: .

1- : M1
E1=M1+;

2- : M1
E2=M2+;

: E1 E2

 :
E1 + E2 = M1++M2+= M1+M2;
..
(
).

M1=
M2=
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(
).


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1

...


.
(
)
, .
.

.

(K)

(K)

i
Mi

Ei

i
Ei
E

Mi



( 2)

LSFR

:

LSFR (
).
an

an-1

a2

a1

bj

LSFR
a5

a4

a3

a2

a1

(LFSR)

( ):
h(x)=xn+kn-1xn-1+k2x2+k1x+1,
ki- ,

 LSFR:
1. T<=2n2. (2n-1)
:

.
Xk+1, k = 2n-1, Xd+1 d,
, d 2n-1

. ,

.

3. ,

:

( )


( )
.


1 1 0

110
101
111
001
011
010
001
110101111001011010001110101111001011010001

,
(-),
2n


. ~n3
n .

 ( )

()


( )
1

2
3

1 1 0

.
LSFR ()




.
d >>
d
(i)
i

* -


A5 ( GSM)
(19)
8

(22)
10

(23)
10

 A5 ()

A5/1
A5/2

~ 240
~218

*
*

* - .
(
,
.)

.

RC4
():
Q1

S(Q1)

T
Q2

S(T)

S(Q2)

Q1 Q2
.
S( )
28

RC4

Q1=(Q1+1)mod 28
Q2=(Q2+S[Q1])mod 28
S[Q1] <--> S[Q2] -
= (S[Q1]+S[Q2])mod 28
= S[T];


SEAL (Software-Optimized encription Algorithm)
: . , .

CHAMELEON
: .

SOBER
. .