Tpoxemapuu scex cmpan, coedunaiimecs. Pace MACCOBDBIM EMEMECAYHDIN HKYPHA OBLUECTBA HCTOPHKOB-MAPKCHCTOB MPH KOMAKAZEMMH LIMK CCCP Penaxuua: Crpactaofi 6yabsap, 11, Te: O-n0 «OfOHEK> 3-42-45, Axu. Mi M. MOKPOBCKHF \ JIEHHH u WCTOPHA Sauem HyKHO saHHMaTbCA McTOpHel? Muorue nymawT, 4TO COBCeM He HY2KHO, — 4TO HY2KHO 32HHMATbCA TONBKO CoBpeMeHHocTbN. Man yTo MCTOpua CRYMHT TOMLKO Tak, Min PASBAEYEHUA, HIM, B UYUUEM CHYYAe, NA «Oy YeHHsD. Ecnw cxasats, to 63 HeKOTOROKO-HCTOpHYecKoro obpasoBakud —KaK Ht 6es HeKQrOROrO dunocodcKoro obpaseRaHia —Henban GLITh MaPKCHCTOM, HHOH wnpdxo‘packpoer rnasa, Euje HenaBHo cnopanM, YYHTS WH B UlKoNax HCTOpHA wim eT, xoTs JlenAH TpeGopan sTOro CaMMM HACTOMYHELM, CAMBIM HeyKOCHH- TeNbHEM o6pasom. Zina toro ro6s vs6aByTBCA OT TAKHX, CORepwleHHO MpasLHwX, CnOpos, O4eHE MlonesHo BCNOMHUTE, ¥TO RyMan 06 HcTOpHM JlenmH. B caoeH mexuaH nepen cRepmioBuamn o rocynapcrse B 1919 rony JlenuH rosopan: ¢fInx Toro ¥To6H HaH6onee Hay4HeIM O6pagoM nonoiiTH K STOMY BOMpocy, Hao 6pocuTs xoTA 6H Gerauli HCTOpHYeckHii Barnan Ha TO, KAK FOCyMapCTBO BOSHUKAO M KaK OHO paspuranocn. Camoe HanexHoe B BoNpoce O6uleCTREHHOA HayKH H Heo6xonHMoe Wisk Toro ¥TOGH MeVicTBHTeENbHO MPHOOpecTH HaBLIK, 0 TXOLMTb NpaBHIbHO K STOMY BONPOcy H HE NaTb saTepsTSCA B MaCCe Menovell HIM rpoManHom pas- Hoo6pasHH GopiouiMxca MHeHHM, CaMoe BaxHOe, 4TO6u MOnOHTA K BSTOMy BONpOcy ¢ TOUKH 3peHHA Hay'¥HoH, —9TO He sabLIBaTS OCHOBHOH HCTOpHYECKOH CBS3H, CMOTPeT Ha KaMLi BOMpoc C TOYKM speHus TOTO, KaK HSBECTHOE ABIEHHE B UCTOPHM BOSHHKNO, KaKWe TMaBHLIe STAM B CBOEM PasBATHK 3TO ABNEHHE MPOXOMHNO, H C TOYKH SPeHHA 3TOrO ero pasBHTHA CMOTPeTb, 4eM Havkad Beub CTana Temepb» 3. 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B momutrnyeckux cnopa’ MBI HE B COCTOAHHH paso6pataca, TlOKa MBI HE SHAM, Kal OTKYHa OHH BSANHCb, YbH HHTEPEChl OHH OTPaKaloT HW BCerma 6ynyT rnyneHbKHMH %KepTBaMH O6MaHa H CaM MOKA OHH He HaydaTca 3a JUO6BIMH HPaBCTBeEHHbIMH, PesIH CKHMH, COUM@JIbHBIMH pasaMH, SaxsBIeHHAMH, O6eLIc HHTE€PECH TeX HIIK HHEX KJIACCOB» 2, Ecnu 4enope HEM“ CTOHT BHE MOMHTHKH, MO onpemenenHio Jlennna, TO 6e38TpaMOTHLIA CTOHT BHE MaMKCHCTCKOH NONHTH cyMeeT pazo6paTbca, Kako Kmacc C HHM OopeTca Hu AC Kjlacca OH CaM 3aulMulaeT. Muoro mo6puix none 6uiBanr uac y6emneHbI, — 4TO OHH 60pwoTca 8a HHTepechl Nponer: CaMOM [eJI€ OHH OTCTAHBAIOT HHTepeCchl KysIaKa H BCAK xO3dH4HKa 11 pOTHB mponetapnata. Toromy uTo KK ' Comm. 1. XVI sax. 3, orp. 360 35, 7 Tam oKe, CTP.Byepa, OHH CKJAMbIBAJIMCh NECRTHNETHAMH, H HHOPMa BEKAMH, H He pasBOpoulH MX MCTOPHH HO AHa, MbI He PaSrIANMM HX HACTOAWEerO MHA, Tem Gonee, 4TO SIMUO 9TO O6bIKHOBEHHO NpAYeTCA. Benukonenutit o6pas4vk TaKoro Knaccoporo aHanuaa fan cam JleHuH Ka mpumepe 6ypxyasHu Hee napTHi B smoxy III Tocynapcersennok Tyme (1908-—1912 roma). Ha stom avanuse, Mexxny NpOwHM, BAAHO, YTO 3aHHMAaTBCA COBPeMEHHOCTLIO ROBCe He 3HAYHT CHMeTh, YTKHYBUIMCh HOCOM B TO, 4TO MPOMCXOMUT Cerofis, HHO pas KH TO, 4YTO NPOMCXOMMJIO NATHRECAT MeT Hasal, BECLMa COBPEMEHHO. Bot uro mucan JIenun o II] [lyme pectoit 1912 rona. «Tperea Tyma c HoBOH CTOpOHB, B HOROM obcraHOBKe NOATBEP AANA TO OCHOBHOE ne- neHWe PYCCKHX NONKTHYECKHX CHM MH PYCCKHX NONMTHYeCKHX NapTHit, KOTO poe BouHe onpeneneHHo RaMeTHNOCh C NonoBHHEt XIX Beka, Bce 6onbue odopmisanoct B 1861—1904 ronax, BEILIIO HapyKy HW 3aKPeMHOCh Ha OTKPHTOM apere 6opb6n Macc B 1905—07 rogax, ocTaBasch TakoBLimM xe HB 1908—12 romax. Tloyemy 2TO meneHue ocTaeTca B cue WM noxeHe? Tlotomy 4To He peuleHb! ellie Te OOLEKTHBHEI€C 3aqayH HCTOpHYecKoro pasBuTHA PoccHH, KOTO- Pe COCTaBNawT COMepKaHHe AEMOKPaTHYECKHX NpeobpasopakHii H WeMOKpaTH- 4eCKMX MepepopoTos Beane u MoBciony, oT Ppanuwn 1789 roma no Kutaa 1911 roma» }. Tax rny60Ko Hano 6niNo ChYCTATbCA B HCTOpHIO, 4YTO6b NOHSATR OTHOWe HHA, KaKHe CHOMMINCh MEMMY OTMENbHBIMH KMACcaMH pyCcKoro o6ulecTBa K 1912 rony! OxasbiBaetca, 4YTO OTH OTHOWIEHHA HaYanu cKlalWBaTEcA ele pakbitle «kpecTbAHCKOM pedopmEM 1861 roma, B MepHog 6opp6u 3a aTy pegdopmy. B omnoi ua ceoux mpenuigywlax crate, HanucaHHod B 1911 rony, WMeHHO 0 cuIy¥aO MATHMecHTuneTHero wboureR STO caMo% «pedopmu», Slewun yaet nompo6xyw®, o60cHopaHHyio CkKeMY, Mad TOTO pasBHTUA, koTOpoe NpHBeNno B KOHUe KOHWOB K III] Tyme. Stu nats crpaHun neHHHCKOK cTaTbH ? mat Gonee rny6oxyo uw Gonee conepyKaTenbHylO OUCHKY BCero TIATHMECATHMeTHErO MepHona PyCCcKOM HCTOpHH, HeKeNH NATECOT cTpaHHU sxw6oro mpodeccopckoro xypca. Jlenwn oruetnwe0 HaMeyaeT A B a TeNeHHA, MOYWMX OT TeX HaNeKHX OHeH. OnHo TedeHHe NpewCTaBeHO KPeNOCTHHKAaMH-NOMELIMKAMH, KOTOPHX «3aCTaBH- Jia B3ATLCA 3A PehopMy», C OHO CTOPOHLI, «CHA SKOHOMMMECKOrO pasBH- THA, BTATHBaBWero Poccuio Ha NyTb KamHTanusMa», Cc Apyro -- 60a3Hb KPeCThAHCKOM peBomouHH. «KpectbacKam pedopma» 61a mpoBomuMok Kpe- NOCTHHKaMH G6ypxKyasHow pedopMol. Sto 6un war mo nyTH mpespaweHna Poccuu B 6ypkKya3kKyi0 MOHApXHiop. dpecnosytan Gopp6a KpenocTHHKOB H nH6epanos, cToMb pasqyTaa n pasykpalilenHas HawHMMH sH6epanbHWMH uM sHOepanbHo - HAPORHMYeCKMMH HCTOpHKaMH, O6nita Gopp6oH BH y TPH TrocnoxcTBylOMHx KNaCccoB, Sombuteit MacTbiO BHY TPH NOMEeMHKOB, Gopp6oh HCK MIOUHTENBHO H3- 3a Meppi H opmsi ycrynox. JIu6epanpi Tak Ke, KaK H KpemocTHHKH, CTOs- JIM Ha MO¥Be MPH3HaHHA COGCTREHHOCTH H BNACTH NOMELEMKOB, Ocyxdam c MefOWOBAHHEM ECAKHE PEBOTIONMOHHEIE MECH O6 YHHYTOM EHH HM STOW co6cTBeHHCCTH, O MONHOM CBE PMEHHH 9ZTOH BnacTHy. Kpenoctuwxu uw suGepanst B 1861 rogy sT0 onHO TexeHHe. IIpo- THB HefO CTOAJIH KPECThAHCKHE MACCHI, KOTOPbIX «BEKA pa6CTBA HACTONIbKO 32- 6uMH H IpHTyNHAa», ITO OHM GLINK HECTOCcObHEI BO BpeMsa pethopMEL HH Ha 4TO, KPoMe paSZpOOueHHEIX, CMMHH4HEIX BOCCTAHHH, cKOpee faxke «6yHTOB», He- OCEeMIeHHEX HHKAKHM MOMMTHYECKHM COSHAHHEM>, 1a cOMHHOYKH-peBOmOHO- Hepp c H. I. Yepnenmesckum Bo rape. Sto 6uino wpyroe TeYeHHe. 2 Menus, t XV. Se non, oop. 407. » Crp. 42-1467, XV, no O-uy waa. Noe naanehune warana OTryAA«Wix6epanbl xoTenH «ocpobonuTh» Focculo «repxy», He paspyllad HK MOHAPXHH aps, HM BeMJIeBALeHYA M BMACTH MOMeLIHKOB, MOGyMlaKd HX TOMb- KO K ¢ycTynkam Hyxy BpeMeHH>. YepHitiuesckHl Obit (peBONOWHOHHBIM TeMOK- PaTOM, OH YMem BUIWSATb Ha BCC NOMMTHYCCKHe COGKITHA ero BTOXH B PeBOMIOUH- OHHOM Nyxe, MpoBolA — yepes MpenoHL H porarkH YeHBypLi—MNeW KpECThzA- CKCH P 'HOJHOWMM, Hmelo Gopb6bl Macc 3a CBepKeHHe BCeX CTapbIX Buacreit> «OTH UBe MCTOPHYeCKHe TeHMeHUMM Pa3BHBaMHCh B TeYeHve MomypeKa, mpoutemuero mocne 19 espana, 4 packonMNMch BCe ACHee, OMpemeneHHee HU pe- umtenbHee. Pocnu cust nu6epambHo-MoHapxu4ecKon G6ypxya3Hu, mponoze- UEIBaBLIei YROBNETBOpeHHe «KyIbTypHol» paboToH u 4ypaBulelica peBomIOUH- OHHOrO nognonbs. PociH cusbl HEMOKpaTHH HM COlManvsMa, CHaYana cmellay- HEIX BOeEMHHO B YTONMYECKOH MMEONOrHH M B HHTeNNMreHTCKOH GopL6e Hapo- HOBOMbUEB H PEBOOUMOHHEIX HapOMHHKOB, ac 90-x rozos npouworo Beka HayaB- WHX PACKODHTLCH TO Mepe Nepexofa OT peBOMIOLHOHHOK Gopb6w TeppopH- CTOB H_OMMHOYeK-MponaraumucTow K 6opb6e CaMHX PeBOMIOUMOHHEIX KNACCOB». «B pesomounu 1905 roma Te ape Tesmenunu, KOTOppIe B 1861 romy TonbKO HAMETHIMCb B KH3HH, TONbKO-TONbKO OOPHCORAMNCh B IMTepaType, pa3sBMNHCb, BEIPOCNH, HallM ce6e BbIpaKeHHe B UIBMKCHHH Macc, B6opp6e napwun Ha CaMBIX pagnW¥HEIX MOMNpuulax, B MevaTH, Ha MHTHHTaX, B CO10saX, B cTaY Kax, B BOCCTaHHH, B PocylapcTBeHHHX RyMax». «1861 rog moponun 1905 ron. Kpenocrunueckuit xapaxtep Nepaol «BenuKol» 6ypxkyasHow pepopMil saTpyNHHN pasBHTHe, O6peK KPeCTbAH Ha THCAYH XYMWHX H TOPUIHX MYYeHKH, HO He HSMeHHN HaMlpaBneHHe pasBuTHa, He Mpe- noTspaTun. 6ypxyasHon pesomiouny 1905 roma. Pebopma 1861 roma oTcpoynna pasBAsky, OTKPLIB HSBECTHLIM Kanan, ZaB HeKOTOPHH MpHpOcT KanuTanuamy, HO OHa He ycTpanuna Hewa6exHO pasBasKH, KoTOpaa K 1905 rony pasnirpanace Ha TIONpullle HecpaBHeHHO 6onee WIMpOKOM, B HaTHCKe Macc Ha CaMonep»aBHe WapA H KpeNOCcTHHKOB-NoMemHKOR. PeopMa, mposeneHHad KPenOcTHHKaMH B STOXy MOMHOH HepasBHTOCTH yrHeTeHHNX Macc, NOpomHNa peBOMIOUMIO K TOMY BPeMeHH, KOrMa COSPENH PEBOMIOUHOHHIC OeMeHTH B STUX Maccax, Tpetba Ly- Ma M CTOMBINIMHCKAaA arpapHad NONHTHKA eCTh Bropad 6ypxyasHaa pedbopma, MposoquMad KpenoctHHkamH. Ecnn 19 despans 1861 roma 61.10 nepBHM Warom 1O TY TH MpeBpallenua YHCTO KperocTHHYeCKoro CaMomepxaBUs B 6ypHy- asHyl0 MOHapxuHlo, To soxa 1908—1910 romos noKasEiBaeT_ Ham BTOpoit u 60- Jee ceppesHni war 10 TOMY me TyTH. B upyrux Mectax Jlenuu, nopropaa TY »Ke MEICHb, Mpenocteperaer cBoero WHTATENA OT BHIBOMA, YTO ECM YepHOCOTeHHOe CaMoMep»xKaBHe cnenano war no HampasneHHio K 6ypkyasHod MOHapxuH, To 3Ta 6ypHya3sHamd MOHAPXHA ye vanuyo. Huyero nono6uoro. «Te KTo oTputiaer (mM He MOHMMAET)..., YTO Tepe HaMH CTOSAT Crapbe Mpo6ieMH, YTO MH HoeM HaSCTpey CTapoMy HX peuleHHio, Te MoKMmaioT Ha He We MOwy MapKCHSMa, Te OKa3HIBAOTCA Ha Rene B meny y mH6epanos». «Mn nepexHBaem TanbHeiumi cupur BceTo yKNaga poc- cuiickoro rocymapcrga, e ule OM MH War no nyTH npespauleHua B 6yp»xyas- HY! MOHapxHb, OTOT HOBHH War, CTOMb xKe HEYBEPeHHLIH, CTONb Ke KoMe6m0- IWHHCA, CTONb Ke HeyNaYHEH, CTOMb Ke He COCTOATENBHBIM, KAK Npemue, cTa- BHT Tlepem HaMM CTapue Bompockly. Llapusm TombKO MMeT K 6ypxyasHOH Mo- HapXHH, WET OLIYNSIO MW SHT3araM¥, CMOTHIKAACh Ha KaMNOM Wary M Ha Ka 210M Ulary HanoMHHad 0 CBoeli YepHOCOTeHHOH MpHpone. Tem He MeHee OH HIST BCe BpeMA B OHOM OMpeNeNeHHOM Hanpasnennw. «logqyepKHyTb Ke 9TO Ha- mpapneHue Tem Gonce HeOOXOMHMO, YeM Yale MpHXOMUTCA CHHLWAT B Hae BpeMA HeMpOayMaHHble CyKReHHsA O TOM, 6ynTO «uarM> NO MYTH npespa UeHHA B 6ypxkyasHylo MOHApXHWO enaiotca Poccuelt uyTh mH He B CaMHIe nocnequue rons 1. + Tor we tox, ctp. 9%, 99 123,