. .

()

""
3-

1998

1.1

()

1.
~ = 4; rot E
~ = 0; D
~ =E
~ + 4 P
~

div D
(1)
(
~ - ; -
D
)
~ - ; P
~ -
; E
.
~ = E,
~
, D
-
I
Z
2.
~ d~S = 4Q = 4 dV
D
(2)

I
~ d~l = 0

E
(3)
3.

4.
Q

~ = grad ;
E

(2) (1) =

Z 2
1

~ d~l
E

(4)

-
R
Q =
dV . R
Q = dS.
R
- Q = dl.
, , - ,
.
1
5.
(5)
2 (~r) = 4 (~r)
0

:
1 Z (~r )

dV 0
(6)
(~r ) =
0
V |~
~

r
|

: Z
0

(~r )
1
0
dS
(7)
(~r) =

S |~r ~r 0 |
0
:
1 Z (~r )
0
dl
(8)
(~r) =
L |~r ~r 0 |

()
6.

~e

~ e;
= div

(9)

~ = grad div
~ + rot rot
~ e = 4 P
~e
E

7.
~e

~
e = 4 P;
2~

8.

~ e (~r) =

D2n D1n = 4;

~ r 0)
P(~
0
0 dV
|~r ~r |

(10)

E2 = E1

(11)

2 E2n 1 E1n = 4; D2 /2 = D1 /1
!
!

1
= 4; 1 = 2 (12)
2
n 2
n 1

1.2

(2) .
,
~
, D.
~ |D|
~ = const,
dS
~kD
S,
S :
I

~ d~S = Dn S.

(13)

, (2) ,
~ D
~
D.
,
S.

S.
1.2.1
q, .
,
(2) ,
. , (2) ,
. (. .1
~ k ~r,
c. 3) . , E

.
, S (13) r, :
I

~ d~S 4r2 E(r).

D

(14)

(2)
4 , ..
~ = q ~r .
E
r2 r

(15)

. 1:

(4) -
r :
Z
Z q
q 
q
0
~
~
() (r) =
E dl =
dr = 0  = .
(16)
2
0
r
r r
r r
r
, ,
. () = 0, ..
, , :
q
(r) = .
(17)
r
~
1.2.2 E
,
R,
(r) , .
,
-
~ =
, .. E
~ k ~r, .
E(r)~r/r. , E
(. A). , A P ,
~ A . , . A0 , OP ,
E
~ A0 . , |E
~ A | = |E
~ A0 |. ,
E
~r.

~ k ~r.
. , E
~ =
O, . , |E|

const . S (13)
r, (14).
, : (2) -
, . ,
r < R,
E 4r2 = 4

Z r
0

(r0 )dv 0 = 4Q(r),

E(r) =

Q(r)
,
r2

(18)

Q(x)
Q(x) =

Z x

sin d

Z 2

d.
(19)
, r > R, :
0

(r)r dr

E(r) = Q(R)/r2 .
Q(R) -


(16):

. 2:

() (r) =
. .

Q(R)/R

(r) =

Q(R)/r,

Z R
r

(20)

.

~ ~r
E

Q(r0 ) 0 Z Q(R) 0
dr
dr ,
R
r02
r02

RR
r

Q(x)/x2 dx,

rR
rR

(21)

: = const E(r) = Q/r2

r > R E = 34 r r < R. ,
Q(R), .
1.2.3.
,
R, (r) =
arn . r -
, a = const, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
~ = E(r)~r E(r) -
, E
r
(
, 1.2.2 c.3).

( H):
8 2
E1 (r)2rH =
Harn+1 ;
n+1

E1 =

4
arn ;
n+1

rR

8 2
4
Rn+1
Harn+1 ; E2 =
a
; rR
n+1
n+1
r
(4) r < R:
E2 (r)2rH =

1 =

Z R
r

E1 (x)dx+

4a Rn+1 rn+1
E2 (x)dx =
+ Rn+1 (ln ln R) ;
n+1
n+1

r R
4
a Rn+1 [ln ln r] .
r
n+1
ln ,
~
, E.

1.2.4.

~
E
,
,

= const.
,
~ = ~iE(x).
E

,
. 3:
x,
H
~ d~S (E1 E2 )S = 0. S-
, : D
.
~ ~n . , E
~ = const.
0, E
, , :
S(E1 + E2 ) = 4S. E1 = E2 , :
~ = 2sign (x)~i.
E
: ,
,
, (2).
: 2.1-2.3 . 32.
2 =

E2 (x)dx =

1.3

(5)
.
(6) - (8) ,
:
l
X
+l
rl
X
X
0
4 r<
1
<

0
0
n ~n )) =
0 =
l+1 Pl (cos(~
l+1 Ylm (, )Ylm ( , ).
|~r ~r | l=0 r>
l=0 m=l 2l + 1 r>
(22)
0
0
r< = min(r, r ), r> = max(r, r ), Pl (x) - [2],
~n = ~r/r, Ylm - , , -
, ~r, 0 , 0 -
~r 0 .
l m , , [2].
,
:
Z Z 2
0

Ylm
(, )Y 0 lm0 (, ) sin d d = ll0 mm0 ,

(23)

ab - . Ylm
:
1
Y00 = ;
4

Y10 (, ) =

v
u
u
t

3
cos ;
4

v
u
u
t

Y11 (, ) =

3
sin ei . (24)
8

(22),
:

1X
(~r ) =
l (~r ),
l=0
l :
l
Z
4
0 0
0 r<

Ylm (, ) (r , , ) l+1 Ylm

(0 , 0 ) dV 0 ,
l (~r) =
r>
m=l 2l + 1
+l
X

(25)

(26)

dV 0 - , , ,
dV 0 = r0 2 dr0 sin 0 d0 .
(7) (8).
1.3.1. R
. (. . 4 . 7).

(8), :
dl = Rd0 , ~r = ~ix + ~jy + ~kz, ~r0 = ~iR cos 0 + ~jR sin 0 ,
0

|~r ~r | = r2 + R2 2R(x cos 0 + y sin 0 )

.

R
d0
2
2
0
0
0
r + R 2R(x cos + y sin )
(27)

(. [3],
. 4:
[4]).

(22).
:
(~r ) =

(~r ) =

X
kq

Z 2

k Z 2
4
r<

Y (, ) k+1
Ykq (0 , 0 )R d0
0
2k + 1 kq
r>

r< = min(R, r), r> = max(R, r).

[2] :
Z 2
0

, d0 = 2q0 Ykq
, 0 = 2q0
2
2
!

Ykq

v
u
u 2k
t

+1
Pk (0)
4

, Pl [3]: Pl (0) =
0 l , l Pl (0) = (1)l/2 l!/2l (l/2!)2 .
( k = 2n):
2n
(1)n (2n)!
r<
(~r ) = 2 R
P2n (cos ).
2n+1
22n (n!)2
n=0 r>

(28)

( z > 0 ) = 0. cos = 1 P2n (1) = 1,

(28) ,

(z) = 2 R/ z 2 + R2 .
(28)

1 r<
1
1
(z > 0) = 2 R
r>
2 r>

!2

3 r<
+
8 r>

!4

5 r<

16 r>

!6

+ . . .

5 3
(1 + x)1/2 = 1 21 x + 38 x2 16
x + . . .,
(z) =

1
2 R
q
=
r> 1 + (r< /r> )2

2 R
2 R

=
2 + r2
R2 + z 2
r>
<

1.3.2 R1 R2
.
. ( 5 c. 8)
(7) dS = r0 dr0 d0 .

Z R Z 2
2

(~r ) =

R1

(r0 , 0 ) 0 0 0
r dr d .
|~r ~r 0 |

(22)

1.3.1 , c

. 5:

:
Z R r 2n
(1)n (2n)!
2
<
(~r ) = 2
P
(cos
)
r0 dr0 ,
2n
2n+1
2n
2
R1 r>
n=0 2 (n!)

r< = min(r, r0 ), r> = max(r, r0 ).

r < R1 , r1 r R2 , r > R2 ,
, r, r0 r< r> , .
1. r < R1 . r< = r, r> = r0 ,
,
Z R
2
R1

2n
r<

r2n 1
1
0 0
2n+1 r dr =
2n1
2n+1
2n 1 R2
r>
R1

2. R1 r R2 .

R1 r r R2 .
r< = r0 , r >= r.
r< = r, r >= r0 . :
Z R
2
R1

2n
r<
0 0
2n+1 r dr
r>

2n
r<
r0 dr0
2n+1
R1 r>

Z r

Z R
2
r

. 6:
2n
r< 0 0
2n+1 r dr =
r>

i
1
1 h
r2n 1
1
=
2n+1 r2n+2 R12n+2
2n1 2n1
2n + 2 r
2n + 1 R2
r

3. r > R2 . r< = r0 , r> = r:

2n
r<

Z R
2

0 0
2n+1 r dr =

r>

R1

i
1
1 h
2n+1 R22n+2 R12n+2
2n + 2 r

1.3.3. R
= 0 cos . .
( 6 c. 8)
(7), , dS =R2 sin0 d0 d=
R2 d0 . (22) Y10
(24), :
v
u

(~r ) =

X
kq

k
Z
u 4
4
r<
4 r<
k+1 Ykq (, ) Y10 Ykq d0 R2 t
=
2 cos R2
2k + 1 r>
3
3 r>

4/3

(r) =

r cos ,
r<R
3 2
4/3 R /r cos , r > R

(29)

1.3.4.
R
=
0 cos .
.

(6).


, :
Z R r
4
< 02 0
cos
r dr .
(~r ) =
0 r2
3
>

. 7:

.
1. r > R
40 cos Z R 0 3 0 0 cos
(~r ) =
2
r dr =
2 R4
0
3
r
3
r

(30)

2. r < R

Z r r
Z R r
4
40
< 02 0
< 02 0
(~r ) =
cos
r
dr
+
r
dr
=

r
R r cos
0
0 r2
r r2
3
3
>
>
!

10

1.3.5. R
.
.
.

(. 26 [1]).

: = + . 1.2.2, ( (21)),
= const).
,
. (6) :
=

X
lm

Z rl
4
<

0
0
0
Ylm (, )
l+1 Ylm ( , )dV =
2l + 1
r>

(31)

l
Z
Z (r 0 )
Z r<
4
2
02 0

=
Ylm (, ) 4
r0 dr0 .
Y00 Ylm d = 4
l+1 r dr
r>
r>
lm 2l + 1
: r > R r < R.
r < R, (31) :
X

(1) =

r0 2 dr0 Z R 0 0
r2
+
r dr = 2 R2 ,
r
r
3

Z r
4
0

r<R

r > R, (31) :

(2)

1 Z R 0 2 0 4 3 1 Q
r dr =
R = ,
= 4
r 0
3
r
r

r>R


2 R2

r2 /3 ,

r<R
(32)
Q/r,
r>R

, 1.3.2 .
R2 = .
=

= 2

(1)n (2n!)
1
r2n+1
P
(cos
)
;
2n
2n (n!)2
2n+1
2
2n
+
1
R
n=0

r<R

 2n+2

1
(1)n (2n!)
r
R2n+1
= 2
P2n (cos )
+
;
2n
2
(2n + 2)R2n+1 r(2n + 1)
n=0 2 (n!)

(33)
r>R

11

(32) (33) .
z (33):



4 R3 /|z|,
|z| R
(z) = + = 2 R2 + z 2 + 23
2
2 2
3 R (3 z /r ), |z| < R
: 2.4 - 2.6 32.
1.4

1.4.1. a

q.

. .
z > 0
2 = 4q(~r ~a).

(34)

(34) :
(~r ) =

q
+ 0 .
|~r ~a |

(35)

- (34),
0 - 2 0 = 0,

0 (~r ) =


X

Al Rl + Bl r(l1) Yl0 (, )


(36)

l=0

m (36)
z. Al = 0
r > a Bl =0 r < a. x, y
.
xy:
1
X 4q
q
r<

=
l+1 Yl0 (a , a )Yl0
,
|~r ~a|
2
l 2l + 1 r>

(37)

r< = min(r, a), r> = max(r, a). :

X
l

lr

4q rl

, +
Y
(0,
0)Y
,
l0
l0
2
2l + 1 al+1
2
!

Yl0

= 0.

:
4q 1
4q 1
(1)
(2)
Al =
Y
(0,
0);
A
=

(1)l Yl0 (, 0).

l0
l
l+1
l+1
2l + 1 a
2l + 1 a

12

q ~a ,
, .
q ~a. ,


, : Yl0 2 , =
0 l . , xy r < a:
0 =

X
l

l
(4q) r<
l+1 Yl0 (, 0);
2l + 1 a

q
, =
.
2
|~r + ~a|
!

Yl0

R > a.
(~r ) =

1
1

|~r ~a| |~r + ~a|

(38)

1.4.2. R
(~r) , .
.
1 2 :
2 1 = 4(r, , ),

(39)

2 2 = 0.

(40)

(r, , ) :
(r, , ) =

X
+l
X

lm (r)Ylm (, ),

(41)

l=0 m=l

lm (r) =

Z Z 2
0

(r, , )Ylm
(, ) sin d d.

1 2 :
1 =

X
+l
X

(1)
lm (r)Ylm (, );

l=0 m=l

2 =

X
+l
X

(2)

lm (r)Ylm (, );

(42)

l=0 m=l

(42) (41) (39) (40), :

d2  (1)  l(l + 1)  (1) 
rlm
rlm = 4rlm (r);
dr2
r2

(43)

d2  (2)  l(l + 1)  (2) 

rlm
rlm = 0
(44)
dr2
r2
(43) : f ,

13

lm (r, , ),
. :


(i)
rlm

(i)

(i)

= Al rl+1 + Bl rl ;

:
1
(1)
lm = Al rl + fl (r), r < R;
r
fl :

i = 1, 2

(2)

lm = Bl

rl+1

r > R,

l(l + 1)
flm = 4rlm (r)
r2
Al Bl
f 00 lm

(1)

(1)
lm (R)

(2)

lm 
lm 
=
,


r r=R r r=R

(2)
lm (R);

1
1
fl (R) = Bl l+2 ;
R
R
1
1
l+1
lAl Rl1 2 fl (R) + f 0 (R) = Bl l+2
R
R
R
:
Al R l +

R1+1 l + 1
Bl =
f (R) f 0 (R) ;
2l + 1 R
"

1
1
Al = l
f (R) + f 0 (R) .
R (2l + 1) R

"

,
(1)
lm

1 l
1
1
=
l
f (R) + f 0 (R) rl + f (r),
2l + 1 R R
r
"

(45)

l+1
1
1
Rl+1
f (R) f 0 (R) l+1
(46)
=
2l + 1
R
r
(42), .
1.4.3. ,

, =
0 cos . 1.3.4
(. N 55 [1]).
(2)
lm

"

14

(41) :
lm (r) =

Z Z 2
0

0 cos Ylm (, )d = 0

v
u
u 4
t

l1 m0 .

, 2 1
(1)

1 (r, , ) = 10 (r)Y10 (, );

(43) : fl0 = 0
:
(1)

10

(2)

(47)

4 3
3 r .

(45)

2 (r, , ) = l0 (r)Yl0 (, )
q

1 1
1
4
= 2
f (R) + f 0 (R) r + f (r) = 0 r R r
3R R
r
3
"

v
!u
u 4
t

v
u
u 4
t

1
2
1
1
= R2
f (R) f 0 (R) 2 = 0 R4 2
;
3
R
r
3r
3
(47),
:
(2)
10

"

4
1 = 0 r R r cos ;
3
!

2 = 0 R4

1
cos .
3r2

(48)

:
~ 1 = grad 1 = ~a2 1 + ~a 1 1 + ~a 1 1 =
E
r
r
r
"

(49)

4
2
= ~a2 20 r R cos + ~a0 0 R r sin .
3
3
0 R4
20 R4
~
cos + ~a0
sin .
E2 = grad 2 = ~ar
3r3
3r3
1.4.4 R
V (, ) .
.
2 = 0,
:
!

1 (r, , ) =

Alm rl Ylm (, ),

r < R;

l,m

2 (r, , ) =

X
l,m

Blm r(l1) Ylm (, ),

r > R.

(50)

15

1 (R, , ) =V (, ) =2 (r, , ).
V (, ) :
V (, ) =

Vlm Ylm (, ),

Vlm =

lm

Z Z 2
0

(, ) sin dd. (51)

V (, )Ylm

:
Alm = Vlm /Rl ;

Blm = Vlm Rl+1 ;

(52)

(52) (50), .
V = V0 cos .
(50) :
r
1 = V0 cos ,
R

r R;

R
r

2 = V0

!2

cos ,

r R.

(12), ,
:
1  1 
2  
3 V0

cos = 0 cos .
=


4 r r=R r r=R
4 R
V = const.
1.4.5. V V .
.
, Vlm .
:
Vlm =

Z /2 Z 2
0

Ylm
(, )d

Z Z 2
/2 0

(V )Ylm
(, )d.

(53)

0 2, :
Vlm = V

Z /2
0

Yl0 (, 0)2m0

Z
/2

Yl0 (, 0)2l0 .

Yl0 (, 0) =
2l+1
4 Pl (cos ), x = cos ,

Vlm = V 2

v
u
u 2l
t

+1
m0
4

"Z

Pl (x)dx

Z 0
1

Pl (x)dx

16

l Pl x,
l ,
l = 1, 3, 5, ....
Vlm = 4

v
u
u 2l
t

v
u

l1

Z 1
u 2l + 1 (1) 2 ( 1 )m0
+1
2  .
m0 Pl (x)dx = V 4 t

1
0
4
4
2( 2 ) l+3
2

(54)

(x) - - [4].
1 =

v
u
u 2l
t

+1
r
Vl0
4
R

l=1,3,5...

3r
7 r
=
P1 (cos )
2R
8 R
2 =

!3

+1
R
Vl0
4
r

l=1,3,5...

R
r

!2

R
7 R
P1 (cos )
r
8 r

!4

(55)

Pl (cos ) =

11 r
P3 (cos ) +
16 R

v
u
u 2l
t

!l

!5

P5 (cos ) + ... V.

!l+1

(56)

Pl ) cos ) =

11 R
P3 (cos ) +
16 r

!6

P5 (cos ) + ... V

cos = 0 ( x)
(55):
z 2 R2
(z) = V 1 2
z z + r2

: 2.7-2.9
. 32, 2.10- 2.12 . 33
1.5

. 8:

1.5.1.
a, b, c x, y, z ,
0, z = c,
V (x, y). .
:
2 2 2
=
+ 2 + 2.
x2
y
z
2

(57)

17

= X(x)Y (y)Z(z) (57)

, :
1 d2 X
= 2 ;
2
X dx

1 d2 Y
= 2 ;
2
Y dy

1 d2 Z
= 2,
2
Z dz

2 + 2 = 2 . ,
exp(ix),
exp(iy), exp(z).
.
= 0 x =
0, y = 0, z = 0 , X, Y, Z :
q

2 + 2 .
(58)
= 0 x = a y = b ,
a = n b = m, n, m
1, 2, 3... .
n = n/a, m =
r
X(x) = sin x;

Y (y) = sin y;

 2

Z = sh

2

m/b, nm = na + mb ,
. 9:
: nm (x, y, z) = sin n x sin m y sh nm z.
,
z = c. nm :


(x, y, c) = V (x, y) =

X
n,m

(59)

Anm nm (x, y, c).

(x, y, c) = V (x, y) =

X
nm

Anm nm (x, y, c).

. :
X
A0
2mx
2mx
f (x) =
+
Am cos
+ Bm cos
2
a
a
m=1
"

!#

(60)

2mx
2 Z a/2
2mx
2 Z a/2
f (x) sin
dx.
f (x) cos
dx; Bm =
Am =
a a/2
a
a a/2
a
, Anm :
Z a
Z b
4
dx dy V (x, y) sin n x sin m y.
Anm = 2
0
a sh nm c 0
!

18

, (59).
1.5.2.
,
V (, ). .
R, H,
.
:
2 1
1 2 2
+
+
+
= 0.
(61)
2 2 2 z 2
(61) = R()Q()Z(z).
:

z 00 k 2 z = 0
Q00 = 2 Q =0
R00 + 1 R0 + k 2

z = Cekz + Dekz
Q = Aei + B i

2
2 R = 0 R = EJ (k) + F J (k)

z = 0 :
Q()= A sin m + B cos m, Z(z) = sh kz, m
, k , .
= 0, F = 0,
= R , k
: knm = xnm /R, n = 1, 2, 3, ..., xnm
Jm (x) = 0. ,
(, , z) =

Jm (knm ) sh(knm z)[Anm sin m + Bnm cos m].

(62)

m=0 m=1

z = H V (, ), ..:
V (, ) =

X
nm

sh(kmn H)Jm (kmn )[Anm sin m + Bnm cos m].

(63)

, (63) - [3]
. , ,
(60). , -:
!
Z a

X
2
xn
f () =
Avn Jv (xvn /a); An = 2
f ()J
d.
2
0
a
a
J
(x
)
+1
n
m=1
(64)

19

, Anm Bnm (64)

:
Anm = c
Bnm = c

Z 2
0
Z 2
0

d
d

Z R
0
Z R
0

d V (, )Jm (kmn ) sin m;

(65)

d V (, )Jm (kmn ) cos m,

C = 2csch (kmn H)/R2 J2m+1 (kmn R). (62) (65)

.
: , (62)
, = 0 z = 0 r = R
z. (62) .
- (62)

, ,
.
,
. , , ,
z , :
(, , z) =

Z
X
m=0 0

dkek(z) Jm (k)[Am (k) sin m + Bm (k) cos m].

(66)

1.5.3. R q
. ,
.
[5].
,
, .
z .
(66)
:
Z
(, z) =
f (k)ek|z| J0 (k)dk,
(67)
0

J0 , f (k)
z = 0. (, 0) = V R.
(, 0) > R . ,
(

20

x, y). :

(, 0) = V
R;
(, 0) = 0
R<
(68)
z

q, :
Z
q

=q
ek|z| J0 (k)dk.
(69)
(, z)
2
2
0
+z
[4].
(69) (67) f (0) = q.
(68) (67),

Z

0 R;

>R
(70)
,
, .

[5]:
0

Z
0

dk f (k)J0 (k) = V,

g(y)Jn (yx)dy = xn ,

0 x < 1;

Z
0

dk kf (k)J0 (k) = 0,

yg(y)Jn (yx)dy = 0,

1<x<1
(71)

(71) [5]:
v

u2
(n + 1) u
t J
g(y) =
n+1/2 (y).
(n + 1/2) y

(72)

(70) (71) x =
/R, y = kR, n = 0. ,
2 sin(kR)
f
=
.
(73)
RV
kR
, f (0) = q, (73) q = 2RV /pi.
:
g(y) =

sin(kR) |z|k
e
J0 (k)dk.
0
kR
:
) = 0:
(, z) =

(0, z) = q

Z
0

q
R
sin(kR) |z|k
e
J0 (0)dk = arctg ;
kR
R
z

(74)

21

) : (, 0) = (q/R) arcsin(q/R), (, 0) = V
R.

E2n E1n = 4, .. E2n = E1n , E2n =
2.
1
q Z
() =
|
=
sin(kR)J0 (k)dk.
(75)
2 z z=0 2R 0
(75) [4],
> R, < R
:
q
1
2
() =
.
2R R 2
: R
.
: 2.132.15 33.
1.6

,

.
,
.
"-". - , ,
, ,

.

,
(. 1.4.1 ). q ~a
-.
1.6.1 , q,
l
R.
.

22

.
, qx
(R, , ) = 0. ,
0z.
0z . - qx
lx~k, ~k z.
(. 10):
q
qx
(~r ) = + .
r1 r2
q

: ~r1 = ~r ~kl ~r2 = ~r ~klx ~r1 = r2 2l~k~r + l2 , r2 =

r
r2 2~k~rlx + l2 . :
x

(R, , ) =

q
qx
q
+
= 0.
R2 2Rl cos + l2
R2 2Rlx cos + lx2

(76)

, :
qx2 (R2 2Rl cos + l2 ) = q 2 (R2 2Rlx cos + lx2 ).
(76) , :
qx2 (R2 + l2 ) = q 2 (R2 + lx2 );

2qx2 Rl = 2q 2 Rlx .

(77)

qX lx , :
R2
R
qx = q ; lx =
.
l
l
:
q
qx
q
ql (r, , ) = 2

.
r 2rl cos + l2
r2 2rlx cos + lx2

(78)

(79)

=
|
= 4.
r r=R
!

E2n

(80)

(79) (80), :
1
q(l2 R2 )
1 ql
|
=
.
=
4 r r=R
4R (R2 2Rl cos + l)3/2

(81)

23

.
I
Z Z 2
R
R2 sin dd = q ,
q. = dS =
(82)
0 0
l
..
-.
: q
,

(81) ,

.
. 10:

, q.
1.6.2. q l
Q R.
[5].

. ,
. q 0 = qR/l - , (82).
Q q 0 .
Q. , ,
Q q
, q
q 0 . ,
Q q 0 ,
. (79)
Ql + Rq
(r, , ) = ql (r) +
,
(83)
lr
ql (79).
1.6.3. l
R
V . [5].
, V (83) , Qq 0
V R. , (83) (79), ql = 0, (Q q 0 )/R =

24

V R/R = V . ,
VR
.
r
1.6.4. R
~ 0 .
E
[5].

. ,

, ..
.
. 11:

~ 0 (. . 11) [5].
E
, Q,
. , R , ,
:
Q
2Q
E ' 2 2 cos ' 2 .
z
z
2
z , Q Q/z = const
.
.
Q,
z, ,
Q R/z z = R2 /z (. 1.6.2 ).
: = Q,|z| + Q,|z| , q,l (79).
|z| , , :
(r, , ) = ql (r) +

Q
r
Q
r
R
R2
=
1
cos
1+
cos + Q 1 +
cos
|z|
|z|
|z|
|z|
|z|
r|z|

R2
2Q
R 1
1 + 2 cos = 2 (r R3 /r2 ) cos .
Q
|z| r
z
z

, :
lim

Q,z

2
2
z

!
r

R3
R3

2 cos = E0 r cos (1 3 ).
r
r

25

1
R3
~

E = grad = ~ar + ~a

+ ~a
(Er cos ) 1 3 =
r
r sin
r
r

"

R3
R3

= ~ar E0 1 + 2 3 cos ~a E0 1 3 sin .

r
r

1
3
: = 4
r |r=R = 4 E0 cos .
:
, , .
: 2.162.18 . 33.

1.7 . .

:
=

3
q (~d~r )
1 X
+ 3 + 5
Q x x + . . .
r
r
2r ,=1

(84)

q , ~d :
~d =

N
X

~r(~r )dV

(85)

qi~rl ,

i=1

Q .
Z

Q = (3x x r2 )(r)dV

N
X

(i)

(i)
.
qi 3x(i)
x r

(86)

i=1

1.7.1
:
= 0 r4 er sin4 ,
0 , = const. ~d Q, .
(85):
~d =

(r)~r dV =

[~ix + ~jy + ~kz] dV =

3
X

~e d .

=1

d , , ..
, .. ~d = 0.

26

(86). = = 1 :
Q11 = Qxx =
=

Z Z Z 2
0

0 0
Z Z 2

Z
0
r8 er dr
0
0

(r)[3x2 r2 ]r2 dr sin d d =

(87)

sin4 (3 sin2 cos2 1) sin d d.

:
Z 2
1 Z 2
cos2 d =
(1 + cos 2) = .
0
2 0
(87)
u = r, x = cos :
Z 8 u Z +1
0
32
Qxx = 9
u e du
(1 x2 )2 [3(1 x2 ) 2]dx = 9 8! 2
.
1
0

15 7
Qyy : Qyy = Qxx , Qzz = 2Qxx
6= Q .
1.7.2. R
.
.
, dx = dy = 0.
dz :
Z
Z R
Z 2
Z /2
3
2
3
dz = zr dr sin d d =
r dr
d
cos sin d = QR,
0
0
0
8
Q : Q = 23 R3 , Qxx
:
Qxx =

Z R Z /2 Z 2

(3x2 r2 )r2 dr sin d d =

0
0
0
Z R
Z /2 Z 2

r4 dr
(3 sin2 cos2
0
0
0

1) sin d d = 0.

, Q .
1.7.3 H R
= 0 = const. Qxx
.
Qxx ,
, :
Qxx = 0

Z R Z H Z 2
0

0 HR4
4 H
[32 cos2 (2 +z 2 )] d dz d =
1
4
3 R

!2
.

27

1.7.4.
(. .12) .
,

.
.
:
~d = q(~ia) q(~ja) + q(~ia) q(~ja) = 0.
,
:

. 12:

Q11 = Qxx =

4
X

qu 3xi ri

= q2a2 + qa2 + q2a2 + qa2 = 6a2 q.

i=1

. Q22 = Q11 ,
. ,
:
1 2
3a2 q 2
2
= 5 (x Qxx + y Qyy ) = 3 sin (1 2 cos2 ),
2r
r
r, , .
1.7.5.
R.
,
.
: q = 2 R.
~d =

~rdV =

Z 2
0

(~ix + ~jy) R d = 0.

:
Z

Qxx = [3x R ] R d = [3R2 cos R2 ] R d = R3 .

Qyy = R3 , Qzz = R3 2 Q = 0 6= .
:
(~r ) =

3
1 X
Q
1
Q
+ 5
Q x x ' + 5 [x2 Qxx + y 2 Qyy ] =
r
2r =1
r
2r

28
i
Q R3 h
2
= +
1

cos

r
2r3
1.7.6. ~d = const,
.
~ r ), (10)
~ = d(~
P
~ = ~d/r. :
:

~
~
~
~ = 4~d(~r ) + rot rot d = 4~d(~r ) + 3~n(~nd) d .
E
r
r3
: 2.192.24 . 34.

1.8

~D
~
E
w
w=
;
8

,

~
E

w dV.

~ = qE
~
F

~ = E
~ dV
F

E2
,
~p =
~n
8

~n -
()
Z

(88)

(89)

(90)

(91)

29

I X

F=
Mkl nk dS,

k
Mkl ;

1
1
Mkl =
Ek Ei E 2 ki
4
2
"

(92)

~n dS.
,

~ = (~d grad )E
~
F

(~r )(~r 0 )dV

(93)

(94)

1 X qi qj
2 i6=j |~ri ~rj |

(95)

1X
qi i
2 i

(96)

~
(~d E)

(97)

3
1 X
2 (0)

Q,
(98)
6 ,=1
x x


1.8.1. Q
R. ,
.
(91) (92).
, r < R, ,
Q/r2 r > R.
1 . .
dS E 2~n dS/8. :
Z /2 Z 2 E 2
E2
~n dS =
~nR2 sin d d.
0
0
8
8
: nx = sin cos ,

F~ =

30

ny = sin sin . , Fz :
fz =

Z /2 Z 2
0

Q2
E2
2
cos R sin d d =
.
8
8R2

Fx = Fy = 0.
2 . (92) :
Fz =

[Mxz nx + Myz ny + Mzz nz ] dS.

.
Mik =0 r < R.
,
1 2
2
E

E
E
E
E
E
x
z
y
z
z
2

Fz =
sin cos +
sin sin +
cos sin d d.
0 0
4
4
4
(99)
2
Ex = Q sin cos /R , Ey = Q sin sin /R2 ,
Ez = Q cos /R2 . Ek (99),
: Fz = Q2 /8R2 , .
1.8.2. R
= const. , .
.
1.2.2 ,

Z Z 2

~ = 4 ~r,
~ = Q ~r ,
E
r < R;
E
r>R
(100)
3
r2 r
1 . (90) ,
~ , ,
E.
,
. , Fx Fy .
Fz :
Fz =

Z R Z /2 Z 2
0

3 Q2
E(r) cos r dr sin d d =
,
16 R2
2

Q .
2 . (92)
,
.

31

.
nx = 0, ny = 0, nz = 1.
, dS = d d,
"
#
Z
1 Z R Z 2 2 1 2
2
2
(1)
Ez (Ex + Ey + Ez ) d d.
Fz = Mzz nz dS =
4 0 0
2
(100) Ex = E0 cos , Ey = E0 sin , Ez = 0, E0 =
4
2
(1)
2
2
3 , = /2 : Ez = Q /16R .
(92)
nx = sin cos , ny = sin sin , nz = cos .
Fz(2)

/2
Z Z2

[Mx z sin cos + Myz sin sin + Mzz cos ]2 R sin d d =

Q
,
8R2

:
"
#
E12
E12
1 E1
2
sin cos cos ; Myz =
sin sin cos ; Mzz = cos
Mxz =
4
4
2 4
(1)
(2)
2
2
: Fz = Fz + Fz = 3Q /16R .
: , ,
,
. ,
.
1.7.3 R
= const. ,
.
(100).
(88) :
=

"
#

ZR Z Z2 Qr 2

8
0

0 0

r3

r2 dr sin dd +

ZZ Z2 " Q #2
R 0 0

r2

r2 dr sin dd =

3Q
5R

1.8.4.
(x, y) = exp[(x2 y 2 )]
(. .12 27).
.
(98) , (1.7.4) ,
:

2 (0)
1
2 (0)
2 (0)
1X
=
+ Qyy
= 4a2 q.
Q
Qxx
=
2
2
6
x x
6
x
y

32

: 1.8.251.8.27 . 35.
2

. 1.

~ ,
2.1. E
, = const )
R, ) R (. N10 [1]).
2.2. :

e
2r 
exp

,
0 r .
a3
a
a - , e - , r - .
~ (. N12 [1]).
E
2.3. R1
R2 (R1 < R2 ) = arn ,
~
a = const, n = 0, 1, 2, . . ., r - . E
(. N13 [1]).
2.4. , 2a.
= const.
2.5. ,
R, .
= const. ( 13)
2.6. ,

= const (. N10 [1]).
. 13:
2.7. ,
R, =
ar, = const, a = const.
2.8. R H
. (.
N28 [1])
2.9. R
~ 0 , = const
= 0 er . E
(. N31 [1]).
2.10. , R1 R2 (R2 >
R1 ), .

33

V = const.
.
Rz r R2 ,
4- . ,
R1 R2 0 [5].
2.11. R
,
z ( ).
,
V . 2n
[5].
2.12.
R, ,
= .
. = 0 [5].
2.13. , z = c z = 0,
, . z =
c V1 = const, z = 0, V2 = const.
.
2.14. .
V = a2 , V = 3 , a
b = const. . R,
H.
2.15.
0 . ,
.
R, H.
2.16.
. ,
,
.
2.17. .
a b . :
,

34

.
2.18. l1 l2
R q1 q2 .
, ,
, - q1 q2
1 1 2 2 , .
2.19.
R H,
= 0 rn , n = 0, 1, 2, ... . 0 = const.

.
2.20. R .
1 , 2 .
.
2.21.
R.
, ,
2 = const.
.
2.22. ,
,

, .
2.23.
Q . , ,
.
2.24. R
. 1/|~r ~r 0 |
Ylm (, ),


Qlm

v
u
u
t

4 Z l
r Ylm (, )r2 dr sin d d.
2l + 1

2.25. R = 0 rn ,

35

n = 0, 1, 2, ..., 0 = const. ,
, .
2.26. R = const.
(. N41 [1]).
2.27.

2r
e
= 8 7 r4 e 3a sin2 cos2 .
3 a
e , a a = h2 /me2 .

( 94,
, ).

[1] .. . .,
1977, 318 .
[2] .., .., ..
. ., 1975, 436 .
[3] .., .., .. .
., 1981, 798 .
[4] .., .. , ,
. ., 1971, 1108 .
[5] . . ., 1965, 722 .
[6] . . ., 1970, 712 .
[7] .., .. .
., 1970, 503 .

1
1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1
1

36

1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .

2 . 1.

: , ..-..

2
6
11
16
21
25
28
32