..

II

-2009

..

II

-2009

 517(075) 22.161

..
, .II: . : - 2- ., . . - , 2009, 123 .: .

.., 2009

, " "
 .
, ,
. ,
.
,
" ",
, ,
.
,  ,   .

 .


 I.
.

1.1 . . .

( )

xn .
1
0: x1 x2 :::( P xk , P xk , P xk )

+ +

k=1

().
0: xk .
0: Sn x1 ::: xn; n
; ; :::;
P

xk :
0:  x1 x2 ::: , Sn (
); S
Sn
, P
S x1 x2 :::
xk :
1
P
1 1 ::: .
1
. 1. 
k
2 3

2
3

= + +

+ +
( )

=1 2

= lim
= + + =
= 1+ + +

k=1

= 1+ +

=1 2

1
1
; ; :::;
, Sn
2 ::: n ; n

Sn: , Sn 1,
: "
2
N-, n N
; m N ,

lim

( )

= +1 =2 +2
jSN +1 S2N +2j = N 1+ 2 + ::: + 2N1+ 2 > 2NN ++12 = 12 :
2.  1 1 + 1 1 + ::: - , Sn

1 0.
P
P
P
.
x

y
,
x
k
k
P
P
P
P
P k
yPk , xk (  R), xk  xk , xk yk
xk
yk .

(  )=

( 


 1.

n
P

n
P

n
P

1n

xk = lim
( xk ) =  lim
n
n

xk :

xk  lim
yk = xk  yk :
n
1
1
1
P
. 1. (xk  yk ), , P
P

xk , yk . , (1 1) + (1 1) + :::

2.

(xk  yk ) = lim
( (xk  yk )) = lim
n
n

n
P

xk = 

( 0),

1
P

1
P

 , , .
P
P
2. xk , 
,
xk . n
P
P
, xk ,
xk S:

6= 0

lim
= )
n 1
n
n
n
P
P
P
lim
x
=

lim
x
=
S:
)

lim
xk , ..
k
k
n
n
n
P

xk - . ,

xk ,

xk .

1.2 

P
1 ( ). 
xk ,
" >
N
n>N p
xn+1 ::: xn+p < " :
. , Sn . " >

09 2N8

8 2 N (j

+ +

( )

9N 2 N 8 n > N 8p 2 N (jSn
8p 2 N (jxn+1 + ::: + xn+pj < "):

8 0
Sn+pj) < " ) 8 " > 0 9 N 2 N 8 n > N

.
P
. 1. (
xk
) p
, " >
N
k > N xk <
".
xk
: ,
xk

) ) lim
k

=0

=1

09 2N8
(j j
lim
=0
k

, ( - ).
P
2.
xk , .
5

1
P

xk

1
P
n

xk

 .
P
2. 
xk
, .
n
P
P
.
xk

xk .

n
P

lim
n

(Sn) = ( xk ) - . ,
1
(Sn ) - .
)

. , Sn P
.

Sn, .. xk .
.

lim
n

( )

1.3  

P
1.
xk
P
xk .
P
xk ,
.
:

j j

j j

8" > 09N 2 N8n > N 8p 2 N(jxn+1 + ::: + xn+pj < "):
(1)
jxn+1 + ::: + xn+pj  jxn+1j + ::: + jxn+pj, (1) P

xk ,
P
xk .
P
P
2.
xk , yk -
.
P
P
1. xk yk , k
,
y

xk ,
k
P
P

xk
y.
P
P k
2.
xk =yk A > , xk , yk k
.

lim(

2N

)=

. 1. ,

Sn0

= P yk  P xk = Sn

1; 2; ::: . (Sn0 ) , , ( )

Sn , , .
P
2
xk .
P

xk , , ,
(.. xk ) , , Sn .
Sn
P
, ..
yk .
x
k
A>
N
, A " < xykk <
2.
yk

( )

=
lim
k

( )

2N

0)

A + " k > N . , yk > 0,

(A

k > N .

1
P
N +1

1
P

(A

1
P

xk

yk

")yk ,

N +1

1
P

yk

1
P
N +1

yk . )

2 .

(2)

(A + ")yk , ) ( (2)) )

N +1
1
P

xk , )
1
P

")yk < xk < (A + ")yk ;

1
P
N +1

xk ,

1
P
N +1

yk , )

( )0

1
P

xk .

3 ( ).  f x
x
1
P
. 
f k , -

Rx

()

F (x) = f (t)dt .
0

. ,
7

Rx

F (x) = f (t)dt 0

x > 0 (.[8, x7:4 2).

f (0)+
n
P
k=1

x >

[x
P

k=1

f (t)dt

f (t)dt

R1

R2

f (k) =

dt  f (t)dt = F (n)  K . .
0

f (t) =

1
P

k=1

t 2 [0; 1

1
tp , t > 1

n,

= + +::: +

Rn

1
P

0: F (x) =

Rx

f (k )

k=1
[xR+1

k=1

f (k) .

f (k)  f (0)+ K . , F (x)  K , x > 0,

k=1
Rk

f (k )

0 ,

K >

n
P

1
P

n
P
k=1

[xR+1
[x

f (k) =

kp .

Rx

R1

1dt + R xdtp = 1 + x11 pp 1 1 p .

0
0
1
1 p
1
x
, F (x) = 1 1 p + 1 p , p > 1.
1
P
1
,
kp , p > 1, , p  1.
3.

F (x) = f (t)dt =

k=1

. " F

(x) = R f (t)dt "

+R1

: "

f (t)dt

". -

( )0

 : f x
x >
1
P
. 
f k ,

+R1

()

f (t)dt .

1
P
4 ( ).
xk -
.
P
1. xk+1=xk
q < , k0
,
xk

2N

;
xk+1=xk
xk+1
2.
xk

 1 k  k0P, P xk -.

lim
< 1, xk ;
k
P
lim xxk+1
>
1
,

xk .
k
k
. , k0 = 1 ( -

,
).

x x
x
xk+1 = x1
2
3 ::::
k+1 ; k = 0; 1; 2; ::::
x1 x2
xk
xk+1=xk  q < 1 ,
xk+1  x1qk ; k = 0; 1; 2; :::;
P

x1qk (
P
),
xk . xk+1=xk  1 xk+1  x1 , k = 0; 1; 2; :::; x1 + x1:::
P
,
xk -. 1. . =q<1
2. lim xxk+1
k
k
" > 0 , q + " < 1.
N 2 N , xxk+1
 q + " k  N . xxk+1k  q + " x< 1
k
k  N , 1 2. lim xk+1
> 1,
k
k
, xxk+1
> 1 k  N ,
k
P
1
xk . .
5 ( ). xk > 0, k 2 N .
P
p
1. k xk  q < 1, k  k0,
xk ;
P
p
k
xk  1, k  k0,
xk .
P
p
xk ;
2. lim k xk < 1,
P
p
k
lim xk > 1,
xk .
p
. 1. k xk  q < 1, k = 1; 2; ::: ( , , k0 = 1) , xk  q k (q < 1),
k=p
1; 2::: .  P qk - , P xk . k xk  1 , xk  1, k = 1; 2; ::: .  1 + 1 + ::: ,
9

P

xk .
k x
2.
q <
k
+P
1
xk
q " k , k N . 
q

limp =
( + ) 

pk x

< q + " < 1, k  N .

( + ")k -,

N
P

+P
1

xk , xk .
P
p
p
lim k xk = q > 1, k xk > 1, k  N .) 
xk

.
. 1. 2  :
P
P
xk+1
xk+1

<
,

x
;

>
,

xk k
k xk
k xk
.
P
P
k x <
k x >

xk ;
xk k
k

lim

p
lim
k

lim

p
lim
k

. .
2. , :

xk+1
lim
= 1;
()
k xk
pk x = 1:
lim
()
k
k
, xk = k p, p > 0, p > 1
p  1 (.
),

1
P

xk+1
kp
lim
= lim
= 1;
k xk
k (k + 1)p
p
lim pk xk = lim k kp = 1:
k

a > 0. a > 0,
k=0
a ! 0 k ! 1.
= k+1

. 1.
xk+1
xk
1 k
P
a
2.
k ,
k=0

ak ,
k!

0, a > 0. 0 < a < 1

k ) ! a k ! 1.
a > 1, xxk+1
= a( k+1
k
>

10

1.4 . 
1. 
P
xk ,
. ,
P

xk . ,
.
P
P 0
.
x

x
k
P
P 0k

x - , xk
P
Pk 0
xk
xk .
. , xk
k
.
n
P
P 0
P
S
xk Sn0
xk - x0k .
1
P

xk k0; :::; kn.
N
P
N
k0; :::; kn , SN
xk . Sn0 SN S , .. 1
P 0
0
Sn - ,
xk
0
S
S .
,
P
P 0

xk xk , S 0 S . 0
, S S .

.

 xk , xk
xk , xk <
. x+
, xk
.
k
, xk <
, xk
( )
x+
xk x+
k ; xk -
k xk .  P + P

x ; P
xk . ,

P k
P + P
+
+
xPk xk P
; xk xkP
;k
.
xk
xk xk
xk
xk 1
P
0
x+k 0
xk 0 2 x+k 0 xk 0
xk .
 1 , ( xk
).
P +0 P 0
 2
xk P

x . 0 k
,

xk , P

xk . .

j j

= maxf

 0( 2 N)

( )

0

0
0

)=

j j

j j 2N

= (

)=

0

()

11

2. 

 

!0

!1

k
.
. x1 x2 :::; xk > , xk
x1 x2 x3 x4 ::: .
.  x1.
. S2n x1
x2 x3 ::: x2n 2 x2n 1 x2n x1,
S2n x1 x2
x3 x4 ::: x2n 1 x2n .
, S2n
; , S2n
. ,
S2n x1.
S2n+1

=(

)+(

)+ +(

(
)

( )

( )

lim

lim
=
n
n
lim
(S2n + x2n+1) = lim
S2n + lim
x2n+1 = lim
S2n, .
n
n
n
n
.  1 21 + 13 14 + ::: , , .

1.

1.5 
, ,
. ? . ,
, " ". ,
 , .
P
. , (..
xk ,
P

xk ),
.
P
().
xk
a -
P
.
xk , a.
. :
P
P + P
.
xk ,

xk ; k
P + P
(
xk ; k . 1.4 :"
").

j j

12

P + P
.
xk ; xk , n
n
P +
P
+
Sn
xk Sn
xk n
,

=
=
!1
1
1
n
P
, Sn+ + Sn =
jxk j n ! 1, ..

1
P

xk . , .
P + P
P
,
xk ; k ( x+k ) ,
-
- . Sn+
, Sn
, P
+
. , Sn
Sn Sn
, ..
xk , . .
. a > .
P

xk : P +

xk ;
; a,
P

xk , ;
; a,
P +
,
xk .. ,
P

xk , .. ,
:

!1 !
!1

x+1 + ::: + x+n1

x1

:::xn2 + x+n1+1 + ::: + x+n3

n1
n2
n3

nP
1 1

n1
P

x+

n1
P

x+k  a,
k

x+
k

nP
2 1

n1
P

xk

xn2+1

::: xn4 + :::; (?)

x+k > a;

 a,

n1
P

x+

n2
P

x < a;

1 k
1 k
n2
nP
n1
3 1
P
P
+
xk +
xk  a, x+k
1
n1 +1
1
1

13

n2
P

xk

n3
P
n1 +1

x+k > a, ..

, nk ,
P + P

xk , xk - , , .
,
, a.
Snk . , a , ,
.. , , P
( )
xk . , " > N1
k>
N1 Snk a < " . , xn
n
, ,
Snk , Snk +1 ,
tn
, N2 ,
:

()

(j

j)

!0

!1

09 2 N8

()

8n > N2 2 N(Snk  tn  Snk +1):

N = maxfN1; N2g. k > N . 8n > N : jtn aj 
jtn Snk j + jSnk aj < 2". " > 0, tn !
a(n ! 1):
.

1.6  
1. 
.
1. f
,
- . f k; l , k
,l
, - xkl ,
xkl .
2. a

xkl (: a
xkl ), " > N
n,

: NN !R

NN
( ) 2N 2N
( )
2R
= k;llim
7!1

14

09 2 N8

m > N (jxmn

aj < "). ,

.

:" xnk
, " >
N
k; l > N; p; q
xkl xk+p;l+q < " ".

, .
1 P
1
1
P
P
3.
xkl (
xkl ), xkl -

09 2 N8

k=1 l=1

2 N(j

k;l=1

( )

xkl ,
. xkl , Snm
n P
m
P
xkl - .

k=1 l=1

4.

S=

1 P
1
P

1 P
1
P

k=1 l=1

xkl

xkl ), ( ) : n;mlim!1 Snm = S .

PP
xkl ,
5.
P Pk l

jxkl j.
(

k=1 l=1
Snm

 
:
PP
PP
1.
xkl ,
ykl ,
k
l
k
l
PP
PP
PP
PP
xkl ,  onst
xkl ykl ,
xkl 
xkl ,
k P
l
k l
k l
P
P Pk l P P
xkl ykl
ykl
ykl .
k

(  )=

(  )

2. ( ). 
,

8"

> 0; 9N

1 P
1
P

k=1 l=1

2 N; 8n; m
15

xkl

> N , 8p; q

2 N (j

nP
+p P
m
k=n l=1

xkl +

nP
+p mP
+q
k=n l=m

xkl +

+q
n mP
P
k=1 l=m

xkl j < ").

3.

1P
1
P

1 1

xkl , .

:
1 .
2
1P
1
P
Snm
xkl .

1 1

3, , , .. 2.
.
PP
1.
xkl k

1
P

Vi =

. tn

1 P
1
P
k=1 l=1
n
P

(V1; V2; V3; :::),

xkl .

1
P

Vi

m n

= jVij; Smn = P P jxklj. ,

1
1 1
PP
n N
, tn
SNN
xkl .
1
1
P
P

Vi - .  Vi - . ,

1
P

j j

1 1 1
PP

Vi =

1
X

1 1

2N

xkl .

1
P

j j )

Vi ,

Vi0 = |{z}
x11 + x| 12 + x{z22 + x21} + x| 13 + x23 + x{z33 + x32 + x31} +:::

1
1
1
P
P
P
t0n
Vi0. : Vi
Vi0
11
1
1
n
n
1
P
P
P
P
t0n 1
t0n2
xkl 2
xkl , 1 -

lim
= lim
= lim
=
n
n
n 1 1
1 1
, (t0n2 ) - 16

1 1

(t0n), 2 - P P xkl.
1 1

1 .
2. ( ). 1
1
1
1
1 P
1
P
P
P
P
P

xk , yl .
xk
yl
xk yl ,

)
(

)=

k=1 l=1

.
.
PP
xk yl .
k

n X
m
X
k=1 l=1

jxk yl j = (

n
X
k=1

jxk j)
(

m
X
l=1

1
X

jyl j)  (

k=1

jxk j)
(

Snm

1
X
l=1

n P
m
P
k=1 l=1

jyl j):

jxk yl j

, , ,
:
Snm A. " > ,

sup
n;m

N M

sup P P jxk ylj

k=1 l=1

A "<

N X
M
X
k=1 l=1

jxk yl j < A:

n P
m
P

jxk yl j n m ,
n; m > maxfN; M g

k=1 l=1

j
,
.

n X
m
X
k=1 l=1

1 P
1
P

k=1 l=1

jxk yl j

Aj < ":

jxk ylj - , ,
17

1 P
1
P
k=1 l=1

xk yl -

1
X

k=1

1
X

xk )
(

l=1

yl ) = (lim
n

lim
n

n
X
k=1

1 1

k=1

l=1

k=1 l=1

( P xk )
(P yl ) = P P xk yl

xk )
(lim
n

n X
n
X
k=1 l=1

n
X
l=1

n
X

yl ) = lim
(
n

1 X
1
X

xk yl =

k=1 l=1

k=1

n
X

xk )
(

l=1

yl ) =

xk yl

2 .
2.  
1 P
1 
P

xkl .
k=1 l=1
1 P
1 
P
.
xkl ,

k  1
(

1
P

k=1

1
P

l=1

k=1

xkl Ak

k=1 l=1

1
P

Ak = A, :

1 P
1
P

l=1

xkl )

1 P
1
P

k=1

1
P
l=1

xkl

= A).

1
P

k=1

Ak

xkl ,

k=1 l=1
1 P
1
P

k=1 l=1

xkl =

1 P
1
P

k=1 l=1
. xkl

xkl ):

 0 P P xkl = S . k l
 1. , k1  n,

 k
m
n P
m
P
P
P
xkl
xkl S , m. , xkl l=1

k=1 l=1

 1. xkl  0,

n P
m
P

l=1

 S
n m.  n m ! 1

18

k=1 l=1

xkl

 :
n X
m
X

lim

m!1

k=1 l=1

xkl

n
X

m
X

lim

m!1

k=1

l=1

xkl

n
X

1
X

k=1

l=1

xkl

 S:

n , A ,

A=

1
X

1
X

k=1

l=1

n P
m
P

n
P

xkl

(1)

 S:

1
P

xkl 
xkl  A. S  A. k=1 l=1
(1) S = A. xkl ,

k=1 l=1

.
kl =

x+

xkl

xkl

,
,

= x+kl

PP
k

x+kl ,

xkl  0 ; x =
xkl < 0 kl

xkl

xkl, jxkl j = x+kl + xkl .

PP
k

xkl

xkl < 0 :
xkl  0

,
,

PP
k

jxklj ,

( -

). PP + PP
PP

xkl ,
xkl
xkl
k l
k l


k l 
PP +
PP +
PP
P P +
P P

(xkl

k 
k
P
P
k

xkl )

x+kl

k
P

xkl

l

xkl

xkl

k l
P P
k

(x+kl

xkl)

l

xkl

 k l
P P
xkl .
k
l

xkl

.
. , , . 
19

1 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 0
..
.

1
P

.. .. .. . .
.
. . .

..
.

= 0, k = 1; 2; : : : ( k  , l  ).

xkl
l=1 
1 P
1
P
k=1

..
.

:::
:::
:::

l=1

xkl

= 0;

1
P

1
P

l=1

k=1

xkl

= 1. P P xkl
k

20

 II.



2.1 .  .

,
. , ,
 , .. , 
( ,
).

f1(x) + f2(x) + f3(x) + :::;

(1)

, -  x, X
R. x -
x
, (1)
1
P
fk  , ,  (1) k=1

()

, x.
(1) , , , ,
x . : x
X
.
X ,
1. x
, (1), x
X ,
,
. , 
.

x M
X , .. x M

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

21

()

x, M  S x ,

.
1 k
P
x , x > . :
k

k=1

(1)

(0; 1). . 1.3 (.I).

 

.
.

M
X .

(1)

rn(x) = S (x) Sn(x)

(S (x)- (1), Sn(x) =

n
P

fk (x)-n- )
x 2 M n ! 1, .. 8x 2 M , 8" > 0,
9N = N ("; x), 8n > N (jrn(x)j < "). , N
", x.
" , x
M , x 2 M N ,
jrn (x)j < ". : " N ,
jrn (x)j < " x 2
M ?" , N ,
N , x 2 M ,
. N , , ,
, jrn (x)j < " x 2
M . N
, , N ,
x 2 M , N .
N , , , x 2 M ,
, .
2.  f1

k=1

(x) + f2(x) + :::

22

S (x),

8" > 0; 9N = N ("); 8n > N; 8x 2 M (jrn(x)j < "):

, .

fk (x) = xk (1 xk ) xk 1(1 xk 1); k  1; x 2 [0; 1:

Sn(x) =

n
X
k=1

fk (x) = xn(1 xn):

(x) ! 0, n ! 1, x 2 [0; 1, ..
S (x)  0 ) rn(x) = S (x) Sn(x) = Sn(x) = xn(1 xn):
 (2 1=n)  [0; 1.
rn (2 1=n) = 14 2 1=n 2 [0; 1, n 2 N, jrn (x)j < 41 x 2 [0; 1,
, Sn

n . ,
.

y
1=n
rn x x
,
= . x
1=n, rn x . n
1=n x
1.

j ( )j

14
2

= 2

j ( )j

=2

, .
1 ( 1)k 1
P
R . rn x
x2 +k - x
k=1

1 ( 1)k 1 
P
1
1

R. (
x2 +k  < x2 +n+1 < n+1 < ", x

j ( )j =

k=n+1

23

,
).
1 . , n > N x R
, N
"
rn x < " .  .
  f1 x ; f2 x ; f3 x ; :::; x
X . X  f x , (
n
)  (fn x ) :
fn x
f x , x X , x X , " > ,
N n "; x , n > N fn x f x < " : X
fn x :
.  f1 x ; f2 x ; f3 x ; :::  f x X ,

(j ( )j

))

=[

() () ()

()

! +1

()

lim ( ) = ( )
8 2
9 = ( ) 8
(j ( ) ( )j )
( ( ))

8 2

() () ()

()
8" > 0; 9N = N ("); 8n > N; 8x 2 X (jfn(x)

f (x)j < "):

.   .
1 (
).  fk x X  f x
,

( ( ))
()

8" > 0; 9N = N ("); 8n > N; 8p 2 N; 8x 2 X (jfn+p(x)

()
09 = ()8

fn(x)j < ")

()

. . fn x
 f x , .. " > ; N N " ; n > N; x X

()

(jfn(x)

f (x)j < "=2):

, 8p 2 N; 8n > N; 8x 2 X

(jfn+p(x)

f (x)j < "=2):

(1) (2) :
24

8 2

(1)
(2)

jfn+p(x) fn(x)j  jfn+p(x) f (x)j + jfn(x) f (x)j < "

8n > N; 8x 2 X . () .
. (). , fk (x)  f (x), 8x 2 X .  x 2 X (fk (x))
, . ) (fk (x))  x 2 X , -

()

, , f x ,
fk x .
n > N x X . p
( ) ( n x), n > N N " , x X :

( ( ))

+1 

jf (x)

= ()8 2

fn(x)j < ";

.. fn (x) X f (x). 1 .

 1  .
1
P
2. 
fk x X
k=1

()

8" > 0; 9N = N ("); 8n > N; 8p 2 N; 8x 2 X (j

n+p
X
k=n+1

fk (x)j < "):

2 1 1
P

fk x .
k=1

()

2.2 

1 ( ).  1
P

fk x X
k=1

()

jfk (x)j  Ck ; k = 1; 2; 3; :::;

25

 Ck -

1
P
k=1

k=1

Ck ,

X.
)j  Ck ; k = 1; 2; 3; :::,

. fk x

j (

1
P

1
P
k=1

fk (x)

jfn+1(x) + :::fn+p(x)j  Cn+1 + ::: + Cn+p:

Ck

, :
 n+p

P

8" > 0; 9N = N ("); 8n > N; 8p 2 N

Ck < "
k=n+1
N; 8x 2 X (jfn+1(x) + ::: + fn1+p(x)j < "):

) 8n > N; 8p 2

fk (x) 2 x2:1
X .
1
1
P
P
ak sin kx,
ak os kx R,
. 
,

k=1

k=1

k=1
1
P

ak .
k=1
, ak
kx
ak , ak kx
ak k
; ; ; :::
x R.  .
1
P
fk x
,
: 1.

j sin j  j j j os j  j j

8 2

8 =123

()

, ,
1
P
fk x .

j ( )j

2. 

1
P

.
3. 

1
P

1
1
P
1

fk (x) , fk (x)

jfk (x)j .

. 26

  . 1 ( 1)k 1
P

x2 +k 2.1.

, . 

1
k 1
X
 (1)

( 1) x2
(1 + x2)k
k=1

(1):

x 2 R, :
1
X

( 1)k 1x2 :
(1 + x2)k
k=n+1
2
x2
1
, jrn (x)j  (1+xx2 )n = 1+nx
2 +::: < n < " ) jrn (x)j < "
8n > [ 1" 8x 2 R: ) (1) . 
rn(x) =

1
X

x2
(2)
2)k :
(1
+
x
1
x 2 R, :
(1
+
x2)k
1 < 1;
x2


=
(1 + x2)k+1 x2
x2 + 1
x 2 R. )  (1) x 2 R.
, (2) .

1
X

x2
r~n(x) =
(1 + x2)k
k=n+1

= (1 +1x2)n ! 1;

!0)

 n, x
.
(2).
2 ( ). fn x ( ) a; b a; b  f x .
, fn x f x a; b , fn x f x a; b .

() ()
() [

27

( ( ))

()

()

( ( ))

. fn x
a; b . rn x
f x fn x .
rn x : 1. rn x

a; b n ;
2. rn x - a; b ;
3.
rn x
x
a; b .
, , rn x

[a,b. rn x , ,
"> , n
; x a; b rn x < " . , " > ,
n
, x
a; b rn x < " .
n
, xn
a; b ,

( )= ( )

( ( ))
[ 8 1
( ( ))
lim ( ) = 0

2[

( ( ))
0 9 2 N 8 2 [ ( ( )

()
( )0

8 2N 9 2[

2N

( )!0

8 2 [ ( ( )

rn(xn)  ":

(3)
, (xn)
xnk ! x0, x0 2 [a; b. rm (x)
x0 ( 8m  1),
lim rm(xnk ) = rm(x0):
(4)
k!+1
m -  .
rn x ,

()

nk

rm(xnk )  rnk (xnk );

> m. (3)
rm(xnk )  "

( 

m nk > m). , (4) (5)

rm(x0)  "; 8m 2 N:

( )!0

(5)

, rn x
x0 2 fn x .

( ( ))

28

( ( ))

fn x , , 1", ,
.
.  1
P
 : 
fk x

()
1
1
P
[a; b fk (x)  0, k = 1; 2; 3; ::: . ,
fk (x)
1
[a; b,
[a; b.
n
P
. Sn (x) =
fk (x), n  1. fk (x)  0,
1
8k  1, (Sn(x)) ; fk (x) [a; b, Sn (x) [a; b; lim Sn (x) = S (x), S (x) [a; b. , 2 Sn (x), Sn (x) ! S (x)
1
P
[a; b, fk (x) [a; b.
k=1

1
P
:
k x k x , k x ; k x -  x, -

() ()

() ()

X .
1
P
3 ( ).
k
n
P

k (x)j  M
 k (x) k ! 1, , ,
1
P
x 2 X ,
k (x)k (x)
1
X .
n
P
. Bk = n+1 + ::: + n+k , n =
k .

(j

(x)
onst; 8n  1; 8x 2 X ),
1

, :

n+1n+1 + ::: + n+pn+p = n+1B1 + n+2(B2 B1)+ ::: + n+p(Bp Bp 1) =
29

(n+1

n+2)B1 +(n+2 n+3)B2 + ::: +(n+p 1 n+p)Bp 1 + n+pBp =

nX
+p 1

(k

k+1)Bk

k=n+1

+ n+pBp:

(1)

n- , .
jBk j = jn+k nj  jn+k j + jnj  2M:
(1), :
 n+p

nX
+p 1
 X



k
k k  M




2

k=n+1

1
P

k=n+1

k+1)+ n+p2M

= 2Mn+1; 8p 2 N; 8x 2 X:

! 0 ( k ! 1) X ,
j

k k

nX
+p 1

k=n+1

k k j < "; 8n > N; 8p 2 N; 8x 2 X: )

( -


(. 2, 2.1).
 

1
P
k x k x .

() ()

()
(j ( )j 

4 ( ).  k x
k
k x
M onst; k
1
1
P
P
; x X , k x X , k x k x

!1
18 2 )

()

8 

() ()

X .
:[2, .II,
: , .406.
: 1. 3  k x
, k x
. 4  k x
, k x , .

x11 7

()

()

30

()0

()!0

2.
1
P

k k , k ; k R.


.
1
P
.
k

(j

n
P

1
P

onst; 8n  1), k ! 0 , k k .
1
. (k ) k ! 1 1
1
P
P
(jk j  M onst; 8k  1),
k , k k .
1

k j  M

2.3 


( ( ))
()

1.  fn x X  f x fn x
x0 X , f x x0.
. fn x
f x X . " > ; N

()

()

()! ()
)
09 =
N (") 2 N; 8n > N; 8x 2 X (jf (x) fn(x)j < "=4): ) 8n > N; 8x 2 X :
jf (x) f (x0)  jf (x) fn(x)j + jfn(x) fn(x0)j + jfn(x0) f (x0)j <
2
4" + jfn(x) fn(x0)j:
(1)
 fn(x) - x0 2 X , , > 0 , , x 2 X jx x0j < ,
jfn(x) fn(x0)j < "=2:
(1), : 8" > 09 > 0(jx x0j < )
jf (x) f (x0)j < "): ) f (x) x0 2 X .
2. [a; b 
(fn(x))  f (x). [a; b,
31

lim

Zx

n!1

Zx

fn(t)dt =

Zb

Zb

f (t)dt

[a; b. , x = b:
lim

n!1

fn(t)dt =

f (t)dt:

(t) ! f (t) [a; b.) 8" > 0; 9N = N (") 2

N; 8n > N; 8t 2 [a; b(jfn(t) f (t)j < b " a ). ) 8n > N; 8x 2 [a; b :
Rx
Rx
Rx
Rx
Rb
"
j fn(t)dt f (t)dtj = j (fn(t) f (t))dtj  jfn(t) f (t)jdt < b a dt =
. fn

Rx

Rx

": ) fn(t)dt ! f (t)dt [a; b.

a

()

(,  f t , a; b
 (. 1)). 2 .
1
P
fk x
3. 

k=1

()

[a; b S (x), (a  x0 <

x  b) :
Zx

S (t)dt =

x0

,
,

Zb
a

S (t)dt =

Zx

f1(t)dt +

x0

1 Rx
P
k=1 x0

Zb

Zx

f2(t)dt + :::

x0

fk (t)dt, [a; b.

f1(t1)dt +

Zb
a

32

f2(t)dt + : : : :

. fk

()

(x) [a; b P fk (x)-

k=1

a; b S x , 1,  S(x) a; b , , a; b . Sn x
n
1
P
P
fk x : 
fk x a; b  S x ,
k=1

()

k=1

[
[

()

( )=
()

Sn(x) ! S (x) [a; b. ) 8" >

N; 8n > N; 8x 2 [a; b (jSn(x) S (x)j < b " a ): )

0; 9N = N (") 2
Rx
8n > N; 8x 2 [a; b : j S (t)dt
Rx

j (S (t)
x0

Sn(t))dtj 

1 Rx
P

k=1 x0

x0
Rx
x0

jS (t)

n Rx
P

k=1 x0

Rx

Rx

x0

x0

fk (t)dtj = j S (t)dt

Sn(t)jdt <

Rx "
b a dt
x0

 ":

Sn(t)dtj =

Rx

fk (t)dt [a; b S (t)dt.

x0

3 .
4. a; b  fn x ,
. fn x
x0
a; b , , ,
0
fn x a; b , fn x a; b f x fn0 x f 0 x .
. fn0 x - a; b , fn0 x - 0 x - a; b .
a; b .
' x
f
n
n!1
Rx
Rx 0
2: ' t dt
fn t dt
fn x fn x0 - -

( ( ))
( ( ))

2[

( ( ))

[
( ( ))

[
( ) ( ( ))

( ( ))

()
[ ()

[ )
( ) = lim ( )
[
( ) = nlim
( ) = nlim
( ( ) ( ))
!1
!1
x0
x0
[a; b. lim fn (x0) . ) (fn(x)) [a; b. f (x) = lim fn(x). f (x) =
n!1
Rx
f (x0) + '(t)dt. ) f 0(x) = '(x), .. lim fn0 (x) = f 0(x).
x0

4 .
 
4  .
33

[a; b f1(x)+ f2(x)+ : : : , 1

P
.
fk (x)
1
1
P
x0 2 [a; b, , ,
fk0 (x) [a; b,
1
1
1
P
P
0
fk (x) [a; b S (x) S (x) = fk0 (x).

0 .

: [2, .II, 11.8, .409, 3.

2.4 

.  :

0 + 1x + 2x2 + :::;
 k 2 R; k = 0; 1; 2; :::, x-
.

1
P

x0 6= 0, jxj  q , q - ,
0 < q < jx0j.
1
P
. 
k xk x = x0. ) lim k xk0 = 0.
.

k xk

k!1

) a , k  0 : j k xk0 j < a.

0 + 1x0( xx0 ) + 2x20( xx0 )2 + ::: .) j k xk j = j k xk0 jj xx0 jk < aj xx0 jk = adk ,
d = j xx0 j = jjxx0jj :
jxj  q < jx0j: ) d < 1 x 2 [ q; q :  a + ad +
::: + adk + ::: d < 1
jxj  q .
.
. q < x0 ,
1
P
k xk x0 < x < x0 . -

j j

j j

.
34

j j

1+ + +
( )=

jj 1
! 1)

. 
x x2 ::: x <
xn+1
(
x 1, rn x
n
.
1 x
,
n+1
n x1 x < " x
; .

(1

!0

(0 1)

1
P

k xk .

,
. , :
1
P
1.
k xk x
. ,

=0

=0

(x
) .
2. ,
(1 ).
.
x 2x2 : : : nnxn : : :.
x
. , n,
n x > .
nn x n n n x n
n x n > n.
,
1
P
n
.

kk xk - x .

1+ +2 + +
+
6= 0
j j 2 ) j j = j j = ( j j)

!1 )

6= 0

3. ,
).
2
n
.
x x22 : : : nxn : : :.

1+ + + + +

j n j = jxjn = ( jxj )
jj
12

()

x 2 R (II

n < 1 n,
 x: nxn
nn
n
2
n, x =n < = .
1
P
1k

2 , -

()

1 k
P
x
,
kk

35

x 2 R.

4. , ,
(III ).
2
3
n 1 xn : : :.
. x x2 x3 : : :
n
x
; .
( ). x
R ,
x, x < R, x,
x > R. ( x
R ,
R- .)
1
P
. 
k xk , ..

2 ( 1 1

+( 1)

jj

jj

j j

jj

x 6= 0,

1
P

k xk
0
, . A , B .

I1

= [A; B . I1 I2 -

I1, - (
-, -).
, I1 I2 : : : In : : :. In -
jI1 j
In . , In
n
. 2n
1
T
M
In. , OM R.

j 0j

   
j j= !0
!1
2
n=1

j j

x < R. M 0 ,
Ik , x < OM 0 .
x . ,

j 0j

36

x00, jx00j > R. .

( -).  1
p
P
n

nxn  R
=l, l
n . -

=1

= nlim
j j
!1
, l = 0, R = +1, , l = +1,
R = 0.
1
P
. 1. (l = +1). ,
nxn
0
x 6= 0. 1
P
n
.
n xn x0 6= 0. ) nlim

n x0 = 0. )
!1
0
n
A > 0 ,
< A, n =
p j n x0 j p
p 0; 1; 2; : : : (
n
n
,
A > p
1). ) j nj
jx0j < A. ) n j nj < A=jx0j,
pn
A < A. ) lim n j n j 6= +1, . ,
n!1
l = +1 x 6= 0.
1
P
nxn
2. (l = 0). ,
0
p
x0 2 R. l = 0, lim n j n j = 0. )
n!1
p
p
n
n
lim jp
nj = 0. ) 8" > 0; 9N 2 N; 8n > N : j n j < ". " = 2jx1 0j .
n j n j
jx0j < 12 . ) j n j
jx0 jn = j n xn0 j < 21n .
0

21n , n xn0 .
3. ( < l <
). , x
x1,
1
P
x1 < 1l ,
nxn , x x2,
0
p
1
n
x2 > l , . l
n , " >

+1

j j
j j
0; 9N 2 N, 8n > N :

"

l
jx1j < 1).

= nlim
j j
!1

p
n

j nj < l + ":

=
=

(1)

1 l
jx1j ( " > 0, jx j < 1 , ,

1
2jx1j
l

(1)
37

j nj < l + 1 2jxljxj 1j = 1 +2jxljxj 1j ;

p
n

j njjx1j < 1 +2ljx1j = q < 1:

p
n

n, :

j njjx1jn < qn;

j nxn1 j < qn:

q n ,

q <

1,

1
P

nxn

x x1.
l , n, :
p

j nj > l ";
(2)
" > 0. " = (ljx2j 1)=jx2j) ( " > 0, jx2 j > 1l ,
ljx2j > 1). " (2),
p
n
j nj > jx1 j ;
n

p
n

j njjx2j > 1:

n -

j nxn2 j > 1;

n. 1
P
n
, n x2
, n
. 
n xn x x2.

90

!1

38

1
P

nxn jxj < R,

0
 jxj  q ,
q < R.
1.

.
,
x q, q < R ,  (. 2.3).
1
P
2.
n xn x < R

j j (

 S

0 1
P

(x).

jj

n n

xn

1, P nxn
0

jj

, x < R
1
P
S0 x
n nxn 1 x < R.
1
p
p
1 n+1
n+1
n
n
n

n

.
n+1
n+1 n
n!1
n!1
1
1
p
p
P
P
n+1
n
n
n+1
n l.  nx , n nxn 1 -

( )=

lim

n!1

jj

lim j( + 1) j = lim [( + 1) (
j = nlim
j j= )
!1
0

j) =

1
P

R. , : n nxn 1
1
jxj  q , ,
j1x0j  q. )  (. 2,3): S 0(x0) =
P
n nxn0 1. x0- ( R; R),

.
1
P
3.
n xn

S (x),

1
P

Rx n
n t dt;
x0

R < x0 < x < R.

39

Rx
x0

jxj

<

S (t)dt


 

 III.

n- .
3.1  n- 
1. n x1; : : : ; xn (n - ), , n- (:
x1; : : : ; xn ). xi .
,
.
1.
x1; : : : ; xn ,
y1; : : : ; yn
), xi yi i
; : : : ; n.
(
2.
x1 y1; : : : ; xn
yn .
3. 

x=(

x=(
x=y
=
x y

) y=(

=1
x+y = ( +

x = (x1; : : : ; xn)

= (0

0)

. : 1. 
; : : : ; . ,  :

.
2.
-1 :
.

x+ =x
x y
x y = x + ( 1)y

 

:
1.
( ).
2.
( ).
3.
,
.

x+y =y+x
(x + y) + z = x + (y + z)
x+y = x+z y =z

40

x + y = (x + y);  2 R ( x + x = ( +  )x; ;  2 R.
( x) = ( )x; ;  2 R ( ).
1
x=x
0
x=

4. 


).
5. 


6.  

7.
.
8.
.

3.
n- n .

x = (x1; : : : ; xn), xi 2 R,

n-
1.

(x; y) =

n
P
i=1

xiyi

x y (x y 2 R )

;
n .
:
1. ;
; .
2. ;
 , ..
; 
:

(x y) = (y x)
(x y)

2R

x; y

(x +  y; z) = (x; z) +  (y; z):

3. (x; x)  0 x 2 Rn ; (x; x) = 0. ) x = .
n
n
P
P
. 1. (x; y) =
xiyi = yixi = (y; x).
i=1
i=1
n
n
n
n
P
P
2. (x +  y; z) =
(xi + yi)zi = xizi + P yizi =  P xizi +
i=1
i=1
i=1
i=1
n
P
 yizi = (x; z) +  (y; z).
i=1
: 1 2 : (x; y +  z) = (x; y) +  (x; z).
n
n
P
P
2
3. (x; x) =
xi  0; (x; x) = x2i = 0. ) x2i = 0. ) x = .
i=1

i=1

, :
41

x; y 2 Rn ()
j(x; y)j  (x; x)1=2
(y; y)1=2:
2. x; y 2 Rn
(x + y; x + y)1=2  (x; x)1=2 + (y; y)1=2
()
. 1. x; y 2 Rn ,  2 R. 1 - 3
1.

0  (x + y; x + y) = (x; x) + 2(x; y) + 2(y; y)

(1)
(x;y)
(y; y) 6= 0, , (1)  = (y;y) ,
(x; y) (x; y) = 2(y; y);
(x; y) =
(y; y)
..
2
0  (x; x) 2(y; y) = (x; x) ((xy;;yy)) : )
j(x; y)j  (x; x)1=2(y; y)1=2:
(y; y) = 0, .. y = ,
, (x; ) = 0.
2. (x + y; x + y) = (x; x)+2(x; y)+(y; y)  (x; x)+2j(x; y)j +(y; y) 
(x; x) + 2(x; x)1=2(y; y)1=2 + (y; y) = ((x; x)1=2 + (y; y)1=2)2:
() .
2. jjxjj = (x; x)1=2 x.
 
:
1.
.
2. 

,
,x
n.
3.
, ;
n.

jjxjj = 0 ) x =
jj xjj = j j
jjxjj 2 R 2 R
jjx + yjj  jjxjj + jjyjj

42

x y2R

3. n- n , ,
; 1=2
, n- .

jjxjj = (x x)

3.2  .
 

1. "-
0 ":

x0 2 Rn

x
S"(x0) = fx 2 Rnjkx x0k < "g
2.
 Rn , -

..

"-,

8x 2
; 9" > 0(S"(x) 
):
3. X  Rn , Rn n
- .
:
S
1. i i2I - n ,

(
)

n .
S
.
i.

i2I

x 2
) x 2
i0 , i0 2 I . )
i2I
S
S
S"(x) , S"(x) 
i0 .) S"(x) 
i. )
i i2I

i2I

i, i = 1; : : : ; n, Rn, T
i - .
i=1
n
T
. x 2

i. ) x 2
i i = 1; : : : ; n.
i=1
) i = 1; : : : ; n
"i > 0 , S"i (x)  (
i).
n
n
T
T
) " = 1min
"
,

S
(
x
)


.
)

i - .
"
i
in i
2.

i=1

i=1

43

.
 1
. ,
<k ,
k ; ; : : :,
, - .
4. 0
T
T
S" x0
S" x0
(,
n , " >
, S" x0
S" 0
0 - "-
0 ).
.
.
n ,
.
. - x0 = . n -,
S" x0
.
n
0 .
, 0 = . , 0 , " >
,
T
S 0
, .. S" 0
.
-
- .
n
n
.

x=
x
 ( )
6= ?
09x2 ( )

 ( ) = (x ) n fx g

=1 2

R

x j kxk

R

2
R n

( )  R n
) x

(x )
6= ?

x 2

(x )  R n
) R n

0
)

 
:
1. Xi i2I -

( )

-
2.

Rn.

Rn, T Xi
i2I

n
S

X1; : : : ; Xn - Rn, i=1 Xi - .

: (.[8, 1.1) .

R

5.
n .
6. 0
n
T
, " > , S" 0
0 .

x 2
(
 R )
0

44

(x )
= fx g

7. 0
n , " > S" 0 ,
, .
8.
n ,
N > ,
SN  .

0 (x )

R

 ( )

 
: 
.
:[2, .7, 7,9, .231, 3.

 Rn


:
- ( )
n x
>N ,N
,N> .
n
, , n
.

f 2 R j kxk

2R

1 R

1

3.3 .  .

( )

1. Ui i2I n
S
X
Ui. , , Ui - ,
n , X
i2I
.
2. K
n ,

( , I -
i).

R

R

45

 Rn ,

. K
.

( (x))

. . K S1
x2K 1 K .
n
S
S1 1 ; : : : ; S1 n , i
K , , K
S1 i .

SN +1(),

(x )

(x ) x 2

(x ) )
i+1
= 1max
kx k,  = (0; : : : ; 0), .. K - .
in i

K . ,
K .

= K K .  S 1
,n
. S 1
,
n
n
1
T
n
. ,
S1 .

x2

2N

(x) 2 N

fxg =

(x)
n (x)

n=1

1
Un = Rn n S n (x). ) Un - . ,
1
1
1
T
S
S
K  C fxg = C
Sn1 (x) = (Rn n Sn1 (x)) =
Un. )
n=1
n=1
n=1
(Un)n2N K , U1  U2  U3  : : :

K - ,
n0 2 N , Un0  K . )
T
S n1 (x) K = . ) x K ,
0
. , K - -

= fx = (

. K -
x1 ; : : : ;
xn
N xi N;
i n - ,
n
K . , K . Ui i2I K , .
; : : : ; n.


n 1j , j
T
1
1
, j , , j1 K
Ui i2I . 
1j n 2j , j
; : : : ; n. T
, 2j2 , 2j2 K Ui i2I .

)2Rj


( )

1  g

=1

46

=1

2


( )

( )





2
, 1j1
::: T

j2
, , sjs K Ui i2I .

1
T
s.
, .
0
js

( )

x 2 s=1

x0 K . , S" (x0) - ", x0. ,

kjk  S"(x0). ) x 2 K T S"(x0). ) x0 - K . , K -, x0 2 K . )
i0 2 I , x0 2 Ui0 . Ui0 , )

0
:
 ( )
( )
( )

( )

, > , S x0
Ui0 .
s
s
S x0
Ui0 . , T sjs
js
s
Ui i2I . , K
js
Ui i2I . . ,
,
, K - .
.

. X .
. : X .
X - .
X , X - . X
, , X .
X
X .
X - ,
. , X .

47

3.4  .

()

R R

n m .
.,
n m ( m f ,
() m (: f
m ).
:
1. f
,
n .
 n ( x
x1 ; : : : ; xn
)
f x1; : : : ; xn .
2. f
. n,
. , -
n , ( n ). :
k ,
k
.
. f
,
.

R

R)

:
!R

:
!R
R

:
!R
R

2N

(x )

=(

)2

x:N!R
R
:
!R
R

(x )

k - .
1. 0
, k>N
k , " > , N
k
0 <" .
2. k
(:
), M > , N
, k>N
k
k >M .

lim x = 1

0 9 2N 8

(kx x k
(x )

0 9 2N 8
(kx k )
3. (xk ) , M > 0 , kxk k  M k 2 N.

k!1

 
:
48

 1 ( ).
.
2.
k , .

lim x

k!1

(x )

3 ( ). k
, ,
.. " > , N
, p; q > N
p
q <" .
: 1-3
  (. [8, 2.12.4).

0 9 2N 8

R R
R (
 R )

(kx x k

n m .
.
m  f
m
n 0
n ,
1. f 0, ,
, 0.
2. k
f k
0, k
0, k
.
. 2 :
0. " > , > ,
<
f
< ",
0 <
, :
T
00 . " > , > ,
S 0
f
S" .
.
 :

y2R
x 2R
x

:
!

x
x ! x x =6 x x 2
( (x ) !

y)

2 8

09

2 8

09

0 8x 2
(0 kx x k ) k (x) yk
0 8x 2  (x )
( (x) 2 (y))
lim f (x) = y:

x!x0

49

 

1: xlim
f (x) = 1 , f
!x0
x0 2 Rn , , , x0 8N > 0,
9 > 0, 8x 2
(0 < kx x0k < ) kf (x)k > N ).
2: xlim
f (x) = y ,
f (xk ) ! y,
!1
xk ! 1, xk 2
, k = 1; 2; 3; : : :.
, f -. f :

! Rn,
 Rn. t 2

f (t) = (f1(t); : : : ; fn(t)) 2 Rn :

2R

()

y=(

f t t0

y1; : : : ; yn ,

1. f t0 , ,
, t0 .
2. " > , > ,

09

8t 2
(0 < jt

t0j < ) kf (t)

y k  ")

()
( (*) 2 200.
 
:
( ).
y1; : : : ; yn
n  f t
f1 t ; : : : ; fn t t0
,

fk t yk k ; : : : ; n.

()=( ()
lim ( ) =
t!t0

y=(

( ))

)2R

=1

2R

:
! Rn,
 R,
lim f (t); t!lim
f (t).
t!t0 +0
t0 0

. -
:

50

()

. - f t ()
t0

n ,
1. f t t0 , ,
, t0 .
2. tk
t0, tk > t0 tk < t0 tk
f tk
.
:
f t f t0
,
f t f t0
.

2R

y2R

()

( ( ) ! y)

lim ( ) = ( + 0) t!lim
( )= (
t0 0

0)

t!t0 +0

(*), ,
t0
f1 t0 ; : : : ; fn t0
, f t0
f1 t0
; : : : ; fn t0
.

f(

+0) = ( ( +0)
:
!R

( +0)) (

0) = ( (

0)

0))

:
! Rm,
 Rn;  f g

f
m, g

x0 x0.
1: xlim
[f (x)  g(x) = xlim
f (x)  xlim
g(x) ,
!x0
!x0
!x0
, , .
2: xlim
f (x) = y 6= , > 0 , kf (x)k >
!x0
1 kyk x 2 S (x0) T
.
2
3 : ( ). f T x0 ,
8" > 0 9 > 0 8x; z 2 S (x0)

(kf (x) f (z)k < "):

1 3

,
.
.  :  f
, g
,
f g
n ,

1
lim (x) (x) =
x!x0

:
!R :
!R
R
lim f (x)
x!x
f (x)
lim
f
(
x
)
lim
g
(
x
)
, lim g(x) = lim0 g(x) , lim g (x) 6= 0, ,
x!x0
x!x0
x!x0
x!x
0

, .
51

3.5  

R x 2

, 0 . n, 0

. l 0;
n ,
0 t t
;t
, 0 (. .)

R  0g

y2R

kyk = 1

(x y) = fx + yj 2

:
!R

f
m

T
U 0 l 0;

, ,

0.

(x ) (x y)

l
= ft  0jx0 + ty 2
g:
-, l
, : fl
f 0 t , t l
.

(x + y) 2

z2R

f
lim fl(t) = z.
t!0+0

.
m 
f ),
0 (:

(t) =

y
z = x!lim
(x)
x0 (y)
. z = lim f (x), z = lim f (x) x!x0
x!x0 (y)
T
y , f U (x0) l(x0; y)
, , x0.
: y, lim f (x) .
x!x0
. (x1; x2) r = '(0 < '  2 )
f : R2 n f2g ! R :

0 ; kxk  ' .
; kxk < '
52

= (0 0)


; 
f , , 1, .. f 
.
,

( )=1

lim (x) = 1
y(kyk = 1). , lim f (ty) = 1
t!0+0
x!(y)

kyk = 1. xlim
f (x) , , !

= (0 0)


; , r
1, f
.

(x) = 0

='

3.6 

:
!R
R

1. f
m,
n
0
n ,
1. f U x0 0 .
2.
f
f 0.

x 2R
lim (x) = (x )
x!x0

( )

. 2 :

8" > 0; 9 > 08x 2

(kx x0k < ) kf (x)

f (x0)k < "):

 
, :
1. f
m, g
m,
n ,
0
,  f g .

x 2

:
!R

:
!R
R

53

:
!R :
!

.  f
, g
,
n f g f=g ,
0
 f g
f g f=g g x0
:
2.  f
,
n,
: f 0 f 0
, f
0.
1,2 1  (. ,
).

R
R

( ( ) 6= 0)

x 2

:
!R
R
x (x ) 6=

(x)

1 2

R R R
:
!R
R :
!R

R
(
) 

x 2

(x )
:
!R
x
1
. lim (g f )(x) = lim g (f (x))=(: f (x) = y)=
x!x0
x!x0
2
lim g(y) = g(y0) = g(f (x0)) = (g f )(x0), f (x0) = y0.
y!y0
 1 f x0 (f (x) ! f (x0)
x ! x0), 2 - g f (x0) = y0.
2. f :
! Rm ,
 Rn ,
x 2
.
3. f :
! Rm ,
 Rn
3 ( ). n ; m ; k f
1
m, 1
n, g
2
k, 2
m , f 1
2, f - 0
1, g-
f 0 . g f
1
k 0 .

8" > 0; 9 > 0; 8x; y 2

(kx yk < ) kf (x)

f (y)k < ")

.  , , ,
.
.
54

y0 2 Rm . "" f (x) =
y0(x0 2
 Rn) - .
2. f : Rn ! R, f (x) = x1 , x =
1.

(x1; : : : ; xn),
s . ,
n
P
jx1 y1 j  kx yk =
(xk yk )2. ,
k=1
kx yk < , kf (x) f (y)k = jx1 y1 j < . ,
3 ( )
".
3.
,  n
, .
,
<
,
3 ".

kxk

jkxk kykj

kx yk

R R
: !R

1. n m - , K -
Rn , f K
m - . f .
. , , f 1
. , " > , m
,
K m
m; m
m < m ,
f m f m > ". K . K - . m , , , mk
0 K.
mk
0, mk x0
mk
mk
mk
mk
mk
0 < m2k . f
0 K

(. 3),
f mk f mk
f mk

k (x ) (y )k

0 8 2 N 9x y 2 (kx

(x )

yk

x !x 2 )y !
x
ky
x + x k  ky x k + kx x k
x2
kxk
lim k (x ) (y ))k = k klim
(x
k!1
!1
lim f (ymk )k = 0, kf (xmk ) f (ymk )k > ",
k!1
8k 2 N. , f - K .

 f . f
> , ;
K
<
f
f
< .
S
;
K;

:9

0 8x y 2
f (x)g x 2

(kx yk
55

) k (x)

(y)k

1)

K.

S (x1); : : : ; S (xm).  S (xk ). x 2 S (xk ),

kx xk k < ) kf (x) f (xk)k < 1. ) kf (x)k < 1+ kf (xk )k, x 2 S (xk ).

kf (x)k  M = 1 + max
k
f (xk )k, 8x 2 K .
k
1 .
2. K
K
n - f
. f , ..
0 , 0 K , f 0
f ,f 0
f .

( R )

!R

x y2

(x ) = sup (x) (y ) = xinf

(x)
2K
x2K
.  = sup f (x). xm 2 K ,
x2K

1 < f (x )  ; m 2 N:

()
m

x 2
(x ) x ! x 2
lim (x ) = (x )
s!1

m
K , K - ,
m - . , ms s2N ; ms
. f - K ,
0 K s

f ms f 0 .

(x )

!1
()

< f (xms )  :
ms
, ms ! 1 s ! 1, : f (xms ) !  s ! 1.
f (x0) = .
y0 2 K , f (y0) = inf f (x)).


x2K

2 .
.
n ,
;
- '
;
, '
,'
.
3. K
n - ( ) f K
, 
f ,
f  < < ,

x y2

R

(0) = x (1) = y
( R )
: !R
= sup (x) = xinf2K (x)
x2K
y 2 K , f (y) = .
. x(1) ; x(2) 2 K , f (x(1)) =  , f (x(2)) =
 ' : [0; 1 ! K - - , '(0) = x(1),
[0 1 !

56

= x(2) '([0; 1)  K . g = f0' - () , [0; 1, g (0) =  ,

g(1) = . ,
, t 2 [0; 1 , g (t) = . y = '(t)
'(1)

.
3 .

57

 IV.

.

: -  .
4.1  -

:
!R
R

- f
. n,
: f t , t
.
1. - f t t

( ) 2
R
f_(t) =

df
dt

()

f (t + h)
= hlim
!0
h

f (t)

f ;
= hlim
!0 h

.
. - f t t ,
.
2. - f
,  f t , t
, - f .
, m -
f t :

()

() 2

()

dmf
dtm

d dm 1f
= dt dtm 1 ; m = 2; 3; : : : :
m 1

, ddtm f1
t. 2- f f t .

 = ( )

58

 -

-

t [a; b ((a; b)) ,

f (t) = (f1(t); : : : ; fn(t)) 2 Rn ;

()

(1)

() - f t ,
, (1)
.  a; b
a; b , - f t , ..
a; b a; b .
3 -

[ (( ))
()
[ (( ))

f (t) = ('(t); (t); (t)); t 2 (a; b):

.1 
B  - .

= f (t) 2 A
AB =
f =
= f (t +
t) f (t).

t ! 0 B,

,
A, ,
A
B ,

,

A.

f_ =
 A.
59

f
lim

t!0
t

kf_k f_

k

ft k

ft
t ! 0, j k f_ k
k

ft k j k f_

ft k! 0, (
t ! 0).

()

t f t
, f t ,
t. f . ,
f t.
- f t
t, .. f
t.

_( )

k _k

( )

-

()=( ()

( ))

1. - f t
f1 t ; :::; fn t m- t ,  fk t m-
t, k
; :::; n,

=1
dmf (t)
= (f (m); :::; f m(t));

(m)(

dtm

()

()
=1

fk t -m-  fk t .
.  m
, m .
4f
f t
f1 t ; :::; fn t , ..
h

_( ) = ( _ ( )

4f1 ; :::; 4fn ):

lim
(
h
h!0 h

_ ( ))

lim

h!0

==

-
4fk f t , .. f t
:
fk0 t .
k
k
h

_()= ()
= _()
, fk0 (k = 1; :::; n), .. lim 4hfk =
h!0
= fk0 (t), k = 1; :::; n.
4f = lim( 4f1 ; :::; 4fk ) = (lim 4f1 ; :::; lim 4fk ) =
lim
h!0 h
h!0 h
h!0 h
h!0 h
h
= (f10 (t); :::; fk0 (t)):
lim

h!0

.
60

 2 ( ). - f; g
,
n;
t
 t ; t
, -  df (t)
dg(t)
d
, dt f t
gt
 t dfdt 0 t f t .
dt
dt , d  t f t
, 1  .

:
!R
R

() 2

( ( )  ( )) = 

( ( ) ( ) = ( ) + ( ) ( ))

4.2  
.
1.

:
!R
R

f
;
n , -  (
: - .
1.  f x
xk h

n)

= (x1; :::; xn) 2

4xkhf (x) = f (x1; :::; xk

1; xk + h; xk+1; :::; xn)

f (x1; :::; xn);

h- , ,
.
2.  f x
f x1; :::; xn
xk x

( )= (

fx0 k =

f
xk

4xkhf (x) ; k = 1; :::; n;

= fx(x) = hlim
!0
h
k

.
2. 


( )
( )

 f x; y x y . 
x0; y0 . f
x x0; y0 
x  f x; y0 ,  ,
z
f x; y y y0. f
x

)
(

= ( )

61

 ,
x0; y0 X . (..2).
, f
y x0; y0 , x0; y0 z
f x; y
f
f
x x0 Y . . 2 tg x ; tg y .

.
z
x

= yxy

= ( )

z = xy ; x > 0.

1 -  x (y

- ).
z
xy x - 
y
y (x - ).

= ln

3. 
( n - ).
u f x; y; z ; x; y; z
, - 3.

= (

)(

)2

62

 1. 
x; y; z

u = f (x; y; z )

4u = 4f (x; y; z) = f (x + 4x; y + 4y; z + 4z) f (x; y; z);

(4x; 4y; 4z ) - x; y; z , j4xj; j4y j; j4z j < , (x +
4x; y + 4y; z + 4z) 2
.

= (

1.  u
f x; y; z
( ) x; y; z , () ,
x; y; z , 
p
f
f
f

(4 4 4 )
4u = x 4x + y 4y + z 4z + o();  ! 0;  = 4x2 + 4y2 + 4z2;
(x; y; z ).
.

4u = [f (x + 4x; y + 4y; z + 4z) f (x; y + 4y; z + 4z)+

+[f (x; y + 4y; z + 4z) f (x; y; z + 4z) + [f (x; y; z + 4z) f (x; y; z):
 .  f x; y; z G
x; y; z . x; y; z ,
x
x; y
y; z
z
G.
 :

( )
( +4

+4

4 4 4
+4 ) 2

4u = fx0 (x + 14x; y + 4y; z + 4z)4x + fy0 (x; y + 24y; z + 4z)4y+

+fz0 (x; y; z + 34z)4z; j1j; j2j; j3j < 1:
(1)

(x; y; z)
fx0 (x + 14x; y + 4y; z + 4z ) = fx0 (x; y; z ) + "1;
fy0 (x; y + y 42; z + 4z ) = fy0 (x; y; z ) + "2;

, fx0 ; fy0 ; fz0

63

fz0 (x; y; z + 34z ) = fz0 (x; y; z ) + "3;

"1 ; "2; "3 ! 0  ! 0. (1)
4u = fx0 (x; y; z)4x + fy0 (x; y; z)4y + fz0 (x; y; z)4z + "14x + "24y+
+"34z = fx0 (x; y; z)4x + fy0 (x; y; z)4y + fz0 (x; y; z)4z + o();  ! 0:
, "1 4x + "2 4y + "3 4z = o();  ! 0. ,
,
p


2 "2 "2 p
 "1 x "2 y "3 z 
"
1 2 3






q
"21 "22 "23
; 

4 + 4 + 4 6

+ +
4x2 + 4y2 + 4z2 =

+ + !0

! 0:

1 .
2. u f x; y; z  x; y; z , u
A x B y C z o  ,

, A; B; C - , x; y; z .
A x B y C z
u.
. fx0 ; fy0 ; fz0 x,
y, z , 1 , ,  u f x; y; z x; y; z , 
A fx0 ; B fy0 ; C fz0 .
2. ,  u f x; y; z  x; y; z , ,
.
. u f x; y; z  x; y;
z:

!0

4 +
4 +
4
4

4 4

= (

4 4 4

= ( )
4 =
4 +
4 +
4 + ( )

= (

= (

4u = A
4x + B
4y + C
4z + o();  ! 0
(1) 4x = h; 4y = 4z = 0.
4xhu = A
h + o(h); h ! 0: ) hlim
(4 u=h) = A;
!0 xh
64

(1)

.. x; y; z fx0
A.
fy0 ; fz0 .

4x = 4z = 0; 4y = h : 4yhu = B
h + o(h); h ! 0: ) hlim

(4 u=h) =
!0 yh

= B = fy0 :
4x = 4y = 0; 4z = h : 4zhu = C
h + o(h); h ! 0: ) hlim
(4 u=h) =
!0 zh
= C = fz0 :

2 .
.   , .
3.   u f x; y; z ,  x; y; z ,
 ()  f x; y; z ,

x; y; z .
: du fx0
x fy0 y fz0 z .
x   x; y; z ,

= (

(4 4 4 )

=
4 +
4 +
4

dx = x0x
4x + x0y
4y + x0z
4z = 1
4x + 0
4y + 0
4z = 4x

: =4

=4

y; z dy
y; dz
z.
,  :

du = fx0 dx + fy0 dy + fz0 dz:

.
1. fx0 dx; fy0 dy; fz0 dz   u f x; y; z x; y; z
: dx u
fx0 dx; dy u fy0 dy; dz u fz0 dz . ,
  .

= (
=

65

= (

2.   u
f x; y; z  ( ),

(  ).

= (

) = g(x; y; z), -

 f
f x; y; z ; g
x; y; z ,

d(f  g) = df  dg;
d(f
g) = fdg + gdf;
d(f=g) = (gdf fdg)=g2; g 6= 0:

, , :
 
 
 
 

f
d
g
g f
y

g
f x
g f
 f
 f
 f
x
= x g dx + y g dy + z g dz = g2 dx+
 

f
g
f g
f
g
1
f
f
f
y
dy + z 2 z dz = 2 g
dx + dy + dz
2
g
g
g
x
y
z


g
g
g
1
f
dx + dy + dz = 2 (gdf fdg):
x
y
z
g

4.3

= ( )
=(
)

 S ,  z f x; y .
. , L0
x0 ; y0 ; z 0
z0 f x0; y0 S ,
' LL0 ,
L, S ,
L0 (. 3.).
'
L
L0, '

L L0.

( = (

\ !0
!

))

sin ! 0

jLM j = o(1); L ! L
0
jLL0j
66

jj

( LM ; LL0 - L M; L0 ).
, , 1, .

0 .

S L0 , L L0
LM ,
LL0 ,
..

jLM j = o(jLL0j); L ! L0:

, , L0
.
.  z f x; y  x0; y0 ,
S L0 ,

= ( )

z0 = fx0 (x0; y0)(x x0) + fy0 (x0; y0)(y

y0):

. L0 , z z0
A x x0 B y y0 .
, LM
o LL0 , L
L0. LM
LN (
jLM j
), jLL0j -

= (
)+ (
j j = (j j)

jLN j jLN j

jLL0j :

= jz.

z.j

= jz

67

z0

A(x

x0 )

B (y

y0)j

j4z

A4x B 4yj, 4z = z z0; 4x = x x0; 4y = y y0. ,

LN j jLN j
0  jjLL

;  = 4x2 + 4y2
j 
p

LL0

(1)

XOY.
z A
x

4 =
4 + B
4y + o();  ! 0, jLN j ! 0,  ! 0,
4z (A
4x + B
4y) = o() = o(1);  ! 0:
(2)


(x0; y0),
= ( ) = fy0 (x0; y0). "jLN j
" (1) : jLL0j ! 0,
 ! 0. , L ! L0. ,
, (x0; y0; z0) 2 S , (  (x0; y0) ,
f 
(2) A fx0 x0; y0 ; B

S )
z

z0 = fx0 (x0; y0)(x x0) + fy0 (x0; y0)(y

y0 ):

.
4.4  . 

 

:
!R
R

f
;
3; - . (
n- 
).
f x; y; z 
1.  u
x; y; z ,  x ' t; v ; y
t; v ; z  t; v ,
t v , t
v. t v  F t; v

= ( )
= ( ) = ( )

= ( )

( )=

68

f ('(t; v); (t; v); (t; v)) :

F f x f y f z
=
+
+
;
t x t y t z t
F f x f y f z
=
+
+
:
v x v y v z v
. (t; v ) (x; y; z ).  v , t 4t.
4tx; 4ty; 4tz  x = '(t; v); y = (t; v); z = (t; v).
f -  (x; y; z ),
f
4u = f (x + 4x; y + 4y; z + 4z) f (x; y; z) = f


4
x +
4y+
x
y
p
f
+ z
4z + o();  ! 0 ( = 4x2 + 4y2 + 4z2):
4t x; 4ty; 4t z . ( t)  F (t; v ):
f
f
4tF = F (t + 4t; v) F (t; v) = f


4


4

4 z+
tx +
ty +
x
y
z t
q

+o();  ! 0 ( = 42t x + 42t y + 42t z ):

 4t F 4t 4t ! 0.
4tF = lim F (t + 4t; v) F (t; v) =
F (t; v)
=
lim
4t!0 4t
4t!0
t
t


f 4tx f 4ty f 4tz

o()
= 4lim


+


+


+
lim
=
t!0 x 4t
4t!0 4t
y 4t z 4t
x f y f z
o()
= f


+


+


;
x t y t z t
4t =
p
= o( (4tx=4t)2 + (4ty=4t)2 + (4tz=4t)2) ! 0; 4t ! 0:
69

  F
v . 1 .
2.  x
' t; v ; y
t; v ; z  t; v  t; v ,  u f x; y; z 
x
' t; v ; y
t; v ; z  t; v .
 F t; v
f ' t; v ; t; v ;  t; v  t; v .
. t; v t; v , . x
't
t; v
v ' t; v ; y
t
t; v
v
t; v ; z  t
t; v
v  t; v . x; y; z ,
,  f
u f x x; y
y; z
z f x; y; z . f 
x; y; z , u 

= ( )

( )

= ( ) = ( )
( )
= ( )
( = ( ) = ( ) = ( ))
( ) = ( ( ) ( ) ( ))

4 4
4 = ( +4 +4 ) ( ) 4 = ( +4 +4 )
( ) 4 = ( +4 +4 ) ( )
4 4 4
: 4 = ( +4 +
4 +4 ) (
)
( )
4
f
f
4u = f
4
x + 4y + 4z + o();  ! 0;
x
y
z

(1)

= 4x2 + 4y2 + 4z2, fx ; fy ; fz

(x; y; z).
 ! 0 4x ! 0; 4y ! 0; 4z ! 0, o() = "1
4x + "2
4y +
"3
4z , "1 ! 0; "2 ! 0; "3 ! 0 4x ! 0; 4y ! 0; 4z ! 0 (

p :
p
p j"1
4x + "2
4y + "3
4z j 
2
2
2
"1 + "2 + "3
4x2 + 4y2 + 4z 2 = 
"21 + "22 + "23). ,

(1)

f
f
4u = f
4
x + 4y + 4z + "1
4x + "2
4y + "3
4z: (2)
x
y
z

4 4 4

, x; y; z
 x
' t; v ; y
t; v ; z  t; v ,
t; v . -

= ( )

= ( )

4 4

70

= ( )

'; ;   (t; v),

x
4x = x
4
t + 4v + o(1);
t
v
y
4y = y
4
t + 4v + o(1);
t
v
z
4z = z
4
t + 4v + o(1);
t
v
p
1 ! 0, 1 = 4t2 + 4v 2 ,
x x y y z z
; ; ; ; ;
t v t v t v
(t; v ). (3) (2).


f x f y f z
4u = x
t + y
t + z
t 4t+
, 

(3)

x f y f z
f f f
+ f


+


+


4
v+
+ +

o(1)+
x v y v z v
x y z
F
4
t + 4v + o(1); 1 ! 0: (4)
+"1
4x + "2
4y + "3
4z = F
t
v

f f
1. f
x ; y ; z x; y; z , .. , o 1
o 1 .

( )

2.

( )

j4xj  onst
1; j4yj  onst
1; j4zj  onst
1. -

 (3).

! 0 1 ! 0. , "i ! 0 4x ! 0; 4y !
0; 4z ! 0.  x = '(t; v); y = (t; v); z = (t; v)

3. "i

, ,
x; y; z 1
.

!0

4 4 4

71

(t; v),

4. "1 x; "2 y; "3 z

. 2 3.

o(1),

2 .

 (  n - ).
 u
f x; y; z
D  .
 , M0 M1 , D M0
x0; y0; z0 ; M1
x0
x; y0
y; z0
z .
1.  ( ):

= (

( +4

+4

+ 4 ))

=(

4u = 4f (x0; y0; z0) = f (x0 + 4x; y0 + 4y; z0 + 4z) f (x0; y0; z0) =
= fx0 (x0 + 4x; y0 + 4y; z0 + 4z)
4x + fy0 (x0 + 4x; y0 + 4y;
z0 + 4z )
4y + fz0 (x0 + 4x; y0 + 4y; z0 + 4z )
4z; 0 <  < 1:
. x = x0 + t
4x; y = y0 + t
4y; z = z0 + t

4z; t 2 [0; 1. , (x; y; z) 2 M0M1. 
tF (t) = f (x0 + t
4x; y0 + t
4y; z0 + t
4z )

[0; 1 (0; 1) , :
F 0(t) = fx0 (x0 + t
4x; y0 + t
4y; z0 + t
4z )
4x+
+fy0 (x0 + t
4x; y0 + t
4y; z0 + t
4z)
4y + fz0 (x0 + t
4x; y0 + t
4y;
dx
dy
dz
z0 + t
4z )
4z; = 4x; = 4y; = 4z:
(5)
dt
dt
dt
 F (t)  , [0; 1,
F (1) F (0) = F 0(); 0 <  < 1
(6)
72

 (5) (6)

F (1) F (0) = f (x0 + 4x; y0 + 4y; z0 + 4z ) f (x0; y0; z0) =

= fx0 (x0 + 4x; y0 + 4y; z0 + 4z)
4x + fy0 (x0 + 4x; y0 + 4y;
z0 + 4z )
4y + fz0 (x0 + 4x; y0 + 4y; z0 + 4z )
4z; 0 <  < 1:

1 .
4.5    


= (

  u f x1; :::; xn G
n.
1. x1; :::; xn 
, ,  u f x1; :::; xn
 x1; :::; xn.
2. xi 'i t1; :::; tm ; i
; :::; n, ,  u f x1; :::; xn  x1; :::; xn.
(  
.   u
f x1 ;
:::; xn xi
'i t1; :::; tm ; i
; :::; n,
dt1 ; :::; dtm,  (
x1; :::; xn)  x1 ; :::; xn, ..
n
m
X
X
u
xi
du
dxi; dxi
dtk :

R

= (

= (

= (

) =1

= (

xi
i=1

= (
) =1

tk
,  u = f (x1; :::; xn)  (x1; :::; xn); xi = 'i (t1; :::; tm ),  xi = 'i (t1; :::; tm)
-  (t1 ; :::; tm).
k=1

. 1 " ":
n
u X
u xi

tk

xi tk
i=1
73

; k = 1; :::; m:

(1)

 2 " "
 u f '1 t1; :::; tm ; :::; 'n t1; :::; tm  t1; :::; tm .  1-
:
m
X
u

= ( (
(
)

du =

t
k=1 k

))

dtk :

u ( (1)):
t
k

du =

=
.

m
X

m
X

u
dtk =
t
k
k=1
k=1

n
X

u
xi
i=1

m
X
xi
k=1

tk

n
X

u xi
dtk =
x
t
i
k
i=1

dtk

n
X

u
dxi:
x
i
i=1

4.6  

= (

 u
f x1; :::; xn
f
G
n xi G.
f M
 x
G
i
xk ,
( )  f
M xi, xk
:

R

6=

 2f
 2u 00
;
; uxixk ; u(2)
; fx00ixk ; fx(2)ixk :
x
x
i
k
xk xi xk xi
2

f
i k , xk x

i
. i
k, :

 2u 00 (2)  2f 00 (2)
;u ;u ;
;f ;f :
x2i x2i x2i x2i x2i x2i
74

 , .. ,




 2f
xj xk xi

 3f
= x x x
j k i

xi,


mf
m 1f

xk , xj , xim xim 1 :::xi1
xim :::xi1
m- xi1 ; :::; xim . m 1f
, xi  :::x

i1
m 1
G xim M G.
:

 mf
 mf      
 6f (x; y; z )
= ;
f (x; y; z ) =
:
xi:::xi xmi z y y z z x
zy2z 2x
. u = x4y 3 z 2
u0x = 4x3y3z 2; u0y = 3x4y2z 2 ; u0z = 2x4y3z; u00xy = 12x3y2z 2;
u00yx = 12x3y2z 2 ; u00zx = 8x3y3z ..:


.
1.  f x; y . 00 ; f 00 ,
x; y fxy
yx
00 f 00 .
: fxy
yx
.

( )

( )

4xh(4yhf ) = 4xh[f (x; y + h)

f (x; y) = f (x + h; y + h)
f (x + h; y) f (x; y + h) + f (x; y):
4yh(4xhf ) = 4yh[f (x + h; y) f (x; y) = f (x + h; y + h)
f (x; y + h) f (x + h; y) + f (x; y):

4xh(4yhf ) = 4yh(4xhf ):
75

(1)

( )

x; y 00 ; f 00 . , f 00 ; f 00 fxy
yx
xy yx
x; y U x; y . h ,
U x; y , x; y .
( ):

( ) : (( ))
(( ))

4yh(4xhf ) = 4yh[f (x + h; y)

f (x; y) = [f (x + h; y + h) f (x; y + h)

[f (x + h; y) f (x; y) = h[fy0 (x + h; y + h) fy0 (x; y + h) =

= h2fyx00 (x + 1h; y + h) = h2[fyx00 (x; y) + ";
(2)
0 <  < 1; 0 < 1 < 1; " ! 0 h ! 0:
00 (x; y ),
fyx
U ((x; y)) fy0 . h U ((x; y )),
  f (x+h; y ) f (x; y ),

(2).  00 .
fy0 x; y h , , U x; y fyx
00 x; y .
(2) , fyx
(2)

+ )

(( ))

( )

4yh(4xhf ) = f 00 (x; y):

lim
yx
h!0
h2

(3)

00
, fxy
x; y ,

( )

4xh(4yhf ) = f 00 (x; y):

lim
xy
h!0
h2
00 = f 00 . 1 .
(1), (3), (4) , fyx
xy

(4)

1 . 
. k
k1; :::; kn ; ki
;i
; :::; n.

=(

76

0 =

. ,
k, i
; :::; n, x i 
ki . , , ki
, x
i
.
2. k  f x1; :::; xn x1; :::; xn ,  , .

, .
4f
zxzy ; ; . ; ; , x; y; z , , 1
, :
2  2 
2  2 
2  2 
4

=1

=0

(1 1 2)

(1 1 2)

f
zxzy


= zx

f
zy

  2 f
x zy z


= zx

f
yz

  2 f
= x yz z


= xz

f
yz

 4f
= xyz2 :

()

 
1. (*). :
[2, . 7, 7.7, . 224.
4.7  
n 

= (
x=(

1. u f x1; :::; xn n

x1; :::; xn , n
 
.

77

.   n ,
 n
.
 
u f x1; :::; xn 1
. ,  u f x1; :::; xn n 
x1; :::; xn , ,
n- .
2.  u f x1; :::; xn 
x1; :::; xn ,  (
)  u,
dx1; :::; dxn, :

= (

x=(

x=(

= (

= (

d2u = d(du):
dx1; :::; dxn , x1; :::; xn.

n
X

n
n
X
X
u
u
u
2
d u=d
d
d
dxi =
dxi =
dxi =
x
x
x
i
i
i
i=1
i=1
i=1
!
n
n
n X
n
X
X
X
 2u
 2u
dxj dxi =
dxj dxi:
x
x
x
x
j
i
j
i
i=1 j =1
i=1 j =1

u
xi

u
, d
 x
i
i
; :::; n.
3.  u f x1; :::; xn l 
x1; :::; xn ,  l- ( l- )  u,
dx1; :::; dxn, dl u d dl 1u ; l
; ; :::.
 (1),

=1

x=(

= (

= (

) =2 3

n X
n X
n
X
 3u
3
d u=
dxk dxj dxi:
x
x
x
k
j
i
i=1 j =1 k=1
78

.  "
u ". :



du =



dx1 + ::: +
dx
x1
xn n

u:

,  "
u ",  x 1 dx1 ::: x n dxn;
 :
2


+ +

d2u =



dx1 + ::: +
dx
x1
xn n

u:

 ..
: k :
k


dk u =



dx1 + ::: +
dx
x1
xn n

u;

: , ,
 , "" u (
 k ),
.
4.8 

= (
= (

  u
f x1; :::; xn , G
R. xi
'i t1; :::; tm , i
; :::; n, .. . ,  
, .. 
u ,
. 
. ,  u 
x1; :::; xn ; xi 'i t1; :::; tm ; i
; :::; n,  xi 'i t1; :::; tm  t1; :::; tm .

= (

) =1

) =1

79

= (

 t1 ; :::; tm dt1 ; :::; dtm. x1 ; :::; xn dx1; :::; dxn.

 :
n
X

m
X
u
xi
du =
dxi; dxi =
dtk :
x
t
i
k
i=1
k=1
, dxi ,
, t1; :::; tm,
i
dxi x
tk .   u,
dt1 ; :::; dtm, -

n
X

u
d2u = d(du) = d
dxi
x
i
i=1

 2u

n
X

n
X

i=1

xj xi
j =1


n
X
u
i=1

dxj dxi +

xi

u 2
dx
xi i

dxi

()

n
X
 2u
u 2
dxj dxi +
d xi :
x
x
x
j
i
i
i=1 j =1
i=1

n X
n
X

, ,   .
 .. (*)    u
. , d3 u; d4u ..
.
. , 
 . ,   . xi ai0 ai1 t1 ::: aimtm ; i
; :::; n; aij R, .. xi -  t1; :::; tm. dxi

= +

80

+ +

=
=

ai1dt1 + ::: + aimdtm. , dt1; :::; dtm  dx1; :::; dxn , , -

 .
  , x1; :::; xn .
4.9  .

(x) = (

  f
f x1; :::; xn , G Rn .
.  f x1; :::; xn l G, 0
x01; :::; x0n
G 

l 1
X

n
n
X
X
1
f (x) =
::: (xj1
k
!
j1 =1 jk =1
k=0
n
n
X
X
1
Rl (x) =
::: (x
l! j1=1 jl =1 j1

x =(

 k f (x0)
0
x )

x0 ):::(xj
j1

jk

x0 ):::(xj
j1

xj1 :::xjk

 f (x
x0 )
l

jl

+ Rl (x); ()

0 + (x

xj1 :::xjl

x0)) ;

  n 0  .
0 < > ,
. U 0
U 0 G.
 F t
f x01 t x1 x01 ; :::; x0n
t xn x0n t
; (
U 0 ). ,
F
f 0 ;F
f .
:
n
0
X
f 0 t

(x ) = fx : kx x k

(x ) 

))
2 [0 1
(0) = (x ) (1) = (x)
F 0(t) =

x0j )

X
F 00(t) = (x
j =1

j =1

(xj

X
x0j ) (xk
k=1
81

()= ( + (
x 2 (x )

(x + (x x ))

(1)

xj

x0k )

 2f (x0 + t(x
xk xj

x0)) =

n X
n
X
j =1 k=1

(xj

x0j )(xk

x0k )

(1) (2)
j =1

XX
00
F (0) =
(x
j =1 k=1

(3)

 2f (x0)
0
:
x)

j1

 f (x
x0 )
l

x0 ):::(xj

jl

Fl

(0) =

n
X
j1 =1

:::

n
X
jl =1

x0 ):::(xj

(xj1

j1

(4)

xk xj

 ,
X X
(
l
)
F (t) =
::: (xj1
j1 =1 jl =1

(2)

xj

x0)(xk

x0))

f (x0)
0
xj )
;

X
0
F (0) = (x

 2f (x0 + t(x
xk xj

0 + t(x

xj1 :::xjl

 l f (x0)
0
xjl )
:
xj1 :::xjl

x0)) :
(5)

F (l)(t) , , ,  l f (x0 )
xj :::xj .  F (t) 
1
l

F (t) =
rl
t

l 1 k
X
t
k=0

k!

F (k) (0) + rl (t);

(t) = tll! F (l)(t); 0 <  < 1;  - x t. 

= 1,
l 1
X
1 F (k)(0) + R (x); R (x) = r (1) = 1 F (l)():
F (1) =
l
l
l
k!
l!
k=0

(3)-(5) (*).
.
82

. 1. 
n
X
j1 =1

:::

n
X

:::

n
X

j1 =1

jk

f (x0) ":

(xj1

j1 =1 jk =1
n
n
X
X

:::

j1

jk =1

" 
n
X

(xj1

 k f (x0)
0
x )

x0 ):::(xj

x0j1 ):::(xjk

(xj1

x0jk )

x0j1 ):::(xjk

jk =1

xj1 :::xjk

k

xj1 xjk

x0jk )

f (x0) =
!



:::
f (x0):
xj1 xjk


k-

(x1

x01)


+ ::: + (xn
x1

x0n)


:
xn

 :

k
l 1
X

f (x) =


1
+ l! (x1

1 (x
1
k
!
k=0

x01)


x01)
+ ::: + (xn
x1


+ ::: + (xn
x1

x0 )
n

xn

l

x0n)


xn

f (x0)+

f (x0 + (x x0)); 0 <  < 1:

 : ,  k ,
"" f 0 (f 0
 k ),
.
2. l
; . l

(x ) (x )
=1 2

f (x)

X f (x
f (x0) =
j =1

0 + (x

83

xj

x0)) (xj

x0j )

=1

  n- .
l
:

=2

R2 =

"

n
X
f (x0)
0
f (x) = f (x ) +
(xj
x
j
j =1
n X
n
 2f (x0 + (x x0))
1X

(xk

2! k=1 j=1
xk xj
n X
n
X
 2f (x0)
1
= 2!
(xk
x
x
k
j
k=1 j =1
s

! 0  =

n
P

(xj

x0j )2

j =1

x0j ) + R2;

x0k )(xj

x0k )(xj

x0j ) =

(1)

x0j ) + "2;

! 0. ,

2f
xk xj

 2f (x0 + (x x0))  2f (x0)

= x x + "kj ;
xk xj
k j
"kj ! 0  ! 0.  = max j"kj j.






1
2! k=1 j=1 (xk
n X
n
X

x0 )(xj
k



0
xj "kj 


n
X

k=1

jxk

n X
n
X
1
 2! 
jxk
k=1 j =1

!2

x0k j

n
P

84

x0j j =

 n2 2:

n
1=2
P
p
ja j  n ja j2 ,
j


2
!
!
n
n
n
X

X
X

xj yj 
x2j
yj2 xj




x0k jjxj

= jaj j yj = 1:

n X
n
1X
(
xk x0k )(xj x0j )"kj = "2;
2! k=1 j=1
j"j < n2  ! 0  ! 0. (1) .

, (1)
n X
n
X
 2f

(x0) (x

xk xj
k=1 j =1

x0k )(xj

x0j )

  f ,
x1 x01 ; :::; xn x0n .

x0 -

n 
G  Rn  f (x) =
f (x1; :::; xn).
. 1: ,  f x0 2 G
(), > 0 ,
x, kx x0 k < ,  f
f (x)  f (x0) (f (x)  f (x0)).
2: ,  f x0 ,
4.10 

, .
 f ,
0
.
.  f 0
, :

f (x0)
= 0; j = 1; :::; n:
xj
.  f (x1; :::; xn) x1 = x01 ; :::; xj 1
x0j 1; xj +1 = x0j +1; :::; xn = x0n. 
85

f (x01; :::; x0j 1; xj ; x0j +1; :::; x0n) xj .  xj = x0j

f (x0 )
0
xj . f x ,

xj
x0j , 

=
f (x0 )
xj = x0j , xj , .

.   0
,  df 
0  dx1; :::; dxn.
,

f (x0)
f (x0)
df =
dx1 + ::: +
dx ;
x1
xn n
fx(xj )
, dx1; :::; dxn ( 0) df
.
.
0 <
 f U 0

0 . , 2
 , f  :
0

=0

=0

(x ) = fx : kx x k

f (x) = f (x0) +

" ! 0  =

n X
n
1X
 2f (x0)
2! k=1 j=1 xk xj (xk

s
n
P

(xj

x0k )(xj

x0j )2 ! 0. :

 2f (x0)
akj =
;  = xk
xk xj k
86

x0k :

x0j ) + "2;

f (x)

f (x0) =

n X
n
n
X
1X
2
akj k j + " ; " ! 0  = ( k2)1=2 ! 0:
2 k=1 j=1
1

A( )

n P
n
P
k=1 j =1

akj k j

:

1) A  , .. A  >
1; :::; n  > .
2) A  , .. A  <   > .
3) A  , .. A 

A

A  , .. s
n
P
0
0
0
0

1; :::; n 
k02 > , A  0
.

()

()
)
()
()

()

=(

() 0
()0
( )0
=
0

( )=0
4) A( ) , ..  0  00, A( 0) >
0; A( 00) < 0.
. 1)  A( ) , f

0 .
2)  A  , f 0 .
3)  A  , f
0.
4)  A  ,
-  f
0 , .

.   >

1; :::; n , ..


()

()

()

j =

j
;j

= 1; :::; n.

f (x) f (x0) =

0: = =(

1
1
 
akj k j + "2 = 2
akj k j + " =
2 k=1 j=1
2 k=1 j=1  
n X
n
X

n X
n
X

87

= 2

n X
n
1 () + " ; () = X
akj k j ;
2
k=1 j =1
n
n
X
X
1
2
 =
 2 = 1:
j

j =1

, 

2 j =1

()

n
P

j2

1, (  ). , ( )  .  0 =
(10; :::; n0) - . ()
 0 , 8"0 > 0; 9 > 0; 8 2 
(k 0k < ) j() (0)j < "0):
. k  0k < . , k = 1; :::; n :
jk

k0j < .

j()
a

n X
n
X
k=1 j =1

(jk

XX
akj (k j
(0)j = j 21
k=1 j =1
n

k0jjj

j0j + jj0jjk

 an2(2 + 2):

k0j0)j 

k0j + jk0jjj

j0j) 

= max
j
akj j. , > 0, an2(2 +2) <
k;j
"0. () .
1) ( ) > 0  .  ( )  , min ( ) = (~
) = m >
 2
0; ~ 2 . , " ! 0  ! 0, > 0 ,
 < : j"j < m
4 . 0 <  < :
m
m m 2
0
2
f (x) f (x ) > 
2 4 = 4  > 0;
a

88

..

x0 f .

() < 0 , , 
() ,
max
() = (~) = M; (M > 0; ~ 2 ). > 0,
2
0 <  < : j"j < M4 . 0 <  < :
2) .

f (x) f (x0) < 2

M 2
+
=
2 4
4  < 0;

.. f .
3), ,  0 , A  0 >
 00 , A  00 < . ,
 0 ;  00
0 > ; 00 < ,
; " , 12  0 " > ; 12  00
" < , .. 0 0; 00 0
0  0; 00
0  00 ,

( ) 0

( ) 0

( ) 0 ( ) 0
( )+ 0 ( )+
x
x x (x

0
x= x x= )

f (x0) f (x0) = 2 (

1 (0) + ") > 0;

2

f (x00) f (x0) = 2 (

1 (00) + ") < 0;

2

, f 0 .
4)  A   0
.
0
, , A 
,
. , x0  0

()

6= 0

( )=0

f (x0 + x0) f (x0) = "2

89

()

x+

( .4 , 0
0 , (*) O0 O00 .) "
,
0
0
f 0 0 f 0
f 0 . ,
, ,
 A 

, 0
, , A 

,
.
0
,
 0
f
f 0 ,   > ,
A  > . ,  > ; "
, 12 
" > , ..
0 , f
f 0 2 21  " > .
, 0 . .
n P
n
P
1.  A 
akj k j

x +x
(x +x ) (x )

( ) 6 0

( ) 6 0

x=

(x) (x )
() 0
( ) 0
( ) + 0
x
(x)

(x ) = ( ( ) + ) 0

( )=

k=1 j =1

n P
n 2 0
P
 f (x )
x0k xj x0j 
xk xj xk
k=1 j =1
 f 0 , x1 x01; :::; xn x0n .
2. 

)(

A( )

1 = a11;
2 =

a11 a12
a21 a22

; :::;
n =


 a11

 :::

 an1

:::
:::
:::

a1n 
:::  :
ann 

 :
90

1.
.

1 > 0;
2 > 0; :::;
n > 0, 

0

2. 1 < ; 2
.

> 0;
3 < 0; :::; (

0
0

0

1)n
n > 0,  -

0
0

=0

( 1)


n
3. 1
; 2
; :::; n
1
; 2
; :::;
n
j , j
, 
() .

4.  .
 .

f (x1; x2) f (x01; x02) = (A12 + 2B12 + C22) + "2;

2

 2f (x01; x02)
 2f (x01; x02)
 2f (x01; x02)
A=
;B =
;C =
:
x21
x1x2
x22

 :


 A B 
1 A; 2  B C  AC

=
=

B 2:

,
a A > ; AC B 2 > , f 0
x01; x02
;
b A < ; AC B 2 > , f 0 ;
AC B 2 , , ;
d AC B 2 < , .
a ; b ; ; d .

)
)
)

x =(

=0
0

) ) ) )

91

 V.
. .

5.1 

, U ,  x1; :::; xn,


F (U; x1; :::; xn) = 0:

. , U  x1 ; :::; xn ,
U x1; :::; xn 
F (U; x1; :::; xn) = 0.
, :

)=0

1. F U; x1; x2
U ,  U
' x1; :::; xn ?

2. 
?

= '(x1; :::; xn)

.
  F U; x1; x2
U 2 x21 x22
.
U; x1; x2
 S 1,
(. .1). , 
F U; x1; x2

2
2
x1 x2

.
p
p
p
, U
x21 x22 U
x21 x22 U
x21 x22

1=0

)=

+ +
(

(
)=0
+ 1

= 1

; =

92

= 1

x1; x2  0 U
2
x1 + x22  1g.

x21

2 f(

x22

):

x1 ; x2
x1; x2

, F U; x1; x2
U 2 x21 x22
.   S M0
u0; x01; x02 ,
Ox1x2 , .. , U 0
.  M0 U M0 . ,
U M0 Ox1x2 (. .1). ,  F U; x1; x2
U 2 x21 x22
U M0 , F U; x1; x2
U 2 x21
x22

p U p
 U
x21 x22 U 0 > , , U
x21 x22, U 0 < .  S
M1
; x1; x2 , ,  S , M1 ,
Ox1x2. ,  F U; x1; x2
U 2 x21 x22
M1 , F U; x1; x2
U 2 x21 x22
F
U . , U
U
2
2
2
 F U; x1; x2
U x1 x2 M0
M1 . ,
U M0 F U; x1; :::; xn
F
, U
M0 .

) = ++ + 1 =
=(
)
6= 0

: ( )

( )

( )

1=0

=
= (0

+ +
(

= 1

)= + + 1
(
)= + +
0

)=

+ +

)=

1=0

)= + +

=2

6= 0

)=0

 
 , x1 x2
U; x1; x2 R, x1; x2
R0 .

93

 (  )
 F U; x1; x2  F M . ,
M0
U 0; x01; x02 , U
0
F
M0  F
, U
, " >
M00
x01; x02
R0 ,
 U ' x1; x2 , U U 0 < "

=(

=0

6= 0

=( )2
= ( )

F (U; x1; x2) = 0

()

  M00 .
.  .
1. ,
" >
U M00 ,

U
' x1; x2 , U
U0 < "
(*).
F >
U
M0 .
F
U
M0,
F > .
U M0 , U

0
( )

= (

( )

( )

U M0

M0 .  " > , M1
U 0 "; x01; x02 ; M2 U 0 "; x01; x02
.
0
0
 F U; x1; x2  U

=( +
(
)

)2

94

[U 0

F > 0 [U 0 "; U 0 + ",  F (U; x0; x0)

"; U 0 + ". U
1 2
. F (U; x01; x02) = 0
U = U 0, F (U; x01; x02) < 0 U = U 0 "; F (U; x01; x02) > 0
U = U 0 + ", .. F (M1 ) < 0; F (M2) > 0. 
F (U 0 "; x1; x2); F (U 0+"; x1; x2) x1 x2, ..
 F (U; x01; x02) ,
Ox1 x2, M1 , M2 (. .2). F (M1 ) < 0; F (M2) > 0 F (U; x1; x2)

, U (M1 ); U (M2),  F M1 M2 . K1 K2
M1 M2 , 2 . F K1 K2 :
F (U; x1; x2) < 0 (U; x1; x2) 2 K1 = f(U; x1; x2) :
U = U 0 "; jx1 x01j < ; jx2 x02j < g;
F (U; x1; x2) > 0 (U; x1; x2) 2 K2 = f(U; x1; x2) :
U = U 0 + "; jx1 x01j < ; jx2 x02j < g;
, K1; K2 
( ,
M1 M2
).  = f(U; x1; x2) :
jU U 0j < "; jx1 x01j < ; jx2 x02j < g -
M0 . " ,  
,  : F
U > 0. ,
0
0
F (U; x1; x2) < 0 K1 -  F (U; x01; x02) > 0 K2 -

.
, (*) U ,
 F U; x1; x2 . M 0
x1; x2
0
R

=(

)2

x01j < ; jx2 x02j < :

(1)
, x1 x2 M 0
U 2 [U 0 "; U 0 + " , F (U; x1; x2) = 0.  x1
x2.  F (U; x1; x2)  U -

jx1

95

[U 0 "; U 0 + ", .. F (U; x1; x2) [M~1; M~2,

0 "; U 0 + ",
M~1 = (U 0 "; x1; x2); M~ 2 = (U 0 + "; x1; x2): F
U > 0 [U
~1; M~2.  F [M
~1) < 0; F (M~2) > 0(M~1 2 K1; M~2 2 K2),
F (M
[M~1; M~2 U , F (U; x1; x2) = 0,

U U 0 < ". , ,  x1; x2

K0
x1; x2 x1 x01 < ; x2 x02 <
U , F U; x1; x2

U U 0 < ".
, M 0
x1; x2
U
U 0 "; U 0 " ,
F U; x1; x2
, K 0  U
' x1; x2 . K 0  U ' x1; x2 ,
U U 0 < " F U; x1; x2
.
2. ,  U ' x1; x2 M 0
x1; x2 K 0. M 0 K 0
: M 0 K 0
M U; x1; x2 R ,  F U; x1; x2
M ,  M
F
U .

M00
x01; x02 , 
U ' x1; x2 M00 . ,
" > > , x1; x2, x1 x01 < ; x2 x02 < ,
U U 0 < ", U
' x1; x2 .
" , .1, (1). ,
.1 " .
3.   U ' x1; x2 -

)2

= f(

):j

2[

)=0

)=0

=(

)2

=(

)2

=(
= (

= (

= (

= (

=(

= (

= (

96

)=0

=(

M 0
x1; x2 K 0. ,
.2,   U ' x1; x2
M00 . U  U
' x1; x2 M00 x01; x02 , x1; x2.
U 0 ' x01; x02 ; U ' x01
x1; x02
x2 ' x01; x02 . ,
U 0
U; x01
x1; x02
x2 S , ..
0
0
0
F U
U; x1
x1; x2
x2
. F U 0; x01; x02
,
0
0
0
0
0
0
F F U
U; x1 x1; x2 x2 F U ; x1; x2
.
  F U; x1; x2 M0 :

=(

4 4

= (

)
=

= (

) 4 = ( +4
+4 ) ( )
( +4 +4
+4 )2
( +4 +4
+4 )=0
(
)=0
4 = ( +4 +4
+4 ) (
)=0
(
)
F
F
4F = F
4
U+
4
x1 +
4x2 + o();
U
x
x
1

(2)

p
F ; F ; F U2
x21
x22 U

x1 x2
M0
U 0; x01; x02 .
, o 
U  x1  x2, ; ;
U ,
x1 , x2
. , ,

p
p


2 2  2
 U  x1  x2 

U2
x21
x22







= 4 +4 +4
=(
)
( )= 4 + 4 + 4
4 !0

4 + 4 + 4

!0

+ +
4 +4 +4 =

2 + 2 +  2 ! 0 4U; 4x1; 4x2 ! 0:

,



F
F
F
+
4U +
+
 4x1 +
+  4x2 = 0: (3)
U
x1
x2
U = '(x1; x2) M00 , 4U ! 0
4x1; 4x2 ! 0. , , ; ; ! 0
4x1 ; 4x2 ! 0.
F 6= 0 M . ! 0 4x ; 4x !
U
0
1
2
F
0, 4x1; 4x2 U + + 6= 0 (3)
97


F
x1
F
U

4U =

F
x1
F
U

+
+ 4x1 +

+
+ =

F
x1
F
U

F
x2
F
U

F
x2
F
U

+ ;

+
+ 4x2:

+
+ =

F
x2
F
U

+ ;

;  ! 0 4x1; 4x2 ! 0,




F=x1
F=x2
4U = F=U 4x1 + F=U 4x2 + 4x1 +  4x2 =




q
F=x2
F=x1
= F=U 4x1 + F=U 4x2 + o(1); 1 = 4x21 + 4x22:
   U =
'(x1; x2) M00 . .

= '(x1; x2) -

 U
:




4U =

F=x1
F=U

4x1 +

1 =

F=x2
F=U

4x2 + o(1);

4x21 + 4x22:

(1)

, ,
 U
' x1; x2 ,
U=x1; U=x2,  x1; x2 () (1). ,
 U ' x1; x2 :

= (

= (

U
x1

4 4

F=x1 U
;
F=U x2
98

F=x2
:
F=U

 ,
xn .

U
xk

= '(x1; :::;

F=xk
; k = 1; :::; n;
F=U


U ' x1; x2 2- , , , ,  F . ,  F U; x1; x2
 . 2- .
. , F U; x1; x2 -  
U; x1; x2 , U ' x1; x2   x1 ; x2.  F U; x1; x2  x1; x2. 
x1; x2 
F U; x1; x2 x1; x2 DF=Dx1; DF=Dx2.  
 :

= (

= (
(

)
)

DF
Dx1

U F DF F U F
= F


+ ; = U
x + x :
U x x Dx
1

2- .  2U=x1x2.
, F=x1, F=x2 F=U U; x1; x2,
U  x1; x2, :



 2U
x1x2

F=x1
F=U

Dx2

F
U
99

1 ) + F
D(F=U )

D(F=x
Dx2
x1
Dx2

(F=U )2

F
U

2F
x1 U

U
x2

2F
x1 x2

F
x1

(F=U )2

2F
U 2

U
 x
2

 2U

x1x2

2F
x1 U

F

xF2
U

2F
x1 x2

F
2
 2F
U
U 2
F
3
U

U
x2

xF1

2F
Ux2

F=x2
F=U ,
F
2F
F F
x2
Ux2 U x1
:

xU2 ; xU2 .
1
2
.  2U=x1x2 , U 2 x41 x42
.

+ +

 2U
x1x2


= U

1=0
4
x31
2
x31
U
= 2U = U ;
x1

U
x2

2
x32
= U:

2x31 
U = 2x31
U = 2x31
 2x32  = 4x31x32 :

U
x
U 2 x
U2
U
U3
2

5.2 , 


m 
8
< U1 = '1(x1; :::; xn);
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
(1)
:
Um = 'm(x1; :::; xn)
m 
8
< F1(U1; :::; Um; x1; :::; xn) = 0;
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
(2)
:
Fm(U1; :::; Um; x1; :::; xn) = 0
(2) U1; :::Um.
" (2)" m
,

100

 (1), (2) (2)

. 
x1; :::; xn,  (1)  . R m n
U1; :::Um; x1; :::; xn, R0 n x1 ; :::; xn.
:
 F1
F1 

:::
Um 
 U1
 ::: ::: ::: 


 Fm ::: Fm 

=

(3)

U1

Um

(3) ( )  F1; :::; Fm U1; :::; Um D(F ;:::;F )

D(U11 ;:::;Umm ) .
 ,

.

m 
8
< F1(U1; :::; Um; x1; :::; xn);
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:
Fm(U1; :::; Um; x1; :::; xn)

(4)
(

0 ; x0; :::;
 M0 U10; :::; Um
1
0
xn R,  U1; :::; Um M0 . , M0
 (4) ,

D(F1; :::; Fm)

6= 0;
D(U1; :::; Um)
"1; :::; "m M00 (x01; :::; x0n) R0 , m  (1),
101

jU1

U10j < "; :::; jUm Um0 j < "

(2), 
M00 .
. .
m
(5.1). ,
m
 . m  . ,
 F
F1
F1 
1

:::
Um 1 Um 
 U1
 ::::: ::::: :::::
::::: 
D F1; :::; Fm 

Fm 1 Fm 1 
D U1; :::; Um  FUm1 1 ::: U
Um 
m 1
F
Fm 
F
m
m

:::

=1

= ((

)=
)

U1

Um 1

Um

1)

M0 . m
-
M0 .
, , M0 m
, m- m- .
m
(2) U1; :::; Um 1. (: , m
- ,
i- j - , (2): F1
; :::; Fj 1
; Fj +1
; :::; Fm
U1; :::; Ui 1; Ui+1; :::; Um). ..
"1; :::; "m 1
M000 Um0 ; x01; :::; x0n R00 Um; x1; :::; xn , m

8
< U1
1 Um; x1; :::; xn ;

1)

=0

1
= (

=0

=0

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Um 1 = m 1(Um; x1; :::; xn)
jU1 U10 j < "1 ; :::; jUm 1

(5)

Um0 1j < "m 1


102

1 (2). (5) Fm = 0.

Fm(U1; :::; Um 1; Um; x1; :::; xn) =

= Fm(1(Um; x1; :::; xn); :::; m 1(Um; x1; :::; xn); Um; x1; :::; xn) =
= (Um; x1; :::; xn):

(6)

, (2)

(Um; x1; :::; xn) = 0:

(7)

,
Um; x1; :::; xn . 1; :::; m 1 ( )  U M000 M000 , 
Fm U1; :::; Um; x1; :::; xn  U M0 .
  ,  Um; x1; :::; xn  U M000 .
(6)

( )

( )

( )

(Um0 ; x01; :::; x0n) = 0:

, , (7)  , (7)

Um , , U

m


0 M000 . , , U
.
m
m
(2)  (5),
, 
Um.

F1  1
F1  m 1 F1


+
::: +


+ U = 0
U1 Um
Um 1 Um
m
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Fm 1  1
F

F


+
::: + m 1
m 1 + m 1 = 0
U1 Um
Um 1 Um
Um
103

(8)

Um (6).
Fm  1
Fm  m 1 Fm 


+
::: +


+ U = U :
U1 Um
Um 1 Um
m
m



(9)

(8) (9)
1; :::; m
.

m
X1  k Fm
 k F1

U
1 + ::: + U
U
m+
U
m
k
m
k
k=1
k=1

m
X1

F1
Fm
+
1 U
+ ::: +
m 1 FUm 1 +
m U
=
m
m
m

 

m
X1  k
F1
Fm
F1
Fm
= U
1 U + ::: +
m U +
1 U + ::: +
m U =
m
k
k
m
m
k=1

=
m
U
:
m

,
, .
, . ,



=
m
U

(10)

- , m - , , , , 0 M0 . , (10)


Um

=

:
m

104

 , M000 , 
U
M000 , ..
m m
 F1; :::; Fm U1; :::; Um,

M0. ,  , U
M0 ,
m
..
M0. , (7)
, .. "m M00 x01; :::; x0n
R0 ,


6= 0

6= 0

)2

Um = 'm(x1; :::; xn);

0 < "m Um Um
,  (7).

U1 = 1(Um; x1; :::; xn)

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
(11)
Um 1 = m 1(Um; x1; :::; xn)
m 1 F1; :::; Fm = 0
(Um; x1; :::; xn) 2 U (M000). , "m > 0 , (Um; x1; :::; xn)
2 U (M000), Um = 'm(x1; :::; xn),  Um = 'm(x1; :::; xn)
(11), , x1; :::; xn:
U1 = 1('m(x1; :::; xn); x1; :::; xn) = '1(x1; :::; xn)

Um = m

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
1('m(x1; :::; xn); x1; :::; xn) = 'm 1(x1; :::; xn)

  ,
 '1; :::; 'm 1  U M00 , M00
x01; :::; x0n . , , m 
8
< U1 '1 x1; :::; xn ;

( )

= (

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::;
Um = 'm(x1; :::; xn);
105

(12)

( )

0 < "m
U M00 U1 U10 < "1; :::; Um Um
 .
,  (12) (2), 0 < "m (
U1 U10 < "1; :::; Um Um
"1 ; :::; "m).
,  (12) m 
8
< U1 '1 x1; :::; xn ;

^ =^(
)
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::;
: ^
Um = '^m(x1; :::; xn);

(13)

(2)
U1 U10 < "1; :::; Um Um0 < "m.
m
 (13) Um
Um  m
(2).
Um m

(2) (5), .. :

j^

j^

=^

U^1 = 1(U^m; x1; :::; xn)

(14)

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::
U^m 1 = m 1(U^m; x1; :::; xn)

( 1; :::; m 1 , (5)).
(2):

Fm(U1; :::; Um; x1; :::; xn) = 0

U1 ; :::; Um 1  (5)
 (14),
Um; x1; :::;
xn
; Um; x1; :::; xn
. , Um
'm x1; :::; xn
Um 'm x1; :::; xn .
,

) = 0 (^
^ =^(

)=0

(
) = 0
106

U (M00 ), , Um = U^m, .. 'm(x1; :::; xn) = '^m(x1; :::; xn).

^1; :::; Um = U^m.
(14) , U1 = U
.

,

,
 . 
8
< U1 '1 x1; :::; xn

= (

(1)

::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Um = 'm(x1; :::; xn)

  ,  , 
xl ; l
; :::; n.
8 F1 U1
F1 Um
F1
::: U
< U1 xl
x
xl
m
l

+ +

=1

=0

=0

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;

+ +

(2)

: Fm U1
Fm Um
Fm
::: U
U1 xl
xl
xl
m
Um
1
m U
xl ; :::; xl .
D(F1 ;:::;Fm )
U M0 . , (2)
D(U1 ;:::;Um )
, 
D(F ;:::;F )
Uk D(U1 ;:::;Uk 11;xl ;Umk+1;:::;Um)
:
D(F1 ;:::;Fm )
xl
D(U1 ;:::;Um )
D(F ;:::;F )
D(F ;:::;F )
. D(U1 ;:::;Uk 11;xl ;Umk+1 ;:::;Um ) D(U11 ;:::;Umm ) 0
1
F1
U
B .. k C
 . A
Fm
Uk

6= 0

( )

(3)

107

0
B


F1
xl

..
.

Fm
xl

1
C
A.

  (3), ,  F1 U1; :::; Um; x1; :::; xn ; :::; Fm U1; :::; Um; x1; :::; xn
 .

5.3 
,
.

, .
.


.

 U
x2 y2
,



x y
.

= +
+ 1=0
+ 1=0

1=0

,  U
x2 y2
Oxy , x y
. U x2 y 2
y , x y
,

 U x2
x 2 x2 x .

= + (1

) =2

2 +1

108

= +

U 0 = 4(x 12 ) = 0; U 00 = 4 )  U = 2x2 2x + 1
U = 21 x = 12 . ,  U = x2 + y2


x + y 1 = 0 12 ; 12 .
,  U = x2 + y 2
(0; 0) U = 0.

.  m n

= f (x1; :::; xn; y1; :::; ym)

(1)

m
8
< F1(x1; :::; xn; y1; :::; ym) = 0
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:
Fm(x1; :::; xn; y1; :::; ym) = 0;

(2)

. ,  (1) (2)
0 , () M0 x01; :::; x0n; y10; :::; ym
(2),
U M0 ,  (1) M0
() ,
.
, () - ()  M0
U M0 , ,
.
 .

( )

( )

109

1. .
,  F1; :::; Fm 
U M0 , M0  y1; :::; ym ,

( )

D(F1; :::; Fm)

6= 0:
D(y1; :::; ym)

,  ,
"1; :::; "m >
M00
x01; :::; x0n x1; :::; xn,
m 

=(

y1 = '1(x1; :::; xn)

::::::::::::::::::::::::::;
(3)
ym = 'm(x1; :::; xn)
0 j < "m jy1 y10 j < "1; :::; jym ym

 (2).  (3) (1),  n

:

= f (x1; :::; xn; '1(x1; :::; xn); :::; 'm(x1; :::; xn)) = (x1; :::; xn):
U (M0)  (x1; :::; xn)
(x1; :::; xn)  f (x1; :::; xn; y1; :::; ym) (x1; :::; xn; y1; :::; ym), U

(2).  (1)
(2)  x1; :::; xn .
 (3) ( ), .  U
f x1; :::; xn; y1; :::; ym  M0 (2) , ,

(

110

(

 x1; :::; xn M00 .  U

x1; :::; xn M00
 
, ..

(



dx1 + ::: +
dx = 0;
(4)
x1
xn n
(x1; :::; xn) = f (x1; :::; xn; '1(x1; :::; xn); :::; 'm(x1; :::; xn)), xi =
f ym
f
f y1
y1
xi + ::: + ym
xi + xi ; i = 1; :::; n.  (4),
d =

n
X
f
f
f y1
f ym
dx1 + ::: +
dxn +


+
::: +

x dxi =
x1
xn
y
x
y
1
i
m
i
i=1

n
X

n
n
f
f X
y1
f X
ym
dxi +
dxi + ::: +
dxi =
x
y
x
y
x
i
1
i
m
i
i=1
i=1
i=1
m
n
X f
X f
dxi +
dyj = 0
x
y
i
j
j =1
i=1

(5)

(5)  , ..  (dyj -  ). dy1 ; :::;

dym (5). .
, (2)  (3),
(2). (2)
, ,  :
8
F1
F1
F1
F1
>
< x1 dx1 ::: xn dxn y1 dy1 ::: ym dym

+ +

+ +

+ +

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

+ +

=0

=0

(6)

>
Fm dx
Fm dy
Fm dy
: Fm dx
x1 1 :::
xn n
y1 1 :::
ym m
D(F ;:::;F )
D(y11 ;:::;ymm)
M0 , (6)
 dy1; :::; dym -

6= 0

111

 dx1; :::; dxn  . dy1 ; :::; dym (5),

d =

n
X
i=1

Ai(x1; :::; xn; y1; :::; ym)dxi;

(7)

A1; :::; An - 
f; F1; :::; Fm.
M00 (x01; :::; x0n)  (x1; :::; xn) ,
djM00 = 0, ..

n
X
i=1

= (

Ai(x01; :::; x0n; y10; :::; ym0 )dxi = 0;

) =1

(8)

= 1; :::; n - -

yj0
'j x01; :::; x0n ; j
; :::; m. dxi; i
, (8)

Ai(x01; :::; x0n; y10; :::; ym0 ) = 0; i = 1; :::; n:

(9)

 (9) , , 
x1; :::; xn M00 , ,  f x1; :::; xn; y1; :::;
ym M0 (2).
, M0
n m n m :

Fj x1; :::; xn; y1; :::; ym
; j=1,...,m
Ai x1; :::; xn; y1; :::; ym
; i=1,...,n

(

(
(

)=0
)=0

M0 ,  d2 M00 .
( (1) (2) ),  (7) d  dy1 ; :::; dym, (6).
d2 M00 -  dx1; :::; dxn.

j

j

112

  () ,  (1) M0 ()
(2).
2. .
 , . (. (6)):
8
F1
F1
F1
F1
>
< x1 dx1 ::: xn dxn y1 dy1 ::: ym dym

+ +

+ +

=0

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+ ::: + Fxmn dxn + Fym1 dy1 + ::: + Fymm dym = 0

>
: Fm dx
x1 1

( )
1; :::; m.
(. (5)):

f
f
f
f
dx1 + ::: +
dxn + dy1 + ::: +
dy = 0
x1
xn
y1
ym m





dx1 + ::: +
dxn + dy1 + ::: +
dy = 0;
(10)
x1
xn
y1
ym m
(x1; :::; xn; y1; :::; ym)  = f + 1 F1 +
::: + m Fm,  . ,
 F1; :::; Fm  (. .1)  f , 1 ; :::; m ,


y1


= 0; :::; y
= 0:
m

(11)

8
f
F1
Fm
>
;
< y1 1 y1 ::: m y1

+ +

=0

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;
+ 1 yFm1 + ::: + m Fymm = 0

>
: f
ym

113

D(F ;:::;F

( D(y11 ;:::;ymm) ) . 
y
; :::; y m
(10)
1

=0

=0



dx1 + ::: +
dx = 0:
x1
xn n

(12)

(
8
<

F1(x1; :::; xn; y1; :::; ym) = 0;

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;
:
Fm(x1; :::; xn; y1; :::; ym) = 0
y1 ; :::; ym)
x1; :::; xn , (12)


x1


= 0; :::; x
= 0:
n


y1




= 0; :::; y
= 0; x
= 0; :::; x
=0
1

8
< F1 x1; :::; xn; y1; :::; ym

) = 0;

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Fm(x1; :::; xn; y1; :::; ym) = 0

+2

n
m ( ) n m
m 1 ; :::; m.
.
.   . 1 ; :::; m .
114

, M0


y1




= 0; :::; y
= 0; x
= 0; :::; x
= 0; F1 = 0; :::; Fm = 0:
1

(13)

,  f F1; :::; Fm
 U M0 M0
.
M0
0 U M0
f x1; :::; xn; y1; :::; ym f x01; :::; x0n; y10 ; :::; ym
, x1; :::; xn; y1; :::; ym
U M0
() F1
; :::Fm
.  , ,
, f x1; :::; xn; y1; :::; ym
f x01; :::; x0n; y10; :::; ym0
x1; :::; xn; y1; :::; ym
x01; :::; x0n; y10; :::; ym0 , ..
 f .
0 ; 0; :::; 0 - , x01; :::; x0n; y10; :::; ym
1
m
(13) ( ),
M0 x01; :::; x0n; y10; :::; ym0  (1) (2)
, , F x1; :::; xn
 d2 F M00  F M 0
0
x1; :::; xn; '1 x1; :::; xn ; :::; 'm x1; :::; xn ,
f 1F1 ::: 0mFm.
 

( )

) (

=0

( )
)2 ( )
=0

d2F jM 0

))

nX
+m nX
+m

( )= (
)=
= + + +

2
(M0)dxidxj ;
x
x
i
j
i=1 j =1

(14)

-  , dxn+1; :::;
dxn+m -   (3) M00 . (14)
, d2F M00
  M0 , ,
x1 ; :::xn; xn+1; :::; xn+m -

dx1; :::; dxn

115

, dxn+1
dy1; :::; dxn+m dym   M00 . d2F M00  dx1; :::; dxn.  () , M0  (1)
() (2), d2 F M00 () , M0
 (1) .
3. .
1) 

= x + y + z2:

(1)

x=1
zx = 1

(2)

z
y

. (2)

y = x2 + x + 1; z = x + 1:

x U (x)

y z (1). 

= 2x2 + 4x + 2,
. U 0 = 4x = 4 x = 1. ,  U (x)
x = 1.
U 00( 1) = 4 > 0, x = 1  U (x) .
(2) x = 1 y z : y = 1; z = 0. ,  (1) (2) ( 1; 1; 0)
, U ( 1; 1; 0) = 0.

2) ,
y z ,  (1) (2).
.  (2),


dz = dx
dy zdx xdz = 0
116

dy = (z + x)dz
(3)
dz = dx
dy; dz 
 (1) dU = dx + dy + 2zdz . dU = (1 + x + 3z )dx = Adx.
 , (2)
:
8
<z x

A=0

=1
y xz = 1
:
1 + x + 3z = 0
( 1; 1; 0), .. M0 ( 1; 1; 0) - -

 (1)
(2).  Adx,

d2U
,

= (dx + 3dz)dx:

dz = dx,

d2U jM0 = 4(dx)2 > 0:

( 1 1 0)

, M0
; ; - .
3)  (1)
(2).
. 

= x + y + 2z + 1(z

:
8

>
1
>
x
>
>

>
2
< y

1) + 2(y

=1
2z = 0
=1+ =0
 = 2z + 
1 2x = 0
z
>
>
>
F1 = z x 1 = 0
>
>
:
F2 = y xz 1 = 0
117

zx

1)

= 1 =1 =0

=1

: x
;y
;z
; 1
; 2
, .. M0
; ; -  (1) (2).   :

( 1 1 0)

= 2(dz)2 22dxdz:
2 =
= dx (. (3)),  dx : 4(dx)2. d2
1 dz

,  (1) (2)
M0 ; ; .

( 1 1 0)

118


1. ..  . .2, 1966, : "".
2. .. . .1, 1975, : "".
3. .., .. . 1,
1982, : "".
4. .. . . . , 1998.
5. . . .1, 1981, : "
".
6. .., .., .. .
1979, : "".
7. .., .., .., . 1999, : " ".
8. . , .1, :
. , 2003.

119

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
.

 I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
. . . . . . 5
. . . . . . . . . . 6
.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

 II.
.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.1 . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.2
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

 

 III. n - .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.1 n - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.2 . 
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.4 .
120

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
 IV. 
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

4.1 -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.2   . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.4  .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.5   . . . . 73
4.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.7  
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.8  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
4.10  n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
 V. . . . . . . . . . 92

5.1 
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
5.2 ,
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
5.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

121