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1. Ehrenkranz NJ. Antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery: mechanisms, misconceptions,


and mischief. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol
1993; 14 (2): 99106.
2. Langley JM, LeBlanc JC, Drake J, Milner R.
Efficacy of antimicrobial prophylaxis in
placement of cerebrospinal fluid shunts:
meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 17:
98103.
3. McDonald M, Grabsch E, Marshall C,
Forbes A. Single- versus multiple-dose

19
antimicrobial prophylaxis for major
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4. Antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery. Med
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5. Aznar R, Mateu M, Miro JM et al. Antibiotic
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6. Burke JF. The effective period of preventive antibiotic action in experimental incision and dermal lesions. Surgery 1961; 50:
1618.
7. Bartiett JG, Condon RE, Gorbach SL et al.
Veterans Administration Cooperative Study
on bowel preparation for elective colorectal
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17. Nichols RL. Surgical infections: prevention and treatment 1965 to 1995. Am J
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antibiotic prophylaxis. In: Abrutyn E, Goldmann DA, Scheckler WE, eds. Sounders
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Philadelphia: W.B. Sounders Co, 1997; p. 22
934.
19. The Cochrane Collaboration, a reprint
of a Cochrane protocol, prepared and
maintained by The Cochrane Collaboration
and published in The Cochrane Library
2007, Issue 3. http://www.thecochranelibrary.com

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1. Weiss BP, Strassburg MA, Feeley JC. Tetanus


and diphtheria immunity in elderly population. Am J Pub Health 1983; 73: 8024.
2. Gergen PJ, McQuillan GM, Kiely M et al. A
population-based serologic survey of
immunity to tetanus in United States. N Engl
J Med 1995; 332: 7616.
3. .. . .: , 1966.
4. .. . .: ,
1971.
5. Erdmann G, Wiegand H, Wellhoner HH.
Intraaxonal and extraaxonal transport of
I125-tetanus toxin. Naunyn Schmiedebergs
Arch Pharmacol 1975; 290: 35773.
6. Collingridge GL, Davis J. The in vitro inhibition of GABA release by tetanus toxin.
Neurorharmacology 1982; 21: 8515.
7. Udvadia FE. Heamodynamis in severe in
tetanus. In: Udwadia F.E. ed., Tetanus. N.York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
8. Lipman J, James M, Erskine J et al. Autonomic dysfunction in severe tetanus: magnesium sulfate as an adjunct to deep sedation. Crit Care Med 1987; 15: 9878.

25
9. Gyasi HK, Fahr J, Kurian E, Mathew M.
Midazolam for prolonged intravenous
sedation in patients with tetanus. Mid E J
Anesth 1993; 12: 13541.
10. Borgeat A, Popovic V, Schvander D. Efficiency of a continuous infusion of propafol
in a patient with tetanus. Crit Care Med
1991; 19: 2957.
11. Peduto VA, Pisanu GM, Piga M. Midasolam, propafol and clonidine for sedation
and control of autonomic dysfunction in
severe generalized tetanus. Minerv Anesth
1993; 59: 1718.
12. Wright DK, Lalloo UG, Nayiger S, Govender P. Autonomic nervous system dysfunction in severe tetanus. Crit Care Med 1989;
17: 3715.
13. Rocke DA, Wesley AG, Pather M, Calver
AD. Morphine in tetanus the management
of sympathetic nervous system over activity.
S Afr Med J 1986; 70: 6668.
14. Einterz EM, Bates ME. Caring for neonatal tetanus: a review of 237 cases. J Trop
Paedatr 1991; 37: 17981.
15. Cook TM, Protheroe RT, Handel JM.
Tetanus: a review of the literature. Br J
Anaesth 2001; 87: 47787.
16. .. . . . 1969; 12:
326.
17. Ambache N, Lippold O. Bradycardia of
central origin produced by injections of
tetanus toxin. J Physiol 1949; 108: 18696.


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1. de Boer JP, Wolbink G-J, Thijs LG et al.


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47
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1. Bach JR, Saporito LR. Criteria for Extubation and Tracheostomy tube Removal for
Patients with Ventilatory failure. Chest
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