Besov 2

-
( )
..
, 2005
..
517.
. . 2.
( 2-
). . 2.
. ., 2005. 213 .
2-
, -
, , -
, -
.
,
( , .- ,
. .
.. ).
- -
-
.

c -
( ), 2005

c .., 2005
3
18. n-
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
18.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
18.2. . . . . . . . 13
19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
19.1.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
19.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
19.3. . . . . . . . 28
19.4. . 31
19.5. . . . . . . . . . 36
20. . . . . . . . . . . 43
20.1. . . . . . . . . . 43
20.2. . . . . . . . . . 45
20.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
20.4.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
20.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
21. . . . . . . . 74
21.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
21.2. . . . . . . . 77
21.3. . . . . 79
21.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
21.5. . . . . 83
21.6. . . . . . . . . . . 84
21.7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
22. . . . . . . . . . . . 89
22.1. . . . . . . . . . . 89
22.2. . . . . . . . . . . 92
23. . . . . . . . . . 96
23.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
23.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
23.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
23.4. () . . . . . 106
24. . . . . . . 110
24.1. . . . . 110
24.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
24.3. . . . 124
24.4.
.
. . . . . . . . . . . 127
24.5. 2l- .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
25. ,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
25.1. . . . . . . 139
25.2. CL1 , CL2 , RL1 , RL2 , L1 , L2 . . . . . . . . 146
25.3. . . . . . . . . . 154
25.4. . . . . . . 159
26. , . . . . 171
26.1. , . . . . . . . 171
26.2. . . . . . . . . . . 174
26.3. , . . 177
27. . 188
27.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
27.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
28.1. D, D0 . 198
28.2. . . . . . . . . 203
28.3. S, S 0 . . 205
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
18
n-

10.1, Rn (n N)
n- , . . -
x =
= (x1 , . . . , xn ), ( x1 , . . . ,
xn ), :
v
u n
uX
dist(x, y) B t (xi yi )2
i=1
x = (x1 , . . . , xn ), y = (y1 , . . . , yn ) Rn .
, Rn ,
x + y B (x1 + y1 , . . . , xn + yn ) x, y Rn ,
,
x B (x1 , . . . , xn ) x Rn , R.

,
R. , Rn -
~0 = (0, . . . , 0), ( , -
),
x y = (x1 y1 , . . . , xn yn ) x, y Rn ,
. . , Rn (-
) . () Rn
.
Rn
:
n
X
(x, y) = xi yi x, y Rn .
i=1
Rn
,
dist(x, y) = |x y| x, y Rn ,
18.1. 7
s
n p
x2i =
P
|x| B (x, x) x. x,
i=1
y ( x y),
(x, y) = 0. x Rn ,
|x| = 1.
, ,
ei = (0, . . . , 0, 1, 0, . . . , 0) Rn , (1 6 i 6 n)
( i- ).
e1 , e2 , . . . , en
. :
1. ei ej i 6= j,
n
2. x = xi ei x Rn .
P
i=1
x -
{ei }n1 .
{ei }n1 Rn
. ~0 ,
{x : x = tei , < t < +}, i = 1, . . . , n,

, x1 , . . . , xn
x = (x1 , . . . , xn ).
18.1.
Rn ,
(n = 1), (n = 2), (n = 3). -
, .
1.
P = (a1 , b1 ] (a2 , b2 ] . . . (an , bn ] Rn , (1)
ai , bi R, ai 6 bi (i = 1, . . . , n), -
,
-.
n = 1 P
. n = 2 P
8 18. n- .
. n =
= 3 P
.
.
- (1)
Yn
P B (bi ai ). (2)
i=1
, - P (1) -
P ; -
:
1. P > 0;
m
2. P , . . P =
S
Pk (P , Pi
k=1
-) Pi Pk = i 6= k,
m
X
P = Pk .
i=1
2. A Rn -
, -
-.
1. -
,
, . . , -
-
.
. , --
-.
-
.
- , -
, . , -
-
.
18.1. 9
A, B ,

A B = (A \ B) (B \ A) (A B),
. . -
. , A B -
.
A
[m
A= Pk , Pi Pk = i 6= k,
k=1
( Pk -)
m
X
A B Pk .
k=1
, , . . A -
A
-.
[ [
A= Pk = Qj , Pi Pk = , Qj Qk = i 6= k,
k j
Pk Qj -.
- -, -
-
X X X
Pk = (Pk Qj ) = Qj .
k k,j j
, - P (1)
m
S
P = Pk ,
k=1
(2).
2. A, B .
1. ( )
0 6 A 6 B, A B. (3)
2. ( )
(A B) 6 A + B. (4)
10 18. n- .
3. ( )
(A B) = A + B, A B = . (5)
(A \ B) = A B, B A. (6)
. (3) . (5). -
A B 1.
m
[ r
[
A= Pk , B= Qj , Pk , Qj -,
k=1 j=1
Pi Pk = i 6= k, Qi Qk = i 6= k,
m
!
r

[ [
AB = Pk Qj ,
k=1 j=1
Pk Qj = k, j.

m
X r
X
(A B) = Pk + Qj ,
k=1 j=1
m
X Xr
A = Pk , B = Qj ,
k=1 j=1
(5). (5) (3) (4):

(A B) = (A \ (A B)) + B 6 A + B.
(5) (6).
3. E Rn -
.
E = sup A, E = inf B,
AE BE

A, B (A E, B E), -
( ) ( )
E.
18.1. 11
3. -
:
1. 0 6 E 6 E < +;
2. ( ). E F ,
0 6 E 6 F , 0 6 E 6 F .

3. ( ).
(E F ) 6 E + F .
. 1 , 2 ,
3 (3), (4).
4. E Rn -
, E = E, . .
.
E E.
, E
E = E = E.
1. , -
, n = 2 , -
n = 3 .
,
-
.
2. -
, -
, ,
.
1. E . -
, E > 0 , E -
.
1. ai , bi R, ai < bi ,
Yn n
Y
(ai , bi ) P [ai , bi ].
i=1 i=1
P (, ,
Qn
) P = (bi ai ).
i=1
12 18. n- .
n
Q
, int P = (ai , bi )
i=1
n
Q
P = [ai , bi ]
i=1
(int P ) = P = P.
--
Pm , Qm :
n n
Y 1 1 Y 1 1
Pm = ai + , bi P ai , bi + = Qm
m m m m
i=1 i=1
n
Q
, lim Pm = lim Qm = (bi ai ).
m m i=1
2. A . -
, , int A A

(int A) = A = A.
2. R,
, , .
3. E R -
[0, 1] , . . E = 0, E = 1.
4. E {0} R2 , E ,
3, , .
5.
, .
6 ( ).
{rj }
1 - -
(0, 1), 0 < < 21 ,

[
D= rj , r j + R1 ,
2j 2j
j=1
G = (D [0, 1)) (0, 1) (1, 0) R2 .

, G . , G -
.
18.2. 13
G+ = D (0, 1). ,

+ +
X 2
G = 1, G = = 2 < 1.
2j
j=1
3. , -
E Rn , >
> 0 F , G ,
F E G , (G \ F ) < .
18.2.

1. , E, F Rn
, :
1. E F , E F
(E F ) + (E F ) = E + F.
2. E \ F
(E \ F ) = E F, F E.
. -
.
.
1. E Rn , x(0) E, y (0) 6 E.
, x(0) , y (0) , z (0)
E.
-
x(0) , y (0) ,
,
E, E. z (0)
-
. U (z (0) )
E, E. ,
z (0) E.
14 18. n- .
2. E Rn , D
, E D. B B E D -
.
. - Q E D.

l m
! !
[ [
Q\D = Pk Pk ,
k=1 k=l+1
Pk (1 6 k 6 m) --
,
E Pk 6= (1 6 k 6 l), E Pk = (l + 1 6 k 6 m).
Pk E 1!6 k 6 l 1.
Sl m
S
Pk E, Pk E = ,
k=1 k=l+1
l
!
[
B =ED = Pk D,
k=1
, .
1 ( ). -
E Rn -
, E = 0.
. 1 . E .
> 0 A ,
B ,
A E B , B A < .
E B \ int A . -, -
A , -, B
( 18.1.1),
, E B \ A . -
, 18.1.1 (18.1.6)
E 6 (B \ A ) = (B \ A ) = B A < .
E = 0. , E E = 0.
18.2. 15
2 . E E = 0. >
> 0. D ,
E D , D < .
B = E D , A = B \ D .
B , A 2 18.1.1.
,
A E B , A 6 E 6 E 6 B .
0 6 E E 6 B A = D < .
, E = E, . . E .
2.
, ,
. . E, F , E F ,
E F, E \ F.
. ,
(E F ) E F, (E F ) E F, (E \ F ) E F.
. x(0) (E F ). -
U (x(0) ) EF ,
E F . ,
U (x(0) ) E ( x(0) E), -
F ( x(0) F ).
x(0) E F , , (E F ) E F .
( 1) E = 0, F =
= 0.
,
(E F ) 6 (E F ) 6 E + F = E + F = 0.
, (E F ) = 0
E F .
E F E \ F .
16 18. n- .
3. E, F Rn . -
:
1. ( )
0 6 E 6 F, E F. (1)
2. ( )
(E F ) 6 E + F. (2)
3. ( )
(E F ) = E + F, E F = . (3)
. E F
2, (1) (2)
( 18.1.3).
(3). A1 , A2 ,
A1 E, A2 F.

A1 A2 = , A1 A2 E F.
(18.1.5), (1), (2)
A1 + A2 = (A1 A2 ) 6 (E F ) 6 E + F.
A1 E, A2 F ,
,
E + F 6 (E F ) 6 E + F,
(3).
4. E Rn .
E int E E =
= (int E) = E.
. E
, E = 0.
E = E E, int E = E \ E.
2, 3.
-
,
.
18.2. 17
5.
.
. f : F R, F Rn
.
E = {(x, xn+1 ) = (x1 , . . . , xn , xn+1 ) : x F,
xn+1 = f (x)} Rn+1
f . , (n + 1)- -
E n+1 E . f ,
, . ,
> 0 = > 0 : |f (x)f (y)| < x, y E, |xy| < .
- P F , P Rn .
-, -
, P1 , . . . , Pm ,
F . Pj -
x(j) Pj -
Qj B Pj (f (x(j) ) , f (x(j) ) + ] Rn+1 .
, f F Pj
m
S
Qj . , E Qj
j=1
m
X
n+1 E 6 2Pj 6 2P .
j=1
> 0 n+1 E = 0, n+1 E =
= 0.
6. F Rn , F = 0. -
E = F [a, b] Rn+1 n+1 E = 0.
. > 0 B -
Rn ,
F B , B < .
B (a 1, b] Rn+1 ,
E B (a 1, b],
n+1 E 6 n+1 (B (a 1, b]) < (b a + 1).
18 18. n- .
> 0, n+1 E = 0, n+1 E = 0.

1.
F = {(x, y) : a 6 x 6 b, 0 6 y 6 f (x)} R2 ,
f [a, b] , f > 0, -
() 5.
3. E Rn , E = 0
U (E) B {x : inf |x y| < }
yE
- E ( > 0).
U (E) 0 0.
m
S
. E = 0, > 0 B = Pk
k=1
,
E B , B < .
- Pk P k --
, Pk
Pk , .
m
P k = 2n Pk B B P k B 6 2n . ,
S
k=1
(B ) > 0 : U (E) B : 0 < 6 (B ),

U (E) 6 B 6 2n ,
.
19

19.1.

1. E Rn ( -
) . = {Ei }i1 -
( ) Ei
E,
1. (Ei Ej ) = 0 i 6= j;
i
2.
S
Ei = E.
i=1
| | = max diam(Ei ) -
16i6i
.
= {Ei }i1
i
X
E = Ei ,
i=1
-

i1
[
{E i }i1 , E 1 = E1 , E i = Ei \ (Ej Ei ) (i > 2).
j=1
2. 0
E Rn . , 0
0 ,
Ej0 0 Ei : Ej0 Ei .
E
:
1. 1 2 , 2 3 , 1 3 .
2. 1 , 2 : 1 , 2 .
. -
-
(1) (2) (2)
Ei Ej , E (1) 1 , Ej 2 .
20 19.
3. E Rn
() f = {Ei }i1
E. Ei - (i) Ei .
i
X
S (f ; (1) , . . . , (i ) ) B f ( (i) )Ei
i=1
f .
4. I
f E Rn ,
i
X
(i)
> 0 = () > 0 : f ( )Ei I <

i=1
E | | <
.
f
E.
f E -
Z ZZ Z
f (x) dx . . . f (x1 , . . . , xn ) dx1 . . .dxn .
E
E

Z
(1)
f (x) dx B lim S (f ; 1 , . . . , (i ) ),
E | |0
,
, - 4.
, n = 1 -
[a, b] -
[a, b]. ,
n > 2 -
.
1. n = 2 E,
:
E = U1 ((0, 3)) ({0} (0, 2])
19.1. 21
f : E R,
1
(
y 0 < y 6 1,
f (x, y) =
0
y > 1.
R
, f E, E f (x) dx = 0.
E Rn ,
E (int E) ( -
, -
). -
, E , , E =
= int E.
1. E , E E.
E -
{k }1 |k | 0 k ,
.
f E. -
E . , int E.
, -
E = E = [a, b]. ,
E -
E .
1. E int E.
, E
E.
, f D
Rn
w(f ; D) = sup |f (x) f (y)| = sup f inf f.
x,yD D D
2 ( ). -
f E Rn
,
X
> 0 = > 0 : wi (f )Ei : | | < , (1)
16i6i
Ei >0
wi (f ) B w(f ; Ei ).
22 19.
, E = [a, b].
:
X
lim wi (f )Ei = 0, (2)
| |0
16i6i
Ei >0
,
, - (1).
5. f -
E Rn = {Ei }i1 E.
Mi B sup f, mi B inf f.
Ei Ei

i
X i
X
S (f ) B mi Ei , S (f ) B Mi Ei
i=1 i=1

f , .
, S (f )
f
S (f ) 6 S (f ) 6 S (f ).
,
i
X
S (f ) S (f ) = wi (f )Ei .
i=1
-
(19.2.1) -
:
3.
f E Rn ,
> 0 = () > 0 : S (f ) S (f ) < : | | < .

19.1. 23
1. f -
E Rn .
Z
> 0 = () > 0 : 0 6 f (x) dx S (f ) < ,
Z E
0 6 S f (x) dx < : | | < .

E
, , [a, b]
14.1.2,
4 (n = 1, E = [a, b]),
-
.
f [a, b]
14.1.2. ( 14.1.1)
14.2.1 > 0
{[xj1 , xj ]}k1 [a, b] ,
k
X
w(f, [xj1 , xj ])xj < .
j=1
= {Ei }i1 [a, b].

0 Ei , -
, [xj1 , xj ].
Ei 0 , 18.2.1 Ei U2| | (E0 ), E0 = {xi }k0 ,
E0 = 0. , , |f | 6 M [a, b],
i
X X X
w(f, Ei )Ei = w(f, Ei )Ei + w(f, Ei )Ei 6
i=1 i:Ei \0 i:Ei 0
k
X
6 w(f, [xj1 , xj ])xj + 2M U2| | (E0 ) < + 2M ,
j=1

| | 18.2.3.
( 2) f [a, b]
4.
.
24 19.
4. f
E Rn . f E.
. f -

E. E w(, f ) 0
0. ,
i
X i
X
wi (f )Ei 6 w(| |, f )Ei = w(| |, f )E 0 | | 0.
i=1 i=1
f E.
2. 3 -

(. . ,
, , ).
. 18.2.3.
, ,
, .
19.2.
1 . E .
Z Z
dx B 1 dx = E.
E E
2 . E E
, E E,
f E.
i
E . = {Ei }1 E
| |. = {Ei }i1 E -
i
| | = | |. , {Ei }1
E \ E | |
.
X X
wi (f )Ei 6 wi (f )Ei .
16i6i 16i6i
Ei >0 Ei >0
f E -

| | 0. ,
19.2. 25
| | 0. f -
E .
3 . ( ). -
F , G Rn , F G = , E = F G.
f : E R F G. f
E
Z Z Z
f (x) dx = f (x) dx + f (x) dx.
E F G
. = {Ei }, 0
Ei , Ei F 6= , Ei G 6= ,
(F ) = {Ei F : Ei , Ei F 6= },
(G) = {Ei G : Ei , Ei G 6= }.
f (x(i) )Ei
P
S (f ) =
f E
x(i) , i = 1, . . . , i . S (F ) (f ),
S (G) (f ) f -
F G,
(F ) (G) ( ) -
, S (f ). , , |f (x)| 6 M x E,
X
S (f ) S (F ) (f ) S (G) (f ) 6 2M Ei . (1)
Ei 0
, Ei 0 ,
Ei U2| | (F ). (2)
, x Ei F , y Ei G. ,
x y, 18.2.1 z
F . |x z| 6 |x y| 6 | |.
F = 0 , (2)
18.2.3 , (1)
| | 0. (1) . -

Z Z
S (F ) (f ) f (x) dx, S (G) (f ) f (x) dx,
F G
26 19.
R R
, S (f ) F f (x) dx + G f (x) dx, -
3 .
1. , -
f E 3 -
.
4 . f -
E. E0 E
( ) -
.
.
Z Z Z Z
f (x) dx = f (x) dx + f (x) dx = f (x) dx.
E E\E0 E0 E\E0
R
, E f (x) dx f E0 .
1. f
E E.
Z Z Z
f (x) dx, f (x) dx, f (x) dx
E E int E
-
.
5 . ( ). f , g -
E, , R.
Z Z Z
[f (x) + g(x)] dx = f (x) dx + g(x) dx.
E E E
6 .
f , g E.
f g, inf |g| > 0, fg
E
E.
7 . f E.
|f | E
Z Z

f (x) dx 6
|f (x)| dx.
E E
19.2. 27
8 . ( ). f , g -
E f 6 g E,
Z Z
f (x) dx 6 g(x) dx.
E E
9 . ( () -
). f
E, {Ek }
1 -
Ek E
lim Ek = E.
k
R R
lim f (x) dx = f (x) dx.
k Ek E

Z Z Z

f (x) dx f (x) dx= f (x) dx 6 sup |f |(E \ Ek ).

E Ek E\Ek E
10 . f
G 3 x(0) . f
x(0) f (x(0) ) > 0. G f (x) dx > 0.
R
. f
x(0) U (x(0) ) G ,
f (x(0) )
f (x) > x U (x(0) ).
2
,
f (x(0) )
Z Z Z
f (x) dx = f (x) dx + f (x) dx > U (x(0) ) > 0.
2
G G\U (x(0) ) U (x(0) )
11 . ( ). f , g -
E. g
E m 6 f 6 M E, ,
Z Z
f (x)g(x) dx = g(x) dx.
E E
28 19.
E ,
f E,
Z Z
c E : f (x)g(x) dx = f (c) g(x) dx.
E E
, g 1
Z
f (x) dx = f (c)E.
E
-
8 , 10.5.4
.
19.3.
1. f R -
b
P = [a, b][c, d] R2 F (y) = a f (x, y) dx
y [c, d].
F [c, d] -
ZZ Z d Z b
f (x, y) dx dy = f (x, y) dx dy. (1)
P c a
(1) -
.
. a = x0 < x1 < . . . < xk = b,
c = y0 < y1 < . . . < ym = d, 1 = {[xi1 , xi ]}k1 , 2 = {[yj1 , yj ]}m
1
[a, b] [c, d] .
= {[xi1 , xi ] [yj1 , yj ]} 16i6k P -
16j6m
.

mi (y) = inf f (x, y), Mi (y) = sup f (x, y),
x[xi1 ,xi ] y[yj1 ,yj ]
mij = inf f, Mij = sup f,

[xi1 ,xi ][yj1 ,yj ] [xi1 ,xi ][yj1 ,yj ]
j [yj1 , yj ].
k k
X Z b X
mi (y)xi 6 f (x, y) dx = F (y) 6 Mi (y)xi .
i=1 a i=1
19.3. 29
y = j , -
yj j,
X k
m X m
X m X
X k
mij xi yj 6 F (j )yj 6 Mij xi yj . (2)
j=1 i=1 j=1 j=1 i=1
(2) -

f (.RR. S (f ) S (f )). | | 0
P f (x, y) dx dy (. 19.1.3).
, (2), -
S2 (F ), -
|2 | 0,
Rd Rd Rb
c F (y) dy = c a f (x, y) dx dy.
(2) (1).
. -
1 .
10 . f R -
d
P = [a, b][c, d] R2 F (x) = c f (x, y) dy
x [a, b].
F [a, b] -
Z Z Z b Z d
f (x, y) dx dy = f (x, y) dy dx. (3)
P a c
1, 10 ,
Z Z Z dZ b Z bZ d
f (x, y) dx dy = f (x, y) dx dy = f (x, y) dy dx.
P c a a c
, , f
P .
1, 10 ,
P , -
.
1.
= {(x, y) : a 6 x 6 b, (x) 6 y 6 (x)} R2 , (4)
30 19.
, [a, b] 6 [a, b],

Oy . ,
.
y
d 2.
-
Oy ,
f
c x
0 a b x [a,Rb](x) -
. 19.1 (x) f (x, y) dy.

ZZ Z bZ (x)
f (x, y) dx dy = f (x, y) dy dx. (5)
a (x)

.
c = min , d = max .
[a,b] [a,b]
P = [a, b] [c, d].

f: P R
(
f (x, y) (x, y) ,
f(x, y) =
0 (x, y) P \ .
f , -
f, P \ , P .

Rd R (x)
x [a, b] c f(x, y) dy = (x) f (x, y) dy.
10
Z Z bZ d
f(x, y) dx dy = f(x, y) dy dx.
P a c
f f , -
(5).
19.4. 31
1. f -
Oy (4).
(5).
. (4)
Oy, Ox, . .
(4)
= {(x, y) : c 6 y 6 d, (y) 6 x 6 (y)}.
f
Z b Z (x) Z d Z (y)
f (x, y) dy dx = f (x, y) dx dy, (6)
a (x) c (y)
-
.
2
n- .
2.
= {x = (x1 , . . . , xn ) = (x0 , xn ) : x0 E,
(x0 ) 6 xn 6 (x0 )},
E Rn1 , ,
E,
Oxn .
3. f
Oxn .
Z Z Z (x0 )
f (x) dx = f (x0 , xn ) dxn dx0 .
E (x0 )
19.4.

(
x = x(u, v),
F : (1)
y = y(u, v)
32 19.
G
R2uv G R2xy :
F
R2uv G G R2xy
. .
:
1. F G G ,
2. F G,
(x, y)
3. J(u, v) B (u, v) 6= 0 G.
1.1 E (u1 , v1 ),
(u2 , v2 ), E G,
max max |x0u |, |x0v |, |yu0 |, |yv0 | 6 .

E

|F (u2 , v2 ) F (u1 , v1 )| 6 2|(u2 , v2 ) (u1 , v1 )| =
p
= 2 (u2 u1 )2 + (v2 v1 )2 . (2)
. (xi , yi ) = F (ui , vi ), i = 1, 2.

|x2 x1 | = |x [u1 + t(u2 u1 ), v1 + t(v2 v1 )]|1t=0 | =
= x0u (u, v)(u2 u1 ) + x0v (u, v)(v2 v1 ) 6

p
6 2 (u2 u1 )2 + (v2 v1 )2 .

p
|y2 y1 | 6 2 (u2 u1 )2 + (v2 v1 )2 .
(2).
2. E E G,
Q B {(u, v) : u0 6 u 6 u0 + h, v0 6 v 6 v0 + h} G.
:
1. F (E) = F (E),
2. F (Q) ,
1
-
19.5.2.
19.4. 33
3. E = 0, F (E) = 0,
4. E , F (E) .
. -
(u, v) G
(x, y) = F (u, v) ,
,
. -
, (u, v) (x, y)
, , -
E F (E). 1
F (Q). F (Q)
-
, x(u, v), y(u, v). ,
F (Q) = F (Q) .
F (Q) = 0. F (Q)
2 .
3 4 -
19.5.2.
3 . , F (E) = 0.
> 0 , U (E) G.
= 1, G = R2 , = 12 dist{E, R2 \ G},
G 6= R2 . > 0 -

E R2 \ G.
m
P
> 0, B = Pk , B
1
E, B < . - (a, b] (c, d]
,
1
(b a) 6 d c 6 2(b a).
2
m
P
, B = Pk -
1
Pk diam Pk 6 (
, Pk
34 19.
- , , -
, E).
B U (E) G.
= max max {|x0u |, |x0v |, |yu0 |, |yv0 |}.
U (E)
(2) -
Pk
hk 2 5hk ,
F Pk 6 100 2 Pk ,

F E 6 F B 6 100 2 B 6 100 2 .
> 0
F E = F E = 0.
4 F (E) F (E), -
, 1 , 3
.
1 (
). (u0 , v0 ) G, h0 > 0,
G Qh B
B {(u, v) : uh 6 u 6 uh + h, vh 6 v 6 vh + h} 3 (u0 , v0 )
h, 0 < h 6 h0 .

F (Qh )
lim = |J(u0 , v0 )|. (3)
h0+0 Qh
-
19.5.1 . 19.5
1 n- .
-
( (3))
3. 1 h 0
F (Qh ) 6 |J(u0 , v0 )|Qh + o(h2 ). (4)
19.4. 35
. , (u0 , v0 ) -
Qh . F -
,

x = x0 + a11 (u u0 ) + a12 (v

p
v0 )+
+ 1 (u u0 , v v0 ) (u u0 )2 + (v v0 )2 ,

F :

y = y0 + a21 (u u0 ) + a22 (v v0 )+
p
+ 2 (u u0 , v v0 ) (u u0 )2 + (v v0 )2 ,

a11 = x0u (u0 , v0 ), a12 = x0v (u0 , v0 ), a21 = yu0 (u0 , v0 ), a22 =
= yv0 (u0 , v0 ), i (u u0 , v v0 ) 0 (u, v) (u0 , v0 ).
F
(
x = x(u, v) = x0 + a11 (u u0 ) + a12 (v v0 ),
F :
y = y(u, v) = y0 + a21 (u u0 ) + a22 (v v0 ).
,

F (Qh ) a11 a12

= = |J(u0 , v0 )|.
Qh a21 a22
F (Qh ) -
F (Qh ).
(h) B sup max{|1 |, |2 |}, (h) 0 h 0.
|uu0 |6h
|vv0 |6h
(u, v) Qh

|x(u, v) x(u, v)| 6 (h) 2h, |y(u, v) y(u, v)| 6 (h) 2h.
, , ,

F (Qh ) U3(h)h F (Qh ) . (5)
y
3(h

F (Qh ) 6 U3(h)h F (Qh ) 6
)h
6 F (Qh ) + o(h2 ) =
= |J(u0 , v0 )|h2 + o(h2 ), 3(h)h
(4) (. 19.2).
0 x
. 19.2
36 19.
. (4)

J(u0 , v0 ) = 0, (4)
F (Qh ) F (Qh ).
19.5.
1. (
x = x(u, v),
F :
y = y(u, v)
G R2uv
G R2xy :
F
R2u,v G R2x,y ,
G .
.
. .
:
1. F G G ,
2. F G,
(x, y)
3. J(u, v) = (u, v) 6= 0 G,
4. F , J G,
5. f G

G .

ZZ ZZ
(x, y)
f (x, y) dx dy = f [x(u, v), y(u, v)]
du dv. (1)
(u, v)
G G
. (1)

.
, f > 0 G .
. ,
M > sup |f |, f (x) = f1 (x) f2 (x),
G
f1 (x) = f (x) + M > 0, f2 (x) = M > 0,

19.5. 37
(1) f1 f2 ,
f = f1 f2 .
1- . ,
ZZ ZZ
f (x, y) dx dy 6 f [x(u, v), y(u, v)]|J(u, v)| du dv, (2)
F (Q) Q
Q = {(u, v): u1 6 u 6 u1 + h1 , v1 6 v 6 v1 + h2 } G. -
, , (2) -
, . . 0 > 0
ZZ ZZ
f (x, y) dx dy > (1+0 ) f [x(u, v), y(u, v)] |J(u, v)| du dv. (3)
F (Q) Q
Q 4 . -
Q(1) , ( k = 1)
ZZ
f (x, y) dx dy >
ZZ
F (Q(k) ) > (1 + 0 ) F [x(u, v), y(u, v)] |J(u, v)| du dv. (4)
Q(k)
Q(1) : -
4 , (4)
k = 1, (3). Q(1)
4 Q(2)
, ( k = 2) (4). -
, -
{Q(k) } 1 (4). -
( Q(k) )
(u0 , v0 ) Q(k) k. (4)

f (xk , y k )F (Q(k) ) > (1 + 0 )f [x(uk , vk ), y(uk , vk )]|J(uk , vk )|Q(k)
(xk , y k ) F (Q(k) ), (uk , vk ) Q(k) .
F (Q(k) ) 19.4.3, k

[f (x0 , y0 ) + o(1)] [|J(u0 , v0 )| + o(1)] >
38 19.
> (1 + 0 )[f (x0 , y0 ) + o(1)][|J(u0 , v0 )| + o(1)],

f > 0, |J| > 0. , (2)
.
2- . A ( -
) (. 18.1.2), A
G. -
(2)
,
ZZ ZZ
f (x, y) dx dy 6 f [x(u, v), y(u, v)]|J(u, v)| du dv 6
ZZ
F (A) A
6 f [x(u, v), y(u, v)]|J(u, v)| du dv. (5)
G
A
, A A
G . (
) A A G,
1
F (A ) A G. (6)
, F 1 (A ) 19.4.2.
,
1
dist(F (A ), R2 \ G) = > 0.
A . R2

(-) , 2
A -,
F 1 (A ).
(6) (5) , A A F (A),
ZZ ZZ
f (x, y) dx dy 6 f [x(u, v), y(u, v)]|J(u, v)| du dv. (7)
A G
3- .
ZZ ZZ
f (x, y) dx dy 6 f [x(u, v), y(u, v)]|J(u, v)| du dv. (8)
G G
k N -
Ak
19.5. 39
1
Ak Ak G, (G \ Ak ) < .
k
0 < f (x, y) 6 M ,
ZZ ZZ ZZ
f (x, y) dx dy f (x, y) dx dy = f (x, y) dx dy 6
G Ak G \Ak
1
6M 0 k . (9)
k
(7) Ak A
k , (9) (8).
4- . (1).
Ak Ak G, (G \ Ak ) < k1 . -
(8) F 1 (
(u, v) (x, y) 1

(x, y) = (u, v) 1
= J(u, F (Ak ))
v)
g(u, v) B f [x(u, v), y(u, v)]|J(u, v)|.
ZZ ZZ
(x, y)
f [x(u, v), y(u, v)]
du dv 6 f (x, y) dx dy 6
(u, v)
Ak F (Ak )
ZZ
6 f (x, y) dx dy. (10)
G
(10) k , -
, , -
(8). (8) (1). .
. 1
: 4 ,
f [x(u, v), y(u, v)]|J(u, v)| -
G. (1),
Ak F (Ak ) G G ,
k .
1. 1
ZZ ZZ

(x, y)
G = 1 dx dy = (u, v) du dv.
(11)
G G
40 19.
1. (11)
int Qh .
F (Qh ) = |J(uh , v h )| Qh ,
Gh 3 (uh , v h ) (u0 , v0 ) h 0.
1.
2. 1 , 2 , 3 1
, , f G ,
f [x(u, v), y(u, v)]J(u, v) G.
, (1), -
, (1).
.
, (1).
, f > 0, f

f = f+ f , f+ = 12 (|f | + f ) > 0 f =
= 21 (|f | f ) > 0. ,
(2) (2).
|J|1 P (2) -

RR
P f (u, v) du dv,
1
f(u, v) B f [x(u, v), y(u, v)] = f|J| .
|J|
P = F (P ),
= (P ) = {Ei }i1 , = (P ) = {Ei }i1 = {F (Ei )}ii=1

(12)
P P . 19.4.1,
F 1 , diam Ei 6 K diam Ei
K,
| | 6 K| |. (13)
, , (f, Ei ), (f, Ei ) f, f
Ei , Ei .
Xi i
X ZZ

(f, Ei )Ei = (f , Ei ) |J(u, v)| du dv 6
i=1 i=1 Ei
19.5. 41
i
X
6 max |J| (f, Ei )Ei 0 | | 0,
P
i=1
(13) | | 0.

(2). (2).
(12), -
Ei = E i . (ui , vi ) -
max |J| = |J(ui , vi )|, xi = x(ui , vi ), yi = y(ui , vi ).

Ei

i
X i
X ZZ
f (xi , yi )Ei = f (xi , yi ) |J(u, v)| du dv 6
i=1 i=1 Ei
i
X
6 f [x(ui , vi ), y(ui , vi )]|J(ui , vi )|Ei .
i=1

| | 0 ( , | | 0), (2).
2 -
1, -
-
. .
1. G, Gi n-
, G1 G2 . . . G, (G \ Gi ) 0
i . f G
Gi .
f G
Z Z
lim f dx = f dx.
i
Gi G
.
1, 2 n- .
42 19.
F : (x = x(t))
F
Rnt G G Rnx
. .
G Rnt -
G Rnx :
1. F G G ;
2. F G;
(x , . . . , x )
3. J(t) = (t1 , . . . , t n) 6 0 G.
1 n
3. 1 , 2 , 3 , t(0) G,
(h)
G Qh = {t : ti 6 ti 6 thi + h, i = 1, 2, . . . , n} 3 t(0) , 0 <
< h 6 h0 .

F (Qh )
lim = |J(t(0) )|.
h0 Qh
4. 1 , 2 , 3 , G, G
, f
G , f (x(t))J(t) G.
Z Z
f (x) dx = f [x(t)]|J(t)| dt,
G G
.
2. 1 , 2 , 3 , G, G
, J
G. Z Z
G = dx = |J(t)| dt.
G G

n = 2.
20

20.1.
R3

= {~r(t), a 6 t 6 b} = {(x(t), y(t), z(t)), a 6 t 6 b}, (1)
. . -
( , |r0 (t)|2 = x02 (t) + y 02 (t) +
+ z 02 (t) > 0 [a, b]).
1. F : E R -
.
Z Z b
F (x, y, z) ds B F (x(t), y(t), z(t))|~r0 (t)| dt (2)
a
-
F .
-
(2).
1. F (x, y, z) ds -
R
, F (x(t), y(t), z(t))

( t)
[a, b]. ,R F
(. 10.5.2), F (x, y, z) ds .

2.
.
t = t( )
(. 8.2), ~( ) = ~r(t( )).
= {~( ), 6 6 }.
,
Z
F (x(t( )), y(t( )), z(t( )))|~0 ( )| d =

44 20.

Z
d~r
F (x(t( )), y(t( )), z(t( ))) (t( )) |t0 ( )| d =

=
dt
Z 1 (b)
d~r
F (x(t( )), y(t( )), z(t( ))) (t( )) t0 ( ) d =

=
1 (a) dt
Z b
= F (x(t), y(t), z(t))|~r0 (t)| dt.
a
. -
F (-
14.5.1).
F (x(t), y(t), z(t))
14.5.1.
1 (14.5.1). , 0
[, ], 0 6= 0 [, ], () = a, () = b.
-
Z b Z
f (x) dx = f ((t))0 (t) dt (3)
a
-
(3).
19.5.2, -
-
19.5.2.
. -
.
, (1) ,
( -
t), t = t( ) =
(b 6 6 a) -
. 1 ,
, , -
t.
, , -

20.2. 45
S, A. -
= {~r(s), 0 6 s 6 S} = {(x(s), y(s), z(s)), 0 6 s 6 S},

S , (1)
Z Z S
F (x, y, z) ds = F (x(s), y(s), z(s)) ds. (4)
0
3. ds = S, S .
R
(4)
F = 1.
i
4. F (x, y, z) ds = lim
R P
F (x(i ), y(i ), z(i ))si , =
| |0 i=1
= {si }ii=0

[0, S], si = si si1
r(si1 ) r(si ),
si1 6 i 6 si .
4 ,
-
(4), -

(4).
. -
(4).
.
20.2.

= {~r(t), a 6 t 6 b} = {(x(t), y(t), z(t)), a 6 t 6 b} (1)
-
, A = r(a) , B = r(b) .

AB.
0
~t = 0 ~r (t) dx dy dz
= , , = (cos , cos , cos ) (2)
|~r (t)| ds ds ds
46 20.
( )
t.
1.
R3 (. . -) ~a =
= (P, Q, R) .
Z
P dx + Q dy + R dz B

Z b
B [P (x(t), y(t), z(t))x0 (t) + Q(x(t), y(t), z(t))y 0 (t)+
a
Z b
0
+R(x(t), y(t), z(t))z (t)] dt = (~a,~r0 ) dt (3)
a
-
~a = (P, Q, R) R . (3)
(~a, d~r).
,
~a , -
( P , Q, R):
Z Z b
P dx B P (x(t), y(t), z(t))x0 (t) dt, (4)
a
Z Z b
Q dy B Q(x(t), y(t), z(t))y 0 (t) dt, (5)
Z Za b
R dz B R(x(t), y(t), z(t))z 0 (t) dt. (6)
a
(. . ), -
(3)
~a .

.
1. (3) ,
P (x(t), y(t), z(t)), Q(x(t), y(t), z(t)),
R(x(t), y(t), z(t)) ( t)
[a, b].
R , ~a = (P, Q, R) ,
P dx + Q dy + R dz .
20.2. 47
2. (
).
Z Z
P dx + Q dy + R dz = [P cos + Q cos + R cos ] ds. (7)

(3) x0 (t), y 0 (t), z 0 (t)

:
dx 0
x0 = |~r | = cos |~r0 |,
ds
dy 0
y0 = |~r | = cos |~r0 |,
ds
dz 0
z0 = |~r | = cos |~r0 |,
ds
t, -
(20.1.2).
3.
-
.
, -
. -
t0 ( ) > 0 t = t( ),
(1)
.
4.

.
(7). ,
-
. (7) cos , cos , cos ,
,
.
, (7)
.
48 20.
5. A = (xa , ya , za ), B = (xb , yb , zb ),
Z Z Z
dx = xb xa , dy = yb ya , dz = zb za .

AB AB AB
6. , -
-
.
. (1), a < c < b,
1 = {~r(t), a 6 t 6 c}, 2 = {~r(t), c 6 t 6 b}.
Z Z Z
(~a, d~r) = (~a, d~r) + (~a, d~r),
1 2
.
(3) -
-
-
.

.
2. = {~r(t), a 6 t 6 b}
() , a = a0 < a1 < . . . < ak =
= b, i = {~r(t), ai1 6 t 6 ai } (i = 1, . . . , k)
() .
Z Xk Z
F ds B F ds
i=1 i
k Z
Z !
X
(~a, d~r) B (~a, d~r) ,
i=1 i
-
.
= {~r(t): a 6 t 6 b} R3 ,
= {ti }ii=0

[a, b], | | = max(ti ti1 )
. -
r(ti ), . -
.
20.2. 49
(
i, r(a)
, r(b) ).
1 ( -
). = {~r(t): a 6 t 6 b} -
R3 , = {ti }ii=0

[a, b],
.
E R3 (. .
),
| |.
E P , Q, R.
Z Z
lim P dx + Q dy + R dz = P dx + Q dy + R dz.
| |0
Q

R 0. Ai = r(ti ), Ai1 Ai = {~r(t): ti1 6 t 6 ti },
Ai1 Ai
Ai1 Ai . > 0. -
~r = ~r(t) [a, b] = () > 0 ,
, | | < , E,
|~r(t) ~r(ti )| < t [ti1 , ti ], i = 1, . . . , i , (8)

Ai1 Ai Ai1 Ai E U (Ai1 ).
> 0. , -
, P E =
= () > 0 ,
|P (M ) P (Ai )| < ,
M E U (Ai1 ), i {1, . . . , i }. (9)
, | | < , = () = (),
(8), (9). -
Z Z Z
i B P dx P dx = P dx =
Ai1 Ai

Ai1 Ai Ai1 Ai Ai1 Ai
50 20.
Z Z
= (P (x, y, z) P (Ai )) dx + P (Ai ) dx,

Ai1 Ai Ai1 Ai Ai1 Ai Ai1 Ai

Ai1 Ai Ai1 Ai ,

Ai1 Ai .
5 -
.
(9)
|i | < 2(s(ti ) s(ti1 )),
s(t) , -
. ,
X
i
Z Z

P dx P dx= < 2S,

i

i=1
S .
> 0
.
20.3.

, R3 .
, (
).
, z = 0.

= {(x = x(t), y = y(t)), a 6 t 6 b},
R
F (x, y) ds.
~a(x, y) = P (x, y)~+Q(x, y)~,

Z Z
P dx + Q dy = (~a, d~r).

, , .
20.3. 51
D R2 -
D. -
D
+ , -
D -
.
D
.
D D

Sk -
i (D = i=1 i ), -
D, D
D+ (D = ki=1 +
S
i ).
y
D
x
. 20.1
1. D
Oy,
D = {(x, y) : (x) < y < (x), a < x < b}, (1)
,
[a, b] < (a, b).
D
Oy,
D = {(x, y) : (y) < x < (y), c < y < d}, (2)
,
[c, d] < (c, d).
52 20.
D ,
.
, D -
{Di }Ii=1 ,
1. Ii=1 Di D;
S
2. Di Dj = i 6= j;
3. Ii=1 Di = D;
S
4. (Di Dj ) \ D i 6= j -
, .
-
, -
.
1 ( ). D R2 -
, D -
-
i (D = ki=1 i ), -
S
D (D+ = ki=1 +
S
i ).
D
Q
~a(x, y) = P (x, y)~ + Q(x, y)~, P , Q, P
y , x
Q
D (, P
y , x D -
D).
:
ZZ Z Z
Q P
dx dy = P dx + Q dy = (~a, d~r). (3)
D x y D+ D
. -
, D
.
.
(3) Q 0, . .
ZZ Z
P
dx dy = P dx, (4)
D y D+
. . P 0
(3) .
20.3. 53
1- . (4) , D -
Oy , . . (1) (. . 20.2).

y
y = (x) C
D
D
A
y = (x) B
a b x
. 20.2
,
ZZ Z b Z (x)
P P
dx dy = dy dx =
D y a (x) y
Z b
= [P (x, (x)) P (x, (x))] dx =
Za Z
= P (x, y) dx P (x, y) dx =
DC AB
Z Z Z
= P dx P dx = P dx,
CD AB D+
. . (3).
-

R R
P dx = 0, P dx = 0.
BA DA
2- . (4) , D -
Ox , . . (2),
1 = {(x = (y), y) : c 6 y 6 d},
(5)
2 = {(x = (y), y) : c 6 y 6 d}
. {ci }ki=0
[c, d] ,
[ci1 , ci ]. D
54 20.
Sk
D= i=1 D i , Di
Di = {(x, y) : (y) < x < (y), ci1 < y < ci },

Oy.
y
d = c4
x = (y)
x = (y)
c3
c2 D
c1
c = c0
x
. 20.3

ZZ Z
P
dx dy = P dx, i = 1, . . . , k.
Di y Di+
.
-

ZZ k ZZ
P X P
P dx dy = P dx dy.
D y Di y i=1

X k Z Z
P dx = P dx,
i=1 Di D+
Di+
+
Di+1
{(x, y) : (ci ) 6 x 6 (ci ), y = ci }
,
. , (4) -
.
20.3. 55
3- . (4) , D -
Ox , . . (2),
h > 0 > 3h [c, d].
Dh B {(x, y) : (y) + h < x < (y) h, c < y < d} D,
1h = {((y) + h, y) : c 6 y 6 d},
2h = {((y) h, y) : c 6 y 6 d},
1h = {( (y) + h, y) : c 6 y 6 d},
2h = {( (y) h, y) : c 6 y 6 d}
, 1h , 2h
[c, d]
y (. 8.1). | | -
.
Dh, B {(x, y) : (y) + h < x < (y) h, c < y < d} D.
2
ZZ Z
P
dx dy = P dx.
Dh, y +
Dh,
| | 0,
ZZ Z
P
dx dy = P dx. (6)
Dh y +
Dh
, M = max{max |0 |, max | 0 |} -
[c,d] [c,d]
2M | | 1 (2 )
2M | |(d c). ,

Z Z ZZ Z
P P P
dx dy dx dy 6 y dx dy 6

y y

Dh Dh, (Dh \Dh, )(Dh, \Dh )

P
6 max 4M | |(d c) 0 (| | 0).
D y
Z Z
P dx P dx 0 (| | 0, i = 1, 2)
ih ih
20.2.1.
56 20.
h 0 (6) D P
RR
y dx dy, . .
ZZ
P P P
(D \ Dh ) = max
dx dy 6 max y h(d c).

D\Dh y D y D

R , (6) h 0 -
D+ P dx (6) . -
,
Z Z
P dx P dx h 0 (i = 1, 2), (7)
ih i
, h 0
Z (c)+h Z (c) !
+ |P (x, c)| dx+
(c) (c)h
!
Z (d)+h Z (d)
+ + |P (x, d)| dx 0.
(d) (d)h
(7) i = 1 y
1 1h . , -
P D,

Z Z Zd

P dx P dx 6 |P ((y), y) P ((y) h, y)| |0 (y)| dy 6

1 1h c
6 (h, P, D) max |0 |(d c) 0 h 0.
[c,d]
(7) i = 2.
3 .
4- . (4) Ox
D, . . (2) -
(5). , (c) = (c)
() (d) = (d). > 0,
D = {(x, y) : (y) < x < (y), c + < y < d }.
(4) D 3.
0.
20.3. 57
5- . (4) 1 -
, D -
{Di }Ii1 .
(4) Di :
ZZ Z
P
dx dy = P dx (1 6 i 6 I) (8)
Di y Di+
. -
-

I ZZ ZZ
X P P
dx dy = dx dy. (9)
Di y D y
i=1
(8) ,
Di+ = 0 Di+ 00 Di+ ,
0 Di = D Di , 00 Di = D Di
SI Di . ,
00
i=1 Di = D.
j 6= i Eij B 0 Di 0 Dj 6= .
, -
( Di -
Dj ).
(8) Di+ Dj+
( Eij ) .
I Z
X XI Z Z
P dx = P dx = P dx. (10)
i=1 Di+ i=1 00 Di+ D+
(9) (10) (4).

, 1 ( (3)) -
, D
.
, ,
.
7- . -
.
58 20.
1. D
D,
i (D = Ii=1 i ),
S
.
. , -
D -

-
D
.
-
, -
.
S1- . D =
= Ii=1 i . ,
> 0. -
i , j (i 6= j) .
D , -
i , ,
. D -
, .
-
( ) .
li=1 Qi . -
S
, dist(Qi , Qj ) > i 6= j.
Qi D , -
, Qi -

,
. Qi , -
-
Qi , Qi ,

Di = D int Qi (1 6 i 6 k),
,
( Qi )
20.3. 59
. Qi li=1 Qi
S
.
2- . 0 D B D \ int li=1 Qi -
S

. 0 D -
-
. , ,
= {~r(t) : a 6 t 6 b} (11)
~ = (cos , sin )
, = (t) ~ -
Ox. ~ , . . cos
sin t.

[a, b] {tj }jj=0
,
(j) = {~r(t), tj1 6 t 6 tj }, 1 6 j 6 j (12)

tg || < 2 [tj1 , tj ]
( ),

| ctg | < 2 [tj1 , tj ]
( ).
[a, b] , -
cos sin .
, -
x,
y .
,
(
, , -
). ,
(12) .
60 20.
, , {(x = cos , y = sin ):

0 6 6 2} 5 . :
n o
(x = cos , y = sin ) : 6 6 2 +
4 4
.
r(tj ), (0 6 j 6 j0 1), -
,
. , ,
4 =
= 41 , 34 , 54 , 74 .
r(tj1 ), r(tj ) (j) (12) -
, ,
, .
(j) (12) -
ij
{Pii }i=1 :

S ij (j)
1. i=1 Pji ;
2. Pji Pjk = j 6= k;
3. Dji B D int Pji (1 6 i 6 ij ) -
;
4. (j) -
() -
.
, , ,
, (j) (12) . -
x, (j) (12)
(j) = {(x, (x)), x 6 x 6 x }, | 0 | 6 2.
[x , x ] -
[xi1 , xi ]. Pji ,
Ox [x
i1 , xi ],
xi1 + xi xi1 + xi

2 , 2 ,
. | | ,
, diam Pji .
1 , 2 , 3 . -
4 r(tj1 )
20.3. 61
(r(tj )), Pj1 (Pjij ) -

Oy , . -
,
1 6 | tg | 6 2, [x , x ] [x
2 0 1 ij 1 , xij ] -
41 6 | 0 | 6 4.
(11) . -
, -
( ).
, , ,
(12) -
ij
{Pji }i=1 1 , 2 , 3 4 , 5 ,
:
4 r(tj1 ), r(tj ) -
, -
(j)
,
, -
;
5 int Pji -
Qk .
Pji
0 D,
{Pj }m
j=1 , -
, ,
l
! m
[ [
Qi Pj D.
i=1 j=1
, -
Qi Pj . (-
) Rk
(1 6 k 6 r) , D,
Qi Pj . -
Rk D. , , Rk
D R2 \ D,
(x , y ) (D) int Rk . , Rk -
62 20.
Qi Pj ,
(x , y ), Rk .
, D int Rk = int Rk .
, ,
l
! m
r
!
[ [ [
D Qi Pj Rk ,
i=1 j=1 k=1
l + m + r -
, Dint Pj Dint Rk -
, Dint Qi
, .
.
, -
: -

.
-
-
. (P (x, y), Q(x, y))
y x
(0, x) , (y, 0).
2 2
Q P
x y = 1
Z Z Z
1
D = x dy = y dx + x dy = y dx. (13)
D+ 2 D+ D+
20.4.

.

k
~a = a1~ + a2~,
~b = b1~ + b2~
j
i
. 20.4
20.4. . . 63

a b
1 1
~a ~b = (~ ~)

a2 b2
,
a b
1 1
sgn
a2 b2

.

a b
1 1
> 0 (< 0)
a2 b2
~a ~b i, j
() .
v y
2 F2
F

G
F1
1
0 u 0 x
. 20.5
-

(
x = x(u, v),
F :
y = y(u, v)
G (u, v), -
,
64 20.
(x, y) (. . 20.5):
1 = {(u, v) : u = u1 (t), v = v1 (t)},
2 = {(u, v) : u = u2 (t), v = v2 (t)},
F 1 = {(x, y) : x = x1 (t), y = y1 (t)},
F 2 = {(x, y) : x = x2 (t), y = y2 (t)},
x1 (t) B x(u1 (t), v1 (t)), y1 (t) B y(u1 (t), v1 (t)),

x2 (t) B x(u2 (t), v2 (t)), y2 (t) B y(u2 (t), v2 (t)).
, 1 2 -
t = t0 .
1
2 -
F 1 , F 2 .
:
dx dx
1 2
(~ ~) = dx1 ~ + dy1 ~ dx2 ~ + dy2 ~ =
dt dt

dy1 dy2 dt dt dt dt
dt dt

= [(x0u u01 + x0v v10 )~ + (yu0 u01 + yv0 v10 )~] [(x0u u02 + x0v v20 )~+
+(yu0 u02 + yv0 v20 )~] = (x0u u01 yv0 v20 + x0v v10 yu0 u02 )(~ ~)
(x0u u02 yv0 v10 + x0v v20 yu0 u01 )(~ ~) =
= (x0u yv0 x0v yu0 )(u01 v20 v10 u02 )(~ ~).
, ~ ~ = ~ ~. -
~ ~ ,

dx1 dx2
dt dt (x, y) u01 u02
dy1 dy2 = (u, v) v 0 v 0 .

dt
dt 1 2

1 2 ( ) F 1 F 2 (
). , -
(x, y)
: (u, v) > 0 (< 0)

( ).
20.4. . . 65
1
D, G.
1 D. -
1 D 1 = F (1 )
F (D). 2 , 1 ,
,
1 D. ,
(i = F (i )):
v y y
1
2 2 2
1
1
u x x
J >0 J <0
. 20.6
,
-
.
-
-
, ,
D, D.

.

.
(
x = (u, v),
F :
y = (u, v)
-
G (u, v).
66 20.
D D G
(x, y)
J(u, v) B 6= 0 D.
(u, v)
J(u, v) D, . . -
G, G (. 10.5.4).
D B F (D)
(x, y) ( 12.3.4).
B D -
.
B F () = F (D) = D
( -
1 19.4.2)
. ,
i = {(u(t), v(t)) : a 6 t 6 b}
, i .
i B F (i ) = {(x(u(t), v(t)), y(u(t), v(t))), 6 t 6 }

. ,
dx x0 du + x0 dv
! du
x 0 x0
dt u dt v dt dt

=
u v

dy du
0 dv
=
0 y 0 dv
,

y0

+ y

y

dt u dt v dt u v dt
(x, y)
(u, v) 6= 0.
2 2 2 2
du + dv > 0 , dx + dy >
dt dt dt dt

> 0, . . i , . . .
, B
B {(u(t), v(t)): a 6 t 6 b}, -
t, D, -
+ . -
= F (),
+ (. . t), -
,
20.4. . . 67
D = F (D). -
D . (20.3.13)
Z Z b

D = x dy = xyt0 dt =
a
Z b Z
y du y dv y y
= x + dt = x du + x dv.
a u dt v dt + u v
y
x u = P , x y
v = Q.
Q x y 2y P x y 2y
= +x , = +x .
u u v uv v v u vu
, G -
2 2
y y
, , , uv , vu .
(20.3.3), -
,
ZZ ZZ
Q P (x, y)
D = du dv = du dv. (1)
D u v D (u, v)
-
, G

(x, y) (x, y)
= > 0.
(u, v) (u, v)
-
(. . + ) (1),
.

-
,
.
, (1)

RR (x, y)
D = D (u, v) du dv. , (-
)
(19.5.11),
(19.4.3) (
).
68 20.
20.5.
1. ~a = (P (x, y, z), Q(x, y, z),
R(x, y, z)), G R3 , -
G, -
U : G R ,
U U U
P = , Q= , R= , G. (1)
x y z
U
~a ~a.
U ~a,
U + C, C , -
~a.
( ): U ,
V ~a G, V = U + C G,
C .
(1) :
U U U ~
~a = ~ + ~ + k = grad U = U, (2)
x y z
dU = P dx + Q dy + R dz,

= , , ,
x y z
.
R
(~a, d~r)
~a .
1. ~a = (P, Q, R)
G. :
I. ~a G.
II0 . G
Z
(~a, d~r) = 0.

20.5. 69
II00 . A, B G -
Z
(~a, d~r),
AB

AB , G
A B, .
. , II0 II00 .
II0 + +
1 , 2 , G,
A, B.

+ 1 2
II0 Z Z
(~a, d~r) + (~a, d~r) = 0.
+
1
2
2 -
+2 ,
Z Z
(~a, d~r) (~a, d~r) = 0,
+
1 +
2
. . II00 .
II00 + G

. A, B AB, BA
+ ,

+ , . . + = AB

BA.

+ +
1 = AB 2 = BA
+
, :+

+ = AB BA = + +
1 2 .

+ 1 2
A B. II00
Z Z Z
(~a, d~r) = (~a, d~r) + (~a, d~r) =
+ +
1 +
2
Z Z
= (~a, d~r) (~a, d~r) = 0.
+
1
2
70 20.

, I II00 . U , AB =
= {(x(t), y(t), z(t)), a 6 t 6 b} , -
G.
Z Z b
P dx + Q dy + R dz = [P (x(t), y(t), z(t))x0 (t)+
AB a
+Q(x(t), y(t), z(t))y (t) + R(x(t), y(t), z(t))z 0 (t)] dt =
0
Z b b
d
= U (x(t), y(t), z(t)) dt = U (x(t), y(t), z(t)) =
a dt a
= U (B) U (A).
, , II00 I. A0 -
, B(x, y, z) G. -

Z
U (B) = U (x, y, z) B P dx + Q dy + R dz, (3)
A0 B

A0 B , G. -
U , . . (3) II00
B(x, y, z), . . (x, y, z).
RB
(3) A0 P dx + Q dy + R dz.
, U ~a, . . -
(1), .
B0 = B0 (x0 , y0 , z0 ) G.
U
(x0 , y0 , z0 ) = P (x0 , y0 , z0 ) (4)
x
U x .
U (x0 , y0 , z0 ) U (x0 + x, y0 , z0 ) (20.3.3)

A0 B0 A0 B B A0 B0 B0 B,
B0 B , B0 B.
U B U (x0 + x, y0 , z0 ) U (x0 , y0 , z0 ) =
Z Z x0 +x
= P dx + Q dy + R dz = P (x, y0 , z0 ) dx.
BB0 x0
-

20.5. 71
, x ( x0x = 1,
yx0 = 0, zx0 = 0).

U

x (x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) P (x0 , y 0 , z 0 )=

Z x
1
= [P (x0 + , y0 , z0 ) P (x0 , y0 , z0 )] d 6
x 0
6 max |P (x0 + , y0 , z0 ) P (x0 , y0 , z0 )| 0 x 0,
||6|x|
P (x0 , y0 , z0 ).
, (4) -
.
1. -
~a II00 -
, ~a
(3).
1. , U V -
~a G, -
C ,
V (x, y, z) = U (x, y, z) + C (x, y, z) G.
( II0
II00 ) ~a. (
) ~a:
~ ~ ~k

rot~a B ~a = x y z =

P Q R

R Q P R Q P ~
= ~ + ~ + k. (5)
y z z x x y
G ~a -
, rot~a = ~0 G.
2. ~a = (P, Q, R) -
G R3 .
1. ~a , rot~a = ~0;
72 20.
2. G ,
(G R2 , R 0, P = P (x, y), Q = Q(x, y))
, rot~a = ~0 G, ~a .
. 1 , . .
R Q P R Q P
= 0, = 0, = 0. (6)
y z z x x y

2U 2U
= 0.
xy yx
-
-
, .
(6).
2 ( -
)
3,
.
, - -
G
.
1.

y x
~a = (P (x, y), Q(x, y)) = 2 ,
x + y 2 x2 + y 2
, . -
Q P y 2 x2
= = 2 (x, y) 6= (0, 0),
x y (x + y 2 )
rot~a = ~0. ,
:
CR = {(x = R cos , y = R sin ), 0 6 6 2} :
2
R2 cos2 d
Z Z
(~a, d~r) = =
CR 0 R2
20.5. 73
Z2 Z2
R sin R cos
= R( sin ) + r cos d = d = 2.
R2 R2
0 0
2. G -
, D, -
D ,
D G D G.
G , , G
.
3. G
~a = (P, Q)
Q P
x y = 0 G.
~a G.
R . ( 1) -
, (~a, d~r) = 0 -
G.
D (D = ).
Z ZZ
Q P
P dx + Q dy = dx dy = 0.
D+ D x y
.
2.
.
-
20.2.1
.
21

21.1.

- .
() ,
E R2 - ~r: E R3 ,
(u, v) E
~r(u, v) = (x(u, v), y(u, v), z(u, v)) R3 . (1)

2 3
R , R ,
x, y, z .
-
-
, ,
.
~a - ~r (1)
(u, v) (u0 , v0 ) E, (u0 , v0 )
E
> 0 = () > 0 : |~r(u, v) ~a| <
(u, v) E U (u0 , v0 ).

lim ~r(u, v) = ~a,
E3(u,v)(u0 ,v0 )
U (u0 , v0 ) E > 0,
lim ~r(u, v) = ~a.
(u,v)(u0 ,v0 )
~r
(u0 , v0 ) E,
lim ~r(u, v) = ~r(u0 , v0 ).
E3(u,v)(u0 ,v0 )
21.1. 75
~r0u = ~r(u0 , v0 ) -

0 ~r d~r(u, v0 )
~ru (u0 , v0 ) (u0 , v0 ) = .
u du u=u0

~r .
~r0v v
, ,
-
(. 8.1).
E R2 -
(1) (. .
). , ~r0u
D D,
D, ~r0u
D D.
- ~r.
1. S R3 -

S = {(x(u, v), y(u, v), z(u, v)), (u, v) D}, (2)
D R2 ,
x, y, z
D, ( ) -
1 .
u, v (2)
.

S = {~r(u, v), (u, v) D} S = {r(u, v), (u, v) D},
~r(u, v) B (x(u, v), y(u, v), z(u, v)). S
{(u, v), r(u, v)}, (u, v)
. r(u, v) R3 -
S.
1
(2) (-
) , (
) , (2)
D D. -
.
76 21.
1 ,
M R3 , . .
(u1 , v1 ), (u2 , v2 ) D
r(u1 , v1 ) = r(u2 , v2 ) = M.
S (2) ,
r(u, v): D S .
2. S (2) -
, x, y, z
D.

S = {~r(u, v), (u, v) D} (3)
, (u0 , v0 ) D.
, D v = v0 ,
(u0 , v0 ) D, ,
(u0 , v0 ).

{~r(u, v0 ), (u, v0 ) D}
v = v0 . ~r0u = u ~r =
= (x0u , yu0 , zu0 ) .

{~r(u0 , v), (u0 , v) D}

~r
~r0v = = (x0v , yv0 , zv0 ).
v
3. {(u, v), r(u, v)} -
(3) ,
~r0u ~r0v 6= ~0 (. . ~r0u , ~r0v ). -
.
4. (-
)
( ) .
1.
S = {(R cos cos , R sin cos , R sin ),
21.2. 77

0 6 6 2, + 6 6 }, R > 0, 0 6 < ,
2 2 2
( = 0, > 0) -
-
, > 0 -
.

, -
.
21.2.

. ,
{(u0 , v0 ), r(u0 , v0 )} (21.1.3)
~r0u (u0 , v0 ), ~r0v (u0 , v0 ), -
.
(u0 , v0 ) D, {(u(t), v(t)), a 6 t 6 b} -
, u(t0 ) = u0 , v(t0 ) = v0 t0 , a < t0 < b.
{~r(u(t), v(t)) (u(t), v(t)) D, a 6 t 6 b} (1)
, -
{(u0 , v0 ), r(u0 , v0 )} . -
{t0 , r(u0 , v0 )}
~r0t (t0 ) = ~r0u (u0 , v0 )u0t (t0 ) +~rv (u0 , v0 )vt0 (t0 ),
. . ~r0u , ~r0v , ,
.
, (1)
{t0 , r(u0 , v0 )} -
{(u0 , v0 ), r(u0 , v0 )}.
-
, :
(~r ~r0 ,~r0u ,~r0v ) = 0. (2)
~r0 - ,~r -
.
78 21.
(2)

x x0 y y0 z z0

0 0 0
xu yu zu = 0, (3)

x0 yv0 zv0
v
~r = (x, y, z), ~r0 = (x0 , y0 , z0 ), ~r0u = (x0u , yu0 , zu0 ), ~r0v =

= (x0v , yv0 , zv0 ).
. ,
-
, -
.
. ,
, -
, .
(21.1.3)
, ,
~ ~ ~k

~r0u ~r0v = x0u yu0 zu0 = A~ + B~ + C~k, (4)

x0 y 0 z 0
v v v
,
(y, z) (z, x) (x, y)
A= , B= , C= .
(u, v) (u, v) (u, v)

x x0 y y0 z z0
= = ,
A B C

x x0 y y0 z z0
y 0 z 0 = z 0 x0 = x0 y 0 , (5)

u u u u u u
0 0 0 0 0 0
y v zv zv xv xv yv
x0 = x(u0 , v0 ), y0 = y(u0 , v0 ), z0 = z(u0 , v0 ),

x0u , x0v , yu0 , yv0 , zu0 , zv0 (u0 , v0 ).
21.3. 79

S = {(x, y, f (x, y)), (x, y) D}, (6)
f D, -
. -
(2).
, , .
f
D, (6) .
~r(x, y) = (x, y, f (x, y))
~r0x = (1, 0, fx0 ), ~r0y = (0, 1, fy0 ),
~ ~ ~k

~r0x ~r0y = 1 0 fx0 = fx0~ fy0~ + ~k 6= 0. (7)

0 1 f 0
y
(3)
(x0 , y0 , f (x0 , y0 ))

x x0 y y0 z z0

1

0 0
fx = 0,

0 1 fy0

z z0 = (x x0 )fx0 (x0 , y0 ) + (y y0 )fy0 (x0 , y0 ), (8)
(x0 , y0 , f (x0 , y0 ))
x x0 y y0
0
= 0
= (z z0 ). (9)
fx (x0 , y0 ) fy (x0 , y0 )
21.3.

()
. D ,
S = {~r(u, v), (u, v) D} (1)
80 21.
,
- ~r D ~r0u
~r0v 6= ~0.

( )
u = (u1 , v1 )
F : D1 D, (2)
v = (u1 , v1 )
D1 ,
S = {~(u1 , v1 ), (u1 , v1 ) D1 },
~(u1 , v1 ) = ~r((u1 , v1 ), (u1 , v1 )).
S , S,
, (2) -
, . . :
1. F
D1 D, D1 D, D1 D;

2. F D1 (. . , -
D1 ), -
F 1 D;
(u, v) (u , v )
3. (u , v ) 6= 0 D1 , (u,
1 1
v)
6= 0 D.
1 1
,
~0u1 = ~r0u 0u1 +~r0v u0 1 , ~0v1 = ~r0u 0v1 +~r0v v0 1 ,
(u, v) 0
~0u1 ~0v1 = ~r ~r0v . (3)
(u1 , v1 ) u
3 , -
(u, v) 1 1 (u , v )
(u , v ) (u, v)
= 1 (. (12.3.5)),
1 1
(u, v)
(u1 , v1 )
6= 0 D1 . (3) , -
:
a) ,
b)
,
c) .
, ,
, , .
21.3. 81
, -
(1)
(u, v) (x, y),
(y, z), (z, x). , ,
S , > 0, 21.1.1, -

.
-
. , D
|~r0u ~r0v |2 = A2 + B 2 + C 2 =
(y, z) 2 (z, x) 2 (x, y) 2

= + + > 0,
(u, v) (u, v) (u, v)
(u0 , v0 ) D
(x, y)
. , , (u, v) 6= 0.
(u0 ,v0 )
12.3.3
U (u0 , v0 ) U (x0 , y0 ) (
( x0 = x(u0 , v0 ), y0 =
x = x(u, v)
= y(u0 , v0 )) ,
y = y(u, v)
( U (u0 , v0 ) U (x0 , y0 ),
u = u(x, y)
-
v = v(x, y)
(x, y)
U (x0 , y0 ) (u, v) 6= 0
U (x0 , y0 ). ,
(. 12.3.4).

S (0) = {(x(u, v), y(u, v), z(u, v)), (u, v) U (u0 , v0 )}
(1) (u, v) (x, y)
S (0) = {(x, y, f (x, y)), (x, y) U (x0 , y0 )},

f (x, y) = z(u(x, y), v(x, y)).
82 21.
21.4.
S -
(21.3.1).
~r0u ~r v
~n = (1)
|~r0u ~r0v |
D, ~n.
~n( ~n) -
S.
1. -
S
( ) S.
S (21.3.1), -
() ~n, .
,
. -
(21.3.1) (
) (1).
S (21.3.1),
, .
S (21.3.1)
S + ,
S .
-
-
1 , 2 , 3
(u, v)
4. (u , v ) > 0 D1 .
1 1
, (21.2.2), -
a), b) c),

d) (. .
-
, -
-
).
21.5. 83
21.5.

S = {~r(u, v), (u, v) D}
. -
, ~r0u , ~r0v
D ~r0u ~r0v 6= ~0 D.
- ~r:
d~r = ~r0u du +~r0v dv.

|d~r|2 = |~r0u du +~r0v dv|2 = |~r0u |2 du2 + 2(~r0u ,~rv ) du dv + |~r0v |2 dv 2 .

E = |~r0u |2 , F = (~r0u ,~rv ), G = |~r0v |2 , (1)
|d~r|2 = |~r0u du +~r0v dv|2 = E du2 + 2F du dv + G dv 2 . (2)
1. Edu2 + 2F du dv +
+ Gdv 2 -
, E, F , G .
,
. . |d~r|2 = 0 du = 0, dv = 0. ,
EG F 2 > 0.
, E > 0, G > 0.
,
EG F 2 = |~r0u ~r0v |2 , (3)
. . ~r0u ~r0v ,
EG F 2 = |~r0u |2 |~r0v |2 |~r0u |2 |~r0v |2 cos2 =
= |~r0u |2 |~r0v |2 sin2 = |~r0u ~r0v |2 .
C -
,
.
84 21.
21.6.
G R3 F : G R
Fx02 + Fy02 + Fz02 > 0 G.
S = {(x, y, z) : (x, y, z) G, F (x, y, z) = 0}

.
,
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = R2 , R > 0.
S -
. , , ,
F (x0 , y0 , z0 ) = 0 Fz0 (x0 , y0 , z0 ) 6= 0.
U ((x0 , y0 )) U (z0 ) Fz0 6= 0
F (x, y, z) = 0
z = f (x, y), (x, y) U ((x0 , y0 )),
f U ((x0 , y0 )) -
,
F0 Fy0
fx0 = x0 , fy0 = 0 .
Fz Fz
(. (21.2.7))
grad F B F 0~ + F 0~ + F 0~k.
x y z
(x0 , y0 , z0 )
(x x0 )Fx0 (x0 , y0 , z0 ) + (y y0 )Fy0 (x0 , y0 , z0 )+

+(z z0 )Fz0 (x0 , y0 , z0 ) = 0,

x x0 y y0 z z0
0
= 0 = 0 .
Fx (x0 , y0 , z0 ) Fy (x0 , y0 , z0 ) Fz (x0 , y0 , z0 )
F , . . -
, F (x, y, z) = c, -
, grad F
. , , ,
grad F F .
21.7. 85
21.7.

, .
1. -
S = {~r(u, v), (u, v) D} (1)

(-
), -
D .
S S (1)
S B {~r(u, v), (u, v) D}. (2)
S , ,
R3 .

Si = {~ri (u, v), (u, v) Di }, i = 1, 2,
, S1 S2 = S1
S2 6=
, , -
. TI
2. S = Si -
i=1
Si (1 6 i 6 I)
:
1. Si Sj
Si = Si1 , Si2 , . . . , Sij =
= Sj , -
;

2. i 6= j Si Sj
, Si Sj
;
3. Si Sj Sk

.
Sj S -
(i) Sj Sj ,S -
(Sk Sj ).
k6=i
86 21.
(i) Sj Sj , (e) Sj B Sj \ (i) Sj -

Sj .
S
I
(e) Si . S
S
S B
i=1
( S ), -
(
S ).
, , -
, -
.
. -
S S
, ,
Si Sj Si Sj (
), ( -
, Si Sj ).
S z = 0
-
,
.
-
.
, -
. , , -
, -
180 .
.
.
,
(, . . ) -
.
-
S (1) S.
D -
21.7. 87
D. -
S ( D
R3 ). S -
~r0u ~rv
~n =
|~r0u ~r0v |
. S -
~n -
S.
-
. S S (21.2.6),
D , D , -
f D. -
() D D
.
S -
, Oz, S
z = 0 D. S ,
S , -
, D
.
f 0~ fy0~ + ~k
~n = q x
1 + fn02 + fy02
Oz.
, ~n S -
S ( -
~n, -
S).
:
S -
, ~n ,
S . -
, . . -
,
,
, . .
.
88 21.

.
,
S (1) S (-
).
S S.
S~1 1 S~2 2 -
, -
( ). ~ 1 , ~ 2 -
,
S1 S2 .
S 3. S =
I
= i=1 Si ,
~ 1 , . . . , ~ I S1 , . . . , SI ,
~ i ~ j
Si Sj .
~ = {~ i } -
Si (1 6 i 6 I), , -
~ S.
(~ i ) Si (1 6 i 6 I)
S.
S,
( ) ~, -
; S~ .
(
) .

, -
Si .
,
S. -
S -
S,
S~ .
22

22.1.
-

S = {~r(u, v), (u, v) D}, (1)
D . -
21.1.4 ~r0u , ~rv D, ~r0u ~r0v 6= ~0 D.
(u, v) -
(1) (u = u(u1 , v1 ), v = v(u1 , v1 ), (u1 , v1 ) D)
-
D1 .
1. F : E R -
S.
ZZ
F (x, y, z) dSZB
Z
S
B F (x(u, v), y(u, v), z(u, v))|~r0u ~r0v | du dv (2)
D

F S.
-
(2).
1.
RR
S F (z, y, z) dS
,
F (x(u, v), y(u, v), z(u, v)) (
u, v) D.
, RR F S (. -
10.5.2), S F (z, y, z) dS .
2. (2)
(1) ( -
).
90 22.
S (1) -
S = {~(u1 , v1 ), (u1 , v1 ) D1 },
D1 ,
~(u1 , v1 ) = ~r(u(u1 , v1 ), v(u1 , v1 )) =
= ((u1 , v1 ), (u1 , v1 ), (u1 , v1 )),
(
u = u(u1 , v1 )
S. -
v = v(u1 , v1 )
(21.3.3) 19.5.2 ,
ZZ
F ((u1 , v1 ), (u1 , v1 ), (u1 , v1 ))|~0u1 ~0v1 | du1 dv1 =
D1
ZZ
(u, v)
= F ((u1 , v1 ), (u1 , v1 ), (u1 , v1 ))|~r0u ~r0v | du1 dv1 =
(u1 , v1 )
D1
ZZ
= F (x(u, v), y(u, v), z(u, v))|~r0u ~r0v | du dv.
D
2. S (1)

ZZ ZZ
S B dS = |~r0u ~r0v | du dv. (3)
S D
1 2
S
(
).
-
(3). -
R2u,v m N:
(k) j1 j k1 k
Qj,k = {(u, v),m
6u6 m, m
6 v 6 m }, j, k Z.
2 2 2 2
D Qj,k -
Ei , 1 6 i 6 im . m = {Ei }ii=1
m
22.1. 91
~rv h
z
v
~ru h
t
ns
v=
co
h Ei
u=
con
h
st
y
0 u
x
. 22.1 . 22.2
D. m E i D = .
Ei
Ei = {(u, v) : ui 6 u 6 ui + h, vi 6 v 6 vi + h} D.
(ui , vi ) Ei
- ~r(u, v)
~r(ui + h, vi ) ~r(ui , vi ) = ~r0u (ui , vi )h +~o(h),
~r(ui , vi + h) ~r(ui , vi ) = ~r0v (ui , vi )h +~o(h).
Ei ,
S
r(ui , vi ) ~r0u (ui , vi )h,~r0v (ui , vi )h -
|~r0u ~r0v |(ui ,vi ) Ei .
E i D 6= , Ei U2m+1 (D) -
(ui , vi ) Ei .
U2m+1 (D) 0 m ( 18.2.3),
, m
X ZZ
0 0
|~ru ~rv |(ui ,vi ) Ei |~r0u ~r0v | du dv.
16i6im S
Ei 6U m+1 (G)
2
|~r0u ~r0v | du dv -
dS. -
92 22.
(21.2.4), (21.5.3), dS:

dS = |~r0u ~r0v | du dv =
s
(y, z) 2 (z, x) 2 (x, y) 2

= + du dv =
(u, v) (u, v) (u, v)
p
= EG F 2 du dv,
E, F , G .
S
S = Ii=1 Si (. 21.7)
Si (1 6 i 6 I).
- S =
SI PI
= i=1 Si Si
i=1
.
22.2.
R3
S = {~r(u, v), (u, v) D}, (1)
D .
~r0u , ~r0v D, ~r0u ~r0v 6= ~0
D.
S -
~ = ~n S~ ,
~r0 ~r0v
~n = u0 = (cos , cos , cos ). (2)
|~ru ~r0v |
~ = ~n S~n -
S + ,
~ = ~n S ~n -
S .
S ~a(x, y, z) =
= P (x, y, z)~ + Q(x, y, z) + R(x, y, z)~k.
22.2. 93
1. - ~a -
S~ ( : -
S ~)
ZZ
(~a,~) dS. (3)
S
-
, -
P (x(u, v), y(u, v), z(u, v)), Q(x(u, v), y(u, v), z(u, v)),
R(x(u, v), y(u, v), z(u, v)) (u, v)
D, , P , Q, R S.
(2) ~ ~,
. . .
(3),
D ,
, .
2. (3)
- ~a -
S~ .
S +
(~ = ~n) S + -

ZZ
P (x, y, z) dy dz + Q(x, y, z) dz dx + R(x, y, z) dx dy B
S+
ZZ
B (~a,~n) dS. (4)
S
21.1.2 -
(2)
ZZ
P dy dz + Q dz dx + R dx dy =
+
SZ
Z
= [P (x, y, z) cos + Q(x, y, z) cos + R(x, y, z) cos ] dS =
S
ZZ
(y, z)
= P (x(u, v), y(u, v), z(u, v)) +
S (u, v)
94 22.
(z, x)
+Q(x(u, v), y(u, v), z(u, v)) +
(u, v)

(x, y)
+R(x(u, v), y(u, v), z(u, v)) du dv. (5)
(u, v)

-

.

,
, 21.5.1. -

3.
S = {(x, y, f (x, y)), (x, y) D}, (6)
D , D -
,
,
1. f D -
D;

2. Oxyz, -
Oxyz, S (6) -
.
-
( 21.5.1), f -
D, D.

{(x, y, z) : x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1, x > 0, y > , z > 0}, 0 6 < 1.
-
Oxyz,
Oz x = y = z > 0 ( > 0
Oz Oy).
22.2. 95
4.
~a(x, y, z) = 0~ + 0~ + R(x, y, z)~k -
(1) fx0~fy0~+~k
ZZ
R(x, y, f (x, y)) dx dy. (7)
D
-
,
(. (5) P Q 0, (u, v) = (x, y)).
, ~a
S (6) , -
Oxyz -
S, (7).
(7)
. S (6)
S = {(x, y, f (x, y)), (x, y) D },
> 0, D = {(x, y) D: dist((x, y), D) > }.
S
R~k S (
1):
ZZ
R(x, y, f (x, y)) dx dy.
D
0 (7) -
R(x, y, f (x, y)) D (D \ D ) 0.
1, 2
-
, x = g(y, z) y =
= h(z, x)
P (x, y, z)~, Q(x, y, z)~.
5. -
, ,
.
23

23.1.

, .
, -
. -
, . ., -
, ,
. .
,
:

=~ +~ + ~k .
x y z
u
grad u = u,
-
u.
~a: G R3 , G R3 .
~e = (cos , cos , cos )
(x0 , y0 , z0 ) G

~a(x0 , y0 , z0 ) d
B ~a(x0 + t cos , y0 + t cos , z0 + t cos ) ,
~e dt t=0
.

~a ~a ~a ~a
= cos + cos + cos = (~e, )~a,
~e x y z

(~e, ) = cos + cos + cos .
x y z
23.1. 97
~b = (bx , by , bz ) -
,
~a ~a ~a
(~b, )~a B bx + by + bz
x y z
~a ~b.
~a = (ax , ay , az )
,
ax ay az
div~a B + +
x y z
( ) ~a
.

div~a = (,~a).
~a -

~ ~ ~k

rot~a B ~a = x y z B

a a a
x y z

az ay ax az ~ ay ax
B~ +~ +k .
y z z x x y
G.
Z Z
ax dx + ay dy + az dz C (~a, d~r)

~a = (ax , ay , az )
.
, ,

.
, -
. , , -
,
98 23.
. -
-

.
,
, , , -
, . -
, ,
.
,
:
rot(f~a) = (f~a) =

= (f~a) + (f~a) = (f ) ~a + f ( ~a) =
= (f ) ~a + f ( ~a) = grad f +~a + f rot~a.
f , ~a .
,
, ( ) -
, . . f~a. -
. -

( -
f f ), , -
. .
-
. = 1 + 2 + 3 ,
, = ~ , = ~k . -
1 = ~ x 2 y 3 z
,

1 , 2 3 . , -
1 , 2 , 3 ,
.
.
23.2. 99
23.2.
1. G R3
G = {(x, y, z) : (x, y) < z < (x, y), (x, y) D} (1)
Oz (: Oz-),
D , D -
, , D -
D, < D.
, G = S1 S2 S0
S1 , S2 S0 ,
-
, -
, Oz
D. G -
, .
-
Ox- Oy- .
R3 G, G -

, ~n -
G.
G G -
Q R
~a = P~ + Q~ + R~k, P
x , y , z -
G.

ZZZ ZZ
div~a = (~a,~n) dS (2)
G G
,
G.
.
1 ().
G : x =
my
= {Gx,m }m mz
m=1 , y = {Gy,m }m=1 , z = {Gz,m }m=1 , Gx,m , Gy,m ,
x
Gz,m Ox-, Oy- Oz-

.
100 23.
~a = P~ + Q~ + R~k
Q R
G, P
x , y , z G.
(2).
.
~a = R~k, . . P~, Q~ -
, (2)
.
1- . G Oz- (.
1). ,
,
ZZZ ZZZ
R
div~a dx dy dz = dx dy dz =
G G z
ZZ Z (x,y) !
R
= dz dx dy =
ZZ D (x,y) z ZZ
= R(x, y, (x, y)) dx dy R(x, y, (x, y)) dx dy.
D D
S1 , S2 , S0
G. -
~n ( G) .
,
ZZZ
div~a dx dy dz =
G ZZ ZZ
= R(x, y, z) dx dy + R(x, y, z) dx dy =
S~2n S~n
ZZ Z Z1 ZZ
= (~a,~n) dS + (~a,~n) dS + (~a,~n) dS,
S2 S1 S0
, . . (~a,~n) = 0
S0 . , 1 (2) -
.
2- . ~a = R~k
z = {Gz,m }mz
m=1 G . ,
23.2. 101
1,
ZZZ mz Z Z Z
X
div~a dx dy dz = div~a dx dy dz =
G m=1 Gz,m
Xmz ZZ ZZ
(m)
= (~a,~n ) dS = (~a,~n) dS.
m=1 Gz,m G
~n(m) -
Gz,m Gz,m . -
, Gz,m Gz,p
Oz- Gz,m Gz,p (m 6= p)
~n(m) ~n(p) .
~a ~n(m) ~n(p)
.
, Gz,m
Smz G Gz,m .
m=1 (G Gz,m ) = G,
.
, ~a = R~k,
~a, .
.
~a = P~ + Q~ + R~k
Px0 , Q0y , Rz0 U (M )
M R3 . B > 0
M , B , ~n
B . > 0
ZZZ ZZ
div~a dx dy dz = (~a,~n) dS.
B B
M B
ZZ
1
div~a(M ) = (~a,~n) dS,
B B
div~a
ZZ
1
div~a(M ) = lim (~a,~n) dS. (3)
0 B B
102 23.
(3) -
R3 ,
.
(3) .
.
1. G R3 -
,
: ~a = x~, ~a = y~, ~a = z~k,
~a = 31 (x~ + y~ + z~k).
2. G R3 , -
,
.
3. -
G R3 ~a = ~a(x, y, z) -
,
div~a = 0 G.
2. -
G , -
, -

D, D G.
-
(23.3.3), -
(23.3.2).
4. G R3
, D R3
D G , D G.
,
, .
1. 3
G R3 ,
-
, -
D D
D G.
23.3. 103
, , G
.
23.3.
(-
)
S = {~r(u, v), (u, v) D} G R3 ,
G R3 , D
D = D = {(u(t), v(t)), a 6 t 6 b}, (1)

,
S = = {~r(u(t), v(t)), a 6 t 6 b}. (2)
, S,
, S .
D
D.

~r0 ~r0v
~n = 0u = (cos , cos , cos )
|~ru ~r0v |
S. S S
(. 21.5).
1 (). G -
~a = P~ + Q~ + R~k
S .
ZZ Z
(rot~a,~n) dS = (~a, d~r), (3)
S
. . S
,
.
S -
.
(3) .
104 23.
(3)

Z Z cos cos cos Z Z
dS = R Q
x y z cos +
S S y z
P Q R

P R Q P
+ cos + cos dS =
z x x y
Z
= P dx + Q dy + R dz. (4)

. -
~a = P~ + 0~ + 0~k, Q~ R~k -
(4)
. ,
Z
P (x, y, z)dx =

Z b
= P [x(u(t), v(t)), y(u(t), v(t)), z(u(t), v(t))]
a
[x0u (u(t), v(t))u0t + x0v (u(t), v(t))vt0 ] dt =
Z
= P [x(u, v), y(u, v), z(u, v)][x0u (u, v) du + x0v (u, v)] dv.
D
, -
,
Z ZZ
x x
P dx = P P du dv =
D u v v u
2x
Z Z
P x P y P z x
= + + +P
D x u y u z u v uv
2x

P x P y P z x
+ + P du dv =
x v y v z v u vu
ZZ
P (z, x) P (x, y)
= du dv =
D z (u, v) y (u, v)
ZZ
P P
= cos cos dS,
S z y
.
23.3. 105
1. (-
) , -
S, -
( , . .
).
, ,
S (-
) (.
21.5).
-

,
-
.
, , -
() -
.
(3) -
S
S = , . . -
(3) . S
S =
.
-
- S (.
21.7).
2 (). S = Ii=1 Si -
S
~ = {~ i }Ii=1 -
, G R3 , S
, -
S.
G ~a
ZZ XI ZZ Z
(rot~a,~) dS = (rot~a,~ i ) dS = (~a, d~r).
S i=1 Si S
106 23.

Si -
.
Si Sj (i 6= j) Si Sj
,
, Si Sj , Si
Sj .
-
. ~a = ~a(x, y, z) -
(x0 , y0 , z0 ) -
, ~ , D > 0
(x0 , y0 , z0 ) , ~.

Z ZZ

(~a, d~r) = (rot~a,~) dS = (rot~a,~) D ,
D D (x ,y ,z )
D ~
, (x , y , z ) D .
Z
1
(rot~a,~) = lim (rot~a, d~r). (5)
(x0 ,y0 ,z0 ) 0 D D
-
,
(rot~a,~)
. , , rot~a
~.
(5) -
rot~a ~.
23.4.
()
20.5.1 .
1. G R3 -
~a = P~ + Q~ + R~k
23.4. () 107
G,
() U : G R ,
U U U
P = , Q= , R= G. (1)
x y z

G ~a
20.5.1
Z
(~a, d~r) = 0 (2)

G.
-
~a = P~ + Q~ + R~k
~ ~ ~k

rot~a = x y z =

P Q R
= (Ry0 Q0z )~ + (Pz0 Rx0 )~ + (Q0x Py0 )~k = ~0, (3)
~a -
.
1. -
G R3 .
.
20.5.2.
(3), -
~a,
G R3 .
1. G = R3 \ Oz, ~a = 2 y 2 ~ + 2 x 2 ~ +
x +y x +y
+ 0~k, (x, y, z) G.
rot~a = ~0 G. ~a
, , , -
CR = {(R cos , R sin , 0), 0 6 6 2}
R Z
(~a, d~r) = 2 6= 0,
CR
108 23.
. 20.5.1.
(3) -
G R3
, -
.
2. G R3 -
,
G
S G.
2. G R3 ,
-
.
.
, G. ,
G S,
.
= {~(u), 0 6 u 6 2},
0 = u0 < u1 < . . . < uI = 2, Ai = (ui ) -
(Ai = A0 ).
B G, ,
Ai1 Ai (iS= 1, . . . , I).
S = Ii=1 Si , Si
Ai1 , Ai , B. , S
.
3. G 1 -
, . ., , ,
z = 0 Oz,
S, G, . . -
Oz. ,
, , CR 1,
, z = 0
(0, 0).
4. ,
Oxz, Oz, Oz
, .
23.4. () 109
2. -
~a G.
,
.
. -
20.5.2. ,
(2)
G. -
-
Z
(~a, d~r) = 0 (4)

G. -
S G, ,
G.

Z ZZ ZZ
(~a, d~r) = (rot~a,~) dS = (~0,~) dS = 0.
S S
, (4) -
.
1. -
(1), (2), (3) -
~a.
(3) ( -
~a
). (1), (2)
(
~a ). ( 1), -
G,
. . ~a -
.
(3) (1) (2)

( ) (. -
2 1).
24

24.1.

1.

a0 X
+ ak cos kx + bk sin kx (ak , bk R)
2
k=1
.

1
, cos x, sin x, cos2x, sin 2x, cos 3x, sin 3x, . . .
2
.
-
,
Z
cos kx cos mx dx = 0, k, m N0 , k 6= m,

Z
sin kx sin mx dx = 0, k, m N0 , k 6= m,

Z
cos kx sin mx dx = 0, k N0 , m N.

,
Z Z
2
cos kx dx = sin2 kx dx = , k N.

1.

a0 X
f (x) = + ak cos kx + bk sin kx, (1)
2
k=1
24.1. 111
R.
1
Z
a0 = f (x) dx,

Z
1
ak = f (x) cos kx dx, (2)

1
Z
bk = f (x) sin kx dx, k N.

. f [, ]
-
. (1) cos nx sin nx
(n N).
-

Z Z
f (x) cos nx dx = an cos2 nx dx = an ,
Z Z

f (x) sin nx dx = bn sin2 nx dx = bn ,

(2).
(2) (1).
,
2-
. (
) 2- -
.
2. f 2- -
, [, ]. -
ak , bk , -
(2), ()
f , ak , bk
f .

a0 X
f (x) + ak cos kx + bk sin kx, (3)
2
k=1
112 24.
, f -
.
1 : -

.
1. ,

P sin kx , > 0, .
1+
k=1
k
, 2- f
- [a, a + 2] 2,

[b, b + 2]
Z b+2 Z a+2
f (x) dx = f (x) dx.
b a
, ,
. , -
2- f ,
(2) [, ] -
[a, a + 2].
, [a , a + ] -
( -
a a + ,
)
2- .
2-
(2), , (3).
-
, , f
2, , [, ].

, , -
. . -
, f
f . ,
f .
24.1. 113
1 ( ). f
-
(a, b).
Z b Z b
lim f (x) cos x dx = lim f (x) sin x dx = 0.
a a
.
, (a, b) = (, +) ( , -
f (, +) \ (a, b)).
14.8.4, f
, . .
Z +
|f (x + h) f (x)| dx 0 h 0. (4)

x x + ,
Z + Z +

I() B f (x) cos x dx = f x+ cos x dx =

1 + h
Z
i
= f x+ f (x) cos x dx.
2
(4)
Z +
1
|I()| 6 f x + f (x) dx 0 ( ).

2
R +
f (x) sin x dx .
1. (2) -
[, ]
k .
2- f -
[, ].
n
a0 X
Sn (x; f ) B + ak cos kx + bk sin kx
2
k=1
n N0 f . -
, -
.
114 24.

1
n
X sin n + 21 x
Dn (x) B + cos kx = . (5)
2 2 sin x2
k=1
( x =
= 2m, m Z, x 2m) -
. x 6= 2m
n
!
1 x X x
Dn (x) = sin + 2 sin cos kx =
2 sin x2 2 2
k=1
n !
1 x X 2k + 1 2k 1
= sin + sin x sin x =
2 sin x2 2 2 2
k=1

sin n + 12 x
= .
2 sin x2
(5) , , 2-,
, :
1
max |Dn (x)| = Dn (0) = n + ,
2
Z Z
2 1
Dn (x) dx = Dn (x) dx = 1. (6)
0
Sn (x; f ),
(2).
Sn (x; f ) =
Z n Z
1 X 1
= f (t) dt + f (t)(cos kt cos kx + sin kt sin kx) dt =
2
k=1
Z " n
#
1 1 X
= f (t) + cos k(t x) dt =
2
k=1
Z
1
= Dn (t x)f (t) dt. (7)

24.1. 115
(
) t t + x -
,
Z
0
Z Z
1 1
Sn (x; f ) = Dn (t)f (x + t) dt = + D(t)f (x + t) dt =

0
Z
1
= Dn (t)[f (x + t) + f (x t)] dt. (8)

0
, 0 < < ,

Z Z
1 f (x + t) + f (x t) 1
Sn (x; f ) = + sin n + t dt.
2 sin 2t 2
0

2 sin 2t > 2 sin 2 > 0, -
t.
, n
. ,
, .
2 ( ). 2--
f [, ],
x0 R, 0 < < .
lim Sn (x0 ; f ),
n

f (x0 + t) + f (x0 t)
Z
1 1
lim sin n+ t dt
n 0 2 sin 2t 2

.
, ,
f x0 -
f
(x0 , x0 + ), . .
x0 .
116 24.
24.2.
x0 f .
:
f (x0 + h) f (x0 + 0)
f+0 (x0 ) = lim ,
h0+0 h
f (x0 h) f (x0 0)
f0 (x0 ) = lim ,
h0+0 h
-
.
1. x0 -
f , f (x0 + 0), f (x0 0), f+0 (x0 ),
f (x 0) + f (x + 0)
f0 (x0 ). f (x0 ) = 0
2
0
, x0 -
f .
f x0 -
, x0 -
f .
1. 2- f -
[, ], x0 -
. f
f (x 0) + f (x + 0)
0 0
x0 2 . x0
f ( , f x0 ),
x0 f (x0 ).
. x0
f . (24.1.8) (24.1.6) -
f (x0 0) + f (x0 + 0)
Sn (x; f ) =
Z 2
1
= Dn (t)[f (x0 + t) + f (x0 t)] dt
0
f (x0 + 0) + f (x0 0) 2
Z
Dn (t) dt =
2 0
1 f (x0 + t) f (x0 + 0)
Z
= +
0 t
24.2. 117

f (x0 t) f (x0 0) t 1
+ sin n + t dt. (1)
t 2 sin 2t 2
t , t = 0,
2 sin 2t
f (x0 + t) f (x0 + 0)
[0, ] . t
[0, ] , -
, t 0 + 0
. -

. ,
1
sin n + 2 t

[0, ] . ,
n , . .
f (x0 0) f (x0 + 0)
Sn (x0 ; f ) n .
2
1. f+0 (x0 ),
0
f (x0 ) ( -
) -
|f (x0 + h) f (x0 + 0)| 6 M h , h (0, ),

(2)
|f (x0 h) f (x0 0)| 6 M h , h (0, )
(0, 1], > 0, M > 0. (2) -
() ,
= 1 () .
1. 2- f -
[, ], f 0 (x0 ).
f x0 f (x0 ).
2. R 2--
-
x0 .
2- R , -
.
118 24.
1, 1 1 -
. -

.
3. f -
2, ,
[, ].
1, f
(
) 2- . -
x =
, f+0 (), f0 (). -
f ( + 0) + f ( 0)
f x0 = 2 .

x0 = .
1. f (x) = x
2 ,x
[0, 2].
f: R R 2- , f(x) = f (x)
0 < x < 2, f(0) = 0. ,
f (24.1.2) -
.
f, ak = 0 k N0 . , -
1 2 x
Z
bk = sin kx dx =
0 2
cos kx 2
Z 2
1 1 1
= ( x) cos kx dx = .
x 0 2k 0 k
, x R -
f. ,

X sin kx
f(x) = x R. (3)
k
k=1
24.2. 119
, [0, 2] f f
f (0, 2) f
.
2. f -
[a, b],
[a, b] {ai }m i=0 -
[a, b] (a = a0 < a1 < a2 < . . . < bm = b),
f 0 [ai1 , ai ],
.
2- -
( -
), ( -
) [, ].
2. f 2-
.
f f R
ln n
sup |Sn (x; f ) f (x)| 6 C n > 2,
xR n
C n.
. M1 = max |f 0 |,
f (x + t) + f (x t) 2f (x)
gx (t) B .
2 sin 2t

, 0 < t 6
|f (x + t) + f (x t) 2f (x)| 6 2M1 t.
, 0 < t 6
2M1 t
|gx (t)| 6 6 M1
2 sin 2t
( , , t)

d
gx (t) 6 |f 0 (x + t) f 0 (x t)| 1 +

dt 2 sin t 2
120 24.
cos 2t M1 2 M1 2 M1
+|f (x + t) + f (x t) 2f (x)| 6 + 6 .
4 sin2 2t t 2t t
0 < = n < . (1)
Sn (x; f ) f (x) =
Z Z
1 1
= + gx (t) sin n + t dt = In + Jn . (4)
0 2
, |In | 6 M1 .
C

cos n + 1 t Z cos n + 1 t
1 2 1 d 2
Jn = gx (t) 1
gx (t) 1
dt.
n+ 2

dt n+ 2

M1 M1 ln 12
1

1
|Jn | 6 + = 1 + ln M1 .
n + 12 n + 12 n + 12
1 , , n > 2
= n = n
C ln n
sup |Sn (x; f ) f (x)| 6 |In | + |Jn | 6 ,
xR n
C n. .
2 -
= 1 3.
, 2 -
,
.
-
,
2, , , -
.
3. , f : [a, b] R -
, 0 < 6 1 ( -
= 1), M > 0:
|f (x) f (y)| 6 M |x y| x, y [a, b].
24.2. 121
, , -
, ,
, .
f -
[a, b], [a, b]
.
2.
3. 2- f -
R , 0 < 6 1.
R
ln n
sup |Sn (x; f ) f (x)| 6 C n > 2,
x n
C n.
. (2)
1 f (x + t) f (x)
Z
1
Sn (x; f ) f (x) = sin n+ t dt.
2 sin 2t 2
f (x + t) f (x) 1
hx (t) = , = n = n + , > .
2 sin 2t 2
, -
,
Z Z

hx (t) sin t dt = hx t + sin t dt =

Z
1 h
Z
i
= hx t + sin t dt = hx (t) hx t + sin t dt.
2
,
Z
1
|Sn (x; f ) f (x)| 6 hx t + hx (t) dt =

2
Z Z Z
1 1
= . . . dt + + . . . dt = I,n (x) + J,n (x). (5)
2 2
122 24.
, 2 t < sin t < t 0 < t < 2 . ,

|t| 6 2
M |t|
|hx (t)| 6 = M |t|1 ,
2|t| 2
Z 2
1
I,n (x) 6 M1 t1 dt = M 2 . (6)
0
J,n (x) 6 < |t| < -

f x + t +

f (x + t)f (x)
hx t + hx (t) = =
t+
2 sin 2t
2 sin 2

f x+t+ f (x) f (x + t) f (x)
= =
t+
2 sin 2t
2 sin 2

f x + t + f (x + t) 1 1 1
= + t (f (x+t)f (x)),

t+ 2 t+ sin
2 sin 2 sin 2 2

hx t + hx (t) 6

C1 f x + t + f (x + t)

C2 |f (x + t) f (x)|
6 + 6
|t| t2

C1 M C2 M |t| CM
6 + 6 , (7)
|t| t2 |t|
Z
CM dt 2CM 1
J,n (x) 6 2
6 ln .
t
= n 7 ,
.
2,
, .
24.2. 123
4. 2- f
[, ]. [a0 , b0 ] f
.
f f
[a, b] (a0 , b0 ).
. = n = n + 21 ,
6 , [a
0 0
2, b + 2] [a , b ], x [a, b]. (5).
(6) = 1
I,n (x) 6 2 max |f 0 |.
[a0 ,b0 ]
J,n (7)
.
C1
Z

J,n (x) 6 f u + f (u) du+

Z
C2
+ 2 |f (u)| du + 2 max |f | .
[a,b]
> 0. = () > 0 ,
sup I,n < 2 n > .
[a,b]

n N : sup J,n < n > n .
[a,b] 2
(5) ,
sup |Sn (x; f ) f (x)| 0 n ,
x[a,b]
.
, 4
, , -
f -
[a, b]
(a , b + )
> 0.

4 , ,
P sin kx -
k
k=1
1 [, 2 ], > 0,
f (x) = x
2 .
124 24.
4 , -

> 0 [a0 , b0 ].
24.3.

1.
n
A0 X
+ Ak cos kx + Bk sin kx (A2n + Bn2 > 0)
2
k=1
(-
) n.
1 (). f 2--
. > 0 -
T ,
max |f (x) T (x)| < .
xR
. > 0. = {xj }Jj=0 ,

xj = + j 2 J , [, ]. -
( f ),
(xj , f (xj )) f .
J : R R 2- , -
[, ] . -
, J [, ] , ,
(. . 0J -
).
f -
.
2
|f (x0 ) f (x00 )| <
|x0 x00 | 6 ,
4 J
J = J() N .

max |f (x) J (x)| < .
2
24.3. 125
J 24.2.1, -
R. -
, n = n(),

max |j (x) Sn (x; J )| < .
xR 2
,
max |f (x) Sn (x; J )| < ,
xR
. .
T (x) = Sn (x; J ).
1
.
10 . (). f -
[, ] f () = f ().
> 0 T ,
max |f (x) T (x)| < .
6x6
1. , -
, f () = f ().
, 1
T ( ) Sn (x; f ) (-
f ), -
(
) f .
T n (x; f ) ( f ) -
n,
S0 (x; f ) + S1 (x; f ) + . . . + Sn (x; f )
n (x; f ) =
n+1
,
.
2 (). f 2- -
.
n (x; f ) f (x) n .
R
126 24.
.
-
:
2- f -
f (x) .
(-
)

-
. -
.
1. 11+11+ . . .
21 .
1 () -

P .
3 (). f -
[a, b]. > 0
P ,
max |f (x) P (x)| < .
a6x6b
. [0, ]
[a, b]:
ba
x=a+ t, 0 6 t 6 , a 6 x 6 b,

f (t) = f a + b
a t , 0 6 t 6 .
[, 0] -
2, f . f :
R R 2- R.
1 > 0 -
T ,

max |f (t) T (t)| 6 max |f (t) T (t)| < .
06t6 xR 2
cos kt, sin kt ( , T (t))
R = +, , -
24.4. - - 127
, .
n = n(),

max |T (t) Pn (t)| < ,
06t6 2
Pn T .
,

max |f (t) Pn (t)| < + = ,
06t6 2 2
( x)

x a
max f (x) Pn
< .
a6x6b ba
.
3 :
[a, b]
-
.
24.4.
.

1. f 2- -
, ak , bk .
:

a20 X 2 1 2
Z
2
+ (ak + bk ) 6 f (x) dx. (1)
2
k=1
. f 2--
-
. 2, -
:

a0 X
f (x) = + ak cos kx + bk sin kx. (2)
2
k=1
128 24.
(2) f (x)
( ) .
(24.1.2) -
:

1 2
Z
a0 X 2
+ (ak + b2k ) = f (x) dx, (3)
2
k=1
(2).
f
J : R R 2- , -
[, ], -
24.3.1 ( J
f ). ak (f ), bk (f )
f .
(1), -
n
a20 (J ) X 2 1 2
Z
+ (ak (J ) + b2k (J )) 6 (x) dx n N. (4)
2 J
k=1
n N , J . ,
,
ak (J ) ak (f ), bk (J ) bk (f ),
Z Z
2
J (x) dx f 2 (x) dx.

(10), ,
n
a20 (f ) X 2 1 2
Z
+ (ak (f ) + b2k (f )) 6 f (x) dx.
2
k=1
n ,
.
1. (3) (-
) (1)
25.4 (, )
(3), (1).
24.4. - - 129
1. 2- f -

a0 X
f (x) = + ak cos kx + bk sin kx
2
k=1
.

X
0
f (x) kak sin kx + kbk cos kx,
k=1
. . -
.
.

0 X
f 0 (x) + k cos kx + k sin kx.
2
k=1

1 0
Z
1
0 = f (x) dx = [f () f ()] = 0.

,
1 0
Z
k = f (x) cos kx dx =

k
Z
1
= f (x) cos kx + f (x) sin kx dx = kbk ,

1 0
Z
k = f (x) sin kx dx =

k
Z
1
= f (x) sin kx
f (x) cos kx dx = kak .

2. 2- f -
m 1 -
m N.
f

1
|ak | + |bk | = o k . (5)
km
130 24.
. m > 1
X
(m)
f (x) k cos kx + k sin kx.
k=1
m 1, ,
|k | + |k | = k m (|ak | + |bk |), k N0 .
k , k 0 (k )
, -
(5).
2 , f
,
f .
2 , -
(1) f (m) :

1 (m)
X Z
k 2m (a2k + b2k ) 6 (f (x))2 dx < .

k=1
-

. , -
2-
f , . .

X
S(x; f ) B ak sin kx bk cos kx, (6)
k=1
ak , bk f .

n cos x cos n + 1 x
X 2 2
Dn (x) = sin kx = x .
2 sin 2
k=1
, (24.1.5).
, (24.1.8), ,
n
X
S n (x; f ) = ak sin kx bk cos kx
k=1
24.4. - - 131
(6)
Z
S n (x; f ) = Dn (t)[f (x + t) f (x t)] dt =
0
1
Z
1
= hx (t) cos n+ t dt + f(x),
0 2
f (x + t) f (x t)
hx (t) B ,
2 sin 2t
1 f (x + t) f (x t)
Z

f (x) B dt.
0 2 tg 2t
3. 2- f
, ak , bk -
.
C > 0 n > 2

X ln n
sup ak sin kx bk cos kx 6 C . (7)

xR n
n+1
. M1 B max |f 0 |. -
R

|f (x + t) f (x t)| 6 2M1 t, 0 < t 6 ,
, , f(x)
x ( (0, ] -
).
1
Z
1
f (x) S n (x; f ) = hx (t) cos n + t dt,
0 2

|hx (t)| 6 M1 ,

d
hx (t) 6 |f 0 (x + t) + f 0 (x t)| 1 +

dt 2 sin t
2
cos 2t M1 2 M1 2 M1
+|f (x + h) f (x h)| 6 + 6 .
4 sin2 2t t 2t t
132 24.
, 24.1.2,
ln n
sup |f(x) S n (x; f )| 6 C n > 2,
xRn n
(7).
15.4.2 (

P
) ak bk
k=1

X X
ak bk 6 |a1 | sup bk (8)

k=1
nN
k=1

:
1. {ak } ;
2. (8) (. .
n
P
bk ).
k=1 n=1
2. m N 2-
f m 1 -
f (m) .
f f

ln n
max |f (x) Sn (x; f )| = O =
xR nm

1
=o n > 0. (9)
nm
. m = 1 -
24.2.2. B f (m1) k , k
. 24.2.2

X ln n
sup k cos kx + k sin kx 6 C n > 2. (10)

xR n
k=n+1
ak , bk f . -
m 1 . m 1
24.4. - - 133
1 x R

X
|rn (x; f )| = ak cos kx + bk sin kx =

k=n+1

X 1
= (k cos kx + k sin kx) .

k m1
k=n+1
(8), (10)
ln n 1 ln n
|rn (x; f )| 6 C 6C m ,
n (n + 1)m1 n
(9) .
m 1 .

X
|rn (x; f )| = ak cos kx + bk sin kx =

k=n+1

X 1
= ( sin kx cos kx).

k k
k m1
k=n+1

P
k sin kx k cos kx 3.
k=n+1
(7), (8)
ln n 1 ln n
|rn (x; f )| 6 C m1
6C m ,
n (n + 1) n
.
2 ,
f , .
2. 2 2
f ,
[, ], , -
2- -
2 2. , -
f : [, ] R -
:
f (j) () = f (j) () j = 0, 1, . . . , m 1.
134 24.
24.2.2
1 f : [, ] R -
f () = f ().
2 20 ,
, -
2- -
.
20
2
, (1).
-
.
20 . m N 2-
f m 1 -
f (m) .
f
R

1
max |f (x) Sn (x; f )| = o 1 n . (11)
xR nm 2
. -
f 24.2.2.
.

X
|rn (x; f )| = ak cos kx + bk sin kx 6

k=n+1
X X 1
6 (|ak | + |bk |) 6 (|k | + |k |) m ,
k
k=n+1 k=n+1
k , k f (m) ,
m- 1.
(10.1.2)
v v
N u N u N
X 1 u X
2
u X 1
(|k | + |k |) m 6 t (|k | + |k |) t .
k k 2m
k=n+1 k=n+1 k=n+1
24.4. - - 135
N
, , N
. , ,
|rn (x; f )| 6
v v v
u 2 u u
u X u X u X
2 1 1
6 2t (k + k )t = n t , (12)
k 2m k 2m
k=n+1 k=n+1 k=n+1

(k2 +
P
n 0 (n )
k=1
+ k2 ), f (m) .
,
Z m Z
X 1 X dx dx 1
2m
6 2m
6 2m
= .
k k1 x n x (2m 1)n2m1
k=n+1 k=n+1
(12) (11).
3 ( -
). f [, ] -

a0 X
f (x) + ak cos kx + bk sin kx
2
k=1
.
Z x Z x Z
a0 dt X x
f (t) dt = + (ak cos kt + bk sin kt) dt =
0 0 2 0
k=1

a0 x X ak bk
= + sin kx + (1 cos kx) (13)
2 k k
k=1
R.
.
Z xh
a0 i
F (x) = f (t) dt.
0 2
F [, ]
Z
F () F () = f (t) dt a0 = 0.

136 24.
, F 0 (t) = f (t) a20 -

[, ]. 2
F [, ]:

A0 X
F (x) = + Ak cos kx + Bk sin kx. (14)
2
k=1
Ak , Bk -
F f .
,
Z
1
Ak = F (x) cos kx dx =

Z
sin kx

1 1 h a0 i bk
= F (x) f (x) sin kx dx = , k N.
k
k 2 k

Bk = akk , k N.
A0 (14) x = 0.

A0 X A0 X b k
+ Ak = 0, = .
2 2 k
k=1 k=1
,

X ak bk
F (x) = sin kx + (1 cos kx).
k k
k=1
24.5. 2l- .

l > 0 f 2l- ,

[l, l]. fl (x) = f xl . -
fl 2- -
[, ]. fl
x lx ,
f

a0 X kx kx
f (x) + ak cos + bk sin ,
2 l l
k=1
24.5. 137
Z l
1
a0 = f (x) dx,
l l
Z l Z l
1 kx 1 kx
ak = f (x) cos dx, bk = f (x) sin dx,
l l l l l l
-
f 2l.
-
2l- .
2l-
-
[l, l] -

2 2
1, cos
x, sin x, cos x, sin x, . . .
l l l l

, l =
.
-
.
.

a0 X
f (x) + ak cos kx + bk sin kx.
2
k=1
cos kx, sin kx,

:
eikx + eikx eikx eikx
cos kx = , sin kx = .
2 2

a0 X 1 ikx 1 ikx
f (x) + (ak bk i)e + (ak + bk i)e .
2 2 2
k=1
138 24.

a0 1 1
c0 = , ck = (ak bk i), ck = (ak + bk i),
2 2 2
Z
X 1
f (x) ck eikx
, ck = f (x)eikx dx,
2
k=
(k = 0, 1, 2, . . .).
Sn (x; f ) =
n
ck eikx , ,
P
=
k=n
lim Sn (x; f ), .
n

ck eikx ,
P
,
k=
, {eikx }k= ,
,
Z Z
ikx isx
e e dx = eikx eisx dx = 0 k 6= s,

, -
.
25
,

25.1.

1. R
, x, y -

(x, y) > 0, x y
():
1. (x, y) > 0, (x, y) = 0 x = y;
2. (x, y) = (y, x) ( );
3. (x, y) 6 (x, z) + (z, y) ( ).

.
n-
Rn x = (x1 , . . . , xn ), xi R
(1 6 i 6 n)
v
u n
uX
(x, y) = |x y| = t (xi yi )2 .
i=1
C([a, b]) -
[a, b]
(f, g) = max |f (t) g(t)|.
a6t6b

-
, , -
, - , -
, . -
-
, -
140 25. , -
. -
.
2. R -
( ) ( ) -
, x, y R
x + y R x
R
x R, :
1. x + y = y + x x, y R;
2. (x + y) + z = x + (y + z) x, y, z R;
3. R ~0, x + ~0 = ~x x R;
4. x R -
, x , x + (x) = ~0
x R;

5. ( + )x = x + x x R, , R;
6. (x + y) = x + x x, y R, R;
7. ()x = (x) x R, , R (C);
8. 1x = x x R.
, .
x y x y B x + (y).
R
C (, C), -
() -
.
3.
n , n + 1 -
, ,
n.

-
, , -
.

,
.
25.1. 141
4. R
, x
R -
kxk > 0, x -
():
1. kxk > 0, kxk = 0 x = ~0;
2. kxk = ||kxk x R, R (C);
3. kx + yk 6 kxk + kyk x, y R ( -
).

(x, y) B kx yk.
, -
( -

). R (x, 0)
x R. -
-
.
x = {i }
i=1 , i R,
x = {i }
i=1 , y = {i }
i=1 , R
x + y B {i + i }
i=1 , x = {i } i=1 ,

X 1 |i i |
(x, y) = .
2i 1 + |i i |
i=1
.
1. R, C ( -
)
kxk = |x|.
2. Rn
v
u n
uX
kxk = t x2i , (x = (x1 , . . . , xn )),
i=1
142 25. , -
n
X
kxk1 = |xi |,
i=1
kxk = max |xi |.

16i6n
,
E Rn , ,
,
. .
(x + y)(t) B x(t) + y(t) t E,
(x)(t) B x(t) t E.
3. C([a, b]) -
[a, b]
kxk = kxkC([a,b]) B max |x(t)|.
a6t6b
13 -
.
-
, -

. R
.
x0 R - x0
R
U (x0 ) B {x : x R, kx x0 k < }.
x0 ,
.
E R ,
M : E UM (~0).
a R E
R, - a
E.
E , -
E.
25.1. 143
E R -
E E -
E.
() E R -
E E.
E R , -
, . . E = E.
E E R -
( , R = Rn ).

(-
, R = Rn ).
x E R,
U (x) ,
E.
, ,
.

(-
, R = Rn ).
E ,
, R \ E -
R ( ).
5. , {xk }
i=1
R x0 R,
lim kxk x0 k = 0.
k
x0
{xk } lim xk = x0 .
k
.

: {xk }
k=1 x0 ,
> 0 n N : xn U (x0 ) (. . kxn x0 k < ) n > n .
, -

144 25. , -
{xk }k=1 x0 ,
x0 .

-
: a R
E R, {xk } k=1 , xk E,
xk 6= a k N, a (
).
6. {xk } R -
,
> 0 n N : kxk xj k < k, j > n .
, ,
, .
7. R -
, -
, . . R .
( ),
R, Rn 1, 2
.
16.1.1 17.3.1 , -
C([a, b]) 3 .
-
.
8. A B R. A -
B, A B.
24.3.3 ()
: -
C([a, b]).
R , -
, . . (, ,
) .
9. R -
. R -
R,
25.1. 145
1. R R , . . R R -
,
R R R;
2. R = R , . . R R .

1.
.
, , -
. -
R,
-
(x, y) = |x y|.
, -
R () -

. -
{xk } k=1 , -
R. -

({xk }, {yk }) B lim |xk yk |.
k

{|xk yk |}
k=1 R.
-
x0
({xk }, x0 ) = lim |xk x0 |.
k
R -
{xk }, {yk } , ({xk }, {yk }) =
= 0. -
, R, -
.
. -
-
-
146 25. , -
. -
.
R -
R . -
, -
R.
10. R -

P
, x, xk R k N. , xk -
k=1
n
P
x, lim xk = x,
n k=1
, . .

X n
lim x xk = 0.

n
k=1
25.2. CL1 , CL2 , RL1 , RL2 , L1 , L2

25.1.3 -
kxk = 0 x = 0, kxk -
,
. -
-
, , -
, .
-
, () -
.
1. CL([a, b]) = CL1 ([a, b]) -
[a, b]
Z b
kxk = kxkL([a,b]) = |x(t)| dt.
a
25.2. CL1 , CL2 , RL1 , RL2 , L1 , L2 147
2. CL2 ([a, b]) -

[a, b]
s
Z b
kxk = kxkL2 ([a,b]) = |x(t)|2 dt.
a
1, 2 -
, 2.
-
.
1. (a, b) (, ). f :
(a, b) R (a, b), f = 0 -
[, ] (a, b).
3. C0 Lp ((a, b)), p {1, 2}, -
(a, b)
Z b p1
p
kxk = kxkLp ((a,b)) = |x(t)| dt .
a
4. RL((a, b)) = RL1 ((a, b)) -

(a, b) (, ) x: (a, b) R, . . -
Rb
a |x(t)| dt,
,
(a, b), (.
14.8.2).
Z b
kxk = kxkL1 ((a,b)) B |x(t)| dt. (1)
a

Rb -
RL1 ((a, b)), . . kk = a |(t)| dt = 0
, 0 (
-
). , kk = 0 -
, , ,
(a, b), -
, .
148 25. , -
1.
:
1. : [, ] R
[, ] ,
, . .

;
2. [, ] -
R
|(t)| dt = 0 , (t) = 0
t .
RL1 ((a, b)) -
RL
g1 ((a, b)),
(1).
x, y RL1 ((a, b)) ,
Rb
a |x(t) y(t)| dt = 0. , -
RL1 ((a, b)) -
. 1
:
.
-
RL1 ((a, b)). -
RL
g1 ((a, b)). ,
-
. x, y RL g1 ((a, b)), x
( x), y ( y) - .
x + y x, y z, x +
+ y, x x R ,
x.

RL
g1 ([a, b]) .
~0 RL
g1 ((a, b))
(a, b) ,
Rb
a |(t)| dt = 0.
25.2. CL1 , CL2 , RL1 , RL2 , L1 , L2 149

Z b
kxkLe1 ([a,b]) B kxkL1 ([a,b]) = |x(t)| dt,
a
x x. , kxkLe1 ([a,b])
RL
g1 ([a, b]).
5. RL2 ((a, b)) -
(a, b) (, +)
Rb
x: (a, b) R a |x(t)|2 dt, -
,
(a, b), -
.
s
Z b
kxk = kxkL2 ((a,b)) B |x(t)|2 dt. (2)
a
, -
4, - RL g2 ((a, b)) -
RL2 ((a, b)), ,
x, y (
, , ),
Z b
|x(t) y(t)|2 dt = 0.
a
R
RL
g2 ([a, b]) , 3. -
-

s
Z b
kxkLe2 ((a,b)) B kxkL2 ((a,b)) = |x(t)|2 dt,
a
x x (x x). -
~0 RL g2 ((a, b))
Rb
RL2 ((a, b)), a |(t)|2 dt = 0.
CLp ([a, b]), C0 Lp ((a, b)), p = 1, 2, -
13 . -
150 25. , -
CL1 ([1, 1]). -

[1, 1]

0 1 6 t 6 0,

1
fk (t) = kt 0 6 t 6 k ,
1 1 6 t 6 1.

k
{fk }
k=1
CL1 ([1, 1]), . .
Z max{ m ,k}
1 1
1 1
kfm fk kL1 ([1,1]) 6 2 dt = 2 max , .
0 m k
CL1 ([1, 1]), -

CL1 ([1, 1]). , , -
.
[1, 1] CL([1, 1]),
Z 1
|(t) fk (t)| dt 0 (k ).
1
k
Z 0 Z 0
|(t) fk (t)| dt = |(t)| dt 0,
1 1

Z 0
|(t)| dt = 0 (t) = 0 1 6 t 6 0.
1
,
(t) = 1 0 < 6 t 6 1 (0, 1).
, t = 0, -
CL([1, 1]) -
{fk }
k=1 . , -
CL1 ([a, b]) .
1. C0 ((a, b))
(a, b) RL1 ((a, b)), RL2 ((a, b)).
25.2. CL1 , CL2 , RL1 , RL2 , L1 , L2 151
. -
14.8.1. -
. f RL2 ((a, b)), > 0.
f RL2 ((a, b)) , f = 0 -
[A, B] (a, b), f
[A, B],
kf f kL2 ((a,b)) < .
f , -
14.8.3.
M B sup |f |. 14.8.1
(a,b)
C0 ((a, b)) ,
Z b
2
|f (x) (x)| dx < .
a 2M
, , ,
|| 6 M .

Z b Z b
2
|f (x) (x)| dx 6 2M |f (x) (x)| dx < 2 ,
a a
kf kL2 ((a,b)) 6 kf f kL2 ((a,b)) + kf kL2 ((a,b)) < 2.
, RL1 ((a, b)), RL2 ((a, b))
(., , 19.7 .. -
; . 2. .: -
, 1973). ,
.
{fk } k=1 ,
RL1 ((0, 1)), RL1 ((0, 1)).
(0, 1)
k- Ik (0, 1)
Ik < 2k (0 < < 1, k = 1, 2, . . . ).

k
S
1, t

Ij ,
j=1
fk (t) = k
S
0, t (0, 1) \

Ij .
j=1
152 25. , -
, {fk } k=1 -
RL1 ((0, 1)). , -
RL1 ((0, 1)).
1. ,
RL1 ((a, b)), RL2 ((a, b)) -
( -
, ) .
. 14.8.3.
RL1 ((a, b)),
RL2 ((a, b))
. ,
.
: ,
,
.
[0, 1] -
( ),
.
[a, b]
f , [A, B].
, . . ,
{x [a, b]: f (x) 6 } R.
[A, B] k A =
= y0 < y1 < . . . < yk = B
k
X
yk mes ek , ek = {x : 0 6 x 6 1, yk1 < f (x) 6 yk }, (3)
j=1
mes ek .

k
X
lim yk mes ek
k
j=1
f [a, b].
, (3) -
f ek
25.2. CL1 , CL2 , RL1 , RL2 , L1 , L2 153
yk , f ek .

k
X
f (i )(xi xi1 ), i [xi1 , xi ],
i=1
f [xi1 , xi ] -
f (i ) f . -
, f -
(, f
[a, b]).
, f (i )
f [xi1 , xi ].
( ), ,
, ,
.
, f : [0, 1] R,
(
1, x ,
0, x
( ),
. , -
.
6. L((a, b)) = L1 ((a, b)) -
(a, b)
(, +) (1),
. ,
L1 ((a, b)) RL1 ((a, b)),
, 1 C0 L1 ((a, b)) .
, L1 ((a, b)) -
RL1 ((a, b)),
C0 L1 ((a, b)).
7. L2 ((a, b)) -
(a, b) (, +)
, . -
(2), -
. , -
154 25. , -
L2 ((a, b)) RL2 ((a, b)), -

( 1), C0 L2 ((a, b)) .
, L2 ((a, b)) -
RL2 ((a, b)),
C0 L2 ((a, b)).
2. a, b
Lp ((a, b)) Lp ([a, b]), p = 1, 2.
3. , -
, L1 ((a, b)), L2 ((a, b)) -
,
, -
.
, -
L1 ((a, b)) L2 ((a, b)) ,
(. . -
)
-
(. RL g1 , RL
g2 -
5, 6).
25.3.
1. -
R
(x, y), x, y
R :
1. (x, y) = (y, x),
2. (x1 + x2 , y) = (x1 , y) + (x2 , y),
3. (x, y) = (x, y) R,
4. (x, x) > 0, (x, x) = 0 x = ~0.
2.
-
.

p
kxk = (x, x). (1)
25.3. 155
kxk , -
. , -
:
|(x, y)| 6 kxk kyk. (2)

(tx + y, tx + y)2 = t2 (x, x) + 2(x, y) + (y, y) =
= kxk2 t2 + 2(x, y)t + kyk2 .
( 4 -
), 4|(x, y)|2 4kxk2 kyk2 6 0,
(2).
(2)
kx + yk2 = (x + y, x + y) = kxk2 + 2(x, y) + kyk2 6
6 kxk2 + 2kxk kyk + kyk2 = (kxk + kyk)2 ,
:
kx + yk 6 kxk + kyk.
.
1. Rn x = (x1 , . . . , xn )

n
X
(x, y) = xi yi ( x = (x1 , . . . , xn ), y = (y1 , . . . , yn )).
i=1
2. CL2 ([a, b]) -

[a, b]
Rb
(f, g) = a f (t)g(t) dt, f, g: [a, b] R.

s
p Z b
kf k = kf kL2 ([a,b]) = (f, f ) = f (t)2 dt,
a
, CL2 ([a, b]) -

CL2 ([a, b]) 25.2.2.
156 25. , -
3. RL2 ((a, b)) -

25.2.5.
Z b
(f, g) B f (t)g(t) dt, f, g RL2 ((a, b)).
a
(f, g) -
,
(f, f ) = 0 f = ~0 (. . f (t) 0). (f, g)
. -
p
kf kL2 ((a,b)) = (f, f ).
1.
, (1), , -
,
kx + yk2 + kx yk2 = 2(kxk2 + kyk2 ), (3)
: -
.
1. (3),
C([a, b]), CL1 ([a, b]) 25.1.3, 25.2.1

.
-
-
( ).

(x, y)
1. (x, y) = (y, x),
2. (x1 + x2 , y) = (x1 , y) + (x2 , y),
3. (x, y) = (y, x) C,
4. (x, x) > 0, (x, x) = 0 x = ~0.
-
, , (1).
.
4. Cn , -
x = (x1 , . . . , xn ) n -
,
25.3. 157
, Rn , -

n
X
(x, y) = xi yi .
i=1
5. CL2 ([a, b]) -

-
[a, b]
Z b
(f, g) = f (t)g(t) dt.
a
3. -
.
(. .
) -
.
, -
, ,
-
.
1. (x, y) -
x, y.
. kx0 xk < < 1, ky0 yk <
< < 1. -
(2)
|(x0 , y0 ) (x, y)| 6 |(x0 x, y0 )| + |(x, y0 y)| 6
6 kx x0 k ky0 k + kxk ky0 yk 6
6 ky0 k + (kx0 k + ) 6 (kx0 k + ky0 k + 1).
1. R ,
xk , x, a R.
1. k xk x (xk , a) (x, a),

2.
P P
xj = x (xj , a) = (x, a).
j=1 j=1
158 25. , -
-
, . . ,
.
6. l2

X
x = (x1 , x2 , . . .), xi R, x2i < ,
i=1

X
(x, y) = xi yi
i=1
.
( -
)

!
X 1 X 2 X
2
|xi yi | 6 |xi | + |yi | .
2
i=1 i=1 i=1
-
. l2
x xi .
7. CL2 ([a, b]) 2 -
.
2. ,
CL2 ([a, b]) -
. -

.
8. L2 ((a, b)), (a, b) (, +),
25.2.7 ,
L2 ((a, b)) , -
.
L2 ((a, b)) -
-
.
25.4. 159
25.4.

R
.
1. x, y R -
( ), (x, y) = 0.
{ej }
j=1 -
R -
,
(ej , ek ) = 0 j, k N, j 6= k.
kej k = 1 j N,
() .

, . {ej } j=1
, kej k > 0 j ( -
), k N {ej }kj=1 .
. , -
k N j R, ,
k
X
j ej = ~0.
j=1
s 6= 0, ,
es , ,
s kes k2 = 0. es = ~0, -
es .
.
1. 21 , cos x, sin x, cos 2x,
sin 2x, . . . -
Z
(f, g) = f (x)g(x) dx.

160 25. , -
2. -
{eikx }+
k= -
Z 2
(f, g) = f (x)g(x) dx.
0
3. {Pn } n=0 -

Z 1
(f, g) = f (x)g(x) dx.
1
dn (x2 1)n
P0 (x) = 1, Pn (x) = 2n1n! dxn , n N.
, Pn
Qm m < n.
, (x2 1)(k) 0 6 k 6 n 1
x = 1,
Z 1 Z 1
dn (x2 1)n 0 dn1 (x2 1)n
Qm (x) dx = Q m (x) dx =
1 dxn 1 dxn1
Z 1
dn2 (x2 1)n
= Q00m (x) dx = . . . =
1 dxn2
dnm1 (x2 1)n 1

m (m)
= (1) Qm (x) = 0. (1)
dxnm1 1
R1
, 1 Pm (x)Pn (x) dx = 0, 0 6 m < n.

(2n 1)!! n
Pn (x) = x + Qn1 (x),
n!
Qn1 n 1. (1)
,
Z 1
(2n 1)!! 1
Z
Pn2 (x) dx = Pn (x)xn dx =
1 n! 1
(2n 1)!! 1 dn (x2 1)n n
Z
= x dx =
n!(2n)!! 1 dxn
25.4. 161
1
(2n 1)!!
Z
= (1)n1 ((x2 1)n )0 x dx =
(2n)!! 1
Z 1
n1 (2n 1)!!
= (1) (x2 1)n1 x2 dx =
(2n 2)!! 1
Z 1 Z 1
n1 (2n 1)!! 2 n2 4 2
= (1) (x 1) x dx = . . . = x2n dx .
(2n 4)!!3 1 1 2n + 1
q
, kPn k = 2
2n + 1 .
p R ,

kxk = (x, x) x, {ej }
j=1
. ,
kej k > 0 j N.

P
1. x R, x = k ek .
k=1
(x, ek )
k = . (2)
kek k2
. -
R -
. ,

X
(x, es ) = k (ek , es ) = s (es , es ),
k=1
(2).
2. x R, {ek }
k=1
(x, ek )
R. k = -
kek k2

x {ek }
P
k=1 , k ek
k=1
x {ek }
k=1 , Sn = Sn (x) =
n
k ek n- x {ek }
P
= k=1 .
k=1
162 25. , -
, x R -
:

X
x k ek . (3)
k=1
, x ,

P
x= k ek , (3) x R, . .
k=1
kx Sn (x)k 0 (n ).
-
:
Sn (ek ) = ek 1 6 k 6 n,
n
X
Sn (Tn ) = Tn , Tn = ck ek . (4)
k=1
1 ( ).
(x Sn (x), ek ) = 0 1 6 k 6 n. (5)
2 ( ).
kxk2 = kx Sn (x)k2 + kSn (x)k2 . (6)
. (5),
kxk2 = k(x Sn ) + Sn k2 = ((x Sn ) + Sn , (x Sn ) + Sn ) =
= kx Sn (x)k2 + kSn (x)k2 .
2 (
).
n
X
min x ck ek = kx Sn (x)k.

c1 , ..., cn
k=1
n
P
. Tn = ck ek .
k=1
2 (4)
kx Tn k2 = k(x Tn ) Sn (x Tn )k2 + kSn (x Tn )k2 =
= kx Sn (x)k2 + kSn (x) Tn k2 > kx Sn (x)k2 .
25.4. 163
1.
kx Sn (x)k 6 kx Sm (x)k n > m.
3 ( ). x R, k
{ek }
k=1 .
:

X
k2 kek k2 6 kxk2 . (7)
k=1
. (6)
2
X n Xn
k2 kek k2 = k ek = kSn k2 6 kxk2 .

k=1 k=1
(7).
2.
k kek k 0 (k ),
{ek }
k=1 ,
X
k2 < , k 0 (k ).
k=1
1. 4 (. ) -
, 2 3 -
2 x.
4. {ek }k=1 -
R. x R -
(k
x):
n
1. > 0
P
ck ek
k=1
{ek }
k=1 ,
n

X
x ck ek < ,

k=1
164 25. , -

X
2. x= k ek ,
k=1
3. :

X
kxk2 = k2 kek k2 . (8)
k=1
. , 1 2 .
1
,
> 0 n N : kx Sn (x)k < ,
, 1 ,
kx Sn (x)k < n > n .
2 .
2 3 ,
(6)
n
X
2 2
kxk = kx Sn (x)k + k2 kek k2 .
k=1
1. (8)
.
3. {xk } k=1 -
( ) R -
R, ()
R.
5 ( -
). {ek } k=1 -
R. -
:
1. {ek }
k=1 R,

P
2. x = k ek x R,
k=1

3. kxk2 k2 kek k2 x R
P
=
k=1
25.4. 165
(k x).
. -
4 x R.
6 (). {ek } k=1 -
H, -
1 , 2 , 3 , . . . ,
X
k2 kek k2 (9)
k=1

P
. k ek H -
k=1
x H:

X
k ek = x.
k=1
. (9) > 0
n N ,
n+p 2 n+p
X X
e = k2 kek k2 < n > n , p N,

k k

k=n+1 k=n+1
. 16.1.2 (
n

P
). , k ek
k=1 n=1
H, , H

P
( H) x H. k ek = x
k=1
H.
3. {ek }k=1 -
H. x H ( H)
:

X X (x, ek )
k ek = ek = x0 ,
kek k2
k=1 k=1
(x x0 , ej ) = 0 j N.
166 25. , -

k2 kek k2 -
P
.
k=1

P
(7). , k ek
k=1
6 (). j N

X
(x x0 , ej ) = (x, ej ) k (ek , ej ) =
k=1
= (x, ej ) j kej k2 = (x, ej ) (x, ej ) = 0.
4.
{ek }
k=1 R -
, x R
(x, ej ) = 0 ( j N) x = ~0,
. . x R, -
{ek }k=1 .
7. H -
{ek }
k=1 ,
.
. 1. {ek }
k=1
H x H.

X X (x, ek )2
kxk2 = k2 kek k2 = .
kek k2
k=1 k=1
, (x, ek ) = 0 k N, kxk = 0, . . x = ~0.

, {ek } k=1 .
2. {ek } k=1 H, x H k
x. 3

X X (x, ek )
k ek = ek = x0 H
kek k2
k=1 k=1
x0 H,
(x x0 , ek ) = 0 k N.
25.4. 167
, x x0 =

P
= 0, . . x = x0 = k ek .
k=1
5 , {ek }
k=1 .
.
4. {xk } k=0
C([a, b]):
C([a, b]) = {f : f [a, b], kf k = max |f |}
[a,b]
24.3.3 -
.
5.
1
, cos t, sin t, cos 2t; sin 2t, cos 3t, sin 3t, . . . (10)
2
:
Cper = {f : f 2- ,
kf k = max |f |}
(,+)
24.3.1 -
-
.
6. (10) -
:
C ([, ]) = {f : f [, ], f () = f ()}
24.3.10 .
7. (10)
C([, ]). , -
[, ] f f () 6= f () -
-
, . .
Tn Tn () = Tn ().
8. {xk } k=0
CL1 ([a, b]), CL2 ([a, b]), RL1 ([a, b]), RL2 ([a, b]),
L1 ([a, b]), L2 ([a, b]) 4
168 25. , -
[a, b]
(. 25.2.1 25.2.6, 25.2.7).
9.
(10) CL1 ([, ]), CL2 ([, ]),
RL1 ((, )), RL2 ((, )), L1 ([, ]), L2 ([, ]) -
6
C0 ([, ]) = {f : f [, ],
f () = f () = 0}.
2. , (10)
RL1 ((, + )) > 0.
10. f L2 ([, ]). f -
:

a0 X
f (x) = + ak cos kx + bk sin kx
2
k=1
( f L2 ([, ]), . .
),

1 2 a2 X 2
Z
f (x) dx = 0 + ak + b2k .
2
k=1
ak , bk -
, (24.1.2).
(10)
L2 ([, ]) (. 9) 5.
, -
[, ]
f .
11. f L2 ([1, 1]). f -
:

2n + 1 1
X Z
f (x) = n Pn , n = f (x)Pn (x) dx
2 1
n=0
( L2 ([1, 1]), . .
), .
25.4. 169
, , -
[1, 1] f .
, 10.
5. R -
. {ej }
j=1 , ej R j N,
R,
1. x R
X
x= j ej , j R;
j=1
2. .
3. , {ej } j=1
.
, , R.
. , {xk } k=0 , -
C([1, 1]) (. 4), -

k xk ,
P
. , f (x) =
k=0
C([1, 1]), . . [1, 1],
f (1, 1), -
C([1, 1]).
, (10)
C ([, ]), -
( 6).
8. {ek } k=1
R. {ek } k=1
, R.
. {ek }
k=1
R x R.
5

X (x, ek )
x= k ek , k = ,
kek2
k=1
. . x . -
1. , {ek } k=1
R.
170 25. , -
9 ( ). {xk } k=1

R. R
{ek }
k=1 , :
1. {ek }
k=1 ,
2. n N
en = an1 x1 + . . . + ann xn , ann 6= 0.
{ek }
k=1 1 ,

2 1.
. e1 e1 =
= a11 x1 ; a11
1
(e1 , e1 ) = a211 (x1 , x1 ) = 1, . . a11 = .
kx1 k2
ek ( k 6 n 1), -
1 , 2 , .
en
en = ann (xn bn1 e1 . . . bn,n1 en1 ).

xn bn,1 e1 . . . bn,n1 en1 ,
, xn
, e1 , . . . , en1 .
(en , ek ) = 0 k < n -
,
bnk = (xn , ek ) (k = 1, . . . , n 1).
,
(en , en ) = a2nn kxn bn1 e1 . . . bn,n1 en1 k2 = 1,
ann ( , en ) -
1.
{xk }
k=1 {ek }k=1 , -

1 , 2 , -
. , {xk }
k=1 {ek }k=1
R .
26
,

26.1. ,

Z b Z (y)
I(y) = f (x, y) dx, J(y) = f (x, y) dx
a (y)
, .
, , -
y.
1. f [a, b] [c, d].

Rb
I(y) = a f (x, y) dx [c, d].
. y [c, d], y + y [c, d].
Z b Z b

|I(y + y) I(y)| = f (x, y + y) dx f (x, y) dx 6
a a
Z b
6 |f (x, y + y) f (x, y)| dx 6 (b a)(|y|, f ),
a
(, f ) f . -
, , -
f [a, b] [c, d] (, f ) 0 0,
.
2. , [c, d],
(y) 6 (y) y [c, d], G = {(x, y): (y) 6 x 6 (y),
c 6 y 6 d}.
f G. J(y) =
R (y)
= (y) f (x, y) dx [c, d].
172 26. ,
.
Z 1 Z 1
J(y) = f ((y)+t((y)(y)))((y)(y)) dt C g(t, y) dt.
0 0
g [0, 1] [c, d]
.
1 J(y) [c, d].
3 ( -
).
1. f [a, b] [c, d],
Rb
2. I(y) = a f (x, y) dx
y [c, d],

Rd
3. c f (x, y) dy x [a, b].

Z dZ b Z bZ d
f (x, y) dx dy = f (x, y) dy dx.
c a a c
19.3.1, 19.3.10 .
, , -
f [a, b] [c, d].
4 ( ). f f y -
[a, b] [c, d].
Z b
I(y) = f (x, y) dx
a
[c, d]
Z b
dI(y)
= f (x, y) dx.
dy a y
. y [c, d], y + y [c, d].
, ,
Z b
I(y + y) I(y)
f (x, y) dx=
y a y

Z b
f (x, y + y) f (x, y) f
= (x, y) 6
a y y
26.1. , 173
Z b
f f dx 6 (b a) |y|, f ,

6 (x, y + y) (x, y)
a y y y

, f f
y y [a, b]
[c, d]. , , -
f y [a, b] [c, d]

f
|y|, 0 |y| 0.
y
,
Z b
dI(y) I(y + y) I(y) f
B lim = (x, y) dx,
dy y0 y a y
.
5. f f y
[a, b] [c, d], , [c, d],
a 6 (y) 6 (y) 6 b y [c, d].
[c, d]
Z (y)
dJ(y) d
= f (x, y) dx =
dy dy (y)
Z (y)
f d d
= f (x, y) dx+f ((y), y) (y)f ((y), y) (y). (1)
(y) y dy dy
. [c, d] [a, b] [a, b]

Z v
F (y, u, v) B f (x, y) dx.
u

J(y) = F (y, (y), (y)).
(1) , , -
-
()
. -
174 26. ,

[c, d] [a, b] [a, b]
Fu0 (y, u, v) = f (u, y), Fv0 (y, u, v) = f (v, y),
Z v
f
Fy0 (y, u, v) = (x, y) dx.
u y
Fu0 , Fv0
f .
Fy0 , (-
4), -

Z 1 Z 1
0 f
Fy (y, u, v) = (u + (v u)t, y)(v u) dt C h(y, u, v, t) dt.
0 y 0
(2)

h [c, d]
R 1 [a, b] [a, b] [0, 1]. ,

0 h(y, u, v, t) dt [c, d] [a, b] [a, b]. -

:
Z 1 Z 1

h(y + y, u + u, v + v, t) dt h(y, u, v, t) dt 6
0 0
Z 1
6 |h(y + y, u + u, v + v, t) h(y, u, v, t)| dt 6 (, h),
0
(, h) h, (y)2 +(u)2 +
+ (v)2 6 2 .
26.2.
1. X R, Y R, y0
Y ( y0 = +, , ).
f : X Y R, : X R. ,
f X Y 3 y
y0 ,
f (x, y) (x) Y 3 y y0 ,
X
26.2. 175
sup |f (x, y) (x)| 0 Y 3 y y0 . (1)

xX
-
f , 1, -
(1) :
> 0 U (y0 ) : |f (x, y) (y)| < y Y U (y0 ).
U (y0 )
U (y0 ), = () > 0.
1. f [a, b] [c, d],
y0 [c, d].
f (x, y) f (x, y0 ).
, f
[a, b] [c, d] ,
> 0 = () > 0 : |f (x, y) f (x, y0 )| < |y y0 | < .
Y = N, y0 = + f X
Y fn (x) B f (x, n). -
f (x, n) (x) n
X
X -
{fn (x)}
n=1 :
fn (x) (x) n .
X
1. -
X :
M (X) = {g : g X, kgkM = sup |g|}.
X
f (x, y) (x) X -
Y 3yy0
, , :
kf (, y) ()kM 0 Y 3 y y0 ,

fn (x) (x)
:
kfn kM 0 Y 3 y y0 .
176 26. ,
X = [a, b], f (x, y) [a, b] -

x y Y , M ([a, b])
C([a, b]).
, -
, .
1 ( ).
X Y R R f X
- Y 3 y y0 ,

> 0 = > 0 : sup |f (x, y 0 ) f (x, y 00 )| <
xX
y 0 , y 00 Y U (y0 ).
2. X Y R R f
y Y
x x0 X ( X)
f (x, y) (x) Y 3 y y0 .
X
x0 ( X).
3. f : [a, b] Y R
y Y [a, b] x.

f (x, y) (x) Y 3 y y0 .
[a,b]
Z b Z b
f (x, y) dx (x) dx Y 3 y y0 .
a a
3
, ,
Z b Z b
lim f (x, y) dx = lim f (x, y) dx.
Y 3yy0 a a Y 3yy0
1. -
3 26.1.1.
2. 1, 2, 3
16.1.1, 16.3.1, 16.3.2.
26.3. , 177
3. -
16.3.3.
26.3. ,

Z b
I(y) = f (x, y) dx, < a < b 6 +, y Y (1)
a
,
f : [a, b) Y R, [a, b) R, Y Rm .
m = 1 Y = [c, d].
Rb
, a f (x, y) dy ,
f (x, y) x [a, ]
[a, b), . .
Z
I(y, ) B f (x, y) dx, [a, ] [a, b) (2)
a
.
, I(y) -
y Y
Z
I(y) = lim f (x, y) dx,
b0 a
. -
I(y) -
.
1. ,
I(y) (1) Y ,
1. I(y) Y (. . y Y ),
b
Z
2. sup

f (x, y) dx 0 b 0.
yY
, 1 y Y
Z b

f (x, y) dx 0 b 0, (3)

178 26. ,

y. 2 ,
(3)
Y ( , -
).
1.
Z
I(y) = y exy dx, Y = (, +) (0, +).
0

Z Z
xy u
du = e .

sup ye dx = sup e
yY yY y
> 0 lim e = 0, I(y)

+
(, +).
= 0 e0 6 0 ( +), I(y)
(0, +).
1. 2 1

I(y, ) I(y) b 0.
Y
1 ( -
). -
(1) Y ,
:
Z 00

> 0 [a, b) : sup f (x, y) dx < 0 , 00 [ , b). (4)

yY 0

Z 00
Z b Z b
f (x, y) dx = f (x, y) dx f (x, y) dx,
0 0 00
-
( 14.7.1)
R 00
00 b 0 | 0 f (x, y) dx| < .
26.3. , 179
2. 1
26.2.1, -
1.
1. ,
Z
I(y) = eyx sin x dx, Y = Y = (, +)
0
) Y > 0;
) , Y0 .
2. ,
Z
sin x
I(y) = eyx dx, y > 0,
0 x
Y = [0, +).
2 ( ). f, g:
[a, b) Y R, [a, b) R, Y Rm . M >
> 0 |f (x, y)| 6 M g(x, y) (x, y) [a, b) Y
Z b
J(y) = g(x, y) dx
a
Y .

Z b
I(y) = f (x, y) dx
a
Y .
. > 0. -
J(y)
Z 00

[a, b) : sup g(x, y) dx < 0 , 00 [ , b).

yY 0
Z 00

sup f (x, y) dx < M 0 , 00 [ , b).

yY 0
I(y) -
Y .
( 2) -
180 26. ,
3 (
).
f : [a, b) Y R, : [a, b) R,
|f (x, y)| 6 (x) (x, y) [a, b) Y.
Rb
a (x) dx . -
Rb
a f (x, y) dx Y .
3. ,
Z
cos yx
Y (y) = dx
0 1 + x2
(, +).
-
I(y) (1), -
.
4. f [a, b) ,
= [c1 , d1 ] . . . [cm , dm ],
Z b
I(y) = f (x, y) dx, y , (5)
a
.
I(y) .
. > 0 [a, b) ,
Z b

sup
f (x, y) dx < .

y, y + y .
Z
|I(y + y) I(y)| 6 |f (x, y + y) f (x, y)| dx+
a
Z b Z b

+ f (x, y + y) dx + f (x, y) dx 6

6 ( a)(|y|, f, ) + + ,
(, f, ) f -
B [a, ] , ( -
> 0) 0. ,
26.3. , 181
> 0, |I(y + y) I(y)| 6 + + = 3,

|y| 6 , I(y)
y , . . I .
4. -
.
5. y (0)
Y Rm ( m = 1 y (0) = +, ,
). f : [a, b) Y R, [a, b) R,
y Y [a, b) x
f (x, y) (x) Y 3 y y (0) .
[a,]
[a, ] [a, b).

I(y) (1) Y .
Rb
a (x) dx
Z b Z b
lim f (x, y) dx = (x) dx.
Y 3yy (0) a a
6 ( -
). 4 m = 1, = [c, d]
Z d Z dZ b Z bZ d
I(y) dy = f (x, y) dx dy = f (x, y) dy dx. (6)
c c a a c
. f
[a, ] [c, d] a < < b
Z dZ Z Z d
f (x, y) dx dy = f (x, y) dy dx. (7)
c a a c
b 0.
(7)
Z dZ b Z d
f (x, y) dx dy = I(y) dy
c a c
[c, d] 4 .
,
Z d Z b Z dZ

f (x, y) dx dy f (x, y) dx dy 6
c a c a
182 26. ,
Z b

6 (d c) sup f (x, y) dx 0
y[c,d]
b 0 I(y). -
, (7) ,
(6).
(7) b 0,
(6).
5. 4 ( m = 1), 6
26.2.2, 26.2.3. -
16.3.10 , 16.3.20 .
7 ( -
). f , f y [a, b) [c, d].
y0 [c, d] I(y0 ) =
= a f (x, y0 ) dx, a f
Rb Rb
y (x, y) dx
[c, d].
I(y)
Z b
d f
I(y) = (x, y) dx.
dy a y
. 6 y [c, d]
Z y
Z b Z b
fy0 (x, t) dx dt = (f (x, y) f (x, y0 )) dx =
y0 a a Z b Z b
= f (x, y) dx f (x, y0 ) dx.
a a
-
-
. ,
Z b Z b
0 d
fy (x, y) dx = f (x, y) dx,
a dy a
.
6. ,
Z
sin x
I= dx = . (8)
0 x 2
26.3. , 183
. -

Z
sin x
I() = ex dx, > 0,
0 x
dd I()
. 2.
-
-
, .
2.
Z
1
I(y) = cos yx dx, Y = (y0 , +), y0 > 0.
1 x
, (.
14.7.3).
R 1 sin yx
1 2 y dx, -
x
Y .
. -
1
Z
1
sup cos yx dx =
y>y0 x

1 sin yx Z
1 sin yx
= sup + dx 6

2
y>y0 x y x= x y

2 2
6 sup = 0 +.
y>y0 y y0
, I(y) Y .
( ) -

Z
I(y) = f (x, y)g(x, y) dx, y Y, a R, (9)
a
g
f, g: [a, +) Y R, f y x
y Y , g x y Y .
184 26. ,
8 ( ).
1. Z
f (x, y) dx
a
, . . M > 0
,
Z

f (x, y) dx 6 M [a, +), y Y,
a
2. g(x, y) 0 x +.
Y
I(y) (9) Y .
.
(-
1). a < 0 < 00 <
Z 00
0 00
( , , y) B f (x, y)g(x, y) dy =
0
Z x
00 Z 00 Z x
f (, y) d gx0 (x, y) dx.

= g(x, y) f (, y) d
0 x= 0 0 0
Z 00
|( 0 , 00 , y)| 6 |g( 00 , y)|2M + 2M |gx0 (x, y)| dx =
0
" Z 00 #

= 2M |g( 00 , y)| + gx0 (x, y) dx 6

0
6 2M [2|g( 00 , y)| + |g( 0 , y)|].
, > 0 [a, ) ,
sup |( 0 , 00 , y)| < , 0 , 00 > ,
yY
.
9 ( ).
1. Z
f (x, y) dy
a
Y ,
26.3. , 185
2. g , . . M > 0 ,

|g(x, y)| 6 M x [a, ), y Y.
I(y) (9) Y .

, (
) ( 0 , 00 , y) .
7. -
2 .
8.
2, -
14.7.3.
-
. -
-
(. -
14.7.3) -
(. 14.7.5).

Z b
I(y) = f (x, y) dx, 6 a < b 6 +, y Y,
a

Xk k Z ci
X
I(y) = Ii (y) = f (x, y) dy,
i=1 i=1 ci1
6 a = c0 < c1 < . . . < ck = b 6 +,

Ii (y) -
.
I(y) Y ,
Ii (y) Y .
3. (- ).
Z +
(s) = xs1 ex dx, s > 0. (10)
0
186 26. ,
(10)
: .
(s) Z 1 Z +
(s) = xs1 ex dx + xs1 ex dx. (11)
0 1
, s > 0
s 6 0, s > 0. -
, (10) s > 0.
(10) [s0 , s1 ] (0, +),
. . -
(11), -
0 (x) = xs0 1 ,
1 (x) = xs1 1 ex . , - (s) -
s > 0 4.
s > 0
Z + + Z +
s x s x
xs1 ex dx = s(s).

(s+1) = x e dx = x e +s
0 0 0

s > 0
(s + n) = (s + n 1) . . .(s + 1)s(s).
, -
(0, 1]
s > 1.
(1) = 1, ,
(n + 1) = n!, n N,
. . (s + 1)
s! n
{s: s > 1}.
4. (- ).
Z 1
B(p, q) = xp1 (1 x)q1 dx, (12)
0
p, q. (12) -
:
26.3. , 187
.

Z 1/2 Z 1
p1 q1
B(p, q) = x (1 x) dx + xp1 (1 x)q1 dx. (13)
0 1/2
(13) p > 0 -
p 6 0, q > 0
q 6 0. , - B(p, q) (12)
(0, +) (0, +).
B(p, q) (12)
{(p, q) : p > p0 , q > q0 } p0 , q0 > 1,
. . -
(13), , -
(x) = xp0 1 (1x)q0 1 . ,
4 - B(p, q) -
:
{(p, q) : p > 0, q > 0} = (0, +) (0, +).
B(p, q) (s) -
:
(p)(q)
B(p, q) = , p > 0, q > 0.
(p + q)
(s), B(p, q) .
, -
.
27

27.1.
14.8.2.
6 a < b 6 + f
(a, b),
{ci }, a = c0 < c1 < . . . < ck = b ,
1. f
[, ] (a, b), ci ;

Rb
2. a |f (x)| dx, -

c0 , c1 , . . . , ck .
(a, b) -
RL((a, b)) -
Rb
a |f (x)| dx, . 25.2.5.
1. f
(a, b), (a, b) [c, d].
1.
Z b
I(y) = f (x)(x, y) dx
a
[c, d],
Z dZ b Z bZ d

2. f (x)(x, y) dx dy = f (x)(x, y) dy dx.
c a a c
. 1 . |(x, y)| 6 M
(x, y) (a, b) [c, d]. > 0, a < < < b,
= () = () ,
Z Z b
|f (x)| dx < , |f (x)| dx < .
a
27.1. 189
y, y y [c, d]
I B I(y + y) I(y) =
Z Z Z b
= + + f (x)[(x, y + y) (x, y)] dx,
a
Z b
|I| 6 2M + (y, , ) |f (x)| dx + 2M , (1)
a
(, , ) -
= [, ] [c, d].
, -
= () > 0 , ( , , ) < .
(1) ,
Z b
|I| 6 4M + |f (x)| dx.
a
, I(y) [c, d].
2 . > 0 f : (a, b) R
(. . [, ])
,
Z b
|f (x) f (x)| dx < .
a
> 0 f
14.8.1.

Z dZ b Z b Z d
f (x)(x, y) dx dy = f (x) (x, y) dy dx. (2)
c a a c
0,
2 .
(2) -
:
Z d Z b

[f (x) f (x)](x, y) dx dy 6

c a
Z b
6 M (d c) |f (x) f (x)| dx 6 M (d c).
a
190 27.
(2) -
.
1. f
(, +). f -
Z +
S(x) = S(x, f ) B [a(y) cos xy + b(y) sin xy] dy, (3)
0
( ) ( )
1 +
Z
a(y) cos yt
= f (t) dt. (4)
b(y) sin yt
2. f (, +).
a(y), b(y) (4)
1. (, +);
2. a(y), b(y) 0 y .
1 -
24.1.1 .
2 , S(x) (3)

.
, (3) ,
a(y), b(y) (4) .
S(x, f )
1 + +
Z Z
S(x) = f (t)(cos ty cos xy + sin ty sin xy) dt dy =
0
1 +
Z Z
= f (t) cos y(x t) dt dy.
0
(. . -
).

1 +
Z Z
S (x) B f (t) cos y(x t) dt dy, > 0,
0
( ).
27.1. 191
1,
1 +
Z Z
S (x) = f (t) cos y(x t) dy dt =
0
1 sin (x t) 1
Z Z
sin u
= f (t) dt = f (u + x) du =
xt u
Z 0 Z
1 sin u
= + f (u + x) du,
Z 0 u
1 sin t
S (x) = [f (x + t) + f (x t)] dt. (5)
0 t
3.
Z Z
sin t sin t
dt = dt = > 0. (6)
0 t 0 t 2

, -
26.3.6.
24.2.1. x0 -
f , f (x0 +
+ 0), f (x0 0),
f (x0 + h) f (x0 + 0)
f+0 (x0 ) B lim ,
h0+0 h
f (x0 h) f (x0 0)
f0 (x0 ) B lim .
h0+0 h
0 f (x 0) + f (x + 0)
0
f (x0 ) = 2 , x0 -
f .
f x0 -
, f x0 x0
f .
1 (
). f -
(, +) a(y), b(y) (4).
1. x0 f ,
Z
S(x0 ) = S(x0 , f ) = [a(y) cos x0 y + b(y) sin x0 y] dy =
0
192 27.
f (x0 + 0) + f (x0 0)
= ;
2
2. x0 f ,
S(x0 , f ) = f (x0 ).
. (6),
f (x0 + 0) + f (x0 0)
S (x0 ) =
Z 2
1 sin t
= [f (x0 + t) f (x0 + 0)] dt+
0 t
1
Z
sin t
+ [f (x0 t) f (x0 0)] dt =
0 t
1 1
= J + () + J ().

J + () > 1
Z 1
f (x0 + t) f (x0 + 0)
J + () = sin t dt+
0 t
Z Z
f (x0 + t) sin u
+ sin t dt f (x0 + 0) du =
1 t u
= J1+ () + J2+ () f (x0 + 0)J3+ ().
J1+ (), J2+ () 0 + 24.1.1
. J3+ () 0 +
R
0 sinu u du. ,
J3+ () 0 J () 0 +.
, 1 .
-
-
. -
1 24.2.1. , ,
,
(,
) , -

, . .
27.1. 193
, -

w(t) = u(t) + iv(t), u(t), v(t) R t
-
, .
Z b Z Z b b
w(t) dt = u(t) dt + i v(t) dt,
a a a
,
Z b Z b

w(t) dt 6 |w(t)| dt,
a a
-

.
2. f : (, +) R -
[, ], > 0.
Z + Z
v.p. f (x) dx B lim f (x) dx.
+
: [a, b]\{x0 } R, x0 (a, b),

[a, b] \ U (x0 ), > 0.
Z b Z
v.p. (x) dx B lim (x) dx.
a 0 [a,b]\U (x )
0

(valeur principale) .
, ,
, ,
.R . ,

sin x dx, 1 dx
R1
x ,
.
f (, +)
( -
194 27.
, (, +)). 1
x R
1
Z Z
f (x) = f (t) cos y(x t) dt dy =
0
Z + Z +
1
= f (t) cos y(x t) dt dy.
2
sin x
Z + Z +
0 = v.p. f (t) sin y(x t) dt dy.

2 i -
,
Z + Z +
1
f (x) = v.p. f (t)eiy(xt) dt dy. (7)
2
-
.
27.2.
f (, +)
x f+0 (x),
f0 (x) ( , (, +)).
. ,
(27.1.7), :
Z + Z +
1 1 iyt
f (x) = v.p. f (t)e dt eixy dy. (1)
2 2
(1) -
.
1. f : (, +) C (-
)
[, ] (, +).
f
Z +
1
f(y) = F [f ](y) B v.p. f (x)eiyx dx. (2)
2
27.2. 195
f -
Z +
1 1
f (y) = F [f ](y) B v.p. f (x)eiyx dx. (3)
2
, f -
(, +) ,
Z +
1
F [f ](y) = f (x)eiyx dx,
2
Z + (4)
1 1 iyx
F [f ](y) = f (x)e dx.
2
1. f : (, +) R -
(, +)
,
F 1 [F [f ]] = f, F [F 1 [f ]] = f. (5)
. (5)
(1). -
f (x) B f (x).
(5) .
1. 1
f .
f (f :
(, +) C),
f (x) = g(x) + ih(x), g, h: (, +)
R, 1 f h.
-
F F 1 . -

.
-
(f1 , f2 , f ):
1. ()
F [1 f1 + 2 f2 ] = 1 F [f1 ] + 2 F [f2 ] 1 , 2 C,
196 27.
2. f = F [f ] (, +),
f(y) 0 y ,
3. f (, +).
. 1 .
.

2 27.1.2, . . 2 f(y) = a(y) + ib(y).
3 2
Z +
1
sup |f(y)| 6 |f (x)| dx < .
<y<+ 2
2. f
(, +) f 0
(, +).
F [f 0 ](y) = (iy)F [f ](y), y (, +).
. f
Z x
f (x) = f (0) + f 0 (t) dt.
0
R +
0 f 0 (t) dt -
lim f (x), lim f (x). -
x+ x R
|f (x)| dx.

Z
0 1
F [f ](y) = f 0 (x)eixy dx =
2
+ Z
1 ixy iy
f (x)eixy dy = iyF [f ](y).

= f (x)e +
2
x= 2
27.2. 197
1. f
(, +) n
f (n) (, +).
F [f (n) ](y) = (iy)n F [f ](y), y (, +), (6)
M
|F [f ](y)| 6 n , M = sup |F [f (n) ]|. (7)
|y| (,+)
(5) -
n 2. (7)
(6).
3. f (, +),
f1 (f1 (x) = xf (x))
(, +).
d
F [f ](y) = F [if1 ](y) = F [ixf (x)](y).
dy
. -
(4) y, -
26.3.7
Z
d 1 d
F [f ](y) = f (x)eiyx dx =
dy 2 dy
Z
1
= (ix)f (x)eiyx dx.
2
,
(, +) (x) =
= |xf (x)|.
2. f (, +),
fn (fn (x) = xn f (x)) n N
(, +). y (, +) -
dn
F [f ](y) = F [(i)n fn ](y) = F [(ix)n f (x)](y).
dy n
28

28.1. D, D 0

-
-
, ,
, -
. . -
. -

. , , ,
[1, 1] .
,
1, x = 0.
,
h i

2 , 2 , > 0 . (x) -

(1
|x| 6 2 ,
(x) =
0 |x| > 2 .
,
Z /2
m= (x) dx = 1.
/2
0.
(
+ x = 0,
(x) B lim (x) =
0 0 x 6= 0.
,
Z 1
(x) dx = 1.
1
28.1. D, D0 199
, (x)
, -
. ( ) -
, ..
. .

.
(, +) , -
Z +
lim (x)(x) dx = (0).
0
:
Z +
(, ) = (0) (x)(x) dx = (0).

,
, . -
, (x) , -
(, +) -

0. (x) -
. (x) -
, -

Z
(x)(x) dx,

h i

2 , 2 , (-
)
.
. -
.
f : R R , f = 0
.
200 28.
f : R R -
x R, f (x) 6= 0.
supp f .
f : R R
, (. . -
).
C0 -
.

-
.
C0 .
1. {k } k=1
k C0 C0 ,
1. [a, b]: supp k [a, b] k N,
(s)
2. sup |k (s) | 0 k , s N0 .
2. C0
1 -
D .
f D -
. f D (f, ).
3. f D -
,
(f, + ) = (f, ) + (f, ) , D, , R.
4. f D -
, k
k D (f, k ) (f, ).
5. -
D .
6. D0
( ) -
, -
:
28.1. D, D0 201
1. (f + g, ) = (f, ) + (g, ), f, g D0 , , R,
D;
2. {fk } 0
k=1 , fk D k N, -
0 0
D f D k ,
(fk , ) (f, ) k D.
D0
fk f D0 k .
.
1. a > 0
2
x2aa
(x) = e 2
|x| < a, C
0
0 |x| > 0
(. 17.3).
, C0 , -
.
2. f : R R -
(.
[a, b] (, +)). ,
+
Z
f (x)(x) dx D, (1)

, . . D0 .
7. -
, D (1)
f .
-
.
, -
(1), f
f . -
, , D0
.
202 28.
3. -,
(, ) = (0) D,
. .
, , -
, . . -
f
Z
(, ) = f (x)(x) dx D.

1
Z a
a2
f (x)e x2 a2 dx = (0) = e1 a (0, 1).
a
a,
. .
Z a
|f (x)| dx 0 a 0 + 0.
a
, - , -
, .
4. {fk }k=1
(, +)
- ,
R +
1. fk (x) dx = 1 k N;
R +
2. lim fk (x) dx = 1 > 0.
k
- -

1 |x| 6 1 ,
fk (x) = 2k k
0 |x| > k1 .
1. , {fk }
k=1 -
,
fk D0 k ,
28.2. 203
. . ( D0 )
Z
fk (x)(x) dx (0) k D.

28.2.
f
(, +), D
Z + Z
0
f (x)(x) dx = f (x)0 (x) dx.

1. f D0 . f 0 ,

(f 0 , ) B (f, 0 ) D, (1)
f .
, , -
(1),
D, . . .
-
.
1.
:
1. , . .
(f + g)0 = f 0 + g 0 f, g D0 , , R;
2. , . . k
fk f D0 fk0 f 0 D0 .
. 1 . D
((f + g)0 , ) = (f + g, 0 ) = (f, 0 ) (g, 0 ) =
= (f 0 , ) + (g 0 , ) = (f 0 + g 0 , ).
2 . k fk f D0 . D
(fk0 , ) = (fk , 0 ) (f, 0 ) = (f 0 , ).
204 28.
1.
(
0 x < 0,
(x) =
1 x > 0.
, -
. D.
Z +
0 0
( , ) = (, ) = 0 (x) dx = (0) = (, ).
0
, 0 = .
2. f D0 , n N. -
f (n) ,
(f (n) , ) B (1)n (f, (n) ) D, (2)
n f .
, n = 1, ,
(f, (n) ) (2) -
D, . . .
1. -
f (x) = |x|.
, f ( D0 )
,
f (n) n -
( D0 ).

3. fk D0 k N.
P
fk
k=1
.
D0 f D0 ,
n
X
Sn B fk f D0 n .
k=1

X
fk = f. (3)
k=1
28.3. S, S 0 205
(
2 1) , D0 -
(3) :

X
fk0 = f 0 ,
k=1
D0 .
4. f D0
(, +). f -
,
(f, ) B (f, ) C0 .
2. , f -
D, . . D0 .
28.3. S, S 0

D, D0
-

S, S 0 ( . )
. -
, -
:
S F [] S, f S 0 F [f ] S 0 .
1. S

(, +) , -
kkn,m B sup |xn (m) (x)| < n, m N0 , (1)

<x<+

.
206 28.
x S
1 .
|x|
.
, C0 S, S C0 . ,
2
(x) = ex S, C0 .
S .
2. {k } k=1
k S S,
kk kn,m 0 k n, m N0 . (2)
(2) ,
n, m N0
(m)
xn k (x) xn (m) (x) (, +) k .
3. S -
(2) S
.
4.
S .
1. f -
A > 0, n N
|f (x)| 6 A(1 + |x|n ), x (, ).
Z
(f, ) B f (x)(x) dx S

.
5. S 0 -
( ) ( -
) -
, -
:
1. (f + g, ) = (f, ) + (g, ), f, g S 0 , , C, S,
2. {fk } 0
k=1 , fk S k N,
S 0 f S 0 k ,
(fk , ) (f, ) k S.
28.3. S, S 0 207
S 0 -

(f 0 , ) B (f, 0 ) S.
S 0 ,
( k ) k S 0 0k 0 S.
, fk , f S 0

S0 S0
X X
fk = f fk0 = f 0 .
k=1 k=1
0
S -
p(x)
(pf, ) B (f, p) S, f S0.
F [] -
F 1 [] S
Z +
1
F [](x) = f (y)eixy dy,
2
Z +
1 1
F [](x) = f (y)eixy dy.
2
1. -
:
1. S F [], F 1 [] S;
2.
S S;
3. F [] ( -
F 1 []) S -
, k
S S
k F [k ] = F [] (F 1 [k ] = F 1 []).

Z Z Z Z
ixy iyx
f (y)e dy (x) dx = (x)e dx f (y) dy

S, f
(, +)
208 28.
6. ( -
) f S 0 -
F [f ] (F 1 [f ]),
(F [f ], ) B (f, F []) ((F 1 [f ], ) B (f, F 1 [])) S.
2. -
:
1. f S 0 F [f ] S 0 , F 1 [f ] S;
F
2. S 0 S 0 ;
3. k
fk f S 0 F [fk ] F [f ] S 0 , F 1 [fk ] F 1 [f ] S 0 ;
4. F [f (n) ] = (ix)n F [f ] f S 0 ;
5. (F [f ])(n) = F [(ix)n f ] f S 0 .

- . . . . . . ,
203204
- . . . . . . . . . 199200 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 11
. . . . . 140

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 . . . . . . . . 37, 43
. . . . ..... 7 143144
. . . . . . 128, 164 . . . 19
- . . . . 188
. . . . . . ,

. . . . . . , . ,
. ,
. . . . . . . . . . 125127 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
. . . . . . . . . . . . 7 . . . . . . . . 47
. . . . . . . . 44
. . . . . . . . . 7
. . . . . . . . 94
. . . . . . . . . 90
- . . . 187 . . . . . . . . . . . 28
194 20
86
. . . . . . . . 95 -
. . . . . . . . . . 98
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
. . . . . . . . . . 118, 121 -
. . . . . . . . . . . . 137139

. . . . 22 . . . . . . 52
. . . . 98, 102
-
- . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . 175176

. . . . . . . . . 115116 179
210
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
. . . . . . 155156 . . . . . . . . . . 8
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69, 97

. . . . . . . . . . 14 . . . . . . . . ,
. . . . . . 21
. . . . .
, -
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
. . . . . . . . . 140
() 161, 169 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
() . . . . . . 173 . . . . . . . 201
. . . . . . . . . .
, . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
. . . . . . . . . . . 103
. . . . . . . . . 77 . . . . 103
. . . . . . . . . . 74
. . . . . . . . . . 118, 121 109
. . . . . . . . . . 87 52,
. . . . . . . 50 100
. . . . . . . . . 30
. . . . . . 19 . . . . . 31
. . . . . . . . 89
. . . , 83, 89
(-
- ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
. . . . . . 163 . . . . . . . . 171
-
. . . . 125 . . . . . . . ,
. . . . . .
, . . 160
-
. . . . . . . . . . . . 144 . . . . ,
. 11
. . . . . . . . . 11
. . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
. . . . . . . . . 143
. . . . . . . . . . . . 144 . . . 76
211

. . . . . . . . 129, 165 . . . . . . . . . . . 201
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
. . . . . . . . . . 78
- . . . . . . . 94
91 . . . . . . . 96
. . . . . 89, 104
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
. . . . . . . . . 83 - . . . . . . . 75
. . . . . . . 86 . . . . 144
. -
, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
- . . . . . . . . . 181
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
. . . . 116
. . . . . . . . . . . . 85
. . . . . . . . 87 . . . . . . . . 117
. . . . . 83, 89
. . . . . . . . 89 . . . . . . . 97
76,
77 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 . . . . . . 141
. . . . . . . . . 80 . . . . . . . . . . 158
. . . . . . . . . . . . 80 . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
. . . . 145146
. . . . . . 141
. . . . . . . . 72, 108 . . . . . . . . . 141
. . . . 83 . . . . . . . . . . 140
. . . . . 69, 107 . . . . . . . . 142
. . . . . . . . 103 D0 . 201
. . . . . . . . . 147, 157 S 0 . . .
207208
(-) . . . . . 7 D . . . 201
. S . . . . 207
157 . . 145
. . . . . 147
. . . . 145146 . . . . . . . 158
. . . . . . . . . 159
. . . . . . 145 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
212

. . . . . . . . . . . 79 . . . . . . . . . .
,
. ,
. . . . . . . ,
, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
. . . . . 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
. . . . . . 7 . . . . . . . . . . . 144
. 141 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
. . 117, 192
. . . . . . . . . . 20, 172 . . . . . . . 143, 145
. . . . 20 . . . . . . . 117, 192
. . 114 .
() . . . . . . 98 111
. . . . . . . . . 111
. . . 205 . . 111

- . . . . . 149
. . . . 112

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
. . . . . 196
. . . . 141
. . . . . . . . . 160 . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
. . . . . . . . . . 167 . . . . . . . . . 75
. . . . . 160 . . . . 149150
. . . . . . . . . . . . 200
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
. . . . . . . . . . . . 201
. . 155,
. . . . . . . . . 201
157

. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 114, 118, 148, 189
. . . . . 206
. . . . . . . . . . 175 . . . 120
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 -
. . . . . 144 . . . . . . . . 120
-
. . . . . 175177 . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
178 . . . . . . . . . . . 201
. . . 117 . . . . . 207
. . . . . . . . . . 120 . 208
213
. . . . . . . . 206 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
. . . . . . . . . 204 . 138
. . . . . . . . . 202 n . . . . . . . 114
. . . . . . . . 202
. . . . . . . . . . . . 47, 69, 98

. . . . . . . . 148, 200
146147
. . . . . . ,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
. . . 195 . . . . . . . 92
. . . . 112, 162
. . . . 195197 . 35, 42,
. . . . . . . . . . . 196 6369

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-

{x : x = tei , < t < +}, i = 1, . . . , n,

(5). (5) (3) (4):

G = (D [0, 1)) (0, 1) (1, 0) R2 .

> 0, n+1 E = 0, n+1 E = 0.

(B ) > 0 : U (E) B : 0 < 6 (B ),

> 0 = () > 0 : S (f ) S (f ) < : | | < .

0 6 S f (x) dx < : | | < .

= {Ei }i1 [a, b].

mij = inf f, Mij = sup f,

, [a, b] 6 [a, b],

P = [a, b] [c, d].

f1 (x) = f (x) + M > 0, f2 (x) = M > 0,

> (1 + 0 )[f (x0 , y0 ) + o(1)][|J(u0 , v0 )| + o(1)],

max |J| = |J(ui , vi )|, xi = x(ui , vi ), yi = y(ui , vi ).

, F (x(t), y(t), z(t))

= {~r(s), 0 6 s 6 S} = {(x(s), y(s), z(s)), 0 6 s 6 S},

(3) x0 (t), y 0 (t), z 0 (t)

(9) (10) (4).

, , {(x = cos , y = sin ):

(r(tj )), Pj1 (Pjij ) -

x1 (t) B x(u1 (t), v1 (t)), y1 (t) B y(u1 (t), v1 (t)),

~r(u, v) = (x(u, v), y(u, v), z(u, v)) R3 . (1)

= (x0u , yu0 , zu0 ) .

~r = (x, y, z), ~r0 = (x0 , y0 , z0 ), ~r0u = (x0u , yu0 , zu0 ), ~r0v =

x0 = x(u0 , v0 ), y0 = y(u0 , v0 ), z0 = z(u0 , v0 ),

S (0) = {(x, y, f (x, y)), (x, y) U (x0 , y0 )},

S = {(x, y, z) : (x, y, z) G, F (x, y, z) = 0}

(x x0 )Fx0 (x0 , y0 , z0 ) + (y y0 )Fy0 (x0 , y0 , z0 )+

S = {~r(u, v), (u, v) D} (1)

(i) Sj Sj , (e) Sj B Sj \ (i) Sj -

(21.2.4), (21.5.3), dS:

Gz,m Ox-, Oy- Oz-

D = D = {(u(t), v(t)), a 6 t 6 b}, (1)

|f (x0 + h) f (x0 + 0)| 6 M h , h (0, ),

, 2 t < sin t < t 0 < t < 2 . ,

. > 0. = {xj }Jj=0 ,

, F 0 (t) = f (t) a20 -

cos kx, sin kx,

kxk = max |xi |.

25.2. CL1 , CL2 , RL1 , RL2 , L1 , L2

2. CL2 ([a, b]) -

4. RL((a, b)) = RL1 ((a, b)) -

CL1 ([1, 1]). -

L2 ((a, b)) RL2 ((a, b)), -

2. CL2 ([a, b]) -

, CL2 ([a, b]) -

3. RL2 ((a, b)) -

5. CL2 ([a, b]) -

, (x, ek ) = 0 k N, kxk = 0, . . x = ~0.

1. f [a, b] [c, d].

. [c, d] [a, b] [a, b]

R 1 [a, b] [a, b] [0, 1]. ,

sup |f (x, y) (x)| 0 Y 3 y y0 . (1)

X = [a, b], f (x, y) [a, b] -

> 0 lim e = 0, I(y)

> 0, |I(y + y) I(y)| 6 + + = 3,

[a, ] [a, b).

6 a = c0 < c1 < . . . < ck = b 6 +,

: [a, b]\{x0 } R, x0 (a, b),

kkn,m B sup |xn (m) (x)| < n, m N0 , (1)

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