Чилингаров Г. - Создай вебсервер своему чертёнку (Установка Веб-сервера на FreeBSD)

- FreeBSD
25 2009 .
1.
2. FreeBSD
2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
2.4.
2.5.
2.6.
2.7.
2.8.
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2.9. root . . . . . .
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10
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3. vi
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4. ee
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5.
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6.
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5.1. sysinstall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2. IP/default gateway . . . . . . . .
5.3. DNS . . . . . . .
6.1. /data/sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2. /usr/local/etc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.
7.1.
7.2.
7.3.
7.4.
7.5.
ftp . . . . .
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passwd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.6. . . .
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34
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8.
8.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
http_proxy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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8.2. ,
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8.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
/etc/make.conf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.7. a portupgrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
portupgrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.
mc . .
xcode
lynx .
unzip .
unrar .
wget .
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10.1. apache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.2. . . . . . . . . . . .
10.3. . . . . . . .
10.4. apachectl apache . . . .
10.5. , apache ? . . . . . .
10.6. , apache
10.7. apache . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.8. apache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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11.1. mysql . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.2. mysql . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.3. / mysql . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.4. , mysqld ? . . . . . . . . . .
11.5. mysqladmin mysql . . . . . . . . .
11.6. mysql . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.7. mysql . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.8. mysql . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.9. mysqld . . . . . . . . .
11.10. mysql . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
mysql
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10. apache
11. mysql
12. php
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12.1. php apache . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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13. php
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14. apache+php+mysql
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15. ftp
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13.1. php . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.2. php . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.1. apache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.2. apache+php . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.3. apache+php+mysql . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.2. FTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16. apache webmin

16.1. webmin . . . .
16.2. webmin . . .
16.3. webmin
16.4. . .
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17. apache
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17.1. apache .
17.2. VirtualHost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
VirtualHost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DocumentRoot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ServerName . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ServerAlias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ErrorLog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CustomLog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ServerAdmin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17.3. Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AddHandler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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17.4. Directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PHP
17.5. Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18.
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18.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AuthType . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AuthName . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18.2. .htaccess . . . . . . . . . . .
18.3. .htpasswd, apache
18.4. .htaccess .htpasswd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18.5. , .
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19. IP
19.1. . . . .
19.2. .htaccess
AllowOverride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Allow from . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Deny from . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Order allow,deny . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Order deny,allow . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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20.1. phpMyAdmin . . . . . . . . . .
20.2. phpMyAdmin . . .
20.3. phpMyAdmin . . . . . . .
20.4. phpMyAdmin . . . . . . . . . .
20.5. . . . . . . .
20.6. . . . . . . . . .
20.7. connect_type . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.8. phpMyAdmin . . . .
20.9. phpMyAdmin
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20.phpMyAdmin
21.
21.1. Webalizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21.2. analog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21.3. awstats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22.
22.1. postx . . . . .
22.2. postx . . . . .
22.3. e postx
22.4. postx
22.5. POP3
cucipop . . . . . . . . . . .
inetd . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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23.1. .
23.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
mod_security . . . . . . . . . . . . .
mod_security . . . . . . . . . . .
23.3. Apache . . .
23.4. apache . . . . . . .
23.5. apache . . . . .
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23. apache
24. php
24.1. . . . .
24.2. . . .
24.3. ?
24.4. ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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25. MySQL
25.1. . . . . . .
25.2. . . .
25.3.
25.4. .
25.5. MyISAM . . .
25.6. InnoDB . . . .
25.7. . . . . . . . . .
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26.1. HTML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IP . . . . . . . . .
DNS . . . . . . .
DNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IP . . . . . . . . . .
? . . .
HTTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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26.2. HTTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26.3. . . . . . . . . .
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26.
27.
27.1. Keep-Alive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27.2. Keep-Alive . . . . . . .
27.3. KeepAlive apache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27.4. KeepAlive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27.5.
? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27.6. ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
javascript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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DNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(redirect) . . . . . . . . . . . .
27.7. HTTPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28.
28.1. apache . . . .
28.2. apache . . . . . .
28.3. ?
LISTEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ESTABLISHED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TIME_WAIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
FIN_WAIT_2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CLOSE_WAIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
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92
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98
98
98
98
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99
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101
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103
104
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104
104
104
105
105
105
105
29. MySQL
106
29.1. myisamchk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
30.
30.1. rewall . . . . . .
30.2. . . . . . . . .
30.3. . . . . . . . .
30.4. ssh . . . . . . . . . .
30.5. ftp . . . . . . . . . . .
30.6. www . . .
30.7. pop3 . . .
30.8. . . . . . . . . .
30.9. . . . .
30.10. . . . . . .
30.11. rewall . . .
30.12.
30.13. change_rules.sh . . .
30.14. . . . . . .
30.15. . . . .
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ipfw
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31.1. . . . .
31.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31.3. MySQL . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
dump . . . . . . . . . .
31.4. backup ash
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31.
32.
32.1. ash . . . . . . .
32.2. CD-ROM . . . . . . . . . .
32.3. .
32.4. .
32.5. MySQL . . . .
e . . . . . .
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108
108
108
108
109
109
109
109
110
110
110
110
111
111
112
112
113
113
113
113
113
114
114
116
116
116
116
116
117
117
117
33.
118
34.Level UP
119
35. ?
120
? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
PHP ? . . . . . . . 118
35.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
35.2. ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
35.3. ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
35.4. ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
35.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
35.6. , /etc/fstab121
36.
122
37.
123
36.1. . . . . . . . . . 122
36.2. ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

, , UNIX , .
, [ ], .
, < >, ,
.
, ..., .
1.
, web
Unix.
-.
,

. ,
.
, , - .
, ,
, , . , ,
"" .
,
.
, : - , ; -
gasparch@gmail.com .
FAMP.
2. FreeBSD
FreeBSD.
2.1.
, .
+------------------ Country Selection ------------------+
| Please choose a country, region, or group.
|
| Select an item using [SPACE] or [ENTER].
|
| +-^(-)----------------------------------------------+ |
| | 230 United States
| |
| | 231 United States Minor Outlying Islands
| |
| | 232 Uruguay
| |
| | 233 Uzbekistan
| |
| | 234 Vanuatu
| |
| | 235 Vatican City State
| |
| | 236 Venezuela
| |
| | 237 Viet Nam
| |
| | 238 Virgin Islands (British)
| |
| | 239 Virgin Islands (U.S.)
| |
| | 240 Wallis and Futuna Islands
| |
| | 241 Western Sahara
| |
| | 242 Yemen
| |
| | 243 Zambia
| |
| +-v(+)----------------------------------------------+ |
+-------------------------------------------------------+
|
[ OK ]
Cancel
|
+-------------------------------------------------------+
2.2.
FreeBSD,
, .
Custom.
,
.
10
+----------- FreeBSD/amd64 7.0-BETA4 - sysinstall Main Menu ------------+

| Welcome to the FreeBSD installation and configuration tool. Please |
| select one of the options below by using the arrow keys or typing the |
| first character of the option name you're interested in. Invoke an |
| option with [SPACE] or [ENTER]. To exit, use [TAB] to move to Exit. |
| +-------------------------------------------------------------------+ |
| |
Usage
Quick start - How to use this menu system
| |
| |
Standard
Begin a standard installation (recommended)
| |
| |
Express
Begin a quick installation (for experts)
| |
| |
Custom
Begin a custom installation (for experts)
| |
| |
Configure
Do post-install configuration of FreeBSD
| |
| |
Doc
Installation instructions, README, etc.
| |
| |
Keymap
Select keyboard type
| |
| |
Options
View/Set various installation options
| |
| |
Fixit
Repair mode with CDROM/DVD/floppy or start shell
| |
| |
Upgrade
Upgrade an existing system
| |
| |
Load Config Load default install configuration
| |
| |
Index
Glossary of functions
| |
| +-------------------------------------------------------------------+ |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
[ Select ]
X Exit Install
|
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
2.3.
Partition.
+------------------- Choose Custom Installation Options -------------------+
| This is the custom installation menu. You may use this menu to specify |
| details on the type of distribution you wish to have, where you wish
|
| to install it from and how you wish to allocate disk storage to FreeBSD. |
| +----------------------------------------------------------------------+ |
| | X Exit
Exit this menu (returning to previous)
| |
| | 2 Options
| |
| | 3 Partition
Allocate disk space for FreeBSD
| |
| | 4 Label
Label allocated disk partitions
| |
| | 5 Distributions Select distribution(s) to extract
| |
| | 6 Media
Choose the installation media type
| |
| | 7 Commit
Perform any pending Partition/Label/Extract actions | |
| +----------------------------------------------------------------------+ |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
[ OK ]
Cancel
|
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
.
+----------------------------- Message -----------------------------+
|WARNING: A geometry of 166440/16/63 for ad0 is incorrect. Using |
|a more likely geometry. If this geometry is incorrect or you
|
|are unsure as to whether or not it's correct, please consult
|
|the Hardware Guide in the Documentation submenu or use the
|
|(G)eometry command to change it now.
|
|
|
|Remember: you need to enter whatever your BIOS thinks the
|
|geometry is! For IDE, it's what you were told in the BIOS
|
|setup. For SCSI, it's the translation mode your controller is
|
|using. Do NOT use a ``physical geometry''.
|
+-----------------------------------------------------------(100%)--+
|
[ OK ]
|
+---------------------[ Press enter or space ]----------------------+
, ( BSD PC slices, - primary/secondary partitions MS DOS/Windows), A.
11
Disk name:
DISK Geometry:
Offset
ad0
FDISK Partition Editor
10443 cyls/255 heads/63 sectors = 167766795 sectors (81917MB)
Size(ST)
End
0 167772160
167772159
Name PType
-
12
Desc
Subtype
unused
Flags
The following commands are supported (in upper or lower case):

A = Use Entire Disk
D = Delete Slice
T = Change Type
G = set Drive Geometry

Z = Toggle Size Units
U = Undo All Changes
C = Create Slice
S = Set Bootable
Q = Finish
F = `DD' mode
| = Wizard m.
Use F1 or ? to get more help, arrow keys to select.
Q.
Disk name:
DISK Geometry:
Offset
ad0
FDISK Partition Editor
10443 cyls/255 heads/63 sectors = 167766795 sectors (81917MB)
Size(ST)
End
0
63
62
63 167766732 167766794
167766795
5365 167772159
Name PType
ad0s1
-
12
8
12
Desc
Subtype
unused
freebsd
unused
0
165
0
Flags
The following commands are supported (in upper or lower case):

A = Use Entire Disk
D = Delete Slice
T = Change Type
G = set Drive Geometry

Z = Toggle Size Units
U = Undo All Changes
C = Create Slice
S = Set Bootable
Q = Finish
F = `DD' mode
| = Wizard m.
2.4.
, BootMgr OK.
12
+----------------- Install Boot Manager for drive ad0? ------------------+

| FreeBSD comes with a boot selector that allows you to easily
|
| select between FreeBSD and any other operating systems on your machine |
| at boot time. If you have more than one drive and want to boot
|
| from the second one, the boot selector will also make it possible
|
| to do so (limitations in the PC BIOS usually prevent this otherwise). |
| If you do not want a boot selector, or wish to replace an existing
|
| one, select "standard". If you would prefer your Master Boot
|
| Record to remain untouched then select "None".
|
|
|
| NOTE: PC-DOS users will almost certainly require "None"!
|
| +--------------------------------------------------------------------+ |
| |
BootMgr
Install the FreeBSD Boot Manager
| |
| |
Standard Install a standard MBR (no boot manager)
| |
| |
None
Leave the Master Boot Record untouched
| |
| +--------------------------------------------------------------------+ |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
[ OK ]
Cancel
|
+-----------------[ Press F1 to read about drive setup ]-----------------+
2.5.
, Label.
|
| +----------------------------------------------------------------------+ |
| | X Exit
| |
| | 2 Options
| |
| | 3 Partition
| |
| | 4 Label
| |
| |
| | 6 Media
| |
| | 7 Commit
| +----------------------------------------------------------------------+ |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
[ OK ]
Cancel
|
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
, Free:
167766732 blocks (81917MB) , . C .
13
FreeBSD Disklabel Editor

Disk: ad0
Part
----
The
C =
N =
T =
Partition name: ad0s1

Mount
-----
Size Newfs
---- -----
following commands are valid

Create
D = Delete M
Newfs Opts
Q = Finish S
Toggle Newfs U = Undo
A
Free: 167766732 blocks (81917MB)

Part
----
Mount
-----
Size Newfs
---- -----
here (upper or lower case):

= Mount pt.
= Toggle SoftUpdates Z = Custom Newfs
= Auto Defaults
R = Delete+Merge
swap . 512 ,
2 , .
512 Mb ,
.
Disk: ad0
Part
----

Mount
-----
Size Newfs
---- -----
Free: 167766732 blocks (81917MB)

Part
----
Mount
-----
Size Newfs
---- -----
+---------------------------- Value Required ----------------------------+

| Please specify the partition size in blocks or append a trailing G for |
| gigabytes, M for megabytes, or C for cylinders.
|
| 167766732 blocks (81917MB) are free.
|
| +--------------------------------------------------------------------+ |
| |512M
| |
+-+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-+
|
[ OK ]
Cancel
|
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+
The
C =
N =
T =

Create
D = Delete M
Newfs Opts
Q = Finish S
A

= Mount pt.
= Auto Defaults
R = Delete+Merge
swap.
14

Disk: ad0
Part
----
The
C =
N =
T =

Mount
-----
Size Newfs
---- -----
Free: 167766732 blocks (81917MB)

Part
----
Mount
-----
Size Newfs
---- -----
+---------------- Please choose a partition type ----------------+

| If you want to use this partition for swap space, select Swap. |
| If you want to put a filesystem on it, choose FS.
|
| +------------------------------------------------------------+ |
| |
FS
A file system
| |
| |
Swap A swap partition.
| |
| +------------------------------------------------------------+ |
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
|
[ OK ]
Cancel
|
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
following commands are valid here (upper or lower case):
Create
D = Delete M = Mount pt.
Newfs Opts
Q = Finish S = Toggle SoftUpdates Z = Custom Newfs
A = Auto Defaults
R = Delete+Merge
/tmp. 1.
Disk: ad0
Free: 166718156 blocks (81405MB)
Part
Mount
Size Newfs Part
Mount
Size Newfs
----------- ----- ----------- ----ad0s1b
swap
512MB SWAP
+---------------------------- Value Required ----------------------------+
|
|
| +--------------------------------------------------------------------+ |
| |1024m
| |
+-+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-+
|
[ OK ]
Cancel
|
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+
The
C =
N =
T =

Create
D = Delete M
Newfs Opts
Q = Finish S
A

= Mount pt.
= Auto Defaults
R = Delete+Merge
A file system.
15

Disk: ad0
Free: 166718156 blocks (81405MB)
Part
---ad0s1b
The
C =
N =
T =
Mount
Size Newfs Part
Mount
Size Newfs
-------- ----- ----------- ----swap
512MB SWAP
|
| +------------------------------------------------------------+ |
| |
FS
A file system
| |
| |
| |
| +------------------------------------------------------------+ |
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
|
[ OK ]
Cancel
|
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
Create
Newfs Opts
A = Auto Defaults
R = Delete+Merge
/tmp.
Disk: ad0
Part
---ad0s1b

Mount
----swap
Size Newfs
---- ----512MB SWAP
Free: 166718156 blocks (81405MB)

Part
----
Mount
-----
Size Newfs
---- -----
+---------------- Value Required ----------------+

| Please specify a mount point for the partition |
| +--------------------------------------------+ |
| |/tmp
| |
+-+--------------------------------------------+-+
|
[ OK ]
Cancel
|
+------------------------------------------------+
The
C =
N =
T =

Create
D = Delete M
Newfs Opts
Q = Finish S
A

= Mount pt.
= Auto Defaults
R = Delete+Merge
/. 1-2.
16

Disk: ad0
Free: 164621004 blocks (80381MB)
Part
Mount
Size Newfs Part
Mount
Size Newfs
----------- ----- ----------- ----ad0s1b
swap
512MB SWAP
ad0+---------------------------- Value Required ----------------------------+
|
|
| +--------------------------------------------------------------------+ |
| |2g
| |
+-+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-+
|
[ OK ]
Cancel
|
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+
The
C =
N =
T =

Create
D = Delete M
Newfs Opts
Q = Finish S
A

= Mount pt.
= Auto Defaults
R = Delete+Merge
A file system.
Disk: ad0
Free: 164621004 blocks (80381MB)
Part
Mount
Size Newfs Part
Mount
Size Newfs
----------- ----- ----------- ----ad0s1b
swap
512MB SWAP
ad0s1d +---------------- Please choose a partition type ----------------+
|
| +------------------------------------------------------------+ |
| |
FS
A file system
| |
| |
| |
| +------------------------------------------------------------+ |
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
|
[ OK ]
Cancel
|
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
The following commands are valid here (upper or lower case):
C = Create
N = Newfs Opts
T = Toggle Newfs U = Undo
A = Auto Defaults
R = Delete+Merge
/.
17

Disk: ad0
Part
---ad0s1b
ad0s1d
The
C =
N =
T =

Mount
----swap
/tmp
Free: 164621004 blocks (80381MB)
Size Newfs Part

Mount
Size Newfs
---- ----- ----------- ----512MB SWAP
1024MB UFS2+S Y
+---------------- Value Required ----------------+
| +--------------------------------------------+ |
| |/
| |
+-+--------------------------------------------+-+
|
[ OK ]
Cancel
|
+------------------------------------------------+

Create
D = Delete M
Newfs Opts
Q = Finish S
A

= Mount pt.
= Auto Defaults
R = Delete+Merge
/usr. ( , sql
). ,
. 4-10.
Disk: ad0
Free: 160426700 blocks (78333MB)
Part
Mount
Size Newfs Part
Mount
Size Newfs
----------- ----- ----------- ----ad0s1b
swap
512MB SWAP
ad0| Please specify the partition size in blocks or append a trailing G for |
|
|
| +--------------------------------------------------------------------+ |
| |8g
| |
+-+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-+
|
[ OK ]
Cancel
|
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+
The
C =
N =
T =

Create
D = Delete M
Newfs Opts
Q = Finish S
A

= Mount pt.
= Auto Defaults
R = Delete+Merge
A file system.
18

Disk: ad0
Free: 160426700 blocks (78333MB)
Part
Mount
Size Newfs Part
Mount
Size Newfs
----------- ----- ----------- ----ad0s1b
swap
512MB SWAP
ad0s1a | If you want to use this partition for swap space, select Swap. |
|
| +------------------------------------------------------------+ |
| |
FS
A file system
| |
| |
| |
| +------------------------------------------------------------+ |
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
|
[ OK ]
Cancel
|
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
C = Create
N = Newfs Opts
A = Auto Defaults
R = Delete+Merge
/usr.
Disk: ad0
Part
---ad0s1b
ad0s1d
ad0s1a
The
C =
N =
T =
Free: 160426700 blocks (78333MB)
Mount
Size Newfs Part
Mount
Size Newfs
-------- ----- ----------- ----swap
512MB SWAP
/tmp
1024MB UFS2+S Y
/
+---------------- Value Required ----------------+
| +--------------------------------------------+ |
| |/usr
| |
+-+--------------------------------------------+-+
|
[ OK ]
Cancel
|
+------------------------------------------------+

Create
D = Delete M
Newfs Opts
Q = Finish S
A

= Mount pt.
= Auto Defaults
R = Delete+Merge
/var.
. 4-10.
19

Disk: ad0
Free: 143649484 blocks (70141MB)
Part
Mount
Size Newfs Part
Mount
Size Newfs
----------- ----- ----------- ----ad0s1b
swap
512MB SWAP
ad0| gigabytes, M for megabytes, or C for cylinders.
|
|
| +--------------------------------------------------------------------+ |
| |10g
| |
+-+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-+
|
[ OK ]
Cancel
|
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+
The
C =
N =
T =

Create
D = Delete M
Newfs Opts
Q = Finish S
A

= Mount pt.
= Auto Defaults
R = Delete+Merge
A file system.
Disk: ad0
Free: 143649484 blocks (70141MB)
Part
Mount
Size Newfs Part
Mount
Size Newfs
----------- ----- ----------- ----ad0s1b
swap
512MB SWAP
ad0s1a | If you want to use this partition for swap space, select Swap. |
ad0s1e | If you want to put a filesystem on it, choose FS.
|
| +------------------------------------------------------------+ |
| |
FS
A file system
| |
| |
| |
| +------------------------------------------------------------+ |
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
|
[ OK ]
Cancel
|
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
C = Create
N = Newfs Opts
A = Auto Defaults
R = Delete+Merge
/var.
20

Disk: ad0
Part
---ad0s1b
ad0s1d
ad0s1a
ad0s1e
The
C =
N =
T =
Free: 143649484 blocks (70141MB)
Mount
Size Newfs Part
Mount
Size Newfs
-------- ----- ----------- ----swap
512MB SWAP
/tmp
1024MB UFS2+S Y
/
+---------------- Value Required ----------------+
/usr | Please specify a mount point for the partition |
| +--------------------------------------------+ |
| |/var
| |
+-+--------------------------------------------+-+
|
[ OK ]
Cancel
|
+------------------------------------------------+

Create
D = Delete M
Newfs Opts
Q = Finish S
A

= Mount pt.
= Auto Defaults
R = Delete+Merge
/home.
.
ssh .. -, 1-2.
,
.
, .
Disk: ad0
Free: 122677964 blocks (59901MB)
Part
Mount
Size Newfs Part
Mount
Size Newfs
----------- ----- ----------- ----ad0s1b
swap
512MB SWAP
|
ad0| 122677964 blocks (59901MB) are free.
|
| +--------------------------------------------------------------------+ |
| |4g
+-+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-+
|
[ OK ]
Cancel
|
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+
The
C =
N =
T =

Create
D = Delete M
Newfs Opts
Q = Finish S
A

= Mount pt.
= Auto Defaults
R = Delete+Merge
A file system.
21

Disk: ad0
Free: 122677964 blocks (59901MB)
Part
---ad0s1b
ad0s1d
ad0s1a
ad0s1e
ad0s1f
The
C =
N =
T =
Mount
Size Newfs Part
Mount
Size Newfs
-------- ----- ----------- ----swap
512MB SWAP
|
| +------------------------------------------------------------+ |
| |
FS
A file system
| |
| |
| |
| +------------------------------------------------------------+ |
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
|
[ OK ]
Cancel
|
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
Create
Newfs Opts
A = Auto Defaults
R = Delete+Merge
/home.
Disk: ad0
Part
---ad0s1b
ad0s1d
ad0s1a
ad0s1e
ad0s1f
The
C =
N =
T =
Free: 122677964 blocks (59901MB)
Mount
Size Newfs Part
Mount
Size Newfs
-------- ----- ----------- ----swap
512MB SWAP
/tmp
1024MB UFS2+S Y
/
+---------------- Value Required ----------------+
/var | +--------------------------------------------+ |
| |/home
| |
+-+--------------------------------------------+-+
|
[ OK ]
Cancel
|
+------------------------------------------------+

Create
D = Delete M
Newfs Opts
Q = Finish S
A

= Mount pt.
= Auto Defaults
R = Delete+Merge
/data. ,
, .
22

Disk: ad0
Free: 114289356 blocks (55805MB)
Part
Mount
Size Newfs Part
Mount
Size Newfs
----------- ----- ----------- ----ad0s1b
swap
512MB SWAP
|
ad0| 114289356 blocks (55805MB) are free.
|
ad0| +--------------------------------------------------------------------+ |
| |114289356
| |
+-+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-+
|
[ OK ]
Cancel
|
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+
The
C =
N =
T =

Create
D = Delete M
Newfs Opts
Q = Finish S
A

= Mount pt.
= Auto Defaults
R = Delete+Merge
A file system.
Disk: ad0
Free: 114289356 blocks (55805MB)
Part
---ad0s1b
ad0s1d
ad0s1a
ad0s1e
ad0s1f
ad0s1g
The
C =
N =
T =
Mount
Size Newfs Part
Mount
Size Newfs
-------- ----- ----------- ----swap
512MB SWAP
|
| +------------------------------------------------------------+ |
| |
FS
A file system
| |
| |
| |
| +------------------------------------------------------------+ |
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
|
[ OK ]
Cancel
|
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
Create
Newfs Opts
A = Auto Defaults
R = Delete+Merge
/data.
23

Disk: ad0
Part
---ad0s1b
ad0s1d
ad0s1a
ad0s1e
ad0s1f
ad0s1g
The
C =
N =
T =
Free: 114289356 blocks (55805MB)
Mount
Size Newfs Part
Mount
Size Newfs
-------- ----- ----------- ----swap
512MB SWAP
/tmp
1024MB UFS2+S Y
/
+---------------- Value Required ----------------+
/var | +--------------------------------------------+ |
/home| |/data
| |
+-+--------------------------------------------+-+
|
[ OK ]
Cancel
|
+------------------------------------------------+

Create
D = Delete M
Newfs Opts
Q = Finish S
A

= Mount pt.
= Auto Defaults
R = Delete+Merge

. Q .
Disk: ad0
Part
---ad0s1b
ad0s1d
ad0s1a
ad0s1e
ad0s1f
ad0s1g
ad0s1h
The
C =
N =
T =

Mount
----swap
/tmp
/
/usr
/var
/home
/data
Size
---512MB
1024MB
2048MB
8192MB
10240MB
4096MB
55805MB
Newfs
----SWAP
UFS2+S
UFS2
UFS2+S
UFS2+S
UFS2+S
UFS2+S

Create
D = Delete M
Newfs Opts
Q = Finish S
A
Free: 0 blocks (0MB)

Part
----
Mount
-----
Size Newfs
---- -----
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

= Mount pt.
= Auto Defaults
R = Delete+Merge
2.6.
, ,
. Destibutions.
24

|
| +----------------------------------------------------------------------+ |
| | X Exit
| |
| | 2 Options
| |
| | 3 Partition
| |
| | 4 Label
| |
| |
| | 6 Media
| |
| | 7 Commit
| +----------------------------------------------------------------------+ |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
[ OK ]
Cancel
|
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
Minimal.
+---------------------------- Choose Distributions ----------------------------+
| As a convenience, we provide several "canned" distribution sets.
|
| These select what we consider to be the most reasonable defaults for the
|
| type of system in question. If you would prefer to pick and choose the
|
| list of distributions yourself, simply select "Custom". You can also
|
| pick a canned distribution set and then fine-tune it with the Custom item.
|
|
|
| Choose an item by pressing [SPACE] or [ENTER]. When finished, choose the
|
| Exit item or move to the OK button with [TAB].
|
| +-----^(-)-----------------------------------------------------------------+ |
| | [ ] 4 Developer
Full sources, binaries and doc but no games
| |
| | [ ] 5 X-Developer
Same as above + X Window System
| |
| | [ ] 6 Kern-Developer
Full binaries and doc, kernel sources only
| |
| | [ ] 7 X-Kern-Developer Same as above + X Window System
| |
| | [ ] 8 User
Average user - binaries and doc only
| |
| | [ ] 9 X-User
| |
| | [X] A Minimal
The smallest configuration possible
| |
| | > > B Custom
Specify your own distribution set
| |
| +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+ |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
[ OK ]
Cancel
|
+-------------[ Press F1 for more information on these options. ]--------------+
Custom.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| +-----^(-)-----------------------------------------------------------------+ |
| | [ ] 4 Developer
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | [ ] 8 User
| |
| | [ ] 9 X-User
| |
| | [X] A Minimal
The smallest configuration possible
| |
| | > > B Custom
Specify your own distribution set
| |
| +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+ |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
[ OK ]
Cancel
|
25
+----------- Select the distributions you wish to install. -----------+

| Please check off the distributions you wish to install. At the
|
| very minimum, this should be "base".
|
| +-----------------------------------------------------------------+ |
| | <<< X Exit
| |
| |
All
All system sources, binaries and X Window System | |
| |
Reset
Reset all of the below
| |
| | [X] base
Binary base distribution (required)
| |
| | [X] kernels Binary kernel distributions (required)
| |
| | [ ] dict
Spelling checker dictionary files
| |
| | [ ] doc
Miscellaneous FreeBSD online docs
| |
| | [ ] games
Games (non-commercial)
| |
| | [ ] info
GNU info files
| |
| | [ ] lib32
32-bit runtime compatibility libraries
| |
| | [ ] man
System manual pages - recommended
| |
| | [ ] catman
Preformatted system manual pages
| |
| | [ ] proflibs Profiled versions of the libraries
| |
| | [ ] src
Sources for everything
| |
| +-----v(+)--------------------------------------------------------+ |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
[ OK ]
Cancel
|
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
. src
.
|
|
| +-----^(-)--------------------------------------------------------+ |
| | [X] base
| |
| |
| | [X] dict
| |
| | [X] doc
| |
| | [ ] games
| |
| | [ ] info
GNU info files
| |
| | [ ] lib32
| |
| | [X] man
| |
| | [ ] catman
| |
| |
| | [ ] src
| |
| | [X] ports
The FreeBSD Ports collection
| |
| | [ ] local
Local additions collection
| |
| | [ ] X.Org
The X.Org distribution
| |
| +-----------------------------------------------------------------+ |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
[ OK ]
Cancel
|
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
, All .
26
+---- Select the sub-components of src you wish to install. -----+

| Please check off those portions of the FreeBSD source tree
|
| you wish to install.
|
| +------------------------------------------------------------+ |
| | <<< X Exit
| |
| |
All
Select all of the below
| |
| |
Reset
| |
| | [ ] base
top-level files in /usr/src
| |
| | [ ] cddl
/usr/src/cddl (software from Sun)
| |
| | [ ] compat /usr/src/compat (compatibility software)
| |
| | [ ] contrib /usr/src/contrib (contributed software)
| |
| | [ ] crypto /usr/src/crypto (contrib encryption sources) | |
| | [ ] gnu
/usr/src/gnu (software from the GNU Project) | |
| | [ ] etc
/usr/src/etc (miscellaneous system files)
| |
| | [ ] games
/usr/src/games (the obvious!)
| |
| | [ ] include /usr/src/include (header files)
| |
| | [ ] krb5
/usr/src/kerberos5 (sources for Kerberos5) | |
| | [ ] lib
/usr/src/lib (system libraries)
| |
| +-----v(+)---------------------------------------------------+ |
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
|
[ OK ]
Cancel
|
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
, Exit .
+---- Select the sub-components of src you wish to install. -----+
| Please check off those portions of the FreeBSD source tree
|
| you wish to install.
|
| +------------------------------------------------------------+ |
| | <<< X Exit
| |
| |
All
Select all of the below
| |
| |
Reset
| |
| | [X] base
top-level files in /usr/src
| |
| | [X] cddl
/usr/src/cddl (software from Sun)
| |
| | [X] compat /usr/src/compat (compatibility software)
| |
| | [X] contrib /usr/src/contrib (contributed software)
| |
| | [X] crypto /usr/src/crypto (contrib encryption sources) | |
| | [X] gnu
/usr/src/gnu (software from the GNU Project) | |
| | [X] etc
/usr/src/etc (miscellaneous system files)
| |
| | [X] games
/usr/src/games (the obvious!)
| |
| | [X] include /usr/src/include (header files)
| |
| | [X] krb5
/usr/src/kerberos5 (sources for Kerberos5) | |
| | [X] lib
/usr/src/lib (system libraries)
| |
| +-----v(+)---------------------------------------------------+ |
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
|
[ OK ]
Cancel
|
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
27

|
|
| +-----^(-)--------------------------------------------------------+ |
| | [X] base
| |
| |
| | [X] dict
| |
| | [X] doc
| |
| | [ ] games
| |
| | [ ] info
GNU info files
| |
| | [ ] lib32
| |
| | [X] man
| |
| | [ ] catman
| |
| |
| | [X] src
| |
| | [X] ports
The FreeBSD Ports collection
| |
| | [ ] local
Local additions collection
| |
| | [ ] X.Org
The X.Org distribution
| |
| +-----------------------------------------------------------------+ |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
[ OK ]
Cancel
|
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
Exit .
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+ |
| | <<< X Exit
| |
| |
All
All system sources, binaries and X Window System | |
| |
Reset
Reset selected distribution list to nothing
| |
| | [ ] 4 Developer
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | [ ] 8 User
| |
| +-----v(+)-----------------------------------------------------------------+ |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
[ OK ]
Cancel
|
2.7.
Media.
|
| +----------------------------------------------------------------------+ |
| | X Exit
| |
| | 2 Options
| |
| | 3 Partition
| |
| | 4 Label
| |
| |
| | 6 Media
| |
| | 7 Commit
| +----------------------------------------------------------------------+ |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
[ OK ]
Cancel
|
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
28
, CD/DVD.
+----------------------- Choose Installation Media -----------------------+
| FreeBSD can be installed from a variety of different installation
|
| media, ranging from floppies to an Internet FTP server. If you're
|
| installing FreeBSD from a supported CD/DVD drive then this is generally |
| the best media to use if you have no overriding reason for using other |
| media.
|
| +---------------------------------------------------------------------+ |
| |
1 CD/DVD
Install from a FreeBSD CD/DVD
| |
| |
2 FTP
Install from an FTP server
| |
| |
3 FTP Passive Install from an FTP server through a firewall
| |
| |
4 HTTP
Install from an FTP server through a http proxy
| |
| |
5 DOS
Install from a DOS partition
| |
| |
6 NFS
Install over NFS
| |
| |
7 File System Install from an existing filesystem
| |
| |
8 Floppy
Install from a floppy disk set
| |
| |
9 Tape
Install from SCSI or QIC tape
| |
| |
X Options
Go to the Options screen
| |
| +---------------------------------------------------------------------+ |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
[ OK ]
Cancel
|
+------[ Press F1 for more information on the various media types ]-------+
Commit.
|
| +----------------------------------------------------------------------+ |
| | X Exit
| |
| | 2 Options
| |
| | 3 Partition
| |
| | 4 Label
| |
| |
| | 6 Media
| |
| | 7 Commit
| +----------------------------------------------------------------------+ |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
[ OK ]
Cancel
|
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
- , . ,
OK.
+----------------- User Confirmation Requested ------------------+
| Last Chance! Are you SURE you want continue the installation? |
|
|
| If you're running this on a disk with data you wish to save
|
| then WE STRONGLY ENCOURAGE YOU TO MAKE PROPER BACKUPS before |
| proceeding!
|
|
|
| We can take no responsibility for lost disk contents!
|
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
|
[ Yes ]
No
|
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
.
+---+-------------------------------------+---+
| Ma| Doing newfs -U -O2 /mnt/dev/ad0s1h |1a |
+---+-------------------------------------+---+
.
29
+-------------------[ Progress ]-----------------+

|
Extracting base into / directory...
|
| +--------------------------------------------+ |
| |
| |
| +--------------------------------------------+ |
+---------------------- 8%----------------------+
2851840 bytes read from base dist, chunk 3 of 36 @ 259.3 KBytes/sec.

, . NO.
+-------------- User Confirmation Requested ---------------+
| Visit the general configuration menu for a chance to set |
| any last options?
|
+----------------------------------------------------------+
|
Yes
[ No ]
|
+----------------------------------------------------------+
Cancel.
+---------------------- FreeBSD Configuration Menu -----------------------+
| If you've already installed FreeBSD, you may use this menu to customize |
| it somewhat to suit your particular configuration. Most importantly, |
| you can use the Packages utility to load extra "3rd party"
|
| software not provided in the base distributions.
|
| +---------------------------------------------------------------------+ |
| | X Exit
| |
| | Distributions
Install additional distribution sets
| |
| | Packages
Install pre-packaged software for FreeBSD
| |
| | Root Password
Set the system manager's password
| |
| | Fdisk
The disk Slice (PC-style partition) Editor
| |
| | Label
The disk Label editor
| |
| | User Management Add user and group information
| |
| | Console
Customize system console behavior
| |
| | Time Zone
Set which time zone you're in
| |
| | Media
Change the installation media type
| |
| | Mouse
Configure your mouse
| |
| | Networking
Configure additional network services
| |
| +-v(+)----------------------------------------------------------------+ |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
OK
[ Cancel ]
|
+-----------[ Press F1 for more information on these options ]------------+
Yes. .
|
| +----------------------------------------------------------------------+ |
| | X E+--------------- User Confirmation Requested ----------------+
| |
| | 2 O| Are you sure you wish to exit? The system will reboot
|
| |
| | 3 P| (be sure to remove any floppies/CDs/DVDs from the drives). |
| |
| | 4 L+------------------------------------------------------------+
| |
| | 5 D|
[ Yes ]
No
|
| |
| | 6 M+------------------------------------------------------------+
| |
| | 7 Commit
| +----------------------------------------------------------------------+ |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
[ OK ]
Cancel
|
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
30
2.8.
(reboot) (shutdown,
halt) .
FreeBSD .
( ,
): fastboot.
, ,
,
.
init 6
shutdown -r now
.
:
fasthalt ,
( ).
halt, shutdown -k now ,
( ).
acpiconf -S 5, shutdown -p now , .
2.9. root

root, . ,
.
root ( root, Enter), passwd
. , ,
- , . "FreeBSD: "(
http://unixmastera.ru/products/http://unixmastera.ru/)
.
31
3. vi
vi, ,
:). ,
( 1 )
~ . Esc,
:q! . .
32
4. ee
ee ( /usr/bin/ee). :
<Esc><a><a>
<Esc><a><b>
<Ctrl-k>
<Ctrl-l> (
undo, )
<Ctrl-y>
<Ctrl-x>
<Ctrl-t>
<Ctrl-u>
, , ,
,
. echo $SHELL. :
# echo $SHELL
/bin/csh
#
/bin/csh,
~/.tcshrc
setenv EDITOR /usr/bin/ee

. , .
/bin/sh,
~/.profile
EDITOR=/usr/bin/ee
export EDITOR
. , .
33
5.
, IP , /usr/sbin/sysinstall.
5.1. sysinstall
, Congure, Networking, Interfaces,
, , . plip0, sl0, ppp0 .
ed0, fxp0, rl, xl0, bge0, em0, re0, vr0. ,
1 2 , .
+-------------- Network interface information required ---------------+
| If you are using PPP over a serial device, as opposed to a direct |
| ethernet connection, then you may first need to dial your Internet |
| Service Provider using the ppp utility we provide for that purpose. |
| If you're using SLIP over a serial device then the expectation is |
| that you have a HARDWIRED connection.
|
|
|
| You can also install over a parallel port using a special "laplink" |
| cable to another machine running FreeBSD.
|
| +-----------------------------------------------------------------+ |
| |
ed0
Novell NE1000/2000; 3C503; NE2000-compatible PCMCIA
| |
| |
plip0 Parallel Port IP (PLIP) peer connection
| |
| +-----------------------------------------------------------------+ |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
[ OK ]
Cancel
|
+----------[ Press F1 to read network configuration manual ]----------+
, IPv6 NO.
| that+-------------- User Confirmation Requested --------------+
|
|
| Do you want to try IPv6 configuration of the interface? |
|
| You +---------------------------------------------------------+ink" |
| cabl|
Yes
[ No ]
|
|
| +---+---------------------------------------------------------+---+ |
| |
ed0
| |
| |
| |
| +-----------------------------------------------------------------+ |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
[ OK ]
Cancel
|
DHCP, YES,
.
34

| that+-------------- User Confirmation Requested --------------+
|
|
| Do you want to try DHCP configuration of the interface? |
|
| You +---------------------------------------------------------+ink" |
| cabl|
Yes
[ No ]
|
|
| +---+---------------------------------------------------------+---+ |
| |
ed0
| |
| |
| |
| +-----------------------------------------------------------------+ |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
[ OK ]
Cancel
|
,
.
+--------------------------- Network Configuration ------------+
| Host:
Domain:
|
| +-----------------------+
+------------------+
|
| |test.gasparchilingarov.|
|parchilingarov.com|
|
| +-----------------------+
+------------------+
|
| IPv4 Gateway:
Name server:
|
| +----------------+
+----------------+
|
| |192.168.0.1
|
|192.168.10.1
|
|
| +----------------+
+----------------+
|
|
+----- Configuration for Interface ed0 -------+
|
|
| IPv4 Address:
Netmask:
|
|
|
| +----------------+
+----------------+ |
|
|
| |192.168.0.3
|
|255.255.255.0
| |
|
|
| +----------------+
+----------------+ |
|
|
| Extra options to ifconfig (usually empty): |
|
|
| +-----------------------------------+
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
+-+-----------------------------------+-------+
|
|
|
|
+------+
+----------+
|
|
| OK |
| CANCEL |
|
+--------------+------+------------+----------+----------------+
sysinstall .
+--------------------------- Network Services Menu ---------------------------+
| You may have already configured one network device (and the other
|
| various hostname/gateway/name server parameters) in the process
|
| of installing FreeBSD. This menu allows you to configure other
|
| aspects of your system's network configuration.
|
| +-------------------------------------------------------------------------+ |
| | <<< X Exit
| |
| | [ ] Interfaces
Configure additional network interfaces
| |
| | [ ] A+-------------- User Confirmation Requested --------------+ervice | |
| | [X] A| Would you like to bring the ed0 interface up right now? |
| |
| | [ ] A+---------------------------------------------------------+
| |
| | [ ] G|
[ Yes ]
No
|rfaces | |
| | [ ] i+---------------------------------------------------------+
| |
| | [ ] Mail
This machine wants to run a Mail Transfer Agent
| |
| | [ ] NFS client
This machine will be an NFS client
| |
| | [ ] NFS server
This machine will be an NFS server
| |
| | [ ] Ntpdate
Select a clock-synchronization server
| |
| | [ ] PCNFSD
Run authentication server for clients with PC-NFS. | |
| +-----v(+)----------------------------------------------------------------+ |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
[ OK ]
Cancel
|
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
35
5.2. IP/default gateway

.
- IP , /etc/rc.conf.
ifconfig.
%ifconfig
ed0: flags=8802<BROADCAST,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> metric 0 mtu 1500
ether 52:54:00:12:34:56
media: Ethernet 10baseT/UTP <full-duplex>
lo0: flags=8049<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING,MULTICAST> metric 0 mtu 16384
inet6 fe80::1%lo0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x3
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 0xff000000
%
, (
ed0), /etc/rc.conf :
defaultrouter="<IP___(default_gateway)>"
hostname="< >"
ifconfig_ed0="inet <IP > netmask < >"
IP IP, .
..
defaultrouter="192.168.0.1"
hostname="test.gasparchilingarov.com"
ifconfig_re0="inet 192.168.0.3 netmask 255.255.255.0"
.
5.3. DNS
ip DNS /etc/resolv.conf.

. IP IP ,
. DNS .
nameserver
nameserver
195.250.64.68
195.250.64.65
IP
/etc/hosts. IP
. localhost ,
IP lo0 (loopback, ,
).
%cat /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1
127.0.0.1
192.168.0.3
%
localhost.gasparchilingarov.com.
localhost. localhost
test.gasparchilingarov.com
36
IP
DNS.
37
6.
, .
6.1. /data/sites

/data/sites. , , . data,
:
mkdir /data/sites
6.2. /usr/local/etc
/usr/local/etc
,
ln -s /usr/local/etc /letc
/usr/local/etc /letc.
38
7.
. ,
15.1 67.
7.1. ftp
, , FTP, .
/etc/shells /sbin/nologin-ftp.
:
%cat /etc/shells
# $FreeBSD: src/etc/shells,v 1.5 2000/04/27 21:58:46 ache Exp $
#
# List of acceptable shells for chpass(1).
# Ftpd will not allow users to connect who are not using
# one of these shells.
/bin/sh
/bin/csh
/bin/tcsh
/sbin/nologin-ftp
%
:
ln -s /usr/sbin/nologin /sbin/nologin-ftp
7.2.
.
, .
Username , .
, ,
Enter. , - su, wheel
.
Enter.
%adduser
Username: adminuser
Full name:
Uid (Leave empty for default):
Login group [adminuser]:
Login group is adminuser. Invite wwwadmin into other groups? []: wheel
39
Login class [default]:

Shell (sh csh tcsh nologin-ftp nologin) [sh]: tcsh
Home directory [/home/adminuser]:
Use password-based authentication? [yes]:
Use an empty password? (yes/no) [no]: n
Use a random password? (yes/no) [no]: n
Enter password:
Enter password again:
Lock out the account after creation? [no]:
Username
: adminuser
Password
: *****
Full Name :
Uid
: 1001
Class
:
Groups
: adminuser
Home
: /home/adminuser
Shell
: /bin/tcsh
Locked
: no
OK? (yes/no): y
adduser: INFO: Successfully added (adminuser) to the user database.
Add another user? (yes/no): n
Goodbye!
%
7.3.
(..
) FTP.
/data/sites, 6.1 38.
, .
Username , .
/data/sites/site1 site1
- . site1 . site1
.
%adduser
Username: wwwadmin
Full name:
Uid (Leave empty for default):
Login group [wwwadmin]:
Login group is wwwadmin. Invite wwwadmin into other groups? []:
Login class [default]:
Shell (sh csh tcsh nologin-ftp nologin) [sh]: nologin-ftp
Home directory [/home/wwwadmin]: /data/sites/site1
Use password-based authentication? [yes]:
Use an empty password? (yes/no) [no]: n
Use a random password? (yes/no) [no]: n
Enter password:
40
Enter password again:

Lock out the account after creation? [no]:
Username
: wwwadmin
Password
: *****
Full Name :
Uid
: 1001
Class
:
Groups
: wwwadmin
Home
: /data/sites/site1
Shell
: /sbin/nologin-ftp
Locked
: no
OK? (yes/no): y
adduser: INFO: Successfully added (wwwadmin) to the user database.
Add another user? (yes/no): n
Goodbye!
%
FTP,
, . ,
15.1 67.
, wwwadmin,
- .
:

/data/sites/site1
/etc/ftpchroot, FTP
7.4.
, .
,
.
%rmuser wwwadmin
Matching password entry:
wwwadmin:*:1001:1001::0:0:User &:/data/sites/site1/:/sbin/nologin-ftp
Is this the entry you wish to remove? y
Remove user's home directory (/data/sites/site1/)? y
Removing user (wwwadmin):
mailspool home passwd.
%
7.5.
passwd , passwd.
41
passwd
%passwd wwwadmin
Changing local password for wwwadmin
New Password:
Retype New Password:
%
7.6.
http://gasparchilingarov.com/business/freebsd.
42
8.

.
!
8.1.
http_proxy make fetch pgk_add -rv ,
/bin/csh ( ).
setenv http_proxy http://proxy_IP:proxy_port/

/bin/sh
http_proxy=http://proxy_IP:proxy_port/
export http_proxy
http ftp .
ftp ,
, ?
- (Mozilla, Internet
Explorer, Opera ..)
ftp . ,
ftp .
http://user:pass@proxy_IP:proxy_port/
user, pass
.
8.2. ,
FreeBSD .
,
.

FreeBSD
.
, freebsd.org.
43
http_proxy
8.3.
.
.
portsnap fetch extract

:
# portsnap fetch update
Looking up portsnap.FreeBSD.org mirrors... 4 mirrors found.
Fetching snapshot tag from portsnap1.FreeBSD.org... done.
Fetching snapshot metadata... done.
Updating from Fri Apr 4 04:14:40 AMST 2008 to Sun Apr 6 00:53:36 AMST 2008.
Fetching 4 metadata patches... done.
Applying metadata patches... done.
Fetching 0 metadata files... done.
Fetching 126 patches.....10....20....30....40....50....60....70....80....90....1
00....110....120... done.
Applying patches... done.
Fetching 8 new ports or files... done.
Removing old files and directories... done.
Extracting new files:
/usr/ports/.cvsignore
/usr/ports/CHANGES
/usr/ports/COPYRIGHT
/usr/ports/GIDs
/usr/ports/KNOBS
/usr/ports/LEGAL
/usr/ports/MOVED
/usr/ports/Makefile
/usr/ports/Mk/bsd.apache.mk
/usr/ports/Mk/bsd.autotools.mk
/usr/ports/Mk/bsd.commands.mk
/usr/ports/Mk/bsd.database.mk
/usr/ports/Mk/bsd.destdir.mk
/usr/ports/Mk/bsd.efl.mk
/usr/ports/Mk/bsd.emacs.mk
/usr/ports/Mk/bsd.gcc.mk
/usr/ports/Mk/bsd.gnome.mk
.
.
.
/usr/ports/x11/xwininfo/
/usr/ports/x11/xwit/
/usr/ports/x11/xwud/
/usr/ports/x11/xxkb/
/usr/ports/x11/xzoom/
/usr/ports/x11/yakuake/
/usr/ports/x11/yalias/
/usr/ports/x11/yelp/
/usr/ports/x11/zenity/
Building new INDEX files... done.
#
8.4.

portsnap fetch update
8.5.
/etc/make.conf
44
/etc/make.conf /etc/make.conf .
,
/etc/make.conf.
WITHOUT_X11=YES
WITHOUT_JAVA=YES
, ,
X11
Java. Tomcat Java
, WITHOUT_JAVA .
, make make ,
.
8.6.
, . Ctrl-C, make, - make install.
8.7. a portupgrade
.
portupgrade .
% cd /usr/ports/*/portupgrade
% make install
8.8.

portsnap :
% portupgrade -u -a
45
portupgrade
9.
- http://freebsd.gasparchilingarov.com/,
.
mc Norton Commander.
mc
portinstall mc.
xcode
xcode koi8-r
portinstall xcode.
lynx , .
lynx
portinstall lynx.
unzip ZIP .
unzip
portinstall unzip.
unrar RAR . -
unrar
portinstall unrar.
wget .
portinstall wget.
46
wget
10. apache
apache
a (. 8.3 44).
. Apache?
?
2, php (.. - ,
, php ). .
1.3,
Apache2 13 2.
cd /usr/ports/www/apache13
make install
,
rehash
.
apache

%rehash
%httpd -v
Server version: Apache/1.3.39 (Unix)
Server built:
Jan 13 2008 03:25:33
%
10.1. apache
, ,
wwwadmin, . site1 , site1
.
/data/sites/site1,
3 .
/data/sites/site1/htdocs ,
/data/sites/site1/log ,
/data/sites/site1/cgi-bin CGI , .
%mkdir
%mkdir
%mkdir
%chown
/data/sites/site1/htdocs
/data/sites/site1/log
/data/sites/site1/cgi-bin
-R wwwadmin:www /data/sites/site1
chown wwwadmin
www.
apache ,
,
47
.
(XXX).
/usr
/local
apache /usr/local/etc/apache/httpd.conf
.
/etc

%cd /usr/local/etc/apache/
% ee httpd.conf
:
, , .
, ee, Ctrl-X.
/apache
/httpd.conf
# 127.0.0.1 is the TCP/IP local loop-back address, often named localhost. Your
# machine always knows itself by this address. If you use Apache strictly for
# local testing and development, you may use 127.0.0.1 as the server name.
#
#ServerName www.example.com
ServerName __
..
.
#
# DocumentRoot: The directory out of which you will serve your
# documents. By default, all requests are taken from this directory, but
# symbolic links and aliases may be used to point to other locations.
#
DocumentRoot "/data/sites/site1/htdocs "
..
.
#
# This should be changed to whatever you set DocumentRoot to.
#
<Directory "/data/sites/site1/htdocs ">
..
.
#
# ErrorLog: The location of the error log file.
# If you do not specify an ErrorLog directive within a <VirtualHost>
# container, error messages relating to that virtual host will be
# logged here. If you *do* define an error logfile for a <VirtualHost>
# container, that host's errors will be logged there and not here.
#
ErrorLog /data/sites/site1/log/error_log
..
.
#
# If you prefer a single logfile with access, agent, and referer information
# (Combined Logfile Format) you can use the following directive.
#
CustomLog /data/sites/site1/log/access_log combined
ServerName -. , DNS IP (.. host __ IP 48
ServerName
), .
, IP ,
. ,
http://1.1.1.1/, .. , .
10.2.
,
( ).
httpd -t,
.
httpd -t
%httpd -t
Syntax OK
%
:
%httpd -t
Syntax error on line 355 of /usr/local/etc/apache/httpd.conf:
DocumentRoot must be a directory
%
, , ,
( ls)
%ls -al /data/sites/site1

total 26
drwxr-xr-x 5 wwwadmin www
drwxr-xr-x 3 root
wheel
-rw-r--r-- 1 wwwadmin www
-rw------- 1 wwwadmin www
-rw------- 1 wwwadmin www
%
512
512
751
248
158
373
331
766
276
975
512
512
512
Jan
Jan
Jan
Jan
Jan
Jan
Jan
Jan
Jan
Jan
Jan
Jan
Jan
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13:31
03:39
03:39
03:39
03:39
03:39
03:39
03:39
03:39
03:39
13:31
13:31
13:31
.
..
.cshrc
.login
.login_conf
.mail_aliases
.mailrc
.profile
.rhosts
.shrc
cgi-bin
htdocs
logs
httpd -T
.
httpd -T
10.3.
Apache - IP
. , ,
49
httpd -S
.

.
%httpd -S
VirtualHost configuration:
%
,
, .
@gasparch ~> httpd -S

VirtualHost configuration:
wildcard NameVirtualHosts and _default_ servers:
_default_:13015
gasparchilingarov.com (/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf:1291)
_default_:13016
forum.gasparchilingarov.com (/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf:1310)
Syntax OK
@gasparch ~>
- IP (_default_), .
.
10.4. apachectl apache

apache apachectl
start. apachectl stop. apache apachectl graceful. , , , apache ,
apachectl restart.
10.5. , apache ?
'ps -ax' ( Linux 'ps ax')
, apache .
'ps -ax | grep httpd | grep -v grep'.
-
apache.
, apache .
aldan#
643
651
652
653
654
655
26265
31168
aldan#
ps -ax | grep httpd | grep -v grep

?? Ss
0:03.27 /usr/local/sbin/httpd
?? I
?? I
?? I
?? I
?? I
?? I
?? S
50
-DSSL
-DSSL
-DSSL
-DSSL
-DSSL
-DSSL
-DSSL
-DSSL
apachectl
start
apachectl
stop
apachectl
graceful
apachectl
restart
SSL ,
ps -DSSL.
10.6. , apache
, apache . telnet.
:
@aldan ~> telnet localhost 80

Trying 127.0.0.1...
Connected to aldan.
Escape character is '^]'.
GET / HTTP/1.0
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Fri, 07 Nov 2008 22:44:25 GMT
Server: Apache/1.3.41 (Unix) PHP/5.2.6 with Suhosin-Patch mod_ssl/2.8.31 OpenSSL/0.9.8e
X-Powered-By: PHP/5.2.6
Content-Length: 7634
Connection: close
Content-Type: text/html; encoding: iso-8859-1
<html>
..
.

..
.
</html>
telnet localhost 80, - ,

- GET / HTTP/1.0, .
2 Enter.
10.7. apache
apache ,
root killall -9 httpd -
apache .
. - ...
, . .
killall
httpd
10.8. apache
apache /etc/rc.conf
apache_enable="YES"
51
-9
/usr/local/etc/rc.d/apache start
apache .
/usr/local/etc/rc.d/apache stop
apache
/usr/local/etc/rc.d/apache restart
.
, apache .
apache /usr/local/etc/rc.d/apache
start, apachectl start,
apache_enable .
52
11. mysql
MySQL
/etc/make.conf. MySQL , .

,

.
% echo 'WITH_XCHARSET=all' >> /etc/make.conf

make install.
% cd /usr/ports/databases/mysql50-server
% make install
11.1. mysql
mysql,
/data/mysql
/data/mysql
.
% mkdir /data/mysql
% chown mysql:mysql /data/mysql
% chmod go-rwx /data/mysql
11.2. mysql
mysql
, .
% echo 'mysql_dbdir="/data/mysql"' >> /etc/rc.conf

% echo 'mysql_enable="YES"' >> /etc/rc.conf
/data/mysql
.
11.3. / mysql
MySQL /usr/local/etc/rc.d/mysql-server
start. , /usr/local/etc/rc.d/mysql-server
stop. /usr/local/etc/rc.d/mysql-server restart.
11.4. , mysqld ?
, , mysqld

. - mysqld_safe mysqld.
% ps -ax | grep mysql

715 con- I
0:00.00 /bin/sh /usr/local/bin/mysqld_safe --defaults-ex
759 con- I
0:06.28 /usr/local/libexec/mysqld --defaults-extra-file=
%
53
11.5. mysqladmin mysql

,
mysqld.
mysqladmin proc ,
SQL , , ,

mysqladmin kill id- ID
mysqladmin password -
mysqladmin create database
mysqladmin drop database
mysqladmin shutdown mysql
/usr/local/etc/rc.d/mysql-server start mysql .
11.6. mysql
mysql , asdasd .
% mysqladmin password asdasd

, mysqladmin -P, ,
.
%mysqladmin -p proc
Enter password: \textit{<_>}
+----+------+-----------+----+---------+------+-------+------------------+
| Id | User | Host
| db | Command | Time | State | Info
|
+----+------+-----------+----+---------+------+-------+------------------+
| 4 | root | localhost |
| Query | 0
|
| show processlist |
+----+------+-----------+----+---------+------+-------+------------------+
%
11.7. mysql
, mysql , ~/.my.cnf
, !
~/.my.cnf,
. , .
[client]
password=_
, , chmod 600 ~/.my.cnf.
,
MySQL , ?
54
.my.cnf!
, mysql ,
. mysqladmin mytop.
11.8. mysql
mysql
mytop. :
% cd /usr/ports/databases/mytop
% make install
mytop. , mysql , - , (SELECT, UPDATE,
DELETE), .
q Ctrl-C.
11.9. mysqld
mysqld tcp, .
.
, :
%netstat -an | grep 3306

tcp4
0
0 *.3306
%
*.*
.
, /data/mysql/my.cnf
:
[mysqld]
skip_networking
, .
, mysqld
/usr/local/etc/rc.d/mysql-server restart
:
%/usr/local/etc/rc.d/mysql-server restart
Stopping mysql.
Waiting for PIDS: 706.
Starting mysql.
%
, :
%netstat -an | grep 3306

%
55
LISTEN
11.10. mysql
mysql ,
mysqld localhost, /etc/hosts
::1 localhost localhost.my.domain

.
, /data/mysql/my.cnf
[client]
port
= 3306
socket
= /tmp/mysql.sock
bind-address = 127.0.0.1
56
12. php
php
. php 5, 4,
. php5 php4
.
php5.
% cd /usr/ports/lang/php5
% make config
IPv6 , APACHE .
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
Options for php5 5.2.5
|
| +----------------------------------------------------------------+ |
| |[X] CLI
Build CLI version
| |
| |[X] CGI
Build CGI version
| |
| |[X] APACHE
Build Apache module
| |
| |[ ] DEBUG
Enable debug
| |
| |[X] SUHOSIN
Enable Suhosin protection system (not for jails) | |
| |[ ] MULTIBYTE Enable zend multibyte support
| |
| |[ ] IPV6
Enable ipv6 support
| |
| |[ ] MAILHEAD Enable mail header patch
| |
| |[ ] REDIRECT Enable force-cgi-redirect support (CGI only)
| |
| |[ ] DISCARD
Enable discard-path support (CGI only)
| |
| |[X] FASTCGI
Enable fastcgi support (CGI only)
| |
| |[X] PATHINFO Enable path-info-check support (CGI only)
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
+-+----------------------------------------------------------------+-+
|
[ OK ]
Cancel
|
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
- make install.
, php. apache ,
.
12.1. php apache

php apache ,
. .php Apache ,
php. /usr/local/etc/apache/httpd.conf,
php4 php3 . AddType php , .html php , AddType
application/x-httpd-php .html.
<IfModule mod_php4.c>
AddType application/x-httpd-php .php
57
AddType application/x-httpd-php-source .phps

</IfModule>
AddType application/x-httpd-php .php
AddType application/x-httpd-php-source .phps
DirectoryIndex index.php index.html
DirectoryIndex , , , .
, apache
index.php, , . ,
index.html. ,
" ".
58
DirectoryIndex
13. php
php , .
MySQL php, " MySQL , ,
.
13.1. php
% cd /usr/ports/lang/php5-extensions
% make config
CURL, GD, GETTEXT.
CURL , HTTP php
,
GD , ,
, -
,

GETTEXT
,
, gettext
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
Options for php5-extensions 1.1
|
| +----------------------------------------------------------------+ |
| |
[ ] BCMATH
bc style precision math functions
| |
| |
[ ] BZ2
bzip2 library support
| |
| |
[ ] CALENDAR
calendar conversion support
| |
| |
[X] CTYPE
ctype functions
| |
| |
[X] CURL
CURL support
| |
| |
[ ] DBA
dba support
| |
| |
[ ] DBASE
dBase library support
| |
| |
[X] DOM
DOM support
| |
| |
[ ] EXIF
EXIF support
| |
| |
[ ] FILEINFO
fileinfo support
| |
| |
[X] FILTER
input filter support
| |
| |
[ ] FRIBIDI
FriBidi support
| |
| |
[ ] FTP
FTP support
| |
| |
[X] GD
GD library support
| |
| |
[X] GETTEXT
gettext library support
| |
+-+-------v(+)-----------------------------------------------------+-+
|
[ OK ]
Cancel
|
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
ICONV, IMAP, MYSQL.

ICONV , cp1251 (Windows )
UTF-8 . IMAP
IMAP POP3,
webmail php, . MYSQL
MySQL, , ,
MySQL .
59
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
|
| +-------^(-)-----------------------------------------------------+ |
| |
[ ] GMP
GNU MP support
| |
| |
[X] HASH
HASH Message Digest Framework
| |
| |
[X] ICONV
iconv support
| |
| |
[X] IMAP
IMAP support
| |
| |
[ ] INTERBASE Interbase 6 database support (Firebird)
| |
| |
[X] JSON
JavaScript Object Serialization support
| |
| |
[ ] LDAP
OpenLDAP support
| |
| |
[ ] MBSTRING
multibyte string support
| |
| |
[ ] MCRYPT
Encryption support
| |
| |
[ ] MHASH
Crypto-hashing support
| |
| |
[ ] MING
ming shockwave flash support
| |
| |
[ ] MSSQL
MS-SQL database support
| |
| |
[X] MYSQL
MySQL database support
| |
| |
[ ] MYSQLI
MySQLi database support
| |
| |
[ ] NCURSES
ncurses support (CLI only)
| |
+-+-------v(+)-----------------------------------------------------+-+
|
[ OK ]
Cancel
|
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
, SESSION,
php. .
PCRE , Perl, php
.
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
|
| +-------^(-)-----------------------------------------------------+ |
| |
[ ] ODBC
unixODBC support
| |
| |
[ ] OPENSSL
OpenSSL support
| |
| |
[ ] PCNTL
pcntl support (CLI only)
| |
| |
[X] PCRE
Perl Compatible Regular Expression support
| |
| |
[ ] PDF
PDFlib support (implies GD)
| |
| |
[X] PDO
PHP Data Objects Interface (PDO)
| |
| |
[X] PDO_SQLITE PDO sqlite driver
| |
| |
[ ] PGSQL
PostgreSQL database support
| |
| |
[X] POSIX
POSIX-like functions
| |
| |
[ ] PSPELL
pspell support
| |
| |
[ ] READLINE
readline support (CLI only)
| |
| |
[ ] RECODE
recode support
| |
| |
[X] SESSION
session support
| |
| |
[ ] SHMOP
shmop support
| |
| |
[X] SIMPLEXML simplexml support
| |
+-+-------v(+)-----------------------------------------------------+-+
|
[ OK ]
Cancel
|
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
SOCKETS,
PHP . , , (
SOCKETS CURL, , ).
60
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
|
| +-------^(-)-----------------------------------------------------+ |
| |
[ ] SNMP
SNMP support
| |
| |
[ ] SOAP
SOAP support
| |
| |
[X] SOCKETS
sockets support
| |
| |
[X] SPL
Standard PHP Library
| |
| |
[X] SQLITE
sqlite support
| |
| |
[ ] SYBASE_CT Sybase database support
| |
| |
[ ] SYSVMSG
System V message support
| |
| |
[ ] SYSVSEM
System V semaphore support
| |
| |
[ ] SYSVSHM
System V shared memory support
| |
| |
[ ] TIDY
TIDY support
| |
| |
[X] TOKENIZER tokenizer support
| |
| |
[ ] WDDX
WDDX support (implies XML)
| |
| |
[X] XML
XML support
| |
| |
[X] XMLREADER XMLReader support
| |
| |
[ ] XMLRPC
XMLRPC-EPI support
| |
+-+-------v(+)-----------------------------------------------------+-+
|
[ OK ]
Cancel
|
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
ZLIB, . ( phpMyAdmin),
,
.
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
|
| +-------^(-)-----------------------------------------------------+ |
| |
[ ] SYBASE_CT Sybase database support
| |
| |
[ ] SYSVMSG
System V message support
| |
| |
[ ] SYSVSEM
System V semaphore support
| |
| |
[ ] SYSVSHM
System V shared memory support
| |
| |
[ ] TIDY
TIDY support
| |
| |
[X] TOKENIZER tokenizer support
| |
| |
[ ] WDDX
WDDX support (implies XML)
| |
| |
[X] XML
XML support
| |
| |
[X] XMLREADER XMLReader support
| |
| |
[ ] XMLRPC
XMLRPC-EPI support
| |
| |
[X] XMLWRITER XMLWriter support
| |
| |
[ ] XSL
XSL support (Implies DOM)
| |
| |
[ ] YAZ
YAZ support (ANSI/NISO Z39.50)
| |
| |
[ ] ZIP
ZIP support
| |
| |
[X] ZLIB
ZLIB support
| |
+-+----------------------------------------------------------------+-+
|
[ OK ]
Cancel
|
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
, ,
% make install
,
. , php5-expressions
php :)
. php5-curl--, php5-gd--, php5-mysql--
. , php5-expressions.
BCMATH
% cd /usr/ports/*/php5-bcmath
% make install
61
, php .
php
php .
13.2. php
php, apache apachectl restart.
62
14. apache+php+mysql
14.1. apache
, apache , .
lynx.
.

lynx http://localhost/
:
Index of /
Index of /
Name
Last modified
Size Description
___________________________________________________________________________
[DIR] Parent Directory
13-Jan-2008 13:52
__________________________________________________________________
Apache/1.3.39 Server at test.gasparchilingarov.com Port 80
Commands: Use arrow keys to move, '?' for help, 'q' to quit, '<-' to go back.
Arrow keys: Up and Down to move. Right to follow a link; Left to go back.
H)elp O)ptions P)rint G)o M)ain screen Q)uit /=search [delete]=history list
'q'.
, . , apache
.
- (DNS),

lynx http://__/
.
14.2. apache+php
, , apache
php, .
/data/sites/site1/htdocs .
info.php
<?php phpinfo(); ?>

index.php , info.php.
test.php
<?php echo "Hello, World!"; ?>

63
lynx http://localhost/test.php.

Hello, World!
php , "Hello,
World , php apache ( AddType).
,
lynx http://localhost/info.php
.

phpinfo() (p1 of 26)
PHP Logo
PHP Version 5.2.5
System FreeBSD test.gasparchilingarov.com 7.0-BETA4 FreeBSD 7.0-BETA4

#0: Sun Dec 2 16:34:41 UTC 2007
root@myers.cse.buffalo.edu:/usr/obj/usr/src/sys/GENERIC amd64
Build Date Jan 13 2008 14:55:48
Configure Command './configure' '--with-layout=GNU'
'--with-config-file-scan-dir=/usr/local/etc/php' '--disable-all'
'--enable-libxml' '--with-libxml-dir=/usr/local' '--enable-reflection'
'--program-prefix=' '--enable-fastcgi'
'--with-apxs=/usr/local/sbin/apxs' '--with-regex=php'
'--with-zend-vm=CALL' '--disable-ipv6' '--prefix=/usr/local'
'--mandir=/usr/local/man' '--infodir=/usr/local/info/'
Server API Apache
Virtual Directory Support disabled
Configuration File (php.ini) Path /usr/local/etc
Loaded Configuration File (none)
Scan this dir for additional .ini files /usr/local/etc/php
-- press space for next page -Arrow keys: Up and Down to move. Right to follow a link; Left to go back.
PHP, Apache FreeBSD ,

. , , .
, DirectoryIndex

lynx http://localhost/
.
, .
index.php, info.php
test.php, DirectoryIndex.
14.3. apache+php+mysql
/data/sites/site1/htdocs index2.php
.
:
64
<?php
print "Current PHP version: <b> ". phpversion() ."</b>";
/*
YOURPASSWORD mysql ,
MYSQL!!!
*/
$link = mysql_connect("localhost", "root","YOURPASSWORD") or die("Could not connect");
if( !$link ) die( mysql_error() );
$db_list = mysql_list_dbs($link);
while ($row = mysql_fetch_object($db_list))
{
echo "<h3>Database \"".$row->Database."\"</h3>\n";
$result = mysql_list_tables($row->Database);
}
?>
if(!$result) die( "DB Error, could not list tables\n MySQL Error: ".mysql_error() );
else {
while ($row = mysql_fetch_row($result))
print "Table: $row[0]<br>";
mysql_free_result($result);
}
.
YOURPASSWORD ,
MySQL.
lynx http://localhost/index2.php.
-
Current PHP version: 5.2.5
Warning: mysql_connect() [function.mysql-connect]: Access denied for
user 'root'@'localhost' (using password: YES) in
/data/sites/site1/htdocs/index2.php on line 9
Could not connect
, , .
.
, :
65
(p1 of 3)
Current PHP version: 5.2.5

Database "information_schema"
Table: CHARACTER_SETS
Table: COLLATIONS
Table: COLLATION_CHARACTER_SET_APPLICABILITY
Table: COLUMNS
Table: COLUMN_PRIVILEGES
Table: KEY_COLUMN_USAGE
Table: PROFILING
Table: ROUTINES
Table: SCHEMATA
Table: SCHEMA_PRIVILEGES
Table: STATISTICS
Table: TABLES
Table: TABLE_CONSTRAINTS
Table: TABLE_PRIVILEGES
Table: TRIGGERS
Table: USER_PRIVILEGES
-- press space for next page -Arrow keys: Up and Down to move. Right to follow a link; Left to go back.
66
15. ftp
, FTP
/etc/rc.conf
ftpd_enable="YES"
15.1.
FTP ,
/etc/ftpchroot. ,
.
, /sbin/nologin-ftp,
sshd .
, FTP
/sbin/nologin-ftp chsh.
15.2. FTP
, FTP,
/etc/ftpusers.

root!
67
16. apache webmin

webmin.
16.1. webmin
webmin :
% cd /usr/ports/sysutils/webmin
% make install
/usr/local/lib/webmin/setup.sh
.
%/usr/local/lib/webmin/setup.sh
***********************************************************************
*
Welcome to the Webmin setup script, version 1.390
*
***********************************************************************
Webmin is a web-based interface that allows Unix-like operating
systems and common Unix services to be easily administered.
..
.
Log file directory [/var/log/webmin]: Enter
***********************************************************************
Webmin is written entirely in Perl. Please enter the full path to the
Perl 5 interpreter on your system.
Full path to perl (default /usr/bin/perl): Enter
..
.
Web server port (default 10000): Enter

Login name (default admin):
Login password:
Password again:
Use SSL (y/n): y
Webmin , /etc/passwd. webmin
webmin . , root admin - .
(Use SSL) ,
HTTPS, ..
webmin https://IP:10000/, IP IP,
.
16.2. webmin
, webmin
/etc/rc.conf
webmin_enable="YES"
68
16.3. webmin
, webmin ,
/etc/rc.conf, .
/usr/local/etc/rc.d/webmin start webmin,
/usr/local/etc/rc.d/webmin stop webmin.
16.4.
webmin https://IP:10000/,
IP IP, . ,
webmin ,
.
apache Servers
Apache webserver.
Create virtual host
apache.
69
17. apache
17.1. apache
apache . ,
.
4 , :
VirtualHost , / IP /
Location URL. Location

- URL, a
.
LocationWatch, .
Directory
Files

. , . ,
.
17.2. VirtualHost
, VirtualHost:
<VirtualHost _default_:8888>
DocumentRoot /data/sites/site2.ru/htdocs
ServerName site2.ru
ServerAlias www.site2.ru newdesign.site2.ru
ErrorLog /data/sites/site2.ru/logs/error_log
CustomLog /data/sites/site2.ru/logs/access_log combined
ServerAdmin gasparch@gmail.com
</VirtualHost>
VirtualHost <VirtualHost site2.ru:8888> ,

site2.ru, 8888.
80-
:8888.
70
VirtualHost
DocumentRoot , -
DocumentRoot
. /data/sites/site2.ru/htdocs/index.html
URL http://site2.ru/index.html.
ServerName , -
ServerName
, .
Host:,
.
ServerAlias -
ServerAlias
, .
ErrorLog ,
CustomLog ,
ErrorLog
CustomLog
. custom - apache .
ServerAdmin e-mail , -
ServerAdmin
.
VirtualHost Location, .
17.3. Location

. , , :
<Location /pma>
Allow from 10.0.0.1
Deny from all
Order deny,allow
</Location>
URL http://site2.ru/pma
10.0.0.1.
:
AddHandler . URL /unusual-cgi-bin .cgi

CGI .
<Location /unusual-cgi-bin>
AddHandler cgi-script .cgi
</Location>
71
AddHandler
Location
, .html CGI footer.pl , , - .

, HTML ,
- .
Action add-footer /cgi-bin/footer.pl

AddHandler add-footer .html
Location , URL.
17.4. Directory
, , ,
, .
AllowOverride Options.
<Directory "/data/sites/site3.ru/htdocs">
Options Indexes FollowSymLinks
AllowOverride All
</Directory>
PHP -
PHP . safe_mode php .

PHP ,
.
<Directory "/data/sites/site3.ru/htdocs/admin/">
php_admin_value memory_limit 48M
php_admin_value upload_max_filesize 32M
php_admin_value safe_mode Off
# PHP
#
php_admin_value error_log /data/sites/site3.ru/logs/php_error_log
</Directory>
91.
PHP -
17.5. Files
, IP .
(. 74).
72
<Files /data/sites/site3.ru/htdocs/protected_file.txt>
Order deny,allow
Deny from all
Allow from 10.0.0.1
</Files>
,
- .
, .conf .inc,
PHP :
<Files ~ "(\.conf|\.inc)$">
Order allow,deny
Deny from all
</Files>
Files ~ , .
73
18.
.
apache ,
.htaccess .
,
apache.
.

. , apache.
18.1.
apache /usr/local/etc/apache/httpd.conf
<Directory -->
AuthType Basic
AuthName "Restricted area"
AuthUserFile /////
AuthGroupFile /dev/null
Require valid-user
</Directory>
, Directory.
, , .
Directory <Directory dirname> </Directory> , -
Directory
.
, . .
AuthType ,
AuthType
. , ,
SSL.
AuthName "Restricted area ,
/.
.
. , web
74
AuthName
. /data/sites/site1/htdocs,
,
/data/sites/site1/passwd.
.
, , apachectl graceful.
18.2. .htaccess
apache - /usr/local/etc/apache/httpd.conf.
, AllowOverride
None AllowOverride AuthConfig.

, :
<Directory -->
AllowOverride AuthConfig
</Directory>
, Directory.
<Directory dirname> </Directory> , .
, .
, , apachectl graceful.
, .
.htaccess. :
AuthType Basic
AuthName "Restricted area"
AuthUserFile /////
AuthGroupFile /dev/null
Require valid-user
"Restricted area , /.
.
, web .
.htpasswd .

, .htaccess .
18.3. .htpasswd,
apache
htpasswd, apache.
75
, - -
:. . .

htpasswd -c _ _
.
,

htpasswd _ _
.
18.4. .htaccess .htpasswd

apache
HTTP . ,
web .
, ,
www,
-rwxrr.
18.5. ,
-, , apache httpd.conf LoadModule auth_module
///
-, .htaccess .htpasswd
- (.. -rwxrr).
76
19. IP
IP Allow,
Deny, Order. , ,
.
19.1.
, .
:
<Directory -->
Order deny,allow
Allow from 127.0.0.1
Deny from all
</Directory>
apache.
19.2. .htaccess
,
.htaccess , .
, AllowOverride
None AllowOverride Limit.

, :
<Directory -->
AllowOverride Limit
</Directory>
AllowOverride IP
AllowOverride
AllowOverride AuthConfig
Limit.
.htaccess
Order deny,allow
Allow from 127.0.0.1
Deny from all
Allow from ,
all
77
Allow from
192.168.0.1 IP
192.168 A, B, C
192.168.0.0/255.255.255.248
192.168.0.0/25
_ , . Allow example.com, example.com,
host1.example.com, host2.webdev.example.com
.
Deny from .
Deny from
Allow
Deny from 10.0.0.1 IP.
Order allow,deny !
.
Allow -
, . Deny ,
.
.
Order deny,allow !
.
Deny -
Allow,
. Allow - . Allow Deny,
.
- , .
? , -
Order
allow,deny
Order
deny,allow
access_module,
Allow, Deny, Order apache .
httpd.conf LoadModule access_module ///
78
20. phpMyAdmin
, MySQL web ,
phpMyAdmin.
20.1. phpMyAdmin
:
% cd /usr/ports/databases/phpmyadmin
% make config
,
. , PDF ( PDFLib)
GD ( ).
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
Options for phpMyAdmin 2.11.4
|
| +----------------------------------------------------------------+ |
| |
[X] BZ2
bzip2 library support
| |
| |
[ ] GD
GD library support
| |
| |
[ ] MYSQLI
Improved MySQL support
| |
| |
[X] OPENSSL
OpenSSL support
| |
| |
[ ] PDF
PDFlib support (implies GD)
| |
| |
[X] ZLIB
ZLIB support
| |
| |
[X] MCRYPT
MCrypt library support
| |
| |
[X] MBSTRING Multi-byte character-set string support
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
+-+----------------------------------------------------------------+-+
|
[ OK ]
Cancel
|
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
make install
, , phpMyAdmin apache .
/usr/local/etc/apache/httpd.conf ,
### Section 3: Virtual Hosts

.
phpMyAdmin,
.
Alias /phpmyadmin/ "/usr/local/www/phpMyAdmin/"

<Directory "/usr/local/www/phpMyAdmin/">
79
Options none
AllowOverride Limit
Order Deny,Allow
Deny from all
Allow from 127.0.0.1 .example.com
</Directory>
20.2. phpMyAdmin
, phpMyAdmin

Order Deny,Allow
Deny from all
Allow from 127.0.0.1 .example.com

(_._) IP
Allow. , ,
. -
apache (apachectl graceful apachectl restart).
20.3. phpMyAdmin

http://IP/phpmyadmin/. /, !
,
.
Alias /phpmyadmin/ "/usr/local/www/phpMyAdmin/"

/phpmyadmin - . apache.
20.4. phpMyAdmin
- mysql, phpMyAdmin.
/usr/local/www/phpMyAdmin. config.sample.inc.php.
config.inc.php .
20.5.
, , www .
www
.
phpMyAdmin .
80
$i=0;
$i++;
/* Authentication type */
$cfg['Servers'][$i]['auth_type'] = 'config';
/* Server parameters */
$cfg['Servers'][$i]['host'] = 'localhost';
$cfg['Servers'][$i]['user'] = 'root ';
$cfg['Servers'][$i]['password'] = 'asdasd ';
$cfg['Servers'][$i]['connect_type'] = 'tcp';
, .
mysqld , ,
mysqld
.
connect_type ,
.
20.6.
mysqld .
$i=0;
$i++;
$cfg['Servers'][$i]['auth_type'] = 'cookie';
$cfg['blowfish_secret'] = 'asdasd '; /* YOU MUST FILL IN THIS FOR COOKIE AUTH! */
$cfg['Servers'][$i]['auth_type'] = 'cookie';
/* Server parameters */
$cfg['Servers'][$i]['host'] = 'localhost';
$cfg['Servers'][$i]['user'] = 'root ';
$cfg['Servers'][$i]['connect_type'] = 'tcp';
blowfish_secret
.
connect_type ,
.
20.7. connect_type
mysqld (
my.cnf skip-networking), connect_type, phpMyAdmin tcp.
:
$cfg['Servers'][$i]['connect_type'] = 'socket';
$cfg['Servers'][$i]['compress'] = false;
81
20.8. phpMyAdmin
, phpMyAdmin.
phpMyAdmin.
$cfg['LeftFrameLight'] = true;
$cfg['LeftFrameDBTree'] = true;
$cfg['LeftFrameDBSeparator'] = '_';
$cfg['LeftFrameTableSeparator'] = '__';
$cfg['LeftFrameTableLevel'] = 1;
$cfg['LeftDisplayLogo'] = false;
$cfg['LeftDisplayServers'] = false;
$cfg['LeftPointerEnable'] = true;
LeftDisplayLogo LeftDisplayServers

.
20.9. phpMyAdmin
,
phpMyAdmin apache. , , . , - phpMyAdmin
, .
.
/usr/local/etc/apache/httpd.conf , phpMyAdmin <Directory> :
<Directory "/usr/local/www/phpMyAdmin/">
..
.
AuthName "Enter password for phpMyAdmin"

AuthUserFile /usr/local/www/pma_admin
require valid-user
AuthType Basic
..
.
</Directory>
AuthType , ,
.
apache .
/usr/local/www/pma_admin
.
htpasswd, .
%htpasswd -c /usr/local/www/pma_admin pmaadmin

New password:password
Re-type new password:password
Adding password for user pmaadmin
%
82
,
.
, :
%chmod 600 /usr/local/www/pma_admin

%chown www:www /usr/local/www/pma_admin
%ls -al /usr/local/www/pma_admin
-rw------- 1 www www 23 Feb 3 21:37 /usr/local/www/pma_admin
%
83
21.
2 -
,
, , JavaScript
,
, .
21.1. Webalizer
Webalizer , ,
apache ,
.
, , ,
.
, . , IP
30 .. - ,
. -
, 30 -
.
Webalizer , .
21.2. analog
.
21.3. awstats
.
84
22.
22.1. postx
postx :
% cd /usr/ports/mail/postfix23
% make config

+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
Options for postfix 2.3.13,1
|
| +----------------------------------------------------------------+ |
| |[X] PCRE
Perl Compatible Regular Expressions
| |
| |[ ] SASL2
Cyrus SASLv2 (Simple Auth. and Sec. Layer)
| |
| |[ ] DOVECOT Dovecot SASL authentication method
| |
| |[ ] SASLKRB If your SASL req. Kerberos select this option
| |
| |[ ] SASLKRB5 If your SASL req. Kerberos5 select this option
| |
| |[ ] SASLKMIT If your SASL req. MIT Kerberos5 select this option| |
| |[ ] TLS
Enable SSL and TLS support
| |
| |[ ] BDB
Berkeley DB (choose version with WITH_BDB_VER)
| |
| |[ ] MYSQL
MySQL maps (choose version with WITH_MYSQL_VER) | |
| |[ ] PGSQL
PostgreSQL maps (choose with DEFAULT_PGSQL_VER) | |
| |[ ] OPENLDAP OpenLDAP maps (choose ver. with WITH_OPENLDAP_VER)| |
| |[ ] CDB
CDB maps lookups
| |
| |[ ] NIS
NIS maps lookups
| |
| |[ ] VDA
VDA (Virtual Delivery Agent)
| |
| |[ ] TEST
SMTP/LMTP test server and generator
| |
+-+----------------------------------------------------------------+-+
|
[ OK ]
Cancel
|
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
, 2 , 'y'.
% make install
.
.
.
Added group "postfix".

Added group "maildrop".
Added user "postfix".
You need user "postfix" added to group "mail".
Would you like me to add it [y]? y
..
.
Would you like to activate Postfix in /etc/mail/mailer.conf [n]? y

postx /etc/rc.conf
postfix_enable="YES"
/etc/periodic.conf
daily_clean_hoststat_enable="NO"
daily_status_mail_rejects_enable="NO"
daily_status_include_submit_mailq="NO"
daily_submit_queuerun="NO"
85
22.2. postx
postx
/usr/local/etc/postfix/main.cf. .
..
.
myorigin = $mydomain
..
.
mynetworks = 192.168.0.0/24, 127.0.0.0/8

..
.
mailbox_size_limit=1024000000
myorigin ( , ).
, .
$myhostname. test.foobar.com,
test.foobar.com.
myorigin=$mydomain,
, .
test.foobar.com,
foobar.com.
, myorigin , .
2 - , postx myorigin .
,
, postx .
, ( )
IP .
, postx
, .
,
.
mynetworks. mynetworks
( ).
mynetworks , .
, 127.0.0.0/8.
postx 10 . , . mailbox_size_limit
.
86
22.3. e postx
postx
postfix start postx
postfix stop postx
postfix reload postx ,
22.4. postx
,

http://www.dnsgoodies.com/.
22.5. POP3
cucipop Cucipop , POP3 .
cucipop
/usr/ports/mail/cucipop.
%cd /usr/ports/mail/cucipop/
%make install
, ,
inetd.
inetd inetd /etc/rc.conf -
inetd
inetd_enable="YES"
/etc/inetd.conf.
POP3 cucipop :
pop3
stream
tcp
nowait root
87
/usr/local/libexec/cucipop cucipop -Ya
23. apache
23.1.
HTML
CSS JavaScript , , .
Server :
AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE text/html text/plain text/xml\

application/x- javascript text/css
,
DirectoryIndex index.php index.html
23.2.
apache mod_security, .
mod_security mod_security
:
% cd /usr/ports/www/mod_security
% make install
apachectl restart,
, .
mod_security (
Server, )
<IfModule mod_security.c>
# Turn the filtering engine On or Off
SecFilterEngine On
# Make sure that URL encoding is valid
SecFilterCheckURLEncoding On
# Unicode encoding check
SecFilterCheckUnicodeEncoding Off
# Only allow bytes from this range
SecFilterForceByteRange 0 255
88
# Only log suspicious requests

SecAuditEngine RelevantOnly
# The name of the audit log file
SecAuditLog logs/audit_log
# Debug level set to a minimum
SecFilterDebugLog logs/modsec_debug_log
SecFilterDebugLevel 0
# Should mod_security inspect POST payloads
SecFilterScanPOST On
# By default log and deny suspicious requests
# with HTTP status 500
SecFilterDefaultAction "deny,log,status:500"
</IfModule>
, (php), SecFilterEngine On SecFilterEngine DynamicOnly.
mod_security .
mod_security (http://freebsd.gasparchilingarov.com/ru/famp).
23.3. Apache
/usr/local/etc/apache/httpd.conf.
,
LoadModule status_module
libexec/apache/mod_status.so
AddModule mod_status.c
.
:
# Allow server status reports, with the URL of http://servername/server-status

# Change the ".example.com" to match your domain to enable.
#
#<Location /server-status>
#
SetHandler server-status
#
Order deny,allow
#
Deny from all
#
Allow from .example.com
#</Location>
. - -

89
<Location /server-status>
</Location>

<Location /server-status>
Order deny,allow
Deny from all
Allow from _IP_
</Location>
apache (apachectl restart) -,
http://localhost/server-status (
lynx http://localhost/server-status). localhost IP -.
, N URL http://localhost/server-status?refresh=N
.
,
apache,
.
23.4. apache
apache,
ExtendedStatus On.
#
# ExtendedStatus controls whether Apache will generate "full" status
# information (ExtendedStatus On) or just basic information (ExtendedStatus
# Off) when the "server-status" handler is called. The default is Off.
#
ExtendedStatus On
23.5. apache
, apache
,
ps -ax | grep httpd | grep -v httpd

apache,
.
ps -alx | grep -i 'httpd
|rss' | grep -v httpd
RSS ,
apache.
90
24. php
php : /usr/local/etc/php.ini
. - php.ini-recommended,
php.ini ( cp php.ini-recommended php.ini
).
. php , 72.
24.1.
, php. php.ini
memory_limit .
: php.ini
";" .
, .
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
; Resource Limits ;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
max_execution_time = 120
memory_limit = 128M
. max_execution_time,
.
24.2.
2Mb,
. php.ini
:
upload_max_filesize = 10M
24.3. ?
, php php.ini, apache apachectl restart.
24.4. ?
php
(http://freebsd.gasparchilingarov.com/ru/famp).
91
25. MySQL
MySQL ,
. ,
phpMyAdmin Type .
, ,
/data/mysql/my.cnf [mysqld].
. , MySQL
, -
.
25.1.
, , MySQL ,
:
log=/data/mysql/query.log
log_slow_queries=/data/mysql/slow-queries.log
long_query_time=2
log-long-format
log /data/mysql/query.log . log_show_queries
, long_query_time . ,
(.. ).
25.2.
max_connections=100
back-log=20
max_connections , MySQL .
back-log
, MySQL .
25.3.
query-cache-type = 1
query_cache_size = 10M
MySQL
,
, , .
10 .
92
25.4.
low-priority-updates
set-variable= join_buffer_size=500kb
set-variable= key_buffer_size=200M
read_buffer_size = 500k
sort_buffer_size = 500k
read_rnd_buffer_size= 1m
, ,
low-priority-updates SELECT UPDATE/INSERT.
join_buer_size ,
SELECT FROM a JOIN b , JOIN .
. JOIN-, .
key_buer_size , . , .
MySQL 25%
.
, read_buer_size, . , , read_buer_size * max_connections .
128Kb.
, , read_rnd_buer_size.
ORDER BY.
, , . 128Kb.
, (ORDER BY)
(GROUP BY),
sort_buer_size . . -
.
2Mb.
, , :
/
join_buffer_size + read_buffer_size + sort_buffer_size +
read_rnd_buffer_size
.
, max_connections 100,
(500Kb + 500Kb + 500Kb + 1Mb) * 100 = 250Mb .
93
MySQL 200Mb
key_buer_size. , MySQL
- 15-20% , . MySQL - 500Mb .
25.5. MyISAM
MyISAM, ALTER TABLE REPAIR TABLE
. /data/mysql/my.cnf
:
myisam_sort_buffer_size = 200M
, ,
, ,
. 8Mb.
25.6. InnoDB
InnoDB /data/mysql/my.cnf
:
innodb_log_buffer_size=8M
innodb_buffer_pool_size=100M
innodb_additional_mem_pool_size =
20485760
innodb_log_buer_size , .

-.
InnoDB, innodb_buer_pool_size , .
MySQL , InnoDB ,
50-80% .
innodb_additional_mem_pool_size , InnoDB (
). MySQL
,
log .
25.7.
. ,
[mysqld].
[mysqld]
low-priority-updates
skip-networking
94
record_buffer = 500k
sort_buffer_size = 500k
read_rnd_buffer_size=2m
max_connections=100
back-log=20
95
26.
HTML
- , CSS ,
Javascript ,
.
26.1. HTML
,
, , www.yahoo.com. ,
. ,
:
DNS DNS
DNS IP ( )
DNS (IP )
IP (
TCP )
HTTP
,
HTTP
( )

DNS 'Go'
DNS , IP www.yahoo.com.
ping DNS .
IP , DNS 0.5 . ( www.yahoo.com ),

-
DNS 10-20 . DNS
, 1,5-2 .
96
DNS ping DNS .
DNS DNS = (
ping DNS ) + (0.01 - 0.5 DNS )
IP DNS -
UDP DNS ,
. 100-150 .
,
, DNS , DNS .
? ,
IP , , , HTML . ! ?
TCP ,
TCP ,
.
:
,

.
,
ping,
.
1 ,
DSL 10-40 , dialup
150-200 .
TCP 1.5 , ping.
Internet 300-500 .
HTTP , - HTTP (GET,POST - ). TCP .

, - , 300-500 . 500-700 .
?
,
,
97

cookies cookies 1.5 .
HTML ,
.
HTTP
.
. HTML .
, . (PHP, Perl
)
.
HTTP -
100-300 . cookies, HTTP

.
(200), (404) . -
- .

. , .
. 10-20%,
TCP. .
, .

.
TCP . ping
.

.
TCP
. ping
.
26.2. HTTP
,
HTTP = ( TCP ) +
( HTTP ) + ( ) +
98
( HTTP ) + ( ) + ( ) +(
).
:
HTTP = (4.5 ping
) + ( ) + ( )
26.3.
,
.
= (150 ) + (700
HTTP ) + (300 HTTP ) + (
+ 15%) + (200 )
,
= (1350 ) + ( + 15% )
99
27.
,
.
27.1. Keep-Alive
,
. ,
HTTP keep-alive. , , HTTP
.
HTML
CSS Javascript .
,
,
HTML.
, , , . 8
32
. ,
8 ,
.
, , HTML,
. , .
keep-alive , , ,
.
, . .
27.2. Keep-Alive
PHP, Perl - , ,
. , , ,
keep-alive-. ,
,
.
keep-alive .
100
27.3. KeepAlive apache

,
keep-alive. Apache KeepAlive
Timeout. KeepAlive , , Timeout
, . ,
. Timeout 5 300 . , 5 -
.
.
27.4. KeepAlive
eeplive,
. ,
.
,
,

. KeepAlive , .
, , ,
.
27.5.
?
,
. , GIF
(
32 ). HTTP, 1400 !
, .
, dialup, GPRS .
. ,
450 . ,
,
,
,
.
101
27.6. ?
CSS CSS
. CSS
, -
.
javascript javascript ,

- .
. CSS . , .
, 50 32 32 16 16. 50 HTML . . ,
.

( ,
). CSS
. yandex.ru, . , ,
.
.
DNS -
, (, css, )
DNS . ,
,
www.yahoo.com. img.yahoo.com
IP DNS (
IP ). - HTML , IP ,
DNS .
.
, ,
. www.yahoo.com yahoo.com
. DNS . (CNAME),
DNS , 2
DNS. www, www -
102
, www
.
(redirect) -
(redirect) URL HTTP redirect

( Location)
HTTP .
URL ,
URL .
, .
,
, , . ,
, .
27.7. HTTPS
HTTPS ,
.
GPRS . GPRS ,
.
, HTTPS ( , TCP )

.
, , css javascript
. KeepAlive HTTPS ,
.
KeepAlive HTTPS
. GPRS
.
103
28.
28.1. apache
, apache

netstat -an -f inet | awk '$4

.80$|
.443$/ || /Proto/ {print }'
,
80 http 443 https,
awk.
28.2. apache
FreeBSD netstat.
-an (netstat -an)
, , ..
. :
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address

tcp4
0
0 *.80
tcp4
0
0 *.443
Foreign Address
*.*
*.*
(state)
LISTEN
LISTEN
, - ( LISTEN) ( *.* Foreign Address)

( *.80) 80 ( 80
*.80). , ,
-, (http).
, https .
netstat -n (netstat -n),
.
28.3. ?
TCP . netstat.
LISTEN
LISTEN apache - http , .

:
104
ESTABLISHED
ESTABLISHED , -

-.
(10.11.12.13 -, 83.139.27.170
- ). -,
Local Address .80
, .
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address

tcp4
0
0 10.11.12.13.80
Foreign Address
83.139.27.170.1170
(state)
ESTABLISHED
TIME_WAIT
TIME_WAIT ,
, . .
, 30 ( sysctl
net.inet.tcp.msl).
FIN_WAIT_2
FIN_WAIT_2 ,
, , ,
. , TCP
:) , .
,
.
TIME_WAIT FIN_WAIT_2 .

.
CLOSE_WAIT -
. ,
, . - ,
. ,
. -.
apache ,
, .
,
.
105
CLOSE_WAIT
29. MySQL
MySQL
MYISAM, - ,
, ,
.

.
- mysqld , mysqld .
mysqladmin shutdown
/data/mysql/ - .
*.MYI *.MYD
myisamchk.
% ls -al a*
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql
148 Aug 27 2006 address_book.MYD
3072 Aug 27 2006 address_book.MYI
9170 Aug 26 2006 address_book.frm
488 Aug 26 2006 address_format.MYD
2048 Aug 26 2006 address_format.MYI
8688 Aug 26 2006 address_format.frm
68 Aug 26 2006 admin.MYD
3072 Aug 26 2006 admin.MYI
8740 Aug 26 2006 admin.frm
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 80752 Nov 8 2006 admin_activity_log.MYD
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 40960 Nov 8 2006 admin_activity_log.MYI
8788 Aug 26 2006 admin_activity_log.frm
0 Aug 26 2006 authorizenet.MYD
1024 Aug 26 2006 authorizenet.MYI
8982 Aug 26 2006 authorizenet.frm
#aldan ...mysql/zencart> myisamchk -o a*.MYI
- recovering (with keycache) MyISAM-table 'address_book.MYI'
Data records: 1
--------- recovering (with keycache) MyISAM-table 'address_format.MYI'
Data records: 5
--------- recovering (with keycache) MyISAM-table 'admin.MYI'
Data records: 1
--------- recovering (with keycache) MyISAM-table 'admin_activity_log.MYI'
Data records: 1107
--------- recovering (with keycache) MyISAM-table 'authorizenet.MYI'
106
Data records: 0
#aldan ...mysql/zencart>
ls ? MySQL 3
:
.frm
.MYD ,
.MYI ,
myisamchk , ..
myisamchk -o admin_activity_log
*.MYI, .
30-50Mb,
, .
, myisamchk , mysqld
(. mysql mysqld).
, :
find /data/mysql/ -name '*.MYI' | xargs -n 1 myisamchk -o
29.1. myisamchk
myisamchk /data/mysql/my.cnf
:
[myisamchk]
set-variable
set-variable
set-variable
set-variable
=
=
=
=
key_buffer=300M
sort_buffer=100M
read_buffer=64M
write_buffer=64M
107
30.
rewall .
30.1. rewall
, rewall ,
/etc/rc.conf .
firewall_enable="YES"
firewall_type="/etc/firewall.conf"
, rewall, /etc/firewall.conf.
,
.
.
30.2.
/etc/firewall.conf:
add allow ip from 127.0.0.0/8 to any via lo0

add allow ip from any to 127.0.0.0/8 via lo0
add allow tcp from me to any keep-state
add allow udp from me to any keep-state
add allow icmp from me to any keep-state
30.3.
, - IP
- , :
add allow ip from <IP > to me

add allow ip from me to <IP >
, .
<IP > IP, , 192.168.0.1.
:
add allow ip from 192.168.0.1 to me

add allow ip from me to 192.168.0.1
108
30.4. ssh
IP sshd.
add allow tcp from <IP > to me 22 keep-state

, .
30.5. ftp
, ftp ,
.
add allow tcp from <IP > to me 21, 49000-65535 keep-state
30.6. www
, www http
:
add allow tcp from any to me 80 keep-state

, www http
:

https, :
add allow tcp from any to me 80,443 keep-state

add allow tcp from <IP > to me 80,443 keep-state
30.7. pop3
, POP3 ,
.
:

IP :
109
30.8.
, SMTP, .. ,
/ .
..
.

IP
, , ,
.
30.9.
- , .
30.10.

add deny log ip from any to any

- .
30.11. rewall
# ( )
add allow ip from 127.0.0.0/8 to any via lo0
add allow ip from any to 127.0.0.0/8 via lo0
#
add allow tcp from me to any keep-state
add allow udp from me to any keep-state
add allow icmp from me to any keep-state
# 192.168.0.2
add allow ip from 192.168.0.2 to me
add allow ip from me to 192.168.0.2
# www
add allow tcp from any to 80 keep-state
#
add allow tcp from any to 25 keep-state
#
add deny log ip from any to any
110
30.12. ipfw
rewall , . - ,
IP IP.
, /etc/firewall.conf
rewall /etc/rc.conf,
.

.
30.13. change_rules.sh

/usr/share/examples/ipfw/change_rules.sh :
%cp /usr/share/examples/ipfw/change_rules.sh /root/change_rules.sh

%chmod 755 /root/change_rules.sh
, , EDITOR
, .
" ee".
change_rules.sh.
rewall. , ,
.

Do you want to install the new rules (Y/N) ?

'Y', ,
'N', .
.
, - ,
.
,
The rules will be changed now. If the message

rules' does not appear on the screen or the y
seconds, the original rules will be restored.
The TCP/IP connections might be broken during
the ssh/telnet connection being used.
Would you like to see the resulting new rules
'Type y to keep the new

key is not pressed in 30
the change. If so, restore
(Y/N) ?
'Y', 'N',
.

Type y to keep the new rules (Y/N) ?
111
'Y' , 'N' , .
rewall

.
30.14.
, :
% sleep 300; kldunload ipfw

,
.
, rewall (
, ),
rewall 300 .
, 5
rewall .
,
Ctrl-C.
30.15.
, rewall, ipfw show, , rewall,
.
112
31.

tar.
.
/data/backup :
% mkdir /data/backup
% cd /data/backup
31.1.
, . /etc/ /usr/local/etc, .
:
% tar cvfz _backup_ /etc /usr/local/etc

v .
z , .
? z,
foobar.tar.gz foobar.tgz .
.tar.
31.2.
:
% tar cvfz _backup_ /data/sites
31.3. MySQL

,
.
, , mysql , :
% cd /data/backup
% mysqladmin shutdown
% tar cvfz _backup_ /data/mysql
MySQL.
113
dump .
. -, ,
, . -,
MySQL .
, , .
% cd /data/backup
% mysqldump _ | gzip > _.gz

. " " gzip.

% mysqldump _ > _
,
databases. :
% mysqldump --databases _ _1 ... > _
31.4. backup ash

backup
- .
USB Flash
USB Drive.
, Flash ,
dmesg.
% dmesg
.
.
.
umass0: <USB Flash Disk, class 0/0, rev 2.00/2.00, addr 2> on uhub2
umass0: SCSI over Bulk-Only; quirks = 0x0000
umass0:3:0:-1: Attached to scbus3
da0 at umass-sim0 bus 0 target 0 lun 0
da0: <Generic USB Flash Disk 2.00> Removable Direct Access SCSI-2 device
da0: 40.000MB/s transfers
da0: 124MB (255488 512 byte sectors: 64H 32S/T 124C)
%
, USB
. ,
da0. (da2,
da1 ..), da0 .
, (mount).
:
% mount -tmsdosfs /dev/da0s1 /mnt
114
, /dev/da0s1 , /dev/da0. /mnt.

/data/backup /mnt/backup.
% mkdir /mnt/backup
% cp /data/backup/_ /mnt/backup
mkdir /mnt/backup, cp .
,
% cp /data/backup/* /mnt/backup
, , .
% umount /mnt/
Device busy, /mnt,
.
USB !
115
32.
, -
, .
32.1. ash
.
USB, .
% mount -tmsdosfs /dev/da0s1 /mnt

da0s1. ,

Backup .
32.2. CD-ROM
CD DVD, , CD/DVD .

% mount /cdrom
% mount -tcd9660 /dev/acd0 /cdrom

CD /cdrom.
/mnt /cdrom.
32.3.
restore (/etc/, /letc)
32.4.
, /data/sites.
, sites.tgz.
.
, ,
:
% tar tvfz /mnt/sites.tgz | less

- . PgUp/PgDn,
'q'. .
/data/sites,
:
116
% mkdir /data/sites
% tar xvfz /mnt/sites.tgz -C /data/sites
:
% mkdir /data/sites
% tar xvfz /mnt/sites.tgz -C /data/sites _
/data/sites,
mkdir.
32.5. MySQL
MySQL ,
.
e
MySQL, . , MySQL /data/db,
.
,
. ,
db-binary.tgz.
%
%
%
%
mkdir /data/db
tar xvfz /mnt/db-binary.tgz -C /data/db
chown -R mysql:mysql /data/db
chmod 600 /data/db

, ,
MySQL , .

, MySQL .
db.sql.gz.
:
% mysqladmin create __
% zcat /mnt/db.sql.gz | mysql __
MySQL,
mysql mysqladmin -u _
-p.
,
, .

% zcat /mnt/db.sql.gz | mysql
117
33.
? Q: ", freebsd -
, , All?"
A: " All - , . ,
, ."
PHP ? Q: " PHP

. ?
."
A: " ,
.
- ,
.
122."
118
34. Level UP
, ,
, , .
119
35. ?
,
, .
- , .

.
35.1.
-, . ata, ar, acd,
ad, afd, ast (IDE/SATA/SAS ), sd* (SCSI ).
dmesg (dmesg
| less, q). dmesg | grep -i gb , .
35.2. ?

- sysinstall.
, ,
, .
35.3. ?
, ,
, .
(ad0s1a)
ls /dev/ad0*
,
(a,b,d,e,f,g,h,i).
mount /dev/ad1s1a
/data ( ,
,
mysql, ).
35.4. ?
, .
, , .
- ,
, .
, /data/mysql n ,

1) , (
mysql - /usr/local/etc/rc.d/mysql-server stop) .
2) mv /data/mysql /data/mysql1
120
3) /data/mysql
4) ls -al /data/mysql
( mysql mysql)
5) chown mysql:mysql
/data/mysql
6) mount /dev/ad1s1a /data/mysql
7) ( ) chown mysql:mysql /data/mysql
8) cp -R /data/mysql1/* /data/mysql/
9) mysql - /usr/local/etc/rc.d/mysql-server
start
35.5.
,
.
/etc/fstab.
/etc/fstab

/dev/ad1s1a
/data/mysql
ufs
rw
35.6. , /etc/fstab
/etc/fstab
, - ?
, mount
umount /data/mysql ( mysql)
mount /data/mysql

.
:
, mount -a. mount ,
.
121
36.
36.1.
FreeBSD
, .
,
.
, -
, /etc/make.conf.
BATCH=YES
.
36.2. ?
- ,
. . , .
- make config.
% cd /usr/ports/lang/php5-extensions
% make config

/var/db/ports.
.
122
37.

1. A. UNIX. .: BHV , 1998. 528 .
2. . Linux. . . .:
, 2001. 384.: .
3. . . UNIX: . .
. .:BHV, 1997 832.
123

Чилингаров Г. - Создай вебсервер своему чертёнку (Установка Веб-сервера на FreeBSD)

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12.1. php apache . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16. apache  webmin

29.1. myisamchk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

+----------- FreeBSD/amd64 7.0-BETA4 - sysinstall Main Menu ------------+

, ( BSD  PC slices, - primary/secondary partitions  MS DOS/Windows), A.

The following commands are supported (in upper or lower case):

G = set Drive Geometry

Use F1 or ? to get more help, arrow keys to select.

The following commands are supported (in upper or lower case):

G = set Drive Geometry

Use F1 or ? to get more help, arrow keys to select.

+----------------- Install Boot Manager for drive ad0? ------------------+

FreeBSD Disklabel Editor

Partition name: ad0s1

following commands are valid

Free: 167766732 blocks (81917MB)

here (upper or lower case):

Use F1 or ? to get more help, arrow keys to select.

Partition name: ad0s1

Free: 167766732 blocks (81917MB)

+---------------------------- Value Required ----------------------------+

following commands are valid

here (upper or lower case):

Use F1 or ? to get more help, arrow keys to select.

FreeBSD Disklabel Editor

Partition name: ad0s1

Free: 167766732 blocks (81917MB)

+---------------- Please choose a partition type ----------------+

Use F1 or ? to get more help, arrow keys to select.

Partition name: ad0s1

Free: 166718156 blocks (81405MB)

following commands are valid

here (upper or lower case):

Use F1 or ? to get more help, arrow keys to select.

FreeBSD Disklabel Editor

Partition name: ad0s1

Free: 166718156 blocks (81405MB)

Use F1 or ? to get more help, arrow keys to select.

Partition name: ad0s1

Free: 166718156 blocks (81405MB)

+---------------- Value Required ----------------+

following commands are valid

here (upper or lower case):

Use F1 or ? to get more help, arrow keys to select.

FreeBSD Disklabel Editor

Partition name: ad0s1

Free: 164621004 blocks (80381MB)

following commands are valid

here (upper or lower case):

Use F1 or ? to get more help, arrow keys to select.

Partition name: ad0s1

Free: 164621004 blocks (80381MB)

FreeBSD Disklabel Editor

Partition name: ad0s1

Free: 164621004 blocks (80381MB)

Size Newfs Part

following commands are valid

here (upper or lower case):

Use F1 or ? to get more help, arrow keys to select.

Partition name: ad0s1

Free: 160426700 blocks (78333MB)

following commands are valid

here (upper or lower case):

16. apache webmin

, ( BSD PC slices, - primary/secondary partitions MS DOS/Windows), A.