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.
Procedure < >.< >;
< , >
Begin <>
End;
Function < >.< >;

< , >
Begin <>
End;
.
,
. ,
,
, .. , .
- ,
.
.
, .
, ,
.

(),
:
- : < >.< >
< >.< >(< >);

- with:
with < > do
begin
... < >...
... < > (< >)...
end;
60
2.1.
:
-
:
< >.< > := <>
- ,
(
Init);
- :
Const < > : < > =
(< 1> : < 1>;
< 2> : < 2>;
< >:< >);

.
2.1. ( ).
, .
,
Crt: Window, Textbackground Clrscr.
,
. :
Program WinOb;
Uses Crt;
Type
{ }
Win = Object { }
{ }
XI, Y1, { }
2, Y2, { }
Cf: byte; { }
{ }
Procedure InitfXnl, Ynl,Xn2, Yn2,Cfn:byte); { }
Procedure MakeWin;
{ }
Function GetSizeX: byte; { X}
Function GetSizeY: byte; { Y}
End;
{ }
Procedure Win.Init;
Begin 1:=1; Yl:=Ynl; 2:=2; Y2:=Yn2; Cf:=Cfii; End;
Procedure Win.MakeWin;
61
Begin Window{XlJlX2J2)\
Textbackground{Cf)\ Clrscr End;
Function Win.GetSizeX;
Begin GetSizeX: =X2'X1+1 End;
Function Win.GetSizeV;
Begin GetSizeY:=Y2'Yl^l End;
Var Winvar: Win; { }
Begin
with Winvar do { Winvar }
begin
Init(l, 1,80,25,1); { }
Make Win;
{ }
Writeln(Cf,' - ,GetSizeX,' - \GetSizeY); { }
end;
Readkey;
End
,
: (1 - 80 25).

with.
:
WinvarJnit{l, 1,80,2 5,1);
Winvar. Make Win;
Writeln(Winvar.Cf,' - ' , Winvar.GetSizeX,' - ', Winvar.GetSizeY);
Self. Self
,
. ,
. , -
,
. ,
Self.
Rec - Record
{ }
X, Y: word;
{ }
end;
Pas Ôbject
{ }
Xj : word;
{ }
Procedure Init(P: Rec); { }
end;
Procedure Pos.Init;
Begin
62
2.2.
with do { }
begin
{ }
Self.X: = X;
SelfY:=Y;
end
End;
Var R:Rec; P:Pos;
Begin R.X: =1; R. Y: =2;
{ }
Plnit(R);
{ }
Write{ ,' - \. Y); { }
End.
2.2.
1 : ,

( ).
Borland Pascal 7.0 ,
, .
.

.

-
. ,
-.
, -,
.
.
1. .
2. ,
.
3. , -.
.
4. - ,
- , .
,
44 {Field identifier expected-
).

. ,
.
63
-:
< ->=]1(< ->)
< ->
< ->
End;
2.2 2.3 .
2.2.
( ). (Symb),
.
Program SymbOb;
Uses Crt;
Type
Symb = Object { }
{ }
XI, Yl, { }
2, Y2, { }
CfCs, { }
Col,Lme:byte; { }
Sym.'char;
{}
{ }
Procedure Init(Xnl, Ynl,Xn2, Yn2,CJh,Csn,Cl,Ln:byte;Sm:Char);
Procedure Make Win; { }
Procedure Print; { }
End;
Procedure Symb.Init;
Begin
Xl:=Xnl;Yl:=Ynl;
X2:=Xn2; Y2:=Yn2; Cf:=Cfii;
Cs:=Csn; Col:=Cl; Line:=Ln; Sym:=Sm;
End;
Procedure Symb.MakeWin;
Begin
Window(XlJl,X2,Y2); Textbackground(Cfi; Clrscr
End;
Procedure Symb.Print;
Begin
TextColor(Cs); Gotoxy(ColLine); Write(Sym)
End;
Var Symbvar: Symb; { }
Begin
Symbvarlnit(], 1,80,25J, 1,40,12, 'A'); {}
64
2.2.
Symbvar.MakeWin; { }
Symbvar.Print;
{ }
Readkey;
End
2.1 2.2, , XI, Y1,
2, Y2, Cf Win . , Symb
Win.

. , ,
.
2.3. ( ).
. 2.1 ,
, .
, -
, .
, Win
, Symb - .
2.3 Symb
Win.
Program WinSymbOb;
Uses Crt;
{
}
{ Win 2.1 }
{
}
Symb = Object (Win) {- }

( }
Cs, ( }
Col,Line:byte; { }
Sym.'char;
{}
Win
: XI, Y1, 2, Y2 -
Cf ~
: Init, Win, GetSizeX, GetSizeY
: Cs -
Col, Line -
Symb
Sym -
: Init, Print
. 2.1. 2.3
65
{ }
Procedure Init{Xnl YnlXn2, Yn2, Cfn, Csn, CI, Ln: byte;Sm: Char);
( }
End;
Procedure Symb.Init;
Begin
Win.Init(Xnl, Yn],Xn2, Yn2,CJn); { }
Cs: =Csn; Col: =Cl; Line: =Ln; Sym: =Sm;
End;
Procedure Symb.Print;
Begin TextColor(Cs); Gotoxy(Col,Line); Write(Sym) End;
Var Symbvar: Symb; { }
Begin
with Symbvar do begin
Init(l, 7,80,25,7,1,40,12, 'A'); { }
Make Win;
{ }
Print
{ }
end;
Readkey;
End

2.2.
,
Symb. ,

GetSizeX GetSizeY Win, Win.
.
. ,
.
,
.
: .
, , -
, -

.
:
< -> := < ->
2.3
Win Symb, :
66
2.3.
{
{... Win Symb 2.3
Var
Winvar: Win;
{-}
Symbvar: Symb; {-}
Begin SymbvaKlnit(lJM25J,l40J2,
'A');.
Winvar: = Symbvar; { }
Winvar.MakeWin; { }
Write(Winvar.CJ); { 7}
End.
,
,
{
{ . . . Win Symb 2.3
Var
Winvar: ^Win;
{ -}
Symbvar: ^Symb;
{ -}
Begin New(Symbvar);
{ }
Symbvar^.Init(lJ,80,25JJ,40J2, '');, {}
Winvar: = Symbvar; { }
Winvar^ : = Symbvar^; { }
Winvar^,MakeWin; { }
Write (Winvar^. Cf);
{ }
Dispose (Symvar);
{ }
End.

2.4.
2.3.
Borland Pascal .
.

.

.
,
.

.
67
{
).
Borland
Pascal 7.0.
2.4. .
, ,
.
\Wn Symb: Lot
Symb. Print, Symb
(. 2.2). Lot ,
, N .
Program WinSymbLot;
Uses Crt;
}
{ Win Symb 2.3 ..}

{
}
Lot = Object(Symb) {- Lot)

N: Word; { - }
Procedure Init(Xnl YnlXnl, Yn2,Cfii,Csn,Cl,Ln:Byte;Sm:Char; Nk.word);
{ }
End;
Procedure Lot.Init;
Begin
Symb.Init(Xnl, Ynl,Xn2, Yn2,CJn,Csn,a,Ln,Sm);
N: = Nk; { }
End;
: XI, Yl, X2, Y2 -
Cf -
: Init, MakeWin, GetSizeX, GetSizeY
: Cs -
Col, Line -
Sym -
: Init, Print
: N -
: Init, Print -
. 2.2. 2.4
68
2.3.
Procedure Lot Print;

Var i:byte;
Begin
forii-ltoNdo
begin Symb.Print; { }
inc(Col); inc(Line) { }
end;
End;
Var Symbvar.Symb; { Symb }
Lotvar : Lot; { Lot}
Begin
Symbvar,Init(l, 1,80,25,7,1,40,12, 'A'); { }
Symbvar.MakeWin; { }
Symbvar.Print;
{ ~ Symb}
Readkey;
Lotvar.Init(l, 1,80,25,7,7,40,12, \ 10); { }
Lotvar. Win;
{ }
Lotvar.Print;
{ - Lot}
Readkey;
End
Print Symb Print Lot -
. ,
. Borland Pascal

, .
.
,
, ,
{ ).
,
Borland Pascal -
-.
,

, , .
, ,
,
( ,
) ( 1.6).

.
69
, ,
.
vir
tual:
Procedure < >(< >); virtual;
Function < > (< >):< >; virtual;

.
1. ,
, ,
. .
2. ,
.
3. , , 1 - . Procedure
Constructor.

( - 1.6).
,
. ,
, , Init.
,
. ,
.

.

:
1)
;
2)
,
( ).,
-;
3) ,
,
.
.

,
.
70
2.3.
,
2.4.
2.5. .
Win - Symb - Lot ,
, Win
Run, .
Win
Print. Win -
( ). Print Symb Lot
( ). Win Print ,
(,
) Print.
Run Symb Lot.
, Run,
, Print
, , ,
Print ( 1 ).

.
Init.
Program Met Virt;
Uses Crt;
Type
Win = Object { }
XlJlX2J2,Cf:byte;
Constructor Init(Xnl Yn],Xn2, Yn2, Cfn:byte);
Procedure MakeWin;
{ }
Procedure Run;
{ }
Procedure Print; virtual; { }
End;
Constructor WinJnit;
Begin Xl:=Xnl; Yl:=Ynl; X2:=Xn2; Y2:=Yn2; Cf:=Cfii; End;
Begin
Window(XlJlX2J2);Textbackground(Cfi;ClrscrEnd;
Function Win. GetSizeX; Begin GetSizeX: =X2'X1+1 End;
Function Win.GetSizeY; Begin GetSizeY: =Y2-Y1+1 End;
Procedure Win. Run;
Begin MakeWin; { }
Print
{ }
End;
71
Procedure Win.Print; Begin End; { - }

Type
Symb = Object(Win) {- }
Cs, Col,Line: byte; Sym:char;
Constructor Init(Xnl, Ynl,Xn2, Yn2,Cfn,Csn,ClLn:byte;Sm:Char);
Procedure Print; Virtual; { }
End;
Constructor Symb.Init;
Begin Win.Init(Xnl YnlXn2, Yn2, Cfii);
Cs:=Csn; Col:-CI; Line:=Ln; Sym:=Sm;
End;
Procedure Symb. Print;
Begin TextColor(Cs); Gotoxy(Col,Line); Write(Sym) End;
Type
Lot = Object(Symb) {- Lot}
N:Word;
Constructor Init
(Xnl, YnlXn2, Yn2,Cfii,Csn,Cl,Ln:Byte;Sm:Char; Nkword);
Procedure Print; virtual;
End;
Constructor Lotlnit;
Begin SymbJnit(Xnl, Ynl,Xn2, Yn2,Cfn,Csn,ClLn,Sm); N: = Nk; End;
Procedure Lot. Print;
Var i:byte;
Beginfori:=l toNdo begin Symb.Print; inc(Col); inc(Line) end; End;
Var VI.Win; V2:Symb; V3:Lot;
Begin Vl.Init(20,5,40,15,12);
{ VI}
V2.Init(10,3,60,20,3,1,30,10, 'A'); { V2}
V3.Init(l,1,80,25,5,1,40,12, 'B\10); { V3}
VI.Run; { Print} Readkey;
V2.Run; { Print Symb}
Readkey;
V3.Run; { Print Lot}
Readkey;
End.

. ,
,
-.
2.6. .
Run ,
Win.
72
2.3.
,
MakeWm Print, - ^\^ .
Print
(VI,V2 V3).
virtual Print,
Print (
).
Program ;
Uses crt;
Type
Win = Object { }
Xl,YlX2J2,Cf:byte;
Constructor Init(Xnl, Ynl,Xn2, Yn2, CJh:byte);
Procedure MakeWin;
{ }
Procedure Print; virtual; { }
End;
Constructor WinJnit;
Begin XI:=Xnl; Yl:=YnI; X2:=Xn2; Y2-Yn2; Cf:=CJh; End;
Begin Window(XlJlX2J2);
Textbackground(CJ); Clrscr End;
Function Win.GetSizeX; Begin GetSizeX: =X2'Xm End;
Function Win.GetSizeY; Begin GetSizeY:=Y2'Y1-^1 End;
Procedure Win. Print; Begin End;
}
{
{
Symb Lot 2.5
}
}
Var VI: Win; V2:Symb; V3:Lot\ { }

{ Obj}
Procedure PolOb(Var Obj: Win);
Begin
Obj.MakeWin; { }
Obj.Print
{ }
End;
Begin
VI. init(20,5,40,15,12);
{ VI}
V2,init(10,3,60,20,3,1,30,10, ' ) ; { V2}
V3.init(l,1,80,25,5,1,40,12, '\10); { V3}
PolOb(Vl); { VI}
Readkey;
PolOb(V2); { V2}
Readkey;
PolOb(V3); { V3}
Readkey;
End
1

Win - Symb - Lot ( 3
). -
-,
:
{
{
Win
}
{
Symb Lot 2.5
}
W=^Win; { }
Var V:W; V2:Symb; V3:Lot;
Procedure PolOb(VarObj:W); Begin Obj\MakeWin; Obj\Print End;
Begin
New(V); V14nit(20,5,40J5,5);
V2.Init(10,3M20,3J,30J0, 'A');
V3.Init(l,lM25,5,3,40,12/B\]0);
PolOb(Vl); Readkey;
V1:=@V2; { 1- }
PolOb(Vl); {: A} Readkey;
V1:=@V3; { 2- }
PolOb(Vl); {: } Readkey;
End

lypeOf:
(< >): Pointer ;
TypeOf (< >): Pointer ;

. ,
.

, :
if TypeOf (Self)=/(<1>) then . . . ;
,
SizeOf:
SizeOF (< >): integer;
SizeOF (< >): integer;

74
2.4.
.

{5/?+}.
.
, ^ {$R+) .
Borland Pascal
( 2.1).
, 2.5
:
Const
Vl:Win=(Xl:20;Yl:5;X2:40;Y2:15:Cf:12);
V2:Symb=(Xl:10;Yl:3;X2:60;Y2:20;Cf:3;
Cs:l;Col:30;Line:10;Sym: 'A');
V3:Lot=(Xl:l;Yl:l;X2:80;Y2:25;Cf:5;
Cs:l;Col:40;Line:12;Sym: 'B \'N:10);

, ,
.
2.4.
, ,
, ,
.
, :
Var < > ; ^< >;

New:
New (< >);
< yaae>:=New(< >).

,
( 2.3):
< >^.< >(< >).
Borland Pascal 7.0
New,
75
New (< >,

< >(< >));
< >: = New(<THn >,

< >(< >))
New
. ,
.
, ,
.
, ,
:
0!$$(< >);
,
. , ,
Procedure Destructor,
:

Dispose. Init,
Done. ,
. ,
.
Dispose:
Dispose (< >,< >);

, :
Destructor < > . Done; virtual;
Begin End;
.
1 ,
New 203 (Heap overflow error - ).
76
2.4.
,

Borland Pascal:
Function HeapFunc(size: Word) .integer; far;
Begin HeapFunc:=l; end;
HeapError: =@HeapFunc;
New
nil, .

, ,
.
Fail . Fail
.
nil .
2.7 ,
.
2.7.
. WinD,
,
( ), .
6 , 1 - 4 , 5 6 -
.
Program DinObj;
Uses Crt;
Type
APtr = ^Vaw; { }
Vow = array [7.. ] of byte;
WinPtr = ^WinD; { }
WinD = Object
A:APtr;
{ }
Constructor Init(An: Vow); {}
Destructor Done; virtual; {}
Procedure Make Win;
{ }
Procedure ColorWin;
{ }
End;
Constructor WinD.Init;
Begin
77
New(A); { }
ifA-nil then { }
begin WinD.Done; Fail end;
^:=; { }
End;
Destructor WinD.Done;
Begin ifAonil then Dispose (A); { A} End;
Procedure WinD.MakeWin; { }
Begin mndow(A''flJA^f2J,A''f3J,A^f4J)
End;
Procedure WinD.ColorWin;
Begin TextbackGround(A''[5]); TextColor(A''f6J); Clrscr End;
Function HeapFunc(size:Word):integer; far; Begin HeapFunc:=l; end;
Var V: WinPtr; { }
Const
Am: Vaw=(l, 1,80,25,4,1); {
, }
Begin
HeapError: =@HeapFunc; { }
Clrscr;
New(VfInit(Am));
{ }
if V-nil then Halt(2); { , }
V^.MakeWin;
{ }
V\ColorWin;
Dispose(V,Done); { }
Readkey;
End

.
false, fail.
2.8.
.
Program DinObj;
{
{
WinD
}
{
2.7
}
Var W :WinD; { }
Const
: Vaw=(l, 1,80,25,4,1); {
, }
78
2.4.
Begin
HeapError: -@HeapFunc; { }
Clrscr;
if not WJnit(A) then Halt(2); { , }
W.MakeWin;
{ }
W.ColorWin;
W.Done; { , }
Readkey;
End.
,
.
2.9. (
). , ,
(
).
,
: ,
, 1, (. 2.3).
:
- - ,
(. 2.4).
#f*
'^F
'#
^'
v ^
. 2.3. :
- ; b -
79
(^ 1 . .^ N ^ ( N-f 1^... (^ j

. 2.4.
.
, MS DOS,
, .

(. 2.5). Snow ,
. ,
Snowl Snow2 - .
-
.
.
Init.
Drag.
Drag Snowl,
Snow2.

- , ..
Drag ,
. , Drag
(3- - 2.3).
,
: V -
: Init -
Done -
Create -
Drag -
( )
: Vh -
: Drag -
: Drag -
. 2.5.
80
2.4.
.
, Drag
().
Program SnowOb;
Uses graph, dos, crt;
Type
Ptr = ^Vt; { }
Vt = array [L.6] of integer; { }
Snow = Object
{ }
V: Ptr;
{ }
Constructor Init;
{}
Destructor Done; virtual; {}
Procedure Create; { }
Procedure Drag;virtual; { }
End;
Constructor Snow.Init; Var c, i.word;
Begin
New(V);
{ }
V^[4]: -Random(14)-^l; { }
V^[5]:=Random(30)+2(y; { ( )}
V^[6]: =7;
{ - }
Gettime(i, i, i, );
{ }
for i: =0 to do
begin
{ }
V''[l]:=Random(GetmaxX); V''[2]:=Random(GetmaxY);
V^f3J: =Random(20) + J;
end;
End;
Destructor Snow.Done; { V}
Begin if V< >nil then Dispose(V) End;
Procedure Snow.Create;
Var : real;
Begin
u-0; Setcolor(V'^f4J);
repeat { 12 }
LinefV'flJ, V^[2],Round(V'^[l]^V''[3]''cos(u)),
Round(V'^[2]-^V''[3J*sin(u)));
: =u+pi/6;
untilu>2*pi;
End;
Procedure Snow.Drag;
Begin End;
81
Snow] = Object(Snow) { }
Vh'.byte; { }
Constructor Init(Vhn:Byte);
Procedure Drag; virtual; { }
End;
Constructor Snow Unit; Begin Snow.Init; Vh: = Vhn End;
Procedure SnowLDrag;
Varcbyte;
Begin
c:= V^[4]; V^[4J:=0; { }
Create ;
{ - }
V^f4J: =;
{ }
ifCV'fSJ < ^^[5]) and (^^[2]+ V'fSJ < GetmaxY) then {
}
begin inc(V^[3], Vh); Create { } ^rf
else V^[6]: =0;
{ }
End;
Snow2 = Object(Snowl)
{ }
Procedure Drag; virtual; { }
End;
Procedure Snow2.Drag;
Var : byte;
Begin
c: = V^[4]; V^[4]: =0; {1 }
Create ; { }
V^[4]:=c; { }
if V^[2]+ V^[5] < GetmaxY then {
}
begin inc(V^[2], Vh); { } Create end
else V^[6]: =0; { }
End;
Sdl =^Snowl; { }
Sd2 =^Snow2; { }
Const N=100; { }
Var S: array[0..N] of^Snow; { }
,, /, , : integer; {>1 }
Begin
a:=Detect; Initgraph(a,r, 'D:\BP\BGr);randomize;
Setbkcolor(Black); { }
: =40; { }
for i:=0 to do { }
82
2.5.
begin : -random(2); { }
ifm^l then S[i]:=New(SdlMt(l)) else SfiJ:=New(Sd2Mt(l));
S[i]\Create;
end;
repeat { }
for i: =0 to do
begin SfiJ^.Drag; { }
ifSfiJ^. V^[6]=0 then { }
begin
Dispose(S[iJ,Done); { }
ifrandom(2)^0then
SfiJ:=New(Sdl,Init(l))
else S[i]:=New(Sd2,Init(l)); { }
S[i]^. Create;
{ }
end;
end;
until Keypressed;
for i: =1 to do { }
Dispose(SfiJ,Done);
End.
2.5.

.
, .
,
. ,
, .
, ,
, .
(.tpu)
, ,
. ,
, .
,
. ,
,
.
private
.
, .
, private,
.
83
, ,
.
,
public.
Unit.

- :
Unit < >;
Interface { }
< > = object

private < >;
public < >;
private < >;
public < >;
End;
Var < >
Implementation { }
{1 }
Begin { }
{ }
End.
, .
2.10. . 2.7, :
1)
Unit;
2) private (
) ColorWin WinD.
, Objjunit.tpu
private
.
Unit ObjJUnit;
Interface { }
Uses Crt;
Type
Vow = array [L.6] of byte;
APtr = ^Vaw; { }
WinPtr = ^WinD; { }
84
2.5.
WinD = Object
private { } A:APtr; { }
public { }
Constructor Init(An: Vow); {}
Destructor Done; Virtual; {}
Procedure MakeWin;
{ }
private { }
Procedure ColorWin; { }
End;
Implementation { }
Constructor WinD.Init;
Begin New(A); ifA=nil then begin WinD.Done; Fail end;
A^:=An;
End;
Destructor WinD.Done;
Begin if Aonil then Dispose (A); End;
Procedure WinD.MakeWin;
Begin Window(A''f]JJ^f2JJ''[3JJ^f4J);
SelfColorWin End;
Procedure WinD.ColorJVin;
Begin TextbackGround(A''[5J); TextColor(A''[6]); Clrscr End;
End.
, ObjUnit:
Program ModOb;
Uses ObjUnit;
{ }
Var
V: WinPtr; { }
: Vow;
{ }
Begin
[1]:=1; [2]:=1; Af3J:=80; Af4J:=25; { }
A[5J:=7; A[6J: -1;
{ }
New(V,Init(A));
{ }
ifV^nilthenHalt(2);
V\MakeWin; { }
Dispose(V,Done) { }
End

, :
^[1]:=1; ^[2]:=1; ]:=60;
'^[4]:=20; ^[5]:=3; ^[1]:=2;
85
44 {Field identifier expected -

). , private
WinD 2.7.
:
V^.ColorWin;
ColorWin ,
Win. ,
, Win.
2.6.
,
(. . 1.15),
.
,
.

, -
.
Borland Pascal 7.0
. .
2.11. .
, (OutS)
(Win). Win
ObField.
Program Compos;
Uses Crt;
Type
OutS = Object { }
S:string; { }
Cs:byte; { }
Procedure Init(Sn:string;Csn:byte); { }
End;
Procedure OutS.Init; Begin S:=Sn; Cs:=Csn End;
Procedure OutS.Print; Begin Textcolor(Cs); Write(S) End;
Type
Win = Object { }
X1,Y1,X2,Y2, {}
Cfibyte; { }
86
2.6.
Ob_Field: OutS; { }
Procedure Init(Xnl, Ynl,Xn2, Yn2,Cfii: byte; Obn: OutS);
Procedure Make Win; { }
End;
Procedure Win.Init;
Begin Xl:=Xnl;Yl:=Ynl;
X2:=Xn2; Y2:=Yn2; Cf:=Cfh;
Ob_Field:=Obn; { }
End;
Begin
Window(XlJlX2J2);
Textbackground(Cfi; Clrscr;
ObFieldPrint; { Print OutS
Win}
End;
Var V:Win; FrOutS; { }
Begin
KInit{ ' \1); { }
V.Init(20J0,35, );
{ - -}
V. Win; { }
Readkey;
End.
,
, .
2.12. - .
,
(),
(. 2.6).

.
, .
.2.7.
: Zona () Cir
(). Zona ,
, N - -
Cir.
Init, Out Run.
Control,
-
(.2.8).
Cir . ,
, ,
87
. 2.6.
.
.
,
.
.
Cir Zona. Z
Cir.
Control Z
.
- ,
Control .
j -
0
f
i\
^
>
^
[ 1 J [ :( 2 1 ...
' * % ^ ,
f
. 2.7.
1 ; 2
88
2.6.
Cir
: X, Y -

R, -
: Init -
Out -
Move -
Zona
: X, Y -

Lx, Ly -
- 4îr
N -
: Init -
Out -
Run -
Control -
. 2.8.

, Zona.
Program MoveCir;
Uses graph, crt;
Type
Cp=^Cir;
{ }
Cir=Object
{ }
X, Y,R, ,
{ , }
Dx,Dy: integer; { }
Constructor Init(Xn,Yn,Rn,Cn,Dxn,Dyn:integer); {}
Procedure Out; { }
Procedure Move; { }
End;
Constructor Cir.Init;
Begin R: =Rn; =Cn; Dx: =Dxn; Dy: =Dyn; X: =Xn; Y:=Yn End;
Procedure Cir Out;
Begin Setcolor(C); Circle(X,Y,R) End;
Procedure Cir. Move;
Var cc: integer;
Begin
cc: =C; C: =Getbkcolor; Out; C: =cc; X: =X+Dx; Y:=Y+Dy; Out;
End;
Type
mascp=array [1..100] ofCp; { }
Zona=Object
{ }
X, Y,Lx,Ly,
{ }
C'word;
{ }
P:mascp;
{- }
N:byte;
{ }
89
Constructor Init(Xn, Yn,Lxn,Lyn,Cn:word;Pn:mascp;Nn:byte);

Procedure Out;
{ }
Procedure Control; { }
Procedure Run;
{ }
End;
Constructor Zona.Init;
BeginX:^Xn; Y:=Yn; Lx:=Lxn; Ly:=Lyn; C:=Cn; P:=Pn; N:=Nn End;
Procedure Zona. Out;
Begin Setcolor(C); Rectangle(XXX+LxJ+Ly) End;
Procedure Zona. Control;
{ }
Procedure CrCr(Pl,P2:Cp);
Var wx,wy:real;
Begin wx:
=Pl\X+Pl\Dx'P2\X-P2\Dx;
wy: =P1\ Y+Pl\Dy'P2\ Y-P2\Dy;
if(sqrt(sqr(wx)+ sqr(wy)) <= P2''.R+P1\R) then
begin { }
Pl\Dx:=-Pl\Dx;
P2\Dx:=-P2\Dx;
Pl\Dy--Pl\Dy;
P2\Dy:='P2\Dy;
end;
End;
{ }
Procedure CrZn(P:Cp);
Begin
if{P\X^P\Dx-P\R
< = X)or (P\X^P\Dx^P\R
> = X+Lx)
then P^.Dx: ='P^.Dx; { X}
if(P\Y^P\Dy'P\R
<=Y)or (P\Y+P\Dy+P\R
>= Y+Ly)
then P^.Dy: ='P\Dy; { Y}
End;
Var iJ .'integer;
Begin
{ }
for i: =1 to N'l do forj: =i+l to N do CrCr(P[i],P[j]);
{ }
for i: =ltoNdo CrZn(PfiJ);
End;
Procedure Zona. Run;
Var k: integer;
Begin Control; { }
for : =1 to do PfkJ^'.Move;
End;
{ }
Var Z.'Zona; { Zona}
90
2.6.
V.mascp; { }
a,rg,k,dj, { }
x,yJxJyJmHcz, { }
., {max }
,,, { }
,, { }
dx,cfy:integer; { 1 }
Begin
Clrscr; WritelnC: \20);
Write{ ' - '); readln(x);
Write{ ' noY- '); readln(y);
Write{ ' - '); readln(lx):
Write{ ' Y- '); readln(ly);
cz:=random(14)-^l; { }
iflx< =ly then Imin: =lx else Imin: =ly;
rm:=random(round(lmin/2))-^3; {max }
nmax:=sqr(round(lmin/(2*rm+l))); ifnmax>100 then nmax:=100;
Write{'ouecmo ( ',nmax,') - '); readln(n);
Write{'3adepDiCKy- '); readln(d);
xc: ^x-^rm-^l; yc: -y+rm+1; k: =n;
while k>0 do
begin { }
: -random(rm)+7; : =random(15)+1;
repeat dx:=random(5)'3 until dx<>0;
repeat dy:=random(5)-3 until dyoO;
if(xc+rm+l) < (x+lx) then
begin New(VfkJ); VfkJ^Jnit(xc,yc,r,cCfdx,dy); {}
dec(k); xc:=xc-^2*rm-Î
end
else if(yc+rm+l)< (y+ly) then
beginyc:=yc+2*rm+l; xc:=x+rm+l end;
end;
a:=Detect; Initgraph(a,rg, ':\\);
ZJnit(x,y,lx,ly,cz, V,n);
{ }
Z Out;
{ }
repeat
Z.Run;
{ }
for i:=l to 10 do delay(d);
until Keypressed;
Closegraph;
End
91
1.1.
-

.
2.13. . . ,
(. 2.9).

.

.

.

( ).

.
"^ X
B
y
t*
"
. 2.9.
92
2.7.
{ j
1J 2J . . .
(^ 1^ (2)
[ MJ
. . . (^!^
. 2.10. :
1 - ; 2 -
, ,
, (. 2.10).
.

.
:
- -
;
- - .
,
, .
1. ,
?
2. , ,
?
3. , ,
?
4. ? , ?
, ,
?

, , ,
, .
:
,
Init
Outs.
Move Tie, Tie Move
, (
- ).
93
Cchar
:
Ch -
-
X, Y -
Lx, Ly -
:
Init -
Print -
Line
: -
L -
D -
: Init -
Outs -
Tie -
Move -
LinMovX
: Tie, Move
LinMovY
: Tie, Move
: Re -
Xc, Yc -
V -
: Tie, Move
. 2.11.
LinMovCir
: LinMovX - , LinMovY -
LinMovCir - .
,
Move Tie (.2.11).
Line -
Cchar. ,
Cchar ,
Line , ,
, Line. Print
. ,
: , ,
.
:
,
.
( private).

, .. ,
, .
:
UnitEx_2_13a;
Interface
Type
Pc=''Cchar;
94
2.7.
Cchar = Object
{ }
private
Ch:char;
{ - }
,
LXyLy:integer; {,, }
public
Constructor Init(Chn: char; Cn,Xn, Yn: integer);
Procedure Print;virtual; { }
End;
Type
Line=object
{ }
private
' [L.lOO] of Pc;
L'byte; { - }
D:real; { - }
public
Constructor Init(S: string; ,, Yn: integer; Dn: real);
Procedure OutS; { }
private
Procedure Tie(i:byte;varX,Y:integer); virtual; { }
Procedure Move(i:byte);virtual; {}
End;
LinMovX=object(Line)
private
Procedure Tie(i:byte;varX.Yinteger); virtual;
Procedure Move(i:byte);virtual;
End;
LinMovY=object(Line)
private
Procedure Tie(i:byte;varX,Y:integer); virtual;
End;
LinMovCir=object(Line)
private
Re,
Xc, Yc:integer; {, }
V: array [L.lOO] of real; { }
public
Constructor lnit(S: string; ., Ycn:integer;Dn:reaI);
private
Procedure Tie(i:byte;varX,Y:integer); virtual;
End;
95
Implementation
|:|:||||9|9|:|:|:| ^ ^ ^ * * * * * * * * * * * * * J
Uses crt, graph;

Constructor Cchar.Init;
Begin Ch: =Chn; {} : =Cn; { }
X: =Xn; Y:=Yn;
{ }
Lx: =Textwidth(Ch); Ly:=Textheight(Ch); { }
End;
Procedure Cchar.Print; { }
BeginSetcolor(C); Outtextxy(XXCh) End;
Constructor Line.Init;
Vari: integer;
Begin
L: =Length(S); D: ^Dn;
fori:-l
toLdo
begin New(M[i]Mt(S[i], Cn,Xn, Yn));
Tie(i,XnJn);
end;
End;
Procedure Line.OutS;
Var i, : integer;
Begin for i:=l to L do begin
c:=M[i]\C; M[i]\C:=Getbkcolor; M[i]\Print;
Move(i); M[i]\ C: =c; M[i]\Print end;
End;
Procedure Line.Tie; Begin end; { }
Procedure Line.Move; Begin End; { }
I********** ^^^ LinMovX ***********}
Procedure LinMovX. Tie;
Begin X:^M[i]\X+M[i]\Lx+2;
Y^M[i]\Yend;
Procedure LinMovXMove;
Begin
M[i]\X: ^Round(M[i]\X+D);
if(D>0) and (M[i]\X>GetmaxX'M[i]\Lx) then M[i]\X:=^0;
if(D<0) and (M[i]\X<0) then
M[i]\X:^GetmaxX'M[i]\Lx;
End;
|:|)|:|9|:|*>|>|* L u i M o v Y ***********}
Procedure LinMovYTie;
BeginX:=M[i]\X+M[i]\Lx;
Y:=M[i]\Y'M[i]\Ly
end;
Procedure LinMovYMove;
Begin
M[i]\ Y: ^Round(M[i]\ Y+D);
if(D>0) and (M[i]\ Y>Getmaxy'M[i]\Ly) then M[i]\ Y: =0;
96
2.7.
if(D<0) and (MfiJ'^. Y<0) then MfiJ^. Y: =Getmaxy-MfiJ^.Ly;

End;
^:^t******** LinMovCir *********}
Constructor LinMovCirJnit;
Var i,Xn, Yn: integer;
Begin
L: =Length(S); Re: =Round((L+l) *2 *Textheight(S)/(2 *pi));
D: =2*pi/(L+l); { }
V[l]:=pi; for i:=2 to L do V[i\: = V[i'l]^D;
Xc:=Xcn; Yc:=Ycn;
fori:-l to Ldo
begin Tie(i,Xn,Yn);
New(M[i],Init(Sfi],Cn,Xn, Yn));
end;
D:=Dn; { }
End;
Procedure LinMovCir Tie;
Begin X:=Round(Rc*cos(V[iJ)+Xc); Y=Round(Rc*sin(VfiJ)-hYc) End;
Procedure LinMovCir Move;
Begin
V[iJ: = V[iJ+D;
M[i]\X:^Round(Rc''cos(V[i])+Xc);
M[i]\ Y: =Round(Rc *sin(VfiJ)+Yc);
End;
End
:
Program Strjobj;
Uses Graph,CrtyExJ2_13a; { Ex_2_13a - }
Var Sxl,Sx2:LinMovX; SylSy2:LinMovY; Scl,Sc2:LinMovCir;
a, r: integer; d.word;
Begin
Clrscr;
Write{ ' : ) ; readln(d);
a:=Detect; Initgraph(a,r, ':\\);
Setbkcolor(8); Settextstyle(0,OJ);
SxLInit( ' ',9,245,215,3);
Sx2Jnit{ ' ',13,155,263,-3);
Syl.Init( ' ',11,165,250,2);
Sy2.Init{ ' ', 12,300,400,-2);
Scl.Init( ' ',15,
GetmaxXdiv 2,GetmaxYdiv 2,0.05);
97
Sc2.Init{' ',
14,GetmaxXdiv 2,GetmaxYdiv 2,-0.05);
repeat
{ }
Sxl.OutS; Sx2.0utS; Syl.OutS;
Sy2.0utS; Scl.OutS; Sc2.0utS;
Delay{d);
until Keypressed;
Closegraph;
End

1. Borland Pascal 7.0? .
?
2. ? .
Self? ?
3. .
Borland Pascal 7.0 ?
.
4. Borland Pascal 7.0? ,
. ,
.
5. ?
?
6. ?
7. .
.
3.
-
BORLAND C++ 3.1
C++, Borland C++ 3.1,
Borland Paskal 7.0.
,
, ( , ),
3.1.
+-, , -
,
, .
:
class < >
{ private:
< () >;
protected: < >;
public:
< () >;
};
,
, ,
.
-
.
, private,
.
, / ( 3.5) .
, protected,
.
, . ~
.
99
3. Borland C++ 3.1
, &1 public, .
.

.
.

, private.
. ,
,
.
, ,
::.
, :
< > < >:: < >(< >)
{< >}
C++,
, (inline).
,
, , .
, ,
:
Uinclude <stdio.h>
Uinclude <conio,h>
class X
{private:
char c;
public:
int x,y;
/*
*/
void print(void)
{ clrscrQ;
gotoxy(x,y); print/ %c", );
x=x+10; y^y-^S;
gotoxy{x,y); print/ %c", c);
}
void set_X{char ach,int ax,int ay) {c=ach; x=ax; y=ay; }
};

, inline.
,
100
5.7.
:
- , ,
;
- ;
- .
.
:
class Y
{
public:
intx.y;
int ; char I;
II
voidprint(void);
void set_ Y{char al,int ax,int ayyint ak);
};
//
inline void Y::set_ Y{char al,int ax=40,int ay=15Jnt ak=15)
{ x=ax;
y-oy;
k=ak;
l=al;
}
/* print() ,
inline */
void Y::print
{ clrscrQ;
gotoxy(x,y);
for(int i=0;i<k;i++) printfC %c'\l)\
}
,
.
3.1. ( ).
, :
include <iostream.h>
#include <string.h>
class String II
{ private: char str[25]; II - 25
public:
II ()
void setjstr (char *); II
void displayjstr(void); II
char * returnjstr(void); II
};
//
void String::setjstr(char * s) { strcpy(str,s);}
void String::display_str(void) { cout str endl; }
char * String::return_str(void) {return str; }
101
3. Borland C++ 3.1
,
,
include:
- - #include ;
- - #include
< >.
, ,
. :
< > < >
:
String , *, [6];
string , .
,
,
:
< >.< >: :< >.
:
a.String::str;
b'> String:: set_str{stl)\
c[i].String::displayjstrO.

, .

:
< >.< >;
< >->< >;
< >[]. < >.
:
astr
a,display_strO
102
b->str
b'>display_strO
cfij.str ;
fij.displayjstrQ.
3.1.
,
, , .
- .
.

.
.

,
.

:
-
main ;
-
, ;
- , ,
new delete.
.
,
.
, ,
.

:
1) ;
2) ;
3) C++
.

, pwW/c.
, private nprotected,
.
3.2.
#include <string.h>
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
class sstro
{ public:
char strl[40];
int xy;
void setjstr{char *vs) II
103
3. Borland C++ 3.1
{strcpy{strl,vs); =0; =0;}

voidprint{void) { cout< <' '< << <' '< << <' '< <strl < <endl;}
};
voidmainO
{ sstro ={" \ 200, 400}; /*
*/
sstro bb,cc; II
bb.x=200; bb.y=150; //
strcpy(bb.strl, " 2''); //
cc.setjstr{"npuMep 3")\ /*
*/
aaprintQ; bb.printQ; cc.printO;
}

.
,
( - 3.2/

,
.
( 3.2).
this.
,
, .
this
:
<_> * const this = < _>.
,
,
. , this
() (. )
.
.
:
tMs->pole
tMs->str
this->fun().
,
this=&A, b - this=b.

. , this
,
.
104
3.1.
this .
,
, .
3.3. this.
Mnclude <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
class
{ int x,y;
publicvoid set (int ax, int ay) {x=ax;y=ay;}
voidprint(void) { coutx'
\t'
yendl\}
*funlO{x=y=100; return this;} /*
, */
/2( ) {-^-=.; -^=.; return *this;} /* 1
, */
};
voidmainQ
{ clrscrQ;
aa,bb;
aa.set(10,20);
bb.funl{y>print{);
II : 100 100
aa.printQ;
II : 10 20
aa.fun2(bb).print0;
II : 120
getchO; }
. - , -
.
.
,
.

.
,
static. ,
.
- ,
.

, < >::.
:
class point
{ intx.y;
105
3. Borland -^^ 3.1
Static int obj_count; /* - ( )

*/
public:
point 0{=0;'=0; obj_count\-+;} II
};
int point::obj_count=0; II

.
.
, static.
-
this. ,
.
,

:
< >.< >.

:
class point
{ int ,, color;
II
static int obj_count; II -
public:
point
{x=0;y=0;color=5;}
static void drawjpount(point &p); II
};
int point::obj_count=0; II
void point::draw_point{point
&p) /*
*/
{ putpixel( ., ., p.color );11
objjoount++;}
//
,
,
:
<>: :<>.
106
3.1.
3.4. .
, ,
,
(. 3.1). first
, last - .
next .

drawAll(). drawAll()
next
înclude <iostream.h>
Mnclude <string.h>
înclude <conio.h>
Mnclude <alloc,h>
#mclude <stdio.h>
class String
{ public: char str[40]\
static String *Jirst; II -
static String *last; II -
String *next;
String{char *s)
{ strcpy(str,s);
next=NULL;
if(first==NULL)Jirst=this; else last'>next=this;
last=this; }
voiddisplayO { cout strendl;
}
static void displayAQ; //
};
String *String::/irst=NULL; II
String *String::last=NULL;
void String::displayAll Q //
{ String *p-first;
if(p=NULL) return;
^
first
a
next ^ ^
1 ^\
b
next I
1 -^n
last
1
11
PHC. 3.1. 3.4

107
3. Borland C++ 3.1
do {p->displayO; p=P'>next;}
while(pl=NULL);
)
int main(void)
{ String ' "), II -
"),
' ");
if (String::first!-NULL) //
String:: display Alio;
getchO;
}

,
.
.
. C++ . ,
,
,
.
. ,
.
.

. .
, . ,
.

.
3.5. .
,
, .
înclude <conio.h>
înclude <graphics.h>
class Figura {
class Point II
{
intx,y,cv;
public:
int getxQ {return x;} II x
int getyO {return ;} II
int getcQ {return cv;} II
void setpoint(int ncv) II
108
3.1.
fcout'' :"
cinxy;
cv=ncv;}
endl;
};
class Line
II
{ Point ,; II
public:
void draw(void) II
{ setcolor(Tn.getcO);
line(Tn.getxOJn.getyOJk.getxO,Tk.getyO);}
void setline(int ncv) II
{ cout<<'' :'' endl;
Tn.setpoint(ncv); Tk.setpoint(ncv);}
voidprintQ
II
{coutTn.getxO'
'Tn.getyO'
';
coutTk.getxO'
' Tk.getyOendl;
}
};
//
int kolline;
II
Line *mas;
II
public:
void set/igura(int nJnt ncv); II
void drawfvoid);
II
void delfiguraQfdelete [] mas;} II
voidprintQ;
II
};
void Figura: :setfigura(int , int ncv)

{ kolline =n;
cout" " kolline":"
endl;
mas=new Line [kolline];
for (int i=0; i<kolline; /+ +) {mas[i].setline(ncv);} }
void Figura:: draw (void)
{ for(int i=0;i<kolline;i++) masfiJ.draw();}
void Figura::print (void)
{ for (int i=0; i<kolline; /+ +) mas[i].print();}
voidmain()
{ int dr-DETECT, mod; Figura Treangle;
initgraph(&dr,&mod,"c:\\borlandc\\bgi" ) ;
cout " : "endl; setbkcolor(15); setcolor(O);
Treangle.setfigura(3,6); II
Treangle.printQ; II
getch(); setbkcolor(3); cleardevice();
Treangle.draw ',
II
Treangle.delfiguraO; II
getchO; }
109
3. Borland C++ 3.1
3.2.
,
,
.
. C++ ,
, ,
, .

, .
3.6.
. 1
, 3.2, strl.
sstr ,
,
.
înclude <string.h>
înclude <conio.h>
class sstr
{private:
char strl[40];
public: int x,y;
void print(void)
{cout" : " endl;
cout"x= "x"y=
"yendl;
cout'* : " endl;
cout" strl^"
strlendl;}
sstrfint vxyint vy,char *vs) // sstr
f int len=strlen(vs); II
if(len>=^0) {strncpy(strl,vs,40);strlf40J=W;}
elsestrcpy(strl,vs);
x=vx;y=vy; }
}:
voidmainQ
{ clrscrQ;
// sstr
sstr (200150,'' '');
aa.printQ;
getchQ;
}
,
,
. .
110
3.2,
.
3.7. .
Mnclude <string,h>
Mnclude <conio.h>
class sstr
{private:
char strl[40];
public:
int x,y;
void print(void)
{cout" / : " endl;
cout"x=
"x"y=
"yendl;
cout< < " strl="< <strl < <endl;}
sstrfvoid) II ,
fstrcpyfstrl/^KOHcmpyKmop "); =0;=; } ;
sstr (char *vs) II , strl
{int len-strlen(vs);
if(len>=40) {strncpy(strJ,vs,40);strlf40J=W;} else strcpy(strl,vs);
x=0; y-0; } // x no
sstr (char *vsyint vx) II , strl x
if(len>=40) {strncpy(strl,vs,40);strlf40J-=W;} else strcpy(strl,vs);
x=vx; y=0; } // no
sstr (char *vs,int vx,int vy) II ,
if(len>=40) {strncpy(strl,vs,40);strlf40J=W;} else strcpy(strl,vs);
x=vx;y==vy; }
}:
voidmainQ
{ clrscrQ;
sstr aO, al (" 1 no ");
sstr a2(" 2 "J00);
sstr (" 3",200,150);
aO.printQ;
al.printQ;
a2.print();
a3.print();
getchO;
}
,
, .
.

.
111
3. Borland C++ 3.1
3.8.
.
înclude <string.h>
#mclude <conio.h>
class sstr
{private:
char strl[40];
public:
int x,y;
void print(void)
{ cout'' :" endl;
cout"x=
" x"
y= "
yendl;
cout" strl="
strlendl;}
sstr(char *vs,int vx,int vy); /*
*/
};
sstr:: sstr (char vs=''cmpoKa no '\int vx=^80,int vy-90) /*

*/
if(len>=40){strncpy(strl,vs,40);
strl[40]='\0';}
else strcpy(strl,vs);
x=vx;y=vy; }
voidmainQ
{ clrscrQ;
sstr aO,alC' X no ");
sstr a2C'y no ", 100);
sstr (" ",200,150);
.print ; II : =80 =90 strl=
al.printO; II : =80 =90 strl=
a2.print(); II : =100 =90 strl=
a3.print(); II
: =200 =150 strl=
getchO; }
,

:
<> (< >),
:
- ;
- , ;
- .
112
3.2.
,
.

,
, ,
, .
,
.
.
.
( ).

.

.
3.9.
.
înclude <iostream,h>
Mnclude <conio.h>
class integ
{ int ;
public:
void print(void)
{ cout'' num=
"numendl;}
integ(int v):num(v){} II
integfvoid) {}
II
}:
class obinteg
{ integ ; II
public:
const intx,y,c; II
void print(void)
{ onum.printQ;
cout"x="
x"y=
"y"
color="cendl;}
obinteg(mt va,int vx,int vy,int vc):onum(va),x(vx),y(vy),c(vc){} I*

*/
obinteg(void) {}
II
}:
voidmainQ
{ clrscrQ;
integ {10); II
113
3. Borland C++ 3.1
integsl;
lls\
obinteg bb(20,40,100,13); II
obinteg s2; II
" mtegsl" endl;
sLprintQ; II
" obintegs2*'endl;
s2.printQ; II
cout " integ: "endl;
aa.printQ; II
cout " integ:" endl;
bb.printQ; II
getchO;}

,
( 3.7), .
(
),
. , ,
, .
(
) .
.

,
,
.
C++
,
. , , ,
:
integ (2050,), =;

.
,
, :
Classl (const Classl&);
Classl(const Classl&,mt=0);
114
3.2.

.

,
- .
,
, .
,
:
< > (const < >&),

,
.
.
.
-
const,
const.
.
.
Mnclude <string.h>
înclude <conio.h>
class child
{private: char *name; int age;
public:
void print(void)
{cout" : "name; cout":
"age
child(char *Name, int Age): name (Name), age (Age) {}
endl;}
};
voidmainO
{clrscrO;
("'\6),("'\5);
cout " : "endl;
aa,printQ; II : 6
bb.printQ; II : 5
child dd-aa; I* */
dd.printQ; II : 6
getchO;
}
115
3. Borland + + 3.1
3.10 :
child(const child & obj):name(obj.name),age(obj,age) {}

dd.
,
,
.
3.11. .
Mnclude <string,h>
Mnclude <conio.h>
class intpole
{ intcif;
public:
voidprint(void) { cout< < "cif="cif< < " "< < endl;}
intpole (intva) {cif=va;}
intpole(const intpole& obi) II
{
cifrobl.ciTS;}
};
class obpole
{ int ;
intpole intob; II
public:
void print(void)
{intob.printQ;
cout" num=
"numendl;}
obpole(int vn, int va):num(vn), intob(va) {}
};
voidmainQ
{ clrscrQ;
obpole aa(10,40);
cout " : "endl;
aa.printQ; II 40 10
obpole bb-aa; II
bb.printQ; II 120 10
getchO; }
obpole
:
obpole (const obpole &obj):num(obj.num) Jntob(obj.intob){}
116
3.2.
intob
intpole, cif
.
, ,
, ,
,
.
, ,
. , ,
, .
,
.
.

, ( 3.30).
.
, . 1 ,
- - ( ). ,
.
,
.
,
( 3.3).
. - ,
( 3.4).
.
, ,
. ,
(, , ..).
exit,
. ,
, abort . ,
, .
,
.
,
- ,
. ,

, ,
.
117
3. Borland C++ 3.]

Up . coq)a
, .
3.12. 1 .
înclude <iostream,h>
#include <string.h>
class din_string
{ char *str; II -
unsigned size;
public:
dinjstring(char *s,unsigned SIZE=100); II
^dinjstringO; II
void displayQ{cout str
endl;}
};
dinstring: :din_string(char'^s,unsigned SIZE) II

{str = new char [size = SIZE]; strcpy(str,s);}
din_string::^dinjstringO II
{delete []str; }
void mainQ
^{dinjstringA (''my example ");
char ss [] - "ve cjvhuter is very good";
dinjstring */7 = new din_string(ss,sizeof(ss));
P'>display():
delete p;
II -
A.displayO;} II
3.3.
C++ ,
.
. -

.
{)
^ , ,
.

, ,
(=), ,
.
.
118
3.3.
()
,
.
()
:
class < >:
< >{< >};
: private, protected,
public.

. 3.1.
3.1.
private
protected
private
public
private
private
protected
protected
public
protected
private
protected
protected
public
public
private
protected
public
,
private. ,
.
3.13. public.
Mnclude <conio.h>
class A
{private: // ()
int numza;
119
3. Borland -^+ 3.1
public:
II ()
int ;
void print (void)
{" "numzaendl;
cout " =
"numoaendl;}
() { numza=20; =50;}
};
class : public I* -
*/
f private: int numzb;
public:
void print (void)
{" =
"numzbendl;
' A =";
cout< <numoa< <endl;}
B(){numzb=100;}
};
void main()
{ clrscrQ;
A aa; bb;
cout " : "endl;
aa.print(); II : A = 20 = 50
bb.printQ; II : = 100 = 50
getchO; }

protected public
private. ,
,
.
3.14.
private.
Uinclude <conio.h>
class A
{private:
int numza;
protected: int numpra;
public:
int numoa;
void print(void)
{ cout " A =
" A=
cout " A =
120
"numzaendl;
"numpraendl;
"numoaendl;}
3.3.
A(){numza=20; numpra=30; numoa=50;}

};
class B: private A II
{private: int numzb;
protected:
A::numpra; /* ,
*/
public:
::; II ,
void print(void)
{" =
"numzbendl;
" , =";
< << <endl;
'' , = ";
cout< <numpraendl;
}
B(){numzb=100;}
}:
void main
{ clrscrQ;
A aa; bb;
cout " : "endl;
aa.print(); II : 20 30 50
bb.printQ; : 100 50 30
getchO;
}
- .
.

, .

, C++.
, 1.6,

.
.
, C++
.
, C++
,
.

121
3. Borland C++ 3.1
.
,
.

: , ,
, - .
3.15.
.
înclude <conio.h>
class A
{ int a;
public:
int cl;
voidprint(void) { cout< <a< < " "< < cl< <endl;}
A(int v):a(v){cl=10;} II A
;.
class : public A
{ int b;
public:
voidprint(void) { coutb
" "<<cl <<endl;}
B(int va,int vb):A(va),b(vb)ff II
};
class : public
{ int ;
public:
voidprint(void) { cout< <c< < " "cl < <endl;}
C(int va,int vb,int vc):B(va,vb),c(vc){} II
};
voidmainQ
{clrscrQ;
A aa(lO), *pa; II A
bb(10,100); // , -
(10,100,1000); II ,
cout " : "endl;
bb.cl=25; II 1
.1=35;
aa.printO;
II : 10
10
bb.printQ;
//: 100
25
cc.printQ;
//: 1000 35
122
3.3.
=&;
pa->printO: II : 10
10
pa=&bb; /*

*/
pa'>printQ;
II : 10
25
=&;
pa'>printO;
II 10
35
getchQ;
}

print()
,
.
print() .

( 3.4).
, ,
, .
,
, .
, ,
, ,
.
3.16.
.
, ,
. 3.2.
intuk
: int cifyole
:
Print, imtuk, -untuk
strb
: char*strl
: print, strb, -strb
strc
: char*str2
: print, strc, ---strc
. 3.2. 3.16
123
3. Borland C++ 3.1
include <string.h>
#include <conio.h>
class intuk
{
int *ciôle;
public:
voidprint(void) {cout'*ciJpole ="*ciJpole"
"endl;}
intuk(int va){cout"KOHcmpyKmop intuk"endl;
cifpole=new int;*cifpole=va;}
'-întukO{cout " intuk''endl; delete cifpole;} };
class strb: public intuk
{ char *strl;
public:
voidprint(void) {cout"strl=
"strlendl;}
strb(int vUyChar *vs):intuk(va)
{ cout"KOHcmpyKmop strb"endl;
int l-strlen(vs); strl=new char fl-^lj; strcpy(strl,vs); }
^strbOfcout ''strb "endl;
deletestrl;}
};
class strc: public strb

{
char *str2;
public:
voidprint(void)
{cout"str2="str2endl;}
strcfint va,char *vs,char *vss):strb(va,vs)
{" strc"endl;
intk-strlen(vss); str2=new char fk+lj; strcpy(str2,vss); }
-strcQ{cout
" strc "endl; delete str2;}
};
voidmainQ
intuk aa( 10); II : intuk
strb (10/' 1 strb "); I* : intuk
strb */
strc (10/'. B'\ " 2 strc ");
I* : intuk
strb
strc */
cout " : "endl;
aa.printQ;
II : cifpole =10
bb.printQ;
II : strl= 1 strb
cc.printQ;
II : str2=o6beKT 2 strc
} /* ,
:*/
124
3.3.
. C++
, .
.
.
:
class < >:
< 1>,
< 2>,
< >{...};

. ,
.
,
.

. ,

:
< >(< >):
< 1>(< >).
< >(< >)
{< >}
, ,
, ()
.
,
:
(
),
.
3.17. .
Mnclude <conio.h>
înclude <stdlib.h>
class fixed
{ int numfic;
125
5. Borland C++ 3.1
public:
fixed(int v):numjx(v) {cout'' flxed\n";}
}:
class integral
{ public:
int numfic;
integral(int va) :numfic(va) {cout< < " integ\n ";}
};
class rational
{public:
char ; int ;
rational(int vn):num(vn) {cout" rationahn";}
}:
class twonasL'private integral, II
public rational II
{private: fixednumfix; II
public:
twonasl(int nfi, int nm^char vc, intpnfic):
integral(nfic), rational(nm), numfix(pnfic)
{cout" twonaslW;
c=vc; II
}
II
int get(void) II ,
{return numfic;} // integral private
};
voidmainQ
{clrscrQ; randomize;
int r=random(100)-50;
twonaslaa(rM 'R\50);
coutaa.getO'
'aa.c'
'aa.numendl;
}
twonasl :
- numfx, integral ( public^
private, , private),
-50 49;
- , rational ( public,
public, ,/?w6/zc),
20 R, rational
, twonasl;
- fixed numfix,
nmnfx, twonasl,
50.
126
3.3.
integ
rational
fixed
twonasl
numfx ( integral), ,
twonasl:
-49R20
.
.
,

(. 3.3). ,
.

, .

:
188< >:
virtual < >{...};

,
, .
:
. 3.3. Base
127
3. Borland C++ 3.1
,

, -
. .

,
- .
3.18. .
class fixed
{ protected: int Fix;
public:
fixed(void)
II
{ cout " fixedW;}
fixed(int fix):Fix(fix) II
{ " fixed int\n";}
};
class derived_l .virtual public fixed II
{public:
int One;
derived 1 (void) { cout< < " 1 \n ";}
h
class derived_2: virtual private fixed II
{public:
int Two;
derived_2(void) {cout" 2\n";}
}:
class derived: public derived_l, /* */
public derived_2
{public:
derived(void){cout"
derived W;}
derived(int fix):
fixed(fix) { cout< < " derived int \n ";}
void Out() { cout" Fix =" Fix;}
};
mainQ {derived Var(lO); Var.Out(); }
:
fixed int
1
2
derived, int
oeFix=10
128
3.4.
, , Fix
derived :
derived_l::Fix
derived_2::Fix.
3.4.
1.5,

,

. ,
, ,
.
() C++
( )
. C++
, , ,
(
).

,
,
.
3.15. print()
. ,
show(), print()
.
3.19. .
Uinclude < iostream. h>
înclude <conio.h>
class A
{ int a;
public:
voidshowQ{cout" : ''endl;
printQ;} //
voidprint(void)
II
coutaendl;}
A(intv):a(v){}
};
129
3. Borland C++ 3.1
class : public
{ intb;
public:
voidprint(void) ) II
{ coutbendl;}
B(int va, int vb):A (va), b(vb) {}
};
class C: public
{ int ;
public:
voidprint(void) //
{ coutcendl;}
(int va, int vb, int vc) :B(va, vb), c(vc) {}
};
voidmainO
{clrscrQ;
A aa(20); bb(lOJOO); cc(50,200,3000);
cout " : "endl;
II printO
aa.printQ; II : 20
bb.printQ; //: 100
cc.printQ; II : 3000
getchO;
II printO
aa.showQ; II : 20
bb.showQ; //: 10
cc.showQ; II : 50
getchO;
}
, print()
. , show(),
, print(). show()
. ,
, show(),
printO ,
.
.

.
.
,
virtual
130
3.4.
() .
,
, ,
, , .
, .
.
-- ,
,
.
,
, ,
, ,
: . ,
,
,
.
,
virtual
print() .
3.20. .
înclude <conio.h>
class A
{ int a;
public:
voidshowQ {" o6beKma*'endl;printQ;}
virtual voidprint(void) II
{
coutaendl;}
A(intv):a(v){}};
class B: public A
{ intb;
public:
void print(void) II
{
coutbendl;}
(int va, int vb) :A (va), b(vb) {}
};
class C: public
{ int ;
public:
void print(void) II
{
coutcendl;}
131
3. Borland C++ 3.1
C(int va, int vb, int vc) :B(va, vb), c(vc) {}

};
voidmainQ
{ clrscrQ;
A aa(JO), *pa; II
(1000);
Ccc(lOJOOJOOO);
cout " : "endl;
cout '^ printQ: "endl;
aa,print(); //: 10
bb.printQ; //: 100
cc.printQ; //: 1000
getchQ;
cout " printQ: "endl;
aashowQ; //: 10
bb.showQ; /: 100
CCS how : //: 1000
getchQ;
cout" printQ "endl;
=&; pa->prmtO; //: 10
pa=&bb; pa->printQ; //: 100
=&; pa'>printO; //: 1000
getchQ;
}
, ()
.
, , ,
.

.
, , , ,
.
,
, -
.

. ,
(static).

( 1.6). ,
.
.
132
3.4.
, ,
.
. ,
, ?
.
,
. .

, .
C++
.
,
, .
:
virtual <_>(< >)=0
=0 - .
,
, , .
, , ,
, .
.
.

. ,
,
, .
, ,
, .
3.21.
.
, . 3.4.
Tpole
:
int*pnum
: print
11
:
virtual printO=0
Tstrpole
:
char*str
: print
. 3.4. 3.21
133
3. Borland C++ 3.1
#incliide <string.h>
înclude <stdio.h>
#incliide <stdlib.h>
class Tpole II
{public:
virtual voidPrint(void)=0; II
TpoleOO
-TpoleOO
}:
class Tnumpole:public Tpole
{private: int "^pnum;
public:
Tnumpole (int n) {pnum=new int; *pnum=n;}
--Tnumpole (void) {delete pnum;}
void Print(void) //
{printf(*'\n - %d'\*pnum);}
};
class Tstrpole.public Tpole
{ private: char *str;
public:
Tstrpole(char ^^st);
--Tstrpole(void) {delete str;}
voidPrint(void){printf("\n - %s",str);} /*
Tstrpole*/
}:
inline Tstrpole:: Tstrpole (char *st)
{int I; l-strlen(st); str=new charfl+lj;
strcpy(str,st): }
void mainQ
{intnj;
char Stf80];
Tpole "âflOJ; II Tpole
for(i=0;i<10;i+-^)
{if(i%2)
{printfC'\neeedume : "); scanfC*%2d'\&n);
afij=new Tnumpole (n);} II Tnmnpole
else
{printf("\neeedume < 80 : "); scanf("%s",st);
afij=new Tstrpole (st);} II Tstrpole
;
puts("\n ");
for(i=0;i<10;i++) {a[i]->Print();
}
134
delete a[i];}
3.5,
10 ,
Tpole,
.
.
.
3.5.
( 3.1),
(private), (protected)
(public) .
,
.

.

.
,
.

.
.
, ,
, ,
. .

friend.

.
3.22. .
Mnclude <conio.h>
class FIXED
{private:
int a;
public: FIXED(int v):a(v){}
friend void show(FIXED);
};
void show(FIXED Par)

{coutPar.aendl;
.+^10;
coutPar.aendl;
II
}
135
3, Borland C+-i- 3.1
voidmainQ
{ clrscrQ;
FIXED aa(25);
cout " :
show(aa); //: 25 35
}
"endl;
.
,
, .
3.23. - .
înclude <conio.h>
class FLOAT; //
class FIXED
{private:
int a;
public:
FIXED(intv):a(v)f}
double Add(FLOAT);
voidprint0 {cout a endl;}
};
class FLOAT
{private: double b;
public:
FLOAT(double val){b=val;}
void print 0 {cout b endl;}
friend double FIXED::Add(FLOAT); /*
FIXED FLOAT */
};
double FIXED::Add(FLOATPar)
{return a+Par.b;} /*
FLOAT */
voidmainQ
{ clrscrQ;
FIXED aa(25); FLOAT bb(45);
cout " : "endl;
coutaa.Add(bb)endl;
//: 70
aa.printQ; II : 25
bb.printQ; II : 45
getchQ;
}
136
3.5.
.
this.
( ).
,
(public, protected, pri
vate).
.
.

. ,

. ,
.
,
, ,
C++.
,
,
:
friend class < >.
3.24. .
înclude <conio,h>
class SHOW; II
class PAIR
{private:
char *Head, *Tail;
public:
PAIR(char "ône, char *two) :Head(one), Tail (two) {}
friend class SHOW; II
};
class SHOW /* SHOW
PAIR*/
{private: PAIR Twins;
public:
SHOW(char *one,char *two):Twins(one,two){}
void HeadO{cout Twins.PAIR::Head endl;}
void TailO{cout Twins.PAIR::Tail
endl;}
};
voidmainQ
f clrscrQ;
SHOWaaC'HELLO", "FRIEND");
137
3. Borland C++ 3.]
cout '^ :
aa.HeadQ; //: HELLO
aa.TailQ; //: FRffiND
getchO;}
"endl;
3.6.
C++ ,
.
, ..
. C++
.
, .
.

operator ( @ - ).
-. - , .
:
( ) -, :
( ) ( );
( ) -,
,
( ) (
- ).
- . 3.2.
3.2. -

< >1 @
()
< pe3ynbTaTa>operator @
(<1>, <2>)
< pe3ynbTaTa>operator @ ()
< >1 @ (2)
@ - ,
< > - ( ,
, ).
,
- *,sizeof,?:,#,##,::,class::;
- =,[],() ;
- = ;
- (
).
138
3.6.
- ,
. 3.3.
3.3. -

operator @ (<1>)
operator @
(< 1 >,<2>)

<apryMeHr>.operator@0
< 1 >.operator@
(<2>)

@<>
<1 >@<2>

@<>
< 1 >@<2>
-
. , -
,
^/(^, .
, ,
.

.
3.25. - .
include <string.h>
înclude <conio.h>
class sstrll sstr
{private: II
char "^str;
int len;
public: II
void print(void)
{cout"CodepoicuMoe : " endl;
cout":
"strendl;
cout<< " : "<< lenendl;}
sstrQO;
sstr(char *vs)
{len=strlen(vs); str=new charflen+lj; strcpy(str,vs); }
--sstrQ {delete str;}
friend sstr & operator \-(sstr &ySStr & ) ; /* + */
};
sstr & operator +(sstr &, sstr & ) II -
139
3. Borland C++ 3.1
{ int I - +.1;
char *s;
s=new charfl-^lj; strcpy(s,A.str); strcat(SyB.str);
sstr *ps=new sstr(s);
delete []s;
return *ps; }
voidmainQ
sstr (" ");
sstr ' ");
sstr cc=aa+bb-^" "; II
cc.printQ;
sstr dd;
dd=operator +(aa,bb); II
dd.printO;
getchO;}
- ( )
,
.
3.26. -.
#include <string.h>
înclude <stdio.h>
înclude <conio.h>
II sstr
class sstr
{private: II
char *str;
int len;
public:
void print (void)
{cout"
: " endl;
cout " : "< <str< <endl;
cout<< " : "<< lenendl;}
sstrOO
sstr(char *vs) flen=strlen(vs); str=new charflen-^lj; strcpy(str,vs);}
--sstrO{delete str;}
sstr & operator +(sstr &); /* ,
+*/
sstr & operator -Q; /* ,
- */
};
140
3.6.
sstr& sstr:.-operator -Q /* */
f char ;
for (int i=0;i<=len/2-l;i'h^){c=strfiJ; str[i]=str[len'i'l]; str[len-i'l]=c;};
return *this;
}
sstr & sstr::operator +(sstr &A) /*
- */
{int I =A.len+len;
char *s; s=new char[l-\-l];
strcpy(s,str);
strcat(s, A.str);
len=l; str=s;
return *this; }
voidmainQ
{ clrscrQ;
sstr aa(" ");
sstr ' ");
sstr cc=aa+bb; II
.print ;
sstr dd; dd=aa.operator\-(bb); II
dd.printQ;
-; -bb; II -
aa.printQ;
.print ();
getchO;}

.
3.27.
+.
înclude <conio.h>
class point
{ float x,y;
public:
void print(void)
{ cout"
: " endl;
cout"x
="x"y=^
"yendl;}
pointQU
point (float axjloat ay) :x(ax),y(ay) {}
point & operator -^(point &p) II +
{point *pp-new point;
pp->x=x+p.x; '>=+';
141
3. Borland C++ 3.1
return *; }
friend point & operator*(float k,point &p) /*
*/
{ point *pp=new point;
->=. *;
->=' *;
return *;
}
friend point & operator*(const point i&pjloat ) /*

*/
{ point *pp-new point;
pp'>y=p.y*k;
'>=.*;
return *; }
};
voidmainQ
{ clrscrQ;
point p(2,3),r(4,5),q,
q =p. operator+(r) ;
II
q.printQ;
// : 6 8
q=p^r:
//
q.printQ;
// : 6 8
q=r+p:
//
q.printQ;
// : 6 8
q=operator *(5,p);
//
q.printQ;
// : 10 15
q=p*5;
//
q.printQ;
// : 10 15
q=5^p;
q.printQ;
// : 10 15
}
-
C++ , -
( ) ( )
. ,
,
.

:
osrteam & operator(ostream & 1,< 1> <>)
{< ->};
istream & operator (istream & ,< > &<>)
{< ->}.
, , /?r/V(2/e viprotected^ .
142
3.6.
3.28. -.
#include <conio.h>
class TAdress
{private:
char country[16\;
char city[16\;
char street[20];
int number_of_hoiise;
public:
TAdressOO
-^TAdressOO
friendostream& operator (ostream &out,TAdress obj);
friendistream& operator (istream &in,TAdress &obj);
};
ostreamA operator (ostream &outyTAdress obj) /*

*/
{out'':
''endl;
out'' Country:
"obj.countryendl;
out'' City :
''obj.cityendl;
out" Street :
"obj.streetendl;
out" House :
*'obj.number_ofhouseendl;
return out;
}
istream& operator (istream &in,TAdress &obj) /*
*/
{cout'* :";
cout" "; coutendl;
inobj.countryobj.cityobj.streetobj.number_ofhouse;
return in; }
void mainQ
{ clrscrQ;
TAdress a,b;
cinab;
coutab;
getchO;
}
, ,
, ,
.
( 3.37).
, ,
.
143
3. Borland C++ 3.1
3.7.
C++,
-
! - .

(, , ..). ,
, C++
,
(
).
, ,
.

() .

, ( new de
lete) .

.
, ,
:
- ;
- ;
- .

C++,
.
. C++
,
.
,
new. ,
new, ,
, .
,
. new
,
. -
, (NULL).
, new, delete
.
144
3.7.

^, ,
.

, , (,
).

, , ,
.
.
, .
.

,
,
.
,
.
3.29.
.
Mnclude <string.h>
#include <conio.h>
class Tmass
{public:
int *mas; II ~
int size; II
voidprint(void);
Tmass 00;
Tmass(int Size);
--Tmass0 {delete []mas; II
cout< < " "< <endl;}
};
Tmass:: Tmass (int Size)
{ cout< < " "endl;
mas^new intfSizeJ; II
size=Size;
cout" " size;
cout" "endl;
for(int i=0;i<size;i-\-+) cinmas[i];
}
void Tmass::print(void)
145
3. Borland C++ 3.1
{ cout< < " : "< < endl;

for(inti=0;i<size;i+-^) coutmasfiJ"
";
coutendl;}
voidmainQ
{ clrscrQ;
Tmass aa(6),cc(4); II
aaprintQ; cc.printQ;
getchO;
} II
-
.

, .
.
,
(,
). ,
, , ,
, new,
.
.
,
3.2, . ,
,
, ,
.
,
. ,
,
.
,
, 1>1 .
3.30.
.
Mnclude <conio.h>
înclude <string.h>
class TAdress
146
3.7.
{ private:
char * country;
char * city;
char * street;
int number_ofJtouse;
public:
TAdress(TAdress &a) II
{cout"
"endl;
country-new charfstrlen(a.country)-^lJ;
city=new charfstrlen(a.city)HJ;
street=new charfstrlen(a.street)-^lj;
strcpy(country,a.country);
strcpy(city,a.city);
strcpy(street,a.street);
number_of__house='a.number_of_house; }
TAdressQ {cout"
"endl;
country=NULL; city=NULL; street=NULL;}
-^TAdressQ
f cout''
'êndl;
delete [] country; delete [] city; delete [] street; }
TAdress& operator =(TAdress &obj) /*
*/
{ if (country!-NULL) delete [] country;
country=new charfstrlen(obj.country)+lJ; strcpy(country,obj.country);
if(city!=NULL) delete [] city;
city=new char[strlen(obj.city)-^l]; strcpy(city,obj.city);
if(street!=NULL) delete [] street;
street=new char[strlen(obj.street)-^l]; strcpy(street,obj.street);
number_of_house-obj.number_ofJtouse;
return *this; }
friendostream& operator (ostream &out,TAdress obj);
friendistream& operator (istream &in,TAdress &obj);
};
ostream& operator (ostream &out,TAdress obj)
{out":
"endl;
out"Country:
"obj.countryendl;
out< < " City : "< <obj, city endl;
out"Street
:
"obj.streetendl;
out"House
:
"obj.number_of_houseendl;
return out; }
istream& operator (istream &in,TAdress &obj)
{ char str[40\; int I;
147
3. Borland C++ 3.1
cout^* :^;
cout^^ , , , **; coutendl;
instr;
l-strlen(str);
if(obj.country!=NULL) II ,
delete [] obj.country; II -
obj. country-new -^!]; strcpy(obj. country,str);
instr;
i=strlen(str);
if(obj.city!=NULL) II ,
delete [] obj. city; II -
obj.city=new charfl-^lj; strcpy(obj.city,str);
instr;
l=strlen(str);
if(obj.street!-NULL) II ,
delete [] obj.street; II -
obj.street=new charfl-^lj; strcpy(obj.street,str);
inobj.number_of_house;
return in;
}
void mainQ
{ clrscrQ;
TAdress a,b,c;
cinab;
coutab;
getchO;
c=a; II
coutc;
a=b;
II , ,
*/
couta;
getchO;
}

. ,
.

. ,
, .
, .
, , ,
.

(. 3.30).
148
3.7.
.
, .
(
).

.
,
New:
<__> = new <_>;
<_yaae_a_oe>=new<_acca>(<cco_apaepo>);

.
delete :
delete < >;
3.31. .
#mcltide <iostream,h>
înclude <iomanip.h>
Mnclude <conio.h>
class TVector
{private:
intx,y,z;
public:
TVector 0 {cout< < '' "< <endl;}
TVector (int ox, int ay, int az)
{cout""endl;
x=ax;y=ay;z=az;}
-TVector 0 {cout< < " "< <endl;}
voidPrintVecQ;
}:
void TVector::PrintVecQ
{" : "setw(5)x",
";
coutsetw(5)y",
"setw(5)z"\n";
}
voidmainQ
{ TVector *a, *b; II
clrscrQ;
II
a=new TVectorfl2,34,23); II
b=new TVector(10,45,56); II
149
5. Borland C++ 3,1
a->PrintVecO; II : 12, 34, 23

b->PrintVecO; II : 10, 45, 56
// ,
delete ; II
delete b; II
}
,
:
- (
) , :
mas\] - new [\;
- ,
:
for {i=0; i<n; /+4-) mas[i]=new ;
, :

delete[] mas;
for {i=0; i<n; i-\-+)delete mas[i];

, C++
,
. ,

.
, -
. ,
,
,
.
3.32. .
,

.
150
3.7.
#include <string.h>
#incliide <iostream.h>
înclude <conio.h>
class sstr
{private: char strl[40];
public:
intx,y;
void print(void)
{cout"
codepjfcuMoe : " endl;
cout"x=
"x"y=
"y"
strl=
"strlendl;}
sstrQ {cout' ' ' 'endl;}
sstrfint vx,int vy,char *vs); II
sstr {cout< < " "endl;}
void setstrfint ax,int ay,char *vs); II
};
sstr::sstr(int vxjnt vy,char *v^=" no ")

{int len=strlen(vs);
if(len>=40) {strncpy(strlvs,40);strl[40]='\0';}
else strcpy(strl,vs);
x=vx; y=vy; cout" no "endl;
}
void sstr::setstr(int axjnt ay,char *ys)
{int len =strlen(vs);
if(len>=40) {strncpy(str],vs,40);strl[40J=W\'} else strcpy(strl,vs);
x-ax; y=ay; }
voidmainQ
{ clrscrQ;
sstr *a[5], II sstr
*; II
char *vs="sstraaffgghhjj";
/*
*/
forfint i-0;i<5;i-^) afij=new sstr(10+iflO-^2*i/'aaaaaaaa''H); I*
*/
for(i=0;i<5;i++) a[i]->print();ll
for(i=0;i<5;i'^) delete afij; II
c=new sstr[3];
II
for(i-0;i<3;i^t+ ) II
{(cî)->setstr(15+i,12M''2,vsM);}
for(i=0;i<3;i-b+) (c-î)->print();ll
delete []; II
getch();
}
151
3. Borland C++ 3.1

, . ,
C++ ,
.
, :
- ,
, ( 1.25).

() ;
- ,
,

,
.
.
virtual,
. delete

.
( 3.4)
3.33.
. : ,
,
,
, .
#include <conio.h>
<stdlib,h>
class integ
{protected: int n;
public:
virtual voidprint(void) { cout<< " "<<nendl;}
integ(int vn) {cout< <' " integ"< <endl; n =vn;}
virtual întegO {cout^^ integ**endl;}
};
class masinteg: public integ

{ int *mas;
public:
mqsinteg(int vn);
--masintegO{delete [] mas; " masinteg"endl;
voidprint(void);
152
3.7.
};
masinteg: :masinteg(int vn):integ(vn)

{ cout< < *' masinteg" endl;
cout" "n" "endl;
mas=new intfnj; for(int i=0;i<n;i++) masfij=random(30);}
void masinteg::printQ
{cout"codepofcuMoe " endl;
for(inti=0;i<n;i-h+) {cout" "masfiJ; coutendl;} }
voidmainQ
{ clrscrQ; randomizeQ;
integ "^pa;
cout " : "endl;
pa=new integ(5);
pa'>printO;
delete pa; II integ
pa=new masinteg(6);
pa'>printO;
delete pa; II masinteg
getchQ;
}

. ,

:
, - .
( ) , ,
, . ,
,
, , .

( 3.37).
, ,
, operator new() operator
delete(). ,
.
[2].
.

.

() .
,
153
3. Borland C++ 3.1
,
, .
, ,
.
, (
),
.
3.8.
-- .
. (template),
.
,
, .

, , ..

() . ^ :
template < > < >
,
, , .
, ,
class.
3.34. ,
.
template < class type> II type
class array II array
{ type * contents; II type
int size;
II
public:
array(int number) {contents = new type [size=number];}
---array 0 {delete [] contents;}
type & operator [] (intx) II []
{ \f((^^0) 11 (x> =size)) { cerr < < " "; x=0;}
return contents[x];
}
} II array
154
3.8.
, array
. ,
, .
, ,
:
__ <__>
_ ()
, , 3.34,
:
array <int> int_a(50); // -
array <char> char_a(100); // - char
array <float> float_(30); // - rmiafloat
,
,
, .
3.35.
.
#include ''array.h"
înclude <stdlib.h>
Mnclude <stdio.h>
voidmainQ
{inti;
array<mt> int_a(5);
array<char> char_a(5);
for (i=0;i<5;i+-^) II
{mt_a[i]=random(20); char_a[i]: = 'A '+i;}
puts ('' ");
for{i=0;i<5:i++)
{cout " " int_a[i] " "
charjafijendl;}
}

, ,
- ( ),
:
template <class type> type & array < type>::operator[](intx) /*
- */
{ \f((^^0) 11 (x> =size)) { cerr '' '';x=0;}
return contents [x];
}
155
3. Borland C++ 3.1
.
. -
, .
, ,
,
. .
:
template < > < >
class,
(). ,
, ,
:
template <class type> type max(type x,
typey){return(x>y)?x:y;}

,
, .
, ,
, . ,
,
, , >
, .
,
- > .
3.36.
.
#include <conio.h>
include <string.h>
#mclude <iostream.h>
template <class T> T max(Tx, )
freturn(x>y) ?x:y;}
char * maxfchar *x, char *y) /*
*/
{return strcmp(x,y) > ? :;}
void main ()
{ clrscrQ;
int a=lb=2;
char c='a', d='m'; float e=]23.675,f=456;
charstrfj="abcd'\ str2[]="abnd";
//
156
3.8.
cout
cout
cout
cout
getchO;
}
^'Integer = ''max(a,b)
endl; II Integer max= 2
"Character max= "max(c,d)
endl; II Character max= m
"Float max= "max(ej)
endl;
II Float max= 456
"String max= "max(str,str2)
endl; II String max= abnd
.

. ,
.
.

.
3.37. (
)

.
: ,
, , ,
,
.

[ .
,
,
.
: -,
.
-,
.

type (. 3.5).
.

, .

char .
#include <conio.h>
157
3. Borland C++ 3.1
char
: *context, size, sizetek

: Tset, -Tset, GetSize,
Add, Del, In, InSet, OutSet,
operator!-, operator=,
operator*, operator ,

. 3.5. 3.37
Mnclude <string.h>
class Tset
{private:
type *contents; // type
int size;
//
int sizetek;
//
int SetEl(int ind,type ) II
{ if(ind<size) { contents[ind]=m;sizetek+-l;return 1;}
else {cout'^ "endl; return 0;} }
type GetEl(int ind) II
{return contents [ind];}
public:
TsetQ { cout< < " no "< <endl; contents =NULL;}
Tset(Tset &A);
II
Tsetftnt number) II Tset
{ cout< < " "< <endl;
contents = new type fsize=numberj;sizetek=0;}
--Tset 0
II
{cout""endl;
delete [] contents;}
int GetsizeQ //
{return size;}
voidAdd(typem); //
void Del(type ); II
int In(type );
II
int InSet(int Nn); II
void OutSetQ;
II
Tset& CrossSet(Tset &); II
Tset (Scoperator +(Tset &); II
Tset (Scoperator =(Tset &); II
friend Tset &operator *(Tset &A, Tset &B); II
friend Tset &operator -(Tset &A, Tset &B); II
};
158
3.8.
template <class type> Tset<type>::Tset(Tset<type>&A)

{ cout" *endl;
contents = new type fsize=A.Getsize()J;
sizetek=A.sizetek;
for(int i=0;i<sizetek;i'^+) contentsfiJ =A.contents[iJ; }
template <class type> int Tset<type>::InSet(intNn)
{type c; int k=0;
if (Nn>Getsize()) Nn=Getsize();
cout"Beedume "Nn"::
"endl;
for (int i=0; i<Nn; /+ +;
fcinc;
if(!In(c)){if(!SetEl(kc)) return 0;k+=l;}}
return 1; }
template <class type> void Tset<type>::OutSet()
{ cout< < " : "< <endl;
if(sizetek!=0) {for(int i=0;i<sizetek;i-\-+) cout"
"GetEl(i);}
else cout" ";
coutendl;
}
template <class type> int Tset<type>::In(type m)
{for (int i=0;i<sizetek;i++) if(m==GetEl(i)) return 1;
return 0;
}
template <class type> void Tset<type>::Add(type m)
{if(!In(m)) if (sizetek<size) SetEl(sizetek,m); }
template <class type> void Tset<type>:: Del (type m)
{inth;
if(In(m)) {h=0;
for (int i=0;i<sizetek;i++)
if(h) contents[i-l]=contents[i];
else if(m==GetEl(i)) h=l;
sizetek'=l;
}
}
template <class type> Tset<type>
& Tset<type>::operator -(Tset<type> &B)
{cout" "endl;
if(this==&B) return *this;
if (contents!-NULL) delete [] contents;
contents = new type [size=B.Getsize()J;
sizetek=B.sizetek;
for (int i=0; i<sizetek; i++) {contents fiJ =B. contents fiJ;}
return *this; }
& Tset<type>::operator +(Tset<type> &B)
{ for(int i=0;i<B.sizetek;i++) Add(B.GetEl(i)); return *this; }
&Tset<type>::CrossSet(Tset<type> &B)
{intiÔ;
159
3. Borland C++ 3.1
do {if( !BJn(GetEl(i))) DeI(GetEl(i)); else i-\-+;}

while (i<sizetek);
return *this; }
& operator -(Tset<type> &A,Tset<type> &B)
{ Tset<type> '^C=new Tset<type>(A.Getsize());
for(inti=0;i<A.sizetek;i-\-+) if(!BJn(A.GetEl(i))) C'>Add(A.GetEl(i));
return *C; }
& operator *(Tset<type>&A,Tset<type> &B)
{intl;
if (A. GetsizeO > B. GetsizeQ) l=A. GetsizeQ; else l=B. GetsizeQ;
Tset<type> *C=new Tset<type>(l);
forftnt i=0;i<A.sizetek;i++)
{if(B.In(A.GetEl(i))) C->Add(A.GetEl(i));}
return *C; }
void main Q
(int n; clrscrQ;
Tset<char> aa(15),bb(10),dd(10),cc;
cout" <- ";
coutaa.GetsizeOendl;
cinn; a(LlnSet(n);
cout*' <= ";
coutbb.GetsizeOendl;
cinn; bb.InSet(n);
cout" <= ";
coutdd.Getsize()endl;
cinn; dd.InSet(n);
clrscrQ;
cout< < " aa "< <endl; aa. OutSetQ;
cout< < " bb "< <endl; bb. OutSetQ;
cout< < " dd "endl; dd OutSetQ;
Tset<char> ee='aa*bb; II
cout"
aa bb"endl; .OutSetQ;
aa. CrossSet(bb);
cout" aa bb "endl;
aaOutSetQ;
aa-aa+dd;
cout<< " aa dd"endl; aa. OutSetQ;
ccF^dd-bb;
cout< < " dd bb "< <endl; cc. OutSetQ;
cc=dd; II
cc.OutSetQ;
}

,
.
160
3.9.
3.9.

.
,
, .
, , .
.
C++
.
.
,
.
- .
,
.
, ,
, ,
.
,
, ,
! .
-
. .

.
,
.
3.38.
.
, - .
.
- .
~ - :
,
. .
-
,
161
3. Borland C++ 5.7

. ,

(. 3.6).

, Sort
Compare.

, .
: ,
, ,
Print.
,
,
.

:
înclude <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
class TElement
II
{public:
TElement *pre, *suc; /* -
*/
virtual void Print(void) =0; II
TElement(void) fpre=suc=NULL;}
//
virtual -TElementfvoid)
II
{puts("yHU4moDfcumb ,");}
};
class TSpisok II
{ protected: TElement *first, Hast, *cur; I* -
, */
: pre, sue
: Print
: num
: Print
^1|||
1
: st[40]
: Print
: str[20]
: Print
iBiilii!
:
Sort, Compare
:
Compare
. 3.6. 3.38
162
:
first, last, cur
:
Add, Del,
ForEach
3.9.
public:
void Add(TElement *e);
II
TElement *Del(void);
II
void ForEachfvoid ("^fi(TElement *e)); /*
*/
TSpisok(void) {first^last^cur^NULL;}
virtual ^TSpisokOfputsC*yHU4mo:Mumh .'');}
};
void TSpisok: :Add(TElement "ê)
{if(first==NULL) first=last=e;
else { e->suc=first; first=first'>pre=e;} }
TElement *TSpisok::DeI(void)
{ TElement *temp;
temp=last;
if(last!=NULL) {last=last->pre;
if(last!=NULL)last'>suc=NULL;}
if(last==NULL)first=NULL;
return temp;
}
void TSpisok::ForEach(void (''^fi(TElement "ê))
{cur=first;
while (cur!=NULL) {(*f)(cur); cur=cur->suc;} }
class TSortSpisok:public TSpisok II
{protected:
virtual int Compare(void *opl,void *op2)=0; /*
1 */
public:
void Sort(void);
II
TSortSpisok(void):TSpisokO{} //
'^TSortSpisokQ
II
{putsC'yHU4Ho:Hcumb .");}
};
void TSortSpisok: :Sort(void)
{int swap=l;
TElement "^temp;
while (swap)
{swap=0;
cur=first;
while ('>sue!-NULL)
{if (Compare(cur,cur'>suc))
{temp=cur'>suc; cur'>suc=temp'>suc; temp->suc=cur;
if (cur->pre!-NULL) cur->pre->suc-temp; else first-temp;
temp- >pre=' >pre; cur- >pre=temp;
if(cur->suc!=NULL) cur'>suc->pre=cur; else last=cur;
cur-temp;
swap=l;
}
163
3. Borland + +3.1
else cur=cur->suc;
}
}
Mnclude <string.h>
class TNum: public Telement II
{public:
int num;
II
virtual voidPrint(void) {printfC %d " ,num);}
TNumQ {}
II no
TNum(int n):num(n) {} II
^TNum(void) {putsC .");}//
};
class TStr: public TNum II ( num - )

{public:
char St[40];
II
virtual voidPrint(void) { TNum::PrintO; printfC ^^sW ,st);}
TStrQ {}
II no
TStr(char *s):TNum(strlen(s)){
strcpy(st,s);
if(num>=40)st[40]='\0';
elsest[num+l]=W;}
--TStr(void) {puts(" .");}
};
class : public TStr II ( )

{public:
charstr[20];
virtual void Print (void) { TStr::PrintO;printfC %s\n " ,str);}
TTablQ {} II no
TTabl(char *s,char *s2):TStr(s){
strcpy(str,s2);
if(strlen(s2)>=20)strf20J=W;
else str[strlen(s2)+lj='\0';}
^TTabl(void) {puts(" *');} //
};
class TSSpisok:public TSortSpisok I*

*/
{ protected:
virtual int Compare(void *opljVoid *op2) I*
*/
{return ((( *)1)->)<((( *)2)'>);}
public:
TSSpisok(void):TSortSpisokOO
'^TSSpisok(void){putsC' /.");}
};
164
3.9.
void Show (TElement *e) // ForEach

{e'>PrmtO;}
TSSpisok N; II
void main(void)
{intk; charstr[40]; char str2[20];
TElement *p; II Telement
// , TStr,
while(printfr :"),scanfC %d",&k)!=EOF)
{p=new TNum(k);
N.Add(p);
printfC :");scanf(" %s" ,str);
printfC 2:");scanfC' %s",str2);
p=new TTabl(str,str2);
NAdd(p);
printfC :");scanfC' %s",str);
p=new TStr(str);
N,Add(p);
}
putsC \ :");
N.ForEach(Show); II
N.SortQ;
II
puts(" \ :");
N.ForEach(Show);
getchQ;
puts(" \ ");
while ((p=N.DelO)!=NULL) {p->PrintO;
delete(p);}
puts(" \.");}

,
.
, ,
.
( 1.7),
.

, ,
CLASSLffi.
.
-.
3.39. .
,
,
(. 3.7).
165
3. Borland C++ 3.1
: num
: Print
: *st
: Print
: *contens,
size, n
: arrayob,
-arrayob,
operator[ ],
add,
sizeofitnas
. 3.7. 3.39
#include <string.h>
înclude <stdlib.h>
Mnclude <conio.h>
class arrayob II arrayob
{type **contents; II type
int size;
II
int ;
II
public:
arrayob(int number) {contents =new type * [size=number];}
ârrayob Q;
voidadd(type *p)
{ if(n==size)cerr" "; II
else {contents[]-; ++;} }
type & operator [] (intx) II
{if ((x<0)\\(x>=size)) {cerr *'
"xendl;x=0;}
return *contents[xJ;}
int sizeofmasQ {return n;} II
};
template < class type> arrayob< type >::ârrayob Q II

{for(int i=0;i<size;i++) delete contents[i];}
class TNum
II
{public: int num;
virtual void Print(void) { cout<<num " ";}
TNum(){cout"
4Ucno"endl;
cinnum;}
TNum(intn):num(n) {}
virtual--TNum(void) {"/
4ucno."endl;}
}:
class TStr:public TNum II
{public: char "^st;
166
3.9.
virtual void Print(void) {TNum::Print(); coutst

" ";}
TStrQ;
II no
TStr(char *s):TNum(strIen(s)) II
{st=new charfnum+lj;strcpy(st,s); stfnumJ=W; }
virtual--TStr(void) {" ,"; delete []st;}
};
TStr::TStrO:TNum(40)
{ cout< < " "< <endl;
st=new char[num+lj;
cinst;
num-strlen(st); st[num+lj='\0\'
}
arrayob<TNum> ob_a(5); /* 5
*/
voidmainQ
{ inti;
for(i=0;i<5;i^'^)
II 5
if(i/2'^2==i) obj2.add(new TNum); II
else ob_a.add(new TStr);
II
cout< < " "< < V
for (i=0;i<ob_a,sizeofinasO;i++) oba[i].PrintQ;
getchO;}
.
Print
.

1. +-?
? ?
?
2. C++?
?
?
3. ? ,
.
4. ?
?
5. ?

?
6. C++.
. ?
.
7. ?
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167
3. Borland C++ 3.1

8. ? ?
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9. ?
?
10. ? .
.
11. ?
?
12. , .
4. WINDOWS
Win32
,
Delphi +-- Builder. : Windows

, ^
. , ^,
,
.
. , , ,
^ Windows,
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4.1. Windows
MS DOS
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, , , . , ,
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1)
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169
4. - Windows
:
1)
.
2) .
3) .
4) .
5) .
6) .
MS DOS:
1)
2)
3)
BIOS
, 4.1. MS DOS -
IBM PC
2) (
, , VGA );
3) ,
.
Windows
MS DOS ,
.
.

Windows, \Wn32: Windows'95, Windows'98,
Mndows NT.
Windows , , ,
, 32- ,
16- ,
Widows.
Win32 :
Windows'95 Windows'98
, .
Windows NT, -
,
, ,
, Windows NT.
, ,
InterNet, .

Win32 :
170
4.1. Windows
1. 4
Win32.
32- 4
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3. .

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Windows,
,
.
, - . ,
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,
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171
4. Windows

.
4. ( -
).

. Win32

. ,
, Windows-,

.
- ,
Windows.
5. .
OLE {Object Linking end Embedding ) - ,
(
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:
- -
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;
- ,
,
.
OLE- , ,
Word , Paint, Excel.
6. .
Windows ,
MS DOS
MS DOS,
, Windows.
, ,
Windows ,
(. 4.2).
API
{Application Program Interface - ) , -
, , ..

,
.
172
4.1. Windows
Windows
1.
Windows

1.
. 4.2. Windows
API
DLL {Dynamic Link Library ).
,
.
.
,
.

, .
.
DLL
.
Windows . , , ,
MS DOS. MS DOS ,
, :
1,

(. 4.3).
.
MS DOS
BIOS
^
-
. 4.3. MS DOS
173
4. Windows
( )
Windows ,
, ^
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, , :
(
), , ,
, ,
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,
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Windows ,
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Windows
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2
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174
4.2. / Windows
, , ,
,
(. 4.4).
, ,

Windows, Windows,
4.2. Windows
Windows . (. 4.5),
.
,
,
.
, -
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,
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175
4. Windows
Windows
Windows
. 4.6.
.

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.

.
,
( ,
, )
.
Windows .
32- ,
, , WM_CHAR (
), WM_PAINT
( ), WM_CLOSE
( ), WM_TIMER (
) . .
32-
, ,
.
, (
)
WM_CHAR (,
). ASCII-
, ,
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, ,
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176
4.2. Windows
Windows
Windows
/WM.CHAR
V.
^
Lrr,
, /
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14.
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)
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.

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:
( Windows ) (
) ^ ;
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(

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.
WM^DESTROY (. 4.8),
.
177
4. Windows
Windows
Windows
WM DESTROY
. 4.8. WM_DESTROY
,
API, ,
WM_QUIT, .
,
.
4.3, Windows
Delphi C+H-Builder

, . . ,
API
.
.

M^dows, -
.
Visual C++, Delphi, C++Builder,
Windows.
,
,
.
.
Visual C++ yq)ca
, , , .
C++ Delphi C++Builder .
Visual C++
.
178
4.3. Windows
Delphi CH-+Builder
VCL (Visual Component Library -
). :
Delphi Object Pascal, C+-f-Builder,
, C++. .
, ,
: -, - () -.
-, .
-
.
VCL.
TForm.
VCL - ,
(.. - , ,
..) .
,
TForm (. . 4.15).

,
.
(. 4.9).
,
( TAplication),
.
( TForm 1, TForm)
, ..
, ,
.
,
, ,
.
,
TForm, - ,
.

,
.
,
.
179
4. Windows
File Edit' Search
View/ Project
Run
Component
Database/ Jools
Workgroups
Help
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standard fAdditional]
g^r
^
HI-IE3
1 """|'1>|
Fonn1:TForm1
Properties
][JIZ1
Events
ActiveControl
AutoScroli
True
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[biSystemMen
BorderStyle
bsSizeable
Caption >Form1
ClientHeight
CllentWidth
Color
1 Ctl3D
189
290
clBtnFace
True
nUL
'
( )
1: 1
Modified
Insert
'

( )
. 4.9. Delphi
TForm WM_CHAR.
, ,
:
1) OnKeyPress - ,
ASCII ( - -
);
2) OnKeyDown OnKeyUp - ,
, ,
(. 4.10).
, 1 C++Builder
^
.
, ,
,
,
Events (). , ,
Form
):
$0
4.3. Windows
WM_CHAR
^
KeyDown
KeyUp
KeyPressed
. 4.10.
:
OnCreate - -
( );
OnActivate - (
^! );
OnShow - () ;
OnPaint - ;
OnResize - ;
OnDeactivate - (
);
OnHide - ( );
OnCloseQuery - -
- ;
OnClose - ;
OnDestroy - ;
:
OnKeyPressed - , ASCII;
OnKeyDoun, OnKeyUp - ,
, ASCII;
OnCIick, OnDblClick -
;
OnMouseMove - ();
OnMouseDown, OnMouseUp - ;
:
OnDragDrop - ;
OnDragOver -
();
;
OnHelp - ;
OnCbange - .
,
, ( TLabel) 9 :
181
4. Windows
OnClick, OnDblClick, OnMouseDown, OnMouseUp - ;

OnDragDrop, OnDragOver, OnEndDrag, OnStartDrag -
.
,
.
- , ,
.

, .. , ,
,
. ,
, /
.
, DelpM C++ Builder

( )
.
Windows
, MS DOS,
.
,
. ,
.
.
.
.
4.1. ( 1).
,
(
) .
.
1.
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)
.
2.
( ), .. (. 4.11).
182
4.3. Windows
:
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1 ||
:
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. 4.11.
3. ,
(. 4.12).
4.
. :
.
(. 4.13).
. 4.12.
183
4. Windows
1
.
1.

DelpM.
)
, ,
(. 4.14).

TForml,
TForm,
4.13. ,
.
)
KOMHoneirr :
Forml:
Name:=MainForm;
:=' ';
Labell:
Name:='InputLaber;
:=' ';
Label2:
Name:=OutPutLabeI;
11:=' :';
Editl:
Name:=InputEdit;
EdU2:
Name:=OutPutEdit;
Enable:=false;
ReadOnly:=true;
JL
y*'
TForai TBevel 4Edit ^TLabel TButton

. 4.14.
184
4.3. Windows
9^^ 1111111111111111
lllljl^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
1111
111||
^^^^^^^^^^,
Form Activate
TMainForm
InputEditKeyPressed
NextButtonClick
ExitButtonClick
ilBillli
. 4.15.
Buttonl:
Name:=NextButton;
1:='';
Button2:
Name:=ExitButton;
1:='';
TMainForm,
, . 4.15.
) (
), ,
(. 4.16).
,
.
^^^)-^
(^,

:
1 -
2 - Enter

-
4 -
5 "
. 4.16.
185
4. Windows
1 - (OnFormActivate)
,
. 4.11, ( ,
,
).
2 - Enter
(OnKeyPressed ) .

, . 4.11,
(, ,
).
, ,
. 4.11, .
- ( Click
) .
4 - (On Click
)
, . 4.11, .

- .
) ,
: 1 MessageDlg.
2.
Delphi ,
.
.
, ,
, :
Unit MainUnit;
Interface
Uses Windows, Messages, SysUtils, Classes, Graphics, Controls, Forms, Dia
logs, StdCtrls, ExtCtrls;
Type TMainForm = classfTForm)
{ }
Bevel 1: TBevel;
{}
NextButton, ExitButton: TButton; { }
Input Label, OutPutLabel: TLabel; { }
InPutEdit, OutPutEdit: TEdit; { }
procedure FormActivate(Sender: TObject); {
}
procedure InPutEditKeyPress (Sender: TObject; var Key: Char);
{ Enter
}
186
4.3. Windows
procedure NextButtonClick(Sender: TObject); {

}
procedure ExitButtonClick(Sender: TObject); {
}
end;
Var MainForm: TMainForm; { TMainForm}
Implementation
{$R "".DEM}
{ }
Procedure TMainForm. FormActivate(Sender: TObject);
Begin
NextButton.Enabled: =false; { }
InPutEdit.ReadOnly: -false; { }
InPutEdit.Clear;
{ }
InPutEdit.Enabled: =true;
{ }
InPutEdit.SetFocus;
{ }
OutPutLabel. Visible: -false; { }
OutPutEdit. Visible: -false;
{ }
End;
{ Enter }
Procedure TMainForm.InPutEditKeyPress(Sender: TObject;
var Key: Char);
Var x:real; Code: integer;
Begin
ifKey=#13 then { Enter, }
begin
Key: =#0; {
}
Val(InPutEdit.Text,x,Code); {
}
ifCode=0 then
{ , }
begin
InputEdit.ReadOnly: =true; { }
InputEdit.Enabled: -false; { }
OutPutLabel. Visible: -true; { }
OutPutEdit. Visible: =true; { }
OutPutEdit. Text: =floattostr(sqr(x)); {
}
NextButton.Enabled:=true; { }
NextButton.SetFocus;
{
}
end
else
{, , }
187
4. Windows
MessageDlgC . \
mtError, [mbOk], 0); { }
end
End;
{ }
Procedure TMainForm.NextButtonClick(Sender: TObject);
Begin
FormActivate(NextButton); {
}
End;
{ }
Procedure TMainForm.ExitButtonClick(Sender: TObject);
Begin Close; { }
End;
End.
()
Delphi :
Program Example!;
Uses Forms, MainUnit in 'MainUnit.pas' (MainFormj;
{$R *RES}
Begin
Application. Initialize;
{ }
Application.CreateForm(TMainForm, MainForm); {
}
Application.Run;
{ }
End
:
*.dpr - - Pascal (
);
*.pas - , (
);
*.dfin - .
- .
.
4.2. ( 2).
C++ Builder,
,
TMainForm C++ MainUnit.h:
mjhde/MainUnitH
Mefine MainUnitH
188
4.3. Windows
înclude <Classes.hpp>
Mnclude <Controls,hpp>
#include <StdCtrls.hpp>
înclude <Forms.hpp>
înclude <ExtCtrls.hpp>
class TMainForm : public TForm
{
_ _published:
II , ( VCL)
TLabel VnputLabel;
TLabel *OutPutLabel;
TBevel ""Bevell;
TEdit 4nputEdit;
TEdit *OutPutEdit;
TButton *NextButton;
TButton *ExitButton;
void _ Jdstcall FormActivate(TObject *Sender);
void J'astcall InputEditKeyPress(TObject ^Sender, char iScKey);
void _ Jastcall NextButtonClick(TObject ""Sender);
void _Jastcall ExitButtonClick(TObject ^Sender);
private:
II
public:
II
_ J'astcall TMainForm(TComponent* Owner);
};
extern PACKAGE TMainForm *MainForm;

#endif
,
MainUnit.cpp:
înclude <vcl.h>
^pragma hdrstop
Mnclude <math.h>
înclude <stdlib.h>
înclude MianUnit.h
#pragmapackage(smart_init)
^pragma resource ' *.dfm'
TMainForm *MainForm;
Jastcall TMainForm: :TMainForm(TComponent* Owner)
: TForm(Owner) { } //
//
void _ J'astcall TMainForm: :FormActivate(TObject "^Sender)
{
NextButton->Enabled=false; II
InputEdit'>Readonly =false; II
189
4. Windows
InputEdit'>Enabled=true;
II
InputEdit'>ClearO;
II
InputEdit'>SetFociis();
II
OutPutEdit'> Visible =false; II
OutPutLabel'> Visible=false; II
}
// Enter
void _ Jdstcall TMainForm: :InputEditKeyPress(TObject ^Sender,
char &Key)
{float x;
if (Key=-*\r')
II ,
fKey='\0';
II
try
II ,
{x=StrToFloat(InputEdit'>Text); II
InputEdit->Readonly=true;
II
InputEdit'>Enabled=false;
II
OutPutLabel'>Visible=true;
II
OutPutEdit'> Visible-true;
II
OutPutEdit'>Text=FloatToStr{x*x); II
NextButton->Enabled=true;
II
NextButton'>SetFocusO; II
;
catch (EConvertError&) II
{TMsgDlgButtons SI; //
SlmbOK;
// S1
MessageDlg(*'CmpoKa . '\
mtError, SI, 0);
II
}
}
}
II
void _ Jastcall TMainForm: :NextButtonClick(TObject "^Sender)
{ FormActivate(NextButton); II
//

void_ Jastcall TMainForm::ExitButtonClick(TObject ^Sender)
{ CloseQ;}
II
Example l.cpp C++Builder :
#include <vcl.h>
^pragma hdrstop
USERESC'Example 1 .res "); II
190
4.3. Windows
USEFORMCMainUnit.cpp", MainForm); II
WINAPIWinMain(HINSTANCE, HINSTANCE, LPSTR, int)
/* Widows*/
{try
II ,
{ Application-> Initialize ; II VCL
Application'>CreateForm(_ classid(TMainForm), &MainForm);
II
Application->RunO; II
}
catch (Exception &exception)

II
{ Application->ShowException(&exception); II
}
return 0;
}
,
:
- , (
) -
C++ ( );
. - ,
(make-, );
.dfin - ( );
.h
- , ;
.hpp - , VCL.
Delphi
. :
.res - ;
.tds - .

1. MS DOS
32. , .
2. Win32?
.
3. : , , ,
. ,
Win32.
4. ?
Delphi C++Builder? ? ?
5. .
5. DELPHI PASCAL
Delphi Pascal , Borland
Pascal 7.., . 2
:
-
( , );
- (,
);
- ( , ,
RTTI);
- ( ) . .
5.1.
, Delphi (
),
TObject.
:
< > = 188(< >)
private
< >
protected
<1 >
public
< >
published < >
automated <, ->
end;
, , ,
, TObject.
.
1 private ,
( , C++),
.
protected ,
, , .
192
5.7.
^public ,
.
published ,
public. ,
, ,
, .
automated ,
public. , ,
, OLE.
TAutoObject.

, , private,
.
Delplii ,
, .. .
,
, , Delphi,
^ .
,
, - .
,
Pascal.
Borland Pascal 7.0:
Type pTNum = ^TNum;
TNum = Object
n: integer;
constructor Init (an: integer);
end;
Constructor TNum.Init;
begin
n: -an;
end;
. . .
Var p:pTNum;
Begin
New, Init(5));
WriteLn(p^.n);
Dispose(p)
Delphi:
Type
TNum = class
public n: integer;
constructor Create (an: integer);
end;
Constructor TNum.Create;
begin inherited Create;
n: =an;
end;
. . .
Var A: TNum;
. . .
A:=TNum.Create(5);
WriteLn(A.n);
A.Destroy . . . .

Delphi, :
Create () - Destroy () - .
,
193
5. Delphi Pascal

. ,
TObject,
.
Create TObject
InstanceSize ,
, ,
Newlnstance, ,
Initlnstanse. -
.

,
,
(inherited) :
Constructor TNum.Create;
begin
inherited Create; { }
n: =an;
end;

TObject,
.
.
,
, .
Destroy TObject CleanUpInstance

. InstanceSize
. TObject
,
Free (. ), ,
.
,
, ( 5.2):
Destructor Destroy; override;
,
,
194
5.7.
TObject, ,
. 1
, :
Destructor TNum.Destroy;
begin
. . .
{ 1 }
inherited Destroys
{ }
end;
Delphi ,
Delphi ,
.
, ,
, . . 5.1 ,
.
5 . 1 . Delphi
1
VarA,B:TNum;
A:=TNuiiLCreate;
1 nil 1 1 nil 1
.
TNum.

.
,

X1
\
:=;
\ 1
\
1 B.Destroy;
f^1
1 \
A.Destroy;
B.Destroy;
A.I1
- 1
,

1 \
/-
- 1
. ,
, .
-

- 1

195
5. Delphi Pascal

. , .. nil.
.
.
,
. .
,
.

.

.
,
Destroy Free. , ,
, ( ,
, nil) , ,
. , , ,
. 5.1, Destroy Free
: ,
nil.

. ,
,
, - ,
.
5.1. (
- 1). ,
.
.
.
:
( ,
).
. 5.1.
^f
_. . >
^1
^ |
^|
^1
^
. 5.1.
196
5.7.
,
.
TForm
.
. 5.2.
,
1,
:
Forml:
Name:=MainForm;
11:=
""';
Bevell:
Name:= Bevel;
Imagel:
Name:=Image;
Labell:
Name:=rLabel;
:= ';
Editl:
Name:==rEdit;
Text:=";
UpDownl:
Name:=UpDown;
Associate :=rEdit;
Buttonl:
Name:=ColorButton;
Button2:
Name:=ExitButton;
BI-ID
/ ' ""
TLabel
Kpyi
TEdit
23
^TUpDown
^TButton
}^1!^1
/ r-
TMainForm
TBevel
TImage
TButton
. 5.2.
197
5. Delphi Pascal

.

.
(Name:=ColorDialog).
:
, , (
). , ,
Delphi, . 5.3.
1 (MainFormActivate)
.
2 (ImageMouseDown) ,
,
.
(CoIorButtonClick)
. ,
, ,
.
4 .
5 (UpDownClick) ,
, ,
.
6 (ExitButtonClick)
.
TMainForm,
TForm DelpM,
. 5.4, .

:
1 - ;
2 -
] Cf
4
|6
;
^
- ;
- ) 4 -
2
/ ;
6 - .
. 5.3.
198
5.1.
TMyCircle
TmainForm
111
|1
TMainForm
:
FormActivate
ImageMouseDown
UpDownClick
ColorButtonClick
ExitButtonClick
TMyCircle
:
Image: Timage
X, y, r: Word
Color: TColor
:
Create, Draw,
Clear, ReSize,
ReColor
. 5,4.
TMyCircle (. 5.4, ) Delphi
TObject.
(,), , Color Image,
.
,
(. . 5.2). Create,
. ,
Clear
.
:
Clear, , private
(), - public.
TMyCircle Circul:
Unit Circul;
Interface
Uses extctrIs,Graphics;
Type TMyCircle=class
private
X, y, r: Word; { }
Color: TColor; {}
Image: Timage; { }
Procedure Clear; { }
public
Constructor Create(almage:Timage; ax,ay,ar:Word;
aColor:TColor); {}
199
5. Delphi Pascal
Procedure Draw;
{}
Procedure ReSize(ar: Word); { }
Procedure ReColor(acolor: TColor); { }
end;
Implementation
Constructor TMyCircle,Create;
Begin inherited Create; { }
Image: =almage; { }
x:=ax; :-ay;
r:=ar; Color: =aColor;
End;
Procedure TMyCircle.Draw;
Begin
Image.Canvas.Pen.Color: =Color; { }
Image.Canvas.Ellipse(x-r, y-r, x+r, y+r); { }
End;
Procedure TMyCircle. Clear;
Var TempColor: TColor;
Begin
TempColor: =Color;
{ }
Color: =Image. Canvas.Brush. Color; { }
Draw;
{ - }
Color:=TempColor;
{ }
End;
Procedure TMyCircle.ReSize;
Begin Clear;
r:=ar; Draw; End;
Procedure TMyCircul.ReColor(aColor: TColor);
Begin Clear; Color: =aColor; Draw; End;
End
,
.
Main, TMainForm.
Unit Main;
Interface
Uses Windows, Messages, SysUtils, Classes, Graphics, Controls, Forms,
Dialogs, ExtCtrls, StdCtrls, ComCtrls;
Type
TMainForm = class(TForm)
Bevel: TBevel;
{}
Image: TImage;
{ }
ColorButton, ExitButton: TButton; {}
rEdit: TEdit;
{ }
rLabel: TLabel;
{ }
200
5.7.
UpDown: TUpDown; { /}
ColorDialog: TColorDialog; { }
Procedure FormActivate{Sender: TObject);
Procedure ImageMouseDown{Sender: TObject; Button: TMouseButton;
Shift: TShiftState; AT, Y: Integer);
Procedure UpDownClick{Sender: TObject; Button: TUDBtnType);
Procedure ColorButtonClick(Sender: TObject);
Procedure ExitButtonClick(Sender: TObject);
end;
Var MainForm: TMainForm;
Implementation
{$R ''.DFM}
Uses Circul;
VarC'.TMyCircle;
Procedure TMainForm. FormActivate{Sender: TObject);
Begin Image 1. Canvas.Brush. Color: =clWhite; { }
Image I. Canvas.Pen. Color: =clBlack; { }
End;
Procedure TMainForm.ImageMouseDown{Sender: TObject;
Button: TMouseButton; Shift: TShiftState; X, Y: Integer);
Begin
if Button=mbLeft then
{ }
begin
.Free;
{ , }
: -TMyCircle.Create(Imagel ,, Y,strtoint(rEdit. Text),
Image 1.Canvas.Pen.Color); {}
.Draw;
{ }
end;
End;
Procedure TMainForm. UpDownl Click (Sender: TObject;
Button: TUDBtnType);
Begin
ifConil then
{ , }
C.ReSize(strtoint(rEdit. Text)); { }
End;
Procedure TMainForm.ColorButtonClick(Sender: TObject);
Begin
ifColorDialog.Execute then { , }
ImageI.Canvas.Pen.Color: =ColorDialog. Color; { }
ifC< >nil then
{ , }
C.ReColor(Imagel.Canvas.Pen.Color); { }
End;
201
5. Delphi Pascal
Begin Close; End;

Initialization
Finalization C.Free;
End.
{ , }
, TMyCircle
. ,
, .
, .
.
,
.
, ,
finalization.
5.2.
Delphi Pascal
. : ,
. ,
,
.
.
. ,
Delphi, ,
Borland Pascal 7.0.
,
.
.
.
virtual^ , ,
1 override. -
virtual,
, , virtual
.
.
.
,
. .
,
.
. Delphi
,
202
5.2.
, ().
, , dymamic - override .
,
, ,
(. 5.5).
, 1 ,

( - 5.6). ,
.
, .
,
,
, ,
.
(virtual).
.
, .
abstract
.
, ,
. ()
.
:
VI -virtual
V2 - virtual
Dl -dynamic
D2 - dynamic
:
VI -ovemde
Dl -oven-ide
A
TBM:
VI
V2
:
Dl
D2

:
VI
V2
:
D1
. 5.5.
203
5. Delphi Pascal
^ 1
'^
<

. 5.6.
5.2. (
- 1).
,
, , , .
. 5.6.
,
. TRadioGroup
(. 5.7).
2 (. .5.3)
.
TMainForm ,
, RadioGroup TRadioButton.
TMySquare .
" "
13
:!
]
'TRadioGroup
||
. 5.7.
204
5.2.
1. TMySquare TObject,
11.
, .
2. TMySquare TMyCircle (.5.8, ).
TMyCircle Create, Clear, ReColor, ReSize,
. Draw
,
-. Draw TMySquare
- override. ,
, (, ,
: ?).
3.
TFigure,
(. 5.8, ), Draw
(virtual) (abstract) Create,
Clear, ReColor, ReSize Draw.
, .
Draw TMyFigure.
Figxire
. 5.8, .
Unit Figure;
Interface
Uses extctrIs,Graphics;
Type TMyFigure=class
private
x,y,r:Word; Color: TColor;
Image :TImage;
procedure Clear;
public
Cons true tor Create (almage: TImage; ax, ay, ar: Word; aColor: TColor);
Procedure Draw; virtual; abstract; { }

leiil
TMyCircle
:
Image, , , Color
:
Create, ReColor,
Clear, ReSize,
Draw; virtual
TMySquare
: Draw, override
a
tlliBi
TMyFigure
TMyCircle
:
Image, x y, r, Color
:
Create, ReColor,
Clear, ReSize,
Draw; virtual; abstract
TMySquare
: Draw, override : Draw, override
. 5.8.
205
5. Delphi Pascal
Procedure ReSizefar: Word);

Procedure ReColor(acolor:TColor);
end;
TMyCircle=class(TMyFigure)
{ }
public
Procedure Draw; override; { }
end;
TMySquare=class(TMyFigure)
{ }
public
Procedure Draw; override; { }
end;
Implementation
Constructor TMyFigure.Create;
Begin
inherited Create;
Image: =almage; x:=ax; y:=ay; r:=ar; Color: =aColor;
End;
Procedure TMyFigure.Clear;
Var TempColor:TColor;
Begin TempColor: =Color;
Color: =Image. Canvas.Brush. Color;
Draw; { - }
Color: =TempColor;
End;
Procedure TMyFigure.Resize;
Begin Clear; r:=ar; Draw; End;
Procedure TMyFigure. Recolor;
Begin
Clear;
Color: =aColor; Draw; End;
Procedure TMyCircle.Draw;
Begin Image. Canvas.Pen. Color:=Color;
Image. Canvas.Ellipse(x-r,y'r^'^r,y-^r);
End;
Procedure TMySquare.Draw;
Begin Image. Canvas.Pen. Color:=Color;
Image. Canvas.Rectangle(x-r,y-r^+r,y+r);
End;
End.
,

.

. Borland Pascal 7.0
, begin
end. ,
.
206
5.2.
. 4, Delphi Pascal
:
function DividefX, Y: Real): Real; overload; { 1}
begin
Result: = XJY; end;
function Divide(X, Y: Integer): Integer; overload; { 2}
begin
Result: = Xdiv Y; end;
,
:
k:=Divide(2.5, 7.3); { 1}
: =Divide(6,3);
{ 2}
,
. ,
, .

overload.
:
type
1 = class (TObject)
public
procedure Test(I: Integer); overload;
end;
T2 = class(Tl)
public
procedure Test(S: string); overload;
end;
Var SomeObject: T2;
SomeObject := T2.Create;
SomeObject.TestCHello!');
SomeObject. Test(7);
{ - Test
2}
{ - Test
1}
C++ Delphi
Pascal :
TSomeClass = class
207
5. Delphi Pascal
public
function Func(P: Integer): Integer;
function Func(P: Boolean): Integer { !}
,
.
,
, reintroduce.
:
1 = class (TObject)
public procedure Act I; virtual;
procedure Act2; virtual;
end;
T2 = class(Tl)
public
procedure Act 1;override; {
}
procedure Act2;virtual; { ,

}
procedure Act3;reintroduce;virtual; {
- ,
}
procedure Act4;
{ ,
, }
procedure Act5; reintroduce; {
- ,
}
end;
var SomeObjectl: Tl;
begin
SomeObjectl ;= T2.Create; {
}
SomeObjectl Act 1; { - 2}
SomeObjectl.Act2; { - 1}
208
5.2.
SomeObjectl .Act5; { - 1}
end;
, ,
, :
type
1 = class (TObject)
public
procedure Test(I: Integer); overload; virtual;
end;
T2 = class(Tl)
public
procedure Test(S: string); reintroduce; overload;
end;
, ,
,
( 4 Delphi):
procedure Confused(I: Integer); overload;
Begin... End;
procedure Confused (I: Integer; J: Integer = 0); overload;
Begin... End;
Confused(X); { ,
}

,
(
):
1 = class (TObject)
public
procedure Test(I: Integer); overload; virtual;
end;
T2 = class(TI)
public
procedureTest (I:Integer;S:string= 'aaa ) ; reintroduce; overload;
end;
209
5. Delphi Pascal
SomeObject ;= 2.Create;
SomeObject.Test(5,'Hello!');
SomeObject. Test(7);
{ -
Test 2}
{ - Test
2 }
, :
Tl=class
public
I: integer;
Constructor Create; overload;
end;
T2=class(Tl)
public
Constructor Create(aI:Integer);overload;
end;
Constructor Tl.Create;
Begin
inherited Create;
I: =10;
End;
Constructor T2.Create(aI: Integer);
Begin
inherited Create;
I:=al;
End;
Var SomeObject: T2;
SomeObject: =T2.Create; { - I
10}
SomeObject:=2. Create(5); { -
I 5}
5.3.
- Pascal Delphi,
.
Delphi :
;
-;
index;
.
210
5.3.
.
( ,
1 ):
property < >:<>
[read < >]
[write < >]
[stored < >]
[default <>];
, read write,
,
. ,
. ,
.
.
, ,

( ).
, ,
, published, ..
.
stored ( ,
) ,
(true - , false - )
.dfm. default
, .
:
private FValue: integer;
procedure SetValue(AValue: integer);
function StoreValue: boolean;
published
property Valuennteger read FValue write SetValue
stored StoreValue default 10;.. .
FValue
. .
SetValue.
, StoreValue true 10.
.
, ,
, , F,
. ,
Get, - Set.
211
5. Delphi Pascal

, / .
: - .
, :
. Value :=;
: =. Value;
:
A.SetValue(n);
k:=ÂFValue;
:
- (, );
-
(,
).
5.3. (
- 2).
5.1.
,
.
Color Radius.
. . 5.9
TMyCircle .
:
Draw ,
. Circle :
TObject
TMyCircle
212
: Image: TImage; , , FRadius: Word; FColor: TColor

: Create, Draw, Clear, SetSize, SetColor
: Color: TColor; Radius: Word
. 5.9. TMyCircle
5.3.
Unit Circle;
Interface
Uses extctrls,Graphics;
Type TMyCircle^class
private x,yFRaditis:Word; FColor.TColor; Image:TImage;
Procedure Clear;
Procedure Draw;
Procedure SetSize(ARadius: Word);
Procedure SetColor(AColor:TColor);
public
Constructor Create(aImage:TImage;ax,ay,ARadii4s: Word;
AColor:TColor);
property Radius:Word write SetSize;
property Color: TColor write SetColor;
end;
Implementation
Constructor TMyCircle.Create;
Begin inherited Create;
Image :=almage; x:=ax;
y:=ay;
FRadius: =ARadius; FColor: =A Color;
Draw;
End;
Procedure TMyCircle. Draw;
Begin Image. Canvas. Pen. Color: =FColor;
Image.Canvas.Ellipse(X'FRadius, y-FRadius,
x+FRadius, y+FRadius);
End;
Procedure TMyCircle.Clear;
Var TempColor: TColor;
Begin TempColor: =FColor;
FColor: =Image. Canvas.Brush. Color;
Draw;
FColor: "^TempColor;
End;
Procedure TMyCircle.SetSize;
Begin Clear;
FRadius:=ARadius; Draw;
end;
Procedure TMyCircle.SetColor;
Begin
Clear; FColor:-AColor;
Draw;
end;
End.

:
213
5. Delphi Pascal
C.Radius: =strtoint(rEdit. Text);
. Color: =ColorDialog. Color;
e a H e.
Delphi. , , Visible,
,
.
,
,
( public), ..
.
-. -
( ,
):
property <> < >:<>
[read < >] [write < >] [default];
.
- .

. ,
,
.
!, .
, ,

. -
.
default ,
(
).
:
private function GetValMas(I:word;F:double):word;
procedure SetValMas(I:word;F:double;AElement:word);
public prorerty ValMasfLword, F:double]:word
read GetValMas write SetValMas; default;
,
-,
214
5.3.
.
,
, :
MyObject[k-^2,s] :=/;
MyObject. ValMas[k+2,s]:=l;
-
, , ,
( ,
).
5.4. - (
- 1).
-.
.
.
:
- TSringGrid ;
- ;
- ;
- .
,

.
Unit MasByte;
Interface
Uses SysUtils, Dialogs, Grids;
Type
TMas=array[1..255] of byte;
TMasByte = class(TObject) { }
private
ptr_an: ^TMas; { }
len.'byte;
{ }
Procedure SetEl(Ind:byte;m:byte); { }
Function GetEl(Ind:byte):byte;
{ }
public
n.'Byte;
{ }
Constructor Create (an: byte);
215
5. Delphi Pascal
Property Masfind: byte]:byte read GetEl write SetEl;default;

ProcedureModijy(Ind:byte;Value.byte); {}
Procedure Insert(Ind:byte; Value.byte); { }
Function Delete (Ind: byte).byte;
{ }
Function InputMas(Grid:TStringGrid;I,J:integer):boolean; {}
Procedure OutputMas(Grid: TStringGrid;I, J:integer);
{}
end;
Implementation
Constructor TMasByte.Create;
Begin
inherited Create;
GetMem(ptr_an,an);
len: =an; { n:=0; }
End;
Destructor TMasByte.Destroy;
Begin
FreeMem(ptr_an);
inherited Destroy;
End;
Procedure TMasByte. SetEl (Ind: byte;m: byte);
Begin
iflnd<=len then
iflnd<=n then ptr_an^flndj:=m
else
MessageDlgCB '+ inttostr(Ind)+
'- . \mtError,[mbOk],0)
else
MessageDlgCB '+
inttostr(Len) +' .', mtError, [mbOk], 0);
End;
Function TMasByte. GetEl (Ind: byte): byte;
Begin
If Ind<^n then Result:=ptr_an^[Ind]
else
MessageDlgC '-înttostr(Ind)+
'- .',mtError, fmbOkJ,0);
End;
Function TMasByte.InputMas(Grid:TStringGrid;I,J:integer):boolean;
Var k:byte; x,er_code: integer;
Begin
with Grid do
begin
k:=0;
Result: =true;
216
5.3.
while (Cells[k+I,J]<> ")andResult do

begin
Val(Cells[k+lJJ,x, er_code);
ifer_code-0 then
ifx<-255 then Insert(k+1 ,x)
else
begin
MessageDlgC 255.',
mtError, [mbOk],0);
Result: =false;
Exit;
end
else
begin
MessageDlgCB
. \ mtError, [mbOk], 0);
Result: =false;
Exit;
end;
k:=k+l;
end;
OutputMas(Grid,I,J);
end;
End;
Procedure TMasByte. OutputMas(Grid: TStringGrid;I,J:integer);
Var kbyte;
Begin
with Grid do
begin
ifn+I>ColCountthen ColCount:=n+I;
for k: =0 to ColCount-1 do
ifk<n then Cells[I-^k,J]:=inttostr(mas[k+l])
elseCells[I+k,J]:=";
end;
End;
Procedure TMasByte. Modify;
Begin
Mas[Ind]: = Value; End;
Procedure TMasByte.Insert;
Var i: integer;
Begin
n: =n+l; for i: -n-l downto Ind do Mas[i+l]:=Mas[i\,
Mas [Ind]:=Value;
End;
217
5. Delphi Pascal
Function TMasByte.Delete;
Var i: integer;
Begin
Result: =Mas[Ind];
for i: =Ind+l to n do Mas[i'l]: =Mas[i];
End;
End,
n:-n-l;

:
: =TMasByte. Create(k);

, 1:
[6]-7;
, -
,
.
( index).
:
property <> : <> index <>
read < > write < >;
<> - Shortlnt.

, /.
/ ,
.
, - ,
, .
- ,
. , ,
:
CMasF^class
private
FMasEl:array[l:3] of word;
{-}
function GetElfInd:byte).word;
{ }
procedure SetEl(Ind:byte;AElement); { }
public
218
5.4.
property Elementl:word index 1 read GetEl write SetEl;

property Element2:word index 2 read GetEl write SetEl;
property Elements: word index 3 read GetEl write SetEl;
end;
Function CMas. GetEl;
Begin Result: =FMasEl[Ind\; End;
Procedure CMas. SetEl;
Begin FMasEl[Ind]:=AElement; End;

.
,
.
5.6.
5.4.
Delphi
.
Borland Pascal 7.0
1 (),
. 1
(is)
(as).
(). ,
,

1 .
:
< >=188 of < >;
Var < >:< >;

, .
Delphi Pascal TClass,
TObject. TClass
Delphi,
TObject:
TClass=class of TObject;
Var : TClass; d: TObject;...
c:=TButton;
d:=c.Create(,..)...
219
5. Delphi Pascal
is. ,

:
<> is <>
true, , false -
.
as. ,

(. . 1.25) :
<> as <>
,
, as
,
.
. Delphi ,
.
Self
.
class:
MyClass=class(TObject)
public
class procedure < >(< >);
end;
( )
, .
, , TObject,
,
(. ).
.

Delphi .
DelpM Pascal ,
. ( Run Time Type Information - )
.
, (
, , , , , ,
220
5.4.
).
, , ~ ,
, , - (
), . RTTI
DelpM
,
.
.

Typelnfo, .
lypelnfo Pointer RTTI .
TTypelnfo, lyplnfo,
.
^^ GetiypeData,
TTypeData, .
RTTI .
RTTI ,
.

, .

.
()
1
[

\

\
zr^
[

\

RTTI

DefaultHandler
Newlnstance
Freelnstance
Pestroy

*:^
RTTI
. 5.10.
221
5. Delphi Pascal

(. 5.10),
.
, , .
Delphi ,
, ,
. . 5.2
Delphi 3.
5.2.
1
-64
-60
-56
-52
-48
-44
-40
-36
-32
-28
-24
-20
1
-16
-12
-8
-4
0
T13M

OLE

,
( Cardinal)
-
SafecallException
DefaultHandler
Newlnstance
Freelnstance
Destroy

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
|
, ,
, :
ShortString(Pointer(Pointer(Integer(TEdit) - 32)'')'').
TObject ,
:
1) class function ClassName: ShortString; - ;
2) class function ClassNameb(const Name: string): Boolean; -
true, ;
3) class function ClassParent: TClass; -
;
4) class function Classlnfo: Pointer; -
RTTI ;
5) class function InstanceSize: Longint; -
;
222
5.4.
6) class function InheritsFrom(AClass: TClass): Boolean; - ,
;
7) class function MetliodAddress(const Name: ShortString): Pointer; ;
8) class function MetliodName(Address: Pointer): ShortString; .
,
.

,
.
.
5.5. .
R i l l ,
,
, .
: TSpisok
TElement. TSpisok TElement,
sue pre,
.
. 5.11.
Spisok, TElement TSpisok,
:
Unit Spisok;
Interface
Type TElement=^class(TObject)
public
pre,suc: TElement;
end;
TObject
TElement
:
sue, pre: TElement
^>^
TSpisok
: first, cur, last: TElement

:
Destroy, Add, Del, IFirst, INext
. 5.11. TSpisok TElement

223
5. Delphi Pascal
TSpisok-class{TObjecf)
private first, last, cur: TElement;
public
Procedure Add(e: TElement); {}
Function Del: TElement;
{}
Function IFirst: TElement; { }
Function INext: TElement;
{ }
end;
Implementation
Destructor TSpisokDestroy;
Varv: TElement;
Begin
v:=Del;
while v<>nil do begin v.Destroy; v:=Del; end;
inherited Destroy;
End;
Procedure TSpisokAdd;
Begin
if first-nil then beginfirst:=e; last:=e; end
else begin e.suc: -first; first,pre: -e; first: =e; end;
End;
Function TSpisokDel;
Begin Del: =last;
iflastonilthen
begin last:=last.pre; iflast<>nilthenlast.suc:=nil; end;
iflast=nil then first: =nil;
End;
Function TSpisokJFirst;
Begin
cur:-first;
Result: ^cur; End;
Function TSpisokJNext;
Begin
cur:=cur.suc; Result:-cur; End;
End

,
( TMyNumber, TMyString
TMySpisok, ). . 5.12.
MySpisok:
Unit MySpisok;
Interface
Uses Spisok;
Type TMyNumber=class(TElement)
private
FMyNum: integer;
224
5.4.
: MyNum
: MyStr
: Summa
. 5.12. TSpisok
public
Constructor Create(aMyNum: integer);

property MyNum: integer
read FMyNum write FMyNum;
end;
TMyString=class{TElement)
private
FMyStr: string;
public
Constructor Create(aMyStr:string);
property MyStr:string read FMyStr Write FMyStr;
end;
TMySpisok=class{TSpisok)
public Function Summa: integer;
end;
Implementation
Constructor TMyNumber Create;
Begin
inherited Create;
FMyNum: âMyNum;
End;
Constructor TMyString Create;
Begin
inherited Create;
FMyStr: =aMyStr; End;
Function TMySpisok. Summa;
Var c:TElement;
Begin Result: =0; c: =IFirst; { }
while cOnil do
{ }
begin
if is TMyNumber then { - -, }
Result: =Result+{c as TMyNumber).MyNum; {,
MyNmn - , }
: =INext;
{ }
end;
End;
End
225
5. Delphi Pascal
HI-IQ
.
/
tyuiuyt
. 5.13.

, ,
, .

.
,
TElement. , ,
, .
. 5.13.

.
.
Unit Main;
Interface
logs, StdCtrls;
Type
TMainForm = class{TForm)
AddButton, DelButton, SumButton, ExitButton: TButton;
lOEdit: TEdit; lOLabel, ListLabel: TLabel;
ListBoxl: TListBox;
Procedure ExitButtonClick(Sender: TObject);
226
5.4.
Procedure SumButtonClick(Sender: TObject);

Procedure AddButtonClick(Sender: TObject);
Procedure lOEditKeyPress (Sender: TObject; var Key: Char);
Procedure DelButtonCUck(Sender: TObject);
Procedure FormActivate(Sender: TObject);
end;
Var MainForm: TMainForm;
Implementation
Uses MySpisoKSpisok;
Var S:TMySpisok;
{$R \DFM}
Procedure TMainForm.FormActivate(Sender: TObject);
Begin lOLabel. Visible:=false; lOEdit. Visible:=false; End;
Procedure TMainForm.AddButtonClick(Sender: TObject);
Begin lOLabel Visible: -true;
lOEdit. Visible: -true;
lOEdit.SetFocus;
End;
Procedure TMainForm.IOEditKeyPress(Sender: TObject; var Key: Char);
Var I Code: Integer; v:TElement;
Begin
ifKey=#I3 then
begin
Key:^#0;
Val(IOEdit.Text, I Code);
ListboxLItems.Add(IOEdit. Text);
if Code = 0 then
{ , }
v;=TMyNumbeKCreate(I)
{ -}
else v: =TMyString Create(lOEdit. Text); { - }
S.Add(v);
{ }
AddButton. SetFocus;
lOLabel Visible: =false;
lOEdit. Visible: ^false;
end;
End;
Procedure TMainForm.DelButtonClick(Sender: TObject);
Varv:TElement;
Begin
lOLabel. Visible: =true; lOEdit. Visible: -true;
v: =S.Del;
{ }
ifvonil then
{ , }
begin
ListBoxl.Items.Delete{0);
{ }
ifv is TMyNumber then
{ -, }
227
5. Delphi Pascal
lOEdit. Text: =inttoStr((v as TMyNumber).MyNum) { }

else lOEdit. Text: =(v as TMyString).MyString; { - }
v.Free;
{ }
end
else lOEdit. Text:= .';
End;
Procedure TMainForm.SumButtonClick(Sender: TObject);
Begin
lOLabel. Visible: -false;
lOEdit. Visible: =false;
Application.MessageBox(Pchar(IntToStr(S.Summa)), ': ',MB_OK);
End;
Begin
Close;
End;
Initialization S: = TMySpisok. Create;
{ -}
Finalization S.Destroy;
{ -}
End.
5.5.
Delphi .
5.1,
( )
,
. ,
.

of object:
< > = < > of object;
:
TMyMetod = function (: integer): word of object;
TMyClass =class
public FMetod:TMyMetod;
end;
FMetod, , ,
.
Delphi , ,
:
228
5.5.
Type TMyClass=class
private FMetod.TMyMetod;
public property Me tod: TMyMetod read FMetod write FMetod;
end;
5.4,
. DelpM
( 1.7), /?:/
.

,
.

^
.
5.6. (
- 2).
,

. 5.2,
. TCircle TSquare
Draw.
.
.
,

(. 5.14).
*'
" " (2)
;.
0|
||
. 5.14.
229
5. Delphi Pascal
1.
, TFigure
DrawCircle ( ) DrawSquare ( ),
Draw -
.
TDProc.
unit Figure;
interface
Type TDProc='procedure of object;
TMyFigure=class
private
x,yr:word;
Image :TImage;
FDraw:TDProc; { Draw}
public
Constructor Create(aImage:TImage;ax,ay,ar:Word); {}
property Draw:TDProc read FDraw write FDraw; {
}
Procedure Clear;
{ }
Procedure DrawCircle;
{ }
Procedure DrawSquare;
{ }
end;
Implementation
Constructor TMyFigure. Create;
Begin
inherited Create; Image: =almage;
x:=ax; y:'=ay; r:=ar;
End;
Begin Image. Canvas.Pen. Color: =clWhite;
Draw; { , }
Image. Canvas.Pen. Color: =clBlack;
End;
Procedure TMyFigure. DrawCircul;
Begin Image.Canvas.Ellipse(x-r,y'r,x+r,y^r); End;
Procedure TMyFigure.DrawSquare;
Begin Image.Canvas.Rectangle(X'r,y'r,x+r,y+r); End;
end.
:
case RadioGroup.Itemlndex of
230
5.5.
0: C.Draw:^C,DrawCircle;
1: C.Draw:=C.DrawSquare;
end;
Draw ( )
RadioGroupClick (
):
Procedure TMainForm.RadioGroupClick(Sender: TObject);
Begin ifConil then
{ , }
begin
. Clear;
{ }
case RadioGroup.Itemlndex of { }
0: C.Draw:=C.DrawCircle; { }
1: C.Draw:=C.DrawSquare; { }
end;
C.Draw;
{ }
end;
End;
2. - ^
, .
TDraw,
.
, .
Unit Figure;
Interface
Type TParam-record
x,yfr:Word;
Color: TColor;
Image: TImage;
end;
TDProc=Procedure(AParam:TParam) of object;
TMyFigure=class
private
FDraw.TDProc;
public
Param:TParam;
Procedure Clear;
Constructor Create(aImage:TImage;ax,ay,ar:Word;aColor:TColor);
property Draw:TDProc read FDraw write FDraw;
end;
TDraw=^lass
231
5. Delphi Pascal
public
Procedure DrawCircle{AParam:TParam);
Procedure DrawSquare{AParam:TParam);
end;
Implementation
Constructor TMyFigure.Create;
begin
inherited Create;
Param. Image: =almage; Param. Color: =aColor;
Param.x: -ax; Param.y: =ay; Param. r: =ar;
end;
Var TempColor:TColor;
Begin
TempColor: =Param.Color;
Param. Color: =Param. Image. Canvas. Brush. Color;
Draw(Param);
{ }
Param. Color: -TempColor;
End;
Procedure TDraw.DrawCircle;
Begin
AParam.Image. Canvas.Pen. Color: =AParam. Color;
AParam.Image.Canvas.Ellipse(AParam.X'AParam.r,AParam.y'AParam.r,
AParam.x+AParam. r,AParam.y+AParam. r);
End;
Procedure TDraw.DrawSquare;
Begin
AParam.Image. Canvas.Pen. Color: =AParam. Color;
AParam.Image. Canvas.Rectangle(AParam.x-AParam. r,
AParam.y-AParam.r, AParam.x-ÂParam.r, AParam.y+AParam.r);
End;
End.
Draw
RadioGroupClick :
Procedure TMainForm.RadioGroupClick(Sender: TObject);
Begin
ifConilthen
begin
CClear;
case RadioGroup.Itemlndex of
0: C.Draw:=G.DrawCircle; { }
I: C.Draw:=G.DrawSquare; { }
end;
232
5.6. Delphi
C.Draw{C.Param);
{ }
end;
End;
G TDraw
- :
initialization G: =TDraw.Create;
flnalization G.Free;
5.6. Delphi
Delphi VCL ,

Windows.
. 5.15
VCL, Delphi.
,
TObject, ,
Delphi:
type
TObject = class
constructor Create;
{}
destructor Destroy; virtual; {}
TObject
TPersistent
TCanvas
TMenu
TComponent
TScreen
TControl
TStrings
I
TApplication TCommonDialog
I
TGraphicColor
TWinControl
TOpenDialog
TSaveDialog
TImage TCustomLabel TCustomEdit TButtonControl TScrollingWinControi

T
TLabel
TEdit
TButton
TCustomForai
X
TForm
. 5.15. VCL
233
5. Delphi Pascal
procedure Free;
{, }
class Function Initlnstance(lnstance: Pointer): TObject; {
}
class Function Newlnstance: TObject; virtual; {
}
Procedure Cleanuplnstance; {

}
Procedure Freelnstance; virtual; { ,
}
Function ClassType: /^; { }
class Function ClassName: ShortString; { }
class Function ClassNamels(const Name: string): Boolean; {
}
class Function ClassParent: TClass; { }
class Function Classlnfo: ^; {
RTTI}
class Function InstanceSize: Longint; {
}
class Function InheritsFrom(AClass: TClass): Boolean; {

}
Procedure Dispatch(var Message); { }
class Function MethodAddress(const Name: ShortString): Pointer;
{ }
class Function MethodName(Address: Pointer): ShortString;
{ }
Function FieldAddress(const Name: ShortString): Pointer;
{ }
Function Getlnterface (const IID: TGUID; out Obj): Boolean; {
}
class Function GetInterfaceEntry(const IID: TGUID):
PInterfaceEntry;
{ ,
}
class Function GetlnterfaceTable: PInterfaceTable; {
,
}
Function SafeCallException(ExceptObject: TObject;
ExceptAddr: Pointer): Integer; virtual;
{ OLE}
Procedure DefaultHandler(var Message); virtual; {
}
end;
234
5.6. Delphi
TObject ,
published - TPersistent.

( ,
).
TPersistent TComponent () -
, : TStrings (), TCoUection (), TCanvas
( ~ , ), TGrapMcObject (
), TGraphic ( ), TPicture ().
TComponent ,
( TApplication).
TComponent , -
- .

:
. ,
(TForm), ,
(TApplication).
-
TComponent :
1) Owner -
(
);
2) Componentlndex -
Components ( 0) ;
;
3) Components[Index] - - TComponent,
;
4) ComponentCoimt -
.
, -
Components ComponentCount
.
TComponent TControl,
, .
, ,
.
,
.

.
TControl ,
235
5. Delphi Pascal
(,
, ..).
TControl TMnControl -
TGrapMcControl - .

, , Windows (TEdit,
TMemo, TListBox), , ..
. , TWinControl
, .

TGraphicControl (TLabel, TImage,
TBevel). .
TWinControl
- .
.
, ,
(, ..).

(, ..).
- -
. ,
.
, ,
(. 5. 16).
,
text TStrings:
TMainForm = class{TForm)
GroupBox: TGroupBox; Checkbox 1: TCheckBox;
TForm^.,.^^
1 .
[^ :
TGroupBox.
TCheckBox
01
]Z:
feTButton
^
.^
TOpenDialog TSaveDialog
. 5.16. ( )
236
5.6. Delphi
MainFomi
1
GroupBox CheckBox2
Buttonl Buttons OpenPialogl

CheckBoxl 11 || Button211 Button41 |SaveDialogl
. 5.17. -
CheckBox2: TCheckBox; : TCheckBox;

Buttonl: TButton; Button2: TButton;
ButtonS: TButton; Button4: TButton;
OpenDialogl: TOpenDialog; SaveDialogl: TSaveDialog;
private
text:TStrings;. . .
end;
MainFomi ,
text, TComponent.
MainForm ,
- (.5.17).

. text .
MainForm
: GroupBox, Buttonl,
Button2, Buttons, Button4, OpenDialogl SaveDialogl
( TControl). GroupBox
CheckBoxl, CheckBox2, CheckBoxS (.
5.18). ,
, GroupBox
CheckBoxl, CheckBox2, CheckBox3.
-
TWinControl :
1) Parent - ;
2) Controllndex -
Controls ( 0) ,
;
3) Controls [Index] - - TControl,
;
MainForm
X
1 GroupBox 1 1 Buttonl 1 |Button211 ButtonS | |Button41

1
CheckBoxl CheckBox2 CheckBoxS

. 5.18. -
237
5. Delphi Pascal
4) ControlCount -
.

:
1) ParentCoIor: boolean - ,
;
2) ParentFont: boolean - ,

;
3) ParentShowHint:boolean - ,
ShowHint .
, ,
:
1) SetFocus -
;
2) FindNextControl - ,
TabOrder;

3) Enabled - ,
;
4) TabOrder -
Tab;
5) ActiveControl -
, .
- ,
.
5.7. -
( ).
,
.
8 TEdit (. 5.19).
TEdit ,

Tab, ,
Enter. Tab
Enter, TEdit
KeyPress.
TEdit. ,
.
, ,
, ,
- . ,
238
5,6. Delphi
Igy
:
X
: 0
-6h
5.1
1XI
V J J ICi-lVrutXil^llri
jojr"j|
. 5.19.
TMainForm ( FormActivate -
), Enter (
AUEditKeyPress - Enter TEdit) 8
TEdit ( ExButtonCIick - ,
).
TMainForm = class(TForm)
Bevel1: TBevel; InputLabel: TLabel;
ALabel: TLabel; BLabel: TLabel;
CLabel: TLabel; DLabel: TLabel;
AxEdit: TEdit; AyEdit: TEdit;
BxEdit: TEdit; ByEdit: TEdit;
CxEdit: TEdit; CyEdit: TEdit;
DxEdit: TEdit; DyEdit: TEdit;
NextButton: TButton; ExitButton: TButton;ExButton: TButton;
ResLabel: TLabel; ResultLabel: TLabel;
xlLabel: TLabel; 1 Label: TLabel;
x2Label: TLabel; y2Label: TLabel;
procedure AUEditKeyPress (Sender: TObject; var Key: Char);
procedure FormActivate (Sender: TObject);
procedure ExButtonClick(Sender: TObject);
procedure NextButtonClick(Sender: TObject);
procedure ExitButtonClick(Sender: TObject);
end;
239
5. Delphi Pascal
Implementation
Var K:array[l..S\ of Double;
Procedure TMainForm.FormActivate(Sender: TObject);
Var i: integer;
Begin
for i: =0 to ControlCount'l do
{
}
ifControls[i\ is TEdit then
{ - TEdit, }
begin
Controls[i\.Enabled: = true;
{ }
(Controls[i] as TEdit).ReadOnly:=false; { }
end;
ExButton. Visible: =true;
{ }
NextButton.Enabled: =false; {
}
ResLabel Visible: =false;
{ }
ResultLabel. Visible: =false; { }
AxEdit.SetFocus; { TEdit (TabOrder=0)}
End;
Procedure TMainForm.AllEditKeyPress{Sender: TObject; var Key: Char);
Var Code: integer; S:string;
Begin
ifKey-#13 then
{ Enter, }
begin
Key: =#0;
{ - }
Val{{ActiveControl as Tedit). Text,
K[{ActiveControlas Tedit).TaglCode);
{
Tag }
ifCodeoO then { , }
begin
{ }
S: =chr(ordCA') +ActiveControL TabOrder div 2);
MessageDlgC '+*$'+
' .',mtError,[mbOk], 0);
exit;
end;
FindNextControl{ActiveControlytruefalsefalse).SetFocus; {
}
end
End;
Procedure TMainForm.ExButtonClick(Sender: TObject);
Var CodeJJ:integer; PP:TEdit; S:string; . . .
240
5.7.
Begin
: =AxEdit;
{ (TabOrder = 0)}
for i: =1 to 8 do
{ 8 }
begin
Val(PPText, K[PPTag\Code); { }
ifCodeoO then
{ , }
begin
{ }
S: =chr(ordCA')-^PP TabOrder div 2);
PPSetFocus;
MessageDlgCKoopdunambi '-^S^' .',
mtErroK [mbOk], 0);
exit;
end;
ifi<>8 then PP:=FindNextControl(PP,truefalse,true) as TEdit; {
}
end;
{ ,
}
PP:=AxEdit;
for i:=l to 8 do
begin
PP. Enabled: =false;
PPReadOnly:=true;
ifi<>8 then PP:=FindNextControl(PP,truefalse,true) as TEdit;
end;
End;
. .
Tag.
TComponent 32 .
, .
5.7.
1 VCL
.

.

:
1) ;
241
5. Delphi Pascal
2) ( ) ;
3) ,
;
4) () .
Delphi. Delphi 100
. Windows
. Msg.
- 16- ( Cardinal).
, .
.
.
, , Delphi,
:
TMessage-record
Msg: Cardinal;
case Integer of
0: (WParam.'LongInt; LParam.Longlnt; Result:Longint);
1: {WParamLo:Word; WParamHi:Word;
LParamLo: Word; LParamHi: Word;
ResultLo.Word; ResultHLWord);
end;
end;
. ( )
: ,
( ,
..).
,
$399 .
WMUSER=$400,
:
Const Mesl = WMJJSER;
Mes2 = WMJJSER+1;
. ,
,
1 .
^ , Delplii.
,
1 dinamic override :
Procedure wm< >( Message: < >);
message < >;
242
5.7.
,
, :
,
1 message.
,
.
,
:
type < >= class < ->
public
Procedure wm< >( Message:<THn >);
message < >;
end;

-,
,
.
( ,
):
procedure < >. wm< >;
begin
< >
inherited;
end;
,
, ,

.
, DefanltHandler TObject,
.
. Delphi
.
1.
:
function SendMessage (liWnd:Integer, Mes:Cardinal;
WParam, LParam:LongInt):LongInt;
. hWnd
, - -
243
5. Delphi Pascal
Windows ( ).
Handle, TWinControL
2.
:
function PostMessage(hWnd:Integer,Mes:Cardinal;
WParam,Param:LongInt):LongBool;
SendMessage,
SendMessage PostMessage
, .
True, , False -
.
3.
,
TControl:
procedure Perform (Mes:Cardinal; WParam, LParam:LongInt);

, ,
, .
5.8. / . ,
. .
5.20 .
, ,
, . ~
1
.
, Unitl
, . TForail

SendButton:
J^' .
:

| | ! ^
fi^
BOLXJ
. 5.20. /
244
5.7.
Unit Unit 1;
Interface
Type MyMessage=Record
Msg:Cardinal;
{ }
PString:PChar; { }
Result:LongInt;
{ }
End;
Const WM_MYMESSAGE=WM_USER; {
}
TForml = class(TForm)
public SecondHandle:Integer;
{
}
end;
Implementation
Procedure TForml, SendButtonClick(Sender: TObject);
Begin
SendMessage(SecondHandle, WM_MYMESSAGE,
Longint(MessageEditText),0);{TQKQpaii^R }
End;
. . .
.
, TForm2
. ,
:
Unit Unit2;
Interface
logs, StdCtrls, Unitl{ };
Type TForm2 = class (TForm)
MessageEdit: TEdit;
procedure FormCreate(Sender: TObject);
public
Procedure WMMyMessage(var Msg:MyMessage);
MESSAGE WM_MYMESSAGE;{ }
end;
Var Form2: TForm2;
Implementation
{$R *DFM}
Procedure TForm2. FormCreate (Sender: TObject);
Begin
245
5. Delphi Pascal
Forml.SecondHandle:=Handle; {
}
End;
Procedure TForm2. WMMyMessage(var Msg:MyMessage);
Begin
MessageEdit. Text: =Msg.PString;
( }
End;
End.

PostMessage:
PostMessage(SecondHandle, WM_MYMESSAGE,
Longint(MessageEdit. Text), 0);
Perform,
1) Unitl
Unit2:
Uses Unit2;
2) Form2:
Form2.Perform (WM_MYMESSAGE,Longint(MessageEdit. Text\0);
TForml .
. ,
,
.
,
. , ,
. Delphi ,
On: OnClick, OnCreate ..

function Assigned(var ): Boolean;
, -
. True, , False -
.
5.9. .
, . 11
.
Unit2 TPCharEvent,
: Sender - 246
5.7.
MyString - ,
. OnPChar PCharProc. -
FormCreate.
Unit Unit2;
Interface
logs, StdCtrls, Unitl;
TypeTPCharEvent=procedure(Sender: TObject;MyString:PChar) of
object; TForm2 = class (TForm)
MessageEdit: TEdit;
procedure FormCreate (Sender: TObject);
private
FOnPChar:TPCharEvent;
{ }
public
property OnPChar: TPCharEvent read FOnMessage
write FOnMessage; {- OnPChar }
Procedure PCharProc(Sender: TObject; MyString:PChar);
{ OnPChar}
Procedure WMMyMessage(var Msg.MyMessage);
MESSAGE WM_MYMESSAGE;
end;
Var Form!: TForml;
Implementation
{$R *DFM}
Procedure TForm2. FormCreate (Sender: TObject);
Begin
Forml .SecondHandle: =Handle;
OnPChar:- PCharProc; { }
End;
Procedure TForm2. WMMyMessage(var Msg:MyMessage);
Begin
ifAssigned(OnPChar) then { , }
OnPChar (Self Msg.PString);
{ }
End;
Procedure TForm2.PCharProc(Sender: TObject;MyString:PChar);
Begin MessageEdit.Text:=MyString; End;
End.
VCL. VCL Delphi

. ,
.
247
5. Delphi Pascal
, W M K e y D o u n ,
TEdit, ,
(. 5.21).
WMKeyDoun .
, CnKeyDoun
.
CmKeyDoun ,
, .
(.. ),
, .
,
WMKeyDoun ,
.
.
Delphi Run TApplication.

. ,
HandleMessage,
.
, ..,
1
Cn_KeyDoun^[
Cm ChildKe
WMKeyDoum
^ |WM_KeyDoim^[ [

LWM_KeyDoun
Cn_KeyDoun
WM_KeyDoun
Cm_ChildKey
Cm_ChildKey
. 5.21.
248
5.7.
WMQUIT.
WMQUIT Terminated True
:
... repeat HandleMessage
until Terminated;...
,
.
,
. ,
, , ,
,
.

TProgressBar .
, - .

,
ProcessMessages TAplication.
,
.

, W M Q U I T
(, )
. ,
ProcessMessages
, , Termiinated,
.
5.10. .
, .
TProgressBar, ,
.

(. 5.22).
>*' .

-
^07201

.

TForml Cancel,

True
.

. 5.22.

.
249
5. Delphi Pascal
Unit Unitl;
Interface
Uses Windows, Messages, SysUtils, Classes, Graphics, Controls, Forms, Dialogs, StdCtrls, ComCtrls;
Type
TForml = class(TForm)
StartButton: TButton; ExitButton: TButton;
procedure StartButtonClick(Sender: TObject);
procedure ExitButtonClick(Sender: TObject);
procedure ButtonClick(Sender: TObject);
private Cancel: Boolean;
end;
Var Forml: TForml;
Implementation
{$R *DFM}
Procedure TForml.StartButtonClick(Sender: TObject);
Var iJ'.integer;
ProgressBar: TProgressBar; Button: TButton;
Begin
ProgressBar ;= TProgressBar.Create(Self); {
TProgressBar, Forml}
Button:=TButton.Create(Self); { -,
Form 1}
ProgressBarParent: = Self; { Forml }
ProgressBar.Left: =30; ProgressBar Top: =45; {
}
Button. Parent: =Self;
{ FormlcTapniHM}
Button. Caption:=^';
{ }
Button.Left: =60; Button. Top: =65;
{
}
Button.OnClick:=ButtonClick;
{
}
forj:=0to9do
begin
for i:=l to 10000 do
begin
Canvas. TextOut{90,20,IntToStr(i))\
Application.ProcessMessages;
{ ,
}
if Cancel then break;
{ Cancel,
}
end;
250
5.8.
ProgressBar.StepIt; { ProgressBar
}
if Cancel then break; { Cancel,
}
end;
ProgressBar.Free; { TProgressBar}
Button.Free;
{ TButton}
Canvas. TextOut(70,20, ' ');
end;
Procedure TForml.ButtonCUck; { }
Begin Cancel:=true; End; { Cancel}
Procedure TForml.ExitButtonClick(Sender: TObject);
Begin Close; End;
End.
5.8.
,
:
, ,
..
,
.

.

, .
.
Delphi
,
, ,
,
.
.

.
, Exception.
,
:
251
5. Delphi Pascal

if then :=/
else <
>

try :=/;
except
on EDivByZero do
< >
end;
, ,

,
. , ,
.
,
,

.
,
.
:
-
,
- , 1;
- ;
~ .
. ,
,
try ...finally try ... except, <
:
try <, >
finally <,
>
end;
try <, >
except <,
>
end;

.
,
, -
, . ,
252
5.8.
.
,
,
.

.
.
Exception.
, .
Exception - .
DelpM 4 :
Exception = class{TObjeci)
private
FMessage: string;
FHelpContext: Integer;
public
Constructor Create{const Msg: string); { ,
}
Constructor CreateFmt(const Msg: string;
const Args: array of const); { ,
, }
Constructor CreateRes{Ident: Integer; Dummy: Extended = 0); {
, }
Constructor CreateResFmtÎdent: Integer;
const Args: array of const); { ,
,
}
Constructor CreateHelp{const Msg: string; AHelpContext: Integer); {
}
Constructor CreateFmtHelp{const Msg: string;
const Args: array of const; AHelpContext: Integer); {
}
Constructor CreateResHelp{Ident: Integer; AHelpContext: Integer); {
, , }
Constructor CreateResFmtHelp(Jdent: Integer;
const Args: array of const; AHelpContext: Integer); {
,
, }
property HelpContext: Integer
read FHelpContext write FHelpContext; { }
property Message: string read FMessage write FMessage; { }
end;
253
5. Delphi Pascal

:
(. ).
Exception , ,
:
EDivByZero = class{EIntError); { }
ERangeError = class(EIntError); {
}
EIntOverflow = class{EIntError); { }
EMathError = class(EExtemaf); { }
EInvalidOp = class(EMathError); { )
EZeroDivide = class{EMathError); {
}
EOverflow = class{EMathError); {
}
EUnderflow = class{EMathError); {
}

, . ,
, , .
.
(
) ( ).
raise,
-,
:
ifn=0 then raise EDivByZero. Create{ ' 0.');
EDivByZero.
,
.
.
.
except try ... except )
case:
except
on < > do <>;
on < > do <>;
on < > do <>;
254
5.8.
else <>
end;
,
.
,

-.
1- . ,
- .
on
:
try . , .
except
on E:EDivByZero do { }
begin
<
, , E.Message>
end;
else < - >
end;
2- .
function xceptionObject:TObject;
,
nil:
try < >
except
on EDivByZero do
ShowMessage(EDivByZero(ExceptionObject).Message); {
}
end;
try ... except,
except ,
except raise:
try , . ,
try
...
except
on < > do <>;
255
5. Delphi Pascal
else raise;
end
except
< >
end;
, ,
1 .

var ErrorAddr: Pointer

raise ... at..., :
raise Exception.Create(' ') atErrorAddr;
5.11. (
- 2).
,
5.4.

,
.
. .
,

:
1) ;
2) ()
,
;
3) ,
.
: SetEl,
GetEI InputMas.
,
:
Unit MasByte;
Interface
Uuses SysUtils, Dialogs, Grids;
Type
256
5,8.
TMas=array[L,255] of byte;
TMasByte = class (TObjeat)
private
ptran: ^TMas; { }
len.'byte;
{ }
Name:string; { }
Procedure SetEl(Ind: byte;m: byte);
Function GetEl(Ind:byte):byte;
public
n:Byte;
{ }
Constructor Create (an: byte ;aName: string);
Property Mas[Ind: byte]:byte read GetEl write SetEl;default;
Procedure Modify(Ind: byte; Value: byte);
Procedure Insert(Ind:byte; Value: byte);
Function Delete (Ind: byte): byte;
Function InputMas (Grid: TStringGrid;I,J: integer): boolean;
Procedure OutputMas(Grid: TStringGrid;IJ:integer);
end;
EInputError=class(Exception); { }
Implementation
Constructor TMasByte.Create;
Begin
inherited Create;
GetMem(ptrjan, an);
len: =an;
Name:-aName;
End;
Destructor TMasByte.Destroy;
Begin
FreeMem(ptrjm);
inherited Destroy;
End;
Procedure TMasByte. SetEl (Ind: byte;m: byte);
Begin
iflnd<=len then
iflnd<=n
thenptrjm^{Ind\:-m
else
raise ERangeError.CreateFmt( 'B %s -
. \ [Namejnd\)
{ }
else
raise ERangeError.CreateFmt( 'B %s:
%d / ,[Name,Len]); { }
End;
257
5. Delphi Pascal
Function TMasByte. GetEl(Ind: byte): byte;

Begin
iflnd<-n then Result: =ptr_an^[Ind]
else
raise ERangeError.CreateFmt( 'B %s - .',
[Name,Ind\); { }
End;
Function TMasByte.InputMas(Grid:TStringGrid;I, J: integer): boolean;
Var kbyte; x,er_code: integer;
Begin
with Grid do
begin
k:=0;
Result: =true;
while (Cells[kHJ]<> ")and Result do
begin
Val(Cells[kHJ].x, erjoode);
ifercode=0 then
ifx< =255 then Insert(k-^ l,x)
else
begin
raise EInputError.Create( 255.');
{ }
Result: =false;
exit;
end
else
begin
raise EInputError.Create(
.'); { }
Result: =false;
exit;
end;
k:=k+l;
end;
OutputMas{GridJ,J);
end;
End;
. . .
{ }
end.
258
5.8,

,
. ,
:
A:=TMasByte.Create(10/A%' { }
try AJnputMasfStringGrid, 0,0); { }
except
on E:EInputError do { }
MessageDlg{E.Message,mtInformation, [mbOk] ,0);
end;
, -
:
try A[Ind\: = Value; { }
except
on E:ERangeError do {
)
MessageDlg(E.Message,mtInformation, [mbOk], 0);
end;

1. , Delphi Pascal.
Pascal 7.0?
, ++3.1?
2. ?
? ,
. .
3. .
? .
4. ? ?
, .
?
5. <^ .
, ?
6. VCL? /
/? ?
7. Delphi?
? ?
?
8. ?
? /
. , .
6. C++ BUILDER
C++ Builder
C++, 3. ,
, C++, ..
, .
, C++ Builder VCL,
Delphi Delphi Pascal. ,
C++ Builder C++ Pascal Delphi,
,
, Delphi Pascal, C++.
C++ :
-
, OLE-;
- ;
- ,
Delphi Pascal (, ..);
- ( closure);
- ( declspec), ,
, Delphi Pascal.
C++ Delphi Pascal
, .
C+-+Builder :
C++ VCL- -
VCL.
6.1. ++
, C++ Builder
( Borland C++ 3.1) . :
- ;
~ ;
- ;
- .
. -
.
260
6.7. C+ +
, .
C++
,
.
:
namespase [<>] { < > }
,
.
.
, ,
, .
1 $$$.
, ,
,
. ,
.
:
namespace ALPHA {
II ALPHA -
long double LD;
II
float/(float ) { return ;} II
;

, .
, ,
, ,
,
(, ..).

:
- ,
:
ALPHA:: LD
ALPHA::fO
- using, ,
:
namespace BETA {
using ALPHA::LD; I* ALPHA::LD BETA*/;
261
6. C++ Builder
- using,
:
namespace BETA Z'
...
using ALPHA; /* ALPHA BETA*/ }
-- ,
.
< >::.
using .
using .
6.1.
( using).

-+ - Object.h:
mjhdefObjectH
Mefine ObjectH
class A
{ public: voidfunc(char ch, TEdit ^Êdit);
};
class : public A
{ public:
voidfunc(char *str,TEdit *Edit);
using Ar.func;
II ::func
};
#endif
Object.cpp:
include <vcl.h>
^pragma hdrstop
mnclude " Object.h"
void A: :func(char ch, TEdit *Edit)
II
{ Edit'>Text=AnsiStringCcuMeon");}
void B::func(char *str, TEdit *Edit)
II
{ Edit'>Text=AnsiStringC");}
#pragma package (smart Jnit)
, ,
:
262
6.1. C+ +
;
b.funcCc\Edit); // A::func(), -
b.func("c'\Edit); // BiiftmcQ, -
. . C++
.
, .
< >::.
,
.
, base:
class base
{ public: voidfunc(int x, TEdit *Edit);
}:
TO
, :
base ;
void (base::*bptr)(int,TEdit *); II
bptr = & base::func;
II
(. *bptr)(],ResultEdit);
II
,

( ):
class derived: public base
{ public: void newjiinc(int i, TEdit *Edit);
}:
bptr =&derived::newjunc; II !!!
closure C++ Builder
- .
, .
,

.
:
<> (
closure * <>) (< >);
, , ^
:
263
6. + + Builder
base ;
derived ;
void _ ^closure *bptr)(int, TEdit *); II
bptr = &A.func;
/*
*/
bptr(l,ResultEdit);
II
bptr = &.newJune; /*
*/
bptr(l,ResuItEdit);
II
. ,
,
, ,
.
:
class base
{ public: virtual voidfunc_poly(TEdit *Edit);
};
class derived: public base
{ public: virtual voidfunc_poly(TEdit *Edit);
}:
base *pB;
pB=new derived;
void ( closure *bptr) (TEdit *); II
bptr = &pB->func_poly; /*
,
*/
bptr(ResultEdit);
II

, .
6.2. (
).
,
5.5 ( 5.6). TFigure
Object.h:
#ijhdef FigureH
Mefine FigureH
typedefvoid ( closure *type_pMetod)(TImage *);
class TFigure
(private: intx,yr;
264
6.1. C+ +
type_pMetod/Draw;
public:
property type_pMetodDraw -{read-fDraWyy^rite-fDraw};
TFigure(int, int, int, TImage * TRadioGroup *);
void DrawCircle(TImage *);
void DrawSquare(TImage *);
void Clear (TImage *);
};
#endif
Object.cpp:
Mnclude <vcLh>
#pragma hdrstop
înclude 'Figure.h"
TFigure::TFigure(intX, int Y, int R,
TImage *Image, TRadioGroup *RadioGroup)
{x=X;
y=Y; r^R;
switch (RadioGroup'>ItemIndex) II
{case 0: Draw=DrawCircle; break;
easel: Draw=DrawSquare;}
Draw(Image);
II
;
void TFigure: :DrawCircle(TImage Vmage)
{Image->Canvas->Ellipse(x-r, y-r, x+r, y+r); }
void TFigure:: DrawSquare (TImage 4mage)
fImage->Canvas->Rectangle(x-r, y-r, jc+r, y-^r);}
void TFigure:: Clear (TImage "Îmage)
{Image- > Canvas- >Pen- > Color=cl White;
Draw(Image); II ,
Image->Canvas->Pen->Color=clBlack; }
#pragma package (smart_init)
Figure :
void_ J'astcall TMainForm::ImageMouseDown(TObject "^Sender,
TMouseButton Button, TShiftState Shift, intX, int Y)
{ if (Figure !=NULL) delete Figure; II ,
Figure=new TFigure(X, Y, 10,Image,RadioGroup); II

:
265
. + + Builder
void _ _fastcall TMainForm::RadioGroupClick(TObject "^Sender)

{if (Figure !=NULL)
II ,
{Figure->Clear(Image);
II
switch (RadioGroup''>ItemIndex)
II
{ case 0: Figure->Draw^Figure->DrawCircle; break;
case 1: Figure'>Draw=Figure->DrawSquare; }
Figure-> Draw (Image); } II
.
+-,
() , :
(< >)< >

. ,

, ,
.

. ,
,
, :
class { public: voidfunc(char ch);};
class : public A
{ public: voidfunc(char ^^str); } ;
Bb;
b.func('*c'); // B::func()
(A)b.func('c); II A::func(); (A)b -
,
,
, .
, ,

( 1.6).
C++
1 .
.
: dinamic_cast <T>(t) .
: - void*, t -
, , .
266
6.1. C+ +
.
, RTTI
( ), C++
.
,
:
class {virtual '-^(9/;?^;/*
, RTTI*/
class : public {virtual-(){}};
voidfunc(A& ) /* , */
{BiSc b=dinamic_cast<B&>(a); II
}
void somefuncQ
{ Bb;
func(b);
II
dynamiccast ,
, ,
NULL (0),
. :
if (Derived* q=dinamic_cast<Derived* >)
/^< , ... >^
else {<QCjm , ...>

( RTTI).
, NULL q=NULL,
else.
,
bad_cast. :
Derived* q=dinamic_cast<Derived* >;
: static__cast<T>(t).
: - , , ;
t - , .
.
.
267
6. C++ Builder
:
1) :
i;floatf=static_cast<float>(i);/*
*/
2) , :
int *q=static_cast<mt>(malloc(100)); /*
*/
3)
, .
,
,
:
class {...}; II
class : public {}; II
void somefuncQ
{ ; ;
& ab-static_cast<B&>(a); II
AiSc ba=static_cast<A&>(b); II
}
. ,
. coiist__cast<T>(t) -
const volutile reiiiterpret<T>(t) -
, .
,
.
. -- Buider DelpM Pas
cal . Delphi Pascal
(.
5.3). C++ Builder
Delphi Pascal.
Delphi Pascal : , -
.
:
property < > <> = {< >};
,
:
268
6.1. C+ +
read = < > ~ ,

, ( ),
, ,
;
write = < > - ,
, ( ),
; ,
;
stored = < > - ,
,
;
default = <> nodefault -
.
6.3. ( ).
.
. ,
, Number .
Object.h:
class TNumber
{private: intfNum;
int GetNumQ; II
void SetNum(aNum); II
public:
TNumber(int aNum); II
property intNumber=fread=GetNum,write=SetNum}; II
};

Object.cpp:
mnclude "Object.h"
#pragmapackage (smart init)
TNumber:: TNumber (int aNum) { SetNum(aNum);}
int TNumber: :GetNum() { return fNum;}
void TNumber: :SetNum(int aNum) { JNum=aNum;}
:
TNumber *pNumber;
pNumber=new TNumber(8);
int i-pNumber'>Number;
pNumber'>Number=6;
delete pNumber;
II -
II
II
II
II
269
6. + + Builder

, :
^property int Number={read=GetNum}; II " "

pNumber- > Number=6;
.
- :
property <> <> [< >] = {< >};
.
.
C++.
- stored default
, , :
property int Mas[int i][intj]={read=GetMas, write=SetMas}; {
- Mas }
, -,
,
(. 5.3). ,
,
.
.
6.4. - ( ).
C++ ,
5.8.
, C++ Builder
6.2.
- array.h:
class TMasByte
{ private:
unsigned char * ptr_an;
II
unsigned char len;
II
void SetEl(short Ind, unsigned char m); II
unsigned char GetEl(short Ind);
II
public:
unsigned char n;
II
270
6.1. C+ +
TMasByte(unsigned char alen); II

^TMasByteQ;
II
property unsigned char Mas[short Ind\={read=GetEl, write=SetEl};
void Modify (short Ind,unsigned char Value); II
void Insert(short Ind, unsigned char Value); II
unsigned char Deletefshort Ind);
II
void InputMasfTStringGrid* Gridjnt ijntj); II
void OutputMasfTStringGrid* Gridjnt iJntj); II
};
.:
TMasByte:: TMasByte(unsigned char alen)
{ ptr_an='new unsigned charfalenj; len=alen; n=0;}
TMasByte: -TMasByteQ
{ delete [] ptrjin;}
void TMasByte::SetEl(short Ind, unsigned char m) II
{if(Ind<len)
if(Ind<n) ptr_an[Ind]=m;
else throw (' ,");
else throw ('' .");}
unsigned char TMasByte::GetEl(short Ind)
II
f if(Ind<n) return ptrjm[Ind];
else throw (" .") ; }
void TMasByte:: Modify (short Ind,unsigned char Value)
{ Mas[Ind]=Value;}
void TMasByte::Insert(short Ind,unsignedchar Value)
{ ++;
for (short i=n-l;i>Ind;i) Mas[i]=Mas[i'l];
Mas [Ind]=Value;}
unsigned char TMasByte: :Delete(short Ind)
{ unsigned char Result=MasfInd];
for (short i=Ind;i<n-l;i-^-^) MasfiJ=Masfi+lJ; n;
return Result; }
void TMasByte: :InputMas(TStringGrid'^ Gridjnt ijntj)
{ int k=0;
while (Grid'>Cellsfk+i]/jJ.LengthO)
(try { unsigned char x=StrToInt(Grid'>Cellsfk+iJljJ);
if(x<255) Insert(k,x);
else throw (" 255');
^+;
catch (EConvertError&)
{throw (' ");}
}
271
6. + + Builder
OutputMas(Grid, ij);}
void TMasByte::OutputMas(TStringGrid* Gridjnt ijntj)
{ if(n+i>Grid'>ColCount) Grid->ColCount=n+l;
for (int k=0;k<Grid->ColCount;k++)
if(k<n)Grid->Cells[i+k][j]=IntToStr(Mas[k]);
else Grid->Cells[i^k][]]=""; }
TMasByte
:
TMasByte *;
II -
=new TMasByte(lO);
II
A->InputMas(DataStringGrid, 0,0); II >1
'>Insert(Ind, Value);
II
A->OutputMas(DataStringGrid,0,0); II
delete ;
II

index, :
property <> <> = {< >, index = <>};

,
, -.
:
private:
int/Region f3J;
int GetRegion(int index);
void SetRegionfint indexjnt value);
public:
__property int Region!={read=GetRegion, write=SetRegion, index=0};
property int Region2={read=GetRegion, write=SetRegion, index=l};
property int Regions={read=GetRegion, write =SetRegion, index=2};
, ()
fRegion,
, :
int < > ::GetRegion(int index) {return fRegion [index];}
void < Knacca>::SetRegion(int indexjnt value) {fRegion[index]=value;}
,
- ;
272
6.2.
- , ;
- ;
- , .
6.2.
1.7 5.8,
,
-
( ,
, ..).

,
() ,
.
.
, C++
.
C++. C++
throw, try catch. - ,
~ .
,
.
throw :
throw [<>](<>);
<> - ( ) ; ,
(
); <> - ,
.
:
1)
throw ('' "); /*
const char * */
2)
throw (221); /* const int
5 */
3)
class { //
public: int ;
II
E(int ): (){} II
;
throw (5); II
273
6. + + Builder

try ... catch .. .(catch...):
try {< >}
catch (< >){< >}
try ,
.- catch .
catch , ,
try
, catch. :
- , const
, & const &;
-
;
- void* .
catch, ...,
.
:
try {<>} II
catch (EConvert& ){<>} /*
EConvert */
catch (char* ){<>} /* char* */
catch(...) {<>}
//
,
.
.
, void*
char*, char*
void*.

.
:
class {};
class :public {}; ...
try{...}
catch (& ) {,..} II
catch (& ){...} II
,
.
274
6.2.
throw ,
, .

.
:
class {};
II
voidsomefuncQ
{[/<> throw OutQ; }ll ,
voidfuncQ
{ try
{somefunc(true); }
catch (& e){ if (<y) throw;} /*
, */ }
void mainfuncQ
{try
{funcO; }
catch(E& e){,.. } } II
. 6.1.
somefunc .
, ..
, . ,
sumefuncO func(), ,
,
. , ,
,
.
- mainfimc().
, fiinc .
catch , .
catch

. :
somefunc()
func()
mainfimc()

. 6.1.
275
6. + + Builder
class //
{ public: int ;
II
E(int ): () {} II
;
throw (5);
II
catch (& e){if(e.num==5) {...}} II

:
1)
;
2) ;
3)
;
4) ;
5) ;
6) .
,

.
,
.
.

:
throw(<THn>,<THn>...).
:
voidJune throw(char*,int){...} /*
char* int */
,
,
, :
class ALPHA
{public:
struct ALPHA_ERR {}; virtual void vfuncQ throw (ALPHAJERR) {}
II
}:
276
6.2.
class BETA : public ALPHA

{publicvoid vfuncQ throw(char *y) {} II
};

,
.
set_unexpected:
void myjunexpectedO{<o6pa6(yrKa > }
set_unexpected(my_unexpected);
set_unexpected() ,
.

, ,
terminate().
abort(), .
,
set_terminate():
void my_terminateO{<o6pa6omKa >}
setjterminate(myjerminate};
setterminateO
.
+-
6.2.
:
void TMasByte: :InputMas(TStringGrid*^ Grid,int ijntj)
{ int k=0;
while (Grid'>Cells[kHJljJ.LengthO)
{try { unsigned char x=StrToInt(Grid->Cells[k+i] [j]);
if(x<255) Insert(k,x);
else throw (" 255"); /*
- */
++; }
catch (EConvertError&) II
{throw (" .");} /*
- */
277
6. + + Builder
,
, :
=new TMasByte(lO);
try {A'>InputMas(DataStringGridAO);}
catch (char* Mes)
{ TMsgDlgButtons Set2;
Set2mbOK;
MessageDlg(Mes,mtInformation,Set2,0); }
C++ Builder
.

.

_ ^finally:
try {< >}
^finally {< >}
,
.
.
.

_ _try... êxcept ^try... ^finally.
, ~ .
:
try {< >}
_ _except(<pyee >)
{< >}
:
- EXCEPTION_EXECUTE_HANDLER -
(

,
);
- EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_SEARCH -
;
- EXCEPTION_^CONTINUE_EXECUTION -
, (
).
278
6.2.
, ,
.
excpt.h ,
:
GetExceptionCodeO - .
GetExceptionlnformationO - ,
.
:

except(), :
Uincltide <excpt.h>
intfilter Junc(EXCEPTION_POINTERS
V;
EXCEPTION_POINTERS Hp = 0;
try{
fooO; }
__except (filterJunc(xp = GetExceptionlnformationO)) //*
*/ }
:
except (( = GetExceptionlnformationO), filterJunc(xp))
GetExceptionlnformation (),
. GetExceptionlnformationO
EXCEPTION_POINTERS:
struct EXCEPTION_POINTERS {
EXCEPTIONJiECORD *ExceptionRecord;
CONTEXT *Context;
};
EXCEPTIONRECORD
:
struct EXCEPTIONJiECOKD
{ DWORD ExceptionCode; II
DWORD ExceptionFlags; II
struct EXCEPTION RECORD *ExceptionRecord;
void *ExceptionAddress; II
DWORD NumberParameters; II
DWORD Exceptionlnformation
[EXCEPTION_MAXIMUM_PARAMETERS];
/* */
}:
279
6. + + Builder

ExceptionRecord, ,
.
, ,
CONTEXT.
, ,
(
EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_EXECUTION),
.
CONTEXT, , :
static int xfilter(EXCEPTION_POINTERS *xp)
{ int re;
EXCEPTIONJRECORD *xr = xp->ExceptionRecord;
CONTEXT *xc = xp->Context;
switch (xr'>ExceptionCode)
{ case EXCEPTION_BREAKPOINT
+-^xc->Eip; /*
, 1 */
= EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_EXECUTION;
break;
case EXCEPTION_ACCESS__VIOLATION:
re = EXCEPTION_EXECUTE_HANDLER;
break;
default:
II
re = EXCEPTION_CONTINVE_SEARCH;
break;
};
return re;
}
EXCEPTION JOINTERS *xp;
try{
JuncO; }
except(xfilter(xp = GetExceptionInformation())) { abortQ;

void Raisexception(DWORD < >, DWORD <>,
DWORD < >,
const DWORD *< 32- >);
<> :
EXCEPTION_CONTINUABLE - ;
EXCEPTION_NONCONTINUABLE - .
280
6.2.
:
#include <excpt.h>
Mefine MY_EXCEPTION OxOOOOFACE
voidfimcQ
{ RaiseException(MY_EXCEPTION,
EXCEPTION_CONTINUABLE, 0,0);}
DWORD ExceptionFilter(DWORD dwCode)
{if(dwCode==MY_EXCEPTION)
return EXCEPTION_EXECUTE_HANDLER;
else return EXCEPTION_COUNTINUE_SEARCH; }
void somefuncQ
{try{funcO;}
except(Exception Filter(GetExceptionCodeQ)) {...}
}

, ,
:
try {{< > }
finally {< >}
, , -+:
try {< >}
finally {< >}
:
try
float/=1.0, g = 0.0;
try {e =f/g;} //
_ _except(EXCEPTION_EXECUTE_HANDLER)
Z'< > }
_ finally
{ < > ^
,
, .
, .
,
Win32.

.
Windows NT,
281
6. + + Builder
excpt.h C++ Builder

W^n32 :
1) Win32 try.., except (C++)
_ try... except () try..._ finally (C++) _ try...
finally (); catch ;
2) Win32
terminate(),
,
;
3) ,
,
GetExceptionCode () GetExceptionlnformation ().

, :
- C++
except (
), catch;
- try
except
catch,
.

C++ ,
.
6.5. .
Win32
C++.
Exception.h ,
:
#ifridef ExceptionH
Mefine ExceptionH
class MyException
//
{private: char* what; //
public:
MyException(char * s);
MyException(const MyExceptiomSc e ) ;
--MyExceptionQ;
char* msgO const;
};
float func(float fjloat g);
Uendif
Exception.cpp:
include <vcl.h>
^pragma hdrstop
282
6.3. '
#include "Exception.h"
MyException::MyException(char* s = "Unknown"){what = strdup(s); }
MyException: :MyException(const MyException& e){what = strdup(e.what);}
MyException::'--MyExceptionQ {delete[] what;
}
char"^ MyException::msgO const{return what;}
float func(floatffloat g)
{float rÔ;
try
{try
{try
{r^f/g;}
except(EXCEPTIONj:XECUTE_HANDLER)
{throw (MyException(" ")); }
}
catch(const MyException& e)
{ ShowMessage(AnsiString(e. msgQ));}
}
_ ^nally {ShowMessage(" ");}
return r;
}
^pragmapackage (smart jinit)
:
RezEdit'>Text=FIoatToStr(func(StrToFloat(DivEdit'>Text),
StrToFloat(DvEdit->Text)));
. , ,
, +-\- Builder, Delphi, ,
. ,
.
6.3. VCL-
VCL, Delphi Pas
cal, VCL- . Delphi Pas
cal, TObject.
C++ :
- OLE-
( published, _ âutomated);
- (_ __declspec);
- ;
- .
VCL- . VCL-
:
1)
( );
283
6. - + Builder
2) VCL-
new, delete;
3) ;
4)
.
VCL- C++ Builder
:
class < >:
< > < >
{ private:
< >
protected:
< >
public:
< >
published: < >
automated: <, ->
};
C++ VCL published automated
, Pascal Delplii.
published (. 5.1) ,
,
.
.
,
RTTI (
),
, .
,
TObject.

. , ,
VCL ( ).
, ~ (
- ) : ,
, , , .
automated ,
OLE-.
declspec. C++ Builder

VCL, sysdefs.h.
.
^declspec(delpliiclass) - ,
TObject ( 6.6).
284
6.3. '
^declspec(delphireturn) - ,
C++Biiilder Delphi Pascal,
C++, , AnsiString, Variant, TDateTime, Set,
VCL.
VCL-
VCL. ,
Delphi Pascal C++.
declspec(dyiiamic) -
(. 5.2) , TObject.
6.6. ,
. class 1 statfunc(),
virtfuncO dinfunc() .
class2 .
Object.h:
class
declspec(delphiclass) class 1: public TObject
{public:
char* polyfuncQ;
virtual char* virtfuncQ;
declspec(dynamic) char* dynfuncQ;
};
class
declspec(delphiclass) class2 : public class 1
{public:
char* polyfuncQ;
char* virtfuncQ;
char* dynfuncQ;
};
Object.cpp:
înclude "Object.h"
char* classl::polyfuncQ{return " ';}
char*classl:.virtfuncQ{return " 1";}
char* classl::dynfuncQ {return " 1";}
char* class2:.polyfuncQ{return " 2";}
char*class2:.virtfuncQ{return "2";}
char* class2::dynfuncQ {return " 2";}
class2
:
class2 * Class2 = new class2;
classl * Classl = Class2;
285
6. + + Builder

:
Edit->Text-Classl'>polyfuncO;
Edit'>Text=Class2'>polyfuncO;
Edit'>Text=Classl'>virtfuncO;
Edit'>Text=CIass2->virtfuncO;
Edit->Text=Classl'>dynfuncO;
Edit'>Text=Class2->cfynfuncO;
// 1 (!!!)
II 2
// 2
// 2
II 2
// 2
,
( ) .
.
declspec(hidesbase) - C++,
, ,
, .
, Delphi Pascal
override,
virtual
.
C++ hidesbase.
, 1 firnc
, 2
, fimc,
HTOESBASE:
virtual void Tl::func(void);
HIDESBASE void T2::func(void);
T2::func()
1 ::func().
declspec(package) - ,
. DLL ,
C++ Builder.
declspec(pascalimplemeiitation) - , ,
, Delphi Pascal.
.hpp,
VCL.
^declspec (dllimport) -
DLL.
DLL C++Builder
.
, ALLLIB.
L
286
6.3. '
LFLAGS ( ).
DLL .
DLL declspec(dllimport), :
declspec(dllimport)
<> < >(<>);
DLL
Windows API LoadLibrary()
GetProcAddressO - .
. ,
- Delphi Pascal C+-I-,
, .
. Delplii Pascal ByteBool,
WordBool, LongBool , - .
Boolean - ,
- . +- .
, M^nAPI
BOOL ( ).
,
0. ,
! = !:
A.ByteBool
0 (False)
0 (False)
-1 (Trae)
-1(True)
BOOL
0 (False)
1 (True)
0 (False)
1 (Trae)
A=B
!A=!B
0=0 (Trae)
!0 = !0 (Trae)
0=1 (False)
!0 = !1 (False)
-1=0 (False) !-l = !0 (False)
-1=1 (False!) !-l = !l (Trae)
. C++ - , Delplii
Pascal - . ,
, .
.
- Pascal
. C++
(-1).
,
Junction Mean(Data: array ofDouble): Extended;
C++
Extended _ Jdstcall Meanfconst double * Data, const int DataSize);
287
6. + + Builder
C++
:
double d[] = {3.1, 4.4, 5.6}; long double = Mean(d, 2);
long double = Mean(d, (sizeof(d) /sizeof(d[0])) -1);
long double z = Mean(d, ARRAYSIZE(d) -1);

ARRAYSIZE,
sysdefs.h.
R I. DelpM Pascal , RTTI (.
5.4). C++Builder :
1
1
Delphi Pascal RTTI

\
C++ RTTI
1

\
if Sender is TButton...
if (dynamic_cast <TButton*> (Sender) /*
{is
dynamic_cast
false, - truu}
NULL, a - */

\
TButton& ref_b = dynamicjcast
\:= Sender as TButton;
{
<TButton&> ("^Sender); /*
}
*/

1
1 Sender.ClassName
| typeid(*Sender).nameO;
|
TObject.ClassName, ,
,
C++ - name(). ,
TObject (.
5.4).
VCL- . VCL Delphi Pas
cal. , ,
.
C++ Builder
, ,
, ..
Exception (. 5.8).
C++:
catch (< > &<1>)
, C++,
288
6.3. '
, :
voidjastcall
TForml::ThrowException(TObject ^Sender)
{ try { throwExceptionC'VCL component"); }
catch(const Exception &E)
{ShowMessage(AnsiString(E.CIassNameO)+ E.Message);}
}
,
.

5.8.
, , .

C++ VCL:
1. , - ,
, VCL - ,
.
2. C++ ,
, VCL ~ .
.
, EAccessViolation,
.
3. , ,
throw. ,
VCL C++,
catch.
4. VCL
.
5. VCL .
,
, , ..,

VCL. .. VCL :
try{ char * = 0;
* = 0;}
catch (constEAccessViolation &)
/^< >^
VCL-
.
289
6. C++ Builder
6.7. VCL-
.

(. 6.2).
C++ Builder
TMainForm, -
,
.
Main.h:
înclude <Classes.hpp>
#include <Controls.hpp>
înclude <StdCtrls.hpp>
înclude <Forms.hpp>
înclude <ExtCtrls.hpp>
Mnclude <Grids.hpp>
{
published:
II
TLabel *MaxSizeLabel; II
TEdit *McixSizeEdit; II
TBevel *Bevell;
II
TButton *ModifyButton; II
TButton VnsertButton; II
TButton *DeleteButton; II
TButton *DataButton; II
TButton *ExitButton; II
TStringGrid "^DataStringGrid; II
TLabel 4ndexLabel;
II
TLabel *ValueLabel;
II
fjji
" " 1[|[|

f1
45
10
liniiimi"..n
. 6.2.
290
6.3. '
TEdit VndexEdit;
II
TEdit *ValueEdit;
II
TLabel *CommentLabel; II
void_ Jastcall ExitButtonClick(TObject Sender); /*
" " */
void_ Jastcall ModifyButtonClick(TObject "^Sender); /*
" " */
void__ Jastcall DataStringGridKeyPress(TObject "^Sender, char &Key); /*
" " */
void_ Jastcall InsertButtonClickfTObject *Sender); I*
" " */
void_ Jastcall DeleteButtonClick(TObject "^Sender); /*
" " */
void__ Jastcall DataButtonClick(TObject ^Sender); /*
" >1" */
void__ Jastcall FormActivatefTObject *Sender); /*
" " */
private:
II
public:
II
_ Jastcall TMainForm(TComponent* Owner); II
_ Jastcall --TMainFormQ;
II
};
#endif
Main.cpp.
(
Delphi Pascal, ,
, AnsiString,
..):
#include <vclh>
Upragma hdrstop
înclude "Array, h"
mnclude "Main,h"
^pragmapackage (smart Jnit)
^pragma resource "*.dfm"
TMasByte*A;
Jastcall TMainForm::TMainForm(TComponent* Owner) : TForm(Owner)
{ A=new TMasByte(lO);}
fastcall TMainForm: .-TMainFormQ { delete A;}
void
fastcall TMainForm::ExitButtonClick(TObject*Sender) { CloseQ; }
void Jastcall TMainForm: :ModifyButtonClick(TObject ^Sender)
291
6. + + Builder
{ short Ind; unsigned char Value; AnsiStringNumCundeKca");

TMsgDlgButtons Setl; SetlmbOK;
II
try {Ind=StrToInt(IndexEdit->Text); /* ,
*/
Num- ^' ";
Value=StrToInt(ValueEdit'>Text);
A'>Modify(Ind, Value);
A'>OutputMas(DataStringGrid,0,0);
}
catch (EConvertError&) I* "
" */
{AnsiString 5=^' ";
MessageDlg(s'^NumymtlnformationySetlyO); }
catch (char * Mes) I*
*/
{MessageDlg(Mes,mtInformation,Setl,0);
}
}
void Jastcall TMainForm: :DataStringGridKeyPress(TObject "^Sender,
char &Key)
{ if (Key=VK_RETURN)
// Enter
{=0;
try {A->InputMas(DataStringGrldAO);
TGridOptions Setl;
II
Setl-DataStringGrid->Options;
SetlgoEditmggoAlwaysShowEditorgoTabs;
DataStringGrid- > Options =Setl;
DataStringGrid->Enabled=false;
ModiJyButton'>Enabled=true;
InsertButton'>Enabled=true;
DeleteButton'>Enabled=true;
DataButton'>Enabled=true;
IndexEdit'>SetFocusO;
DataStringGrid'>Col=0;
CommentLabel-> Visible=false; }
catch (char* Mes)
{ TMsgDlgButtons Set2;
II
Set2mbOK;
MessageDlg(Mes, mtInformation,Set2,0); }
}
}
void_ Jastcall TMainForm::InsertButtonClick(TObJect "^Sender)
{ short Ind;
unsigned char Value;
292
6.3. '
AnsiString '");
TMsgDlgButtons Setl;
SetlmbOK;
try {Ind-StrToInt(IndexEdit->Text); /* ,
*/
Num=" ";
Value=StrToInt(ValueEdit'>Text);
A'> Insert (Ind, Value);
A'>OutputMas(DataStringGrid, 0,0); }
/* "
" */
{AnsiString s=" ";
MessageDlg(s+Num,mtInformation,Setl, 0); }
catch (char * Mes) /*
*/
{MessageDlg(Mes,mtInformation,Setl,0); }
}
void _ Jdstcall TMainForm: :DeleteButtonClick(TObject "^Sender)
{ short Ind; TMsgDlgButtons Setl;
SetlmbOK;
try {Ind=StrToInt(IndexEdit'>Text);
A'>Delete(Ind);
A'>OutputMas(DataStringGrid,0,0); }
{MessageDlgC'HeeepHO .", mtlnformation, Set 1,0);
}
catch (char "^ Mes)
{ MessageDlg(Mes,mtInformation,Setl ,0); }
}
void _ J'astcall TMainForm: :DataButtonClick(TObject ^Sender)
{ FormActivate(DataButton);}
void _ J'astcall TMainForm: :FormActivate(TObject "^Sender)
{ CommentLabel-> Visible =true;
if (dynamic_cast<TButton*>(Sender)) II - ,
{for (int i=0;i<10;i-^-h) DataStringGrid'>CellsfiJfOJ="";
TGridOptions Setl;
Setl =DataStringGrid'> Options;
Setl < <goEditing< <goAlwaysShowEditor< <goTabs;
DataStringGrid'> Options =Set 1;
DataStringGrid->Enabled=true;
DataStringGrid'>Col=0;
DataStringGrid->SetFocus0;
delete A;
A=new TMasByte(lO); I* */ }
}
293
6. C++ Builder
6.4.
C++, Delphi -- Builder
-- Builder
-+, Delphi
C++ Builder.
Pascal C++
.
VCL C++ Builder
C++, Delphi.
.
.
C + + . C++
:
- ;
- ;
- .

. ,
, ,
.
Borland
Pascal
7.0 Delphi. Delphi Pascal
, ,
.

inherited (. 5.1),
.
.
.
, , ,
.
C + + Builder.
VCL- C++ Builder
Delphi Pascal, C++.
, VCL-
.
VCL.

VCL, inherited.
, C++, ,
VCL.
Delphi
Pascal.
C++.
. 6.3 , ,
VCL.
294
6.4. C++, Delphi C++ Builder

TObject
TPersistent
D
e
1
P
h
i
TComponent
TControl
TWinControl
TMyBase
)
TWinControl
(inherited)
TControl
(inherited)
T
TComponent
P
a
s
a
1
!1|1!111111|
llljllllllllllijll
C++
TMyBase
Builder
TMyDerived
a
^
TMyDerived
. 6.3. ,
VCL
MyDerived MyBase, VCL
TWinControl. MyDerived MyBase +- Builder.
T\V^Control VCL, .. Delphi Pascal.
. TComponent inherited,
TPersistent . TObject ,
.
.
C++
. , ,
C++,
, . VCL-
,
,
.
6.8
C++ VCL. MyBase MyDerived C++.
MyVCLBase MyVCLDerived TObject ( VCL).
295
6. C++ Builder
virtfunc () ,
.
6.8. C++ VCL . :
C++, - VCL:
class MyBase
II VCL
{ public:
MyBase(TEdit "Êdit); II
virtual void virtfunc(TEdit *Edit);
h
class MyDerived: public MyBase
{public: MyDerivedfTEdit *Edit);
virtual void virtfunc(TEdit *Edit);
};
class MyVCLBase : public TObject
II VCL
{ public:
fastcallMyVCLBase(TEdit ""Edit);
virtual void _Jdstcallvirtfunc(TEdit *Edit);
}:
class MyVCLDerived: public MyVCLBase
{ public:
fastcall MyVCLDerived(TEdit ""Edit);
virtual void _ Jastcall virtfunc(TEdit *Edit);
}:

:
MyBase: :MyBase(TEdit "Êdit) { virtfunc(Edit);}
II
void MyBase: :virtfunc(TEdit *Edit){Edit'> Text = " ";}
MyDerived::MyDerived(TEdit*Edit):MyBase(Edit){}
voidMyDerived::virtfunc(TEdit *Edit)
{ Edit'>Text="Memod ";}
fastcall MyVCLBase: :MyVCLBase(TEdit *Edit) {virtfunc(Edit);} //
void fastcall MyVCLBase ::virtfunc(TEdit "Êdit)
{Edit'>Text="Memod ";}
_JastcallMyVCLDerived::MyVCLDerived(TEdit*Edit):MyVCLBase(Edit){}
void fastcall MyVCLDerived: :virtfunc(TEdit *Edit)
{Edit->Text = " ";}

,
:
296
MyDerivedd(Editl);
II :
MyVCLDerived "^pvd = new MyVCLDerived(Edit2);
//:
,
,
C++, - . ,
, -
.

. Delphi Pascal .
, VCL.
C++ .
. ,
,
, .
6.9.
VCL- . VCL- :
class Base : public TObject
{public: __Jdstcall BaseQ;
virtual void _ Jdstcall initQ;
};
class Derived: public Base
{public: _ Jdstcall Derived(intnz);
virtual void _ Jdstcall initQ;
private: int not zero;
};
:
_JastcallBase::BaseO
{initQ;}
void _ Jastcall Base:: initQ {}
_Jastcall Derived::Derived(intnz) : not_zero(nz) {}
void _ Jastcall Derived:: initQ
{if(not_zero == 0) throw Exception("none not zero !'*);}

:
Derived *d42 = new Derived(42); II
, Base Derived
, , notzero Delphi Pascal.
297
6. + + Builder
,
.
.
C++ Builder :
Delphi Pascal C++.

. - . VCL .
. , , :
class
{...};
class : public {...};
class : public {...};

, .
C++
,
. .
Delphi Pascal
. .
inherited.
, , , ,
- ,
. ,
,
. ,
, ,
.
C++Builder , VCL, Delphi Pascal,
, Delphi Pascal.
VCL- , C++Builder,
. ,
, ,
C++, .
. .
,
. , VCL,
,
..
, ,
, . TObject
: BeforeDestruction AfterConstruction,
,
298
6.4. C++, Delphi w C++ Builder
.
AfterConstruction ,
BeforeDestruction - .
.
6.10. .
, ,
.
: , , ,
.
, - .
, , .

, .
.
(. 6. 4).
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. , .

.
| | |
|=)(+2^
: IQ
1 -1
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|1
1;
. 6.4.
299
6. + + Builder
. TMainForm
TForm,

:
string,
xb,
xe,
h,
win
TDiagram
: TDiagram, Draw
.
TFunction ()
:
TDiagraml,
Draw

TDiagraml
. TDiagram
() TImage,
TDiagraml (
. 6.5.
) - TDiagram,
TImage-TDiagram-TDiagram 1

Draw (. 6.5). Draw
TDiagram, , ,
. TDiagram TDiagraml
TImage, .. VCL-, ,
.
.
,
(. 6.6).
llJll^^^^^^
clj
^ >^
<^ \^
1 - ;
2 - ;
-
. ..
.
Main ( TMainForm):
1. Main.h
mjhde/MainH
Meflne MainH
#include <Classes.hpp>
Mnclude <Controls.hpp>
Mnclude <StdCtrls,hpp>
Mnclude <Forms.hpp>
înclude <ExtCtrls,hpp>
/1_ J>ublished:
II IDE-managed Components
TButton *BuildButton; TButton *ExitButton;
TPanel *Panel; TPanel VmagePanel;
TLabel *FLabel; TEdit *FEdit;
300
TLabel *BeginLabel; TEdit *BeginEdit;

TLabel *EndLabel; TEdit *EndEdit;
TLabel *StepLabel; TEdit *StepEdit;
TRadioGroup *TypeRadioGroup;
void_ ^custcall ExitButtonClick(TObject "^Sender);
void_ ^fastcall BuildButtonClickfTObject *Sender);
public: _ âstcall TMainForm (TComponent * Owner);
};
#endif
2. Main.cpp
înclude <vclh>
^pragma hdrstop
înclude "Main.h"
înclude <SysUtils.hpp>
mnclude "Grafic.h"
înclude <vcl/dstring.h>
#pragmapackage (smart init)
#pragma resource "*.dfm"
TDiagram *r=NULL;
__fastcall TMainForm::TMainForm(TComponent* Owner) :
TForm(Owner) {}
void _ J'astcall TMainForm: :ExitButtonClick(TObject "^Sender)
{ if(r!=NULL) delete r; CloseQ;}
void _ J'astcall TMainForm: :BuildButtonClick(TObject "^Sender)
{if(r!=NULL) delete r; // -
float xl =(/loat)StrToFloat(BeginEdit'>Text),
x2=(float)StrToFloat(EndEdit->Text),
h = (float)StrToFloat(StepEdit->Text);
if (TypeRadioGroup'>ItemIndex==0) //
r=new TDiagram(ImagePanel,FEdit->Text.c_strO+2,xl,x2,h);
else r-new TDiagram!(ImagePanel,FEdit'>Text.c_strQ+2,xl,x2,h);
}
Grafic ( TDiagram TDiagram 1):
1. Grafic.h
mjhdefgraflcH
Mefine graficH
Mnclude "FunctionUnit.h"
class TDiagram:public TImage
301
6. +- Builder
{private: char *string; float xb,xe,h;

protected: TRect win;
virtual void _ Jastcall Draw (char *stJloat xb float xe float h);
public:
_ Jdstcall TDiagramfTPanel *Panel,char *stfloatxbfloatxefloat
h);
};
class TDiagram 1:public TDiagram
{protected: virtual void _ Jdstcall Draw (char "^stfloat xb float xe float h);
public:
_J'astcallTDiagraml(TPanel *Panel,char *stfloat xb float xe float h):
TDiagram(Panel,st,xb,xe, h) {}
};
#endif
2. Grafic.cpp
înclude <vcl.h>
#include <extctrls.hpp>
#pragma hdrstop
iHnclude "FunctionUnit.h"
Mnclude "grqfic.h"
_ Jastcall TDiagram::
TDiagram(TPanel *Panel,char *stfloat xb float xe float h):TImage(Panel)
{Align = alClient; Parent=Panel;
win=Rect(OA Width,Height);
Draw(st,xb,xe,h);
}
void _ ydstcall TDiagram:: Draw (char *stfloat xb float xe float h)
{float *x, *y,ymin=le30,ymax=''le30,mx,my;
int i,k, *kx, *ky; bool key;
k=(xe'Xb)/h+L5;
x=newfloatfkJ; y=newfloat[kJ; kx=new intfkj; ky=new intfkj;
MyFunction F(st);
for(i=0; i<k; i++) //
{xfij^xb+i'^h;
key=true; y[iJ=KCount(xfiJ,key):
if((y[i]>ymax)&key) ymax=yfij;
if((y[i]<ymin)&key) ymin=yfij;
}
mx=win. WidthO/(x[k-l]'X[0]); my=win.Height()/(ymax-ymin);
for(i=0;i<k;i^-+)
{kx[i]=(x[i]-x[0]) '^mx+win.Left;kyfiJ=(ymax-y[iJ) *my+win. Top;}
Canvas- >Brush- > Color=clJVhite; Canvas- >Pen- > Color=clBlack;
Canvas->MoveTo(kxfOJ, kyfOJ);
for(i=l;i<k;i+-^)Canvas->LineTo(kxfiJ,ky[iJ); //
delete[] x; deletefJ y; delete[] kx; delete[] ky;
302
}
void _ Jdstcall TDiagraml:: Draw (char "^stfloat xb float xe float h)
{ CanvaS'>Rectangle(win,Left,win. Top,win.Right,win.Bottom);
TDiagram::Draw(st,xbyXe,h); //
}
^pragma package (smart_init)
FunctionUnit ( MyFunction):
1. FimctionUnit.h
#ifhdefFunctionUmtH
Mefine Function UnitH
struct Top {char Operation; float Value; Top 4eft, "^rigth;};
class MyFunction
{private: char "^string;
Top *root;
unsigned int MainOperation(char *st, char );
voidBuildTree(Top *r,char ^^st);
float FCount(Top "^rfloat x,bool &key);
void Del(Top *r);
public:
MyFunction(char "^formula);
^MyFunctionQ;
float Count (float x, bool key);
};
#endif
2. FunctionUnit.cpp
Mnclude <string,h>
Mnclude <stdlib,h>
Mnclude <matkh>
#include <vcl.h>
#pragma hdrstop
Mnclude 'FunctionUnit.h"
unsigned int MyFunction::MainOperation(char *st, char )
{ unsigned intj=0,k'=0,i=0,p=0;
while ((i<strlen(st))&(p==0))
{if(st[iJ==r)J++;
elseif(st[ij==)')k-i-+;
else if(0==k)&(strchr(Op,stfi])!=NULL))p=i;
return p;
303
6. + + Builder
MyFunction::MyFunction(char "^formula)
{root=new Top; string=new charfstrlen(formula)+lJ;
strcpy(stringJbrmula); BuildTree(root/ormula); //
;
voidMyFunction::BuildTree(Top *r,char *st)

{ unsigned int po, n;
char stlfSOJ, strfSOJ;
po=MainOperation(st,"+-"); // + -
if(po==0)po=MainOperation(st, "*/"); // * /
if(po!=0) // ,
{-> Operation =st[po];
strncpy(stl,st,po); stl[po]='\0';
if((stlfOJ=='C)&(MainOperation(stl, "-*/")==0)) //
{strncpy(stlst+l,po-2); stl[po-2]='\0';}
n =strlen(st)-po-l;
strncpy(str,st-^po-^l,n);
str[nj='\0';
if((str[0]== y')&(MainOperation(str, '+'*/")==0)) //
{strncpy(str,st+ lpo-2); str[pO'2]='\0';}
r'>left=new(Top); BuildTree(r->left,stl); //
r''>rigth=new(Top);BuildTree(r->rigth,str);//cmpoim
}
else { r->left=NULL;r->rigth=NULL;
if(st[0]=='x') r->Operation='x';
else {r->Operation-'o';r-> Value=atof(st);}
}
}
void MyFunction: :Del(Top *r)
{if(r'>rigth!=NULL) Del(r->rigth);
if(r'>left!=NULL) Del(r->left);
delete(r); }
MyFunction: :'-MyFunction()
{ delete[]string; if (root! =NULL) Del (root);}
float MyFunction: :FCount(Top "^rfloat x, bool &key)
{if(!key) return 0;
switch ('>Operation)
{case 'o':return'>1;
case 'x':return x;
case '-^':return FCount(r'>left,x,key)+FCount(r->rigth,x,key):
case ''':return FCount(r->left,x,key)-FCount(r'>rigth,x,key);
case "^':returnFCount(r'>left,x,key)*FCount(r->rigth,x,key);
case '/': try (return FCount(r'>left,x,key)/FCount(r'>rigth,x,key);}
except (EXCEPTION_EXECUTEJIANDLER){key=false;return
default: {key-false; return 0;}
304
0;}
}
}
float MyFunction:: Count (float :, bool key)
{return FCount(root,x,key);}
fi'pragma package (smart_Jnit)

1. C-i-fBuilder ?
?
2. C++?
?
3. C++Builder ?
. ? ?
4. VCL- ?
, .
5. VCL ? ?
6. ( Delphi) ,
. .
5.9. .

:

, Delphy, C++ Builder Visual +-,
,
~ , .

,
,
.

. ,
,
.

. , ,
.
.
1
1. . - : .
. .: , 1997. 464 ,
2. . -
C++: . aimi. .: , .: , 1998.
560 .
. , ., .. : . .
.:, 1975.247 .
4. /., . : .
. .: , 1980. 278 .
2
1. .., .. -
( 5.5). .: - , 1992. 576 .
2. . . - 3 . . 1. -. .:
- , 1992. 304 .
3
1. .., . C++. .: -,
1997.288 .
307
2. ., . C++ : . . : , 1993. 304 .

3. . C++ : . . : , 1993. 304 .
4. .. ++. .: , 1995. 560 .
5. .. C++ - .
.: . ., 1997. 478 .
6. . C++.: . . .; .:
-- , 1999. 991 .
4
1. . Windows'95. : .
. .: . . , 1996. 1008 .
2. . Windows 95 : . . .: BHV-, 1996. 736 .
5
1. A.M., ^. Delplii:
4- . .: -, 1997-98.
2. . Delplii 2: . . : ., 1996.
800 .
3. A.M. Object Pascal 2.0. : ,
1998.304 .
4. ., .. Delplii: . . .: , 1995. 464 .
5. . Delplii : 1.0 2.0. .: , 1996.
316.
6. .. Delphi 3. . .: , 1998. 400 .
308
6
1, ., . Borland C++Builder. .: , 1997. 272 .
2. . Borland C++ Builder 3. : . . .:
, 1999. 736 .

19,21,23
28
25, 50, 196, 299
11
76, 152
38,76, 110,152
135
20
55, 251, 273
56,254,273
254, 274
252, 278
133, 203
108
22, 35, 41, 68, 255
20, 63, 123, 205
52, 108, 161,223
35, 59, 99, 192
54, 154,
45, 86
38, 70, 110, 194,295
114, 126, 146, 159
, 151

151
310
48,219
133, 203, 144
69, 130, 202, 285
49, 228, 263
202, 285
222
207,262
42, 67, 129, 162
42, 67, 130, 161
109, 285
18, 20
127, 137
40, 125
40, 63, 118
18
44, 86
77, 85, 144
34
44,266
33
41, 70
29
60
77, 144
32
38, 144
20, 37, 212

20, 37, 210
20, 38
41, 67, 129
42, 67, 129
42
77, 144, 193
120, 139
86
105
174
17
11
12
24, 93
24, 93
218, 272
214, 270
210, 268
43
41
179
180, 200
246
33, 174
247
174, 241
241
174, 249
56, 275
21
22
42, 165
-
22
23
RTTI48, 220
44, 132,220

1
1.1. (
)
14
1.2. (
)
26
1.3. ( )
28
1.4.
29
1.5. ( )
30
1.6. ( )
36
1.7. ( -
1.5)
38
1.8. ( )
40
1.9. ( )
42
1.10.
1.11. ( -
1.5)
43
46
1.12. ( )
47
1.13. ( )
50
1.14. ( )
53
312
1.15.
( )
54
1.16. ( )
55
2
2.1. ( )
61
2.2.
( )
64
2.3. 1 ( )
66
2.4.
68
2.5. >1 ....
71
2.6.
72
2.7.

77
2.8.

78
2.9. (
)
79
2.10.
84
2.11.
86
2.12. -
87
2.13.
92
3
3.1. ( )
101
3.2.
103
3.3. this
105
313
3.4.
107
3.5.
108
3.6.
3.7.
111
3.8.
112
3.9.

113
3.10. ....
115
3.11.
116
3.12.
118
3.13. public ....
119
3.14.
private
3.15.
3.16.

120
122
123
3.17.
125
3.18.
128
3.19.
129
3.20.
3.21.

131
133
3.22.
135
3.23. -
136
314
3.24.
137
3.25. -
139
3.26. -
140
3.27.
+
141
3.28. -
143
3.29.

145
3.30.
146
3.31.
149
3.32.
150
3.33.

152
3.34. ,

154
3.35.

155
3.36.

156
3.37. (
)
157
3.38. ....
161
3.39.
165
4
4.1. ( 1) ....
182
4.2. ( 2) ....
188
315
5
5.1. ( 1)
;
196
5.2. (
- 1)
204
5.3. (
- 2)
212
5.4. - (
- 1)
215
5.5.
223
5.6. (
- 2)
229
5.7. - (
)
238
5.8. /
244
5.9.
246
5.10.
249
5.11. (
- 2)
256
6
6.1.
( using)
262
6.2. (
)
264
6.3. ( )
269
6.4. - ( )
270
6.5.
282
316
6.6. ,
285
6.7. VCL-

290
6.8. : C++ VCL
296
6.9.
VCL-
297
6.10.
299
..
.. , ..
. .
..
. . 020523 25.04.97
27.03.2001. 70x100/16. .
. . . . 26. .-. . 26,28. 3000 . 1459
. . . ,
107005, , 2- , 5.
-
121099, , ., 6

Объектно-ориентированное программирование (Г.Иванова)

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2000

< >.< >.

: XI, Y1,X2,Y2, Color

XI, Y1,X2,Y2, Color

Xt, Yt, Text

< >.< >.<

(, aY, aR, aColor,

_(, aY, aR, aColor)

(, aY, aR, aColor, aFigura_type)

< > = object

2. Borland Pascal 7.0

Function < >.< >;

< >.< >(< >);

2. Borland Pascal 7.0

2. Borland Pascal 7.0

Symb = Object (Win) {- }

2. Borland Pascal 7.0

{... Win Symb 2.3

{ . . . Win Symb 2.3

2. Borland Pascal 7.0

{ Win Symb 2.3 ..}

Lot = Object(Symb) {- Lot)

Procedure Lot Print;

2. Borland Pascal 7.0

2. Borland Pascal 7.0

Procedure Win.Print; Begin End; { - }

Symb Lot 2.5

Var VI: Win; V2:Symb; V3:Lot\ { }

2. Borland Pascal 7.0

TypeOf (< >): Pointer ;

SizeOF (< >): integer;

New (< >);

< yaae>:=New(< >).

2. Borland Pascal 7.0

New (< >,

< >: = New(<THn >,

2. Borland Pascal 7.0

2. Borland Pascal 7.0

2. Borland Pascal 7.0

2. Borland Pascal 7.0

< > = object

2. Borland Pascal 7.0

44 {Field identifier expected -

2. Borland Pascal 7.0

2. Borland Pascal 7.0

Constructor Init(Xn, Yn,Lxn,Lyn,Cn:word;Pn:mascp;Nn:byte);

2. Borland Pascal 7.0

2. Borland Pascal 7.0

2. Borland Pascal 7.0

Uses crt, graph;

if(D<0) and (MfiJ'^. Y<0) then MfiJ^. Y: =Getmaxy-MfiJ^.Ly;

2. Borland Pascal 7.0

3. Borland C++ 3.1

3. Borland C++ 3.1

3. Borland C++ 3.1

{strcpy{strl,vs); =0; =0;}

3. Borland -^^ 3.1

Static int obj_count; /* - ( )

PHC. 3.1. 3.4

3. Borland C++ 3.1

void Figura: :setfigura(int , int ncv)

3. Borland C++ 3.1

3. Borland C++ 3.1