Samouchitel C++ Gerbert Shildt

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Herbert Schildt
Teach
Yourself
C++
Third Edition
Osborne McGraw-Hill
C++
3-
-
-
2005
681.3.06
.
C++: . . 3- . .: -, 2005. 688 .
ISBN 5-7791-0086-1

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681.3.06
:

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Authorized translation from the English language edition published by Osborne McGraw-Hill. Copyright 1998.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage retrieval system, without permission
in writing from the Publisher. Russian language edition published by BHV St. Petersburg. Copyright 1998.
, Osborne McGraw-Hill. Copyright 1998.
.
, ,
, .
HV-. Copyright 1998.
NB 02429 24.07.00. 21.10.04.
70x100Vt6. . . . . 55,5.
. 5000 . 591
"-", 190005, -, ., 29.
, No 77.99.02.953..001537.03.02
13.03.2002 . .

" ""
199034, -, 9 , 12
ISBN 0-07-882392-7 (.)
ISBN 5-7791-0086-1 (.)
1998 Osborne McGraw-
"-", 1998

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i = 10;
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1.
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C++.
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int main(void)
{
int a, b, d, min;
printf (" :");
scanf("%d%d", &a, Sb);
min = a > b ? b: a;
for (d=2; d<min; d++)
if (((a%d)=0) && ((b%d)==0)) break;
if (.d==min) {
printf(" ");
return 0;
}
printf(" %d\n", d) ;
return 0;
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int main ( )
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cout " :";
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if ( (num%2)==0) cout " \";
else cout " \n";
return 0;
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myclass obi, 2; // myclass
28
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obl.set_a(10); // 10
ob2.set_a(99); // 2 99
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2 :
#include <iostream>
class myclass { // myclass
int a;
public:
void set_a(int num);
int get_a ( ) ;
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{
a=num;
1.
C++
29_
int myclass: :get_a()

{
return a;
}
int main{)
{
myclass obi, ob2;
obl.set_a(10) ;
ob2.set_a(99) ;
cout obl.get_a() "\n";
cout ob2 . get_a ( ) " \n" ;
return 0;
}
, 10 99.
2. myclass . , myclass. (
get_a().) , ,
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//
#include <iostream>
int main ( }
{
myclass obi, ob2;
obi. a =10;
2. = 99;
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//
cout obl.get_a{) "\n";

cout ob2.get_a() "\n";
return 0;
3. , -,
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30
C++
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class myclass {
public:
//
int a;
// set_a() get_a()
int main ( )
{
myclass obi, ob2;
//
. = 10;
2. = 99;
cout . "\";
cout 2. "\";
return 0 ;
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4. ,
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#include <iostream>
#define SIZE 10
// stack
class stack {
char stck[SIZE]; //
int tos; //
.
public:
void init(); //
void push (char ch) ; //
char pop(); //
1. C++
//
void stack::init()
tos=0;
//
void stack::push(char ch)
if (tos==SIZE) {
cout " ";
return;
'
stckftos]
= ch; '
tos++;
//
char stack::pop()
if (tos==0) '{
cout " ";
return 0; //
tos;
return stckftos];
int main()
stack si, s2; //
.int i;
//
sl.init();
s2.init();
si.push('a');
s2.push('x');
si.push('b');
s2.push('y');
si.push('c');
s2.push('z');
for(i=0;i<3;i++) cout " si:" sl.popO "\n";
for(i=0;i<3;i++) cout " s2:" s2.pop() "\n";
return 0;
31_
32
C++
si:
si:
si:
s2:
s2:
s2:
b
a
z
. stack
: stck tos. stck , , a tos .
init(), push() (), , ,
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s2. stck tos. .
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main() .
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C++ . ,
C++. ,
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33_
fl() ( char), :
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34
C++
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bool
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C++ void .
2. C++ , sumQ :
//
int main()
{
int a,b,c;
cout " : ";
cin a b;
c=sum(a, b);
cout " :" ;
1.
C++
35
return 0;
//
sum (int a, int b)
{
return a+b;
3. ,
:
tinclude <iostream>
int main ( )
{
int i; // ,
cout " : " ; ,
cin i;
//
int j, fact=l; // ,
//
for (j=i; j>=l; j ) fact=fact * j;
cout " :" fact;
return 0 ;
j fact ,
.
4. outcome false. if.
linclude <iostream>
int main()
{
bool outcome;
outcome = false;
if (outcome) cout "";
else cout "";
36
C++
return 0;
,
.
1.
C++. ?
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int main()
{
f 0;
return 0;
void f ()
cout " ";
2. C++. ,
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C++ ,
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37
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1. , , . ,
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labsQ fabsQ, , ,
, . - ,
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C++,
, :
ttinclude <lostream>
// abs()
int abs(int n);
long abs(long n);
double abs(double n);
int main()
(
cout " -10:" abs (-10) "\n/n";

cout " -10L:" abs(-lOL) "\n/n";
cout " -10.01:" abs(-lO.Ol) "\n/n";
return 0;
38
C++
1 1 abs ( )
int abs(int n)
{
cout " abs()\n";

return n<0 ? -n: n;
// absO
long abs (long n)
<
cout " abs ( ) \n" ;
return n<0 ? -n: n;
}
// abs()
double abs (double n)
{
cout " abs ( ) \" ;

return n<0 ? -n: n;
, abs(), . main() abs() .
abs(), .
:
abs ()
-10: 10
abs ( )
-10L: 10
abs ( )
-10.01: 10.01
,
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1.
C++
39_
2. .
date() ,
.
.
void date (char *date) ; //
void date(int month, int day, int year); //
int main ()
{
date ("8/23/99");
date( 8, 23, 99);
>
return 0;
}
//
void date (char *date)
{
cout ":" date "\n";
}
//
void date (int month, int day, int year)
{
cout ":" month "/";
cout day "/" year "\n";
,
.
, ,
, , .
3. , . , :
#include <iostream>
void fl (int a) ;
void fl(int a, int b) ;
int main()
flUO, 20);
40
C++
return 0;
}
void f l (int a)
{
cout "B f l ( i n t a) \n";

}
void f l (int a, int b)

{
cout "B f l ( i n t a, int b) \n";

4. , . ,
. , ,
:
//
int f l ( i n t a) ;
double f 1 (int a) ;
f l ( 1 0 ) ; // ???
, ,
fl() .
1. . srootQ,
. srootQ :
, . ( sqrt().)
2. C++ :
double atof(const char *s);
int atoi(const char *s);
long atol(const char *s);
, ,
s. , atof() double, atoi
int atol long. ?
3. min(), , .
7. C++
41
min() , ,
.
4. slccp(),
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10 :
sleep(10);
sleep("10");
, . (
.)
1.8. C++
C++ 30 , C++.
C++ . 1.1.
C++ overload,
.
1.1. C++
explicit
int
register
continue
extern
long
default
false
mutable
reinterpret_cast
return
delete
float
namespace
case
do
for
new
catch
double
friend
char
dynamic_cast
class
else
const
enum
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auto
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break
switch
union
template
unsigned
using
short
this
throw
virtual
signed
true
void
operator
sizeof
try
volatile
goto
private
static
typedef
wcharj
if
protected
static_cast
typeid
while
inline
public
struct
typename

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1. , .
2. C++ ?
42
C++
3. , / C++, . (, 2 4,
24, 16.)
4. rev_str()
. rev_str() , . , .
, . :
r
char si [80], s2[80];

strcpytsl, "");
rev_str(sl, s2) ; // s2,
// si
rev_str (si) ;
// si
5. ,
C++. ,
.
linclude <iostream>
int f ( int a ) ;
int main ( )
{
cout f (10) ;
return 0;
}
int f (int a)
{
return a * 3.1416;
6. bool?
.
C++, .

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.
1. , / C++
.
2. , . .
.
,
. ( storeQ display().)
3. rotate(),
. ,
(int) (long). (
,^ ,
.)
4. ?
#include <iostream>
class myclass {
int i ;
public:
44_
C++
int main()
{
myclass ob;
ob.i = 10;
2.1.
, , . .
, , , ,
- . C++ -
(constructor function), . . ,
.
, , ,
. ,
:
#include <iostream>
class myclass {
int a;
public:
'myclass ; //
void show ( ) ;
myclass : rmyclass ( )
{
cout " \n"; ;
a=10;
}void myclass: : show ()
{
cout a ;
2.
45
int main ( )
{
myclass ob;
ob. show'O ;
return 0;

myclass(). , ob. ,
, . , C++
" ".
. C++, ,
.
, myclassQ. , . C++
.
, . .
, , (destructor).
.
. , , .
, ~ () . :
tfinclude <iostream>
class myclass {
int a ;
public:
myclass (); //
-myclass (); //
void show();
};
myclass: :myclass {)
{
cout " \" ;
a = 10;
46
_^
C++
myclass::-myclass()
{
cout "...\n";
>
void myclass::show()
{
cout a "\n";
>
int main()
{
myclass ob;
ob.show();
return 0;
.
, . .
.
, . ,
,
. ,
pi 100 . ,
, .
, 1 stack
.
, . stack, :
linclude <iostream>
ttdefine SIZE 10
2.
// stack
class stack {
char stck[SIZE]; //
int tos; //
public:
stack (); //
char pop ; //
//
stack: : stack ()
{
cout " \";

tos=0;
//
void stack: : push (char ch)
{
if (tos=SIZE) {
cout " ";
return;
}
stck[tos]=ch;
tos++;
//
char stack:: pop (}
{
if (tos==0) {
cout " ";
return 0; //
tos ;
return stckttos];
int main ()
{
//
stack si, s2;
int i ;
si. push ('a') ;
s2.push('x') ;
si. push ('b') ;
47
48
__
C++
s2.push( ' ' ) ;

si. push ( ' ' } ;
s2.push( ' z ' } ;
for(i=0; i<3; i++) cout " si:" sl.popO "\n";
for(i=0; i<3; i++) cout " s2:" s2.pop() "\n";
return 0;
, ,
. . ,
, . , , .
2. ,
. , . strtype,
,
. strtype , .
#include <iostream>
finclude <cstring>
#include <cstdlib>
tdefine SIZE 255
class strtype {
char *p;
int len;
public:
strtype ; //
-strtype (); //
void set (char *ptr) ;
void show ( ) ;
//
strtype::strtype()
p=(char *) malloc(SIZE);
cout " ";
exit (1) ;
2.
49
*='\0';
1=0;
}
//
strtype : : ~strtype ( )
{
cout " \";
free(p) ;
}
void strtype: : set (char *ptr)
{
if (strlen(p) > =SIZE) {
cout " \";
return;
}
strcpytp, ptr) ;
len=strlen (p) ;
}
void strtype: : show ()
{
cout p " : " len;
cout "\n";
int main()
strtype sl,s2;
si. set (" ");
s2. set (" C++")
.si. show () ;
s2.show() ;
return 0 ;

malloc() free(). ,
, C++ .

.
1, -
50
C++
, .
,
.
3. . timer .

. . ,
.
tinclude <iostream>
#include <ctime>
class timer {
clock_t start;
public:
timer (); //
-timer (); //
};
timer: : timer ()
{
start=clock() ;
}
timer : : -timer ( )
{
clock_t end;
end=clock ( ) ;
cout " :" (end-start) /CLOCKS_PER_SEC <<"\n";
)
int main ( )
{
timer ob;
char c;
// . . .
cout " , ENTER: ";
'bin ;
return 0;
clock(),
. CLOCKS_PER_SEC, .
2.
51
1. queue (. . 1) , .
2. stopwatch . 0. -
startQ stop() . - show() . ,
stopwatch, . ( .)
3. , ?
class sample {
double a, b, ;
public:
double sampled; // , ?'
2.2.
. .
. , , :
finclude <iostream>
class myclass {
int a;
public:
myclass (int x) ; //
void show ( ) ;
myclass: :myclass (int x)
{
cout " \";

a = x;
void myclass: :show()
{
cout a "\n";
52
C++
int main ( )
{
myclass ob ( 4 ) ;
ob . show ( ) ;
return 0;
myclass . , myclass(), . , main() ob.
4, , ,
myclass (), .
, :
myclass ob = myclass (4);
C++
. ,
,
(copy constructor), . .
6 .
:
.
1. .
myclassQ :
înclude <iostream>
class myclass {
int a, b;
public:
myclass(int x, int y); //
void show();
2.
53
myclass: :myclass (int x, int )

{
cout " \n";

= ;
b = ;
void myclass: :show()

{
cout a ' ' b "\n";
int main ( )
{
myclass ob(4, 7) ;
ob. show ( ) ;
return 0;
4 , 7 . (,
, ).
2. stack,
"". .
#include <iostream>
fdefine SIZE 10
// stack
class stack {
char stck[SIZE]; //
int tos; //
char who; //
public:
stack(char ); //
char pop (); //
//
stack: : stack (char )
{
tos = 0;
who = ;
54
C++
cout " " who "\";

}
//
{
if (tos=SIZE) {
cout " " who " \n";
return;
}
stck[tos]=ch;
tos++;
}
/I
char stack:: pop ()
{
if (tos==0) {
cout " " who " ";
return 0; //
}
tos ;
return stckftos];
}
int main ( )
{
//
stack si ('A') , s2('B') ;
int i;
sl.push('a');
s2.push{'x');
sl.push('b') ;
s2.push('y') ;
si. push ('c') ;
s2.push('z') ;
//
for(i=0; i<5; i++) cout " si:
si. pop (}
for(i=0; i<5; i++) cout " s2:
s2.pop()
"
"\n";
"
"\n";
return 0;
"" , ,
, ,
.
2.
55
3. strtype,
:
tinclude <cstring>
#include <cstdlib>
class strtype {
char *p;
int len;
public:
strtype (char *ptr) ;
-strtype {) ;
void show ( ) ;
};
strtype: : strtype (char *ptr)
{
len = strlen(ptr);
p = (char *) malloc(len + 1) ;
if(!p) {
cout " \";
exit(l);
}
strcpytp, ptr) ;
}
strtype: : -strtype ()
{
cout " \"; '
free(p) ;
}
{
cout p "- : " len;
cout "\n";
}
int main ( )
{
strtype si (" "), 2(" C++");
si. show () ;
s2 . show ( ) ;
return 0;
strtype .
56
C++
4. , . ,
:
#include <iostream>
class myclass {
int i, j;
public:
myclass (int a, int b) ;
void show ( } ;
myclass : :myclass (int a, int b)
{
i = a;
j = b;
}
void myclass : : show ( )
{
cout i ' ' j "\n";
}
int main ( )
{
int x, y;
cout " : ";
cin x ;
// ob
myclass ob(x, );
ob . show ( ) ;
return 0;
. , . C++, ,
" ".
[)
1. stack , .
. ( .)
2.
57_
2. t_and_d, .
-, .
(:
.)
3. box,
double, . box

double. - vol(),
box.
2.3.
(inheritance) 7, .
C++ ,
.
, .
,
. , , , (base class).
(derived class). .
, . , .
, .
, ,
, , ,
.
:
//
class {
int i ;
public:
void set_i(int n) ;
int get_i ( ) ;
, :
//
class D: public {
int j;
58
___
C++
public:
void set_j (int n) ;
int mul ( ) ;
. ,
D ,
public . , D . public , , ,
,
.
.
,
:
//
finclude <iostream>
//
class {
int i;
public:
void set_i(int n) ;
int get_i ( ) ;
};
//
class D: public {
int j ;
public:
void set_j (int n) ;
int mul ( ) ;
// i
void B::set_i(int n)
{
i = n;
// i
int : :get_i ()
{
return i;
2.
59_
I I j
void D::set_j(int n)
{
j = n;
// i j
int D: :mul ()
\
//
// -
return j * get_i ( ) ;
}
int main ( )
{
D ob;
ob.set_i (10) ; // i
ob.set_j(4); // j
cout ob.mulO; // 40
return 0;
mul(). ,
get_i(), , D,
D . , D. mul() 1,
get_i(),
( i)
. ,
. ,
.
:
class __ : _ __ {
_ ( )
: public (), private () protected ().
60
C++
public. .
1. , fruit,
.
Apple Orange. ( ).
//
#include <iostream>
tinclude <cstring>
enum yn {no, yes} ;
enum color {red, yellow, green, orange};
void out (enum yn x) ;
char *c[ ] = {
"red", "yellow", "green", "orange"};
//
class fruit {
//
public:
enum yn annual;
enum yn perennial;
enum yn tree;
enum yn tropical;
enum color clr;
char name [40] ;
//
class Apple: public fruit {
enum yn cooking;
enum yn crunchy;
enum yn eating;
public:
void seta (char *n, enum color c, enum yn ck, enum yn crchy,
enum yn e) ;
void show ( ) ;
//
class Orange: public fruit {
enum yn juice;
2.
61_
enum yn sour;
enum yn eating;
public:
void seto(char *n, enum color c, enum yn j, enum yn sr, enum yn e) ;
void show () ;
void Apple: : seta (char *n, enum color c, enum yn ck, enum yn crchy,
enum yn e)
{
strcpy (name, n) ;
annual = no;
perennial = yes;
tree = yes;
tropical = no;
clr = c;
cooking = ck;
crunchy = crchy;
eating = e;
}
void Orange: : seto ( char *n, enum color c, enum yn j, enum yn sr,
enum yn e)
{
strcpy (name, n) ;
annual = no;
perennial = yes;
tree = yes;
tropical = yes;
clr = c;
juice = j;
sour = sr;
eating = e;
void Apple : : show ( )
{
cout name " : " "\n";
cout " : "; out (annual);
cout " : "; out (perennial) ;
cout ": "; out (tree);
cout ": "; out (tropical) ;
cout ": " [clr] "\n";
cout " : "; out (cooking) ;
cout " : "; out (crunchy) ;
cout ": "; out (eating) ;
cout "\n";
62
C++
void Orange : : show ( )
{
cout
cout
cout
cout
cout
cout
cout
cout
cout
cout
name " - : " "\n";

" : "; out (annual);
" : "; out (perennial) ;
": "; out (tree);
": "; out (tropical) ;
": " c[clr] "\n";
" : "; out (juice);
": "; out (sour);
": "; out (eating) ;
"\n";
}
void out (enum yn x)
{
if (x==no) cout "\";
else cout "\";
}
int main ( )
{
Apple al, a2;
Orange ol, o2;
al . seta ( " ", red, no, yes, yes);
a2 .seta ( "", red, yes, no, yes);
ol. seto ("", orange, no, no, yes);
o2 . seto ( "" , orange, yes, yes, no);
al . show ( ) ;
a2 . show ( ) ;
01 . show ( ) ;
02 . show ( ) ;
return 0 ;
, fruit , . (,
, fruit .)
, .
,
. . Apple Orange.
, .
.
, .
2,
63_
, .
: "" . .
1. :
class area_cl {
public:
double height;
double width;
rectangle isosceles, _1. (),

(rectangle)
(isosceles).
height width ( , ) .
2.4.

(.). , .
.
(->). (
(->) .)
, . ,
.
&, ,
.
,
, .
1. :
înclude <iostream>
64
_^
C++
class myclass {
int a;
public:
myclass (int x) ; //
int get ( ) ;
myclass::myclass(int x)
a = x;
int myclass::get()
return a;
int main()
myclass ob(120); //
myclass *p; //
= sob; // ob
cout ", :" ob.get();
cout "\n";
cout ", :" p->get()
return 0;
,
myclass *p;
myclass. : ,
.
ob , :
= Sob;
, ,
.
4,
C++.
2.
65
2.5. ,
, . , , ,
. C++ , , , -,
. , , , , , .
:
struct _ {
// .
private:
//
} _
, C++ , . . private,
, .
, , . , C++,
.
, class .
"" "" .
"" , .
C++. ,
C++. ,
,
,
. , , C++, .
"" - C++
, -.
,
-. , ,
class.
. (
C++
struct ,
-.)
, C++:
! C++
,
. ,
, private.
, C++ , , ( , ). . C++
.
,
, , .
- .

, . , .
C++ ,
. -,

. .
,
.
C++
(anonymous union). .
, .
. ,
, (.). , :
union { //
int i;
char ch [4] ;
};
// i ch
i = 10;
ch[0] = ' X ' ;
, , i ch
, . .
2.
67_
,

.
,
.
,
, .
.
. .
.
1. , struct:
tinclude <iostream>
tinclude <cstring>
//
struct st_type {
st_type (double b, char *n) ;
void show ( ) ;
private :
double balance;
char name [40] ;
st_type :: st_type (double b, char *n)
{"
balance = b;
strcpy (name, n) ;
void st_type : : show ( )

{
cout ":" name;
cout ":$" balance;
imbalance < 0.0) cout "***";
cout "\n";
>
int main ( )
{
st_type
st type
accl(100.12, "Johnson");
acc2(-12.34, "Hedricks");
68
___
C++
accl . show ( ) ;
acc2 . show ( } ;
return 0;
, , ,
.
private.

C++. C++ ,
. ,
,
struct.
, :
tinclude <iostream>
tinclude <cstring>
class cl_type {
double balance;
char name [40] ;
public:
cl_type (double b, char *n) ;
void show ( ) ;
cl_type: :cl_type (double b, char *n)
{
balance = b;
strcpy (name, n) ;
}
void cl_type : : show ( )
{
cout ":" name;
cout ":$" balance;
if (balance < 0.0) cout "***";
cout "\n";
}
int main ( )
{
cl_type
cl_type
accl (100. 12, "Johnson");

acc2(-12.34, "Hedrlcks") ;
accl . show ( ) ;
acc2 . show ( ) ;
2.
69
return 0;
2.
double :
finclude <iostream>
union bits {
bits (double n) ;
void show_bits () ;
double d;
unsigned char c[sizeof (double)];
bits: : bits (double n)
{
d = n;
}
void bits : : show_bits ( )
{
int i , j ;
for( j = sizeof (double) 1; j >= 0; j ) {

cout " " j ":";
for( i = 128; i; i = 1)
if (i & c[ j ] ) cout "1";
else cout "0";
cout "\n";
int main()
{
bits ob(1991.829) ;
ob.show_bits () ;
return 0;
7:
6:
5:
4:
3:
01000000
10011111
00011111
01010000
11100101
70
C++
2: 01100000
1: 01000001
0: 10001001
3. . strtype .
.
finclude <iostream>
#include <cstring>
iinclude <cstdlib>
struct strtype {
~strtype ( ) ;
void show ( } ;
private:
char *p;
int len;
{
len = strlen(ptr);
p = (char *) malloctlen + 1);
if(!p) {
cout " \";
exit(l);
}
strcpy(p, ptr) ;
}
{
cout " p\n";
free (p) ;
}
{
cout p "- : " len;
cout "\n";
}
int main ( )
{
strtype si (" "), 2(" C++")
2.
71_
si. show () ;
s2 . show ( } ;
return 0;
4.
double . (,
double .)
//
finclude <iostream>
int main()
<
union {
unsigned char bytes [8];
double value;
};
int i;
value = 859345.324;
// double
for(i=0; i<8; i-H-)
cout (int) bytes [i] " ";
return 0;
, value bytes
, , . ,
, ,
.
, .
1. stack, 2.1,
.
2. ,
( 16- ; 32- , short int).
3. , .
72_
C++
2.6.
. C++ , , .
, .
(in-line) , . ,
.
(, ,
,
. ,
.)
,
, . - .
inline
. , , :
//
linclude <iostream>
inline int even(int x)

{
return ! ( x % 2 ) ;
}
int
{
main()
if ( e v e n ( 1 0 ) )
if ( e v e n ( l l ) )
return 0;
cout "10 \";

cout "11 \";
even(),
, . ,
if (even(10)) cout "10 \";

if ( !
(10%2)) cout "10 \";

: .
2.
73_
, ,
.
even() main().

. -,
. , ,
. .
-, ,
. , C++ .
, inline
, . , , , ,
, inline .
. , ,
(static) , ,
switch, goto.
, .
- , .
1. , . , divisibleQ
. ( , .)
// -
tinclude <iostream>
__
74
__
_ __ C++
class samp {
int i, j;
public:
samp (int a, int b) ;
int divisible () ; //
};
samp: : samp (int a, int b)
{
i = a;
j = b;
/* 1, i j.
*/
inline int samp: : divisible ()
return ! ( i % j ) ;
int main()
{
samp obi (10, 2), ob2(10, 3);
//
if (obi. divisible () ) cout "10 2";
//
if (ob2. divisible () ) cout "10 3\";
return 0;
2. . ,
min() . .
#include <iostream>
// min()
// int
inline int min(int a, int b)
{
return a < b ? a: b;
// long
inline long minflong a, long b)
2.
75_
{
return < b ? a: b;
}
// double
inline double min(double a, double b)
{
. }
int main()
{
cout mint-10, 10) "\n";
cout min(-10.01, 100.002) "\n";
cout min(-10L, 12L) "\n";
return 0;
1. 1 abs() , int, long double. ,

.
2. ?
void fl()
{
int i;
for(i = 0; i < 10; i++) cout i;
2.7.

- , . , ,
, .
, inline . ( .) ,
, divisible()
:
76
__
C++
#include <iostream>
class samp {
int i, j;
public :
samp(int a, int b) ;
/* divisible!), ,
.
*/
int divisible () { return !(i%j); }
samp :: samp ( int a, int b)
{
i = a;
j = b;
}
int main ( )
{
samp obi (10, 2), ob2 (10, 3);
//
if (obi. divisible () ) cout "10 2\";
//
if (ob2. divisible () ) cout "10 3\";
return 0;
, divisible ()
samp. , divisible()
, . divisibleQ
samp .
, , ( ), , ,
.
, divisible() samp, . . C++ ,
. . samp :
class samp {
int i, j;
2.
77
public:
samp(int a, int b) ;
/* divisible ( ) , ,
.
*/
int divisible ()
{
return !
divisible() . , . C++
.
, .
1. ,
, . , samp :
linclude <iostream>
class samp {
int i, j;
public:
//
samp (int a, int b) { i = a; j = b; }
int divisibleO { return !(i%j); }
sampQ samp ,
.
2. ,
.
:
class myclass {
int i;
78
C++
public:
myclassfint n) { i = n; }
void show ( ) { cout i ; }
show() . ,
, , , /,
/, , .
C++, ,
. ,
.
1. stack 2.1, 1, , ,
, .
2. strtype 2.2, 3, , .

.
1. ? ? ?
2. line, .
len. line
.
. , , *. :
line.
3. ?
int main()
{
int i = 10;
long 1 = 1000000;
double d = -0.0009;
2.
cout i ' ' 1 ' ' d;

cout "\n";
79_
return 0;
4. , _!
2.3, 1. cylinder
. : 2 * pi * R2 +
pi * D * .
5. ? ?
6. , -
:
iinclude <iostreaiti>
class myclass {
int i, j;
public:
myclass (int x, int y) ;
void show ( ) ;
};
myclass: :myclass (int x, int y)
{
i = x;
j = y;
void myclass: : show ()

{
cout i "" "" j "\n";
int main()
{
myclass count (2, 3) ;
count . show ( ) ;
return 0 ;
}
7. ?
8. ?
union {
float f;
unsigned int bits;
C++
80

, .
1. prompt. - . -
.
count. prompt
, , count.
2. 1 . .
.
.
3. dice, .
11(), rand(), 1 6. !1()
.
. , , , .
: (friend) .

,
.
1. , ?
class widgit {
int x, ;
public:
// . . .
};
2. ? ?
3. , , Mars.
class planet {
int moons;
double dist_from_sun;
double diameter;
double mass;
public:
4. . ?
5. , , .
82
C++
6. , , ob,
100 , X .
class sample {
int a;
char ;
public:
sample(int x, char ch) { a = x; = ch; }
// ...
3.1.
, .
, , - . ,
ol 2, ol
2. :
//
class myclass {
int a, b;
public:
vo.id set (int i, int j) ( a = i ; b = j ; }
void show() { cout a ' ' b "\n"; }
int main()
myclass ol, o2;
ol.set(10, 4);
// ol 2
o2 = ol;
ol.show(};
o2.show();
return 0;
b ol 10 4. ol 2. -
3.
83_
, ol.a 2., ol.b o2.b. ,

:
10 4
10 4
,
. - . , ol.setQ ol.a 2,
.
, . , . ,
,
. , :
//
class myclass {
int a, b;
public:
void set(int i, int j) { a = i; b = j; }
/* myclass, -
.
*/
class yourclass {
int a, b;
public:
void set(int i, int j) { a = i; b = j; }
};
int mainO
myclass ol;
yourclass o2;
ol.set(10, 4);
84
C++
2 = ol; // ,
ol.show();
2.show();
return 0;
myclass yourclass ,
, .
2. , -
- .
, . ,
stack
si, stck s2 a, b .
#include <iostream>
i
#define SIZE 10
// stack
class stack {
char stck [SIZE]; //
int tos; //
public:
stack(); //
char pop (); //
//
stack: : stack ()
{
cout " \";

tos = 0;
//
{
if
(tos==SIZE)
cout " \n";

return;
}
stck [tos] = ch;

tos++;
3.
85_
/ /
char stack: :pop()
{
if (tos==0) {
cout " \";
return 0; //
}
tos ;
return stck[tos] ;
int main ( )
(
// ,
stack si, s2;
int i;
sl.push('a') ;
sl.push('b') ;
sl.push('c') ;
// si s2
s2 = si; // s2 si
for(i=0; i<3; i++) cout " si:" sl.popO
"\n";
for(i=0; i<3; i++) cout " s2 : " s2.pop()
"\n";
return 0;
3. . , strtype, 2. .
//
tinclude <iostream>
tinclude <cstring>
finclude <cstdlib>
class strtype {
char *p;
int len;
public:
i
-strtype () ;
void show ( ) ;
86
__
C++
strtype: :strtype(char *ptr)
{
len=strlen(ptr) ;
p=(char *) malloc(len+l) ;
if(!p) <
cout " \",
exit(l);
}
strcpy(p, ptr) ;
}
{
cout " \";
free (p) ;
}
void strtype: : showT)
cout p " : " len;

cout "\n";
}
int main ( )
{
strtype si (" "), 2(" C++");
si. show () ;
s2 . show ( ) ;
// si s2
s2 = si;
si. show() ;
s2 . show ( ) ;
return 0;
. si s2,
. .
strtype , . si s2, s2
, si. ,
, ,
si, , ,
s2, .
,
.
,
3.
87
, ,
.
1. ?
//
linclude <iostream>
class ell {
int i , j ;
public:
ell (int a, int b) { i = a; j = b; }
class c!2 {
int i, j;
public:
c!2(int a, int b) { i = a; j = b; . }
int
{
main()
ell x(10, 20) ;

c!2 y(0, 0);
x = y;
2. queue, 2, 2.1,
1, , , , .
3. queue ,
?
3.2.
,
. ,
, -
88
C++
. ,
.
1. :
linclude <iostream>
class samp {
int i;
public:
samp (int n) { i = n; }
int get_i ( ) { return i ; }
// o.i.
int sqr_it(samp o)
{
return . get_i ( ) * . get_i ( ) ;

int main ( )
{
samp a (10) , b ( 2 ) ;
cout sqr_it(a) "\n";
cout sqr_it(b) "\n";
return 0 ;
samp, i. sqr_it() samp,

i .
100 4.
C++, ,
. , , , .
. :
/* , , ,
.
, ,
.
*/
3.
89
#include <iostream>
class samp {
int i;
public:
void set_i (int n) { i = n; }
/* o.i .
, sqr_it ()
*/
void sqr_it(samp )
{
. set_i ( . get_i ( ) * . get_i ( ) ) ;
cout " i : " o.get_i();
cout "\n";
int main ( )
{
samp a (10) ;
sqr_it(a); //
cout " a . i main ( ) : " ;
cout a.get_i(); // 10
return 0;
:
i : 100
a.i m a i n ( ) : 10
3. ,
, .
, . ,
,
sqr_it(), .
/* sqr_it()
, .
*/
iinclude <iostream>
90
__
C++
class samp {
int i;
public:
void set_i(int n) { i = n; }
/* o.i . ,

*/
void sqr_it(samp *o)
{
o->set_i (o->get_i ( ) * o->get_i ( ) ) ;
cout " i : " o->get_i ( ) ;
cout "\n";
int main ( )
{
samp a (10) ;
sqr_it(&a); // sqr_it()
cout " main() :";
cout a.get_i(); // 100
return 0;
:
i : 100
main() : 100
4. , ,
. , , , . . , , ? , , ?
.
, . . ,
. , ,
, .
3.
91_
,
. , . ,
, , , .
, ,
, . ,
( ), .
:
iinclude <iostream>
class samp {
int i;
public:
samp (int n) {
i = n;
cout " \";
}
~samp() { cout " \n"; }
int get_i() { return i; }
};
// o.i
int sqr_it(samp o)
{
return . get_i ( ) * . get_i ( } ;
int main ( )
{
samp a (10) ;
cout sqr_it(a) "\n";
return 0 ;
:

100

, . . .
92
C++
, ,
sqr_it(), .
, , , ,
. , , , , ,
. . ( . 2 .) , , , , ,
.
, , ,
,
. ,
. ( , C++ , .) ,
, , ,
(copy constructor). . ( 5.)
1. stack 3.1, 2, showstackQ, stack.

.
2. , , . , , . , ,
?
/ /
#include <iostream>
tinclude <cstdlib>
class dyna {
int *p;
public:
dyna(int i);
~dyna() { f r e e ( p ) ; cout " \"; }
3.
93_
int get () { return *p; }

};
:
dyna : : dyna ( int i )

{
p = (int *) malloc(sizeof (int) ) ;
if(!p) {
cout " \";
exit (1) ;
*P = i;
}
// *ob.p
int neg (dyna ob)
{
return -ob . get ( ) ;
}
int main()
{
dyna (-10) ;
cout o.getO "\n";
cout neg(o) "\n";
dyna o2 (20) ;
cout o2.get() "\n";
cout neg(o2) "\n";
cout o.getO "\n";
cout neg(o) "\n";
return 0 ;
3.3.

,
. , -,
, .
-,
return.
C++
94
: ,
.
, . ,
2 .
*"~
1. :
//
tinclude <iostream>
#include <cstring>
class samp {
char s[80] ;
public:
void show() { cout s "\n"; }
void set(char *str) { strcpy(s, str); }
// samp
samp input()
char s[80];
samp str;
cout " : ";
cin s;
str.set(s);
return str;
int main()
{
samp ob;
// ob
ob = input();
ob.show();
return 0;
3.
95_
inputQ str
. str.s, str. main() input() ob.
2. ,
,
, . , , , ,
, , , . ,
:
//
#include <iostream>
ttinclude <cstring>
#include <cstdlib>
class samp (
char *s;
public:
sampO { s = '\0'; }
~samp() { if(s) free(s);
cout " s\n";}
void show() { cout s "\n"; }
void set(char *str);
};
//
void samp::set(char *str)
{
s = (char *} malloc(strlen(str)+l);
if(!s) {
cout " \";
exit(l);
}
strcpy(s, str);
}
// samp
samp input()
{
char s[80];
samp str;
cout " : ";
cin s;
96
C++
str.set (s) ;
return str;
int main ( )
{
samp ob;
// ob
ob = input (); //
ob . show ( ) ;
return 0;
:
:
s
s
Null pointer assignment
, samp .
, str inputQ . ~samp()
, , inputQ.
, , ( ) ,
. str,
. ,
,
. , ob main ().
,
, input()
, . ,
samp
,
,
, "Null pointer assignment". (
,
.)
, ,
, , , -
3.
97_
. ( 5,
.)
1. ,
, who.
who ,
. :
who #x
, . :
who #x
. ,
make_who(), who.
.
.
2. , , , .
3.4. :
, , . C++ (friend
functions). ,
.
, /.
. . - ,
. , .
, , , . ,
, ,
Mend. ,
, :
98
__^_
C++
II
#include <iostream>
class myclass {
int n, d;
public:
myclass (int i, int j) { n = i; d = j; }
// myclass
friend int is factor (myclass ob) ;
/* .
, n d. ,
friend isfactorO
.
*/
int isfactor (myclass ob)
{
if(!(ob.n % Ob.d)) return 1;
else return 0;
int main ( )
{
myclass obi (10, 2 ) , ob2(13, 3) ;
if (isfactor (obi) cout "10 2\";
else cout "10 2\";
if (isfactor (ob2) cout "13 3\";
else cout "13 3\";
return 0;
myclass
isfactor (). isfactor() myclass, isfactor()
. isfactorQ ob.n ob.d.
, ,
. ,
( ). ,
:
obi. isfactor () ; // , isfactorO -
3.
99
,
.
"" , , . , -
myclass, d,
, .
. -
, , - . , -
, ,
, , -
.
.
.
.
, , . , , isfactorQ.
ob myclass. isfactor() myclass,
ob. , isfactor()
myclass,
ob.n, ob.d, d
myclass.

. ,
.
.
, .
, , , .
C++
700
,
, . , , ( ) truck (),
:
#include <iostream>
class truck; //
class car {
int passengers;
int speed/public:
car (int p, int s) { passengers = p; speed = s; }
friend int sp_greater (car c, truck t) ;
};
class truck {
int weight;
int speed;
public:
truck (int w, int s) { weight = w; speed = s; }
friend int sp_greater (car c, truck t) ;
/* ,
. 0 .
, .
*/
int sp_greater (car c, truck t)
{
return . speed t. speed;
int main()
{
int t;
car cl(6, 55), c2 (2, 120);
truck tl (10000, 55), t2 (20000, 72);
cout " cl tl:\n";
t = sp_greater (cl, tl) ;
if (t<0) cout " . \";
else if (t==0) cout " . \n"
else cout " . \";
3.
_ 101
cout " 2 t 2 : \ n " ;

t = sp_greater (c2, t2) ;
if (t<0) cout " . \";
else if (t==0) cout " . \";
else cout " . \";
return 0 ;
sp_greater(),
truck. ( , .) ,
truck, , , , truck ,
.
C++ (forward declaration),
(forward reference). sp_greater()
truck,
sp_greater() . . .
C++, ,
, :
class _;
,
class truck;
truck
sp_greater() .
2. . , ,
sp_greater() truck, :
tinclude <iostream>
class truck; //
class car {
int passengers;
int speed;
702
C++
public:
car(int p, int s) { passengers = p; speed = s; }
int sp_greater (truck t) ;
class truck {
int weight;
int speed;
public:
truck (int w, int s) { weight = w; speed = s; }
//
//
friend int car: :sp_greater( truck t) ;
/* ,
. 0 .
, .
*/
int car: :sp_greater( truck t)
{
/* sp_greater() car,
truck
*/
return speed t. speed;
int main()
{
int t;
car cl(6, 55), c2 (2, 120);
truck tl (10000, 55), t2 (20000, 72);
cout " cl tl:\n";

t = cl . sp_greater (tl) ; // - car
if (t<0) cout " . \";
else if (t=0) cout " . \";
else cout " . \";
cout "\ 2 t2:\n";
t = c2 .sp_greater (t2) ; // - car
if (t<0) cout " . \";
else if (t=0) cout " . \";
else cout " . \";
return 0;
3.
103

,
truck.
, sp_greater() .
, : ,
-. .

( )
. -,
. ,
t = cl.sp_greater(tl);
() :
t = cl.car::sp_greater(tl) ;
cl , , sp_greater() , .
, ! 2
,
, . inuse(), true,
false . prl, 2.
class prl {
int printing;
//...
public:
prl() { printing = 0; }
void set_print (int status) { printing = status; }
class pr2 {
int printing;
104
C++
public:
pr2() { printing =0; }
void set_print(int status) { printing = status; }
,
:
1.
?
2.. :
class samp {
double *p;
public:
samp (double d) {
p = (double *} malloctsizeof (double) );
i f ( ! p ) e x i t ( l ) ; //
*p = d;
}
-sampO { f r e e ( p ) ; }
samp obi (123. 09) , o b 2 ( 0 . 0 ) ;

// ...
ob2 = obi;
obi 2?
3. :
class planet {
int moons;
double dist_from_sun; //
double diameter;
double mass;
public:
//...
double get_miles() { return dist_from_sun;
3.
705
light(),
planet , .
(, 186000
dist_from_sun, . . , .)
4. ?
5. stack, loadstackQ, , (a-z). ,
. (. ,
.)
6. , .
7. ?

, .
1.
. loadstackQ 5
,
upper. , upper 1,
.
.
2. strtype, 3.1, 3, , strtype . (
, ). get_string().
3.
, ,
? ,
.
class base {
int a;
106
public:
void load_a(int n) { a = n; }
int get_a() { return a; }
class derived: public base {

int b;
public:
void load_b (int n) { b = n; }
int get_b() { return b; }
C++

.
C++ .
C++, .

,
.
1.
?
2.
? ( .)
3. ,
. ? ?
4. , ,
, , . .
. ? ,
.
5. , make_sum(),
summation.
, ,
, . ,
.
class summation {
int num;
long sum; // , num
708
C++
public:
void set_sum(int n) ;
void show_sum ( ) {
cout " , "
" " sum "\n";
void summation: :set_sum(int n)

{
int i ;
num = n;
sum = 0;
for(i=l; i<=n;
sum += i;
6. set_sum()
summation. , ?
7. , ,
isneg(), myclass true,
num false .
class myclass {
int num;
public:
myclass (int x) { num = x; }
8.
?
4.1.
, ,
, .
.
,
. ,

.
\
4. ,
109
1. :
#include <iostream>
class samp {
int a;
public:
void set_a(int n) { a = n; }
int main ( )
{
samp ob[4] ;
int i;
for(i=0; i<4; i++) ob[ i ].set_a(i);

for(i=0; i<4; i++) cout ob[ i ].get_a();
cout "\n";
return 0 ;
samp, 0 3. ,
- . ,
ob, ;
, -.
2. , . , ob :
//
#include <iostream>
class samp {
int a;
public:
samp (int n) { a = n; }
};
int main ( )
{
samp ob[4] = { -1, -2, -3, -4 } ;

int i;
110
C++
for(i=0; i<4; i++) cout ob[ i ].get_a() ' ';
cout "\n";
return 0;
-1 -2 -3 -4.
1 4 ob .

( 2):
samp ob[4] = { samp(-l), samp(-2), samp(-3), samp(-4) };

, (, , , ).
3. . ,
:
//
#include <iostream>
class samp {
int a;
public:
samp(int n) { a = n; }
};
int mainO
{
samp ob[4] [2] = {

1,
3,
5,
7,
2,
4,
6,
8
};
int i;
for(i=0; i<4; i++) {

cout ob[i] [0].get_a() ' ';
cout ob[i] [l].get_a() "\n";
}
cout "\n";
return 0;
4.
111
:
1
3
5
7
2
4
6
8
4. , . .
:
#include <iostream>
class samp {
int a, b;
public:
samp (int n, int m) { a = n; b = m; }
int get_a ( ) { return a ; }
};
int main ( )
{
samp ob[4] [2] = {
samp(l, 2), samp(3, 4),
samp (5, 6), samp (7, 8),
samp (9, 10), samp (11, 12),
samp(13, 14), samp(15, 16)
};
int i;
for(i=0; i<4; i++) {
cout ob[i] [0].get_a() ' ' ;
cout ob[i] [0].get_b() "\n";
cout ob[i] [l].get_a() ' ' ;
cout ob[i] [l].get_b() "\n";
}
cout "\n";
return 0;
samp . ob main() samp. , C++
-
112
C++
. , ,
.
, ,
.
,
.
.
:
I 2
3 4
5
7 8
9 10
II 12
13 14
15 16
1. , 10
ch J. , .
#include <iostream>
class letters {
char ch;
public:
letters (char c) { ch = c; }
char get_ch() { return ch; }
2. , 10 ,
num 1 10,
sqr num.
#include <iostream>
4. ,
113
class squares {
int num, sqr;
public:
squares(int a, int b) { num = a; sqr = b; }
void show() (cout num ' ' sqr "\n"; }
3. ch 1 , (. . letters
).
4.2.

2,
. ,
(.),
(->).

: . , , . ,
.
1. :
//
class samp {
int a, b;
public:
samp (int n, int m) { a = n; b = m; }
int main ( )
{
samp ob[4] = {
sampd, 2 ) ,
114
C++
samp ( 3 , 4 ) ,
samp (5, 6) ,
samp (7, 8)
};
int i;
samp *p;
p = ob; //
for(i=0; i<4
cout p->get_a ( ) ' ' ;
cout p->get_b() "\n";
p++; //
cout "\n";
return 0;
}
:
1
3
5
7
2
4
6
8
,
.
1. 1 ,
ob .
2. 3 4.1 ,
. : C++, ,
, , .
4.3. this
C++ this. , - , . , :
ob.fl(}; // , ob
4. ,
115
() ob. this.
, this -.
this .
1. , -
, . ,
,
inventory:
// this
tinclude <j-ostream>
înclude <cstring>
class inventory {
char item [20] ;
double cost;
int on_hand;
public:
inventory (char *i, double c, int o)
{
strcpy (item, i) ;
cost = c;
on_hand = o;
}
void show ( ) ;
void inventory : : show ( )
{
cout item;
cout ": $" cost;
cout " On hand: " on_hand << "\n";
int main()
inventory obC'wrench", 4.95, 4);
ob.show();
return 0;
116
C++
, inventoryQ -
show() - item, cost on_hand . , - . , "",
.
. , this , . , :
// this
#include <iostream>
iinclude <cstring>
class inventory {
char item [20] ;
double cost;
int on_hand;
public:
inventory (char *i, double c, int o)
{
strcpy (this->item, i) ; //
this->cost = ;
//
this->on_hand = ;
// this
}
void , show ( ) ;
};
void inventory : : show ( )
{
cout this->item; // this
cout ": $" this->cost;
cout " On hand: " this->on_hand "\n";
}'
int main()
{
inventory ob( "wrench", 4.95, 4) ;
ob.showO ;
return 0;
- ob
this. , show() :
4. ,
117
cost = 123.23;
this->cost = 123.23;
.
, , C++,
this , ,
, ,
.
this -.
. 6. , - .
1. ,
, this.
tinclude <iostream>
class myclass {
int a, b;
public:
myclass (int n, int m) { a = n; b = m; }
int add() { return a + b; }
void show ( ) ;
void myclass: :show() ;
{
int t;
t = a d d ( ) ; // -
cout t <<"\n";
int main()
{
myclass ob(10, 14);
ob . show ( ) ;
return 0;
118
4.4. new delete
C++

mallocQ, free(). C++
. new, delete.
:
p-var = new type;
delete p-var;
type , , a p-var . New ,

,
type. delete ,
. delete
.
,
: new ,
. (
. , .)
Standart C++
new
. , . , ,
, new
, .
, new , Standart C++.
C++ ,
new . ,
new .
, new ,
. , new . ,
Microsoft Visual C++
new , Borland C++ . -
4. ,
779
new
Standart C++, , , .
, new
, -,
. new
. , new , , new
.

new , . , , new, ,
. new, .
: new,
.
new delete mallocQ
free() , . -,
new . sizeof,
, . . -, new . ,
, , ,
mallocQ (. ). -, new, delete ,
, . -,
,
. ,
<cstdlib>.
mallocf)
, void *( malloc() ) ,
120
C++
, .
C++ . mallocf) . , C++ .
, new delete,
mallocQ free().
1. :
// new delete
int
{
main(}
int *p;
p = new int; //
if(!p) {
cout " \";
return I;
* = 1000;
cout " , : " * "\";
delete p; //
return 0;
, new . ,
, new .
2. , :
//
#include <iostream>
class samp {
int i, j;
public:
void set_ij(int a, int b) { i = a; j = b; }
4. ,
121
int get_product() { return i * j ; }

};
int
main()
samp *p;
p = new samp; //
if(!p) {
cout " \";
return 1;
}
p->set_ij( 4, 5);
cout " :" p->get_product(} "\n";
return 0;
1. , new float, long char. .

delete
.
2. .
new, .
3. new ?
4.5.
new delete
new
delete. -, . -, .
, new:
p-var = new type (_);
122
C++

new:
p-var = new type [size];
p-var size . -
,
.

delete:
delete [] p-var;
.
, p-var, .
delete .
C++.
.
1. :
//
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
int *p;
p = new int (9); // 9
cout " ";
return I ;
cout " , : " * "\";
4. ,
123
delete p; //
return 0;
, 9,
, .
2. :
//
#include <iostream>
class samp {
int i, j;
public:
samp (int a, int b) { i = a; j = b; }
int get_product ( ) { return i*j; }
int mainO
{
samp *p;
p = new samp (6, 5); //
if(!p) {
cout " \";
return 1;
}
cout " :" p->get_product ( ) "\n";
delete p;
return 0;
samp ,
6 5.
3. :
// new delete
linclude <iostream>
int main ( )
{
int *p;
p = new int [5] ; // 5
124
C++
/I ,
if(!p) {
cout " \";
return 1;
}
int i ;
for(i=0; i<5; i++) p[i] = i;
for(i=0; i
cout " , [" i "
cout p[i] "\n";
delete [] p; //
return 0;
,
,
,
,
,
[0]:
[1]:
[2]:
[3]:
[4]:
1
2
3
4
4. :
//
#include <iostream>
class samp {
int i, j;
public:
void set_ij(int a, int b) { i = a; j = b; }
int get_product() { return i*j; }
int main()
samp *p;
int i;
p = new samp [10] ; //
cout " \";
return I;
"
4.
125
for (i=0; i<10; i

[i] .set_ij (i, i) ;
for(i=0; i
cout " [" i "] :";
cout p [ i ] . get_product ( ) "\n";
}
delete [] p;
return 0;
[0]
[1]
: 1
[2]
[3]
[4]
: 4
: 9
: 16
[5]
[6]
[7]
: 25
: 36
: 49
[8]
: 64
[9] : 81
5. samp
, ,
:
//
#include <iostream>
class samp {
int i, j;
public:
void set_ij (int a, int b) { i = a; j = b;
~samp() { cout " . .. \n"
int get_product ( ) { return i*j; }
int main ( )
{
samp *p;
int i;
p = new samp [10] ; //
!p) {
cout " \";
return 1 ;
C++
126
for(i=0; i
p[i].set_ij(i, i ) ;
for(1=0; i<10; icout " [" i "] :";
cout p[i].get_product() "\n";
delete [] p;
return 0;
:
[0] :
[1] :
[2] :
[3] :
[4] :
[5] :
[6] :
[7] :
[8] :
[9] :
...
'.. .
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
4
9
16
25
36
49
64
81
, samp
.
1. , new.
char *p;
= ( char *) malloc(lOO);
// ...
strcpytp, " ");
. .
4. ,
127
2. new, ,
double -123.0987.
4.6.
C++ , (reference). ,
. . -,
. -, . ,
. , .
, . ,
- , , ( ):
linclude <iostream>
void f(int *n) ; // -
int main()
{
int i = 0;
cout " i: " i 'n\';

return 0 ;
}
void f (int *n)

{
*n = 100; // 100 ,
//
f() 100 , . f()

main() i. ,
f() i 100.
, (call by
reference). -
128

-
,
. C++ . , .
-:
++
#include <iostream>
void f(int &n) ; // -
int main()
{
int i = 0;
f (i);
cout " i: " i 'n\';

return 0;
// f (} -
void f ( i n t &n)
{
// , *
= 100; // 100 ,
// f ( )
. -, - (&).
, f(). , ,
*. , f(), , f(). ,
= 100;
100 ,
f(), i. ,
f() &.
, f() -,
.
, - , .
( ) &. , -
4.
129
, -.
( ) *. ,
-
.
: , , . ,
f(), -
i main() , , ( i).
- ( ) -.
-,
. . -,
, - , . -,
,
. ,
.
1. ,
.
swapargsQ ,
:
void swapargs(int &x, int &y);
int mainO
{
int i, j;
i = 10;
j - 19;
cout "i: " i ", ";
cout "j: " j "\n";
swapargs(i, j);
730
C++
cout " : ";

cout "i: " i ", ";
cout "j : " j "\n";
return 0;
void swapargs(int &x, int &y)
{
int t;
t = x;
x = y;
= t;
}
swapargsQ
, :
void swapargs(int *x, int *y)
{
int t;
t = *x;
*x = *y;
*y = t;
, swapargs(),
*.
2. roundQ
double. .
finclude <iostream>
# include <cmath>
void round (double &num) ;
int main ( )
{
double i = 100.4;
cout i " ";

round ( i ) ;
cout i "\n";
i = 10.9;
cout i " ";
round (i) ;
cout i "\n";
4.
'_
131
return 0;
}
void round (double &num)
double frac;
double val;
// num
frac = modf (num, &val) ;
if (frac < 0.5) num = val;
else num = val + 1.0;
roundQ
modf(). ; , modfQ.
1. neg(),
. : - -.
.
2. ?
//
#include <iostream>
void triple (double &num) ;
int main ( )
{
double d = 7.0;
triple (&d) ;
cout d;
return 0;
//
void triple (double Snum)
'
''
'
C++
732
num = 3 * num;
3. -.
4.7.
3, ,
. ,
.
(, ).
. ( , 5,
.) ,
. , : , .
, , .
(.), (->).
1. ,
, , myclassQ f() :
.class myclass {
int who;
public:
myclass(int n) {
who = n;
cout " " who "\n";
4.
733
-myclass () { cout " " who "\n"; }

int id () { return who; }
//
void f (myclass )
{
cout "" o.id() "\n
}
int main()
{
myclass x (1) ;
f (x);
reurn 0;
:
1
1
1
1
, : , f() 1,
.
, , , f()
:
tinclude <iostream>
class myclass {
int who;
public:
myclass (int n) {
who = n;
cout " " who "\n";
}
-myclass () { cout " " who "\n"; }
int id () { return who; }
//
void f (myclass &o)
134
C++
1 1 , -
cout "" o.id() "\";
}
int main ( )
{
myclass x(l) ;
f (x);
return 0;
:
1
1
1

(.), (->).
1. ? ,
-.
/ /
finclude <iostream>
#include <cstring>
tinclude <cstdlib>
class strtype {
char *p;
public:
strtype(char *s);
~strtype() { delete [] p; }
char *get() { return p; }
};
strtype::strtype(char *s)
{
int 1;
4. ,
135
1 = strlen(s) + 1;
= new char [1];

if(!p) {
cout " \";

exit(l);
}
strcpy(p, s) ;
}
void show(strtype x)
(
char *s;
s = x.get();
cout s "\n";
}
int main()
{
strtype (""), ("");
..'
show(a);
show(b);
return 0;
4.8.

. 6,

.
. .
1. , , :
//
tinclude <iostream>
136
C++
int &f () ;
int x;
int main ( )
{
f () = 100; // 100 , f ()
cout x "\n";
return 0;
//
int &f()
{
return x; //
f() .

return ;
, ( ). , niainQ
f ( ) = 100;
100 , f()
.
, f() . f()
,
, . f()
( ),
100.
2. , ,
, . , , f():
//
int & f ( )
{
int x; //
return ; //
f()
. , ,
f(), .
4. ,
137
C++
. , -, , .
3. (bounded array). , C++
. , . C++
(automatic bounds checking).
. ,
.
:
//
tinclude <iostream>
ttinclude <cstdlib>
class array {
int size;
char *p;
public:
array(int num);
~ array() { delete [] p; }
char &put(int i);
char get(int i) ;
array::array(int num)
{
p = new char [num];

if(!p) {
cout " \";
exit (1);
}
size = num;
}
//
char &array::put(int i)
138
__
C++
if (i<0 | | i>=size) {
cout ", ! ! !\n",
exit(l);
}
return p[i]; // p[i]

// -
char array: : get (int i)
if (i<0 I I i>=size) {
cout ", ! !! \n",
exit(l);
}
return p[i]; //
int main ( )
{
array a (10) ;
a.put(3) = ' X ' ;
a. put (2) = ' R ' ;
cout a.get(3) a. get (2);

cout "\n";
/* ,
*/
a.put(ll) = '!';
return 0;
, . ,
put() ,
i. , i, ,
,
. get(), , .
(safe array).
, , new . .
, ,
, C++.
4. ,
139
,
. , : .
,
.
1. , (2x3)
. , .
2. ? , ?
int & f ( ) ;
int *x;
= f ) ;
4.9.

, (independent reference). ,
.
, .
- , ,
. , .
, C++ ,
. , .
, .
. .
.
, , .
C++
740
, .
1. :
#include <iostream>
int mainO
int x;
int sref = x; //
x = 10;
ref = 10;
//
//
ref = 100;
// 100
cout ' ' ref <<"\n";
return 0;
ref . ref .
2. . ,
:
const int sref = 10;
,
.
1. .
4. ,
74?

:
1. a_type. , ,
.
.
class a_type {
double a, b;
public:
a_type (double x, double y) {
a = x;
b = y;
}
2. , .
3. this?
4. new delete.
mallocQ free()?
5. ?
?
6. recip(), - double. .
.

, .
1. .
?
2. 2 strtype,
. ( ) , new
delete.
142
C++
iinclude <cstring>
#include <cstdlib>
class strtype {
char *p;
int len;
public:
-strtype () ;
void show ( ) ;
{
len = strlen(ptr)
p=(char *) malloc (len+1.) ;
if(!p) {
cout " \";
exit(l);
}
strcpytp, ptr) ;
}
(
cout " \";
free(p) ;
}
{
cout p " : " len;
cout "\n";
\
int main()
{
strtype si (" "), 2(" C++")
si. show () ;
s2 . show ( ) ;
return 0 ;
3. ,
.
.
, ,
. : , ,
, .

,
.
1. ? ?
2. , new
float int. , delete.
3. new,
? .
4. . , 1 10 .
class samp {
int x;
public:
sump(int i) { x = n; }
int getx() { return x; }
};
5. -.
6. , ?
144
C++
7. mag(), num ,
order:
void mag(long &num, long order);
, num 4, order 2,
mag() num
400. , ,
.
5.1.
C++ .
(, , .)
, , ,
, ,
. , .
: . ,
.
C++.
,
. , ol , 2 . ,
,
samp . , , ,
samp.
.
class myclass {
int x ;
public:
//
myclass() { x = 0; } //
5.
745
myclass(int n) { = ; } //
int main ( )
(
myclass ol (10) ; //
myclass o2; //
cout "ol: " ol.getxO '\n';
cout "o2: " o2.getx() '\n';
return 0;
2.
, , . , ,
, , .
(
, .) ,
, , ,
.
, myclass 1 :
myclass ob(10);
myclass ob[5] ;
( ),
,
, .
, , . ,
myclass;
, :
linclude <iostream>
class myclass {
int x;
public:
//
myclass () { x = 0; } //
146
C++
myclass (int n) { x = n; } //
int main()
{
myclass ol[10J; //
//
myclass 2[10] = {1,2,3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} ;
int i ;
for(i=0;
cout
cout
cout
cout
i<10; i++) {
"ol[ " i "]:" ol [i] .getx() ;
'\n';
"o2[ " i "]:" o2[i] .getx();
'\n';
return 0 ;
ol .
2 , .
3. ,

. , , , .
dateQ .
, .
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdio> // sscanf ()
class date {
int day, month, year;
public:
date (char *str) ;
date (int m, int d, int y) {
day = d;
month = m;
year = y;
}
void show ( } {
cout month ' / ' day ' / ' ;
5.
747
cout year ' \ n ' ;

}
};
date::date(char *str)
{
sscanf(str, "%d%*c%d%*c%d", Smonth, sday, Syear);
}
int main()
{
//
date sdate("ll/l/92");
//
date idatedl, I, 92);
sdate.show();
idate.show();
return 0;
}
date(), ,
, ,
. , date , .
date -
, , ,
.
,
. , , . ,
date()
- . date() time_t ( )
. (. , .)
4. , ,

. ,
. , , . , ,
:
#include <iostream>
148
C++
class myclass {
int x;
public:
//
myclass () ( x = 0; } //
myclass (int n) { x = n; } //
void setx(int n) { x = n; }
int main ()
{
myclass *p;
myclass ob(10); //
p = new myclass [10]; //
if(!p) {
cout " \";
return 1;
int i ;
// ob
for(i=0; i<10; i++) p[i] = ob;
for(i=0; i
cout "p[ " i "]:" p[i].getx()
cout ' \n ' ;
return 0 ;
myclassQ,
, new .
1. :
class strtype {
char *p;
int len;
public:
char *getstring() { return p; }
int getlength() { return len; }
5.
149
. . 255 (
new), len 255. .
, ,
. , . ,
, , ,
.
2. 2, 2.1, 2 . , stopwatch
( ) clockQ ,
.
3. ,
.
5.2.

(copy constructor).
, . ,
.
, . , (. . )
, . ,
. ,
, ,
. , ,
! ,
, ,
. ,
.
, . ,
. ( -
750
C++
.)
, ,
.
- (, ),
.
.
, ,
, ,
. .
.
, C++ , .
. ,
:
Q

,
.

, . ( C++ ,
.)
, . , .
.
:
_ (const _ fiobj) {
//
5.
151
obj ,
. , myclass, a y myclass,
myclass.
myclass =;
fund();
y=func2();
//
//
/ /

.
, func2().
, . "" ,
. new, -.
/* "" .
, ,
,

*/
#include <cstdlib>
class array {
int *p;
int size;
public:
array (int sz) {
//
p=new int[sz];
if(!p) exit(l);
size=sz;
cout " ";
}
~ arrayO {delete [] p; }
//
array(const array &a);
void put(int i, int j) {
if(i>=0 && i<size)
152
C++
int get(int i) {
return p [ i ] ;
/*
,
. ,
, ,
:
*/
array: : array (const array &a) {
int i ;
size = a.size;
p=new int [a. size] ;
//
if(!p) exit(l);
for(i=0; i<a.size; i++) p[i]=a.p[i]; //
cout " \";
int main ()
{
' array num(lO)-;
//
int i;
//
for(i=0; i<10; i++) num. put (i, i) ;
//
for(i=9; i>=0; i ) cout num. get (i);
cout "\n";
// num
array x=num;
//
//
for(i=0; i<10; i++) cout x.get(i);
return 0;
,
. ,
.
, . ( , . num.p
.) ,
array x= , ! ( , . num.p
.)
5.
153
. ,
:
array a (10) ;
array b(10) ;
b = ; //
b = .
2. ,
, ,
, :
/ /
finclude <iostream>
înclude <cstring>
ftinclude <cstdlib>
class strtype {
char *p;
public:
strtype (char *s);
-strtype () {delete [] p; }
char *get() {return p; }
};
strtype:: strtype (char *s)

{
int 1;
l=strlen(s)+l;
p=new char [1] ;
if(!p) {
cout " \";
exit(l) ;
strcpy (p, s) ;
void show(strtype x)
char *s;
s=x.get();
cout s "\n";
}
754
_____
C++
int main (}
{
strtype a ("Hello"), b ("There" );
show (a) ;
show (b) ;
return 0 ;
, strtype show(),
( ) . , , . ,
, ,
..
, ,
. .

strtype, strtype . ,
:
/* ,
strtype
*/
tinclude <cstring>
#include <cstdlib>
class strtype {
char *p;
public:
strtype (char *s) ;
//
strtype (const strtype &o) ;
//
-strtype (} {delete [] p; }
//
char *get() {return p; }
};
//
strtype: : strtype (char *s)
{
int 1;
l=strlen(s)+l;
p=new char [ 1 ] ;
if(!p) {
cout " ";
5.
155
exit(l);
strcpy(p, s ) ;
//
strtype::strtype(const strtype So)
{
int 1;
l=strlen(o.p)+1;
p=new charfl]; //
cout " \";
exit(1);
strcpyfp, o.p); //
void show(strtype )
char *s;
s=x.get ();
cout s "\n";
int main ()
strtype a("Hello"), b("There");
show(a);
show(b);
return 0;
, show() , , . ( ), ,
.
1. ,
, (
, ). , :
156
___
C++

. , .
#include <iostream>
class myclass {
public:
myclass () ;
myclass (const myclass &o) ;
myclass f ( ) ;
//
myclass : cmyclass ( )
{
'cout " \"
//
myclass : :myclass (const myclass So)
{
cout "
//
myclass myclass: :f()
{
myclass temp;
return temp;
}
int main ( )
{
myclass obj ;
obj=obj . f () ;
return 0;
2. , , .
//
înclude <iostream>
5.
157
ttinclude <cstdlib>
class myclass {
int *p;
public:
myclass (int i) ;
-myclass () {delete p; }
friend int getval (myclass o) ;
myclass : rmyclass (int i)
{
p=new int;
,
if (!p) {
cout " \"

exit(l);
int getval (myclass o)

{
return *o.p; //
}
int main()
{
myclass a(l) , b(2) ;
cout getval (a) " " getval (b) ;
cout "\n";
return 0 ;
3. , .
5.3. overload
C++
overload. overload , , , .
158
C++
overload:
overload _1;
_ . . ,
,
timerQ:
overload timer();
overload C++ .
5.4.
C++ ,
(default argument). ,
, . , .
,
, , . ,
0:
void f ( i n t a = 0, int b = 0) ;
, . . -, . , .
b . ,
f() ,
b . ,
f() :
'
f(); // b
f{10); // 10, b
f(10, 99); // 10, b 99
5.
159
, .
,
, :
, , . .
, .
, , , , ,
, .
, , , ,
.
: .
.
1. :
//
tinclude <iostream>
void f (int a = 0, int b = 0)

{
cout "a: " a ", b: " b;
cout ' \n ' ;
int
{
main()
f();
f (10);
f(10, 9 9 ) ;
return 0;
}
, :
: , :
: 10, :
: 10, : 99
160
C++
, ,
. , f() :
void f (int a = 0, int ) // ! b
//
{
cout ": " ", : " ;

cout ' \ ' ;
2. , , ,
rect_area(). .
/*
*/
//
double rect_area (double length, double width)
{
return length * width;

//
double rect_area (double length)
{
return length * length;

}
int main ( )
{
cout " 10 x 5.8 : ";

cout rect_area(10.0, 5.8) '\n';
cout " 10 x 10 : ";
cout rect_area(10.0) '\n';
return 0;
rect_area() . .
.
, rect_area().
5.
161
, , . ,
rect_area(). ,
length. :
/*
*/
#include <iostream>
//
double rect_area (double length, double width = 0)
{
if (! width) width = length;
return length * width;
int main ( )
{
cout " 10 x 5.8 : ";

cout rect_area(10.0, 5.8) '\n';
cout " 10 x 10 : ";
cout rect_area(10.0) '\n';
return 0;
width .
, .
(, .) , rect_area() , ,
length.
,
. (, , -.)
3. ,
. , , , .
. , :
înclude <iostream>
162
C++
class myclass {
int x;
public:
/*
*/
myclass (int n = 0) { x = n; }
int getxO { return x; }
};
int main()
{
myclass ol(10); //
myclass o2; //
cout "ol: " ol.getxO '\';
cout "2: " o2.getx() '\';
return 0;
, n
, , , , ,
.
4. ,
. , , . ,
print() . how ignore, , . how upper, .
how lower, . how , 1,
.
#include <iostream>
# include <cctype>
const int ignore = 0;
const int upper = 1;
const int lower = 2;
void print (char *s, int how = -1) ;
int main ( )
{
print ( " \n", ignore);
5.
163
print ( " \n", upper);

print ( " \") ; //
print (" \n", lower);
print (" \"); //
//
return 0 ;
/* .
, .
*/
void print (char *s, int how)
{
static int oldcase = ignore;
// ,
if (how<0) how = oldcase;
while (*s) {
switch (how) {
case upper: cout (char) toupper(*s);
break;
case lower: cout (char) tolower (*s) ;
break;
default: cout *s;
oldcase = how;

5. .
.
, , . , :
myclass (const myclass &obj , int x=0) {
//
764
C++
,
, .
.
6. ,
. ,
.
, . , , ,
, , , . ,
, ,
, -
. , ,
,
.
,
,
.
]
1. C++ strtolQ, :
long strtol(const char *start,
const **end, int base);
,
start, . base .
end ,
. , . base 2 38.
10.
mystrtoIQ, ,
strtol(), 10 base .
( strtoIQ .
<cstdlib>.) ,
.
2. ?
char *f(char *p, int x = 0, char *q);
3. C++ ,
-
5.
165
. ,
myclreolQ, ,
. , . ,
. , .
4. ?
int f(int count, int max = count);
5.5.
. (ambiguity), ,
, - .
.
.
, .

C++. , , ( ) , ,
. (type
promotion). ,
, putcharQ, , , int.
. , , :
//
#include <iostream>
float f ( f l o a t i)
{
return i / 2.0;
766
C++
double f (double i)
{
return i / 3.0;
}
int main()
{
float x = 10.09;
double = 10.09;
cout f(x); //
// f (float)
cout f () ; //
// f (double)
cout f(10); //
// 10?
// double float?
return 0;
main(), f(), double, float. ,
? f(float)
f(double)? ( !) ,
"" int float, double. , .
,
. , f(), .
2. , . , , C++ .
//
void f (unsigned char c)
{
cout c;
}
void f(char c)
{
k
cout c;
5.
767
int main ()
{
f ('');
f(86); // f() ?
return 0;
f() 86,
, : f(unsigned char) f(char)
, .
3. ,
, ,
-, - . C++ , . ,
. :
//
finclude <iostream>
int f (int a, int b)
{
return a + b;
}
//
int f(int a, int &b) .
{
return a b;
int main()
{
int x = 1, = 2;
cout f ( x , y) ; // f ( ) ?
return 0;
f(x, ) ,
.
, ,
, ,
.
4. ,

. :
168
C++
I / ,
/ /
#include <iostream>
int f ( i n t a)
{
return a * a;
}
int f (int a, int b = 0)

{
return a * b;
}
int main()
{
cout f(10, 2 ) ; // f ( i n t , int)

cout f ( 1 0 ) ; // ,
// f ( i n t , int) f ( i n t ) ? ? ?
return 0;
f(10, 2) . ,
f() f(10) , b .
)
1. , . .
, .
5.6.

, . , ,
.
, . , zap() -
5.
169
, ,
zap() :
= zap;

, ,
. C++ ,
. , ,
.
, . ,
. ,
. , , .
,
spaceQ. , count.
- , ch.
main() . , . , .
/*
*/
finclude <iostream>
// count
void space (int count)
{
f or ( ; count; count ) cout ' ';

// count ,
// ch
void space (int count, char ch)
{
f o r f ; count; count ) cout ch;
770
C++
int main ()
{
/* . */
void (*fpl) (int) ;
/*
. */
void (*fp2) (int, char);
fpl = space; // space (int)
fp2 = space; // space (int, char)
fpl (22); // 22
cout " | \n";
fp2(30, 'x'); // 30
cout " | \n";
return 0;
, ,
flpl fp2, ,
.
,
, ,
. , .
, ,
.
1. . , .
int dif(int a, int b)
{
return a b;
}
float d i f ( f l o a t a, float b)
{
return a b;
5.
171

"

:
1. date() 5.1, 3 ,
time_t. (, time_t ,
C++.)
2. ?
class samp {
int ;
public:
samp (int i) { a = i; }
int main ( )
{
samp x, (10) ;
3. ,
.
4. ?
5. ?
6. , overload,
.
7. , ?
8. reverse() .
str , ,
,
. count
str . count ,
reverse() .
9. ?
char *wordwrap(char *str, int size = 0, char ch) ;
172
C++
10. .
11. ?
void compute(double *num, int divisor = 1);
void compute(double *num);
// . . .
compute(&x);
12. , ?

, .
1. order(), -
. k .
. , , order(), ,
. ,
int = 1, = 0;
order(, ) ;
0, 1.
2. ?
int f ( i n t a ) ;
int f ( i n t & a ) ;
3. ,
.
4. , , main() .
(: sampQ.)
class samp {
int a;
5.
public:
//
int main {}
{
samp ob(88); // 88
samp obarray [10] ; // 10-
5. , .
773
C++:
. C++
. .

,
.
1. , ,
, . ( 0.)
class myclass {
int x,y;
public:
myclass (int i, int j) ( x = i ; y = j ; }
2. 1, ,
myclassQ.
3. ?
int f (int = , double balance);
4. ?
void f (int a) ;
void f (int &a) ;
5. ? ?
176
C++
6. . ?
class test {
char *p;
int *q;
int. count ;
public:
test (char *x, int *y, int c) {
p = x;
q = y;
count = ;
7. ?
6.1.
. , . .
,
, , . .
, . , ,
, .
- (operator function).
, -
, .
- -.
- . -
.
- :
_ _ : : opera tor# (_)
{
II
}
- ,
. ( - .) - -
6.
177
# . , +, operator*. - -
.
. , . -,
. , / ,
.
C++ .
, :
, . ( .* .)
, C++ :
[], (),
new delete, . () -> ().
.
-, =,
. ( ,
).
: , /. , /
.
-
,
. ,
, . , / , 300
" C++", .
, - .
/ .
, . ,
- : , - .
, - .
178
C++
6.2.
- ,
. ,
.
- , this.
, -
. , , ,
.
1. ^ +
coord. X,Y.
// + coord
#include <iostream>
class coord {
int x,y; //
public:
coord() { x = 0; y= 0; }
coord (int i, int j) { x = i ; y = j ; }
void get_xy(int Si, int Sj) { i = x; j = y; }
coord operator+ (coord ob2) ;
>;
// + coord
coord coord: :operator+ (coord ob2)
{
coord temp;
temp . x = x +ob2 . x ;
temp = +ob2 . ;
return temp;
int main ( )
{
coord ol(10, 10), o2(5, 3), o3;
int x, y;
o3 = ol + o2; //
// operator+()
6.
1 79
o3.get_xy(x, ) ;
cout "(ol + 2) X: " ", Y: " "\";
return 0;
:
(ol + 2) X: 15, Y: 13
. operator+() coord, X , Y . ,
temp operator+() . ,
. temp .
( ) + , . ,
. , 10+4, 14,
10, 4 . , .
, operator+() coord,
,
coord . ,
= ol + 2;
, ol + 2 , . ,
. , coord,
,
. , :
= ol + 2 + ol + ;
j .
, -, , , ,
-
. ( . , 6.3 "
" .)
. coord -,
:
(ol + o2) .get_xy(x, ) ;
180
C++
, operator+(),
. , .
2. coord =.
// +, = coord
tinclude <iostream>
class coord {
int x, ; //
public:
coord () { x = 0; y= 0; }
coord (int i, int j) { x = i; = j; }
void get_xy(int &i, int & j ) { i = x; j = y; }
coord operator- (coord ob2) ;
coord operator=( coord ob2);
// + coord
{
coord temp;
temp . x = x + ob2 . x ;
temp. = + ob2.y;
return temp;
}
// coord
coord coord: : operator- (coord ob2)
{
coord temp;
temp.x = x ob2.x;
temp. = ob2.y;
return temp;
// = coord
coord coord: :operator=( coord ob2)
x = ob2 . x ;
= ob2.y;
6.
181
return *this; // ,
// .
int main ()
{
coord ol (10, 10), 2(5, 3), ;

int x, ;
= ol + 2; //
// operator+()
o3.get_xy(x, );
cout "(ol + 2) X: " x ", Y: " "\n";
= ol 2; //
// operator- ()
o3.get_xy(x, );
cout " (ol - 2) X: " ", Y: " "\";
= ol; // - operator=()
o3.get_xy(x, );
cout " ( = ol) X: " x ", Y: " "\n";

return 0;
operator() operator+().
,
. operator+()
. ( + +.)
. , , .
operator(), :
2.;
,
.
- . , (. . ,
) .
. -, *this.
182
_^
C++
, operator=() , .
. , C++ ( ):
*this, coord. ,
:
= 2 = ol;
, , , , . =
, , , *this.
3. ,
, , ,
, -. , + , coord:
// + ob+ob,
// ob+int
#include <iostream>
class coord {
int x, ; //
public:
coord () { x = 0; = 0; }
coord (int i , int j ) { x = i ; y = j ;
void get_xy(int &i, int & j ) { i = x
coord operator+( coord ob2); / / o b + o b
coord operator* (int i) ; // ob + int
// + coord
coord coord:'.operator* (coord ob2)
{
coord temp;
temp.x = x +ob2.x;
temp. = +ob2.y;
return temp;
6.
183
II + ob+int
coord coord::operator*(int i)
coord temp;
temp.x = x + i;
temp. = + i;
return temp;
int main()
{
coord ol( 10, 10), o2(5, 3), o3;
int x, y;
o3 = ol + o2; //
// operator* (coord)
o3.get_xy(x, ) ;
cout "(ol + o2) X: " x ", Y: " "\n";
o3 = ol + 100; //
// operator* (int)
o3.get_xy(x, y) ;
cout "(ol + 100) X: " x ", Y: " "\n";
return 0;
: -
,
,
. :
, , , . , ?
= 19 + ol; // int + ob
. operator+(int i) ,
.
. ( .)
4. - -. , + coord :
// + coord,
coord coord: : operator* (coord &ob2)
184
C++
coord temp;
temp. = x + ob2.x;
temp. = + ob2.y;
return temp;
- . .
.
, -
.
- ,
,
. ,
. , .
, ,
.
, ( )
. , , .
1. coord * /. .
2.
%. ?
coord coord: : operator! (coord ob)
{
double i;
cout " : ";
cin i;
cout " " i " ";
cout sqr (i) ;
, - - coord.
.
6.
185
6.3.

.
, , -,
, - . ,
true false. ,
- true false,
, .
C++ - , . 1,
true false.
.
, true false.
lili
1. == &&:
// == && coord
finclude <iostream>
class coord {
int x, ; //
public:
coord () { x = 0; y= 0; }
void get_xy(int si, int & j ) { i = x; j = y; }
int operator==( coord ob2) ;
int operator&s (coord ob2) ;
// == coord
int coord: :operator==( coord ob2)
return x==ob2.x && y==ob2.y;
C++
186
// && coord
int coord::operators&(coord ob2)
return (x S& ob2.x) && (y &S o b 2 . y ) ;
int main()
{
coord ol(10, 10), o2(5, 3), o3(10, 10), o4 (0, 0);
if(ol==o2) cout "ol o2\n";
else cout "ol 2\";
else cout "ol \";
if(ol&&o2) cout "ol && o2 \";
else cout "ol && o2 \";
if(ol&&o4) cout "ol && o4 \n";
else cout "ol && o4 \";
return 0;
1. coord < >.
6.4.
, , , . -
. ,
-. .
1. coord
(++):
// ++ coord
#include <iostream>
6.
187
class coord {
int x, ; //
public:
coord (} { = 0; = 0; }
void get_xy(int Si, int &j) { i = x; j = y; }
coord operator++ ( ) ;
};
// ++ coord
coord coord: :operator++ ()
++;
return *this;
int main ( )
coord ol (10, 10) ;
int x, y;
++ol; //
ol . get_xy (x, y) ;
cout "(++ol) X: " x ", Y: " "\n";
return 0 ;
, , .
, , :
2 = ++ol;
, ,
.
.
2. C++
++ .
:
C++ ,
.
188
__^_
C++
operator++().
, . :
coord coord::operator++(int notused);
++ ,
operator++(). '++ ,
operator++(int notused). notused 0. , ,
-.
3. , C++ ,
. , , , , . :
, , . , , :
// coord
#include <iostream>
class coord {
int x, ; //
public:
coord () { x = 0; y= 0; }
coord(int i, int j) { x = i; = j; }
void get_xy(int &i, int sj) { i = x; j = y; }
coord operator-(coord ob2); //
coord operator-(); //
// coord
{
coord temp;
temp.x = x ob2.x;
temp. = ob2.y;
return temp;
// coord
coord coord: : operator- ()
{
x = -x;
6.
189
return *this;
}
int main ()
<
coord ol(10, 10), o2(5, 7 ) ;

int x, y;
ol = ol o2; //
ol.get_xy(x, y) ;
cout "(ol-o2) X: " x ", Y: " "\n";
ol = -ol; //
ol.get_xy(x, y) ;
cout "(-ol) X: " x ", Y: " "\n";
return 0;
, ,
. , . . ,

operator- (coord ob2), operator-().
1. coord. .
2. + coord ,
( ), . +
.
6.5. -
, , -, . , this
. , - , . ,
-
C++
790
-, , .

. - .
1. operator+() coord
:
// + coord
//
#include <iostream>
class coord {
int x, ; //
public:
coord () { x = 0; y= 0; }
void get_xy(int &i, int &j) { i = x; j = y; }
friend coord operator+ (coord obi, coord ob2) ;
// +
coord operator+ (coord obi, coord ob2)
{
coord temp;
temp.x = obl.x + ob2.x;
temp . = obi . + ob2 . ;
return temp;
int m a i n f )
{
coord ol (10, 10), o2(5, 3 ) , o3;
int x, y;
o3 = ol + o2; //
// operator+()
6.
191
o3.g'et_xy(x, ) ;
cout " (ol + 2) X: " ", Y: " "\";
return 0;
, ,
.
2.
, .
-, , . ,
-, , ,
, .

. , -
, ,
:
= 2 + 1 0 ; //
= 10 + 2; //
, ,
, ,
, , . , .
, - . , , ,
. ,
, .
:
// -
iinclude <iostream>
class coord {
int x, ; //
public:
coord() { x = 0; y= 0; }
void get_xy(int si, int &j) { i = x; j = y; }
friend coord operator+(coord obi, int i);
friend coord operator+(int i, coord obi);
192
___
C++
I / + ob + int
coord operator* (coord obi, int i)
(
coord temp;
temp . x = obi .x + i ;
temp. = obi. + i;
return temp;
i
// + int + ob
coord operator+ (int i, coord obi)
{
coord temp;
temp . x = obi .x + i ;
temp . = obi . + i ;
return temp;
int main()
{
coord ol (10, 10) ;

int x, y;
ol = ol + 10; // +
ol.get_xy (x, y) ;
cout "(ol + 10) X: " x ", Y: " "\n";
ol = 99 + ol; // +
ol.get_xy (x, y) ;
cout "(99 + ol) X: " x ", Y: " "\n";
return 0;
- :
ol = ol + 10;
ol = 99 + ol;
3. - ++ -,
this. , , .
.
, - , . -
6.
193
(. . this),
.
-, , ,
, . ,
++.
// ++
tinclude <iostream>
class coord {
int x, ; //
public:
coord () { x = 0; y= 0; }
void get_xy(int &i, int & j ) { i = x; j = y; }
friend coord operator++ (coord &ob) ;
};
// ++
coord operator++ (coord &ob) //
//
{
ob.x++;
ob.y++;
return ob; // ,
//
int ma in ()
(
coord ol (10, 10) ;
int x, ;
++ol; // ol
ol.get_xy(x, ) ;
cout "(++ol) X: " x ", Y: " "\n";
return 0 ;
, -
,
-. . , -
194
C++

coord:
coord operator++(coord &ob); //
coord operator++(coord Sob, int notused); //
++ , coord
operator++(coord &ob). , ++ ,
coord operator++(coord &ob, int notused).
notused 0.
1. / coord
.
2. coord ,
coord . : ob * int int * ob.
3. , 2 -.
, - coord. , .
6.6.

, . , , ,
, , . , , operator=().
, . 3
. .
1. strtype,
. =
, .
6.
195
#include <iostream>
ttinclude <cstring>
tinclude <cstdiib>
class strtype {
char *p;
int len;
public:
strtype (char *s) ;
-strtype () {
cout " " (unsigned) p '\n';
delete []p;
}
strtype &operator=( strtype sob) ;
};
strtype: : strtype (char *s)
{
int 1;
1 = strlen(s) + 1;
p = new char [1] ;
if(!p) {
cout " \";
exit(l)-;
}
len = 1;
strcpy (p, s) ;
}
// .
strtype sstrtype: :operator=( strtype sob)
{
//
if (len < ob.len) { //
delete!] p;
p = new char [ob.len];
if(!p) {
cout " \";
exit(l) ;
len = ob.len;
strcpy (p, ob.p) ;
return *this;
796
C++
int main ( }
{
strtype a ( "" ) , b ( " " } ;
cout a . get ( ) ' \n ' ;
cout b.get() '\n';
a = b; //
cout a . get ( ) ' \n ' ;
cout b.get() '\n';
return 0;
,
. ,

. ,
. ,
len.
operator=(). -, -.
, .
, ,
.
, , . , . -
.
operator=() , , . , -. ,
. ,
,
, ( )
. ,
,
.
5,
, .
, .
, ,
6.
797
.
, C++
. C++.
(yripa*HeHiifi
k^m
, . .
size. put(), get(),
. . ,

. (
.)
class dynarray {
int *p;
int size;
public:
dynarray(int s ) ; // s
int sput(int i ) ; // i
int get(int i ) ; // i
// operator=()
6.7.
[]
V
'
, ,
[]. C++ []
. [] -.
- operator[]():
_: : opera tor [] (int )
, - operator[](), , , int.
198
C++
, [], , :
019]
operator[]():
.operator!] (9)
, operator[]() . this , .
1.
arraytype. . operator[] () , .
#include <iostream>
const int SIZE = 5;
class arraytype {
int a [SIZE] ;
public:
arraytype ( ) {
int i;
for (i=o; KSIZE; i++) a[i] = i;

int operator [] (int i) { return a[i]; }
int main ( )
arraytype ob;
int i;
for(i=0; i<SIZE; i
cout ob[i] " ";
return 0;
:
01234
6.
799

.
2. operator []() , [] ,
=. . .
const int SIZE = 5;
class arraytype {
int a [SIZE] ;
public:
arraytype ( } {
int i;
for (i=o; i<SIZE; i++) a[i] = i;

int separator [] (int i) { return a[i]; }
int main()
arraytype ob;
int i;
for(i=0; i<SIZE; i
cout ob[i] " ";
cout "\n";
// 10
for(i=0; KSIZE; i++)
ob[i] = ob[i]+10; // [] =
for(i=0; i<SIZE; i
cout ob[i] " ";
return 0;
:
0 1 2 3 4
10 11 12 13 14
operator[]() i, [] -
200
C++
. (,
.) , arraytype
, .
3. [] -
.
,
get() put(). [] . , ,
, . . [] , , .
operator []()
. , operator[]()
. , , .
//
#include <iostream>
Mnclude <cstdlib>
const int SIZE = 5;
class arraytype {
int a [SIZE] ;
public:
arraytype (} {
int i;
for (i=o; i<SIZE; i++) a[i] = i;

}
int &operator[] (int i);
// arraytype
int sarraytype: : operator [] (int i)
{
if (i<0 | | i>SIZE-l\ {
cout " ";
cout i " . \";
exit(l) ;
}
return a [ i ] ;
6.
20?
int main ( }
{
arraytype ob;
int i;
//
for(i=0; i<SIZE; i++)
cout ob[i] " ";
/* ,
SIZE+100 */
ob[SIZE+100] = 99; // !!!
return 0;
, operator[](),

ob[SIZE+100] = 99;
, -
.
[] ,
, ,
.
. ,
. , - C++
. , ,
, .
1. 1 6.6 , strtype
[]. - . , []
. , .
2. 1 6.6 , []
.
get() put() [].
202
C++

:
1. coord ,
:
ob integer
ob integer
,
.
2.
class three_d {
int x, , z;
public:
three_d(int i, int j, int k)

{
x = i; = j ; z = k;
}
three_d() { x = 0; = 0; z = 0; }
void get (int Si, int & j , int Sk)
{
i = x; j = y; k = z;
+, , ++ . (
.)
3. 2 , - - -. (.
.)
4. -
- ?
5. , .
6. operator=() ?
7. + three_d 2 ,
:
6.
203
ob + int;
int + ob;
8. ==, != || three_d
2.
9. [].

, .
1. strtype, :
+
<, > ==
.
, , ( ), .
.
.
OOP,
C++. C++ , , 10,
OOP .
, ,
: ,
protected, ,
, .

,
.
1. - ?
2. , , ?
3. ?
?
4. , ,
-:
ftinclude <iostream>
class array {
int nums[10];
public:
array();
206
C++
void set(int n[10]);
void show();
array operator*(array ob2);
array operator-(array ob2);
int operator==(array ob2) ;
};
array::array()
{
int i;
for(i = 0; i < 10; i++) nums[i] = 0;

}
void array::set(int *n)
{
int i;
for(i = 0; i < 10; i++) numsfi] = n [ i ] ;
}
void array::show()
{
int i;
for(i = 0; i < 10; i++)
cout nums[i] ' ';
cout "\n";
}
// -
int main()
{
array ol, o2, o3;
int i[10] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 };
ol.set(i);
o2.set(i);
<
o3 = ol + o2;
o3.show();
o3 = ol - o3;
o3.show() ;

else cout "ol 2\";
else cout "ol \";
return 0;
7.
207
+ .
. == true, , false.
5. 4 ,
.
6. 4, ++
, . (
++ .)
7. , ,
?
7.1.

,
:
class __:
_ __ {
I/ ...
}
cn_docmyna : public, private

protected. protected . public
private.
(access specifier) , (base class) (derived class).

public, . private,
.
.
, private,
, .
208
C++
. class,
.

struct, .
, .
1.
( public):
tinclude <iostream>
class base {
int x;
public:
void showx ( ) { cout x ' \n ' ; }
//
int y;
public:
void setyfint n) { = n; }
void showy ( ) { cout ' \n ' ; }
};
int main ( )
{
derived ob;
ob. setx(10) ; //
ob.sety(20); //
ob. showx (); //
ob. showy (); //
return 0;
, base ,
base setx() showxQ derived
7.
209
. ,
main().
2. , ,
. ,
derived :
class base {
int ;
public:
void showx() { cout x '\n'; }
//
int y;
public:
void setyfint n) { = n; }
/* ,

*/
void show_sum() { cout + ' \ n ' ; } // !!!
void showy () { cout ' \n ' ; }
derived ,
base. , ,
,, .
3. 1. base , . . private.
, ,
.
//
class base {
int x;
public:
, void setx(int n) { x = n; }
void showx() { cout x '\n'; }
210
C++
//
class derived: private base {
int ;
public:
void sety(int n) { = n; }
void showy ( ) { cout ' \n ' ; }
int main ( )
{
derived ob;
ob.setx(lO); //
ob.sety (20) ; //
ob.showxO; //
ob. showy (-); //
return 0;
() ,
showx() setx() .
, showxQ setxQ base -
,
. , base
. derived
. , :
base base_ob;
base_ob.setx(l) ; // , base_ob
// base
setxQ , setx()
base.
4. ,
private
, . , :
//
#include <iostream>
class base {
int x;
public:
void s e t x f i n t n) { x = n; }
7.
void showx ( ) { cout x ' \n ' ; }
};
//
class derived: private base {
int y;
public:
// setx derived
void setxyfint n, int m) ( setx(n); = m; }
// showx derived
void showxy ( ) { showx ( ) ; cout ' \n ' ; }
};
int main ( )
{
derived ob;
ob.setxy(10, 20);
ob . showxy ( ) ;
return 0;
showx() setx()
, , .
I. :
finclude <iostream>
class mybase {
int a, b;
public:
int c;
void setabfint i, int j) { a = i; b = j; }

void getabfint &i, int &j ) { i = a; j = b; }
class derivedl: pablic mybase {
272
C++
class derived2: private mybase {

// ...
};
int main()
{
derivedl ol;
derived2 o2;
int i, j;
main()?
A.
ol.getab (i, j ) ;
B.
2 . g e t a b (i, j ) ;
C.
o l . c = 10;
D.
o 2 . c = 10;
2. , ? , ?
3. , , . .
7.2.
,
. ,
,
. , ,
, ,
. C++
protected ().
protected private
:
.
.
protected , ( ) .
:
7.
213
class _ (
/ I
protected: //
I/
public :
//

(public),
.
(private),
.
(protected).
.
(, ,
.)
protected .
1. , :
linclude <iostream>
class samp {
// ,
int a;
protected: // samp
int b;
public:
int ;
samp(int n, int m) { a = n; b = m; }
int geta() { return a; }
int getb() { return b; }
};
int main()
{
samp ob(10, 20);
214
\
C++
// ob.b = 99; !
ob.c = 30; // !
// samp
cout ob . geta ( ) ' ' ;
cout ob.getbO ' ' ob.c ' \ n ' ;
return 0;
, , main(), b
- samp.
2. , ,
:
#include <iostream>
class base {
protected:
int a,b;
public:
// base,
// -
void setab(int n, int m) { a = n; b = m; }

int c;
public:
void setc(int n) { = n; }
// b base
void showabc ( ) {
cout a ' ' b ' ' ' \ n ' ;
int mainO
{
derived ob;
/* b ,
base derived
*/
ob.setabd, 2) ;
ob.setc(3) ;
ob. showabc () ;
return 0;
7.
215
b base derived , derived.

.
3. , ,

. , base ,
:
//
linclude <iostream>
class base {
protected:
// base,
int a,b; //
public:
void setab(int n, int m) { a = n; b = m; }
};
class derived: protected base { // base

//
int ;
public:
void setc(int n) { = n; }
// b base
void showabc ( ) {
cout a ' ' b ' ' '\n';
int main ( )
{
derived ob;
// : setab()
// base
ob.setab(l, 2 ) ; // setab()
ob.setc(3) ;
ob . showabc { } ;
return 0;
, base ,
derived main()
.
276
C++
1. ,
? , ?
2. , protected?
3. 1 7.1, b my class
( ), ,
- ? ,
?
7.3. ,

, / . .
, , . ,
.
:
.

. " " ,
, .
.
,
, . , . ,
,
.

.
. ,
. . -,
. ,
7.
_ 217
, . :
__ (-) : _ (_)
//

. ,
.
1. ,
:
#include <iostream>
class base {
public:
base() { cout " \"; }
~base() { cout " \"; }
public:
derived () { cout " \"; }
~derived() { cout " \"; }
int ma in ()
{
derived ;
return 0;
}
:

, , .
218
_^____
C++
2.
:
tinclude <iostream>
class base {
public:
base() { cout " \"; }
~base() { cout ''' \"; }
int j ;
public:
derived (int n) (
cout " \";
j = n;
}
~derived() { cout " \"; }
void showj() { cout j '\n'; }
int main()
{
derived (10) ;
. show j ( ) ;
return 0;
,
.
3.
.
,
.
#include <iostream>
class base {
int i;
public:
base (int n) {
cout " \";
i = n;
7.
219
-base() { cout " \"; }

void show!() { cout i ' \ n ' ; }
int j;
public:
derived(int n): base(n) { //
//
cout " \";
j = n;
~derived() { cout " \";
void showjO { cout j '\n'; }
};
int main()
derived (10);
.showi();
.showj();
return 0;
.
, n ( )
derived() base().
4.
. , , ,
. , . ,
,
, :
#include <iostream>
class base {
int i;
public:
base(int n) {
cout " \";
i = n;
220
__
C++
-base ( ) ( cout " "; }

void showiO { cout i '\n'; }
int j ;
public:
derived (int n, int m) : base (m) { //
//
cout " ";
j = n;
- }
~derived() { cout " ";
}
void showj ( ) { cout j '\n'; }
};
v
int main ( )
{
derived (10, 20) ;
. showi ( ) ;
. showj ( ) ;
'.
return 0;
5. -
, . ,
. , n derived() . baseQ:
class base {
int i;
public:
base (int n) {
cout " ";
i = n;
}
~base ( ) { cout " "; }
void showi () { cout i '\n'; }
int j ;
public:
derived (int n) : base(n) { //
7.
221
cout " \";

j = 0; //
}
~derived() { cout " ";
}
void showj() { cout j '\n'; }
1. myderived.

mybase. , myderived() len .
#include <iostream>
finclude <cstring>
class mybase {
char str [80] ;
public:
mybase(char *s) { strcpy(str, s) ; }
char *get() { return str; }
class myderived: public mybase {
int len;
public:
// myderived ()
int getlenO { return len; }
void show() { cout get() '\n'; }
};
int main ( )
{
myderived ob ("") ;
ob . show ( ) ;
cout ob.getlenO '\n';
return 0 ;
2. ,
() truckQ.
vehicle. ()
222
'
C++
passengers, truck() loadlimit.

//
class vehicle {
int num_wheels;
int range;
public:
vehicle (int w, int r)
{
num_wheels = w; range = r;
}
void showv ( )
{
cout " " num_wheels '\n';
cout " " range ' \n ' ;
class car: public vehicle {

int passengers;
public :
// ()
void show()
{
showv ( ) ;
cout " " passengers ' \ n '
class truck: public vehicle {

int loadlimit;
public:
// truck ()
void show ( )
{
showv ( ) ;
cout "" loadlimit '\n';
int main()
{
car c(5, 4, 500) ;
truck t (30000, 12, 1200);
7.
223
cout " : \";

. show ( ) ;
cout ": \n";
t . show ( ) ;
return 0 ;
() truck()
:
car ob (passengers, wheels, range);
truck ob(loadlimit, wheels, range);
7.4.
, . -, ,
. , (indirect)
. (,
, .)
-, . . ,
.
, ,
, ,
. ( .) . , 1
Dl, a D1 D2, 1 , D1, , , D2. .
,
:
class
__:
_ __!,
_. __2,
..., _ _-
/I
. . .
224
__
C++
__1 ... ___ , _ ,

. ,
,
.
.
,
, , :
__ (_) :
__1 (_) ,
__2 (_) ,
. . . , __(_)
1 1 . . .
__1 ... __ .
,

.
1. ,
. ,
D2 1.
//
#include <iostream>
class Bl {
int a;
public:
Bl(int x) { a = x; }
int geta() ( return a; }
};
//
class Dl: public Bl {
int b;
public:
Dl(int x, int y): Bl() // Bl
7.
225
b = ;
}
int getb() { return b; }
};
//
//
class D2: public Dl {
int ;
public:
D2(int x, int y, int z) : Dl (y, z) /
// Dl
= x;
/* , D2
1 D1 */
void show () {
cout geta ( ) ' ' getb ( ) ' ' ;
cout ' \n ' ;
int main()
{
D2 ob(l, 2, 3) ;
ob . show ( ) ;
// geta() getb()
cout ob . geta ( ) ' ' ob . getb ( ) ' \n ' ;
return 0 ;
ob.show() 3 2 1.
1 D2. ,
D2 D1 1.
, . , D1
1, geta()
D1 D2.
, , .
.
226
C++
D1
D2
,
C++. ,
, .
C++
, . , C++.
2. , :
tinclude <iostream>
//
class Bl {
int a;
public:
Bl (int x) { a = x; }
};
//
class B2 {
int b;
public:
B2 (int x)
{
b = x;
}
int getb ( ) { return b; }
//
class D: public Bl, public B2 {
int ;
7.
227
public:
// z
// 1 2
D(int x, int , int z) : Bl(z), B2(y)
{
= x;
/* , D
1 2
*/
void show ( ) {
cout geta() ' ' getb ( ) ' ' ;
cout ' \n ' ;
int main ( )
{
D ob(l, 2, 3);
ob . show ( ) ;
return 0;
D 1 2. :
Bl
B2
I
D
3. , ,
:
class Bl {
public:
Bl() { cout " 1\"; }
~B1() { cout " 1\"; }
228
__^_
C++
class B2 {
int b;
public:
B 2 ( ) { cout " 2\"; }
~ 2 ( ) { cout " 2\"; }
//
class D: public Bl, public B2 {
public:
D() { cout " D\n"; }
~D() { cout " D\n"; }
};
int main ()
{
D ob;
return 0 ;
1
2
D
D
2
1
, ,
, .
.
1. ? ( ,
.)
#include <iostream>
class A {
public:
A() { cout "' \"; }
~A() { cout " \"; }
7.
229
class {
public:
() { cout " \"; }

~() { cout " \"; }
}i
class : public A, public {

public:
() { cout " \"; }
~() { cout " \"; }
};
int main(}
{
ob;
return 0;
2. , ,
k () ().
#include <iostream>
class A {
int i;
public:
A(int a) { i = a; }.
};
class {
int j;
public:
(int a) { j = a; }
}; class C: public A, public {
int k;
public:
/* (),
k () () */
7.5.

. ,
, :
230
C++
! 2.
! 2. , !,
!. ,
, .
,
,
!, , 21 C++ ,
. , , (virtual base class).
,
,
,
.
( )
,
. virtual.
1. derivedS
base .
//
7.
class base {
public:
237
.
int i;
// base
class derivedl: virtual public base {
public:
int j ;
// base
class derived2: virtual public base {
public:
int k;
/* derivedS derivedl,
derived2. derivedS
base
*/
class derivedS: public derivedl, public derived2 {
public:
int product () { return i * j * k; }
int main ( )
{
derivedS ob;
// ,
// base
ob.i = 10;
ob.j = 3;
ob.k = 5;
cout " " ob. product () '\n';

return 0;
derivedl derived! base ,

ob.i = 10;
. (.
1.)
2. ,
,
232
C++
. ,
:
derivedl ob;
ob.i = 100;

, .
,
. (
) .
1. 1 virtual . .
2. , .

:
1. building
, .
house, building
. office,
building . (.
. , ,
.)
2. ,
? ?
, ?
3. , protected. ( :
.)
4. , ? ?
7.
233
5. , ,
:
#include <iostream>
class planet {
protected:
double distance; //
int revolve;
//
public:
planet (double d, int r) { distance = d; revolve = r; }
class earth: public planet {
double circumference; //
public:
/* earth (double d, int r) .
planet ,
(:
= 2 * 3.1416.)
*/
/* show() */
int main ( )
{
earth ob (93000000, 365);
ob . show ( ) ;
return 0 ;
}
6. :
/* vehicle.
. . :
*/
iinclude <iostream>
.:
' Y
'
'
//
class vehicle {
int num_wheels;
int range;
public:
{
num wheels = w; range = r;
234
C++
void showv()
{
cout " " num_wheels '\n';
cout "" range ,'\n';
enum motor (gas, electric, diesel};

class motorized: public vehicle {
enum motor mtr;
public:
motorized(enum motor m, int w, int r): vehicle(w, r)
mtr = m;
void showm() {
cout ":";
switch(mtr) {
case gas: cout " \";
break;
case electric: cout " \";
break;
case diesel: cout "";
break;
}
};
class road_use: public vehicle {
int passengers;
public:
road_use(int p, int w, int r): vehicle(w, r)
passengers = p;
void showr()
cout "" passengers '\n',
enum steering (power, rack_pinion, manual};

class car: public motorized, public road_use (
enum steering strng;
public:
car(enum steering s, enum motor m, int w, int r, int p):
7.
235
road_use(p, w, r), motorized(m, w, r), vehicle(w, r)

<
strng = s;
}
void show(} {
showv(); showr{); showm();
cout ":";
switch(strng) {
case power: cout " \";
break;
case rack_pinion: cout " \";
break;
case manual: cout " \";
break;
int main()
car c(power, gas, 4, 500, 5);
.show();
return 0;

, .
1. 6 7,
(, , ),
switch
motorised. ?
2. , , , .
? , .
3. coord .
236
C++
quad, , .
.
/* +, = coord.
coord quad */
tinclude <iostream>
class coord {
public:
int x, ; //
coord (} { x = 0; y= 0; }
coord operator- (coord ob2) ;
coord operator=( coord ob2) ;
// + coord
{
coord temp;
cout " operator+ ( ) \n";
temp.x = x + ob2.x;
temp. = + ob2.y;
return temp;
}
// coord
(
coord temp;
cout " operator- () \n";
temp.x = x ob2.x;
temp. = ob2.y;
return temp;
// = coord
coord coord: : operator= (coord ob2)
7.
237
cout " operator= () \";

= 2.;
= 2.;
return *this; //
class quad: public coord {
int quadrant;
public:
quad() { x = 0 ; y = 0 ; quadrant = 0; }
quad(int x; int y): coord(x, y)
t
if(x>=0 && y>=0) quadrant = 1;
else if(x<0 && y>=0) quadrant = 2;
else if(x<0 && y<0) quadrant = 3;
else quadrant = 4;
void showq()
cout " : " quadrant '\n';
quad operator=(coord ob2);
};
quad quad::operator=(coord ob2)

cout " operator=()\n";
x = ob2.x;
= ob2.y;
if(x>=0 && y>=0) quadrant = 1;
else if(x<0 && y>=0) quadrant = 2;
else if(x<0 && y<0) quadrant = 3;
else quadrant = 4;
return *this;
J
int main()
quad ol(10, 10), o2(15, 3), o3;
int x, y;
o3 = ol + o2; //
// operator+(}
o3.get_xy(x, y);
.showq();
cout "(ol + o2) X: " x ", Y: " "\n";
238
C++
= ol 2; //
o3.get_xy(x, );
. showq ( ) ;
cout " (ol - 2) X: " ", Y: " "\n";
= ol; //
o3.get_xy(x, );
. showq ( ) ;
cout "( = ol) X: " ", Y: " "\n";
return 0;
4. 3 ,
-.

/ C++
, , / C++.
. , C++ ,
/. , C++ -
/ . C++
- /. / C++
, .
/ C++
.
, - / C++ /.
, /
.
/ ( ), /
(/ 9).

/ C++: , C++,
, Standard C++.
. , / . ,
,
, . , / C++
.
, /
.
.
/ ,
240
C++
, Standard C++.
, /.
/ C++, /, /
/. ,
/ C++ , / .

,
.
1. . airship,
( ). airship
airplane balloon. airplane ( ) .
balloon ,
( ), (
). . (
, . ,
, .)
2. protected?
3. . ? ?
#include <iostream>
class A {
public:
A() { cout " \"; }
~A() { cout " \"; }
};
class : public A {
public:
B() { cout " \"; }
~B() { cout " \"; }
8.
C++
24?
class :
public {
public:
{ cout " \"; }
~() { cout " \"; }
};
int main{)
{
ob;
return 0;
}
4. .
?
class myclass: public A, public , public { ...
5. :
class base {
int i, j;
public:
//
void showijO { cout i ' ' j '\n'; }

int k;
public:
//
void show() { cout k ' '; s h o w i j O ; }
int main ( )
{
derived ob(l, 2, 3);
ob . show ( ) ;
return 0;
6. , ,
_
_
.
( .)
C++
.242
8.1.
/ C++
/ C++,
. / C++, , / , (streams). , , /,
. / , .
/ C++. /
, , , , / . ,
, ,
, .
, ,
: stdin, stdout stderr.
C++. C++,
:
cin
cout
cerr
clog
cerr
, , , cin, cout cerr stdin, stdout stderr . cin cout .

clog . Standard
C++ wcin, wcout, wcerr wclog,
(16-) ,
.
(large character sets),
, , , .
,
. , /, .
1, C++ /
<iostream>. , /.
/ - (template classes).
8. / C++
243
-, (generic
classes), 11, . - , . -
,
. /, Standard C++
- /: 8- , (16-) . 8- ,
.
/ C++ , -.
basic_streambuf.
,
/ C++. , /,
basic_streambuf . ,
, basic_ios.
/ , ,
/.
basic_ios , basicjstream, basic_ostream basic_iostream. , /.
, /
: 8-
. - 8- ( ,
9).
-
8-
basic_streambuf
basic_ios
basicjstream
basic_ostream
basicjostream
basicjstream
basicjfstream
basic_ofstream
streambuf
ios
istream
ostream
iostream
fstream
ifstream
ofstream
8-
,
C++
244
. , /,
/.
: ios , /.
ios. : , <iostream>.
8.2. /

, C++ . .
/ C++ ,
printfQ. , .
/ (format flags),

(bitmasks). ios
fintflags, :
adjustfield
floatfield
right
skipws
basefield
hex
scientific
unitbuf
boolalpha
internal
showbase
uppercase
dec
left
showpoint
fixed
oct
showpos
ios
. ,
, , fintflags
.
.
skipws,
(, ) . skipws , .
left,
. right,
. internal,
.
,
.
8. / C++
245
. .
oct ,
, hex .
, dec.
showbase .
, IF
Oxl F.
"" . ,
"" .
uppercase, .
showpos +
.
showpoint .
scientific . fixed . ,
.
unitbuf, (flush) (insertion operation).
boolalpha
true false.
, oct, dec hex,
basefield. ,
left, right internal, adjustfield.
, scientific fixed
floatfield.
setf().
ios. :
fmtflags setf(fmtflags );
, . (
.) , showpos :
_/.setf(ios::showpos);
/ , .
-
246
C++
. , showpos
ios. , , showpos . , showpos
.
, setf() ios
/. setfQ . setf() . , C++
. /
.
setf() . OR. , setf()
cout showbase hex:
cout.setf(ios::showbase I ios::hex);
ios,
ios . , showbase ,
!os::showbase.
setf() unsetf(). - ios

.
:
void unsetf(fmtflags );
, , . (
.)
-
. setfQ unsetfQ , ios -
flags(), .
:
fmtflags flags();
flagsQ , ,
/, . flagsQ. :
fmtflags flags(fmtflags f);
8. / C++
247
flags() / ;
. .
1. , .
tinclude <iostream>
int main()
{
//
cout 123.23 " " 100 '\';
cout 10 ' ' -10 '\';
cout 100.0 '\';
//
cout.unsetf(ios::dec); //
cout.setf(ios::hex | ios::scientific);
cout 123.23 " " 100 '\n';
cout.setf(ios::showpos);
cout 10 ' ' -10 '\n';
cout.setf(ios:rshowpoint | ios::fixed);
cout 100.0;
return 0;
:
123.23 100
10 -10
100
1.232300+02 64
a fffffffS
+100.000000
, showpos
. 10, . , , unsetf()
dec. , , -
248
C++
dec . dec hex oct.

,
,
.
2. uppercase. uppercase, showbase hex. 88 .
"X" .
unsetfQ uppercase 88. "" .
înclude <iostream>
int main ( )
<
cout .unsetf (ios: :dec) ;

cout . setf (ios: : uppercase | ios :: showbase | ios :: hex);
cout 88 ' \n ' ;
cout. unsetf (ios: :uppercase) ;
cout 88 '\n' ;
return 0;
3. cout
flags().
showflagsQ. .
tinclude <iostream>
void showf lags ( ) ;
int main()
{
//
showf lags ( ) ;
cout. setf (ios: :oct | ios :: showbase | ios :: fixed) ;
showf lags ( ) ;
return 0 ;
8. / C++
249
//
void showflagsO
ios::fmtflags f ;
f = cout.flags(); //
if(f & ios::skipws) cout "skipws ";
else cout "skipws ";
if(f & ios::left) cout "left \n";
else cout "left ";
if(f & ios:.-right) cout "right ";
else cout "right ";
if(f & ios::internal) cout "internal ";
else cout "internal ";
if(f & ios::dec) cout "dec \";
else cout "dec ";
if(f & ios::oct) cout "oct ";
else cout "oct ";
if(f & ios::hex) cout "hex ";
else cout "hex ";
if(f & ios::showbase) cout "showbase ";
else cout "showbase ";
if(f & ios::showpoint) cout "showpoint ";
else cout "showpoint ";
if(f & ios::showpos) cout "showpos ";
else cout "showpos ";
if(f & ios::uppercase) cout "uppercase ";
else cout "uppercase ";
if(f & ios:scientific) cout "scientific ";
else cout "scientific ";
if(f & ios::fixed) cout "fixed ";
else cout "fixed ";
if(f & ios::unitbuf) cout "unitbuf ";
else cout "unitbuf ";
if(f & ios::boolalpha) cout "boolalpha ";
else cout "boolalpha ";
cout "\n";
250
C++
showflagsQ f fmtflags. fmtflags , f long. :

skipws
left
right
internal
dec
oct
hex
showbase
showpoint
showpos
uppercase
scientific
fixed
unitbuf
boolalpha
skipws
left
right
internal
dec
oct
hex
showbase
showpoint
showpos
uppercase
scientific
fixed
unitbuf
boolalpha
4.
flagsQ. , showpos, showbase, oct right,
. flags() cout . showflagsQ
. ( ,
.)
#include <iostream>
void showflags();
8. / C++
int
{
main()
. .
25?
.
//
showflags();
// showpos, showbase, oct right;
//
ios::fmtflags f = ios::showpos I ios::showbase |
ios:: oct | ios:.-right;
cout.flags(f); //
showflags();
return 0;
"/''plilffil
]
1.
, cout ,
, , +. ,
.
1. , cout ,
. , "" .
3. , ,
showbase hex, 100,
.
8.3. width(), precision() fill()

ios -.
: , .
width(), precision() fill().
,
. width()
. :
streamsize width(strearnsize w);
>,
. streamsize
252
C++
<iostream> .
, .
,
, , ( ) , . ,
, ,
. .

. precisionQ
. prec!sion():
streamsize precision(streamsize p);
( ) ,
.
, ,
. fillQ . fillQ:
char fill(char ch);
ffll() ch , .
1. ,
:
tinclude <iostream>
int main()
{
cout.width(10); //
ccmt "" '\n'; //
cout.fill('%'}; //
cout.width(10); //
cout "" '\'; //
cout.setf (ios: .-left) ; //
cout.width(10}; //
cout "" '\'; //
8.
C++
253
cout. width ( 10 ); //
cout. precision (10) ; // 10'
cout 123.234567 '\';
cout .width (10) ; //
cout .precision (6) ; //
cout 123.234567 '\';
return 0;
:
%%%%
%%%%
123.234567
123.235%%%
, .
2. , / C++ :
//
#include <iostream>
# include <cmath>
int main()
{
double x;
cout.precision(4) ;
cout "x
sqrt(x)
2\\";
for(x = 2.0; x <= 20.0; x++) {

cout. width (7) ;
cout x " ";
cout. width (7) ;
cout sqrt(x) " ";
cout. width (7) ;
cout x*x "\n";
return 0;
:
x
sqrt(x)
2
3
1.414
1.732
x2
4
9
C++
254
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
. 2
2.236
2.449
2.646
2.828
3
3.162
3.317
3.464
3.606
3.742
3.873
4
4.123
4.243
4.359
4.472
16
25
36
49
64
81
100
121
144
169
196
225
256
289
324
361
400
1. 2 100. : , 10 , 5 .
2. center() :
void center(char *s);
.
width(). ,
80 . ( ,
80 .) ,
.
3. .
/ C++, .
8.4. /
/ C++
. / (I/O manipulators). ,
/ , , , ios.
8. / C++
255
/
/, , ios,
/.
. 8.1. , /
ios. ,
. 8.1, , Standard C++,
.
(, setw()),
<iomanip>.
.
, /. :
cout oct 100 hex 100;
cout setw(10) 100;
cout
100
. /

100 . 10, 100 . ,
( oct),
, , .
8.1, / Standard C++
boolalpha
boolalpha
dec
dec
endl
ends
NULL
fixed
fixed
flush
hex
hex
internal
internal
left
left
noboolalpha
boolalpha
C++
256
8.1 ()
noshowbase
showbase
noshowpoint
showpoint
noshowpos
showpos
noskipws
skipws
nounitbuf
unitbuf
nouppercase
uppercase
oct
oct
resetiosflags(fmtflags r)
, f
right
right
scientific
scientific
setbase (int )
setfill(int ch)
ch
setiosflags(fmtflags f)
, f
setprecision(int p)
setw(int w)
showbase
showbase
showpoint
showpoint
showpos
showpos
skipws
skipws
unitbuf
unitbuf
uppercase
uppercase
ws
, / ,
/, . / , ,
.
, ios , ,
.

, setiosflagsQ.
, - setf(). resetiosflagsQ.
unsetf().
8. / C++
257
1. /:
ttinclude <iomanip>
int main ( )
{
cout hex 100 endl;
cout oct 10 endl;
cout setfill('X') setw(10);
cout 100 " " endl;
return 0 ;
:
64
12
1 4 4
2. ,
2 20. - /.
/*

*/
# include <iomanip>
tinclude <cmath>
int main ( )
{
double x;
cout setprecision(4) ;
cout "x
sqrt(x)
xA2\n\n";
for(x = 2.0; x <= 20.0; x++) {

cout setw(7) x " ";
cout setw(7) sqrt(x) " ";
cout setw(7) x*x '\n';
258
__
++
return 0;
3. / boolalpha. , boolalpha. , , . .
true false, - 1 0 .
// boolalpha
tinclude <iostream>
int main ( )
(
bool b;
cout " boolalpha: ";
b = true;
cout b " ";
b = false;
cout b endl;
cout " boolalpha: ";
b = true;
cout boolalpha b " ";
b = false;
cout b endl;
cout " : ";
cin boolalpha b; // true false
cout " : " b;
return 0;
:
boolalpha: 1
boolalpha : true false
: true
: true
, boolalpha, true
false. , boolalpha cin cout.
, boolalpha .
8. / C++
259
1 2 8.3, ,
- , /.
2. 100
(). setiosflagsQ.
3. , boolalpha.
8.5.
,
/ C++, / , /
. , .
C++ (insertion), a
(insertion operator).
, (inserter function
inserter). , (inserts) . .
:
ostream &operator (ostream Sstream, _ )
{
I /
return stream/
ostream. ,
stream . (, ostream
ios.)
. (, , -). , stream, ostream.
, /:
cout obi 2 ;
. , , .
260
C++
,

.
,
,
. . - , ,
this, , -. , . ,
- ,
. ,
, ,
, , .
-.
, -
C++, , , ,
, .
. ,
, ,
.
,
/, , .
1. , coord, , :
//
// coord
iinclude <iostream>
class coord {
int x, y;
public:
coord() ( x = 0; = 0; }
coord(int i, int j) { x = i; = j ; }
friend ostream &operator (ostream Sstream, coord ob);
8. / C++
26 1
ostream &operator (ostream Sstream, coord ob)

{
stream ob.x ", " ob.y ' \ n ' ;
return stream;
}
int main ( )
{
coord a(l, 1} , b(10, 23} ;
cout a b;
return 0;
}
:
1, 1
10, 23

:
, , .
/
stream, . , , ,
. ,
coord :
ostream &operator (ostream sstream, coord ob)
{
cout ob.x ", " ob.y ' \ n ' ;
return stream;

, cout. , .
, , , , , .
,
coord. coord, .
// coord
finclude <iostream>
262
__^^_
C++
class coord {
public:
int x, ; //
coord() { x = 0; = 0; }
// coord
ostream &operator (ostream Sstream, coord ob)
{
stream ob.x ", " ob.y '\n';
return stream;
int main ()
{
coord a(l, 1) , b(10, 23) ;
cout a b;
return 0;
3.
. , , - . ,
. , , .
, triangle,
. .
//
#include <iostream>
class triangle {
int height, base;
public:
triangle (int h, int b) { height = h; base= b; }
friend ostream &operator (ostream sstream, triangle ob) ;
};
//
ostream &operator (ostream Sstream, triangle ob)
{
int i, j, h, k;
8. / C++
263
i = j = ob.base 1;
for (h=ob. height - 1; h; h } {
for(k=i; k; k }
stream ' ' ;
stream ' * ' ;
if(j!=i) {
for(k=j - i - 1; k; k }
stream ' ' ;
stream ' * ' ;
}
i
stream '\n' ;
}
for(k=0; k <ob.base; k++) stream '*';
stream ' \n' ;
return stream;
int main()
{
triangle tl(5, 5), t2 (10, 10), t3(12, 12)

cout tl;
cout endl t2 endl t3;
return 0;
,
"" /.
:
**
* *
* *
*
**
* *
*****
*
*
*
*
*
**
*
**********
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
************
264
C++
1. strtype.
:
#include <iostream>
linclude <cstring>
finclude <cstdlib>
class strtype {
char *p;
int len;
public:
~strtype() {delete [] p; }
friend ostream &operator (ostream fistream, strtype &ob) ;

{
len = strlen(ptr) + 1;
p = new char [len];
if(!p) {
cout " \";
exit(l);
}
strcpyfp, ptr) ;
}
//
int main ( )
{
strtype si (" "), 2(" C++")
cout si ' \ n ' s2;
return 0 ;
2. showQ :
finclude <iostream>
class planet {
protected:
double distance; //
8.
C++
265
int revolve;
//
public:
};
public:
earth (double d, int r) : planet (d, r) {
circumference = 2 * distance * 3.1416;
/* show ,

*/
void show () {
cout " : " distance '\';
cout " :' " revolve '\';
cout " : " circumference '\';
int main ( )
{
earth ob (93000000, 365);
cout ob;
return 0;
3. , -.
8.6.
, ,
. C++ (extraction operator), , , (extractor). ,
. .
:
istream Soperator(istream Sstream, _ ^)
{
/I
266
C++
return stream;
istream, .
. , .
, ,
-.
, .
1. coord :
// coord
#include <iostream>
class coord {
int x, y;
public:
coord () { x = 0; = 0; }
friend ostream &operator (ostream Sstream, coord ob) ;
friend istream operator (istream Sstream, coord sob);
ostream &operator (ostream sstream, coord ob)

{
stream ob.x ", " ob.y ' \ n ' ;
return stream;
istream soperator (istream Sstream, coord sob)
cout " : "
stream ob.x ob.y;
return stream;
int
{
main{)
coord a ( l , 1) , b(10, 23) ;
cout a b;
8.
C++
267
cin a;
cout ;
return 0 ;
, .
( ), ,

.
2. inventory (),
- ,
.
.
#include <iostream>
ttinclude <cstring>
class inventory {
char item[40] ; //
int onhand;
//
double cost;
//
public:
inventory (char *i, int o, double c)
{
strcpyfitem, i) ;
onhand = o;
cost = c;
}
friend ostream &operator (ostream sstream, inventory ob) ;
friend istream soperator (istream sstream, inventory sob) ;
};
ostream &operator (ostream sstream, inventory ob)
{
stream ob.item ": " ob. onhand;
stream " $" ob.cost '\n';
return stream;
istream soperator (istream Sstream, inventory sob)
{
cout " : ";
stream ob.item;
cout " :
stream ob. onhand;
268
C++
cout " : ";

stream ob.cost;
return stream;
}
int main()
{
inventory ob("hammer", 4, 12.55);
cout ob;
cin ob;
cout ob;
return 0;
1. strtype 1
.
2. .
.

:
^
^^^
1. 100 , . (
ios.)
2. 1000.5364 20-
, , * . (
ios.)
3. 1 2 , /.
4. , cout .
- .
8.
C++
269
5.
:
class pwr {
int base;
int exponent;
double result; //
public:
pwr (int b, int e)
};
pwr::pwr(int b, int e)
{
base = b;
exponent = e;
result = 1;
for(; e; e ) result = result * base;
6. box . .
( .)

, .
1. stack,
. ,
.
#include <iostream>
tdefine SIZE 10
// stack
class stack {
char stck[SIZE]; //
int tos;
//
public:
stack();
void push(char ch); //
char pop();
//
270
C++
//
stack::stack()
{
tos=0;
}
//
{
if (tos==SIZE) {
cout " ";
return;
}
stck[tos]=ch;
tos++;
}
//
char stack::pop()
{
if (tos==0) {
cout " ";
return 0; //
}
tos;
return stck[tos];
}
2. watch,
. ,
, .
.
3. , , , - . ,
, . .
class ft_to_inches {
double feet;
double inches;
public:
void set(double f); {
feet = f;
inches = f * 12;
/ C++
/ C++.
, /
/ . , / C++
, . , .
/ C++ Standard C++ C++.

/ ,
.

,
.
1. : "C++ "
40 (:)
.
2. 10/3
. -
ios.
3. , /.
4. ?
?
272
_______
__
C++
5. . .
class date {
char date [9]; // : mm/dd/yy
public:
//
6.
/ ?
7. , C++?
9.1.

/ C++, .
. -, / . ,
, /. .
. -, ,
/ . , .
, C++ - ,
, - . , / .
, : , , , .
:
.
. ,
,
, . , ,
, .
9.
C++
273
:
ostream &_ (ostream &)
{
//
return ;
}
_
, .
. ,
/.
, , , , , .
:
istream &_ (istream &)
{
//
return ;
, . .
, .
, .
1. . setup(), , 10,
, 4, *.
#include <iostream>
274
C++
ostream ssetup (ostream Sstream)
{
stream. width (10) ;
stream. precision (4) ;
stream.filK'*') ;
return stream;
}
int main ()
{
cout setup 123.123456;
return 0;
, setup / , .
2. .
, atn() note()
.
#include <iostream>
// :
ostream satn (ostream sstream)
{
stream ": ";
return stream;
}
// , :
ostream snote (ostream sstream)
{
stream ", : ";
return stream;
int main ( }
{
cout atn " \n";
cout note " \";
return 0 ;
,
.
9.
C++
275
3. getpassQ,
:
tinclude <io3tream>
iinclude <cstring>
//
istream Sgetpass (istream Sstream)
{
cout '\a'; //
cout " : ";
return stream;
int main ( )
{
char pw[80] ;
do {
cin getpass pw;
} while (strcmp(pw, ""});
cout " \";
return 0;
1.
. td().
2. sethexQ, uppercase
showbase. , resetQ, , sethexQ
3. skipcbar(), ,
.
9.2. /
,
/ . / , /.
276
C++
, , /,
. , - .
/,
<fstream>. ,
ifstream, ofstream fstream.
istream ostream. , istrcam ostream, ,
ios, ifstream,. ofstream
fstream , ios
( ).
C++ . .
: , /.
, , -, . ifstream.
ofstream. , ,
fstream. ,
,
:
ifstream in; //
ofstream out; //
fstream io;
//
,
().
. :
void ifstream::open(const char *_,
openmode = ios: : in) ;
void ofstream::open(const char *_,
openmode = ios::out I ios::trunc);
void fstream::open(const char *_,
openmode = ios::in | ios:: out);
_ ,
. . openmode, ,
ios. :
1OS
ios
ios
ios
ios
ios
:app
:ate
: binary
:out
: trunc

OR. , .
9. / C++
277
ios::app
. ,
. ios::ate .
ios::ate , ,
/ .
ios::in . ios::out
.
ios::binary . .
, , " / " . ,
. , ,
, , .
.
ios::trunc . ofstream

.
test:
ofstream mystream;
mystream.open("test");
() , , .
() , false.
, , :
if(Imystream)
cout " \";
//
, , ().

is_open(), ifstream, ofstream fstream. :
bool is open();
275
C++
, , . , , , mystream:
if ( !mystream.is_open() ) {
cout " \";
() ,
, ifstream, ofstream
fstream , . , ,
(). :
ifstream mystream ("myfile") ; //
, - , , , false. , ,
(),
.
- closeQ. ,
, mystream, :
mystream. close ( ) ;
closeQ .
eof(), ios, , .
:
bool eof ( ) ;
, ;
.
,
. ,
/, cin
cout , . ,
fprintf()
fscanfQ. ,
. , ,
, ,
9. / C++
279
, , , . ,
, , , , ,
. , .
1. , , .
, :
#include <iostream>
tinclude <fstream>
int main()
{
ofstream fout ("test") ; //
if (! fout) {
cout " \";
return 1;
fout "! \n";
fout 100 ' ' hex 100 endl;
fout. close () ;
ifstream fin("test"); //
if('fin) {
cout " \";
return 1;
char str[80] ;
int i;
fin str i;
cout str ' ' i endl;
fin. close () ;
return 0;
280
C++
,
test. :
/
!
100 64
, /, ,
.
2. /. . $
. .
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
int main(int argc, char *argv[]J
{
if(argc!=2) {
cout " <_>\" ;
return 1;
of stream out (argv[l] ) ; //
if (lout) {
cout " \";
return 1;
char str[80] ;
cout " ; $\";
do {
cout ": ";
cin str;
out str endl;
} while (*str != '$' ) ;
out. close () ;
return 0 ;
3.
|. ,
eof(). ,
9.
C++
281
fin skipws.
.
// |
#include <iostream>
ttinclude <fstream>
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
i
if(argc!=3) {
cout " <_> <_>\";
return 1;
ifstream fin(argy[l] } ; //
of stream fout (argv[2] ) ; //
if ( l o u t ) {
cout " ";
return 1;
}
if (\ fin} {
cout " ";
return 1 ;
}
char ch;
f in. unsetf (ios: : skipws) ; //
while ( Ifin.eof () ) {
fin ch;
if (ch==' ') ch = ';
if (Ifin.eof () ) fout ch;
}
fin. close () ;
fout . close ( ) ;
return 0;
4. / C++ / Standard C++ , .
-, / C++ () , .
. C++ .
-, / fstream
282
C++
ios::in ios::out. . fstream,

(). , / C++,
(), :
fstream mystream;
mystream.open("test", ios::in | ios::out);
/ C++,
, fstream
.
. / () ,
ios::noncreatc, , ios::noreplace,
, , . Standard C++
.
1. .
. , ?
2.
phone.
, 415 555-3423
, 213 555-2312
, 202 555-1111
3. . , , .
4. is_open?
9.3.
/
(. . ,
ASCII, . .) , .
"" , ,
9. / C++
253
, .
/ ""
(raw) /. C++
/.
.
/ get() put().
- put() ; - get() .
. get() put() .
:
istream figet(char &);
ostream &put(char ) ;
get() .
.
false. put()
.

readQ writeQ, . :
istream &read(char *, streamsize _);
ostream Swrite(const char *, streamsize _);
read() ,
_ , . write() , , _
. streamsize
.
, _ , read() , , . ,
, - gcountQ,
:
streamsize gcountO;
,
.
, ,
, , -
284
C++
. , ios::binary .
, , , , . , ,
, ,
, .
1. . get().
tinclude <fstream>
int mainfint argc, char *argv[])
{
char ch;
if (argc! =2) {
cout ": <_>\";
return 1 ;
ifstream in(argv[l], ios::in | ios: :binary) ;
if(!in) {
cout " ";
return 1 ;
while ( ! in. eof ( ) ) {
in. get (ch) ;
cout ch;
in. close () ;
return 0;
2.
put(). $.
#include <iostream>
tinclude <fstream>
9.
C++
285

{
char ch;
if(argc!=2) {
cout ": <_>\";
return 1 ;
of stream out (argv[l] , ios::out | ios: : binary )
if (lout) {
cout " \";
return 1;
}
cout " $\";
do {
cout ": ";
cin. get (ch) ;
out. put (ch) ;
} while (ch!='$T);
out. close () ;
return 0;
, cin
get().
.
3. double test
wtite():
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <cstring>
int main ( )
<
ofstream out ("test", ios: rout I ios: ibinary) ;
if (lout) {
cout " \";
return 1;
double num = 100.45;
char str[] = " ";
286
C++
out.write((char *) Snum, sizeof(double));
out.write(str, strlen(str));
out.close();
return 0;
f
(char*) write() ,
. C++ , .
4. ,
3, read():
#include <iostream>
tinclude <fstream>
int main()
{
ifstream in("test", ios::in | ios::binary);
if(!in) {
cout " \";
return I;
double num;
char str[80];
in.read((char *) Snum, sizeof(double));
in.read(str, 15) ;
str[14] = '\0';
cout num ' ' str;
in.close();
return 0;
,
read() , C++ .
9.
C++
287
5. double ,
. , .
// gcount ( )
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
int main ( )
{
ofstream outC'test", ios::out | ios : :binary) ;
if(!out) {
cout " ";
return 1;
double nums[4] = {1.1, 2.2, 3.3, 4.4};
out .write ( (char *) nums, sizeof (nums) );
out. close () ;
if stream in ("test", ios:: in | ios: : binary );
cout " ";
return 1 ;
in.read((char *) Snums, sizeof(nums));
int i;
for(i=0; i<4; i++)
cout nums[i] ' ' ;
cout '\n';
cout in.gcount() " ";
in.close();
return 0;
}
1. 1 3 9.2 , get(), put(), read() / write(). (

, , , .)
288
C++
2. .
. .
class account {
int custnum;
char name[80];
double balance;
public:
account(int c, char *n, double b)
{
custnum = c;
strcpy(name, n);
balance = b;
}
//
9.4.
/
, get()
.
:
istream Sget (char *, streamsize _) ;
istream Sget(char *, streamsize _,
char ) ;
int get() ;
get() , , , , _ 1, .
, , get() .
, ,
.
get() , , , , _ \, ,
, .
, , get() .
, ,
.
get() . EOF, .
get() getc() .
9. / C++
289
getline().
. :
istream Sgetline(char *, streamsize _);
istream Sgetline(char *, streamsize _6,
char );
,
, , ,
_ 1, ,
. ,
, getlineQ .
, , .
, , , ,
_ 1, ,
. ,
, getlineQ .
, , .
, getlineQ %&(, _) %(.(, _, )
get().
, ,
_ \ ,
. get() getlineQ ,
getlineQ ,
get() .
peekQ,
.
:
int peek ( ) ;
, , EOF.
putback(),
,
. :
istream fiputback (char );
.

,
. . flush()
290
C++
.
flushQ, :
ostream &flush();
flush() (, , ).
, ,
.
.
, , getlineQ :
// getlineO
finclude <iostream>
#include <fstream>
int main()
{
char str[80] ;
cout " : ";
cin.getline (str, 79);
cout str '\n' ;
return 0;
getline()
. getline() gets().
2. peek()
putback(). , .
. . .
// peek()
#include <iostream>
linclude <fstream>
# include <cctype>
int main ( )
9. / C++
29?
char ch;
of stream out ("test", ios::out | ios: : binary );
if (lout) {
cout " ";
return 1;
char str [80] , *p;
out 123 "this is a test" 23;
out "Hello there!" 99 "sdf" endl;
out. closet) ;
if stream in ("test", ios: tin | ios :: binary );
cout " ";
return 1;
do {
p = str;
ch = in. peek (); //
if (isdigit(ch) ) {
while (isdigit (*p=in.get () ) ) p++; //
in.putback (*p) ; //
* = '\0'; //
cout ": " atoi(str);
}
else if (isalpha(ch) ) { //
while (isalpha (*p=in.get () ) ) p++;
in.putback(*p) ; //
* = '\0'; //
cout ": " str;
}
else in. get (); //
cout ' \n ' ;
} while ( lin.eof () ) ;
in. close () ;
return 0;
1. 1 , getlineQ
gct(). ?
292
C++
2. . getline().
3. , flush().
9.5.
/ C++ (random access)
seekg() seekpQ,
. :
istream Sseekg(off_type , seekdir );
ostream fiseekp(off_type , seekdir );
off_type , ios , . seekdir ,
ios :
ios:: beg
ios::cur
ios::end
/ C++ ,
. (get pointer),
, .
(put pointer), ,
. . seekgQ seekpQ
.
seekg()
,
. seekp()
,
.
, , seekgQ seekpQ, . .
:
9. / C++
293
pos_type tellgO;
pos_type tellpO;
pos_type , ios .
,
tellg() tellpQ, seekg() seekpQ. :
istream fiseekg(pos_type );
ostream fiseekp(pos_type );
1. seekp(). . ,
, , , ,
. :
.
#include <iostream>
tfinclude <fstream>
#include <cstdlib>
{
if (argc! =4) {
cout ": <> <> <>\";
return 1;
f stream out(argv[l], ios:: in | ios:: out | ios :: binary )
if ( l o u t ) {
cout " \";
return 1 ;
out.seekp(atoi(argv[2]), ios::beg);
out.put(*argv[3]);
out.close();
return 0;
}
294
__
C++
2. seekgQ , .
.
// seekg()
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <cstdlib>
int main(int argc,
char *argv[])
char ch;
. if (argc! =3) {
cout ": <> <>\";
return 1;
}
if stream in(argv[l], ios::in | ios: : binary );

if(!in) {
cout " ";
return 1;
}
in.seekgfatoi (argv[2] ) , ios: :beg) ;

while(!in.eof () ) {
in. get (ch) ;
cout ch;
in. close () ;
return 0;
1.
. (: . , .)
2. , . , "1234",
"2143". ( ,
.)
9. / C++
295
9.6. /
/ C++ /. /, iostate, ,
ios :
goodbit
eofbit
failbit
badbit
/
, iostate.
/.
-, rdstateQ,
ios. :
iostate rdstateO ;
. , ,
, ,
rdstate() goodbit
. .
, , ios:
bool
bool
bool
bool
bad();
eof () ;
fail();
good() ;
eof() . bad() ,
badbit. fail() ,
failbit. goodQ .
.

, .
!(), ios. :
void clear(iostate = ios::goodbit);
296
C++
goodbit ( ), . , .
1. rdstate().
.
checkstatus().
#include <iostream>
tinclude <fstream>
void checkstatus (if stream &in) ;
{
if (argc! =2} {
cout ": <_>\";
return 1 ;
}
ifstream in (argv[l] ) ;
cout " \";
return 1 ;
char ;
while(in.get()) {
cout c;
checkstatus(in);
}
checkstatus(in); //
in.close();
return 0;
}
void checkstatus(ifstream &in)

{
ios::iostate i;
i = in.rdstate ();
if(i & ios::eofbit)
cout " EOF\n";
else if(i & ios::failbit)
cout " /\";
9. / C++
297
else i f ( i & ios::badbit)

cout " /\";
1

. while checkstatusQ,
, ( EOF).
2. goodQ
:
#include <iostream>
tinclude <fstream>
char ch;
if(argc!=2) {"
cout ": <_>\";
return 1;
if stream i n ( a r g v [ l ] ) ;
cout " \";
return 1 ;
while ( ! in.eof () ) {
in. get (ch) ;
//
if ( !in.good() && !in.eof()) {
cout " /
. \'
return 1 ;
cout ch ;
in. close ( ) ;
return 0 ;
1. .
298
C++
9.7. /

.
/. C++ ,
, , , - , .
/ C++.
, / , /
. ""
/, , ,
. , , /, .
1. coord . , -
, .
finclude <fstream>
class coord {
int x, y;
public:
friend ostream &operator(ostream Sstream, coord ob) ;
friend istream {.operator (istream sstream, coord &ob) ;
};
ostream &operator(ostream Sstream, coord ob)
{
stream ob.x ' ' ob.y '\n';
return stream;
}
istream Soperator(istream Sstream, coord sob)
'{
stream ob.x ob.y;
return stream;
9. / C++
299
int main()
coord old, 2), o2(3, 4);

ofstream out("test");
if(lout) {
cout " ";
return 1;
out ol o2;
out. close () ;
if stream in ("test"),
if(!in) {
cout " \";
return 1 ;
}
coord o3(0, 0) , o4 (0, 0) ;
in o3 o4;
cout o3 o4;
in. close () ;
return 0 ;
2. / /.
, , , , .
#include <iostream>
tinclude <fstream>
#include <iomanip>
/ / :
ostream &atn(ostream Sstream)
(
stream ": ";
return stream;
// , :
ostream &note (ostream Sstream)
stream ", : ";
C++
300
return stream;
}
int main()
{
ofstream out("test");
if(lout) {
cout " \";
return 1;
}
//
cout atn " \";
cout note " ";
//
out atn " \";
out note " \";
out.close();
return 0;
1. .

.
1.
20. .
2. , .
, . findalpha.
3. .
.
9. / C++
301
4. , , , .
5. , 3
4 .
6. ? ?

, .
1. inventory
. store() retrieve().
, . ,
, .
#include <fstream>
tinclude <iostream>
tinclude <cstring>
tfdefine SIZE 40
class inventory {
char item[SIZE] , //
//
int onhand;
//
double cost;
public:
inventory(char *i, int o, double c);
{
strcpy(item, i);
onhand = o;
cost = c;
}
void store(fstream &stream) ;
void retrieve(fstream Sstream) ;
friend ostream &operator(ostream Sstream, inventory ob) ;
friend istream &operator(istream Sstream, inventory Sob)
},
ostream &operator(ostream sstream, inventory ob)
{
stream ob.item ": " ob.onhand;
stream " ." ob.cost '\n'
C++
302
return stream;
istream separator(istream sstream, inventory &ob)
cout " : ";
stream ob.item;
cout " : ";

stream ob.onhand;
cout " : ";
stream ob.cost;
return stream;
2. . stack
, .
10
C++:
(virtual functions). ,
(run-time polymorphism). , C++ . -,
. -, .
,
.

. .

,
.
1.
.
2. .
.
3. ,
. , , .
: , , .
4. , 234-
, out.
5. /
C++?
304
C++
6. / C++
/ .
10.1.
4 C++,
,
. : , ,
, ,
.
:
base *p; //
base base_ob; //
derived derived ob; //
// ,
/ /
= &base_ob; //
//
/ /
= &derived_ob; //
,
, .
,
, .
, ""
, .
, . .
( , ,
.)
: , (. . ), . ,
, , . . .
10.
305
1. ,
:
//
tinclude <iostream>
class base {
int x;
public:
void setx(int i) { x = i; }
int y;
public:
void setyfint i) { = i; }
int gety() {return y; }
};
int main()
{
base *p;
//
base b_ob;
//
derived d_ob; //
//
//
= &b_ob;
p->setx (10) ; //
cout " : " p->getx() '\';
//
//
= &d_ob;
//
p->setx(99) ; //
// . . ,
//
d_ob.sety(88) ;
cout " : " p->getx() ' ' ;
cout " : " d_ob.gety() '\';
return 0;
306
C++
, . , .
1. . , ,
, .
10.2.

(virtual function) . .
, , virtual. , , ,
. , "
, ", .

. , . , .
, virtual .
, -.
, .
, . ,
, ,
, ,
.
,
. , , , ,
. ,
, , ,

10.
307
, .
.
, , ,
(polymorphic class).
1. :
//
tinclude <iostream>
class base {
public:
int i;
base (int x) { i = x; }
virtual void func()
(
cout " func() : ";
cout i ' \n ' ;
class derivedl : public base {

public:
derivedl (int x) : base (x) { }
void f unc ( )
{
cout " func() derivedl: ";
cout i * i '\n' ;
class derived2: public base {

public: .
derived2 (int x) : base(x) { }
void f unc ( )
{
cout " funcO derived2: ";
cout i + i ' \n ' ;
int main ( )
{
base *p;
C++
308
base ob(10);
derivedl d_obl(10);
derived2 d_ob2(10);
p = Sob;
p->func(); // funcO base

p = &d_obl;
p->func(); // func() derivedl
p = &d_ob2;
p->func(); / func() derived2
return 0;
:
funcO : 10
func() derivedl: 100
func() derived2: 20

. . -,
/ ,
, ,
. ( ,
,
.)
, .
. , , . ,
(overriding).
. base
funcQ. : derivedl derived!.
func() -. mainQ
base, derivedl derived!.
ob ( base).
func() base. d_obl func()
. , ,
, derivedl. , d_ob2,
func(). func(),
derived!.
10.
309
, , ,
, -, .
2. .
, ,
, . ,
:
//
#include <iostream>
class base {
public:
int i ;
base (int x) { i = x; }
virtual void func()
{
cout " f unc ( ) : " ;

?
cout i '\n ;
class derivedl: public base {

public:
derivedl (int x) : base(x) { }
void f unc ( )
{
cout " funcO derivedl: ";

cout i * i ' \n ' ;
class derived2 : public base {

public:
derived2 (int x) : base(x) { }
// derived2 func()
int main
()
base *p;
base ob (10);
derivedl d_obl(10) ;
derived2 d_ob2(10);
p = &ob;
p->func(); // funcO
310
C++
= &d_obl;
p->func(); // func() derivedl
= &d_ob2;
p->func(); // func()
return 0;
:
f uric : 10
func() derivedl: 100
func() : 10
derivedl func() .
d_ob2 func(),
base, . ,
, .
3. ,
.
d_obl d_ob2 ,
randQ. , func() .
(, ,
,
.)
/*
.
*/
finclude <iostream>
tinclude <cstdlib>
class base {
public:
int i;
base(int x) { i = x; }
virtual void func()
{
cout " f unc ( } : " ;
cout i ' \n ' ;

public:
derivedl (int x) : base(x) { }
10.
311
void f unc ( )
{
cout " funcO derivedl: ";
cout i * i ' \n ' ;
class derived2 : public base {

public:
derived2(int x) : base(x) { }
void f unc ( )
{
cout " funcO derived2 : ";

cout i + i ' \n ' ;
int mainO
base *p;
derivedl d_obl (10) ;
derived2 d_ob2(10);
int i, j;
for(i=0;
j = rand ( ) ;
if((j%2)) p = &d_obl; //
//
else p = &d_ob2;
//
//
p->func();
//

d_obl

d_ob2

return 0;
4. .
area,
.
getareaQ, , , , . getareaQ .
, area.
.
//
finclude <iostream>
312
class area {
double diml, dim2; //
public:
void setarea (double dl, double d2)
{
diml = dl;
dim2 = d2;
}
void getdim(double &dl, double Sd2)
{
dl = diml;
d2 = dim2;
}
virtual double getarea ( )
{
cout " ";
return 0.0;
class rectangle: public area {

public:
double getarea ( )
{
double dl, d2;
getdim(dl, d2) ;
return dl * d2;
class triangle: public area {

public:
double getarea ( )
{
double dl, d2;
getdim(dl, d2);
return 0.5 * dl * d2;
int main ( )
{
area *p;
rectangle r;
triangle t;
r. setarea (3 . 3, 4.5);
t. setarea (4.0, 5.0);
C++
10.
313
= &;
cout " : " p->getarea() '\';

= &t;
cout " : " p->getarea() '\';
return 0;
, getareaQ area
"" , , .
area , , getarea() area.
, , getareaQ . .
1. .
shownumQ.
outhex outoct, num.
shownumQ ,
, .
2. , dist double . dist
trav_time(), ,
, , 60 .
metric trav_time() , , , ,
, 100 .
10.3.

4 , ,
, . ,
.
- ,
.
314
^_^
C++
, ,
, , . C++
(pure virtual function).
.
.
:
virtual 4_(_) = 0;
.
, . , ,
.
, . ,
, ,
.
,
(abstract class).
, , ,
, ,
. , . . , , -
, . (
.)
,
. ,
,
( , ). ,
f(), D1 , D2 D1,
f() D1, D2.
1. , 4 . area getareaQ
.
//
înclude <iostream>
10.
class area {
double diml, dim2; //
public:
void setarea (double dl, double d2)
{
diml = dl;
dim2 = d2;
}
void getdim (double Sdl, double &d2)
{
dl = diml;
d2 = dim2;
}
virtual double getareaO = 0; //
class rectangle: public area {

public:
double getarea ( )
f
double dl, d2;

getdim (dl, d2);
return dl * d2;
class triangle: public area {

public:
double getarea()
{
double dl, d2;
getdim (dl, d2);
return 0.5 * dl * d2;
int mainO
{
area *p;
rectangle r;
triangle t;
r.setarea(3.3, 4.5);
t. setarea (4. (S, 5.0);
p = &r;
cout " : " p->getarea() '\n';
315
376
C++
= st;
cout " : " p->getarea() '\n';
return 0;
}
, getareaQ ,
.
2. , :
/*
*/
#include <iostream>
class base {
public:
virtual void f unc ( )
{
cout " func() \";

public:
void f unc ( )
{
cout " funcO derivedl\n";
// derivedl derived2
class derived2 : public derivedl {
public:
void funcO
{
cout " func() derived2\n";
int main ( )
{
base *p;
base ob;
derivedl d_obl;
derived2 d ob2;
10.
317
= Sob;
p->func(); // f unc ( )
= &d_bbl;
p->func(); // f unc ( ) derivedl
= Sd_ob2;
p->func(); // f unc ( ) derived2
return 0;
funcQ
derivedl, . derivedl
derived!. derived! func() .
,
derived! func() , d_ob!
derivedl .
func(). funcQ derivedl,
derived!, func() base.
1. . , area 1, . 2 funcQ derived!. , funcQ, derivedl.

2. ?
3. 2 func()
derivedl? ? , ?
10.4.
, , , ,
. ,
,
( ) , . . " , ". ,
318
C++
.
,
, .
:
;
. , .
, - C++ .
(early binding) (late binding).
, . ^
, .
, .
"" ,
, - .

. ( ) ,
.
. .
,
. ,
.
C++ .

, ,
, , .
. . ,
.
, .
, , , .
1. , " , ".
. store() retrieve().
store(). -
10.
379
retrieve(). list . , .
: .
, .
.
//
#include <iostream>
linclude <cstdlib>
#include <cctype>
class list {
public:
list *head;
list *tail;
list *next;
int num;
//
//
//
//
list () { head = tail = next = NULL; }

virtual void store (int i) = 0;
virtual int retrieve () = 0;
//
class queue: public list {
public:
void store (int i) ;
int retrieve () ;
};
void queue: : store (int i)
{
list *item;
item = new queue;
if (! item) {
cout " \"
exit (1) ;
}
item->num = i;
//
if (tail) tail->next = item;
tail = item;
item->next = NULL;
if ('head) head = tail;
C++
320
int queue::retrieve()
{
int i;
list *p;
if(!head) {
cout " \";
return 0;
}
//
i = head->num;
= head;
head = head->next;
delete p;
return i;
//
class stack: public list {
public:
void store(int i);
int retrieve();
void stack::store(int i)
{
list *item;
item = new stack,;
if(!item) {
cout " \";
exit(l);
}
item->num = i;
//
if(head) item->next = head;
head = item;
if(ltail) tail = head;
}
int stack::retrieve()
{
int i;
list *p;
if(!head) {
cout " \";
10.
321
return 0;
//
i = head->num;
= head;
head = head->next;
delete p;
return i;
int main ( )
{
list *p;
ft
queue q_ob;
p = &q_ob; //
p->store(l) ;
p->store(2) ;
p->store(3) ;
cout ": ";
cout p->retrieve ( ) ;
cout p->retrieve () ;
cout p->retrieve ( } ;
cout '\n';
//
stack s_ob;
p = &s_ob; //
p->store (1) ;
p->store(2) ;
p->store (3) ;
cout ": ";
cout p->retrieve () ;
cout ' \n ' ;
return 0;
2. main() . mainQ:
322
__
C++
int main ( )
{
list *p;
stack s_ob;
queue q_ob;
char ch;
int i;
for(i=0;
cout " ? (/) : ";
in ch;
ch = tolower (ch);
if(ch=='o') p = &q_ob;
else p = &s_ob;
p->store (i) ;
cout " ";
for(;;) {
cout " ? ( / ) : ";
cin ch;
ch = tolower (ch);
i f ( c h = = ' K ' ) break;
i f ( c h = = ' o ' ) p = &q_ob;
else p = &s_ob;
cout p->reteieve () ' \ n ' ;
}
cout ' \n ' ;

return 0;
mainQ , ,
, ,
. for 0 9.
. ,
( ),
. , .

.
, , ,
,
. , Windows . , -
10.
323
. .
1. 1.
( ) .
sorted.
1. , , .

.
1. ?
2. ?
3. ? .
4. ?
5. ? ?
6. ? , ?
class base {
public:
virtual int f(int a) =0;

public:
int f (int a, int b) { return a*b; }
7. ?
8. .
, .
324
C++

, .
1. , 1 4 ,
+ . +
, .
2. ?
3. . , . , ,
.
11
C++
: (templates) (exception handling). , C++,
Standard C++.

:
.
(generic functions)
(generic classes). , , . .
. ,
.
C++
, , . C++
. ,

, "" . .

,
.
326
C++
1. ?
2. ? , ?
3.

. ( .)
4. ( ) , ,
?
5. ?
?
11.1.
, .
, . . , ,
, . ,
,
. ,
.
.
,
.
, ,
.
template.
(. . ) C++.
( ), , ,
. -:
template <class > _ _ (_)
{
//
.
.
, .
11.
327

class,
typename.
1. ,
, . , .
//
#include <iostream>
// -
template <class X> void swapargs (X &a, X &b)
{
X temp;
temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
}
int mainO
{
int i = 10, j = 20;
float x = 10.1, = 23.3;
cout " i, j : " i ' ' j endl;
cout " x, : " x ' ' endl;
swapargs (i, j ) ;
swapargs (x, y) ;
//
//

cout " x, : " x ' ' endl;
return 0;
template .
:
template <class X> void swapargs (X &, X &b)
: -, , , -,
. X , .
328
C++
template swapargsQ X
. main() swapargsQ : . swapargsQ , : ,
. .
, C++. -, ( ,
template)
- (template Junction).
, ,
(generated function). (instantiating) . ,
-.
2. template
, . ,
swapargsQ:
template <class X>
void swapargs (X sa, X &b)
{
X temp;
temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
, template . , :
//
template <class X>
int i;
//
void swapargs (X &, X &b)
{
X temp;
temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
, template .
11.
329
3. ,
class
typename. ,
swapargsQ:
// typename
template <typename > void swapargs(X sa, X &b)

{
X temp;
temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
}
typename
,
.
4. template
, . , ,
:
linclude <iostream>
template <class typel, class type2>
void myfunc(typel x, type2 y)
{
cout x ' ' endl;
}
int mainO
{
myfunc(10, "hi");
myfunc(0.23, 10L);
return 0;

myfimcO, typel typeZ
int char* double long .
, ,
.
C++
330
5. ,
.
. ,
. ,
, .
void outdata(int i)
{
cout i;
void outdata(double d)
{
cout setprecision(lO) setfill('#');

cout d;
cout setprecision(6) s e t f i l l ( ' ' } ;
}
6. , - , .
, ( "")
, . 1:
// -
#include <iostream>
template <class X> void swapargs(X &a, X &b)
{
X temp;
temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
}
// swapargs()
void swapargs(int a, int b)
{
cout " swapargs(int, int)\n";

}
int main()
{
int i = 10, j = 20;
float x = 10.1, = 23.3;

cout " , : " x ' ' endl;
11.
swapargs(i, j);
swapargs(, );
33?
// swapargsO
//

cout " , : " ' ' endl;
return 0;
, swapargs(i, j)
swapargsQ
,
swapargs(),
.
, , ,
. ,
, .
*"
1. , .
2. min(),
. , min(3, 4) 3, min('c', 'a') . .
3. - find().
.
( ), 1, .
findQ.
fmd() .
( size .)
int find(int object, int *list, int size)
4. ,
.
332
C++
11.2.
.
, , , .
, . , , ,
. , ,
, .
, , . .
.
, .
:
template <class > class _ {
,
. , .

:
_ <> ;
, .
- .
template.
14, C++ , (Standard
Template Library, STL). .

, .
1. , . .
11.
333
//
finclude <iostream>
template <class data_t> class list {
data_t data;
list *next;
public:
list (data_t d) ;
void add (list *node) { node->next = this; next =0; }
list *getnext() { return next; }
data_t getdataf) { return data; }
}
template <class data_t> list<data_t>: : list (data_t d)
{
data = d;
next = 0;
int main ( )
{
list<char> start ('a');
list<char> *p, *last;
int i;
//
last - Sstart;
for(i=l; i<26; i++) {
p = new list<char> ('a' + i) ;
p->add(last) ;
last = p;
}
//
p = Sstart;
while (p) {
cout p->getdata ( ) ;
P= p->getnext ( ) ;
}
return 0;
, . , ,
. , ,
.
main(), , char. :
list<char> start ('a');
334
C++
, .
.
, .
, ,
, . , ,
:
list<int> int_start(l) ;
list
. , :
struct addr {
char name [40] ;
char street [40];
char city [30] ;
char state [3] ;
char zip [12] ;
, list addr,
(, structvar
addr):
list<addr> obj (structvar) ;
2. .
stack, 1.
stack . ,
.
:
//
ttdefine SIZE
10
// stack
template <class StackType> class stack {
StackType stck[SIZE] ;
//
int tos;
//
public:
void'initO { tos = 0 ; } //
void push (StackType ch) ; // '
StackType pop();
//
11.
//
template <class StackType>
void stack<StackType>::push(StackType ob)
if (tos==SIZE) {
cout " ";
return;
stck[tos] = ob;
tos++;
//
StackType stack<StackType>: :pop()
{
if (tos==0) (
cout " ";
return 0; //
}
tos ;
return stck[tos];
int main ( )
{
//
stack<char> si, s2; //
int i;
//
sl.init () ;
s2 . init ( ) ;
sl.push('a')
s2.push( 'x' )
sl.push('b')
s2.push( 'y1 )
si. push ( 'c' )
s2.push( 'z' )
for(i=0;
for(i=0;
i++) cout " 1:" si.pop "\n"

i++) cout " 2:" s2.pop() "\n"
// double
stack<double> dsl, ds2; //
//
dsl.init();
ds2.init();
335
336
C++
dsl.push(1.1)
ds2.push(2.2)
dsl.push(3.3)
ds2.push(4.4)
dsl.push(5.5)
ds2.push(6.6)
for(i=0; i<3; i++) cout " 1:" dsl.pop() "\n";
for(i=0; i<3; i++) cout " 2:" ds2.pop() "\n";
return 0;
stack ( list),

,
, . ,
, .
- . template, . , :
//
#include <iostream>
template <class Typel, class Type2> class myclass
{
Typel i;
Type2 j;
public:
myclass (Typel a, Type2 b) { i = a; j = b; }
void show() { cout i ' ' j '\n'; }
};
int main ( }
{
myclass<int, double> obl(10, 0.23);
myclass<char, char *> ob2('X', " ");
obl.show();
ob2.show();
// int double
// char char *
:
10 0.23
X
11.
337
. .
. 2 .
.
1. , . /
.
2. , .
3. input, :
-,
,
-,
.
input :
input ob("_", _, _)
_ , .
_ _ . ( , , ,
_ _.)
11.3.

C++ ,
(exception handling).
. C++ : try, catch throw.
, , , try. (. . )
try, ( throw),
( catch) .
.
338
C++
, ,
, try. (, try .) catch,
try, . try
catch:
try {
//
}
catch (typ&l arg) {
II
}
catch (type2 arg) {
II
}
catch (type3 arg) {
I/
catch (typeN arg) {

II
try ,
. , main() ( ).
,

catch, . try catch. To, catch ,
. , , catch, ,
catch. try (. . , -
try , catch,
try, . .). , arg .
, catch
type, arg .
11.
339
, . .
throw:
throw _;
throw try,
, ( ).
_ throw .
, catch, .
Standard C++,
terminate(). terminate()
abort(), .
.
1. , C++
:
//
linclude <iostream>
int main(}
{
cout "\";
try {
// try
cout " try\n";
throw 10;
//
cout " ";
}
catch (int i) { //
cout " : ";
cout i "\n";
.
cout "";
return 0;
340
C++
try
: 10
. , try, , catch (int i), . try

cout throw. , catch
try . , catch ,
. ( .) ,
throw cout .
catch, . , catch exit(), abort() - , , , , .
2. ,
, catch. , ,
catch double,
. :
//
tinclude <iostream>
int main()
{
cout "\";
try {
// try
cout " try\n";
throw 10;
//
cout " ";
}
catch (double i) { //
//
cout " : ";
cout i "\n";
}
cout "";
return 0;
11.
34?
catch double, :
try
Abnormal program termination
3. try
, , try. ,
:
/* ,
try
*/
finclude <iostream>
void Xtest(int test)
cout " Xtest, test : " test "\n";
if(test) throw test;
int mainO
cout "\";
try {
// try
cout " try\n";
Xtest(0);
Xtest (1);
Xtest (2);
catch (int i) { //
cout " : ";
cout i "\n";
cout "";
return 0;
try
Xtest, test :
Xtest, test : 1
342
C++
: 1
4. try . .
, :
tinclude <iostream>
// try catch main()
void Xhandler(int test)
{
try {
if (test) throw test;

}
catch (int i) {
cout " : " i ' \n ' ;
int main ( )
{
cout "";
Xhandler(l) ;
Xhandler(2) ;
Xhandler(O) ;
Xhandler(3) ;
cout "";
return 0;
: 1
: 2
: 3
, . . .
5. , try
catch. , . catch -
1.
343
. ,
,
:
#include <iostream>
//
{
try {
if (test) throw test;
else throw " ";
>
catch (int i) {
cout " : " i '\n';
}
catch (char *str) {
cout " : ";
cout str '\n';
int main ( )
{
cout "\";
Xhandler (1) ;
Xhandler(2) ;
Xhandler (0) ;
Xhandler (3) ;
cout "";
return 0;
: 1
: 2
:
: 3
, catch
.
catch ,
. ,
344
C++
. catch .
1. , C++ . ,
.
, .
2. ?
int main ( }
.{
throw 12.23;
3. ?
try
// ...
throw ' a ' ;

// ...
}
catch (char *) {
4. , catch?
11.4.

, .
, , . . catch:
catch ( . . . ) {
//
1 1.
_ 345
.
, try,
, .

.
throw.
:
_ _ (_)
throw ( _)
_
, .
. ,
, _
.

Standard C++,
unexpected ().
unexpected () abortQ,
.
. .
,
throw . , try/catch.
1. catch(...):
//
finclude <iostream>
{
try {
// int
if(test==0) throw test;
346
C++
I / char
if(test==l) throw 'a';
// double
if(test==2) throw 123.23;
}
catch (...) { //
cout " !\";
int main ( )
{
cout "\";
Xhandler(O) ;
Xhandler(l) ;
Xhandler(2) ;
cout "";
return 0 ;
}
:
!
!
!
,
throw, catch.
2. catch(...)
catch. catch(...)
, " ". , , , catch(...):
/* catch ( . . . )

, .
*/
#include <iostream>
void Xhandlerfint test)
1.
347
try {
// int
if (test==0) throw test;
// char
// double
if(test=2) throw 123.23;
}
catch (int i) { // int
cout " " i '\n';
}
catch (...) { //
cout " !\";
int main ( )
{
cout "\";
Xhandler(O) ;
Xhandler(l) ;
Xhandler(2) ;
cout "";
return 0;
:

!
!
, catch(...)
,
. ,
- .
3. , , :
/*
V
tinclude <iostream>
348
C++
//
// int, char double
void Xhandler(int test) throw (int, char, double)
{
// int
// char
// double
int main()
{
cout "";
try {
Xhandler(O); //
// XhandlerO 1 2
}
catch (int i) {
cout " int\n";
}
catch (char c) {
cout " char\n";
}
catch (double d) {
cout " double\n";
)
cout "";
return 0 ;
XhandlerO int, char double. . ( unexpectedQ.) ,

int
.
, , try. To
try , .
, .
1.
349
4. XhandlerQ :
//
void Xhandler (int test) throw ()
{
/* . ,

*/
// int
// char
// double
5. , .
, . , , , .
catch ( ,
). ,
catch, , . :
char *.
/*

*/
tinclude <iostream>
void Xhandler ( )
{
try {
// char *
throw "";
}
// char *
catch (char *) {
cout " char * Xhandler () \n";
//
// char *, Xhandler ()
throw;
350
C++
int main ()
{
cout "\";
try {
Xhandler();
}
catch(char *} {
cout " char * inain()\n";
}
cout "";
return 0;
}
char * Xhandler()
char * main()
1. ,
. , ,
.
2. ?
try {
// ...
throw 10;
}
catch (int *p) {
3. .
4. catch ?
5. divide ().
double divide (double a, double b)
{
//
return a/b;
11.
35?
. , . , .
11.5.
,
new
4 , new, . 4 , , .
new.
new , Standard C++.
4, C++
, new, .

new ,
" . ,
. , new
,
. , new - .
Standard C++, .
,
,
new.
Standard C++,
, new bad_alloc. .
,
, - . <new>.
C++
352
xalloc

. , ,
Standard C++ bad_alloc.
, Standard
C++ , new , .
new ,
mallocQ new.
new:
= new(nothrow) ;
.
new nothrow ( )
, .
,
new ""

. ,
.
1. new
try/catch .
#include <iostream>
#include <new>
int
{
main()
int *p;
try {
p = new int; //
} catch (bad_alloc xa) {
cout " \";
1.
353
return 1;
}
for(*p = 0; * < 10; (*)++)
cout * " ";
delete p; //
return 0;
, , catch.
2.
,

new . ,
.
finclude <iostream>
# include <new>
int main()
{
double *p;
//
do {
try {
p = new double [100000] ;

} catch (bad_alloc xa) {
cout " \";
return 1;
}
cout " \" ;
} while (p) ;
return 0;
3. ,
new new(nothrow). .
// new(nothrow)
#include <iostream>
# include <new>
354
C++
int main ( )
{
double *p;
//
do {
= new(nothrow) double [100000] ;
if (p) cout " \";
else cout " \";
} while () ;
return 0;
, new nothrow,
.
1. , new
new(nothrow), .
2. .
C++.
= malloc(sizeof (int) ) ;
cout " \";

exit(l) ;

.
1. , ,
.
11.
355
2. ,
.
3. "" (
).
4. stack , .
5. try, catch throw.
.
6. stack , , ,
.
7. . , terminate() unexpectedQ. ,
, . ,
,
.
8. : , ,

new ?

, .
1. 6, 6.7, 3 . .
2. 1 abs(). , abs(),
.
12

C++:
(Run-Time Type Identification, RTTI)
, (casting operators).
.
, .
, , '
dynamic_cast, RTTI,
.

,
.
1. ?
2. ?
3. gexp(),
, .
4. 9, 9.7, 1 coord . ,
. .
5. , try, catch throw
C++ .
6. throw, , try?
7. terminate() unexpectedQ?
8. catch ?
358
_____
C++
12.1.

, (,
), . ,
, , ( ,
). , ,
(, C++), ,
,
. , C++
, . ,
, . ,
, .
,
.
typeid.
typeid
<typeinfo>. typeid:
typeid ()
,
. typeid type_info, . type_info :
bool operator (const type_info ^) ;
bool operator!=(const type_info &) ;
bool before(const type_inf ^);
const char *name();
== !=. beforeQ , , . (
.
.) nameQ
.
12.
359
typeid ,
, .
, .
, ,
. (,
, , .) , typeid
,
. .
typeid , ,
. , ,
. typeid , .
typeid, :
typeid(_)
typeid
type_info, - .
typeid (. . , *), , ,
bad_typeid,
typeid.
. , ,
.
typeid.

C++ int. typeid
, , BaseClass
// typeid
finclude <iostream>
#include <typeinfo>
360
__
C++
class BaseClass {
virtual void f ( ) . { } ; // BaseClass
class Derivedl : public BaseClass {
class Derived2 : public BaseClass {
int main()
{
int i ;
BaseClass *p, baseob;
Derivedl obi;
Derived2 ob2;
//
cout " i ";
cout typeid(i) .name () endl;
//
= Sbaseob;
cout " " ;
cout typeid (*p) .name () endl;
= Sobl;
cout " ";
cout typeid (*p) .name (} endl;.
= &ob2;
cout " ";
cout type id (*p) .name () endl;
return 0;
:
i int
BaseClass
Derivedl
Derived2
, typeid , , ,
. -
12.
36?
f()
BaseClass , .
2. , typeid ,
, . , . , WhatTypeQ
BaseClass -. , What() BaseClass , BaseClass. typeid ,
.
// typeid
#include <iostream>
ttinclude <typeinfo>
class BaseClass {
virtual void f () {}; // BaseClass
class Derivedl: public BaseClass {
class Derived2: public BaseClass {
//
void WhatType (BaseClass Sob)
{
cout "ob " ;
cout typeid(ob) .name () endl;
}
int main ( )
{
int i ;
BaseClass baseob;
Derivedl obi;
Derived2 ob2;
WhatType (baseob)
WhatType (obi)
WhatType (ob2)
return 0;
362
C++
:
ob BaseClass
ob Derivedl
ob Derived2
3.
, ,
. ,
type_info, typeid, == !=.
.
// == != typeid
#include <iostream>
#include <typeinfo>
class X {
virtual void f ( ) { }
class Y {
};
int main()
{
X xl, x2;
Y yl;
if (typeid(xl) == (typeid(x2))
cout " xl 2 \";
else
cout " xl 2 ";
if (typeid(xl) != (typeid(yl) )
cout " xl yl \";
else
cout " xl yl ";
return 0;
:
xl 2
xl yl
4.
type_info, , . -
12.
363
.
,
.
Shape. : Line, Square, Rectangle NuIlShape.
generatorQ .
(, ,
.) , , rand(). main() , NuIlShape,
.
, , . , .
// == != typeid
tinclude <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <typeinfo>
class Shape {
public:
virtual void example (} = 0;
class Rectangle: public Shape {
public:
void example ( ) {
cout "*****\ n *
*\n*
*\n*****\n"
class Triangle: public Shape {

public:
void example ( ) {
cout "*\n* *\n* *\n*****\n"
class Line: public Shape {

public:
void example ( ) {
cout "*****\n";
class NuIlShape: public Shape {

public:
364
void example ( ) {
//
Shape *generator ()
{
switch (rand () % 4}
case 0:
return new
case 1:
return new
case 2:
return new
case 3:
return new
}
return NULL;
Shape
{
Line;
Rectangle;
Triangle;
NullShape;
int main ( )
<
int i ;
Shape *p;
for(i=0; i<10; i++) {
p = generator (); //
cout typeid(*p) .name () endl;
// , NullShape
if (typeid(*p) != typeid (NullShape) )
p->example ( ) ;
}
return 0;
:
class Rectangle
*****
*
*
*
*
*****
class NullShape
class Triangle
*
* *
* *
*****
C++
12.
365
class Line
*****
class Rectangle
*
*****
class Line
*****
class Triangle
class Triangle
class Triangle
*
* *
* *
*****
class Line
5. typeid -. , . -. get_val()
. Num . Square .
Sqr_root . ,
Num, genegatorQ. typeid .
// typeid
finclude <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
finclude <cmath
tinclude <typeinfo>
template <class T> class Num {
public:
;
Num(T i) { x = i; }
366
virtual get_val() { return x; }

template <class T>
class Squary: public Num<T> {
public:
Squary(T i) : Num<T>(i) {}
get_val() { return x*x; }
};
template <class T>
class Sqr_root: public Num<T> {
public:
Sqr_root(T i) : Num<T>(i) {}
get_val() { return sqrt ( (double) x) ; }
>;
// Num
Num<double> *generator ( )
{
switch (rand () % 2) {
case 0: return new Squary<double> (randO % 100);
case 1: return new Sqr_root<double> (rand() % 100);
}
return NULL;
int main ( )
{
Num<double> obi (10), *pl;
Squary<double> ob2 (100. 0) ;
Sqr_root<double> ob3 (999.2) ;
int i;
\
cout typeid (obi) .name () endl;
cout typeid (ob2) .name () endl;
cout typeid (ob3) .name () endl;
if (typeid (ob2) == typeid ( Squary<double> ))
cout "is Squary<double>\n";
pi = Sob2;
if (typeid (*pl) != typeid (obi))

cout " : " pl->get_val ( ) ;
cout "\n\n";
cout " \";
for(i=0; i<10; i++) {
pi = generator (); //
C++
12.
367
if(typeid(*pl) == typeid(Squary<double>))
cout " : ";
if(typeid(*pl) == typeid(Sqr_root<double>))
cout " : ";
cout " : " pl->get_val();
cout endl;
return 0;
:
class Num<double>
class Squary<double>
class Sqr_root<double>
is Squary<double>
: 10000

: :
: : 0
: :
: : 3364
: : 4096
: :
: :
: :
: :
: :
8. 18535
4. 89898
6. 7082
5. 19616
9. 53939
6. 48074
6
1. ?
2. , 1.
?
3. ?
cout typeid(float).name() ;
4. . , D2?
class {
virtual void f() {}
368
C++
class Dl: public. {

void f() {}
};
class D2: public {
void f() {}
int main ( )
{
*;
5. Num 5
?
typeid(Num<int>) == typeid(Num<double>)
6. RTTI.

, .
12.2. dynamic jcast

C++ , . dynamic_cast, const_cast, reinterpret_cast static_cast.
dynamic_cast , . .
dynamic_cast ,

. dynamic_cast
, .
dynamic_cast:
dynamic_cast<iierceBO#_ > ()
_ , .
. ,
dynamic_cast
.
dynamic_cast
. , -
12.
369
D, D ,
dynamic_cast D*
*. ,
. dynamic_cast * D*,
, , , D. , dynamic_cast , ( )
( ) ,
.
. dynamic_cast , . ,
bad_cast.
. , Base ,
a Derived , Base.
Base *bp, b_ob;
Derived *dp, d_ob;
bp = &d_ob; //
//
dp = dynamic_cast<Derived *> (bp)
i f ( ! d p ) cout " ";
bp dp
, bp Derived. ,

. , bp Base,
.
bp = &b_ob; //
//
i f ( ! d p ) cout " ";
,
.
dynamic_cast
typeid. , , Base
, a Derived , Base.
dp ,
bp, ,
Derived.
370
C++
Base *bp;
Derived *dp;
// ...
if(typeid(*bp) == typeid(Derived)) dp = (Derived *) bp;
. , if
typeid
, .
. typeid if dynamic_ cast:
dynamic_cast , , , ,
, dp , Derived.
, dynamic_cast , , .
1. dynamic_cast:
// dynamic_cast
linclude <iostream>
class Base {
public:
virtual void f () { cout " Base"\n; }
class Derived: public Base {

public:
void f() { cout " Derived"\n; }
};
int main ( )
{
Base *bp, b_ob;
Derived *dp, d_ob;
12.
377
dp = dynamic_cast<Derived *> (&d_ob);

if(dp) {
cout " Derived * Derived * ";
dp->f ;
} else
cout "";
cout endl;
bp = dynamic_cast<Base *> (&d_ob);
if(bp) {
cout " Derived * Base * ";
bp->f();
} else
cout "";
cout endl;
bp = dynamic_cast<Base *> (&b_ob);
if(bp) {
cout " Base * Base * ";
bp->f();
} else
cout "";
cout endl;
dp = dynamic_cast<Derived *> (&b_ob);
if(dp) {
cout "";
} else
cout " Base * Derived * ";
cout endl;
bp = &d_ob; // bp Derived
dp = dynamic_cast<Derived *> (bp) ;
if(dp) {
cout " bp Derived * "
" bp "
" DerivedXn";
dp->f();
} else
cout "";
cout endl;
bp = &b_ob; // bp Base
dp = dynamic_cast<Derived *> (bp);
if(dp)
cout "";
372
__
C++
else {
cout " bp Derived * \"

" "
" Base\n";
cout endl;
dp = &d_ob; // dp Derived
bp = dynamic_cast<Base *> (dp) ;
if(bp) {
cout " dp Base * \"
bp->f ( ) ;
} else
cout "\";
return 0 ;
:
Derived * Derived *
Derived
Derived * Base *
Derived
Base * Base *
Base
Base * Derived *
Derived *

Derived
Derived
Derived *

Base
dp Base *
Derived
2. , typeid dynamic_cast.
/* dynamic_cast typeid
*/
12.
tinclude <typeinfo>
class Base {
public:
virtual void f() {}
public:
void derivedOnly ( } {
cout " Derived"\n;
int main()
{
Base *bp, b_ob;
Derived *dp, d_ob;
// ***********************************************************
// typeid
I/ ***********************************************************
bp = &b_ob;
if (typeid (*bp) == typeid ( Derived) ) {
dp = (Derived *} bp;
dp->derivedOnly ( ) ;
} else
cout " Base Derived ";
bp = &d_ob;
if (typeid (*bp) == typeid ( Derived) ) {
dp = (Derived *) bp;
dp->derivedOnly ( ) ;
} else
cout ", ! \n";
// dynamic_cast
bp = &b_ob;
if (dp) dp->derivedOnly ( ) ;
else
cout " Base Derived \";
bp = &d_ob;
373
374
C++
if (dp) dp->derivedOnly ( ) ;
else
cout ", ! \n";
return 0 ;
, dynamic_cast .
:
Base
Base
Derived
Derived
Derived
Derived
3. dynamic_cast, typeid, -. , - 5 12.1. ,

genegatorQ, dynamic_cast.
// dynamic_cast
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlit
tinclude <cmath>
tinclude <typeinfo>
template <class T> class Num {
public:
x;
Num(T i) { x = i; }
virtual get_val() { return x; }
};
template <class T>

class Squary: public Num<T> {
public:
Squary(T i) : Num<T>(i) {}
get_val{) { return x*x; }
};
template <class T>

class Sqr_root: public Num<T> {
public:
Sqr_root(T i) : Num<T>(i) {}
get_val() { return sqrt ( (double) x) ; }
12.
375
// Num
Num<double> *generator()
{
switch(rand() % 2) {
case 0: return new Squary<double> (rand() % 100);
case 1: return new Sqr_root<double> (rand() % 100);
}
return NULL;
int main()
Num<double> obi(10), *pl;
Squary<double> ob2(100.0), *p2;
Sqr_root<double> ob3(999.2), *p3;
int i;
cout " \";
for(i=0; i<10; i++) {
pi = generator();
p2 = dynamic_cast<Squary<double> *> (pi);
if(p2) cout " : ";
-
= dynamic_cast<Sqr_root<double> *> (pi);

if(p3) cout " : ",
cout " : " pl->get_val();
cout endl;
return 0;
}
1. dynamic_cast.
2. . ,
dynamic_cast , ob
, ob D2.
class {
virtual void f () { }
class Dl: public {
void f() {}
376
C++
class D2: public {

void f() {}
*;
3. mainQ 12.1, 4 ,
NuIlShape typeid, dynamic_cast.
4. Num 3 ?
Num<int> *Bp;
Square<double> *Dp;
// ...
Dp = dynamic cast<Num<int (Bp) ;
12.3. const_cast,
reinterpret_cast static_cast
dynamic_cast , . :
1_<_> ()
Teinterpret_cast<4eneBOjS_!TJin> ()
_<_> ()
_ , . ,

, , .
const_cast const () / volatile
(). , const volatile. const_cast const.
static_cast
. ,
. ,
72.
377
, (. . ).
reinterpret_cast
.
. reinterpret_cast
.
const
const_cast. dynamic_cast, static_cast reinterpret_cast
.
1.
reinterpret_cast.
// reinterpret_cast
#include <iostream>
int main ( )
<
int i;
char *p = " ";

//
i = reinterpret_cast<int> (p) ;
cout i;
return 0;
reinterpret_cast . reinterpret_cast.
2. const_cast.
// . const_cast
#include <iostream>
void f (const int *p)
{
int *v;
378 _
C++
/ I const
v = const_cast<int *> () ;
*v = 100; // v
int main ()
{
int x = 99;
cout " : " endl;
f(&x);
cout " : " endl;
return 0;
:
: 99
: 100
, f()
,
.
const_cast const
.
.
3. static_cast, , .
. ,
float int.
// static_cast
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
int i;
float f;
f = 199.22;
i = static cast<int> ( f ) ;
12.
379
cout i;
return 0;
1. , const_cast, reinterpret_cast static_cast.

2. . const_cast.
#include <iostream>
void f{ const double &i)
{
i = 100; // ! const_cast
}
int main ()
{
double x = 98-. 6;
cout x endl;
f (x);
cout x endl;
return 0;
3. , const_cast
.

.
1. ,
typeid.
2.
typeid?
380
__^___^_
__
C++
3. , C++ . ?
4. , .
iinclude <typeinfo>
class A {
virtual void f() {}
class B: public A {
};
class C: public {
};
int main()
{
A *p, a_ob;
b_ob;
c_ob;
int i;
cout " ,";
cout "1 ";
cout "2 .\";
cin i;
if (i==l) p = &b_ob;
else if (i==2) p = &c_ob;
else p = &a_ob;
//
//
return 0;
5. , typeid dynamic_cast.
6. typeid?
12.
381

, .
1. 12.1, 4,
generator() .
2. generatorQ 1,
new nothrow.
3. : DataStruct . . ,
. DataStructFactoryQ
:
DataStruct *DataStructFactory (char .) ;
DataStructFactoryO , s, , q. . ,
" " .
13

(namespaces),
(conversion functions), (static)
(const) , C++.

,
.
1.
?
2. type_info?
3. ?
4. . , , : Base
Derived.
class Base {
};
};
int raain()
{
Base *p, b_ob;
Derived d_ob;
5. dvnamic_cast ,
, ,
384
C++
,
'
. ( .)
6. dynamic_cast const?
13.1.
1, . C++
. (name collisions). C++ , .

. ,
toupperQ, ( ) toupper(),
. ,
.
, , , ,
.

namespace. , .

. ,
C++ (C++ standard
library). C++ . C++ std, .
, , , , .
.
namespace
. , .
namespace:
namespace {
/I
13.
385
, namespace, .
MyNameSpace:
namespace MyNameSpace {
int i, k;
void myfunc(int j) { cout j; }

class myclass {
public:
void seti(int x) { i = x; }
int getiO { return i; }
i n k , niyfunc(), myclass
, MyNameSpace.
, , . ,
MyNameSpace return i i . namespace , ,
,
. , 10 i
, MyNameSpace,
:
MyNameSpace::! = 10;
myclass ,
MyNameSpace, :
MyNameSpace: :myclass ob;
,
.
,
,
.
using. :
using namespace ;
using : : ;
356
C++
, .
using , ,
,
. using . , MyNameSpace, using :
using MyNameSpace: :k; // k
k = 10; // , k
using namespace MyNameSpace; //
// MyNameSpace
i = 10; // ,
// MyNameSpace

.
. :
namespace NS {
int i;
namespace NS {
int j ;
NS . , - NS.
, .
, . , , ,
.

(unnamed namespace).
, . :
13.
387
namespace {
//

, . , ,
, , . .

. , , , , .
1. .
//
finclude <iostream>
//
namespace firstNS {
class demo (
int i ;
public:
demo ( int x ) { i = x ; }
void setifint x) { i = x; }
int getiO { return i; }
}
char str[] = " \";
int counter;
//
namespace secondNS {
int x, ;
}
int main ()
388
//
firstNS: :demo ob(10);
/* ob, -
,

*/
cout " ob : " ob.getiO;
cout endl;
ob,seti(99) ;
cout " ob : " ob.getiO;
cout endl;
// str
using firstNS: : str;
cout str;
// firstNS
//
using namespace firstNS;
for (counter=10; counter; counter )
cout counter " ";
cout endl;
// secondNS
secondNS::x = 10;
secondNS: :y = 20;
cout " , : " secondNS ::x;
cout ", " secondNS:: endl;
// secondNS
//
using namespace secondNS;
demo xob (x) , yob (y) ;
cout " xob, yob : " xob.getiO;
cout ", " yob.getiO endl;
return 0;
:
ob : 10
ob : 99

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
, : 10, 20
xob, yob : 10, 20
C++
13.
389
:
.
, , ,
.
,
std, firstNS secondNs.
2. , , ,
.
.
//
finclude <iostream>
namespace Demo {
int a; /I Demo
int x;
//
namespace Demo {
int b; // Demo
int main ( )
{
using namespace Demo;
a = b = x = 100;
.
cout a " " b " " x;

.
return 0;
, b,
Demo,
.
, Standard C++
std.
:
std , , Standard C++,
390
C++
,
std.
, ,
std . , Standard C++ .
//
#include <iostream>
int main ()
{
double val;
std : : cout " : " ;
std: :cin val;
std:: cout " : ";

std: :cout val;
return 0 ;
,
cin cout,
.
Standard C++, std
. ,
,
std ,
.
4. , using . ,
, . :
//
linclude <iostream>
// cin cout
using std: :cout;
using std: :cin;
int mainO
{
double val;
391
13.
cout " : ";
cin val;
cout " : ";
cout val;
return 0;
cin cout
, std .
5. , C++ .
C++, using namespace std,
std::. ,
( .h). ,

, std.
6. ,
, ,
, . . static. , ,
:

static int counter;
void fl{) {
counter = 99; // OK

extern int counter/void f 2 ( ) {
counter = 10; //
counter ,
. , counter extern,
.
counter , .
static C++
- ,
, , .

namespace {
int counter;
}
void f l ( ) {
counter = 99; // OK

extern int counter;
void f 2 ( ) {
counter = 1 0 ; //
392
C++
counter .
static Standard C++.
1. 9 ,
using namespace std.
// |
ttinclude <fstream>
; int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
if(argc!=3) {
cout " <_> <_>\";
return 1 ;
ifstream fin (argv [1] } ; //
ofstream fout (argv[2] ) ; //
if (! fout) {
cout " \" ;
return 1;
}
if(!fin) {
cout " ";
return 1 ;
char ch;
fin.unsetf (ios: :skipws) ; //
while (! fin. eof () ) {
fin ch;
if (ch==' ') ch = ' | ';
if ( ! fin. eof () ) fout ch;
fin. close () ;
fout . close ( ) ;
return 0;
'
13.
393
2. .
3. using.
4. ,
using. .
5. , , .
13.2.

. , ( )
. (conversion
function) , , C++.
, , , .
:
operator () { return ; }
,
. .
, ,
.
, ,
C++, , .
1. coord ,
.
; .
//
tinclude <iostream>
394
C++
class coord {
int x, ;
public:
coord(int i, int j) { x = i ; y = j ; }
operator int() { return x*y; } //
};
int main()
coord ol(2, 3), o2(4, 3) ;
int i;
i = ol; // ol
cout i ' \n' ;
i = 100 + o2; // 2
cout i ' \n' ;
return 0;

6 112.
, ,
ol , 2 ,
, . ,
"" , -.
2. .
strtype str.
# include <iostream>
# include <cstring>
class strtype {
char str[80] ;
int len;
public:
strtype(char *s) { strcpy(str, s) ; len = strlen(s); }
operator char *() { return str; } // char *
int main ( )
{
strtype (" \") ;

char *p, s2[80];
13.
395
= s; / char *
cout " : " ' \ ' ;
// char *
strcpy(s2, s);
cout " : " s2 '\n';
return 0;
:
:
:
,
s ( char *),
strcpyQ. ,
strcpyQ :
char *strppy(char *sl, const char *s2) ;
, s2 char *,
char * .
,
C++.
strtype 2,
.
, str. , .
2. :
class pwr (
int base;
int exp;
public:
pwr(int b, int e) { base = b; exp = e; }
//
3. pwr . baseexp.
396
C++
13.3.
(static). -, . , ,
.
( ) . , - ,
. ( , .) , , . ,
, ,
.
, , . , ,
, . ,
, -
.
- , . - .
, ,
(redeclare) ,
.
- . , ,
.
, C++ - , . ,
, ,
OOP C++.
- , .

'. (, .)
- this. . -
13.
397
const () volatile (). ,

,
.
1. -.
// -
finclude <iostream>
class myclass {
static int i;
public:
void seti(int n) { i = n; }
int geti() { return i; }
// myclass ::i. i -
// myclass
int myclass ::i;
int main ( )
{
myclass ol, o2;

ol.seti(lO) ;
cout "ol.i: " o l . g e t i O ' \ n ' ; // 10
cout "o2.i: " o 2 . g e t i ( ) ' \ n ' ; // 10
return 0 ;
:
ol.i: 10
o2.i: 10
, , ol
- i. i ol 2 (, , myclass), geti()
.
398
___^_
C++
, i myclass,
. , i . , . . - .
2. ,
. , i 100 .
i.
//
#include <iostream>
class myclass {
public:
static int i;
void seti(int n) { i = n; }
int geti() { return i; }
int myclass: :i;
int main ( )
{
myclass ol, o2;
// i
myclass: :i = 100; //
cout "ol.i: " ol.getiO '\n'; // 100
cout "o2.i: " o2.geti() '\n'; // 100
return 0;
}
i 100, :
ol.i: 100
o2.i: 100
3.
, ,
. , , ,

13.
399
. , - , . output, outbuf,
. ,
- outbuf ().
str. , str.
.
.
//
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
class output {
static char outbuf [255]; //
static int inuse; // inuse ,
// ;
static int oindex; //
char str [80] ;
int i; //
int who; //
public:
output (int w, char *s) {
strcpy(str, s) ; i = 0; who = w;
/* -1 ; 0
; who .
*/
int putbuf ()
{
if(!str[i]J { //
inuse =0; //
return 0; //
}
if (! inuse} inuse = who; //
if (inuse != who) return -1; // -
if(str[i]) { //
outbuf [oindex] = str[i];
i++; oindex++;
outbuf [oindex] = '\0'; //
return 1 ;
}
return 0;
400
C++
void show() { cout outbuf '\n';}
};
char output::outbuf[255]; //
int output::inuse =0; // inuse ,
// ;
int output::oindex =0; //
int main()
{
output ol(l, " "), o2(2, " ");
while (ol.putbufO I o 2 . p u t b u f ( ) } ; //
ol.show();
return 0;
4. - , ( ) - . , .
#include <iostream>
class static_func_demo {
static int i;
public:
static void init(int x) { i = x; }
void show() { cout i; }
};
int static_func_demo: : i; // i
int main ( }
{
//
static_func_demo: : init (100) ;
static_func_demo x;
x.show(); // 100
return 0;
init() i
static func demo.
13.
407
1. 3 , ,
, , .
2. -
, .
- , , , . .
13.4.

( const). ,
. ,
-. , - , .
- , :
class X {
int some_var;
public:
int f l ( ) const; // -
};
, const
, .
, , -,
,
.
( mutable).
-.
1. - ,
.
.
402
C++
/* -.

*/
#include <iostream>
class Demo {
int i;
public:
int geti ( ) const {
return i; //
}
.
void seti(int x) const {
i = x; // ! ! !
int main()
{
Demo ob;
ob.seti(1900) ;
cout ob.geti();
return 0;
, - seti()
,
. , i . , geti() i, .
2. , . .
//
tinclude <iostream>
class Demo {
mutable int i;
int j ;
public:
int geti ( } const {
return i; //
}
void seti(int x) const {
i = x; //
13.
403
/* ,

void setj (int x) const {
j = x; //
}
*/
int main()
{
Demo ob;
ob.seti(1900) ;
cout ob . geti ( ) ;
return 0;
i ,
- setiQ. , j - , - seti() .
. . , ,
, . .
//
tinclude <iostream>
class CountDown {
int incr;
int target;
int current;
public:
CountDown(int delay, int i = 1) {
target = delay;
incr = i;
current = 0;
}
bool counting() const {
current += incr;
404
C++
if (current >= target) {

cout "\a";
return false;
}
cout current " ";
return true;
int main ( )
{
CountDown ob (100, 2);
while (ob. counting () ) ;
return 0;
2. - ?
, ?
13.5.
,
. :
ftinclude <iostream>
class myclass {
int a;
public:
myclass(int x) { a = x; }
int geta() {return a; }
};
int main()
{
myclass ob(4);
cout ob.geta (};
return 0;
13.
405
myclass . , mainQ ob. 4,

ob, , myclassQ .
, .
. , ,
:
myclass ob = 4; //
// myclass o b ( 4 ) ;
,
myclassQ 4 . , , :
myclass ob ( 4 ) ;
, , ,
. , , .
explicit (). explicit .
, explicit,
. . ,
myclass explicit, . mycIassQ
explicit.
finclude <iostream>
class myclass {
int a ;
public:
explicit myclass (int x) { a = x; }
:
myclass ob ( 4 ) ;
406
C++
I. . ,
myclass.
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
class myclass {
int a;
public:
myclass (int x) { a = x; }
myclass (char *str) { a = atoi(str); }
int getaf) { return a; }
};
int main()
{
// myclass ob(4)
myclass obi = 4;
// myclass ob("123")
myclass ob2 = "123";
cout "obi: " obl.getaf) endl;
cout "ob2: " ob2.geta() endl;
return 0;
( )
.
2. . ,
myclass 1, 2
, main() int
char *.
înclude <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
class myclass {
int a;
public:
myclass (int x) { a = x; }
myclass (char *str) { a = a t o i ( s t r ) ; }
13.
407
};
int main ()
{
// myclass ob(4)
myclass obi = 4;
myclass ob2 = "123";
cout ": " obl.getaO endl;
/*

*/
myclass obi = "1776";
// myclass ob(2001)
myclass obi = 2001;
cout ": " obl.getaO endl;
return 0;
3. ,
explicit:
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
class myclass {
int a;
public :
explicit myclass (int x) { a = x; }
explicit myclass (char *str) { a = atoi(str); }
int main ( )
{
// myclass ob(4)
myclass obi = 4;
myclass obi = "123";
408
C++
cout "obi: " obl..geta() endl;
return 0;
1. , explicit
myclass(int),
myclass(char *)? (: , .)
2. ?
class Demo {
double x;
public :
Demo (double i) { x = i; }
Demo counter = 10;

3. explicit. ( ,
, .)
13.6.
asm
C++ C++
.
(linkage specifier), , C++ , . .
asm, . .
C++ C++. C++ ,
,
13.
_ 409
. C++
, C++.
, Pascal, Ada FORTRAN.
, :
extern "" _ ;
,
. ,
:
extern "" {
_ ;
;
.
C++
. "" (mangling)
. C++ -,
.
, ,
-, ,
.
"" .

C++, C++. C++ asm, C++. ,
C++,
, . asm:
asm ("_") ;
_ ,
.
,
, asm:
asm _ ;
asm _
410 _
C++
asm {

. .
8 Microsoft Visual C++

asm. asm.
1. func() C++,
:
//
linclude <iostream>
extern "C" int func(int x) ; //
// .
int func(int x)
{
return x/3;
, .
2. ,
fl(), f2() !3() :
extern "" {
void f 1 ( ) ;
int f2 (int x) ;
double f3 (double x, int *p) ;
3. func()
:
13.
// !
void f unc ( )
{
asm ("mov bp, sp") ;
asm ("push ax") ;
asm ("mov cl, 4") ;

. , .
,
.
13.7.
/
/ , C++
,
. / (array-based I/O)
C++ / (
sscanfQ sprintfQ ), /
C++ ,
.
/ , .
, / . , / C++ 8
9 / . ,
/, .

412
C++
. , /
, .
/, , <strstream>. istrstream,
ostrstream strstream. , ,
, /.
ios,
istream, ostream iostream istrstream,
ostrstream strstream.

ostrstream:
ostrstream _ (char *,
streamsize ,
openmode = ios::out);
nomoKjBbieoda , , . .
, , ios,
. ( 9.)
, . .
/.

- pcountQ:
int pcountO ;

, , .
,
istrstream:
istrstream _
(const char *);
, .
_. , eof()
.
/,
strstream:
strstream __ (char *, streamsize ,
openmode = ios::in | i o s : : o u t ) ;
13.
413
__ /,
/
.
, /
, /
.

Standard C++. ,
,
C++ . ,
, Standard C++
-, 14.
1. , :
//
tinclude <iostream>
#include <strstream>
int main()
{
char buf[255]; //
ostrstream ostr(buf, sizeof buf); //
ostr "/ \";
ostr " , /\ " 100;
ostr ' 123.23 '\';
//
ostr hex 100 ' ';
//
ostr.setf(ios::scientific);
ostr 123.23 '\n';
ostr ends;
//
cout buf;
return 0;
414
C++
:
/
, /
100 123.23
64 01.2323+02
, /,
/, -
/ . ( /,
.)
ends
. , . ,
, .
2. :
//
tinclude <iostream>
int main ( )
{
char buf[] = " 100 123.125 a";
istrstream istr(buf); //
int i;
char str [80] ;

float f;
char c;
istr str i f c;
cout str ' ' i ' ' f;
cout ' ' '\n';
return 0;
, , buf.
3. , , , . ,
buf eof() get():
13.
415
/* , eof() get()
/,
*/
tinclude <iostream>
int main()
{
char buff] = " 100 123.125 a";
istrstream istr(buf);
char c;
while(listr.eof()) {
istr.get(c);
if (Jistr.eof())cout c;
return 0;
4. :
// /
#include <iostream>
tinclude <strstream>
int main()
char iobuf[255];
strstream iostr (iobuf, sizeof iobuf);
iostr " \n";
iostr 100 hex ' ' 100 ends;
char str[80];
int i;
iostr.getline(str, 79); // \
iostr dec i; // ' 100
cout str ' ' i ' ';
iostr hex i;
cout hex i;
return 0;
476
C++
iobuf, a
. getlineQ
" " ,
100, 0x64.
1. 1 , , buf.
2. /,
. ( .)
3. /,
, ,
.

__

.
1. - ?
2. , / ?
3. , /
/ ,
"" /?
4. counter() ,
.
5. ?
6. explicit.
7. -?
8. .
9. mutable?
13.
417

, .
1.
, , , ?
2. - const_cast,
-
?
3. : C++
C++
,
std " "?
4. . ,
- . ,
?
14
! , C++.
C++ (Standard Template
Library, STL).
C++, , ,
. , , . , (vectors), (lists),
(queues) (stacks). .
-,
.
, , C++.
,

. .
, , , ,
, . ,
, ,
, ,
. , , , ,
.
,
. , -
420
C++
, ,
. , , , . ,
, .

C++ (string class). ,
, .

,
.
1. , C++ .
2. -?
3. mutable ()
. ?
4. :
class X (
int a, b;
public;
X(int i, int j) { a = i, b = j ; }
//
,
.
5.
. ?
6. :
class Demo {
int a;
public:
explicit Demo (int i) { a = i; }
int geta() { return a,- }
:
Demo = 10;
14.
421
14.1.

,
, , ,
.
.

: , . ,
.
(containers) , . . ,
vector () , queue
() , list () .
, (associative containers), (keys) . ,
( ) ,
. ,
- /, .
-
. , , (merge) . ' .
(algorithms) .
, ,
.
(sequence), .
(iterators) ,
.
,
. , :

(random access)
(bidirectional)
422
C++
()
(forward)
(input)
(output)
( . / , . . ,
, . . , . .)
,
. ,
.
, .
. *. iterator, .
(reverse iterators). , , . ,
, ,
.
,
:
Randlter
Bilter
Forlter
Inlter
Outlter
(random access)
(bidirectional)
(forward)
(input)
(output)
, , .
, .
14.
423

(allocator),
.
allocator, ,
- . , .
,
(predicate).
. , . .
. , , UnPred, BinPred.
: , .
,
.
, .
(comparison function). , .
.
-,
, C++
<utility> <functional>,
-. , <utility> - pair (), . pair.
<functional> ,
- operator(). - (function objects) . <functional> -,
:
plus
minus
multiplies
divides
modulus
negate
equal_to
not_equal_to
greater
greater_equal
less
less_equal
logical_and
logical_or
logical_not
, - less (),
, ,
.
-
. - , -
C++
424
. ( ) - . - ,
. , .
1. , ,
?
2. ?
3. ?
14.2. -
,
,
. . 14.1 ,
, ,
, .
, , , .
14.1. ,
bitset
<bitset>
deque
<deque>
list
<list>
map

/,

<>
multimap

/,

<>
multiset
<set>
priority_queue
<queue>
queue
<queue>
14.
425
14.1 ()
set
<set>
stack
<stack>
vector
<vector>
, -,
, -
typedef .
.
, typedef, :

size_type
, size_t
reference
const_reference
iterator
const_iterator
reversejterator
const_reverse_iterator
value_type
allocator_type
key_type
key_compare
value_compare
, : , . , , .
14.3.
, . vector
. , .
, C++ -
C++
426
. , ,
. ,
. ,
, , ,
,
.
vector:
template<class , class Allocator = allocator<Tclass vector
,
Allocator , . vector :
explicit vector(const Allocator &a = Allocator());
explicit vector(size_type , const ^ = ( ) ,
const Allocator fia = AllocatorO) ;
>
vector (const vector<T, Allocator>&o6 bejc!p) ;

template<class Inlter>vector(Inlter , Inlter ,
const Allocator &a = AllocatorO) ;
.
, .
. , .
, , .
, , . ,
< ==. . (
.)
.
,
. :
vector<int>
iv;
//
vector<char> c v ( 5 ) ; //
14,
427
vector<char> cv(5, 'x'}; //

//
vector<int> iv2(iv);
//
//
vector :
= , <, <=, ! = , >, >=
vector [], , .
. 14.2 vector. (,
.) size(), beginQ, end(), push_back(), insert()
eraseQ. size() .
, . , , , .
begin() . end() . , beginQ end()
(: ) .
push_back() . , . insertQ.
. , ,

.
eraseQ.
14.2. vector
-
template<class lnlter>
void assignflnlter ,
Inlter );
template<class Size, class T>

void assign(Size ,
const ^ = ());
reference at(size_type /);

const.reference
at(size_type /) const;
,
I
C++
428
14.2 ()
reference back();
const_reference back() const;
iterator begin();
const_iterator begin() const;
size_type capacityO const;
, . .
,

void clear();
bool empty() const;
,
,
iterator end();
constjterator end() const;
iterator erase(iterator /);
, /. ,
iterator erase(iterator ,
iterator );
, .
,

reference front();
const_reference front() const;
allocator_type
get_allocator() const;
iterator insert(iterator i,
const & = T());
, /.
void insert(iterator /,
size_type ,
const &);

, i
void insert(iterator i,
Inlter ,
Inlter );
,
,
, i
size_type max_slze() const;
reference operator!]
(size..type i) const;
const_reference operator!]
(size_type /) const;
,
i
void pop_back();
void push_back(const
&);
429
14.
14.2 ()
reverse_iterator rbegin();
rbegin() const;
reverse_iterator rend();
rend() const;
void reserve(size_type );
,
,
void resize(size_type ,
= T());

.
,
,
size_type size() const;
void swap(vector<T,
Allocator> &);
, ,
1. ,
.
//
tinclude <iostream>
# include <vector>
int main ( )
vector<int> v; //
int i ;
// v
cout " = " v . s i z e O endl;
// ,
/ /
for(i=0; i<10; i++) v.push_back (i) ;
// v
cout " = " v. size endl;
430
C++
II v
cout " :\";
for (i=0; Kv.sizeO; i++) cout v[i] " ";
cout endl;
// ,
//
for(i=0; i<10; 1++) v.push_back(1+10);
//
cout " = " v.sizef) endl;
//
cout " :\";
for (1=0; Kv.sizeO; 1++) cout v[i] " ";
cout endl;
//
for(1=0; i<v.size(); 1++) v[i] = v[i] + v[i];
//
cout " :\";
for (1=0; Kv.sizeO; i++) cout v[i] " ";
cout endl;
return 0;
:
=
= 10
:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
=20
:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
:
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38
. mainQ v
. ,
,
. - size(). - push_back() v . , v . ,
10. v. ,
. -
14.
431
, , . , .
- . , v.sizeQ
v.
,
. , .
2. , C++ .
, .

. , . .
//
#include <iostream>
finclude <vector>
int main ( )
{
vector<int> v; //
int i ;
//
for(i=0; i<10; i++) v.push_back(i) ;
//
//
for(i=0; i<10; i++) cout v[i] "
cout endl;
//
vector<int>: : iterator p = v.begin();
while (p != v.end)) {
cout *p " ";
P++;
return 0;
:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
432
C++
v .
- push_back() v v .
. iterator
-. , , , :
iterator . begin() , . . , ,
.
.
- end() . ,
. ,
v.end(), , .
3. ,
- insertQ .
- erase().
// insert() erase ()
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
int main()
{
vector<int> v(5, 1); //

//
int i;
//
cout " = " v.sizeO endl;
cout " :\n";
for(i=0; i<v.size(); i++) cout v[i] " ";
cout endl;
vector<int>::iterator p = v.begin();
p += 2; //
// ,
// ,
// _9
v.insert(, 10, 9);
//
//
cout " = " v.sizeO endl;
14.
433
cout " :\";

cout endl;
//
p = v.begin();
p += 2; //
v.erase(, +10); //
// ,
//
//
//
cout " = " v.sizef) endl;
cout " :\";
for (i=0; Kv.sizeO; i++) cout v[i] " ";
cout endl;
return 0;
:
= 5
:
1 1 1 1 1
= 15
:
1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 1 1 1
= 5
:
11111
4. ,
. , <
==. , , ,
.
//
#include <iostream>
linclude <vector>
class Demo {
double d;
434
C++
public:
Demo () { d = 0.0; }
Demo (double x) { d = x; }
Demo &operator=( double x) {
d = x; return *this;
}
double getd() {return d; }
};
boll operator< (Demo a, Demo b)
{
return a.getdf) < b.getdO;
}
boll operator==(Demo a, Demo b)
(
return a.getdO == b.getdO;
}
int main()
{
vector<Demo> v;
int i ;
for(i=0; i
v . push_back ( Demo ( i/3 . 0 ) ) ;

for(i=0; i<v.size(); i
cout v[i].getd() " ";
cout endl;
for(i=0; i<v. size (); i++)
v[i] = v[i].getd() * 2.1;
cout v[i].getd() " ";
return 0;
:
0.333333 0.666667 I 1.33333 1.66667 2 2.33333 2.66667 3
0.7 1.4 2.1 2.8 3.5 4.2 4.9 5.6 6.3
1. .
.
14.
435
2. 4 Demo ( ) . , ?
3. Coord.
Coord . (: Coord < ==.)
class Coord (
public:
int x, ;
Coord() { x = = 0; }
Coord(int a, int b) { x = ; = b; }
14.4.
list .
, ,
.
, .
list:
template<class , class Allocator = allocator<Tclass list
, , Allocator ,
. list
:
explicit -list(const Allocator fia - Allocator());
explicit list(size_type , const & = (),
const Allocator Sa = AllocatorO) ;
list (const list<T, Allocator>&o6beK!r) ;
template<class Inlter>list(lnlter , Inlter ,
. , ,
, . , .
, , .
C++
436
list :
==, <, <=, !=, >, >=
. 14.3 list. pushJbackQ (

), push_front(),
insertQ. (join) splice(), (merge) mergeQ.
, ,
. ,. .
, ,
,
.
14.3. list
void assignflnlter ,
Inlter );
template<class Size, class T>

void asslgn(Size ,
const & = T());
reference back();
const_reference back() const;
iterator begin();
const_iterator begin() const;
void clear();
bool empty() const;
,
,
iterator end();
const_iterator end() const;
iterator erase (iterator /);
, /. ,
iterator erase(iterator ,
iterator );
, .
,

reference front();
const_reference front() const;
allocator_type
14.
437
14.3 ()
-
iterator insert(iterator t,
const ^ = ());
, /.
void insert(iterator I,

, /
void insert(iterator /,
,
,
, i
size_type max_size() const;
void merge(list<T,
Allocator> &);
template<class Comp>
void merge(list<T,
Allocator> & ,
,
, . . , .
, ,
,
_
void pop_back();
void pop_front();
void push_back(const
void push_front(const
reversejterator rbegin();
con st_re ve rs e_i t e rate r
rbegin() const;
void remove(const
template<class UnPred>
void remove_if(UnPred );
reversejterator rend();
rend() const;
void resize(size_type ,

.
,
,
void reversed;
(. .
)
size_type ,
const ^);
Inlter ,
Inlter );
Comp _);
^);
^.);
^);
= T());
C++
438
14.3 ()
slze_type size() const;
void sort();
template<class Comp>
void sort Comp _);
. ,
, ,
void splice(iterator i,
list<T, Allocator> &);
. I.

void splice(iterator /,
lisKT, Allocator> &,
iterator );
, , ,
, .
/
void splice(iterator /,
lisKT, Allocator> ^,
iterator ,
iterator );
,
, ,
,
.
/'
void swap(list<T,
Allocator^ &);
void unique();
template<class BinPred>
void unique(BinPred );
1. .
//
#include <list>
int
main()
list<char> 1st; //
int i ;
for(i=0; i<10; i++) 1st .push_back ( ' A 1 + i)
cout " = " 1st. size () endl;
14.
439
list<char>::iterator p;
cout ": ";
while(!1st.empty()) {
p = 1st.begin();
cout *p;
1st.pop_front();
}
return 0;
>
:
= 1 0
: ABCDEFGHIJ
. . ( J ).
push_back(), . .
, , .
, .
2. , , . , , .
.
tinclude <iostream>
linclude <list>
int. main ()
{
list<char> 1st;
int i;
for(i=0; i<10; i++) 1st.push_back('A' + i) ;
cout " = " 1st.size() endl;
list<char>: : iterator p = 1st.begin();
cout ": ";
while(p != 1st.end()) (
cout *p;
P++;
440
C++
return 0 ;
,
. , .
, .
3. ,
, . ,
.
// ,
/ /
#include <iostream>
#include <list>
int main ( )
{
list<char> 1st;
list<char> revlst;
int i ;
for(i=0; i<10; i++) 1st .push_back( 'A' + i) ;
cout " = " Ist.sizeO endl;
cout " : ";
list<char>: : iterator p;
//
/ /
while (! 1st .empty () ) {
= 1st .begin () ;
cout *;
1st . pop_f ront ( ) ;
revlst .push_front (*p) ;
}
cout endl;
cout " = ";
cout revlst. size () endl;
cout " : ";
= revlst. begin () ;
while ( != revlst . end ()) {
cout *p;
P++;
14.
441
return 0;
}
:
= 10
: ABCDEFGHIJ
= 10
: JIHGFEDCBA
1st : 1st
revlst. revlst
.
4. - sort(), .
, .
//
#include <iostream>
finclude <list>
tinclude <cstdlib>
int main()
{
list<char> 1st;
int i;
//
for(i=0; i<10; i++) lst.push_back('A' + (rand()%26));
cout " : ";
list<char:>: : iterator p = 1st.begin ();
while(p != 1st.end()) {
cout *p;
P++;
}
cout endl;
//
1st.sort ();
cout " : ";
p = 1st.begin();
while(p != 1st.end()) {
cout *p;
P++;
442
________
C++
return 0 ;
:
:
PHQGHUMEAY
: AEGHHMPQUY
5. .
,
. ,
.
. ACEGI, BDFHJ.
ABCDEFGHIJ.
//
tinclude <iostream>
tfinclude <list>
int main()
{
list<char> Istl, Ist2;
int i ;
for(i=0; i<10; i+=2) lstl.push_back ( 'A' + i) ;
for(i=l; i<ll; i+=2) Ist2 . push_back ( 'A' + i) ;
cout " : ";
list<char>: : iterator p = Istl .begin ();
while (p != Istl. end (} ) {
cout *p;
P++;
}
cout endl;
cout < " : ";
p = Ist2.begin() ;
while (p != Ist2.end()) {
cout *p;
cout endl;
//
Istl. merge (Ist2) ;
if (Ist2. empty (} )
cout " \" ;
14.
443
cout " : \";

= Istl.beglnO ;
while ( != Istl.endO) {
cout *;
++;
return 0;
:
: ACEGI
: BDFHJ

:
ABCDEFGHIJ
6.
Project. Project ,
. , Project
<, >, != ==.
Microsoft Visual C++ 5. (
.) - . - , . ,
, .
tinclude <iostream>
iinclude <list>
iinclude <cstring>
class Project {
public:
char name [40] ;
int days_to_completion;
ProjectO {
strcpy(name, " ");
days_to_completion = 0;
,}
Project (char *n, int d) {

strcpy(name, n) ;
days_to_completion = d;
444
void add_days (int i) {

days_to_completion += i;
}
void sub days (int i) {
days_to_completion -= i;
}
bool completed () { return !days_to_completion; }

void report ( ) {
cout name " : " ;
cout days_to_completion;
cout " \";
bool operator< (const Project &a, const Project &b)

{
return a . days_to_completion <: b.days_to_completion;
}
bool operator> (const Project &a, const Project &b)
{
return a.days_to_completion > b.days_to_completion;
}
bool operator==( const Project &a, const Project &b)
{
return a.days_to_completion == b.days_to_completion;
}
bool operator != (const Project &a, const Project &b)
{
return a.days_to_completion != b.days_to_completion;
}
int main()
{
list<Project> proj;
proj .push_back( Proj ect (" ", 35));
proj .push_back (Project (" ", 190)
proj .push_back( Proj ect (" STL", 1000));
list<Project>: : iterator p = proj .begin ();
//
while (p != proj.endO) {
p->report () ;
P++;
C++
14.
445
// 10
= proj.begin();
p->add_days(10);
//
do {
p->sub_days(5);
p->report();
} while (!p->completed(}) ;
return 0;
:
: 35
: 190
STL: 1000
: 40
: 35
: 30
: 25
: 20
: 15
: 10
: 5
: 0
1. .
.
2. 1 .
2 ,
. , ?
, 1.
3. 6, , :
780
50
300
446
C++
. .
14.5.
, . , ,
.
, . ,
,
/. . , ,
, .
.
, . . -
multimap.
:
template<class Key, class , class Comp = less<Key>,
class Allocator = allocator<Tclass map
Key , ,
( ), a Comp - ,
- less().
Allocator (
allocator).
:
explicit map (const Comp &_ = CompO ,
map (const map<Key, T, Comp, Allocator>So6ieJC!p) ;
template<class Inlter>map(Inlter , Inlter ,
const Comp &_ = CompO , const Allocator &a = AllocatorO) ;
.
, . , , . _,
14.
447
, .
, , ,
.
:
==, <, <=, !=, >, >=

. 14.4 .
key_type , a key_value / (
pair<Key,
14.4.
-
iterator begin();
constjterator begin() const;

void clearf);
size_type count
(const key_type &A) const;
1 0, ,

k
bool empty() const;
, ,

iterator end();
constjterator end() const;
paiKiterator, iterator>
equal_range(const
key.type &k);
pair<const_iterator,
const_iterator>
equal_range(const
key_type &k) const;
, ,
k
void erase(iterator /);

void erase (iterator ,
iterator );
, /
,
size_type erase
(const key_type &k);
,
k
iterator find
(const key_type &k);
constjterator find
(const key_type &k) const;
k.
,
allocator.type
C++
448
14.4 ()
-
iterator insert(iterator /,
const value_type &);
, /.
template<class lnlter> void

insert(lnlter ,
Inlter )
paiKiterator, bool>insert
(const value_type ^);
. . , .
pair<iterator,
true>, pair<iterator,
false>
key_compare key_comp() const;
iterator lower_bound
(const key_type &fc);
constjterator lower__bound
(const key_type &Ar) const;
,
k
size.type max_size() const;
reference operator!]
(const key_type &/);
, I. ,
reverse_iterator rbeginj);
rbegin() const;
reversejterator rend();
rend() const;
size_type size() const;
void swap(map<Key, T, Comp,

Allocator> &);
iterator upper.bound
(const key_type &);
constjterator upper_bound
(const key_type &k) const;
value_compare
value_comp() const;
14.
449
/
pair. pair :
template<class Ktype, class Vtype> struct pair {
typedef Ktype _; //
typedef Vtype _; //
Ktype ; //
Vtype ; //
//
pair () ;
pair (const Ktype Jt, const Vtype &v) ;
template<class A, class B> pair(const<A, B> )
,
, , .
/
pair, makejair(),
pair, .
make_pair() :
template<class Ktype, class Vtype>
pair<Ktype, Vtype>make_pair(const Ktype &k, const Vtype &v) ;
, pair,
Ktype Vtype.
makejairQ ,
, .
1. , /, . , . / :
1
2
, , (. . J),
.
450
C++
I /
# include <map>
int main()
{
map<char, int> m;
int i;
//
for(i=0; i<10; i++) {
m. insert (pair<char, i n t > ( ' A ' + i, i) ) ;
char ch;
cout " : ";
cin ch;
map<char, int>: : iterator p;

//
= m.find(ch) ;
if (p != m.end() )
cout p->second;
else
cout " \";
return 0;
- pair
/. , - pair,
, .
/, find(). find() ,
. ,
- pair.
2. / pair<char, int>. ,
make_pair(),
.
linclude <iostream>
#include <map>
14.
45?
int main (}
{
map<char, int> m;
int i;
//
for(i=0; i<10; i++) {
m.insert(make_jpair(char)('A' + i, i) ) ;
}
char ch;
cout " : ";
cin ch;
map<char, int>::iterator p;
//
p = m.find(ch);
if (p != m.endO )
cout p->second;
else
cout " \";
return 0;
}

m.insert(make_pair(char) ('' + i, i) ) ;
, '' + i int, char.
.
3. ,
. ,
. : word ()
opposite ().
, word <. , <
, . ( <
.)
//
#include <iostream>
#include <map>
ttinclude <cstring>
452
class word {
char str[20] ;
public:
wordO { strcpy(str, ""); }
wordfchar *s) { strcpy(str, s); }
// word < ()
bool operator< (word a, word b)
{
return strcmp(a.get () , b.getO) < 0;
}
class opposite {
char str [20] ;
public:
oppositeO { strcmp(str, ""); }

opposite (char *s) { strcpy(str, s) ; }
};
int main ()
{
map<word, opposite> m;
//
m. insert (pair<word, opposite>
(word ("") , opposite ("") ) ) ;
(word ("") , opposite ("") ) ) ;
(word ("") , opposite ("") ) ) ;
. insert (pair<word, opposite>
(word ( "" ) , opposite ( "" ) ) ) ;
//
char str [80] ;
cout " : ";
cin str;
map<word, opposite>: : iterator p;
p = m. find (word (str) );
if (p != m.end() )
cout ": " p->second.get () ;
else
cout " \";
C++
14.
453
return 0;
, ,
. , , string.
1. .
.
2. . ,
. (: 3.)
3. <, ?
14.6.
, .
, . ,
.
<algorithm>.
, . 14.5.
-. , . .
14.5.
adjacent_find
binary_search
C++
454
14.5 ()
copy
copy_backward
() ,

count
countjf
equal
equal_range
,
,

fill
find
find_end
find_first_of
findjf
for_each
generate
generate_n
includes
inplace_merge
.

.
iter_swap
,
,
lexicographical_compare
lower_bound
make_heap
(, heap,
, ,
. - . .)
14.
455
14.5 ()
max
max_element
merge
min
min_element
mismatch
next_permutation
(permutation)
nth_element
,
,
, , , ,
partial_sort
partial_sort_copy
, ,
partition
,
, , ,

pop_heap
prev_permutation
push.heap
random_shuffle
remove
remove_if
remove_copy
remove_copy_if
replace
replace_if
replace_copy
replace_copy_if
reverse
reverse_copy
C++
456
14.5 ()
rotate
rotate.copy
search

,
,

search.n
set_difference
setjntersection
set_symmetric_difference
set_union
sort
,

,
(union)

sort_heap
stable_partition
,
, , ,
.
;

stable_sort
swap
swap_ranges
transform
unique
unique.copy
upper_bound
1. count()
count_if(). :
template<class Inlter, class T>
size_t count(Inlter ,
Inlter , const ^);
14.
457
template<class Inlter, class T>

size_t count (Inlter ,
Inlter , UnPred &_) ;
countQ ,
, , , , . count_if() ,
,
_ .
count () count_if().
// count count_if
#include <iostream>
ttinclude <vector>
# include <algoritm>
/* , ,
*/
bool even(int x)
{
return ! (%2) ;
int main ( )
{
vector<int> v;
int i;
for(i=0; i<20;
if(i%2) v . push_back ( 1 ) ;
else v.push_back(2) ;
cout ": ";
cout endl;
int n;
n = count ( v. begin () , v.endf), 1} ;

cout n " 1\";
n = count_if (v. begin () , v.endO, even);
cout n " \n";
return 0 ;
458
C++
:
:
10 1
10
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
20- , 1 2.
count (), count_if(). ,
evenQ. , ,
, .

.
2. ,
. remove_copy(), :
template<class Inlter, class Outlter, class T>
Outlter remove_copy (Inlter ,
Inlter , Outlter , const ) ;
remove_copy() , ,

, . . .
remove_copy().
1 2. .
// remove_copy
#include <iostream>
# include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
int
main()
vector<int> v, v2(20);
int i;
for(i=0; i<20;
i f ( i % 2 ) v . push_back ( 1 ) ;
else v.push_back(2) ;
14.
459
cout ": ";

cout endl ;
//
remove_copy (v. begin () , v.endO, v2. begin (), 1) ;
cout ": ";
for(i=0; i<v2. sized ; i++) cout v2[i] " ";
cout endl;
return 0 ;
:
:
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
: 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3. reverse(), .
:
template<class Bilter>
void reverse (Bilter , Bilter ) ;
reverse()
, .
reverse().
// reverse
#include <iostream>
tinclude <vector>
finclude <algorithm>
int main ()
{
vector<int> v;
int i;
for(i=0; i<10; i++) v.push_back (i) ;
cout " : ";
cout endl;
reverse (v. begin () , v.endO);
cout " : ";
return 0 ;
460
_^^
__
C++
:
: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
4. transformQ,
. transform()
:
template<class Inlter, class Outlter, class Func>
Outlter transform (Inlter , Inlter ,
Outlter , Func ) ;
template<class Inlterl, class Inlter2, class Outlter, class Func>
Outlter transform (Inlterl !, Inlterl !,
InlterS 2, Outlter , Func _) ;
transformQ , .
,
_. .
_,
, . .
xform(),
. , , .
// transform
iinclude <iostream>
#include <list>
ttinclude <algorithm>
//
int xformfint i) {
return i * i; //
int main ()
{
list<int> xl;
int i;
14.
467
//
for (i=0; .K10; 1++) xl.push_back (i) ;
cout " xl: ";
list<int>: : iterator p = xl. begin ();
while (p != xl.endO) {
cout *p " ";
P++;
cout endl ;
// xl
p = transform (xl .begin () , x l . e n d O , x l . b e g i n O , . xform)
cout " xl : " ;
p = xl . begin ( ) ;
while (p != x l . e n d O ) {
cout *p " ";

P++;
return 0;
:
xl: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
xl : 0 1 4 9 1 6 2 5 3 6 4 9 6 4 8 1
, xl.
sort() :
template<class Randlter>
void sort(Rand!ter , Randlter ) ;
template<class Randlter, class Comp>
void sort(Randlter , Randlter ,
Comp _);
,
. , , , . , sort(). (
, .)
462
C++
2. mergeQ , .
:
template<class Inlterl, class Inlter2, class Outlter>
Outlter merge(Inlterl !, Inlterl !,
Inlter2 2, Inlter2 2, Outlter );
, , !, ! 2, 2.
.
.
.
14.7.
, C++
. . -, .
( string). ,
, string.
, string basic_string. basic_string : string, 8- , wstring, .
8- , string
basic_string.
string, ,
C++. C++
. ,
. C++
string ,
C++ . , :
C++ C++. , :
char si [80], s2[80], -s3[80];
si = ""; //
s2 = ""; //
s3 = si + s2; // ,
14.
463
, C++ , ( ),
. :
strcpy(si,
strcpy(s2,
strcpy(s3,
strcpy(s3,
"");
"");
si);
s2);
,
C++. ,
. C++
. , C++ ,
, C++. , . , C++ string,
, , .
, ,
string . ,
. , strcpy(). ,
.
, , (
) .
, string .
, C++ string :
( ), (
C++) ( ). , , . . ,
, string C++
.
464
C++
, , C++ . , , ,
. ,
. string,
<string>.
string , -. - .
string. , .
string , .
string . , :
string () ;
string(const char *);
string(const string ^);
string.
string , .
string. string string.
,
string:
+=
==
!=
<
<=
>
>=
[]
14.
465
string ,
, strcpy() strcat(). , string
, . , string .
+ string
string string
. :
string + string
string + C-string
C-string + string
, + .
string npos, -1.
.
, , string.
,
. assignQ. :
string fiassign(const string &_,
size_type , size_type );
string fiassign(const char *, size_type );
,
_, ,
. ,
. . ,
=. assignQ .
append(). :
string Sappend(const string &_,
size_type , size_type );
string Sappend(const char * , size_type );
,
_,
. -
C++
466
,
, .
. , +.
appendQ
.
insertO replaceQ
.
:
string
fiinsert(size_type
, const string &_) ;
string fiinsert(size_type , const string &_,

size_type _, size_type );
string fireplace(size_type , size_type ,
const string &_) ;
string fireplace(size_type , size_type _,
const string &_,
size_type _, size_type _);
insert() _ . insert()
_, _,
.
!() , , _.
replace() B _ , , _ _ , _. .
erase(). :
string fierase(size_type = 0, size_type = );
,
. .
string -, . find() rfind().
:
size_type find(const string &_,
size_type = 0) const;
size_type rfind(const string &_,
size_type = ) const;
14.
467
find() , _.
, imd()
, .
, find() npos.
find(), rfind(), ,
, ,
_. ( , _.)
, rfind() ,
. , rfind() npos.
. ,
, - (). :
int compare(size_type , size_type ,
const string &_) const;
_, . ,
_, compareQ .
, _, compareQ
. _, compareQ .
string ,
,
. , string
.
, . string - c_str(),
:
const char *c_str() const;
,
string.
. , string - ,
c_str() .
string , begin() end(),
. size(), .
468
C++
, C++
string . ,
string
=, +, . .
//
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
int
{
main()
string strl(" ");
string str2(" ");
string str3;
//
str3 = strl;
cout strl "\n" str3 "\n";
//
str3 = strl + str2;
cout str3 "\n";
//
if(str3 > strl) cout "str3 > strl\n";
if(str3 == strl+str2) cout "str3 == strl+str2\n";
//
strl = " ";
cout strl;
//
//
string str4(strl);
cout str4;
//
cout " : ";
cin str4;
cout str4;
return 0;
469
14.

str3 > strl
str3 == strl+str2

:
, string ,
C++. , , .
: +, >.
,
strcatQ strcmpQ, , , . string
,
, , , .
, : . string . - , ,
,
. string
. ( ,

).
2.
replaceQ.
insert(),
// i n s e r t ( ) , erase () replace()
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
int main ()
{
string strl(" ");
string str2("");
cout " :\n"
cout "strl: " strl endl;
cout "str2: " str2 "\n\n";
// insert()
cout " str2 s t r l : \ n "
eraseQ
470
C++
strl. insert (4, str2) ;

cout strl "\n\n";
// erased
cout " strl:\n"
strl .erase (4, 1) ;
cout << strl "\n\n";
// replace ()
cout " strl str2 : \n"
strl. replace (4, 8, str2) ;
cout strl "\n\n";
return 0;
:
:
strl :
Str2:
str2 strl :

strl:

strl str2:

3. string , string. ,
, 3
14.5.
/* string
*/
#include <iostream>
tinclude <map>
finclude <string>
int main ()
{
map<string, string> m;
int i;
m. insert (pair<string, string> ("", ""));
m. insert (pair<string, string> ( "" , "" ) ) ;
m. insert (pair<string, string> ("") , ""));
m. insert (pair<string, string> ("") , ""));
14.
477
string s;
cout " : ";
cin s;
map<string, string>::iterator p;
p = m.find(s);
if (p != m.endO)
cout ": " p->second;
else
cout " \";
return 0;
string :
.
string ,
. ,
. count()
"" .
2 , . (: count_if().)
string -. ?

.
1.
?
2. , .
472
C++
3. 10- ,
1 10.
.
4. - string? ?
5. ?
6. 2 14.5 ,
string.
7. - .
unary_function nary_fiinction, -.
8. , . .

, .
1. 1, .
. , ( ) C++.
2. .
C++.
, .
3. .
, , , , .
4. . : C++
.
C++ . , ,
.
C++ , ,
, ,
.
C++
C++
( ANSI ),
C++.
, 1. , :
Q , C++ ,
, C++ .
, ,
, .
C++ .
Q 31 . C++ .

- .
main() ,
- .
C++ main() .
(
register), C++ .
wchar_t typedef. C++
wchar t .

( ) .
. , , .
1.3
1. tinclude <iostream>
using namespace;
int main ( )
{
double hours, wage;
cout " : " ;
cin hours;
cout " : ";
cin wage;
cout " : $" wage * hours;
return 0;
2. finclude <iostream>
476
C++
int main()
double feet;
do {
cout " (0 ): ";
cin feet;
cout feet * 12 " \";
} while (feet != 0.0);
return 0;
3. /*
*/
int main()
int a, b, d, min;
cout " : ";
cin a b;
min = a>b ?b: a.;

for (d=2; d<min; d++)
if(((a%d)==0) && ((b%d)==0)) break;
if (d==min) {
cout " \";
return 0;
'
cout " " d "\n";
return 0;
1.4
1. , , .
1.5
#include <cstring>
class card {
char title [80] ; //
char author [40]; //
int number; //
public:
void store (char *t, char *name, int num);
void show ( ) ;
void card: : store (char *t, char *name, int num)

{
strcpy (title, t) ;
strcpy (author, name);
number = num;
void card :: show ()
{
cout ": " title "\n";
cout ": " author "\n";
cout " : " number "\n";
}
-
int main ( }
<
card bookl, book2, book3;

bookl. store ("Dune", "Frank Herbert", 2);
book2. store ("The Foundation Trilogy", "Isaac Asimov", 2);
book3. store ("The Rainbow", "D. H. Lawrence", 1);
bookl . show ( ) ;
book2 . show ( ) ;
book3 . show ( ) ;
return 0;
3. ttinclude <iostream>
#define SIZE 100
class q_type {
int queue [SIZE] ; //
int head, tail; //
public:
void init(); //
void q(int num); //
477
478
int deq(); //
};
//
void q_type : : init ( )
{
head = tail = 0;
}
//
void q_type : : q ( int num)
<
if (tail + l==head || (tail + 1==SIZE && Ihead)) {
cout " ";
return ;
if (tail==SIZE) tail = 0; //
queue [tail] = num;
}
//
. int q_type : : deq ( )
{
if (head==tail) {
cout " ";
return 0;
}
head++ ;
if (head==SIZE) head = 0; //
return queue [head] ;
int mainO
{
q_type ql, q2;
int i;
ql . init ( ) ;
q2 . init ( ) ;
for (1=1; i<=10;
ql.q(i) ;
q2.q(i * i);
for (1=1; i<=10;
cout " 1: " ql.deqO "\n";
cout " 2: " q2.deq() "\n";
C++
.
return 0;
1.6
1. f() .
1.7
1. #include <iostream>
finclude <cmath>
// sroot() integers, longs doubles
int sroot(int i);
long sroot(long i) ;
double sroot(double i);
int main(}
{
cout
cout
cout
cout
cout
" 90.34 : " sroot(90.34);

"\n";
" 90L : " sroot(90L);
"\n";
" 90 : " sroot (90);
return 0;
}
//
int sroot(int i)
{
cout " \";
return (int) sqrt((double)i);
}
//
long sroot(long i)
{
cout " ";
return (long) sqrt((double)i);
}
//
double sroot(double i)
{
cout " \";
return sqrt(i);
479
480
__
__
C++
2. atof(), atoi() atol() , . , , .

3. // min ( )
finclude <iostream>
# include <cctype>
char min (char a, char b) ;
int min(int a, int b) ;
double min (double a, double b) ;
int main ( )
{
cout " : " minf'x', 'a') "\n";
cout " : " min (10, 20) "\n";
cout " : " min(0.2234, 99.2) "\n";
return 0;
// chars
char min (char a, char b)
{
return tolower(a) < tolower(b) ? a: b;
// ints
int min (int a, int b)
{
// doubles
double min (double a, double b)
{
// sleepO
void sleep(int n) ;
void sleep (char *n) ;
//
//
tfdefine DELAY 100000
481
int main ( )
{
cout ' . ' ;
sleep (3) ;
cout ' . ' ;
sleep ( " 2 " ) ;
cout ' . ' ;
return 0 ;
}
// sleep ()
void sleep (int n)
{
long i ;
f o r t ; n; n )
for(i=0; i<DELAY; i
// sleep () char *
void sleep (char *n)
{
long i ;
int j ;
j = atoi (n) ;
f o r ( ; j; j )
for(i=0; KDELAY;
1
1. ,
. ,
.
. , .
.
2. C++ , ,
C++.
482
C++
int main ()
int b, e, r;
cout " : ";
cin b;
cout " : ";
cin e;
r = 1;
for(; e; e ) r = r * b;
cout ": " r;
return 0;
4. linclude <iostream>
iinclude <cstring>
//
void rev_str(char *s); // s
void rev_str(char *in, char *out); //
// out
int main()
char si[80], s2[80];
strcpy(sl, " ");
rev_str(sl, s2) ;
cout s2 "\n";
rev_str (si).;
cout si "\n";
return 0;
// s
void rev_str(char *s)
{
char temp[80];
int i, j;
for(i=strlen(s)-l, j=0; i>=0; i, j++)
temp [ j ] = s [ i ];
tempt j ] = '\0'; //
strcpy(s, temp);
483
// out
void rev_str (char *in> char *out)
{
int i, j;
for (i=strlen(in) -1, j=0; i>=0; i , j++)

out [ j ] = in [ i ] ;
>
out [ j ] = '\0'; //
5. # include <iostream.h>
int f (int a) ;
int main ( )
{
cout f (10) ;
return 0;
}
int f (int a)
{
return a * 3.1416;
6. bool . true false.
2

#include <cstring>
int main()
{
char s[80];
cout " : ";
cin s;
cout " : " strlen(s) "\n";
return 0;
484 _ _
#include <cstring>
class addr {
char name [40] ;
char street [40] ;
char city [30] ;
char state [3] ;
char zip [10] ;
public:
void store (char *n, char *s, char *c, char *t, char *z);
void display ( ) ;
};
void addr :: store (char *n, char *s, char *c, char *t, char *z)
{
strcpy (name, n) ;
strcpy (street, s);
strcpy (city, c) ;
strcpy (state, t) ;
strcpy (zip, z) ;
}
void addr :: display ()
{
cout name "\n";
cout street "\n";
cout city "\n";
cout state "\n";
cout zip "\n\n";
}
int main()
{
addr a ;
a.store("M. . ", " ", ".-",
"", "46576") ;
a. display () ;
return 0;
int rotate (int i) ;
long rotate (long i) ;
C++
int main ( )
{
int a;
long b;
485
a = 0x8000;
b = 8;
cout rotate (a);
cout "\n";
cout rotate (b) ;
return 0;
}
int rotate (int i)
{
int x;
if (i & 0x8000) x = 1;
else x = 0;
i = i 1;
i += x;
return i ;
}
long rotate (long i)
{
int x;
if (i & 0x80000000) x = 1;
else x = 0;
i = i 1;
i += x;
return i;
4. i myclass,
main().
2.1
485
#define SIZE 100

class q_type {
int queue [SIZE] ; //
int head, tail; //
public:
q_type(); //
void q(int num) ; //
int deq(); //
};
//
q_type : : q_type ( )
(
head = tail = 0;
}
//
void q_type : : q ( int num)
{
if (tail + l==head || (tail + 1==SIZE && Ihead)) {
cout " ";
return;
queue [tail] = num;
}
//
int q_type : : deq ( )
{
if (head=tail) {
cout " ";
return 0;
}
head++;
if (head==SIZE) head =0; //
return queue [head];
}
int main()
{
q_type ql, q2;
int i;
for(i=l; i<=10;
ql.q(i) ;
q 2 . q ( i * i);
C++
for (i=l; i<=10; 1++)
cout " 1: " ql.deqt) "\";

cout " 2: " q2.deg() "\";
}
return 0 ;
2. //
finclude <iostream>
#include <ctime>
class stopwatch {
double begin, end;
public:
stopwatch () ;
~stopwatch () ;
void start ( ) ;
void stop ( ) ;
void show ( } ;
stopwatch : : stopwatch ( )
{
begin = end = 0.0;
}
stopwatch: : -stopwatch ()
{
cout " stopwatch ...";
show ( ) ;
}
void stopwatch: : start ( )
{
begin = (double) clock () / CLOCKS_PER_SEC ;
}
void stopwatch : : stop ( )
{
end = (double) clock () / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
void stopwatch : : show ( )

{
cout " : " end begin;
cout "\n";
487
488
C++
int main()
stopwatch watch/long i ;
watch.start();
for(i=0; i<320000; i++); //
watch.stop();
watch.show();
return 0;
}
3. .
2.2
1. //
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
// stack
class stack {
char *stck; //
int tos; //
int size; //
public:
stack(int s); //
~stack(); //
char pop(); //
//
stack::stack(int s)
cout " ";
tos = 0;
stck = (char *) malloc(s);
if(lstck) {
cout " \";
exit(l);
size = s;
.
stack::~stack()
free(stck);
'
//
if (tos==size) {
cout " \n";
return;
stck[tos] = ch;
tos++;
//
char stack::pop()
if (tos==0) {
cout " \";
return 0; //
tos;
return stckftos];
int main ()
// , ,
stack si (10), s2(10);
int i;
sl.push('a')
s2.push('x')
sl.push('b')
s2.push('y')
sl.push('c')
s2.push('z')
for(i=0;
"\n";
for(i=0;
"\n";
i++) cout " si:" si.pop

i++) cout " s2:" s2.pop()
return 0;
#include <ctime>
489
C++
490
class t_and_d {
time_t systime;
public:
t_and_d(time_t t); //
void show();
};
t_and_d::t_and_d(t ime_t t)
systime = t;
void t_and_d::show()
cout ctime(Ssystime);
int main()
time_t x;
x = time (NULL);
t_and_d ob(x);
ob.show();
return 0;
class box {
double 1, w, h;
double volume;
public:
box (double a, double b, double c) ;
void vol ( ) ;
box: : box (double a, double b, double c)
{
1 = a;
w = b;
h = c;
volume = 1 * w * h;
.
void b o x : : v o l ( )
'
cout " : " volume "\n";
int mainO
box x(2.2, 3.97, 8.09), y(1.0, 2.0, 3.0);
x.vol();
.vol();
return 0;
2.3
class area_cl {
public:
double height;
double width;
class rectangle: public area_cl {
public:
rectangle (double h, double w) ;
double area ( ) ;
class isosceles: public area_cl {
public:
isosceles (double h, double w) ;
double area ( ) ;
rectangle:: rectangle (double h, double w)
{
height = h;
width = w;
isosceles: : isosceles (double h, double w)
{
height = h;
width = w;
- "
491
492
double rectangle: : area ()
{
return width * height;
}
double isosceles :: area ()
{
return 0.5 * width * height;
}
int main ( )
{
rectangle b(10.0, 5.0);
isosceles i(4.0, 6.0);
cout ": " b.area() "\n";

cout ": " i.areaO "\n";
return 0;
2.5
1. // ,
tinclude <iostream>
ttdefine SIZE 10
// stack
struct stack {
stack (); //
char pop(); //
private:
char stck[SIZE]; //
int tos; //
//
stack: : stack ()
{
cout " \";
tos=0;
//
void stack: :push (char ch)
C++
493
if (tos==SIZE) {
cout " \";
return;
}
stck[tos] = ch;
tos++;
//
char stack: :pop()
{
if (tos=0) {
cout " \";
return 0; //
}
tos ;
return stck[tos];
int main ()
// , ,
stack si, s2;
int i;
si .push ( 'a' )
s2.push( 'x' )
sl.push('b')
s2.push('y')
sl.push('c')
s2.push('z')
for(i=0; i
"\n";
for(1=0; i<3
"\n";
1++) cout " si:" sl.popO

1++) cout " s2:" s2.pop()
return 0;
union swapbytes {
unsigned char c[2];
unsigned i;
swapbytes(unsigned x);
494
C++
void swp ( ) ;
};
swapbytes:: swapbytes (unsigned x)
{
i = x;
}
void ewapbytes : : swp ( )
{
unsigned char temp;
temp = [ 0 ] ;
c[0] = c[l];
c[l] = temp;
}
int main()
{
swapbytes ob ( 1 ) ;
ob.swpO ;
cout ob . i ;
return 0;
3. ,
. , . , .
2.6
#include <iostream>
// abs()
// abs()
inline int abs(int n)
{
cout " abs() int\n";
return n<0 ? -n: n;
// abs()
inline long absdong n)
495
cout " abs ( ) long\n";

.return n<0 ? -n: n;
II abs ()
inline double abs (double n)
{
cout " abs() double\n";
return n<0 ? -n: n;
int main ( )
{
cout " -10:" abs (-10) "\n";
cout " -10L:" abs(-lOL) "\n";
cout " -10.01:" abs(-lO.Ol) "\n";
return 0;
2. , for. .
2.7
#define SIZE 10
// stack
class stack {
char stck[SIZE]; //
int tos; //
public:
stack() { tos = 0; }
void push(char ch)
{
if (tos==SIZE) {
cout " ";
return;
}
stck[tos]=ch;
tos++;
496
C++
char pop()
{
if (tos==0) {
cout " ";
return 0; //
}
tos ;
return stckftos];
int main()
// , ,
stack si, s2;
int i;
si.push('a') ;
s2.push('x') ;
sl.push('b') ;
s2.push('y');
si.push('c');
s2.push('z') ;
for(i=0; i<3; i++) cout " si:" sl.popO
"\n";
for(i=0; i<3; i++) cout " s2:" s2.pop()
"\n";
return 0;
}
ttinclude <cstring>
#include <cstdlib>
class strtype {
char *p;
int len;
public:
strtype(char *ptr)
len = strlen(ptr);
p=(char *) malloc(len + 1);
cout " ";
exit (1);
497
strcpy(p, ptr);
}
~strtype() { cout " p\n"; free(p); }
void show ( )
{
cout p " : " len;
cout "\n";
int main ( )
strtype si (" "), 2(" C++");
si. show () ;
s2 . show () ;
return 0;
2
1. , .
, .
class line {
int len;
public:
line (int 1) ;
line: : line (int 1)
{
. len = 1;
int i;
for(i=0; i<len; i++) cout '*';
}
int main()
{
line 1(10);
return 0 ;
498
C++
3. 10 1000000 -0.0009
class area_cl {
public:
double height;
double width;
class rectangle: public area_cl {
public:
rectangle (double h, double w) { height - h; width = w; }
double area{) { return height * width; }
class isosceles: public area_cl {
public:
isosceles (double h, double w) { height = h; width = w; )
double a r e a ( ) { return 0 . 5 * height * width; }
class cylinder: public area_cl {
public:
cylinder (double h, double w) { height = h; width = w; }
double area ( )
.{
return (2 * 3.1416 * (width/2) * (width/2)) + (3.1416 *
height * width) ;
int main ( )
{
rectangle b(10.0, 5.0);
isosceles i(4.0, 6.0);
cylinder (3.0, 4.0) ;
cout ": " b.areaf) "\n";
cout ": " i.areaO "\n";
cout ": " . area () "\n";
return 0 ;
5. . ,
, ,
499
. , .
class myclass {
int i, j;
public:
myclass (int x, int y) { i = x; j = y; }
void show() { cout i " " j ; }
int main ( )
{
myclass count (2, 3) ;
count . show ( ) ;
return 0;
}
7. . .
8. . .

class prompt {
int count ;
public:
prompt (char *s) { cout s; cin count; }
~prompt ( ) ;
prompt : : ~prompt ( ) {
int i, j;
for(i=0; i<count; i
cout '\a' ;
for(j=0; j<32000; j++) ; //
C++
500
int main()
{
prompt ob(" : "};
return 0;
class ftoi {
double feet;
double inches;
public:
ftoi(double f);
};
ftoi::ftoi(double f)
feet = f;
inches = feet * 12;
cout feet " " inches ".\"
int main()
ftoi a(12.0), b(99.0);
return 0;
#include <cstdlib>
class dice {
int val;
public:
void roll();
};
void dice::roll()
{
val = (rand() % 6) +1; // 1 6
cout val "\n";
}
int main()
{
dice one, two;
501
one.roll() ;
two.roll() ;
one.roll() ;
two.roll() ;
one.roll() ;
two.roll() ;
return 0;
3

1. widgitQ, ~widgit().
2. (. .,
). .
3. class Mars: public planet {
4. , inline, .
5. . . .
goto switch. , .
6. sample ob(100, ' X ' ) ;
3.1
1. = , ell !2
, .
2.
ttdefine SIZE
100
502
class q_type {
.int queue [SIZE]; //
int head, tail; //
public:
q_type(); //
void q(int num) ; //
int deq(); //
};
//
q_type : : q_type ( )
{
head = tail = 0;
}
//
void q_type: :q(int num)
{
if (tail + l==head || (tail + 1==SIZE && !head)) {
cout " ";
return;
queue [tail] = num;
}
//
int q_type : : deq ( )
if (head==tail) {
cout " ";
return 0;
}
head++;
return queue [head] ;
}
int main()
{
q_type ql, q2;
int i;
for(i=l; i<=10; i++) {

ql.q(i) ;
}
//
q2 = ql;
C++
503
/I ,
//
for(1=1; i<=10; 1++)
cout " 1: " ql.deqO "\";
for(1=1; i<=10; 1++)
cout " 2: " q2.deq() "\";
return 0;
3. , ,
, , ,
, ,
, , . , .
3.2
ttdefine SIZE 10
// stack
class stack {
char stck[SIZE]; //
int tos; //
public:
stack(); //
char pop ; //
//
stack::stack()
cout " \";
tos = 0;
//
{
if (tos==SIZE) {
cout " \";
return;
504
'
stck[tos] = ch;
tos++;
//
char stack:: pop ()
f "
if (tos==0) {
cout " \";
return 0; //
}
tos ;
return stck[tos];
}
void showstack (stack o) ;
int main ( )
{
stack si;
int i;
si. push ( 'a' ) ;
sl.push('b');
si. push ( 'c') ;
showstack (si) ;
// si main() -
cout " si : \";
for (i=0; i<3; i++) cout sl.popO "\n";
return 0;
}
//
void showstack (stack o)
char c;
// ,
//
while (=.() ) cout "\";
cout "\";
C++
505
. ?

si :
2. , ,
neg(), ,
neg() ;
mainQ.
3.3
class who {
char name;
public:
who(char c) {
name = c;
cout " who #";
cout name "\n";
-who () { cout " who
name "\n"; }
who makewho()
{
who tempCB 1 ;
return temp;
}
int
main()
{
who o b ( ' A ' ) ;
makewho();
return 0;
2.
, . : , ,
, ,
.
506
C++
3.4
class pr2; //
class prl {
int printing;
public:
prl() { printing =0; }
void set_print(int status) { printing = status; }
friend int inuse(prl ol, pr2 o2);
class pr2 {
int printing;
//...
public:
pr2() { printing =0; }
void set_print (int status) { printing = status; }
//. ..
friend int inuse (prl ol, pr2 o2) ;
//
int inuse (prl ol, pr2 o2)
{
if (ol .printing | | o2. printing) return 1;
else return 0;
int main ()
{
prl pi;
pr2 p2;
if (! inuse (pi, p2) ) cout " \";
cout " pi ... \";
pl.set_print (1) ;
if(inuse(pl, p2) ) cout " \";
cout " ! ... \";
pl.set_print (0) ;
if ( linuse (pi, p2) ) cout " \";
507
cout " 2 . . . \";

2.set_print(1);
if(inuse(pl, p2)) cout " \";
return 0;
3
1. , , .
2. 2 , ,
2, ,
. , , , , ,
, .
3. int light (planet p)
{
return p.get_miles () / 186000;
4. .
5. //
finclude <iostream>
#define SIZE 27
// stack
class stack {
char stck[SIZE]; //
int tos; //
public:
stack(); //
char pop (); //
};
//
stack: : stack ()
cout " \";
508
C++
tos = 0;
//
{
if (tos==SIZE) {
cout " \";
return;
}
stckftos] = ch;
tos++;
}
//
char stack: :pop()
{
if (tos==0) {
cout " \n";
return 0; //
}
tos ;
return stck[tos];
stack loadstackO;
int main ()
{
stack si;
si = loadstackO ;
showstack (si) ;
return 0;
1 1
void showstack (stack )
{
char ;
// ,
while ( =. () ) cout "\";
cout "\";
//
stack loadstackO
509
stack t;
char ;
f o r ( c = ' a ' ; c < = ' z ' ; ++) t . p u s h ( c ) ;
return t;
6.
, , . , .
7. , ,
, . ,
, , .

1. //
tinclude <iostream>
ttinclude <cctype>
#define SIZE 27
// stack
class stack {
char stckfSIZE]; //
int tos; //
public:
stack (); //
char pop (); //
//
stack: : stack ( )
{
cout " \"
tos = 0;
}
//
570
C++
if ,(tos==SIZE) {
cout " \";
return;
}
stckftos] = ch;
tos++;
//
char stack:: pop ()
{
if (tos==0) {
cout " \";
return 0; //
}
tos ;
return stck[tos];
stack loadstackO;
stack loadstack (int upper);
int main ()
{
stack si, s2, s3;
si = loadstackO;
showstack (si) ;
//
s2 = loadstack (1) ;
showstack (s2) ;
//
s3 = loadstack (0 );
showstack (s3) ;
return 0 ;
//
void showstack (stack )
{
char ;
// ,
while (=. () ) cout "\";
5??
cout "\";
//
stack loadstack ()
{
stack t;
char ;
for(c='a'; c<='z'; ++) t.push(c);
return t;
}
/* . ,
upper I,
*/
stack loadstack (int upper)
{
stack t;
char c;
:
\
if (upper) = ' ' ;
else = ' a ' ;
f o r ( ; toupper (c) <='Z' ; ++) t . p u s h ( c ) ;
return t;
ttinclude <cstring>
tinclude <cstdlib>
class strtype {
char *p;
int len;
public:
-strtype () ;
void show ( ) ;
friend char *get_string (strtype *ob)
};
{
len=strlen(ptr) ;
p=(char *) malloc(len+l) ;
572
C++
cout " \";
exit(l) ;
}
strcpytp, ptr) ;
strtype : : -strtype ( }
{
cout " \";
free(p) ;
}

{
cout p " : " len;
cout "\n";
}
char *get_string (strtype *ob)
{
return ob->p;
}
int main()
{
strtype si (" ");
char *s;
si .show() ;
//
s = get_string (&sl) ;
cout " , si: ";
cout s "\n";
return 0;
3. : ,
, .
.
class base {
int a;
public:
513
void load_a(int n) { = n; }
int b;
public:
void load__b (int n) { b = n; }
int
main()
derived obi, ob2;
obl.load_a(5);
obl.load_b(10);
// obi 2
ob2 = obi;
cout " b obi: ";
cout obl.get_a() ' ' obl.get_b() "\n";
cout " b ob2: ";

cout ob2.get_a() ' ' ob2.get_b() "\n";
/* , , ,

*/
return 0;
4

1. ,
, , ,
.
2. , ,
, . , , ,
.
514
C++
3. , .
. , , .
4. . , ,
. , -, , .
class summation {
int num;
. long sum; // num
public:
void set_sum(int n) ;
void show_sum() {
cout " " num " " sum "\n";
void summation: :set_sum( int n)

(
int i;
num = n;
sum = 0;
for(i=l; i<=n; i++)
sum += i,;
}
summation make_sum()
{
int i ;
summation temp;
cout " : ";
cin i;
temp . set_sum ( i ) ;
return temp;
}
int
{
main()
summation s ;
575
s = make_sum ( ) ;
s . show_sum ( ) ;
return 0;
6. ,
.
7. . #include <iostream>
class myclass {
int num;
public:
myclass (int x) { num = x; }
friend int isneg (myclass ob) ;
int isneg (myclass ob)
{
return (ob.num < 0) ? 1: 0;

}
int main()
{
myclass a(-l), b(2);

cout isneg (a) ' ' isneg (b);
cout "\n";
return 0;
8. ,
.
4.1
class letters {
char ch;
516
public:
letters (char ) { ch = ; }
I;
int main ()
{
letters ob[10] = { 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e',
'f , 'g', 'h', 'i', 'j' };
int i ;
for(i=0; i<10; i++)

cout ob [ i ] . get_ch ( ) ' ' ;
cout "\n";
return 0 ;
class squares {
int num, sqr;
public:
squares (int a, int b) { num = a; sqr = b; }
void show() {cout num ' ' sqr "\n"; }
int main ( )
{
squares ob[10] = {
squares (1, 1) ,
squares (2, 4),
squares (3, 9) ,
squares (4, 16),
squares (5, 25) ,
squares (6, 36),
squares (7, 49) ,
squares (8, 64) ,
squares (9, 81),
squares (10, 100),
};
int i;
for(i=0; i<10; i++) ob[ i ] . show ( )
return 0;
C++
.
class letters {
char ch;
public:
letters(char c) { ch = c; }
int main()
letters ob[10] = {
letters('a'),
letters('b'),
letters('c'),
letters('d'),
letters('e'),
letters('f'),
letters('g'),
letters('h'),
letters('i'),
letters('j')
};
int i ;
for(i=0; i<10; i++)
cout ob[ i ].get_ch() ' ';
cout "\n";
return 0;
4.2
1. //
finclude <iostream>
class samp {
int a, b;
public:
samp(int n, int m) { a = n; b = m; }
517
18
++
int main ( )
{
samp ob[4] = {
sampd, 2),
samp ( 3 , 4 ) ,
samp(5, 6),
samp (7, 8)
};
int i;
samp *p;
p = &ob[3]; //
for(i=0; i<4
cout p -> get_a ( ) ' ' ;

cout p -> get_b() "\n";
p ; //
cout "\n";
return 0;
2. /*
*/
#include <iostream>
class samp {
int a;
public:
samp(int n) { a = n; }
};
.
int main()
{
samp ob[4] [2] = {
1, 2,
3, 4,
5, 6,
7, 8
};
int i;
samp *p;
= (samp *) ob;
for (1=0; i<4; i
cout p->get_a ( ) ' ' ;

P++;
cout p->get_a(). "\n";
P++;
}
cout "\n";
return 0;
4.3
1. // this
tinclude <iostream>
class myclass {
int a, b;
public:
myclass(int n, int m) { this->a = n; this->b = m; }
int add() { return this->a + this->b; }
void show();
};
void myclass::show()
{
int t;
t = this->add(); // -
cout t <<"\n";
}
int main()
{
myclass ob(10, 14);
ob.show();
return 0;
519
520
4.4
1. iinclude <iostream>
int main ( )
{
float *f;
long *1;
char *c;
f = new float;
1 = new long;
= new char;
if (if I I !1 I I !c) {
cout " .";
return 1;
}
*f = 10.102;
*1 = 100000;
*c = 'A';
cout *f ' ' *1 ' ' *c;
cout ' \n ' ;
delete f; delete 1; delete c;
return 0;
#include <cstring>
class phone {
char name [40] ;
char number [14];
public :
void store (char *n, char *num) ;
void show ( ) ;
};
void phone: : store (char *n, char *num)
{
strcpy (name, n) ;
strcpy (number, num) ;
C++
521
void phone::show()
{
cout name ": " ;
cout "\n";
}
int main{)
{
phone *p;
p = new phone;
if(!p) {
cout " .";
return 1;
}
p->store(" ", "111 555-2323");
p->show();
delete p;
return 0;
3. ;- new
, .
, , . C++, new
.
4.5
1. char *p;
p = new char [100] ;
// ....
strcpy(p, " ");

int main ( )
{
double *p;
.p = new double (-123. 0987 );
522
C++
cout * ' \n ' ;

return 0;
4.6
1. înclude <iostream>
void rneg (int Si); //
void pneg(int *i) ; //
int main ()
{
int i = 10;
int j = 20;
rneg ( i ) ;
pneg(sj) ;
cout i ' ' j '\n';

return 0;
// -
void rneg (int &i)
{
. i = - i;
}
// -
void pneg(int.*i)
2. triple() d , &.
. &.
3. - . .
, .
, .
523
4.7
1. show() . . showQ ,
. , , show(). , , , :
//
tinclude <iostream>
#include <cstring>
tinclude <cstdlib>
class strtype {
char *p;
public:
strtype(char *s);
-strtype() { delete [] p; }
};
strtype::strtype(char *s)
int 1;
1 = strlen(s) + 1;
p = new char [1];
!p) {
cout " \";

exit (1);
}
strcpy(p, s);
}
// -
void show{strtype &x)
{
char *s;
s = x.get();
cout s "\n";
}
int main()
{
strtype (""), b("");
524
C++
show(a);
show(b);
return 0;
4.8
1. //
tinclude <iostream>
# include <cstdlib>
class array {
int isize, jsize;
int *p;
public:
array (int i, int j ) ;
int&put(int i, int j ) ;
int get (int i, int j);
};
array: : array (int i, int j)
{
p = new int [ i * j ] ;
.if(!p) (
cout " \";
exit(l) ;
}
isize = i;
jsize = j;
}
//
int Sarray: :put (int i, int j)
| | i>=isize | | j<0 | | j>=jsize) {
cout ", ! ! !\n";
exit(l) ;
}
return p[i * jsize + j ] ; // p[ i ]
}
//
int array: : get (int i, int j)
|| i>=isize || j<0 || j>=jsize) {
cout ", ! !! \n",
exit(l) ;
.
return p[i * jsize + j]; //
}
int main()
{
array a(2, 3);
int i, j;
for(i=0; i<2; i++)
for(j=0; j<3; j++)
a.put(i, j) = i + j ;
for(i=0; i<2; i++)
for(j=0; j<3; j++)
cout a.get(i, j) ' ';
//
a.put(10, 10);
return 0;
}
2. . .
4
using namespace .std;
class a_type {
double a, b;
public:
a_type(double x, double y) {
a = x;
b = y;
}
};
int main()
{
a_type o b [ 2 ] [ 5 ] = {
a_type(l, 1), a_type(2, 2 ) ,
a_type(3, 3), a_type(4, 4 ) ,
a_type(.5, 5 ) , a_type(6, 6 ) ,
a_type(7, 7 ) , a_type(8, 8 ) ,
a_type(9, 9), a_type(10, 10)
525
526
int i, j;
for(i=0; i<
for(j=0; j
ob [ i ] [ j ] . show ( ) ;
cout ' \n ' ;
return 0;
class a_type {
double a, b;
public:
a_type (double x, double y) {
a = x;
b = y;
int main()
a_type ob [2] [5] =
a_type(l, 1),
a_type(3, 3),
a_type{5, 5),
a_type(7, 7),
a_type(9, 9),
{
a_type(2, 2),
a_type(4, 4),
a_type(6, 6),
a_type(8, 8),
a_type(10, 10)
a_type *p;
. p = (a_type *) ob;
int i, j;
for(i=0;
for(j=0;
p->show ( ) ;
P++;
}
cout ' \n ' ;
return 0;
C++
527
3. this , , .
4. new delete :
p-var = new type;
delete p-var;
new .
,
sizeof. , <cstdlib>.
5.
.
- ,
.
void recip(double &d);
int main()
{
double x = 100.0;
cout "x " x '\n';
recip(x);
cout " " x '\n';
return 0;
void recip(doubte &d)
d = 1/d;

1.
(->).
#include <cstring>
ttinclude <cstdlib>
528
++
class strtype {
char *p;
int len;
public:
~strtype () ;
void show() ;
{
len = strlen(ptr);
p = new char [len + 1] ;
if(!p) {
cout " \";
exit(l) ;
}
strcpytp, ptr) ;
}
{
cout " \";
delete [ ] p;
{
cout p " : " len;
cout "\n";
int main ()
strtype si (" "), 2(" C++") ;
si. show () ;
s2 . show ( ) ;
return 0 ;
5

1. , . , ,
529
. :
, ,
, .
.
int main ( )
{
float *f;
int *i;
f = new float;
i = new int;
if (!f I I !i) {
cout " \";
return 1;
*f = 10.101;
*i = 100;
cout *f ' ' *i '\n'
delete f;
delete i;
return 0 ;
3. new, :
__ = new (_) ;
, .
10:
int *p;
= new int (10) ;
class samp {
int x;
public:
samp (int n) { x = n; }
530
C++
};
'
int main ( )
{
samp A [10] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 } ;
int i;
for (1=0; i<10; i++)
cout A[ i ].getx() ' ';
cout "\n";
return 0;
5. :
. ,
. - , .
: - , - .
6. .
void mag (long &num, long order);
int main()
{
long n = 4 ;
long = 2;
cout " 4, ";
mag(n, ) ;
cout n ' \n ' ;
return 0;
void mag (long snum, long order)
{
for(; order; order ) num = num * 10;
5.1
#include <cstring>
#include <cstdlib>
class strtype {
char *p;
int len;
public:
strtype();
strtype(char *s, int 1) ;
char *getstring() { return p; }
int getlengthO { return len; }
};
strtype::strtype()
{
p = new char[255];
if(!p) {
cout " \";
exit(1);
}
*p = '\0'; //
len =255;
}
strtype::strtype(char *s, int 1)
{
if(strlen(s) >= 1) {
cout " !\";
exit(l);
}
p = new char[ 1 ];
, if(!p) (
cout " \";
exit (1);
}
. strcpy(p, s);
len = 1;
}
int main()
53?
C++
532
strtype si;
strtype 2(" ", 100);
cout " si: " si.getstring() "- : ";
cout sl.getlengthO "\n";
.cout " s2: " s2.getstring() "- : ";
cout s2.getlength() "\n";
return 0;
2. //
#include <iostream>
# include <ctime>
class stopwatch {
double begin, end;
public:
stopwatch () ;
stopwatch (clock__t t)
~ stopwatch ( ) ;
void start () ;
void stop.O ;
void show ( ) ;
stopwatch: : stopwatch ()
{
begin = end = 0.0;
}
stopwatch: : stopwatch (clock_t t)
{
begin = (double) t / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
end = 0.0;
}
stopwatch: : ~stopwatch ( )
{
cout " stopwatch ...";

show ( ) ;
}
void stopwatch: : start ()

{
begin = (double) clock () / CLOCKS PER SEC;
533
void stopwatch::stop()
{
end = (double) clock / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
}
void stopwatch::show()
{
cout " : " end begin;
cout "\n";
}
int main()
{
stopwatch watch;
long i;
watch.start(};
for(i=0; i<3200000; i++); //
watch.stop();
watch.show();
//
stopwatch s2(clock());
for(i=0; i<250000; i++); //
s2.stop();
s2.show();
return 0;
5.2
1. obj temp . ,
temp f(),
, .
tinclude <iostream>
class myclass {
public:
myclass ( ) ;
myclass (const myclass &o) ;
myclass f () ;
//
534 _
C++
myclass : :myclass()
{
cout " \";
//
myclass: :myclass (const myclass so)
{
cout " \";
//
myclass myclass: :f()
{
myclass temp;
return temp;
}
int main()
{
myclass obj ;
ob j =ob j . f ( ) ;
return 0;
2. , getval(),
. getval()
, ( ) . -
,
getval(). .
.
//
finclude <iostream>
iinclude <cstdlib>
class myclass (
int *p;
public:
myclass (int i) ;
myclass (const myclass So) ; //
~myclass() {delete p; }
friend int getval (myclass o) ;
535
myclass: :myclass (int i)

{
p=new int;
cout " \";
exit(l);
}
*P=i;
//
myclass: :myclass (const myclass So)
{
p=new int;
//
cout " \";
exit(l) ;
*=*.;
}
int getval (myclass )
{
return *o.p; //
}
int main ( )
{
myclass a (1) , b(2) ;
cout "\n";
cout getval (a) " " getval (b);
return 0 ;
3. , . , .
5.4
înclude <cstdlib>
536
__
C++

long mystrtol (const char *s, char **end, int base = 10)
{
return strtol(s, end, base);

}
int main ( )
{
long x;
char *sl = "100234";
char *p;
x = mystrtol (si, &p, 16);
cout " 16: " x '\n';

x = mystrtol (si, &p, 10);
cout " 10: " x '\n';
x = mystrtol (si, &p) ; // ,

//
cout " 10: "
'\' ;
return 0 ;
2. , , , . , ,
. ,
q .
3.
,
. Borland C++.
/* Borland C++
*/
finclude <iostream>
tinclude <conio.h>
void myclreol (int len = -1);
int main ( )
{
int i;
537
gotoxy(1, 1);
for(1=0; i<24; i++)
cout "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzl234567890\n";
gotoxy(1, 2 ) ;
myclreol();
gotoxy(1, 4) ;
myclreol ( 2 0 ) ;
// , len
void myclreol (int len)
{
int x, ;
x = wherexO; //
= whereyO; //
if (len == -1) len = 80 - x;

int i = x;
for(; i<=len; i++) cout ' ';
gotoxy (x, y) ; //
4.
.
5.6
int dif(int a, int b)
{
return a b;
}
float dif(float a, float b)
{
return a b;
}
int main()
<
int (*pl)(int, int);
C++
538
float
(*p2)(float,
float);
pi = dif; // dif(int, int)

p2 = dif; // dif(float, float)
cout pi(10, 5) ' ' ;
cout p2(10.5, 8.9) '\n';
return 0;
5
1. // date { ) time_t
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdio> // sscanf
#include <ctime>
class date {
int day, month, year;
public:
date (char *str) ;
date (int m, int d, int y) {
day = d;
month = m;
year = y;
}
// time_t
date(time_t t) ;
void show ( ) {
cout month ' / ' day ' / ' ;
cout year '\n';
date: : date (char *str)

{
sscanf (str, "%d%*c%d%*c%d", Smonth, &day, &year)
}
date : : date ( time_t t )
{
struct tm *p;
p = localtime (&t) ;
day = p -> tm_mday;
month = p -> tm_mon;
539
year = -> tm_year;

}
int main ()
{
//
date sdate ("11/1/92") ;
//
date idatedl, I, 92) ;
/* time_t,
,
*/
date tdate (time (NULL) ) ;
sdate. show() ;
idate . show ( ) ;
tdate . show ( ) ;
. return 0;
2. samp . samp . ( samp x .)

3. ,
, . , , . .
4. :
_ (const _ &) {
_
5. , , : ,
, .
6. overload . C++
, . .
540
C++
7. ,
,
.
>
#include <cstring>
void reverse (char *str, int count = 0) ;
int main()
'{
char *sl = " ";
char *s2 = " C++";
reverse (si); //
reverse (s2, 7); //
cout si '\n' ;
cout s2 '\n';
return 0 ;
void reverse (char *str, int count)
int i, j ;
char temp;
iff! count) count = strlen(str) 1;
for(i=0, j=count; i< j ; i++, j
temp = str [ i ] ;
str[ i ] = str[ j ];
str[ j ] = temp;
9. , ,
, .
10. , , - .
11. , ,
computeQ .
divisor, ?
547
12. , .
, , .

void order (int &a, int &b)
{
int t;
if(a<b) return;
else { //
t = a;
a = b;
b - t;
int main()
{
int x = 10, = 5;
cout "x: " x ", y: " '\n';
order (x, y) ;
cout "x: " x ", y: " '\n';
return 0;
2. , , , .
3. , , , . ,
int f (int a, int b = 0) ;
:
int f ( int a ) ;
int f(int a, int b) ;
542
_____
C++
class samp {
int a;
public:
samp() .{ a = 0; }
samp (int n) { a = n; }
int main ( )
{
samp ob (88) ;
samp obarray[10];
5. , . , -
.
6

1. class myclass {
int x, ;
public:
myclass(int i, int j) { x = i; = j; }
myclass() { x = 0; = 0; }
2. class myclass {
int x, y;
public:
myclass (int i = 0, int j = 0) { x = i; = j; }
3.
.
543
4. , , , . ( .)
5. , ,
. , .
6. , .
, .
7. ,
.
: , ,

.
6.2
1. // * / coord
class coord {
int x, ; //
public:
coord () { x = 0; y= 0; }
coord ( int i , int j ) { x = i ; = j ; }
coord operator* (coord ob2);
coord operator/ (coord ob2) ;
// * coord
coord coord: : operator* (coord ob2)
{
coord temp;
temp.x = x * ob2.x;
temp. = * ob2.y;
return temp;
544
_^____
C++
/ I / coord
coord coord: : operator/ (coord ob2)
{
coord temp;
temp.x = x / ob2.x;
temp. = / ob2.y;
return temp;
int main()
(
coord ol (10, 10), o2(5, 3), o3;
int x, y;
o3 = ol * o2;
o3.get_xy(x, y) ;
cout "(ol * o2) X: " x ", Y: " "\n";
o3 = ol / o2;
o3.get_xy(x, y) ;
cout "(ol / o2) X: " x ", Y: " "\n";
return 0;
2. % ,
.
6.3
1. // < > coord
#include <iostream>
class coord {
int x, ; //
public:
coord() { x = 0; y= 0; }
int operator<(coord ob2);
int operator>(coord ob2);
};
// < coord
int coord::operator<(coord ob2)
{
return x<ob2.x && <2.;
// > coord
int coord: :operator>( coord ob2)
{
return x>ob2.x && y>ob2.y;

int main()
coord ol (10, 10), o2(5, 3);
if(ol>o2) cout "ol > o2\n";
else cout "ol <= o2\n";
if(ol<o2) cout "ol < o2\n";
else cout "ol >= o2\n";
return 0;
6.4
1. // coord
)
class coord {
int x, ; //
public:
coord () { x = 0; y= 0; }
coord operator ; //
coord operator (int notused) ; //
};
// coord
coord coord: : operator ( )
{
x ;
;
. return *this;
// coord
coord coord: : operator (int notused)
545
546
--;
return *this;
int main ()
{
coord ol(10, 10) ;
int x, y;
ol ; //
ol.get_xy(x, );
cout "(ol } X: " x ", Y: " "\n";

ol; //
ol.get_xy(x, );
cout "( ol) X: " x ", Y: " "\n";
return 0;
2. // + coord
#include <iostream>
class coord {
int x, ; //
public:
coord () { x = 0; y= 0; }
.coord (int i, int j) { x = i; = j; }
coord operator+ (coord ob2) ; //
coord operator* (); //
// + coord
{
coord temp;
temp.x = x + ob2.x;
temp. = + ob2.y;
return temp;
// + coord
coord coord: :operator+ ()
C++
.
if (<0) = -;
if (<0) = -;
return *this;
int main ()
{
coord ol (10, 10), o2(-2, -2) ;
int , y;
01 = ol + o2; //
ol.get_xy(x, y) ;
cout "(ol + o2) X: " x ", Y: " "\n";
02 = +o2; //
o2.get_xy(x, );
cout "(+o2) X: " x ", Y: " "\n";
return 0;
6.5
1. /* / coord

*/
iinclude <iostream>
class coord {
int x, ; //
public:
coord() { x = 0; y= 0; }
void get_xy(int &i, int Sj) { i = x; j = y; }
friend coord operator-(coord obi, coord ob2);
friend coord operator/(coord obi, coord ob2);
};
// coord
// .
coord operator-(coord obi, coord ob2)
{
coord temp;
temp.x = obl.x ob2.x;
547
548
temp . = obi . 2 . ;
return temp;
}
// / coord
//
coord operator/ (coord obi,* coord ob2)
{
coord temp;
temp.x = obl.x / ob2.x;
temp. = obi. / pb2.y;
return temp;
}
int main ( )
{
coord ol (10, 10), o2(5, 3), o3;
int x, y;
o3 = ol - o2;
o3.get_xy(x, y) ;
cout "(ol - o2) X: " x ", Y: " "\n";
o3 = ol / o2;
o3.get_xy(x, y) ;
cout "(ol / o2) X: " x ", Y: " "\n";
return 0;
2. // * ob*int int*ob
#include <iostream>
class coord {
int x, ; //
public:
coord () { x = 0; y= 0; }
friend coord operator* (coord obi, int i) ;
friend coord operator* (int i, coord ob2) ;
};
// *
coord operator* (coord obi, int i)
C++
549
coord temp;
temp . = obi .x * i ;
temp . = obi . * i ;
return temp;
// *
coord operator* (int i, coord ob2)
(
coord temp;
temp . x = ob2 . x * i ;
temp . = 2 . * i ;
return temp;
int main ( )
{
coord ol (10, 10) , o2;
int x, y;
o2 = ol * 2; // ob * int
o2.get_xy (x, y) ;
cout " (ol * 2) X: " x ", Y: " "\n";
o2 = 3 * ol; // int * ob
o2.get_xy(x, y) ;
cout "(3 * ol) X: " x ", Y: " "\n";
return 0;
3. -, , , . -, ,
.
4. /* -- coord

*/
tinclude <iostream>
class coord {
int x, ; //
public:
coordO { x = 0; = 0; }
550

//
friend coord operator (coord &ob) ;
//
friend coord operator (coord Sob, int notused) ;
// coord
//
coord operator (coord Sob)
{
ob . x ;
ob.
return ob;
// coord
//
coord operator (coord Sob, int notused)
{
ob.x ;
ob.y
return ob;
int main()
{
coord ol(10, 10) ;
int x, y;
ol; // ol
ol.get_xy(x, y) ;
cout "( ol) X: " x ", Y: " "\n";
ol ; // ol
ol.get_xy(x, y) ;
cout "(ol ) X: " x ", Y: " << "\n";
return 0;
6.6
ttinclude <cstdlib>
C++
class dynarray {
int *;
int size/public:
dynarray ( int s ) ;
int Sput ( int i ) ;
. int get (int i) ;
dynarray &operator= (dynarray &ob) ;
>l
//
dynarray: : dynarray (int s)
{
p = new int [ s ] ;
if(!p) <
cout " ";
exit (I);
size = s;
//
int Sdynarray::put(int i)
if(i<0 I I i>=size) {
cout " !\";
exit(l);
return p[i];
//
int dynarray::get(int i)
if(i<0 I I i>=size) {
cout " !\";
exit (1);
return p[i];
// = dynarray
dynarray Sdynarray: :operator= (dynarray Sob)
int i;
557
552
__
if (size!=ob.size) {
cout " ! \" ;
exit (1)1
for(i=0; i<size; i++) p[i] = ob.p[i];
return *this;
int main ( }
{
int i ;
dynarray obi (10), ob2(10), ob3(100);

obi. put (3) = 10;
i = obi. get (3) ;
cout i "\n";
ob2 = obi;
i = ob2.get(3) ;
cout i "\n";
//
obi = ; // ! ! !
return 0;
6.7
1. #include <iostreara>
tinclude <cstring>
tfinclude <cstdlib>
'
class strtype {
char *p;
int len;
public:
strtype(char *s) ;
-strtype() {
cout " "
(unsigned) p '\n';
delete []p;
}
strtype &operator=(strtype Sob);
C++
char separator [] (int i) ;
};
strtype: :strtype (char *s)
{
int 1;
1 = strlen(s) + 1;
p = new char [1] ;
if(!p) {
cout " \";
exit(l) ;
}
len = 1;
strcpy(p, s);
}
//
strtype Sstrtype: :operator=( strtype Sob)
{
//
if (len < ob.len) .{ //
//
delete [] p;
p = new char [ob.len];
if(!p) {
cout " \";
exit(l) ;
len = ob.len;
strcpy(p, ob.p);
return *this;
//
char sstrtype: : operator [] (int i)
{
if (i<0 | I i>len-l) {
cout " ";
cout i " \";
exit(l);
return p[i] ;
553
554
C++
int main()
{
strtype (""), ("");
cout a. get () ' \n' ;
cout b. get () ' \n' ;
a = b; //
cout a.get() '\n';
cout b.getO '\n';
//
cout [0] [1] [2] "\";
/
//
[0] = 'X1;
[1] = 'Y';
[2] = 'Z1;
cout a.get() "\n";
return 0;
înclude <cstdlib>
class dynarray {
int *p;
int size/public:
dynarray(int s) ;
dynarray &operator=(dynarray &ob);
int &operator[](int i);
};
//
dynarray::dynarray(int s)
{
p = new int[s];
if(!p) {
cout " \";
exit(1);
size = s;
// = dynarray
dynarray &dynarray: :operator= (dynarray Sob)
{
int i;
'!
if (size!=ob.size) {
cout " ! \n";
exit(l);
for(i=0; i<size; i++) p[i] = ob.p[i];
return *this;
// []
int &dynarray::operator[](int i)
if(i<0 I I i>size) (
cout << " ";
cout i " \";
exit(l);
return p[i];
int main()
int i;
dynarray obi(10), ob2(10), ob3(100);
obi 13] = 10;

i = obl[3];
cout i "\n";
ob2 = obi;
i = ob2[3];
cout i "\n";
//
obi = ; //
.return 0;
6
1. //
555
C++
556
#include <iostream>
class coord {
int x, ; //
public:
coord() { x = 0; = 0; }
void get_xy(int si, int Sj) { i = x; j = y; }
coord operator (int i) ;
coord operator (int i) ;
};
//
coord coord: :operator(int i)
coord temp;
temp.x = x i;
temp. = i;
return temp;
//
coord coord::operator(int i)
coord temp;
temp.x = x i;
temp. = i;
return temp;
int main()
coord ol(4, 4), o2;
int x, y;
o2 = ol 2; // ob int
o2.get_xy(x, y);
cout "(ol 2) X: " x ", Y: " "\n";
o2 = ol 2; // ob int
o2.get_xy(x, y);
,
cout "(ol 2) X: " x ", Y: " "\n";
return 0;
class three_d {
int x, y, z;
public:
{
x = i; = j; z = k;
}
three_d() { x = 0; = 0; z = 0; }
void get (int Si, .int &j, int &k)
{
i = x; j = y; k = z;
}
three_d operator+ (three_d ob2) ;
three_d operator- (three_d ob2) ;
three_d operator++ ( ) ;
three_d operator ( ) ;
three_d three_d: : operators- (three_d ob2)

{
three_d temp;
temp.x = x + ob2.x;
temp. = + ob2.y;
temp . z = z + ob2 . z ;
return temp;
}
three_d three_d: : operator- (three_d ob2)

{
three_d temp;
temp.x = x ob2.x;
temp. = ob2.y;
temp . z = z ob2 . z ;
return temp;
}
three_d: : operator++ ( )
++;
z++;
return *this;
557
C++
55fl
three_d three_d::operator()
x;
y;
z;
return *this;
int main()
three_d ol(10, 10, 10), o2(2, 3, 4), o3;
int x, y, z;
o3 = ol + o2;
o3.get(x, y, z);
cout " X: " x ", Y: " y;
cout Z: " z "\n";
o3 = ol - o2;
o3.get(x, y, z);
cout " X: " x ", Y: " y;
cout Z: " z "\n";
ol.get(x, y, z);
cout " X: " x ", Y: " y;
cout Z: " z "\n";
ol;
ol.getfx, y, z);
cout " X: " x ", Y: " y;
cout Z: " z "\n";
return 0;
}
class three_d {
int x, y, z;
public:
{
x = i; = j; z = k;
}
three_d() ( x = 0; = 0; z = 0; }
void get(int &i, int & j , int & k )

i
i = x; j = y; k = z;
three_d operator* (three_d &ob2);

three_d operator- (three_d Sob2) ;
friend three_d operator++(three_d &ob) ;
friend three_d operator (three_d Sob);
three_d three_d: :operator+ (three_d &ob2)
{
three_d temp;
temp.x = x + ob2.x;
temp. = + ob2.y;
temp . z = z + ob2 . z ;
return temp;
}
three_d three_d: : operator- (three_d sob2)

{
three_d temp;
temp.x = x ob2.x;
temp. = ob2.y;
temp . z = z ob2 . z ;
return temp;
}
three_d operator++ (three_d Sob)

{
ob.x++;
ob.y++;
ob.z++;
return ob;
three_d operator (three_d &ob)
{
ob.x ;
ob . ;
ob . z ;
return ob;
559
560
C++
int main ()
{
three_d ol(10, 10, 10), o2 (2, 3, 4), o3;
int x, y, z;
o3 = ol + o2;
o3.get(x, y, z) ;
cout " X: " x ", Y: " y;
cout Z: " z "\n";
o3 = ol - o2;
o3.get(x, y, z) ;
cout " X: " x ", Y: " y;
cout Z: " z "\n";
ol.getfx, y, z);
cout " X: " x ", Y: " y;
cout Z: " z "\n";
ol;
ol.get(x, y, z);
cout " X: " x ", Y: " y;
cout Z: " z "\n";
return 0;
4. - ,
this. - . -
. -
.
5. = , . , ,
.
6. .
class three_d {
int x, y, z;
public:
= i; y= j; z = k;
three_d() { x = 0; = 0; z = 0; }
void get(int Si, int &j, int &k)
i = x; j = y; k = z;
friend three_d operator*(three_d ob, int i);
friend three_d operator*(int i, three_d ob) ;
three_d operator+(three_d ob, int i)
three_d temp;
temp.x = ob.x + i;
temp. = ob. + i;
temp.z = ob.z + i ;
return temp;
three_d operator*(int i, three_d ob)
three_d temp;
temp.x = ob.x + i;
temp. = ob.y + i;
temp.z = ob.z + i;
return temp;
int main()
three_d ol(10, 10, 10);
int x, y, z;
61 = ol + 10;
ol.get(x, y, z);
cout " X: " x ", Y: " y;
cout Z: " z "\n";
ol = -20 + ol;
ol.get(x, y, z);
cout " X: " x ", Y: " y;
cout Z: " z "\n";
return 0;
567
_^___
562
class three_d {
int x, y, z;
public:
{
x = i; = j; z = k;
}
three_d() { x = 0; = 0; z = 0; }
void get(int Si, int &j, int &k)
{
i = x; j = y; k = z;
}
int operator==(three_d ob2) ;
int operator!=(three_d ob2);
int operator]I(three_d ob2);
};
int three_d::operator==(three_d ob2)
{
return x==ob2.x && y==ob2.y && z==ob2.z;
}
int three_d::operator!=(three_d ob2)
{
return x!=ob2.x && y!=ob2.y && z!=ob2.z;
}
int three_d::operator]|(three_d ob2)
{
return x||ob2.x && y||ob2.y && z||ob2.z;
}
int main()
{.
three_d ol(10, 10, 10), o2(2, 3, 4), o3(0, 0, 0);
.if(ol==ol) cout "ol == ol\n";
if(ol!=o2) cout "ol != o2\n";
if(o3|lol) cout "ol \";
return 0;
C++
563
9. [] ,

.

1. /*
.
*/
#include <iostream>
ttinclude <cstring>
class strtype {
char s[80] ;
public:
strtype () { *s = '\0' ; }
strtype (char *p) { strcpy(s, p) ; }
char *get() { return s; }
strtype operator+ (strtype s2) ;
strtype operator= (strtype s2) ;
int operator< (strtype s2) ;
int operator>( strtype s2) ;
int operator== (strtype s2) ;
strtype strtype: :operator+ (strtype s2)
{
strtype temp;
strcpy(temp.s, s) ;
strcpy (temp.s, s2.s);
return temp;
strtype strtype: :operator=( strtype s2)
{
strcpy (s, s2.s) ;
return *this;
}
int strtype: : opera tor< (strtype s2)

{
return strcmp(s, s2.s) < 0;
C++
564
int strtype::operator>(strtype s2)
{
return strcmp(s, s2.s) > 0;
}
int strtype::operator==(strtype s2)
{
return strcmp(s, s2.s) == 0;
}
int main()
{
strtype ol(""), 2(" "), ;
o3 = ol + o2;
cout o3.get() "\n";
o3 = ol;
if(ol>o2) cout "ol > o2\n";
if(ol<o2) cout "ol < o2\n";
return 0;
7

1. . ,
, .
2. .
C++.
3. , . ,
.
.
class array {
int nums [10] ;
public:
array ( ) ;

void show ( ) ;
array operator+ (array ob2) ;
array operator- (array ob2) ;
int operator== (array ob2) ;
};
array: : array ()
{
int i ;
f o r ( i = 0; i < 10; i++) nums[i] = 0;
void array: : set (int *n)
{
int i;
for(i = 0; i < 10; i++) nums[i] = n[i];
void array: : show ()
{
int i ;
for(i = 0; i < 10; i
cout nums [ i ] ' ' ;
cout "\n";
array array: :operator+ (array ob2)
{
int i ;
array temp;
for(i=0; i<10; i++) temp. nums [i] = nimisfi] + ob2.nums[i]
return temp;
}
array array: : operator- (array ob2)
{
int i ;
array temp;
for(i=0; i<10; i++) temp. nums [i] = nums[i] ob2.nums[i];
return temp;
}
int array: :operator==( array ob2)
565
566
C++
int i;
for(i=0; i<10; i++) if(nums[i] != ob2.nums[i]) return 0;

return 1;
int main()
(
array ol, o2, o3;
int i[10] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 };
ol.set (i);
o2.set(i);
o3 = ol + o2;
o3.show();
o3 = ol o3;
o3.show();

else cout "ol 2\";
else cout "ol \";
.return 0;
}
class array {
int nums[10];
public:
array();
void show();
show()
friend array operator+(array obi, array ob2);
friend array operator-(array obi, array ob2);
friend int operator==(array obi, array ob2);
array::array()
{
int i;
f o r ( i = 0 ; i < 10; i++) nums[i] = 0;
void array: : set (int *n)

{
int i;
f o r ( i = 0 ; i < 10; i++) nums[i] = n [ i ] ;
void array: : show ()

{
int i;
for(i = 0; i < 10; i++) cout nums[i] ' ';
cout "\n";
}
array operator* (array obi, array ob2)
{
int i;
array temp;
for(i=0; i<10; i++) temp.nums[i] = obl.nums[i] + ob2.nums[i];
return temp;
}
array operator- (array obi, array ob2)

{
' int i;
array temp;
for(i=0; i<10; i++) temp.nmns[i] = obl.nums[i] ob2.nums[i];
return temp;
}
int operator==( array obi, array ob2)

{
int i;
for(i=0; i<10; i++) if (obi .nums [i] != ob2.nums[i]) return 0;
return 1 ;
}
int main ()
{
array ol, o2, o3;
567
568
C++
int i[10] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, , 7, 8, 9, 10 } ;
ol.set (i);
o2.set(i);
o3 = ol + o2;
o3.show();
o3 = ol o3;
o3.show();
else cout "ol 2\";
else cout "ol o3\n";
return 0;
}
class array {
int nums[10];
public:
array();
void show();
array operator++ ();
friend array operator(array sob);
};
array::array()
{
int i ;
for(i = 0; i < 10; i++) nums[i] = 0;
}
void array::set(int *n)
{
int i ;
for(i =0; i < 10; i++) numsfi] = n[i];
}
void array::show()
{
int i;
569
for(i = 0; i < 10; i

cout nums [ i ] ' ' ;
cout "\n";
// -
array array: : operator++ ()
{
int i;
for(i=0; i<10; i++) nums[i]++;
return *this;
}
//
//
array operator (array &ob)
{
int i;
for(i=0; i<10; i++) ob.numsfi] ;

return ob;
}
int main ( )
{
array ol, o2, o3;
int i[10] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 } ;
ol.'set(i)
o2.set(i)
o3
o3 . show ( )
o3 = ol
o3 . show ( )
return 0;
7. .
-.
C++
570
7.1
1. .
2. , .
, .
7.2
1. ,
.
,
.
2.
, , ,
.
3. .
7.3
#include <cstring>
class mybase {
char str[80];
public:
mybase(char *s) { strcpyfstr, s); }
class myderived: public mybase {
int len;
public:
myderived(char *s): mybase(s) {
len = strlen(s);
int getlenO { return len; }
void show (} { cout get () ' \n';
int main ( )
{
myderived ob { " "};
ob . show ( ) ;
cout ob. get lent) '\n';
return 0;
//
class vehicle {
int num_wheels;
int range;
public:
{
num_wheels = w; range = r;
}
void showv ( )
{
cout ." : " num_wheels '\n'
cout " : " range ' \n '
class car: public vehicle {

int passengers;
public:
car(int p, int w, int r) : vehicle(w, r)
{
passengers = p;
}
void show()
{
showv ( ) ;
cout " : " passengers '\n'
class truck: public vehicle {

int loadlimit;
public:
truck(int 1, int w, int r) : vehicle (w, r)
57?
572
C++
{
loadlimit = 1;
}
void show()
{
showv();
cout ": " loadlimit '\n';
}
};
int main()
{
car c(5, 4, 500) ;
truck t(30000, 12, 1200);
cout ":\n";
.show();
cout ":\n";
t.show();
. . - , . .
return 0;
7.4
1.
class A {
int i ;
public:
A (int a) { i = a; }
class {
int j;
public:
(int a) { j = a; }
573
class : public A, public {

int k;
public:
(int , int b, int a ) : A ( a ) , B ( b ) {
k = c;
7.5
2. ,
( ) ,
.
( ) . , ,
.
7
class building {
protected:
int floors;
int rooms ;
double footage;
class house: public building (
int bedrooms;
int bathrooms;
public:
house (int f, int r, double ft, int br, int bth) (
floors = f; rooms = r; footage = ft;
bedrooms = br; bathrooms = bth;
}
void show ( ) {
cout ": " floors '\n';
cout ": " rooms '\n';
cout ": " footage '\n';
cout ": " bedrooms '\n';
cout ": " bathrooms '\n';
574
C++
class office: public building {

int phones;
int extinguishers;
public:
office(int f, int r, double ft, int p, int ext) {
floors = f; rooms = r; footage = ft;
phones = p; extinguishers = ext;
}
void show()
cout
cout
cout
cout
cout
{
": " floors '\n';
": " rooms '\n';
": " footage '\n';
": " phones '\n';
": " extinguishers '\n';
int main()
{
house h_ob(2, 12, 5000, 6, 4);

office o_ob(4, 25, 12000, 30, 8);
cout " : \";
h_ob.show();
cout ": \n";
o_ob.show(};
return 0;
2. ,
, .
, ,
.
3. , (protected), , ( )
. protected
.
4. . .
5.
575
class planet {
protected:
double distance; //
int revolve;
//
public:
public:
}
void show()
cout
cout
cout
{
" : " distance '\n';
" : " revolve '\n';
" : " circumference '\n';
int main()
earth ob (93000000, 365)";
ob.show();
return 0;
}
6. , motorized road_use
vehicle .

1. switch
. "" .
2. , . .
, , = , ,
.
576
8

-
class airship {
protected:
int passegers;
double cargo;
class airplane: public airship {
char engine; // p , j
double range;
public:
airplane (int p, double c, char e, double r)
{
passegers = p;
cargo = c;
engine = e;
range = r;
}
void show ( ) ;
class balloon: public airship {
char gas; // h ,
double altitude;
public:
balloon(int p, double c, char g, double a)
passegers = p;
cargo = c;
gas = g;
altitude = a;
void show();
void airplane: : show ()
{
cout " : " passegers '\n';
cout ": " cargo '\n';
cout " : " ;
C++
577
if(engine=='p') cout "";

else cout "\";
cout ": " range '\n';
void balloon::show()
cout ": " passegers '\n';
cout ": " cargo '\n';
cout ": ";
if(gas=='h') cout "\";
else cout "";
cout ": " altitude '\n';
int.main()
balloon b(2, 500.0, 'h', 12000.0);
airplane b727(100, 40000.0, 'j', 40000.0);
b.show();
cout '\n';
b727.show();
return 0;
2. protected ,
.
3.
.
4. ABC, .
class base {
int i, j;
public:
base (int x, int y) {i = x; j = y; }
578
C++
void showijO { cout i ' ' j ' \n' ; }
);
int k;
public :
derived (int a, int b, int c) : base(b, c) {
k = a;
}
void show() { cout k ' '; showijO; }
};
int main()
{
derived ob(l, 2, 3) ;
ob . show ( ) ;
return 0;
}
6. "" "".
8.2
1.
%.
int mainO
{
cout.setf (ios: :showpos) ;
cout -10 ' ' 10 ' \ n ' ;
return 0;
int main()
cout .setf (ios: : showpoint | ios: -.uppercase I ios: : scientific) ;
cout 100.0;
__
return 0;
}
3. finclude <iostrearo>
int mainO
{
ios : : fmtf lags f ;
f = cout . flags (); //
cout.unsetf (ios: :dec) ;
cout. setf (ios: rshowbase | ios:: hex);
cout 100 '\n' ;
cout. flags (f) ; //
return 0;
8.3
1. /*
2 100
*/
tinclude <iostream>
tinclude <cmath>
int main()
{
double x;
cout.precision(S);
cout "x
Ig x
In x\n\n";
for(x = 2.0; x <= 100.0; x++) {

cout.width(10);
cout x " ";
cout.width(10);
cout loglO(x) " ";
cout.width(10);
cout log(x) "\n";
return 0;
579
C++
580
tinclude <cstring>
void center(char *s) ;
int main()
center(" !");
.center(" C++.")
return 0;
}
void center(char *s)
int len;
len = 40 + (strlen(s)/2);
cout.width(len);
cout s "\n";
8.4
la. // 2 100
tinclude <iostream>
tinclude <iomanip>
tinclude <cmath>
int main()
{
double x;
cout setprecision(5);
cout "x
Ig x
In x\n\n";
for(x =2.0; x <= 100.0; x++) (

cout setw(10) x " ";
cout setw(10) loglO(x) " ";
cout setw(10) log(x) "\n";
}
return 0;
lb. tinclude <iostream>

tinclude <iomanip>
581
#include <cstring>
void center(char *s);
int
{
main()
center(" !");
center(" C++.");
return 0;
void center(char *s)

int len;
len = 40 + (strlen(s)/2);
cout setw(len) s "\n";
}
/
2. cout setiosflags(ios::showbase | ios::hex) 100;

3. boolalpha ,
true false.
boolalpha true false.
8.5
finclude <cstring>
#include <cstdlib>
class strtype {
char *p;
int len;
public:
-strtype () {delete [] p; }
friend ostream &operator (ostream sstream, strtype &ob) ;
{
len = strlen(ptr) + 1;
582
= new char [len] ;

if(!p) (
cout " ";
exit
strcpy(p, ptr) ;
}
ostream &operator( ostream Sstream, strtype Sob)
{
stream ob.p;
return stream;
}
int main ( )
{
strtype si (" "), 2(" C++");
cout si;
cout endl s2 << endl;
return 0;
class planet {
protected:
double distance; //
int revolve;
//
public:
public:
friend ostream soperator (ostream Sstream, earth &ob) ;
};
ostream &operator (ostream Sstream, earth Sob)
{
stream " : " ob. distance '\n';
C++
563
stream " : " ob.revolve '\n';

stream " : " ob.circumference;
stream '\n';
return stream;
int main()
{
earth ob (93000000, 365);
cout ob;
return 0;
3. - ,
, , .
8.6
tinclude <cstring>
tinclude <cstdlib>
class strtype {
char *p;
int len;
public:
strtype(char *ptr);
-strtype() { delete [] p; }
friend ostream &operator(ostream Sstream, strtype &ob)
friend istream Soperator(istream Sstream, strtype sob)
};
strtype::strtype(char *ptr)
{
len = strlen(ptr)+l;
p = new char [len];
if(!p) (
cout " ";
exit(l);
}
strcpy(p, ptr);
584
_ C++
ostream &operator (ostream &stream, strtype &ob)

{
stream ob.p;
return stream;
}
istreara &operator (istream sstream, strtype &ob)

{
char temp [255] ;
stream temp;
if (strlen(temp) >= ob.len) {
delete [] ob.p;
ob.len = strlen(temp) + 1;
ob.p = new char [ob.len];
if(lob.p) {
cout " \";
exit(l);
}
}
strcpy(ob.p, temp);
return stream;
}
int main()
{
strtype si (" "), 2(" C++");
cout si;
cout '\n' s2;
cout "\ : ";
cin si;
. cout si;
return 0;
class factor {
int num;
//
int If act; //
public:
factor (int i) ;
friend ostream &operator (ostream &stream, factor ob) ;

friend istream &operator (istream sstream, factor sob) ;
factor : : factor ( int i )

{
int n;
num = i;
for(n=2;
if (! (i%n) ) break;
if(n<(i/2)) Ifact = n;
else Ifact = 1;
istream soperator (istream Sstream, factor sob)
{
stream ob.num;
int n;
for(n=2; n<(ob.num/2) ;
if ( ! (ob.num%n) ) break;
if (n< (ob.num/2) ) ob.lfact = n;
else ob.lfact = 1;
return stream;
ostream &operator (ostream sstream, factor ob)

{
stream ob.lfact " ";
stream ob.num '\n';
return stream;
int ma in ()
factor o(32) ;
cout o;
cin o;
cout o;
return 0;
585
556
8
int mainO
{
cout 100 ' ' ;
cout .unsetf (ios: :dec) ; // dec
cout. set f (ios: :hex) ;
cout 100 ' ' ;
cout. unsetf (ios: :hex) ; // hex
cout.setf (ios: :oct) ;
cout 100 '\n';
return 0;
int main()
{
cout.setf (ios: :left) ;
cout.precision(2) ;
cout. f ill ('*') ;
cout. width (20) ;
cout 1000.5354 '\n'
return 0;
. ttinclude <iostream>
int main()
cout 100 ' ';
cout hex 100 ' ';
cout oct 100 '\n';
return 0;
++
. ttinclude <iostream>
# include <iomanip>
int mainO
<
cout setiosflags (ios: : left) ;
cout setprecision(2) ;
cout setf ill ('*');
cout setw(20) ;
cout 1000.5354 '\n';
return 0;
4. ios : : fmtf lags f ;

f = cout . flags (); //'
cout.flags(); //
class pwr {
int base;
int exponent;
double result; //
public:
pwr(int b, int e);
friend ostream &operator (ostream sstream, pwr ob) ;
friend istream &operator(istream Sstream, pwr Sob);
pwr::pwr(int b, int e)
base = b;
exponent = e;
result = 1;
for(; e; e ) result = result * base;
ostreara &operator(ostream sstream, pwr ob)
stream ob.base " " ob.exponent;
stream " " ob.result '\n';
587
588
return stream;
}
istream Soperator (istream sstream, pwr &ob)

{
int b, e;
cout " : ";
stream b e;
pwr temp(b, e) ;
ob = temp;
return stream;
}
int main ()
' pwr ob(10, 2) ;
cout ob;
cin ob;
cout ob;
return 0;
6. //
înclude <iostream>
class box {
int len;
public:
box (int 1) { len = 1; }
friend ostream &operator (ostream sstream, box ob) ;
};
//
ostream &operator (ostream sstream, box ob)
{
int i, j;
for(i=0; i<ob.len; i++) stream '*';
stream '\n' ;
for(i=0; i<ob.len-2; i++) {
stream ' * ' ;
for(j=0; j<ob.len-2; j++) stream ' ';
C++
stream "*\";
for (i=0; Kob.len; i++) stream '*';
stream ' \n' ;
return stream;
int main ( )
box bl(4), b2(7);
cout endl b2;

return 0;

#define SIZE 10
// stack
class stack {
char stck[SIZE]; //
int tos; //
public:
stack (} ;

char pop (); //
friend ostream &operator (ostream sstream, stack ob) ;
//
stack: : stack ()
{
tos=0;
//
void stack: .-push (char ch)
{
if (tos==SIZE) {
cout " ";

return;
589
590
____
stck[tos]=ch;
tos++;
//
char stack:: pop ()
{
if (tos==0) {
cout " ";
return 0; //
}
tos ;
return stck[tos];
ostream &operator (ostream Sstream, stack ob)
{
char ch;
while (ch=ob. pop () ) stream ch;
stream endl;
return stream;
}
int main() .
{
stack s;
s . push ( ' a ' ) ;

s.push('b');
s . push ( ' ' ) ;
cout s;
cout s;
return 0;
ttinclude <ctime>
class watch {
time_t t;
public:
watch ,() { t = time (NULL); }
friend ostream &operator (ostream sstream, watch ob)
C++
.
ostream &operator(ostream sstream, watch ob)
{
struct tm *localt;
localt = localtime(sob.t);
stream asctime(localt) endl;
return stream;
}
int main{)
{
watch w;
cout w;
return 0;
'}
class ft_to_inches {
double feet;
double inches;
public:
void set(double f) {
feet = f;
inches = f * 12;
}
friend istream Separator(istream &stream, ft_to_inches Sob);
friend ostream &operator (ostream &stream, ft_to_inches ob);
};
istream operator(istream Sstream, ft_to_inches &ob)
(
double f;
cout " : ";
stream f;
ob.set(f) ;
return stream;
>
ostream &operator(ostream Sstream, ft_to_inches ob)
{
stream ob.feet " " ob.inches;
stream " \";
597
592
C++
return stream;
}
int main()
{
ft_to_inches x;
cin x;
cout x;
return 0;

int main()
{
cout.width(40);
cout.fillC: ');
cout "C++ " '\n';
return 0;
int main ( }
{
cout .precision (4) ;
cout 10.0/3.0 '\n';
return 0;
# include <iomanip>
int main()
{
cout setprecision(4) 10.0/3.0 '\n';
593
return 0;
4. -
operator(), . - operator(),
.
5. linclude <ios'tream>
class date {
char d[9]; // : itim/dd/yy
public:
friend ostream &operator (ostream sstream, date ob) ;
friend istream soperator (istream sstream, date &ob) ;
};
ostream &operator (ostream sstream, date ob)
{
stream ob.d '\n';
return stream;
}
istream &operator (istream sstream, date &ob)

{
cout " (mm/dd/yy) : ";
stream ob.d;
return stream;
int main ( )
{
date ob;
cin ob;
. cout ob;
return 0 ;
6.
<iomanip>.
7. :
cin
cout:
cerr
clog
594
9.1
1. //
linclude <ctime>
//
ostream &td (ostream Sstream)
{
struct tm *localt;
time_t t;
t = time (NULL) ;
localt = localtime (&t) ;

stream asctime (localt) endl;
return stream;
}
int main ( )
{
cout td '\n';
return 0;
// X
//
ostream ssethex (ostream sstream)
{
stream. unsetf (ios :: dec | ios::oct);
stream. setf (ios: :hex | ios :: uppercase | ios : : showbase) ;
return stream;
}
//
ostream &reset (ostream Sstream)
{
stream. unsetf (ios: : hex | ios :: uppercase | ios: : showbase );
stream. setf (ios: :dec) ;
return stream;
C++
_ 595
int main ()
{
cout sethex 100 '\n';
cout reset 100 '\n';
return 0;
// 10
istream sskipchar (istream Sstream)
{
int i;
char c;
for(i=0; i<10; i++) stream c;
return stream;
}
int main()
{
char str[80] ;
cout " :
cin skipchar str;
cout str '\n' ;
return 0 ;
9.2
1. //
iinclude <iostream>
ttinclude <fstream>
int main(int argc, char *argv[ ])
{
if(argc!=3) {
cout " <_> <_>\";
return 1;
ifstream fin (argv[l] ) ; //
ofstream fout (argv[2] ) ; //
596
C++
if(!fin) {
cout " ";
return 1;
if (! fout) {
cout " ";
return 1 ;
char ch;
unsigned count = 0;
fin.unsetf (ios : rskipws) ; //
while (! fin. eof () ) {
fin ch;
if (! fin. eof () ) {
fout ch;
count++;
cout " : " count ' \n ' ;

fin. close () ;
fout . close ( ) ; .
return 0;
, , ,
, . , / , .
, / .
tinclude <fstream>
int main ( )
{
of stream pout ("phone") ;
if(.'pout) {
cout " PHONE ";
return 1;
pout " , 415 555-3423\";

pout " , 213 555-2312W;
pout " , 202 555-1111\";
pout. close () ;
return 0;
3. //
#include <iostream>
ttinclude <fstream>
#include <cctype>
{
if (argc! =2) {
cout " : <_>\"
return 1;
ifstream in(argv[ 1 ]);
cout " ";
return 1;
int count = 0;
char ch;
in ch; //
//
in.unsetf (ios : : skipws) ; //
while ( lin.eof () } {
in ch;
if (isspace (ch) ) {
count++;
while (isspace (ch) && lin.eof ()) in ch;
cout " : " count '\n';

in. close () ;
return 0;
597
C++
598
( ,
. ,
. . .)
4. is_open , .
9.3
1. //
tinclude <iostream>
#include <fstream>
{
if(argc!=3) {
cout ": <_> <_>\";
return 1;
}
ifstream fin(argv[l], ios : : in | ios: : binary) ;
//
//
ofstream fout (argv[2] , ios: rout | ios: : binary ); //
/ /
if(!fin) {
cout " ";
return I ;
}
if (! fout) {
cout " \";
return I ;
char ch;
unsigned count = 0,while ( ! fin.eof () ) {
fin. get (ch) ;
if (Ifin.eof () )
fout. put (ch) ;
count++;
cout " : " count '\n';

fin. close () ;
fout . close ( ) ;
.
return 0;
>
1.//
iinclude <iostream>
#include <fstream>
ttinclude <cctype>
if(argc!=2) {
cout ": <_>\";
return 1;
ifstream in(argv[l], ios::in | ios::binary);
cout " ";
, return 1;
int count =0;
char ch;
//
do {
in.get(ch);
) while(isspace(ch));
while(!in.eof ()) {
in.get(ch);
if(isspace(ch)) {
count++;
//
while (isspace(ch) && !in.eof()) in.get(ch);
cout " : " count ' \n ' ;

in. close () ;
return 0;
2. // account
//
#include <iostream>
599
600
finclude <fstream>
tinclude <cstring>
class account {
int custnum;
char name [80] ;
double balance;
public:
account (int c, char *n, double b)
{
custnum = c;
strcpyfname, n) ;
balance = b;
}
friend ostream &operator (ostream &stream, account ob) ;
ostream &operator (ostream Sstream, account ob)
{
stream ob. custnum ' ';
stream ob.name ' ' ob. balance;
stream ' \n' ;
return stream;
int main()
(
account Rex(1011, "Ralph Rex", 12323.34);
of stream out ("accounts", ios::out I ios :: binary ) ;
if (lout) {
cout " \"
return 1;
}
out Rex;
out . close ( ) ;
return 0;
9.4
1. // get()
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
C++
607
int main()
char str[80];
cout " : ";
cin.getfstr, 79);
cout str '\n';
.
return 0;
, , get() getlineQ.
2. // getline()
#include <iostream>
ttinclude <fstream>
{
if (argc! =2) {
cout ": <_>\";
return 1 ;
}
ifstream in(argv[l]);
if(!in) {
cout " \";
return 1 ;
char str [255];
while (! in. eof () ) {
in.getline(str, 254);
cout str '\n';
in. closet) ;
return 0;
9.5
1. //
linclude <iostream>
#include <fstream>
602

{
if (argc! =2) {
cout ": <_>\";
return 1;
}
if stream in(argv[l], ios : : in | ios: : binary );
cout " ";
return 1;
char ch;
long i ;
// ( eof)
in.seekg(0, ios :: end);
i = (long) in.tellgO; //
i -= 2;
for(; i>=0; i ) {
in.seekgfi, ios::beg);
in. get (ch) ;
cout ch;
in. close () ;
return 0;
2. //
iinclude <iostream>
#include <fstream>
int main (int argc, char *argv[])
{
if(argc!=2) {
cout ": <_>\";
return 1;
// /
fstream io(argv[ 1 ], ios::in | ios::out| ios: :binary) ;
if(lio) {
cout " ";
C++
return 1;
}
char chl, ch2;
long i;
for(i=0; !io.eof(); i+=2) {
io.seekg(i, ios::beg);
io.get (chl) ;
if(io.eofO) continue;
io.get (ch2) ;
if(io.eofO) continue;
io.seekgfi, ios::beg);
io.put(ch2) ;
io.put (chl) ;
}
io. close () ;
return 0;
9.6
la. /*
*/
#include <fstream>
{
if (argc! =2) {
cout ": <_>\";
return 1 ;
if stream in(argv[l], ios::in | ios :: binary );
if(!in) {
cout " " ;
return 1 ;
}
char ch;
long i;
// ( eof)
in.seekg(0, ios:: end);
603
604
__
C++
if ( ! in. good () ) return 1;

i = (long) in.tellgO; //
i -= 2;
for(; i>=0; i ) {
in.seekg(i, ios:: beg);
in. get (ch) ;
cout ch;
in. close () ;
return 0 ;
lb. //
înclude <fstream>
'{
if (argc! =2} {
cout ": <_>\";
return 1;
// /
fstream io(argv[ 1 ], ios::in | ios : : out | ios : :binary) ;
cout " \";
return 1 ;
char chl, ch2;
long i ;
for(i=0; !io.eof(); i+=2) {
if ( ! io.good() ) return 1;
io.get (chl) ;
if(io.eof()) continue;
io.get(ch2) ;
if ( !io.good() ) return 1;
if(io.eof()) continue;
io.put (ch2) ;
io.put (chl) ;
io. close ( ) ;
return 0 ;
9
ostream stabs (ostream sstream)
{
stream '\t' '\t' '\t';

stream. width (20) ;
return stream;
int main()
{
cout tabs "\";
return 0;
}
#include <cctype>
istream &f indalpha (istream Sstream)
{
char ch;
do {
stream. get (ch) ;
} while ( lisalpha (ch) );
return stream;
605
606
int main ()
{
char str[80] ;
cin findalpha str;
cout str "\n";
return 0;
3. //
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <cctype>
{
char ch;
if(argc!=3) {
cout " <> <_>\";
return 1;
iff! in) {
cout " ";
return 1;
ofstream out (argv[2] ) ;

if (lout) {
cout " "
return 1;
while (! in. eof () ) {
ch = in. 'get () ;
if (lin.eof ()} {
if (islower (ch) ) ch = toupper(ch);
else ch = tolower(ch);
out. put (ch) ;
in. close () ;
out. close () ;
C++
return 0;
4. //
iinclude <iostream>
#include <fstream>
# include <cctype>
int alpha [26] ;
{
char ch;
if (argc! =2) {
cout ": <_>\";
return 1;
}
ifstream in(argv[l] ) ;
if(!in) {
cout " \";
return 1;
}
// alpha []
int i ;
for(i=0; i<26; i++) alpha [i] = 0;
while (! in. eof () } {
ch = in. get (} ;
if (isalpha (ch) ) { // ,
ch = toupper (ch) ;
alpha [ch - 'A']++; // 'A' -- 'A' == 0,
// 'B' - 'A' == 1, . .
//
for (i=0; i<26; i++) {
cout (char) ('A.' + i) ": " alpha [i] '\n'
}
in. close () ;
return 0;
607
608
__
C++
5. //
tinclude <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <cctype>
{
char ch;
if(argc!=3) {
cout " <> <>\";
return 1;
}
if(!in) {
cout " \";
return 1;
ofstream out [argv[2] ) ;

if (lout) {
cout " ";
return 1;
while(!in.eof()} {
ch = in.get();
if(!in.good() && !in.eof()) return 1;
if(lin.eof()) {
if(islower(ch)) ch = toupper(ch);
else ch = tolower(ch);
out.put(ch);
if(!out.good()) return 1;
in.close ();
out.close ();
if(!in.good() && !out.good()) return 1;
return 0;
5b.//
#include <iostream>
înclude <fstream>
609
tinclude <cctype>
int alpha[26];
char ch;
if(argc!=2) {
cout ": <_>\";
return 1;
cout " \";
return 1;
// alpha []
int i;
for(i=0; i<26; i++) alpha [i] = 0;
while (!in.eof()) (
ch = in. get () ;
if ( ! in. good () && !in.eof()) return 1;
if (isalpha (ch) ) { // ,
ch = toupper (ch) ;
alpha [ ch - 'A']++; // 'A' - 'A' == 0,
// 'B' - 'A' == 1, . .
//
for (i=0; i<26; i++) {
cout (char) ('A' + i) ": " alpha [i] '\n';
in. close ( ) ;
if ( ! in.goodO ) return 1;
return 0;
6. (get) seekg(). (put) seekpQ
610
C++

#include <fstream>
tinclude <cstring>
#define SIZE 40
class inventory {
char item[SIZE]; //
int onhand; // ,
double cost; //
public:
inventory(char *i, int o, double c)
{
strcpy(item, i);
onhand = o;
cost = c;
}
void store(fstream sstream) ;
void retrieve(fstream sstream);
friend ostream &operator(ostream Sstream, inventory ob);
friend istream Soperator (istream Sstream, inventory Sob);
);
ostream &operator(ostream Sstream, inventory ob)
{
stream ob.itern ": " ob.onhand;
stream " $" ob.cost '\n';
return stream;
}
istream Soperator (istream Sstream, inventory sob)
{
cout " : ";
stream ob.item;
cout " : ";
stream ob.onhand;
cout " : ";
stream ob.cost;
return stream;
}
void inventory::store(fstream &stream)
{
stream.write(item, SIZE);
stream. write ( (char *) sonhand, sizeof (int) );

stream. write ( (char *) Scost, sizeof (double) );
}
void inventory: : retrieve (f stream sstream)

{
stream. read (item, SIZE};
stream. read ( (char *} sonhand, sizeof (int) );
stream. read ( (char *) Scost, sizeof (double) );
,
int main ( )
{
fstream inv("inv", ios::out | ios : :binary) ;
int i;
' ......
inventory pliers ("", 12, 4.95);

inventory hammers ("", 5, 9.45);
inventory wrenches ("", 22, 13.90);
inventory tempt"", 0, 0.0);
if(!inv) {
cout " ";
return 1;
}
//
pliers . store ( inv) ;
hammers . store (inv) ;
wrenches . store (inv) ;
inv. close () ;
//
inv. open ("inv", ios::in | ios : :binary) ;
if ( ! inv) {
cout " \";
return 1;
do {
cout " # ( -1) : ";

cin i;
if (i == -1) break;
inv. seekg (i* (SIZE+sizeof (int) +sizeof (double) ) , ios : :beg) ;
temp. retrieve (inv) ;
cout temp;
} while (inv. good () );
611
612
__
C++
inv.close();
return 0;
10

ostream ssetsci (ostream Sstream)
{
stream. setf (ios: : scientific I ios: : uppercase )
return stream;
}
int main()
{
double f = 123.23;
cout setsci f;
cout ' \n ' ;
return 0;
2. //
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
(
if(argc!=3) {
cout ": <> <>\";
return 1 ;
if(!in) (
cout " \";
return 1 ;
ofstream out (argv[2] ) ;

if (lout) {
cout " \" ;
return 1;
char ch;
int 1 = 8 ;
while { !in.eof() ) {
in. get (ch) ;
if(ch=='\t') for(; i>0; 1 ) out. put (' ');
else out. put (ch) ;
if(i==-l I I ch=='\n') i = 8;
in. close () ;
out. close () ;
return 0;
3. //
#include <fstream>
tinclude <cstring>
{
if(argc!=3) {
cout ": <> <>\"
return 1;
if(!in) {
cout " \";
return 1 ;
char str[255] ;
int count =0;
while (! in. eof () )
in str;
if ( !strcmp(str, argv[2] ) ) count++;
613
614
C++
cout argv[2] " " count;
cout " . \";
in.closet);
return 0;
4. :
out.seekp(234,
ios::beg);
5. rdstate(), good(), eof(), fail() bad().

6. / C++
.
10.2
class num {
public:
int i;
num(int x) {i = x; }
virtual void shownumO { cout i '\n'; }
class outhex: public num {
public:
outhex(int n) : num(n) {}
void shownum ( ) { cout hex i ' \n ' ; }
class outoct: public num {

public:
outoct (int n) : num(n) { }
void shownum ( ) { cout oct i ' \n ' ; }
int main ( )
{
outoct o(10) ;
outhex h(20) ;
. shownum ( ) ;
h. shownumO ;
615
return 0 ;
class dist {
public:
double d;
dist (double f) {d = f; }
virtual void trav^time ( )
{
cout " 60 / : " ;
cout d / 60 '\n';
class metric: public dist {

public:
metric (double f ) : dist(f) {}
void trav_time ( )
{
cout " 100 /:";
cout d / 100 '\n';
int main()
{
dist *p, mph(88.0);
metric kph(88) ;
p = &mph;
p -> trav_time ( ) ;
p = Skph;
p -> trav_time () ;
return 0;
10.3
2. , ,
. ,
. , , .
616
C++
3. funcQ derived! fimc() base. ,

.
10.4
1. //
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
class list {
public:
list *head;
list *tail;
list *next;
int num;
//
//
//
//

//
public:
void store (int i);
int retrieve ( ) ;
{
list *item;
item = new queue;
if (! item) {
cout " \";
exit (I);
}
item -> num = i;
//
if (tail) tail -> next = item;
tail = item;
item -> next = NULL;
if (! head) head = tail;
.
int i;
list *p;
if(!head) {
cout " \";
return 0;
//
i = head -> num;
= head;
head = head -> next ;
delete p;
return i;
/I
public:
int retrieve () ;
};
void stack: : store (int i)
{
list *item;
item = new stack;
if (! item) {
cout " \";
exit(l);
I
item -> num = i;
//
if (head) item -> next = head;
head = item/if (! tail) tail = head;
}
int stack: : retrieve ( )

{
int i;
list *p;
if (! head) {
cout " \";
677
618
return 0;
}
//
i = head -> num;
= head;
head = head -> next;
delete p;
return i;
//
class sorted: public list {
public:
int retrieve ( ) ;
void sorted: : store (int i)

{
list *item;
list *p, *p2;
item = new sorted;
if (! item) {
cout " \";
exit(l) ;
}
item -> num = i;
//
= head;
2 = NULL;
while (p) { //
if (p->num > i) {
item -> next = p;
if (p2) p2 -> next = item; //
if (p==head) head = item; //
break;
}
p2 = p;
p = p -> next;
}
if(!p) { //
tail = item;
C++
if (! head) //
head = item;
int sorted : : retrieve ( )
{
int i ;
list *p;
if (! head) {
cout " \";
return 0;
//
i = head -> num;
p = head;
delete p;
return i;
int main ( )
{
list *p;
//
queue q_ob;
p = &q_ob; //
p -> stored) ;
p -> store (2) ;
p -> store (3) ;
cout ": ";
cout p -> retrieve ( ) ;
cout ' \n ' ;
//
stack s_ob;
p = &s_ob; //
p -> store (1) ;
p -> store (2) ;
p -> store (3) ;
cout ": ";
619
C++
620
cout -> retrieve();
cout -> retrieve();
cout '\n';
//
sorted sorted_ob;
p = &sorted_ob;
p
p
p
p
p
->
->
->
->
->
cout
cout
cout
cout
cout
cout
store(4);
store(1);
store(3);
store(9);
store (5);
" : ";
p -> retrieve();
p -> retrieve();
p -> retrieve();
p -> retrieve();
p -> retrieve();
cout '\n';
return 0;
10
1. , , . (overriding).
2. , ,
.
3.
.
,
,
, .
4. ,
.
5. ,
, . ,
, , .
6. , ,
621
, . , f() .
7. .

1. //
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
class list {
public:
list *head;
list *tail;
list *next;
int num;
//
//
//
//

//
public:
int retrieve ( ) ;
queue operator+ (int i) { store (i); return *this; }
int operator (int unused) { return retrieve (); }
{
list *item;
item = new queue;
if (! item) {
cout " \" ;
exit(l);
}
item -> num = i;
//
tail = item;
if (! head) head = tail;
622
{
int i;
list *p;
iff!head) {
cout " \";
return 0;
}
, //
i = head -> num;
p = head;
. head = head -> next;
delete p;
return i;
//
public:
int retrieve ( ) ;
stack operator* ( int i) { store(i); return *this; }
int operator (int unused) { return retrieve (); }
void stack: : store (int i)
{
list *item;
item =' new stack;
if (! item) {
cout " ";
exit(l) ;
}
item -> num = i;
//
if (head) item -> next = head;
head = item;
if (! tail) tail = head;
int stack : : retrieve ( )
{ int i ;
list *p;
C++
623
if ( ! head) {
cout " \";
return 0;
>
//
i = head -> num;
= head;
delete p;
return i;
int main ( )
{
//
queue q_ob;
q_ob + 1;
q_ob + 2;
q_ob + 3;
cout " : " ;
cout q_ob ;
cout q_ob ;
cout q_ob ;
cout '\n';
//
stack s_ob;
s_ob + 1;
s_ob + 2;
s_ob + 3;
cout
cout
cout
cout
": ";
s_ob ;
s_ob ;
s_ob ;
cout ' \ n ' ;

return 0;
2. ,
, .

( ,
), .
C++
624
1 1

1. ,
virtual
.
2. ,
. ,
.
, , , , .
3. .
4.
,
.
5. .
.
11.1
template <class X> X min(X a, X b)
{
if(a<=b) return a;
else return b;
}
int main()
(
cout min(12.2, 2.0);

cout endl;
cout min(3, 4) ;
cout endl;
cout min('c', 'a')<
return 0;
625
#include <cstring>
template <class X> int find(X object, X *list, int size)
{
int i;
for(i=0; i<size; i++)
if (object == list[i]) return i;
return -1;
>
int main()
{
int a[]={l, 2, 3, 4};
char *=" ";
double d[]={l.l, 2.2, 3.3};
cout
cout
cout
cout
cout
find(3, a, 4);
endl;
findf'a', c, (int) strlen(c));
endl;
find(0.0, d, 3);
return 0;
4. ,
, . (, .)
, C++, " ".
11.2
2. //
#include <iostream>
ttdefine SIZE 100
template <class Qtype> class q_type {
Qtype queue[SIZE]; //
int head, tail;
//
public:
q_type() { head = tail =0; }
void q(Qtype num); //
626
_
Qtype deq();
//
};
//
template <class Qtype> void q_type<Qtype>: :q (Qtype num)
{
if (tail+l==head I I (tail+l==SIZE && Ihead)) {
cout " \";
return;
queue [tail] = num;
}
//
template <class Qtype> Qtype q_type<Qtype>: :deq()
{
if (head == tail) {
cout " ";
return 0; // -
}
head++;
return queue [head];
}
int main()
{
q_type<int> ql;
q_type<char> q2;
int i;
for(i-l;
ql.q(i);
for(i=l;
cout " " ql.deqO "\n"
cout " " q2.deq() "\n"
return 0;
C++
627
template <class X> class input {

X data;
public:
input (char *s, X min, X max) ;
template <class X>

input <X> :: input (char *s, X min, X max)
{
do {
cout s ": ";
cin data;
} while (data<min | | data>max) ;
}
int main()
{
input<int> 1(" ", , 10);
input<char> (" ", 'A', 'Z');
return 0 ;
11.3
2. throw , try.
3. , catch
. (
catch.)
4. , catch, terminate(), .
11.4
2. throw catch.
3.
catch(int).
catch(...).
4. catch(...).
#include <cstdlib>
628
C++
double divide(double a, double b)

{
try {
if(!b) throw(b);
}
catch(double) {
cout " ";
exit(l);
}
return a/b;
}
int main()
{
cout divide(10.0, 2.5) endl;
cout divide(10.0, 0.0);
return 0;
11.5
1. new . new(nothrow) .
2. = new(nothrow) (int);
if(!p) (
cout " \";
try {
= new int;
} catch (bad_alloc ba) {
cout " \";
1 1
ttinclude <cstring>
//
//
template <class > X mode (X *data, int size)
.
register int t, w;
X md, oldmd;
int count, oldcount;
oldmd = 0;
oldcount = 0;
for(t=0; t<size; t++) {
md=data [t] ;
count = 1 ;
f or (w = t+1; w < size; w++)
if (md==data [w] ) count++.;
if (count > oldcount) {
oldmd = md;
oldcount = count;
return oldmd;
int main()
{
int i[] = (1, 2, 3, 4, 2, 3, 2, 2, 1, 5};
char *p = " ";
cout " : " mode(i, 10) endl;
cout " : " mode(p, (int)
strlen(p) ) ;
return 0;
2. # include <iostream>
template <class X> X sum(X *data, int size)
{
int i;
X result = 0;
for(i=0; i<size; i++} result += data [i] ;
return result;
}
int mainO
{
int i[] = (1, 2, 3, 4};
double d[] = {1.1, 2.2, 3.3, 4.4};
629
630
'
cout sum(i, 4) endl;

cout sum(d, 4) endl;
return 0;
//
template <class X> void bubble (X *data, int size)
{
register int a, b;
X t;
for(a=l; a<size;
for(b=size-l; b>=a; b~)
if(data[b-l] > datafb]) {
t = data[b-l];
data[b-l] = data[b] ;
data[b] = t;
int main ( )
int i[] = (3, 2, 5, 6, 1, 8, 9, 3, 6, 9};
double d[] = {1.2, 5.5, 2.2, 3.3};

int j;
bubble (i, 10);

bubble (d, 4);
// int
// double
for(j=0; j<10; j++) cout i[j] '

cout endl;
for(j=0; j<4; j++) cout d[j] ' ';
cout endl;
return 0;
4. //
linclude <iostream>
#define SIZE 10
//
C++
_ 637
StackType stck[SIZE] [2] ; //

int tos;
//
public:
void init() { tos =0;}
void push (StackType ob, StackType ob2) ;
StackType pop (StackType &ob2);
//
void stack<StackType>: : push (StackType ob, StackType ob2)
{
if (tos==SIZE) {
cout " ";
return;
}
stckftos] [0] = ob;

stck[tos] [1] = ob2;
tos++;
//
StackType stack<StackType>: : pop (StackType Sob2)
{
if (tos==0) {
cout " \";
return 0; //
}
tos ;
ob2 = stck[tos] [1];
return stckftos] [0] ;
int main ()
{
//
int i;
,
,
char ch;
//
sl.init () ;
s2.init() ;
sl.pushfa1, 'b');
s2.push('x', ' z ' } ;
sl.pushCb1, ' d f ) ;
632
s2.push('y', '');
sl.pushCc', ' a ' ) ;
s2.push('z', '');
for(i=0;
cout " 1:" sl.pop(ch);
cout ' ' ch "\n";
for(i=0;
cout " 2:" s2.pop(ch);
cout ' ' ch "\n";
}
// double
double d;
//
dsl . init ( ) ;
ds2 . init ( ) ;
dsl.push(l.l,
ds2.push(2.2,
dsl.push(3.3,
ds2.push(4.4,
dsl.push(5.5,
ds2.push(6.6,
2.0)
3.0)
4.0)
5.0)
6.0)
7.0)
for (1=0; i<3; i+-f) {

cout " 1:" dsl. pop (d)
cout ' ' d "\n";
for(i=0; i<3;
cout " 2:" ds2.pop(d);
cout ' ' d "\n";
return 0;
5. try, catch throw:

try {
// try
throw _!
catch (type arg) {
C++
633
6. /* stack,

*/
linclude <iostream>
#define SIZE 10
// stack
StackType stck[SIZE]; //
int tos;
//
public:
void init() { tos =0;} //
void push(StackType ch); //
StackType pop(); //
//
void stack<StackType>: : push (StackType ob)
{
try {
if (tos==SIZE) throw SIZE;
}
catch (int) {
cout " ";
return;
}
stckftos] = ob;
tos++;
//
StackType stack<StackType>: :pop ()
{
try {
if (tos==0) throw 0;
}
catch (int) {
cout " \";
return 0; //
}
tos--;
return stck[tos];
634
C++
int main ()
{
//
int i;
//
sl.initO ;
s2 . init ( ) ;
si. push ('a') ;
s2.push('x');
sl.push('b');
s2.push('y');
si. push ( 'c' ) ;
s2.push( 'z') ;
for(i=0; i<3; i++) cout " 1:" sl.popO "\n";
for(i=0; i<4; i++) cout " 2:" s2.pop() "\n";
// double
//
dsl. init () ;
ds2.init () ;
dsl. push (1.1) ;
ds2.push(2.2) ;
dsl. push (3.3) ;
ds2.push(4.4);
dsl. push (5. 5) ;
ds2.push(6. 6) ;
for(i=0; i<3; i++) cout " 1:" dsl. pop () "\n";
for(i=0; i<4; i++) cout " 2:" ds2.pop() "\n";
return 0;
8. new , ,
( ).
, new ,
,
,
.
635
12

1. C++ . template.
:
template <class Ttype> _ _ (_)
(
...
2. C++ ,
.
:
template <class Ttype> class _
i
II ...
//
template <class X> X gexp (X a, X b)
{
X i, result = 1;
for(i=0; Kb; i++) result *= a;
return result;
}
int main()
{
cout gexp (2, 3) endl;

cout gexp (10.0, 2.0);
return 0;
finclude <fstream>
636
C++
template <class CoordType> class coord {

CoordType x, y;
public:
coord (CoordType i, CoordType j) { x = i; = j ; }
void show() { cout x ", " endl; }
int main()
{
coord<int> ol(l, 2), o2(3, 4);

01 . show ( ) ;
02 . show ( } ;
coord<double> o3 (0.0, 0.23), o4(10.19, 3.098);
03 . show ( ) ;
04 . show ( ) ;
return 0;
5. try, catch throw . , , try. throw catch.
6. .
7. terminateQ ,
throw, catch. unexpectedQ
, throw.
8. catch(...)
12.1
1. , C++ , .
2. BaseClass ,
:
637
i int
BaseClass
BaseClass
BaseClass
3. .
4. if(typeid(*p) == typeid(D2)) ...
5. . , , .
12.2
1. dynamic_cast .
tinclude. <typeinfo>
class {
virtual void f() {}
class Dl: public {
void f() {}
class D2: public {
void f() {}
};
int mainO
{
*P;
D2 ob;
p = dynamic_cast<D2 *> (sob) ;
if (p) cout " ";
else cout " ";
return 0;
3. int main ( )
{
int 1 ; ;
Shape *p;
635
C++
for (i=0; i<10; i

p = generator ( ) ; //
cout typeid(*p) .name () endl;
// ,
// NullShape
if ( !dynamic_cast<NullShape *> (p) )
p->example ( ) ;
return 0;
}
4. . Dp .
12.3
1. .
void f(const double &i)
double &v = const_cast<double &> (i) ;
v = 100.0;
int main()
double x = 98.6;
cout x endl;
f (x);
cout x endl;
return 0;
}
3. const_cast const,
.
639
12
1. typeid type_info,
.
2. typeid <typeinfo>.
3. .
dynamic_cast
reinterpret_cast
static_cast
""
const_cast
const
#include <typeinfo>
class "A {
virtual void f() {}
class : public A {
};
class : public {
int main()
{
A *p, a_ob;
b_ob;
c_ob;
int i;
cout " , ";
cout "1 ";
cout "2 .\";
cin i;
if(i==l) p = &b_ob;
else if (i==2) p = &c_ob;
else p = &a_ob;
640
C++
if(typeid(*p) == typeid(A))
cout " A";
if(typeid(*p) == typeid(B))
cout " ";
if(typeid(*p) == typeid(C))
cout " ";
return 0;
5. typeid dynamic_cast ,
typeid .
6. typeid type_info.

1. generatorQ,

.
/*

./
*
Shape * generator ()
{
try {
switch (rand () % 4)
case 0:
return new
case 1:
return new
case 2:
return new
case 3:
return new
{
Line;
Rectangle;
Triangle;
NullShape;
catch (bad_alloc ba) {

return NULL;
'}
return NULL;
2. generator(), new (no throw).
647
// new(nothrow)
Shape *generator ()
{
Shape *temp;
switch(rand() % 4) {
case 0:
return new(nothrow)
case 1:
return new(nothrow)
case 2:
return new(nothrow)
case 3:
return new(nothrow)
Line;
Rectangle;
Triangle;
NullShape;
if(temp) return temp;

else return NULL;
}
13

1. , C++ , :
dynamic_cast
reinterpret_cast
static_cast
""
const_cast
const
2. type_info ,
. type_info
typeid.
3. typeid.
4. if(typeid(Derived) == typeid(p*))
cout " Derived\n";
else
/
cout " Base\n";
C++
642
5. "".
6. .
13.1
1. /* |
"using namespace std"
*/
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
{
if(argc!=3) {
std::cout " <_> <_>\";
return 1;
std: : ifstream fin (argvfl] ) ; //
std: : of stream fout (argv[2] ) ; //
if (! fout) {
std::cout " \n";
return 1;
}
if(!fin) {
std::cout " ";
return 1;
char ch;
fin.unsetf (std: :ios: :skipws) ; //
while ( I f i n . e o f ( } ) {
fin ch;
if (ch==' ') ch = ' | ';
if (Ifin.eof () ) fout ch;
fin. close () ;
fout. closed ;
return 0 ;
643
2. , .
3. using :
using _: -.;
using :
using namespace _< ;
4. C++, cin cout, std,
std.
C++ ,
, .

std::.
using , . . using std::cin using
std::cout.
5. ,
.
13.2
1. //
finclude <iostream>
finclude <cstring>
class strtype {
char str[80];
int len;
public:
strtype(char *s) { strcpy(str, s); len = strlen(s); }
operator char *() { return str; }
operator int() { return len; }'
};
int main()
{
strtype s(" "};
char *p;
int 1;
1 = s; // s
= s; // s
644
/ / char *
cout ": \";
cout " " 1 " . \";
return 0 ;
}
int p(int base, int exp) ;
class pwr {
int base ;
int exp;
public:
pwr (int b, int e) { base = b; exp = e; }
operator int() { return p(base, exp) ; }
};
// base exp
int p(int base, int exp)
{
int temp;
for(temp=l; exp; exp ) temp = temp * base;
return temp;
}
int main ( )
{
pwr ol(2, 3), o2(3, 3);
int result;
result = ol;
cout result '\n';
result = o2;
cout result '\n';
// cout,
//
cout ol + 100 '\n';
return 0;
13.3
1. //
#include <iostream>
C++
645
tinclude <cstring>
class output {
static char outbuf [255] ; //
static int inuse; // inuse ,
// ;
static int oindex; //
char str[80] ;
int i; // str
int who; // ,
public:
output (int w, char *s) { strcpy(str, s) ; i = 0; who = w; }
/* -1 ,
0 , who,

*/
int putbuf ( )
{
if ( !str [i] ) { //
inuse =0; //
return 0; //
}
if (! inuse) inuse = who; //
if (inuse != who) {
cout "" who " \";
return -1; // -
}
if (str [i]) { //
outbuf [oindex] = str[i];
cout " " who " \";
i++; oindex++;
outbuf [oindex] = '\0'; //
return 1;
}
return 0;
}
void show ( ) { cout outbuf ' \n ' ; }
char output: : outbuf [255] ; //
int output: : inuse =0; // inuse ,
// ;
int output :: oindex =0; //
int main ()
{
output ol(l, " "), 2(2, " ")
646
C++
while(ol.putbuf() | o2.putbuf()); //
..show();
return 0;
#include <new>
class test {
static int count;
public:
test() { count++; }
~test() { count; }
int getcount(} { return count; }
int test: .-count = 0;
int main ()
test ol, o2, o3;
cout ol.getcount() " ";
test *p;
/*

*/
try {
= new test; //
if(!p) { //
cout " ";
return 1;
} catch(bad_alloc ba) { //
cout " ";
return 1;
cout ol.getcount ();
cout " \";
//
delete p;
cout ol.getcount ();
647
cout " ";

!
return 0;
13.4
1. current , counting() :
//
tinclude <iostream>
class CountDown {
int incr;
int target;
mutable int current; // current
public:
CountDown (int delay, int i = 1) {
target = delay;
incr = i;
current = 0;
}
bool counting ( ) const {
current += incr;
if (current >= target) {
cout "\a";
return false;
}
cout current " ";
return true;
int main ( )
{
CountDown ob(100, 2);
while (ob. counting ( ) ) ;

return 0;
2. , . - ' -, - .
648
C++
13.5
1. .
2. , C++ int
double.
3. , . ,
, . , , ,
.
13.7
1. /* ,

*/
#include <iostream>
tinclude <strstream>
int main()
{
char buf[255];
ostrstream ostr(buf, sizeof buf);
ostr "/ ";
ostr " , /\ " 100;
ostr ' ' 123.23 '\';
//
ostr hex 100 ' ';
//
ostr.setf(ios::scientific);
ostr dec 123.23;
ostr endl ends; // ,
//
//
cout buf;
cout ostr.pcount();
return 0;
.
2. /* /

*/
#include <iostream>
char inbuf[] = " / C++,
";
char outbuf[255];
int main()
{
istrstream istr(inbuf) ;
ostrstream ostr(outbuf, sizeof outbuf);
char ch;
while(!istr.eof()) {
istr.get(ch);
if(listr.eof(}) ostr.put(ch);
}
ostr.put('\0'); //
cout ": " inbuf '\n';
cout ": " outbuf '\n';
return 0;
3. //
linclude <iostream>
finclude <strstream>
int main()
{
float f;
char s[ ] = "1234.564"; //
istrstream istr(s);
//
//
istr f;
cout " : " f ' \n' ;
return 0;
649
650
__^_
C++
13
1. -, ,
, -
,
.
2. /
<strstream>.
3. .
4. extern "" int counter();
5. ,
. ,
C++.
6. explicit . .
7. - ,
.
8. , namespace,
.
9. mutable
, .

1. . , ,
, .
2. .
3. ,
.

, .
14

1. C++ . -
657

.
2. - , const. :
int f(int a) const;
3. . mutable () - -.
4. class X {
int a, b;
public:
X(lnt i, int j) { a = i, b = j; }
operator into { return a+b; }
5. , .
6. . explicit
int Demo.
14.1
1. , .
, . .
2. .
3. : , , , .
14.3
2. , , .
3. // Coord
linclude <iostream>
ttinclude <vector>
652
class Coord {
public:
int x, y;
Coord () { x = = 0; }
Coord (int a, int b) { x = ; = b; }
boll operator< (Coord a, Coord b)
{
return (a.x + a.y) < (b.x + b.y);
}
boll ope rator==( Coord a, Coord b)
{
return (a.x + a.y) == (b.x + b.y);
}
int main ( )
{
vector<Coord> v;
int i;
for (1=0; i<10; i

v . push_back ( Coord ( i , i ) ) ;
cout v[i].x "," v[i].y " ";
,
cout endl;
for(i=0; i<v.size(); i++)
v[i].x = v [ i ] . x * 2 ;
cout v[i] .x "," v [ i ] . y " ";
return 0;
14.4
2. //
#include <iostream>
#include <list>
int main()
C++
653
list<char> 1st; //
int i ;
for(i=0; i<10; i++) 1st .push_back( 'A' + i) ;
cout " = " 1st. size () endl;
list<char>: : iterator p;
cout ": ";
for(i=0; i<lst.size() ; i++) {
p = 1st. begin () ;
cout *p;
1st . pop_f ront ( ) ;

lst.push_back(*p) ; //
}
cout endl;
if ( list. empty () )
cout " \";
return 0 ;
}
:
= 1 0
: ABCDEFGHIJ

. .
size() .
3. //
#include <iostream>
#include <list>
#include <cstring>
.
class Project {
public:
char name [40] ;
int days_to_completion;
ProjectO {
strcpy(name, " ") ;
days_to_completion = 0;
654
___
C++
Project (char *n, int d) {

strcpy (name, n) ;
days_to_completion = d;
void add_days(int i) {
days_to_completion += i;
void sub_days ( int i ) {
days_to_completion -= i;
bool completed (} { return !days_to_completion; }
void report ( ) {
cout name ": ";
cout days_to_completion;
cout " \";
bool operator< (const Project &a, const Project &b)

{
return a.days_to_completion < b.days_to_completion;
}
bool operator> (const Project Sa, const Project &b)
{
return a.days_to_completion > b.day$_to_completion;
}
bool operator== (const Project &a, const Project &b)
{
return a . days_to_completion == b.days_to_completion;
}
bool operator != (const Project &a, const Project &b)
{
return a.days_to_completion != b.days_to_completion;
}
int main ( )
{
list<Project> pro j ;
list<Project> proj2;
proj .push_back( Project (" ", 35));
pro j .push_back (Project (" ", 190))
proj .push_back( Project (" STL", 1000));
pro j 2. push_back( Project (" ", 780));

proj2 .push_back (Project (" ", 50));
pro j 2. push_back( Project (" COM", 300));
pro j . sort ( ) ;
pro j 2 . sort ( ) ;
proj .merge (proj2) ; //
list<Project>: : iterator p = proj .begin ();
//
while (p != proj.endO) {
p->report () ;
return 0;
14.5
2. //
tinclude <iostream>
tinclude <map>
tinclude <cstring>
class name {
char str[20] ;
public:
name() { strcpyfstr, ""); }
namefchar *s) { strcpy(str, s); }
// name < ()
bool operator< (name a, name b)
{
return strcmp(a.get () , b.getO) < 0;
class phonenum {
char str [20] ;
public:
phonenumO { strcmpfstr, ""); }

phonenum(char *s) { strcpytstr, s) ; }
655
656
C++
int main()
{
map<name, phonenum> m;
//
//
m.insert(pair<name, phonenum>
(name(""), phonenum("541-85-51")));
(name(""), phonenumt"550-09-96")));
(name(""), phonenum("8-3712-41-16-36")));
('"), phonenum("8-095-967-85-85")));
//
char str[80];
cout " : ";
cin str;
map<name, phonenum>::iterator p;
p = m.find(name(str));
if(p != m.end())
cout " : " p->second.get();
else
cout " \";
return 0;
3. .
14.6
1. // sort
#include <iostream>
tinclude <vector>
#include <cstdlib>
ttinclude <algoritm>
int main()
{
vector<char> v;
int i;
//
for (i=0; i<10; i++)

v.push_back( 'A' + (rand (} %26) } ;
cout " : " ;
cout v[i] " ";
cout endl' endl;
//
sort (v. begin () , v.end(J);
cout " : " ;
cout v[i] " ";
return 0;
2. // merge
#include <iostream>
#include <list>
#include <algoritm>
int main()
{
list<char> Istl, Ist2, Ist3(20);
int i ;
for(i=0; i<10; i+=2) Istl .push_back( 'A' +. i) ;
for (1=0; i<ll; i+=2) Ist2 .push__back ( 'A' + i) ;
cout " Istl: ";
list<char>: : iterator p = Istl. begin ();
while (p != Istl. end () ) {
cout *p;
P++;
}
cout endl endl;
cout " Ist2: ";
p = Ist2. begin () ;
while (p != Ist2.end() ) {
cout *p;
P++;
}
cout endl endl;
657
658
1 1
merge (Istl. begin () , Istl.endO,
Ist2.begin(), Ist2 . end ( ) ,
Ist3. begin () ) ;
cout " : ";
= Ist3.begin() ;
while (p != Ist3.end() ) {
cout *p;
P++;
return 0 ;
14.7
#include <string>
#include <list>
int main()
{
list<string> str;
str.push_back(string("onjiH") ) ;
str.push_back(string(""));
str.push_back(string("ceMb"));
str.sort(); //
list<string>::iterator p = str.begin();
while (p != str.endO) {
cout *p " ";
P++;
}
return 0;
C++
659
#inclwde <string>
tinclude <algorithm>
int main ()
{
string str;
cout " : ";
cin str;
f-
int i = count (str . begin () , str.endO, 'e');

cout i " \";
return 0 ;
ttinclude <string>
ttinclude <algorithm>
iinclude <cctype>
int main()
{
string str;
cout " : ";
cin str;
int i = count_if (str. begin (), str.endO, islower) ;
cout i " \";
return 0;
}
4. string - basic_string.
1 4
1. , . , ,
-,
.
660
C++
2. , .
, . .
#include <vector>
înclude <list>
int main ( )
{
vector<int> v(10);
list<int> 1st;
int i ;
for(i=0; i<10; i++) v[i] = i;
for(i=0; i
if ( ! ( v [ i ] % 2 ) ) lst.push_back(v[i] ) ;
list<int>: : iterator p = Ist.beginO;
while (p != 1st. end () } {
cout *p " ";
return 0 ;
4.
. ,
, .
5. , .

. . .1
, . .2 .
, ( )
,
.
. 1. (A-Z)
Abstract Class
Access Specifier
Algorithm
Allocator
Ambiguity
American National Standards

Institute
ANSI
"Anonymous Union
Array-Based I/O
Associative Container
Automatic Bounds Checking
Base Class
Bidirectional Iterator
Bilter
Bitmask
Bounded Array
string
C++ Standard Library
C++
C++
662
. 1 ()
Casting Operator
Class
Comparison Function
Const Class Member
Constructor
Container
Container Class
Conversion Function
Copy Constructor
Default Argument
Derived Class
Destructor
Early Binding
Encapsulation
Enumeration
Exception
Exception Catching
Exception Handling
Exception Throwing
Extraction Operator
Extractor
Format Flag
Forward Declaration
Forward Iterator
Forlter
Forward Reference
Friend Function
Function Object
- '
Function Overloading
Generated Function
663
. 1 ()
Generic Class
Generic Function
Get Pointer
Header
Header File
Heap
Hierarchical Classification
I/O Manipulator
Independent Reference
Indirect Base Class
Inheritance
In-Line Function
Input Iterator
Inlter
Input/Output
I/O
Inserter
Inserter Function
Inserter Operator
Insertion
Insertion Operation
Instantiating
International Standards
Organization
ISO
Iterator
Join
Key
Large Character Set
Late Binding
Linkage Specifier
List
Mangling
Manipulator
Map
Member
C++
664
. 1 ()
Member Function
Merge
Microsoft Foundation Classes
MFC
MFC
Multiple Inheritance
Mutable Class Member
Name Collision
Name Mangling
Namespace
Object
Object Factory
Object Oriented Programming
OOP
Operation
Operator
Operator Function
Operator Overloading
Output Iterator
Outlter
Overloading
Overriding
Pass by Reference
Pass by Value
Permutation
Pointer
Polymorphic Class
Polymorphism
Predicate
Private
Protected
Public
Pure Virtual Function
Put Pointer
Queue
665
. 1 ()
Random Access
Random Access Iterator
Randlter
Redefinition
Reference
Reverse Iterator
Run-Time Error
Run-Time Polymorphism
Run-Time Type Identification
RTTI
Safe Array
Scope
Scope Resolution Operator
Sequence
Stack
Standard Template Library
STL
Statement
Static Class Member
Stream
String Class
String Data Type
Structure
Structured Programming
Language
Template
Template Class
Template Function
Type Promotion
Union
Unnamed Namespace
Vector
Virtual Base Class
Virtual Function
C++
555
. 2. (-)
Abstract Class
Automatic Bounds Checking
Algorithm
American National Standards

Institute
ANSI
Anonymous Union
Default Argument
Associative Container
Map
Base Class
Safe Array
Unnamed Namespace
Microsoft Foundation
Classes
MFC
MFC
Standard Template Library
STL
Bitmask
Input/Output
I/O
Array-Based I/O
Vector
Virtual Function
Virtual Base Class
Exception Throwing
Insertion
In-Line Function
Bidirectional Iterator
Bitter
Destructor
Run-Time Type Identification
Run-Time Error
RTTI
Run-Time Polymorphism
Friend Function
Header
Header File
667
. 2 ()
Private
Protected
Bounded Array
Hierarchical Classification
Encapsulation
Statement
Mangling
Name Mangling
Exception
Iterator
Input Iterator
Inlter
Output Iterator
Outlter
Random Access Iterator
Randlter
Class
Container Class
Template Class
Key
Constructor
Copy Constructor
Container
Name Collision
Indirect Base Class
Manipulator
I/O Manipulator
International Standards
Organization
ISO
Multiple Inheritance
Mutable Class Member
Inheritance
Independent Reference
Ambiguity
Scope
C++
668
. 2 ()
Exception Handling
Reverse Iterator
Union
Object
Object Oriented
Programming
OOP
Function Object
Forward Iterator
Forlter
Operator
Inserter Operator
Extraction Operator
Casting Operator
Scope Resolution Operator
Operator Function
Operation
Insertion Operation
Public
Queue
Overloading
Operator Overloading
Function Overloading
Pass by Value
Pass by Reference
Redefinition
Permutation
Exception Catching
Enumeration
Heap
Overriding
Late Binding
669
. 2 ()
Polymorphism
Polymorphic Class
Generated Function
Sequence
Const Class Member
Stream
Forward Declaration
Predicate
Type Promotion
Derived Class
Random Access
Namespace
Early Binding
Allocator
Large Character Set
Generic Function
Generic Class
Merge
Join
Instantiating
Access Specifier
Linkage Specifier
List
Reference
Forward Reference
C++ Standard Library
C++
Static Class Member
Stack
string
String Class
String Data Type
Structure
C++
670
. 2 ()
Pointer
Put Pointer
Get Pointer
Object Factory
Format Flag
Inserter
Inserter Function
Extractor
Conversion Function
Comparison Function
Member Function
Template Function
Pure Virtual Function
Member
Template
Structured Programming
Language
,
"" ( Example) "" ( Exercise).
N
ChapN. , ( " "), Review. , ( " "),
Mastery. , ( " "), Cumulative.
MS-DOS ( DOS). MS Windows,

( Windows).
C++.
,.
, , .

. !
abstract class, 314

access specifier, 207
algorithm, 421
allocator, 423
ambiguity, 165
American National Standards Institute
(ANSI), 14
anonymous union, 66
array-based I/O, 411
associative container, 421
base class, 57; 207

bitmask, 244
bounded array, 137
string, 462
casting operator, 357
class, 26
comparison function, 423
const class member, 383
constructor function, 44
container, 421
conversion function, 383; 393
copy constructor, 52; 92; 149
D
default argument, 158
derived class, 57; 207
destructor, 45
E
early binding, 318
encapsulation, 11
exception handling, 325; 337
exception throwing, 337

extraction operator, 265
extractor, 265
format flag, 244

forward declaration, 101
forward reference, 101
friend functions, 97
function object, 423
function overloading, 12; 36
G
generated function, 328
generic class, 243; 325
generic function, 325
get pointer, 292
H
header, 15
hierarchical classification, 13
I/O manipulators, 254

incapSHlation, 59
independent reference, 139
indirect, 223
inheritance, 13; 57
in-line, 72
Input/Output (I/O), 19
inserter, 259
inserter function, 259
insertion, 259
insertion operator, 259
instantiating, 328
International Standards Organization
(ISO), 14
iterator, 421
C++
674
key, 421
Q
queue, 419
R
late binding, 318
linkage specifier, 408
list, 419
M
mangling, 409
map, 421
member, 26
member function, 27
N
namespace, 16; 18; 383
object, 12
Object Oriented Programming (OOP), 5;
9
operator overloading, 13
operator function, 176
overriding, 308
pointer, 63
polymorphic class, 307
polymorphism, 12
predicate, 423
private, 12
public, 12
pure virtual function, 314
put pointer, 292
random access, 292

reference, 127
reverse iterator, 422
Run-Time Type Identification (RTTI),
357
safe array, 138

scope resolution operator, 27
sequence, 421
stack, 419
Standard C++, 10; 14; 351
Standard Template Library (STL), 332;
419
static class member, 383
stream, 242
string class, 420; 462
structured programming language, 11
template class, 242

template function, 328
template, 325
type promotion, 165
unnamed namespace, 386
vector, 419
virtual base class, 230
virtual function, 303; 306
675
, 314
, 421; 453

(ANSI), 14
, 66
, 158
, 446
, 421; 446
, 57
, 386;
391
,
332; 419
, 244
/
, 259
, 283
, 295
, 254
, 19
, 19
, 242
, 292
, 19; 242
, 4.11
C++, 19; 242
, 276
, 244
, 19
, 419; 425
, 303; 306
, 229

, 337
, 72
, 12
, 12
, 65
, 435
, 45; 216

(RTTI), 357; 358
, 425
, 303
, 292
, 97
, 15
, 15
, 13; 205
, 11; 59
, 409

new, 351
, 337
, 337
, 421
, 422
, 26; 65
, 314
, 57; 207
, 229; 230
, 223
, 45; 216
, 13; 205
, 44; 216
, 421
, 421
, 27
, 307
, 57; 207
, 325; 332
, 420; 462
-, 44
-, 27
, 26
, 212
, 401
C++
676
, 26; 65
, 26
, 383; 401
, 383; 396
-, 424
-, 242
, 421
, 41
, 24
C++, 24
, 25
, 24
, 44; 216; 404
, 52; 92; 149
, 51
, 144
, 421
, 421; 446
, 421; 446
, 419; 425
, 421
, 419
, 419; 435
, 419
/, 295
/, 254
, 272
, 138
, 425
, 137
, 108

(ISO), 14
, 25
, 223
, 401
, 13; 57; 205

, 223
, 139
, 165
,
325; 337
, 422
, 66
, 12
, 87

,93
, 108
, 132
, -82
, 113
-
(OOP), 5; 9; 10; 11
-, 423
, , 27
, 24
delete, 118; 122

new, 118; 121
/, 19
, 259
, 265
, 197
, 13; 15
, 357
, 194
, 27;
103
, 63; 113
, 63; 113
-, 176
, 191
, 419
, 51
, 144
, 13; 175
, 12; 36
, 158
, 165

,306
,
337

, 308
, 318
, 12
, 303; 317
, 307
, 272
, 328
, 421
, 383; 401
, 244
/, 242
, 101
, 423
, 383; 393
, 165
, 82
-, 5; 9; 10;
11

, 11
, 57
, 16; 18; 383
, 386; 391
, 318
, 423
, 325; 326
, 243; 325; 332
, 318
, 318
, 59; 207
, 408
, 419; 435
, 435
, 127

, 135
, 101
, 139
, 132
, 383
677
, 419
, 462
, 420; 462
, 65
, 65
, 165
, 63
this, 117
, 292
, 63; 113
, 304
, 292
, 15
, 244
, 244
/, 19
, 303; 306
, 306
, 308
, 259
, 72
, 45
, 97
, 265
, 44
, 12; 36
, 266
, 259
, 328
, 328
, 383; 393
, 325; 326
, 423
, 314
-, 27
-, 328
C++
678
, 314
, 26
, 212
, 401
, 383; 401
, 383; 396
, 325
, 11
....6
WINDOWS
7
7
1. C++
1.1. - ?
10
11
12
13
C++

16
18
18
1.2. C++
1.3. C++
1.4. C++
1.5. . ....
1.6. C++
1.7.
1.8. C++
14
'.
2.
2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
2.4.
2.5.
2.6.
2.7.
3.
3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4. :
4. ,
4.1.
4.2.
19
24
26
32
36
41
43
44
51
57
63
65
72
75
81
82
87
93
97
...107
108
113
680
C++
4.3. THIS
4.4. NEW DELETE
4.5. NEW DELETE
4.6.
4.7.
114
118
121
127
132
4.8.
135
4.9.
5.
5.1.
5.2.
5.3. OVERLOAD
5.4.
5.5.
5.6.
6.
6.1.
6.2.
6.3.
6.4.
6.5.
6.6.
6.7.

..

-

[]
7.
7.1.
7.2.
7.3.
7.4.
7.5.
8. / C++
139
143
144
149
157
158
165
168
175
176
178
185
186
189
194
197
205
207
212
216
223
229
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8.1. / C++.... 242

8.2. /
244
8.3. WIDTHQ, PRECISIONQ FILLQ
8.4. /
8.5.
8.6.
9.
/ C++
9.1.
9.2. /
251
254
259
265
271
272
275
9.3. /
9.4.
/
9.5.
9.6. /
9.7. /
10.
10.1.
10.2.
10.3.
10.4.
681
282
288
292
295
298
303
304
306
313
317
325
11.1.
326
11.2.
332
11.3.
337
11.4.
344
11.5. ,
NEW
351
12.

12.1.
12.2. DYNAMIC_CAST
12.3. CONST_CAST, REINTERPRET_CAST STATIC_CAST

13.
13.1.
13.2.
357
358
368
376
383
384
393
13.3.
13.4.
13.5.
13.6. ASM
396
401
404
408
13.7. /
411
14.
14.1.
14.2. -
14.3.
14.4.
14.5.
14.6.
14.7.
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421
424
425
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446
453
462
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475
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3

3

4

4

5
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6

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7

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9

475
475
481
483
483
485
497
499
501
501
501
507
509
513
513
515
525
527
528
528
531
538
541
542
542
543
555
563
564
564
570
573
575
576
576
578
586
589
592
592
594
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10

10

11

11
12

12

13

13

14

14
683
605
610
612
612
614
620
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636
639
640
641
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" ": ., ., . 29, . (812) 251-41-10
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ISBN-5-7791-0086-1

"785779"1 00861I

Samouchitel C++ Gerbert Shildt

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ISBN 0-07-882392-7 (.)

ISBN 5-7791-0086-1 (.)

1998 Osborne McGraw-

C++ (Standard C++). Standard C++,

cout " , : ";

cout " : ";

int myclass: :get_a()

cout obl.get_a{) "\n";

cout " -10:" abs (-10) "\n/n";

cout " abs()\n";

cout " abs ( ) \" ;

cout "B f l ( i n t a) \n";

void f l (int a, int b)

cout "B f l ( i n t a, int b) \n";

char si [80], s2[80];

cout " \";

s2.push( ' ' ) ;

cout " \";

myclass: :myclass (int x, int )

cout " \n";

void myclass: :show()

cout " " who "\";

void Orange : : show ( )

name " - : " "\n";

rectangle isosceles, _1. (),

void st_type : : show ( )

accl (100. 12, "Johnson");

for( j = sizeof (double) 1; j >= 0; j ) {

inline int even(int x)

cout "10 \";

(10%2)) cout "10 \";

1. 1 abs() , int, long double. ,

cout i ' ' 1 ' ' d;

void myclass: : show ()

cout i "" "" j "\n";

, ol.a 2., ol.b o2.b. ,

cout " \";

cout " \n";

stck [tos] = ch;

strtype: :strtype(char *ptr)

cout p " : " len;

ell x(10, 20) ;

return . get_i ( ) * . get_i ( ) ;

samp, i. sqr_it() samp,

1. stack 3.1, 2, showstackQ, stack.

int get () { return *p; }

dyna : : dyna ( int i )

cout " 2 t 2 : \ n " ;

cout " cl tl:\n";

samp obi (123. 09) , o b 2 ( 0 . 0 ) ;

class derived: public base {

void summation: :set_sum(int n)

for(i=0; i<4; i++) ob[ i ].set_a(i);

samp ob[4] = { -1, -2, -3, -4 } ;

samp ob[4] [2] = {

for(i=0; i<4; i++) {

4.4. new delete

type , , a p-var . New ,

int get_product() { return i * j ; }

1. , new float, long char. .

for (i=0; i<10; i

cout " i: " i 'n\';

1 ... _ , _ ,