27,8
16,7
0,54
0,514
-4
51,4
30,9
1,85
5,1410
.
, /, /, ( ) 3,6
/. , 1,9 /, /, : 1,9 3,6 / = 6,84 /.
, /, /, ( ) 0,278
/. , 3 / : 30,278 / = 8,34 /.
1.24.1.1.13.
..
1,3610-
10-3
10-6
0,102
107
103
10-3
102
1010
1,36
106
103
1013
1,36103
1 /
9,81
9,8110-
9,8110-
9,8110
1,3310-
1 /
10-7
10-10
1 ..
735,5
0,7355
1,0210
5
10-13
7,3551
-4
1,0210-
75
1,361010
7,3551
9
.
1
=
0,101972
/=
10-3
=10-6
=
1,359610-3 ..
=0,238846
-3
1
=
10
=
1000=
101,972
/
=1,3596
..
=367
098
7
1
/
=
9,80665
()
=
9,8066510 /
1
..
=
735,499
=
75
/
=
270
000
1 / = 4,1868 () = 41,868106 / () = 0,0426935 /.
1.25. ()
1.26.
1.26.1.1.1.
1 = 7 = 7,4676
1 = 500 = 1,0668
1 = 3 = 7 = 2,1336
1 = 16 = 28 = 0,7112
1 = 1,75 = 44,45
1 = 12 = 0,3048
1 = 10 = 25,4
33
/;
/;
();
/;
1 = 10 = 2,54
1 = 1/1200
1.26.1.1.2.
1 . = 250 000 . = 1,1381 .
1 . = 2400 . = 1,0925
1 . = 9 . = 49 . = 4,5522 .
1 . = 256 . = 784 . = 0,0929 .
1 . = 100 . = 6,4516 .
1.26.1.1.3.
1 = 40 = 491,96
1 = 4 = 10 = 12,299
1 = 2,5 = 5 = 3,0748
1 () = 2 = 10 = 1,2299
1 = 1/16 = 0,7687
1 = 1/20 = 5 = 0,615
1 = 1/100 = 2 = 122,99
1 = 1/200 = 61,5
1.26.1.1.4.
1 . = 27 . = 343 . = 9,7127 .
1 = 4096 . = 21952 .
1 = 5,3594 . = 87,8244 .
1 . = 1728 .
1 . = 1000 . = 16,3871 .
1.26.1.1.5.
1 = 10 = 1,63805
1 = 40 = 16,3805
1 = 32 = 96 = 409,51241
1 = 3 = 12,797
1 = 96 = 4,266
34
1 = 44,43
1.26.1.1.6.
1 = 2 = 8 = 209,91
1 = 4 = 104,95
1 = 8 = 26,239
1 = 1/8 = 3,2798
1.26.1.1.7. , ,
1,609
1,852 ()
185,2 ()
914,4 ()
304,8 ()
25,4 ()
2,54 ()
2,12

4046,9 2
0,836 2
929 2
645,2 2
()
6,45 2
,
2,8 3
0,76 3
28,3 3
16,4 3
()
36,4
()
35,2
()
4,5
()
3,8
()
159
()
4,4
()
568,3
()
550,6
()
473,2

35
()
1,016
()
0,907
()
50,8
()
45,4
()
453,6
()
373,2
28,35
()
1,77
64,8

0,30 /
1,609 /
( )
1,852 /() 0,51 /
1.26.1.1.8.
).
0,9
( ). .
,
151,5
,
100,3
.
( , ). 45,5 47,5 .
( , ,
).
216
248
.
( , ).
152
176
.
, .
19 23 .

4,1.
1/9216
96
. 17- 2 12 14
().
1849., 4 = 4 .
1857.
=
3,85
(
).
(..). . .
10 .
1.26.1.1.9.

36
0,254
2,54
25,4
44,4
304,8
71,1
213,4
= 500 =
= 1500 =
=1066,8 1,07

6,45 2
6,45 2
19,76 2
9,29 2
0,51 2
4,55 2
10 925 2
1,138 2
,
16,4 3
16,4 3
87,8 3
(1/10 )
1,23
3,28
12,3
28,3 3
( )
0,21 3
0,26 3
0,36 3
9,7 3

44,4
4,27
12,8
= 96 409,5
= 40 16,4
163,8

1,07 / 0,30 /
37
1.27.
1.28.
1.29.
V-IV . ..
III . ..
. 1038
1121-1122
XIV .
,

,
, " " " ".
,

.
,
, ,
,

, ,

38
1597
()
1621
1632
1638

( 414 /)

1643
1650
1653
1657
1660

,
(
1675. . .
)
,

" "

( )

1636
1662
1665
1666
1672
1675
1676
1678
1687
1738
1742
1744-1750
1746
1757
1760
1780
1781
1784
1785
1787

.
.
, (" "),

( 1690.)
,

("" ""),
,

(" ")

( 1760. "
")
,
, " " ( 1791.)

( )

39
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1807
1811
1814
1818
1820
1821
1823
1824
1827
,

-
(" ")

.

""

,

. -

(" ") .
("")
.
,
.

,
.

,
,

( )

(" ")
.
.
. .
1831
1832
..
1833
1834
1839
.

,
. , .
1841-1842
1842
1842-1847
.
. , .
.
1838
40
1843

(" ")

1860
1860-1865

,

""
..
1879

- " ".

()

1881
..
1882
1883
1848
1853
1859
1865
1868
1869
1870
1872
1873
1874
1876
1878
1887
.
.
. , .
.
.
..

..
..
.
..
.

1888
. , .
..
1889
1895
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..
1896
1897

.

.
()

1899
41
- -

,

,
,

,

, ,

1906
1908

( )
;

( ),

. , .
1931

( 1932.)

1932
.
.. , .
1900
1902-1903
1903
1904
1905
1911
1912
1913
1918
1919
1920
1924
1925
1926
1930
-
42
. , .
..

.
..
. , .
. , .
.

..
1934
1938
1960

. , .

..
.

.. , ..

, .

..

. .
(..
104)

1964
. - .
1986
. , .
1939
1940
1942
1946
1952
1954
1956
. . -
1.30. ..
, -
. .
!
II
III
IV
VI
I
II
III
IV
V
IV
VII
1
H
1,00795
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Li
Be
B
C
N
O
F
6,941
9,01218
10,811
12,011 14,0067 15,9994 18,9984

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
22,9897 24,305
26,9815
28,0855 30,9737 32,066
35,453

19
20
21
22
23
24
25
K
Ca
Sc
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
39,0983 40,078
44,9559
47,88
50,9415 51,9961 54,9380

29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
63,546
65,39
69,723
72,59
74,9216
78,96
79,904
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
Rb
Sr
Y
Zr
Nb
Mo
Tc
85,4678
87,62
88,9059
91,224 92,9064
95,94
97,9072

47
48
49
50
51
52
53
Ag
Cd
In
Sn
Sb
Te
I
107,868 112,41
114,82
118,710 121,75
127,60
126,904

55
56
72
73
74
75
43
VIII
2
He
4,002602
10
Ne
20,179
18
Ar
39,948
26
27
Fe
Co
55,847 58,9332

28
Ni
58,69
36
Kr
83,80
44
45
46
Ru
Rh
Pd
101,07 102,905 106,42

54
Xe
131,29
76
77
78
Cs
Ba
132,905 137,33
79
80
Au
Hg
196,966 200,59
87
88
Fr
Ra
VII
223,019 226,025

81
Tl
204,383
57
La
138,
905
58
60
59
Ce
Nd
Pr
140,
144,
140,90
12
24
89
Ac
227,
027
90
91
92
Th
Pa
U
232, 231,035 238,
038
9
028

Hf
178,49
82
Pb
207,2
0
Rf
Ta
W
Re
180,947 183,85
186,207

83
84
85
Bi
Po
At
208,980 208,982 209,987

0
0
0
Db
Sg
Bh
Os
Ir
Pt
190,2 192,22 195,08

86
Rn
222,017
0
Hs
0
Mt
* ( )
61
62
63
64
65
67
68
66
Pm Sm Eu
Gd
Tb
Ho
Er
Dy
144,9 150,3 151,9 157,2 158,9
164,93 167,2
162,50
128
6
6
5
25
0
6
** ( )
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
Np
Pu Am Sm Bk
Cf
Es
Fm
237,0 244,0 243,0 247,0 247,0 251,07 252,08 257,0
482 642 614 703 703
96
28
951

70
71
69
Yb
Lu
Tm
173,0 174,9
168,93
4
67
4

101
Md
258,09
86
102
No
259,1
009
103
Lr
260,1
054
1.31. , , .
y0
IC
yC
b * h3
12
y0+h / 2
B*h
b * h3
36
y0+(2/3)*h
B*h/2
yC
c
b
y0
yC
c
b
h0
a
hC
C
h 3 (a 2 + 4 * a * b + b 2 )
36( a + b)
44
y0 +
h * ( a + 2b)
3 * ( a + b)
h ( a + b)
2
y0
d
yc
c
y0
2a
2b
y0
*d2
4
* a3 *b
4
y0+a
ab
(R4 r4 )
4
y0+R
(R2-r2)
yc
c
2r
y0
C
r
y0+d/2
yc
c
2R
*d4
64
yC
9 2 64 4
r
72
45
y0 +
4r
3
r2/2

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20.12.

2,7810-4 1,6710-2 106

1,1610-11 2,7810-10 1,6710-8 1

1,1610-14 2,7810-13 1,6710-11 10-3

. 1 = 365,24219878 = 31556925,9747 3,16107 .

1,6610-27 1,6610-36 1,6610-30 1,6610-29 1,6610-24 1,6610-21 1

. : 1 ... =1,66057 10-27 .

1 . = 250 000 . = 1,1381 .

1 . = 256 . = 784 . = 0,0929 .

1,852 /() 0,51 /

, " " ( 1791.)

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