Базовый курс анестезиолога

(WFSA)
2010
616-089.5(075)
54.573

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ISBN 978-5-91702-041-9
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Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists, WFSA), ,
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ISBN 978-5-91702-041-9
616-089.5(075)
54.573
World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesio

logists (WFSA), 2008
. ., . ., 2010

, 2010
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(WFSA)
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Guide to Contributors: Update in Anaesthesia
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Update in Anaesthesia ,
Dr. Bruce McCormick

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Department of
Anaesthetics
Royal Devon and Exeter
Hospital
Barrack Road, Exeter EX2
5DW, United Kingdom
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Sponsored by:
World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists, 21 Portland Place, London, W1B 1PY, United Kingdom.
Tel: (+44) 20 7631 8880. Fax: (+44) 20 7631 8882. E-mail: wfsahg@anaesthesiologists.org
Correspondence to editor:
Dr. B. McCormick, Anaesthetics Department, Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK.
E-mail: Bruce.McCormick@rdeft.nhs.uk
Disclaimer
World Anaesthesia takes all reasonable care to ensure that the information contained in Update is accurate. We cannot be held responsible for any errors or omissions and take no responsibility for the consequences of error or for any loss or damage which may arise from
reliance on information contained.
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Berne RM, Levy MN. Cardiovascular Physiology, 8th edition, Missouri.
Mosby.
Levick JP. An Introduction to Cardiovascular Physiology, Oxford.
Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd.
21
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(SaO2 9094%).

1.
2.
Nunn JF. Applied Respiratory Physiology (3rd Edition). Butterworths 1987.

West JB. Respiratory Physiology (4th Edition). Williams and Wilkins 1990.
35

. . *, .
*E-mail: gja@arthurs40.freeserve.co.uk
c
: 1) , 2)

(
) 3)
, ,
.
150 /, PCO2 46
. . 40 . .
520 480
CO2. ,
CO2 ,
,

.
G. J. Arthurs
Consultant Anaesthetist
Maelor Hospital
Wrexham LL13 7TD, UK
M. Sudhakar
Prince Charles Hospital
Merthyr Tydfil CF47 9DT, UK
36
.
CO2

, ,
.
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).
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,
pH,
,
H+. 30% CO2,
,
.
|Basic Sciences
CO2, , , CO2
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. PCO2.
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38
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. , CO2 .
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pH
PCO2 ( . . / )
CO2 (/ / /)
CO2

-CO2

CO2

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CO2

1

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, .
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( ).

, , .

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,

200 , 1213 .2
pH 4,58,0.
pH = 4,0
104 / H+. ,
3
4. CO2 O2
|Basic Sciences
5.

39
.
, , CO2.

CO2 ,
, 120 , 100
.
CO2 PCO2
36 . ./ (0,40,8 /).
PCO2 : PCO2 40 46 . ., PO2
105 . . 40 . . , .
40
100% , PO2 100 . .

100% .

250 O2 c PaCO2. 5
75 . .
(10 ),
pH.

1.
2.
3.
West JB. Respiratory Physiology, 7th Ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,
2004.
Ganong WF. Review of Medical Physiology, 21st Ed. Lange Medical Books,
2003.
Nunn JF. Respiratory Physiology, 5th Ed. Butterworth Heinemann, 1999.

*,
* E-mail: lambpie10@hotmail.com

, ()
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50 /100 / ( 20 /100 /
|Basic Sciences
70 /100 /
).

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(cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen CMRO2).

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.
Lisa Hill
Specialist Registrar in
Anaesthesia,
Royal Oldham Hospital
Lancashire OL1 2JH, UK
Carl Gwinnutt
Consultant
Neuroanaesthetist,
Hope Hospital
Salford M6 8HD, UK
41
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42

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|Basic Sciences
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43

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|Basic Sciences
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|Basic Sciences

1.
Rosner MJ, Daughton S. Cerebral perfusion pressure management in

head injury. J Trauma 1990; 30: 933941.
2.
Rosner MJ, Rosner SD, Johnson AH. Cerebral perfusion pressure: management protocol and clinical results. J Neurosurg 1995; 83: 949962.
3.
Cormio M et al. Elevated jugular venous oxygen saturation after severe

head injury. J Neurosurg 1999; 90: 915.
47
:

, *
*E-mail: carl.gwinnutt@srht.nhs.uk

.

.

,

,

,
, .
Oliver Pratt
Specialist Registrar,
Department of
Anaesthesia
Hope Hospital
Salford M6 8HD, UK
Carl Gwinnutt
Consultant,
Department of
Anaesthesia
Hope Hospital
Salford M6 8HD, UK
Sarah Bakewell
Consultant,
Gloucestershire Royal
Hospital
Great Western Road
Gloucester GL1 3NN, UK
48

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|Basic Sciences
2.
49
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|Basic Sciences
: ()
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* E-mail: carl.gwinutt@srht.nhs.uk
.

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|Basic Sciences

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.

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. 50%
; 50%
.

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.

,
,
.
Clare Ackroyd
Department of
Anaesthesia
Derriford Hospital
Crownhill, Plymouth PL6
8DH, UK
Carl Gwinnutt
Consultant,
Department of
Anaesthesia, Hope
Hospital
Salford M6 8HD, UK
53
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54

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|Basic Sciences

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55
,

-*, ,
* E-mail: danfreshwt@yahoo.co.uk
(Na+)
(K+)
,

.

.
,
.

-

.
Daniel Freshwater-Turner
Registrar in Intensive Care
Medicine,
Royal Brisbane and
Womens Hospital
Brisbane, Australia
Richard Green
Anaesthetic Specialist
Registrar,
Poole General Hospital
Poole, Dorset BH15 2JB
UK
Bruce McCormick
Exeter, Devon EX2 5DW
UK
56

() . ,
,
() () , ()
, .
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.
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70 ). (28 )
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.

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.
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1.
Na+
K+
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HCO3
pH
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154
0
30
131
0
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2
154
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29
308
280
255
278
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4
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0
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3 .
|Basic Sciences
1 : 13000.
.
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15
.

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57

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58
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pH
pH H+ .
H+
|Basic Sciences
(, ),
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, pH, H+
.
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pH
K+ H+ .
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59
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|Basic Sciences
Na+

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|Basic Sciences

K+ ( , ) , . ,
,

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20 /, .
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5% ( 175 ); 3,0 2,0 /
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63
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1.
2.
Reynolds RM, Padfield PL, Seckl JR. Disorders of sodium balance. BMJ
2006; 332: 702705.
Mahoney BA, Smith WAD, Lo DS, Tsoi K, Tonelli M, Clase CM. Emergency
interventions for hyperkalaemia. The Cochrane Database of Systematic
Reviews. 2006 Issue 2.
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Brady JJ, Cragg PA, MacKnight ADC, Mills RG. Lecture notes on Human
Physiology. 4th edition, 1999.
Farling P. Thyroid disease. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000; 85: 1528.
Ganong WF. Review of Medical Physiology. 19th edition, 1999.
Goodman HM. Basic Medical Endocrinology. 2nd edition, 1994.
Guyton AC, Hall JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 9th edition, 1996.
Smith M Hirsch P. Pituitary disease and anaesthesia. British Journal of
Anaesthesia 2000; 85: 314.
-: www.thyroidmanager.org.
73
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neurobiology of pain. 1st Ed. oxford: Oxford University Press; 2005.
Fine PG and Ashburn M. In: Functional Neuroanatomy and Nociception

(The Management of Pain) New York: Churchill Livingstone 1998, 116.
Hug CC. In: Pain Management (Clinical Anaesthesiology Third Edition)
Lange/McGraw-Hill 2002, 309344.
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5.
Eger E. II, Saidman LJ. Illustrations of inhaled anesthetic uptake, including

intertissue diffusion to and from fat. Anesth Analg 2005; 100: 10201033.
Gray JM, Kenny GN. Development of the technologyfor Diprifusor TCI
systems. Anaesthesia 1998; 53 (Suppl. 1): 2227.
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and maintenance of propofol anaesthesia. A manual infusion scheme.
Anaesthesia 1988; 43 (Suppl.): 1417.
Hughes MA, Glass PS, Jacobs JR. Context-sensitive half-time in multicompartment pharmacokinetic models for intravenous anesthetic drugs.
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concentrations and emergence associated with individually adjustedtarget controlled infusions of remifentanil and propofol for laparoscopic
surgery. Br J Anaesth 2003; 91: 773780.
101

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Medicine; 5: 317332.
Pinnock C, Lin T, Smith T. Fundamentals of anaesthesia. Greenwich
Medical Media, 2003.
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2.
Calvey TN, Williams NE. Principles and Practice of Pharmacology for

Anaesthetists, 4th Ed. Blackwell Science 2001.
3.
Peck TE, Hill SA, Williams M. Pharmacology for Anaesthesia and Intensive
Care, 2nd Ed. Greenwich Medical Media Ltd. 2003.

*,
* E-mail: Dominic.OConnor@health.was.gov.au
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Ackroyd C, Gwinnutt C. Physiology of the neuromuscular junction. Update
in Anaesthesia (2008); 24: 3840.
131
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* E-mail: chrisocier@hotmail.com

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15.
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24. BNF 50. www.bnf.org.uk.

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Burns JW et al. Double-blind comparison of the morphine sparing effect of continuous and intermittent i.m. administration of ketorolac. Br J
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Scand 1992; 36: 270275.
Silverstein FE et al. Gastrointestinal toxicity with celecoxib vs. NSAIDs for
osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. JAMA 2000; 284: 12471255.
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users of rofecoxib, celecoxib, and other NSAIDs. Arch Int Med 2005; 165:
978984.
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Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology 2006; 98: 266274.
British National Formulary No 58. London: British Medical Association
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Li DK et al. Exposure to NSAIDs during pregnancy and risk of miscarriage:
population based cohort study. BMJ 2003; 327: 368.
Woessner KM et al. The safety of celecoxib in AERD. Arthritis and
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Tuckey JM. Pharmacology of local anaesthetic agents. Update in
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Wigmore T, Stachowski E. A review of the use of heliox in the critically ill.
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Hope Hospital
Salford M6 8HD, UK
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Hope Hospital
Salford M6 8HD, UK
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Quentin Milner
Exeter, Devon EX4 5DW
UK
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1971 .
,
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.
Zoe Brown
Anaesthetic Specialist
Registrar, Plymouth, UK
177

E-mail: sampathshenoy99@yahoo.com
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Sampath Shenoy
Anaesthetics,
Great Ormond Street
Hospital for Children
London WC1N 3JH, UK
178

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5.
Shelly MP, GM Lloyd, GR Park. A review of the mechanisms and methods

of humidification of inspired gases. Intensive Care Medicine 1988; 14: 19.
Bricker S. Humidification (of inspired gases). In: The Anaesthesia Science
Viva Book (2004). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 230231.
Davies PD, GD Parbrook, Kenny GNC, Humidification. In: Basic Physics and
Measurement in Anaesthesia (1995). Butterworth Heinmann. 146157.
Bersten AD. Humidification and inhalation therapy. In: Ohs Intensive
Care Manual (2003). Butterworth Heinmann. 321328.
Al-Shaikh B, S Stacey. Humidification and filtration. In: Essentials of anaesthetic equipment (2002). Churchill Livingstone. 103110.

E-mail: matt.mackenzie@virgin.net

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|Basic Sciences
,
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Matthew Mackenzie
Anaesthesia,
Imperial School of
Anaesthesia
London, UK
181
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183
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* E-mail: mark@stoneham1@freeserve.co.uk

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,
.
E. Hill, M. D. Stoneham
Nuffield Department
of Anaesthetics
Oxford Radcliffe
NHS Hospitals
Headington
Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
Sara-Jane Fearnley
Consultant,
Department of
Anaesthesia
Torbay Hospital
Torquay TQ2 7AA, UK
184

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|Basic Sciences
. ,
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1.
Yu H, Liu B. Successful use of pharyngeal pulse oxymetry with the

oropharyngeal airway in severely shocked patients. Anaesthesia 2007;
62: 734736.

*,
* E-mail: clairetodd@doctors.org.uk

. SI (Systeme
International dUnites,
) (H,
N). 1 1 /2.
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|Basic Sciences

101,3
14,69
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,
.
Claire Todd
Specialist Trainee in
Anaesthesia,
Exeter, Devon
EX2 5DW, UK
Peter Hambly
Nuffield Department of
Anaesthetics
John Radcliffe Hospital
Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
189
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|Basic Sciences
, . ()
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.

.
Zoe Brown
Specialist Trainee,
Derriford Hospital
Plymouth
Devon PL6 8DH, UK
Ben Gupta
Hospital
193

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1.
2.
3.
Magee P, Tooley M. The physics, clinical measurement, and equipment of

anaesthetic practice. Oxford Medical Publications.
Davis P, Kenny G. Basic physics and measurement in anaesthesia.
Butterworth Heinemann.
Whyte S, Booker P. Monitoring depth of anaesthesia by EEG. British
Journal of Anaesthesia, CEPD Journal; 2003:106110.
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Morgan GE, Mikhail MS and Murray MJ. Clinical Anesthesiology, 4th edition. Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, 2006.
Hemmings HH, Hopkins PM. Foundations of Anesthesia: Basic Sciences
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Inadvertent perioperative hypothermia. National Institute for Health and
Clinical Excellence (NICE) Guideline 65. http://www.nice.org.uk/CG65.
Standards for Basic Anesthetic Monitoring. American Society of
Anesthesiologists. http://www.asahq.org/publicationsAndServices standards/02.pdf.
Hannenberg AA, Sessler DI. Improving Perioperative Temperature
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|Basic Sciences
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|Basic Sciences
233
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|Basic Sciences
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Guide to Contributors
Guide to contributors
Update in Anaesthesia is primarily an educational
journal, which aims to provide ongoing learning
and support for anaesthetists working in situations with limited resources.
Update is sent to over 3000 English-speaking an
aesthetists, and read by many others including
surgeons, nurses and medical students. Update is
also translated into different languages including
Spanish, Russian, French and Mandarin. After being produced in the paper format, Update is published on the internet (www.worldanaesthesia.org)
and read by 90 people a day from more than 130
countries. Update is also distributed in the form
of a CDROM, produced by the Association of
Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland.
Articles for consideration by the Editorial Board should be submitted as Word documents (Rich Text Format is preferred)
to the Editor-in-chief, Bruce McCormick, by email at Bruce.
McCormick@rdeft.nhs.uk or post on CDROM or paper copy to
Dr Bruce McCormick, Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Devon
and Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK.
CLINICAL OVERVIEW ARTICLES

General considerations
Papers must not have been published in whole
or any part in another journal.
Papers are subject to editorial revision.
On acceptance for publication copyright becomes vested in the journal.
Original textual matter quoted from other authors must have formal citation and be appropriately referenced.
Some readers first language may not be English.
Please keep your text straightforward and
avoid long sentences and complex terminology.
Explain words and abbreviations that may not
be universally standardised. Aim to include
the full range of therapies available worldwide,
but provide most detailed descriptions of
those therapies available in resource-poor settings (see Management of sepsis with limited resources in Update 23 www.worldanaesthesia.
org/component/option,com_docmantask,cat_
viewgid,67 Itemid,49/). Discuss older drugs
as well as newer ones; halothane, thiopentone,
ketamine and ether are widely used around
the world.
|Basic Sciences
The article should be long enough to cover the

topic in reasonable detail. Many readers will
not have access to texts or journals to supplement their reading. Include text boxes and
teaching points to make the layout interesting.
Avoid long numbered lists with complex subdivisions. Check that your text is correct, particularly drug doses, as many readers will not
be able to verify them.
Authors details
Please supply the full forename and surname of all
authors, stating their title (Anaesthetic Clinical
Officer, Dr., Professor etc.) and the name and address of their institution. One author should be
identified for correspondence, with an email address provided.
Drug doses
Please use the international units, e.g. mg.kg1
rather than mg/kg. Use SI notation for g, mg, mcg
etc. Please use internationally accepted non-proprietary drug names, e.g. furosemide, epinephrine
and avoid trade names.
Headings
Three levels of heading may be used CAPITALS,
bold and italic. Please do not employ different
fonts within the text. Bullet points can be helpful.
Illustrations / figures
These may be sent to us as drawings (black on white),
which we will scan into the text, or as picture files
in jpg (JPEG) format. Black and white photos are
also suitable. If you do not have facilities to produce drawings, contact the editor for help. If you
copy illustrations from another publication please
obtain copyright permission from the publishers
or author. If patients appear in a photo please ensure that they have consented to this. Text accompanying illustrations should be supplied on a separate piece of paper.
Tables or figures reproduced from other published
texts should be accompanied by a statement that
permission for reproduction has been obtained
from the author or publisher. An acknowledgment
should be included in the caption and the full reference included in the reference list.
Dr. Bruce McCormick

Editor-in-chief,
Department of
Anaesthetics
Hospital
Barrack Road
Exeter EX2 5DW
United Kingdom
237
Tables
These should be prepared using the Microsoft Word table facility whenever possible.
Graphs
Graphs should be supplied using the Microsoft graph-compiling feature within Microsoft Word, or as a figure on paper.
References
A minority of Update readers have access to journals and
therefore references should in general be limited to those
that would be considered as further reading. Please format
your references as shown. Number the references in the order
they appear, using the reference number as a superscript at
the relevant point in the text.
References should include: names and initials of all authors
(unless more than 6, when only the first 6 are given followed
by et al.), title of the paper; Medline abbreviation of the
journal title (in italic); year of publication; volume number;
first and last page numbers.
Papers accepted but not yet published should be included in
the references, with the abbreviated journal name, followed
by (in press).
Those in preparation (including any submitted for publication), personal communications and unpublished observations should be referred to as such in the text.
1. Reynolds F, OSullivan G. Lumbar puncture and headache. Atraumatic needle is a better term than blunt
needle. Br Med J 1998; 316: 1018.
2. Costigan SN, Sprigge JS. Dural puncture: the patients
perspective. A patient survey of cases at a DGH maternity unit 19831993. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1996; 40:
71014.
3. Spriggs DA, Burn DJ, French J, Cartlidge NE, Bates
D. Is bedrest useful after diagnostic lumbar puncture?
Postgrad Med J 1992; 68: 5813.
References to books should give book title, place of publication, publisher and year; those of multiple authorship
should also include chapter title, first and last page numbers,
and names and initials of editors. For example:
1. Roberts F. Chapter 22: Ear, nose and throat surgery.
In: Allman KG, Wilson IH, eds. Oxford handbook of
Anaesthesia (1st edition) Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 2001: 50639.
Update Short Reports
The scope for publication of articles describing original research and audit conducted in, and specifically relevant to,
poorly resourced settings is limited. Successful publication
in major journals is rare and the distribution and accessibility of the national and regional journals that currently publish these articles is often poor. As the official journal of the
World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists, Update
in Anaesthesia is the appropriate forum for publication of
these manuscripts and offers a wide distribution.
The guidance above for clinical overview articles applies,
with the following additional considerations.
238
Legal considerations
Papers based on clinical investigation on humans should
include the consent of patients and a statement of approval
from an appropriate Ethics Committee. In those institutions
where Institutional Review Board consent is required for the
performance of audits, this should be obtained and referred
to in the text.
Avoid use of identifiable names, initials and hospital numbers of patients.
Human subjects of case reports, research or audits should
not be identifiable. Manuscripts should not disclose patients
names, initials, hospital numbers (or other data that might
identify the patient(s)).
Guides for use of tables, figures and illustrations are as described above for Clinical Overview articles.
Brief Communications
Original investigative articles or audits of patient outcome or clinical techniques.
Up to 1500 words (approximately 2 pages of Update in
Anaesthesia).
Subdivided into:
Summary (maximum five sentences) and key words.
Introduction.
Patients and methods.
Results.
Discussion.
Acknowledgements.
References maximum 10.
Tables and/or figures limited to two per article.
Case Reports
Suitable for presenting descriptive studies (a series of
cases), personal experience or individual case reports of
particular interest.
Up to 800 words. One table or figure is allowed in addition to text.
A summary may be included (up to five sentences).
Division into sections is optional.
Up to five references may be given.
Correspondence
Welcomed on any subject, including editorials or articles
that have appeared in Update in Anaesthesia.
Letters may also be a suitable vehicle for presenting items
of experience or observation that are too brief for Brief
Communications.
Papers describing procedures, techniques or equipment
adapted by readers to their own conditions of work are
welcomed.
Proofs
Proofs are sent to the author designated to receive them.
Corrections should be kept to a minimum and the proofs
returned within 7 days of receipt. The editorial team will
be delighted to help with the preparation of articles. The
best way of doing this is via e-mail Bruce.McCormick@
rdeft.nhs.uk.

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(WFSA)

World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesio

Dr. Bruce McCormick

World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists|WFSA

World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists|WFSA

World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists|WFSA

World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists|WFSA

: Guyton AC. Textbook of Medical Physiology, 8th edition

Guyton AC. Textbook of Medical Physiology, 10th edition. Philadelphia.

VE (exhaled volume); f ; V T (tidal volume).

Galvin I, Drummond GB, Nirmalan M. Distribution of blood flow and

World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists|WFSA

(760 47) 21 / 100.

PAO2 O2 ; FiO2 ; PaCO2

World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists|WFSA

World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists|WFSA

7. (VA) PO2 (PAO2)

Nunn JF. Applied Respiratory Physiology (3rd Edition). Butterworths 1987.

O2 + HbH + HCO3 = HbO2 + H2O + CO2.

PaCO2 ( . . ) , () ( 3). CO2

100% , PO2 100 . .

World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists|WFSA

World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists|WFSA

Rosner MJ, Daughton S. Cerebral perfusion pressure management in

Cormio M et al. Elevated jugular venous oxygen saturation after severe

World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists|WFSA

World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists|WFSA

World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists|WFSA

Caterina M, Gold M, Meyer R. Molecular biology of nociceptors. In: The

Fine PG and Ashburn M. In: Functional Neuroanatomy and Nociception

4,45,5 / (80100 /). 2,2

World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists|WFSA

, (pH 5,2) ( 1).

World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists|WFSA

Eger E. II, Saidman LJ. Illustrations of inhaled anesthetic uptake, including

World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists|WFSA

World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists|WFSA

World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists|WFSA

POISE Study Group. Effects of extended-release metoprolol succinate

Peck T, Hill S, Williams M. Pharmacology for anaesthesia and intensive

2% 450. , , (> 40 /).

Franks NP. Molecular targets underlying general anaesthesia. British

Calvey TN, Williams NE. Principles and Practice of Pharmacology for

World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists|WFSA

Pete Ricketts. Malignant hyperthermia. Update in Anaesthesia 2008;

NNT (number needed to treat) , , . ,

Graham G, Scott K. Mechanism of action of paracetamol. American

World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists|WFSA

Goodman and Gilmanss The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 11th

Hernndex-Daz S et al. NSAIDs and risk of acute myocardial infarction.

World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists|WFSA

, (/), (/), (/),

, -3- (3G, 70%), -6 (6G, 10%) .

, 1,0, 2,0 5,0 .

World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists|WFSA

8,1, , pH 7,4 (15% ).

Principles and Practice of Pharmacology for Anaesthetists: 4th Edition:

World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists|WFSA

(BOC Medical) 50% 50% .

Basic Physics and Measurement in Anaesthesia. Paul D. Davis, Gavin NC

World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists|WFSA

World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists|WFSA

World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists|WFSA

World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists|WFSA